I 4 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English Adapted by H. W. FOWLER and F. G. FOWLER Authors of 'The King's English' from The Oxford Dictionary SEVENTH IMPRESSION Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1919 It''? OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YOBK TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY HUMPHREY MILFORD PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFACE x THE steady advance towards completion of the great Oxford English Dictionary has made it possible for the Delegates of the Clarendon Press to authorize the preparation and issue of this book, which in its own province and on its own scale uses the materials and follows the methods by which the Oxford editors have revolution- ized lexicography. The book is designed as a dictionary, and not as an encyclopaedia ; that is, the uses of words and phrases as such are its subject matter, and it is concerned with giving information about the things for which those words and phrases stand only so far as correct use of the words depends upon knowledge of the things. The degree of this dependence varies greatly with the kind of word treated, the difference between cyclopaedic and dic- tionary treatment varies with it, and the line of distinction is accordingly a fluctuating and dubious one. It is to the endeavour to discern and keep to this line that we attribute whatever peculiarities we are conscious of in this dictionary as compared with others of the same size. One of these peculiarities is the large amount of space given to the common words that no one goes through the day with- out using scores or hundreds of times, often disposed of in a line or two on the ground that they are plain and simple and that every one knows all about them by the light of nature, but in fact entangled with other words in so many alliances and antipathies during their perpetual knocking about the world that the idiomatic use of them is far from easy ; chief among such words are the prepositions, the conjunctions, the pronouns, and such ' simple ' nouns and verbs as hand and way, go andpwf. Another peculiarity is the use, copious for so small a dictionary, of illustrative sentences as a necessary supplement to definition when a word has different senses between which the distinction is fine, or when a definition is obscure and unconvincing until exemplified ; these sentences often are, but still more often are not, quotations from standard authors; they are meant to establish the sense of the definition by appeal not to ex- ternal authority, but to the reader's own consciousness, and there- fore their source, even when authoritative, is not named. A third and a fourth peculiarity are the direct results of the preceding ones ; if common words are to be treated at length, and their uses to be copiously illustrated, space must be saved both by the curtest 1 The remarks likely to be needed for reference on pronunciation, inflexion, &c, will be found facing the letter A ; on the page before these remarks is a list of the abbrevia- tions used in the Dictionary. 4347oO iv PREFACE possible treatment of all that are either uncommon or fitter for the encyclopaedia than the dictionary, and by the severest economy of expression — amounting to the adoption of telegraphese — that readers can be expected to put up with. In attaching this great importance to illustration, by the need of which the relative length of articles, and our manner of expressing ourselves on every page, are governed, we are merely acting, with the exaggeration imposed on us by our limited space, upon the principles of the O.E.D. That may be said to be the first dictionary for which the ideal procedure has been possible, that is, the approaching of each article with an open mind and a collection of examples large enough to be exhaustive, and the extraction from these of classified senses — the first dictionary, to put it another way, in which quota- tions have served not merely to adorn or convince, but as the indispensable raw material. This procedure — first the collection of sentences from all possible sources as raw material, and then the independent classification — we have often followed even in that part of our book (A — R) in which the O.E.D. , with senses already classified and definitions provided, was before us, treating its articles rather as quarries to be drawn upon than as structures to be repro- duced in little ; and in the later part (S — Z), where we had no longer the O.E.D. to depend upon, it has been our practice still more often; for many of the more difficult (i.e. especially the common and 4 simple ') words, we have collected the quotations given in the best modern dictionaries (the Imperial, the Century, the Standard, Cassell's Encyclopaedic, Webster, &c), added to these what we could get either from other external sources or from our own heads, and then framed our articles, often without reference to the arrange- ment that we found in any of our authorities. Proceeding in this manner, it was almost inevitable that we should be very much alive to the inadequacy of mere definition and the need of constant illus- tration. That our examples have some general tendency to the colloquial, and include many usages for which room has not been found in dictionaries many times as large as this, is in harmony with our design of on the one hand restricting ourselves for the most part to current English, and on the other hand omitting nothing to which that description may fairly be applied. VOCABULARY The words, or senses of words, given are meant to be such only as are current ; ' current ', however, is an elastic term ; we might, but we do not, stretch it to include all words and senses used by Shakspere or in the Bible, on the ground that the whole of Shak- spere and the whole of the Bible are still commonly read ; thus the PREFACE archaic senses of addition (title), buxom (pliant), owe (own), sad (serious), sort (suit), and the archaic words shend (scold), wood (mad), familiar as they are to readers of Elizabethan literature, are not given. We do stretch it to include many words and senses that are fossilized, having in themselves no life or capacity for further development, but kept extant by being enshrined in perhaps a single proverb or phrase that is still in use ; of this sort are coil (confusion), preserved by 'shuffled off this mortal coil', and scotch (wound), preserved by ' we have scotched the snake, not killed it '. Again, of the many thousands of old or new scientific and technical terms that have a limited currency some are carried by accident into the main stream of the language and become known temporarily or permanently, vaguely or precisely, to all ordinarily well-informed members of the modern newspaper-reading public. For the purposes of a dictionary that is not to be bulky and yet is to give a fuller treatment than is usual in dictionaries of its size to the undoubtedly current words forming the staple of the language, selection among these intruders is a difficult but very necessary task. The most that can be hoped for is that every one conversant with any special vocabulary may consider us, though sadly deficient on his subject, fairly copious on others ; the meaning of many learned words that have been omitted as having no pretence to general currency may easily be gathered by reference first to the stem, which is often the subject of an article, or to another word of which the stem is clearly the same, and secondly to the suffix. In another class of words and senses the test of currency has led us to diverge in the opposite direction from the practice usual in dictionaries of this size ; if we give fewer scientific and technical terms, we admit colloquial, facetious, slang, and vulgar expressions with freedom, merely attaching a cautionary label ; when a well- established usage of this kind is omitted, it is not because we consider it beneath the dignity of lexicography to record it, but because, not being recorded in the dictionaries from which our word-list is necessarily compiled, it has escaped our notice ; we have not, however, consulted slang dictionaries nor made any attempt at completeness in this respect. SPELLING The spelling adopted is for the most part, but not invariably, that of the O.E.D. For instance, the verbs that contain the suffix -ize (which see), and their derivatives in -ization &c, are all given without the alternative forms in -ise &c, although these are still the commoner in British (as opposed to American) printing ; but such generally established spellings as judgment, rhyme, axe, have vi PREFACE not been excluded in favour of the judgement, rime, ax, preferred by the O.E.D., but are retained at least as alternatives having the right to exist. In dealing with verbs such as level, rivet, bias, whose parts and derivatives are variously spelt, the final consonant being often doubled with no phonetic or other significance, we have as far as possible fallen in with the present tendency, which is to drop the useless letter, but stopped short of recognizing forms that at present strike every reader as Americanisms; thus we write riveted, riveter, but not traveling, traveler. On another point of varying usage — the insertion of a mute e in derivatives in -able, -age, -ish, &c, to indicate the 'long' sound of the stem vowel (likable or likeable, milage or mileage, latish or lateish) — we have thought ourselves justified in taking a bolder line, and have consistently omitted the -e- ; it is against all analogy (or why not smileing, Romeish, doteage, tideal, indescribeable, desireable, exciteable ?), it is used chiefly in words not familiar or important enough to have their form respected as established, it obscures the different and more valuable use by which a soft g or c is indicated as in manageable and serviceable, and it tempts bad spellers to such monstrosities as unpalateable, loveable, and moveable. In words of the type ardour, colour, favour, where the O.E.D. recognizes both -our and -or, we have excluded the latter as being (except in particular words like horror and torpor, in which it is usually the only form) entirely non- British. Words in which -y- has intruded itself without completely dispossessing a more correct -i-, as sylvan, tyro, tyre, we have given with the -i- form either alone or placed first. In stating the plural of words in -o, we have found it impossible to draw any satisfactory line between the words that prefer -os and those that prefer -oes ; it may perhaps be laid down that on the one hand words of which the plural is very commonly used, as potato, have almost invariably -oes, and on the other hand words still felt to be foreign or of abnormal form, as soprano, chromo for chromolithograph, have almost invariably -os ; of many other words it may be said with confidence that they use one form only (cf . punctilios, noes) ; but the majority fluctuate, and we have not seen our way to doing otherwise. We have also to admit that after trying hard at an early stage to arrive at some principle that should teach us when to separate, when to hyphen, and when to unite the parts of com- pound words, we had to abandon the attempt as hopeless, and welter in the prevailing chaos. PREFACE vii PRONUNCIATION When the pronunciation of a word is not sufficiently determined by the placing of the stress-mark or by vowel quantities, further information follows in round brackets. The phonetic values of the letters employed in these, and the use of the stress-mark, are explained on the page facing the letter A. Derivatives are to be understood, unless the contraiy is indicated, as following the pronunciation of the main word under which they are given or to which they are referred in the etymological note. The pronunciation of many words is omitted on the assumption that the reader is already familiar with the normal values of some letters and combinations. The hard sounds of th and s, and the sounds of c (s) and g (3) before i, e, and y, are recorded only for special purposes; a vowel that is short before two consonants or a single final consonant, or long before a single consonant followed by e mute, is not usually marked; and the pronunciation of the suffix -ation (-ashn) and of the a in path &c. (-ah-, -a-) is not given. To some suffixes no less familiar than -ation pronunciation is added in view of certain ignorant or pedantic tendencies. The pleasant fiction that cottage is pronounced kotaj, though still pre- valent in dictionaries, has perhaps never deceived any one; but we have all heard furniture (-tur), knowledge (no-), and often (-t-). Against these and other results of the undue influence of spelling warnings are freely given. In the choice or rejection of alternative pronunciations the O.E.D. has always been consulted, but is not always followed. ORDER OF SENSES From the order in which the senses of a word are here given no inference must be drawn as to their historical or other relations, the arrangement being freely varied according to the requirements or possibilities of the particular word. Sense- development cannot always be convincingly presented without abundant quotation from authorities, and the historical order is further precluded by the uniform omission of obsolete senses. Occasionally, when a rare but still current sense throws light on the commoner senses that follow or forms the connecting link with the etymology, it has been placed at the beginning ; but more commonly the order adopted has been that of logical connexion or of comparative familiarity or im- portance. viii PREFACE ETYMOLOGY Etymology is given in square brackets at the 3nd of each article. Words of Teutonic origin are illustrated by all or some of the forms found in cognate languages. With words that have passed through several languages on their way to English, the forms taken in successive languages are recorded in full, with the following exceptions. (1) When OF or the like at the beginning of the etymo- logy is not followed by the old French form written in full, it is because the latter is identical in spelling with the English or differs from it only in some unimportant detail specified in brackets. (2) The Latin form of a Greek word is usually omitted, and is to be inferred according to the rules of transliteration given below. Thus (under pleonasm) ' f . L f . Gk pleonasmos ' is to be read ' f . L pleonasmus f. Gk pleonasmos\ A similar omission of a word in any other language implies absolute identity of form. Greek words are written with the corresponding English letters ($> X' +> Pi pp\=P n > kh, ps, rh, rrh, and a, tj, w,=ai, ei, 6i), and not according to the Latin transliteration, the rules for which are as follows: Greek k= Latin c; ai=ae; ou=u; u (exc. in diphthongs) = y ; ei = i or e ; oi = oe (but in nom. pi. = i) ; g (before g or k) = n ; also, -6s (nom. masc), -6n,=±-us, -um; -es, -e, (1st decl. nom.)=-a; -on (nom.)=-o; -6s (genit.) = -is; -a (accus. sing. masc. or fern. ) = -em. French nouns of Latin origin are with few exceptions derived from the Latin accusative ; but the Latin nominative is here given except when (e.g. in words in -atio) a change of stress is involved. Greek i\ (e) and w (6), and the e of Latin infinitives of 2nd conj. (-ere, -eri), are regularly marked long. The accented letters (a, sb, &c.) in forms quoted from Old English or other Teutonic languages are long. F, G, &c, must not be taken to imply that the word to which they are prefixed is current, or is so spelt, in the modern language ; nor does it follow from a word's being given as OF that it is obsolete. The etymology often contains references in small capitals to words and suffixes. Hence introduces one or more of the direct derivatives of the word treated ; whence introduces such derivatives under a particular sense to which they are restricted ; so introduces words derived from another language ; hence or cogn. , whence or cogn. , introduce groups of partly English and partly foreign derivation. The suffixes of such derivatives are commonly printed in small capitals, and are thus referred to the suffix article in its alphabetical place. The numbers enclosed in brackets indicate subdivisions of the suffix PREFACE ix article, and are often used to distinguish among the possible senses of the derivative word those in which it is chiefly current. The first element of a Latin or other compound word is .often referred to a prefix article, and the remainder treated separately within brackets; meanings given within the bracket belong to the simple word, those of the compound being added if necessaiy outside it. Thus convene is [f. F convenir f. L C0T$(venire vent- come) assemble, agree, fit]. The stem vent- and the senses agree, fit, are here added for the purposes of convention and convenience, which are referred to convene. The first element of a Greek compound similarly treated is sometimes written according to the current (Latin) transliteration, to facilitate reference to the prefix article; Greek kakoepeia, under cacoepy, accordingly appears as CACO{epeia). Certain similar devices for saving needless repetition will, it is believed, explain themselves. The etymology of all words from A to R was drawn in the first instance from the O.E.D., but was occasionally modified after reference to Prof. Skeat's Etymological Dictionary (Clarendon Press, 4th edition, 1910). From S to Z Prof. Skeat's work has been our main authority, the Century and other dictionaries being consulted for the words that he omits. REFERENCE BY SMALL CAPITALS The use of small capitals for etymological purposes is explained above. In the same way reference is made (1) from the word treated to another word for the purpose of contrast, distinction, correlation, or the like. Of this kind are the references from slander to libel and scandal, from creationism to evolution and vice versa, and from tenon to mortise and vice versa. (2) from any member of a group to the word under which the group is collected or further explained. Ruby (print.) is in this way referred to type ; order (nat. hist.) to class 1 ; and the iron 1 , golden, and silver ages to brazen \ (3) from one or more words of a proverb or the like to that under which alone the proverb is explained. Play l and drake 2 contain such references to duck l , flesh and herring to fish \ (4) from a compound of the word treated to its other component for explanation. The sign ( = ) prefixed to such a reference indicates that the simple word treated is itself used in the sense of the com- pound. Thus, under pie 1 , sea-pie is merely referred (sea.-j>.) to sea, but magpie, besides being referred to the article magpie, is recorded (= magpie) as one of the senses of pie. PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS In any article, when the word treated in it is to be quoted or mentioned, its initial letter followed by a period is used instead of the whole word ; this stands only for the exact form that heads the article ; e.g., in the verb love, I. means love (verb or noun), but not loving, loved, &c. ; the plural of nouns is represented by doubling the letter ; e.g., in extreme, nut, ee., nn., mean extremes, nuts ; in the part of an article obviously restricted to a derivative the letter may stand for that derivative ; e.g., representation, given in the article represent, is followed by a bracket in which r. stands not for represent, but for representation ; in the part of an article restricted to a compound, the hyphened initials of the two parts are used ; e.g., when in doing ground-floor under the article ground the phrase get in on the ground-floor is to be explained in a bracket, g.-f. is used for ground-floor. Of other abbreviations, a list including all that are not either too obvious to need explanation or generally current (and accordingly to be found in the abbreviation lists given in the first article of each letter of the alphabet) follows on the opposite page. In this list, three points require mention : (1) the appending of &c. means that the abbreviation stands for derivatives or inflexions as well as for the simple word given ; e.g., metaphor &c. means metaphor, meta- phorical, or metaphorically ; explain &c. means explain, explains, explained, explaining, or explanation ; this system is used also with abbreviations omitted as obvious ; thus adv. stands not only for adverb, but also for adverbial and adverbially ; (2) abbreviations of nouns, such as ex. (example), prep, (preposition), are often used with the last letter doubled (exx.,prepp.) as plurals ; it has not been thought necessary to give these plural forms except in one-letter abbreviations (aa., nn.); similar plurals occur for forms that have been omitted as obvious iadjj. for adjectives &c); (3) abbreviations given in the list with initial capital have always the capital in use ; but those given with initial small letter have either form according to circumstances ; similarly, though the list is all in Roman type, the abbreviations are sometimes for reasons not affecting their sense printed in italics. June, 1911 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS a., adjective aa., adjectives abl., ablative abs., absolute &c. ace, according, accusative AF, Anglo-French alch., alchemy &c. alius., allusive &c. anal., analogy &c. ant., antiquities arch., architecture &c. Ass., Assyrian assim., assimilate &c. assoc, associated &c. astr(on)., astronomy &c. astrol., astrology &c. attrib., attributive &c. augment., augmentative &c. b., born back-form., back-formation bibl., biblical &c. Boh., Bohemian Bret., Breton c, century, circiter cc, centuries cl., classical cogn., cognate colloq., colloquial &c. comb., combination &c. comp., composition, com- parative compd, compound compl., complement compp., compounds conj., conjunction, conju- gation conn., connect &c. constr., construct &c. contr., contraction &c. cop., copulative Corn., Cornish correl., correlative &c. d., died Da., Danish dat., dative deriv., derivative &c. dial., dialectal d iff., different different., differentiate &c. dim., diminutive &c. dissim., dissimilate &c. Du., Dutch dub., dubious E, English eccl., ecclesiastical &c. ellipt., elliptical &c. erron., erroneously eth., ethics &c. etym., etymology &c. euphem., euphemism &c. ex., example exag., exaggeration &c. exc, except excl., exclusive &c., excla- mation &c. expl., explain &c. expr., expressing &c. F, French f., from facet., facetious &c. fig., figurative &c. foil., (the) following (word) found., founding Fr., French freq(uent)., frequentative &c. Fris., Frisian G, German gen., general &c, genitive Gk, Greek gr., grammar &c. Hind., Hindi, Hindustani hist., history, historical &c. hort., horticulture &c. i., intransitive imit., imitative &c. ind., indicative, indirect inf., infinitive inn., influence &c. instr., instrumental (case) int., interjection intr., intransitive joe, jocose &c. L, Latin LG, Low German lit., literal, literally LL, late Latin ME, middle English (1200- 1500) med., medicine &c. mcd. L, medieval Latin mctaph., metaphor &c. MHG, middle high German min., mineralogy n., noun neg., negative &c. nn., nouns nom., nominative N.T., New Testament num., numeral O, old (with languages) obj., object &c. obs., obsolete occ(as)., occasional &c. OHG, old high German ON, old Norse ONF, old northern French opp., (as) opposed (to) opt., optics &c. ord., ordinary orig., origin &c. O.T., Old Testament part., present participle partie, participial path., pathology &c, phr., phrase pi., plural Pol., Polish pol., politics &c. pop., popular &c p.p., past or passive parti- ciple Pr., Proven ;iA pr., pronounce &c. prec, (the) preceding (word). pred., predicate &c. pref., prefix prep., preposition pres., present prob., probable 8r.c. pron., pronoun &c, pro- nounce &c. prop., proper, properly pros., prosody &c. Pro v., Provencal pro v., proverb &e, pro- vincial &c. R.-C, Roman-Catholic ref., reference refash., refashioned &c refl., reflexive &c. rel., relative repr., represent &c. Rom., Roman, Romance s., singular Sc, Scotch sci., science &c. sent., sentence Skr., Ganskrit somet, sometimes st., stem subj., subject &c, subjunc- tive suf., suffix sup., superlative surv., surveying Sw., Swedish t., transitive term., termination thr., through trans., transitive &c. transf., in transferred sense transl., translation &c. translit., transliteration typ., typography ult., ultimately unexpl., unexplained U.S., United States usu., usual, usually v., verb var., variant, various vbl, verbal voc, vocative vv., verbs W, Welsh w., with WG, West German *, sign affixed to all forms not recorded but merely inferred, with the excep- tion of those called Aryan or OTeut. (all of which are inferential) NOTE ON ACCENT, PRONUNCIATION, INFLEXION, AND FOREIGN WORDS ACCENT Accent is marked by the turned period ("), which is normally placed after the accented vowel or diphthong (a'etop, allow, a'ccent noun, acce'nt verb, exag- gepa'tion, exa*g , g , epatop) ; two equal accents in one word are both marked (ti*tbi*t) ; and the ■ is used for the secondary as well as for the main accent in long words where the former might be doubtful (cir'eumgypa'te, a*biogene*tieally). But the place of the turned period in syllables whose vowel sound is modified by r or re is after the whole combination (por'ter, pupe'ly), any possible confusion being guarded against by the - or ^ (mere'ly, but hepe'tieal). Similarly it stands after silent consonants (migh'ty, deb'top, blaek'guard), consonants that merely modify a vowel sound (eal'mness), or e mute following the accented vowel (blue'bell). Some miscellaneous examples are added :— fo'rest, fore'noon, for'tnight, fore'nsic ; bar'ring, ba Track; bal'my, ba'lsam ; arraig'n ; demes'ne ; sig'ning, si'gnature; high'er; Cadme'an; defray; bye'-law; da"ffadowndi*lly ; ca'noniza'tion. PRONUNCIATION When necessary, a bracket is placed immediately after a word, with directions for pronouncing it or some part of it. In these brackets, (1) Vowel sounds have the value shown by the roman-type letters in :— mate, mete, viite, mote, mute, moot ; rack, reck, rick, rock, ruck, rook ; caw, cow ; bah, boil. (2) Vowel-combinations with r (the r is not trilled before a consonant or mute e) are as follows :— wiare, mere, mire, move, demure, moor ; dowry ; part, pert, port. (3) Italicized vowels or vowel-combinations have the indistinct sound shown in again, moment, admiral, morose, support, certain, connoisseur, comfort, jealous, murder. (4) Each consonant or consonant-combination has only one sound; the value of ambiguous or specially used ones is :— eh as in loch ; dh as iwdhen ( = then) ; g" as in get ; jasin./e£; x\g a.sin singer ; ngg anin finger ; n-g" as in un-gardid (=unguarded) ; p as in rat (and see vowel-combina- tions above) ; s as in sister ; th as in thinketh ; tsh as in tship (=chip) ; w as in wit (and see vowel sounds above) ; y as in yet ; zh as in fuzhn (=fusion). Letters marked - or w# in the word itself have the same value as in the brackets, except that e is also used, when there is no danger of confusion, to show that e is not mute or part of a compound sound ; so ni"cety, ca'ffeine. INFLEXION The rules assumed, exceptions to which are noted in a bracket placed after a word's grammatical description, are as follows :— 1. Verbs add -s in 3rd sing, pres., -ed in past and p.p., -ing in pres. part., -er to form agent-noun. 2. Verbs and adjectives drop final mute e before -ing, -ed, -er, -est. 3. Before -ed, -ing, -er, -est, -eth, monosyllabic verbs and adjectives double a final single consonant (except x) if preceded by a single vowel. 