I 
 
 4 
 
The Concise 
 
 Oxford Dictionary 
 
 of Current English 
 
 Adapted by 
 H. W. FOWLER and F. G. FOWLER 
 
 Authors of 'The King's English' 
 
 from 
 
 The Oxford Dictionary 
 
 SEVENTH IMPRESSION 
 
 
 Oxford 
 
 At the Clarendon Press 
 
 1919 
 
It''? 
 
 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YOBK 
 
 TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY 
 
 HUMPHREY MILFORD 
 
 PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY 
 
PREFACE x 
 
 THE steady advance towards completion of the great Oxford 
 English Dictionary has made it possible for the Delegates of the 
 Clarendon Press to authorize the preparation and issue of this book, 
 which in its own province and on its own scale uses the materials and 
 follows the methods by which the Oxford editors have revolution- 
 ized lexicography. The book is designed as a dictionary, and not 
 as an encyclopaedia ; that is, the uses of words and phrases as such 
 are its subject matter, and it is concerned with giving information 
 about the things for which those words and phrases stand only so 
 far as correct use of the words depends upon knowledge of the 
 things. The degree of this dependence varies greatly with the 
 kind of word treated, the difference between cyclopaedic and dic- 
 tionary treatment varies with it, and the line of distinction is 
 accordingly a fluctuating and dubious one. It is to the endeavour to 
 discern and keep to this line that we attribute whatever peculiarities 
 we are conscious of in this dictionary as compared with others of the 
 same size. One of these peculiarities is the large amount of space 
 given to the common words that no one goes through the day with- 
 out using scores or hundreds of times, often disposed of in a line or 
 two on the ground that they are plain and simple and that every one 
 knows all about them by the light of nature, but in fact entangled 
 with other words in so many alliances and antipathies during their 
 perpetual knocking about the world that the idiomatic use of them 
 is far from easy ; chief among such words are the prepositions, the 
 conjunctions, the pronouns, and such ' simple ' nouns and verbs as 
 hand and way, go andpwf. Another peculiarity is the use, copious 
 for so small a dictionary, of illustrative sentences as a necessary 
 supplement to definition when a word has different senses between 
 which the distinction is fine, or when a definition is obscure and 
 unconvincing until exemplified ; these sentences often are, but still 
 more often are not, quotations from standard authors; they are 
 meant to establish the sense of the definition by appeal not to ex- 
 ternal authority, but to the reader's own consciousness, and there- 
 fore their source, even when authoritative, is not named. A third 
 and a fourth peculiarity are the direct results of the preceding ones ; 
 if common words are to be treated at length, and their uses to be 
 copiously illustrated, space must be saved both by the curtest 
 
 1 The remarks likely to be needed for reference on pronunciation, inflexion, &c, will 
 be found facing the letter A ; on the page before these remarks is a list of the abbrevia- 
 tions used in the Dictionary. 
 
 4347oO 
 
iv PREFACE 
 
 possible treatment of all that are either uncommon or fitter for the 
 encyclopaedia than the dictionary, and by the severest economy of 
 expression — amounting to the adoption of telegraphese — that readers 
 can be expected to put up with. 
 
 In attaching this great importance to illustration, by the need of 
 which the relative length of articles, and our manner of expressing 
 ourselves on every page, are governed, we are merely acting, with the 
 exaggeration imposed on us by our limited space, upon the principles 
 of the O.E.D. That may be said to be the first dictionary for which 
 the ideal procedure has been possible, that is, the approaching of 
 each article with an open mind and a collection of examples large 
 enough to be exhaustive, and the extraction from these of classified 
 senses — the first dictionary, to put it another way, in which quota- 
 tions have served not merely to adorn or convince, but as the 
 indispensable raw material. This procedure — first the collection of 
 sentences from all possible sources as raw material, and then the 
 independent classification — we have often followed even in that 
 part of our book (A — R) in which the O.E.D. , with senses already 
 classified and definitions provided, was before us, treating its articles 
 rather as quarries to be drawn upon than as structures to be repro- 
 duced in little ; and in the later part (S — Z), where we had no longer 
 the O.E.D. to depend upon, it has been our practice still more often; 
 for many of the more difficult (i.e. especially the common and 
 4 simple ') words, we have collected the quotations given in the best 
 modern dictionaries (the Imperial, the Century, the Standard, 
 Cassell's Encyclopaedic, Webster, &c), added to these what we 
 could get either from other external sources or from our own heads, 
 and then framed our articles, often without reference to the arrange- 
 ment that we found in any of our authorities. Proceeding in this 
 manner, it was almost inevitable that we should be very much alive 
 to the inadequacy of mere definition and the need of constant illus- 
 tration. That our examples have some general tendency to the 
 colloquial, and include many usages for which room has not been 
 found in dictionaries many times as large as this, is in harmony 
 with our design of on the one hand restricting ourselves for the 
 most part to current English, and on the other hand omitting 
 nothing to which that description may fairly be applied. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 The words, or senses of words, given are meant to be such only 
 as are current ; ' current ', however, is an elastic term ; we might, 
 but we do not, stretch it to include all words and senses used by 
 Shakspere or in the Bible, on the ground that the whole of Shak- 
 spere and the whole of the Bible are still commonly read ; thus the 
 
PREFACE 
 
 archaic senses of addition (title), buxom (pliant), owe (own), sad 
 (serious), sort (suit), and the archaic words shend (scold), wood 
 (mad), familiar as they are to readers of Elizabethan literature, are 
 not given. We do stretch it to include many words and senses that 
 are fossilized, having in themselves no life or capacity for further 
 development, but kept extant by being enshrined in perhaps a single 
 proverb or phrase that is still in use ; of this sort are coil (confusion), 
 preserved by 'shuffled off this mortal coil', and scotch (wound), 
 preserved by ' we have scotched the snake, not killed it '. 
 
 Again, of the many thousands of old or new scientific and 
 technical terms that have a limited currency some are carried by 
 accident into the main stream of the language and become known 
 temporarily or permanently, vaguely or precisely, to all ordinarily 
 well-informed members of the modern newspaper-reading public. 
 For the purposes of a dictionary that is not to be bulky and yet is to 
 give a fuller treatment than is usual in dictionaries of its size to the 
 undoubtedly current words forming the staple of the language, 
 selection among these intruders is a difficult but very necessary 
 task. The most that can be hoped for is that every one conversant 
 with any special vocabulary may consider us, though sadly deficient 
 on his subject, fairly copious on others ; the meaning of many 
 learned words that have been omitted as having no pretence to 
 general currency may easily be gathered by reference first to the 
 stem, which is often the subject of an article, or to another word of 
 which the stem is clearly the same, and secondly to the suffix. 
 
 In another class of words and senses the test of currency has led 
 us to diverge in the opposite direction from the practice usual in 
 dictionaries of this size ; if we give fewer scientific and technical 
 terms, we admit colloquial, facetious, slang, and vulgar expressions 
 with freedom, merely attaching a cautionary label ; when a well- 
 established usage of this kind is omitted, it is not because we 
 consider it beneath the dignity of lexicography to record it, but 
 because, not being recorded in the dictionaries from which our 
 word-list is necessarily compiled, it has escaped our notice ; we have 
 not, however, consulted slang dictionaries nor made any attempt at 
 completeness in this respect. 
 
 SPELLING 
 
 The spelling adopted is for the most part, but not invariably, that 
 of the O.E.D. For instance, the verbs that contain the suffix -ize 
 (which see), and their derivatives in -ization &c, are all given 
 without the alternative forms in -ise &c, although these are still 
 the commoner in British (as opposed to American) printing ; but 
 such generally established spellings as judgment, rhyme, axe, have 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 not been excluded in favour of the judgement, rime, ax, preferred by 
 the O.E.D., but are retained at least as alternatives having the right 
 to exist. In dealing with verbs such as level, rivet, bias, whose 
 parts and derivatives are variously spelt, the final consonant being 
 often doubled with no phonetic or other significance, we have as far 
 as possible fallen in with the present tendency, which is to drop the 
 useless letter, but stopped short of recognizing forms that at present 
 strike every reader as Americanisms; thus we write riveted, riveter, 
 but not traveling, traveler. On another point of varying usage — 
 the insertion of a mute e in derivatives in -able, -age, -ish, &c, to 
 indicate the 'long' sound of the stem vowel (likable or likeable, 
 milage or mileage, latish or lateish) — we have thought ourselves 
 justified in taking a bolder line, and have consistently omitted the 
 -e- ; it is against all analogy (or why not smileing, Romeish, doteage, 
 tideal, indescribeable, desireable, exciteable ?), it is used chiefly in 
 words not familiar or important enough to have their form respected 
 as established, it obscures the different and more valuable use by 
 which a soft g or c is indicated as in manageable and serviceable, and 
 it tempts bad spellers to such monstrosities as unpalateable, loveable, 
 and moveable. In words of the type ardour, colour, favour, where 
 the O.E.D. recognizes both -our and -or, we have excluded the 
 latter as being (except in particular words like horror and torpor, in 
 which it is usually the only form) entirely non- British. Words in 
 which -y- has intruded itself without completely dispossessing a 
 more correct -i-, as sylvan, tyro, tyre, we have given with the -i- 
 form either alone or placed first. In stating the plural of words in 
 -o, we have found it impossible to draw any satisfactory line 
 between the words that prefer -os and those that prefer -oes ; it may 
 perhaps be laid down that on the one hand words of which the 
 plural is very commonly used, as potato, have almost invariably 
 -oes, and on the other hand words still felt to be foreign or of 
 abnormal form, as soprano, chromo for chromolithograph, have 
 almost invariably -os ; of many other words it may be said with 
 confidence that they use one form only (cf . punctilios, noes) ; but 
 the majority fluctuate, and we have not seen our way to doing 
 otherwise. We have also to admit that after trying hard at an 
 early stage to arrive at some principle that should teach us when to 
 separate, when to hyphen, and when to unite the parts of com- 
 pound words, we had to abandon the attempt as hopeless, and 
 welter in the prevailing chaos. 
 
PREFACE vii 
 
 PRONUNCIATION 
 
 When the pronunciation of a word is not sufficiently determined 
 by the placing of the stress-mark or by vowel quantities, further 
 information follows in round brackets. The phonetic values of the 
 letters employed in these, and the use of the stress-mark, are 
 explained on the page facing the letter A. 
 
 Derivatives are to be understood, unless the contraiy is indicated, 
 as following the pronunciation of the main word under which they 
 are given or to which they are referred in the etymological note. 
 
 The pronunciation of many words is omitted on the assumption 
 that the reader is already familiar with the normal values of some 
 letters and combinations. The hard sounds of th and s, and the 
 sounds of c (s) and g (3) before i, e, and y, are recorded only for 
 special purposes; a vowel that is short before two consonants or 
 a single final consonant, or long before a single consonant followed 
 by e mute, is not usually marked; and the pronunciation of the 
 suffix -ation (-ashn) and of the a in path &c. (-ah-, -a-) is not given. 
 
 To some suffixes no less familiar than -ation pronunciation is 
 added in view of certain ignorant or pedantic tendencies. The 
 pleasant fiction that cottage is pronounced kotaj, though still pre- 
 valent in dictionaries, has perhaps never deceived any one; but 
 we have all heard furniture (-tur), knowledge (no-), and often (-t-). 
 Against these and other results of the undue influence of spelling 
 warnings are freely given. 
 
 In the choice or rejection of alternative pronunciations the O.E.D. 
 has always been consulted, but is not always followed. 
 
 ORDER OF SENSES 
 
 From the order in which the senses of a word are here given no 
 inference must be drawn as to their historical or other relations, the 
 arrangement being freely varied according to the requirements or 
 possibilities of the particular word. Sense- development cannot 
 always be convincingly presented without abundant quotation from 
 authorities, and the historical order is further precluded by the 
 uniform omission of obsolete senses. Occasionally, when a rare but 
 still current sense throws light on the commoner senses that follow 
 or forms the connecting link with the etymology, it has been placed 
 at the beginning ; but more commonly the order adopted has been 
 that of logical connexion or of comparative familiarity or im- 
 portance. 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 ETYMOLOGY 
 
 Etymology is given in square brackets at the 3nd of each article. 
 
 Words of Teutonic origin are illustrated by all or some of the 
 forms found in cognate languages. With words that have passed 
 through several languages on their way to English, the forms taken 
 in successive languages are recorded in full, with the following 
 exceptions. (1) When OF or the like at the beginning of the etymo- 
 logy is not followed by the old French form written in full, it is 
 because the latter is identical in spelling with the English or differs 
 from it only in some unimportant detail specified in brackets. 
 (2) The Latin form of a Greek word is usually omitted, and is to be 
 inferred according to the rules of transliteration given below. Thus 
 (under pleonasm) ' f . L f . Gk pleonasmos ' is to be read ' f . L 
 pleonasmus f. Gk pleonasmos\ A similar omission of a word in 
 any other language implies absolute identity of form. 
 
 Greek words are written with the corresponding English letters 
 ($> X' +> Pi pp\=P n > kh, ps, rh, rrh, and a, tj, w,=ai, ei, 6i), and not 
 according to the Latin transliteration, the rules for which are as 
 follows: Greek k= Latin c; ai=ae; ou=u; u (exc. in diphthongs) 
 = y ; ei = i or e ; oi = oe (but in nom. pi. = i) ; g (before g or k) = n ; also, 
 -6s (nom. masc), -6n,=±-us, -um; -es, -e, (1st decl. nom.)=-a; -on 
 (nom.)=-o; -6s (genit.) = -is; -a (accus. sing. masc. or fern. ) = -em. 
 
 French nouns of Latin origin are with few exceptions derived 
 from the Latin accusative ; but the Latin nominative is here given 
 except when (e.g. in words in -atio) a change of stress is involved. 
 
 Greek i\ (e) and w (6), and the e of Latin infinitives of 2nd conj. 
 (-ere, -eri), are regularly marked long. The accented letters (a, sb, 
 &c.) in forms quoted from Old English or other Teutonic languages 
 are long. 
 
 F, G, &c, must not be taken to imply that the word to which 
 they are prefixed is current, or is so spelt, in the modern language ; 
 nor does it follow from a word's being given as OF that it is obsolete. 
 
 The etymology often contains references in small capitals to 
 words and suffixes. 
 
 Hence introduces one or more of the direct derivatives of the word 
 treated ; whence introduces such derivatives under a particular sense 
 to which they are restricted ; so introduces words derived from 
 another language ; hence or cogn. , whence or cogn. , introduce groups 
 of partly English and partly foreign derivation. The suffixes of 
 such derivatives are commonly printed in small capitals, and are 
 thus referred to the suffix article in its alphabetical place. The 
 numbers enclosed in brackets indicate subdivisions of the suffix 
 
PREFACE ix 
 
 article, and are often used to distinguish among the possible senses 
 of the derivative word those in which it is chiefly current. 
 
 The first element of a Latin or other compound word is .often 
 referred to a prefix article, and the remainder treated separately 
 within brackets; meanings given within the bracket belong to the 
 simple word, those of the compound being added if necessaiy outside 
 it. Thus convene is [f. F convenir f. L C0T$(venire vent- come) 
 assemble, agree, fit]. The stem vent- and the senses agree, fit, are 
 here added for the purposes of convention and convenience, which 
 are referred to convene. The first element of a Greek compound 
 similarly treated is sometimes written according to the current 
 (Latin) transliteration, to facilitate reference to the prefix article; 
 Greek kakoepeia, under cacoepy, accordingly appears as CACO{epeia). 
 Certain similar devices for saving needless repetition will, it is 
 believed, explain themselves. 
 
 The etymology of all words from A to R was drawn in the first 
 instance from the O.E.D., but was occasionally modified after 
 reference to Prof. Skeat's Etymological Dictionary (Clarendon 
 Press, 4th edition, 1910). From S to Z Prof. Skeat's work has 
 been our main authority, the Century and other dictionaries being 
 consulted for the words that he omits. 
 
 REFERENCE BY SMALL CAPITALS 
 
 The use of small capitals for etymological purposes is explained 
 above. 
 In the same way reference is made 
 
 (1) from the word treated to another word for the purpose of 
 contrast, distinction, correlation, or the like. Of this kind are the 
 references from slander to libel and scandal, from creationism to 
 evolution and vice versa, and from tenon to mortise and vice versa. 
 
 (2) from any member of a group to the word under which the 
 group is collected or further explained. Ruby (print.) is in this 
 way referred to type ; order (nat. hist.) to class 1 ; and the iron 1 , 
 golden, and silver ages to brazen \ 
 
 (3) from one or more words of a proverb or the like to that under 
 which alone the proverb is explained. Play l and drake 2 contain 
 such references to duck l , flesh and herring to fish \ 
 
 (4) from a compound of the word treated to its other component 
 for explanation. The sign ( = ) prefixed to such a reference indicates 
 that the simple word treated is itself used in the sense of the com- 
 pound. Thus, under pie 1 , sea-pie is merely referred (sea.-j>.) to sea, 
 but magpie, besides being referred to the article magpie, is recorded 
 (= magpie) as one of the senses of pie. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 In any article, when the word treated in it is to be quoted or 
 mentioned, its initial letter followed by a period is used instead 
 of the whole word ; this stands only for the exact form that heads 
 the article ; e.g., in the verb love, I. means love (verb or noun), 
 but not loving, loved, &c. ; the plural of nouns is represented by 
 doubling the letter ; e.g., in extreme, nut, ee., nn., mean extremes, 
 nuts ; in the part of an article obviously restricted to a derivative 
 the letter may stand for that derivative ; e.g., representation, given 
 in the article represent, is followed by a bracket in which r. stands 
 not for represent, but for representation ; in the part of an article 
 restricted to a compound, the hyphened initials of the two parts are 
 used ; e.g., when in doing ground-floor under the article ground the 
 phrase get in on the ground-floor is to be explained in a bracket, 
 g.-f. is used for ground-floor. 
 
 Of other abbreviations, a list including all that are not either too 
 obvious to need explanation or generally current (and accordingly 
 to be found in the abbreviation lists given in the first article of each 
 letter of the alphabet) follows on the opposite page. In this list, 
 three points require mention : (1) the appending of &c. means that 
 the abbreviation stands for derivatives or inflexions as well as for 
 the simple word given ; e.g., metaphor &c. means metaphor, meta- 
 phorical, or metaphorically ; explain &c. means explain, explains, 
 explained, explaining, or explanation ; this system is used also with 
 abbreviations omitted as obvious ; thus adv. stands not only for 
 adverb, but also for adverbial and adverbially ; (2) abbreviations of 
 nouns, such as ex. (example), prep, (preposition), are often used 
 with the last letter doubled (exx.,prepp.) as plurals ; it has not been 
 thought necessary to give these plural forms except in one-letter 
 abbreviations (aa., nn.); similar plurals occur for forms that have 
 been omitted as obvious iadjj. for adjectives &c); (3) abbreviations 
 given in the list with initial capital have always the capital in use ; 
 but those given with initial small letter have either form according 
 to circumstances ; similarly, though the list is all in Roman type, 
 the abbreviations are sometimes for reasons not affecting their sense 
 printed in italics. 
 
 June, 1911 
 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 a., adjective 
 aa., adjectives 
 abl., ablative 
 abs., absolute &c. 
 ace, according, accusative 
 AF, Anglo-French 
 alch., alchemy &c. 
 alius., allusive &c. 
 anal., analogy &c. 
 ant., antiquities 
 arch., architecture &c. 
 Ass., Assyrian 
 assim., assimilate &c. 
 assoc, associated &c. 
 astr(on)., astronomy &c. 
 astrol., astrology &c. 
 attrib., attributive &c. 
 augment., augmentative 
 &c. 
 
 b., born 
 
 back-form., back-formation 
 
 bibl., biblical &c. 
 
 Boh., Bohemian 
 
 Bret., Breton 
 
 c, century, circiter 
 
 cc, centuries 
 
 cl., classical 
 
 cogn., cognate 
 
 colloq., colloquial &c. 
 
 comb., combination &c. 
 
 comp., composition, com- 
 parative 
 
 compd, compound 
 
 compl., complement 
 
 compp., compounds 
 
 conj., conjunction, conju- 
 gation 
 
 conn., connect &c. 
 
 constr., construct &c. 
 
 contr., contraction &c. 
 
 cop., copulative 
 
 Corn., Cornish 
 
 correl., correlative &c. 
 
 d., died 
 
 Da., Danish 
 
 dat., dative 
 
 deriv., derivative &c. 
 
 dial., dialectal 
 
 d iff., different 
 
 different., differentiate &c. 
 
 dim., diminutive &c. 
 
 dissim., dissimilate &c. 
 
 Du., Dutch 
 
 dub., dubious 
 
 E, English 
 
 eccl., ecclesiastical &c. 
 ellipt., elliptical &c. 
 erron., erroneously 
 eth., ethics &c. 
 etym., etymology &c. 
 euphem., euphemism &c. 
 ex., example 
 exag., exaggeration &c. 
 exc, except 
 
 excl., exclusive &c., excla- 
 mation &c. 
 expl., explain &c. 
 expr., expressing &c. 
 
 F, French 
 f., from 
 
 facet., facetious &c. 
 
 fig., figurative &c. 
 
 foil., (the) following (word) 
 
 found., founding 
 
 Fr., French 
 
 freq(uent)., frequentative 
 
 &c. 
 Fris., Frisian 
 
 G, German 
 
 gen., general &c, genitive 
 
 Gk, Greek 
 
 gr., grammar &c. 
 
 Hind., Hindi, Hindustani 
 hist., history, historical &c. 
 hort., horticulture &c. 
 
 i., intransitive 
 imit., imitative &c. 
 ind., indicative, indirect 
 inf., infinitive 
 inn., influence &c. 
 instr., instrumental (case) 
 int., interjection 
 intr., intransitive 
 
 joe, jocose &c. 
 
 L, Latin 
 
 LG, Low German 
 lit., literal, literally 
 LL, late Latin 
 
 ME, middle English (1200- 
 
 1500) 
 med., medicine &c. 
 mcd. L, medieval Latin 
 mctaph., metaphor &c. 
 MHG, middle high German 
 min., mineralogy 
 
 n., noun 
 
 neg., negative &c. 
 
 nn., nouns 
 
 nom., nominative 
 
 N.T., New Testament 
 
 num., numeral 
 
 O, old (with languages) 
 
 obj., object &c. 
 
 obs., obsolete 
 
 occ(as)., occasional &c. 
 
 OHG, old high German 
 
 ON, old Norse 
 
 ONF, old northern French 
 
 opp., (as) opposed (to) 
 
 opt., optics &c. 
 
 ord., ordinary 
 
 orig., origin &c. 
 
 O.T., Old Testament 
 
 part., present participle 
 partie, participial 
 path., pathology &c, 
 phr., phrase 
 pi., plural 
 Pol., Polish 
 pol., politics &c. 
 pop., popular &c 
 
 p.p., past or passive parti- 
 ciple 
 
 Pr., Proven ;iA 
 
 pr., pronounce &c. 
 
 prec, (the) preceding (word). 
 
 pred., predicate &c. 
 
 pref., prefix 
 
 prep., preposition 
 
 pres., present 
 
 prob., probable 8r.c. 
 
 pron., pronoun &c, pro- 
 nounce &c. 
 
 prop., proper, properly 
 
 pros., prosody &c. 
 
 Pro v., Provencal 
 
 pro v., proverb &e, pro- 
 vincial &c. 
 
 R.-C, Roman-Catholic 
 ref., reference 
 refash., refashioned &c 
 refl., reflexive &c. 
 rel., relative 
 repr., represent &c. 
 Rom., Roman, Romance 
 
 s., singular 
 Sc, Scotch 
 sci., science &c. 
 sent., sentence 
 Skr., Ganskrit 
 somet, sometimes 
 st., stem 
 
 subj., subject &c, subjunc- 
 tive 
 suf., suffix 
 sup., superlative 
 surv., surveying 
 Sw., Swedish 
 
 t., transitive 
 term., termination 
 thr., through 
 trans., transitive &c. 
 transf., in transferred sense 
 transl., translation &c. 
 translit., transliteration 
 typ., typography 
 
 ult., ultimately 
 unexpl., unexplained 
 U.S., United States 
 usu., usual, usually 
 
 v., verb 
 
 var., variant, various 
 
 vbl, verbal 
 
 voc, vocative 
 
 vv., verbs 
 
 W, Welsh 
 
 w., with 
 
 WG, West German 
 
 *, sign affixed to all forms 
 not recorded but merely 
 inferred, with the excep- 
 tion of those called Aryan 
 or OTeut. (all of which 
 are inferential) 
 
NOTE ON ACCENT, PRONUNCIATION, INFLEXION, AND 
 
 FOREIGN WORDS 
 
 ACCENT 
 
 Accent is marked by the turned period ("), which is normally placed after the 
 accented vowel or diphthong (a'etop, allow, a'ccent noun, acce'nt verb, exag- 
 gepa'tion, exa*g , g , epatop) ; two equal accents in one word are both marked (ti*tbi*t) ; 
 and the ■ is used for the secondary as well as for the main accent in long words where 
 the former might be doubtful (cir'eumgypa'te, a*biogene*tieally). 
 
 But the place of the turned period in syllables whose vowel sound is modified by r or 
 re is after the whole combination (por'ter, pupe'ly), any possible confusion being 
 guarded against by the - or ^ (mere'ly, but hepe'tieal). Similarly it stands after 
 silent consonants (migh'ty, deb'top, blaek'guard), consonants that merely modify 
 a vowel sound (eal'mness), or e mute following the accented vowel (blue'bell). 
 
 Some miscellaneous examples are added :— fo'rest, fore'noon, for'tnight, fore'nsic ; 
 bar'ring, ba Track; bal'my, ba'lsam ; arraig'n ; demes'ne ; sig'ning, si'gnature; high'er; 
 Cadme'an; defray; bye'-law; da"ffadowndi*lly ; ca'noniza'tion. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION 
 
 When necessary, a bracket is placed immediately after a word, with directions for 
 pronouncing it or some part of it. In these brackets, 
 
 (1) Vowel sounds have the value shown by the roman-type letters in :— mate, mete, 
 viite, mote, mute, moot ; rack, reck, rick, rock, ruck, rook ; caw, cow ; bah, boil. 
 
 (2) Vowel-combinations with r (the r is not trilled before a consonant or mute e) are 
 as follows :— 
 
 wiare, mere, mire, move, demure, moor ; dowry ; part, pert, port. 
 
 (3) Italicized vowels or vowel-combinations have the indistinct sound shown in 
 again, moment, admiral, morose, support, certain, connoisseur, comfort, jealous, murder. 
 
 (4) Each consonant or consonant-combination has only one sound; the value of 
 ambiguous or specially used ones is :— 
 
 eh as in loch ; dh as iwdhen ( = then) ; g" as in get ; jasin./e£; x\g a.sin singer ; ngg 
 anin finger ; n-g" as in un-gardid (=unguarded) ; p as in rat (and see vowel-combina- 
 tions above) ; s as in sister ; th as in thinketh ; tsh as in tship (=chip) ; w as in wit (and 
 see vowel sounds above) ; y as in yet ; zh as in fuzhn (=fusion). 
 
 Letters marked - or w# in the word itself have the same value as in the brackets, 
 except that e is also used, when there is no danger of confusion, to show that e is not 
 mute or part of a compound sound ; so ni"cety, ca'ffeine. 
 
 INFLEXION 
 
 The rules assumed, exceptions to which are noted in a bracket placed after a word's 
 grammatical description, are as follows :— 
 
 1. Verbs add -s in 3rd sing, pres., -ed in past and p.p., -ing in pres. part., -er to form 
 agent-noun. 
 
 2. Verbs and adjectives drop final mute e before -ing, -ed, -er, -est. 
 
 3. Before -ed, -ing, -er, -est, -eth, monosyllabic verbs and adjectives double a final 
 single consonant (except x) if preceded by a single vowel. 
 
 4. (a) nouns, (b) adjectives, (c) verbs, in -y preceded by a consonant have (a) plural 
 -ies, (b) comparative -ier, superlative -iest, adverb -ily, noun -iness, (c) 3rd sing. pres. 
 -ies, past and p.p. -ied, agent-noun -ier. 
 
 5. Nouns in -s, -x, -z, -ch = tsh, and -sh, and some in -o, form plural by adding -es ; 
 others add -s. 
 
 6. Monosyllabic adjectives and disyllables in -y compare in -er, -est ; others with 
 more, most. 
 
 FOREIGN WORDS 
 
 Words usually or often printed in italics as either incompletely naturalized or com- 
 pletely foreign are in sloping type. When either the word itself or any of its sounds 
 is distinctly un-English, the reader is warned by a bracket containing, instead of pro- 
 nunciation, the letter or letters standing for the language it belongs to. Otherwise, 
 pronunciation is given for sloped words to the same extent as for others, but is often 
 to be taken as merely approximate. 
 
ENGLISH DICTIONARY 
 
 ABASE 
 
 A, letter (pi. As, A's, Aes). (Mus.) note, and 
 the corresponding scale. (In argument) first 
 imaginary person or case. (Alg.) first known 
 quantity. (Naut.) Al (a won), first-class ship 
 in Lloyd's register; excellent, best, (colloq.). 
 (Naut.) JE, thix*d-class ship at Lloyd's. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : ab, A.U.C. (urbe con- 
 dita) ; able, A.B. (-bodied) ; acting, as 
 A.A.Q.M.G. (assistant quartermaster gen- 
 eral) ; assistant, as A.A.G. (adjutant general), 
 A.Q.M.G. (quartermaster general) ; adjutant, 
 as A.G. (general) ; aide, A.D.C. (-de-camp) ; 
 anno, as A.D. (domini), A.H. (hegirae) ; ante, 
 as a.m. (meridiem) ; army, as A.S.C. (service 
 corps) ; Associate, as A.R. A. (Royal Academy) ; 
 authorized, A.V. (version). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : ab init., ab initio ; Abp, 
 Archbishop ; a c, account ; Adm., Admiral ; 
 advt, advertisement ; aet., aetatis ; Ala., 
 Alabama; Alas., Alaska; Alban., Bishop 
 of St Alban's ; Ariz., Arizona ; Ark., Arkan- 
 sas ; app., arrives. 
 
 a 1 , an, a. (sometimes called indefinite article. 
 Before all consonants except silent h, use a ; 
 a history, a historian, though some still write 
 an before h in unaccented syllable, but an 
 hour : before all vowels except eu, u, use an ; 
 an ulcer, but a unit, a eulogy, also a one. 
 Placed after many, such, what, or any adj. 
 preceded by how, so, as, too. Used with ap- 
 parent plurals of number, a dozen men-a, 
 dozen of men ; also with pi. adjj. few, good 
 many, great many). (Unemphatic substitute 
 for) one, some, any ; one like (a Daniel) ; (after 
 all of, many of, &c.) the same (all of a size) ; 
 (distrib.) each (£U0 a year, where a is orig. = 
 foil.), [weakening of OE an one] 
 
 a 2 , prep. On, to, towards, into, in. Mostly 
 now written as pref., or oftener omitted than 
 expressed, or confused w. a 1 . On : abed, afoot. 
 To : ashore. Towards : aback, afar, aside. 
 Into : apart, asunder. In : now-a-days, twice a 
 day ; w. vbl nouns, passively, a-building, 
 actively, was (a-) fighting, and esp. w. go, set, 
 as he went a begging, they set the bells a ring- 
 ing, [weakening of OE prep, an, on] 
 
 a-, pref. f. various sources. (1) OE ar- or a-, 
 away, on, up, out, and so to express intensity, 
 as arise ; cf. G er-. (2) OE an, on prep. ; see 
 prec. (3) OE of prep., as akin. (4) L ad- to, 
 either directly, as aspect, or through F a- as 
 achieve ; many words derived in the latter way 
 have been later assimilated to L spelling, as 
 a(d)dress, a(g)grieve. (5) L a, ab, from; 
 directly, as avert, or through F a-, as abridge ; 
 again somet. assimilated to L spelling, as 
 a(b)stain. (6) L ex- out, utterly, through AF a- 
 f. OF e-, es-, as amend. (7) Gk a-, an-, not, 
 without ; directly, as amorphous, through L, 
 as acatalectic, or through L and F, as adamant ; 
 compounded chiefly w. Gk words, but also w. 
 others, as a-moral. 
 
 F.D. 
 
 -a, suf. (1) Nn. f. Gk, L, and Rom. fern, sing., 
 as idea (Gk), arena, (L), piazza (It.), duenna 
 (Sp.), esp. Nat. Hist, terms, ancient or latinized 
 mod. (hyena, dahlia), geogr. names (Africa), 
 and names of women, ancient or latinized mod. 
 (Lydia, Hilda). (2) Gk and L neut. pi. nouns 
 (genera, phenomena), esp. names, often f. mod. 
 L, of classes of animals (mammalia). 
 
 aard-vapk (ard), n. S. -African quadruped 
 between armadilloes and ant-eaters, [f. Du. 
 aarde earth+mrA; pig, cf. OE fearh and L 
 porcus pig] 
 
 aapd-wolf (ard), n. S. -African carnivore 
 between hyenas and civets, [see prec] 
 
 Aap'on's beard (ar-), n. Kinds of plant, 
 esp. Great St John's wort. [ref. to Ps. cxxxiii. 
 
 Aar'on's rod (ar-), n. Kinds of plant, esp. 
 Great Mullein and Golden Rod. [ref. to Num. 
 xvii. 8] 
 
 ab-, pref. Away, from, off, apart, [f. L ab, 
 cf. Gk apo, E of, off, G ab-. In L reduced 
 to a- before p, m, v, changed to au- before /, 
 and to abs- before c, t; in F often reduced 
 to a-] 
 
 aba'ck, adv. Backwards. (Naut.) of square 
 sails pressed against mast by head wind ; taken 
 a., of ship w. sails in that state ; (fig.) surprised. 
 
 [A2+BACK1] 
 
 a'bacus, n. (pi. -ci pr. -si). Calculating-frame 
 w. balls sliding on wires, used before adoption 
 of the nine figures and zero. (Arch.) upper 
 member, often square flat slab, of capital, sup- 
 porting architrave. [L abacus f. Gk abaa? 
 -akos tablet] 
 
 Aba'ddon. Hell ; the devil (Rev. ix. 11)- 
 [Heb. word, destruction (abad he perished)] 
 
 aba'ft (-ahft), adv. &prep. (naut.). In stern 
 half of ship ; behind. [a2+6o/£=OE be by+OE 
 aeftan adv. behind] 
 
 aba'ndon \ v.t. Give up to another's con- 
 trol or mercy ; yield oneself completely to a 
 passion or impulse ; give up (a possession or 
 habit) ; forsake (a person, post), [f. OF aban* 
 doner (a to+bandon jurisdiction, mettre a 
 bajndon meaning to put a person under any 
 one's, including his own, control)] 
 
 aba'ndon 2 (or as F), n. Careless freedom, 
 letting oneself go. [F ; see prec] 
 
 abandoned, a. Profligate, [p.p. of aban- 
 don i] 
 
 aba*ndonee% n. (law). Underwriter to 
 whom salvage of wreck is abandoned, [aban- 
 don ! + -ee] 
 
 abandonment, n. Giving up or forsaking ; 
 being forsaken ; self-surrender ; careless free- 
 dom of manner, impulsiveness. [f. F aban- 
 donnement (abandon *, -ment)] 
 
 aba'se, v.t. Lower, humiliate, make base. 
 Hence aba'seMENT n. [f. OF abaissier (now 
 abaisser) (a to + baissier to lower f. LL 
 bassare f. bassus short)] 
 
 1 
 
ABASH _2 
 
 aba'sh, v.t. Put tojt tjt oopntepaooe ; (chiefly J 
 in pass.) be confounded. Heact ; aba'sln- 
 ment n. [f. OF esbair astound f. «» --A-(Q)± 
 oaMr cry bah!; see -ish 2 & cf. punch = 
 punish] _ , 
 
 aba-sk, adv. In warm light. [a 2 +bask] 
 
 aba'te, v.t. & i. Diminish (t. & i.). Do away 
 with (nuisance) ; blunt (edge) ; lower (price) ; 
 deduct (specified or unspecified part of price) ; 
 mitigate (violence); weaken (energy). Grow 
 less (of flood or epidemic). (In law) quash (writ 
 or action). So aba'teMENT n. [f. OF abatre 
 (a to+batre f. LL batere f. L batuere beat)] 
 
 a'batis, aba'ttis, n. Defence made of felled 
 trees w. boughs pointing outwards. Hence 
 aba'tiSED 2 a. [F abatis, OF abaters f. LL 
 *abateticius of throwing down ; cf. OF abatre, 
 see abate] 
 
 abattoir (F), n. Public slaughterhouse. 
 
 abb, n. Woof, [a- (1) + web] 
 
 A'bba, n. Father. Used w. Father in invok- 
 ing God (Mark xiv. 36). [Aram.] 
 
 a'bbacy, n. Office, jurisdiction, or tenure, 
 of an abbot, [earlier abbatie (see -cv) f. LL 
 abbatia (abbat- nom. -as abbot)] 
 
 abba'tial (-ashal), a. Of an abbey, abbot, 
 or abbess. [F, f. LL abbatialis {abbatia ab- 
 bacy, -al)] 
 
 a*bb6 (-a), n. Frenchman (orig. abbot) en- 
 titled to wear ecclesiastical dress, esp. without 
 official duties. [F, f . L abbatem nom. -as abbot] 
 
 a'bbess, n. Lady superior of a nunnery. 
 [OF abaesse (Pr. abadessa) f. LL abbatissa 
 (abbat- abbot)] 
 
 a'bbey, n. Buildings occupied by monks or 
 nuns under an abbot or abbess ; the monks or 
 nuns as a body ; a church or house that was 
 once an abbey or part of it. [f. OF abate, Pr. 
 abadia, f. LL abbatia abb AC v] 
 
 a'bbot, n. Head of abbey of monks ; Abbot 
 of Misrule or of Unreason, leader in medieval 
 burlesque festivities. Hence a'bbotcv, a*b- 
 botSHiP, nn. [OE abbod, f. L f. Gk abbas 
 -at- (abba)] 
 
 abbreviate 1 (-at), a. Relatively short (esp. 
 in nat. hist.), [f. L abbreviatus p.p. of abbre- 
 viare shorten (ab off or ad to+brevis short)] 
 
 abbre' viate 2 , v.t. Make short (chiefly now 
 of writing part of word for whole, but also of 
 visit, story, &c.) Hence abbre vIation n. 
 [f . prec. ; see -ate 3 ] 
 
 A B C, n. The alphabet ; rudiments of any 
 subject ; alphabetical railway guide. 
 
 a'bdicate, v.t. Renounce formally or by 
 default (a power, office, right ; also abs., esp. of 
 the crown). Hencs abdic a 'tion n. , a'bdicat- 
 ed 1 (2) a. [f. L AB(dica? , e declare), -ate 3 ] 
 
 abdo'men, n. (Anat.) belly, including 
 stomach, bowels, and other nutritive organs. 
 (Zool.) hinder part of insects, spiders, &c. [L, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 abdd'minal, a. Of the abdomen in either 
 sense ; (of fish) having the ventral fins under 
 the belly, [f. abdomin- stem of prec. + -al] 
 
 abdo'minous, a. Corpulent. [asprec.+-ous] 
 
 abdu'eent, a. (anat.). Drawing away (of 
 muscles that open or pull back the part they 
 are fixed to). [£ L abducent- part. st. of ab- 
 (ducere duct- draw)] 
 
 abdu'et, v.t. Kidnap ; take away (esp. a 
 woman) by force or fraud; draw (limb &c.) 
 from its natural position, [f. L abduct- see 
 prec] 
 
 abdu'etion, n. Illegal carrying off, esp. of 
 a child, ward ; forcible carrying off of any one, 
 as of a voter ; withdrawal of limb from natural 
 position ; shrinking of sides of a wound, causing 
 it to gape ; syllogism of which the minor pre- 
 
 _ AB INITIO 
 
 miss, and therefore the conclusion, is only 
 probable, [f. L abductio (prec, -ion)] 
 ubdu'etop, n. Person who abducts another ; 
 (also a. muscle) muscle that abducts a limb. 
 
 [as ABDUCT + -OR 2 ] 
 
 abea'm (-em), adv. (naut.). On a line at right 
 angles to the ship's length ; a. of us, opposite 
 our centre.jabreast. [a 2 + beam] 
 
 a'beeedar'ian (abisi-), a. & n. Arranged 
 alphabetically, as the 119th Psalm ; elementary, 
 ignorant. Pupil learning the alphabet (com- 
 mon in U. S. ). [f . med. L abecedarium alphabet 
 
 (ABCD + -ARIUM) + -AN] 
 
 abe'd, adv. In bed. [a 2 +bed l ] 
 
 abele (abel, a "hi), n. The white poplar, 
 [f. Du. abeel I. OF abel earlier aubel f. LL 
 albellus dim. of albus white] 
 
 aberglaube (G), n. Excessive belief, super- 
 stition. [G] 
 
 a*bepdevi*ne, n. Birdfancier's name for 
 the siskin. [?] 
 
 aberrant, a. Straying from moral stand- 
 ard ; (in nat. hist.) diverging from normal type. 
 Hence abe'PPANCE, abe'PPANCv, nn. [f. L 
 aberrant- part. st. of AB(errare stray)] 
 
 abeppa'tion, n. A straying fx*om the path, 
 lit. and fig. ; breaking of rules ; moral slip ; 
 intellectual deficiency; deviation from type. 
 (Optics) non-convergence of rays to one focus. 
 (Astron.) displacement of heavenly body's true 
 position to observer, [f. L aberratio ; see 
 prec, -ation] 
 
 abe't, v.t. (-tt-). Countenance or assist 
 (offence or offender ; esp. aid and a.). Hence 
 abe'tMENT, abe'ttER 1 , abe'ttOR 2 , nn. 
 Abettor is the legal and the commoner general 
 form. [f. 0_F abeter (a to+beter bait *)] 
 
 ab e'xtra, adv. From outside. [LL] 
 
 abeyance (-ba-), n. State of suspension, 
 dormant condition liable to revival, (of rights 
 &c. ; mostly in phrr. be in or fall into a.), [f. OF 
 abeance (d to+beer = It. & LL badare gape)] 
 
 abhor*, v.t. (-rr-). Regard with disgust and 
 hatred, [f. L xn(horrere shudder)] 
 
 abhd'ppenee, n. Detestation; detested 
 thing (Uattery is my a.), [foil., -ence] 
 
 abho'ppent, a. Inspiring disgust, hateful, 
 of conduct, &c, often with to (person) ; incon- 
 sistent (from) ; (archaic) feeling disgust (of), 
 as, the Greeks were a. of excess, [f. L abhor- 
 rent- part. st. see abhor] 
 
 abhop'pep, n. (hist.). Nickname of those 
 who signed addresses to Charles II in 1680. [ab- 
 
 HOR-f-ER 1 ] 
 
 abi'dance, n. Continuance, dwelling (in), 
 abiding (by rules, &c). [abide + -ance] 
 
 abi'de, v.t. & i. (past & p.p. abode some- 
 times abided). Remain over ; continue ; dwell ; 
 stand firm ; (with by) remain faithful to, act 
 upon (terms). Wait for; encounter, sustain; 
 submit to, suffer ; (negatively as I cannot, xcho 
 can—1) put up with (noun or infinitive). [OE 
 dbidan f. A-(\)+bidan bide] 
 
 abi'ding-, a. Permanent. Hence abi'd- 
 ing-LY 2 adv. [part, of abide] 
 
 abiet-, stem of several chemical terms. Of 
 resin, or fir. [L abiet- nom. abies fir-tree] 
 
 a'bigail, n. Lady's-maid, [character in Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher's Scornful Lady, perh. w. 
 ref. to 1 Sam. xxv. 24-31] 
 
 abi'lity, n. Sufficient power, capacity (to do 
 something) ; legal competency (to act) ; financial 
 competency to meet a demand; cleverness, 
 mental faculty, (general in sing., special in pi.), 
 [f. OF ablett t. L habilitat- n. st. f. habilis 
 deft ; in F and E it was later corrected into 
 habileU, hability, whence the mod. form] 
 
 ab ini'tio, adv. From the beginning. [L] 
 
ABIOGENESIS i 
 
 a'bioge-nesis, n. Spontaneous generation. 
 (Allied words) a'biogene'tic, connected w. 
 the doctrine ; a-biogene'tiCALLY adv., by 
 spont. gen. or according to the doctrine ; 
 abid*geniST(2) n., one who believes in it; 
 abid'genous a., so produced; abid-g/env 1 
 n., = abiogenesis. [f. Gk abios f. A- (1)+bios life 
 
 -fGENESIS] 
 
 a'bjeet, a. & n. Brought low, miserable ; 
 craven, degraded, despicable. (Bibl. and ar- 
 chaic) a person of the meanest condition. Hence 
 a'bjectLY 2 adv., a'bjeetNESS n. [f. L ab- 
 jectus p.p. of AB(jiccre=jacere throw)] 
 
 abjection, n. Abasement, low estate. [F, 
 f. L abjectionem (abject, -ion)] 
 
 ab juration, n. Action or form of re- 
 nunciation on oath, in all senses of abjure 
 (in hist. esp. of the Stuart claim), [f. L 
 abjuratio (abjure, -ation)] 
 
 abjure*, v.t. Renounce on oath (an opinion, 
 heresy, cause, claim, or claimant) ; swear per- 
 petual absence from (one's country, &c). [f. F 
 abjurer f. L ABijurare swear)] 
 
 ablactation, n. Weaning from the mother. 
 [f. L AB(lactatio f. lactarc suckle f. lact- nom. 
 lac milk)] 
 
 abla'tion, n. Removal (esp. in surgery, of 
 any part of body) ; (Geol.) waste of a glacier or 
 rock by melting or water action, [f. L ablatio 
 f. AB(lat- p.p. st. of ferre carry)] 
 
 a'blative, a. & n. The case in Latin nouns 
 that expresses source, agent, cause, instrument, 
 of action —from or by with the noun (usu. 
 noun; adj. with case, sense, &c.). A. absolute, 
 a construction of noun and participle inL Gram, 
 giving time or circumstances. [F ablatif f. L 
 ablativus brought from (ablat- see prec.)] 
 
 a'blaut (or as G), n. Systematic vowel change 
 in derivation, as in sing, sang, sung. [G] 
 
 abla'ze, adv. & pred. a. On fire ; glitter- 
 ing; excited. [a 2 +blaze] 
 
 a'ble, a. Talented, clever; competent, 
 having the means or power (to), esp. w. parts 
 of be to supply the deficiencies of can ; legally 
 qualified ; a.-bodied seaman (abbr. a.b.), of 
 special class. Hence a'bLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 hable, able, (now habile) f. L habilis handy 
 {habere to hold)] 
 
 -able, suf. f. F -able f. L -a- of first conjug.+ 
 -bill- see -ble. In F extended to vbs of all 
 conjugg. In E now appended even to native 
 vbs as bearable, nouns as clubbable, and phrase 
 vbs as get-at-able ; prob. f. confusion w. the 
 unrelated adj. able. (Meaning) able to (com- 
 fortable), able to be (eatable), fit for (salable). 
 
 a'blet, a'blen, n. Name for the freshwater 
 fish bleak. [F ablette f. LL abula for albula dim. 
 of alba white] 
 
 a'blings, a'blins, ai'blins, adv. (Sc. & 
 north.). Possibly, perhaps, [able + -lings] 
 
 abloo'm, adv. & pred. a. In or into bloom. 
 
 [a 2 +bloom] 
 
 ablu'sh, adv. & pred. a. Blushing. [a 2+ 
 blush] 
 
 ablution, n. (usu. pi.). Ceremonial washing 
 of person, hands, or sacred vessels; ordinary 
 personal washing ; (sing.) water in which things 
 have been washed, esp. in Catholic Ritual. 
 Hence ablu'tionAR y l a. [f . L &B(lutio f . luere 
 lut- wash, -ion)] 
 
 a'bnegate, v.t. Deny oneself (something), 
 renounce (a right or belief), [f. L AB(negare 
 deny), -ate 3 ] 
 
 abnegation, n. Denial ; rejection {of doc- 
 trine) ; self-sacrifice (now oftener self -a.), [f. L 
 abnegatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 abnormal, a. Exceptional, irregular, de- 
 viating from type. Hence abnorma'liTY n.. 
 
 ABOUND 
 
 the quality or an instance of it, abnor'mal- 
 ly 2 adv. [earlier & F anormal f. med. L 
 anormalus corrupted f. Gk anomalos anoma- 
 lous ; but now regarded as f. L abnormis see 
 foil.] 
 
 abnor'mity, n. Irregularity ; a monstrosity, 
 [f. L abnormitas f. AB(nonnis f. norma rule) see 
 
 -TV] 
 
 aboar'd, adv. & prep. On or into a ship 
 (ship either expressed or omitted) ; alongside, 
 near, esp. close or hard a. Lay (another ship) 
 a., place one's own alongside of her to fight ; 
 fall a., fall foul of (another ship). [a 2 +board] 
 
 abo'de, n. Dwelling-place, house ; stay, habit 
 of dwelling, as in make one's a. [vbl n. of 
 abide ; cf. ride, rode, road] 
 
 aboi'l, adv. & pred. a. A-boiling, boiling. 
 [a 2 +boil] 
 
 aboiish, v.t. Do away with (customs, in 
 stitutions). Hence abo'lishABLE a., abo*- 
 lishER^abo'lishMENT, nn. [f. F ab o lir (-ish. 2 ) 
 f. L abolescere inceptive of abolere become 
 effete, destroy, (ab-, *olere grow)] . 
 
 abolition, n. Doing, being done, away with. 
 In the 18th and 19th cc. w. ref. to negro slavery 
 and the movement against it, whence also 
 aboli*tioniSM(3), abolitioniST(2), nn. [f. 
 L abolitio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 abo'minable, a. Detestable, odious, mor- 
 ally or physically loathsome ; (by conscious ex- 
 aggeration) unpleasant. Hence abo'min- 
 ableNESs n., abo'minabLY 2 adv. [F (ab., 
 abh.), f. L abominabilis f. AB(ominari f. omen) 
 deprecate ; the older spelling was regularly 
 abh., due to confusion w. homo, and the 
 violence of the meaning (inhuman instead of 
 ill-omened) results from the mistake] 
 
 abo-minate 1 , v.t. Loathe; (by exaggera- 
 tion) dislike, [f. L abominat- ; see prec] 
 
 abo'minate 2 (-at), a. (poet.). Abominated, 
 [f. L abominatus p.p., see abominable] 
 
 abomina'tion, n. Loathing ; odious or de- 
 grading habit or act ; an object of disgust (to). 
 [F (abominate !, -ation)] 
 
 aboriginal, a. & n. Indigenous, existing in a 
 land at the dawn of history, or before arrival of 
 colonists (of races and natural objects) ; (noun ; 
 pi. -als, but aborigines commoner) aboriginal 
 inhabitant or (rarely) thing. Hence abori- 
 gina'liTY n., abori'ginalL y 2 adv. [f. L 
 ab from-f origin- nom. origo origin + -al] 
 
 ataori'gines (-ez), n. pi. (abotnginal usual for 
 sing. ; also the indefensible form abort' gine, and 
 rarely abd'rigin or -en). First inhabitants, or 
 those found in possession by colonists (also of 
 native plants and animals). [L, f. phr. ab ori- 
 gine from the beginning] 
 
 abort, v.i. Miscarry, have premature de- 
 liver}* of a child. (Biol.) become sterile, remain 
 undeveloped, shrink away, (of plants and ani- 
 mals—the race, the individual, or part of the 
 body), [f. L abort- p.p. st. of AB(oro'r£ be born)] 
 
 aborted, a. Untimely born, undeveloped ; 
 rudimentary (thorns are aborted branches). 
 [ABORT+ -ed i (2)] 
 
 abortion, n. Miscarriage of birth; the pro- 
 curing of this, whence abortioniST(l) n. ; 
 arrested development of any organ ; a dwarfed 
 or misshapen creature ; failure of a project or 
 action, [f. L abortio (abort, -ion)] 
 
 abortive, a. Premature (birth &c) ; fruit- 
 less, unsuccessful; rudimentary (organ &c), 
 arrested in development. Hence abortive- 
 ly 2 adv., abor'tiveNESS n. [f. L abortivus 
 (abort, -ive)] 
 
 abou'nd, v.i. (Orig.) overflow, either of 
 vessel or of liquid. Be plentiful ; be rich (in) ; 
 teem or be infested (ivith). {t. OF abunder t 
 
ABOUT 
 
 abonder, habonder, f. L AB( undare, f. unda 
 wave) ; the h- common in older F and E is due 
 to confusion w. L habere have] 
 
 abou't^adv. &prep. All round from outside, 
 as coinpass it a., He is a. my path, beat a. the 
 bush ; all round from a centre, as look or lay a. 
 you; somewhere round, as lie a., hang a. (the 
 door), the fields a. Oxford, people or objects a. us, 
 have not a penny a. me ; here and there (in, or 
 abs.), as smallpox is a., move or order a., he put 
 the tale a. , I was much put a. (distracted), dotted 
 a. the fields, man a. town ; near in number, 
 scale, degree, &c, as a. half, fifty, right, tired, 
 midnight, my size (somet. much a.); facing 
 round, as right-a. turn, the wrong ivay a., put 
 (the ship) or .go a. ; round a party, as take turns 
 a., read verse a. ; occupied with, as a. my 
 father's business, send a. his business, what are 
 you a. ?, go a. to do, am a. to do (so all fut. 
 participles) ; in connexion with, as quarrels 
 a. trade, something wrong a. it ; circuitously, 
 as he went a long way a., Ibrought it a., it came 
 a. [OE on-biitan f. on+butan without (be by+ 
 locative of ut titan out) ; orig. meaning is there- 
 fore on the outside (of)] 
 
 abou't 2 , v.t. Change the course of (ship) to 
 the other tack. [f. about adv.] 
 
 about-sledge, n. Largest hammer used by 
 smiths. 
 
 abo've (-uv), adv. & prep. (Adv.) at a higher 
 
 Eoint (w. spec, meanings ace. to context) ; over- 
 ead, on high ; up stream, upstairs ; in heaven ; 
 on the upper side ; earlier in a book or article 
 (as teas remarked a. ; the a.-cited passages ; 
 the a.); in addition (over and a.) ; at least (a. 
 a hundred). (Prep.) over, on the top of, higher 
 than (a. par; can't get a. C— in music), up 
 stream from, projecting from (head a. water; 
 heard a. the tumult ; a. ground — alive), further 
 north than, earlier in hist, than (not traced a. 
 third century), out of reach of (a. criticism, 
 measure, my understanding), too great or 
 good for (a. meanness, one's station), more 
 important than (a. all), of higher rank than. 
 Above is also treated as a noun in from above. 
 [f. a 2 +OE bufan (be by +uf an locative of uf- 
 cf. G auf up)] 
 
 abo've-board, adv. & pred. a. Undis- 
 guisedly ; fair, open, [metaph. f. cards] 
 
 a'bpacada'bra, n. Spell, magic formula ; 
 gibberish. Cabbalistic word supposed when 
 written triangularly, and worn, to cure agues 
 &c. [L, etym. dub.] 
 
 ab o'vo, adv. (Relating tediously) from the 
 very beginning. [L; Hor. A. P. 147] 
 
 abra'de, VTt, Scrape off, injure, (skin &c.) 
 by violent rubbing. [f. L AB(radere ras- 
 scrape)] 
 
 abra'nehial, abra'nehiate, (ki-), a. 
 Without gills, [a- (7) + Gk bragkhia gills + -al 
 and -ate 2 ] 
 
 abpa'sion (-azhn), n. Scraping off (of skin 
 &c. ) ; the wounded place that results, [f. L. 
 abrasio abrade, -ion)] 
 
 abpea'st, adv. On a level and facing the 
 same way ; keeping up, not behind, (of or with 
 
 f>rogress, thought, &c, or as prep., a. the times). 
 A 2 + BREAST !] 
 
 abpi'dg-e, v.t. Shorten (interview &c); 
 condense or epitomize (book &c. ) ; curtail 
 (liberty ; of limbs &c. only now w. playful 
 archaism) ; deprive (person of), [f. OF abregier, 
 abreger. f. L abbreviare abbreviate] 
 
 abridgment, -ement, n. Shortening (of 
 time or labour), curtailment (of rights) ; epi- 
 tome, abstract, [f. OF abrcgement I. abreger 
 (prec, -mentI] 
 
 abpoa'cb (-otsh), adv. & pred. a. Pierced, 
 
 ABSOLUTION 
 
 so as to let the liquor run (of casks). [a 2 + 
 broach] 
 
 abpoa'd (-awd), adv. Broadly, widely, in 
 different directions ; in motion (there is a 
 rumour a.) ; out of doors, in or to foreign lands ; 
 in error (all a.). Also treated as a noun in 
 from a. [a 2 +broad a. ; cf. along, at large] 
 
 a*bPOgate, v.t. Repeal, .cancel, (law or cus- 
 tom). So abPOg-A'TiON n. [f. obs. adj. abro- 
 gate f. L abrogatus p.p. of AB(rogare propose 
 law)] 
 
 abru'pt, a. Sudden, hasty, disconnected ; 
 steep, precipitous; (Bot.) truncated; suddenly 
 cropping out (of geol. strata). Hence abpirpt- 
 ly 2 adv., abru'ptNESS n. [f. L abruptus p.p. 
 of AB(rumpere break)] 
 
 abpu'ption, n. Breaking away of part 
 from a mass. [f. L abruptio (abrupt, -ion)] 
 
 abs-, pref. From, away, off. See ab-. 
 
 a'bscess (-ses), n. Collection of pus formed 
 in a cavity of the body. [f. L abscessus a going 
 away f. ABS(cedere cess- go)] 
 
 a'bsciss(e) (pi. -es), absci'ssa (pi. -ae), (-si-), 
 n. Portion of given line intercepted between 
 fixed point within it and ordinate drawn to 
 it from given point without it. [L abscissa 
 (linea) p.p. of AB(scindere sciss- cut)] 
 
 absci'ssion (-si-), n. (surg.). Cutting off, 
 violent separation, [f. L. abscissio (see prec 
 -ion)] 
 
 absco'nd, v.i. Go away secretly, fly from 
 the law. Hence abseo'ndENCE, absco'nd- 
 er *, nn. [f. L ABS(coNdere stow, f. dare put) ; 
 orig. transitive in E also, then refl., then 
 intr.] 
 
 a'bsence, n. Being away from a place;' 
 tinie of being away ; non-existence or want 
 of; abstraction of thought (esp. in phr. a. of 
 mind) ; rollcall. [F, f. L absentia (absent- 
 absent l )] 
 
 a'bsent 1 , a. Not present; not existing. Ab- 
 stracted in mind, whence a'bsentLY 2 adv., 
 absent-mi'ndED 2 a., absent-mi'nded- 
 ly 2 adv., absent-mi'ndedNESS, a'bsent- 
 ness, nn. [F, f. L absentcm nom. -ens part, of 
 AB(esse be)l 
 
 abse'nt 2 , v.refl. Keep oneself away. [f. 
 F absenter f. L absentare f. absent- absent 1 ] 
 
 absentee*, n. A person not present. A per- 
 son habitually living away from home ; esp. a 
 landlord so doing, whence absentee'iSM (2) n. 
 [absent 2 -;- -ee] 
 
 absidal. See apsidal. 
 
 a'bsinth, n. Wormwood, the plant or its 
 essence ; a liqueur made (orig. at least) from 
 wine and worm- wood. [f. L f. Gk apsinthion] 
 
 a'bsolute (-oot, -ut), a. Complete, perfect, 
 pure (as a. alcohol), mere ; unrestricted, inde- 
 pendent ; ruling arbitrarily ; out of grammati- 
 cal relation (ablative a.) ; real, not merely re- 
 lative or comparative ; unqualified, uncon- 
 ditional ; self-existent and conceivable without 
 relation to other things (the a., as noun). 
 Hence a'bsoluteNESS n. [f. mid. F absolut 
 (now absolu) f. L absolutus p.p. see absolve] 
 
 a'bsolutely, adv. Independently, in and 
 by itself; arbitrarily, without external con- 
 trol ; without qualification ; without the usual 
 accompaniments (as a transitive vb used a., 
 i.e. without its obj.); unconditionally; posi- 
 tively, though you would not believe it ; con- 
 clusive^, completely, quite ; at all (w. nega- 
 tives), [f. prec. + -L Y 2 ] 
 
 absolution, n. Formal setting free from 
 guilt, sentence, or obligation ; ecclesiastical 
 declaration of forgiveness of sins ; remission 
 of penance ; forgiveness. [F, f. L absolutionem 
 (absolve, -ion)] 
 
ABSOLUTISM 
 
 a'bsolutism, n. (Theol.) doctrine that God 
 acts absolutely in the affair of salvation. 
 (Polit.) principle of absolute government, [ab- 
 solute + -ism (3)] 
 
 absolutist, n. Partisan of political ab- 
 solutism (also adj., as a. principles). A meta- 
 f)hysician who identifies subject and object. 
 ABSOLUTE + -1ST (2)] 
 
 abso'lve (-s-, -z-), v.t. Set, pronounce, free 
 (from blame &c, of sin, from obligation &c, 
 or abs.) ; acquit, pronounce not guilty, [f. L 
 AB(solvere, solut- loosen)] 
 
 a'bsonant, a. Discordant, alien (from), un- 
 reasonable, [f. ab- + sonant- part. st. of L .son- 
 are sound on anal, of dissonant, consonant, 
 and L absonus] 
 
 absop'b, v.t. Swallow up, incorporate (be 
 absorbed by, lose one's identity in) ; engross the 
 attention of; suck in (liquids).; take in (heat, 
 light, &c.) by chemical or molecular action, 
 [f. F absorber f. L AB(sorbere sorpt- suck 
 in)] 
 
 absop'bable, a. Easily sucked in. Hence 
 absopbaBiLir v n. [prec. + -able] 
 
 absop'bed, a. Intensely engaged or in- 
 terested. Hence absop'bedLY 2 adv. [p.p. of 
 
 ABSORB] 
 
 absopbefacient(-shnt), a. &n. Causingthe 
 absorption or dryingup (e. g. of a tumour) ; agent 
 that does this. [f. L absorbere absorb+ 
 -facient] 
 
 absop'bent, a. & n. Having a tendency to 
 suck in (abs., or of) ; a substance of this kind ; 
 one of the vessels in plants and animals (e. g. 
 the root tips) that absorb nutriment, [f. L ab- 
 sorbent- part. st. of absorbere absorb] 
 
 absop*bingr» a. Engrossing, intensely in- 
 teresting. Hence absop'bingfLY 2 adv. [part, 
 of absorb] 
 
 absop'ption, n. Disappearance through in- 
 corporation in something else ; natural or 
 medical removal of tissues ; mental engross- 
 ment; sucking in of fluid, light &c, or nutri- 
 ment, [f. L absorptio (absorb, -ion)] 
 
 absop'ptive, a. Having a tendency to suck 
 in. Hence absop'ptiveNESS n. [f. L absorpt- 
 (absorb, -ive)] 
 
 absqua'tulate (-kwot-); v.i. Make off, de- 
 camp. [American-made jocular vb w. L pref. 
 and suf.] 
 
 abstai'n, v.i. Keep oneself away, refrain, 
 (from). Refrain from alcohol, whence ab- 
 stai'nER * n., abstai'niNG 2 a. [f. F abstenir 
 f. L ABS(tinere tent- = tenere hold)] 
 
 abste*mious,a. Sparing, notself-indulgent, 
 esp. in food and drink. Used of persons, habits, 
 meals. Hence abste'miousLY 2 adv., ab- 
 ste'miousNESS n. [f. L ABS(temius f. temum 
 strong drink inferred f. temulentus, temetum) 
 + -ous] 
 
 abste'ntion, n. Keeping off (abs., or from 
 any pleasure) ; esp., not using one's vote. [F 
 
 (ABSTAIN, -ION)] 
 
 abstep'gcnt, a. & n. Cleansing ; a cleansing 
 substance, [f. L abstergent- part. st. of abs- 
 (tergere ters- wipe)] 
 
 abstep'sion, n. Cleansing, purgation. [F, 
 see prec, -ion] 
 
 abstep'sive, a. Cleansing, [f. F ( -if, -ive), 
 as prec, -ive] 
 
 a'bstinence, n. Refraining (from any 
 pleasure, or abs. in sense of continence, fasting, 
 or, usu. total a., going without alcohol). Somet. 
 = foil. [F, f. L abstinentia (abstinent, -ence)] 
 
 a'bstineney, n. Habit of refraining from 
 pleasures, esp. food. [f. L abstinentia see 
 prec. & -encv] 
 
 a*bstinent,a. Practising abstinence. Hence 
 
 ABYSM 
 
 a'bstinentLY 2 adv. [F, f. L abstinent- (ab- 
 stain, -ent)] 
 
 a'bstpact 1 , a. Separated from matter, 
 practice, or particular examples, not concrete ; 
 ideal, not practical ; abstruse ; (with the, as 
 noun) the ideal or theoretical way of regarding 
 things (in the a.). Hence a'bstraetLY 2 adv., 
 a'bstPactNESS n. [f. L abstractus p.p. of 
 ABB(trahere draw)] 
 
 a'bstpact 2 , n. Essence, summary; abstrac- 
 tion or abstract term, [see prec] 
 
 abstract 3 , v.t. Deduct, remove, (an obj. 
 much &c is somet. omitted); (euphemism) 
 steal ; disengage (obj. attention &c. somet. 
 omitted) from ; consider apart from the con- 
 crete; summarize, [f. abstract 1 ] 
 
 abstracted, a. Withdrawn in thought, 
 not attending. Hence abstractedNESs n. 
 
 [-ED 1 ] 
 
 abstractedly, adv. In the abstract, 
 ideally ; separately (from— esp. after consider) ; 
 in an absent-minded way. [-ly 2 ] 
 
 abstraction, n. Taking away, with- 
 drawal ; (euphemism) stealing. Process of 
 stripping an idea of its concrete accompani- 
 ments ; the idea so stripped, something vision- 
 ary, whence abstraction - monger n. 
 Absence of mind. [F, f. L abstractionem 
 
 (ABSTRACT 1 , -ION)] 
 
 abstpu'se, a. Hard to understand, pro- 
 found. Hence abstru'seLY 2 adv., ab- 
 stru'seNESS n. [f. L ABS(trusus p.p. of trudere 
 push)] 
 
 absup'd, a. Incongruous, unreasonable, 
 ridiculous, silly. Hence absup'dLY 2 adv. [f. 
 F absurde f. L absurdus (ab- utterly +surdus 
 deaf, dull)] 
 
 absurdity, n. Folly, unreasonableness; 
 an absurd statement or act. [f. F absurdity f. 
 L absurditatem (absurd, -ity)] 
 
 abu'ndance, n. Quantity more than suf- 
 ficient, plenty; overflowing emotion (a. of the 
 heart) ; many people (there are a. who) ; afflu- 
 ence, wealth. [OF (ab-, hab-, see abound), f. 
 L abundantia (as foil., -ance)] 
 
 abu'ndant, a. More than sufficient, plenti- 
 ful; rich [in). Hence abu'ndantLY 2 adv. 
 [OF (ab-, hab-, see abound), f. ~Labundant- part. 
 st. (abound, -ant)] 
 
 ab ur'be co'ndita, adv. (abbr. A. U. a). 
 Counting from the foundation of Rome. [L] 
 
 abu'se 1 (-uz), v.t. Misuse, make bad use 
 of; deceive (archaic, but still used esp. in 
 pass.) ; maltreat (archaic); revile, [f. F abuser 
 f. L *abusare f. ab(«s- p.p. st. of uti use)] 
 
 abu'se 2 (-us), n. Misuse, perversion (of) ; an 
 established unjust or corrupt practice. Re- 
 viling, whence abu'sivE a., abu'siveLY 2 
 adv., abu'siveNESS n. [f. F abus f. L abusus 
 n. f. abus- see prec. 
 
 abu't, v.i. (-tt-). Have a common boundary 
 with, border, (upon ; or somet. without prep, 
 as trans, vb ; of estates or countries) ; end on 
 or against, lean on, (of parts of a building), 
 [mixed meanings f. OF abouter place end to 
 end (d to+bout end), and OF abuter touch 
 with one end (a to+but end)] 
 
 abu'tment, n. A lateral support ; (esp. in 
 architecture) that on which an arch or bridge 
 rests ; point of junction between such support 
 and thing supported, [abut + -ment] 
 
 abu'ttep, n. (In law) owner of the adjoining 
 property. [ABUT + -ER 1 ] 
 
 aby, abye*, v.t. (archaic; past and p.p. 
 abought). Redeem, pay the penalty of, (an 
 offence ; usu. w. dearly, sore), [earlier abuggen, 
 abeggen, f. A- (1) away+BUY] 
 
 aby'sm, n. Earlier form, still used in 
 
ABYSMAL 
 
 poetical style, of abyss. [OF abtsme f. LL 
 *abyssimus superl. of abyssus abyss] 
 
 aby'smal, a. Bottomless, esp. fig., as a. 
 ignorance. Hence abysmalLY 2 adv. [abysm 
 + ^al] 
 
 aby'ss, n. The primal chaos, bowels of the 
 earth, lower world ; a bottomless chasm, deep 
 gorge; depth (a. of light). [Earlier abime, 
 abysme, f. F see abysm, later corrected after 
 L abyssus f. Gk abussos bottomless] 
 
 aby'ssal, a. More than 300 fathoms below 
 sea surface (water, zone, mud). [f. LL 
 abyssalis f. abyssus ; see abyss and -al] 
 
 ac-, pref. to words in c-, k-, qu-. Properly 
 the L assimilated form of ad- to, in addition. 
 In passing through OF it became a- ; this being 
 rectified later, ac- was mistakenly written also 
 for a- representing other preff. (see a-), e.g. 
 OE a- (on) in acknowledge. 
 
 -ac, suf. forming adjj., which are often also 
 (if not only) used as nouns. From Gk -akos, 
 the modification of adj. suf. -kos appended to 
 nouns in -ia, -ios, -ion, and imitated in L. E 
 wds in -ac may be f. Gk (-akos), L (-acus), or F 
 (-ague). 
 
 aca'cia (-sha), n. Genus of trees, of Mimosa 
 tribe, yielding gum arabic ; the Locust-tree 
 or False Acacia, grown in England for orna- 
 ment ; gum arabic. [L, f. Gk akakia ; perh. 
 f. ake point (in ref. to its thorns)] 
 
 a'cademe, n. (Prop.) = Academus (see aca- 
 demy) ; (used by mistake in poetic style for) 
 the Gk Academy, a college, university. [Gk 
 Akademos see academy ; mistake perh. caused 
 by Milton's ' grove of Academe ', P. R. iv. 144] 
 
 academic, a. & n. Belonging to or agreeing 
 with the philosophic school of Plato (academy), 
 (w. ref. to some of his successors' views) 
 sceptical; an ancient Platonist. Scholarly, 
 (and by implication) abstract, unpractical, 
 cold, merely logical ; (as sing, noun) member 
 of a university, one too much enslaved to the 
 principles (in painting &c.) of an academy; 
 <as pi. noun) merely theoretic arguments, 
 university robes. Of an academician or 
 academy (a. rank), [f. med. L academic us 
 see academy] 
 
 academical, a. Belonging to a college 
 or university ; (as pi. noun) college costume 
 (commoner than academics), [prec. 4- -al] 
 
 academically, adv. Theoretically, un- 
 practically ; rarely also in any of the senses of 
 the two precc. [prec. + -LY 2 j 
 
 aca'demi'cian, n. Member of an Academy 
 or art society, esp. of the Royal Academy of 
 Painting &c. [f. F acadimicien f. med. L 
 academicus (foil.) ; see -ian] 
 
 Aea'demy, n. The garden near Athens in 
 which Plato taught; Plato's followers or 
 philosophical system; a place of study, in- 
 cluding universities, but gen. used preten- 
 tiously or depreciatingly of something between 
 a school and a university ; a place of training 
 in a special art (Royal Military A.) ; a society 
 for cultivating literature, art, &c, of which 
 membership is an honour, esp. the Royal A. of 
 Painting &c. ; the R.A.'s annual exhibition, 
 [f. F acadimie f. Lf. Gk akademeia (Akademos 
 the man or demigod f. whom Plato's garden 
 was named)] 
 
 Aca'dian, a. & n. Nova-Scotian. [f. F 
 Acadie Nova Scotia+ -an] 
 
 -acal, compd suf. = -ac+ -al. Adjj. in -ac 
 being often used as nouns also, -al was ap- 
 pended to distinguish the adj. (demoniac, 
 -acal), and even when there was no noun 
 (heliacal). In adjj. -acal often differs f. -ac in 
 suggesting looser connexion w. the orig. noun ; 
 
 ACCENT 
 
 e.g., cardiac arteries (of the heart), cardiacal 
 herbs {having influence on the h.). 
 
 a'caleph(e), n. Jellyfish, medusa, sea- 
 nettle. [Gk akalephe nettle] 
 
 acalyc- (akal- or akal-), stem of several bot. 
 terms. Without calyx, [a- (7)+Gk kalux -ukos 
 flower-cup] 
 
 aca'nthus, n. A genus of plants, esp. Bear's 
 Breech or Brank-Ursine ; a conventional repre- 
 sentation of its leaf used in Gk architecture. 
 Hence acanth(o)- comb. form. [L, f. Gk 
 akanthos (akantha thorn f. ake point)] 
 
 aca'psular, a. Not having capsule, [a- (7) 
 +L capsula capsule+ -ar x ] 
 
 acar'diac, a. (physiol.). Without a heart, 
 [f. Gk akardios f. a- (l)+kardia heart+ -ac] 
 
 aearpellous, a. Without carpels, [a- (7), 
 carpel, -ous] 
 
 acap'pous, a. (bot.). Not producing fruit. 
 [a- (7)+Gk karpos fruit+ -ous] 
 
 aeataleetie, a. & n. (A verse) not docked 
 of a syllable, complete, [f. LL acatalccticus 
 f. Gk akatalektos, see a- (7), catalectic)] 
 
 aca'talepsy, n. Incomprehensibility 
 
 (philos. term), the quality in the object answer- 
 ing to agnosticism in the subject. So a cata- 
 leptic a. [f. med. L f. Gk akatalepsia f . a- (7) + 
 kata thoroughly +lepsis grasping (lab- st. of 
 lambano take)] 
 
 acau'lous, a. (also -e'seent, -ine, -ose) 
 (bot.). Apparently stemless, having very short 
 stem, [a- (7)+L caulis stem+ -ous] 
 
 Acca'dian, a. & n. Of Accad in Shinar (Gen. 
 x. 10) ; a language preserved in cuneiform in- 
 scriptions. 
 
 accede (-ks-), v.i. Enter upon (an office) ; 
 join (a party) ; assent to (opinion or policy). 
 Abs., or w. to if the office &c. is stated, in all 
 senses, [f. L AC(cederc cess- come)] 
 
 accelera'ndo (-ks-), musical direction. 
 Gradually increase speed. [It.] 
 
 accelerate (-ks-), v.t. & i. Make quicker; 
 cause to happen earlier ; become swifter (of a 
 motion or process), [f. obs. adj. accelerate f. 
 L AC(celerare f. celer swift) ; see -ate 2 > 3 ] 
 
 accelerated, a. (physics). Progressively 
 quicker (a. motion). Hence aeceleratedLY 2 
 adv. [p.p. of prec] 
 
 accelerating", a. Causing progressively 
 quicker motion (a. force), [-ing 2 ] 
 
 acceleration (aks-), n. Making quicker; 
 being made quicker. (Physics) rate of increase 
 of velocity per time unit, as with falling bodies. 
 (Astr.) a. of stars, time gained daily by them 
 over sun ; a. of planets, increased velocity 
 from aphelion to perihelion ; a. of moon, 
 increase in speed of mean motion ; a. of tides, 
 amount of local advance on calculated time, 
 [f. L acceleratio (accelerate, -ion)] 
 
 aeee'lerative, a. Tending to increase 
 speed, quickening, [f. accelerate + -ive] _ 
 
 accelerator, n. Person or thing that in- 
 creases any thing's speed ; esp., one of a class of 
 nerves and muscles, [accelerate + -or 2 ] 
 
 a'eeent \ n. Prominence given to a 
 syllable, whether by higher musical pitch 
 (ancient Gk and L, Swedish and Norw.), or 
 by stress (most mod. langg., but perh. not F). 
 Three marks called acxde ('), grave ( v ), and 
 circumflex C or *) accents (systematically em- 
 ployed only in Gk, and to .a less degree in F) 
 used for various purposes, e.g. to indicate 
 syllabic pitch (Gk), quality of vowel sound 
 (F), etymological hist. (F, E), metrical stress, 
 syllabic stress (dictionaries &c), the fact of 
 a letter's not being silent, or conventional 
 distinction between homonyms (F). Indi- 
 vidual, local, or national mode of pronuncia- 
 
ACCENT 
 
 ACCOMMODATE 
 
 tion; modulation to express feeling ; in pi., 
 speech (poet.). (In prosody) rhythmical 
 stress. (Mus.) stress recurring at intervals. 
 (Fig.) intensity, sharp distinction. [F, f. L 
 AC(centus -us = cantus singing) lit. transl. of 
 Gk prosodia (pros to + ode song)] 
 
 accent 2 , v.t. Pronounce with accent, em- 
 phasize (word or syllable) ; put the written 
 accents on ; heighten, make conspicuous, [f. 
 obs. F accenter see prec] 
 
 accentual, a. Of accent; a. prosody or 
 verse, of which the principle is accent or stress, 
 not quantity. Hence aeeentualLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L accentus accent l + -al] 
 
 accentuate, v.t. = accent 2 , but more used 
 than it in the fig. sense, [f. med. L accentuare 
 (accentus accent 1 ), -ate 3 ] 
 
 acce'ntua'tion, n. Accenting (all senses 
 from accent), [f. med. L accent uatio see ac- 
 centuate, -ion] 
 
 accept, v.t. Consent to receive (gift), 
 answer affirmatively (offer, invitation, suitor) ; 
 regard with favour (esp. unfair favour, as a. 
 the person of, a. persons) ; receive as adequate 
 (a. service of writ), allow the truth of, believe ; 
 undertake (office) ; take responsibility for, 
 agree to meet, (bill of exchange). Of may be 
 added (exc. w. service of xvrit, bill) with a 
 slight suggestion of formality or condescension. 
 Hence aeeeptER 1 ^ [f. F accepter f. L ac- 
 ceptare frequent, of AC(cipere = capere take)] 
 
 acceptable (also a'-), a. Worth accepting, 
 pleasing, welcome. Hence or cogn. ac- 
 ce*ptabLY 2 adv., aeeeptaBiLiTY, acce'pt- 
 ableNESS, nn. [F, f. L acceptabilis (accept, 
 -able)] 
 
 acce'ptance, n. Consent to receive (gift, 
 payment, pleasure, duty) ; favourable recep- 
 tion (act. & pass.), approval, belief; a. of 
 persons, partiality ; engagement to meet a 
 bill ; a bill so accepted. [OF ; see accept and 
 -ance] 
 
 acceptation, n. A particular sense given 
 to a word or phrase"; its generally recognized 
 meaning. [F, f. LL acceptationem (accept, 
 -ation)] 
 
 accepted, a. Generally recognized or 
 believed in (Free & A. Masons, see free 1 - 
 mason). Hence acceptedLY 2 adv. [-ed 1 ] 
 
 acceptor, n. One who accepts a bill (pre- 
 ferred to accepter in this sense). [AF acceptour 
 f. L acceptorem (accept, -or 2 )] 
 
 a'ceess (also -e's, see etym.), n. Approach; 
 addition ; right or means of approaching (to) ; 
 being approached (easy of a.); advance (a. 
 and recess) ; passage, channel, doorway ; ad- 
 hesion, growth, (usu. now accession) ; attack 
 or outburst (of illness, anger, emotion). [The 
 doubtful accent is due to double derivation. 
 1. (sense attack, pron. a - -) f. F acces f. L ac- 
 cessus n. f. AC(cedere cess- come) ; 2. (other 
 senses, pron. akse's) direct f. L access us. The 
 two pronunciations, however, have now 
 ceased to be significant] 
 
 a'ceessapy (also akse's-), n. & pred. a. (see 
 also accessory). Helper in any act, one 
 privy to it (as pred. a., be a., were made 
 accessary) ; accompaniment, adjunct, [f. ac- 
 cess + -ary ! formed as f. L access- like 
 emissary, adversary, the adj. (first spelt 
 -ary) being corrected later to -ory on L ac- 
 cessoriiis drew the noun after it, and the two 
 spellings are often confused] 
 
 acce'ssible, a. Able to be reached or 
 entered (abs., or to); open to influence, to the 
 influence of, (to). Hence accessiBi'LiTY n., 
 aeeessibLY 2 adv. [F, f. L accessibilis (ac- 
 cede, -ble)] 
 
 accession, n. Coming into presence or 
 contact; coming into an office or condition 
 (as manhood) ; being added ; assent ; thing 
 added, addition ; (in law) improvement or 
 natural growth of property. [F, f . L accessionem 
 (accede, -ion)] 
 
 a'eeessory (also akse's-), a. & n. (see 
 also accessary). Additional, subordinately 
 contributive (of things), adventitious ; a thing 
 of that character, esp. in pi. the accessories. 
 [f. LL accessorixis adj. (accede, -ory)] 
 
 a'ceidence, n. The part of grammar, or a 
 book, dealing with inflexions (i. e. the accidents 
 or non-essentials of words) ; the elements of 
 any subject, [corruption of accidents = F pi. n. 
 accidens transl. of L neut. pi. accidentia the 
 things that befall (a word), see accident ; or 
 perh. direct f. accidentia treated as fern. sing, 
 noun] 
 
 a'ceident, n. Event without apparent cause, 
 unexpected (so chapter of aa., unforeseen 
 course of events) ; unintentional act, chance, 
 fortune, (by a.) ; mishap ; irregularity in 
 structure ; a property not essential to our 
 conception of a substance (so of material 
 qualities of bread and wine after transubstan- 
 tiation) ; a mere accessory. [F, f. L accidens 
 -entis part, and n. f. AC(cidere = cadere fall)] 
 
 accidental, a. & n. Happening by chance, 
 undesignedly, or unexpectedly ; occasional ;. 
 not essential to a conception (so also an a. as 
 n.) ; subsidiary. (Mus.) a, sharps, flats T 
 naturals, and a. as noun, signs attached to- 
 single notes, not in signature. (Optics) a, 
 colours, those presented by subjective sensa- 
 tion, not external. (In painting) a. lights, 
 and accidentals as n., effects of other than 
 ordinary day light. [F (now -el), prob. f. LL 
 accidentalis f. accidens see prec] 
 
 accidentally, adv. By ehance, uninten- 
 tionally. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 acei'pitpal (aksip-), a. Hawklike ; rapa- 
 cious ; keensighted. [f. L accipitr- nom. -ter 
 hawk + -al] 
 
 acclai'm \ v. t. Applaud loudly or enthusias- 
 tically; (w. obj. and compl.) hail as (king, 
 winner, saviour; acclaimed him king), [f. L 
 AC(elamare shout), spelling assimilated to 
 claim] 
 
 acclai'm 2 , n. Shout of applause, [f. prec] 
 
 acclamation, n. Loud and eager assent to 
 a proposal (voted, carried, by a.) ; shouting in 
 a person's honour (usu. pi.), [f. L acclamatio 
 (prec, -ation)] 
 
 aeelima'tion, n. = acclimatization (see foil.), 
 or distinguished from it as a natural process, 
 not imposed on animals by man. [syncopated 
 for acclimatation (acclimate f. F acclimater 
 
 ACCLIMATIZE)] 
 
 acclimatize (also a'cclimate), v.t. & i. 
 Habituate (animals, plants, oneself) to new 
 climate ; (rarely) become so habituated. Hence 
 aecli'matizA'TioN (also acclimata'tion) 
 n. [f. F acclimater (d to+climat climate) + 
 -ize] 
 
 aeelrvity, n. Upward slope of a hill (cf. 
 declivity), [f. L acclivitas f. AC(clivis f. clivus 
 slope)] 
 
 accola'de (-ad or-ahd), n. Sign at bestowal 
 of knighthood, whether embrace, kiss, or 
 stroke on shoulder with flat of sword. (Mus.) 
 vertical line or brace coupling staves. [F, f. 
 It. accollata n. from p.p. st. of accollare (ac- + 
 L collum neck)] 
 
 aeeo'mmodate, v.t. Adapt (thing or person 
 to another) ; prove such adaptation in, har- 
 monize, (somet. w. implication of sophistry) i 
 reconcile, settle differences between ; compose 
 
ACCOMMODATING 
 
 8 
 
 ACCOUTRE 
 
 (quarrel) ; equip, supply, (person with) ; oblige, 
 confer favour on ; find lodging for. [f. obs. 
 adj. accommodate f. p.p. of L AC(commodare 
 -at- f. commodus fitting = COM- + modus mea- 
 sure)] 
 
 aooo'mmodating , 9 a. Obliging, easy to 
 •deal with, pliable, lax. Hence acco'mmo- 
 datinffLYSadv., [-ing2] 
 accommodation, n. Adjustment (e. g. of 
 eyes for various distances) ; adaptation of any- 
 thing to a purpose or meaning different from 
 the original: self -adaptation ; settlement, com- 
 promise ; serviceable thing, convenience (so in 
 comp. as a.-road); lodgings, entertainment ; 
 money loan (so in a. -bill *). [F f. L accommo- 
 dationem (accommodate, -ion)] 
 aceo-mpaniment (-urn-), n. Appendage, 
 thing that attends another. (Mus.) subsidiary 
 part vocal or instrumental, usu. the latter as 
 used to support the voice, [f. F accompagne- 
 ment (foil., -ment)] 
 
 acco'mpany (-um-), v.t. Supplement (a 
 thing with, as word w. blow) ; go with, escort, 
 attend ; coexist with (of things), characterize. 
 (Mus.) support (singer, player, piece) by per- 
 forming additional part, whence aceo'm- 
 paniST (also -nyist) n. After pass., by has 
 almost ousted older with, now only used 
 when accompanied = combined, [f. F accom- 
 pagner (a to+compagne companion)] 
 
 accd'mplice, n. Partner, usu. subordinate, 
 in crime, [f. earlier & F complice (whether 
 by mistake from a complice, cf. newt, or by 
 assim. to foil.) f. L comphcem nom. -plex closely 
 connected (com- +plic- fold)] 
 accd'mplish, v.t. Fulfil, perform, com- 
 plete, finish. Perfect (a person) in graceful 
 acquirements, whence aeeo'mplishED 1 a. 
 ff. OF acomplir f. LL AC(complere complete) ; 
 gee^SH 2 ] 
 
 acco'mplishment, n. Fulfilment, comple- 
 tion ; thing done or attained, achievement ; 
 faculty that perfects a person for society, 
 (disparagingly) merely superficial acquire- 
 ment, [f. F accomplissement ; see prec, 
 -ment] 
 
 aceompt, -ant, archaic for account, -ant. 
 aeeop'd 1 , v.t. & i. Be in harmony or con- 
 sistent (abs., or with ; chiefly of things) •, 
 grant (indulgence, request, welcome, &c). [f. 
 OF acorder f. LL AC(cordare f. cor cordis 
 heart)] 
 
 aeeop'd 2 , n. Consent (with one a.), mutual 
 agreement ; treatj* of peace ; harmonious 
 correspondence in "colour, pitch, tone ; assent 
 (of one's own a.), [f. OF acord agreement («- 
 corder accord 1 )] 
 
 aceop'danee, n. Conformity, agreement, 
 esp. in phr. in a. xcith. [OF acordance (as 
 prec, -ance)] 
 
 aeeop'dant, a. In tune, agreeing, (abs., or 
 with). Hence aeeoP'dantLY 2 adv. [OF 
 acordant as prec, -ant] 
 
 ! aceop'ding, adv. (only now in the compd 
 conj. a. as, and the compd prep. a. to). A. 
 as : in proportion as (of a process varying w. 
 another) ; in a manner depending on which 
 of certain alternatives is true. A. to: in a 
 manner consistent with or degree proportioned 
 to ; on the authority of. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 aeeop'dingly, adv. As the (stated) circum- 
 stances suggest ; therefore ; a. as = according 
 
 as. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 aeeop'dion, n. Portable musical instru- 
 ment made of bellows, keys, and metal reeds. 
 Hence aeeop'dioniST(3) n. [f. It. and LL 
 accordare attune see ACCORD l ; termination 
 imitated f. clarion] 
 
 aeed'st \ v.t. Make up to and address, open 
 conversation with. [f. F accoster f. LL ac- 
 (costare f. costa rib)] 
 
 aeed'st 2 , n. Greeting, opening remark, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 accowchement (-ooshmong, or as F), n. 
 Lying-in, delivery m child-bed. [F] 
 accoucheur' (-oosher), n. (fern, -exise pr. -erz). 
 Man-midwife, midwife. [F] 
 aeeou'nt 1 , v.t. & i. Consider, regard as, 
 (followed by obj. & complement or infin. ; a. 
 him a hero, wise, to be guilty). Be accounted 
 of, be esteemed (alw. w. little, much, Sec). 
 Account for: give reckoning (of money held 
 in trust); answer for (conduct, performance 
 of duty) ; explain the cause of ; serve as ex- 
 planation of (that accounts for it) ; (sport) be 
 responsible for the death of, kill. [f. OF aconter 
 f. LL accomptare for *AC(compxitare L = com- 
 pute) ; the form aceompt is due to 14th-c. 
 correction in F passing into E, the oldest E 
 being acunte (see AC-)] 
 
 aeeou'nt 2 , n. (1) Counting, calculation, in 
 phrr. cast accounts (reckon up), money of a. 
 (names not of coins, but of sums, as guinea). 
 (2) Reckoning of debit and credit, in money or 
 service. Statement of money received and 
 expended, with balance ; so open or close an 
 a. with, render or send in, pay or settle, an a. ; 
 a. current (whence a/c = account), one kept 
 going w. occasional entries; joint a., in which 
 two persons not otherwise partners count as 
 one; keep aa., enter all expenditure for com- 
 parison w. income ; balance or square aa. with 
 some one, receive or pay the balance due ; cash, 
 profit-and-loss, &c, a., headings of subdivision 
 in ledger; sale for the a., on the Stock Exch., 
 not for cash, but payable at next periodic 
 settlement; A in a. xcith B, having credit 
 relations with ; for a. of, to be sold for (person) ; 
 OTi a., as interim payment; on one's a., for 
 his service; on ones own a., for and at one's 
 own purposes and risk, whence generally on a. 
 of, because of, and on no a., by no means, 
 certainly not. A favourable result of the 
 reckoning, profit; find one's a. in, profit by, 
 turn to a., make useful. Statement of ad- 
 ministration as required by creditor ; ask, 
 demand, yield, render, an a., call or bring to 
 a. ; extended from money to conduct generally, 
 so the great a., Day of Judgment, gone to his 
 a., dead ; give a. of, find cause of, explain, (in 
 sport) give a good a. of, dispose of (opponents, 
 game) successfully. (3) Estimation. Person 
 or thing of, or held in, some or no a. ; make 
 little a. of; take into, leave out of, a. ; take a. 
 of; lay one's a. with, include in one's calcu- 
 lations, expect. (4) Narration, report, descrip- 
 tion, of event, person, &c. [f. OF acont (a to 4- 
 cont f. LL comptum for computum f. L com- 
 putare compute)] 
 aeeou'ntafole, a. Bound to give account, 
 responsible, (for things, to persons, or abs.); 
 explicable (somet. followed by for). Hence 
 aeeountaBiLiTY, aeeoirntableNESS, nn., 
 
 [f. ACCOUNT 1 + -ABLE] 
 
 aeeou'ntant, n. (Law) one liable to render 
 account; defendant in an action of account. 
 Professional keeper and inspector of accounts : 
 a.-general, chief a. in public offices; whence 
 aeeoirntantSHiP n. [F (15th c.) accomptant 
 part, of accompter OF aconter account 2 J 
 
 aeeou'tpe (-ooter), v.t. (-tring, -tred). Attire, 
 equip, esp. w. special costume (chiefly used in 
 p.p.). [f. med. F accoustrer (now accoutrer) 
 etym. dub., perh. AC- + coustre vestry-keeper 
 and so rober which is perh. f. LL *cxistor f. 
 custos guardian] 
 