4. (a) nouns, (b) adjectives, (c) verbs, in -y preceded by a consonant have (a) plural -ies, (b) comparative -ier, superlative -iest, adverb -ily, noun -iness, (c) 3rd sing. pres. -ies, past and p.p. -ied, agent-noun -ier. 5. Nouns in -s, -x, -z, -ch = tsh, and -sh, and some in -o, form plural by adding -es ; others add -s. 6. Monosyllabic adjectives and disyllables in -y compare in -er, -est ; others with more, most. FOREIGN WORDS Words usually or often printed in italics as either incompletely naturalized or com- pletely foreign are in sloping type. When either the word itself or any of its sounds is distinctly un-English, the reader is warned by a bracket containing, instead of pro- nunciation, the letter or letters standing for the language it belongs to. Otherwise, pronunciation is given for sloped words to the same extent as for others, but is often to be taken as merely approximate. ENGLISH DICTIONARY ABASE A, letter (pi. As, A's, Aes). (Mus.) note, and the corresponding scale. (In argument) first imaginary person or case. (Alg.) first known quantity. (Naut.) Al (a won), first-class ship in Lloyd's register; excellent, best, (colloq.). (Naut.) JE, thix*d-class ship at Lloyd's. Abbreviations (1) : ab, A.U.C. (urbe con- dita) ; able, A.B. (-bodied) ; acting, as A.A.Q.M.G. (assistant quartermaster gen- eral) ; assistant, as A.A.G. (adjutant general), A.Q.M.G. (quartermaster general) ; adjutant, as A.G. (general) ; aide, A.D.C. (-de-camp) ; anno, as A.D. (domini), A.H. (hegirae) ; ante, as a.m. (meridiem) ; army, as A.S.C. (service corps) ; Associate, as A.R. A. (Royal Academy) ; authorized, A.V. (version). Abbreviations (2) : ab init., ab initio ; Abp, Archbishop ; a c, account ; Adm., Admiral ; advt, advertisement ; aet., aetatis ; Ala., Alabama; Alas., Alaska; Alban., Bishop of St Alban's ; Ariz., Arizona ; Ark., Arkan- sas ; app., arrives. a 1 , an, a. (sometimes called indefinite article. Before all consonants except silent h, use a ; a history, a historian, though some still write an before h in unaccented syllable, but an hour : before all vowels except eu, u, use an ; an ulcer, but a unit, a eulogy, also a one. Placed after many, such, what, or any adj. preceded by how, so, as, too. Used with ap- parent plurals of number, a dozen men-a, dozen of men ; also with pi. adjj. few, good many, great many). (Unemphatic substitute for) one, some, any ; one like (a Daniel) ; (after all of, many of, &c.) the same (all of a size) ; (distrib.) each (£U0 a year, where a is orig. = foil.), [weakening of OE an one] a 2 , prep. On, to, towards, into, in. Mostly now written as pref., or oftener omitted than expressed, or confused w. a 1 . On : abed, afoot. To : ashore. Towards : aback, afar, aside. Into : apart, asunder. In : now-a-days, twice a day ; w. vbl nouns, passively, a-building, actively, was (a-) fighting, and esp. w. go, set, as he went a begging, they set the bells a ring- ing, [weakening of OE prep, an, on] a-, pref. f. various sources. (1) OE ar- or a-, away, on, up, out, and so to express intensity, as arise ; cf. G er-. (2) OE an, on prep. ; see prec. (3) OE of prep., as akin. (4) L ad- to, either directly, as aspect, or through F a- as achieve ; many words derived in the latter way have been later assimilated to L spelling, as a(d)dress, a(g)grieve. (5) L a, ab, from; directly, as avert, or through F a-, as abridge ; again somet. assimilated to L spelling, as a(b)stain. (6) L ex- out, utterly, through AF a- f. OF e-, es-, as amend. (7) Gk a-, an-, not, without ; directly, as amorphous, through L, as acatalectic, or through L and F, as adamant ; compounded chiefly w. Gk words, but also w. others, as a-moral. F.D. -a, suf. (1) Nn. f. Gk, L, and Rom. fern, sing., as idea (Gk), arena, (L), piazza (It.), duenna (Sp.), esp. Nat. Hist, terms, ancient or latinized mod. (hyena, dahlia), geogr. names (Africa), and names of women, ancient or latinized mod. (Lydia, Hilda). (2) Gk and L neut. pi. nouns (genera, phenomena), esp. names, often f. mod. L, of classes of animals (mammalia). aard-vapk (ard), n. S. -African quadruped between armadilloes and ant-eaters, [f. Du. aarde earth+mrA; pig, cf. OE fearh and L porcus pig] aapd-wolf (ard), n. S. -African carnivore between hyenas and civets, [see prec] Aap'on's beard (ar-), n. Kinds of plant, esp. Great St John's wort. [ref. to Ps. cxxxiii. Aar'on's rod (ar-), n. Kinds of plant, esp. Great Mullein and Golden Rod. [ref. to Num. xvii. 8] ab-, pref. Away, from, off, apart, [f. L ab, cf. Gk apo, E of, off, G ab-. In L reduced to a- before p, m, v, changed to au- before /, and to abs- before c, t; in F often reduced to a-] aba'ck, adv. Backwards. (Naut.) of square sails pressed against mast by head wind ; taken a., of ship w. sails in that state ; (fig.) surprised. [A2+BACK1] a'bacus, n. (pi. -ci pr. -si). Calculating-frame w. balls sliding on wires, used before adoption of the nine figures and zero. (Arch.) upper member, often square flat slab, of capital, sup- porting architrave. [L abacus f. Gk abaa? -akos tablet] Aba'ddon. Hell ; the devil (Rev. ix. 11)- [Heb. word, destruction (abad he perished)] aba'ft (-ahft), adv. &prep. (naut.). In stern half of ship ; behind. [a2+6o/£=OE be by+OE aeftan adv. behind] aba'ndon \ v.t. Give up to another's con- trol or mercy ; yield oneself completely to a passion or impulse ; give up (a possession or habit) ; forsake (a person, post), [f. OF aban* doner (a to+bandon jurisdiction, mettre a bajndon meaning to put a person under any one's, including his own, control)] aba'ndon 2 (or as F), n. Careless freedom, letting oneself go. [F ; see prec] abandoned, a. Profligate, [p.p. of aban- don i] aba*ndonee% n. (law). Underwriter to whom salvage of wreck is abandoned, [aban- don ! + -ee] abandonment, n. Giving up or forsaking ; being forsaken ; self-surrender ; careless free- dom of manner, impulsiveness. [f. F aban- donnement (abandon *, -ment)] aba'se, v.t. Lower, humiliate, make base. Hence aba'seMENT n. [f. OF abaissier (now abaisser) (a to + baissier to lower f. LL bassare f. bassus short)] 1 ABASH _2 aba'sh, v.t. Put tojt tjt oopntepaooe ; (chiefly J in pass.) be confounded. Heact ; aba'sln- ment n. [f. OF esbair astound f. «» --A-(Q)± oaMr cry bah!; see -ish 2 & cf. punch = punish] _ , aba-sk, adv. In warm light. [a 2 +bask] aba'te, v.t. & i. Diminish (t. & i.). Do away with (nuisance) ; blunt (edge) ; lower (price) ; deduct (specified or unspecified part of price) ; mitigate (violence); weaken (energy). Grow less (of flood or epidemic). (In law) quash (writ or action). So aba'teMENT n. [f. OF abatre (a to+batre f. LL batere f. L batuere beat)] a'batis, aba'ttis, n. Defence made of felled trees w. boughs pointing outwards. Hence aba'tiSED 2 a. [F abatis, OF abaters f. LL *abateticius of throwing down ; cf. OF abatre, see abate] abattoir (F), n. Public slaughterhouse. abb, n. Woof, [a- (1) + web] A'bba, n. Father. Used w. Father in invok- ing God (Mark xiv. 36). [Aram.] a'bbacy, n. Office, jurisdiction, or tenure, of an abbot, [earlier abbatie (see -cv) f. LL abbatia (abbat- nom. -as abbot)] abba'tial (-ashal), a. Of an abbey, abbot, or abbess. [F, f. LL abbatialis {abbatia ab- bacy, -al)] a*bb6 (-a), n. Frenchman (orig. abbot) en- titled to wear ecclesiastical dress, esp. without official duties. [F, f . L abbatem nom. -as abbot] a'bbess, n. Lady superior of a nunnery. [OF abaesse (Pr. abadessa) f. LL abbatissa (abbat- abbot)] a'bbey, n. Buildings occupied by monks or nuns under an abbot or abbess ; the monks or nuns as a body ; a church or house that was once an abbey or part of it. [f. OF abate, Pr. abadia, f. LL abbatia abb AC v] a'bbot, n. Head of abbey of monks ; Abbot of Misrule or of Unreason, leader in medieval burlesque festivities. Hence a'bbotcv, a*b- botSHiP, nn. [OE abbod, f. L f. Gk abbas -at- (abba)] abbreviate 1 (-at), a. Relatively short (esp. in nat. hist.), [f. L abbreviatus p.p. of abbre- viare shorten (ab off or ad to+brevis short)] abbre' viate 2 , v.t. Make short (chiefly now of writing part of word for whole, but also of visit, story, &c.) Hence abbre vIation n. [f . prec. ; see -ate 3 ] A B C, n. The alphabet ; rudiments of any subject ; alphabetical railway guide. a'bdicate, v.t. Renounce formally or by default (a power, office, right ; also abs., esp. of the crown). Hencs abdic a 'tion n. , a'bdicat- ed 1 (2) a. [f. L AB(dica? , e declare), -ate 3 ] abdo'men, n. (Anat.) belly, including stomach, bowels, and other nutritive organs. (Zool.) hinder part of insects, spiders, &c. [L, etym. dub.] abdd'minal, a. Of the abdomen in either sense ; (of fish) having the ventral fins under the belly, [f. abdomin- stem of prec. + -al] abdo'minous, a. Corpulent. [asprec.+-ous] abdu'eent, a. (anat.). Drawing away (of muscles that open or pull back the part they are fixed to). [£ L abducent- part. st. of ab- (ducere duct- draw)] abdu'et, v.t. Kidnap ; take away (esp. a woman) by force or fraud; draw (limb &c.) from its natural position, [f. L abduct- see prec] abdu'etion, n. Illegal carrying off, esp. of a child, ward ; forcible carrying off of any one, as of a voter ; withdrawal of limb from natural position ; shrinking of sides of a wound, causing it to gape ; syllogism of which the minor pre- _ AB INITIO miss, and therefore the conclusion, is only probable, [f. L abductio (prec, -ion)] ubdu'etop, n. Person who abducts another ; (also a. muscle) muscle that abducts a limb. [as ABDUCT + -OR 2 ] abea'm (-em), adv. (naut.). On a line at right angles to the ship's length ; a. of us, opposite our centre.jabreast. [a 2 + beam] a'beeedar'ian (abisi-), a. & n. Arranged alphabetically, as the 119th Psalm ; elementary, ignorant. Pupil learning the alphabet (com- mon in U. S. ). [f . med. L abecedarium alphabet (ABCD + -ARIUM) + -AN] abe'd, adv. In bed. [a 2 +bed l ] abele (abel, a "hi), n. The white poplar, [f. Du. abeel I. OF abel earlier aubel f. LL albellus dim. of albus white] aberglaube (G), n. Excessive belief, super- stition. [G] a*bepdevi*ne, n. Birdfancier's name for the siskin. [?] aberrant, a. Straying from moral stand- ard ; (in nat. hist.) diverging from normal type. Hence abe'PPANCE, abe'PPANCv, nn. [f. L aberrant- part. st. of AB(errare stray)] abeppa'tion, n. A straying fx*om the path, lit. and fig. ; breaking of rules ; moral slip ; intellectual deficiency; deviation from type. (Optics) non-convergence of rays to one focus. (Astron.) displacement of heavenly body's true position to observer, [f. L aberratio ; see prec, -ation] abe't, v.t. (-tt-). Countenance or assist (offence or offender ; esp. aid and a.). Hence abe'tMENT, abe'ttER 1 , abe'ttOR 2 , nn. Abettor is the legal and the commoner general form. [f. 0_F abeter (a to+beter bait *)] ab e'xtra, adv. From outside. [LL] abeyance (-ba-), n. State of suspension, dormant condition liable to revival, (of rights &c. ; mostly in phrr. be in or fall into a.), [f. OF abeance (d to+beer = It. & LL badare gape)] abhor*, v.t. (-rr-). Regard with disgust and hatred, [f. L xn(horrere shudder)] abhd'ppenee, n. Detestation; detested thing (Uattery is my a.), [foil., -ence] abho'ppent, a. Inspiring disgust, hateful, of conduct, &c, often with to (person) ; incon- sistent (from) ; (archaic) feeling disgust (of), as, the Greeks were a. of excess, [f. L abhor- rent- part. st. see abhor] abhop'pep, n. (hist.). Nickname of those who signed addresses to Charles II in 1680. [ab- HOR-f-ER 1 ] abi'dance, n. Continuance, dwelling (in), abiding (by rules, &c). [abide + -ance] abi'de, v.t. & i. (past & p.p. abode some- times abided). Remain over ; continue ; dwell ; stand firm ; (with by) remain faithful to, act upon (terms). Wait for; encounter, sustain; submit to, suffer ; (negatively as I cannot, xcho can—1) put up with (noun or infinitive). [OE dbidan f. A-(\)+bidan bide] abi'ding-, a. Permanent. Hence abi'd- ing-LY 2 adv. [part, of abide] abiet-, stem of several chemical terms. Of resin, or fir. [L abiet- nom. abies fir-tree] a'bigail, n. Lady's-maid, [character in Beau- mont and Fletcher's Scornful Lady, perh. w. ref. to 1 Sam. xxv. 24-31] abi'lity, n. Sufficient power, capacity (to do something) ; legal competency (to act) ; financial competency to meet a demand; cleverness, mental faculty, (general in sing., special in pi.), [f. OF ablett t. L habilitat- n. st. f. habilis deft ; in F and E it was later corrected into habileU, hability, whence the mod. form] ab ini'tio, adv. From the beginning. [L] ABIOGENESIS i a'bioge-nesis, n. Spontaneous generation. (Allied words) a'biogene'tic, connected w. the doctrine ; a-biogene'tiCALLY adv., by spont. gen. or according to the doctrine ; abid*geniST(2) n., one who believes in it; abid'genous a., so produced; abid-g/env 1 n., = abiogenesis. [f. Gk abios f. A- (1)+bios life -fGENESIS] a'bjeet, a. & n. Brought low, miserable ; craven, degraded, despicable. (Bibl. and ar- chaic) a person of the meanest condition. Hence a'bjectLY 2 adv., a'bjeetNESS n. [f. L ab- jectus p.p. of AB(jiccre=jacere throw)] abjection, n. Abasement, low estate. [F, f. L abjectionem (abject, -ion)] ab juration, n. Action or form of re- nunciation on oath, in all senses of abjure (in hist. esp. of the Stuart claim), [f. L abjuratio (abjure, -ation)] abjure*, v.t. Renounce on oath (an opinion, heresy, cause, claim, or claimant) ; swear per- petual absence from (one's country, &c). [f. F abjurer f. L ABijurare swear)] ablactation, n. Weaning from the mother. [f. L AB(lactatio f. lactarc suckle f. lact- nom. lac milk)] abla'tion, n. Removal (esp. in surgery, of any part of body) ; (Geol.) waste of a glacier or rock by melting or water action, [f. L ablatio f. AB(lat- p.p. st. of ferre carry)] a'blative, a. & n. The case in Latin nouns that expresses source, agent, cause, instrument, of action —from or by with the noun (usu. noun; adj. with case, sense, &c.). A. absolute, a construction of noun and participle inL Gram, giving time or circumstances. [F ablatif f. L ablativus brought from (ablat- see prec.)] a'blaut (or as G), n. Systematic vowel change in derivation, as in sing, sang, sung. [G] abla'ze, adv. & pred. a. On fire ; glitter- ing; excited. [a 2 +blaze] a'ble, a. Talented, clever; competent, having the means or power (to), esp. w. parts of be to supply the deficiencies of can ; legally qualified ; a.-bodied seaman (abbr. a.b.), of special class. Hence a'bLY 2 adv. [f. OF hable, able, (now habile) f. L habilis handy {habere to hold)] -able, suf. f. F -able f. L -a- of first conjug.+ -bill- see -ble. In F extended to vbs of all conjugg. In E now appended even to native vbs as bearable, nouns as clubbable, and phrase vbs as get-at-able ; prob. f. confusion w. the unrelated adj. able. (Meaning) able to (com- fortable), able to be (eatable), fit for (salable). a'blet, a'blen, n. Name for the freshwater fish bleak. [F ablette f. LL abula for albula dim. of alba white] a'blings, a'blins, ai'blins, adv. (Sc. & north.). Possibly, perhaps, [able + -lings] abloo'm, adv. & pred. a. In or into bloom. [a 2 +bloom] ablu'sh, adv. & pred. a. Blushing. [a 2+ blush] ablution, n. (usu. pi.). Ceremonial washing of person, hands, or sacred vessels; ordinary personal washing ; (sing.) water in which things have been washed, esp. in Catholic Ritual. Hence ablu'tionAR y l a. [f . L &B(lutio f . luere lut- wash, -ion)] a'bnegate, v.t. Deny oneself (something), renounce (a right or belief), [f. L AB(negare deny), -ate 3 ] abnegation, n. Denial ; rejection {of doc- trine) ; self-sacrifice (now oftener self -a.), [f. L abnegatio (prec, -ation)] abnormal, a. Exceptional, irregular, de- viating from type. Hence abnorma'liTY n.. ABOUND the quality or an instance of it, abnor'mal- ly 2 adv. [earlier & F anormal f. med. L anormalus corrupted f. Gk anomalos anoma- lous ; but now regarded as f. L abnormis see foil.] abnor'mity, n. Irregularity ; a monstrosity, [f. L abnormitas f. AB(nonnis f. norma rule) see -TV] aboar'd, adv. & prep. On or into a ship (ship either expressed or omitted) ; alongside, near, esp. close or hard a. Lay (another ship) a., place one's own alongside of her to fight ; fall a., fall foul of (another ship). [a 2 +board] abo'de, n. Dwelling-place, house ; stay, habit of dwelling, as in make one's a. [vbl n. of abide ; cf. ride, rode, road] aboi'l, adv. & pred. a. A-boiling, boiling. [a 2 +boil] aboiish, v.t. Do away with (customs, in stitutions). Hence abo'lishABLE a., abo*- lishER^abo'lishMENT, nn. [f. F ab o lir (-ish. 2 ) f. L abolescere inceptive of abolere become effete, destroy, (ab-, *olere grow)] . abolition, n. Doing, being done, away with. In the 18th and 19th cc. w. ref. to negro slavery and the movement against it, whence also aboli*tioniSM(3), abolitioniST(2), nn. [f. L abolitio (prec, -ion)] abo'minable, a. Detestable, odious, mor- ally or physically loathsome ; (by conscious ex- aggeration) unpleasant. Hence abo'min- ableNESs n., abo'minabLY 2 adv. [F (ab., abh.), f. L abominabilis f. AB(ominari f. omen) deprecate ; the older spelling was regularly abh., due to confusion w. homo, and the violence of the meaning (inhuman instead of ill-omened) results from the mistake] abo-minate 1 , v.t. Loathe; (by exaggera- tion) dislike, [f. L abominat- ; see prec] abo'minate 2 (-at), a. (poet.). Abominated, [f. L abominatus p.p., see abominable] abomina'tion, n. Loathing ; odious or de- grading habit or act ; an object of disgust (to). [F (abominate !, -ation)] aboriginal, a. & n. Indigenous, existing in a land at the dawn of history, or before arrival of colonists (of races and natural objects) ; (noun ; pi. -als, but aborigines commoner) aboriginal inhabitant or (rarely) thing. Hence abori- gina'liTY n., abori'ginalL y 2 adv. [f. L ab from-f origin- nom. origo origin + -al] ataori'gines (-ez), n. pi. (abotnginal usual for sing. ; also the indefensible form abort' gine, and rarely abd'rigin or -en). First inhabitants, or those found in possession by colonists (also of native plants and animals). [L, f. phr. ab ori- gine from the beginning] abort, v.i. Miscarry, have premature de- liver}* of a child. (Biol.) become sterile, remain undeveloped, shrink away, (of plants and ani- mals—the race, the individual, or part of the body), [f. L abort- p.p. st. of AB(oro'r£ be born)] aborted, a. Untimely born, undeveloped ; rudimentary (thorns are aborted branches). [ABORT+ -ed i (2)] abortion, n. Miscarriage of birth; the pro- curing of this, whence abortioniST(l) n. ; arrested development of any organ ; a dwarfed or misshapen creature ; failure of a project or action, [f. L abortio (abort, -ion)] abortive, a. Premature (birth &c) ; fruit- less, unsuccessful; rudimentary (organ &c), arrested in development. Hence abortive- ly 2 adv., abor'tiveNESS n. [f. L abortivus (abort, -ive)] abou'nd, v.i. (Orig.) overflow, either of vessel or of liquid. Be plentiful ; be rich (in) ; teem or be infested (ivith). {t. OF abunder t ABOUT abonder, habonder, f. L AB( undare, f. unda wave) ; the h- common in older F and E is due to confusion w. L habere have] abou't^adv. &prep. All round from outside, as coinpass it a., He is a. my path, beat a. the bush ; all round from a centre, as look or lay a. you; somewhere round, as lie a., hang a. (the door), the fields a. Oxford, people or objects a. us, have not a penny a. me ; here and there (in, or abs.), as smallpox is a., move or order a., he put the tale a. , I was much put a. (distracted), dotted a. the fields, man a. town ; near in number, scale, degree, &c, as a. half, fifty, right, tired, midnight, my size (somet. much a.); facing round, as right-a. turn, the wrong ivay a., put (the ship) or .go a. ; round a party, as take turns a., read verse a. ; occupied with, as a. my father's business, send a. his business, what are you a. ?, go a. to do, am a. to do (so all fut. participles) ; in connexion with, as quarrels a. trade, something wrong a. it ; circuitously, as he went a long way a., Ibrought it a., it came a. [OE on-biitan f. on+butan without (be by+ locative of ut titan out) ; orig. meaning is there- fore on the outside (of)] abou't 2 , v.t. Change the course of (ship) to the other tack. [f. about adv.] about-sledge, n. Largest hammer used by smiths. abo've (-uv), adv. & prep. (Adv.) at a higher Eoint (w. spec, meanings ace. to context) ; over- ead, on high ; up stream, upstairs ; in heaven ; on the upper side ; earlier in a book or article (as teas remarked a. ; the a.-cited passages ; the a.); in addition (over and a.) ; at least (a. a hundred). (Prep.) over, on the top of, higher than (a. par; can't get a. C— in music), up stream from, projecting from (head a. water; heard a. the tumult ; a. ground — alive), further north than, earlier in hist, than (not traced a. third century), out of reach of (a. criticism, measure, my understanding), too great or good for (a. meanness, one's station), more important than (a. all), of higher rank than. Above is also treated as a noun in from above. [f. a 2 +OE bufan (be by +uf an locative of uf- cf. G auf up)] abo've-board, adv. & pred. a. Undis- guisedly ; fair, open, [metaph. f. cards] a'bpacada'bra, n. Spell, magic formula ; gibberish. Cabbalistic word supposed when written triangularly, and worn, to cure agues &c. [L, etym. dub.] ab o'vo, adv. (Relating tediously) from the very beginning. [L; Hor. A. P. 147] abra'de, VTt, Scrape off, injure, (skin &c.) by violent rubbing. [f. L AB(radere ras- scrape)] abra'nehial, abra'nehiate, (ki-), a. Without gills, [a- (7) + Gk bragkhia gills + -al and -ate 2 ] abpa'sion (-azhn), n. Scraping off (of skin &c. ) ; the wounded place that results, [f. L. abrasio abrade, -ion)] abpea'st, adv. On a level and facing the same way ; keeping up, not behind, (of or with f>rogress, thought, &c, or as prep., a. the times). A 2 + BREAST !] abpi'dg-e, v.t. Shorten (interview &c); condense or epitomize (book &c. ) ; curtail (liberty ; of limbs &c. only now w. playful archaism) ; deprive (person of), [f. OF abregier, abreger. f. L abbreviare abbreviate] abridgment, -ement, n. Shortening (of time or labour), curtailment (of rights) ; epi- tome, abstract, [f. OF abrcgement I. abreger (prec, -mentI] abpoa'cb (-otsh), adv. & pred. a. Pierced, ABSOLUTION so as to let the liquor run (of casks). [a 2 + broach] abpoa'd (-awd), adv. Broadly, widely, in different directions ; in motion (there is a rumour a.) ; out of doors, in or to foreign lands ; in error (all a.). Also treated as a noun in from a. [a 2 +broad a. ; cf. along, at large] a*bPOgate, v.t. Repeal, .cancel, (law or cus- tom). So abPOg-A'TiON n. [f. obs. adj. abro- gate f. L abrogatus p.p. of AB(rogare propose law)] abru'pt, a. Sudden, hasty, disconnected ; steep, precipitous; (Bot.) truncated; suddenly cropping out (of geol. strata). Hence abpirpt- ly 2 adv., abru'ptNESS n. [f. L abruptus p.p. of AB(rumpere break)] abpu'ption, n. Breaking away of part from a mass. [f. L abruptio (abrupt, -ion)] abs-, pref. From, away, off. See ab-. a'bscess (-ses), n. Collection of pus formed in a cavity of the body. [f. L abscessus a going away f. ABS(cedere cess- go)] a'bsciss(e) (pi. -es), absci'ssa (pi. -ae), (-si-), n. Portion of given line intercepted between fixed point within it and ordinate drawn to it from given point without it. [L abscissa (linea) p.p. of AB(scindere sciss- cut)] absci'ssion (-si-), n. (surg.). Cutting off, violent separation, [f. L. abscissio (see prec -ion)] absco'nd, v.i. Go away secretly, fly from the law. Hence abseo'ndENCE, absco'nd- er *, nn. [f. L ABS(coNdere stow, f. dare put) ; orig. transitive in E also, then refl., then intr.] a'bsence, n. Being away from a place;' tinie of being away ; non-existence or want of; abstraction of thought (esp. in phr. a. of mind) ; rollcall. [F, f. L absentia (absent- absent l )] a'bsent 1 , a. Not present; not existing. Ab- stracted in mind, whence a'bsentLY 2 adv., absent-mi'ndED 2 a., absent-mi'nded- ly 2 adv., absent-mi'ndedNESS, a'bsent- ness, nn. [F, f. L absentcm nom. -ens part, of AB(esse be)l abse'nt 2 , v.refl. Keep oneself away. [f. F absenter f. L absentare f. absent- absent 1 ] absentee*, n. A person not present. A per- son habitually living away from home ; esp. a landlord so doing, whence absentee'iSM (2) n. [absent 2 -;- -ee] absidal. See apsidal. a'bsinth, n. Wormwood, the plant or its essence ; a liqueur made (orig. at least) from wine and worm- wood. [f. L f. Gk apsinthion] a'bsolute (-oot, -ut), a. Complete, perfect, pure (as a. alcohol), mere ; unrestricted, inde- pendent ; ruling arbitrarily ; out of grammati- cal relation (ablative a.) ; real, not merely re- lative or comparative ; unqualified, uncon- ditional ; self-existent and conceivable without relation to other things (the a., as noun). Hence a'bsoluteNESS n. [f. mid. F absolut (now absolu) f. L absolutus p.p. see absolve] a'bsolutely, adv. Independently, in and by itself; arbitrarily, without external con- trol ; without qualification ; without the usual accompaniments (as a transitive vb used a., i.e. without its obj.); unconditionally; posi- tively, though you would not believe it ; con- clusive^, completely, quite ; at all (w. nega- tives), [f. prec. + -L Y 2 ] absolution, n. Formal setting free from guilt, sentence, or obligation ; ecclesiastical declaration of forgiveness of sins ; remission of penance ; forgiveness. [F, f. L absolutionem (absolve, -ion)] ABSOLUTISM a'bsolutism, n. (Theol.) doctrine that God acts absolutely in the affair of salvation. (Polit.) principle of absolute government, [ab- solute + -ism (3)] absolutist, n. Partisan of political ab- solutism (also adj., as a. principles). A meta- f)hysician who identifies subject and object. ABSOLUTE + -1ST (2)] abso'lve (-s-, -z-), v.t. Set, pronounce, free (from blame &c, of sin, from obligation &c, or abs.) ; acquit, pronounce not guilty, [f. L AB(solvere, solut- loosen)] a'bsonant, a. Discordant, alien (from), un- reasonable, [f. ab- + sonant- part. st. of L .son- are sound on anal, of dissonant, consonant, and L absonus] absop'b, v.t. Swallow up, incorporate (be absorbed by, lose one's identity in) ; engross the attention of; suck in (liquids).; take in (heat, light, &c.) by chemical or molecular action, [f. F absorber f. L AB(sorbere sorpt- suck in)] absop'bable, a. Easily sucked in. Hence absopbaBiLir v n. [prec. + -able] absop'bed, a. Intensely engaged or in- terested. Hence absop'bedLY 2 adv. [p.p. of ABSORB] absopbefacient(-shnt), a. &n. Causingthe absorption or dryingup (e. g. of a tumour) ; agent that does this. [f. L absorbere absorb+ -facient] absop'bent, a. & n. Having a tendency to suck in (abs., or of) ; a substance of this kind ; one of the vessels in plants and animals (e. g. the root tips) that absorb nutriment, [f. L ab- sorbent- part. st. of absorbere absorb] absop*bingr» a. Engrossing, intensely in- teresting. Hence absop'bingfLY 2 adv. [part, of absorb] absop'ption, n. Disappearance through in- corporation in something else ; natural or medical removal of tissues ; mental engross- ment; sucking in of fluid, light &c, or nutri- ment, [f. L absorptio (absorb, -ion)] absop'ptive, a. Having a tendency to suck in. Hence absop'ptiveNESS n. [f. L absorpt- (absorb, -ive)] absqua'tulate (-kwot-); v.i. Make off, de- camp. [American-made jocular vb w. L pref. and suf.] abstai'n, v.i. Keep oneself away, refrain, (from). Refrain from alcohol, whence ab- stai'nER * n., abstai'niNG 2 a. [f. F abstenir f. L ABS(tinere tent- = tenere hold)] abste*mious,a. Sparing, notself-indulgent, esp. in food and drink. Used of persons, habits, meals. Hence abste'miousLY 2 adv., ab- ste'miousNESS n. [f. L ABS(temius f. temum strong drink inferred f. temulentus, temetum) + -ous] abste'ntion, n. Keeping off (abs., or from any pleasure) ; esp., not using one's vote. [F (ABSTAIN, -ION)] abstep'gcnt, a. & n. Cleansing ; a cleansing substance, [f. L abstergent- part. st. of abs- (tergere ters- wipe)] abstep'sion, n. Cleansing, purgation. [F, see prec, -ion] abstep'sive, a. Cleansing, [f. F ( -if, -ive), as prec, -ive] a'bstinence, n. Refraining (from any pleasure, or abs. in sense of continence, fasting, or, usu. total a., going without alcohol). Somet. = foil. [F, f. L abstinentia (abstinent, -ence)] a'bstineney, n. Habit of refraining from pleasures, esp. food. [f. L abstinentia see prec. & -encv] a*bstinent,a. Practising abstinence. Hence ABYSM a'bstinentLY 2 adv. [F, f. L abstinent- (ab- stain, -ent)] a'bstpact 1 , a. Separated from matter, practice, or particular examples, not concrete ; ideal, not practical ; abstruse ; (with the, as noun) the ideal or theoretical way of regarding things (in the a.). Hence a'bstraetLY 2 adv., a'bstPactNESS n. [f. L abstractus p.p. of ABB(trahere draw)] a'bstpact 2 , n. Essence, summary; abstrac- tion or abstract term, [see prec] abstract 3 , v.t. Deduct, remove, (an obj. much &c is somet. omitted); (euphemism) steal ; disengage (obj. attention &c. somet. omitted) from ; consider apart from the con- crete; summarize, [f. abstract 1 ] abstracted, a. Withdrawn in thought, not attending. Hence abstractedNESs n. [-ED 1 ] abstractedly, adv. In the abstract, ideally ; separately (from— esp. after consider) ; in an absent-minded way. [-ly 2 ] abstraction, n. Taking away, with- drawal ; (euphemism) stealing. Process of stripping an idea of its concrete accompani- ments ; the idea so stripped, something vision- ary, whence abstraction - monger n. Absence of mind. [F, f. L abstractionem (ABSTRACT 1 , -ION)] abstpu'se, a. Hard to understand, pro- found. Hence abstru'seLY 2 adv., ab- stru'seNESS n. [f. L ABS(trusus p.p. of trudere push)] absup'd, a. Incongruous, unreasonable, ridiculous, silly. Hence absup'dLY 2 adv. [f. F absurde f. L absurdus (ab- utterly +surdus deaf, dull)] absurdity, n. Folly, unreasonableness; an absurd statement or act. [f. F absurdity f. L absurditatem (absurd, -ity)] abu'ndance, n. Quantity more than suf- ficient, plenty; overflowing emotion (a. of the heart) ; many people (there are a. who) ; afflu- ence, wealth. [OF (ab-, hab-, see abound), f. L abundantia (as foil., -ance)] abu'ndant, a. More than sufficient, plenti- ful; rich [in). Hence abu'ndantLY 2 adv. [OF (ab-, hab-, see abound), f. ~Labundant- part. st. (abound, -ant)] ab ur'be co'ndita, adv. (abbr. A. U. a). Counting from the foundation of Rome. [L] abu'se 1 (-uz), v.t. Misuse, make bad use of; deceive (archaic, but still used esp. in pass.) ; maltreat (archaic); revile, [f. F abuser f. L *abusare f. ab(«s- p.p. st. of uti use)] abu'se 2 (-us), n. Misuse, perversion (of) ; an established unjust or corrupt practice. Re- viling, whence abu'sivE a., abu'siveLY 2 adv., abu'siveNESS n. [f. F abus f. L abusus n. f. abus- see prec. abu't, v.i. (-tt-). Have a common boundary with, border, (upon ; or somet. without prep, as trans, vb ; of estates or countries) ; end on or against, lean on, (of parts of a building), [mixed meanings f. OF abouter place end to end (d to+bout end), and OF abuter touch with one end (a to+but end)] abu'tment, n. A lateral support ; (esp. in architecture) that on which an arch or bridge rests ; point of junction between such support and thing supported, [abut + -ment] abu'ttep, n. (In law) owner of the adjoining property. [ABUT + -ER 1 ] aby, abye*, v.t. (archaic; past and p.p. abought). Redeem, pay the penalty of, (an offence ; usu. w. dearly, sore), [earlier abuggen, abeggen, f. A- (1) away+BUY] aby'sm, n. Earlier form, still used in ABYSMAL poetical style, of abyss. [OF abtsme f. LL *abyssimus superl. of abyssus abyss] aby'smal, a. Bottomless, esp. fig., as a. ignorance. Hence abysmalLY 2 adv. [abysm + ^al] aby'ss, n. The primal chaos, bowels of the earth, lower world ; a bottomless chasm, deep gorge; depth (a. of light). [Earlier abime, abysme, f. F see abysm, later corrected after L abyssus f. Gk abussos bottomless] aby'ssal, a. More than 300 fathoms below sea surface (water, zone, mud). [f. LL abyssalis f. abyssus ; see abyss and -al] ac-, pref. to words in c-, k-, qu-. Properly the L assimilated form of ad- to, in addition. In passing through OF it became a- ; this being rectified later, ac- was mistakenly written also for a- representing other preff. (see a-), e.g. OE a- (on) in acknowledge. -ac, suf. forming adjj., which are often also (if not only) used as nouns. From Gk -akos, the modification of adj. suf. -kos appended to nouns in -ia, -ios, -ion, and imitated in L. E wds in -ac may be f. Gk (-akos), L (-acus), or F (-ague). aca'cia (-sha), n. Genus of trees, of Mimosa tribe, yielding gum arabic ; the Locust-tree or False Acacia, grown in England for orna- ment ; gum arabic. [L, f. Gk akakia ; perh. f. ake point (in ref. to its thorns)] a'cademe, n. (Prop.) = Academus (see aca- demy) ; (used by mistake in poetic style for) the Gk Academy, a college, university. [Gk Akademos see academy ; mistake perh. caused by Milton's ' grove of Academe ', P. R. iv. 144] academic, a. & n. Belonging to or agreeing with the philosophic school of Plato (academy), (w. ref. to some of his successors' views) sceptical; an ancient Platonist. Scholarly, (and by implication) abstract, unpractical, cold, merely logical ; (as sing, noun) member of a university, one too much enslaved to the principles (in painting &c.) of an academy; 3 ] accelerated, a. (physics). Progressively quicker (a. motion). Hence aeceleratedLY 2 adv. [p.p. of prec] accelerating", a. Causing progressively quicker motion (a. force), [-ing 2 ] acceleration (aks-), n. Making quicker; being made quicker. (Physics) rate of increase of velocity per time unit, as with falling bodies. (Astr.) a. of stars, time gained daily by them over sun ; a. of planets, increased velocity from aphelion to perihelion ; a. of moon, increase in speed of mean motion ; a. of tides, amount of local advance on calculated time, [f. L acceleratio (accelerate, -ion)] aeee'lerative, a. Tending to increase speed, quickening, [f. accelerate + -ive] _ accelerator, n. Person or thing that in- creases any thing's speed ; esp., one of a class of nerves and muscles, [accelerate + -or 2 ] a'eeent \ n. Prominence given to a syllable, whether by higher musical pitch (ancient Gk and L, Swedish and Norw.), or by stress (most mod. langg., but perh. not F). Three marks called acxde ('), grave ( v ), and circumflex C or *) accents (systematically em- ployed only in Gk, and to .a less degree in F) used for various purposes, e.g. to indicate syllabic pitch (Gk), quality of vowel sound (F), etymological hist. (F, E), metrical stress, syllabic stress (dictionaries &c), the fact of a letter's not being silent, or conventional distinction between homonyms (F). Indi- vidual, local, or national mode of pronuncia- ACCENT ACCOMMODATE tion; modulation to express feeling ; in pi., speech (poet.). (In prosody) rhythmical stress. (Mus.) stress recurring at intervals. (Fig.) intensity, sharp distinction. [F, f. L AC(centus -us = cantus singing) lit. transl. of Gk prosodia (pros to + ode song)] accent 2 , v.t. Pronounce with accent, em- phasize (word or syllable) ; put the written accents on ; heighten, make conspicuous, [f. obs. F accenter see prec] accentual, a. Of accent; a. prosody or verse, of which the principle is accent or stress, not quantity. Hence aeeentualLY 2 adv. [f. L accentus accent l + -al] accentuate, v.t. = accent 2 , but more used than it in the fig. sense, [f. med. L accentuare (accentus accent 1 ), -ate 3 ] acce'ntua'tion, n. Accenting (all senses from accent), [f. med. L accent uatio see ac- centuate, -ion] accept, v.t. Consent to receive (gift), answer affirmatively (offer, invitation, suitor) ; regard with favour (esp. unfair favour, as a. the person of, a. persons) ; receive as adequate (a. service of writ), allow the truth of, believe ; undertake (office) ; take responsibility for, agree to meet, (bill of exchange). Of may be added (exc. w. service of xvrit, bill) with a slight suggestion of formality or condescension. Hence aeeeptER 1 ^ [f. F accepter f. L ac- ceptare frequent, of AC(cipere = capere take)] acceptable (also a'-), a. Worth accepting, pleasing, welcome. Hence or cogn. ac- ce*ptabLY 2 adv., aeeeptaBiLiTY, acce'pt- ableNESS, nn. [F, f. L acceptabilis (accept, -able)] acce'ptance, n. Consent to receive (gift, payment, pleasure, duty) ; favourable recep- tion (act. & pass.), approval, belief; a. of persons, partiality ; engagement to meet a bill ; a bill so accepted. [OF ; see accept and -ance] acceptation, n. A particular sense given to a word or phrase"; its generally recognized meaning. [F, f. LL acceptationem (accept, -ation)] accepted, a. Generally recognized or believed in (Free & A. Masons, see free 1 - mason). Hence acceptedLY 2 adv. [-ed 1 ] acceptor, n. One who accepts a bill (pre- ferred to accepter in this sense). [AF acceptour f. L acceptorem (accept, -or 2 )] a'ceess (also -e's, see etym.), n. Approach; addition ; right or means of approaching (to) ; being approached (easy of a.); advance (a. and recess) ; passage, channel, doorway ; ad- hesion, growth, (usu. now accession) ; attack or outburst (of illness, anger, emotion). [The doubtful accent is due to double derivation. 