ACCOUTREMENT 
 
 accou'tpement (-obtrem-), n. (usu. in pi.). 
 Equipment, trappings. (Mil.) soldier's outfit 
 other than arms and garments, e. g. belt, straps, 
 valise. [MF accoustrement (prec, -ment)] 
 
 aeepe'dit, v.t. Gain belief or influence for 
 (adviser, advice); send out (ambassador, &c.) 
 with credentials to person, to or at a court; 
 a. thing (saying, policy) to person, or a. him 
 loith it, put it down to him. [f. F AC(crediter f. 
 credit credit)] 
 
 aeepe'dited, a. Officially recognized (per- 
 sons); generally accepted, orthodox, (beliefs), 
 [p.p. of prec] 
 
 aeepe'te 1 , v.t. & i. Grow together or into 
 one ; form round or on to, as round a nucleus ; 
 attract (such additions), [f. L accret- p.p. st. of 
 AC(cresce?'e grow)] 
 
 aeepe'te 2 , a. (bot.). Grown into one with 
 something else. [f. L accretus p.p. see prec] 
 
 aeepe'tion, n. Growth by organic enlarge- 
 ment; the growing of separate things (as 
 particles) into one ; the whole resulting from 
 this ; adhesion of extraneous matter to any- 
 thing ; the matter so added ; (Law) == accession, 
 also increase of legacy &c by share of failing 
 co-legatee, [f. L accretio (accrete \ -ion)] 
 
 accrue* (-00), v.i. Fall (to one, from a 
 thing) as a natural growth, advantage, result ; 
 esp. of interest on invested money. Hence 
 accPUE'D 1 (2) a. [f. obs. accrue n. = F accrxie 
 p.p. of accroitre OF acreistre f. L accrescere 
 
 ACCRETE *] 
 
 accumulate, v.t. & i. Heap up, gain by 
 degrees, (usu. fig., a fortune, ill will, &c, or 
 abs.), amass, make money; take (University 
 degrees) by accumulation (obj. expressed, or 
 abs.), i. e., more than one step at a time ; grow 
 numerous, form an increasing mass or heap 
 (lit. and fig., as dirt, disasters, had accumu- 
 lated), [f. obs. accuvudate a. f. L &.c(cumidare 
 f. cumxdus heap), -ate 2 > 3 ] 
 
 accumulation, n. Collection (act. or 
 pass.), amassing; money-making; growth of 
 capital by continued interest ; combination of 
 distinct acts into one (degrees, see prec, or 
 church services &c); a mass (as snow, papers, 
 property), [f. L accumxdatio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 accumulative, a. Arising from accumu- 
 lation (a. proof, evidence, now being ousted by 
 cumulative); so arranged as to accumulate 
 (sinking fund) ; acquisitive, given to hoarding. 
 Hence aeeu'mulativeLY 2 adv. [as prec + 
 -ive] 
 
 accu'mulatop, n. One who collects; 
 money-maker; taker of degrees by accumu- 
 lation; apparatus for storing electricity. [L 
 (as prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 a'ccupate, a. Careful, precise, in exact 
 conformity with a standard or with truth. 
 Hence a*eeuPACY n., a'eeupateLV 2 adv. [f. 
 L AC(curare f. cura care), -ate 2 ] 
 
 accursed (-id), aecup'st, a. Lying under 
 a curse, ill-fated ; involving misery, execrable, 
 detestable, [p.p. f. obs. accxcrse earlier acurse 
 (a- imitated as intensive f. OE ar- see a- (1) + OE 
 cursian curse v.)] 
 
 accu'sal, n. Sometimes used for foil. [f. ac- 
 cuse + -al (2)] 
 
 accusa'tion, n. Accusing ; being accused ; 
 a charge of offence or crime ; indictment. [F, 
 f. L accusationem (accuse, -ion)] 
 
 accusative, a. & n. A. case (or a. as noun), 
 the grammatical case used in Gk & L for the 
 goal of motion or obj. of action ; in uninflected 
 langg., applied to the wd that stands as obj., 
 though with no mark of case. Hence ac- 
 eusati'VAL adj., aeeu'sativeLY 2 adv. [F 
 (-if, -ive), f. L accusativus lit, transl. of Gk 
 
 j!J ACETATE D 
 
 aitiatike causal (also accusing), the goal or 
 obj. being the final cause of motion or action] 
 
 accusatorial, a. A. procedure See., in 
 which prosecutor and judge are not the same, 
 opposed to inquisitorial, [as foil. + -al] 
 
 accu'satopy, a. A. language, manner &c, 
 conveying or implying accusation, [f. L ac- 
 cxisatornus (foil., -ory)] 
 
 accu'se (-z), v.t. Charge with a fault, indict, 
 (person), whence p.p. as noun, the accused; 
 blame, lay the fault on, (person or thing, as 
 the times). A. as offender, of offence. Point 
 to (subj. evidence, &c, obj. a person). Hence 
 accu'SERi n., aeeu'singxY 2 adv. [earlier 
 acuse f. OF acuser f. L AC(cusare-causare f. 
 caxisa cause)] 
 
 accu'stom, v.t. Habituate (oneself, person, 
 or thing, to do or to; commoner in pass.), 
 [earlier acustom (see AC-) f. OF acostximer (now 
 accoutumer) (a to, custom)] 
 
 accu'stomed, a. In vbl senses ; also, 
 usual, [p.p. of prec in obs. sense make usual] 
 
 ace, n. The one on dice ; ambs ace, throw of 
 two ones, deuce ace, of two and one (formerly 
 two ones); the one on dominoes, cards; one 
 point at racquets &c ; the "smallest possible 
 amount, hair's-breadth, as xcithin an ace of; 
 ace-point, first or starting point on backgam- 
 mon table. [F as f. L as unity] 
 
 -acea, L suf. freely used to form names 
 (neut. pi. agreeing w. animalia) for orders of 
 animals; the names are L and pi., the sing, 
 being supplied by E adjj. in -ace an used as 
 noun ; so the Crustacea, a crustacean, [f. L 
 -aceus (-ac- + -e-us) compd adj. formative] 
 
 -aceae, L suf. freely used to form names 
 (fern. pi. agreeing w. plantae) for orders pf 
 plants, [f. -aceus see prec] 
 
 -acean, a. & n. suf. As adj., = -aceous; as 
 n., see -acea. [f. L -aceus see -acea + -an] 
 
 Aceldama (-k-), n. Field of bloodshed, 
 scene of slaughter. [Acts i. 19] 
 
 -aceous, suf. freely used to form adjj. to the 
 Xat.-Hist. nouns in -acea, -ace^e, as crustace- 
 ous, rosaceous, [f. L -aceus see -acea + -ous] 
 
 acephal-, stem of several bot., zool., & eccl. 
 terms. Headless, [f. LL f. Gk akephalos f. a- 
 (l)+kephale head] 
 
 ace'phalous, a. Headless ; recognizing no 
 chief; (Zool.) having no part of body specially 
 organized as head; (Bot.) with head aborted 
 or cut off; (in prosody), (verse) wanting the re- 
 gular first syllable, [as prec. -f -ous] 
 
 a'cerbate, v.t. Sometimes used for ex- 
 acerbate. 
 
 acep'bity, n. Astringent sourness, harsh 
 taste ; bitterness of speech, manner, or temper, 
 [f. F. acerbity f. L acerbitatem (acerbus sour- 
 tasting, -ty)] 
 
 a'cepvate, a. Growing in compact clusters 
 (of spines, &c). [f. L acervare (acervus a 
 heap), -ate 2 ] 
 
 ace'scent, a. Turning sour, rather sour, lit. 
 and fig. [f. L acescere inceptive of acere be 
 sour (ac- sharp), -ent] 
 
 aeet-, stem of many chem. terms. Vinegar. 
 [L acetum vinegar (acere be sour)] 
 
 acetabulum, n. (pi. -la). (Rom. antiq.) 
 cup to hold vinegar. (Zool.) cup-shaped sucker 
 of cuttle-fish, &c. ; socket of thighbone, or of 
 joints in insects. [f. L acetum vinegar •+• 
 -abulum dim. of -abrxim receptacle] 
 
 acetap'ious, a. (Of plants) used in salads, 
 [f. L acetaria salad plants, neut. pi. of acetaris 
 (as acetic, see -ar 1 )+ -ous] 
 
 a'cetated, a. Treated with acetic acid, 
 [p.p. of acetate v. (acetic+ -ate 3 ) not otherwise 
 used 1 
 
ACETIC 
 
 ace'tie, a. Pertaining to vinegar, [f. L 
 acetum v inegar+ -ic] 
 
 aee'tify, v.t. &i. Convert into vinegar; be- 
 come sour. Hence acetiFicA'TiON, aee'tifi- 
 er 1 (2), nn. [as prec. + -fy] 
 
 a'cetous, a. Having the qualities of vine- 
 gar ; sour, [as prec. + -ous] 
 
 aee'tylene, n. A colourless gas, burning 
 with a bright flame, [as prec, see -yl and 
 -ene] 
 
 acharnement (F), n. Ferocity; gusto. 
 
 Aeha'tes (-k-). Faithful friend of Aeneas 
 (Verg. Aen.); any faithful friend. 
 
 acne 1 (ak), v.i. SufFer continuous or pro- 
 longed pain. [OE acan; earlier and correct 
 spelling of the verb was ake] 
 
 ache 2 (ak), n. Continuous pain. [OE sece f. 
 acan v. ; earlier pronunciation of the noun was 
 atsh (cp. bake batch, wake watch )] 
 
 ache 3 (atsh), n. Name of letter H. 
 
 aehie've, v.t. Accomplish, carry out; ac- 
 quire ; reach (an end). Hence aehie'VABLE a. 
 [f. F achever (a chef venirl. LL ad caput venire 
 come to a head with)] 
 
 achievement, n. Completion, accomplish- 
 ment; thing accomplished; escutcheon or en- 
 sign armorial in memory of a distinguished 
 feat ; = hatchment, [f. F achevement (achever 
 achieve)] 
 
 achi'lous (-k-), a. (bot). "Without lips. [f. Gk 
 -a- not+kheilos lip-f--ous] 
 
 achlamy'deous, a. (bot.). Without calyx 
 or corolla, [f. Gk a- not+khlamus -udos cloak 
 + -eous] 
 
 aehpoma'tie, a, (opt.). Free from colour; 
 transmitting light without decomposing it. 
 Hence achpoma'tiCALLY adv., aehro- 
 mati'ciTY, aehpo*matisivi(2), nn., aehro*- 
 matiZE(3) v.t. [f. Gk akhromatos (a- not+ 
 khroma -matos colour) + -ic] 
 
 a'cid 1 , a. Sour; (Chem.) with the essential 
 
 Eroperties of an acid 2 . So aei'diTY n. [f. 
 i acidus (acere be sour)] 
 
 a'cid 2 , n. A sour substance; (Chem.) one 
 of a class of substances that neutralize and are 
 neutralized by alkalis, and are compounded of 
 hydrogen and another element or elements, and 
 of which the principal types are sour and turn 
 vegetable blues to reds. [f. prec] 
 
 ael'dify, v.t. & i. Make, become, sour; 
 (Chem.) convert into an acid. Hence aci'difi- 
 able a., acidiFiCA'TiON, aci*difiER 1 (2), nn. 
 [as acid, see -fy] 
 
 aeidi'metep, n. Instrument for measuring 
 strength of acids, [as prec, see -meter] 
 
 aci'dulated, a. Made somewhat acid. [p.p. 
 of acidulate v. (foil. + -ate 3 ), not otherwise 
 used] 
 
 aci'dulous, a. Somewhat acid. [f. L aci- 
 dulus (dim. of acidus sour) + -ous] 
 
 a'cinus, n. (pi. acini). One of the small berries 
 that make up a compound fruit such as the 
 blackberry ; the compound fruit itself ; seed 
 of a grape or berry; (Anat.) racemose gland. 
 Hence aci'niFORM a. [L, = berry, seed] 
 
 -acious, suf. forming adjj. meaning 'in- 
 clined to ', ' abounding in '. [f. L -ax -acis, 
 added to rb stems to form adjj.,+ -ous] 
 i -aeity, suf. forming nouns of quality corre- 
 sponding to adjj. in -acious directly f. L 
 -acitat- or thr. F -acite'. 
 
 acknowledge (aknol-), v.t. Admit the 
 truth of ; own (person &c to be something) ; 
 recognize the authority or claims of ; recognize 
 in legal form ; express appreciation of ; an- 
 nounce receipt of ; reward (a service), [a- (2)+ 
 knowledge ; or from the obs. nouo acknow- 
 ledge] 
 
 10 ACR E 
 
 acknowledgment, -ement, n. Act of 
 acknowledging ; thing given or done in return 
 for a service, message, &c [prec. + -ment] 
 acli'nic, a. A. line, magnetic equator, on 
 which magnetic needle has no dip. [f. Gk 
 aklines {a- not+klino bend) + -ic] 
 
 a'cme, n. Highest point, point of perfection. 
 [Gk,= point] 
 
 a'cne, n. Pimple ; disease marked by pim- 
 ples, [perh. corrupt, of acme] 
 
 aco'ck, adv. (Of the hat) in cocked fashion ; 
 defiantly, [a prep. + cock v.] 
 
 a'eolyte, n. Inferior officer in the church ; 
 attendant, assistant; novice, [f. Gk akoloiiihos 
 follower] 
 
 a'eonite, n. Monk's-head or wolf's-bane, a 
 poisonous plant; extract from this. Hence 
 aconi'tic a., aeo'nitiNE 5 n. [f. F aconit f. 
 Gk akoniton (etym. dub.)] 
 
 a'corn, n. Fruit of the oak ; a.-shell, multi- 
 valve cirriped, allied to barnacles. [OE secern, 
 perh. w. orig. meaning 'fruit of the open 
 country ' (OE secer) ; conf us. w. com] 
 
 aeotyle'don, n. Plant with no distinct 
 seed-lobes. Hence aeotyledonous a. [f. 
 mod. L acotyledones f. Gk a- not + kotuledon 
 cup-shaped hollow (kotule cup)] 
 
 acou'chy (-ooshi), n. Small rodent allied to 
 guinea-pig. If. Facouchi, perh. f. native name 
 in Guiana] 
 
 acou'stic (-ow-), a. Pertaining to the sense 
 of hearing. Hence acou*sticALa., aeoirstie- 
 alLY 2 adv., aeoustrciAN, aeoirstics, nn. 
 [f. F acoustique f. Gk akoustikos (akoud 
 hear)] 
 
 aequai'nt, v.t. Make (person, oneself,) 
 aware of (ivith facts, that, hoiv, &c); make 
 oneself familiar (with circumstances &c) ; 
 (pass.) have personal knowledge of (with person 
 or thing), [f. OF acointer f. LL ACcognitare 
 f. cognit- p.p. st. of co(gnoscere come to 
 know)] 
 
 acquaintance, n. Knowledge of (with) 
 person &c more than mere recognition and 
 less than intimacy ; person(s) with whom one 
 is acquainted (pi. now usu. -ances in this sense). 
 Hence aequarntaneesHiP n. [f . OF acoint- 
 ance (acointer acquaint)] 
 
 acquest, n. Thing acquired; (Law) pro- 
 perty gained otherwise than by inheritance, 
 [f. OF acquest f. LL acquistum i. L acquisi- 
 tum (see acquire)] 
 
 acquie'sce (-ies), v.i. Agree tacitly ; a. in, 
 accept (arrangements, conclusions). So ac- 
 quie'seENCE n., aequie'scENT a. [f. MF 
 acquiescer f. L AC(quiescere rest)] 
 
 acquire*, v.t. Gain by oneself and for one- 
 self; (of qualities &c.) win (person a good 
 name &c) ; come into possession of; an ac- 
 quired taste (not natural), [f. OF acquey^e f. 
 L. AC(quirere quisit- = quaerere seek)] 
 
 acquisition, n. Act of acquiring; thing 
 acquired. So acqui'sitivE a. , aequi'sitive- 
 ness n. [f. L acquisitio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 acqui't, v.t. (-tt-). Pay (a debt); declare 
 (person) not guilty (of offence) ; discharge one- 
 self of (duty, responsibility) ; a. oneself (per- 
 form one's part) ivell, ill, &c [f. OF aquiter f. 
 LL *AC(qxdtare - L quietare settle f. quies -etis 
 rest)] 
 
 acqui'ttal, n. Discharge from debt ; deliver- 
 ance from a charge by verdict &c. ; per- 
 formance (of duty), [prec. + -al (2)] 
 
 acqui'ttance, n. Payment of debt ; release 
 from debt ; receipt in full. [f. OF^aquitance 
 (aquiter acquit, see -ance)] 
 
 acre (a'ker), n. Measure of land, 4,840 sq. 
 yds ; piece of tilled or enclosed land, field (only 
 
ACREAGE 
 
 in special uses, as broad act., GocVs A., Long 
 A . ). Hence ( - )a*CPED 2 a. [f . OE secer, acer (cf . 
 OHGj achar L ager Gk agros Skr ajras) tilled 
 or enclosed land (orig. open country) ; adopted 
 in med. L as acra, in OF as acre, hence mod. 
 spelJing for the regular aker] 
 
 acreage (a"kcrij), n. Amount of acres; 
 acres collectively or in the abstract, [acre + 
 -age] 
 
 a'epid, a. Bitterly pungent, irritating, corro- 
 sive ; of bitter temper or manner. Hence 
 aeri'diTV n. [irreg. f. L acer -ais pungent-f 
 -id, perh. assimilated to acid] 
 
 a'crimony, n. Bitterness of temper or 
 manner. So aerimo'nious a., aepimo'ni- 
 OUSLY 2 adv. [f. L acrimonia pungency (acer 
 -cris sharp ; see -mony) perh. thr. F aciimonie] 
 
 A'epita, n. pi. (zool.). Animals with no dis- 
 tinct nervous system, [mod. L f. Gk akritos 
 undistinguishable (a- not+A;rmo distinguish)] 
 
 acpo- in comb. Highest, topmost, terminal ; 
 tipped with ; at the point or extremity of. [f. 
 Gk akros topmost, outermost] 
 
 a'cpobat, n. Rope-dancer, tumbler. Hence 
 acpoba'tica., aepoba'ticALLY adv., a*ero- 
 batiSM n. [f. F acrobate f. Gk akrobatos walk- 
 ing on tiptoe, climbing aloft (acro- + batos 
 vbl adj. f. baino go)] 
 
 a'crogen, n. (bot.). Cryptogamous plant 
 having perennial stem with growing point at 
 extremity, as ferns and mosses. Hence aepo*- 
 genous a. [acro- + Gk -genes born] 
 
 a'epolith, n. Statue with head and extremi- 
 ties of stone, [acro- + Gk lithos stone] 
 
 acpd'nychal, a. Happening at nightfall 
 (esp. of rising or setting of stars). Hence 
 acpo'nyehalLY 2 adv. [f. Gk akronukhos 
 (acro- + nux nuktos night) + -al] 
 
 aepo'petal, a. Developing from below up- 
 wards. Hence aePO'petalLY. 2 adv. [acro- 
 + L petere seek + -al] 
 
 aepd'polis, n. Citadel or elevated part of 
 a Greek city, esp. of Athens. [Gk akropolis 
 (acro- +polis city)] 
 
 acpo'ss, adv. & prep. In the form of a cross, 
 as with arms a. ; forming a cross with, making 
 angles with, (object expressed or understood), 
 as a line drawn a. (the road) ; into contact 
 with, as came a. a tiger, an instance; from 
 side to side (of), as run a. (the road) ; on the 
 other side (of), as by this time he is a. (the 
 Channel), [a prep. + cross 1 ; Caxton has in 
 cross f. F encroix] 
 
 acpo'stic, n. Poem or other composition in 
 which the initial (single a.), the initial and 
 final (double a.), or the initial, middle, and final 
 (triple a.) letters of the lines spell a word or 
 words ; Hebrew poem of which the lines begin 
 with the successive letters of the alphabet. 
 Hence aepo'stie a., aero'stiCALLY adv. 
 [acro- + Gk stikhos row, line of verse] 
 
 act l , n. Thing done, deed ; process of doing, 
 operation, as in the very a. of, A. of God 
 (operation of uncontrollable natural forces) ; de- 
 cree passed by a legislative body &c. ; main 
 division of a play ; (in Universities) thesis main- 
 tained by a candidate for a degree &c. [f. F 
 acte f. L actus -us doing and f. L actum thing 
 done ; see foil.] 
 
 act 2 , v.t. & i. Perform a play or part ; per- 
 sonate (character in a play or in life), as a. 
 Othello, a. the fool; perform actions, behave, 
 as a. (behave) generously, a. (serve) as in- 
 terpreter, a. upon (execute) a suggestion, a. 
 up to (put into practice) a principle ; perform 
 special functions, as the policeman declined to 
 a., the brake refused to a., alcohol acts on the 
 brain, [f. L agere act- do] 
 
 11 ACULEUS 
 
 a'cting", a. In vbl senses, esp : doing duty 
 temporarily, as A .-Captain ; doing alone duties 
 nominally shared with others, as A.-Manager, 
 -Trustee, [act 2 -f -ing 2 ] 
 
 Acti'nia, n. (pi. -ae, -as). Genus of Zoophytes 
 belonging to the family Actiniadae ; (pop.) 
 sea-anemone, [mod. L f. Gk aktis -inos ray] 
 
 actinism, n. That property of the sun's 
 rays by which chemical changes are produced, 
 as in photography. So acti'nic a. [as prec. + 
 -ism] 
 
 a'ction, n. Process of acting, exertion of 
 energy or influence, as men of a., put in a., a. 
 of an acid ; thing done, act ; (in drama) series 
 of events represented ; mode of acting, manage- 
 ment of body, &c, as a. of a player, horse, 
 piano ; mechanism of an instrument ; legal pro- 
 cess; engagement between troops. [F, f. L 
 actionem (as act 2 , see -ion)] 
 
 a'ctionable, a. Affording ground for an 
 action at law. Hence a'etionabLY 2 adv. 
 [action + -able] 
 
 a'ctive, a. Given to outward action ; work- 
 ing, effective ; energetic, diligent ; acting of 
 one's own accord, acting upon others ; (Gram.) 
 the active voice comprises all forms of intransi- 
 tive verbs, and those forms of transitive verbs 
 that attribute the verbal action to the person 
 or thing whence it proceeds (the logical subject), 
 as We punished him ; not, like the forms of the 
 passive voice, to the person or thing to whom 
 it is directed (the logical object), as He was 
 punished by us. Less correctly, verbs are 
 themselves called active. Hence activeLY 2 
 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L activus (as act 2 , see -ive),; 
 or direct f. L in theol. phr. vita activa] 
 
 activity, n. Exertion of energy ; quality of 
 being active, diligence, nimbleness ; (pi.) active 
 forces, spheres of action, [f. F. activite f. med. 
 L activitatem (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 a'eton, n. Jacket of quilted cotton worn 
 under mail ; mail-plated jacket of leather &c. 
 [f. OF auqueton (mod. hoqueton) padding, 
 padded jacket, f. Sp. alcoton (mod. algodon) 
 cotton f. Arab, al-qutun the cotton] 
 
 a'ctop, n. Dramatic performer, whence 
 a'ctPESS L n. ; (rarely) doer. [L, = doer, actor 
 (as act 2 , see -or 2 )] 
 
 a'ctual, a. Existing in fact, real; present, 
 current. [f. F actuel f. LL actualis (actus 
 vbl n. f. agere act 2 ; see -al)] 
 
 aetua'lity, n. Reality ; realism ; (pi.) existing 
 conditions, [f. med. L actualitas (as prec, 
 see -ty)] 
 
 a'ctualize, v.t. Realize in action ; describe 
 realistically. Hence aetualizA'TiON n. [ac- 
 tual + -ize] 
 
 a'etually, adv. In actual fact, really ; for 
 the time being ; even (strange as it may seem). 
 
 [-LY 2 ] 
 
 a'ctuapy, n. Expert authority on rates of 
 mortality and other details of life, fire, or ac- 
 cident insurance ; (formerly) registrar, notary. 
 Hence actuap'iAL a. [f. L actuarius amanu- 
 ensis, book-keeper (actus; see actual and 
 -ary i)] 
 
 a'ctuate, v.t. Communicate motion to (a 
 machine &c); serve as motive to (person). 
 Hence actUA'TiON n. [f. med. L actuare 
 (actus, as prec, see -ate 3 )] 
 
 acu'ity, n. Sharpness, acuteness (as of 
 needle, acid, disease, wit), [f. F acuite f. med. 
 L acuitatem (acus -us needle ; see -ity)] 
 
 acu'leate (-at), acu'leated, aa. (Zool.) 
 having a sting; (Bot.) prickly; pointed, in- 
 cisive, [f . L aculeatus ( aculeus, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 acu'leus, n. (pi. -I). (Zool.) sting; (Bot.) 
 prickle. [L aculeus sting, dim. of acus needle] 
 
ACUMEN 
 
 12 
 
 ADDUCT 
 
 acu'men, n. Keen discernment, penetra- 
 tion. [L acumen -minis anything sharp (acuere 
 sharpen)] 
 
 acu'minate 1 (-at), a. (nat. hist.). Tapering 
 to a point, [f. L acuminare (prec), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 aeuininate 2 , v.t. Sharpen, point; give 
 poignancy to. Hence aeuminATiON, n. [as 
 prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 aeu'te, a. Sharp, pointed ; (of angles) less 
 than a right angle ; (of diseases) coming sharply 
 to a crisis, opp. to chronic ; (of sensations, senses, 
 intellect) keen ; (of sounds) high, shrill ; (of 
 letters) bearing the acute accent. Hence 
 aeu'teLY 2 adv., acu'teNESS. n. [f. L acuere 
 -ut- sharpen] 
 
 acuti- in comb. Sharp, as -foliate sharp- 
 leaved, -lobate sharp-lobed. [L comb, form of 
 acutus acute] 
 
 -aey, suf. forming nouns of state or quality 
 from or modelled on L -acta or -alia or Gk 
 -ateia, (1) n. of quality f. L -aci-a f. adjj. in 
 -aci- : fall- deceive fall-aci- deceitful fall-aci-a 
 fallacy. (2) n. of state or quality f. L -ati-a f. 
 nouns in -at- (nom. -as, -i- being part of stem 
 or connecting link) : med. L primat- primati-a 
 primacy ; and by analogy supremacy. (3) n. of 
 state f. med. L -ati-a f. nouns in -atus : ad- 
 vocat-us advocat-ia advocacy ; and by analogy 
 curacy. This formation was extended to adjj. 
 f. L -atus to form accuracy, obstinacy, from 
 accurate, obstinate, where L has nouns in -atio ; 
 hence other L words in -atio appear in E with 
 ■acy where E has no corresponding adj. in -ate, 
 as conspiracy; similarly, E -acy for L -atus 
 (n. of 4th decl.), as magistr-atus magistracy, 
 gives rise to episcopacy as if f. E episcopate ; 
 and lunacy is formed to match lunatic on anal. 
 ol diplomacy diplomatic. (4) n. of state, through 
 L, f. Gk -ateia f. n. in -ates or vb in -ateuein: 
 peirates peirateia piracy. 
 
 ad-, pref. (1) f. L ad to, with sense of motion 
 or direction to, change into, addition, adher- 
 ence, increase, or mere intensification. Before 
 cfglnpqrst, and prob. before b, ad was in 
 later L assimilated ; before vowels and d h j 
 m v, it was unchanged. In OF, L ad, wherever 
 recognized as such, became a-, even before 
 vowels, as aorner f. L adornare ; but later 
 the spelling was Latinized, sometimes with 
 changed pronunciation, both in F and still 
 more in E, where the OF forms had been 
 adopted. (The use of ad-, ab-, in pairs like 
 adoral, aboral, situated at and aicay from 
 mouth, is unknown to L.) (2) The pedantic 
 spelling ad- for a- was sometimes extended to 
 a- coming not from L ad- but f. L ab- (advance 
 F. avancer L ab-anteare), f. OF en- (addebted 
 OF endeM), f. OF es- f. L ex- (affray OF es- 
 frayer), f. OE a- (accurse ME a-curse), &c; so 
 admiral f. Arab, amiral. New native com- 
 pounds with E a- were falsely spelt in the same 
 way. 
 
 -ad, suf. of nouns. (1) f. Gk -ad- (nom. -as), 
 in collective numerals (monad, dyad, triad, 
 chiliad, myriad) ; in fern, patronymics (Dryad, 
 Naiad) ; in names qf poems (Iliad, and by anal. 
 Dunciad, Rosciad) ; and in family names of 
 plants (liliad, asclepiad). (2) f. F -ade ; see the 
 more usual -ade. 
 
 a'dage (-Ij), n. Traditional maxim, proverb. 
 [F, f. L adagium (ad to +agi-, root of aio I say)] 
 \ ada'gio (adahj-), adv. a., n., (mus.). Leisurely; 
 (n.) adagio movement. [It.] 
 
 A'dam, n. The first man; old A. (unre- 
 generate condition), A.'s ale or wine (water), 
 A.'s apple (projection of the thyroid cartilage 
 of the larynx). [Heb. a-dam man] 
 
 a'damant, n. A thing impenetrably hard ; 
 
 (formerly) loadstone ; diamond. Hence ada- 
 ma'ntiNE 2 a. [f. OF adamaunt i. L adaman- 
 tem (nom. -mas) f. Gk adamas -mantos un- 
 tamable (a- not+damao I tame) ; used in Gk 
 of the hardest metal, prob. steel ; in med. L of 
 the loadstone, from confusion with ad-ama li- 
 tem having an attraction for ; from 17th cent., 
 often a synonym for diamond] 
 
 A'damite, n. Child of Adam, human being ; 
 unclothed man; (Eccles.) name of sects who 
 imitated Adam in this respect; (pi.) a section 
 of humanity supposed by some to be alone de- 
 rived from Adam. [adam+ -ite] 
 
 ada'pt, v.t. Fit (a thing to another) ; make 
 suitable (to or for a purpose). Hence or cogn. 
 adaptaBiLiTV, adaptATiON, nn., ada'pt- 
 able, ada'ptiVE, aa. [f. F adapter f. L ad- 
 (aptare f. apt us fit)] 
 
 ad capta'netum (vu'lgus), adv. &a. (Cal- 
 culated) to take the fancy (of the rabble). [L] 
 
 add, v.t. & i. Join (one thing to another), 
 as a. your entreaties to mine, a. insult to in- 
 jury, this adds to (increases) our difficulties, he 
 added (stated further) that—, a. up or to- 
 gether (find the sum of), a. (perform the pro- 
 cess of summation) cori^ectly, a. in (include), 
 [f. L AD(dere dit- = dare putfi 
 
 addendum, n. (pi. -da). Thing to be added ; 
 appendix, addition. [L gerundive of addere 
 add] 
 
 a'dder, n. Small venomous snake, esp. 
 Common Viper; Puff, Death, Horned, A., 
 species of Viperidae; Flying A., dragon-fly; 
 A.'s tongue, genus of ferns, [f. OE nxdre (cf. 
 OLG nadra, OHG natra) serpent ; n- lost in 
 ME by wrong division of a naddre into an 
 addre ; nedder survives in dial.] 
 
 addi'ct, v.t. Devote, apply habitually, (to a 
 practice), as his tastes a. him, he addicts him- 
 self or his mind, he is addicted, to ; (Rom. Law) 
 deliver over by sentence of a judge. So ad- 
 di'etiON n. [f. L &r>(dicere diet- say) assign] 
 
 addi'tion, n. Process of adding ; thing 
 added. [F, f. L additionem (as add, see -ion)] 
 
 additional, a. Added, supplementary. 
 Hence addi'tionalLY 2 adv. [prec. + -al] 
 
 a'ddle \ a. A. egg, rotten one, one that pro- 
 duces no chicken ; empty, vain ; muddled, un- 
 sound, as a.-brained, -head, -pated. [f. OE 
 adela mud (cf. MLG adele G adel) ; now used 
 only as adj.] 
 
 a'ddle 2 , v.t. & i. Muddle, confuse ; (of eggs) 
 grow addle, [f. prec] 
 
 a'ddled, a. Made addle, [addle a. assim. to 
 p.p. form, apparently before addle v. existed] 
 
 address J , v.t. Communicate with (by word 
 or letter), as a. myself or my remarks or a 
 letter to a person, a. an audience, a. a letter 
 (write on cover directions for delivery) to a 
 person; apply oneself to (a task). [f. F 
 adresser f. LL *AV(drictiare f. drictum for 
 directum direct)] 
 
 addre'ss 2 , n. Readiness, skill, dexterity, 
 adroitness ; superscription of letter, name of 
 place to which person's letters are directed ; 
 act of dispatching a ship; manner, bearing, 
 in conversation ; (pi.) courteous approach, 
 courtship, [f. prec. and f. F adresse n. f. 
 adresser) 
 
 addressee*, n. Person to whom a letter is 
 addressed, [address l + -ee] 
 
 addu'ee, v.t. Cite as proof or instance. 
 Hence addireeABLE, addu'eiBLE, aa. [f. L 
 AT>(diccere duct- lead)] 
 
 addu'eent, a. (physiol.). (Of muscles) draw- 
 ing to a common centre, [as prec, see -ent] 
 
 addu'et, v.t. (physiol.). Draw to a common 
 centre, [as adduce] 
 
ADDUCTION 
 
 13 
 
 ADMEASURE 
 
 addu'ction, n. Act of adducing; act of 
 adducting. [F, f. L adductionem (as prec, see 
 
 -ION)] 
 
 -ade, suf. of nouns. (1) f. F -ade, the form in 
 which Pr., Sp., or Port, wds in -ada f. L -ata 
 (fern. sing. p.p. of verbs in -are) were adopted 
 in F, often supplanting native F -be direct f. 
 L, as in accolade OF acolee. Now a living suf. 
 both in F wds, many of which are borrowed 
 by E {tirade, gasconnade), and in E (blockade, 
 orangeade) ; E drops F e in ballad, salad. 
 Meanings : action done (tirade, fusillade), body 
 concerned in action or process (ambuscade, 
 cavalcade), thing produced by action or from 
 material (masquerade, lemonade). (2) f. ¥ -ade 
 f. Gk -ada (nom. -as), as decade ; but in E usu. 
 -ad. (3) f. Sp. or Port, -ado, masc. form corr. 
 to (1) above, with similar meaning (brocade), 
 or that of the person affected (renegade). 
 a'denoids, n. pi. Mass of spongy tissue 
 between back of nose and throat, often hinder- 
 ing inflation of lungs, [f . Gk aden -enos acorn, 
 gland] 
 
 adept, n. & a. (One who is) thoroughly pro- 
 ficient (in anything), [f. L adeptus p.p. of 
 AT>(ipisci = apisci f. root ap-) attain, used in 
 med. L as title by alchemists who 'had attained ' 
 the great secret] 
 
 a'dequate, a. Proportionate (to the require- 
 ments); sufficient. Hence a'dequACY n., 
 adequateLY 2 adv. [f. L Avaequare make 
 equal (aequus), see -ate 3 ] 
 a deux (F), adv. & a. For two ; between 
 two. 
 
 adhere*, v.i. Stick fast, cleave, to (a sub- 
 stance, person, party, opinion), [f. L ad- 
 (haerere haes- stick)] 
 
 adher'ent, a. & n. Sticking (to substance) ; 
 due to ; connected with (to) ; (n.) supporter (of 
 party &c). So adhep'ENCE n. [f. F adherent 
 (as prec, see -ent)] 
 
 adhe'sion, n. Adhering (lit. and fig.) ; give 
 in one's a., announce ones concurrence, [f. 
 F adhesion f. L adhaesionem (as adhere, see 
 
 -ION)] 
 
 adhesive, a. Having the property of ad- 
 hering ; sticky. Hence adhe'siveLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F adhesif, -ive (as adhere, see -ive)] 
 
 adhi'bit, v.t. Put on, affix ; apply, ad- 
 minister, (remedies). So adhibi'tiON n. [f. 
 L AT>(hibere Mbit- = habere hold) employ] 
 
 ad hoc, a. Arranged for this purpose, special. 
 
 a'diaba'tie, a. (physics). Impervious to 
 heat, maintaining a constant temperature. 
 Hence a*diaba*tiealLY 2 adv. [f. Gk adia- 
 batos impervious (a- not-hdia through+ba£os 
 passable f. baino go) + -ic] 
 
 adia'ntum, n. Genus of ferns including the 
 True Maidenhair; {pop.) Black Maidenhair. 
 [L, f. Gk adianton maidenhair, lit. un wetted (a- 
 not +diaino wet)] 
 
 adia'phorism, n. Latitudinarianism. So 
 adia'phoriST n. [f. Gk adiaphoros (a- not 
 +diaphoros different f. dia apart+j>/terdbear) 
 + -ism] 
 
 adieu (adu - ), int. & n. Good-bye ; make, 
 take, one's a., say good-bye. [F (d to+Dieu 
 God)] 
 
 ad infinitum, adv. Without limit, forever. 
 [L] 
 
 ad i'nterim, adv. & a. For the meantime. 
 [L] 
 
 a'dipoeere, n. Greyish fatty substance 
 generated in dead bodies subjected to moisture. 
 [f. F adipocire (L adeps -ipis fat-f- -o- -Voire 
 wax f. L cera)] 
 
 a'dipose, a. & n. Pertaining to fat, fatty ; 
 
 (n.) animal fat. Hence adipo'siTY n. [f. 
 L adeps -ipis fat+ -ose] 
 
 a'dit, n. Approach; (of mines) horizontal en- 
 trance ; act of approaching, [f. L Amtus -us 
 (ire it- go)] 
 
 adja'eent, a. Lying near, contiguous. So 
 adja'CENCY n. [f. L AD(jacere lie), see -ent] 
 
 a'djeetive, a. & n. Additional, not standing 
 by.itself, dependent : a. colours (not permanent 
 without a basis); Law A. (subsidiary part of 
 law, procedure) ; (Gram.) a., noun a., the name 
 of an attribute, added to the name of a thing 
 to describe the thing more fully. Hence ad- 
 jeetrvALa^adjeeti'valLYSja'djeetiveLY 2 , 
 advv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L adjectivus f. AT>(jicere 
 ject- = jacere throw), see -ive] 
 
 adjoi'n, v.t. Join, unite, (one thing to 
 another) ; be contiguous with. [f. OF ajoindre 
 f. L AT>(jungere junct- join)] 
 
 adjoup'n (-era), v.t. & i. Put off, postpone 
 postpone further proceedings ; (intr., of persons 
 met together) suspend joint proceedings and 
 separate ; change the place of meeting. Hence 
 adjou'pnMENT n. [f. OF ajorner f. LL ad- 
 jurnare appoint a day (jum-vis day, cf. It. 
 giorno F jour, f. L diurnus daily f. dies 
 day)] 
 
 adju'dge, v.t. Adjudicate upon (a matter) ; 
 pronounce judicially (that a thing is or a thing 
 to be) ; condemn (person to penalty or to do) ; 
 award judicially (thing to person). Hence 
 adju'dg-MENT n. [f. OF ajuger (as foil.)] 
 
 adju'dicate, v.t. & i. (Of a judge or court) 
 decide upon (claim &c.) ; pronounce (person to 
 be something); (intr.) sit in judgment and 
 pronounce sentence. Hence adjudicA'TiON, 
 adju'dieatOR 2 , nn., adju'dieatiVE a. [f. 
 L AD(jndicare f. judex -ids judge), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 a'djunet, n. Subordinate (thing, person, 
 to another); personal enhancement; (Gram.) 
 amplification of the predicate, subject, &c. ; 
 (Logic) non-essential attribute. Hence ad- 
 jirnetivE a., adjirnetiveLY 2 adv. [f. L as 
 adjoin] 
 
 adjure* (-joor), v.t. Charge (a person) under 
 oath or penalty of curse (to do) ; request 
 earnestly. Hence adjupATiON n. [f. L ad- 
 (jurare swear) in LL sense ' put person to an 
 oath '] 
 
 adju'st, v.t. Arrange, put in order; har- 
 monize (discrepancies) ; adapt (to standard or 
 purpose). Hence adju'stABLE a., adju'st- 
 ment n. [f. 16th-c. F adjuster (mod. Fajuster) 
 f. med. L adjustare (not, as was thought, ad 
 +justus just, but)f. OF ajxister, ajouster (mod. 
 F ajouter) f. LL AT>(juxtare bring together f. 
 juxta near) ; those meanings of OF ajuster that 
 seemed connected with L Justus being given 
 to the new adjuster, formed when the conn, 
 of OF ajuster with adjustare came to be con- 
 cealed by the new spelling ajouter] 
 
 ad j u'tage, aj-, n. Mouthpiece of an artificial 
 fountain, [f. F ajoutage (ajouter add, join ; 
 see prec. and -age)] 
 
 a'djutant, a. & n. Assistant ; (Mil.) officer 
 in the army who assists superior officers by 
 communicating orders, conducting correspon- 
 dence, &c, whence a'djutancY n. ; gigantic 
 Indian stork, [f. L adjutare frequent, as foil., 
 see -ant] 
 
 a'djuvant, a. & n. Helpful, auxiliary ; 
 person, thing, that helps. [F, f. L Ai>(juvare 
 jut- help), see -ant] 
 
 ad fi'bitum, adv. (abbr. ad lib.). At pleasure, 
 to any extent. [L] 
 
 admea'supe (-zher), v.t. Apportion, assign 
 in due shares, [f. OF amesurer f. LL ad- 
 (mensurare measure)] 
 
ADMEASUREMENT 
 
 admeasurement, n. Process of admea- 
 suring ; comparison ; dimensions, [f . OF a- 
 mesurement (as prec, see -ment)] 
 
 adminicle, n. Auxiliary ; (Law) corrobora- 
 tory evidence. Hence admini'culAR x a. [f. 
 JjADmdniculum prop (?namis hand)] 
 
 admi'nistep, v.t. & i. Manage (affairs) ; 
 dispense (justice, sacraments, to) ; tender (oath 
 to) ; furnish, give, (thing to) ; apply (remedies 
 to) ; (intr.) act as administrator; contributed 
 (one's comfort &c). Hence admi'nistrABLE 
 a. [f. OF aministrer f. L xn(ministrare min- 
 ister)] 
 
 administration, n. Management (0/ busi- 
 ness) ; management of public affairs, govern- 
 ment; the ministry, the Government; (Law) 
 management of deceased person's estate ; Let- 
 ters of A., authority to administer estate of 
 an intestate, opp. to probate ; dispensation (of 
 justice, &c); tendering (of oath); application 
 (of remedies), [(perh. thr. F) f. L administratio 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 administrative, a. Pertaining to manage- 
 ment of affairs; executive. Hence admi'ni- 
 strativeL y 2 adv. [f. L administrativus (as 
 prec, see -ive)] 
 
 administrator, n. Manager ; one capable 
 of organizing ; one who performs official duties 
 (of religion, justice, &c.) ; applier or giver (of) ; 
 one authorized to manage estates for legal 
 owner during minority, &c, or estates of one 
 who dies without appointing competent execu- 
 tors. Hence admi'nistratorsHip, admi'n- 
 istraTRix, nn. [L, as administeRj see -or 2 ] 
 
 a'dmirable(-mer-), a. Surprisingly good, ex- 
 cellent. Hence a'dmirabLY 2 adv. [F, f. L 
 admirabilis (as admire, see -able)] 
 
 a'dmiral (-mer-), n. Commander-in-chief of 
 a country's navy (in England, formerly Lord 
 High A.); naval officer of highest rank, com- 
 mander of fleet or squadron ; A. of the Fleet, 
 A., Vice- A., Rear- A., the four grades of A. in 
 England ; privileged commander of fishing or 
 merchant fleet; ship that carries the a., Flag- 
 ship ; Red A., White A., two European species 
 of butterfly. Hence a'dmiralSHip n. [f. OF 
 amiral f. Arab, amir commander al of the 
 (Faithful, Sea, &c), Latinized as amvralis, but 
 refashioned (see ad-) as admiralis, and con- 
 fused with L admirari wonder at, whence 
 med. L admirabilis mundi ruler of the world] 
 
 a'dmiralty, n. Office of admiral ; branch 
 of the executive that superintends the navy 
 (in England, Lords Commissioners of A.) ; 
 Court of A., tribunal for trial and decision of 
 maritime questions and offences, [f. OF ad- 
 miralty ; see admiral and -ty] 
 
 admira'tion (-mer-), n. Pleased contempla- 
 tion ; (formerly) wonder ; the a. of, admired by ; 
 note of a. (!). [F, f. L admirationem (as foil., 
 see -ation)] 
 
 admire*, v.t. Regard with pleased surprise 
 or approval; (formerly) wonder at, wonder, 
 [f. F admirer f. L \D(mirari wonder at)] 
 
 admir'er, n. One that admires ; lover, [ad- 
 MIRE+-ER 1 ] 
 
 admi'ssible, a. (Of idea or plan) worthy 
 to be entertained; (law) allowable as judicial 
 proof; capable of being admitted (to office or 
 
 Eosition). Hence admissiBi - LiTY n. [F, f. 
 L admissibilis (as admit, see -ble)] 
 admi'ssion, n. Admitting, being admitted, 
 (to society of persons or class of things); ac- 
 knowledgment (of thing as true, that it is 
 true), [f. L admissio (as foil., see -ion)] 
 admi'ssive, a. Tending to admit, [f. L 
 admissivus (as foil., see -ive)] 
 admi't, v.t. & i. (-U-). Allow (person &c) en- 
 
 1 * ADORER 
 
 trance or access (to place, class, privileges, &c) ; 
 accept as valid or true, whence admi'ttedLY 2 
 adv. ; acknowledge (thing to be, that it is) ; 
 (abs.) this, I admit, was wrong; (of enclosed 
 spaces) have room for; a. of, leave room for 
 (doubt, improvement), [f. F admettre f. L. 
 XD(mittere miss- let go)] 
 
 admi'ttable, a. Capable of being admitted 
 (usu. to a place), [prec. + -able] 
 
 admittance, n. Admitting, being admitted, 
 (usu. to a place). [admit+-ance] 
 
 admi'x, v.t. & i. Add. as an ingredient; 
 mingle (with something). So admi'xtURE n. 
 [ad-+mix; perh. due to admixt, really f. L 
 admixt- p.p. of xT>(miscere mixt- mix),* but 
 taken for an E p.p.] 
 
 admd'nish, v.t. Exhort (person to do, that 
 he should do); give advice; warn (of a thing); 
 inform, remind, (of a thing, that). Hence ad- 
 mo*nishMENTn. [OEamonestf. OF amonester 
 f. LL admonestare irreg. f. AD(m,onere monit- 
 warn) ; amonest having dropped final -t (sup- 
 posed to be p.p. ending) became admonish on 
 anal, of aboliss abolish &c] 
 
 admoni'tion, n. Admonishing ; warning, 
 reproof. So admo'nitORY a. [E OF amoni- 
 tion f. L admonitionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 act nau'seam. adv. To a disgusting extent. 
 [LJ 
 
 adno'minal, a. Belonging to an adnoun; 
 attached to a noun. [f. L adnomen variant of 
 agnomen in the sense (not L) 'attached to a 
 noun' (ad to+ nomen noun)] 
 
 a'dnoun, n. Adjective, word added to a 
 noun substantive; adjective used substan- 
 tively. [L L ad to+NOUN on anal, of adverb] 
 
 ado* (-00), n. Action, business, fuss ; difficulty, 
 [f. Norse at ( — to with infinitive)-}- do; much 
 ado prop. =much to do; but much being taken 
 as adj., ado is treated as n.] 
 