1. (sense attack, pron. a - -) f. F acces f. L ac- cessus n. f. AC(cedere cess- come) ; 2. (other senses, pron. akse's) direct f. L access us. The two pronunciations, however, have now ceased to be significant] a'ceessapy (also akse's-), n. & pred. a. (see also accessory). Helper in any act, one privy to it (as pred. a., be a., were made accessary) ; accompaniment, adjunct, [f. ac- cess + -ary ! formed as f. L access- like emissary, adversary, the adj. (first spelt -ary) being corrected later to -ory on L ac- cessoriiis drew the noun after it, and the two spellings are often confused] acce'ssible, a. Able to be reached or entered (abs., or to); open to influence, to the influence of, (to). Hence accessiBi'LiTY n., aeeessibLY 2 adv. [F, f. L accessibilis (ac- cede, -ble)] accession, n. Coming into presence or contact; coming into an office or condition (as manhood) ; being added ; assent ; thing added, addition ; (in law) improvement or natural growth of property. [F, f . L accessionem (accede, -ion)] a'eeessory (also akse's-), a. & n. (see also accessary). Additional, subordinately contributive (of things), adventitious ; a thing of that character, esp. in pi. the accessories. [f. LL accessorixis adj. (accede, -ory)] a'ceidence, n. The part of grammar, or a book, dealing with inflexions (i. e. the accidents or non-essentials of words) ; the elements of any subject, [corruption of accidents = F pi. n. accidens transl. of L neut. pi. accidentia the things that befall (a word), see accident ; or perh. direct f. accidentia treated as fern. sing, noun] a'ceident, n. Event without apparent cause, unexpected (so chapter of aa., unforeseen course of events) ; unintentional act, chance, fortune, (by a.) ; mishap ; irregularity in structure ; a property not essential to our conception of a substance (so of material qualities of bread and wine after transubstan- tiation) ; a mere accessory. [F, f. L accidens -entis part, and n. f. AC(cidere = cadere fall)] accidental, a. & n. Happening by chance, undesignedly, or unexpectedly ; occasional ;. not essential to a conception (so also an a. as n.) ; subsidiary. (Mus.) a, sharps, flats T naturals, and a. as noun, signs attached to- single notes, not in signature. (Optics) a, colours, those presented by subjective sensa- tion, not external. (In painting) a. lights, and accidentals as n., effects of other than ordinary day light. [F (now -el), prob. f. LL accidentalis f. accidens see prec] accidentally, adv. By ehance, uninten- tionally. [-LY 2 ] acei'pitpal (aksip-), a. Hawklike ; rapa- cious ; keensighted. [f. L accipitr- nom. -ter hawk + -al] acclai'm \ v. t. Applaud loudly or enthusias- tically; (w. obj. and compl.) hail as (king, winner, saviour; acclaimed him king), [f. L AC(elamare shout), spelling assimilated to claim] acclai'm 2 , n. Shout of applause, [f. prec] acclamation, n. Loud and eager assent to a proposal (voted, carried, by a.) ; shouting in a person's honour (usu. pi.), [f. L acclamatio (prec, -ation)] aeelima'tion, n. = acclimatization (see foil.), or distinguished from it as a natural process, not imposed on animals by man. [syncopated for acclimatation (acclimate f. F acclimater ACCLIMATIZE)] acclimatize (also a'cclimate), v.t. & i. Habituate (animals, plants, oneself) to new climate ; (rarely) become so habituated. Hence aecli'matizA'TioN (also acclimata'tion) n. [f. F acclimater (d to+climat climate) + -ize] aeelrvity, n. Upward slope of a hill (cf. declivity), [f. L acclivitas f. AC(clivis f. clivus slope)] accola'de (-ad or-ahd), n. Sign at bestowal of knighthood, whether embrace, kiss, or stroke on shoulder with flat of sword. (Mus.) vertical line or brace coupling staves. [F, f. It. accollata n. from p.p. st. of accollare (ac- + L collum neck)] aeeo'mmodate, v.t. Adapt (thing or person to another) ; prove such adaptation in, har- monize, (somet. w. implication of sophistry) i reconcile, settle differences between ; compose ACCOMMODATING 8 ACCOUTRE (quarrel) ; equip, supply, (person with) ; oblige, confer favour on ; find lodging for. [f. obs. adj. accommodate f. p.p. of L AC(commodare -at- f. commodus fitting = COM- + modus mea- sure)] aooo'mmodating , 9 a. Obliging, easy to •deal with, pliable, lax. Hence acco'mmo- datinffLYSadv., [-ing2] accommodation, n. Adjustment (e. g. of eyes for various distances) ; adaptation of any- thing to a purpose or meaning different from the original: self -adaptation ; settlement, com- promise ; serviceable thing, convenience (so in comp. as a.-road); lodgings, entertainment ; money loan (so in a. -bill *). [F f. L accommo- dationem (accommodate, -ion)] aceo-mpaniment (-urn-), n. Appendage, thing that attends another. (Mus.) subsidiary part vocal or instrumental, usu. the latter as used to support the voice, [f. F accompagne- ment (foil., -ment)] acco'mpany (-um-), v.t. Supplement (a thing with, as word w. blow) ; go with, escort, attend ; coexist with (of things), characterize. (Mus.) support (singer, player, piece) by per- forming additional part, whence aceo'm- paniST (also -nyist) n. After pass., by has almost ousted older with, now only used when accompanied = combined, [f. F accom- pagner (a to+compagne companion)] accd'mplice, n. Partner, usu. subordinate, in crime, [f. earlier & F complice (whether by mistake from a complice, cf. newt, or by assim. to foil.) f. L comphcem nom. -plex closely connected (com- +plic- fold)] accd'mplish, v.t. Fulfil, perform, com- plete, finish. Perfect (a person) in graceful acquirements, whence aeeo'mplishED 1 a. ff. OF acomplir f. LL AC(complere complete) ; gee^SH 2 ] acco'mplishment, n. Fulfilment, comple- tion ; thing done or attained, achievement ; faculty that perfects a person for society, (disparagingly) merely superficial acquire- ment, [f. F accomplissement ; see prec, -ment] aceompt, -ant, archaic for account, -ant. aeeop'd 1 , v.t. & i. Be in harmony or con- sistent (abs., or with ; chiefly of things) •, grant (indulgence, request, welcome, &c). [f. OF acorder f. LL AC(cordare f. cor cordis heart)] aeeop'd 2 , n. Consent (with one a.), mutual agreement ; treatj* of peace ; harmonious correspondence in "colour, pitch, tone ; assent (of one's own a.), [f. OF acord agreement («- corder accord 1 )] aceop'danee, n. Conformity, agreement, esp. in phr. in a. xcith. [OF acordance (as prec, -ance)] aeeop'dant, a. In tune, agreeing, (abs., or with). Hence aeeoP'dantLY 2 adv. [OF acordant as prec, -ant] ! aceop'ding, adv. (only now in the compd conj. a. as, and the compd prep. a. to). A. as : in proportion as (of a process varying w. another) ; in a manner depending on which of certain alternatives is true. A. to: in a manner consistent with or degree proportioned to ; on the authority of. [-ing 2 ] aeeop'dingly, adv. As the (stated) circum- stances suggest ; therefore ; a. as = according as. [-LY 2 ] aeeop'dion, n. Portable musical instru- ment made of bellows, keys, and metal reeds. Hence aeeop'dioniST(3) n. [f. It. and LL accordare attune see ACCORD l ; termination imitated f. clarion] aeed'st \ v.t. Make up to and address, open conversation with. [f. F accoster f. LL ac- (costare f. costa rib)] aeed'st 2 , n. Greeting, opening remark, [f. prec] accowchement (-ooshmong, or as F), n. Lying-in, delivery m child-bed. [F] accoucheur' (-oosher), n. (fern, -exise pr. -erz). Man-midwife, midwife. [F] aeeou'nt 1 , v.t. & i. Consider, regard as, (followed by obj. & complement or infin. ; a. him a hero, wise, to be guilty). Be accounted of, be esteemed (alw. w. little, much, Sec). Account for: give reckoning (of money held in trust); answer for (conduct, performance of duty) ; explain the cause of ; serve as ex- planation of (that accounts for it) ; (sport) be responsible for the death of, kill. [f. OF aconter f. LL accomptare for *AC(compxitare L = com- pute) ; the form aceompt is due to 14th-c. correction in F passing into E, the oldest E being acunte (see AC-)] aeeou'nt 2 , n. (1) Counting, calculation, in phrr. cast accounts (reckon up), money of a. (names not of coins, but of sums, as guinea). (2) Reckoning of debit and credit, in money or service. Statement of money received and expended, with balance ; so open or close an a. with, render or send in, pay or settle, an a. ; a. current (whence a/c = account), one kept going w. occasional entries; joint a., in which two persons not otherwise partners count as one; keep aa., enter all expenditure for com- parison w. income ; balance or square aa. with some one, receive or pay the balance due ; cash, profit-and-loss, &c, a., headings of subdivision in ledger; sale for the a., on the Stock Exch., not for cash, but payable at next periodic settlement; A in a. xcith B, having credit relations with ; for a. of, to be sold for (person) ; OTi a., as interim payment; on one's a., for his service; on ones own a., for and at one's own purposes and risk, whence generally on a. of, because of, and on no a., by no means, certainly not. A favourable result of the reckoning, profit; find one's a. in, profit by, turn to a., make useful. Statement of ad- ministration as required by creditor ; ask, demand, yield, render, an a., call or bring to a. ; extended from money to conduct generally, so the great a., Day of Judgment, gone to his a., dead ; give a. of, find cause of, explain, (in sport) give a good a. of, dispose of (opponents, game) successfully. (3) Estimation. Person or thing of, or held in, some or no a. ; make little a. of; take into, leave out of, a. ; take a. of; lay one's a. with, include in one's calcu- lations, expect. (4) Narration, report, descrip- tion, of event, person, &c. [f. OF acont (a to 4- cont f. LL comptum for computum f. L com- putare compute)] aeeou'ntafole, a. Bound to give account, responsible, (for things, to persons, or abs.); explicable (somet. followed by for). Hence aeeountaBiLiTY, aeeoirntableNESS, nn., [f. ACCOUNT 1 + -ABLE] aeeou'ntant, n. (Law) one liable to render account; defendant in an action of account. Professional keeper and inspector of accounts : a.-general, chief a. in public offices; whence aeeoirntantSHiP n. [F (15th c.) accomptant part, of accompter OF aconter account 2 J aeeou'tpe (-ooter), v.t. (-tring, -tred). Attire, equip, esp. w. special costume (chiefly used in p.p.). [f. med. F accoustrer (now accoutrer) etym. dub., perh. AC- + coustre vestry-keeper and so rober which is perh. f. LL *cxistor f. custos guardian] ACCOUTREMENT accou'tpement (-obtrem-), n. (usu. in pi.). Equipment, trappings. (Mil.) soldier's outfit other than arms and garments, e. g. belt, straps, valise. [MF accoustrement (prec, -ment)] aeepe'dit, v.t. Gain belief or influence for (adviser, advice); send out (ambassador, &c.) with credentials to person, to or at a court; a. thing (saying, policy) to person, or a. him loith it, put it down to him. [f. F AC(crediter f. credit credit)] aeepe'dited, a. Officially recognized (per- sons); generally accepted, orthodox, (beliefs), [p.p. of prec] aeepe'te 1 , v.t. & i. Grow together or into one ; form round or on to, as round a nucleus ; attract (such additions), [f. L accret- p.p. st. of AC(cresce?'e grow)] aeepe'te 2 , a. (bot.). Grown into one with something else. [f. L accretus p.p. see prec] aeepe'tion, n. Growth by organic enlarge- ment; the growing of separate things (as particles) into one ; the whole resulting from this ; adhesion of extraneous matter to any- thing ; the matter so added ; (Law) == accession, also increase of legacy &c by share of failing co-legatee, [f. L accretio (accrete \ -ion)] accrue* (-00), v.i. Fall (to one, from a thing) as a natural growth, advantage, result ; esp. of interest on invested money. Hence accPUE'D 1 (2) a. [f. obs. accrue n. = F accrxie p.p. of accroitre OF acreistre f. L accrescere ACCRETE *] accumulate, v.t. & i. Heap up, gain by degrees, (usu. fig., a fortune, ill will, &c, or abs.), amass, make money; take (University degrees) by accumulation (obj. expressed, or abs.), i. e., more than one step at a time ; grow numerous, form an increasing mass or heap (lit. and fig., as dirt, disasters, had accumu- lated), [f. obs. accuvudate a. f. L &.c(cumidare f. cumxdus heap), -ate 2 > 3 ] accumulation, n. Collection (act. or pass.), amassing; money-making; growth of capital by continued interest ; combination of distinct acts into one (degrees, see prec, or church services &c); a mass (as snow, papers, property), [f. L accumxdatio (prec, -ion)] accumulative, a. Arising from accumu- lation (a. proof, evidence, now being ousted by cumulative); so arranged as to accumulate (sinking fund) ; acquisitive, given to hoarding. Hence aeeu'mulativeLY 2 adv. [as prec + -ive] accu'mulatop, n. One who collects; money-maker; taker of degrees by accumu- lation; apparatus for storing electricity. [L (as prec, -or 2 )] a'ccupate, a. Careful, precise, in exact conformity with a standard or with truth. Hence a*eeuPACY n., a'eeupateLV 2 adv. [f. L AC(curare f. cura care), -ate 2 ] accursed (-id), aecup'st, a. Lying under a curse, ill-fated ; involving misery, execrable, detestable, [p.p. f. obs. accxcrse earlier acurse (a- imitated as intensive f. OE ar- see a- (1) + OE cursian curse v.)] accu'sal, n. Sometimes used for foil. [f. ac- cuse + -al (2)] accusa'tion, n. Accusing ; being accused ; a charge of offence or crime ; indictment. [F, f. L accusationem (accuse, -ion)] accusative, a. & n. A. case (or a. as noun), the grammatical case used in Gk & L for the goal of motion or obj. of action ; in uninflected langg., applied to the wd that stands as obj., though with no mark of case. Hence ac- eusati'VAL adj., aeeu'sativeLY 2 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L accusativus lit, transl. of Gk j!J ACETATE D aitiatike causal (also accusing), the goal or obj. being the final cause of motion or action] accusatorial, a. A. procedure See., in which prosecutor and judge are not the same, opposed to inquisitorial, [as foil. + -al] accu'satopy, a. A. language, manner &c, conveying or implying accusation, [f. L ac- cxisatornus (foil., -ory)] accu'se (-z), v.t. Charge with a fault, indict, (person), whence p.p. as noun, the accused; blame, lay the fault on, (person or thing, as the times). A. as offender, of offence. Point to (subj. evidence, &c, obj. a person). Hence accu'SERi n., aeeu'singxY 2 adv. [earlier acuse f. OF acuser f. L AC(cusare-causare f. caxisa cause)] accu'stom, v.t. Habituate (oneself, person, or thing, to do or to; commoner in pass.), [earlier acustom (see AC-) f. OF acostximer (now accoutumer) (a to, custom)] accu'stomed, a. In vbl senses ; also, usual, [p.p. of prec in obs. sense make usual] ace, n. The one on dice ; ambs ace, throw of two ones, deuce ace, of two and one (formerly two ones); the one on dominoes, cards; one point at racquets &c ; the "smallest possible amount, hair's-breadth, as xcithin an ace of; ace-point, first or starting point on backgam- mon table. [F as f. L as unity] -acea, L suf. freely used to form names (neut. pi. agreeing w. animalia) for orders of animals; the names are L and pi., the sing, being supplied by E adjj. in -ace an used as noun ; so the Crustacea, a crustacean, [f. L -aceus (-ac- + -e-us) compd adj. formative] -aceae, L suf. freely used to form names (fern. pi. agreeing w. plantae) for orders pf plants, [f. -aceus see prec] -acean, a. & n. suf. As adj., = -aceous; as n., see -acea. [f. L -aceus see -acea + -an] Aceldama (-k-), n. Field of bloodshed, scene of slaughter. [Acts i. 19] -aceous, suf. freely used to form adjj. to the Xat.-Hist. nouns in -acea, -ace^e, as crustace- ous, rosaceous, [f. L -aceus see -acea + -ous] acephal-, stem of several bot., zool., & eccl. terms. Headless, [f. LL f. Gk akephalos f. a- (l)+kephale head] ace'phalous, a. Headless ; recognizing no chief; (Zool.) having no part of body specially organized as head; (Bot.) with head aborted or cut off; (in prosody), (verse) wanting the re- gular first syllable, [as prec. -f -ous] a'cerbate, v.t. Sometimes used for ex- acerbate. acep'bity, n. Astringent sourness, harsh taste ; bitterness of speech, manner, or temper, [f. F. acerbity f. L acerbitatem (acerbus sour- tasting, -ty)] a'cepvate, a. Growing in compact clusters (of spines, &c). [f. L acervare (acervus a heap), -ate 2 ] ace'scent, a. Turning sour, rather sour, lit. and fig. [f. L acescere inceptive of acere be sour (ac- sharp), -ent] aeet-, stem of many chem. terms. Vinegar. [L acetum vinegar (acere be sour)] acetabulum, n. (pi. -la). (Rom. antiq.) cup to hold vinegar. (Zool.) cup-shaped sucker of cuttle-fish, &c. ; socket of thighbone, or of joints in insects. [f. L acetum vinegar •+• -abulum dim. of -abrxim receptacle] acetap'ious, a. (Of plants) used in salads, [f. L acetaria salad plants, neut. pi. of acetaris (as acetic, see -ar 1 )+ -ous] a'cetated, a. Treated with acetic acid, [p.p. of acetate v. (acetic+ -ate 3 ) not otherwise used 1 ACETIC ace'tie, a. Pertaining to vinegar, [f. L acetum v inegar+ -ic] aee'tify, v.t. &i. Convert into vinegar; be- come sour. Hence acetiFicA'TiON, aee'tifi- er 1 (2), nn. [as prec. + -fy] a'cetous, a. Having the qualities of vine- gar ; sour, [as prec. + -ous] aee'tylene, n. A colourless gas, burning with a bright flame, [as prec, see -yl and -ene] acharnement (F), n. Ferocity; gusto. Aeha'tes (-k-). Faithful friend of Aeneas (Verg. Aen.); any faithful friend. acne 1 (ak), v.i. SufFer continuous or pro- longed pain. [OE acan; earlier and correct spelling of the verb was ake] ache 2 (ak), n. Continuous pain. [OE sece f. acan v. ; earlier pronunciation of the noun was atsh (cp. bake batch, wake watch )] ache 3 (atsh), n. Name of letter H. aehie've, v.t. Accomplish, carry out; ac- quire ; reach (an end). Hence aehie'VABLE a. [f. F achever (a chef venirl. LL ad caput venire come to a head with)] achievement, n. Completion, accomplish- ment; thing accomplished; escutcheon or en- sign armorial in memory of a distinguished feat ; = hatchment, [f. F achevement (achever achieve)] achi'lous (-k-), a. (bot). "Without lips. [f. Gk -a- not+kheilos lip-f--ous] achlamy'deous, a. (bot.). Without calyx or corolla, [f. Gk a- not+khlamus -udos cloak + -eous] aehpoma'tie, a, (opt.). Free from colour; transmitting light without decomposing it. Hence achpoma'tiCALLY adv., aehro- mati'ciTY, aehpo*matisivi(2), nn., aehro*- matiZE(3) v.t. [f. Gk akhromatos (a- not+ khroma -matos colour) + -ic] a'cid 1 , a. Sour; (Chem.) with the essential Eroperties of an acid 2 . So aei'diTY n. [f. i acidus (acere be sour)] a'cid 2 , n. A sour substance; (Chem.) one of a class of substances that neutralize and are neutralized by alkalis, and are compounded of hydrogen and another element or elements, and of which the principal types are sour and turn vegetable blues to reds. [f. prec] ael'dify, v.t. & i. Make, become, sour; (Chem.) convert into an acid. Hence aci'difi- able a., acidiFiCA'TiON, aci*difiER 1 (2), nn. [as acid, see -fy] aeidi'metep, n. Instrument for measuring strength of acids, [as prec, see -meter] aci'dulated, a. Made somewhat acid. [p.p. of acidulate v. (foil. + -ate 3 ), not otherwise used] aci'dulous, a. Somewhat acid. [f. L aci- dulus (dim. of acidus sour) + -ous] a'cinus, n. (pi. acini). One of the small berries that make up a compound fruit such as the blackberry ; the compound fruit itself ; seed of a grape or berry; (Anat.) racemose gland. Hence aci'niFORM a. [L, = berry, seed] -acious, suf. forming adjj. meaning 'in- clined to ', ' abounding in '. [f. L -ax -acis, added to rb stems to form adjj.,+ -ous] i -aeity, suf. forming nouns of quality corre- sponding to adjj. in -acious directly f. L -acitat- or thr. F -acite'. acknowledge (aknol-), v.t. Admit the truth of ; own (person &c to be something) ; recognize the authority or claims of ; recognize in legal form ; express appreciation of ; an- nounce receipt of ; reward (a service), [a- (2)+ knowledge ; or from the obs. nouo acknow- ledge] 10 ACR E acknowledgment, -ement, n. Act of acknowledging ; thing given or done in return for a service, message, &c [prec. + -ment] acli'nic, a. A. line, magnetic equator, on which magnetic needle has no dip. [f. Gk aklines {a- not+klino bend) + -ic] a'cme, n. Highest point, point of perfection. [Gk,= point] a'cne, n. Pimple ; disease marked by pim- ples, [perh. corrupt, of acme] aco'ck, adv. (Of the hat) in cocked fashion ; defiantly, [a prep. + cock v.] a'eolyte, n. Inferior officer in the church ; attendant, assistant; novice, [f. Gk akoloiiihos follower] a'eonite, n. Monk's-head or wolf's-bane, a poisonous plant; extract from this. Hence aconi'tic a., aeo'nitiNE 5 n. [f. F aconit f. Gk akoniton (etym. dub.)] a'corn, n. Fruit of the oak ; a.-shell, multi- valve cirriped, allied to barnacles. [OE secern, perh. w. orig. meaning 'fruit of the open country ' (OE secer) ; conf us. w. com] aeotyle'don, n. Plant with no distinct seed-lobes. Hence aeotyledonous a. [f. mod. L acotyledones f. Gk a- not + kotuledon cup-shaped hollow (kotule cup)] acou'chy (-ooshi), n. Small rodent allied to guinea-pig. If. Facouchi, perh. f. native name in Guiana] acou'stic (-ow-), a. Pertaining to the sense of hearing. Hence acou*sticALa., aeoirstie- alLY 2 adv., aeoustrciAN, aeoirstics, nn. [f. F acoustique f. Gk akoustikos (akoud hear)] aequai'nt, v.t. Make (person, oneself,) aware of (ivith facts, that, hoiv, &c); make oneself familiar (with circumstances &c) ; (pass.) have personal knowledge of (with person or thing), [f. OF acointer f. LL ACcognitare f. cognit- p.p. st. of co(gnoscere come to know)] acquaintance, n. Knowledge of (with) person &c more than mere recognition and less than intimacy ; person(s) with whom one is acquainted (pi. now usu. -ances in this sense). Hence aequarntaneesHiP n. [f . OF acoint- ance (acointer acquaint)] acquest, n. Thing acquired; (Law) pro- perty gained otherwise than by inheritance, [f. OF acquest f. LL acquistum i. L acquisi- tum (see acquire)] acquie'sce (-ies), v.i. Agree tacitly ; a. in, accept (arrangements, conclusions). So ac- quie'seENCE n., aequie'scENT a. [f. MF acquiescer f. L AC(quiescere rest)] acquire*, v.t. Gain by oneself and for one- self; (of qualities &c.) win (person a good name &c) ; come into possession of; an ac- quired taste (not natural), [f. OF acquey^e f. L. AC(quirere quisit- = quaerere seek)] acquisition, n. Act of acquiring; thing acquired. So acqui'sitivE a. , aequi'sitive- ness n. [f. L acquisitio (as prec, see -ion)] acqui't, v.t. (-tt-). Pay (a debt); declare (person) not guilty (of offence) ; discharge one- self of (duty, responsibility) ; a. oneself (per- form one's part) ivell, ill, &c [f. OF aquiter f. LL *AC(qxdtare - L quietare settle f. quies -etis rest)] acqui'ttal, n. Discharge from debt ; deliver- ance from a charge by verdict &c. ; per- formance (of duty), [prec. + -al (2)] acqui'ttance, n. Payment of debt ; release from debt ; receipt in full. [f. OF^aquitance (aquiter acquit, see -ance)] acre (a'ker), n. Measure of land, 4,840 sq. yds ; piece of tilled or enclosed land, field (only ACREAGE in special uses, as broad act., GocVs A., Long A . ). Hence ( - )a*CPED 2 a. [f . OE secer, acer (cf . OHGj achar L ager Gk agros Skr ajras) tilled or enclosed land (orig. open country) ; adopted in med. L as acra, in OF as acre, hence mod. spelJing for the regular aker] acreage (a"kcrij), n. Amount of acres; acres collectively or in the abstract, [acre + -age] a'epid, a. Bitterly pungent, irritating, corro- sive ; of bitter temper or manner. Hence aeri'diTV n. [irreg. f. L acer -ais pungent-f -id, perh. assimilated to acid] a'crimony, n. Bitterness of temper or manner. So aerimo'nious a., aepimo'ni- OUSLY 2 adv. [f. L acrimonia pungency (acer -cris sharp ; see -mony) perh. thr. F aciimonie] A'epita, n. pi. (zool.). Animals with no dis- tinct nervous system, [mod. L f. Gk akritos undistinguishable (a- not+A;rmo distinguish)] acpo- in comb. Highest, topmost, terminal ; tipped with ; at the point or extremity of. [f. Gk akros topmost, outermost] a'cpobat, n. Rope-dancer, tumbler. Hence acpoba'tica., aepoba'ticALLY adv., a*ero- batiSM n. [f. F acrobate f. Gk akrobatos walk- ing on tiptoe, climbing aloft (acro- + batos vbl adj. f. baino go)] a'crogen, n. (bot.). Cryptogamous plant having perennial stem with growing point at extremity, as ferns and mosses. Hence aepo*- genous a. [acro- + Gk -genes born] a'epolith, n. Statue with head and extremi- ties of stone, [acro- + Gk lithos stone] acpd'nychal, a. Happening at nightfall (esp. of rising or setting of stars). Hence acpo'nyehalLY 2 adv. [f. Gk akronukhos (acro- + nux nuktos night) + -al] aepo'petal, a. Developing from below up- wards. Hence aePO'petalLY. 2 adv. [acro- + L petere seek + -al] aepd'polis, n. Citadel or elevated part of a Greek city, esp. of Athens. [Gk akropolis (acro- +polis city)] acpo'ss, adv. & prep. In the form of a cross, as with arms a. ; forming a cross with, making angles with, (object expressed or understood), as a line drawn a. (the road) ; into contact with, as came a. a tiger, an instance; from side to side (of), as run a. (the road) ; on the other side (of), as by this time he is a. (the Channel), [a prep. + cross 1 ; Caxton has in cross f. F encroix] acpo'stic, n. Poem or other composition in which the initial (single a.), the initial and final (double a.), or the initial, middle, and final (triple a.) letters of the lines spell a word or words ; Hebrew poem of which the lines begin with the successive letters of the alphabet. Hence aepo'stie a., aero'stiCALLY adv. [acro- + Gk stikhos row, line of verse] act l , n. Thing done, deed ; process of doing, operation, as in the very a. of, A. of God (operation of uncontrollable natural forces) ; de- cree passed by a legislative body &c. ; main division of a play ; (in Universities) thesis main- tained by a candidate for a degree &c. [f. F acte f. L actus -us doing and f. L actum thing done ; see foil.] act 2 , v.t. & i. Perform a play or part ; per- sonate (character in a play or in life), as a. Othello, a. the fool; perform actions, behave, as a. (behave) generously, a. (serve) as in- terpreter, a. upon (execute) a suggestion, a. up to (put into practice) a principle ; perform special functions, as the policeman declined to a., the brake refused to a., alcohol acts on the brain, [f. L agere act- do] 11 ACULEUS a'cting", a. In vbl senses, esp : doing duty temporarily, as A .-Captain ; doing alone duties nominally shared with others, as A.-Manager, -Trustee, [act 2 -f -ing 2 ] Acti'nia, n. (pi. -ae, -as). Genus of Zoophytes belonging to the family Actiniadae ; (pop.) sea-anemone, [mod. L f. Gk aktis -inos ray] actinism, n. That property of the sun's rays by which chemical changes are produced, as in photography. So acti'nic a. [as prec. + -ism] a'ction, n. Process of acting, exertion of energy or influence, as men of a., put in a., a. of an acid ; thing done, act ; (in drama) series of events represented ; mode of acting, manage- ment of body, &c, as a. of a player, horse, piano ; mechanism of an instrument ; legal pro- cess; engagement between troops. [F, f. L actionem (as act 2 , see -ion)] a'ctionable, a. Affording ground for an action at law. Hence a'etionabLY 2 adv. [action + -able] a'ctive, a. Given to outward action ; work- ing, effective ; energetic, diligent ; acting of one's own accord, acting upon others ; (Gram.) the active voice comprises all forms of intransi- tive verbs, and those forms of transitive verbs that attribute the verbal action to the person or thing whence it proceeds (the logical subject), as We punished him ; not, like the forms of the passive voice, to the person or thing to whom it is directed (the logical object), as He was punished by us. Less correctly, verbs are themselves called active. Hence activeLY 2 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L activus (as act 2 , see -ive),; or direct f. L in theol. phr. vita activa] activity, n. Exertion of energy ; quality of being active, diligence, nimbleness ; (pi.) active forces, spheres of action, [f. F. activite f. med. L activitatem (as prec, see -ty)] a'eton, n. Jacket of quilted cotton worn under mail ; mail-plated jacket of leather &c. [f. OF auqueton (mod. hoqueton) padding, padded jacket, f. Sp. alcoton (mod. algodon) cotton f. Arab, al-qutun the cotton] a'ctop, n. Dramatic performer, whence a'ctPESS L n. ; (rarely) doer. [L, = doer, actor (as act 2 , see -or 2 )] a'ctual, a. Existing in fact, real; present, current. [f. F actuel f. LL actualis (actus vbl n. f. agere act 2 ; see -al)] aetua'lity, n. Reality ; realism ; (pi.) existing conditions, [f. med. L actualitas (as prec, see -ty)] a'ctualize, v.t. Realize in action ; describe realistically. Hence aetualizA'TiON n. [ac- tual + -ize] a'etually, adv. In actual fact, really ; for the time being ; even (strange as it may seem). [-LY 2 ] a'ctuapy, n. Expert authority on rates of mortality and other details of life, fire, or ac- cident insurance ; (formerly) registrar, notary. Hence actuap'iAL a. [f. L actuarius amanu- ensis, book-keeper (actus; see actual and -ary i)] a'ctuate, v.t. Communicate motion to (a machine &c); serve as motive to (person). Hence actUA'TiON n. [f. med. L actuare (actus, as prec, see -ate 3 )] acu'ity, n. Sharpness, acuteness (as of needle, acid, disease, wit), [f. F acuite f. med. L acuitatem (acus -us needle ; see -ity)] acu'leate (-at), acu'leated, aa. (Zool.) having a sting; (Bot.) prickly; pointed, in- cisive, [f . L aculeatus ( aculeus, see -ate 2 )] acu'leus, n. (pi. -I). (Zool.) sting; (Bot.) prickle. [L aculeus sting, dim. of acus needle] ACUMEN 12 ADDUCT acu'men, n. Keen discernment, penetra- tion. [L acumen -minis anything sharp (acuere sharpen)] acu'minate 1 (-at), a. (nat. hist.). Tapering to a point, [f. L acuminare (prec), see -ate 2 ] aeuininate 2 , v.t. Sharpen, point; give poignancy to. Hence aeuminATiON, n. [as prec, see -ate 3 ] aeu'te, a. Sharp, pointed ; (of angles) less than a right angle ; (of diseases) coming sharply to a crisis, opp. to chronic ; (of sensations, senses, intellect) keen ; (of sounds) high, shrill ; (of letters) bearing the acute accent. Hence aeu'teLY 2 adv., acu'teNESS. n. [f. L acuere -ut- sharpen] acuti- in comb. Sharp, as -foliate sharp- leaved, -lobate sharp-lobed. [L comb, form of acutus acute] -aey, suf. forming nouns of state or quality from or modelled on L -acta or -alia or Gk -ateia, (1) n. of quality f. L -aci-a f. adjj. in -aci- : fall- deceive fall-aci- deceitful fall-aci-a fallacy. (2) n. of state or quality f. L -ati-a f. nouns in -at- (nom. -as, -i- being part of stem or connecting link) : med. L primat- primati-a primacy ; and by analogy supremacy. (3) n. of state f. med. L -ati-a f. nouns in -atus : ad- vocat-us advocat-ia advocacy ; and by analogy curacy. This formation was extended to adjj. f. L -atus to form accuracy, obstinacy, from accurate, obstinate, where L has nouns in -atio ; hence other L words in -atio appear in E with ■acy where E has no corresponding adj. in -ate, as conspiracy; similarly, E -acy for L -atus (n. of 4th decl.), as magistr-atus magistracy, gives rise to episcopacy as if f. E episcopate ; and lunacy is formed to match lunatic on anal. ol diplomacy diplomatic. (4) n. of state, through L, f. Gk -ateia f. n. in -ates or vb in -ateuein: peirates peirateia piracy. ad-, pref. (1) f. L ad to, with sense of motion or direction to, change into, addition, adher- ence, increase, or mere intensification. Before cfglnpqrst, and prob. before b, ad was in later L assimilated ; before vowels and d h j m v, it was unchanged. In OF, L ad, wherever recognized as such, became a-, even before vowels, as aorner f. L adornare ; but later the spelling was Latinized, sometimes with changed pronunciation, both in F and still more in E, where the OF forms had been adopted. (The use of ad-, ab-, in pairs like adoral, aboral, situated at and aicay from mouth, is unknown to L.) (2) The pedantic spelling ad- for a- was sometimes extended to a- coming not from L ad- but f. L ab- (advance F. avancer L ab-anteare), f. OF en- (addebted OF endeM), f. OF es- f. L ex- (affray OF es- frayer), f. OE a- (accurse ME a-curse), &c; so admiral f. Arab, amiral. New native com- pounds with E a- were falsely spelt in the same way. -ad, suf. of nouns. (1) f. Gk -ad- (nom. -as), in collective numerals (monad, dyad, triad, chiliad, myriad) ; in fern, patronymics (Dryad, Naiad) ; in names qf poems (Iliad, and by anal. Dunciad, Rosciad) ; and in family names of plants (liliad, asclepiad). (2) f. F -ade ; see the more usual -ade. a'dage (-Ij), n. Traditional maxim, proverb. [F, f. L adagium (ad to +agi-, root of aio I say)] \ ada'gio (adahj-), adv. a., n., (mus.). Leisurely; (n.) adagio movement. [It.] A'dam, n. The first man; old A. (unre- generate condition), A.'s ale or wine (water), A.'s apple (projection of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx). [Heb. a-dam man] a'damant, n. A thing impenetrably hard ; (formerly) loadstone ; diamond. Hence ada- ma'ntiNE 2 a. [f. OF adamaunt i. L adaman- tem (nom. -mas) f. Gk adamas -mantos un- tamable (a- not+damao I tame) ; used in Gk of the hardest metal, prob. steel ; in med. L of the loadstone, from confusion with ad-ama li- tem having an attraction for ; from 17th cent., often a synonym for diamond] A'damite, n. Child of Adam, human being ; unclothed man; (Eccles.) name of sects who imitated Adam in this respect; (pi.) a section of humanity supposed by some to be alone de- rived from Adam. [adam+ -ite] ada'pt, v.t. Fit (a thing to another) ; make suitable (to or for a purpose). Hence or cogn. adaptaBiLiTV, adaptATiON, nn., ada'pt- able, ada'ptiVE, aa. [f. F adapter f. L ad- (aptare f. apt us fit)] ad capta'netum (vu'lgus), adv. &a. (Cal- culated) to take the fancy (of the rabble). [L] add, v.t. & i. Join (one thing to another), as a. your entreaties to mine, a. insult to in- jury, this adds to (increases) our difficulties, he added (stated further) that—, a. up or to- gether (find the sum of), a. (perform the pro- cess of summation) cori^ectly, a. in (include), [f. L AD(dere dit- = dare putfi addendum, n. (pi. -da). Thing to be added ; appendix, addition. [L gerundive of addere add] a'dder, n. Small venomous snake, esp. Common Viper; Puff, Death, Horned, A., species of Viperidae; Flying A., dragon-fly; A.'s tongue, genus of ferns, [f. OE nxdre (cf. OLG nadra, OHG natra) serpent ; n- lost in ME by wrong division of a naddre into an addre ; nedder survives in dial.] addi'ct, v.t. Devote, apply habitually, (to a practice), as his tastes a. him, he addicts him- self or his mind, he is addicted, to ; (Rom. Law) deliver over by sentence of a judge. So ad- di'etiON n. [f. L &r>(dicere diet- say) assign] addi'tion, n. Process of adding ; thing added. [F, f. L additionem (as add, see -ion)] additional, a. Added, supplementary. Hence addi'tionalLY 2 adv. [prec. + -al] a'ddle \ a. A. egg, rotten one, one that pro- duces no chicken ; empty, vain ; muddled, un- sound, as a.-brained, -head, -pated. [f. OE adela mud (cf. MLG adele G adel) ; now used only as adj.] a'ddle 2 , v.t. & i. Muddle, confuse ; (of eggs) grow addle, [f. prec] a'ddled, a. Made addle, [addle a. assim. to p.p. form, apparently before addle v. existed] address J , v.t. Communicate with (by word or letter), as a. myself or my remarks or a letter to a person, a. an audience, a. a letter (write on cover directions for delivery) to a person; apply oneself to (a task). [f. F adresser f. LL *AV(drictiare f. drictum for directum direct)] addre'ss 2 , n. Readiness, skill, dexterity, adroitness ; superscription of letter, name of place to which person's letters are directed ; act of dispatching a ship; manner, bearing, in conversation ; (pi.) courteous approach, courtship, [f. prec. and f. F adresse n. f. adresser) addressee*, n. Person to whom a letter is addressed, [address l + -ee] addu'ee, v.t. Cite as proof or instance. Hence addireeABLE, addu'eiBLE, aa. [f. L AT>(diccere duct- lead)] addu'eent, a. (physiol.). (Of muscles) draw- ing to a common centre, [as prec, see -ent] addu'et, v.t. (physiol.). Draw to a common centre, [as adduce] ADDUCTION 13 ADMEASURE addu'ction, n. Act of adducing; act of adducting. [F, f. L adductionem (as prec, see -ION)] -ade, suf. of nouns. (1) f. F -ade, the form in which Pr., Sp., or Port, wds in -ada f. L -ata (fern. sing. p.p. of verbs in -are) were adopted in F, often supplanting native F -be direct f. L, as in accolade OF acolee. Now a living suf. both in F wds, many of which are borrowed by E {tirade, gasconnade), and in E (blockade, orangeade) ; E drops F e in ballad, salad. Meanings : action done (tirade, fusillade), body concerned in action or process (ambuscade, cavalcade), thing produced by action or from material (masquerade, lemonade). (2) f. ¥ -ade f. Gk -ada (nom. -as), as decade ; but in E usu. -ad. (3) f. Sp. or Port, -ado, masc. form corr. to (1) above, with similar meaning (brocade), or that of the person affected (renegade). a'denoids, n. pi. Mass of spongy tissue between back of nose and throat, often hinder- ing inflation of lungs, [f . Gk aden -enos acorn, gland] adept, n. & a. (One who is) thoroughly pro- ficient (in anything), [f. L adeptus p.p. of AT>(ipisci = apisci f. root ap-) attain, used in med. L as title by alchemists who 'had attained ' the great secret] a'dequate, a. Proportionate (to the require- ments); sufficient. Hence a'dequACY n., adequateLY 2 adv. [f. L Avaequare make equal (aequus), see -ate 3 ] a deux (F), adv. & a. For two ; between two. adhere*, v.i. Stick fast, cleave, to (a sub- stance, person, party, opinion), [f. L ad- (haerere haes- stick)] adher'ent, a. & n. Sticking (to substance) ; due to ; connected with (to) ; (n.) supporter (of party &c). So adhep'ENCE n. [f. F adherent (as prec, see -ent)] adhe'sion, n. Adhering (lit. and fig.) ; give in one's a., announce ones concurrence, [f. F adhesion f. L adhaesionem (as adhere, see -ION)] adhesive, a. Having the property of ad- hering ; sticky. Hence adhe'siveLY 2 adv. [f. F adhesif, -ive (as adhere, see -ive)] adhi'bit, v.t. Put on, affix ; apply, ad- minister, (remedies). So adhibi'tiON n. [f. L AT>(hibere Mbit- = habere hold) employ] ad hoc, a. Arranged for this purpose, special. a'diaba'tie, a. (physics). Impervious to heat, maintaining a constant temperature. Hence a*diaba*tiealLY 2 adv. [f. Gk adia- batos impervious (a- not-hdia through+ba£os passable f. baino go) + -ic] adia'ntum, n. Genus of ferns including the True Maidenhair; {pop.) Black Maidenhair. [L, f. Gk adianton maidenhair, lit. un wetted (a- not +diaino wet)] adia'phorism, n. Latitudinarianism. So adia'phoriST n. [f. Gk adiaphoros (a- not +diaphoros different f. dia apart+j>/terdbear) + -ism] adieu (adu - ), int. & n. Good-bye ; make, take, one's a., say good-bye. [F (d to+Dieu God)] ad infinitum, adv. Without limit, forever. [L] ad i'nterim, adv. & a. For the meantime. [L] a'dipoeere, n. Greyish fatty substance generated in dead bodies subjected to moisture. [f. F adipocire (L adeps -ipis fat-f- -o- -Voire wax f. L cera)] a'dipose, a. & n. Pertaining to fat, fatty ; (n.) animal fat. Hence adipo'siTY n. [f. L adeps -ipis fat+ -ose] a'dit, n. Approach; (of mines) horizontal en- trance ; act of approaching, [f. L Amtus -us (ire it- go)] adja'eent, a. Lying near, contiguous. So adja'CENCY n. [f. L AD(jacere lie), see -ent] a'djeetive, a. & n. Additional, not standing by.itself, dependent : a. colours (not permanent without a basis); Law A. (subsidiary part of law, procedure) ; (Gram.) a., noun a., the name of an attribute, added to the name of a thing to describe the thing more fully. Hence ad- jeetrvALa^adjeeti'valLYSja'djeetiveLY 2 , advv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L adjectivus f. AT>(jicere ject- = jacere throw), see -ive] adjoi'n, v.t. Join, unite, (one thing to another) ; be contiguous with. [f. OF ajoindre f. L AT>(jungere junct- join)] adjoup'n (-era), v.t. & i. Put off, postpone postpone further proceedings ; (intr., of persons met together) suspend joint proceedings and separate ; change the place of meeting. Hence adjou'pnMENT n. [f. OF ajorner f. LL ad- jurnare appoint a day (jum-vis day, cf. It. giorno F jour, f. L diurnus daily f. dies day)] adju'dge, v.t. Adjudicate upon (a matter) ; pronounce judicially (that a thing is or a thing to be) ; condemn (person to penalty or to do) ; award judicially (thing to person). Hence adju'dg-MENT n. [f. OF ajuger (as foil.)] adju'dicate, v.t. & i. (Of a judge or court) decide upon (claim &c.) ; pronounce (person to be something); (intr.) sit in judgment and pronounce sentence. Hence adjudicA'TiON, adju'dieatOR 2 , nn., adju'dieatiVE a. [f. L AD(jndicare f. judex -ids judge), see -ate 3 ] a'djunet, n. Subordinate (thing, person, to another); personal enhancement; (Gram.) amplification of the predicate, subject, &c. ; (Logic) non-essential attribute. Hence ad- jirnetivE a., adjirnetiveLY 2 adv. [f. L as adjoin] adjure* (-joor), v.t. Charge (a person) under oath or penalty of curse (to do) ; request earnestly. Hence adjupATiON n. [f. L ad- (jurare swear) in LL sense ' put person to an oath '] adju'st, v.t. Arrange, put in order; har- monize (discrepancies) ; adapt (to standard or purpose). Hence adju'stABLE a., adju'st- ment n. [f. 16th-c. F adjuster (mod. Fajuster) f. med. L adjustare (not, as was thought, ad +justus just, but)f. OF ajxister, ajouster (mod. F ajouter) f. LL AT>(juxtare bring together f. juxta near) ; those meanings of OF ajuster that seemed connected with L Justus being given to the new adjuster, formed when the conn, of OF ajuster with adjustare came to be con- cealed by the new spelling ajouter] ad j u'tage, aj-, n. Mouthpiece of an artificial fountain, [f. F ajoutage (ajouter add, join ; see prec. and -age)] a'djutant, a. & n. Assistant ; (Mil.) officer in the army who assists superior officers by communicating orders, conducting correspon- dence, &c, whence a'djutancY n. ; gigantic Indian stork, [f. L adjutare frequent, as foil., see -ant] a'djuvant, a. & n. Helpful, auxiliary ; person, thing, that helps. [F, f. L Ai>(juvare jut- help), see -ant] ad fi'bitum, adv. (abbr. ad lib.). At pleasure, to any extent. [L] admea'supe (-zher), v.t. Apportion, assign in due shares, [f. OF amesurer f. LL ad- (mensurare measure)] ADMEASUREMENT admeasurement, n. Process of admea- suring ; comparison ; dimensions, [f . OF a- mesurement (as prec, see -ment)] adminicle, n. Auxiliary ; (Law) corrobora- tory evidence. Hence admini'culAR x a. [f. JjADmdniculum prop (?namis hand)] admi'nistep, v.t. & i. Manage (affairs) ; dispense (justice, sacraments, to) ; tender (oath to) ; furnish, give, (thing to) ; apply (remedies to) ; (intr.) act as administrator; contributed (one's comfort &c). Hence admi'nistrABLE a. [f. OF aministrer f. L xn(ministrare min- ister)] administration, n. Management (0/ busi- ness) ; management of public affairs, govern- ment; the ministry, the Government; (Law) management of deceased person's estate ; Let- ters of A., authority to administer estate of an intestate, opp. to probate ; dispensation (of justice, &c); tendering (of oath); application (of remedies), [(perh. thr. F) f. L administratio (as prec, see -ation)] administrative, a. Pertaining to manage- ment of affairs; executive. Hence admi'ni- strativeL y 2 adv. [f. L administrativus (as prec, see -ive)] administrator, n. Manager ; one capable of organizing ; one who performs official duties (of religion, justice, &c.) ; applier or giver (of) ; one authorized to manage estates for legal owner during minority, &c, or estates of one who dies without appointing competent execu- tors. Hence admi'nistratorsHip, admi'n- istraTRix, nn. [L, as administeRj see -or 2 ] a'dmirable(-mer-), a. Surprisingly good, ex- cellent. Hence a'dmirabLY 2 adv. [F, f. L admirabilis (as admire, see -able)] a'dmiral (-mer-), n. Commander-in-chief of a country's navy (in England, formerly Lord High A.); naval officer of highest rank, com- mander of fleet or squadron ; A. of the Fleet, A., Vice- A., Rear- A., the four grades of A. in England ; privileged commander of fishing or merchant fleet; ship that carries the a., Flag- ship ; Red A., White A., two European species of butterfly. Hence a'dmiralSHip n. [f. OF amiral f. Arab, amir commander al of the (Faithful, Sea, &c), Latinized as amvralis, but refashioned (see ad-) as admiralis, and con- fused with L admirari wonder at, whence med. L admirabilis mundi ruler of the world] a'dmiralty, n. Office of admiral ; branch of the executive that superintends the navy (in England, Lords Commissioners of A.) ; Court of A., tribunal for trial and decision of maritime questions and offences, [f. OF ad- miralty ; see admiral and -ty] admira'tion (-mer-), n. Pleased contempla- tion ; (formerly) wonder ; the a. of, admired by ; note of a. (!). [F, f. L admirationem (as foil., see -ation)] admire*, v.t. Regard with pleased surprise or approval; (formerly) wonder at, wonder, [f. F admirer f. L \D(mirari wonder at)] admir'er, n. One that admires ; lover, [ad- MIRE+-ER 1 ] admi'ssible, a. (Of idea or plan) worthy to be entertained; (law) allowable as judicial proof; capable of being admitted (to office or Eosition). Hence admissiBi - LiTY n. [F, f. L admissibilis (as admit, see -ble)] admi'ssion, n. Admitting, being admitted, (to society of persons or class of things); ac- knowledgment (of thing as true, that it is true), [f. L admissio (as foil., see -ion)] admi'ssive, a. Tending to admit, [f. L admissivus (as foil., see -ive)] admi't, v.t. & i. (-U-). Allow (person &c) en- 1 * ADORER trance or access (to place, class, privileges, &c) ; accept as valid or true, whence admi'ttedLY 2 adv. ; acknowledge (thing to be, that it is) ; (abs.) this, I admit, was wrong; (of enclosed spaces) have room for; a. of, leave room for (doubt, improvement), [f. F admettre f. L. XD(mittere miss- let go)] admi'ttable, a. Capable of being admitted (usu. to a place), [prec. + -able] admittance, n. Admitting, being admitted, (usu. to a place). [admit+-ance] admi'x, v.t. & i. Add. as an ingredient; mingle (with something). So admi'xtURE n. [ad-+mix; perh. due to admixt, really f. L admixt- p.p. of xT>(miscere mixt- mix),* but taken for an E p.p.] admd'nish, v.t. Exhort (person to do, that he should do); give advice; warn (of a thing); inform, remind, (of a thing, that). Hence ad- mo*nishMENTn. [OEamonestf. OF amonester f. LL admonestare irreg. f. AD(m,onere monit- warn) ; amonest having dropped final -t (sup- posed to be p.p. ending) became admonish on anal, of aboliss abolish &c] admoni'tion, n. Admonishing ; warning, reproof. So admo'nitORY a. [E OF amoni- tion f. L admonitionem (as prec, see -ion)] act nau'seam. adv. To a disgusting extent. [LJ adno'minal, a. Belonging to an adnoun; attached to a noun. [f. L adnomen variant of agnomen in the sense (not L) 'attached to a noun' (ad to+ nomen noun)] a'dnoun, n. Adjective, word added to a noun substantive; adjective used substan- tively. [L L ad to+NOUN on anal, of adverb] ado* (-00), n. Action, business, fuss ; difficulty, [f. Norse at ( — to with infinitive)-}- do; much ado prop. =much to do; but much being taken as adj., ado is treated as n.] -ado, suf. of nouns. (1) f. Sp. or Port, -ado f. L -at us p.p. of vbs in -are, as desperado L desperatus (desperare); sometimes changed in E to -ode, as renegado, now renegade. (2) Ignorant refashioning of nouns in -ade f. F -ade — Sp. -ada It. -ata, as crusado Sp. cruzada, scalado Sp. escalada. adole'scent (-esnt), n. & a. (Person) growing up, between childhood and manhood (11 to 25) or womanhood (12 to 21). So adole'SGENCE, -ency, nn. [F, f. L AD(o"escere ult- incept, of olere grow), see -ent] Ado'nis, n. Beautiful youth loved by Venus; beau, dandy; (Bot.) genus including Pheasant's Eye ; (Entom.) the butterfly Clifton Blue. [Gk, '£. Phoen. adon lord, title of a divinity] a'donize, v. refl. & i. Adorn, dandify, (one- self) ; play the Adonis. [adonis+-ize] ado'pt, v.t. Take (person) into a relationship he did not previously occupy; take (idea, &c) from some one else; choose. Hence adopt- aBi'LiTY, ado'ptiON, nn., ado'ptABLE a. [f. F adopter f. L AD(optare choose, frequent, of obs. opere opt- wish) adopt esp. child] ado'ptive, a. Due to adoption, as a. son, father; apt to adopt. Hence ado'ptiveLY 2 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L adoptivus ; see prec. and -ive] adore*, v.t. Regard with the utmost respect and affection; (poet.) worship as a deity; (in R. C. Church) reverence with representative honours (the Host &c). So ador'ABLE a., ador*abLY 2 adv., adorA'TioNn. [f. F adorer f. L AD(orare speak f. os oris mouth) salute worship] ador'er, n. "Worshipper; ardent admirer, lover. [prec-f-ER 1 ] ADORN 15 ador*n, v. t. Add beauty or lustre to ; furnish with ornaments. So ador'nMENT n. [f. F adorner f. L \T>(ornare furnish) deck out] adow'n, ad v. & prep, (archaic.poet. ). = do wn 3 . [f. OE of dime off the mount (see down 1 n.)] ad rem, adv. & pred. a. To the point ; to the purpose. [L] adri'ft, adv. In a drifting condition, at the mercy of wind and tide or of circumstances. [a prep.+DRiFT 1 ] adroi't, a. Having address, dexterous. Hence adroi'tLY 2 adv., adroi'tNESS n. [F, orig. = rightly (a to+droit right f. OF dreit f. LL drictiim f. L direction right; see di- rect 2 )] adry", adv. & pred. a. Dry; thirsty, [a- +DRY 1 on anal, of aeold, at hirst, the prep, a in these being misunderstood] adseiti'tious, a. Adopted from without; supplemental, [f. L AT>(sciscere seit- inceptive of scire know) + -itious] adscriptus gle'bae, a. & n. (Serf) at- tached to the soil. [L] a'dsum, v.i. I am here. [L] a'dulate, v.t. Flatter basely. So adu- Ia'tion, a'dulatOR 2 , nn., a'dulatORY a. [f. L adulari faAvn on, see -ate 3 ] Adu'llamite, n. M.P. seceding from Liberal Party in 1866. [Adullam (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2)+ -ite] adu'lt, a. & n. (One who is) grown up; mature, [as adolescent] adu'lterant, a. & n. (Thing) employed in adulterating, [as foil., see -ant] adu'lterate 1 (-at), a. Stained (in conduct or in birth) by adultery ; (of things) spurious, counterfeit, [as foil., see -ate 2 ] adu'lterate 2 , v.t. Falsify by admixture of baser ingredients. So adulter a # tion, adu'l- teratOR 2 , nn. [f. L adidterare corrupt (a- dulter adulterer, perh. f. ad to+alter other); replaces obs. vb adulter f. OF] adu'lterer, n. One guilty of adultery. So adu'ltePESS 1 n. [f. adulter v. (see prec. and -er 1 ); obs. adulter, avouter, are f. OF avoutre f. L adulter] adu'lterme, a. Of, born of, adultery; a- dulterated, counterfeit ; illegal, unlicensed, [f. L adulterinus born of adultery, spurious {adidter adulterer, see -ine 1 )] adu'ltery, n. Voluntary sexual intercourse of married person with one of opposite sex, married (double a.) or not (single a.). So adu'lterous a., adu'lterousLY 2 adv. [f. OF avoutrie, aiilterie (L adulter adulterer, see -y 1 ), reformed on F adultere f. L adulte- i rivm] adu'mbral, a. Overshadowing, shady, [f. ad- + L umbra shade + -al] a'dumbrate, v.t. Represent in outline; faintly .indicate; typify, foreshadow; over- shadow. Hence or cogn. adumbrAHON n., adu'mbraTiVE a. [f. L &D(umbrare f. umbra shade), see -ate 3 ] ad un'auem (fa'ctus), a. Highly finished. [L] adu'st, a. Scorched,'dried up, parched ; sun- burnt; atrabilious, gloomy, [f. L.AD(z*rere ust- burn)] ad valor-em, adv. & a, (Of taxes) in pro- portion to estimated value of goods. [L] adva'nee 1 , v.t. & i. Move or put forward; promote (plans, persons) ; bring forward (claims, suggestions) ; accelerate (events) ; pay (money) before it is due ; lend ; raise (price) ; (intr.) move forward; make progress; rise (in price) ; (p.p.) far on in progress, as advanced studies, ideas. So adva'neeMENT n. [f. OF avancer f. LL ADVERSE abanteare (abante = ab away + ante before, whence F avant ; see ad-)] adva'nee 2 , n. Going forward; progress; personal approach, overture; rise in price; payment beforehand, loan; in a., before (of place or time), [f. prec. and f. F avance n. (as prec.)] advantage 1 (-ij), n. Better position, prece- dence, superiority; favourable circumstance, whence advantageous a., advanta*- g-eousLY 2 adv. ; (in Tennis) next point or game won after deuce points or games; have the a. of, gain an a. over, have, acquire, a better position than ; take a. (avail oneself) of a cir- cumstance; take a. of (overreach) a person; take a person at a. (by surprise) ; a.-grounct (usu. vantage-), position that gives superiority, [f. F avantage (avant; see advance v. and -AGE)] advantage 2 ( ij), v.t. Be beneficial to ; be an advantage to; further, promote, [f. F avan- tager (avantage; see prec.)] a'dvent, n. Season before the Nativity; coming of Christ, Incarnation ; second coming of Christ; any (important) arrival, [f. OF advent, auvent f. L adventus -us arrival f. XD(venire vent- come)] adventi'tious, a. Coming from without; accidental, casual ; (Law, of property) coming from a stranger or by collateral, not direct, succession. Hence adventi'tiousLY 2 adv. [f. L adventicius (med. L -itius) coming to us from abroad (as prec, see -itious)] adventure 1 (-tsher), n. Risk,danger; daring enterprise ; unexpected incident ; commercial specvilation ; hazardous activity, [f. OF aven- ture i. L adventura (res thing) about to happen (as advent)] adventure 2 (-tshe?-), v.t. & i. Hazard, im- peril, (oneself, thing); incur risk; dare to go or come (into, in, upon, a place) ; dare to enter on, upon, (undertaking), [f. OF aventurer (as prec.)] adventurer, n. One who seeks adven- tures ; soldier of fortune ; speculator ; one who lives by his wits. [f. F aventurier (as ad- venture 1 , see -er 1 )] adve'nturesome, a. Given to adventures. [adventure x + -some] adventuress, n. Female adventurer; woman on the look-out for a position, [f. ad- venturer, see -ess] adventurous, a. Rash, venturesome ; enterprising. Hence adventurousLY 2 adv. [f. OF aventuros (as adventure 1 , see -ous)] a'dverb, n. Word that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb, express- ing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, &c. (e. g. gently, so, new, where, xohy). [f. F adverbe f. L ADverbimn (verbum word, verb) transl. of Gk epir^rhema addition to a predication] adver'bial, a. Pertaining to an adverb ; of the nature of an adverb. Hence ad ver 'bialu Y 2 adv. [ f. L adverbialis (adverbium ; see prec. and -al)] r _ . ad vet- hum, adv. & a. Word for word. [L] a'dversary, n. Opponent, antagonist, enemy ; the A., the Devil, [f. OF aversier f. I* udversarius opposed (as adverse, see -ary 1 )] adver 'sati ve, a. (Of words, &c. ) expressing opposition or antithesis. Hence adve'rsa- tiveLY 2 adv. [f. L adversativus (adversary oppose, see foil, and -ive)] a'dverse, a. Contrary, hostile, (to) ; hurtful, injurious, (to) ; placed opposite. Hence a'd- verseLY 2 adv. [f. OF avers I L AV(vertere vers- turn)] ADVERSITY adver'sity, n. Condition of adverse for- tune ; misfortune, [f. OF aversite f. L adver- sitatem (as prec., see -ty)J adver't, v.i. Refer to (in speaking or writ- ing), [f. 14th-c. E averte f. F avertir f. LL AT>(vertere=~L vertere turn) draw attention to ; F avertir (see ad-) was written adv- to dist. it from obs. avertir f. LL avertere turn away (ab), and E adopted this in advert and ad- vertise] a'dvertise (-z), v.t. & i. Notify, warn, in- form, (person of thing, that) ; make generally known (thing by circular, in journal, also abs.) ; a. for, ask for by public notice, [f. F avertir (st. -iss-) ; see advert] advertisement, n. Public announcement (usu. by placards or in journals), [f. F aver- iissement (as prec, see -ment)] advree, n. Opinion given or offei'ed as to action, counsel ; information given, news ; (pi.) communications from a distance; (commerc.) formal notice of transactions, [f. OF avis f. LL *advisum {ad to+visum p.p. of videre see)] advi'sable, a. To be recommended ; ex- pedient. Hence advisaBi'LiTY, advi'sable- ness, nn., advi'sabLY 2 adv. [f. foil. + -able] advi'se (-z), v.t. & i. Offer counsel to ; (com- merc.) announce ; take counsel with. [f. F aviser f. LL advisare (advisum, see advice)] advi'sed, a. Deliberate, considered, whence advi*sedLY 2 adv. ; judicious; ill-a., injudici- ous, [p.p. of prec] advi'sory (-z-), a. Giving advice ; consisting in giving advice, [advise + -orv] ad vitam aut cwlpam, adv. During good behaviour. [L] a'dvoeaey, n. Function of an advocate ; pleading in support of. [f. F advocacie, -tie, f. med. L advocatia (as foil., see -acy)] a'dvocate 1 (-at), n. One who pleads for another; one who speaks in behalf of (pro- posal, &c); professional pleader in courts of justice ; Facidty of Aa., Scotch bar ; Lord A., principal law-officer of crown in Scotland. Hence a'dvoeatesHiP n., a'dvoeatORY a. [f. F avocat f. L advocatus p.p. (as n.) of ad- (vocare oall)] a'dvocate 2 , v.t. Plead for, defend, recom- mend publicly, [f. prec] advowson, n. Right of presentation to a benefice, [f. OF avoeson f. med. Ytadvocationem function of patron (as prec, see -ion)] adyna'mia, n. Want of vital force ; phy- sical prostration. Hence adyna'mic a. [Gk adunamia (a- not+dunamis power)] a'dytum, n. (pi. -ta). Innermost part of a temple ; private chamber, sanctum. [L, f. Gk aduton not to be entered (a- not+duton vbl adj. of duo enter)] adze, n. & v.t. Tool for cutting away sur- face of wood, like axe with arched blade at right angles to handle ; (vb) cut with a. [OE adesa, etym. dub.] se, ae, symbol repr. a vowel sound betw. a and e. (1) In OE short se repr. orig. Teut. short a, the sound o f . a in man ; replaced after 1100 usu. by a sometimes by e. Long se repr. same sound prolonged, and was replaced in 13th c by e or ee. (2) In 16th c se was reintroduced to repr. L ae and Gk ai ; as, xdify (L aedificare), xther (Gk aither). In familiar wds se gave place to e, {edify, ether), being kept (pron. e) in some Gk and L proper names (JEneas, Caesar, but Judea, Etna), in names of Gk and Roman antiquities (xdile, xgis), and in some scientific terms (xtiology, phxnogamous but pheno- menon, museum). 