 -ado, suf. of nouns. (1) f. Sp. or Port, -ado 
 f. L -at us p.p. of vbs in -are, as desperado L 
 desperatus (desperare); sometimes changed 
 in E to -ode, as renegado, now renegade. (2) 
 Ignorant refashioning of nouns in -ade f. F 
 -ade — Sp. -ada It. -ata, as crusado Sp. cruzada, 
 scalado Sp. escalada. 
 
 adole'scent (-esnt), n. & a. (Person) growing 
 up, between childhood and manhood (11 to 
 25) or womanhood (12 to 21). So adole'SGENCE, 
 -ency, nn. [F, f. L AD(o"escere ult- incept, of 
 olere grow), see -ent] 
 
 Ado'nis, n. Beautiful youth loved by 
 Venus; beau, dandy; (Bot.) genus including 
 Pheasant's Eye ; (Entom.) the butterfly Clifton 
 Blue. [Gk, '£. Phoen. adon lord, title of a 
 divinity] 
 
 a'donize, v. refl. & i. Adorn, dandify, (one- 
 self) ; play the Adonis. [adonis+-ize] 
 
 ado'pt, v.t. Take (person) into a relationship 
 he did not previously occupy; take (idea, &c) 
 from some one else; choose. Hence adopt- 
 aBi'LiTY, ado'ptiON, nn., ado'ptABLE a. [f. 
 F adopter f. L AD(optare choose, frequent, 
 of obs. opere opt- wish) adopt esp. child] 
 
 ado'ptive, a. Due to adoption, as a. son, 
 father; apt to adopt. Hence ado'ptiveLY 2 
 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L adoptivus ; see prec. and 
 -ive] 
 
 adore*, v.t. Regard with the utmost respect 
 and affection; (poet.) worship as a deity; (in 
 R. C. Church) reverence with representative 
 honours (the Host &c). So ador'ABLE a., 
 ador*abLY 2 adv., adorA'TioNn. [f. F adorer 
 f. L AD(orare speak f. os oris mouth) salute 
 worship] 
 
 ador'er, n. "Worshipper; ardent admirer, 
 lover. [prec-f-ER 1 ] 
 
ADORN 
 
 15 
 
 ador*n, v. t. Add beauty or lustre to ; furnish 
 with ornaments. So ador'nMENT n. [f. F 
 adorner f. L \T>(ornare furnish) deck out] 
 adow'n, ad v. & prep, (archaic.poet. ). = do wn 3 . 
 [f. OE of dime off the mount (see down 1 n.)] 
 
 ad rem, adv. & pred. a. To the point ; to 
 the purpose. [L] 
 
 adri'ft, adv. In a drifting condition, at the 
 mercy of wind and tide or of circumstances. 
 [a prep.+DRiFT 1 ] 
 
 adroi't, a. Having address, dexterous. 
 Hence adroi'tLY 2 adv., adroi'tNESS n. [F, 
 orig. = rightly (a to+droit right f. OF dreit 
 f. LL drictiim f. L direction right; see di- 
 rect 2 )] 
 
 adry", adv. & pred. a. Dry; thirsty, [a- 
 +DRY 1 on anal, of aeold, at hirst, the prep, a in 
 these being misunderstood] 
 
 adseiti'tious, a. Adopted from without; 
 supplemental, [f. L AT>(sciscere seit- inceptive 
 of scire know) + -itious] 
 
 adscriptus gle'bae, a. & n. (Serf) at- 
 tached to the soil. [L] 
 
 a'dsum, v.i. I am here. [L] 
 
 a'dulate, v.t. Flatter basely. So adu- 
 Ia'tion, a'dulatOR 2 , nn., a'dulatORY a. 
 [f. L adulari faAvn on, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 Adu'llamite, n. M.P. seceding from Liberal 
 Party in 1866. [Adullam (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2)+ 
 -ite] 
 
 adu'lt, a. & n. (One who is) grown up; 
 mature, [as adolescent] 
 
 adu'lterant, a. & n. (Thing) employed in 
 adulterating, [as foil., see -ant] 
 
 adu'lterate 1 (-at), a. Stained (in conduct 
 or in birth) by adultery ; (of things) spurious, 
 counterfeit, [as foil., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 adu'lterate 2 , v.t. Falsify by admixture of 
 baser ingredients. So adulter a # tion, adu'l- 
 teratOR 2 , nn. [f. L adidterare corrupt (a- 
 dulter adulterer, perh. f. ad to+alter other); 
 replaces obs. vb adulter f. OF] 
 
 adu'lterer, n. One guilty of adultery. So 
 adu'ltePESS 1 n. [f. adulter v. (see prec. and 
 -er 1 ); obs. adulter, avouter, are f. OF avoutre 
 f. L adulter] 
 
 adu'lterme, a. Of, born of, adultery; a- 
 dulterated, counterfeit ; illegal, unlicensed, [f. 
 L adulterinus born of adultery, spurious 
 {adidter adulterer, see -ine 1 )] 
 
 adu'ltery, n. Voluntary sexual intercourse 
 of married person with one of opposite sex, 
 married (double a.) or not (single a.). So 
 adu'lterous a., adu'lterousLY 2 adv. [f. 
 OF avoutrie, aiilterie (L adulter adulterer, 
 see -y 1 ), reformed on F adultere f. L adulte- 
 i rivm] 
 
 adu'mbral, a. Overshadowing, shady, [f. 
 ad- + L umbra shade + -al] 
 
 a'dumbrate, v.t. Represent in outline; 
 faintly .indicate; typify, foreshadow; over- 
 shadow. Hence or cogn. adumbrAHON n., 
 adu'mbraTiVE a. [f. L &D(umbrare f. umbra 
 shade), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ad un'auem (fa'ctus), a. Highly finished. 
 [L] 
 
 adu'st, a. Scorched,'dried up, parched ; sun- 
 burnt; atrabilious, gloomy, [f. L.AD(z*rere ust- 
 burn)] 
 
 ad valor-em, adv. & a, (Of taxes) in pro- 
 portion to estimated value of goods. [L] 
 
 adva'nee 1 , v.t. & i. Move or put forward; 
 promote (plans, persons) ; bring forward (claims, 
 suggestions) ; accelerate (events) ; pay (money) 
 before it is due ; lend ; raise (price) ; (intr.) move 
 forward; make progress; rise (in price) ; (p.p.) 
 far on in progress, as advanced studies, ideas. 
 So adva'neeMENT n. [f. OF avancer f. LL 
 
 ADVERSE 
 
 abanteare (abante = ab away + ante before, 
 whence F avant ; see ad-)] 
 
 adva'nee 2 , n. Going forward; progress; 
 personal approach, overture; rise in price; 
 payment beforehand, loan; in a., before (of 
 place or time), [f. prec. and f. F avance n. (as 
 prec.)] 
 
 advantage 1 (-ij), n. Better position, prece- 
 dence, superiority; favourable circumstance, 
 whence advantageous a., advanta*- 
 g-eousLY 2 adv. ; (in Tennis) next point or game 
 won after deuce points or games; have the a. 
 of, gain an a. over, have, acquire, a better 
 position than ; take a. (avail oneself) of a cir- 
 cumstance; take a. of (overreach) a person; 
 take a person at a. (by surprise) ; a.-grounct 
 (usu. vantage-), position that gives superiority, 
 [f. F avantage (avant; see advance v. and 
 
 -AGE)] 
 
 advantage 2 ( ij), v.t. Be beneficial to ; be an 
 advantage to; further, promote, [f. F avan- 
 tager (avantage; see prec.)] 
 
 a'dvent, n. Season before the Nativity; 
 coming of Christ, Incarnation ; second coming 
 of Christ; any (important) arrival, [f. OF 
 advent, auvent f. L adventus -us arrival f. 
 XD(venire vent- come)] 
 
 adventi'tious, a. Coming from without; 
 accidental, casual ; (Law, of property) coming 
 from a stranger or by collateral, not direct, 
 succession. Hence adventi'tiousLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L adventicius (med. L -itius) coming to us 
 from abroad (as prec, see -itious)] 
 
 adventure 1 (-tsher), n. Risk,danger; daring 
 enterprise ; unexpected incident ; commercial 
 specvilation ; hazardous activity, [f. OF aven- 
 ture i. L adventura (res thing) about to happen 
 (as advent)] 
 
 adventure 2 (-tshe?-), v.t. & i. Hazard, im- 
 peril, (oneself, thing); incur risk; dare to go 
 or come (into, in, upon, a place) ; dare to enter 
 on, upon, (undertaking), [f. OF aventurer (as 
 prec.)] 
 
 adventurer, n. One who seeks adven- 
 tures ; soldier of fortune ; speculator ; one who 
 lives by his wits. [f. F aventurier (as ad- 
 venture 1 , see -er 1 )] 
 
 adve'nturesome, a. Given to adventures. 
 [adventure x + -some] 
 
 adventuress, n. Female adventurer; 
 woman on the look-out for a position, [f. ad- 
 venturer, see -ess] 
 
 adventurous, a. Rash, venturesome ; 
 enterprising. Hence adventurousLY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF aventuros (as adventure 1 , see -ous)] 
 
 a'dverb, n. Word that modifies or qualifies 
 an adjective, verb, or other adverb, express- 
 ing a relation of place, time, circumstance, 
 manner, &c. (e. g. gently, so, new, where, xohy). 
 [f. F adverbe f. L ADverbimn (verbum word, 
 verb) transl. of Gk epir^rhema addition to a 
 predication] 
 
 adver'bial, a. Pertaining to an adverb ; of 
 the nature of an adverb. Hence ad ver 'bialu Y 2 
 adv. [ f. L adverbialis (adverbium ; see prec. 
 and -al)] r _ . 
 
 ad vet- hum, adv. & a. Word for word. [L] 
 
 a'dversary, n. Opponent, antagonist, 
 enemy ; the A., the Devil, [f. OF aversier f. I* 
 
 udversarius opposed (as adverse, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 adver 'sati ve, a. (Of words, &c. ) expressing 
 opposition or antithesis. Hence adve'rsa- 
 tiveLY 2 adv. [f. L adversativus (adversary 
 oppose, see foil, and -ive)] 
 
 a'dverse, a. Contrary, hostile, (to) ; hurtful, 
 injurious, (to) ; placed opposite. Hence a'd- 
 verseLY 2 adv. [f. OF avers I L AV(vertere 
 vers- turn)] 
 
ADVERSITY 
 
 adver'sity, n. Condition of adverse for- 
 tune ; misfortune, [f. OF aversite f. L adver- 
 sitatem (as prec., see -ty)J 
 adver't, v.i. Refer to (in speaking or writ- 
 ing), [f. 14th-c. E averte f. F avertir f. LL 
 AT>(vertere=~L vertere turn) draw attention to ; 
 F avertir (see ad-) was written adv- to dist. 
 it from obs. avertir f. LL avertere turn away 
 (ab), and E adopted this in advert and ad- 
 vertise] 
 
 a'dvertise (-z), v.t. & i. Notify, warn, in- 
 form, (person of thing, that) ; make generally 
 known (thing by circular, in journal, also abs.) ; 
 a. for, ask for by public notice, [f. F avertir (st. 
 -iss-) ; see advert] 
 
 advertisement, n. Public announcement 
 (usu. by placards or in journals), [f. F aver- 
 iissement (as prec, see -ment)] 
 advree, n. Opinion given or offei'ed as to 
 action, counsel ; information given, news ; (pi.) 
 communications from a distance; (commerc.) 
 formal notice of transactions, [f. OF avis f. 
 LL *advisum {ad to+visum p.p. of videre see)] 
 advi'sable, a. To be recommended ; ex- 
 pedient. Hence advisaBi'LiTY, advi'sable- 
 ness, nn., advi'sabLY 2 adv. [f. foil. + 
 -able] 
 
 advi'se (-z), v.t. & i. Offer counsel to ; (com- 
 merc.) announce ; take counsel with. [f. F aviser 
 f. LL advisare (advisum, see advice)] 
 advi'sed, a. Deliberate, considered, whence 
 advi*sedLY 2 adv. ; judicious; ill-a., injudici- 
 ous, [p.p. of prec] 
 
 advi'sory (-z-), a. Giving advice ; consisting 
 in giving advice, [advise + -orv] 
 ad vitam aut cwlpam, adv. During 
 good behaviour. [L] 
 
 a'dvoeaey, n. Function of an advocate ; 
 pleading in support of. [f. F advocacie, -tie, f. 
 med. L advocatia (as foil., see -acy)] 
 a'dvocate 1 (-at), n. One who pleads for 
 another; one who speaks in behalf of (pro- 
 posal, &c); professional pleader in courts of 
 justice ; Facidty of Aa., Scotch bar ; Lord A., 
 principal law-officer of crown in Scotland. 
 Hence a'dvoeatesHiP n., a'dvoeatORY a. 
 [f. F avocat f. L advocatus p.p. (as n.) of ad- 
 (vocare oall)] 
 
 a'dvocate 2 , v.t. Plead for, defend, recom- 
 mend publicly, [f. prec] 
 advowson, n. Right of presentation to a 
 benefice, [f. OF avoeson f. med. Ytadvocationem 
 function of patron (as prec, see -ion)] 
 adyna'mia, n. Want of vital force ; phy- 
 sical prostration. Hence adyna'mic a. [Gk 
 adunamia (a- not+dunamis power)] 
 a'dytum, n. (pi. -ta). Innermost part of a 
 temple ; private chamber, sanctum. [L, f. Gk 
 aduton not to be entered (a- not+duton vbl adj. 
 of duo enter)] 
 
 adze, n. & v.t. Tool for cutting away sur- 
 face of wood, like axe with arched blade at 
 right angles to handle ; (vb) cut with a. [OE 
 adesa, etym. dub.] 
 
 se, ae, symbol repr. a vowel sound betw. a 
 and e. (1) In OE short se repr. orig. Teut. short 
 a, the sound o f . a in man ; replaced after 1100 
 usu. by a sometimes by e. Long se repr. same 
 sound prolonged, and was replaced in 13th c 
 by e or ee. (2) In 16th c se was reintroduced to 
 repr. L ae and Gk ai ; as, xdify (L aedificare), 
 xther (Gk aither). In familiar wds se gave 
 place to e, {edify, ether), being kept (pron. e) in 
 some Gk and L proper names (JEneas, Caesar, 
 but Judea, Etna), in names of Gk and Roman 
 antiquities (xdile, xgis), and in some scientific 
 terms (xtiology, phxnogamous but pheno- 
 menon, museum). 
 
 16 AESCULAPIUS 
 
 -se, -ae, pi. suf. of L nouns of 1st decl. in -a, 
 and L form of Gk -ai pi. of nouns of 1st decl. in 
 -e, -a, -es, -as ; kept in non-naturalized words 
 {laminae, larvae), esp. in proper names (Hera- 
 clidae) and names of animal and plant orders 
 (Felidae, Rosidae) ; varying with -as in some 
 wds ace to degree of familiarity (actiniae, -as) 
 or of technicality (mathematical formulae, 
 theological formidas) ; familiar wds take -as 
 {areas, hyenas, Jidias). 
 
 ae'dile, n. Roman magistrate who superin- 
 tended public buildings, shows, police, &c 
 Hence ae'dilesmp n. [f. L aedilis (aedes 
 house, see -ile)] 
 
 ae'ger (ejer), n. (In Eng. univv.) note certi- 
 fying that student is ill. [L,=sick] 
 aegis (e'jis), n. Protection, impregnable de- 
 fence ; (Myth.) shield of Zeus or Athene. [L, 
 f. Gk aigis, etym. dub. ] 
 aegro'tat, n. (In Eng. univv.) certificate 
 that student is too ill to attend examination, 
 &c [L : = he is sick (aeger)] 
 Aed'lian, a. (1) Of Aeolis, district of Asia 
 Minor colonized by ancient Greeks ; (Mus.) A. 
 mode, ninth of the church modes. (2) Of 
 Aeolus, god of winds ; A. harp, stringed instru- 
 ment producing musical sounds on exposure 
 to wind. [f. L Aeolixis (1. Aeolis Gk Aiolis ; 
 2. Aeolus Gk Aiolos) + -an] 
 Aeoiie, a. & n. Aeolian (dialect), [f. L 
 f. Gk aiolikos (as prec, see -ic)J 
 ae'olipyle, -pile, n. Instrument fpr show- 
 ing force of steam escaping through narrow 
 aperture, [f. F xolipyle f. L Aeoli pylae f. 
 Gk Aiolou pxdai gates of Aeolus, god of 
 winds] 
 
 aeolo'tropy, n. Change of physical quali- 
 ties consequent on change of position, [f. Gk 
 aiolos changeful + -tropia turning] 
 ae'on, e*on, n. An age of the universe, 
 immeasurable period; eternity; (Platonic 
 philosophy) a power existing from eternity, 
 emanation or phase of the supreme deity. [L 
 aeon f. Gk aion age] 
 
 a* e rate, v.t. Expose to mechanical or 
 chemical action of air; charge with carbonic 
 acid gas (formerly called fixed air). Hence 
 aePA - TioN n. [f. L aer air+ -ate 3 ] 
 aer'ial, a. Of air, gaseous; thin as air, 
 etherial ; immaterial, imaginary ; of, in, the 
 atmosphere, atmospheric; existing, moving, 
 in the air. Hence aeria'liTY n., aer'ialiA' 2 
 adv. [f. L f. Gk aerios {aer air)+ -al] 
 aerie, aery, eyrie, eyry, (aeri, lr i), n. 
 Nest of bird of prey, esp. eagle, or of raven 
 or other bird that builds high up ; human re- 
 sidence perched high on mountain ; brood of 
 bird of prey. [f. med. L aeria, aerea, f. F 
 aire, perh. * f. L area level ground or L 
 atrium hall] 
 
 a'eriform, a. Of the form of air, gaseous ; 
 unsubstantial, unreal, [f. L aer air+ -form] 
 aero- in comb. Air, atmosphere, as : -drome, 
 aviation course ; -dyiiamics, branch of pneu- 
 matics treating of air in motion; -lite, -lith, 
 meteorite ; -naxd, balloonist, whence -nauti- 
 c(al), aa., -naidics, n. ; -plane, flying-machine 
 using plane(s) for support; -stat, aviator, 
 (formerly) balloon ; -static, of air-navigation or 
 aerostatics (science of equilibrium and pres- 
 sure of air) ; -station, air-navigation. [Gkcomb. 
 form of aer air] 
 
 aeru'glnous (efoo-), a. Of the nature or 
 colour of verdigris, or copper-rust. [f. Yirugi- 
 neux f. L aeruginosus (aerugo -inis verdigris f. 
 aes aeris brass, see -ous)] 
 Aescula'pius, n. Roman god of medicine ; 
 physician. Hence Aeseula'piAN a. [L] 
 
AESTHETE 
 
 ae'sthete (es-), n. Professed appreciates of 
 the beautiful, [f. Gk aisthetes one who per- 
 ceives (as foil.)] 
 
 aesthe'tic, a. Belonging to the apprecia- 
 tion of the beautiful ; having such apprecia- 
 tion ; in accordance with principles of good 
 taste. Hence aesthe'ticAL a., aesthe'ti- 
 calLY 2 adv., aesthe'tieiSM, aesthe'tics, 
 nn. [f. Gk aisthetikos (aisthanomai perceive, 
 see -ic)] 
 
 aestho- physio'logy, n. Scientific study 
 of the organs of sensation, [irreg. f. Gk aisth- 
 perceive+PHYSiOLOGYj 
 
 aestival, estival,(e*stival, esti'val), a. Be- 
 longing to, appearing in, summer. [F (es-), f. L 
 aestivalis f. aestivus (aestus heat), see -ive, -al] 
 
 ae'stivate (est-, est-), v.i. Spend the summer, 
 esp. (Zool.) in state of torpor, [f. L aestivare, 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 aestiva'tion (est-, est-), n. (Zool.) aestivat- 
 ing ; (Bot.) arrangement of petals in flower-bud 
 before expansion, [f. prec, see -ation] 
 
 aetio'logry, n. Assignment of a cause ; 
 philosophy of causation ; (Med.) science of the 
 causes of disease. So aetiolo*g"iCAL a., 
 aetiolo'glealLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk aitiologia 
 (aitia cause, see -logy)] 
 
 af-, pref. = ad- before/. 
 
 afar*, adv. From a distance ; at, to, a dis- 
 tance (in prose, usu. a. off), [f. OE feor far 
 adv., with prepp. of, on] 
 
 a'ffable, a. Easy of address, courteous, 
 complaisant. Hence or cogn. affaBi'LiTY n., 
 a'ffabLY 2 adv. [F, f. L affabilis f. AF(fari 
 speak), see -ble] 
 
 affair*, n. Thing to be done ; concern, busi- 
 ness, matter, as that is my a. ; (pi.) ordinary 
 pursuits of life ; a. of honour, duel ; (colloq., 
 of material things) a gorgeous &c. a. [f. OF 
 afaire (a f aire to do), cf. ado] 
 
 affe'et 1 , v.t. Practise, use, as a. a costume ; 
 [of things) tend to assume (form, shape, &c); 
 assume (character), as a. the freethinker ; pre- 
 tend to have or feel (indifference &c.) ; pretend 
 (to do), [f. F affect er f. L affectare aim at, 
 pretend to have, frequent, of AF(ficere feet- = 
 facer e do)] 
 
 affe'et 2 , v.t. Attack (as disease); move, 
 touch, (in mind), whence affe'etingxv 2 adv. ; 
 produce (material) effect on ; (pass., archaic) be 
 assigned, allotted, (to particular service &c). 
 [(perh. thr. F) f. L afficere attach to (see prec.)] 
 
 affeeta'tion, n. Studied display of; arti- 
 ficiality of manner ; pretence, [f. L affectatio 
 pursuit after (as affect 1 , see -ation)] 
 
 affe'eted, a. Artificially assumed or dis- 
 played ; pretended ; (of persons) full of affecta- 
 tion, artificial, whence affe'etedLY 2 adv., 
 affe'etedNESS n. ; (with adv.) disposed, in- 
 clined, (toivards or abs.) ; attacked (as by dis- 
 ease) ; moved in the feelings ; acted upon 
 physically, [affect a > 2 + -ed j ] 
 
 affe'etion, n. Affecting; mental state, 
 emotion, whence affe'etion al a. ; disposition 
 (toivards) ; goodwill, love, (toicards) ; bodily 
 state due to any influence ; malady, disease ; 
 mode of being ; property, quality, attribute. 
 [F, f. L affectionem (as affect 2 , see -ion)] 
 
 affe'etionate (-at), a. Loving ; fond ; (of 
 things) showing love or tenderness. Hence 
 affe'etionateLY 2 adv., affe'ctionateNEss 
 n. [Latinized f. F affectionn6] 
 
 affe'etive, a. Pertaining to the affections, 
 emotional. [F (-if, -ive), f. med. L affectivus 
 (as affect 2 , see -ive)] 
 
 a'fferent, a. Conducting inwards or to- 
 wards, as a. nerves, a. vessels, [f. L AF(ferre 
 bring), see -ent] 
 
 17 AFFLUX 
 
 affettuo'so, adv. (mus.). Feelingly. [It.] 
 
 affi'ance », n. Faith, trust (in) ; pledging of 
 faith, esp. plighting of troth in marriage, [f. 
 OF afiance f. after trust f. LL AFfidare (fides 
 faith), see -axce] 
 
 affi'ance 2 , v.t. Promise solemnly in mar- 
 riage (usu. pass.), [f. OF afiancer f. afiance, 
 seeprec] 
 
 aff ida'vit, n. Written statement, confirmed 
 by oath, to be used as judicial proof. (Strictly, 
 deponent swears an a., judge takes it; but 
 in pop. use deponent makes or takes it.) [L,= 
 has stated on faith or oath, f. AFfidare, see af- 
 fiance 2 ] 
 
 affi'liate, v.t. (Of an institution) adopt (per- 
 sons as members, societies as branches) ; attach 
 (persons, societies) to, connect (them) with, (a 
 society) ; (Law) fix paternity of (illegitimate 
 child on putative father) for purpose of main- 
 tenance ; ascribe (child) to its parent ; father (a 
 thing) upon, trace (it) to. So affiliATiON n. 
 [f. L AYfiliare adopt (filius son), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 affvned, a. Related, connected, [f. F affine 
 (afiin f. L affinis, see foil.) + -ED 1 ; no vb in F 
 orE] 
 
 aff i'nity, n. Relationship, relations, by mar- 
 riage ; relations, kindred, in general ; structural 
 resemblance (between animals, plants, lan- 
 guages) ; (fig.)similarityof character suggesting 
 relationship, family likeness ; liking ; attrac- 
 tion ; (Chem.) tendency of certain elements to 
 unite with others, [f. F. affiniU f. L affinita- 
 tem (AFfinis related, lit. bordering on, f. finis 
 end, see -ty)] 
 
 affip'm, v.t. & i. Assert strongly, aver; 
 make formal declaration ; (Logic, Gram.) state 
 in the affirmative MLaw) confirm, ratify, (judg- 
 ment). Hence affir'niABLE, affir'matORY, 
 aa. [f. OF afermer f. L AFfirviare (firmus 
 strong)] 
 
 affirma'tion, n. Affirming, esp. (Law) 
 solemn declaration by person who con- 
 scientiously declines taking an oath. [F, f. L 
 affirmationem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 affir'mative, a. & n. Affirming, answering 
 yes ; (Logic) expressing agreement of the two 
 terms of a proposition; answer in the a., 
 answer yes, say that a thing is so. Hence 
 affir'mativeLY 2 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L 
 affirmativus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 affi'x 1 , v.t. Fix, fasten, (thing to, on); im- 
 press (seal, stamp) ; add in writing (signature, 
 postscript); attach (censure, salary), [(perh. thr. 
 MF affixer, occas. refash. of OF aficher F 
 afficher) f. med. L affixare frequent, of L 
 af( figere fix- fix)] 
 
 a'ffix 2 , n. Appendage, addition; (Gram.) 
 addition placed at the beginning or end of 
 root, stem, or word, to modify its meaning, 
 [f. F ajfixe f. L affigere ^see prec)] 
 
 affi'xture, n. Affixing, [f. affix l after fix- 
 ture ; correct form (on L) would be affixure] 
 
 affia'tus, n. Communication of super- 
 natural knowledge ; divine impulse, poetic or 
 other ; inspiration. [L vbl n. f. AF(flare blow)] 
 
 affii'et, v.t. Distress with bodily or mental 
 suffering, [f. 14th-c afflict adj., f. OF aflit f. L 
 AF(fligere -flict- dash)] 
 
 afni'etion, n. Misery, distress; pain, cala- 
 mity. So affii'etiVE a. [F, f. L afflictionevi 
 (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 affluent 1 , a. Flowing freely, copious; 
 abounding (esp. in riches), wealthy. Hence 
 or cogn. a'ffiuENCE n., a'ffiuentLY 2 adv. [F, 
 f. L AF(fluereflux- flow), see -ent] 
 
 a'ffiuent 2 , n. Tributary stream, [f. prec, 
 prob. after F] 
 
 a'ffiux, n. Flow towards a point, esp. of 
 
AFFORD 18 
 
 humours ; accession, [f. med. L affluxus -us, 
 vol n. as affluent] 
 
 affop'd, v.t. (With can) have the means, he 
 rich enough, (to do), manage to spare ; furnish, 
 hestow; (of things) yield supply of. [OE gefor- 
 thian (ge- pref. implying completeness -\-for- 
 thian advance f. forth forward) ; ge- was re- 
 duced to a-, which was corrupted to af- after 
 L (see ad-)] 
 
 affo'pest, v.t. Convert into forest or hunt- 
 ing-ground. So afforest a tion n. [f. med. 
 L. AFforestare (foresta forest)] 
 
 affpa'nehise, v.t. Free from servitude or 
 obligation, [f. F affranchiss- lengthened st. of 
 affranchir (a to +franchir free f. franc, see 
 frank)] 
 
 affray*, n. Breach of the peace, caused by 
 fighting or riot in a public place, [f. OF effrci 
 f. esfreer, vb f . LL EXfridare (\A\>fridus f. Teut. 
 fridhu, OHfridh, peace); cf. afraid] 
 
 affpigrh't *, v.t. (archaic). Frighten, [late 
 formation on fright v., partly due to obs. 
 affright p.p. of OE *afyrhtan (a- intensive)] 
 
 affrig-h't 2 , n. (archaic). Alarm, terror, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 affpo'nt 1 (-unt), v.t. Insult openly; put to 
 the blush, offend the modesty or self-respect 
 of ; face, confront, [f. OF afronter slap in the 
 face, insult, f. LL AFfrontare (frons -tis face)] 
 
 affpo'nt 2 (-unt), n. Open insult, as put a. 
 upon, offer an a. to, feel it an a. [f. prec] 
 
 affu'sicn, n. Pouring on, esp. of water on 
 the body in one kind of baptism ; (Med.) pour- 
 ing of water, usually 50° to 70° Fahr., upon fever 
 patients, [f. L af( fundere fits- pour), see -ion] 
 
 afie'ld, adv. On or in the field (esp. of 
 labour or battle); to the field; away from 
 home, at a distance, as /or a. [a prep.] 
 
 afire*, adv. & pred. a. On fire (lit. & fig.), [a 
 prep.] 
 
 afla'me, adv. & pred. a. In flame, in a glow 
 of light, (lit. & fig.), [a prep.] 
 
 afloa't, adv. & pred. a. In a floating condi- 
 tion ; at sea, on board ship, in naval service ; 
 full of water ; floating in the air ; out of debt, 
 paying one's way; in full swing; in general 
 circulation, current ; (Commerc.) in currency as 
 negotiable document ; unsettled, adrift. [OE 
 onflote (on prep. + float n.)] 
 
 it fond (F), adv. Thoroughly, fully. 
 
 afoo't, adv. & pred. On one's own feet; 
 astir, on the move ; in operation or employ- 
 ment, [a prep.] 
 
 afore', adv. & prep. (Xaut.) in front, in 
 front of, as a. the mast ; (archaic) previously, [f. 
 OE on foran' '(on prep. + foran, adv., in front, 
 dat. of for, which was used as noun or adj.] 
 
 afore- in comb. Before, previously, as -cited, 
 -going, -named, -said ; -thought, premeditated, 
 ■&s_malice a. ; -tune, previously, [prec] 
 
 a fortiori, adv. With stronger reason, more 
 conclusively. [L] 
 
 afpai'd, pred. a. Alarmed, frightened, (abs. 
 or of); a. (of the consequences, and therefore 
 unwilling) to do a thine/, a. of a thina's happen- 
 ing, a. lest it should happen, a. (that) it will 
 happen, [p.p. of obs. vb affray f. OF esfreer, 
 see affray] - 
 
 a'fpeet, -pit, -pite, n. Evil demon in 
 Mohammedan mythology. [Arab, 'ifrit] 
 
 afpe'sh, adv. Anew, with fresh beginning. 
 [a- (3) + fresh] 
 
 Afpika'ndep, n. & a. Native of S. Africa 
 born of European (esp. Dutch) settlers ; A.Bond, 
 organization for furtherance of A. interests and 
 ultimate formation of United States of S. Africa, 
 [(perh. f. S.-African Du. Afrikaander) f. Du. 
 Afrikaner n. Af rican, altered on Enalander&c] 
 
 AGAMOGENESIS 
 
 aft, adv. (naut.). In or near stern of ship ; to- 
 wards the stern; fore and a., from stem to 
 stern, lengthwise (also as adj. f.-and-a.). [OE 
 seftan cogn. w. Goth, aftana from behind, f. 
 afta behind (a/ off + -ta superl. suf.) ; after, aft, 
 are orig. compar. and superl.] 
 
 a'fteP 1 , adv., prep., conj. Behind (prep. & 
 adv.) ; in pursuit t»f, as run a., inquire a. ; con- 
 cerning, as look, see, a. ; for, as hanker, yearn, 
 a. ; following in point of time ; a. (the lapse of) 
 three months ; in view of, as a. such behaviour ; 
 next in importance to ; according to, as a. this 
 pattern, a. a fashion ; in imitation of (person), 
 as a. Rembrandt ; in allusion to, as named a. ; 
 (conj.) in, at, the time subsequent to that at 
 which, as a. he went, goes, has gone, had gone. 
 [OE aefter (af off + cornpar. suf. -ter) cogn. w. 
 OHG aftar, Gk. apdtero ; cf. prec] 
 
 a'ftep 2 , a. Later, following, as a. years; 
 (Xaut.) hinder, posterior, as a. cabin, masts. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 a'ftepbipth, n. Membrane enveloping the 
 foetus in the womb, so called because its 
 extrusion follows that of the infant, [after a.] 
 
 a'ftepglow, n. Glow in the West after 
 sunset, [after a.] 
 
 a'ftep-g-pass, n. Grass that grows after 
 first crop has been mown for hay, or among 
 stubble after harvest, [after a.] 
 
 a'ftepmath, n. After-grass, [after a. -f- 
 math mowing, OE ??i3eth f. OTeut. root ??i36MOW] 
 
 a'ftepmost, a. (naut.). Nearest the stern, 
 most aft. [OE xftemest, a treble superl. of af 
 off with compar. suf. inserted, a/+ te (r) + me 
 + st] 
 
 afternoo'n, n. The time from noon to even- 
 ing, as in, during, the a., on Wednesday a., 
 (fig.) the a. of life, [after prep.] 
 
 a'fteppieee, n. Farce or smaller entertain- 
 ment after a play, [after a.] 
 
 a'ftepthouglit, n. Reflection after the act ; 
 later expedient or explanation, [after a. or 
 adv.] 
 
 a'ftepwapds, adv. Later, subsequently. 
 [OE xftaniceard, a. (xftan aft + ward, cor- 
 rupted in OE to xfterweard, + adv. genit. 
 suf. -es] 
 
 ag"-, pref. - ad- before g. 
 
 a'gra (or crgah'), n. Commander, chief officer, 
 in Ottoman empire. [Turk, agha master] 
 
 agai* n, adv. Another time, once more ; a. 
 and a., time and a., repeatedly; ever and a., 
 now and a., occasionally ; as much a., twice as 
 much; half as much a., one-and-a-half times 
 as much ; further, besides ; on the other hand, 
 as these a. are more expensive ; back a. (to the 
 original position or condition) ; in return, as 
 answer a. ; in response, as rocks echoed a., 
 glasses rang a. ; proportionately to specified 
 act or condition, as the loaded table groaned 
 a. [OE ongedn, ongxgn (on in + gagn oppo- 
 site), cf. G entgegen ; 12th-c againes (see -ES) be- 
 came against by confus. w. superlatives] 
 
 ag-ai'nst, prep. In opposition to, as fight a,, 
 I am a. reform ; in contrast to, as a. a dark 
 background ; in anticipation of, as a. his 
 coming, a. a rainy day; in preparation for, as 
 learned a. pickpockets ; into collision with, as 
 ran a. arock, (colloq.) ran a. (chanced to meet) 
 a friend ; opposite to, as a. the horsepond (usu. 
 over a.), [see prec] 
 
 a'gami, n. Tropical American bird, the 
 Trumpeter, [native name in Guiana] 
 
 aga'mie, a. (zool.). Characterized by absence 
 of sexual action, [as foil. + -ic] 
 
 a'gamoge'nesis, n. Asexual reproduction. 
 So ag-amogrene'tic a., agamogene'tic- 
 ally adv. [as foil. + genesis birth] 
 
AGAMOUS 19 
 
 a'gamous, a. (biol.). Without (distinguish- 
 able) sexual organs, [f. L f. Gk agamos (a- not 
 + gamos marriage) + -ousj 
 
 aga'pe *, adv. & pred. a. On the gape ; open- 
 mouthed with wonder or expectation, [a prep.] 
 
 a'gape-, n. Love-feast held by early Chris- 
 tians in connexion with Lord's Supper. [Gk, 
 = brotherly love] 
 
 a'garie (or aga'ric), n. Mushroom ; name 
 of various fungi, [f. L f. Gk agarikon perh. f. 
 a place A garia] 
 
 agastric, a. (zool.). Without distinct ali- 
 mentary canal, [f. Gk a- not + gaster -tros belly] 
 
 a'gate (-at), n. Name of several varieties of 
 precious stone (semipellucid variegated chalce- 
 donies) ; burnishing instrument of gold- wire- 
 drawers; (in U.S.) the printing-type called in 
 England ruby. [f. F agathe (lGth-c.) f. It. agata 
 f. L f. Gk akhates agate] 
 
 Aga've (-1), n. (bot.). Genus of plants in- 
 cluding American Aloe. [f. L f. Gk Agaue, 
 prop, name in myth.] 
 
 aga'ze, adv. On the gaze, [a prep.] 
 
 age \ n. Length of life or of existence ; Moon's 
 a., time elapsed since new moon ; duration of 
 life required for a purpose, as come of a., full 
 a. (in Eng. Law, 21 years), a. of discretion (14), 
 over a. ; latter part of life, as peevishness of 
 a. ; a generation ; brazen x &c. a. ; (Hist., Geol.) 
 
 fjreat period, as Patriarchal A., Ice A.; (colloq.) 
 ong time, as waiting for aa. [f. OF aage, 
 eclage, f. ~LL*aetaticum f. aetas -atis contraction 
 of aevitas iaevum an age) ; see -age] 
 age 2 , v.t. & i. (Cause to) grow old. [f. prec] 
 -age, suf. OFf. LL -aticum 'belongings' neut. 
 of adj. suf. -aticus -atic (med. L -agium is 
 readofrted f. F, e.g. homagium f. hommage 
 instead of hominaticum) ; afterwards added as 
 living suf. in F and in E. Meaning: (1) collec- 
 tive belongings or aggregate of (cellarage) ; (2) 
 function, condition, (baronage, bondage) ; (3) 
 action (breakage) ; (4) fees payable for, cost of 
 using, (cartage, demurrage). 
 aged, a. (a'jid) having lived long, old ; (ajd) of 
 the age of, as a. thirteen. Hence a'gedNESS 
 
 n. [f. AGE V. + -ED J ] 
 
 a'geless, a. Never growing old. [age n. + 
 -less] 
 
 a'gency, n. Active operation, action, as 
 moral, free, a. ; instrumentality, as by the a. 
 of; action personified, as an invisible a.; (Com- 
 merc.) office of agent; establishment for busi- 
 ness purposes, as JReuter's A. [f. med. L 
 agentia (L agere do, see -ence)] 
 
 agenda, n. Things to be done, items of 
 business to be considered at a meeting; me- 
 morandum book. [L, neut. pi. of gerundive 
 of agere do] 
 
 a'gent, n. One who exerts power or produces 
 an effect ; (of things) efficient cause ; a natural 
 force acting on matter, as chemical a. ; one 
 who does the actual work ; a. provocateur (F), 
 a. enticing one suspected of sedition &c. to 
 commit himself, (improp.) ringleader. So 
 age'ntiAL (-shl) a. [as act 2 , -ent] 
 
 agglo'merate 1 , v.t. & i. Collect into a 
 mass. Hence agglomerA'TiON n., ag"- 
 glo'meratiVE a. [f. L AGglomerare (glomus 
 -meris ball), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 agglo'merate 2 (-at), a. & n. (Collected into) 
 a mass; (Geol.) mass of volcanic fragments 
 united under heat, opp. to conglomerate, [as 
 prec., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 agglu'tinate l (-at), a. Glued together ; con- 
 sisting of simple words combined into com- 
 pounds without change of form or loss of 
 meaning, [f. L XGglutinare (gluten -tinis glue) 
 see -ate 2 ] 
 
 AGNAIL 
 
 agglu'tinate 2 , v.t. & i. Unite as with 
 glue; combine simple words to express com- 
 pound ideas; (t. & i.) turn into glue. Hence 
 agglutinATioN n., agglu'tinativE a. [as 
 prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 a'ggrandize, v.t. Increase the power, 
 rank, wealth, of (person. State) ; exaggerate, 
 embellish. Hence aggra'ndizeMENT, n. [f. F 
 agrandir (st. -iss-) prob. f. It. AG(grandire f. L. 
 grandis large)] 
 
 a'ggravate, v.t. Increase the gravity of 
 (burden, offence, &c); (colloq.) exasperate jj 
 (person). SoaggravA'TiON n. [f. 1*ag gravare * 
 make heavy (gravis), see -ate 2 ; replacing obs. 
 aggrege f. OF agreger f. *LL aggreviare)] 
 
 a'ggregate 1 (-at), a. & n. Collected into 
 one body ; collective, total ; (Law) composed 
 of associated individuals, as corporation a. ; 
 sum total ; assemblage ; (Physics) mass of 
 homogeneous particles; in the a., as a whole, 
 [f. L AGgregare unite in a flock (grex gregis)] • 
 
 a'ggregate 2 , v.t. & i. Collect together; 
 (trans.) unite (individual to company). Hence 
 aggregATiON n., a'ggregativE a. [f. prec] 
 
 aggre'ss, v.t. & i. Begin a quarrel ; (trans.) 
 attack. So aggre'ssiON, aggre'ssc-R 2 , nn. „ 
 [f. F aggresser f. LL aggressare frequent, of 
 AG(gredi gress- — gradi step)] 
 
 aggressive, a. & n. Of attack ; offensive ; 
 disposed to attack; assume the a., begin the 
 quarrel. Hence aggre*ssiveLY 2 adv., ag- 
 gre'ssiveNESS n. [as prec, see -ive] 
 
 aggrieve, v.t. Grieve, distress, oppress, 
 (usu. pass.), [f. OF agreveras aggravate] 
 
 agha'st (agah-, aga-), a. Terrified ; struck 
 with amazement, [p.p. of obs. vbaoas^(A-(l)+ ■ 
 gasten, OE gxstan, alarm)] * 
 
 a'gile (aj-), a. Quick-moving, nimble, active. 
 Hence or cogn. agi'liTY n., a'gileLY 2 adv. 
 [F, f. L agilis (agere do)] 
 
 a'gio (aj-, aj-), n. Percentage charged on ex- 
 change of paper-money into cash, or of one 
 currency into another more valuable ; excess 
 value of one currency over another ; exchange 
 business. [It;, = ease] 
 
 a'giotage (-ij), n. Exchange business ; specu- 
 lation in stocks ; stock-jobbing. [F f. agioter 
 (prec. -{-connecting -t-) ; see -age] 
 
 agi'st (-j-), v.t. Take in live stock to feed; 
 charge (land or its owner) with a public burden. 
 Hence agi'stMENT n. [f. OF agister (d to-f 
 gistcr f. hjacitare frequent, -of jacere lie)] 
 
 a'gitate, v.t. Move, shake ; disturb, excite, 
 (feelings, persons) ; revolve mentally, discuss, 
 debate, (plans &c) ; (abs.)keep up an agitation 
 {for), [f. L agitare move to and fro, frequent, 
 of agere drive, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 agita'tion, n. Moving, shaking ; commotion, 
 disturbance, (mental or physical) ; debate, dis- 
 cussion ; keeping of a matter constantly before 
 the public ; public excitement. [F, f. L agita- 
 tionem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 agita'to (-tah-), adv. (mus.). In an agitated 
 manner. [It.] 
 
 a'gitator, n. One who agitates, esp. politic- 
 ally ; apparatus for shaking or mixing. [L 
 (see agitate and -or 2 )] 
 
 a'glet, ai'glet, n. Metal tag of a lace ; 
 spangle or other metallic ornament of dress ; 
 tagged point hanging from shoulder upon 
 breast of some uniforms (usu. aiguillette) ; 
 catkin of hazel, birch, &c [f. F aiguillette dim. 
 of aiguille needle f. L acucula — acicula dim. 
 of acus needle] 
 
 aglow, adv. & pred. a. In a glow, [a prep.] 
 
 a'gnail, n. Torn skin at root of finger- 
 nail ; (formerly) corn on toe or foot. [OE 
 angnxgl f. ang- (Goth, aggvous) tight, painful, 
 
AGNATE 
 
 -\-nxgl (Goth, nagls) nail (of iron &c), hard ex- 
 crescence fixed, in the flesh ; mod. sense, and 
 forms hang-nail, (Sc.) anger-nail, result from 
 false etym., nail being taken as finger-nail] 
 a'gnate, n. & a. (One who is) descended 
 by male links (also, by male or female links) 
 from same male ancestor; sprung from same 
 forefather, of same clan or nation; (fig.) akin, 
 of same nature. So agna'tic a., agna'tiox 
 n. [f. F agnat f. L agnatus related by father's 
 side (ad to+ gnatus born p.p. of (g)nasci f. stem 
 gen- beget)] 
 
 agno'raen, n. A fourth name sometimes 
 assumed by Romans ; (loosely) nickname. [L, 
 (ad to+(g)nomen name)] 
 
 agno'stic, n. & a. One who holds that 
 nothing is known, or likely to be known, of the 
 existence of a God or of anything beyond 
 material phenomena ; pertaining to this theory. 
 Hence agno'stieiSM n. [f. Gk agnostos un- 
 known (a- not+gno- know) ; see -ic] 
 A'gnus Ca'stus, n. Tree once held a 
 preservative of chastity. [L, f. Gk agnos (name 
 of tree), confused w. hagnos chaste, whence 
 L castus is added] 
 
 A'gnus Dei, n. (Rom. Cath.). Part of Mass 
 beginning A. D. ; figure of lamb bearing cross 
 or flag ; cake of wax stamped with such figure 
 and. blessed by Pope. [L, = lamb of God] 
 ago', a. & adv. (Adj., always following 
 noun) past, gone by, as ten years a. ; (adv.) long 
 a., long since, [orig. agone p.p. of obs. vb ago 
 (A- forth+GO)] 
 
 ago'g, adv. & pred. a. On the move, eager, 
 expectant, [perh. f. OF en gogues (goguc fun, 
 etym. dub.)] 
 
 agd'nie, a. Making no angle ; a. line, line 
 of no magnetic variation, [f. Gk agonios with- 
 out angle (a- not+gonia angle)+ -ic] 
 agorii'stie, a. Pertaining to athletic con- 
 tests (esp. of Ancient Greece) ; (Rhet.) polemic, 
 combative ; strained, aiming at effect. Hence 
 agoni'sticAL a., agoni'sticali.v 2 adv. [f. 
 Gk agonistikos pertaining to a combatant, 
 agonistes, in the games (agones f. ago lead, 
 bring)] 
 
 a'gonize, v.t. & i. Torture; suffer agony, 
 writhe in anguish ; contend in arena, wrestle 
 (lit. & fig.) ; make desperate efforts for effect. 
 Hence a'gonizingLY 2 adv. [f. med. L agon- 
 izaref. Gkagonizo7?iaicontend (agon,see-pvec.)] 
 a'gony, n. Mental anguish ; a. column (in 
 newspaper), column of advertisements for 
 missing friends &c. ; paroxysm of pleasure ; 
 pangs of death ; extreme bodily suffering ; 
 struggle, [prob. formed by Wyclif on Vulgate 
 L agonia f. Gk agonia contest, anguish ; see 
 agonistic] 
 
 agou'ti, agoirty (-goo-), n. Genus of rodents 
 of Cavy or Guinea-pig family, esp. a hare-like 
 animal of W. Indies, [(thr. F) f. native Ind. 
 