16 AESCULAPIUS -se, -ae, pi. suf. of L nouns of 1st decl. in -a, and L form of Gk -ai pi. of nouns of 1st decl. in -e, -a, -es, -as ; kept in non-naturalized words {laminae, larvae), esp. in proper names (Hera- clidae) and names of animal and plant orders (Felidae, Rosidae) ; varying with -as in some wds ace to degree of familiarity (actiniae, -as) or of technicality (mathematical formulae, theological formidas) ; familiar wds take -as {areas, hyenas, Jidias). ae'dile, n. Roman magistrate who superin- tended public buildings, shows, police, &c Hence ae'dilesmp n. [f. L aedilis (aedes house, see -ile)] ae'ger (ejer), n. (In Eng. univv.) note certi- fying that student is ill. [L,=sick] aegis (e'jis), n. Protection, impregnable de- fence ; (Myth.) shield of Zeus or Athene. [L, f. Gk aigis, etym. dub. ] aegro'tat, n. (In Eng. univv.) certificate that student is too ill to attend examination, &c [L : = he is sick (aeger)] Aed'lian, a. (1) Of Aeolis, district of Asia Minor colonized by ancient Greeks ; (Mus.) A. mode, ninth of the church modes. (2) Of Aeolus, god of winds ; A. harp, stringed instru- ment producing musical sounds on exposure to wind. [f. L Aeolixis (1. Aeolis Gk Aiolis ; 2. Aeolus Gk Aiolos) + -an] Aeoiie, a. & n. Aeolian (dialect), [f. L f. Gk aiolikos (as prec, see -ic)J ae'olipyle, -pile, n. Instrument fpr show- ing force of steam escaping through narrow aperture, [f. F xolipyle f. L Aeoli pylae f. Gk Aiolou pxdai gates of Aeolus, god of winds] aeolo'tropy, n. Change of physical quali- ties consequent on change of position, [f. Gk aiolos changeful + -tropia turning] ae'on, e*on, n. An age of the universe, immeasurable period; eternity; (Platonic philosophy) a power existing from eternity, emanation or phase of the supreme deity. [L aeon f. Gk aion age] a* e rate, v.t. Expose to mechanical or chemical action of air; charge with carbonic acid gas (formerly called fixed air). Hence aePA - TioN n. [f. L aer air+ -ate 3 ] aer'ial, a. Of air, gaseous; thin as air, etherial ; immaterial, imaginary ; of, in, the atmosphere, atmospheric; existing, moving, in the air. Hence aeria'liTY n., aer'ialiA' 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk aerios {aer air)+ -al] aerie, aery, eyrie, eyry, (aeri, lr i), n. Nest of bird of prey, esp. eagle, or of raven or other bird that builds high up ; human re- sidence perched high on mountain ; brood of bird of prey. [f. med. L aeria, aerea, f. F aire, perh. * f. L area level ground or L atrium hall] a'eriform, a. Of the form of air, gaseous ; unsubstantial, unreal, [f. L aer air+ -form] aero- in comb. Air, atmosphere, as : -drome, aviation course ; -dyiiamics, branch of pneu- matics treating of air in motion; -lite, -lith, meteorite ; -naxd, balloonist, whence -nauti- c(al), aa., -naidics, n. ; -plane, flying-machine using plane(s) for support; -stat, aviator, (formerly) balloon ; -static, of air-navigation or aerostatics (science of equilibrium and pres- sure of air) ; -station, air-navigation. [Gkcomb. form of aer air] aeru'glnous (efoo-), a. Of the nature or colour of verdigris, or copper-rust. [f. Yirugi- neux f. L aeruginosus (aerugo -inis verdigris f. aes aeris brass, see -ous)] Aescula'pius, n. Roman god of medicine ; physician. Hence Aeseula'piAN a. [L] AESTHETE ae'sthete (es-), n. Professed appreciates of the beautiful, [f. Gk aisthetes one who per- ceives (as foil.)] aesthe'tic, a. Belonging to the apprecia- tion of the beautiful ; having such apprecia- tion ; in accordance with principles of good taste. Hence aesthe'ticAL a., aesthe'ti- calLY 2 adv., aesthe'tieiSM, aesthe'tics, nn. [f. Gk aisthetikos (aisthanomai perceive, see -ic)] aestho- physio'logy, n. Scientific study of the organs of sensation, [irreg. f. Gk aisth- perceive+PHYSiOLOGYj aestival, estival,(e*stival, esti'val), a. Be- longing to, appearing in, summer. [F (es-), f. L aestivalis f. aestivus (aestus heat), see -ive, -al] ae'stivate (est-, est-), v.i. Spend the summer, esp. (Zool.) in state of torpor, [f. L aestivare, see -ate 3 ] aestiva'tion (est-, est-), n. (Zool.) aestivat- ing ; (Bot.) arrangement of petals in flower-bud before expansion, [f. prec, see -ation] aetio'logry, n. Assignment of a cause ; philosophy of causation ; (Med.) science of the causes of disease. So aetiolo*g"iCAL a., aetiolo'glealLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk aitiologia (aitia cause, see -logy)] af-, pref. = ad- before/. afar*, adv. From a distance ; at, to, a dis- tance (in prose, usu. a. off), [f. OE feor far adv., with prepp. of, on] a'ffable, a. Easy of address, courteous, complaisant. Hence or cogn. affaBi'LiTY n., a'ffabLY 2 adv. [F, f. L affabilis f. AF(fari speak), see -ble] affair*, n. Thing to be done ; concern, busi- ness, matter, as that is my a. ; (pi.) ordinary pursuits of life ; a. of honour, duel ; (colloq., of material things) a gorgeous &c. a. [f. OF afaire (a f aire to do), cf. ado] affe'et 1 , v.t. Practise, use, as a. a costume ; [of things) tend to assume (form, shape, &c); assume (character), as a. the freethinker ; pre- tend to have or feel (indifference &c.) ; pretend (to do), [f. F affect er f. L affectare aim at, pretend to have, frequent, of AF(ficere feet- = facer e do)] affe'et 2 , v.t. Attack (as disease); move, touch, (in mind), whence affe'etingxv 2 adv. ; produce (material) effect on ; (pass., archaic) be assigned, allotted, (to particular service &c). [(perh. thr. F) f. L afficere attach to (see prec.)] affeeta'tion, n. Studied display of; arti- ficiality of manner ; pretence, [f. L affectatio pursuit after (as affect 1 , see -ation)] affe'eted, a. Artificially assumed or dis- played ; pretended ; (of persons) full of affecta- tion, artificial, whence affe'etedLY 2 adv., affe'etedNESS n. ; (with adv.) disposed, in- clined, (toivards or abs.) ; attacked (as by dis- ease) ; moved in the feelings ; acted upon physically, [affect a > 2 + -ed j ] affe'etion, n. Affecting; mental state, emotion, whence affe'etion al a. ; disposition (toivards) ; goodwill, love, (toicards) ; bodily state due to any influence ; malady, disease ; mode of being ; property, quality, attribute. [F, f. L affectionem (as affect 2 , see -ion)] affe'etionate (-at), a. Loving ; fond ; (of things) showing love or tenderness. Hence affe'etionateLY 2 adv., affe'ctionateNEss n. [Latinized f. F affectionn6] affe'etive, a. Pertaining to the affections, emotional. [F (-if, -ive), f. med. L affectivus (as affect 2 , see -ive)] a'fferent, a. Conducting inwards or to- wards, as a. nerves, a. vessels, [f. L AF(ferre bring), see -ent] 17 AFFLUX affettuo'so, adv. (mus.). Feelingly. [It.] affi'ance », n. Faith, trust (in) ; pledging of faith, esp. plighting of troth in marriage, [f. OF afiance f. after trust f. LL AFfidare (fides faith), see -axce] affi'ance 2 , v.t. Promise solemnly in mar- riage (usu. pass.), [f. OF afiancer f. afiance, seeprec] aff ida'vit, n. Written statement, confirmed by oath, to be used as judicial proof. (Strictly, deponent swears an a., judge takes it; but in pop. use deponent makes or takes it.) [L,= has stated on faith or oath, f. AFfidare, see af- fiance 2 ] affi'liate, v.t. (Of an institution) adopt (per- sons as members, societies as branches) ; attach (persons, societies) to, connect (them) with, (a society) ; (Law) fix paternity of (illegitimate child on putative father) for purpose of main- tenance ; ascribe (child) to its parent ; father (a thing) upon, trace (it) to. So affiliATiON n. [f. L AYfiliare adopt (filius son), see -ate 3 ] affvned, a. Related, connected, [f. F affine (afiin f. L affinis, see foil.) + -ED 1 ; no vb in F orE] aff i'nity, n. Relationship, relations, by mar- riage ; relations, kindred, in general ; structural resemblance (between animals, plants, lan- guages) ; (fig.)similarityof character suggesting relationship, family likeness ; liking ; attrac- tion ; (Chem.) tendency of certain elements to unite with others, [f. F. affiniU f. L affinita- tem (AFfinis related, lit. bordering on, f. finis end, see -ty)] affip'm, v.t. & i. Assert strongly, aver; make formal declaration ; (Logic, Gram.) state in the affirmative MLaw) confirm, ratify, (judg- ment). Hence affir'niABLE, affir'matORY, aa. [f. OF afermer f. L AFfirviare (firmus strong)] affirma'tion, n. Affirming, esp. (Law) solemn declaration by person who con- scientiously declines taking an oath. [F, f. L affirmationem (as prec, see -ation)] affir'mative, a. & n. Affirming, answering yes ; (Logic) expressing agreement of the two terms of a proposition; answer in the a., answer yes, say that a thing is so. Hence affir'mativeLY 2 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L affirmativus (as prec, see -ive)] affi'x 1 , v.t. Fix, fasten, (thing to, on); im- press (seal, stamp) ; add in writing (signature, postscript); attach (censure, salary), [(perh. thr. MF affixer, occas. refash. of OF aficher F afficher) f. med. L affixare frequent, of L af( figere fix- fix)] a'ffix 2 , n. Appendage, addition; (Gram.) addition placed at the beginning or end of root, stem, or word, to modify its meaning, [f. F ajfixe f. L affigere ^see prec)] affi'xture, n. Affixing, [f. affix l after fix- ture ; correct form (on L) would be affixure] affia'tus, n. Communication of super- natural knowledge ; divine impulse, poetic or other ; inspiration. [L vbl n. f. AF(flare blow)] affii'et, v.t. Distress with bodily or mental suffering, [f. 14th-c afflict adj., f. OF aflit f. L AF(fligere -flict- dash)] afni'etion, n. Misery, distress; pain, cala- mity. So affii'etiVE a. [F, f. L afflictionevi (as prec, see -ion)] affluent 1 , a. Flowing freely, copious; abounding (esp. in riches), wealthy. Hence or cogn. a'ffiuENCE n., a'ffiuentLY 2 adv. [F, f. L AF(fluereflux- flow), see -ent] a'ffiuent 2 , n. Tributary stream, [f. prec, prob. after F] a'ffiux, n. Flow towards a point, esp. of AFFORD 18 humours ; accession, [f. med. L affluxus -us, vol n. as affluent] affop'd, v.t. (With can) have the means, he rich enough, (to do), manage to spare ; furnish, hestow; (of things) yield supply of. [OE gefor- thian (ge- pref. implying completeness -\-for- thian advance f. forth forward) ; ge- was re- duced to a-, which was corrupted to af- after L (see ad-)] affo'pest, v.t. Convert into forest or hunt- ing-ground. So afforest a tion n. [f. med. L. AFforestare (foresta forest)] affpa'nehise, v.t. Free from servitude or obligation, [f. F affranchiss- lengthened st. of affranchir (a to +franchir free f. franc, see frank)] affray*, n. Breach of the peace, caused by fighting or riot in a public place, [f. OF effrci f. esfreer, vb f . LL EXfridare (\A\>fridus f. Teut. fridhu, OHfridh, peace); cf. afraid] affpigrh't *, v.t. (archaic). Frighten, [late formation on fright v., partly due to obs. affright p.p. of OE *afyrhtan (a- intensive)] affrig-h't 2 , n. (archaic). Alarm, terror, [f. prec] affpo'nt 1 (-unt), v.t. Insult openly; put to the blush, offend the modesty or self-respect of ; face, confront, [f. OF afronter slap in the face, insult, f. LL AFfrontare (frons -tis face)] affpo'nt 2 (-unt), n. Open insult, as put a. upon, offer an a. to, feel it an a. [f. prec] affu'sicn, n. Pouring on, esp. of water on the body in one kind of baptism ; (Med.) pour- ing of water, usually 50° to 70° Fahr., upon fever patients, [f. L af( fundere fits- pour), see -ion] afie'ld, adv. On or in the field (esp. of labour or battle); to the field; away from home, at a distance, as /or a. [a prep.] afire*, adv. & pred. a. On fire (lit. & fig.), [a prep.] afla'me, adv. & pred. a. In flame, in a glow of light, (lit. & fig.), [a prep.] afloa't, adv. & pred. a. In a floating condi- tion ; at sea, on board ship, in naval service ; full of water ; floating in the air ; out of debt, paying one's way; in full swing; in general circulation, current ; (Commerc.) in currency as negotiable document ; unsettled, adrift. [OE onflote (on prep. + float n.)] it fond (F), adv. Thoroughly, fully. afoo't, adv. & pred. On one's own feet; astir, on the move ; in operation or employ- ment, [a prep.] afore', adv. & prep. (Xaut.) in front, in front of, as a. the mast ; (archaic) previously, [f. OE on foran' '(on prep. + foran, adv., in front, dat. of for, which was used as noun or adj.] afore- in comb. Before, previously, as -cited, -going, -named, -said ; -thought, premeditated, ■&s_malice a. ; -tune, previously, [prec] a fortiori, adv. With stronger reason, more conclusively. [L] afpai'd, pred. a. Alarmed, frightened, (abs. or of); a. (of the consequences, and therefore unwilling) to do a thine/, a. of a thina's happen- ing, a. lest it should happen, a. (that) it will happen, [p.p. of obs. vb affray f. OF esfreer, see affray] - a'fpeet, -pit, -pite, n. Evil demon in Mohammedan mythology. [Arab, 'ifrit] afpe'sh, adv. Anew, with fresh beginning. [a- (3) + fresh] Afpika'ndep, n. & a. Native of S. Africa born of European (esp. Dutch) settlers ; A.Bond, organization for furtherance of A. interests and ultimate formation of United States of S. Africa, [(perh. f. S.-African Du. Afrikaander) f. Du. Afrikaner n. Af rican, altered on Enalander&c] AGAMOGENESIS aft, adv. (naut.). In or near stern of ship ; to- wards the stern; fore and a., from stem to stern, lengthwise (also as adj. f.-and-a.). [OE seftan cogn. w. Goth, aftana from behind, f. afta behind (a/ off + -ta superl. suf.) ; after, aft, are orig. compar. and superl.] a'fteP 1 , adv., prep., conj. Behind (prep. & adv.) ; in pursuit t»f, as run a., inquire a. ; con- cerning, as look, see, a. ; for, as hanker, yearn, a. ; following in point of time ; a. (the lapse of) three months ; in view of, as a. such behaviour ; next in importance to ; according to, as a. this pattern, a. a fashion ; in imitation of (person), as a. Rembrandt ; in allusion to, as named a. ; (conj.) in, at, the time subsequent to that at which, as a. he went, goes, has gone, had gone. [OE aefter (af off + cornpar. suf. -ter) cogn. w. OHG aftar, Gk. apdtero ; cf. prec] a'ftep 2 , a. Later, following, as a. years; (Xaut.) hinder, posterior, as a. cabin, masts. [f. prec] a'ftepbipth, n. Membrane enveloping the foetus in the womb, so called because its extrusion follows that of the infant, [after a.] a'ftepglow, n. Glow in the West after sunset, [after a.] a'ftep-g-pass, n. Grass that grows after first crop has been mown for hay, or among stubble after harvest, [after a.] a'ftepmath, n. After-grass, [after a. -f- math mowing, OE ??i3eth f. OTeut. root ??i36MOW] a'ftepmost, a. (naut.). Nearest the stern, most aft. [OE xftemest, a treble superl. of af off with compar. suf. inserted, a/+ te (r) + me + st] afternoo'n, n. The time from noon to even- ing, as in, during, the a., on Wednesday a., (fig.) the a. of life, [after prep.] a'fteppieee, n. Farce or smaller entertain- ment after a play, [after a.] a'ftepthouglit, n. Reflection after the act ; later expedient or explanation, [after a. or adv.] a'ftepwapds, adv. Later, subsequently. [OE xftaniceard, a. (xftan aft + ward, cor- rupted in OE to xfterweard, + adv. genit. suf. -es] ag"-, pref. - ad- before g. a'gra (or crgah'), n. Commander, chief officer, in Ottoman empire. [Turk, agha master] agai* n, adv. Another time, once more ; a. and a., time and a., repeatedly; ever and a., now and a., occasionally ; as much a., twice as much; half as much a., one-and-a-half times as much ; further, besides ; on the other hand, as these a. are more expensive ; back a. (to the original position or condition) ; in return, as answer a. ; in response, as rocks echoed a., glasses rang a. ; proportionately to specified act or condition, as the loaded table groaned a. [OE ongedn, ongxgn (on in + gagn oppo- site), cf. G entgegen ; 12th-c againes (see -ES) be- came against by confus. w. superlatives] ag-ai'nst, prep. In opposition to, as fight a,, I am a. reform ; in contrast to, as a. a dark background ; in anticipation of, as a. his coming, a. a rainy day; in preparation for, as learned a. pickpockets ; into collision with, as ran a. arock, (colloq.) ran a. (chanced to meet) a friend ; opposite to, as a. the horsepond (usu. over a.), [see prec] a'gami, n. Tropical American bird, the Trumpeter, [native name in Guiana] aga'mie, a. (zool.). Characterized by absence of sexual action, [as foil. + -ic] a'gamoge'nesis, n. Asexual reproduction. So ag-amogrene'tic a., agamogene'tic- ally adv. [as foil. + genesis birth] AGAMOUS 19 a'gamous, a. (biol.). Without (distinguish- able) sexual organs, [f. L f. Gk agamos (a- not + gamos marriage) + -ousj aga'pe *, adv. & pred. a. On the gape ; open- mouthed with wonder or expectation, [a prep.] a'gape-, n. Love-feast held by early Chris- tians in connexion with Lord's Supper. [Gk, = brotherly love] a'garie (or aga'ric), n. Mushroom ; name of various fungi, [f. L f. Gk agarikon perh. f. a place A garia] agastric, a. (zool.). Without distinct ali- mentary canal, [f. Gk a- not + gaster -tros belly] a'gate (-at), n. Name of several varieties of precious stone (semipellucid variegated chalce- donies) ; burnishing instrument of gold- wire- drawers; (in U.S.) the printing-type called in England ruby. [f. F agathe (lGth-c.) f. It. agata f. L f. Gk akhates agate] Aga've (-1), n. (bot.). Genus of plants in- cluding American Aloe. [f. L f. Gk Agaue, prop, name in myth.] aga'ze, adv. On the gaze, [a prep.] age \ n. Length of life or of existence ; Moon's a., time elapsed since new moon ; duration of life required for a purpose, as come of a., full a. (in Eng. Law, 21 years), a. of discretion (14), over a. ; latter part of life, as peevishness of a. ; a generation ; brazen x &c. a. ; (Hist., Geol.) fjreat period, as Patriarchal A., Ice A.; (colloq.) ong time, as waiting for aa. [f. OF aage, eclage, f. ~LL*aetaticum f. aetas -atis contraction of aevitas iaevum an age) ; see -age] age 2 , v.t. & i. (Cause to) grow old. [f. prec] -age, suf. OFf. LL -aticum 'belongings' neut. of adj. suf. -aticus -atic (med. L -agium is readofrted f. F, e.g. homagium f. hommage instead of hominaticum) ; afterwards added as living suf. in F and in E. Meaning: (1) collec- tive belongings or aggregate of (cellarage) ; (2) function, condition, (baronage, bondage) ; (3) action (breakage) ; (4) fees payable for, cost of using, (cartage, demurrage). aged, a. (a'jid) having lived long, old ; (ajd) of the age of, as a. thirteen. Hence a'gedNESS n. [f. AGE V. + -ED J ] a'geless, a. Never growing old. [age n. + -less] a'gency, n. Active operation, action, as moral, free, a. ; instrumentality, as by the a. of; action personified, as an invisible a.; (Com- merc.) office of agent; establishment for busi- ness purposes, as JReuter's A. [f. med. L agentia (L agere do, see -ence)] agenda, n. Things to be done, items of business to be considered at a meeting; me- morandum book. [L, neut. pi. of gerundive of agere do] a'gent, n. One who exerts power or produces an effect ; (of things) efficient cause ; a natural force acting on matter, as chemical a. ; one who does the actual work ; a. provocateur (F), a. enticing one suspected of sedition &c. to commit himself, (improp.) ringleader. So age'ntiAL (-shl) a. [as act 2 , -ent] agglo'merate 1 , v.t. & i. Collect into a mass. Hence agglomerA'TiON n., ag"- glo'meratiVE a. [f. L AGglomerare (glomus -meris ball), see -ate 3 ] agglo'merate 2 (-at), a. & n. (Collected into) a mass; (Geol.) mass of volcanic fragments united under heat, opp. to conglomerate, [as prec., see -ate 2 ] agglu'tinate l (-at), a. Glued together ; con- sisting of simple words combined into com- pounds without change of form or loss of meaning, [f. L XGglutinare (gluten -tinis glue) see -ate 2 ] AGNAIL agglu'tinate 2 , v.t. & i. Unite as with glue; combine simple words to express com- pound ideas; (t. & i.) turn into glue. Hence agglutinATioN n., agglu'tinativE a. [as prec, see -ate 3 ] a'ggrandize, v.t. Increase the power, rank, wealth, of (person. State) ; exaggerate, embellish. Hence aggra'ndizeMENT, n. [f. F agrandir (st. -iss-) prob. f. It. AG(grandire f. L. grandis large)] a'ggravate, v.t. Increase the gravity of (burden, offence, &c); (colloq.) exasperate jj (person). SoaggravA'TiON n. [f. 1*ag gravare * make heavy (gravis), see -ate 2 ; replacing obs. aggrege f. OF agreger f. *LL aggreviare)] a'ggregate 1 (-at), a. & n. Collected into one body ; collective, total ; (Law) composed of associated individuals, as corporation a. ; sum total ; assemblage ; (Physics) mass of homogeneous particles; in the a., as a whole, [f. L AGgregare unite in a flock (grex gregis)] • a'ggregate 2 , v.t. & i. Collect together; (trans.) unite (individual to company). Hence aggregATiON n., a'ggregativE a. [f. prec] aggre'ss, v.t. & i. Begin a quarrel ; (trans.) attack. So aggre'ssiON, aggre'ssc-R 2 , nn. „ [f. F aggresser f. LL aggressare frequent, of AG(gredi gress- — gradi step)] aggressive, a. & n. Of attack ; offensive ; disposed to attack; assume the a., begin the quarrel. Hence aggre*ssiveLY 2 adv., ag- gre'ssiveNESS n. [as prec, see -ive] aggrieve, v.t. Grieve, distress, oppress, (usu. pass.), [f. OF agreveras aggravate] agha'st (agah-, aga-), a. Terrified ; struck with amazement, [p.p. of obs. vbaoas^(A-(l)+ ■ gasten, OE gxstan, alarm)] * a'gile (aj-), a. Quick-moving, nimble, active. Hence or cogn. agi'liTY n., a'gileLY 2 adv. [F, f. L agilis (agere do)] a'gio (aj-, aj-), n. Percentage charged on ex- change of paper-money into cash, or of one currency into another more valuable ; excess value of one currency over another ; exchange business. [It;, = ease] a'giotage (-ij), n. Exchange business ; specu- lation in stocks ; stock-jobbing. [F f. agioter (prec. -{-connecting -t-) ; see -age] agi'st (-j-), v.t. Take in live stock to feed; charge (land or its owner) with a public burden. Hence agi'stMENT n. [f. OF agister (d to-f gistcr f. hjacitare frequent, -of jacere lie)] a'gitate, v.t. Move, shake ; disturb, excite, (feelings, persons) ; revolve mentally, discuss, debate, (plans &c) ; (abs.)keep up an agitation {for), [f. L agitare move to and fro, frequent, of agere drive, see -ate 3 ] agita'tion, n. Moving, shaking ; commotion, disturbance, (mental or physical) ; debate, dis- cussion ; keeping of a matter constantly before the public ; public excitement. [F, f. L agita- tionem (as prec, see -ation)] agita'to (-tah-), adv. (mus.). In an agitated manner. [It.] a'gitator, n. One who agitates, esp. politic- ally ; apparatus for shaking or mixing. [L (see agitate and -or 2 )] a'glet, ai'glet, n. Metal tag of a lace ; spangle or other metallic ornament of dress ; tagged point hanging from shoulder upon breast of some uniforms (usu. aiguillette) ; catkin of hazel, birch, &c [f. F aiguillette dim. of aiguille needle f. L acucula — acicula dim. of acus needle] aglow, adv. & pred. a. In a glow, [a prep.] a'gnail, n. Torn skin at root of finger- nail ; (formerly) corn on toe or foot. [OE angnxgl f. ang- (Goth, aggvous) tight, painful, AGNATE -\-nxgl (Goth, nagls) nail (of iron &c), hard ex- crescence fixed, in the flesh ; mod. sense, and forms hang-nail, (Sc.) anger-nail, result from false etym., nail being taken as finger-nail] a'gnate, n. & a. (One who is) descended by male links (also, by male or female links) from same male ancestor; sprung from same forefather, of same clan or nation; (fig.) akin, of same nature. So agna'tic a., agna'tiox n. [f. F agnat f. L agnatus related by father's side (ad to+ gnatus born p.p. of (g)nasci f. stem gen- beget)] agno'raen, n. A fourth name sometimes assumed by Romans ; (loosely) nickname. [L, (ad to+(g)nomen name)] agno'stic, n. & a. One who holds that nothing is known, or likely to be known, of the existence of a God or of anything beyond material phenomena ; pertaining to this theory. Hence agno'stieiSM n. [f. Gk agnostos un- known (a- not+gno- know) ; see -ic] A'gnus Ca'stus, n. Tree once held a preservative of chastity. [L, f. Gk agnos (name of tree), confused w. hagnos chaste, whence L castus is added] A'gnus Dei, n. (Rom. Cath.). Part of Mass beginning A. D. ; figure of lamb bearing cross or flag ; cake of wax stamped with such figure and. blessed by Pope. [L, = lamb of God] ago', a. & adv. (Adj., always following noun) past, gone by, as ten years a. ; (adv.) long a., long since, [orig. agone p.p. of obs. vb ago (A- forth+GO)] ago'g, adv. & pred. a. On the move, eager, expectant, [perh. f. OF en gogues (goguc fun, etym. dub.)] agd'nie, a. Making no angle ; a. line, line of no magnetic variation, [f. Gk agonios with- out angle (a- not+gonia angle)+ -ic] agorii'stie, a. Pertaining to athletic con- tests (esp. of Ancient Greece) ; (Rhet.) polemic, combative ; strained, aiming at effect. Hence agoni'sticAL a., agoni'sticali.v 2 adv. [f. Gk agonistikos pertaining to a combatant, agonistes, in the games (agones f. ago lead, bring)] a'gonize, v.t. & i. Torture; suffer agony, writhe in anguish ; contend in arena, wrestle (lit. & fig.) ; make desperate efforts for effect. Hence a'gonizingLY 2 adv. [f. med. L agon- izaref. Gkagonizo7?iaicontend (agon,see-pvec.)] a'gony, n. Mental anguish ; a. column (in newspaper), column of advertisements for missing friends &c. ; paroxysm of pleasure ; pangs of death ; extreme bodily suffering ; struggle, [prob. formed by Wyclif on Vulgate L agonia f. Gk agonia contest, anguish ; see agonistic] agou'ti, agoirty (-goo-), n. Genus of rodents of Cavy or Guinea-pig family, esp. a hare-like animal of W. Indies, [(thr. F) f. native Ind. aguti] agrap'ian, a. & n. Relating to landed property ; a. outrage (arising from discord be- tween landlords and tenants) ; relating to culti- vated land ; (n.) advocate of redistribution of landed_ property, whence agrar'ianiSM n., agrap'ianiZE v.t. & i. [f. L agrarius (ager agri land, see -ary l )+ -an] agree*, v.i. & t. Consent (to proposal, state- ment, to do) ; concur (with person that) ; be- come, be, in harmony (ivith person); (pi.) a. together, cannot a., get on with one another; suit the constitution of, as work, lobster, does not a. with him; (Gram.) take same number, gender, case, person ; (trans.) bring (balance, items of accounts) into harmony, [f. OF agreer f. LL *AGgratare make agreeable (gratus)] 20 AIGRETT E agreeable (-rerbl), a. Pleasing (to or abs.) ; (colloq., of persons) well-disposed (to a thing, to do, or abs.) ; conformable to, as a. to all experience. Hence agree'ableNESS n., agree'abLY 2 adv. [f. F agreable (agreer AGREE, See -ABLE)] agree'ment, n. Mutual understanding, covenant, treaty ; (Law) contract legally bind- ing on parties ; accordance in opinion ; (Gram.) concord in gender, number, case, person. [OF (agreer agree, see -ment)] agr6ments (F), n. pi. Agreeable qualities or surroundings. agrestic, a. Rural, rustic ; uncouth, [f. L agrestis (ager field) -h-ic] a'grieulture, n. Cultivation of the soil. Hence agricu'lturAL a., agrieu*ltup(al)- ist, nn. Kprob. thr. 17th-c. F) f. L agricultura (ager agri field-f cidtura culture)] a'gpimony, n. Genus of plants, esp. species A. Eupatoria, common in Britain, [f. L agri- monia perh. f. Gk argemone, etym. dub.] agrd'nomy, n. Rural economy, husbandry. So agPond'mic(AL) aa., agrono'mics, agro'nomiST, nn. [f. Gk agronomos overseer of land (agros land+-7io??ios f. nemo dispense), see -Y !] agpou'nd, adv. & pred. a. Upon the bottom of shallow water, as be, run, a., (of ships), [a prep.] a'gue (-u), n. Malarial fever, with cold, hot, and sweating stages ; shivering fit ; quaking (lit. & fig.); a. -cake, enlargement of spleen or liver caused by a. Hence a'gUED 2 a. [OF, f. L acuta sharp] a'guish, a. Of the nature of ague ; tending to produce ague ; subject to ague ; ague-like, quaking; coming by fits and starts. Hence a'guishLY 2 adv. [f. prec. + -ish *] an, int. expr. sorrow, regret, surprise, ad- miration, entreaty, remonstrance, dislike, con- tempt, mockery, [not in OE ; ME has a, perh. f. OF a, ah] aha 1 (ahhah - ), int. expr. surprise, triumph, mockery, irony, [f. ah+ha; formerly written a ha] aha 2 , n. See ha-ha n. ahea'd, adv. & pred. a. In advance ; in the direct line of one's forward motion, as breakers a. ; straight forwards ; forward at a rapid pace, as go a. ; in advance of (lit. & fig.). [a prep.] ahea'p, adv. In a heap, all of a heap, [a prep.] ahe'm, int. used to attract attention or gain time, [lengthened form of hem] ahoy, int. Nautical call used in hailing. [a int.+HOY] a huts clos (ah we klo), adv. With closed doors, in private. [F] ahu'll, adv. (naut.). With sails taken in and helm lashed on lee side, [a prep.+HULL] ai (ah"i), n. Three-toed Sloth of S. America, [f. Braz. ai, repr. its cry] aid 1 , v.t. Help (person to do, or abs.); pro- mote (recovery &c ). [f. OF aider f. L adjutare frequent, of xv>(juvare jut-)] aid 2 , n. Help ; (Law) help claimed by de- fendant from one who has joint-interest; (Hist.) grant of subsidy or tax to king, (later) ex- chequer loan ; helper ; material source of help (usu. pi.), as aa. and appliances, [f. OF aide, aiude (Prov. ajuda) f. LL adjuta, fem. p.p. of adjuvare aid j used as n.] aide-de-camp (a'dekong), n. (pi. aides-de- camp pron. a'dekongz). Officer assisting general by carrying orders, &c. [F] aigrette (a 'grit), n. Lesser White Heron AIGUILLE (usu. egret) ; tuft of feathers or hair ; spray of gems &c. [F, dim. f. OHG heigir] aiguille (a'gwil), n. Sharp peak of rock, esp. in Alps. Hence aig-uillESQUE a. [F, see aglet] aig-uillette (agwilel), n. See aglet. ail, v.t. & i. Trouble, afflict, as what ails him ? ; be ill. Hence ai'lMENT n. [f. OE eglan (cogn. w. Goth, agljan) f. egle troublesome (Goth, aglus)] aim 1 , v.t. & i. Direct (blow, missile, at) ; point (gun &c) towards {at) ; direct an act or proceeding against {at) ; (intr.) deliver blow, discharge missile, {at) ; take aim (abs.) ; form designs (abs.). [prob. f. two vbs (1) Picard. amer, OF and Prov. earner, f. L aestimare reckon (2) OF aesmer f. LL adaestimare ; ME sense was estimate] aim 2 , n. Direction of a missile at an object, as take a. ; design, purpose, object, whence ai'mLESS a., ai'mlessLY 2 adv., ai'mless- ness n. [f. prec] afn6 (a'na), n. Elder son (cf. cadet). [F] air 1 , n. (1) Gaseous substance enveloping earth, mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, breathed by all land animals ; atmosphere ; free space overhead, as birds of the a. ; un- confined space, as open a. ; fresh a., also simply a., a. not exhausted of its oxygen ; breeze, light wind; take a., become known; (of projects &c.) quite in the a. (uncertain) ; (of opinions, feelings) in the a., spreading about ; castles in the a., visionary projects. (2) Ap- pearance, as an a. of absurdity ; mien, gesture, as with a triumphant a. ; affected manner (esp. in pi.), as gave himself aa., aa. and graces; (Mus.) melody, tune, esp., in harmonized com- position, predominant (usu. soprano) part. (3) Combb. : a.-ball, inflated toy ; a.-bed, inflated mattress; a.-bladder, one filled with a., in animals or plants ; a.-brake (worked by a.- pressure) ; a.-chamber (in hydraulic machines), a. -receptacle which when condensed maintains constant pressure; a.-en^me (actuatedby heated a.) ; a.-gun (projecting balls &c. by elastic force of condensed a.) ; a.-jacket (inflated, to support wearer in water) ; a.-line, bee-line ; a.-poise, instrument for weighing a. ; a.-pump, machine for exhausting a. of vessel by strokes of piston: a.-ship, machine for navigating a., esp. without balloon ; a.-thermometer (with a. instead of mercury) ; a.-threads (of gossamer spider) ; a.-tight, impermeable to a. ; a.-trap (preventing escape of sewer-gas) ; a.-way, ven- tilating passage in mine. 1(1) OF f. L aerem, nom. aer f. Gk aer (ad breathe). (2) perh. developed f. (1) in F ; taken by E f. F about 1600] air 2 , v.t. Expose to open air, ventilate ; dry at fire; (refl.) go out into fresh air; parade (qualities, grievances, theories, fine clothes). [f. prec] air-less, a. Stuffy ; breezeless, still. [air+ -less] air'y, a. Aerial, lofty ; breezy ; immaterial ; of thin texture ; light in movement ; sprightly ; graceful, delicate ; unsubstantial ; superficial, flippant. Hence air'iLY 2 adv., air'iNESS n. Umi + -Y2] aisle (d), n. Division of church, esp. one parallel to and divided by pillars from the nave, choir, or transept ; passage between rows of pews. Hence aislED 2 a. [f. OF ele f. L ala, contr. of axilla wing; confused in E with He island, refash. with this as isle, and again modified to aisle after F refash. axle (on L axilla); the F spelling aisle (after med. L ascella = L axilla) is mere coincidence ; sense passage from confus. of Lala w. OF allee alley] 21 | ALARY ait (at), n. Small isle, esp. in a river, fperh. f. OE iggath, iggeoth ; eyet, eyot, are artificial spellings on islet and F Hot] ai'teh-bone, n. (Cut of beef lying over) buttock or rump bone. [ME nage f. OF nache, nage, f. LL *natica, adj. (L natis buttock)+ bone ; for loss of n (a nage- becoming an age-), cf. adder ; pop. etym. gives H-, ice-, edge-, bone) ajar* 1 , adv. (Of doors) slightly open, [a prep. +char (OE cyrr a turn)] ajar* 2 , adv. In a jarring state, [a prep.+ jar n.] a-ki'mbo, adv. (Of the arms) with hands on hips and elbows turned outwards, [etym. dub.] aki'n, adv. and pred. a. (Connected) in rela- tionship ; (allied) in character, [a prep.] -al, suf. (1) Adj. f. L -alis (adj. suf. varying w. -aris -ar 1 by dissim. f. prec. syllable, as regularis but generalis) direct or through F -el (since corrected to -al in E) ; now appended freely to L nouns (cordial), Gk nouns (colossal), L adjj. (individual), and Gk adjj. in -kos, -oides, (comical, rhomboidal); -ical indicates vaguer- connexion w. the orig. n. than -ic (comic paper, comical story), cf. -acal; other suff. are some- times appended, as generality, centralize. (2) Nouns f. L -alis, -al, -ales, -alia, parts of above used as nouns (rival, animal, annals, Saturn- alia), with new imitations (cardinal, regi- mentals), -alia became in F -aille, in E -aille, -ail, -al (L sponsalia, OF espousaille, E spousaille now espousal), the last now freely imitated to form vbl nn. (reprisal, recital, bestowal), partly on false anal, of bridal, BURIAL. a la (ah lah), prep. After the manner of, as a la Russe, a la Reform. [F, for a la mode] alaba'ster (or a"l-), n. & a. Name of several varieties of carbonate or sulphate of lime ; (Mineral.) massive fine-grained sulphate of lime (Modern, Gypseous, A.), as distinct from the carbonates used by the ancients for holding unguents (Oriental, Calcareous, A.) ; box made of a.; (adj.) of a., like a. in whiteness or smooth- ness. So alaba'striNE 1 a. [f. OF alabastre f. L alabaster f. Gk alabast(r)os, etym. dub.] a la carte, adv. By the bill of fare. [F] ala'ck, int. (archaic) expressing regret or surprise, esp. in phr. alack-a-day. [perh. f. a int. -Ha A; lack] ala'erity, n. Briskness, cheerful readiness, [f. L alacritas (alacer brisk, see -tv)] a'lamode, it la mode, adv. & a. In the fashion, fashionable ; a. beef, scraps of beef boiled down into stew ; a. silk (also as n., alamode), a thin glossy black silk. [F (d la m.), = in the fashion] a'lar, a. Pertaining to wings ; winglike, wing-shaped ; (Bot. & Physiol.) axillary, [f. L alaris (ala wing, see -ar 1 )] alar'm 1 , n. Call to arms ; warning sound giving notice of danger ; warning, as give, take, the a. ; excited anticipation of danger ; (Fenc- ing) stamp on ground made with advancing foot ; a.-post, place for troops to assemble at in case of alarm ; mechanism that sounds the alarm (usu. ala'rum); alarum-clock, one with apparatus that rings at appointed hour. [f. OF alarme f. It. allarme (all'arme ! to arms !) ; form alarum now only of alarm-signal] alar'm 2 , v.t. Arouse to sense of danger; disturb; agitate, excite with fear. [f. prec] aiar'mist, n. One who raises alarms on slight grounds; panic-monger. So alar'xniSM n. [alarm n.+ -iST] alarum, n. See alarm n. a'lary, .a. Pertaining to wings or winglike parts, [f. L alarius (ala wing, see -ary i )] ALAS ala's, int. expressing grief, pity, concern, [f. OF ha las (mod. F h&las) f. ha ah -Has lasse •wretched f. L lassus weary] Ala'stop, n. Avenging deity, nemesis. [Gk (a- not+last- f. lath- forget)] a'lateidi, a. Having wings or winglike appendages, [f. L alatus (ala wing, see -ate 2 )J alb, n. White vestment reaching to feet, worn by priests, and by some consecrated kings, [f. LL alba (tunica) white (tunic)] a'lbaeore, n. Large species of Tunny ; other fish of same genus. [f. Port, albacor (F albicore, also used in E) f . Arab, al the + b ukr young camel, heifer] alba'ta, n. White metal, German silver, [f. L albata whitened (alb us white)] a'lbatross, n. Family of birds allied to Petrels, inhabiting Pacific and Southern Oceans; esp. great A., largest of sea-fowls. [17th-c. algatross, perh. f. obs. alcatras Frigate- bird (f. Sp. and Port, alcatruz f. Arab, al- qadus the bucket, Arab, name of Pelican, from its supposed water-carrying habit) ; -b- under influence of L albus white] albe'it (awl-), conj. Though, as a. that he failed, a. he failed, he tried a. without success. *[ = all though it be that] a'lbert, n. (Also A. chain) kind of watch chain, [f. Prince Albert consort of Queen Victoria] albe'seent, a. Growing white, shading into white, [f. L albescere (albus white), see -ent] albi'no (-be-), n. Human being marked by congenital absence of colouring pigment in skin and hair, which are white, and eyes, which are pink and unable to bear ordinary light ; any animal so distinguished. Hence albi'nESS *, a'lbiniSM, nn. [Port., orig. of white negroes, f. L albus white] a'lbite, n. White or soda feldspar, [f. L albus white + -ite l ] a'lbum, n. Blank book for insertion of auto- graphs, photographs, &c. [L, neut. sing, of albus white] albu'men, n. White of egg ; a constituent of animal solids and fluids, of seeds, and of tuberous or fleshy roots, found nearly pure in white of egg; (Bot.) substance found be- tween skin and embryo of many seeds, usu. the eatable part. Hence albirminosE, al- bu'minous, aa. [L albumen -minis white of egg (albus white, see -men] albirmenize, v.t. (phot.). Coat (paper) with an albuminous solution, [prec. + -ize] albu'minoid, a. & n. Like albumen ; (n. pi.) proteids, class of organic compounds form- ing chief part of organs and tissues of animals and plants. Hence albuminoidAL a. [f. ALBUMEN + -OID] albup'num, a'lburn, n. Recently formed wood in exogenous trees, sap-wood. Hence albup'nous a. [L alburnum (albus white)] aleahest. See alkahest. Alca'ic, a. & n. Pertaining to Alcaeus (Gk lyric poet, b. c. 600), or to the metre he invented ; (n. pi.) Alcaic strophes, [f. L f. Gk Alkaikos (Alkaios)] alehe'mie, a. Pertaining to alchemy. Hence alehe'micAL a., alehe'miealLY 2 adv. [f. med. L. alchimicus or F alchimique : see al- chemy and -ic] a'lehemist, n. One who studies or practises alchemy. Hence alchemi'stic(AL) aa. [f. OF alquemiste ; see alchemy and -ist] a'lchemize, v.t. Change as by alchemy ; transmute, [back-formation on prec] a'lchemy (-k-), n. Chemistry of the middle 22 ALEURON ages; esp., pursuit of the transmutation of baser metals into gold (also fig.), [f. OF alquimie f. med. L alchimia f. Arab, al-kimia, al the + kimia, apparently = khemia (Gk form of native name of Egypt, but confused with Gkkhumeia pouring f. khu- perf. st. of khed pour, whence the spelling alchymy)] a'lcohol, n. Pure spirit of wine ; any liquor containing this ; (Chem.) large class of com- pounds of same type as spirits of wine. Hence a'lcoholATEMS) n., aleoho'lic a. [med. L, f. Arab, al the + koh'l powder for staining eyelids (kahala v. stain)] a'lcoholism, n. Action of alcohol on human system, [prec. + -ism] alcoholize, v.t. Saturate with alcohol ; subject to alcoholic influence. Hence alco- holizATioN n. [alcohol + -ize] aicoholo'metep, n. Instrument for measur- ing alcoholic strength of spirits. Hence al- COholO'METRY n. [f. ALCOHOL + -O- + METER] Alcoran (a'lkorahn, alkoralrn), n. Koran, sacred Mohammedan book. Hence AIcop- a'nic a. [(thr. F) f. Arab, al-qoran the reading (qara'a v. read)] a'leove, n. Vaulted recess in room- wall, esp. (in Spain) recess for bed; recess in garden wall or hedge ; summer house. [F, f. Sp. alcova, -ba, f. Arab, al-qobbah the vault (qubba v. vault)] a'ldehyde, n. Colourless volatile fluid of suffocating smell, obtained by oxidation of alcohol ; class of compounds of this type. Hence aldehy'dic a. [abbr. of L alcohol dehydrogenatum (deprived of hydrogen)] a'ldep (awl-), n. Tree related to Birch ; other trees not related, as Black, White, Red, A. [OE alor, aler (cf. ON blr, elrir, OHG elira, mod. G erle, eller) w. phonetic d] alderman (awl-), n. Magistrate in English and Irish cities and boroughs, next in dignity to Mayor. Hence aldepma'nic a., a'ldep- mariSHiP n. [f. OE aldor patriarch (aid old + -or noun suf.) + -man] a'ldermanry, n. Ward, district of a borough having its own alderman ; rank of alderman, [prec. + -ry] A'ldine (awl-), a. Printed by Aldus Manutius, Venetian printer of 16th cent. ; name of certain style of type. [f. Aldus + -ine n ale, n. Liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation, flavoured with hops &c. ; merry-making at which ale was drunk ; alecost, costmary ; a.-house, one at which ale is retailed ; a.-wife, woman who keeps an ale- house, American fish allied to herring. [OE alu] a'leatopy, a. Depending on the throw of a die or on chance, [f. L aleatorius (aleator dice-player f. alea die)] alee*, adv. & pred. a. On the lee or sheltered side of ship ; to leeward, [f. OX d on+hle shelter ; see lee] a'leg'ap, n. Sour ale ; malt vinegar, [f. ale+ egre = F aigre sour, on anal, of vinegar] ale'mbie, n. Apparatus formerly used in distilling; also fig., as a. of fancy, [f. F alambic f. Arab, al the + ambiq still f. Gk ambix -ikos cup ; lembick, limbeck, were usu. in lo-17th cc] aleP't, a. & n. Watchful, vigilant; lively, nimble ; (n.) warning call, alarm ; on the a., on the look-out. Hence alep'tLY 2 adv., alep't- ness n. [f. F alerte, earlier allerte, d Vairte, f. It. alVerta (alia to the +erta look-out, watch- tower, fern. p.p. of ergere f. L erigere erect)] aleup*on, aleup'one, n. Albuminoid sub- stance found in seeds of plants, &c. [Gk aleuron flour] ALEXANDRINE Alexa'ndrine, a. & n. A. {verse), iambic line of six feet or twelve syllables, [f. F alex- andrite of doubtful orig.] alexiphar'mie. a. & n. (Having the quality of) an antidote, [earlier -ac f. F alexiphar- maque f. Gk alexipharmakon remedy for poison (alexo keep o&'+pharmakon poison)] alfresco, adv. & a. In the open air ; open- air, as a. lunch, [f. It. alfresco in the fresh (air)] la'lga, n. (pi. -ae). Sea-weed. Hence a'lgTAL, a'lg-oiD, alg-olo'gficAL, aa., a*lgiST(3) (-j-), algo'LOGisx, algro'LOGV, nn. [L] a'lgebra, n. Investigation of the properties of numbers by means of general symbols ; quadruple a., quaternions. Hence alge- bra'icUU aa., alg-ebra'iealLY - adv., a'lge- braiST, a'lg-ebriST, nn. lit., f. Arab, aljebr reunion of broken parts (jabara reunite)] a*lg*id (-j-), a. Cold, esp. of cold stage of ague. Hence algi'diTV n. [f. F algide f. L algidus (algere be cold, see -id l )] a'lgorism, n. Arabic (decimal) notation ; cypher in a., mere dummy, [f. OF augorisme f. med. Lalgorismus f. Arab. al-Khoxcarazmi the man of Khiva, surname of a mathema- tician ; mod. misspelling -ithm by confus. w. Gk arithmos number] alguazi'l (-gwa-), n. Spanish warrant- officer or sergeant. (Sp. (now -cil) f. Arab. al-wazir the vizier, minister (icazara carry on)] a'lgum, n. Tree mentioned in Bible (2 Chron. ii. 8 ; in 1 Kings x. 11 wrongly given as almug), prob. a kind of sandal- wood. IHeb. ; a foreign word perh. = Skr. valguka sandal-woad tree] Alha'mbra, n. Palace of Moorish kings at Granada. Hence alhambrE'SQUE a. [f. Arab. al-hamra' the red house] a'lias, adv. & n. (pi. -ases). (Name by which one is called) on other occasions. [L, adv.] a'libi, adv. & n. (The plea that when an alleged act took place one was) elsewhere. [L, adv. ; old locative of alius another] a'lidad, -ade, n. Index of astrolabe, quad- rant, &c, showing the degrees cut off on the arc. [F (-ade), f. med. L alhidada f. Arab, al- 'idadah the revolving radius (acid upper arm)] a'lien l , a. & n. Not one's 'own ; foreign, under foreign allegiance ; differing in nature (from) ; repugnant (to) ; stranger ; non-natural- ized foreigner ; one excluded from ; (Law) a.- friend, -enemy, alien owing allegiance to friendly, hostile, country. Hence a'IieniSM(2) n. [OF, f. L aliemis belonging to another (alius)] a'lien 2 , v.t. (Poet.) estrange ; (Law) transfer ownership of. Hence a'lienABLE a., aliena- bi'lity n. [f. OF aliener f. L alienare (as prec.)] a'lienate, v.t. Estrange ; transfer owner- ship of ; turn away, divert (from). Hence a'lienatOR 2 n. [f. L as prec, see -ate 2 ] aliena'tion, n. Estrangement ; transference of ownership ; diversion to different purpose ; (mental) a., insanity, [f. MF alienacion f. L alienationem (as prec, see -atiox)] alienee*, n. One to whom transfer of pro- perty is made, [alien 2 + -ee] a'liform, a. Wing-shaped, [f. L ala wing + -form] aligh't 1 , v.i. Dismount (from horse), de- scend (from carriage) ; settle, come to earth, from the air. [OE alihtan (a- (l)+lihtan light)] allgfh't 2 , a. Kindled; on fire; lighted up. [p.p. of obs. alight kindle ; now only used pre- dicatively, on anal, of a-blaze and other adv. compds] aligrn, ali'ne, v.t. & i. Place, lay, in a line ; bring into line ; esp. bring three or more points 23 ALL into a straight line, as a. the sights (of rifle) and bulVs-eye; (intr.) form in line (as troops). Hence alig-n.MENT n. [f. F aligner (a to + ligner f. L lineare (linea line)] ali'ke, pred. a. & adv. Similar, like ; (adv.) in like manner. [OE gelic a. gelice adv. (OHG gelih, mod. G gleich) f. ge- together + lie like ; alsof. OX alikra. cilika adv. (cogn. w. OE anlic a. anlice adv.) f. a prep, on, to, + lik like] a'liment, n. Food; (fig.) support, mental sustenance. Hence aliment al a., ali- mentalLY 2 adv. [f. L alimentum (alere nourish, see -mext)] alimentary, a. Nourishing; performing functions of nutrition, as a. canal ; providing maintenance, [f. L alimentarius (as prec, see -ary i)] alimenta'tion, n. Nourishment ; mainten- ance, [f. med. L alimentatio (alimentare, as ALIMENT, See -ATION)] a'limony, n. Nourishment; maintenance; allowance due to wife from husband's estate, on separation from certain causes, [f. L alt- mania nutriment (alere nourish, see -mony)] a'liquot, a. & n. A. (part), part contained by the whole an integral number of times, integral factor, [f. F aliquote f. L aliquot some, so many] -ality, compd noun-suf. = -al + -TY. Quality, or instance of it, (generality, a g.) ali've, adv. & pred. a. In life, living ; fully susceptible to (an idea, &c); active, brisk, as (colloq.) look a., be brisk; swarming icith, as river a. with boats; any man a. (whatever); man a.! (colloq. expletive), [f. A prep.+ME live, OE life dat. of lit life; = on life] ali'zarin, n. Pied colouring matter of madder, [f. F alizari madder prob. f. Arab, al the + 'acarah extract (acara v. press) ; see -in] a'lkariest, n. Alchemist's supposed uni- versal solvent (also fig.), [sham Arab., prob. invented by Paracelsus] alkalescent, a. & n. Incipiently or slightly alkaline (substance). Hence alkale'SGENCE, alkale'seENCY, nn. [f. foil., see -escent] a'lkali, n. (pi. -lis, -lies). (Chem.) series of compounds called bases, including soda, potash, and ammonia, highly soluble in water, pro- ducing caustic or corrosive solutions that neutralize strong acids, and turn vegetable yellows to brown, reds to blue, purples to green ; (Commerc) caustic soda, caustic potash, other alkaline products. Hence a'lkalifi*- able a., a'lkaliFY v.t. [f. F alcali f. Arab. al-qaliy calcined ashes (qalay fry)] alkali'metry, n. Measurement of strength of alkalis. Hence alkalimetPiCAL a. [al- kali + -metry] a'lkaline, a. Of alkalis ; of the nature of an alkali ; a. metals, those whose hydroxides are alkalis, [f. alkali + -ine j ] a'lkaloid, n. Nitrogenous basic substance ; esp. vegeto-alkaloids, vegetable alkalis. Hence alkaloi'dAL a. [f. alkali + -oid] a'lkanet, n. (Plant whose root yields) a red dye. [f. Sp. alcana (f. Arab, al-henna the henna shrub) + dim. suf. to dist. this shrub from henna] all (awl), a., n., adv. (1> (adj. w. noun &c. expressed or .understood). The entire, as a. day, a. England, a. his life, a. this, take it a., a. whom I saw ; the greatest possible, as a. speed; (w. pi.) the entire number of, as a. men, a. the others; a. kind of, every kind of; any whatever, as renounce a. connexion. (2) (n.). All men, as a. are agreed ; (w. of) the whole, every one, as a. of it, a. of you ; every- thing, as that is a., a. is lost; one's whole ALLAH 24 ALLOY property, as he lost his a. ; a. but, everything short of (used adv.), as a. but impossible, he tvas a. but drowned; a. in a., of paramount or exclusive importance ; at a., in any way, as not at a., did you speak at a. ? (not in affirmative sent.); in a., in total number; one and a., a. and some (archaic), a. and sundry, a. indi- vidually and collectively. (3) (adv.). Wholly, quite, as dressed a. (orig. an adj.) in white, a. covered with mud, a. right, a. the better, a. the same, a. at once, a. too soon. (1) Combb. : A.- father, Odin, God; A. Fools' Day, first of April; A. Saints' Day, general celebration of saints, November 1st ; A. Souls' Day, day of supplication for souls of faithful deceased, Nov. 2nd. All is prefixed to many adjj., as a.-bountifid, a.-righteous, a.-sufficient, and esp. topartt.,as a.-suMcing, a.-seeing, a.-know- ing. [com.-Teut. : OHG al, ON allr] A'llah, n. Name of God among Moham- medans. [Arab, allah contr. of al-ilah (al the + ilah god = Heb. eloah] allay", v.t. Put down, repress ; alleviate (pain &c.) ; diminish (pleasure ace), [f. A- (1) + lay v. ; confused with obs. allege alleviate and obs. allay alloy] allegation, n. Alleging ; assertion (esp. one not proved), [f. F allegation f. Lallegationem (allegare allege, see -ation)] allege (-ej), v.t. Affirm; advance as argu- ment er excuse, [f. adlegiare E Latiniz. of OF esligier, Norm, alegier, f. LL exlitigare clear at law ; but treated as repr. L allegare cite, adduce, which would give alleague (cf. F alUguer)] allegiance (-jans), n. Duty of subject to sovereign or government; loyalty (lit. and fig.). [ME ligeaunce f. OF ligeance (liege) ; ch- added in E perh. thr. confusion with obs. allegeance, n. f. prec] allegdTie, a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, allegory. Hence allego'ricAL a., alle- goTiealLY 2 adv. [f . F f . L f . Gk allegorikos (as foil., see-ic)] a'llegorize, v.t. & i. Treat as an allegory ; make allegories. Hence a'llegoriST n. [f. F allegoriser f. L allegorizare (as foil., see -ize)J a'lleg'OPy, n. Narrative description of a subject under guise of another suggestively similar ; emblem, [f . L f. Gk allegoria (alios other + -agoria speaking f. agora assembly)] allegretto (mus.). Somewhat briskly. [It.] alle'gro (-la-), a., adv., n. (mus.). Lively, gay ; (movemejit) in brisk time. [It.] allelu'ia (-looya), n. Song of praise to God. [f. L f. (Septuagint) Gk allelouiaf. Heb. hallelu- yah praise ye Jehovah] alle'viate, v. t. Relieve, mitigate. Hence alleviATiox, alle'viatOR 2 , nn. ; alle'via- tiVE, alle'viatORV, aa. [f. L xileviare lighten (levis light), see -ate 3 ] a'lley, n. (pi. -eys). Walk, passage, esp. in park or garden; narrow street; blind a., one closed at end ; enclosure for skittles &c. [f. OF alee,F alUe, walking, passage, f. alter go, etym. dub.] All-ha'llow(s), n. All saints (in heaven), as All hallows' day, Allhallowmass. [all4- halloio f. OE hdlga saint] i allia'ceous, a. Of the genus Allium, in- cluding garlic, onions, and leeks ; smelling, tasting, of garlic &c. [f. L allium garlic + -aceous] alli'ance, n. Union by marriage ; relation- ship ; confederation (esp. between States) ; community in nature or qualities ; (Bot.) group of allied natural Orders, [f. OF aliance (as ally !, see -ange)] a'lligator, n. Genus of saurian reptiles of crocodile family, found in America; other large American saurians ; a. apple, pear, fruit of W. Indian trees ; a. tortoise, snapping turtle, [corrupt, of Sp. el lagarto the lizard f. L lacerta] alli'terate, v.i. (Use words that) begin with the same letter. Hence alli'tepatiVE a., alli'terativeLY 2 adv. [f. L ad to + litera letter + -ate 3 , on anal, of obliterate] alliteration, n. Commencement of words in close connexion (esp. in early Teut. poetry, of accented syllables) with the same letter, [f. prec. + -ation] a'llocate, v.t. Assign, devote, (to person or object) ; locate. Hence alloeATiON n. [f. med. L xilocare (loctis place), see -ate 3 ] al(l)6*dium, n. Estate held in absolute ownership, without acknowledgment to a superior (opp. to fexidum). Hence allo'di \ i , a., allo'dialL y 2 adv., allo'dialiSM, alio* dialiST. nn. [f. med. L f. G *aldd entire property (all+OLG 6d estate); sometimes written allod, allody] alld'gamy, n. (bot. ). Cross-f ertilizatiou. [f . Gk alios other + -gamy] alfo'nge (F), n. Slip of paper gummed to end of bill of exchange to give room for further endorsements. allo'pathy, n. Curing of a diseased action by inducing another action of a different kind (opp. to homoeopathy). Hence allopa'thic a., allopa'thiCALLY adv., allo'pathiST n. [f. Gk alios other + -pathy] allophylian, a. & n. (One whose native tongue is) neither Aryan nor Semitic, [f. L f . Gk allophulos (alios other +phule tribe) +-ian] allo't, v.t. (-U-). Distribute by lot or with authority ; assign (to), [f. OF aloter (a to + loter divide by lot f. lot, Teut. wd, OE hlol)] a'llotheism, n. Worship of strange gods, [f. Gk alios other + theos god + -ism] allo'tment, n. Apportioning ; lot in life ; share allotted to one ; small portion of land let out for cultivation, [f. F allotement (aloter, see prec. and -ment)] allo'tpopy, n. Variation of physical pro- perties without change of substance. Hence allotro'pic(AL) aa., allotro'piealLY 2 adv., allo'tropiSM n. [f. Gk allotropia f. allo- tropos (alios other + tropos manner f. trepo turn)] allottee*, n. One to whom allotment is made, [f. allot + -ee] allow, v.t. Admit (thing to be, that) ; (U. S.) form the opinion (that) ; permit (practice, per- son to do) ; (refl.) indulge oneself in (conduct) ; (intr.) admit of; give (limited periodical sum), as a. him £200 a year ; add, deduct, in considera- tion of something ; a. for, take into considera- tion, make addition or deduction corresponding to. Hence allow'ABLE a., allowabLY 2 adv. ff. OF alouer f. (1) L Ahlaudare praise, (2) L al- locare place] allowance \ n. Permission ; tolerance (of) ; limited portion, esp. yearly income ; de- duction, discount ; make a. for, allow fer. [f. OF alouance (as prec, see -ance)] allowance 2 , v.t. Make allowance topper- son) ; supply (thing) in limited quantities, [f. prec] alloy* 1 , n. Standard, quality, (of gold or silver) ; inferior metal mixed esp. with gold or silver (also fig.); mixture of metals, [orig. allay f. OF aley (F aloi) t. aleier combine f. L Ahligare bind ; meaning influenced by con- fusion with F d loi to law] alloy* 2 , v.t. Mix with baser metal? mix ALLSEED (metals) ; debase ; moderate, [f. F aloyer f. OF aleier, see prec] a'llseed (awl-), n. Name of various plants producing much seed. a'llspice (awl-), n. Jamaica pepper, Pimenta, supposed to combine flavour of cinnamon, nut- meg, and cloves; other aromatic shrubs, as Carolina A .,_ Japa n A . , Wild A . allu'de (-00-, -u-), v.i. Refer covertly, in- directly, to ; (improp.) a. to, mean. [f. L al- (ludere lus- play)J allure", v.t. Tempt, entice, win over, {to, from, person, place, conduct) ; fascinate, charm. Hence allure'MEXT n. [f. OF aleur- rer attract (a to + leurrcr lure)] allu'sion, n. Covert, implied, indirect, re- ference (to), [f. L allusio (as allude, see -ION)] allu'sive, a. Containing an allusion (to) ; abounding in allusions; (Her.) a. (canting) ar?7i$. Hence allu'siveLY 2 adv., allirsive- ness n. [as prec, see -ive] allu'vion (-00-, -u-), n. Wash of sea, river, against shore, banks ; flood ; matter deposited by flood; (Law) formation of new land by water's action. [F, f. L Ahluvionem (nom. -vio) f. luere wash] allu'vium, n. Deposit of earth, sand, &c, left by flood. Hence allu'viAL a. [L, neut. of adj. xiluvius (luere wash)] ally l , v.t. Combine, unite, for special ob- ject to, with, (esp. of marriage and alliance with foreign states) ; (of things) allied to, con- nected with. [f. OF alier i. L AiAigare bind] ally* 2 , n. Person, state, &c, allied with another, [f. prec] a'lly 3 , n. Choice playing-marble of marble or alabaster, [perh. dim. of alabaster] a'lmaihi, n. Egyptian dancing-girl. [Arab. 'almah knowing (alama know)] a'lmagest (-j-), n. Great astronomical treatise of Ptolemy ; other books on astrology and alchemy, [f. F f. Arab, al the + majisti = Gk megiste greatest] A'lma Ma'ter, n. Name used of Universities and schools. [L,= bounteous mother] almanac (awl-), n. Annual calendar of months and days, with astronomical and other data. [med. L, etym. dub.] a'lmandine, n. A garnet of violet tint, [corrupt, of obs. alabandine f. L alabandina (Alabanda, city in Caria)] almigh'ty (awl-), a. All-powerful, esp. A. God, the A. ; (slang) great, (adv.) exceedingly. Hence almig-h-tiNESS n. [OE xlmeahtig (all adv. + MIGHTY)] a'lmond (ahm), n. Kernel of a stone-fruit borne by two trees (siceet, bitter, a.) ; allied to plum and peach ; anything a.-shaped ; A. (Tumbler), kind of pigeon. [f. OF almande f. L f. Gk amygdale ; al- perh. by confus. w. Arab, al the] a'lmonep (or ahmn-). n. Official distributor Of alms ; Hereditary Grand A., Lord High A„ (officers in royal household of Great Britain), [f. OF aumoner f. LL almosinarius = eleemosy- narius (as alms, see -ary 1 )] a'lmost (awl-), adv. Very nearly (qualifying v., adv., adj. ; also noun, as his a. impudence). [f. all + most adv.] alms (ahmz), n. (usu. as sing.). Charitable relief of the poor ; donation ; a.-folk, alms- man, (supported by charity) ; a.-giving ; a.- house, one founded by charity for reception of poor. [OE xlmysse f. L f. Gk eleemosune compassionateness (eleemon adj. f. eleos com- passion)] a'lmug. See algum. 25 ALTAR a'loe (-6), n. Genus of plants with erect spikes of flowers and bitter juice ; (pi.) purgative drug procured from juice of aloes; other plants, as American A., Agave. [OE aluwe f. L f. Gk aloe] aloe'tic, a. & n. (Medicine) containing aloes, [f. Gk aloe aloe on false anal, of diuretic &c] ald'ft (or -aw-), adv. & pred. a. High up (lit. and fig.) ; upward, [f. ON d on, to, -Wop* sky, loft] alo'ne, pred. a. & adv. Solitary; standing by oneself (in opinion &c) ; let, leave, a., ab- stain from interfering with ; (adv.) only, ex- clusively, [f. all adv. + one] alo'ng-, adv. & prep. From end to end of ; through any part of the length of ; onward, as get a. ; a. xcith, in company with, in con- junction with; all a., all the time; a.-ships, directed fore and aft ; a.-shore, a. by the shore, a. and on the shore ; alongside, close to side of ship ; alongside of, side by side with (lit. and fig.). [OE and-lang (and- against, facing, + lang_\ong), orig. adj.] aloo'f, adv. & pred. a. Away, apart, (lit. and fig.), as stand, keep, hold, a.; (Naut.) away to windward, as spring a. (cf. luff). Hence aloofNESS n. [f. Aprep.+LOOF] alou'd, adv. Loudly ; not in a whisper ; (colloq.) palpably, as reeks a, [f. a prep. + loud ; cf. foil.] alow* (-6), adv. (naut.). In, into, lower part of vessel, [f. a prep.+LOW a.] alp, n. Mountain-peak ; (in Switzerland) green pasture-land on mountain side; Alpis, mountain range separating France and Italy, [(pi.) f. L Alpes prop, n., etym. dub.] alpa'ca, n. Kind of llama with long woolly hair ; its wool ; fabric thence made. [f. Sp. (Arab, al the + paco, native Peruv. name)] a'lpenstock, n. Long iron-shod staff used in climbing Alps &c. [G, = stick of the Alps] a'lpha, n. Greek name of letter A ; A. and Omega, beginning and end; (Astr.) chief star of constellation. [Gk, f. Heb. aleph ox, leader] alphabet, n. Set of letters used in a lan- guage ; first rudiments. Hence alphabetic a. [f. L alphabetxim (Gk alpha, beta, first two letters of alphabet)] alphabetical, a. Of the alphabet, as a. order. Hence alphabe'tiealLY 2 adv. [as prec + -ical] A'lpine, a. Of the Alps or any lofty moun- tains, [f. L Alpinus (Alpes, see alp and -ine 1 )] A'lpinist, n. Alpine climber, [f. F alpiniste (as prec, see -ist)] alpea'dy (awl-), adv. Beforehand ; by this time, thus early, [f. all adv. + ready] Alsa'tia, n. Province west of Rhine, de- batable ground between France and Ger- many; White Friars in London, once sanctu- ary for lawbreakers. Hence Alsa'tiAN a. & n. a'lsike, n. Kind of clover. [Alsike in Sweden] a'lso (awl-), adv. In addition, besides, [f. all + so ; orig. in antecedent and relat. as well as demonstr. functions, now superseded in relat. by its shortened form as, and in antec. by as and so] alt, n. (Mus.) high tone, esp. in a., in octave above treble stave beginning with G ; (fig.) in a., in an exalted frame of mind. [Pr., f. L altum high] a'ltap (awl-), n. Flat-topped block for offer- ings to deity ; Communion Table ; lead to the a., marry; a.-cloth, (prop.) linen cloth used at Communion or Mass, (loosely) silk frontal and super-frontal ; a.-piece, reredos. [f. L altare (alius high)] ALTARWISE 26 AMAZON a'ltapwise, adv. In the manner of an altar. alta'zimuth, n. Instrument for determin- ing altitude and azimuth of heavenly bodies. [alt- for altitude + azimuth] a'ltep (awl-), v.t. & i. Change in character, position, &c. Hence or cogn. altepa- bi'lity, altePA'Tiox, nn., a'ltePABLE a. [f. 14th-c. F altdrer f. med. L alterare (L alter other)] a'lterative, a. & n. Tending to alter; (n.) medicine, treatment, that alters processes of nutrition, [prec. + -ati ve] a'ltepeate (alt-, awlt-), v.i. Dispute hotly, wrangle, {with). So altepeATiON n. [f. L altercari, see -ate 3 ] a' Iter &go, n. One's other self ; intimate friend. [L, lit. other I] altep'nant, a. & n. Alternating ; (Mineral.) of alternating layers; (n.) a. quantity. [F, part, of alterner f. L alternare alternate] altep'nate 1 (awl-, -at), a. (Of things of two kinds) coming each after one of the other kind ; (Biol.) a. generation (by a. processes, as first by budding,nextby sexualreproduction); a. leaves, angles, (placed alternately on the two sides of stem, line). Hence altep'nateLY 2 adv. [f. L alternare do one thing after the other (altemiis every other f. alter other), see -ate 2 ] alternate 2 , v.t. & i. Arrange, perform, (two sets of things) alternately ; interchange (one thing) alternately with, by, another; (of two things) succeed each other by turns ; (of a whole) consist of alternate things ; (of one class of things) appear alternately with another. So altepnA'TiON n. [f. prec] altep'native, a. & n. (Of two things) mutually exclusive ; (strictly) permission to choose between two things ; (loosely) either of two possible courses, as / had no (other) a. ; one of more than two possibilities. Hence altep*- nativeLY 2 adv. [f. med. L alternativus (as prec., see -ative)] although* (awl-), conj. Though, [f. all adv. -f though] a'ltitude, n. Height ; depth ; (Geom.) length of perpendicular from vertex to base ; height above sea level; (usu. in pi.) high place; (fig.) eminence, [f. ~Laltitudo (altus high), see -tude] a'lto, n. (mus.). Highest male voice, counter- tenor ; its musical part ; female voice of simi- lar range, contralto ; its part ; singer with alto voice ; a.