 aguti] 
 
 agrap'ian, a. & n. Relating to landed 
 property ; a. outrage (arising from discord be- 
 tween landlords and tenants) ; relating to culti- 
 vated land ; (n.) advocate of redistribution of 
 landed_ property, whence agrar'ianiSM n., 
 agrap'ianiZE v.t. & i. [f. L agrarius (ager 
 agri land, see -ary l )+ -an] 
 agree*, v.i. & t. Consent (to proposal, state- 
 ment, to do) ; concur (with person that) ; be- 
 come, be, in harmony (ivith person); (pi.) a. 
 together, cannot a., get on with one another; 
 suit the constitution of, as work, lobster, does 
 not a. with him; (Gram.) take same number, 
 gender, case, person ; (trans.) bring (balance, 
 items of accounts) into harmony, [f. OF agreer 
 f. LL *AGgratare make agreeable (gratus)] 
 
 20 AIGRETT E 
 
 agreeable (-rerbl), a. Pleasing (to or 
 abs.) ; (colloq., of persons) well-disposed (to a 
 thing, to do, or abs.) ; conformable to, as a. to 
 all experience. Hence agree'ableNESS n., 
 agree'abLY 2 adv. [f. F agreable (agreer 
 
 AGREE, See -ABLE)] 
 
 agree'ment, n. Mutual understanding, 
 covenant, treaty ; (Law) contract legally bind- 
 ing on parties ; accordance in opinion ; (Gram.) 
 concord in gender, number, case, person. [OF 
 (agreer agree, see -ment)] 
 
 agr6ments (F), n. pi. Agreeable qualities 
 or surroundings. 
 
 agrestic, a. Rural, rustic ; uncouth, [f. L 
 agrestis (ager field) -h-ic] 
 
 a'grieulture, n. Cultivation of the soil. 
 Hence agricu'lturAL a., agrieu*ltup(al)- 
 ist, nn. Kprob. thr. 17th-c. F) f. L agricultura 
 (ager agri field-f cidtura culture)] 
 
 a'gpimony, n. Genus of plants, esp. species 
 A. Eupatoria, common in Britain, [f. L agri- 
 monia perh. f. Gk argemone, etym. dub.] 
 
 agrd'nomy, n. Rural economy, husbandry. 
 So agPond'mic(AL) aa., agrono'mics, 
 agro'nomiST, nn. [f. Gk agronomos overseer 
 of land (agros land+-7io??ios f. nemo dispense), 
 see -Y !] 
 
 agpou'nd, adv. & pred. a. Upon the bottom 
 of shallow water, as be, run, a., (of ships), [a 
 prep.] 
 
 a'gue (-u), n. Malarial fever, with cold, hot, 
 and sweating stages ; shivering fit ; quaking 
 (lit. & fig.); a. -cake, enlargement of spleen or 
 liver caused by a. Hence a'gUED 2 a. [OF, f. 
 L acuta sharp] 
 
 a'guish, a. Of the nature of ague ; tending 
 to produce ague ; subject to ague ; ague-like, 
 quaking; coming by fits and starts. Hence 
 a'guishLY 2 adv. [f. prec. + -ish *] 
 
 an, int. expr. sorrow, regret, surprise, ad- 
 miration, entreaty, remonstrance, dislike, con- 
 tempt, mockery, [not in OE ; ME has a, perh. 
 f. OF a, ah] 
 
 aha 1 (ahhah - ), int. expr. surprise, triumph, 
 mockery, irony, [f. ah+ha; formerly written 
 a ha] 
 
 aha 2 , n. See ha-ha n. 
 
 ahea'd, adv. & pred. a. In advance ; in 
 the direct line of one's forward motion, as 
 breakers a. ; straight forwards ; forward at a 
 rapid pace, as go a. ; in advance of (lit. & fig.). 
 [a prep.] 
 
 ahea'p, adv. In a heap, all of a heap, [a 
 prep.] 
 
 ahe'm, int. used to attract attention or gain 
 time, [lengthened form of hem] 
 
 ahoy, int. Nautical call used in hailing. 
 [a int.+HOY] 
 
 a huts clos (ah we klo), adv. With closed 
 doors, in private. [F] 
 
 ahu'll, adv. (naut.). With sails taken in and 
 helm lashed on lee side, [a prep.+HULL] 
 
 ai (ah"i), n. Three-toed Sloth of S. America, 
 [f. Braz. ai, repr. its cry] 
 
 aid 1 , v.t. Help (person to do, or abs.); pro- 
 mote (recovery &c ). [f. OF aider f. L adjutare 
 frequent, of xv>(juvare jut-)] 
 
 aid 2 , n. Help ; (Law) help claimed by de- 
 fendant from one who has joint-interest; (Hist.) 
 grant of subsidy or tax to king, (later) ex- 
 chequer loan ; helper ; material source of help 
 (usu. pi.), as aa. and appliances, [f. OF aide, 
 aiude (Prov. ajuda) f. LL adjuta, fem. p.p. of 
 adjuvare aid j used as n.] 
 
 aide-de-camp (a'dekong), n. (pi. aides-de- 
 camp pron. a'dekongz). Officer assisting general 
 by carrying orders, &c. [F] 
 
 aigrette (a 'grit), n. Lesser White Heron 
 
AIGUILLE 
 
 (usu. egret) ; tuft of feathers or hair ; spray 
 of gems &c. [F, dim. f. OHG heigir] 
 aiguille (a'gwil), n. Sharp peak of rock, esp. 
 in Alps. Hence aig-uillESQUE a. [F, see 
 aglet] 
 
 aig-uillette (agwilel), n. See aglet. 
 ail, v.t. & i. Trouble, afflict, as what ails 
 him ? ; be ill. Hence ai'lMENT n. [f. OE eglan 
 (cogn. w. Goth, agljan) f. egle troublesome 
 (Goth, aglus)] 
 
 aim 1 , v.t. & i. Direct (blow, missile, at) ; 
 point (gun &c) towards {at) ; direct an act or 
 proceeding against {at) ; (intr.) deliver blow, 
 discharge missile, {at) ; take aim (abs.) ; form 
 designs (abs.). [prob. f. two vbs (1) Picard. 
 amer, OF and Prov. earner, f. L aestimare 
 reckon (2) OF aesmer f. LL adaestimare ; ME 
 sense was estimate] 
 
 aim 2 , n. Direction of a missile at an object, 
 as take a. ; design, purpose, object, whence 
 ai'mLESS a., ai'mlessLY 2 adv., ai'mless- 
 ness n. [f. prec] 
 
 afn6 (a'na), n. Elder son (cf. cadet). [F] 
 air 1 , n. (1) Gaseous substance enveloping 
 earth, mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, 
 breathed by all land animals ; atmosphere ; 
 free space overhead, as birds of the a. ; un- 
 confined space, as open a. ; fresh a., also 
 simply a., a. not exhausted of its oxygen ; 
 breeze, light wind; take a., become known; 
 (of projects &c.) quite in the a. (uncertain) ; 
 (of opinions, feelings) in the a., spreading about ; 
 castles in the a., visionary projects. (2) Ap- 
 pearance, as an a. of absurdity ; mien, gesture, 
 as with a triumphant a. ; affected manner (esp. 
 in pi.), as gave himself aa., aa. and graces; 
 (Mus.) melody, tune, esp., in harmonized com- 
 position, predominant (usu. soprano) part. (3) 
 Combb. : a.-ball, inflated toy ; a.-bed, inflated 
 mattress; a.-bladder, one filled with a., in 
 animals or plants ; a.-brake (worked by a.- 
 pressure) ; a.-chamber (in hydraulic machines), 
 a. -receptacle which when condensed maintains 
 constant pressure; a.-en^me (actuatedby heated 
 a.) ; a.-gun (projecting balls &c. by elastic force 
 of condensed a.) ; a.-jacket (inflated, to support 
 wearer in water) ; a.-line, bee-line ; a.-poise, 
 instrument for weighing a. ; a.-pump, machine 
 for exhausting a. of vessel by strokes of 
 piston: a.-ship, machine for navigating a., 
 esp. without balloon ; a.-thermometer (with a. 
 instead of mercury) ; a.-threads (of gossamer 
 spider) ; a.-tight, impermeable to a. ; a.-trap 
 (preventing escape of sewer-gas) ; a.-way, ven- 
 tilating passage in mine. 1(1) OF f. L aerem, 
 nom. aer f. Gk aer (ad breathe). (2) perh. 
 developed f. (1) in F ; taken by E f. F about 1600] 
 air 2 , v.t. Expose to open air, ventilate ; dry 
 at fire; (refl.) go out into fresh air; parade 
 (qualities, grievances, theories, fine clothes). 
 [f. prec] 
 
 air-less, a. Stuffy ; breezeless, still. [air+ 
 -less] 
 
 air'y, a. Aerial, lofty ; breezy ; immaterial ; 
 of thin texture ; light in movement ; sprightly ; 
 graceful, delicate ; unsubstantial ; superficial, 
 flippant. Hence air'iLY 2 adv., air'iNESS n. 
 Umi + -Y2] 
 
 aisle (d), n. Division of church, esp. one 
 parallel to and divided by pillars from the nave, 
 choir, or transept ; passage between rows of 
 pews. Hence aislED 2 a. [f. OF ele f. L ala, 
 contr. of axilla wing; confused in E with 
 He island, refash. with this as isle, and again 
 modified to aisle after F refash. axle (on L 
 axilla); the F spelling aisle (after med. L 
 ascella = L axilla) is mere coincidence ; sense 
 passage from confus. of Lala w. OF allee alley] 
 
 21 | ALARY 
 
 ait (at), n. Small isle, esp. in a river, fperh. 
 f. OE iggath, iggeoth ; eyet, eyot, are artificial 
 spellings on islet and F Hot] 
 ai'teh-bone, n. (Cut of beef lying over) 
 buttock or rump bone. [ME nage f. OF nache, 
 nage, f. LL *natica, adj. (L natis buttock)+ 
 bone ; for loss of n (a nage- becoming an age-), 
 cf. adder ; pop. etym. gives H-, ice-, edge-, bone) 
 ajar* 1 , adv. (Of doors) slightly open, [a 
 prep. +char (OE cyrr a turn)] 
 ajar* 2 , adv. In a jarring state, [a prep.+ 
 jar n.] 
 a-ki'mbo, adv. (Of the arms) with hands on 
 hips and elbows turned outwards, [etym. dub.] 
 aki'n, adv. and pred. a. (Connected) in rela- 
 tionship ; (allied) in character, [a prep.] 
 -al, suf. (1) Adj. f. L -alis (adj. suf. varying 
 w. -aris -ar 1 by dissim. f. prec. syllable, as 
 regularis but generalis) direct or through F -el 
 (since corrected to -al in E) ; now appended 
 freely to L nouns (cordial), Gk nouns (colossal), 
 L adjj. (individual), and Gk adjj. in -kos, -oides, 
 (comical, rhomboidal); -ical indicates vaguer- 
 connexion w. the orig. n. than -ic (comic paper, 
 comical story), cf. -acal; other suff. are some- 
 times appended, as generality, centralize. (2) 
 Nouns f. L -alis, -al, -ales, -alia, parts of above 
 used as nouns (rival, animal, annals, Saturn- 
 alia), with new imitations (cardinal, regi- 
 mentals), -alia became in F -aille, in E -aille, 
 -ail, -al (L sponsalia, OF espousaille, E 
 spousaille now espousal), the last now freely 
 imitated to form vbl nn. (reprisal, recital, 
 bestowal), partly on false anal, of bridal, 
 
 BURIAL. 
 
 a la (ah lah), prep. After the manner of, as 
 a la Russe, a la Reform. [F, for a la mode] 
 
 alaba'ster (or a"l-), n. & a. Name of several 
 varieties of carbonate or sulphate of lime ; 
 (Mineral.) massive fine-grained sulphate of lime 
 (Modern, Gypseous, A.), as distinct from the 
 carbonates used by the ancients for holding 
 unguents (Oriental, Calcareous, A.) ; box made 
 of a.; (adj.) of a., like a. in whiteness or smooth- 
 ness. So alaba'striNE 1 a. [f. OF alabastre 
 f. L alabaster f. Gk alabast(r)os, etym. dub.] 
 
 a la carte, adv. By the bill of fare. [F] 
 
 ala'ck, int. (archaic) expressing regret or 
 surprise, esp. in phr. alack-a-day. [perh. f. a 
 int. -Ha A; lack] 
 
 ala'erity, n. Briskness, cheerful readiness, 
 [f. L alacritas (alacer brisk, see -tv)] 
 
 a'lamode, it la mode, adv. & a. In the 
 fashion, fashionable ; a. beef, scraps of beef 
 boiled down into stew ; a. silk (also as n., 
 alamode), a thin glossy black silk. [F (d la m.), 
 = in the fashion] 
 
 a'lar, a. Pertaining to wings ; winglike, 
 wing-shaped ; (Bot. & Physiol.) axillary, [f. L 
 alaris (ala wing, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 alar'm 1 , n. Call to arms ; warning sound 
 giving notice of danger ; warning, as give, take, 
 the a. ; excited anticipation of danger ; (Fenc- 
 ing) stamp on ground made with advancing 
 foot ; a.-post, place for troops to assemble at in 
 case of alarm ; mechanism that sounds the 
 alarm (usu. ala'rum); alarum-clock, one with 
 apparatus that rings at appointed hour. [f. OF 
 alarme f. It. allarme (all'arme ! to arms !) ; form 
 alarum now only of alarm-signal] 
 
 alar'm 2 , v.t. Arouse to sense of danger; 
 disturb; agitate, excite with fear. [f. prec] 
 
 aiar'mist, n. One who raises alarms on 
 slight grounds; panic-monger. So alar'xniSM 
 n. [alarm n.+ -iST] 
 
 alarum, n. See alarm n. 
 
 a'lary, .a. Pertaining to wings or winglike 
 parts, [f. L alarius (ala wing, see -ary i )] 
 
ALAS 
 
 ala's, int. expressing grief, pity, concern, 
 [f. OF ha las (mod. F h&las) f. ha ah -Has lasse 
 •wretched f. L lassus weary] 
 
 Ala'stop, n. Avenging deity, nemesis. [Gk 
 (a- not+last- f. lath- forget)] 
 
 a'lateidi, a. Having wings or winglike 
 appendages, [f. L alatus (ala wing, see -ate 2 )J 
 
 alb, n. White vestment reaching to feet, 
 worn by priests, and by some consecrated 
 kings, [f. LL alba (tunica) white (tunic)] 
 
 a'lbaeore, n. Large species of Tunny ; other 
 fish of same genus. [f. Port, albacor (F 
 albicore, also used in E) f . Arab, al the + b ukr 
 young camel, heifer] 
 
 alba'ta, n. White metal, German silver, 
 [f. L albata whitened (alb us white)] 
 
 a'lbatross, n. Family of birds allied to 
 Petrels, inhabiting Pacific and Southern 
 Oceans; esp. great A., largest of sea-fowls. 
 [17th-c. algatross, perh. f. obs. alcatras Frigate- 
 bird (f. Sp. and Port, alcatruz f. Arab, al- 
 qadus the bucket, Arab, name of Pelican, 
 from its supposed water-carrying habit) ; -b- 
 under influence of L albus white] 
 
 albe'it (awl-), conj. Though, as a. that he 
 failed, a. he failed, he tried a. without success. 
 *[ = all though it be that] 
 
 a'lbert, n. (Also A. chain) kind of watch 
 chain, [f. Prince Albert consort of Queen 
 Victoria] 
 
 albe'seent, a. Growing white, shading 
 into white, [f. L albescere (albus white), see 
 -ent] 
 
 albi'no (-be-), n. Human being marked by 
 congenital absence of colouring pigment in 
 skin and hair, which are white, and eyes, which 
 are pink and unable to bear ordinary light ; any 
 animal so distinguished. Hence albi'nESS *, 
 a'lbiniSM, nn. [Port., orig. of white negroes, 
 f. L albus white] 
 
 a'lbite, n. White or soda feldspar, [f. L 
 albus white + -ite l ] 
 
 a'lbum, n. Blank book for insertion of auto- 
 graphs, photographs, &c. [L, neut. sing, of 
 albus white] 
 
 albu'men, n. White of egg ; a constituent 
 of animal solids and fluids, of seeds, and of 
 tuberous or fleshy roots, found nearly pure 
 in white of egg; (Bot.) substance found be- 
 tween skin and embryo of many seeds, usu. 
 the eatable part. Hence albirminosE, al- 
 bu'minous, aa. [L albumen -minis white of 
 egg (albus white, see -men] 
 
 albirmenize, v.t. (phot.). Coat (paper) with 
 an albuminous solution, [prec. + -ize] 
 
 albu'minoid, a. & n. Like albumen ; (n. 
 pi.) proteids, class of organic compounds form- 
 ing chief part of organs and tissues of animals 
 and plants. Hence albuminoidAL a. [f. 
 
 ALBUMEN + -OID] 
 
 albup'num, a'lburn, n. Recently formed 
 wood in exogenous trees, sap-wood. Hence 
 albup'nous a. [L alburnum (albus white)] 
 
 aleahest. See alkahest. 
 
 Alca'ic, a. & n. Pertaining to Alcaeus (Gk 
 lyric poet, b. c. 600), or to the metre he invented ; 
 (n. pi.) Alcaic strophes, [f. L f. Gk Alkaikos 
 (Alkaios)] 
 
 alehe'mie, a. Pertaining to alchemy. Hence 
 alehe'micAL a., alehe'miealLY 2 adv. [f. 
 med. L. alchimicus or F alchimique : see al- 
 chemy and -ic] 
 
 a'lehemist, n. One who studies or practises 
 alchemy. Hence alchemi'stic(AL) aa. [f. 
 OF alquemiste ; see alchemy and -ist] 
 
 a'lchemize, v.t. Change as by alchemy ; 
 transmute, [back-formation on prec] 
 
 a'lchemy (-k-), n. Chemistry of the middle 
 
 22 ALEURON 
 
 ages; esp., pursuit of the transmutation of baser 
 metals into gold (also fig.), [f. OF alquimie f. 
 med. L alchimia f. Arab, al-kimia, al the + 
 kimia, apparently = khemia (Gk form of native 
 name of Egypt, but confused with Gkkhumeia 
 pouring f. khu- perf. st. of khed pour, whence 
 the spelling alchymy)] 
 
 a'lcohol, n. Pure spirit of wine ; any liquor 
 containing this ; (Chem.) large class of com- 
 pounds of same type as spirits of wine. Hence 
 a'lcoholATEMS) n., aleoho'lic a. [med. L, 
 f. Arab, al the + koh'l powder for staining 
 eyelids (kahala v. stain)] 
 
 a'lcoholism, n. Action of alcohol on human 
 system, [prec. + -ism] 
 
 alcoholize, v.t. Saturate with alcohol ; 
 subject to alcoholic influence. Hence alco- 
 holizATioN n. [alcohol + -ize] 
 
 aicoholo'metep, n. Instrument for measur- 
 ing alcoholic strength of spirits. Hence al- 
 
 COholO'METRY n. [f. ALCOHOL + -O- + METER] 
 
 Alcoran (a'lkorahn, alkoralrn), n. Koran, 
 sacred Mohammedan book. Hence AIcop- 
 a'nic a. [(thr. F) f. Arab, al-qoran the reading 
 (qara'a v. read)] 
 
 a'leove, n. Vaulted recess in room- wall, 
 esp. (in Spain) recess for bed; recess in garden 
 wall or hedge ; summer house. [F, f. Sp. 
 alcova, -ba, f. Arab, al-qobbah the vault (qubba 
 v. vault)] 
 
 a'ldehyde, n. Colourless volatile fluid of 
 suffocating smell, obtained by oxidation of 
 alcohol ; class of compounds of this type. 
 Hence aldehy'dic a. [abbr. of L alcohol 
 dehydrogenatum (deprived of hydrogen)] 
 
 a'ldep (awl-), n. Tree related to Birch ; other 
 trees not related, as Black, White, Red, A. [OE 
 alor, aler (cf. ON blr, elrir, OHG elira, mod. G 
 erle, eller) w. phonetic d] 
 
 alderman (awl-), n. Magistrate in English 
 and Irish cities and boroughs, next in dignity 
 to Mayor. Hence aldepma'nic a., a'ldep- 
 mariSHiP n. [f. OE aldor patriarch (aid old 
 + -or noun suf.) + -man] 
 
 a'ldermanry, n. Ward, district of a 
 borough having its own alderman ; rank of 
 alderman, [prec. + -ry] 
 
 A'ldine (awl-), a. Printed by Aldus Manutius, 
 Venetian printer of 16th cent. ; name of 
 certain style of type. [f. Aldus + -ine n 
 
 ale, n. Liquor made from an infusion of 
 malt by fermentation, flavoured with hops 
 &c. ; merry-making at which ale was drunk ; 
 alecost, costmary ; a.-house, one at which ale 
 is retailed ; a.-wife, woman who keeps an ale- 
 house, American fish allied to herring. [OE alu] 
 
 a'leatopy, a. Depending on the throw of 
 a die or on chance, [f. L aleatorius (aleator 
 dice-player f. alea die)] 
 
 alee*, adv. & pred. a. On the lee or sheltered 
 side of ship ; to leeward, [f. OX d on+hle 
 shelter ; see lee] 
 
 a'leg'ap, n. Sour ale ; malt vinegar, [f. 
 ale+ egre = F aigre sour, on anal, of vinegar] 
 
 ale'mbie, n. Apparatus formerly used in 
 distilling; also fig., as a. of fancy, [f. F 
 alambic f. Arab, al the + ambiq still f. Gk 
 ambix -ikos cup ; lembick, limbeck, were usu. 
 in lo-17th cc] 
 
 aleP't, a. & n. Watchful, vigilant; lively, 
 nimble ; (n.) warning call, alarm ; on the a., on 
 the look-out. Hence alep'tLY 2 adv., alep't- 
 ness n. [f. F alerte, earlier allerte, d Vairte, 
 f. It. alVerta (alia to the +erta look-out, watch- 
 tower, fern. p.p. of ergere f. L erigere erect)] 
 
 aleup*on, aleup'one, n. Albuminoid sub- 
 stance found in seeds of plants, &c. [Gk 
 aleuron flour] 
 
ALEXANDRINE 
 
 Alexa'ndrine, a. & n. A. {verse), iambic 
 line of six feet or twelve syllables, [f. F alex- 
 andrite of doubtful orig.] 
 
 alexiphar'mie. a. & n. (Having the quality 
 of) an antidote, [earlier -ac f. F alexiphar- 
 maque f. Gk alexipharmakon remedy for 
 poison (alexo keep o&'+pharmakon poison)] 
 
 alfresco, adv. & a. In the open air ; open- 
 air, as a. lunch, [f. It. alfresco in the fresh (air)] 
 la'lga, n. (pi. -ae). Sea-weed. Hence a'lgTAL, 
 a'lg-oiD, alg-olo'gficAL, aa., a*lgiST(3) (-j-), 
 algo'LOGisx, algro'LOGV, nn. [L] 
 
 a'lgebra, n. Investigation of the properties 
 of numbers by means of general symbols ; 
 quadruple a., quaternions. Hence alge- 
 bra'icUU aa., alg-ebra'iealLY - adv., a'lge- 
 braiST, a'lg-ebriST, nn. lit., f. Arab, aljebr 
 reunion of broken parts (jabara reunite)] 
 
 a*lg*id (-j-), a. Cold, esp. of cold stage of 
 ague. Hence algi'diTV n. [f. F algide f. L 
 algidus (algere be cold, see -id l )] 
 
 a'lgorism, n. Arabic (decimal) notation ; 
 cypher in a., mere dummy, [f. OF augorisme 
 f. med. Lalgorismus f. Arab. al-Khoxcarazmi 
 the man of Khiva, surname of a mathema- 
 tician ; mod. misspelling -ithm by confus. w. 
 Gk arithmos number] 
 
 alguazi'l (-gwa-), n. Spanish warrant- 
 officer or sergeant. (Sp. (now -cil) f. Arab. 
 al-wazir the vizier, minister (icazara carry on)] 
 
 a'lgum, n. Tree mentioned in Bible (2 Chron. 
 ii. 8 ; in 1 Kings x. 11 wrongly given as almug), 
 prob. a kind of sandal- wood. IHeb. ; a foreign 
 word perh. = Skr. valguka sandal-woad tree] 
 
 Alha'mbra, n. Palace of Moorish kings at 
 Granada. Hence alhambrE'SQUE a. [f. Arab. 
 al-hamra' the red house] 
 
 a'lias, adv. & n. (pi. -ases). (Name by which 
 one is called) on other occasions. [L, adv.] 
 
 a'libi, adv. & n. (The plea that when an 
 alleged act took place one was) elsewhere. [L, 
 adv. ; old locative of alius another] 
 
 a'lidad, -ade, n. Index of astrolabe, quad- 
 rant, &c, showing the degrees cut off on the 
 arc. [F (-ade), f. med. L alhidada f. Arab, al- 
 'idadah the revolving radius (acid upper arm)] 
 
 a'lien l , a. & n. Not one's 'own ; foreign, 
 under foreign allegiance ; differing in nature 
 (from) ; repugnant (to) ; stranger ; non-natural- 
 ized foreigner ; one excluded from ; (Law) a.- 
 friend, -enemy, alien owing allegiance to 
 friendly, hostile, country. Hence a'IieniSM(2) 
 n. [OF, f. L aliemis belonging to another 
 (alius)] 
 
 a'lien 2 , v.t. (Poet.) estrange ; (Law) transfer 
 ownership of. Hence a'lienABLE a., aliena- 
 bi'lity n. [f. OF aliener f. L alienare (as 
 prec.)] 
 
 a'lienate, v.t. Estrange ; transfer owner- 
 ship of ; turn away, divert (from). Hence 
 a'lienatOR 2 n. [f. L as prec, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 aliena'tion, n. Estrangement ; transference 
 of ownership ; diversion to different purpose ; 
 (mental) a., insanity, [f. MF alienacion f. L 
 alienationem (as prec, see -atiox)] 
 
 alienee*, n. One to whom transfer of pro- 
 perty is made, [alien 2 + -ee] 
 
 a'liform, a. Wing-shaped, [f. L ala wing + 
 -form] 
 
 aligh't 1 , v.i. Dismount (from horse), de- 
 scend (from carriage) ; settle, come to earth, 
 from the air. [OE alihtan (a- (l)+lihtan light)] 
 
 allgfh't 2 , a. Kindled; on fire; lighted up. 
 [p.p. of obs. alight kindle ; now only used pre- 
 dicatively, on anal, of a-blaze and other adv. 
 compds] 
 
 aligrn, ali'ne, v.t. & i. Place, lay, in a line ; 
 bring into line ; esp. bring three or more points 
 
 23 ALL 
 
 into a straight line, as a. the sights (of rifle) 
 and bulVs-eye; (intr.) form in line (as troops). 
 Hence alig-n.MENT n. [f. F aligner (a to 
 + ligner f. L lineare (linea line)] 
 
 ali'ke, pred. a. & adv. Similar, like ; (adv.) 
 in like manner. [OE gelic a. gelice adv. (OHG 
 gelih, mod. G gleich) f. ge- together + lie like ; 
 alsof. OX alikra. cilika adv. (cogn. w. OE anlic 
 a. anlice adv.) f. a prep, on, to, + lik like] 
 
 a'liment, n. Food; (fig.) support, mental 
 sustenance. Hence aliment al a., ali- 
 mentalLY 2 adv. [f. L alimentum (alere 
 nourish, see -mext)] 
 
 alimentary, a. Nourishing; performing 
 functions of nutrition, as a. canal ; providing 
 maintenance, [f. L alimentarius (as prec, see 
 -ary i)] 
 
 alimenta'tion, n. Nourishment ; mainten- 
 ance, [f. med. L alimentatio (alimentare, as 
 
 ALIMENT, See -ATION)] 
 
 a'limony, n. Nourishment; maintenance; 
 allowance due to wife from husband's estate, 
 on separation from certain causes, [f. L alt- 
 mania nutriment (alere nourish, see -mony)] 
 
 a'liquot, a. & n. A. (part), part contained by 
 the whole an integral number of times, integral 
 factor, [f. F aliquote f. L aliquot some, so 
 many] 
 
 -ality, compd noun-suf. = -al + -TY. Quality, 
 or instance of it, (generality, a g.) 
 
 ali've, adv. & pred. a. In life, living ; fully 
 susceptible to (an idea, &c); active, brisk, as 
 (colloq.) look a., be brisk; swarming icith, as 
 river a. with boats; any man a. (whatever); 
 man a.! (colloq. expletive), [f. A prep.+ME 
 live, OE life dat. of lit life; = on life] 
 
 ali'zarin, n. Pied colouring matter of 
 madder, [f. F alizari madder prob. f. Arab, al 
 the + 'acarah extract (acara v. press) ; see -in] 
 
 a'lkariest, n. Alchemist's supposed uni- 
 versal solvent (also fig.), [sham Arab., prob. 
 invented by Paracelsus] 
 
 alkalescent, a. & n. Incipiently or slightly 
 alkaline (substance). Hence alkale'SGENCE, 
 alkale'seENCY, nn. [f. foil., see -escent] 
 
 a'lkali, n. (pi. -lis, -lies). (Chem.) series of 
 compounds called bases, including soda, potash, 
 and ammonia, highly soluble in water, pro- 
 ducing caustic or corrosive solutions that 
 neutralize strong acids, and turn vegetable 
 yellows to brown, reds to blue, purples to 
 green ; (Commerc) caustic soda, caustic potash, 
 other alkaline products. Hence a'lkalifi*- 
 able a., a'lkaliFY v.t. [f. F alcali f. Arab. 
 al-qaliy calcined ashes (qalay fry)] 
 
 alkali'metry, n. Measurement of strength 
 of alkalis. Hence alkalimetPiCAL a. [al- 
 kali + -metry] 
 
 a'lkaline, a. Of alkalis ; of the nature of an 
 alkali ; a. metals, those whose hydroxides are 
 alkalis, [f. alkali + -ine j ] 
 
 a'lkaloid, n. Nitrogenous basic substance ; 
 esp. vegeto-alkaloids, vegetable alkalis. Hence 
 alkaloi'dAL a. [f. alkali + -oid] 
 
 a'lkanet, n. (Plant whose root yields) a red 
 dye. [f. Sp. alcana (f. Arab, al-henna the henna 
 shrub) + dim. suf. to dist. this shrub from 
 henna] 
 
 all (awl), a., n., adv. (1> (adj. w. noun &c. 
 expressed or .understood). The entire, as a. 
 day, a. England, a. his life, a. this, take it a., 
 a. whom I saw ; the greatest possible, as a. 
 speed; (w. pi.) the entire number of, as a. 
 men, a. the others; a. kind of, every kind of; 
 any whatever, as renounce a. connexion. (2) 
 (n.). All men, as a. are agreed ; (w. of) the 
 whole, every one, as a. of it, a. of you ; every- 
 thing, as that is a., a. is lost; one's whole 
 
ALLAH 
 
 24 
 
 ALLOY 
 
 property, as he lost his a. ; a. but, everything 
 short of (used adv.), as a. but impossible, he 
 tvas a. but drowned; a. in a., of paramount or 
 exclusive importance ; at a., in any way, as not 
 at a., did you speak at a. ? (not in affirmative 
 sent.); in a., in total number; one and a., a. 
 and some (archaic), a. and sundry, a. indi- 
 vidually and collectively. (3) (adv.). Wholly, 
 quite, as dressed a. (orig. an adj.) in white, 
 a. covered with mud, a. right, a. the better, 
 a. the same, a. at once, a. too soon. (1) Combb. : 
 A.- father, Odin, God; A. Fools' Day, first of 
 April; A. Saints' Day, general celebration of 
 saints, November 1st ; A. Souls' Day, day of 
 supplication for souls of faithful deceased, 
 Nov. 2nd. All is prefixed to many adjj., as 
 a.-bountifid, a.-righteous, a.-sufficient, and 
 esp. topartt.,as a.-suMcing, a.-seeing, a.-know- 
 ing. [com.-Teut. : OHG al, ON allr] 
 
 A'llah, n. Name of God among Moham- 
 medans. [Arab, allah contr. of al-ilah (al the 
 + ilah god = Heb. eloah] 
 
 allay", v.t. Put down, repress ; alleviate (pain 
 &c.) ; diminish (pleasure ace), [f. A- (1) + lay 
 v. ; confused with obs. allege alleviate and obs. 
 allay alloy] 
 
 allegation, n. Alleging ; assertion (esp. one 
 not proved), [f. F allegation f. Lallegationem 
 (allegare allege, see -ation)] 
 
 allege (-ej), v.t. Affirm; advance as argu- 
 ment er excuse, [f. adlegiare E Latiniz. of 
 OF esligier, Norm, alegier, f. LL exlitigare 
 clear at law ; but treated as repr. L allegare 
 cite, adduce, which would give alleague (cf. 
 F alUguer)] 
 
 allegiance (-jans), n. Duty of subject to 
 sovereign or government; loyalty (lit. and 
 fig.). [ME ligeaunce f. OF ligeance (liege) ; ch- 
 added in E perh. thr. confusion with obs. 
 allegeance, n. f. prec] 
 
 allegdTie, a. Pertaining to, of the nature 
 of, allegory. Hence allego'ricAL a., alle- 
 goTiealLY 2 adv. [f . F f . L f . Gk allegorikos 
 (as foil., see-ic)] 
 
 a'llegorize, v.t. & i. Treat as an allegory ; 
 make allegories. Hence a'llegoriST n. [f. F 
 allegoriser f. L allegorizare (as foil., see -ize)J 
 
 a'lleg'OPy, n. Narrative description of a 
 subject under guise of another suggestively 
 similar ; emblem, [f . L f. Gk allegoria (alios 
 other + -agoria speaking f. agora assembly)] 
 
 allegretto (mus.). Somewhat briskly. [It.] 
 
 alle'gro (-la-), a., adv., n. (mus.). Lively, 
 gay ; (movemejit) in brisk time. [It.] 
 
 allelu'ia (-looya), n. Song of praise to God. 
 [f. L f. (Septuagint) Gk allelouiaf. Heb. hallelu- 
 yah praise ye Jehovah] 
 
 alle'viate, v. t. Relieve, mitigate. Hence 
 alleviATiox, alle'viatOR 2 , nn. ; alle'via- 
 tiVE, alle'viatORV, aa. [f. L xileviare lighten 
 (levis light), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 a'lley, n. (pi. -eys). Walk, passage, esp. in 
 park or garden; narrow street; blind a., one 
 closed at end ; enclosure for skittles &c. [f. OF 
 alee,F alUe, walking, passage, f. alter go, etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 All-ha'llow(s), n. All saints (in heaven), 
 as All hallows' day, Allhallowmass. [all4- 
 halloio f. OE hdlga saint] 
 
 i allia'ceous, a. Of the genus Allium, in- 
 cluding garlic, onions, and leeks ; smelling, 
 tasting, of garlic &c. [f. L allium garlic + 
 -aceous] 
 
 alli'ance, n. Union by marriage ; relation- 
 ship ; confederation (esp. between States) ; 
 community in nature or qualities ; (Bot.) group 
 of allied natural Orders, [f. OF aliance (as 
 ally !, see -ange)] 
 
 a'lligator, n. Genus of saurian reptiles of 
 crocodile family, found in America; other 
 large American saurians ; a. apple, pear, fruit 
 of W. Indian trees ; a. tortoise, snapping turtle, 
 [corrupt, of Sp. el lagarto the lizard f. L 
 lacerta] 
 
 alli'terate, v.i. (Use words that) begin with 
 the same letter. Hence alli'tepatiVE a., 
 alli'terativeLY 2 adv. [f. L ad to + litera 
 letter + -ate 3 , on anal, of obliterate] 
 
 alliteration, n. Commencement of words 
 in close connexion (esp. in early Teut. poetry, of 
 accented syllables) with the same letter, [f. 
 prec. + -ation] 
 
 a'llocate, v.t. Assign, devote, (to person or 
 object) ; locate. Hence alloeATiON n. [f. 
 med. L xilocare (loctis place), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 al(l)6*dium, n. Estate held in absolute 
 ownership, without acknowledgment to a 
 superior (opp. to fexidum). Hence allo'di \ i , 
 a., allo'dialL y 2 adv., allo'dialiSM, alio* 
 dialiST. nn. [f. med. L f. G *aldd entire property 
 (all+OLG 6d estate); sometimes written allod, 
 allody] 
 
 alld'gamy, n. (bot. ). Cross-f ertilizatiou. [f . 
 Gk alios other + -gamy] 
 
 alfo'nge (F), n. Slip of paper gummed to end 
 of bill of exchange to give room for further 
 endorsements. 
 
 allo'pathy, n. Curing of a diseased action 
 by inducing another action of a different kind 
 (opp. to homoeopathy). Hence allopa'thic 
 a., allopa'thiCALLY adv., allo'pathiST n. 
 [f. Gk alios other + -pathy] 
 
 allophylian, a. & n. (One whose native 
 tongue is) neither Aryan nor Semitic, [f. L f . Gk 
 allophulos (alios other +phule tribe) +-ian] 
 
 allo't, v.t. (-U-). Distribute by lot or with 
 authority ; assign (to), [f. OF aloter (a to + 
 loter divide by lot f. lot, Teut. wd, OE hlol)] 
 
 a'llotheism, n. Worship of strange gods, 
 [f. Gk alios other + theos god + -ism] 
 
 allo'tment, n. Apportioning ; lot in life ; 
 share allotted to one ; small portion of land 
 let out for cultivation, [f. F allotement (aloter, 
 see prec. and -ment)] 
 
 allo'tpopy, n. Variation of physical pro- 
 perties without change of substance. Hence 
 allotro'pic(AL) aa., allotro'piealLY 2 adv., 
 allo'tropiSM n. [f. Gk allotropia f. allo- 
 tropos (alios other + tropos manner f. trepo 
 turn)] 
 
 allottee*, n. One to whom allotment is made, 
 [f. allot + -ee] 
 
 allow, v.t. Admit (thing to be, that) ; (U. S.) 
 form the opinion (that) ; permit (practice, per- 
 son to do) ; (refl.) indulge oneself in (conduct) ; 
 (intr.) admit of; give (limited periodical sum), 
 as a. him £200 a year ; add, deduct, in considera- 
 tion of something ; a. for, take into considera- 
 tion, make addition or deduction corresponding 
 to. Hence allow'ABLE a., allowabLY 2 adv. 
 ff. OF alouer f. (1) L Ahlaudare praise, (2) L al- 
 locare place] 
 
 allowance \ n. Permission ; tolerance 
 (of) ; limited portion, esp. yearly income ; de- 
 duction, discount ; make a. for, allow fer. [f. 
 OF alouance (as prec, see -ance)] 
 
 allowance 2 , v.t. Make allowance topper- 
 son) ; supply (thing) in limited quantities, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 alloy* 1 , n. Standard, quality, (of gold or 
 silver) ; inferior metal mixed esp. with gold or 
 silver (also fig.); mixture of metals, [orig. 
 allay f. OF aley (F aloi) t. aleier combine f. 
 L Ahligare bind ; meaning influenced by con- 
 fusion with F d loi to law] 
 
 alloy* 2 , v.t. Mix with baser metal? mix 
 
ALLSEED 
 
 (metals) ; debase ; moderate, [f. F aloyer f. OF 
 aleier, see prec] 
 
 a'llseed (awl-), n. Name of various plants 
 producing much seed. 
 
 a'llspice (awl-), n. Jamaica pepper, Pimenta, 
 supposed to combine flavour of cinnamon, nut- 
 meg, and cloves; other aromatic shrubs, as 
 Carolina A .,_ Japa n A . , Wild A . 
 
 allu'de (-00-, -u-), v.i. Refer covertly, in- 
 directly, to ; (improp.) a. to, mean. [f. L al- 
 (ludere lus- play)J 
 
 allure", v.t. Tempt, entice, win over, {to, 
 from, person, place, conduct) ; fascinate, 
 charm. Hence allure'MEXT n. [f. OF aleur- 
 rer attract (a to + leurrcr lure)] 
 
 allu'sion, n. Covert, implied, indirect, re- 
 ference (to), [f. L allusio (as allude, see 
 
 -ION)] 
 
 allu'sive, a. Containing an allusion (to) ; 
 abounding in allusions; (Her.) a. (canting) 
 ar?7i$. Hence allu'siveLY 2 adv., allirsive- 
 ness n. [as prec, see -ive] 
 
 allu'vion (-00-, -u-), n. Wash of sea, river, 
 against shore, banks ; flood ; matter deposited 
 by flood; (Law) formation of new land by water's 
 action. [F, f. L Ahluvionem (nom. -vio) f. luere 
 wash] 
 
 allu'vium, n. Deposit of earth, sand, &c, 
 left by flood. Hence allu'viAL a. [L, neut. 
 of adj. xiluvius (luere wash)] 
 
 ally l , v.t. Combine, unite, for special ob- 
 ject to, with, (esp. of marriage and alliance 
 with foreign states) ; (of things) allied to, con- 
 nected with. [f. OF alier i. L AiAigare bind] 
 
 ally* 2 , n. Person, state, &c, allied with 
 another, [f. prec] 
 
 a'lly 3 , n. Choice playing-marble of marble 
 or alabaster, [perh. dim. of alabaster] 
 
 a'lmaihi, n. Egyptian dancing-girl. [Arab. 
 'almah knowing (alama know)] 
 
 a'lmagest (-j-), n. Great astronomical 
 treatise of Ptolemy ; other books on astrology 
 and alchemy, [f. F f. Arab, al the + majisti = 
 Gk megiste greatest] 
 
 A'lma Ma'ter, n. Name used of Universities 
 and schools. [L,= bounteous mother] 
 
 almanac (awl-), n. Annual calendar of 
 months and days, with astronomical and other 
 data. [med. L, etym. dub.] 
 
 a'lmandine, n. A garnet of violet tint, 
 [corrupt, of obs. alabandine f. L alabandina 
 (Alabanda, city in Caria)] 
 
 almigh'ty (awl-), a. All-powerful, esp. A. 
 God, the A. ; (slang) great, (adv.) exceedingly. 
 Hence almig-h-tiNESS n. [OE xlmeahtig (all 
 adv. + MIGHTY)] 
 
 a'lmond (ahm), n. Kernel of a stone-fruit 
 borne by two trees (siceet, bitter, a.) ; allied 
 to plum and peach ; anything a.-shaped ; A. 
 (Tumbler), kind of pigeon. [f. OF almande 
 f. L f. Gk amygdale ; al- perh. by confus. w. 
 Arab, al the] 
 
 a'lmonep (or ahmn-). n. Official distributor 
 Of alms ; Hereditary Grand A., Lord High A„ 
 (officers in royal household of Great Britain), 
 [f. OF aumoner f. LL almosinarius = eleemosy- 
 narius (as alms, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 a'lmost (awl-), adv. Very nearly (qualifying 
 v., adv., adj. ; also noun, as his a. impudence). 
 [f. all + most adv.] 
 
 alms (ahmz), n. (usu. as sing.). Charitable 
 relief of the poor ; donation ; a.-folk, alms- 
 man, (supported by charity) ; a.-giving ; a.- 
 house, one founded by charity for reception 
 of poor. [OE xlmysse f. L f. Gk eleemosune 
 compassionateness (eleemon adj. f. eleos com- 
 passion)] 
 
 a'lmug. See algum. 
 