-clarinet, -viola, instruments similar to the clarinet, viola, but of higher pitch. [It. alto (canto) high (singing)] altogether (awl-), adv. & n. Totally; on the whole ; (n.) an a., a whole, [all a.] a'lto-pelie'vo (-rile'vo), n. (sculp.). High relief. [It. alto-rilievo] a'ltpuism, n. Regard for others as a prin- ciple of action. Hence a'ltruiST n., al- tpui'stic a., altPui'stiCALLY adv. [L Fa?- truisme (It. altrui others' f . L alteri huic to this other, see -ism)] a'lum, n. A double sulphate of aluminium and potassium ; series of salts including this ; family of compounds including these ; (Mine- ral.) various native minerals, alums proper and pseudo-alums. [OF, f. L alumen] alu'mina, n. One of the earths, the only oxide of aluminium, [f. L alumen alum, on type of soda &c] alumi'nium, n. White light sonorous ductile malleable metal, not oxidized in air, used for instruments and as an alloy; a. bronze, alloy of a. and copper, [f. alumina ; formerly alumium, aluminum] alu'minous, a. Of the nature of alum or alumina, [f. F alumineux f. L ahaninosus (alumen alum, see -ous)] alu'mnus, n. (pi. -ni). Pupil of a school or university. [L, = foster-child] a'lveolate (-at), a. Honey-combed, pitted with small cavities, [f. L alveolatus f. foil., see -ate 2 ] alve'olus, n. Small cavity ; socket of tooth, whence alve'olAR * a. ; cell of honey-comb ; conical chamber of a Belemnite. [L, dim. of alveus cavity] a'lways (awl-), adv. At all times ; on all occasions, [f. all a. + way ; alway (now archaic or poet, for always) orig. meant ' all the way, continually', always (gen. case) having prob. the sense ' on every occasion '] am. See be^ a'madou (-00), n. German tinder, prepared from fungi, used as a match and styptic. [F f. Pr. (OPr. amador), f. L amatorem lover (amare, see -or 2 )] amai'n, adv. (archaic, poet). Vehemently; in all haste, [a prep. + main, OE msegn, force] amalgam, n. Mixture of a metal with mercury, as gold a. ; plastic mixture of any substances (also fig.), [f. F amalgame, med. L amalgama, perh. f. L f. Gk malagma an emollient (malasso, st. malak-, soften)] amalgamate 1 (-at), a. Combined, esp. of languages, [f. med. L amalgamare (as prec, see -ate 2 )] amalgamate 2 , v. t. & i. Mix ; unite (classes, societies, ideas) ; (of metals) combine with mercury. Hence amalgamATiON, ama'lgamatOR 2 , nn., ama'lgamatiVE a. [f. prec, see -ate 3 ] amanue'nsis, n. (pi. -nses). One who writes from dictation. [L, adj. used as n., f. (servus) a manu secretary + -ensis belonging to] a"marant(h), n. Imaginary unfading flower ; genus, including Prince's Feather and Love-lies-bleeding; purple colour. Hence amapa*nt(h)iNE * a. [f. F amarante f. L f. Gk amarantos everlasting, name of a flower (a- not + maran- st. of maraino fade) ; h by confusion with Gk anthos flower] amapyllis, n. Genus of autumn-flowering bulbous plants. [L, f. Gk Amarullis, name of a country girl] ama'ss, v.t. Heap together ; accumulate (esp. riches), [f. 12th-c F amasser (d to + masser f. masse mass n.] _ a'mateup (-tur), n. One who is fond of; one who cultivates a thing as a pastime. Hence amateup'iSH a., amateup'ishLY 2 adv., amateup'ishNESS, amateup'iSM, nn. [F, f. L amatorem (amare love, see -or 2 )] a'mative, a. Disposed to loving. Hence a'mativeNESS n. [f. L amare love, see -ative] a'matory, a. Pertaining to a lover or to sexual love. Hence amatop'iAL a. [f. L amatorius (amare love, see -ory)] amaupo'sis, n. Partial or total loss of sight from disease of optic nerve. Hence amaupo'TTC a. [Gk, f. amauroo darken (amauros dark), see -osis] ama'ze 1 , v.t. Overwhelm with wonder. Hence ama'zedLY 2 , ama'zingLY 2 , advv., ama'zeMENT n. [a- (1)+ maze v., etym. dub.] ama'ze 2 , n. (poet,). = amazement, [f. prec] A'mazon (a-), n. Fabulous race of female warriors in Scythia ; female warrior (lit. and fig.) ; masculine woman. Hence Amazo'n- ian a. [f. L f. Gk (prob. foreign word, but ex- plained by Greeks as a- not + mazos breast, from destruction of right breast to facilitate use of bow)] AMBAGES 27 amba-ges (-jez), n. pi. Roundabout ways. [L {amb- about + ctg- f. agere drive ; 16th-c. E had a'mbage, pi. a'mbages] ambassador, n. Minister sent by one sovereign or State on mission to another (usu. A. extraordinary); minister permanently re- presenting sovereign or State at foreign court (Ordinary, Resident, A. ; formerly A. Leger) ; A. Plenipotentiary (with full power to sign treaties &c.) ; official messenger. Hence am- bassado'PTAL a. [f. F ambassadeur f. OSp. ambaxadorf. med. Li*ambactiator agent-noun of ambactiare f. ambactia office f. Celt, am- bactus servant (ambi about + a g- drive, cogn. w. L agere)] ambassadress, n. Female ambassador; ambassador's wife. [f. prec. -f -ess ] ] a'mbep, n. Yellow translucent fossil resin, found chiefly on S. shore of Baltic ; a. Fauna, flora, animals, plants, of which remains are found in a. [f. F ambre f. Arab, 'anbar am- bergris, to which the name orig. belonged] a'mbergrris (-es), n. Wax-like substance found floating in tropical seas, and in intestines of sperm-whale, odoriferous and used in per- fumery, formerly in cookery, [f. F ambre gris gray amber] ■ ambidexter, a. & n. (Person) able to use left hand as well as right; double-dealing. Hence ambidexte'riTY n. [med. L (amb- on both sides 4- dexter right-handed] ambide*xt(e)rous, a. =prec. Hence ambi- de'xtrousLY 2 adv., ambide'xtrousNESs n. [as prec. + -ous] a'mbient, a. Surrounding, circumfused. [f. L ambiens -entis part, of ambire go about (amb- on both sides + ire go)] ambiguity, n. Double meaning; expres- sion capable of more than one meaning, [f. med. L. ambiguitas (as foil., see -TY)] ambi'guous, a. Obscure ; of double mean- ing; of doubtful classification; of uncertain issue. Hence ambi'guousLY 2 adv., am- bi'guousNESS n. [f. L ambiguus doubtful f. ambigere (amb- both ways + agere drive) + -ous] a'mbit, n. Precincts ; bounds ; compass, ex- tent, [f. L ambitus a going round (ambire, see AMBIENT)] ambi'tion, n. Ardent desire for distinction ; aspiration (to be, to do) ; object of such desire. [F, f. L ambitionem (ambire -it-, canvass for votes, see ambient and -ion)] ambi'tious, a. Full of ambition ; strongly desirous (of & thing, to do) ; showing ambition, as an a. attempt. Hence ambi'tiousLY 2 adv. , ambi'tiousNESS n. [f. L ambitiosus (as prec, see -ous)] a'mble 1 , v.i. (Of horses &c.) move by lift- ing two feet on one side together; ride an ambling horse, ride at an easy pace ; move in a way suggesting an ambling horse, [f. F ambler f. L ambulare walk] a'mble 2 , n. Pace of an ambling horse ; easy pace. [f. F amble f. ambler, see prec] amblyd'pia, n. Impaired vision. Hence amblyd'pic a. [Gk, f. ambludpos a. (amblus dull + ops opos eye)] a'mbo, n. (pi. -bos, -bo'nes). Pulpit in early Christian churches. [LL, f. Gk ambon] amboy'na(wood), n. Finely marked wood of an Asiatic tree. [Amboyna Island] ambro'sia (-zia, -zhya), n. (Myth.) food of the gods; anything delightful to taste or smell ; bee-bread, [f. L f. Gk, fern, of ambro- sios of the immortals f. ambrotos (a- not + (m)brotos mortal)] ambro'sial (-zial, -zhyal), a. Divinely frag- AMERICAN adv. rant ; divine. Hence ambro'sialLY [f. L f. Gk ambrosios, see prec. and -al] a'mbry, n. (archaic). Pantry; wall-press; dresser ; closed recess in wall of church, [f. L armarium tool-chest (arma tools, see -ary *), with I for r by dissim., and phonetic -&-] ambs-ace (amz-), n. Both aces, lowest throw at dice ; bad luck ; worthlessness. [£. OF ambes as f. L ambas as, see ace ; also written ames-] a'mbulance, n. Moving hospital following army ; waggon for conveying wounded off field of battle. [F (L ambulare walk, see -ance)] a'mbulatory, a. & n. Pertaining to walk ing ; adapted for walking ; movable ; not per- manent. (N.) place for walking ; arcade, cloister, [f. L ambidatorius (as prec, see -ory)] ambusca'de 1 , n. Ambush, [f. F embus- cade f. It. imboscata or Sp. emboscada (imboa- care, see ambush v. and -ade] ambusca'de 2 , v.t. & i. Lie, conceal, in am- bush, [f. prec] a'mbush * (-60-), n. Concealment of troops, troops concealed, in a wood &c ; (generally) lying in wait; make, lay, an a., lie in a. [f. OF embusche (as foil.) ; am- perh. due to ambages] a'mbush 2 , v.t. & i. Conceal (troops, only in p.p.) ; lie in wait for ; (intr.) lie in wait. [f. OF embuscher (Sp. emboscar, It. imboscare) f. LL *iM&o.scare (boscus bush) ; see prec] dme damnee (ahm dahna"), n. Tool, de- voted adherent. [F] _ ameer', amir* (-er), n. Title of various Mohammedan rulers in Scinde and Afghani- stan. [Arab, amir commander (amara com- mand)] ameliorate, v.t. & i. (Cause to) become better. Hence ameliorA'TioN, ame'liora- tOR 2 , nn., ame'lioratiVE a. [f. F ameliorer f . OF ameillorer (d to + me illorer f . L meliorare f. melior better)] ame'n (a-, ah-), int. So be it, [f. L f.Gk f. Heb. amen certainty, certainly (aman strength)] ame'nable, a. (Of persons) responsible (to law &c or abs.) ; (of things) liable to ; capable of being tested by (to) ; responsive, tractable. Hence amenaBi'LiTV, ame'nableNESS, nn., ame'nabLY 2 adv. [AF, f. amener bring to (a to + mener bring f. L minare threaten), see -able] ame'nd, v.i. & t. Abandon evil ways ; (archaic) improve in health ; correct an error in (legal document), make professed improve- ments in (measure before Parliament) ; make better. Hence ame'nd able a., ame'nd- ment n. [f. OF amender f. L Emendare free from faults (menda fault)] amende honorable (F), n. Public apology and reparation. amends, n. Reparation, restitution, com- pensation, as make a. [f. OF amendes penalties, fine, pi. of amende reparation f. amender amend ; pi. now treated in E as sing.] ame'nity, n. Pleasantness (of places, per- sons, &c) ; (pi.) pleasant ways. [f. L amoenitas (amoenus conn. w. amare love, see -TV)] a me'nsa et to'ro, adv. From board and bed. [L] ame'ntum, ame'nt, n. Catkin. Hence amentA'CEOUS, amenti'FEROus, ame'nti- form, aa. [L, = thong] amer'ee, v.t. Fine ; (loosely) punish. Hence amer'eiABLE a.,amer*eeMENT, amer'eia- ment, nn. [orig. amercy f. AF amercier (a at + mevci mercy)] American, a. & n. Belonging to continent of America or to United States. (N.) native of AMERICANISM 28 AMPHIBIOUS America of European descent; citizen of United States, [-ax] Americanism, n. Word or phrase peculiar to or extending from United States ; attach- ment to, sympathy with, United States, [prec. + -ism] Ame'pieanize, v.t. & i. Naturalize as an American; make American in character; become American in character ; use American- isms, [as prec. + -ize] ames-aee. See ambs-ace. a'methyst, n. Precious stone, kind of quartz, purple or violet ; Oriental A., rare violet variety of sapphire. Hence amethyst- ine ! a. [f. OF ametiste f. L f. Gk amethustos not drunken (a- not+vbl adj. f. methusko in- toxicate f. methu wine), the stone being sup- posed to prevent intoxication] a'miable, a. Feeling and inspiring friendli- ness; lovable. Hence amiaBi'LiTY, a'mi- ableNESS, nn., a'miabLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L amieabilis amicable; confused with OF amable (mod. F aimable) f . L amabilis lovable (amarc love, see -ble)] amia*nt(h)us, n. Mineral, variety of as- bestos, splitting into flexible fibres ; green fibrous chrysolite. [L, f. Gk amiantos undefiled (a- not+vbl adj. f. miaino), i. e. purified by fire, being incombustible ; lov-h-cf. amaranth] a'mie, a. (chem.). Pertaining to ammonia, [f. ammonia + -IC] a'mieable, a. Friendly ; done in a friendly spirit. Hence amicaBi'LiTV, a'mieable- ness, nn., a'mieabiA" 2 adv. [f. L amieabilis (amicare make friendly f. amicus, see -ble)] a'mice 1 , n. Square of white linen worn by celebrant priests, formerly on head, now (in Church of Rome) on shoulders, [earlier amyt f. OF amit f. L amictus garment; -ce, or -s, perh. due to confus. w. foil.] a'mice 2 , n. Cap, hood, cape, of religious orders ; badge worn by French canons on left arm. [f. OF aumusse, perh. f. Arab, al the+G miitze cap ; early confused w. prec] amfcus curiae, n. Friend of the court, disinterested adviser. [L] ami'd, ami'dst, prep. In the middle of (lit. and fig.) ; in the course of. [OE on middan (dat. of mid) in the middle, followed by geni- tive ; see also -es] a'midin, n. Soluble matter of starch ; starch in state of solution, [f. amid- com. -Rom. form of L amylum starch + -in] ami'dships, adv. In middle of ship. [f. amid + ship + -es] amir, n. See ameer. ami'ss, adv. & pred. a. Xot up to the mark ; out of order; wrongly; untowardly, as come a. ; take a., take offence at ; not a., appropriate. [Aprep.+Miss n.] a'mity, n. Friendship, friendly relations, [f. F amitie, earlier amiste, f. pop. Lamicitatem (amicus friend, see -ty)] a'mraeter, n. Instrument for measuring force of electric currents, [f. am(pere) + -meter]_ ammo'nia, n. A colourless gas with pungent smell and strong alkaline reaction, spirit of hartshorn ; (Chem.) large series of compounds, analogous to ammonia ; Liquid A., solution of a. in water, [f. foil.] ammo'niac, a. & n. Of the nature of am- monia; Sal A., hard white crystalline salt, said to have been prepared from camels' dung near temple of Jupiter Ammon ; Gum A. (also A.), a gum resin used in medicine and as cement. Hence ammoni'acAL a. [F, f. L f. Gk ammoniakon belonging to Ammon] ammo'niated, a. Combined with am- monia, [f. prec. + -ATE 1 (3) + -ED J ] a'mmonite, n. Fossil genus of Cephalopods. [after med. L cornu Ammonis horn of (Jupiter) Ammon, see -ite">|2)] ammunition, n. Military stores (formerly of all kinds, now of powder, shot, shell, &c); a.-boots, -bread, -hat (supplied to soldiers), [f. F amunition, vulg. amonition, by confus. of la munition (see munition) with I amonition] amne'sia, n. Loss of memory. [Gk, = for- getfulness] a'mnesty, n. , & v.t. Intentional overlooking ; act of oblivion, general pardon; (v.t.) give a. to. [f. L f. Gk amnestia oblivion f. amnestos a. (a- not+wme- remember)] a'mnion, n. (pi. -ia). Innermost membrane enclosing foetus before birth. [Gk, = caul (dim. of amnos lamb)] amoe'ba (ame-), n. Microscopic animalcule perpetually changing shape. Hence amoe'bi- form, amoe'boiD, aa. [f. Gk amoibe change] amoebae'an, a. Alternately answering, [f. L f. Gk amoibaios interchanging (amoibe change), see -an] amo'ng, amo'ngst (amu-), prep. In the assemblage of, surrounded *by ; in the number of ; within the limits of (collectively or dis- tributively), as five shillings a. us, divided a. us ; in comparison with, as one a. many ; by joint action of, as kill him a. you ; reci- procally, as quarrelled a. themselves. [OE on gemang (on in +gemang assemblage I. gemengan mingle) foil, by gen. case ; see -es] a'mopous, a. Inclined to love ; in love ; of, pertaining to, love. Hence a'moPOUSLY 2 adv., a'morousNESS n. [OF, f. L amorosus (amor love, see -ous)] amorphous, a. Shapeless ; anomalous ; (Min., Chem.) uncrystallized ; unorganized. Hence amop'phiSM, amop'phousNESS, nn. [f. Gk amorphos shapeless (a- not + morphe form) + -ous] amop'tize, v.t. Alienate in mortmain ; extinguish (debt, usu. by means of sinking fund), whence amortizATiON n. [f. F amor- tir (st. -iss-) bring to death f. LL* admortire (ad mortem to death)] amou'nt 1 , v.i. Come to (so much) ; be equi- valent (in significance) to. [f. OF amonter f. amont upward (a mont hillward f. L ad montem)] amou'nt 2 , n. Total to which a thing amounts ; full value, significance, &c. ; quantity, as a considerable a. (of), [f. prec] amoup* (-moor), n. Love-affair; intrigue. [F, = love f. L amorem, nom. -or, f. amarc] amoupe'tte (-moor-), n. Petty love-affair. [F, dim. of amorir] amour- pro' pre (a 'moor-pro *pr), n. Self- esteem. [F] ampere' (-er), n.. (electr.). Current that one volt can send through one ohm, unit of current. [name of electrician] ampersa'nd, n. The sign & (and, L et). [also ampus-, ampassy-, ampussy-, corrupt, of ' and per se ( = by itself) and '] amphi- in comb. Both, of both kinds, on both sides, around. [Gk, prep.] Amphi'bia, n. pi. Division of Vertebrata, intermediate between reptiles and fishes, as frogs, newts, &c. Hence amphi'biAN a. & n. [f. L f. Gk amphibia (zoa) (animals) living in both elements (amphi- + bios life)] amphibio'logy, n. Branch of zoology treating of Amphibia, [prec. + -logy] amphi'bious, a. Living both on land and in water ; connected with both land and water ; AMPHIBOLOGY 29 ANAEMIA having two lives, connected with two classes, &c. Hence amphi'biousiA- adv. [f. am- phibia + -ous] amphibo'log-y, n. Quibble ; ambiguous wording. Hence amphibolo'giCAL a. [f? F amphibologie f. L f. Gk AMPHi(bolia t. ballo throw) ; assim. to words in -logy] Amphi'ctyons, n. pi. Deputies from ancient Greek states forming council. So Amphic- tyd'nic a. [f. Gk amphiktuones neighbours] a'mphigam, n. (bot. ). Plant with no distinct sexual organs. Hence amphi'gamous a. [f. F amphigame (amphi- + Gk gamos mar- riage)] amphigoup'i (oori), a'mphigopy, n. Nonsensical composition. [?] amphio'xus, n. The fish Lancelet. [f. amphi- + Gk oxus sharp] amphi'poda, n. pi. Order of Crustacea, with feet of two kinds. Hence a'mphipod n., amphi'podAX, amphi'podous, aa. [am- phi- + Gk pons podos foot] amphi'prostyle, a. With portico at both ends. [F, f. L f. Gk amphiprostulos (amphi- +pr0Stul0S PROSTYLE) amphisbae'na, n. Fabulous serpent with head at each end;.(Zool.) genus of worm-like lizards. [L, f. Gk amphisbaina (aviphis both ways +&airto go] amphithe'atre, n. Oval or circular build- ing, with seats rising behind and above each other round a central open space ; part of a theatre; (fig.) scene of a contest. Hence amphithea'triCAL a. [f. L f. Gk amphi- theatron (see amphi- and theatre)] Amphrtryon, n. Host, entertainer. [Mo- liere, Amphitryon, iii. 5] a'mphora, n. Greek or Roman two-handled vessel. [L, f. Gk amphorcus for amphi(2?/* ore us t. phero bear)] ampho'rie, a. (med.). Like the sound pro- duced by blowing into large vessel with small mouth, [f. prec. + -ic] a'mple, a. (-er, -est). Spacious ; extensive ; abundant ; copious ; quite enough. Hence a'mpLY 2 adv., a'mpleNESS n. [F, f. L amplus] a'mpliative, a. (logic). Extending a simple conception, [r. L ampliare Aviden {aviplus), see -ative] amplification, n. Extension, enlargement ; making the most of a thing, [f. L amplificatio (as foil., see -ation)] a'mplify, v.t. & i. Enhance ; enlarge (story, statement) ; expatiate, [f. F amplifier f. L amplificare (as ample, see -fy)] a'mplitude, n. Breadth ; abundance ; wide range ; dignity ; (Astr.) space by which celestial body rises, sets, wide of due east, west. [F, f. L amplitudo (as ample, see -tude)] ampu'lla, n. Roman two-handled flask ; vessel for sacred uses ; (Biol.) dilated end of vessel, canal, duct, in an animal. Hence am- PuIIa'ceous a. [?] a'mputate, v.t. Cut off (part of animal body &c. or abs.). Hence amputA'TiON, a'mputatoR 2 , nn. [f . L amputare (amb- about + putare prune), see -ate 3 ] amu'ek, adv. Run a., run about in frenzied thirst for blood (also fig.), [f. Malay amoq rush- ing in frenzy] a'mulet, n. Thing worn as charm against evil (lit. and fig.), [f. L amuletum, etym. dub.] amu'se (-z), v. t. Divert from serious business (with trifles, by trifling) ; tickle the fancy of ; be amused with, by, at. So amu'SABLE, amu'sivE, aa. [f. OF amuser cause to muse (causal a to+muser stare)] amu'sement, n. Pleasant diversion ; ex- citement of risible faculty ; pastime, [f. F amusement (amuser, see prec. and -ment)] amygda'lie, a. Of almonds, as a. acid. [f. L amygdala almond + -ic] amygdaloid, a. & n. (Igneous rock con- taining mineral nodules) of almond shape, [f. Gk amugdale almond + -oid] amyla'ceous, a. Of starch, starchy, [f. L amylum starch + -aceous] a'myloid, a. & n. Starchy (food), [as prec. + -oid] an, a. See a, adj. an-, pref. (1) f. an — on, as in anon, anent. (2) f. L ad before n, see ad-. (3) f. L an- = ambi-, as in ancipitous. (4) f. Gk ana-. (5) f. Gk an- — a- not (before vowel), as in anarchy. -an, suf. of adjj. (often used as nn.), f. L -anus direct or through F -ain (the early E form, retained in certain, captain, chaplain) or -en, or It., Sp.. Port., -ano, and freely used in new words ; added esp. to names of place, system, zool. order, or founder (Chilian, Angli- can, reptilian, Lutheran) ; often as E termina- tion to L adjj. in -ius, giving -ian as a mere phonetic variant (cf. Christ-ian, Moham- med-an). See also -ane. a*na, n. (With pi. anas) collection of person's memorable sayings ; (collect, pi.) anecdotes, literary gossip, about a person. [= -ana] ana-, pref. = Gk ana up, back, again, anew ; before a vowel an-. -ana, suf. Neut. pi. of L adjj. in -anus (see prec.) appended in 16th-c. F to names = the sayings of; in E from 18th c, now including anecdotes about, publicationsbearingon, places or persons, as Tunbrigiana, Shaksperiana. anaba'ptism, n. Re-baptism; doctrine of anabaptists, [f. L f. Gk anabaptismos (ana- ■rbaptismos baptism)] anaba'ptist, n. One who baptizes over again ; (opprobriously) = baptist. Hence ana- bap ti'stiCAL a. [as prec, see -ist] a* nab as, n. Genus of fishes that leave water and ascend trees. [Gk part, of anabaino walk up] ana'basis, n. Military advance, esp. that of Cyrus the younger into Asia, narrated by Xenophon. [Gk, = ascent f. ANA(6ai«o go)] anachro'nic, a. Involving anachronism ; out of date. [f. ana- -f Gk khronos time*+ -ic] ana'chponism, n. Error in computing time ; thing out of harmony with the present. So ana'chponi'stic a. [f. F anachronisme I. Li f. Gk anakhronismos f. anakhronizo (as prec.)] anaela'stic, a. Pertaining to refraction ; springing back with crackling sound, as a. glasses, [f. Gk anaklastos refracted f. ana- (klao bend)] anacolu'thon, n. (pi. -a). Sentence, words, lacking grammatical sequence, [f. Gk ana- kolouthon (an- (5)+akolouthos following f. a- copul. +keleuthos road)] anaco'nda, n. Large snake of Ceylon ; large S. -American Boa ; any large snake that crushes its prey. [?] anacpeo'ntic, a. & n. (Poem) in the manner or metre of Anacreon's lyrics ; convivial and amatory, [f. L Anacreonticus (Gk Anakreon, name of poet)] anacpu'sis, n. (prosody). Unstressed syllable at beginning of verse, [f. Gk anakrousis (A^Akroud strike up)] ana'dpomous, a. (Of fishes) ascending rivers to spawn, [f. Gk ANA(dro?nos running) + -ous] anaemia, n. (med.). Lack of blood, un- ANAESTHESIA 30 ANBURY healthy paleness. Hence anaemic a. [f. Gk anaimia (an- (o)+hai?na hlood)] anaesthesia, n. Insensibility (lit.), [f. Gk anaisthesia (an- (5) + diathesis sensation f. st. aisthe- perceive)] anaesthetic, a. & n. (Agent) that produces insensibility. Hence anaesthetiCALLY adv. [f. Gk anaisthetos insensible (as prec) + -icj anaesthetize, v.t. Render insensible (lit. and fig.). Hence anaesthetizATiON n. [as prec. -r -ize] a'naglyph, n. Embossed ornament in low relief. Hence anag-ly'phic a. [f. Gk ana- gluphe (glupho carve)] anagnop'isis, n. Denouement in a drama. [L t'Gk, f. anagnorizo recognize] anago'ge (-je), n. Spiritual or allegorical interpretation. So anag-d'grcUL) aa., ana- go'giealLY 2 adv. [L, f. Gk anagoge i. anago lead up (an- 4)] a'nagpam, n. Transposition of letters of word or phrase, to form new word or phrase. Hence anagramma'ticl al) aa. , anagram- matiealLY 2 adv. [f. F anagramme f. Gk A~s\{graphd write), see -m] anagpa'mmatize, v.t. Form into an ana- gram. Hence anagra'mmatis.M, ana- gra'mmatiST, nn. [f. Gk anagrammatizo (as prec, see -ize)] a'nal, a. Pertaining to, situated near, the anus. [f. anus + -al] a'nalects, analeeta, n. pi. Literary gleanings, [f. L f. Gk analckta things gathered (ANAlego pick up)] analeptic, a. & n. Restorative (medicine). [f. Gk analeptikos f. ASA(lambano take) re- store, see -ic] analogic, a. Of analogy, [f. L f. Gk ana- logikos (as analogy, see -ic)] analogical, a. According to analogy ; ex- pressing an analogy. Hence analo'glealLY 2 adv. [prec. + -al] ana'log'ist, n. One occupied with analogies ; philosopher who saw in words images of the things they expressed, [as foil., see -ist] ana'logize, v.t. & i. Represent by ana- logy ; show to be analogous ; employ analogy ; be in harmony (with), [f. analogy 4- -ize] analogous, a. Similar, parallel, (to). Hence ana'logousLY, 2 adv., ana'logrousNESs n. [f. Lf. Gk analogos (ana up to+logos propor- tion) + -ous] a'nalog'ue (-6g), n. Analogous, parallel, word or thing. [F, f. Gk analogon neut. adj., see prec] ana'logy, n. (Math.) proportion ; agreement, similarity, (to, with, between) ; analogue ; (Logic) process of reasoning from parallel cases ; (Lang.) imitation of inflexion or construction of existing words in forming inflexions or con- structions of others, without intervention of the formative steps through which these at first arose; (Nat. Hist.) resemblance of form or function between organs essentially diffe- rent, [f. L f. Gk analogia proportion (as ana- logous)] a'nalyse, v.t. Examine minutely the con- stitution of; (Chem., Physics) ascertain the elements of a compound ; find, show, the essence of (treatise &c.) ; (Gram.) resolve sentence into its grammatical elements. Hence a'nalysABLE a. [f. F analyser (analyse, as foil.) ; also -yze in E by assim. to vbs in -ize] analysis, n. (pL -yses). Resolution into simple elements (in all senses of the vb) ; bowl- ing a., register of the result of each ball. [f. L f. Gk analttsis f. aha(Iuo loose)] a'nalyst, n. One skilled in (usu. chemical) analysis, [f . F analyste f. analyser analyse, on anal, of nouns in -iste -1ST f. vbs in -iser -ize] analytic, a. Pertaining to analysis. Hence analytics n. [f. med. L f. Gk analutikos (as analysis, see -ic)] analytical, a. Employing the analytic method ; (Lang.) using separate words instead of inflexions. Hence analy tiealLY 2 adv. [prec. + -al] anamnesis, n. Recollection (esp. of a pre- vious existence). [Gk (ANAmimnesko remind)] anamor'phosis, n. Distorted drawing ap- pearing regular from one point; (Bot.) ab- normal transformation. [Gk anamorphosis (AXAinorphoo transform f. morphe form, see -osis)] ana'nas (ana-, anah-), n. Pine-apple, [prob. f. Peruv. Ka?ias ; also anana, -s being taken for plural] ana'ndpous, a. (bot.). Without stamens, [f. Gk anandros husbandless (an- (o).+ aner andros male) + -ous] a'napaest, n. (Prosody) foot consisting of two short syllables followed by one long. Hence anapaestic a. [f. L f. Gkanapaistos reversed (ana- + paid strike)] ana'phora, n. Repetition of word or phrase in successive clauses. [L, f. Gk anaphore = carrying back f. ANA(phero bear)] a'nareh (-k), n. (poet.). Leader of revolt, [f. Gk anarkhos without ruler (an- (5)+arkhos)] anar'ehie, -ieal, aa. Lawless. Hence anar'ehiealLY 2 adv. [as prec. + -ic, -ical] a'narehist, n. Advocate of anarchy. So a'narehis.M n. [as prec. +-ist] a'narehy, n. Absence of government ; dis- order ; confusion, [f. Gk anarkhia (as prec.)] anap'thpous, a. (Greek Gram.) used with- out the article ; (Physiol.) jointless. [f. an- (o)+ Gk arthron joint, article, + -ous] anasarca, n. A dropsical affection. Hence anasap'cous a. [f. Gk ana wp+sarka (nom. sarjc) flesh] anastatic, a. In relief ; a. printing (from reliefs on zinc plates), [f. Gk anastatos set up (ANAsto- stand up) + -ic] ana'stomose, (-z), v.i. Communicate by anastomosis, [f. F anastomoser (anastomose, as foil.)] anastomd'sis, n. Cross connexion of arteries, branches, rivers, &c. [Gk, f. anastomoo furnish with mouth (stoma), see -osis] anathema, n. Accursed thing; curse of God ; curse of the church, excommunicating a person or denouncing a doctrine ; imprecation. [L, = excommunicated person, excommunica- tion, f. Gk anathema thing devoted, (later)' accursed thing (AXAtithemi set up)] anathematize, v.t. & i. Curse, [f. F anathernatiser f. L f. Gk anathematizo (is prec, see -ize)] anato'mical, a. Belonging to anatomy; structural. Hence anato'miealLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk anatomikos (as anatomy, see -ic)] anatomist, n. Dissecter of bodies ; (fig.) analyser, [f. F anatomiste, see foil, and -ist] anatomize, v.t. & i. Dissect ; (fig.) analyse, [f. med. L anatomizare f. anatomia anatomy, as if f. a Gk anatomizo] anatomy, n. Dissection ; science of bodily structure ; anatomical structure ; analysis ; (pop.) skeleton, mummy, emaciated creature, [f. F anatomie f. L f. Gk anatomia abstr. n. = ANA(tome f. temno cut)] anatta, n. Orange-red dye, used for colour- ing cheese. [?] a'nbupy, amb-, n. Soft tumour on horses and oxen ; disease of turnips and allied plants. -ANCE [perh.= a ng-berry (OE ang- painful, cf. ag- nail)] f -ance, suf. forming nn. of quality or action, chiefly thr. F -ance f. L -antia and -entia f. L pres. part, in -ant-, -ent- (nom. -ans, -ens). OF gave -ance both for existing L -antia, -entia, and for wds formed in F on same model ; thus, assistance, nuisance, "where L would have -entia. Later F followed L vowel: ilegance, temperance (L -antia), but diligence, prudence (L -entia). E adopted F forms of both kinds, and usu. retains F form ; but after 1500 -ence was in some wds restored where L would have -entia, and mod. formations follow L vowel. F -ance also became living suf. in E on native vbs as furtherance, forbearance, riddance. a'neestor, n. Forefather. Hence a'nces- tPESS 1 n. If. OF ancestre, ancessor, f. L ante- cessor, -orem, f. AXTE{cedere cess- go), see -or 2 ] ancestral, a. Belonging to, inherited from, ancestors, [f. OF ancestrel (ancestre, see prec. and -al)] a'neestry, n. Ancestral lineage ; ancient descent; ancestors, [f. OF ancesserie (as an- cestor, see -y !)] a'nehithere (-kither), n. Fossil animal, size of small pony, regarded as ancestor of the horse. [f. Gk agkhi near + therion wild beast] a'nehor 1 (-k-), n. Heavy iron, composed of long shank, with ring at one end to which cable is fastened, and at other end two barbed arms, used for mooring ship to bottom of water ; sheet, bower, hedge, -a., (largest, middle, smallest size) ; (fig.) source of confidence ; cast, weigh, a., let down, take up, a. ; at a., anchored ; come to (an) a., anchor; a.-plate, heavy piece of timber or metal serving as point of support for cables of suspension-bridge &c. ; a.-watch, watch set while ship lies at anchor. [OE ancor f. L ancora (not anch-) perh. cogn. w. or adop- tion of Gk agkura (st. agk- hook)] a'nehor 2 , v.t. & i. Secure (ship) with anchor ; (fig.) fix firmly ; (intr.) cast anchor, come to anchor, [perh. f. F ancrer f. ancre anchor] a'nchorage, n. Anchoring; lying at an- chor ; anchorage-ground ; (fig.) thing to depend upon ; anchorage-dues. [prec. + -age] a'nchopess, a'neress, n. Female an- choret, [f. obs. anchor (OE ancra, short fox-m of L anachoreta,^ see foil.) + -ess l ] a'nehoret, -ite, n. Hermit ; person of secluded habits. Hence anehore'tic a. [f. F anachorete f. L anachoreta (med. L -ita) f. Gk anakhoretes (xaAkhoreo retire, see -ete), influenced by OE ancra, see prec] ancho'vy (also a'ntsho-), n. Small fish of herring family ;a.-sauce, a.-toast, (made, spread, with anchovies) : a.