 25 ALTAR 
 
 a'loe (-6), n. Genus of plants with erect spikes 
 of flowers and bitter juice ; (pi.) purgative 
 drug procured from juice of aloes; other 
 plants, as American A., Agave. [OE aluwe f. 
 L f. Gk aloe] 
 
 aloe'tic, a. & n. (Medicine) containing aloes, 
 [f. Gk aloe aloe on false anal, of diuretic &c] 
 
 ald'ft (or -aw-), adv. & pred. a. High up (lit. 
 and fig.) ; upward, [f. ON d on, to, -Wop* sky, 
 loft] 
 
 alo'ne, pred. a. & adv. Solitary; standing 
 by oneself (in opinion &c) ; let, leave, a., ab- 
 stain from interfering with ; (adv.) only, ex- 
 clusively, [f. all adv. + one] 
 
 alo'ng-, adv. & prep. From end to end of ; 
 through any part of the length of ; onward, 
 as get a. ; a. xcith, in company with, in con- 
 junction with; all a., all the time; a.-ships, 
 directed fore and aft ; a.-shore, a. by the shore, 
 a. and on the shore ; alongside, close to side of 
 ship ; alongside of, side by side with (lit. and 
 fig.). [OE and-lang (and- against, facing, + 
 lang_\ong), orig. adj.] 
 
 aloo'f, adv. & pred. a. Away, apart, (lit. and 
 fig.), as stand, keep, hold, a.; (Naut.) away 
 to windward, as spring a. (cf. luff). Hence 
 aloofNESS n. [f. Aprep.+LOOF] 
 
 alou'd, adv. Loudly ; not in a whisper ; 
 (colloq.) palpably, as reeks a, [f. a prep. + loud ; 
 cf. foil.] 
 
 alow* (-6), adv. (naut.). In, into, lower part 
 of vessel, [f. a prep.+LOW a.] 
 
 alp, n. Mountain-peak ; (in Switzerland) 
 green pasture-land on mountain side; Alpis, 
 mountain range separating France and Italy, 
 [(pi.) f. L Alpes prop, n., etym. dub.] 
 
 alpa'ca, n. Kind of llama with long woolly 
 hair ; its wool ; fabric thence made. [f. Sp. 
 (Arab, al the + paco, native Peruv. name)] 
 
 a'lpenstock, n. Long iron-shod staff used 
 in climbing Alps &c. [G, = stick of the Alps] 
 
 a'lpha, n. Greek name of letter A ; A. and 
 Omega, beginning and end; (Astr.) chief star 
 of constellation. [Gk, f. Heb. aleph ox, leader] 
 
 alphabet, n. Set of letters used in a lan- 
 guage ; first rudiments. Hence alphabetic 
 a. [f. L alphabetxim (Gk alpha, beta, first two 
 letters of alphabet)] 
 
 alphabetical, a. Of the alphabet, as a. 
 order. Hence alphabe'tiealLY 2 adv. [as 
 prec + -ical] 
 
 A'lpine, a. Of the Alps or any lofty moun- 
 tains, [f. L Alpinus (Alpes, see alp and -ine 1 )] 
 
 A'lpinist, n. Alpine climber, [f. F alpiniste 
 (as prec, see -ist)] 
 
 alpea'dy (awl-), adv. Beforehand ; by this 
 time, thus early, [f. all adv. + ready] 
 
 Alsa'tia, n. Province west of Rhine, de- 
 batable ground between France and Ger- 
 many; White Friars in London, once sanctu- 
 ary for lawbreakers. Hence Alsa'tiAN a. & n. 
 
 a'lsike, n. Kind of clover. [Alsike in 
 Sweden] 
 
 a'lso (awl-), adv. In addition, besides, [f. 
 all + so ; orig. in antecedent and relat. as well 
 as demonstr. functions, now superseded in 
 relat. by its shortened form as, and in antec. 
 by as and so] 
 
 alt, n. (Mus.) high tone, esp. in a., in octave 
 above treble stave beginning with G ; (fig.) in 
 a., in an exalted frame of mind. [Pr., f. L altum 
 high] 
 
 a'ltap (awl-), n. Flat-topped block for offer- 
 ings to deity ; Communion Table ; lead to the 
 a., marry; a.-cloth, (prop.) linen cloth used at 
 Communion or Mass, (loosely) silk frontal and 
 super-frontal ; a.-piece, reredos. [f. L altare 
 (alius high)] 
 
ALTARWISE 
 
 26 
 
 AMAZON 
 
 a'ltapwise, adv. In the manner of an 
 altar. 
 
 alta'zimuth, n. Instrument for determin- 
 ing altitude and azimuth of heavenly bodies. 
 [alt- for altitude + azimuth] 
 
 a'ltep (awl-), v.t. & i. Change in character, 
 position, &c. Hence or cogn. altepa- 
 bi'lity, altePA'Tiox, nn., a'ltePABLE a. [f. 
 14th-c. F altdrer f. med. L alterare (L alter 
 other)] 
 
 a'lterative, a. & n. Tending to alter; (n.) 
 medicine, treatment, that alters processes of 
 nutrition, [prec. + -ati ve] 
 
 a'ltepeate (alt-, awlt-), v.i. Dispute hotly, 
 wrangle, {with). So altepeATiON n. [f. L 
 altercari, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 a' Iter &go, n. One's other self ; intimate 
 friend. [L, lit. other I] 
 
 altep'nant, a. & n. Alternating ; (Mineral.) 
 of alternating layers; (n.) a. quantity. [F, 
 part, of alterner f. L alternare alternate] 
 
 altep'nate 1 (awl-, -at), a. (Of things of two 
 kinds) coming each after one of the other kind ; 
 (Biol.) a. generation (by a. processes, as first by 
 budding,nextby sexualreproduction); a. leaves, 
 angles, (placed alternately on the two sides of 
 stem, line). Hence altep'nateLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 alternare do one thing after the other (altemiis 
 every other f. alter other), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 alternate 2 , v.t. & i. Arrange, perform, (two 
 sets of things) alternately ; interchange (one 
 thing) alternately with, by, another; (of two 
 things) succeed each other by turns ; (of a 
 whole) consist of alternate things ; (of one class 
 of things) appear alternately with another. So 
 altepnA'TiON n. [f. prec] 
 
 altep'native, a. & n. (Of two things) 
 mutually exclusive ; (strictly) permission to 
 choose between two things ; (loosely) either of 
 two possible courses, as / had no (other) a. ; one 
 of more than two possibilities. Hence altep*- 
 nativeLY 2 adv. [f. med. L alternativus (as 
 prec., see -ative)] 
 
 although* (awl-), conj. Though, [f. all adv. 
 -f though] 
 
 a'ltitude, n. Height ; depth ; (Geom.) length 
 of perpendicular from vertex to base ; height 
 above sea level; (usu. in pi.) high place; (fig.) 
 eminence, [f. ~Laltitudo (altus high), see -tude] 
 
 a'lto, n. (mus.). Highest male voice, counter- 
 tenor ; its musical part ; female voice of simi- 
 lar range, contralto ; its part ; singer with alto 
 voice ; a.-clarinet, -viola, instruments similar 
 to the clarinet, viola, but of higher pitch. [It. 
 alto (canto) high (singing)] 
 
 altogether (awl-), adv. & n. Totally; on 
 the whole ; (n.) an a., a whole, [all a.] 
 
 a'lto-pelie'vo (-rile'vo), n. (sculp.). High 
 relief. [It. alto-rilievo] 
 
 a'ltpuism, n. Regard for others as a prin- 
 ciple of action. Hence a'ltruiST n., al- 
 tpui'stic a., altPui'stiCALLY adv. [L Fa?- 
 truisme (It. altrui others' f . L alteri huic to this 
 other, see -ism)] 
 
 a'lum, n. A double sulphate of aluminium 
 
 and potassium ; series of salts including this ; 
 
 family of compounds including these ; (Mine- 
 ral.) various native minerals, alums proper 
 
 and pseudo-alums. [OF, f. L alumen] 
 alu'mina, n. One of the earths, the only 
 
 oxide of aluminium, [f. L alumen alum, on type 
 
 of soda &c] 
 alumi'nium, n. White light sonorous 
 
 ductile malleable metal, not oxidized in air, 
 
 used for instruments and as an alloy; a. 
 
 bronze, alloy of a. and copper, [f. alumina ; 
 
 formerly alumium, aluminum] 
 alu'minous, a. Of the nature of alum or 
 
 alumina, [f. F alumineux f. L ahaninosus 
 (alumen alum, see -ous)] 
 
 alu'mnus, n. (pi. -ni). Pupil of a school or 
 university. [L, = foster-child] 
 
 a'lveolate (-at), a. Honey-combed, pitted 
 with small cavities, [f. L alveolatus f. foil., 
 see -ate 2 ] 
 
 alve'olus, n. Small cavity ; socket of tooth, 
 whence alve'olAR * a. ; cell of honey-comb ; 
 conical chamber of a Belemnite. [L, dim. of 
 alveus cavity] 
 
 a'lways (awl-), adv. At all times ; on all 
 occasions, [f. all a. + way ; alway (now archaic 
 or poet, for always) orig. meant ' all the way, 
 continually', always (gen. case) having prob. 
 the sense ' on every occasion '] 
 
 am. See be^ 
 
 a'madou (-00), n. German tinder, prepared 
 from fungi, used as a match and styptic. [F 
 f. Pr. (OPr. amador), f. L amatorem lover 
 (amare, see -or 2 )] 
 
 amai'n, adv. (archaic, poet). Vehemently; 
 in all haste, [a prep. + main, OE msegn, force] 
 
 amalgam, n. Mixture of a metal with 
 mercury, as gold a. ; plastic mixture of any 
 substances (also fig.), [f. F amalgame, med. L 
 amalgama, perh. f. L f. Gk malagma an 
 emollient (malasso, st. malak-, soften)] 
 
 amalgamate 1 (-at), a. Combined, esp. of 
 languages, [f. med. L amalgamare (as prec, 
 see -ate 2 )] 
 
 amalgamate 2 , v. t. & i. Mix ; unite 
 (classes, societies, ideas) ; (of metals) combine 
 with mercury. Hence amalgamATiON, 
 ama'lgamatOR 2 , nn., ama'lgamatiVE a. 
 [f. prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 amanue'nsis, n. (pi. -nses). One who writes 
 from dictation. [L, adj. used as n., f. (servus) a 
 manu secretary + -ensis belonging to] 
 
 a"marant(h), n. Imaginary unfading 
 flower ; genus, including Prince's Feather and 
 Love-lies-bleeding; purple colour. Hence 
 amapa*nt(h)iNE * a. [f. F amarante f. L f. 
 Gk amarantos everlasting, name of a flower 
 (a- not + maran- st. of maraino fade) ; h by 
 confusion with Gk anthos flower] 
 
 amapyllis, n. Genus of autumn-flowering 
 bulbous plants. [L, f. Gk Amarullis, name of 
 a country girl] 
 
 ama'ss, v.t. Heap together ; accumulate (esp. 
 riches), [f. 12th-c F amasser (d to + masser f. 
 masse mass n.] _ 
 
 a'mateup (-tur), n. One who is fond of; 
 one who cultivates a thing as a pastime. 
 Hence amateup'iSH a., amateup'ishLY 2 
 adv., amateup'ishNESS, amateup'iSM, nn. 
 [F, f. L amatorem (amare love, see -or 2 )] 
 
 a'mative, a. Disposed to loving. Hence 
 a'mativeNESS n. [f. L amare love, see -ative] 
 
 a'matory, a. Pertaining to a lover or to 
 sexual love. Hence amatop'iAL a. [f. L 
 amatorius (amare love, see -ory)] 
 
 amaupo'sis, n. Partial or total loss of 
 sight from disease of optic nerve. Hence 
 amaupo'TTC a. [Gk, f. amauroo darken 
 (amauros dark), see -osis] 
 
 ama'ze 1 , v.t. Overwhelm with wonder. 
 Hence ama'zedLY 2 , ama'zingLY 2 , advv., 
 ama'zeMENT n. [a- (1)+ maze v., etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 ama'ze 2 , n. (poet,). = amazement, [f. prec] 
 
 A'mazon (a-), n. Fabulous race of female 
 warriors in Scythia ; female warrior (lit. and 
 fig.) ; masculine woman. Hence Amazo'n- 
 
 ian a. [f. L f. Gk (prob. foreign word, but ex- 
 plained by Greeks as a- not + mazos breast, 
 from destruction of right breast to facilitate 
 use of bow)] 
 
AMBAGES 
 
 27 
 
 amba-ges (-jez), n. pi. Roundabout ways. 
 [L {amb- about + ctg- f. agere drive ; 16th-c. E 
 had a'mbage, pi. a'mbages] 
 
 ambassador, n. Minister sent by one 
 sovereign or State on mission to another (usu. 
 A. extraordinary); minister permanently re- 
 presenting sovereign or State at foreign court 
 (Ordinary, Resident, A. ; formerly A. Leger) ; 
 A. Plenipotentiary (with full power to sign 
 treaties &c.) ; official messenger. Hence am- 
 bassado'PTAL a. [f. F ambassadeur f. OSp. 
 ambaxadorf. med. Li*ambactiator agent-noun 
 of ambactiare f. ambactia office f. Celt, am- 
 bactus servant (ambi about + a g- drive, cogn. w. 
 L agere)] 
 
 ambassadress, n. Female ambassador; 
 ambassador's wife. [f. prec. -f -ess ] ] 
 
 a'mbep, n. Yellow translucent fossil resin, 
 found chiefly on S. shore of Baltic ; a. Fauna, 
 flora, animals, plants, of which remains are 
 found in a. [f. F ambre f. Arab, 'anbar am- 
 bergris, to which the name orig. belonged] 
 
 a'mbergrris (-es), n. Wax-like substance 
 found floating in tropical seas, and in intestines 
 of sperm-whale, odoriferous and used in per- 
 fumery, formerly in cookery, [f. F ambre gris 
 gray amber] ■ 
 
 ambidexter, a. & n. (Person) able to use 
 left hand as well as right; double-dealing. 
 Hence ambidexte'riTY n. [med. L (amb- on 
 both sides 4- dexter right-handed] 
 
 ambide*xt(e)rous, a. =prec. Hence ambi- 
 de'xtrousLY 2 adv., ambide'xtrousNESs 
 n. [as prec. + -ous] 
 
 a'mbient, a. Surrounding, circumfused. 
 [f. L ambiens -entis part, of ambire go about 
 (amb- on both sides + ire go)] 
 
 ambiguity, n. Double meaning; expres- 
 sion capable of more than one meaning, [f. 
 med. L. ambiguitas (as foil., see -TY)] 
 
 ambi'guous, a. Obscure ; of double mean- 
 ing; of doubtful classification; of uncertain 
 issue. Hence ambi'guousLY 2 adv., am- 
 bi'guousNESS n. [f. L ambiguus doubtful f. 
 ambigere (amb- both ways + agere drive) + 
 -ous] 
 
 a'mbit, n. Precincts ; bounds ; compass, ex- 
 tent, [f. L ambitus a going round (ambire, see 
 
 AMBIENT)] 
 
 ambi'tion, n. Ardent desire for distinction ; 
 aspiration (to be, to do) ; object of such desire. 
 [F, f. L ambitionem (ambire -it-, canvass for 
 votes, see ambient and -ion)] 
 
 ambi'tious, a. Full of ambition ; strongly 
 desirous (of & thing, to do) ; showing ambition, 
 as an a. attempt. Hence ambi'tiousLY 2 adv. , 
 ambi'tiousNESS n. [f. L ambitiosus (as prec, 
 see -ous)] 
 
 a'mble 1 , v.i. (Of horses &c.) move by lift- 
 ing two feet on one side together; ride an 
 ambling horse, ride at an easy pace ; move in 
 a way suggesting an ambling horse, [f. F 
 ambler f. L ambulare walk] 
 
 a'mble 2 , n. Pace of an ambling horse ; easy 
 pace. [f. F amble f. ambler, see prec] 
 
 amblyd'pia, n. Impaired vision. Hence 
 amblyd'pic a. [Gk, f. ambludpos a. (amblus 
 dull + ops opos eye)] 
 
 a'mbo, n. (pi. -bos, -bo'nes). Pulpit in early 
 Christian churches. [LL, f. Gk ambon] 
 
 amboy'na(wood), n. Finely marked wood 
 of an Asiatic tree. [Amboyna Island] 
 
 ambro'sia (-zia, -zhya), n. (Myth.) food of 
 the gods; anything delightful to taste or 
 smell ; bee-bread, [f. L f. Gk, fern, of ambro- 
 sios of the immortals f. ambrotos (a- not + 
 (m)brotos mortal)] 
 
 ambro'sial (-zial, -zhyal), a. Divinely frag- 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 adv. 
 
 rant ; divine. Hence ambro'sialLY 
 
 [f. L f. Gk ambrosios, see prec. and -al] 
 
 a'mbry, n. (archaic). Pantry; wall-press; 
 dresser ; closed recess in wall of church, [f. L 
 armarium tool-chest (arma tools, see -ary *), 
 with I for r by dissim., and phonetic -&-] 
 
 ambs-ace (amz-), n. Both aces, lowest throw 
 at dice ; bad luck ; worthlessness. [£. OF 
 ambes as f. L ambas as, see ace ; also written 
 ames-] 
 
 a'mbulance, n. Moving hospital following 
 army ; waggon for conveying wounded off field 
 of battle. [F (L ambulare walk, see -ance)] 
 
 a'mbulatory, a. & n. Pertaining to walk 
 ing ; adapted for walking ; movable ; not per- 
 manent. (N.) place for walking ; arcade, cloister, 
 [f. L ambidatorius (as prec, see -ory)] 
 
 ambusca'de 1 , n. Ambush, [f. F embus- 
 cade f. It. imboscata or Sp. emboscada (imboa- 
 care, see ambush v. and -ade] 
 
 ambusca'de 2 , v.t. & i. Lie, conceal, in am- 
 bush, [f. prec] 
 
 a'mbush * (-60-), n. Concealment of troops, 
 troops concealed, in a wood &c ; (generally) 
 lying in wait; make, lay, an a., lie in a. [f. 
 OF embusche (as foil.) ; am- perh. due to 
 ambages] 
 
 a'mbush 2 , v.t. & i. Conceal (troops, only 
 in p.p.) ; lie in wait for ; (intr.) lie in wait. [f. OF 
 embuscher (Sp. emboscar, It. imboscare) f. LL 
 *iM&o.scare (boscus bush) ; see prec] 
 
 dme damnee (ahm dahna"), n. Tool, de- 
 voted adherent. [F] _ 
 
 ameer', amir* (-er), n. Title of various 
 Mohammedan rulers in Scinde and Afghani- 
 stan. [Arab, amir commander (amara com- 
 mand)] 
 
 ameliorate, v.t. & i. (Cause to) become 
 better. Hence ameliorA'TioN, ame'liora- 
 tOR 2 , nn., ame'lioratiVE a. [f. F ameliorer 
 f . OF ameillorer (d to + me illorer f . L meliorare 
 f. melior better)] 
 
 ame'n (a-, ah-), int. So be it, [f. L f.Gk f. Heb. 
 amen certainty, certainly (aman strength)] 
 
 ame'nable, a. (Of persons) responsible (to 
 law &c or abs.) ; (of things) liable to ; capable 
 of being tested by (to) ; responsive, tractable. 
 Hence amenaBi'LiTV, ame'nableNESS, nn., 
 ame'nabLY 2 adv. [AF, f. amener bring to 
 (a to + mener bring f. L minare threaten), see 
 -able] 
 
 ame'nd, v.i. & t. Abandon evil ways ; 
 (archaic) improve in health ; correct an error 
 in (legal document), make professed improve- 
 ments in (measure before Parliament) ; make 
 better. Hence ame'nd able a., ame'nd- 
 ment n. [f. OF amender f. L Emendare free 
 from faults (menda fault)] 
 
 amende honorable (F), n. Public apology 
 and reparation. 
 
 amends, n. Reparation, restitution, com- 
 pensation, as make a. [f. OF amendes penalties, 
 fine, pi. of amende reparation f. amender 
 amend ; pi. now treated in E as sing.] 
 
 ame'nity, n. Pleasantness (of places, per- 
 sons, &c) ; (pi.) pleasant ways. [f. L amoenitas 
 (amoenus conn. w. amare love, see -TV)] 
 
 a me'nsa et to'ro, adv. From board and 
 bed. [L] 
 
 ame'ntum, ame'nt, n. Catkin. Hence 
 amentA'CEOUS, amenti'FEROus, ame'nti- 
 form, aa. [L, = thong] 
 
 amer'ee, v.t. Fine ; (loosely) punish. Hence 
 amer'eiABLE a.,amer*eeMENT, amer'eia- 
 ment, nn. [orig. amercy f. AF amercier (a at 
 + mevci mercy)] 
 
 American, a. & n. Belonging to continent 
 of America or to United States. (N.) native of 
 
AMERICANISM 
 
 28 
 
 AMPHIBIOUS 
 
 America of European descent; citizen of 
 United States, [-ax] 
 
 Americanism, n. Word or phrase peculiar 
 to or extending from United States ; attach- 
 ment to, sympathy with, United States, [prec. 
 + -ism] 
 
 Ame'pieanize, v.t. & i. Naturalize as an 
 American; make American in character; 
 become American in character ; use American- 
 isms, [as prec. + -ize] 
 ames-aee. See ambs-ace. 
 a'methyst, n. Precious stone, kind of 
 quartz, purple or violet ; Oriental A., rare 
 violet variety of sapphire. Hence amethyst- 
 ine ! a. [f. OF ametiste f. L f. Gk amethustos 
 not drunken (a- not+vbl adj. f. methusko in- 
 toxicate f. methu wine), the stone being sup- 
 posed to prevent intoxication] 
 a'miable, a. Feeling and inspiring friendli- 
 ness; lovable. Hence amiaBi'LiTY, a'mi- 
 ableNESS, nn., a'miabLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L 
 amieabilis amicable; confused with OF 
 amable (mod. F aimable) f . L amabilis lovable 
 (amarc love, see -ble)] 
 
 amia*nt(h)us, n. Mineral, variety of as- 
 bestos, splitting into flexible fibres ; green 
 fibrous chrysolite. [L, f. Gk amiantos undefiled 
 (a- not+vbl adj. f. miaino), i. e. purified by 
 fire, being incombustible ; lov-h-cf. amaranth] 
 a'mie, a. (chem.). Pertaining to ammonia, 
 [f. ammonia + -IC] 
 
 a'mieable, a. Friendly ; done in a friendly 
 spirit. Hence amicaBi'LiTV, a'mieable- 
 ness, nn., a'mieabiA" 2 adv. [f. L amieabilis 
 (amicare make friendly f. amicus, see -ble)] 
 a'mice 1 , n. Square of white linen worn by 
 celebrant priests, formerly on head, now (in 
 Church of Rome) on shoulders, [earlier amyt 
 f. OF amit f. L amictus garment; -ce, or -s, 
 perh. due to confus. w. foil.] 
 a'mice 2 , n. Cap, hood, cape, of religious 
 orders ; badge worn by French canons on left 
 arm. [f. OF aumusse, perh. f. Arab, al the+G 
 miitze cap ; early confused w. prec] 
 amfcus curiae, n. Friend of the court, 
 disinterested adviser. [L] 
 ami'd, ami'dst, prep. In the middle of 
 (lit. and fig.) ; in the course of. [OE on middan 
 (dat. of mid) in the middle, followed by geni- 
 tive ; see also -es] 
 
 a'midin, n. Soluble matter of starch ; starch 
 in state of solution, [f. amid- com. -Rom. form 
 of L amylum starch + -in] 
 ami'dships, adv. In middle of ship. [f. 
 amid + ship + -es] 
 amir, n. See ameer. 
 
 ami'ss, adv. & pred. a. Xot up to the mark ; 
 out of order; wrongly; untowardly, as come 
 a. ; take a., take offence at ; not a., appropriate. 
 [Aprep.+Miss n.] 
 
 a'mity, n. Friendship, friendly relations, 
 [f. F amitie, earlier amiste, f. pop. Lamicitatem 
 (amicus friend, see -ty)] 
 
 a'mraeter, n. Instrument for measuring 
 force of electric currents, [f. am(pere) + 
 -meter]_ 
 
 ammo'nia, n. A colourless gas with pungent 
 smell and strong alkaline reaction, spirit of 
 hartshorn ; (Chem.) large series of compounds, 
 analogous to ammonia ; Liquid A., solution of 
 a. in water, [f. foil.] 
 
 ammo'niac, a. & n. Of the nature of am- 
 monia; Sal A., hard white crystalline salt, 
 said to have been prepared from camels' dung 
 near temple of Jupiter Ammon ; Gum A. (also 
 A.), a gum resin used in medicine and as 
 cement. Hence ammoni'acAL a. [F, f. L f. 
 Gk ammoniakon belonging to Ammon] 
 
 ammo'niated, a. Combined with am- 
 monia, [f. prec. + -ATE 1 (3) + -ED J ] 
 
 a'mmonite, n. Fossil genus of Cephalopods. 
 [after med. L cornu Ammonis horn of (Jupiter) 
 Ammon, see -ite">|2)] 
 
 ammunition, n. Military stores (formerly 
 of all kinds, now of powder, shot, shell, &c); 
 a.-boots, -bread, -hat (supplied to soldiers), [f. 
 F amunition, vulg. amonition, by confus. of 
 la munition (see munition) with I amonition] 
 
 amne'sia, n. Loss of memory. [Gk, = for- 
 getfulness] 
 
 a'mnesty, n. , & v.t. Intentional overlooking ; 
 act of oblivion, general pardon; (v.t.) give a. to. 
 [f. L f. Gk amnestia oblivion f. amnestos a. 
 (a- not+wme- remember)] 
 
 a'mnion, n. (pi. -ia). Innermost membrane 
 enclosing foetus before birth. [Gk, = caul (dim. 
 of amnos lamb)] 
 
 amoe'ba (ame-), n. Microscopic animalcule 
 perpetually changing shape. Hence amoe'bi- 
 form, amoe'boiD, aa. [f. Gk amoibe change] 
 
 amoebae'an, a. Alternately answering, [f. 
 L f. Gk amoibaios interchanging (amoibe 
 change), see -an] 
 
 amo'ng, amo'ngst (amu-), prep. In the 
 assemblage of, surrounded *by ; in the number 
 of ; within the limits of (collectively or dis- 
 tributively), as five shillings a. us, divided 
 a. us ; in comparison with, as one a. many ; 
 by joint action of, as kill him a. you ; reci- 
 procally, as quarrelled a. themselves. [OE on 
 gemang (on in +gemang assemblage I. gemengan 
 mingle) foil, by gen. case ; see -es] 
 
 a'mopous, a. Inclined to love ; in love ; of, 
 pertaining to, love. Hence a'moPOUSLY 2 
 adv., a'morousNESS n. [OF, f. L amorosus 
 (amor love, see -ous)] 
 
 amorphous, a. Shapeless ; anomalous ; 
 (Min., Chem.) uncrystallized ; unorganized. 
 Hence amop'phiSM, amop'phousNESS, nn. 
 [f. Gk amorphos shapeless (a- not + morphe 
 form) + -ous] 
 
 amop'tize, v.t. Alienate in mortmain ; 
 extinguish (debt, usu. by means of sinking 
 fund), whence amortizATiON n. [f. F amor- 
 tir (st. -iss-) bring to death f. LL* admortire 
 
 (ad mortem to death)] 
 
 amou'nt 1 , v.i. Come to (so much) ; be equi- 
 valent (in significance) to. [f. OF amonter f. 
 
 amont upward (a mont hillward f. L ad 
 
 montem)] 
 
 amou'nt 2 , n. Total to which a thing 
 
 amounts ; full value, significance, &c. ; quantity, 
 
 as a considerable a. (of), [f. prec] 
 amoup* (-moor), n. Love-affair; intrigue. 
 
 [F, = love f. L amorem, nom. -or, f. amarc] 
 amoupe'tte (-moor-), n. Petty love-affair. 
 
 [F, dim. of amorir] 
 amour- pro' pre (a 'moor-pro *pr), n. Self- 
 esteem. [F] 
 ampere' (-er), n.. (electr.). Current that one 
 
 volt can send through one ohm, unit of current. 
 
 [name of electrician] 
 ampersa'nd, n. The sign & (and, L et). 
 
 [also ampus-, ampassy-, ampussy-, corrupt, of 
 
 ' and per se ( = by itself) and '] 
 amphi- in comb. Both, of both kinds, on 
 
 both sides, around. [Gk, prep.] 
 Amphi'bia, n. pi. Division of Vertebrata, 
 
 intermediate between reptiles and fishes, as 
 
 frogs, newts, &c. Hence amphi'biAN a. & n. 
 
 [f. L f. Gk amphibia (zoa) (animals) living in 
 
 both elements (amphi- + bios life)] 
 amphibio'logy, n. Branch of zoology 
 
 treating of Amphibia, [prec. + -logy] 
 amphi'bious, a. Living both on land and 
 
 in water ; connected with both land and water ; 
 
AMPHIBOLOGY 
 
 29 
 
 ANAEMIA 
 
 having two lives, connected with two classes, 
 &c. Hence amphi'biousiA- adv. [f. am- 
 phibia + -ous] 
 
 amphibo'log-y, n. Quibble ; ambiguous 
 wording. Hence amphibolo'giCAL a. [f? F 
 amphibologie f. L f. Gk AMPHi(bolia t. ballo 
 throw) ; assim. to words in -logy] 
 
 Amphi'ctyons, n. pi. Deputies from ancient 
 Greek states forming council. So Amphic- 
 tyd'nic a. [f. Gk amphiktuones neighbours] 
 
 a'mphigam, n. (bot. ). Plant with no distinct 
 sexual organs. Hence amphi'gamous a. 
 [f. F amphigame (amphi- + Gk gamos mar- 
 riage)] 
 
 amphigoup'i (oori), a'mphigopy, n. 
 Nonsensical composition. [?] 
 
 amphio'xus, n. The fish Lancelet. [f. 
 amphi- + Gk oxus sharp] 
 
 amphi'poda, n. pi. Order of Crustacea, 
 with feet of two kinds. Hence a'mphipod 
 n., amphi'podAX, amphi'podous, aa. [am- 
 phi- + Gk pons podos foot] 
 
 amphi'prostyle, a. With portico at both 
 ends. [F, f. L f. Gk amphiprostulos (amphi- 
 
 +pr0Stul0S PROSTYLE) 
 
 amphisbae'na, n. Fabulous serpent with 
 head at each end;.(Zool.) genus of worm-like 
 lizards. [L, f. Gk amphisbaina (aviphis both 
 ways +&airto go] 
 
 amphithe'atre, n. Oval or circular build- 
 ing, with seats rising behind and above each 
 other round a central open space ; part of a 
 theatre; (fig.) scene of a contest. Hence 
 amphithea'triCAL a. [f. L f. Gk amphi- 
 theatron (see amphi- and theatre)] 
 
 Amphrtryon, n. Host, entertainer. [Mo- 
 liere, Amphitryon, iii. 5] 
 
 a'mphora, n. Greek or Roman two-handled 
 vessel. [L, f. Gk amphorcus for amphi(2?/* ore us 
 t. phero bear)] 
 
 ampho'rie, a. (med.). Like the sound pro- 
 duced by blowing into large vessel with small 
 mouth, [f. prec. + -ic] 
 
 a'mple, a. (-er, -est). Spacious ; extensive ; 
 abundant ; copious ; quite enough. Hence 
 a'mpLY 2 adv., a'mpleNESS n. [F, f. L 
 amplus] 
 
 a'mpliative, a. (logic). Extending a simple 
 conception, [r. L ampliare Aviden {aviplus), 
 see -ative] 
 
 amplification, n. Extension, enlargement ; 
 making the most of a thing, [f. L amplificatio 
 (as foil., see -ation)] 
 
 a'mplify, v.t. & i. Enhance ; enlarge (story, 
 statement) ; expatiate, [f. F amplifier f. L 
 amplificare (as ample, see -fy)] 
 
 a'mplitude, n. Breadth ; abundance ; wide 
 range ; dignity ; (Astr.) space by which celestial 
 body rises, sets, wide of due east, west. [F, f. 
 L amplitudo (as ample, see -tude)] 
 
 ampu'lla, n. Roman two-handled flask ; 
 vessel for sacred uses ; (Biol.) dilated end of 
 vessel, canal, duct, in an animal. Hence am- 
 PuIIa'ceous a. [?] 
 
 a'mputate, v.t. Cut off (part of animal 
 body &c. or abs.). Hence amputA'TiON, 
 a'mputatoR 2 , nn. [f . L amputare (amb- about 
 + putare prune), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 amu'ek, adv. Run a., run about in frenzied 
 thirst for blood (also fig.), [f. Malay amoq rush- 
 ing in frenzy] 
 
 a'mulet, n. Thing worn as charm against 
 evil (lit. and fig.), [f. L amuletum, etym. dub.] 
 
 amu'se (-z), v. t. Divert from serious business 
 (with trifles, by trifling) ; tickle the fancy of ; 
 be amused with, by, at. So amu'SABLE, 
 amu'sivE, aa. [f. OF amuser cause to muse 
 (causal a to+muser stare)] 
 
 amu'sement, n. Pleasant diversion ; ex- 
 citement of risible faculty ; pastime, [f. F 
 amusement (amuser, see prec. and -ment)] 
 
 amygda'lie, a. Of almonds, as a. acid. 
 [f. L amygdala almond + -ic] 
 
 amygdaloid, a. & n. (Igneous rock con- 
 taining mineral nodules) of almond shape, [f. 
 Gk amugdale almond + -oid] 
 
 amyla'ceous, a. Of starch, starchy, [f. L 
 amylum starch + -aceous] 
 
 a'myloid, a. & n. Starchy (food), [as prec. 
 + -oid] 
 
 an, a. See a, adj. 
 
 an-, pref. (1) f. an — on, as in anon, anent. (2) 
 f. L ad before n, see ad-. (3) f. L an- = ambi-, 
 as in ancipitous. (4) f. Gk ana-. (5) f. Gk an- 
 — a- not (before vowel), as in anarchy. 
 
 -an, suf. of adjj. (often used as nn.), f. L 
 -anus direct or through F -ain (the early E 
 form, retained in certain, captain, chaplain) 
 or -en, or It., Sp.. Port., -ano, and freely used 
 in new words ; added esp. to names of place, 
 system, zool. order, or founder (Chilian, Angli- 
 can, reptilian, Lutheran) ; often as E termina- 
 tion to L adjj. in -ius, giving -ian as a mere 
 phonetic variant (cf. Christ-ian, Moham- 
 med-an). See also -ane. 
 
 a*na, n. (With pi. anas) collection of person's 
 memorable sayings ; (collect, pi.) anecdotes, 
 literary gossip, about a person. [= -ana] 
 
 ana-, pref. = Gk ana up, back, again, anew ; 
 before a vowel an-. 
 
 -ana, suf. Neut. pi. of L adjj. in -anus (see 
 prec.) appended in 16th-c. F to names = the 
 sayings of; in E from 18th c, now including 
 anecdotes about, publicationsbearingon, places 
 or persons, as Tunbrigiana, Shaksperiana. 
 
 anaba'ptism, n. Re-baptism; doctrine of 
 anabaptists, [f. L f. Gk anabaptismos (ana- 
 ■rbaptismos baptism)] 
 
 anaba'ptist, n. One who baptizes over 
 again ; (opprobriously) = baptist. Hence ana- 
 bap ti'stiCAL a. [as prec, see -ist] 
 
 a* nab as, n. Genus of fishes that leave water 
 and ascend trees. [Gk part, of anabaino walk 
 up] 
 
 ana'basis, n. Military advance, esp. that 
 of Cyrus the younger into Asia, narrated by 
 Xenophon. [Gk, = ascent f. ANA(6ai«o go)] 
 
 anachro'nic, a. Involving anachronism ; 
 out of date. [f. ana- -f Gk khronos time*+ -ic] 
 
 ana'chponism, n. Error in computing 
 time ; thing out of harmony with the present. 
 So ana'chponi'stic a. [f. F anachronisme 
 I. Li f. Gk anakhronismos f. anakhronizo (as 
 prec.)] 
 
 anaela'stic, a. Pertaining to refraction ; 
 springing back with crackling sound, as a. 
 glasses, [f. Gk anaklastos refracted f. ana- 
 (klao bend)] 
 
 anacolu'thon, n. (pi. -a). Sentence, words, 
 lacking grammatical sequence, [f. Gk ana- 
 kolouthon (an- (5)+akolouthos following f. a- 
 copul. +keleuthos road)] 
 
 anaco'nda, n. Large snake of Ceylon ; 
 large S. -American Boa ; any large snake that 
 crushes its prey. [?] 
 
 anacpeo'ntic, a. & n. (Poem) in the manner 
 or metre of Anacreon's lyrics ; convivial and 
 amatory, [f. L Anacreonticus (Gk Anakreon, 
 name of poet)] 
 
 anacpu'sis, n. (prosody). Unstressed syllable 
 at beginning of verse, [f. Gk anakrousis 
 (A^Akroud strike up)] 
 
 ana'dpomous, a. (Of fishes) ascending 
 rivers to spawn, [f. Gk ANA(dro?nos running) 
 + -ous] 
 
 anaemia, n. (med.). Lack of blood, un- 
 
ANAESTHESIA 
 
 30 
 
 ANBURY 
 
 healthy paleness. Hence anaemic a. [f. Gk 
 anaimia (an- (o)+hai?na hlood)] 
 anaesthesia, n. Insensibility (lit.), [f. 
 Gk anaisthesia (an- (5) + diathesis sensation 
 f. st. aisthe- perceive)] 
 
 anaesthetic, a. & n. (Agent) that produces 
 insensibility. Hence anaesthetiCALLY adv. 
 [f. Gk anaisthetos insensible (as prec) + -icj 
 anaesthetize, v.t. Render insensible (lit. 
 and fig.). Hence anaesthetizATiON n. [as 
 prec. -r -ize] 
 
 a'naglyph, n. Embossed ornament in low 
 relief. Hence anag-ly'phic a. [f. Gk ana- 
 gluphe (glupho carve)] 
 
 anagnop'isis, n. Denouement in a drama. 
 [L t'Gk, f. anagnorizo recognize] 
 anago'ge (-je), n. Spiritual or allegorical 
 interpretation. So anag-d'grcUL) aa., ana- 
 go'giealLY 2 adv. [L, f. Gk anagoge i. anago 
 lead up (an- 4)] 
 
 a'nagpam, n. Transposition of letters of 
 word or phrase, to form new word or phrase. 
 Hence anagramma'ticl al) aa. , anagram- 
 matiealLY 2 adv. [f. F anagramme f. Gk 
 A~s\{graphd write), see -m] 
 anagpa'mmatize, v.t. Form into an ana- 
 gram. Hence anagra'mmatis.M, ana- 
 gra'mmatiST, nn. [f. Gk anagrammatizo 
 (as prec, see -ize)] 
 
 a'nal, a. Pertaining to, situated near, the 
 anus. [f. anus + -al] 
 
 a'nalects, analeeta, n. pi. Literary 
 gleanings, [f. L f. Gk analckta things gathered 
 (ANAlego pick up)] 
 
 analeptic, a. & n. Restorative (medicine). 
 [f. Gk analeptikos f. ASA(lambano take) re- 
 store, see -ic] 
 
 analogic, a. Of analogy, [f. L f. Gk ana- 
 logikos (as analogy, see -ic)] 
 analogical, a. According to analogy ; ex- 
 pressing an analogy. Hence analo'glealLY 2 
 adv. [prec. + -al] 
 
 ana'log'ist, n. One occupied with analogies ; 
 philosopher who saw in words images of the 
 things they expressed, [as foil., see -ist] 
 ana'logize, v.t. & i. Represent by ana- 
 logy ; show to be analogous ; employ analogy ; 
 be in harmony (with), [f. analogy 4- -ize] 
 analogous, a. Similar, parallel, (to). Hence 
 ana'logousLY, 2 adv., ana'logrousNESs n. 
 [f. Lf. Gk analogos (ana up to+logos propor- 
 tion) + -ous] 
 
 a'nalog'ue (-6g), n. Analogous, parallel, word 
 or thing. [F, f. Gk analogon neut. adj., see 
 prec] 
 
 ana'logy, n. (Math.) proportion ; agreement, 
 similarity, (to, with, between) ; analogue ; (Logic) 
 process of reasoning from parallel cases ; 
 (Lang.) imitation of inflexion or construction of 
 existing words in forming inflexions or con- 
 structions of others, without intervention of 
 the formative steps through which these at 
 first arose; (Nat. Hist.) resemblance of form 
 or function between organs essentially diffe- 
 rent, [f. L f. Gk analogia proportion (as ana- 
 logous)] 
 
 a'nalyse, v.t. Examine minutely the con- 
 stitution of; (Chem., Physics) ascertain the 
 elements of a compound ; find, show, the 
 essence of (treatise &c.) ; (Gram.) resolve 
 sentence into its grammatical elements. Hence 
 a'nalysABLE a. [f. F analyser (analyse, as 
 foil.) ; also -yze in E by assim. to vbs in -ize] 
 analysis, n. (pL -yses). Resolution into 
 simple elements (in all senses of the vb) ; bowl- 
 ing a., register of the result of each ball. [f. L 
 f. Gk analttsis f. aha(Iuo loose)] 
 a'nalyst, n. One skilled in (usu. chemical) 
 
 analysis, [f . F analyste f. analyser analyse, on 
 anal, of nouns in -iste -1ST f. vbs in -iser -ize] 
 analytic, a. Pertaining to analysis. Hence 
 analytics n. [f. med. L f. Gk analutikos (as 
 analysis, see -ic)] 
 
 analytical, a. Employing the analytic 
 method ; (Lang.) using separate words instead 
 of inflexions. Hence analy tiealLY 2 adv. 
 [prec. + -al] 
 
 anamnesis, n. Recollection (esp. of a pre- 
 vious existence). [Gk (ANAmimnesko remind)] 
 
 anamor'phosis, n. Distorted drawing ap- 
 pearing regular from one point; (Bot.) ab- 
 normal transformation. [Gk anamorphosis 
 (AXAinorphoo transform f. morphe form, see 
 -osis)] 
 
 ana'nas (ana-, anah-), n. Pine-apple, [prob. 
 f. Peruv. Ka?ias ; also anana, -s being taken 
 for plural] 
 
 ana'ndpous, a. (bot.). Without stamens, 
 [f. Gk anandros husbandless (an- (o).+ aner 
 andros male) + -ous] 
 
 a'napaest, n. (Prosody) foot consisting of 
 two short syllables followed by one long. 
 Hence anapaestic a. [f. L f. Gkanapaistos 
 reversed (ana- + paid strike)] 
 
 ana'phora, n. Repetition of word or phrase 
 in successive clauses. [L, f. Gk anaphore = 
 carrying back f. ANA(phero bear)] 
 
 a'nareh (-k), n. (poet.). Leader of revolt, [f. 
 Gk anarkhos without ruler (an- (5)+arkhos)] 
 
 anar'ehie, -ieal, aa. Lawless. Hence 
 anar'ehiealLY 2 adv. [as prec. + -ic, -ical] 
 
 a'narehist, n. Advocate of anarchy. So 
 a'narehis.M n. [as prec. +-ist] 
 
 a'narehy, n. Absence of government ; dis- 
 order ; confusion, [f. Gk anarkhia (as prec.)] 
 
 anap'thpous, a. (Greek Gram.) used with- 
 out the article ; (Physiol.) jointless. [f. an- (o)+ 
 Gk arthron joint, article, + -ous] 
 
 anasarca, n. A dropsical affection. Hence 
 anasap'cous a. [f. Gk ana wp+sarka (nom. 
 sarjc) flesh] 
 
 anastatic, a. In relief ; a. printing (from 
 reliefs on zinc plates), [f. Gk anastatos set up 
 (ANAsto- stand up) + -ic] 
 
 ana'stomose, (-z), v.i. Communicate by 
 anastomosis, [f. F anastomoser (anastomose, 
 as foil.)] 
 
 anastomd'sis, n. Cross connexion of 
 arteries, branches, rivers, &c. [Gk, f. anastomoo 
 furnish with mouth (stoma), see -osis] 
 
 anathema, n. Accursed thing; curse of 
 God ; curse of the church, excommunicating a 
 person or denouncing a doctrine ; imprecation. 
 [L, = excommunicated person, excommunica- 
 tion, f. Gk anathema thing devoted, (later)' 
 accursed thing (AXAtithemi set up)] 
 
 anathematize, v.t. & i. Curse, [f. F 
 anathernatiser f. L f. Gk anathematizo (is 
 prec, see -ize)] 
 
 anato'mical, a. Belonging to anatomy; 
 structural. Hence anato'miealLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L f. Gk anatomikos (as anatomy, see -ic)] 
 
 anatomist, n. Dissecter of bodies ; (fig.) 
 analyser, [f. F anatomiste, see foil, and -ist] 
 
 anatomize, v.t. & i. Dissect ; (fig.) analyse, 
 [f. med. L anatomizare f. anatomia anatomy, 
 as if f. a Gk anatomizo] 
 
 anatomy, n. Dissection ; science of bodily 
 structure ; anatomical structure ; analysis ; 
 (pop.) skeleton, mummy, emaciated creature, 
 [f. F anatomie f. L f. Gk anatomia abstr. n. = 
 ANA(tome f. temno cut)] 
 
 anatta, n. Orange-red dye, used for colour- 
 ing cheese. [?] 
 
 a'nbupy, amb-, n. Soft tumour on horses 
 and oxen ; disease of turnips and allied plants. 
 
-ANCE 
 
 [perh.= a ng-berry (OE ang- painful, cf. ag- 
 nail)] 
 
 f -ance, suf. forming nn. of quality or action, 
 chiefly thr. F -ance f. L -antia and -entia f. L 
 pres. part, in -ant-, -ent- (nom. -ans, -ens). OF 
 gave -ance both for existing L -antia, -entia, 
 and for wds formed in F on same model ; thus, 
 assistance, nuisance, "where L would have 
 -entia. Later F followed L vowel: ilegance, 
 temperance (L -antia), but diligence, prudence 
 (L -entia). E adopted F forms of both kinds, 
 and usu. retains F form ; but after 1500 -ence 
 was in some wds restored where L would have 
 -entia, and mod. formations follow L vowel. 
 F -ance also became living suf. in E on native 
 vbs as furtherance, forbearance, riddance. 
 
 a'neestor, n. Forefather. Hence a'nces- 
 tPESS 1 n. If. OF ancestre, ancessor, f. L ante- 
 cessor, -orem, f. AXTE{cedere cess- go), see -or 2 ] 
 
 ancestral, a. Belonging to, inherited from, 
 ancestors, [f. OF ancestrel (ancestre, see prec. 
 and -al)] 
 
 a'neestry, n. Ancestral lineage ; ancient 
 descent; ancestors, [f. OF ancesserie (as an- 
 cestor, see -y !)] 
 
 a'nehithere (-kither), n. Fossil animal, size 
 of small pony, regarded as ancestor of the horse. 
 [f. Gk agkhi near + therion wild beast] 
 
 a'nehor 1 (-k-), n. Heavy iron, composed of long 
 shank, with ring at one end to which cable is 
 fastened, and at other end two barbed arms, 
 used for mooring ship to bottom of water ; 
 sheet, bower, hedge, -a., (largest, middle, 
 smallest size) ; (fig.) source of confidence ; cast, 
 weigh, a., let down, take up, a. ; at a., anchored ; 
 come to (an) a., anchor; a.-plate, heavy piece 
 of timber or metal serving as point of support 
 for cables of suspension-bridge &c. ; a.-watch, 
 watch set while ship lies at anchor. [OE ancor 
 f. L ancora (not anch-) perh. cogn. w. or adop- 
 tion of Gk agkura (st. agk- hook)] 
 
 a'nehor 2 , v.t. & i. Secure (ship) with anchor ; 
 (fig.) fix firmly ; (intr.) cast anchor, come to 
 anchor, [perh. f. F ancrer f. ancre anchor] 
 
 a'nchorage, n. Anchoring; lying at an- 
 chor ; anchorage-ground ; (fig.) thing to depend 
 upon ; anchorage-dues. [prec. + -age] 
 
 a'nchopess, a'neress, n. Female an- 
 choret, [f. obs. anchor (OE ancra, short fox-m 
 of L anachoreta,^ see foil.) + -ess l ] 
 
 a'nehoret, -ite, n. Hermit ; person of 
 secluded habits. Hence anehore'tic a. [f. 
 F anachorete f. L anachoreta (med. L -ita) 
 f. Gk anakhoretes (xaAkhoreo retire, see -ete), 
 influenced by OE ancra, see prec] 
 
 ancho'vy (also a'ntsho-), n. Small fish of 
 herring family ;a.-sauce, a.-toast, (made, spread, 
 with anchovies) : a.-pear, W. -Indian fruit eaten 
 like mango, [f. Sp. anchova perh. f. Basque an- 
 chua (perh. =antzua dry)] 
 
 a-nchylose (-z), v.t. & i. (Of joints, bones) 
 stiffen, unite, [f. foil.] 
 
 anchylo'sis (-k-), n. Formation of stiff joint 
 by consolidation of articulating surfaces, [f . Gk 
 agkulosis (agkuloo crook f. agkulos, see -osis) ; 
 •ch- for -c- to preserve hard sound] 
 
 ancien regime (F),n. Time before French 
 Revolution. 
 
 a'neient 1 , a. & n. Belonging. to times long 
 past (esp. before fall of Western Roman Em- 
 pire) ; having existed, lived, long ; the A. of 
 Days, God ; the ancients, civilized nations of 
 antiquity. Hence a'neientLY 2 adv., a*n- 
 cientNESS n. [f. F ancien f. LL antianum 
 (ante before, see -an) ; -t by confus. w. -ent] 
 
 a'neient 2 , n. (archaic) = ensign, [corrupt] 
 
 a*neientpy, n. Ancientness ; old-fashioned 
 style, [ancient + -by] 
 
 31 ANEROID 
 
 a'ncillapy, a. Subservient, subordinate, 
 (to), [f. L ancillarius (ancilla handmaid, see 
 
 -ARY 1 )] 
 
 a-ncon, n. (Physiol.) elbow ; (Arch. ) quoin of 
 wall or rafter, console, pretended support to 
 cornice; A. sheep, race with long bodies and 
 short legs, the fore-legs crooked. [L, f. Gk 
 agkon bend, elbow] 
 
 -aney, suf. Mod. E different, f. -ance (see 
 -Y 1 ), usu. denoting only quality or state, as 
 opposed to -ance, which has besides this mean- 
 ing that of action or process. 
 
 and, conj. connecting words, clauses, and 
 sentences, as cakes a. bxins, black a. broxen 
 bread, buy a. sell. Special uses: four a. 
 twenty (but twenty -four); two hundred a. 
 forty, two thousand a. forty (but two thou- 
 sand four hundred) ; ttco a. ten pence, two 
 jjounds a. ten pence (but two pound ten) ; 
 miles a. ( = innumerable) miles ; nice a. 
 (= nicely) thin; try a. (to) come, mind a. 
 (to) bHng ; there are books a. (different kinds 
 of, good and bad) books ; two a. two, by twos ; 
 stir, a. (= if you stir) you are a dead man. 
 [OE and prep. = against, end conj, f. OTeut. 
 *anda, *andi] 
 
 anda'nte, adv. & n. (mus.). (Movement) in 
 moderately slow time. [It.] 
 
 ancfanti'no (-te-), adv. & n. (Movement) 
 rather quicker (orig. slower) than andante. 
 [It., dim. of prec.] 
 
 a'ndiron (-irn), n. Firedog, for supporting 
 burning wood on hearth, [f. OF andier (mod. 
 F landier), etym. dub.] 
 
 androe-cium (-re-), n. (hot.). The stamens 
 taken collectively, [f. Gkandro-mole+oikion 
 house] 
 
 andrd'gynous (-j-), a . Hermaphrodite, 
 whence andro'gynr i n. (Bot.) with stamens 
 and pistils in same flower or on same plant, [f. 
 L f. Gk androgunos (aner andros male-f gune 
 woman) + -ous] 
 
 -ane, suf. (1) Variant of -an, usu. w. differ- 
 entiation (germane, urbane, humane), but some- 
 times alone (mundane). (2) (Chem.) formed to 
 give a series with Gk -ene, -ine, -one, for 
 naming hydrocarbon types. 
 
 a'necdotage, n. Anecdotes ; (facet.) garru- 
 lous old age. [-age] 
 
 a'necdote, n. Narrative of detached inci- 
 dent; (pi.) unpublished details of history. Hence 
 a'needotisT n., a'needotAL, anecdo't- 
 ic(al), aa. [f. med. L f. Gk anekdota things 
 unpublished (an- (5) + ekdotos f. ekdidomi give 
 out)] 
 
 ane'le, v.t. (archaic). Anoint ; give extreme 
 unction to. [orig. anelien (an- (1) + elien oil f. 
 OE ele, n. f. L oletim] 
 
 ane'mograph, n. Instrument for record- 
 ing on paper the direction and force of wind. 
 Hence anemogra'phica. [f. Gk anemos wind 
 
 + -GRAPH] 
 
 anemo'meter, n. Instrument for measur- 
 ing force of wind, whence anemome'tric a., 
 anemo'METRY n. ; apparatus for showing 
 wind-pressure in organ, [as prec. + -meter] 
 
 ane'mone (-nl), n. Genus of plants, esp. 
 A. nemorosa (also called Wind-flower) ; Sea A., 
 popular name of various actinoid zoophytes, 
 [f. L f. Gk anemone daughter of the wind (as 
 prec. + -one patronymic suf.)] 
 
 anemd'philous, a. Wind-fertilized, [f. Gk 
 anemos wind, see -phil] 
 
 ane'nt, prep, (archaic, Sc). Concerning. 
 [OE has on efen on a level with] 
 
 -aneous, suf. f. L adjj. in -aneus (-an- -f -eo) 
 + -ous. 
 
 a'neroid, a. & n. A. (barometer), one that 
 
ANEURYSM 
 
 82 
 
 ANIMAL. 
 
 measures air-pressure by its action on elastic 
 lid of box exhausted of air, not by height of 
 fluid column, [f. F aneroide (Gk a- not + 
 neros wet, see -oid)] 
 
 a'neupysm, -ism, n. Morbid dilatation 
 of an artery; abnormal enlargement. Hence 
 aneupysmAL, -i'smAL, a. [f. Gk aneu- 
 rusma (aneuruno widen out f. eurus wide)] 
 
 anew", adv. Again ; in a different way. 
 [A- (3) + new] 
 
 anfraetuo'sity, n. Circuitousness, in- 
 tricacy, (lit. and fig.); (usu. pi.) winding pas- 
 sage, [f. F anfractuosite t L anfractuosus 
 f. anfractus a bending (amb- about -\-frangere 
 fract- break), see -ose and -ty] 
 
 a'ngel, n. Divine messenger ; lovely or inno- 
 cent being ; minister of loving offices ; old 
 English gold coin (in full a.-noble), from 6s. 8d. 
 to 10s., showing Michael piercing dragon; 
 good, evil, a., attendant spirits ; a. (messenger) 
 of death ; a.-fish, kind of shark, [f. L angelus 
 f. Gk aggelos messenger, used to transl. Heb. 
 maVak messenger (of Jehovah)] 
 
 angelic, a. Pertaining to angels; like an 
 angel, of superhuman qualities ; A. Doctor, 
 Thomas Aquinas. Hence angelic al a., an- 
 ge'liealLY 2 adv. [f. F angelique f. L f. Gk 
 aggelitcos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 angelica, n. Aromatic plant, used in cook- 
 ing and medicine ; candied angelica root. [f. 
 med. L (herba) angelica angelic herb] 
 
 angelo^latpy, n. Angel-worship. *[f. Gk 
 aggelos, see angel and -latry] 
 
 angelo'logy, n. Doctrine as to angels, [as 
 prec. + -logy] 
 
 a'ngelus, n. Devotional exercise commemo- 
 rating Incarnation, said by Roman Catholics at 
 morning, noon, and sunset, at sound of bell 
 (a.-bell or a.), [f. opening words Angelus 
 domini] 
 
 a'ngeP 1 (-ngg-), n. Rage, hot displeasure, 
 [f. O^Sangr trouble (root ang strait)] 
 
 a'ngeP 2 , v.t. Make a*ngry, enrage, [f. ON 
 angra vex (as prec.)] 
 
 angi'na (-j-h n. Quinsy ; a. pecto?*is, spasm 
 of chest resulting from over-exertion when 
 heart is diseased. [L angina quinsy (formerly 
 thought to be angina, whence usu. E pronunc), 
 cf. angere choke and Gk aghhone strangling] 
 
 angio- in comb. = Gk aggeion vessel dim. of 
 aggos chest, chiefly in terms relating to seed- 
 or blood-vessels. 
 
 a'ngle 1 , n. Space between two meeting 
 lines or planes ; inclination of two lines to each 
 other ; acute, obtuse, right, a. ; corner ; sharp 
 projection ; a.-iron, L-shaped piece of iron to 
 strengthen frame work; a.-ivise, angularly. 
 Hence (-)a*nglED 2 a. [F, f. L angulus dim. 
 of *angus, cf. Gk agkos bend] 
 
 a'ngle 2 , v.i. Fish with hook and bait (for 
 or abs.), lit. and fig. [f. obs. n. angle hook (OE 
 angul cogn. w. OHG angul mod. G angel, cf. L 
 uncus and angulus, see prec.)] 
 
 A'ngle 3 ,n. (PI.) Low-German tribe settled 
 in Northumbria, Mercia, and E. Anglia. [f. L 
 Angina f. OTeut. angli- (OE engel) f. Angul 
 a district of Holstein (as prec.)] 
 
 a'ngle p, n. One who angles ; (Zooi.) a British 
 fish that preys upon small fish, attracting them 
 by filaments attached to head and mouth, [f. 
 
 ANGLE 2 + -ER 1 ] 
 
 A'ngliean, a. & n. (Adherent) of the re- 
 formed church of England, esp. of High Church 
 £rinciples. Hence A'nglieaniSM n. [f. med. 
 i Anglicanus (Anglicus f. Angli English)] 
 A'ngtice (-se), adv. In English. [L] 
 A'nglieism, n. English idiom ; English 
 political principles, [f. foil., see -ism] 
 
 A'nglicize, v.t. Make English in form or 
 character, [f. L Anglicus English + -ize. 
 
 Anglo- in comb. English, as A. -Catholic; 
 of English origin, as A. -American; half Eng- 
 lish and half — , as A. -French (entente &c). 
 [comb, form of L Anglus English] 
 
 Angloma'nia, n. Excessive admiration of 
 English customs. So A'ngloPHOBE, Anglo- 
 phovbia, nn. [prec. + -mania] 
 
 Anglo-Sa'xon, n. & a. English Saxon (as 
 distinct from Old Saxons of the continent) ; 
 Old English (people, language) before Norman 
 Conquest (in this dictionary called OE) ; of 
 English descent (wherever found), whence 
 Anglo-Sa'xonDOM n. [f. L Anglo-Saxones 
 (pl.)J 
 
 Anglo-Sa'xonism, n. Belief in claims of 
 the Anglo-Saxon race. [prec. + -ism] 
 
 angola, angor'a, n. Fabric made from 
 wool of angora goat; A. cat (long-haired 
 variety), [f. Angora (L Ancyra, Gk Agkura), 
 town in Asia Minor, corrupted to angola] 
 
 angostur'a, angus-, a. & n. Bark used 
 as febrifuge and tonic, as A. bitters, [f. Angus- 
 tura, town on the Orinoco, now Ciudad Bolivar] 
 
 a'ngpy, a. Enraged, wrathful, resentful, 
 (at, about, thing, at, with, person) ; irritable, 
 passionate. Hence a'ngpiLY 2 adv. [f. anger 
 n. +-y2] 
 
 a'nguine (-g w-), a. Snake-like, [f . L anguis 
 snake, see -ine 2 ] 
 
 a'nguish (-gw-), n. Severe bodily or mental 
 pain. [f. OF anguisse, angoisse choking (It. 
 angoscia) f. hangustia tightness (angustus, cf. 
 
 ANGINA)] 
 
 a'ngulap, a. Having angles; sharp-cor- 
 nered ; placed in, at, an angle ; measured by 
 angle, as a. divergence ; wanting plumpness ; 
 wanting suavity. Hence angula'PiTY n., 
 angulaPLY 2 adv. [f. L. angularis (angulus 
 
 ANGLE, See -AR *] 
 
 amgulate (-at), a. Formed with corners. 
 Hence a'ngulATE 3 v.t., anguLVTiON n. [f. L 
 angulare, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 ang-usti- in comb. With narrow — , as 
 -foliate, -rostrate, (leaves, beak). [L angustus 
 narrow] 
 
 anhydrous, a. (chem.). Without water of 
 crystallization, [f. Gkanudros (an- (o) + hudor 
 water) + -ous] 
 
 anigh*, adv. & prep. Near. [mod. sham 
 archaism, after afar] 
 
 a'nil, n. Indigo (shrub and dye). [F, = Sp. 
 anil f. Arab, an-nil (al the + nil f. Skr. nili 
 indigo] 
 
 a'nile, a. Old-womanish ; imbecile, [f. L 
 anilis (anus old woman, see -ile)J 
 
 a'niline, n. A chemical base, the source of 
 many dyes, obtained originally from indigo, 
 now chiefly from coal-tar. [anil'+ -ine 5 ] 
 
 ani'lity, n. Dotage, [f. L anilitas (as prec, 
 see -ty)] 
 
 animadvep'sion, n. Criticism; censure, 
 [f. L animadversio (animadvertere -vers-, see 
 foil, and -ion)J 
 
 animadvep't, v.i. Pass criticism or cen- 
 sure on (conduct, fault, &c). If. L animad- 
 vertere t animus mind + xo(vertere vers- 
 turn)l 
 
 a'nimal, n. & a. Organized being endowed 
 (more or less perceptibly) with life, sensation, 
 and voluntary motion ; other a. than man ; 
 quadruped ; man no better than a brute ; per- 
 taining to the functions of animals, as a. 
 spirits (natural buoyancy), a. magnetism (mes- 
 merism) ; pertaining to animals as opp. to 
 vegetables; carnal. Hence a*nimalLY 2 adv. 
 [L, for animate neut. of animalis having 
 
ANIMALCULE 
 
 33 
 
 ANNULET 
 
 breath (aninia breath, see -al) ; the adj. orig. 
 f. L adj.] 
 
 animalcule, n. Microscopic animal, [f. L 
 animalculum (animal, see prec. and -cule)] 
 
 anima'lculism, n. Reference of physio- 
 logical phenomena to agency of animalcules. 
 So anima'leuliST n. [f. prec. + -ism] 
 
 a'nimalism, n. Animal activity ; sensu- 
 ality; doctrine that men are mere animals. 
 [animal + -ism] 
 
 anima'lity, n. Animal nature or system ; 
 merely animal nature ; the animal world, [f. 
 F animalite (animal a., see -ty)] 
 
 a'nimalize, v.t. Convert into animal sub- 
 stance ; sensualize. Hence animalizA'TiON 
 n. [animal + -ize] 
 
 a'nimate 1 (-at), a. Living; lively, [f. L 
 animare quicken, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 a'nimate-', v.t. Breathe life into ; enliven ; 
 inspirit (esp. in p.p.); an animated (lively) 
 discussion ; inspire, actuate. Hence a'nima- 
 tedLY 2 adv., animA'TiON, a*nimatOR 2 , nn. 
 [f. prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 a'nime (-ma), n. A W. Indian resin used 
 in making varnish; other resins. [F,= ani- 
 mated (by the many insects contained)] 
 
 a'nimism, n. Doctrine of the anima mundi 
 (that phenomena of animal life are produced 
 by an immaterial soul) ; attribution of living 
 soul to inanimate objects and natural pheno- 
 mena ; spiritualism (as opposed to materialism). 
 Hence a'nimiST n., animi'stic a. [f. L 
 anima life, soul + -ism] 
 
 animo'sity, n. Active enmity (against, 
 between), [f. F animosite f. L animositatem 
 (animosus spirited f. foil., see -ose and -ty)] 
 
 a'nimus, n. Animating spirit ; animosity. 
 [L, = soul, mind, mental impulse] 
 
 a'nise (-is), n. Umbelliferous plant with 
 aromatic seeds, [f. F anis f. L f. Gk anison, 
 anethon, anise, dill] 
 
 a'niseed, n. Seed of anise, used as a car- 
 minative. 
 
 anise'tte (-z-), n. Liqueur flavoured with ani- 
 seed. [F, dim. of anis anise] 
 
 aniso- in comb. Unequal, as -merous, un- 
 symmetrical, -sthe'nic, of unequal strength. 
 [f. Gk anisos (an- (5) + isos equal)] 
 
 a'nker, n. Measure of wine and spirits in 
 Holland, N. Germany, Denmark, Sweden, 
 Russia, and formerly in England (83 imp. gals) ; 
 cask holding the quantity. [Du., etym. dub.] 
 
 a'nkle, a'ncle, n. Joint connecting foot 
 with leg; slender part between this and calf, 
 [earlier ankel (Du. enkel, G enkel) f. root ank- 
 bend (ci. L angulus) ; OE has ancleow perh. f. 
 Du. anklaauw (ending assim. to klaauw claw)] 
 
 a'nklet, n. Ornament or support for ankle, 
 [prec. -f -let] 
 
 a'nna, n. Sixteenth part of a rupee ; half a., 
 quarter a., E. Indian coins. [Hind, ana] 
 
 a'nnalist, n. Writer of annals. Hence 
 annali'stic a. [f. foil. + -ist] 
 
 a'nnals, n. pi. Narrative of events year by 
 year ; historical records, [f. L annates (libri) 
 yearly (books) f. annus year, see -al] 
 
 a'nnates, n. pi. (Rom. Cath.) first year's 
 revenue of see or benefice, paid to Pope. [f. F 
 annate f . med. L annata year's proceeds (annus, 
 see -ade)] 
 
 anneal, v.t. Toughen by gradually dimin- 
 ishing heat, temper (lit. and fig.), [f. an- (1) + 
 OE xlan burn, bake ; partly also f. OF neeler 
 enamel f. LL nigellare blacken (nigellus, dim. 
 of niger)] 
 
 anne'ctent, a. Connecting, as a. link. [f. L 
 as annex, see -ent] 
 
 Annelida, n. pi. (zool.). The class of red- 
 
 F.D. 
 
 blooded worms. Hence a'nnelm^ n., an- 
 ne'lidAN a. [mod. L, f. F anneles ringed (OF 
 annel ring f. L a(n)nellus dim. of anulus ring) 
 + ida, cf. -id 3 ] 
 
 anne'x, v.t. Add as subordinate pare; ap- 
 pend (to book &c.) ; take possession of (terri- 
 tory &c); attach as an attribute, addition, or 
 consequence. Hencefor cogn. anne'XABLE a., 
 annexA'TiON n. [f. F annexer f. annexe 
 thing joined f. L AN(necte?°e nex- bind)] 
 
 anne*x(e), n. Addition to a document ; 
 supplementary building. [F (-xe), see prec] 
 
 anni'hilate, v.t. Blot out of existence. 
 Hence annrhilatOR 2 n. [f. L xsnihilare 
 (nihil nothing), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 annihilation, n. Utter destruction ; (Theol.) 
 destruction of soul as well as body, whence 
 annihila'tioniSM, annihila'tioniST, nn. 
 [F (annihiler f. Las prec, see -ation)] 
 
 anniversary, n. Yearly return of a date ; 
 celebration of this. [f. L anniversarius (annus 
 year + versus turned, see -ary *)] 
 
 anno aetatis suae, phr. In the — year of 
 his or her age. JL] 
 
 Anno Do'mini, phr. In the year of our 
 Lord, of the Christian era, (usu. A.D.). [L] 
 
 a'nnotate, v.t. & i. Furnish with notes 
 (book, author) ; (intr.) make notes (on). So 
 annotA'TiON, a'nnotatOR 2 , nn. [f. L an- 
 notare (nota mark), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 announce, v.t. Proclaim ; intimate the 
 approach of ; make known (without words) to 
 senses or mind. Hence annoirneeMENT n. 
 [f. OF anoncer f % L ADnuntiare bear a mes- 
 sage (nuntius messenger)] 
 
 annoy* 1 , n. (archaic, poet.). Annoyance, 
 [f. OF anoi, enoi (OSp. enoyo, OVenet. inodio) 
 f. L phr. in odio in hatred, hateful ; -n- doubled 
 by assim. to ennoble &c] 
 
 annoy* 2 , v.t. Irritate; molest, harass, [f. 
 OF anuier, anoier, t com. -Rom. inodiare (as 
 prec)] 
 
 annoyance, n. Molestation ; vexation ; 
 disgust, [f. OF anuiance, anoiance {anuier, 
 see prec. and -ance)] 
 
 a'nnual, a. & n. Reckoned by the year ; re- 
 curring yearly; lasting for one year; (plant) 
 that lives only for a year ; (book &c) published 
 in yearly numbers. Hence a'nnualLY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF annuel f. L annualis= class. L annalis 
 (annus year, see -al)] 
 
 annuitant, n. One who holds an annuity, 
 [f. foll._+ -ant, by assim. to accountant &c] 
 
 annu'ity, n. Yearly grant ; investment of 
 money entitling investor to series of equal 
 annual sums ; life, terminable, perpetual, a. 
 (ceasing at death of investor, after specified 
 term, on repayment of principal) ; immediate, 
 deferredovreversionary,a.(commenc'mg &t end. 
 of first interval of payment after investment, 
 after specified interval or event), [f. F annuite 
 f. med. L annuitatem (annmis yearly, see -ty)] 
 
 annui, v. t. (-11-). Annihilate ; abolish, can- 
 cel ; declare invalid. Hence annu'lMENT n. 
 [f. OF anxdler (mod. F annuler) f. LL AKnul- 
 lare (nullus none)] 
 
 a'nnulap, a. Ring-like ; a. space (between 
 inner and outer surface of cylinder) ; a. liga- 
 ment (girding wrist and ankle) ; a. eclipse of 
 sun (when moon, projected on sun's disk, 
 leaves ring of light visible). Hence a'nnu- 
 larLY 2 adv. [f. L an(n)ularis (an(n)idus ring, 
 see -ar 1 )] 
 
 a'nnulate(d), a. Furnished, marked, with 
 rings ; formed of rings. Hence annulA'TiON 
 n. Tf. L annulatus (as foil., see -ate 2 )] 
 
 a'nnulet, n. Small ring ; (Arch.) small fillet 
 encircling column, [f. L annulus ring + -et *J 
 
 2 
 
ANNULOID 
 
 31 
 
 ANTECEDENT 
 
 a-nnuloid, a. Ring-like. So annulo SE ! a 
 [as prec. + -oid] 
 
 annu-nciate (-shi-), v.t. Proclaim; inti- 
 mate as coming or ready, [f. L annuntiare 
 
 ANNOUNCE, See -ATE 3 ] 
 
 annuneia'tion (-si-), n. Announcement ; 
 intimation of the incarnation, made by the 
 angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary; festival 
 commemorating this, Lady-day, March 25th. 
 [f, F annonciation f. L annuntiationem (as 
 prec, see -ation)] 
 
 annirneiatop, n. Announcer ; indicator 
 showing in which direction attendance sum- 
 moned by bell or telephone is needed, [f. L 
 annuntiator (as prec, see -OR 2 )] 
 
 a'node.n. (Electr.) positive pole (cf. cathode). 
 [f. Gk anodos way up (ana up + hodos way)] 
 
 a'nodyne, a. & n. (Medicine, drug) able to 
 assuage pain; (anything) mentally soothing. 
 [f. L f. Gk anodunos painless (an- (5) + odune 
 pain) 
 
 anoi'nt, v.t. Apply ointment, oil, to (esp. 
 as religious ceremony at baptism or on con- 
 secration as priest or king) ; moisten, rub ; the 
 Lord's Anointed, Christ, (also) king by divine 
 right, [f. obs. adj. anoint f. OF enoint p.p. of 
 enoindre f. L iN{ungere unct-)] 
 
 an 6m ali # stic, a. (astr.). A. year, time 
 earth takes to pass from perihelion to perihe- 
 lion ; a. month, time moon takes to pass from 
 perigee to perigee, [f. Gk anomalos anomal- 
 ous + -1ST + -ic] 
 
 ano'malous, a. Irregular; abnormal. Hence 
 ano'malousLY 2 adv., ano'malousNESs n. 
 [f. L f. Gk anomalos (an- (5) + homalos even)] 
 
 ano'maly, n. Unevenness of motion &c ; 
 irregularity; (Astr.) angular distance of planet 
 or satellite from its last perihelion or perigee. 
 [f. L f. Gk anomalia (anomalos see prec)] 
 
 anomo- in comb. Irregular, as -carpous, 
 bearing unusual fruit, -phyllous, with leaves 
 irregularly placed, [f. Gk anomos without law 
 (a- not + nonios)] 
 
 ano'n, adv. Soon, presently ; (of contrast) 
 now again ; ever and a., every now and then. 
 [OE on an into one, on dne in one (body, mind, 
 state, way, movement, moment)] 
 
 anona'ceous, a. Pertaining to the pine- 
 apple, [f. mod. L anona pine-apple (cf . ananas) 
 
 + -ACEOUS] 
 
 a'nonym, n. Person who remains name- 
 less ; pseudonym, [f. F anonyme (as foil.)] 
 
 anony'mity, n. State of being anonymous, 
 [as foil., see -tv] 
 
 ano'nymous, a. Of unknown name ; of un- 
 known authorship. Hence ano'nymous ly 2 
 adv., ano'nymousNESS n. [f. Gk anonumos 
 nameless (an- (5) + onoma name)] 
 
 ano'smia, n. Loss of sense of smell, [mod. 
 L f. an- (5) -f Gk osme smell] 
 
 ano'thep (-u-). pron. & a. (pi. other a., others 
 pron.). An additional (one), as try a. pear, 
 try a. ; a counterpart to, as a. Solomon ; such a., 
 a. of the same sort; a different (one), as take 
 this towel away and bring me a. ; (contrasted 
 or coupled with one) one man's meat is a. 
 man's poison, taken one with a. ; one a. [an+ 
 other ; in OE other was used by itself, an not 
 yet being weakened to indef. article] 
 
 anoup'ous (-owr-), a. Tailless, [f. an- (5) + 
 Gk oura tail + -ous] 
 
 a'nserine, a. Of the nature of a goose ; 
 silly, [f. L anserinus (anser goose, see -ine 1 )] 
 
 a'nswep l (-ser), n. Reply ; defence ; solu- 
 tion ; thing done in return, [orig. = solemn affir- 
 mation to rebut a charge, OE andswaru f. 
 
 OTeut. andsivara- (and- against + * sward- 
 affirmation f. swarjan, OE swerian swear)] 
 
 a'nswep 2 , v.t. & i. Reply, as a. me, my 
 question, to me, to my question ; a. to (acknow- 
 ledge, have) the name of X; a. (summons to) 
 the door ; reply to (charge) ; be responsible (for 
 person or thing) ; a. (correspond to, also a. to) my 
 hopes, your description ; a. (fulfil) my purpose ; 
 will not a. (do, succeed). [OE andswarian (as 
 prec)] 
 
 a'nswepable, a. Responsible (to person, for 
 act) ; (archaic) corresponding (to), [prec. + -able] 
 
 ant, n. A small social hymenopterous in- 
 sect celebrated for industry, emmet, pismire ; 
 a.-eggs, larvae of aa. ; a.-catcher, a.-thrush, bird 
 of thrush family living on aa. ; a.-eater, name of 
 various animals that live onaa. ; a.-fly, winged 
 a., used as bait in angling; a.-hill, mound 
 over ant's nest, conical nest of termites ; White 
 A., termite, destructive social insect of neuro- 
 pterous order. [OE xmete, 6mete, cogn. w. WG 
 *dmaitjo (a off + maitan cut) ; xmete became 
 ant, emete emmet] 
 
 ant- = anti- before vowel. 
 
 -ant, suf. forming adjj. (& nn.) f. F -ant (or 
 direct) f. L -antem, -intern, -entem, accus. of 
 pres. part. (nom. -ans, -ens). OF levelled all L 
 partt. under ending -ant, though later F pre- 
 served L -ent-. E adopted F -ant as -aunt, 
 which on loss of accent reappeared as -ant (de- 
 fiant L dijffidentem, pliant L plicantem, Ser- 
 jeant L servientem, tenant L tenentem). Most 
 old wds retain -aiit, but since 1500 some have 
 been refash., universally (apparent) or partly 
 (dependent, -ant) ; belligerant (L belligerare) is 
 wrongly changed to -ent on L gerere. Mod. 
 wds in -ant are f. L -ant-, direct or thr. F, or 
 on L anal, (rarely where no vb exists, as be- 
 nignant on anal, of malignant). Noun mean- 
 ings : (1) personal agent, (2) thing, esp. drug, pro- 
 ducing effect. 
 
 anta'cid, a. & n. Preventive of acidity (esp. 
 in stomach), [a nt- + acid] 
 
 anta'gonism, n. Active opposition (to, 
 against, thing ; between two ; come into a. 
 xoith) ; opposing principle, [f. Gk antagonisma 
 (as foil., see -ism)] 
 
 antagonist, n. Opponent, adversary; (Phys.) 
 counteracting muscle. Hence antagonist- 
 ic a., antag-oni'sttCAi.Lv adv. [f. Gk ant- 
 agonist's (as foil., see -1ST)] 
 
 anta'g-onize, v.t. Oppose actively (in E 
 use only of like forces; in U.S. person may a. 
 thing) ; counteract, neutralize ; render an- 
 tagonistic, pit against each other, [f, Gk ant- 
 agonizomai (agon contest, see -ize)] 
 
 anta'lkali, n. Substance that counteracts 
 an alkali. Hence anta'lkaliNE l a. [ant- + 
 alkali] 
 
 antaphpodi'siac (-diz-), a. & n. Preventive 
 of venereal desire, [f. ant- + aphrodisiac] 
 
 antap'ctic, a. Southern, of south polar 
 regions ; A. Pole, S. pole of earth or heavens ; 
 A. Circle, parallel of 66° 32' S. [refash. f. OF 
 antartique f. L f. Gk ANT(arktikos arctic)] 
 
 ante-, pref. =L ante before, prep, and adv., 
 used esp. in E to form adjj. with or without 
 adj. ending, as ante-reformation(al). 
 
 antecedence, n. Precedence, priority, (in 
 time or causal relation) ; (Astr.) retrograde 
 motion, [f. L antecedentia (as foil., see -ence)] 
 
 anteee'dent, a. & n. Previous (to) ; pre- 
 sumptive, a priori ; preceding thing or circum- 
 stance ; (Logic) the part of a conditional pro- 
 position on which the other depends ; (Gram.) 
 noun, clause, sentence, to which a following 
 
 For other compounds of ante- see ante-. 
 
ANTECHAMBER 35 
 
 (esp. relative) pronoun or adverb refers; 
 (Math.) first term of a ratio ; (pi.) past history 
 (esp. of persons). Hence anteee'dentLV 2 
 adv. [f. F antecedent f. L ANTE(cec£ere go), 
 see -ent] 
 
 a- n tech amber, n. Room leading to chief 
 apartment, [f. F antichambre (and- for ante- 
 •rchambre chamber)] 
 
 a'nteehapel, n. Outer part at west end of 
 chapel, [ante- + chapel] 
 
 a'ntedate *, n. Date before the true time 
 (esp. of writing), [ante- + date n.] 
 
 a'ntedate 2 , v.t. Affix, assign, an earlier 
 than the true date to (document, event) ; pre- 
 cede; anticipate, [f. prcc] 
 
 antedilu'vian, a. & n. Belonging, referring, 
 appropriate, to the time before the flood ; (n.) 
 old-fashioned person, (also) very old person, 
 [f. ante- •+- L diluvium deluge + -an] 
 
 a'ntelope, n. Deer-like ruminant genus of 
 animals, [f. OF antelop f. L anthalopics f. Gk 
 antholops, etym. dub.] 
 
 a'nte meridiem, phr. (abbr. a.m.). Be- 
 tween midnight and noon, as 7.30 a.m. [L] 
 
 antemirndane, a. Existing, occurring, 
 before creation of world, [f. ante- + L mundus 
 world + -ANE] 
 
 antena'tal, a. Previous to birth, [ante- + 
 natal] 
 
 ante'nna, n. (pi. -ae). Sensory organ found 
 in pairs on heads of insects and Crustacea, 
 feeler ; (Bot.) irritable processes in male flower 
 of some orchids. Hence ante'nriAL, an- 
 te'nnARV 1 , antenni'FEROus, ante'nni- 
 form, aa. [L,= sail-yard, perh. f. Gk anateino 
 stretch out] 
 
 antepe'ndium, n. Veil for front of altar. 
 [L AUTEpendium (pendere hang)] 
 
 antepenu'lt, a. & n. Last but two (orig. 
 and usu. of syllables), [abbrev. of L (syllaba) 
 antepaenultima, see foil.] 
 
 antepenirltimate, a. & n. =pree. [f. L 
 ANTEpaenultiinus (paene almost + xdtimus last) 
 
 + -ATE 2 ] 
 
 antepra'ndial, a. Before-dinner, [f. ante- 
 + L prandium + -al] 
 
 antep'iop, a. More to the front ; prior (to). 
 Hence anterio'PiTV n., antep'ioPLY 2 adv. 
 [L,=fore, former, f. ante before] 
 
 a'nte-poom, n. Room leading to another. 
 [ante- + room] 
 
 anth-, pref. = anti- before aspirate. 
 
 anthe'lion, n. Luminous ring projected on 
 cloud or fog bank opposite to sun. [late Gk, 
 neut. of anthelios opposite to sun (anth- + 
 helios sun)] 
 
 anthelmintic, a. & n. (Medicine) of use 
 against intestinal worms, [f. anth- + Gk hel- 
 ming -minthos worm + -ic] 
 
 a'nthem, n. Composition sung antiphon- 
 ally ; prose composition (usu. from Scriptures 
 or Liturgy) set to sacred music ; song of praise 
 or gladness. [OE antefne f. Rom. *antefena 
 f. LL antifona f. Gkantiphona, seeANTiPHON, 
 E development being ante'fne, ante'mne, 
 a'ntem, a'ntheni] 
 
 a'nthep, n. (bot.). Part of stamen contain- 
 ing pollen ; a.-dust, pollen ; a.-valve, opening 
 by which pollen is shed. Hence a'nthePAL, 
 anthepi'FERous, a'nthepoiD, aa. [f. F an- 
 there f. L anthera medicine extracted from 
 flowers f. Gk anthera flowery, fern. adj. f. 
 anthos] 
 
 antho'log-y, n. Collection of small choice 
 poems, esp. epigrams, (orig. Greek); literary 
 collection. Hence antho'logisT n. [f. L f. 
 
 For other compounds of ante- see ante-. 
 
 ANTICIPATE 
 
 Gk anthologia (anthos flower + -logia collec- 
 tion f. lego gather)] 
 
 A'nthony (-to-), n. St. A., patron of swine- 
 herds ; A., smallest pig of litter ; (St.) A.'sjire, 
 erysipelas. 
 
 a'nthpacite, n. Non-bituminous variety of 
 coal. Hence anthpaertic, a'nthpaeitous, 
 aa. [f. L f. Gk anthrakites coal-like (anthrax 
 -akos coal)] 
 
 a'nthrax, n. Malignant boil ; splenic fever 
 of sheep and cattle ; malignant pustule caused 
 in man by infection from animals so affected. 
 [L f. Gk,= carbuncle] 
 
 anthropo- in comb. =Gk anthropos man, 
 as : -ce'ntric, centring in man ; -geny, study of 
 origin of man ; -graphy, science of geographical 
 distribution of mankind ; -lite, -lith, fossil man ; 
 -metry, measurement of human body; -phag- 
 ous, -phagy, man-eating. 
 
 a'nthpopoid, a. & n. Man-like ; (n.) being 
 that is human in form only, esp. a. ape. [f. Gk 
 anthropoeide.fi (anthropo-, see -oid)] 
 
 anthpopo'logy, n. Whole science of man ; 
 physiological and psychological science of 
 man ; study of man as an animal. Hence 
 anthPopolo*g"iCAL a., anthpopolo'gieal- 
 ly 2 adv., anthropo'LOGiST n. [as prec. + 
 -logy] 
 
 anthropomorphic, a. Of the nature of 
 anthropomorphism, [as foil. + -ic] 
 
 anthropomorphize, v.t. Attribute hu- 
 man form or personality to (God &c. or abs.). 
 Hence anthpopomop'phiSM, anthpopo- 
 mop'phisT, nn. [as foil. + -ize] 
 
 anthropomorphous, a. Of human form, 
 [f. Gk ANTHROPOraorjjftos (morphe form) + -ous] 
 
 anti-, pref. =Gk anti (before unaspir. vowel 
 ant-, before aspirate anth-) opposite, against, 
 in exchange, instead, rivalling : in words f. Gk, 
 and as living pref. in E (1) combining with 
 nouns to form nouns, anti- having adj. force 
 = ri\Sil(-pope,-king), opposing, counter, (-choru.s, 
 -league), reverse of (-climax) ; (2) forming adjj. 
 on nouns governed by anti- (slavery society, 
 -vaccination league) or on adjj. implying *a 
 noun so governed (-national, -ritualistic), with 
 sense 'opposed to'; many of these are also 
 nouns, esp. names of medicines (-dysenteric) \ 
 (3) forming derivative nouns and adjj. by addi- 
 tion of a suf., esp. -ist, (-alcoholist, -tobacconist, 
 -Sabbatarian) with sense 'one opposed to', also 
 corresponding abstract nn. in -ism (-Darwin- 
 ism) 
 
 a'ntiap, n. Upas tree of Java ; poison thence 
 obtained. [Jav. antjar] 
 
 antibi'lious, a. Of use against biliousness. 
 [anti- (2)] 
 
 a'ntie, a. & n. (Archaic) grotesque, bizarre • 
 grotesque posture (usu. pi.) ; (archaic) mounte- 
 bank, clown, [f. It. antico f. L antiquus ancient, 
 apparently from ascription of grotesque work 
 to the ancients] 
 
 a'ntiehpist, n. Enemy of Christ ; great 
 personal opponent of Christ expected by early 
 church to appear before end of world ; the 
 Pope. [f. OF ante-crist f. L anteehristiis f. Gk 
 antichristos (anti- (1) + khristos Christ)] 
 antiehpi'stian, a. Pertaining to Anti- 
 christ ; opposed to Christianity. Hence anti- 
 ehpi'stianiSM n. [f. prec, with extended 
 meaning] 
 
 anticipate, v.t. Use in advance ; forestall 
 (person or thina:) ; accelerate, as a, one's ruin , 
 discuss, consider, realize, beforehand ; look 
 forward to, expect, (event, that it will happen). 
 Hence anti'eipANT a. & n., anti'cipatiVE 
 
 For other compounds of anti- seo anti-. 
 
ANTICIPATION 
 
 36 
 
 ANTITHESIS 
 
 a., anti'cipativeLY 2 adv. [f. L anticipare 
 
 (anti- for ante- + -cipare f. capere take) see 
 
 -ate 2 ] 
 
 anticipation, n. Action of anticipating (in 
 senses of the vb) ; (Med.) occurrence of pheno- 
 mena before usual time; (Mus.) introduction 
 beforehand of part of a chord about to follow, 
 [f. L anticipatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 anti'cipatop, n. One who anticipates. 
 Hence anti'eipatORY a. [L (as prec, see 
 -or 2)] 
 
 antielrmax, n. Opposite of climax, addi- 
 tion of a particular that weakens the effect ; 
 descent contrasting with previous rise. 
 [anti- (1)] 
 
 antieli'nal, a. (Geol.) forming ridge on 
 which strata lean against each other, and 
 from which they slope down in opposite direc- 
 tions ; (Anat.) with upright spine towards 
 which spines on both sides incline, [f. anti- + 
 Gk Mind lean + -al] 
 
 antiey'elone, n. Rotatory outward flow of 
 air from atmospheric area of high pressure ; 
 whole system of pressure and outward flow. 
 [anti- (1)] 
 
 a'ntidote, n. Medicine given to counteract 
 poison or disease (against, for, to). Hence 
 a'ntidotAL a. [f. L f. Gk antidoton neut. of 
 ANTidoios given against] 
 
 antigrd'pelos, n. pi. Waterproof leggings, 
 [perh. for anthygropelos (anti- (2) + Gk liugros 
 wet+pelos mud)] 
 
 anti-Ja*eobin, a. & n. (One) opposed to 
 the Jacobins (revolutionary party in France, 
 1789) or the French revolution, [anti- (2)] 
 
 antilo'garithm, n. Number to which a 
 logarithm belongs, as 100 is the a. of 2. 
 f anti- (1)] 
 
 anti'logy, n. Contradiction in terms, [f. 
 Gk antilogia (anti- + -logia speaking)] 
 
 antimaca'ssap, n. Covering thrown over 
 chairs &c, as protection from grease or as an 
 ornament, [anti- (2)] 
 
 a'ntimasque, -mask, n. Grotesque inter- 
 lude between acts of masque, [anti- (1)] 
 
 antimonar'chical, a. Opposed to mon- 
 archy, [anti- (2)] 
 
 a'ntimony, n. Brittle metallic substance, 
 bluish-white, of flaky crystalline texture, [f. 
 med. L antimonium, prob. of Arab, orig.] 
 
 antino'mian, a. & n. Opposed to the obliga- 
 toriness of moral law; pertaining to Antino- 
 mians ; one who maintains that the moral law 
 is not binding on Christians, [f. L Antinomi, 
 name of sect in Germany (1535) alleged to 
 hold above opinion (anti- + Gk nomos law) + 
 
 -AN] 
 
 anti'nomy, n. Contradiction in a law, or 
 between two laws ; conflict of authority ; para- 
 dox, [f. L f. Gk ANTiwowia (nomos law)] 
 
 antipathe'tie, a. Opposed in nature or dis- 
 position (to). Hence antipathe'tiCAL a., 
 antipathe*tiealLY 2 adv. [f. Gk ANTipat/ieo 
 <as antipathy), see -ETIC] 
 
 antipa'thie, a. Of contrary character (to) ; 
 <Med.) having, producing, contrary symptoms, 
 {f. F antipathique f. antipathie (as foil.)] 
 
 anti'pathy, n. Constitutional or settled 
 aversion (against, to, between persons), [f. L 
 f. Gk antipatheia f. AXTipathes opposed in 
 feeling (pathos -eos)] 
 
 antiphlogistic, a. & n. (Medicine, paste, 
 &c) reducing inflammation. So antiphlo- 
 gi'stiNE 4 n. [anti- (2)] 
 
 a'ntiphon, n. Versicle, sentence, sung by 
 one choir in response to another; prose or 
 
 verse composition consisting of such passages ; 
 anthem, [f. F antiphone f. med. L antiphona, 
 fern, sing., f. Gk ANTip/iema (neut. pi. of anti- 
 phonos) things sounding in response (phone 
 vocal sound)] 
 
 anti'phonal, a. & n. Sung alternately ; 
 responsive ; collection of antiphons. Hence 
 anti'phonalLY 2 adv. [OF (antiphone, see 
 prec. and -al)] 
 
 anti'phonapy, n. Book of antiphons. [f. 
 med. L antiphonarium (as antiphone, see 
 
 -ARYl)] 
 
 anti'phony, n. Antiphon ; antiphonal sing- 
 ing ; response, echo. [f. Gk antiphonos, see 
 antiphon and -Y !] 
 
 anti'podes, n. pi. Place(s) diametrically 
 opposite (to each other), esp. region opposite to 
 our own ; (sing, antipode, pron. -6d) exact 
 opposite (of, to). Hence anti'podAL, anti- 
 pode'AN, aa. [f. L f. Gk antipodes having the 
 feet opposite, pi. of ANTipous adj. (pons podos 
 foot)] 
 
 a'ntipole, n. Opposite pole ; direct opposite. 
 [anti- (1)] 
 
 a'ntipope, n. Pope elected in opposition to 
 one (held to be) canonically chosen, [f. F anti- 
 pape f. med. L antipapa ; assim. to pope] 
 antiquarian, a. & n. Connected with 
 study of antiquities ; large size of drawing 
 paper ; antiquary, whence antiquaP'ianiSM 
 n., antiquap'ianizE v.i. [as foil. + -an] 
 a'ntiquapy, n. Student, collector, of anti- 
 quities, [f. L antiquarius (antiquus ancient, 
 see -ary *] 
 
 a'ntiquate, v.t. Make obsolete (esp. in 
 p.p.), abolish as out of date; make antique, 
 [f. obs. adj. antiquate (L antiquare f. antiquus 
 ancient, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 anti'que (-ek), a. & n. Of old times ; exist- 
 ing since old times ; old-fashioned ; after the 
 manner of the ancients ; archaic ; relic of 
 ancient art or of old times ; the a., antique 
 style. Hence anti'queNESS n. [f . L antiquus, 
 anticus, former, ancient (aide before ; cf. 
 posticus), whence also antic] 
 anti'quity, n. Ancientness ; old times, esp. 
 time before middle ages; the ancients; (pi.) 
 customs, events, precedents, of ancient times ; 
 (usu. pi.) ancient relics, [f. F antiquity f. L 
 antiquitatem (antiquus, see prec. and -TY)] 
 antipphrnum, n. Genus of plants, Snap- 
 dragon. [L, f. Gk antirrhinon (anti counter- 
 feiting + rhis rhinos nose)] 
 antisabbatap'ian, a. & n. (Person) op- 
 posed to observance of Sabbath, [anti- (3)] 
 antiscopbu'tic, a. & n. (Medicine) against 
 scurvy, [anti- (2)] 
 
 antiscpi'ptupal, a. Opposed to Scripture. 
 [anti- (2)] 
 
 antise'ptic, a. & n. (Agent) counteracting 
 putrefaction (lit. and fig.). Hence antise'pt- 
 ically adv. [f. anti- (3) + Gk septikos putrefy- 
 ing (septos adj. f. sepo rot, see -ic)] 
 antiso'cial, a. Opposed to principles on 
 which society is based, [anti- (2)j 
 anti'stpophe, n. (Lines recited during) re- 
 turning movement from left to right in Greek 
 choruses ; inverse relation. [L f. Gk,=turning 
 about (ANTistrepho turn against)] 
 antistPO'phic, a. Pertaining to antistro- 
 phes. [f. Gk antistrophikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 antithe'ist, n. One opposed to belief in ex- 
 istence of a God. Hence antithei'stic a., 
 antithe'iSM n. [anti- (3)] 
 anti'thesis, n. (pi. -theses). Contrast of ideas 
 expressed by parallelism of strongly contrasted 
 
 For other compounds of anti- see anti-. 
 