-pear, W. -Indian fruit eaten like mango, [f. Sp. anchova perh. f. Basque an- chua (perh. =antzua dry)] a-nchylose (-z), v.t. & i. (Of joints, bones) stiffen, unite, [f. foil.] anchylo'sis (-k-), n. Formation of stiff joint by consolidation of articulating surfaces, [f . Gk agkulosis (agkuloo crook f. agkulos, see -osis) ; •ch- for -c- to preserve hard sound] ancien regime (F),n. Time before French Revolution. a'neient 1 , a. & n. Belonging. to times long past (esp. before fall of Western Roman Em- pire) ; having existed, lived, long ; the A. of Days, God ; the ancients, civilized nations of antiquity. Hence a'neientLY 2 adv., a*n- cientNESS n. [f. F ancien f. LL antianum (ante before, see -an) ; -t by confus. w. -ent] a'neient 2 , n. (archaic) = ensign, [corrupt] a*neientpy, n. Ancientness ; old-fashioned style, [ancient + -by] 31 ANEROID a'ncillapy, a. Subservient, subordinate, (to), [f. L ancillarius (ancilla handmaid, see -ARY 1 )] a-ncon, n. (Physiol.) elbow ; (Arch. ) quoin of wall or rafter, console, pretended support to cornice; A. sheep, race with long bodies and short legs, the fore-legs crooked. [L, f. Gk agkon bend, elbow] -aney, suf. Mod. E different, f. -ance (see -Y 1 ), usu. denoting only quality or state, as opposed to -ance, which has besides this mean- ing that of action or process. and, conj. connecting words, clauses, and sentences, as cakes a. bxins, black a. broxen bread, buy a. sell. Special uses: four a. twenty (but twenty -four); two hundred a. forty, two thousand a. forty (but two thou- sand four hundred) ; ttco a. ten pence, two jjounds a. ten pence (but two pound ten) ; miles a. ( = innumerable) miles ; nice a. (= nicely) thin; try a. (to) come, mind a. (to) bHng ; there are books a. (different kinds of, good and bad) books ; two a. two, by twos ; stir, a. (= if you stir) you are a dead man. [OE and prep. = against, end conj, f. OTeut. *anda, *andi] anda'nte, adv. & n. (mus.). (Movement) in moderately slow time. [It.] ancfanti'no (-te-), adv. & n. (Movement) rather quicker (orig. slower) than andante. [It., dim. of prec.] a'ndiron (-irn), n. Firedog, for supporting burning wood on hearth, [f. OF andier (mod. F landier), etym. dub.] androe-cium (-re-), n. (hot.). The stamens taken collectively, [f. Gkandro-mole+oikion house] andrd'gynous (-j-), a . Hermaphrodite, whence andro'gynr i n. (Bot.) with stamens and pistils in same flower or on same plant, [f. L f. Gk androgunos (aner andros male-f gune woman) + -ous] -ane, suf. (1) Variant of -an, usu. w. differ- entiation (germane, urbane, humane), but some- times alone (mundane). (2) (Chem.) formed to give a series with Gk -ene, -ine, -one, for naming hydrocarbon types. a'necdotage, n. Anecdotes ; (facet.) garru- lous old age. [-age] a'necdote, n. Narrative of detached inci- dent; (pi.) unpublished details of history. Hence a'needotisT n., a'needotAL, anecdo't- ic(al), aa. [f. med. L f. Gk anekdota things unpublished (an- (5) + ekdotos f. ekdidomi give out)] ane'le, v.t. (archaic). Anoint ; give extreme unction to. [orig. anelien (an- (1) + elien oil f. OE ele, n. f. L oletim] ane'mograph, n. Instrument for record- ing on paper the direction and force of wind. Hence anemogra'phica. [f. Gk anemos wind + -GRAPH] anemo'meter, n. Instrument for measur- ing force of wind, whence anemome'tric a., anemo'METRY n. ; apparatus for showing wind-pressure in organ, [as prec. + -meter] ane'mone (-nl), n. Genus of plants, esp. A. nemorosa (also called Wind-flower) ; Sea A., popular name of various actinoid zoophytes, [f. L f. Gk anemone daughter of the wind (as prec. + -one patronymic suf.)] anemd'philous, a. Wind-fertilized, [f. Gk anemos wind, see -phil] ane'nt, prep, (archaic, Sc). Concerning. [OE has on efen on a level with] -aneous, suf. f. L adjj. in -aneus (-an- -f -eo) + -ous. a'neroid, a. & n. A. (barometer), one that ANEURYSM 82 ANIMAL. measures air-pressure by its action on elastic lid of box exhausted of air, not by height of fluid column, [f. F aneroide (Gk a- not + neros wet, see -oid)] a'neupysm, -ism, n. Morbid dilatation of an artery; abnormal enlargement. Hence aneupysmAL, -i'smAL, a. [f. Gk aneu- rusma (aneuruno widen out f. eurus wide)] anew", adv. Again ; in a different way. [A- (3) + new] anfraetuo'sity, n. Circuitousness, in- tricacy, (lit. and fig.); (usu. pi.) winding pas- sage, [f. F anfractuosite t L anfractuosus f. anfractus a bending (amb- about -\-frangere fract- break), see -ose and -ty] a'ngel, n. Divine messenger ; lovely or inno- cent being ; minister of loving offices ; old English gold coin (in full a.-noble), from 6s. 8d. to 10s., showing Michael piercing dragon; good, evil, a., attendant spirits ; a. (messenger) of death ; a.-fish, kind of shark, [f. L angelus f. Gk aggelos messenger, used to transl. Heb. maVak messenger (of Jehovah)] angelic, a. Pertaining to angels; like an angel, of superhuman qualities ; A. Doctor, Thomas Aquinas. Hence angelic al a., an- ge'liealLY 2 adv. [f. F angelique f. L f. Gk aggelitcos (as prec, see -ic)] angelica, n. Aromatic plant, used in cook- ing and medicine ; candied angelica root. [f. med. L (herba) angelica angelic herb] angelo^latpy, n. Angel-worship. *[f. Gk aggelos, see angel and -latry] angelo'logy, n. Doctrine as to angels, [as prec. + -logy] a'ngelus, n. Devotional exercise commemo- rating Incarnation, said by Roman Catholics at morning, noon, and sunset, at sound of bell (a.-bell or a.), [f. opening words Angelus domini] a'ngeP 1 (-ngg-), n. Rage, hot displeasure, [f. O^Sangr trouble (root ang strait)] a'ngeP 2 , v.t. Make a*ngry, enrage, [f. ON angra vex (as prec.)] angi'na (-j-h n. Quinsy ; a. pecto?*is, spasm of chest resulting from over-exertion when heart is diseased. [L angina quinsy (formerly thought to be angina, whence usu. E pronunc), cf. angere choke and Gk aghhone strangling] angio- in comb. = Gk aggeion vessel dim. of aggos chest, chiefly in terms relating to seed- or blood-vessels. a'ngle 1 , n. Space between two meeting lines or planes ; inclination of two lines to each other ; acute, obtuse, right, a. ; corner ; sharp projection ; a.-iron, L-shaped piece of iron to strengthen frame work; a.-ivise, angularly. Hence (-)a*nglED 2 a. [F, f. L angulus dim. of *angus, cf. Gk agkos bend] a'ngle 2 , v.i. Fish with hook and bait (for or abs.), lit. and fig. [f. obs. n. angle hook (OE angul cogn. w. OHG angul mod. G angel, cf. L uncus and angulus, see prec.)] A'ngle 3 ,n. (PI.) Low-German tribe settled in Northumbria, Mercia, and E. Anglia. [f. L Angina f. OTeut. angli- (OE engel) f. Angul a district of Holstein (as prec.)] a'ngle p, n. One who angles ; (Zooi.) a British fish that preys upon small fish, attracting them by filaments attached to head and mouth, [f. ANGLE 2 + -ER 1 ] A'ngliean, a. & n. (Adherent) of the re- formed church of England, esp. of High Church £rinciples. Hence A'nglieaniSM n. [f. med. i Anglicanus (Anglicus f. Angli English)] A'ngtice (-se), adv. In English. [L] A'nglieism, n. English idiom ; English political principles, [f. foil., see -ism] A'nglicize, v.t. Make English in form or character, [f. L Anglicus English + -ize. Anglo- in comb. English, as A. -Catholic; of English origin, as A. -American; half Eng- lish and half — , as A. -French (entente &c). [comb, form of L Anglus English] Angloma'nia, n. Excessive admiration of English customs. So A'ngloPHOBE, Anglo- phovbia, nn. [prec. + -mania] Anglo-Sa'xon, n. & a. English Saxon (as distinct from Old Saxons of the continent) ; Old English (people, language) before Norman Conquest (in this dictionary called OE) ; of English descent (wherever found), whence Anglo-Sa'xonDOM n. [f. L Anglo-Saxones (pl.)J Anglo-Sa'xonism, n. Belief in claims of the Anglo-Saxon race. [prec. + -ism] angola, angor'a, n. Fabric made from wool of angora goat; A. cat (long-haired variety), [f. Angora (L Ancyra, Gk Agkura), town in Asia Minor, corrupted to angola] angostur'a, angus-, a. & n. Bark used as febrifuge and tonic, as A. bitters, [f. Angus- tura, town on the Orinoco, now Ciudad Bolivar] a'ngpy, a. Enraged, wrathful, resentful, (at, about, thing, at, with, person) ; irritable, passionate. Hence a'ngpiLY 2 adv. [f. anger n. +-y2] a'nguine (-g w-), a. Snake-like, [f . L anguis snake, see -ine 2 ] a'nguish (-gw-), n. Severe bodily or mental pain. [f. OF anguisse, angoisse choking (It. angoscia) f. hangustia tightness (angustus, cf. ANGINA)] a'ngulap, a. Having angles; sharp-cor- nered ; placed in, at, an angle ; measured by angle, as a. divergence ; wanting plumpness ; wanting suavity. Hence angula'PiTY n., angulaPLY 2 adv. [f. L. angularis (angulus ANGLE, See -AR *] amgulate (-at), a. Formed with corners. Hence a'ngulATE 3 v.t., anguLVTiON n. [f. L angulare, see -ate 2 ] ang-usti- in comb. With narrow — , as -foliate, -rostrate, (leaves, beak). [L angustus narrow] anhydrous, a. (chem.). Without water of crystallization, [f. Gkanudros (an- (o) + hudor water) + -ous] anigh*, adv. & prep. Near. [mod. sham archaism, after afar] a'nil, n. Indigo (shrub and dye). [F, = Sp. anil f. Arab, an-nil (al the + nil f. Skr. nili indigo] a'nile, a. Old-womanish ; imbecile, [f. L anilis (anus old woman, see -ile)J a'niline, n. A chemical base, the source of many dyes, obtained originally from indigo, now chiefly from coal-tar. [anil'+ -ine 5 ] ani'lity, n. Dotage, [f. L anilitas (as prec, see -ty)] animadvep'sion, n. Criticism; censure, [f. L animadversio (animadvertere -vers-, see foil, and -ion)J animadvep't, v.i. Pass criticism or cen- sure on (conduct, fault, &c). If. L animad- vertere t animus mind + xo(vertere vers- turn)l a'nimal, n. & a. Organized being endowed (more or less perceptibly) with life, sensation, and voluntary motion ; other a. than man ; quadruped ; man no better than a brute ; per- taining to the functions of animals, as a. spirits (natural buoyancy), a. magnetism (mes- merism) ; pertaining to animals as opp. to vegetables; carnal. Hence a*nimalLY 2 adv. [L, for animate neut. of animalis having ANIMALCULE 33 ANNULET breath (aninia breath, see -al) ; the adj. orig. f. L adj.] animalcule, n. Microscopic animal, [f. L animalculum (animal, see prec. and -cule)] anima'lculism, n. Reference of physio- logical phenomena to agency of animalcules. So anima'leuliST n. [f. prec. + -ism] a'nimalism, n. Animal activity ; sensu- ality; doctrine that men are mere animals. [animal + -ism] anima'lity, n. Animal nature or system ; merely animal nature ; the animal world, [f. F animalite (animal a., see -ty)] a'nimalize, v.t. Convert into animal sub- stance ; sensualize. Hence animalizA'TiON n. [animal + -ize] a'nimate 1 (-at), a. Living; lively, [f. L animare quicken, see -ate 2 ] a'nimate-', v.t. Breathe life into ; enliven ; inspirit (esp. in p.p.); an animated (lively) discussion ; inspire, actuate. Hence a'nima- tedLY 2 adv., animA'TiON, a*nimatOR 2 , nn. [f. prec, see -ate 3 ] a'nime (-ma), n. A W. Indian resin used in making varnish; other resins. [F,= ani- mated (by the many insects contained)] a'nimism, n. Doctrine of the anima mundi (that phenomena of animal life are produced by an immaterial soul) ; attribution of living soul to inanimate objects and natural pheno- mena ; spiritualism (as opposed to materialism). Hence a'nimiST n., animi'stic a. [f. L anima life, soul + -ism] animo'sity, n. Active enmity (against, between), [f. F animosite f. L animositatem (animosus spirited f. foil., see -ose and -ty)] a'nimus, n. Animating spirit ; animosity. [L, = soul, mind, mental impulse] a'nise (-is), n. Umbelliferous plant with aromatic seeds, [f. F anis f. L f. Gk anison, anethon, anise, dill] a'niseed, n. Seed of anise, used as a car- minative. anise'tte (-z-), n. Liqueur flavoured with ani- seed. [F, dim. of anis anise] aniso- in comb. Unequal, as -merous, un- symmetrical, -sthe'nic, of unequal strength. [f. Gk anisos (an- (5) + isos equal)] a'nker, n. Measure of wine and spirits in Holland, N. Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and formerly in England (83 imp. gals) ; cask holding the quantity. [Du., etym. dub.] a'nkle, a'ncle, n. Joint connecting foot with leg; slender part between this and calf, [earlier ankel (Du. enkel, G enkel) f. root ank- bend (ci. L angulus) ; OE has ancleow perh. f. Du. anklaauw (ending assim. to klaauw claw)] a'nklet, n. Ornament or support for ankle, [prec. -f -let] a'nna, n. Sixteenth part of a rupee ; half a., quarter a., E. Indian coins. [Hind, ana] a'nnalist, n. Writer of annals. Hence annali'stic a. [f. foil. + -ist] a'nnals, n. pi. Narrative of events year by year ; historical records, [f. L annates (libri) yearly (books) f. annus year, see -al] a'nnates, n. pi. (Rom. Cath.) first year's revenue of see or benefice, paid to Pope. [f. F annate f . med. L annata year's proceeds (annus, see -ade)] anneal, v.t. Toughen by gradually dimin- ishing heat, temper (lit. and fig.), [f. an- (1) + OE xlan burn, bake ; partly also f. OF neeler enamel f. LL nigellare blacken (nigellus, dim. of niger)] anne'ctent, a. Connecting, as a. link. [f. L as annex, see -ent] Annelida, n. pi. (zool.). The class of red- F.D. blooded worms. Hence a'nnelm^ n., an- ne'lidAN a. [mod. L, f. F anneles ringed (OF annel ring f. L a(n)nellus dim. of anulus ring) + ida, cf. -id 3 ] anne'x, v.t. Add as subordinate pare; ap- pend (to book &c.) ; take possession of (terri- tory &c); attach as an attribute, addition, or consequence. Hencefor cogn. anne'XABLE a., annexA'TiON n. [f. F annexer f. annexe thing joined f. L AN(necte?°e nex- bind)] anne*x(e), n. Addition to a document ; supplementary building. [F (-xe), see prec] anni'hilate, v.t. Blot out of existence. Hence annrhilatOR 2 n. [f. L xsnihilare (nihil nothing), see -ate 2 ] annihilation, n. Utter destruction ; (Theol.) destruction of soul as well as body, whence annihila'tioniSM, annihila'tioniST, nn. [F (annihiler f. Las prec, see -ation)] anniversary, n. Yearly return of a date ; celebration of this. [f. L anniversarius (annus year + versus turned, see -ary *)] anno aetatis suae, phr. In the — year of his or her age. JL] Anno Do'mini, phr. In the year of our Lord, of the Christian era, (usu. A.D.). [L] a'nnotate, v.t. & i. Furnish with notes (book, author) ; (intr.) make notes (on). So annotA'TiON, a'nnotatOR 2 , nn. [f. L an- notare (nota mark), see -ate 3 ] announce, v.t. Proclaim ; intimate the approach of ; make known (without words) to senses or mind. Hence annoirneeMENT n. [f. OF anoncer f % L ADnuntiare bear a mes- sage (nuntius messenger)] annoy* 1 , n. (archaic, poet.). Annoyance, [f. OF anoi, enoi (OSp. enoyo, OVenet. inodio) f. L phr. in odio in hatred, hateful ; -n- doubled by assim. to ennoble &c] annoy* 2 , v.t. Irritate; molest, harass, [f. OF anuier, anoier, t com. -Rom. inodiare (as prec)] annoyance, n. Molestation ; vexation ; disgust, [f. OF anuiance, anoiance {anuier, see prec. and -ance)] a'nnual, a. & n. Reckoned by the year ; re- curring yearly; lasting for one year; (plant) that lives only for a year ; (book &c) published in yearly numbers. Hence a'nnualLY 2 adv. [f. OF annuel f. L annualis= class. L annalis (annus year, see -al)] annuitant, n. One who holds an annuity, [f. foll._+ -ant, by assim. to accountant &c] annu'ity, n. Yearly grant ; investment of money entitling investor to series of equal annual sums ; life, terminable, perpetual, a. (ceasing at death of investor, after specified term, on repayment of principal) ; immediate, deferredovreversionary,a.(commenc'mg &t end. of first interval of payment after investment, after specified interval or event), [f. F annuite f. med. L annuitatem (annmis yearly, see -ty)] annui, v. t. (-11-). Annihilate ; abolish, can- cel ; declare invalid. Hence annu'lMENT n. [f. OF anxdler (mod. F annuler) f. LL AKnul- lare (nullus none)] a'nnulap, a. Ring-like ; a. space (between inner and outer surface of cylinder) ; a. liga- ment (girding wrist and ankle) ; a. eclipse of sun (when moon, projected on sun's disk, leaves ring of light visible). Hence a'nnu- larLY 2 adv. [f. L an(n)ularis (an(n)idus ring, see -ar 1 )] a'nnulate(d), a. Furnished, marked, with rings ; formed of rings. Hence annulA'TiON n. Tf. L annulatus (as foil., see -ate 2 )] a'nnulet, n. Small ring ; (Arch.) small fillet encircling column, [f. L annulus ring + -et *J 2 ANNULOID 31 ANTECEDENT a-nnuloid, a. Ring-like. So annulo SE ! a [as prec. + -oid] annu-nciate (-shi-), v.t. Proclaim; inti- mate as coming or ready, [f. L annuntiare ANNOUNCE, See -ATE 3 ] annuneia'tion (-si-), n. Announcement ; intimation of the incarnation, made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary; festival commemorating this, Lady-day, March 25th. [f, F annonciation f. L annuntiationem (as prec, see -ation)] annirneiatop, n. Announcer ; indicator showing in which direction attendance sum- moned by bell or telephone is needed, [f. L annuntiator (as prec, see -OR 2 )] a'node.n. (Electr.) positive pole (cf. cathode). [f. Gk anodos way up (ana up + hodos way)] a'nodyne, a. & n. (Medicine, drug) able to assuage pain; (anything) mentally soothing. [f. L f. Gk anodunos painless (an- (5) + odune pain) anoi'nt, v.t. Apply ointment, oil, to (esp. as religious ceremony at baptism or on con- secration as priest or king) ; moisten, rub ; the Lord's Anointed, Christ, (also) king by divine right, [f. obs. adj. anoint f. OF enoint p.p. of enoindre f. L iN{ungere unct-)] an 6m ali # stic, a. (astr.). A. year, time earth takes to pass from perihelion to perihe- lion ; a. month, time moon takes to pass from perigee to perigee, [f. Gk anomalos anomal- ous + -1ST + -ic] ano'malous, a. Irregular; abnormal. Hence ano'malousLY 2 adv., ano'malousNESs n. [f. L f. Gk anomalos (an- (5) + homalos even)] ano'maly, n. Unevenness of motion &c ; irregularity; (Astr.) angular distance of planet or satellite from its last perihelion or perigee. [f. L f. Gk anomalia (anomalos see prec)] anomo- in comb. Irregular, as -carpous, bearing unusual fruit, -phyllous, with leaves irregularly placed, [f. Gk anomos without law (a- not + nonios)] ano'n, adv. Soon, presently ; (of contrast) now again ; ever and a., every now and then. [OE on an into one, on dne in one (body, mind, state, way, movement, moment)] anona'ceous, a. Pertaining to the pine- apple, [f. mod. L anona pine-apple (cf . ananas) + -ACEOUS] a'nonym, n. Person who remains name- less ; pseudonym, [f. F anonyme (as foil.)] anony'mity, n. State of being anonymous, [as foil., see -tv] ano'nymous, a. Of unknown name ; of un- known authorship. Hence ano'nymous ly 2 adv., ano'nymousNESS n. [f. Gk anonumos nameless (an- (5) + onoma name)] ano'smia, n. Loss of sense of smell, [mod. L f. an- (5) -f Gk osme smell] ano'thep (-u-). pron. & a. (pi. other a., others pron.). An additional (one), as try a. pear, try a. ; a counterpart to, as a. Solomon ; such a., a. of the same sort; a different (one), as take this towel away and bring me a. ; (contrasted or coupled with one) one man's meat is a. man's poison, taken one with a. ; one a. [an+ other ; in OE other was used by itself, an not yet being weakened to indef. article] anoup'ous (-owr-), a. Tailless, [f. an- (5) + Gk oura tail + -ous] a'nserine, a. Of the nature of a goose ; silly, [f. L anserinus (anser goose, see -ine 1 )] a'nswep l (-ser), n. Reply ; defence ; solu- tion ; thing done in return, [orig. = solemn affir- mation to rebut a charge, OE andswaru f. OTeut. andsivara- (and- against + * sward- affirmation f. swarjan, OE swerian swear)] a'nswep 2 , v.t. & i. Reply, as a. me, my question, to me, to my question ; a. to (acknow- ledge, have) the name of X; a. (summons to) the door ; reply to (charge) ; be responsible (for person or thing) ; a. (correspond to, also a. to) my hopes, your description ; a. (fulfil) my purpose ; will not a. (do, succeed). [OE andswarian (as prec)] a'nswepable, a. Responsible (to person, for act) ; (archaic) corresponding (to), [prec. + -able] ant, n. A small social hymenopterous in- sect celebrated for industry, emmet, pismire ; a.-eggs, larvae of aa. ; a.-catcher, a.-thrush, bird of thrush family living on aa. ; a.-eater, name of various animals that live onaa. ; a.-fly, winged a., used as bait in angling; a.-hill, mound over ant's nest, conical nest of termites ; White A., termite, destructive social insect of neuro- pterous order. [OE xmete, 6mete, cogn. w. WG *dmaitjo (a off + maitan cut) ; xmete became ant, emete emmet] ant- = anti- before vowel. -ant, suf. forming adjj. (& nn.) f. F -ant (or direct) f. L -antem, -intern, -entem, accus. of pres. part. (nom. -ans, -ens). OF levelled all L partt. under ending -ant, though later F pre- served L -ent-. E adopted F -ant as -aunt, which on loss of accent reappeared as -ant (de- fiant L dijffidentem, pliant L plicantem, Ser- jeant L servientem, tenant L tenentem). Most old wds retain -aiit, but since 1500 some have been refash., universally (apparent) or partly (dependent, -ant) ; belligerant (L belligerare) is wrongly changed to -ent on L gerere. Mod. wds in -ant are f. L -ant-, direct or thr. F, or on L anal, (rarely where no vb exists, as be- nignant on anal, of malignant). Noun mean- ings : (1) personal agent, (2) thing, esp. drug, pro- ducing effect. anta'cid, a. & n. Preventive of acidity (esp. in stomach), [a nt- + acid] anta'gonism, n. Active opposition (to, against, thing ; between two ; come into a. xoith) ; opposing principle, [f. Gk antagonisma (as foil., see -ism)] antagonist, n. Opponent, adversary; (Phys.) counteracting muscle. Hence antagonist- ic a., antag-oni'sttCAi.Lv adv. [f. Gk ant- agonist's (as foil., see -1ST)] anta'g-onize, v.t. Oppose actively (in E use only of like forces; in U.S. person may a. thing) ; counteract, neutralize ; render an- tagonistic, pit against each other, [f, Gk ant- agonizomai (agon contest, see -ize)] anta'lkali, n. Substance that counteracts an alkali. Hence anta'lkaliNE l a. [ant- + alkali] antaphpodi'siac (-diz-), a. & n. Preventive of venereal desire, [f. ant- + aphrodisiac] antap'ctic, a. Southern, of south polar regions ; A. Pole, S. pole of earth or heavens ; A. Circle, parallel of 66° 32' S. [refash. f. OF antartique f. L f. Gk ANT(arktikos arctic)] ante-, pref. =L ante before, prep, and adv., used esp. in E to form adjj. with or without adj. ending, as ante-reformation(al). antecedence, n. Precedence, priority, (in time or causal relation) ; (Astr.) retrograde motion, [f. L antecedentia (as foil., see -ence)] anteee'dent, a. & n. Previous (to) ; pre- sumptive, a priori ; preceding thing or circum- stance ; (Logic) the part of a conditional pro- position on which the other depends ; (Gram.) noun, clause, sentence, to which a following For other compounds of ante- see ante-. ANTECHAMBER 35 (esp. relative) pronoun or adverb refers; (Math.) first term of a ratio ; (pi.) past history (esp. of persons). Hence anteee'dentLV 2 adv. [f. F antecedent f. L ANTE(cec£ere go), see -ent] a- n tech amber, n. Room leading to chief apartment, [f. F antichambre (and- for ante- •rchambre chamber)] a'nteehapel, n. Outer part at west end of chapel, [ante- + chapel] a'ntedate *, n. Date before the true time (esp. of writing), [ante- + date n.] a'ntedate 2 , v.t. Affix, assign, an earlier than the true date to (document, event) ; pre- cede; anticipate, [f. prcc] antedilu'vian, a. & n. Belonging, referring, appropriate, to the time before the flood ; (n.) old-fashioned person, (also) very old person, [f. ante- •+- L diluvium deluge + -an] a'ntelope, n. Deer-like ruminant genus of animals, [f. OF antelop f. L anthalopics f. Gk antholops, etym. dub.] a'nte meridiem, phr. (abbr. a.m.). Be- tween midnight and noon, as 7.30 a.m. [L] antemirndane, a. Existing, occurring, before creation of world, [f. ante- + L mundus world + -ANE] antena'tal, a. Previous to birth, [ante- + natal] ante'nna, n. (pi. -ae). Sensory organ found in pairs on heads of insects and Crustacea, feeler ; (Bot.) irritable processes in male flower of some orchids. Hence ante'nriAL, an- te'nnARV 1 , antenni'FEROus, ante'nni- form, aa. [L,= sail-yard, perh. f. Gk anateino stretch out] antepe'ndium, n. Veil for front of altar. [L AUTEpendium (pendere hang)] antepenu'lt, a. & n. Last but two (orig. and usu. of syllables), [abbrev. of L (syllaba) antepaenultima, see foil.] antepenirltimate, a. & n. =pree. [f. L ANTEpaenultiinus (paene almost + xdtimus last) + -ATE 2 ] antepra'ndial, a. Before-dinner, [f. ante- + L prandium + -al] antep'iop, a. More to the front ; prior (to). Hence anterio'PiTV n., antep'ioPLY 2 adv. [L,=fore, former, f. ante before] a'nte-poom, n. Room leading to another. [ante- + room] anth-, pref. = anti- before aspirate. anthe'lion, n. Luminous ring projected on cloud or fog bank opposite to sun. [late Gk, neut. of anthelios opposite to sun (anth- + helios sun)] anthelmintic, a. & n. (Medicine) of use against intestinal worms, [f. anth- + Gk hel- ming -minthos worm + -ic] a'nthem, n. Composition sung antiphon- ally ; prose composition (usu. from Scriptures or Liturgy) set to sacred music ; song of praise or gladness. [OE antefne f. Rom. *antefena f. LL antifona f. Gkantiphona, seeANTiPHON, E development being ante'fne, ante'mne, a'ntem, a'ntheni] a'nthep, n. (bot.). Part of stamen contain- ing pollen ; a.-dust, pollen ; a.-valve, opening by which pollen is shed. Hence a'nthePAL, anthepi'FERous, a'nthepoiD, aa. [f. F an- there f. L anthera medicine extracted from flowers f. Gk anthera flowery, fern. adj. f. anthos] antho'log-y, n. Collection of small choice poems, esp. epigrams, (orig. Greek); literary collection. Hence antho'logisT n. [f. L f. For other compounds of ante- see ante-. ANTICIPATE Gk anthologia (anthos flower + -logia collec- tion f. lego gather)] A'nthony (-to-), n. St. A., patron of swine- herds ; A., smallest pig of litter ; (St.) A.'sjire, erysipelas. a'nthpacite, n. Non-bituminous variety of coal. Hence anthpaertic, a'nthpaeitous, aa. [f. L f. Gk anthrakites coal-like (anthrax -akos coal)] a'nthrax, n. Malignant boil ; splenic fever of sheep and cattle ; malignant pustule caused in man by infection from animals so affected. [L f. Gk,= carbuncle] anthropo- in comb. =Gk anthropos man, as : -ce'ntric, centring in man ; -geny, study of origin of man ; -graphy, science of geographical distribution of mankind ; -lite, -lith, fossil man ; -metry, measurement of human body; -phag- ous, -phagy, man-eating. a'nthpopoid, a. & n. Man-like ; (n.) being that is human in form only, esp. a. ape. [f. Gk anthropoeide.fi (anthropo-, see -oid)] anthpopo'logy, n. Whole science of man ; physiological and psychological science of man ; study of man as an animal. Hence anthPopolo*g"iCAL a., anthpopolo'gieal- ly 2 adv., anthropo'LOGiST n. [as prec. + -logy] anthropomorphic, a. Of the nature of anthropomorphism, [as foil. + -ic] anthropomorphize, v.t. Attribute hu- man form or personality to (God &c. or abs.). Hence anthpopomop'phiSM, anthpopo- mop'phisT, nn. [as foil. + -ize] anthropomorphous, a. Of human form, [f. Gk ANTHROPOraorjjftos (morphe form) + -ous] anti-, pref. =Gk anti (before unaspir. vowel ant-, before aspirate anth-) opposite, against, in exchange, instead, rivalling : in words f. Gk, and as living pref. in E (1) combining with nouns to form nouns, anti- having adj. force = ri\Sil(-pope,-king), opposing, counter, (-choru.s, -league), reverse of (-climax) ; (2) forming adjj. on nouns governed by anti- (slavery society, -vaccination league) or on adjj. implying *a noun so governed (-national, -ritualistic), with sense 'opposed to'; many of these are also nouns, esp. names of medicines (-dysenteric) \ (3) forming derivative nouns and adjj. by addi- tion of a suf., esp. -ist, (-alcoholist, -tobacconist, -Sabbatarian) with sense 'one opposed to', also corresponding abstract nn. in -ism (-Darwin- ism) a'ntiap, n. Upas tree of Java ; poison thence obtained. [Jav. antjar] antibi'lious, a. Of use against biliousness. [anti- (2)] a'ntie, a. & n. (Archaic) grotesque, bizarre • grotesque posture (usu. pi.) ; (archaic) mounte- bank, clown, [f. It. antico f. L antiquus ancient, apparently from ascription of grotesque work to the ancients] a'ntiehpist, n. Enemy of Christ ; great personal opponent of Christ expected by early church to appear before end of world ; the Pope. [f. OF ante-crist f. L anteehristiis f. Gk antichristos (anti- (1) + khristos Christ)] antiehpi'stian, a. Pertaining to Anti- christ ; opposed to Christianity. Hence anti- ehpi'stianiSM n. [f. prec, with extended meaning] anticipate, v.t. Use in advance ; forestall (person or thina:) ; accelerate, as a, one's ruin , discuss, consider, realize, beforehand ; look forward to, expect, (event, that it will happen). Hence anti'eipANT a. & n., anti'cipatiVE For other compounds of anti- seo anti-. ANTICIPATION 36 ANTITHESIS a., anti'cipativeLY 2 adv. [f. L anticipare (anti- for ante- + -cipare f. capere take) see -ate 2 ] anticipation, n. Action of anticipating (in senses of the vb) ; (Med.) occurrence of pheno- mena before usual time; (Mus.) introduction beforehand of part of a chord about to follow, [f. L anticipatio (as prec, see -ation)] anti'cipatop, n. One who anticipates. Hence anti'eipatORY a. [L (as prec, see -or 2)] antielrmax, n. Opposite of climax, addi- tion of a particular that weakens the effect ; descent contrasting with previous rise. [anti- (1)] antieli'nal, a. (Geol.) forming ridge on which strata lean against each other, and from which they slope down in opposite direc- tions ; (Anat.) with upright spine towards which spines on both sides incline, [f. anti- + Gk Mind lean + -al] antiey'elone, n. Rotatory outward flow of air from atmospheric area of high pressure ; whole system of pressure and outward flow. [anti- (1)] a'ntidote, n. Medicine given to counteract poison or disease (against, for, to). Hence a'ntidotAL a. [f. L f. Gk antidoton neut. of ANTidoios given against] antigrd'pelos, n. pi. Waterproof leggings, [perh. for anthygropelos (anti- (2) + Gk liugros wet+pelos mud)] anti-Ja*eobin, a. & n. (One) opposed to the Jacobins (revolutionary party in France, 1789) or the French revolution, [anti- (2)] antilo'garithm, n. Number to which a logarithm belongs, as 100 is the a. of 2. f anti- (1)] anti'logy, n. Contradiction in terms, [f. Gk antilogia (anti- + -logia speaking)] antimaca'ssap, n. Covering thrown over chairs &c, as protection from grease or as an ornament, [anti- (2)] a'ntimasque, -mask, n. Grotesque inter- lude between acts of masque, [anti- (1)] antimonar'chical, a. Opposed to mon- archy, [anti- (2)] a'ntimony, n. Brittle metallic substance, bluish-white, of flaky crystalline texture, [f. med. L antimonium, prob. of Arab, orig.] antino'mian, a. & n. Opposed to the obliga- toriness of moral law; pertaining to Antino- mians ; one who maintains that the moral law is not binding on Christians, [f. L Antinomi, name of sect in Germany (1535) alleged to hold above opinion (anti- + Gk nomos law) + -AN] anti'nomy, n. Contradiction in a law, or between two laws ; conflict of authority ; para- dox, [f. L f. Gk ANTiwowia (nomos law)] antipathe'tie, a. Opposed in nature or dis- position (to). Hence antipathe'tiCAL a., antipathe*tiealLY 2 adv. [f. Gk ANTipat/ieo