ANTITHETIC 
 
 37 
 
 APHONIA 
 
 words ;- opposition, contrast, (of, between, two 
 things) ; direct opposite (of, to). [L f. Gk (vbl 
 n. f. AXTitithemi set against)] 
 
 antithetic, a. Of the nature of antithesis ; 
 contrasted ; consisting of two opposites. Hence 
 an tit he* tie at. a., antithetical 1 v 2 adv. [f. 
 Gk antithetikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 a'nti -trade, a. & n. A. (wind), one that 
 blows in opposite direction to trade wind. 
 [anti- (2)] _ 
 
 antitrinitar'ian, a. & n. (One) opposed to 
 doctrine of the Trinity. Hence antitpini- 
 tar'ianiSM n. [anti- (3)] 
 
 a'ntitype, n. That which a type or 
 symbol represents. Hence antity'piCAL a. 
 [f. Gk ASTitupos responding as an impression 
 to the die (tupos stamp f. st. tup- strike)] 
 
 a'ntlep, n. Branched horn, branch of a horn, 
 of stag or other deer. Hence antlePED 2 a. 
 [f. OF antoillier f. LL antocularem (ramum) 
 (branch) in front of the eyes (ante- + oculus 
 eye) ; orig. = lowest branch j 
 
 antonoma'sia, n. Substitution of epithet 
 &c. for proper name (e. g. the Iron Duke) ; use 
 of proper name to express general idea (e. g. 
 a Solomon). [L f. Gk, f. Axronomazd name 
 instead (onoma name)] 
 
 a'nus, n. Posterior opening of alimentary 
 canal in animals. [L] 
 
 a'nvil, n. Block (usu. iron) on which smith 
 works metal ; (Physiol.) a bone of the ear. [OE 
 onfilti, etym. dub.] 
 
 anxi'ety (angz-), n. Uneasiness, concern ; 
 solicitous desire (for a thing, to do), [f. L 
 anxietas -atis (as foil., see -tv)] 
 
 a'nxious (-ksh?<s), a. Troubled, uneasy 
 (about) ; earnestly desirous (for a thing, to do) ; 
 causing anxiety, as an a. biisiness. Hence 
 a'nxiousLY 2 adv. [f. L anxius (angere choke) 
 -f- -ous] 
 
 a'ny (e-),a, &pron. (With interrog.) one, some, 
 (no matter which), as have you a. wool ? hare 
 you a. of them? was a. Frenchman there?; 
 (after negative expr. or implied) cannot see a. 
 difference, to prevent a. loss, cannot find a. of 
 them; (in affirmative sent.) whichever (of all) 
 is chosen, every, as a. chemist will tell you. at 
 a. rate; a. one (adj.), whatever individual is 
 chosen; a. one (pron.), any person, anybody. 
 [OE xnig (cogn. w. OHG einic, mod. G einia, 
 Du. eenig) f. an one + -ig adj. ending (see -Y <L ), 
 here perh. dim.] 
 
 a'nybody, n. or pron. Any person ; if you 
 wish te be a. (of any importance) ; two or three 
 anybodies (ordinary people). 
 
 a'nyhow, adv. & conj. In any way what- 
 ever; in any case, at any rate; at haphazard, 
 as does his work a., things are all a. 
 
 a'nything-, pron. & n. Whatever thing ; 
 a thing, no matter which ; a thing of any 
 kind. 
 
 a'nyway, adv. & conj. = anyhow. 
 
 a'nywhere, adv. In any place. 
 
 a'nywise, adv. In any wise. 
 
 a'orist, a. & n. (Gram.) indefinite, implying 
 no limitation ; (Gk Gram.) a. (tense), one de- 
 noting simply occurrence (in indicative, past 
 occurrence), without limitations as to con- 
 tinuance &c. So aori'stic a. [f. Gk aoristos 
 unlimited (a- not+horizo limit f. horos)] 
 
 aop'ta, n. Great artery or trunk of the 
 arterial system, issuing from left ventricle of 
 heart. Hence aop'tic a. [f. med. L f. Gk 
 aorte that which is hung (aeiro lift)] 
 
 a outrance (F), phr. To the death. 
 
 ap- = ad- before p. 
 
 apa'ce, adv. Swiftly, quicklv. [a prep*-r- 
 pace] 
 
 a-panage, app-, n. Provision for main 
 tenance of younger children of kings, &c, 
 (orig. province or lucrative office) ; perquisite ; 
 (of territory) dependency ; natural accompani- 
 ment or attribute. [F, f. apaner endow with 
 means of subsistence f. med. hAvpanare (pan is 
 bread), see -age] 
 
 apart, adv. Aside, separatelv, indepem 
 dently, (from); set a., [devote, reserve, (for); 
 jesting a. (laid aside), [f. F « part (a to, part 
 side)] 
 
 apar'tment, n. Single room of a house ; 
 (pi.) set of rooms, [f. F appartement f. med. L 
 appartimentum (APpai'tire apportion, sec 
 
 -MENT)] 
 
 apathe'tie, a. Insensible to emotion? in- 
 different. Hence apathe'tie ally adv. [f. 
 foil., after pathetic] 
 
 a'pathy, n. Insensibility to suffering ; pas- 
 sionless existence ; indolence of mind. [f. F 
 apathie f. L f. Gk apatheia f. apathes without 
 feeling (a- wot+pathos -eos suffering] 
 
 ape^n. Tailless monkey (gorilla, chimpanzee, 
 orang-outan, gibbons) ; imitator, mimic ; play 
 the a., mimic; Sea A., fish (Sea Fox). [OE 
 apa masc. ape fern. (Du. aap, OHG affo, 
 MHGaffe)] 
 
 ape 2 , v.t. Imitate, mimic, [f. prec.) 
 
 apea'k, adv. & pred. a. (naut). Vertical, 
 as oars a. [f. F a pic (a to, at, pic, summit, so;. 
 peak)] 
 
 ape'psy, n. Lack of digestive power, [f. 
 Gk apepsia (a- not+pepto digest)] 
 
 aper^u (F), n. Summary exposition, con- 
 spectus. [F, p.p. of apercevoir perceive] 
 
 ape'rient, a. & n. Laxative (medicine), [f. 
 L aperire open, see -ext] 
 
 apeTitive, a. & n. = prec. [f. F aperitif f. 
 med. L aperitivus variant of apertivus (as 
 prec, see -ive)] 
 
 a'pertupe (-tsher), n. Opening, gap ; space 
 through which light passes in optical instru- 
 ments, [f. L apertura (as prec, see -ure)] 
 
 a'pepy, n. Mimicry ; apish performance. 
 [ape n. + -ry] 
 
 ape'talous, a. Without petals, [f. Gk ape- 
 talos leafless (a- r\ot-\-petalon leaf) -f -ous] 
 
 a*pex, n. (pi. -ices, -exes). Tip, top, peak; 
 vertex (of triangle, cone). [L, = small rod at 
 top of flamen's cap, peak, tip, perh. f. op- fit to. 
 cf. vertex f. vertere] 
 
 apha'sia, n. Loss of speech, as result of cere- 
 bral affection. Hence apha'sic (-z-), a. & n. 
 [Gk,f. aphatos speechless (a- not+pha- speak] 
 
 aphe'lion, n. Point farthest from sun (of 
 planet's or comet's orbit). [Graecized f. mod. 
 L aphelium L Gk aph' heliou from the sun] 
 
 apheliotPO'pie, a. (bot.). Turning from the 
 sun. Hence apheliotpcpiCALLY adv., a- 
 phelio'tPopiSM n. [f. Gk as prec. -{-tropikos 
 turning (trepo)] 
 
 a'phesis, n. Gradual loss of unaccented 
 vowel at beginning of word, as in (e)squire. 
 [Gk, = letting go,f. aphiemi (apo away-f/ue??*i 
 send)] 
 
 aphe'tie, a. Pertaining to aphesis. Hence 
 a'phetiZE v.t. [f. Gk aphetos vbl adj. (as 
 prec.) + -ic] 
 
 a'phis, n. (pi. a'phides). Plant-lice, minute 
 insects, the food of ladybirds, and tended by 
 ants for the honey-dew they yield. Hence 
 aphi'diAN a. [?] 
 
 aphonia, n. Total loss of voice. [Gk, f. 
 aphonos voiceless (a- not+ph&ne voice)] 
 
 For other compounds of anti- see anti-. 
 
APHORISM 
 
 a'phopism, n. Short pithy maxim ; defini- 
 tion. Hence or cogn. aphopi'smic, apho- 
 ri'stie [-ist], aa., aphori'stiCALLY adv. [f. 
 Gk aphorizo (apo- + horizo f. horos boundary), 
 see -ism] 
 
 aphrodi'siac (-diz-), a. & n. Venereal; 
 (drug) producing venereal desire, [f. Gk aphro- 
 disiakos f. aphrodisios (Aphrodite Venus), 
 see -ac] 
 
 aphyllous, a. (hot.). Naturally leafless, 
 [f. Gkjzphullos (a- not+phtdlon leaf) + -ous] 
 
 apiar'ian, a. Pertaining to bee-keeping, 
 [as foil. + -ax] 
 
 a'piapy, n. Place where bees are kept. 
 Hence a'piapiST n. [f. L apiarium (apis 
 bee, see -arv 1 )] 
 
 a'pical, a. Belonging to an apex ; placed at 
 the tip. Hence a'piealLY 2 adv. [f. L apex 
 -icis + -al] 
 
 a'pieulture, n. Bee-keeping, [f. L apis 
 bee+cuLTURE] 
 
 apie'ee, adv. Severally, each, as fiife pounds 
 a. [orig. a piece] 
 
 a'pish, a. Of the nature, appearance, of an 
 ape ; ape-like in manner, silly. Hence a'pish- 
 ly 2 adv., a'pishxESS n. [f. ape n. + -ish] 
 
 aplomb (F), n. Perpendicularity; self- 
 possession. [F, = a plomb according to plum- 
 met] 
 
 apnoe'a (-nea), n. Suspension of breathing, 
 [mod. L, f. Gk apnoia f. apnoos breathless (a- 
 not + pnoe breath)] 
 
 apo-, pref. (before unaspirated vowel ap-, 
 before aspirate aph-), = Gk apo prep, off, from, 
 away, un-, quite ; in compds f. Gk, and in 
 mod. scientific wds (not on Gk anal.) with 
 sense 'detached, separate". 
 
 apo'calypse, n. Revelation, esp. that made 
 to St John in island of Patmos; book recording 
 this. So apo'caly *ptic( al) aa. , apo'caly *p- 
 tiealLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk apokalupsis (apo- 
 kalupto uncover)] 
 
 apo'cope, n. Cutting off of last letter or 
 syllable of word. [Gk (APOkopto cut off)] 
 
 apo'epypha, n. Books of Old Testament 
 included in Septuagint and Vulgate, but not 
 originally written in Hebrew, nor counted 
 genuine by Jews, and excluded from Canon at 
 Reformation. [LL apocrypha (scripta) hidden 
 writings f. Gk apokruphos (APOkrupto hide 
 away) ; treated in E as sing., with pi. -as] 
 
 apo'epyphal.a. Of the apocrypha ; of doubt- 
 ful authenticity ; sham, false, [as prec. + -al] 
 
 a'pod, n. Bird, reptile, fish, without (or 
 with undeveloped) feet or ventral fins. Hence 
 a'podAL a. [f. Gk apou-s footless (a- not+ 
 pous podos foot)] 
 
 apodi'ctic, -dei'etie (-di-), a. Of clear 
 demonstration ; clearly established. Hence 
 
 apodi'ctiCALLY adv. [f. L f. Gk apodeiktikos 
 
 (APOdeiknumi show, see -ic)] 
 
 apd'dosis, n. Concluding clause of sen- 
 tence (cf. protasis) ; consequent clause of 
 
 conditional sentence, wherever placed. [L f. 
 
 Gk (APOdidomi give back)] 
 
 a'pogee (-j-), n. Point (in orbit of moon or 
 
 any planet) farthest from earth ; greatest 
 
 distance of sun from earth when latter is in 
 
 aphelion ; (fig.) most distant spot, highest point. 
 
 Hence apogre'AN a. [f. F apogee f. L f. Gk 
 
 APOgaion (neut. adj.) away from earth (gaia, 
 
 ge, earth)] 
 apolau'stic, a. Self-indulgent, [f. Gk apo- 
 
 laustikos (APOlaud enjoy, see -ic)] 
 Apo'llyon, n. The Deril. [f. Gk apolludn 
 
 part, of apolluo (apo- + olluo destroy)] 
 apologetic, a. & n. Regretfully acknow- 
 ledging, excusing, fault or failure ; vindica- 
 
 38 APOTHECARY 
 
 tory ; (n., usu. pi.) argumentative defence, 
 esp. of Christianity. Hence apologpe'ticAT, 
 a., apologre'tiealLY. 2 adv. [f. F apologetique 
 f. L f. Gk apologetikos (apologeomai speak in 
 defence, see apology and -ic)] 
 apo'logrist, n. One who defends (esp. 
 Christianity) by argument, [f. F apologiste f. 
 Gk apologia, see apology and -ist] 
 apo'logize, v.i. Make an apology (for). 
 [f. apology + -ize] 
 
 a'polog-ue(-og), n . Moral fable. [F, f. Lf. Gk 
 apologos fable (apo of£+logos speech)] 
 apo'logy, n. Regretful acknowledgment 
 of offence ; assurance that no offence was in- 
 tended ; explanation, vindication, [f. L f. Gk 
 apologia defence (apo away + -logia speak- 
 ing)] 
 
 a*pophtheg*m (em), n. Terse saying; 
 pithy maxim. Hence apophthegma'tic 
 (-eg-) a., apophthegma'tiCALLY adv. [f. Gk 
 apophthegma -matos (APOphtheggomai speak 
 out)] 
 
 apople'ctic, a. Pertaining to, causing, 
 apoplexy ; suffering from, tending to, apoplexy. 
 Hence apople'ctiCALLY, adv. [f. L f. Gk 
 apoplektikos (APOplesso strike completely, see 
 -ic)] 
 
 a'poplexy, n. Malady arresting powers of 
 sense and motion, usu. caused by effusion of 
 blood or serum in brain, [f. F apoplexie f. 1* 
 f. Gk apoplexia (as prec.)] 
 aposiope'sis, n. (rhet.). Sudden breaking-off 
 in speech. [L, f. Gk f. APO(.s£op<zo keep silent)] 
 apo'stasy, n. Abandonment of religious 
 faith, vows, principles, or party, [f. L f. Gk 
 apostasia (xvosta- withdraw)] 
 apo'state (-at), n. & a. (One) guilty of apos- 
 tasy. So aposta'tiCAL a. [F, f. L \-ta) f. Gk 
 apostates (APOsta- withdraw)] 
 apo'statize, v.i. Become an apostate {froyn 
 one to another), [f. LL apostatizare (as apo- 
 state, see -ize)] 
 a poster/or*/, adv. & adj. phr. (Reasoning) 
 from effects to causes ; inductive. [L, = from 
 what comes after] 
 
 apd'stil, n. Marginal note. [f. F apostille, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 apo'stle (-si), n. Messenger, esp. any of the 
 twelve whom Christ sent forth to preach 
 Gospel; first successful Christian missionary 
 in a country, as a. of Germany ; leader of re- 
 form, as a. of temperance ; a. spoons (with 
 figures of aa. on handles). Hence apo'stle- 
 ship n. [f. OF apostle, apostre (mod. apotre)i. 
 L f. Gk apostolos (xpostello send away) ; OE 
 had apostol] 
 
 apo'stolate, n. Apostleship ; leadership in 
 a propaganda, [f. L apostolatus (as prec, see 
 
 -ATE 1 )] 
 
 aposto'lic, a. Pertaining to the Apostles ; 
 of the character of an apostle ; of the Pope, 
 papal, as A. See, succession. Hence apos- 
 to'lieAL a., aposto'licalLY 2 adv. [f. F 
 apostolique t. L f. Gk apostolikos (as apostle, 
 see -ic)] 
 
 apo'stpophe 1 (-fi), n. (rhet.). Exclamatory 
 address, in course of public speech or in poem, to 
 particular person (often dead or absent). Hence 
 apostpo'phic a., apo'stPophizE v.t. & i. 
 [L f. Gk, lit. turning away (as foil.)] 
 
 apo'stpophe 2 (-fi), n. Sign of omission of 
 letter, or of possessive case, (e. g. can't, boy's.) 
 Hence apostpo'phic a. [confused w. prec, 
 but prop, three syllables (-strof) ; F, f. L f. Gk 
 (he) apostrophos (prosodia) (the accent) of 
 elision (APOstrepho turn away)] 
 
 apo'thecapy, n. (archaic). Druggist, phar- 
 maceutical chemist, as Apothecaries' Company. 
 
APOTHEOSIS 
 
 39 
 
 APPLY 
 
 [f. OF apotecaire f. LL apothecarius f. apotheca 
 f.Gkapo£ftefce storehouse (APOta'Mewu lay away), 
 see -ary 1 ] 
 
 apotheo'sis, n. Deification flit. & fig.) ; 
 canonization ; deified ideal ; (loosely) release 
 from earthly life. Hence apo'theosiZE v.t. 
 [L f. Gk (APOtheoo make a god of, f. theos god, 
 see -osis)] 
 
 appa'l (-awl), v.t. (-11-). Dismay, terrify. 
 Hence appa*lling"LY 2 adv. [peril, f. OF apalir 
 make pale ; but cf. pall v.] 
 
 appanage. See apanage. 
 
 apparatus, n. (pi. -uses). Mechanical 
 requisites for scientific or other work ; organs 
 by which natural processes are carried on ; 
 critical a., a. criticus, materials for critical 
 study of document. [L (APvarare make ready 
 for, see -ate 1 )] 
 
 appa'rel *, v.t. (-11-). Attire, aress. [f. OF 
 apareiller f. Rom. * xnpariculare make fit 
 (pariculus dim. oipar equal)] 
 
 appa'rel 2 , n. Ornamental embroidery on 
 ecclesiastical vestments ; (archaic) clothing, 
 dress, [f. OF aparail f. apareiller, see prec] 
 
 appa'rent {or -ar-), a. Manifest, palpable ; 
 seeming ; heir a. (whose right cannot be super- 
 seded by birth of nearer heir, cf . presumptive). 
 Hence appa'pentLY 2 adv. [f. OF aparant 
 f. L as appear, see -ent] 
 
 apparrtion, n. Appearance, esp. of a super- 
 natural being; ghost. [F, f. L apparitionem 
 (as appear, see -ion)] 
 
 appa'pitop, n. Public servant of Roman 
 magistrate ; officer of civil or ecclesiastical 
 court ;' herald, usher. [L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 appea'l 1 , v.i. Call to (higher tribunal) for 
 deliverance from decision of lower (also abs.) ; 
 a. to the country (i. e. from parliament), dissolve 
 parliament ; call to (witness) for corroboration ; 
 call attention to (evidence) ; make earnest re- 
 quest (to person, for thing or to do) ; pictures a. 
 (address themselves) to the eye, do not a. (prove 
 attractive) to me. [f. OF apeler f. L APpellare 
 address] 
 
 appea'l 2 , n. Act of appealing; right of 
 appealing; Court of A. (hearing cases pre- 
 viously tried in inferior courts), [f. OF apel 
 (as prec.)] 
 
 appea'lable, a. That can be appealed 
 against ; that can be appealed to. [appeal v. 
 + -able] 
 
 appeap*, v.i. Become, be, visible ; present 
 oneself formally, publicly; be published; be 
 manifest ; seem. [f. aper- st. of OF apareir f. 
 L APparere -rit- come in sight] 
 
 appear'ance, n. Act of appearing (in vbl 
 senses) ; look, aspect ; semblance ; to all a. (so 
 far as can be seen) ; save, keep up, aa. (outward 
 semblance) ; apparition, phantom, [f. OF apar- 
 ance f. L apparentia (as prec, see -ence)] 
 
 appea'se (-z), v.t. Pacify, quiet, (strife, 
 anger, person) ; soothe ; satisfy (appetite, pre- 
 judice). So appea'SABLE a., appea'seMENT 
 n. [f . OF apeser, apaisier {a to + pais peace f. 
 L pacem, nom. pax)] 
 
 appellant, a. & n. Appealing ; (Law) con- 
 cerned with appeals; (n.) one who appeals to 
 higher court. [F (as appeal *, see -ant)] 
 
 appellate (-at), a. Taking cognizance of 
 appeals, as a. jurisdiction, [f. L as foil., see 
 -ate 2 ] 
 
 appellation, n. Name, title; nomencla- 
 ture. [F, f. L as appeal 1 , see -ation] 
 
 appellative, a. & n. (Of words) designat- 
 ing a class, common (as opp. to proper) ; com- 
 mon noun, applicable to any member of a 
 class; appellation. Hence appe'llativeLY 2 
 adv. [f. L as appeal 1 , see -ative] 
 
 appe'nd, v.t. Hang on, annex; add in 
 writing, [f. L APpendere] 
 
 appendage, n. Thing attached ; addition ; 
 accompaniment, [prec + -age] 
 
 appendant, a. & n. (Possession, thing, 
 person) attached in subordinate capacity (to 
 another). [F, part, of appendre f. L appendere 
 (for -ere) hang to (intr.)] 
 
 appe-ndix, n. (pi. -ices, -ixes). Subsidiary 
 addition (to book or document) ; small process 
 developed from surface of any organ, esp. 
 vermiform a. (of the intestine), whence ap- 
 pendicitis n. [L appendix -icis (APpendere 
 hang to, trans.)] 
 
 apperce-ption, n. Mind's perception of it- 
 self ; mental perception, [f. F aperception (LL 
 APpercipere -cept- perceive, see -ion)] 
 
 appertain, v.i. Belong as possession or 
 right to ; be appropriate to ; relate to. [f. OF 
 apartenir f. LL AP(pertinere pertain)] 
 
 a'ppetenee, -ey, n. Longing after, desire, 
 (of, for, after); affinity (for), [f. F appetence 
 f. L appetentia (APpetere seek after, see -ence, 
 -encv] 
 
 a'ppetent, a. Eagerly desirous (after, of). 
 [f. L appetere, see prec. and -ent] 
 
 a'ppetite, n. Desire, inclination, (for) ; de- 
 sire to satisfy natural necessities, esp. hunger ; 
 relish. So appe'titiVE a. [f. OF apetit f. L 
 appetitus (as prec, see -ite 2 )] 
 
 a'ppetize, v.t. (Of things) give appetite 
 (only in part, -izing). Hence a'ppetizER 1 n. 
 [f. F appitissant part, as if f. L appetitiare (as 
 prec), assim. to vbs in -ize] 
 
 applau'd, v.t. & i. (Intr.) express approval 
 loudly, as by clapping hands ; (trans.) express 
 approval of, praise, [f. L APplaudere -plaus- 
 clap hands] 
 
 applau'se (-z), n. Approbation loudly ex- 
 pressed ; marked approval. Hence applau's- 
 ive (-s-) a., applau'siveLY 2 adv. [f. L applau- 
 sus -us (as prec)] 
 
 a'pple, n. Round firm fleshy fruit of a rosa- 
 ceous tree; (Bot.) any inferior fleshy many-celled 
 fruit; A. of discord, golden a. contended for by 
 Juno, Minerva, and Venus ; A. of Sodom, Dead 
 sea a., fruit dissolving into ashes ; a. of the eye, 
 the pupil, any cherished object ; a.-brandy, 
 spirit distilled from cider ; a.-butter, sauce of 
 apples stewed in cider; a.-cheese, compressed 
 a.-pomice ; a.-pow«ce,pulpremainingafter juice 
 is expressed ;a.-jack, Amer. name fora. -brandy ; 
 a.-john, kind of a. said to keep two years and 
 to be best when withered ; a.-pie bed, one with 
 sheets so folded that one's legs cannot get 
 down ; a. -pie order, perfect order. [com.-Teut. : 
 OE xppel, OHG aphul, mod. G apfel] 
 
 appli'ance, n. Applying ; thing applied as 
 means to an end. [f. apply + -ance] 
 
 a'pplicable, a. Capable of being applied ; 
 having reference, appropriate, (to). Hence 
 applieaBi'LiTY n. [f. L as apply, see -able] 
 
 a'pplicant, n. One who applies (for), [as 
 prec, see -ant] 
 
 application, n. Putting of one thing to 
 another ; employmentof means ; (application of ) 
 plaster, liniment, &c ; bringing (of a general 
 rule &c.) to bear upon particular case; rele- 
 vancy ; diligence ; making of a request ; re- 
 quest made. [F, f. L applicationem (as foil., see 
 
 -ATION)] 
 
 apply, v.t, & i. Put close (to) ; administer 
 (remedy &c to; lit. and fig.); devote (to) ; 
 make use of ; use as relative or suitable (to) ; 
 set oneself closely (to task, to do) ; have refer- 
 ence (to) ; attend closely (to) ; address oneself 
 (for help &c to), [f. OF aplier f. L APplicare 
 fold, fasten to] 
 
APPOGGIATURA 
 
 appoggiatu'ra (-ojatoo-), n. (mus.). Grace- 
 note prefixed to an essential note. [It] 
 appoi'nt, v.t. Fix (time, place, for purpose) ; 
 prescribe (thing, that) ; (Law) declare the desti- 
 nation of (property, also abs.) ; nominate, as 
 a. him governor, to govern, to be governor, a. 
 him. Hence appointEE" n. [f. OF apointer 
 (a point to the point)] 
 
 appointment, n. Appointing ; engagement, 
 assignation ; decree, Ordinance ; office assigned ; 
 (usu. pi.) outfit; keep, break, an a., appear, 
 fail to appear, at fixed place and time. [f. OF 
 apointement (as prec, see -ment)] 
 apportion, v.t. Assign as due share (to) ; 
 portion out. Hence appor'tion.MENT n. [f. OF 
 apportionner (d to +portionner f. portion)] 
 a'pposite (-z-), a. Well put ; appropriate (to). 
 Hence a'ppositeLV 2 adv., a'ppositexEss n. 
 [f. L AP(ponere posit- put)] 
 apposi'tion, n. Application (of seal) ; plac- 
 ing side by side ; (Gram.) placing of word in 
 syntactic parallelism with another, esp. addi- 
 tion of one noun to another. Hence apposi*- 
 tionAL a. [f. L appositio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 apprai'se (-z), v.t. (Esp. of official valuer) 
 fix price for estimate. Hence apprai'SAL, 
 appnai'seMENT, nn., apprai'SABLE a. [f. 
 praise v. (formerly used in the same sense), 
 perh. on anal, of apprize] 
 appreciable (-sha-), a. Capable of being 
 estimated ; perceptible, sensible. Hence ap- 
 pre'eiabLY 2 adv. [as foil., see -ble] 
 appreciate (-shi-), v.t. & i. Estimate 
 worth, quality, amount, of ; estimate aright ; 
 be sensitive to ; esteem highly ; raise in value ; 
 rise in value. Hence appre'eiativE, ap- 
 ppe'eiatORY (sha), aa., appreciative ly 2 
 adv. [f. L APpretiare appraise (pretium price), 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 appreciation (-si-), n. Estimation, judg- 
 ment ; perception ; adequate recognition ; rise 
 in value ; critique, [f. F appreciation f. appre- 
 cier (as prec, see -ation)] 
 apprehe'nd, v.t. Seize, arrest; perceiv r e 
 (by senses or intellect) ; understand ; fear (thing, 
 that), [f. F apprihender f. L ap( prehendere 
 -hens- lay hold of), whence also F apprendre 
 learn] 
 
 apprehensible, a. Capable of being 
 grasped (by senses or intellect). Hence ap- 
 prehensiBi'LiTV n. [f. L apprehensibilis (as 
 prec, see -ble] 
 apprehension, n. Seizure, arrest ; grasp- 
 ing (of ideas), conception ; understanding ; 
 dread, [f. L apprehensio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 apprehe'nsive, a. Pertaining to sensuous 
 or mental perception ; perceptive (of) ; intelli- 
 gent; uneasy, fearful, (of thing, that it may 
 happen, for person, for his safety). Hence 
 apprehensiveLY 2 adv., apprehe'nsive- 
 ness n. [f. med. L apprehensivus (as prec, 
 see -ive)] 
 
 apprentice *, n. Learner of a craft, bound 
 to serve, and entitled to instruction from, his 
 employer for specified term ; tiro. Hence ap- 
 pre'ntieesHiP n. [f. OF apprentis f. ap- 
 prendre (see apprehend), suggested by words 
 in -tis, -tif, f. L -tivus (see -ive)] 
 apprentice 2 , v.t. Bind as apprentice, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 appri'se (-z), v.t. Inform; (pass.) be aware 
 of. [f. F appris -ise p.p. of apprendre learn, 
 teach, (see apprehend)] 
 
 appri'ze, v.t. (archaic). Appraise ; appreci- 
 ate, [f. OF aprisier (d to + prisier praise)] 
 approach 1 , v.t. & i. Come near(er) ; 
 approximate in character &c to ; come near 
 to ; approximate to ; (Mil.) make approaches to. 
 
 40 APSE 
 
 Hence approachaBi'LiTF n., approach - 
 able a. [f. OF aprochier f. LL ADpropiarc 
 draw near [propius compar. of prope near)] 
 
 approach 2 , n. Act of approaching; ap- 
 proximation; access, passage, (lit. and fig.); 
 (Mil.) entrenchments enabling besiegers to 
 approach. If. prec] 
 
 a'pprobate, v.t. (U.S.). Approve formally, 
 sanction, [f. L AP(probare test l.probus good) 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 approbation, n. Sanction ; approval. So 
 a'pprobatORY a. [F, f. L approbationem (as 
 prec, see -ation)] 
 
 appropriate x (-at), a. Belonging, peculiar, 
 (to) ; suitable, proper, (to, for). Hence appro*- 
 priateLY 2 adv., appro'priateNESS n. [f. L 
 APpropriare (_prop?'ius own), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 appropriate 2 , v.t. Take possession of; 
 take to oneself; devote to special purposes. 
 Hence or cogn. appropriATiON, appro*- 
 priatOR 2 , nn., appro'priativE a. [f. prec, 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 appro'val (-00-), n. Approbation ; sanction, 
 [f. foil. + -al (2) ; rare before 1800, -a?ice being 
 used instead] 
 
 appro've (-oov), v.t. & i. Give evidence of 
 (quality); (refl.) show oneself to be; confirm, 
 sanction ; commend ; a. of, pronounce, con- 
 sider, good. [f. OF aprover f. L as approbate] 
 
 appro'ver, n. One who approves ; one who 
 turns King's evidence, [f. prec. + -er l ] 
 
 approximate l (-at), a. Very near ; closely 
 resembling ; fairly correct. Hence appro'xi- 
 mateLY 2 adv. [f. L APproximare (p?*oximus 
 very near), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 approximate 2 , v.t. & L Bring, come, 
 near (to thing, esp. in quality, number, &c). 
 Hence approximA'TiON n., appro'xima- 
 tiVEa., appro*ximativeLY 2 adv. [f. prec, 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 appui* (-we), n. (Mil.) defensive support; 
 point of a. (F point d'a.), fixed object on which 
 troops commence formation into line. [F, f. 
 appuyer f. LL APpodiare (podium support f. 
 Gk podion base f. pous podos foot)] 
 
 appur'tenance, n. Belonging; appen- 
 dage ; accessory, [f. AF apurtenance (OF aper-, 
 apar-) f. LL appertinentia (as appertain, see 
 
 -ANCE)] 
 
 appur'tenant, a. & n. (Thing) belonging, 
 appertaining, pertinent, (to), [f. OF apartenant 
 part, as appertain] 
 
 a'pricot, n. Orange - coloured stone-fruit 
 allied to plum, [(also earlier apricock) f. Sp. 
 albar(i)coque f. Arab, al the + biirqug f. Gk 
 praikokion prob. f. L praecoquum variant 
 of praecox early-ripe ; -cot by assim. to F 
 abricot] 
 
 A'pril (a-), n. Fourth month of year ; A.-fool, 
 one sportively imposed upon on A.-fool-day 
 (April 1). [f. OF avrill f. L aprills] 
 
 a prior*!, adv. & a. (Reasoning) from cause 
 to effect ; deductively ; (loosely) presumptively, 
 as far as one knows. Hence a-pri6*riTY n. 
 [L,=from what is before] 
 
 a*pron, n. Garment worn in front of body 
 to protect clothes; official dress, as bishop's, 
 dean's, freemason's, a. ; leather covering for 
 legs in open carriage ; skin covering stuffing of 
 roast goose or duck ; tied to a.-strings of (wife, 
 mother, &c), unduly controlled by. Hence 
 a'pronED 2 a., a'pronFUL n. [f. OF naperon 
 dim. of nape table-cloth f. L mappa napkin ; 
 for loss of n- (an apron = a napron) cf. adder] 
 
 apropos* (-po), adv., a., n. To the purpose ; 
 in respect of; appropriate(ness). [F, d to + 
 propos purpose] 
 
 apse, n. Semi-circular or polygonal recess, 
 
APSIDAL 
 
 arched or dome-roofed, esp. in church, [f. 
 apsis] 
 
 a'psidal, a. Of the form of an apse ; of the 
 apsides, [f. foil. + -al] 
 
 a'psis, n. (pi. a'psides, apsl'des). Aphelion, 
 perihelion, of planet ; apogee, perigee, of moon ; 
 line of act., straight line joining these. [L, f. 
 Gk (h)apsis -idos fastening, felloe of wheel, 
 vault, (hapto join)] 
 
 apt, a. Suitable, appropriate ; having a ten- 
 dency to (do) ; quick-witted (at). Hence a'pt- 
 ly 2 adv., a'ptxESS n. [f. L aptus fitted p.p. 
 of *apere fasten] 
 
 a'pterous, a. Wingless; (Bot.) having no 
 membranous expansions, [f. Gk apteros (a- 
 not + pteron wing) + -ous] 
 
 a'pteryx, n. New-Zealand bird, size of 
 goose, with rudimentary wings and no tail, 
 [f. Gk a- not + pterux wing] 
 
 a'ptitude, n. Fitness; natural propensity 
 (for) ; ability. [F, f. L aptitudinem (as apt, 
 see -tude)] 
 
 a'qua, n. (chem.). Liquid, solution, as a. 
 fortis, nitric acid, a. regia, mixture of nitric 
 and hydrochloric acids, able to dissolve gold and 
 platinum. [L, = water] 
 
 aquamari'ne (-en), n. Bluish-green beryl ; 
 bluish green (also as adj.). [f. L aqua marina 
 sea-water] 
 
 aquarelle, (-rel), n. Kind of painting with 
 Chinese ink and thin water colours. [F, f. It. 
 acquerella water-colour dim. of acqua f. L 
 aqua water] 
 
 aquar'ium, n. (pi. -turns, -ia) Artificial pond 
 or tank for the keeping of live aquatic plants 
 and animals ; place of public entertainment 
 containing such tanks. [L (aqua water, see 
 
 -ARIUMj] 
 
 Aquarius, n. Zodiacal constellation ; 
 eleventh sign of Zodiac, which sun enters on 
 Jan. 21. [L, = water-carrier (as prec, see -ary j ] 
 
 aqua'tie, a. & n. (Plant, animal) growing, 
 living, in or near water ; (of sports) conducted 
 in or upon water, [f. F aquatique f. L aquati- 
 cus (aqua water, see -atic)] 
 
 a'quatint, n. Method of engraving on 
 copper by use of a resinous solution and nitric- 
 acid, [f. F aqua-tinte, It. acqua tinta, f. L 
 aqua tincta dyed water (tingere dye)] 
 
 aqua-vl'tae, n. Ardent spirits, esp. of the 
 first distillation. [L,= water of life] 
 
 a'queduct, n. Artificial channel, esp. ele- 
 vated structure of masonry, for conveyance of 
 water; conduit; (Physiol.) small canal, esp. in 
 head of mammals, [f. L aquae ductus convey- 
 ance of water (ducere duct- lead)] 
 
 a'queous, a. Of water, watery ; (Geol.) pro- 
 duced by water, as a. rocks, [as f . a L aqueus 
 (aqua water) + -ous] 
 
 a'quiline, a. Of an eagle ; eagle-like, as a. 
 nose (hooked), [f. L aquilinus (aquila eagle, 
 see -ixe 1 )] 
 
 aquo'sity, n. "Wateriness. [f. med. L aquo- 
 sitas f. aquosus (aqua water), see ose and -tv] 
 
 ar-, pref . = ad- before r. 
 
 -ar 1 , suf. (1) f. L -aris (varying with -alis 
 -al), adj. suf. taken direct or thr. F, or imitated 
 with L nouns. OF had -er, new F wds have 
 -aire ; E corrects -er (scholar), but sometimes 
 uses -ary 2 instead of -ar for -aire (military). 
 <2) noun suf., f. L -are, -ar, neut. of above 
 (altar, exemplar). 
 
 -ar 2 , suf. Occas. (for regular -er 2 , -ary 1 ) f. 
 L -arius, -arium, in nouns thr. OF -ier (bursar) 
 or F -aire (vicar). 
 
 -ar 3 , suf. Variant for regular -er J , -or 2 , in 
 nouns (beggar, liar), perh. on anal, of scholar 
 <-ar*). 
 
 41 ARBOREAL 
 
 A'rab, n. & a. Native of Arabia ; Arab 
 horse ; street a., homeless child ; (adj.) Arabian, 
 [f. FArabe f. L Arabem (nom. -bs) f. Gk Araps 
 -abos] 
 
 arabe'sque, a. & n. Arabian ; fantastic ; 
 decoration in colour or low relief, with fanciful 
 intertwining of leaves, scroll-work, &c [F, = 
 Arabian, see -esque] 
 
 Ara'bian, a. & n. Of Arabia; A. nights, 
 collection of fabulous stories ; A. bird, phoenix, 
 [f. Arabia + -ax] 
 
 A'rabie, a. & n. Arabian ; gum A. (exuded 
 by some kinds of acacia) ; A. numerals, 1, 2, 3, 
 &c. ; (n.) language of the Arabs, [f. OF Arabic 
 f. L Arabicus (Arabs arab, see -ic)] 
 
 A*rabist,n. Student of Arabic. [arab + -ist] 
 
 a'rable, a. & n. (Land) fit for tillage, [f. L 
 arabilis (arare plough, see -ble)] 
 
 ara'chnid (-k-), n. (zool.). Member of the 
 Arachnida, class comprising spiders, scorpions, 
 and mites, [f. Gk arakhne spider + -id 3 ] 
 
 ara'chnoid, a. & n. (Bot.) covered with 
 long cobweb-like hairs; (n.) serous membrane 
 lining the dura mater, and enveloping brain 
 and spinal cord. [f. Gk arakhnoeides (arakhne 
 cobweb, see -oid)] 
 
 Arama'ic (a-), a. & n. (Language) of Aram 
 or Syria; northern branch of Semitic family 
 of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. 
 [f. L f. Gk Aramaios of Aram + -ic] 
 
 Arane'idan, a. & n. (Member) of the 
 Araneida or spiders, [f. L aranea spider, see 
 
 -ID 3 ] 
 
 Araucar'ia, n. Genus of trees including 
 monkey-puzzle. [Arauco, name of province] 
 
 ar'balest, ar'blast, n. Crossbow, [f. OF 
 arbalestei. Larcuballista (arcus bow+ballista 
 military engine)] 
 
 ar'biter, n. Judge ; one appointed by two 
 parties to settle dispute, umpire ; one who has 
 entire control (of). [L, perh. f. ar- = ad to + 
 bitere go, one who goes to see] 
 
 ar'bitrag-e (-ij ), n. Traffic in bills of exchange 
 or stocks to take advantage of different prices 
 in other markets. [F, f. arbitrer as arbitrate, 
 see -age] 
 
 ar'bitral, a. Pertaining to arbitration. [F, 
 f. LL arbitralis, see arbiter and -al] 
 
 arbitrament, -ement, n. Deciding of 
 dispute by arbiter ; authoritative decision, [f. 
 OF arbitrement (arbitrer, see arbitrage and 
 
 -MEXT)] 
 
 ar'bitrary, a. Derived from mere opinion ; 
 capricious; tinrestrained ; despotic ; (Law) dis- 
 cretionary. Hence ar'bitrariLY 2 adv., ar*- 
 bitrarixESS n. [f. L arbitrarius, see arbiter 
 and -ary j ] 
 
 arbitrate, v.t. & i. Decide by arbitration, 
 [f. L arbitrari judge, see arbiter and -ate 3 ] 
 
 arbitration, n. Settlement of a dispute 
 by an arbiter ; a. of exchange, determination 
 of rate of indirect exchange between two 
 currencies. [OF, f. L arbitrationem (as prec, 
 see -atiox)] 
 
 arbitrator, n. (Now the legal term for) 
 arbiter. Hence ar'bitratorsHip n. [f. OF 
 arbitratour by-form of arbitrour f. L arbitra- 
 torem (as arbitrate, see -or 2 )] 
 
 ar'bitress, n. Female arbiter, mediatress ; 
 absolute mistress, [f. OF arbitresse few., of 
 arbitre f. L arbiter, see -ess 1 ] 
 
 ar'bor, n. Main support of machine ; axle 
 or spindle on which wheel revolves, [f. F 
 arbre tree, axis, f. L arbor ; refash. on L] 
 
 arbora'ceous, a. Tree-like ; wooded, [f. 
 L arbor tree, see -aceous] 
 
 arbor'eal, a. Of, living in, connected with, 
 trees, [f. L arboreus (as prec, see -al] 
 
 2" 
 
ARBOREOUS 
 
 arbop'eous, a. Wooded ; arboreal ; arbor- 
 escent, [as prec, see -ous] 
 
 apbore'seent, a. Tree-like in growth or 
 general appearance ; (Arch.) branching out. 
 Hence arbore'seENCE n., arbore'seentLY- 
 adv. [f. L arborescere grow into a tree (arbor), 
 see -ent] 
 
 ar'borieulture, n. Cultivation of trees 
 and shrubs. Hence arborievrlturAL a., 
 arborieirltuPisT n. [f. L arbor -oris tree 
 + culture] 
 
 arbopiza'tion, n. Tree-like appearance 
 (Min., Chem.) in aggregation of crystals, (Anat.) 
 from distension or injection of capillary vessels. 
 [as prec. + -ize + -ation] 
 
 ap'bop vl'tae, n. Popular name of several 
 evergreens. [L, = tree of life] 
 
 ap'boup, n. Bower, shady retreat with sides 
 and roof formed by trees or lattice- work covered 
 with climbing plants. Hence ap'bouPED 2 a. 
 [orig. (h)erber f. OF (h)erbier grass lawn f. L 
 herbarium (herba grass, herb, see -arium), 
 phonetic change to ar- being assisted by assoc. 
 with L arbor tree] 
 
 ar'butus, n. Genus of evergreens including 
 strawberry tree. [L] 
 
 arc, n. Part of circumference of circle or 
 other curve; diurnal, nocturnal, a., part of 
 circle that a heavenly body appears to pass 
 through above, below, horizon ; belt contained 
 between parallel curves. [OF,f. L arcus bow, 
 curve] 
 
 apca'de, n. Passage arched over ; any 
 covered walk, esp. with shops along one or 
 both sides; (Arch.) series of arches on same 
 plane. Hence arca'dED 2 a. [F, f. It. areata 
 arch f. med. L areata (L arcus bow), see -ade] 
 
 Area'dian, a. & n. Ideal(ly) rustic, [f. L 
 Arcadius (Gk Arkadia mountain district in 
 Peloponnese) + -an] 
 
 apca'num, n. (Usu. in pi. -na) mystery, 
 secret. [L, neut. of arcanus (area chest, see 
 
 -AN)] 
 
 arch \ n. Curved structure, bearing weight 
 or ornamental ; curve ; vault ; archway, vault- 
 ed passage, arched entrance. Hence ap'ch- 
 wise adv. [f. OF arche (f. L area chest, but 
 confused with arc f. L arcus bow)] 
 
 arch 2 , v.t. & i. Furnish with an arch ; form 
 into an arch ; overarch, span ; (intr.) form an 
 arch, [f . OF archer (as prec. )] 
 
 arch 3 , a. (sup. -est). Chief, pre-eminent, as 
 a. rogue, knave, impostor, (but now usu. a.-) ; 
 cunning, clever, innocently roguish, whence 
 aP'chLY 2 adv., ap'chNESs n. [= foil.] 
 
 apch- (-tsh, exc. in archangel), pref. = Gk 
 arkhi-, arkh-, arkhe-, comb, form of arkhos 
 chief cogn. w. arkho begin (OE erce-, arce-, OF 
 arce-, later arche ; whence G erz-, Du. aarts) ; in 
 mod. literary wds f. Gk archi- is used, as arch- 
 deacon but arehidiaconal. Meaning: (1) in 
 titles of office &c. ' chief, superior ', as arch- 
 bishop, -duke, esp. in titles of Holy Roman or 
 German empire, as -butler, -chamberlain ; (2) 
 * pre-eminent, leading ', as -antiquary, -builder, 
 -prophet, -wag ; esp. ' extreme, worst ', as -buf- 
 foon, -knave, -liar ; (3) rarely = 'first, original', 
 as -founder, -messenger ; (4) of things, ' chief ', 
 as -diocese. 
 
 arehae'an (-k-), a. Of the earliest geological 
 period, [f. Gk arkhaios ancient (arkhe be- 
 ginning) + -AN] 
 
 apchaeo'logry, n. Study of antiquities, esp. 
 of the prehistoric period. So apehaeolo'g 1 - 
 ic(al) aa., apehaeolo*glealLY 2 adv., apen- 
 aeo'logriST n. [f. Gk arkhaiologia (as prec, 
 6ee -logy)] 
 
 areha'ie (-k-), a. Primitive, antiquated ; (of 
 
 42 ARCHITECTONIC 
 
 language) no longer in common use, though re- 
 tained for special purposes. Hence areha'ic- 
 ally adv. [f. Gk arkhaikos (as prec, sec -ic)] 
 
 ar'chaism, n. Retention, imitation, of 
 what is old or obsolete (esp. in language and 
 art) ; archaic word or expression. Hence 
 ap'chaisx n., apchai'stic a. [f. Gk arkh- 
 aismos (arkhaizo, see foil, and -ism)] 
 
 ap'chaize, v.t. & i. Imitate, affect, the 
 archaic; (trans.) render archaistic [f. Gk 
 arkhaizo copy the ancients (arkhaios ancient, 
 see -ize)] 
 
 ap'changel (-k-), n. Angel of highest rank ; 
 kind of dead-nettle ; kind of pigeon. Hence 
 arehange'lic a. [OF, f. L f. Gk arkhaggelos 
 (see arch- and angel)] 
 
 ap*chbi*shop,n. Chief bishop; metropolitan. 
 Hence apehBUSHOPRic. [f. L archiepiscopus 
 (see arch- and bishop)] 
 
 ar'chdea'eon, n. Ecclesiastical dignitary 
 next below bishop, superintending rural deans 
 and holding lowest ecclesiastical court, with 
 power of spiritual censure. Hence arch- 
 dea'consHiP n. [OE. arce-diacon f. L f. Gk 
 arkhidiakonos (see ARCH- and deacon)] 
 
 apchdea'conpy, n. Jurisdiction, rank, 
 residence, of archdeacon, [prec. + -ry] 
 
 arehdi'ocese, n. See of an archbishop. - 
 
 [ARCH- (4)] 
 
 ap'chduchess, n. Wife of an archduke ; 
 daughter of Emperor of Austria, [f. F archi- 
 duchesse (see arch- and duchess)] 
 
 ar'chduke, n. Son of Emperor of Austria. 
 So ap*chDU'CAL a., ap'chDUCHY n. [f. OF 
 archeduc (see arch- and duke)] 
 
 ap'ch-e'nemy, n. Chief enemy ; Satan. 
 [arch- (2)J 
 
 ap'cher, n. One that shoots with bow and* 
 arrows ; Sagittarius, ninth Zodiacal constella- 
 tion. So ap*chERY(2) n. [AF, f. OF archier 
 f. L arcarius (arcus bow, see -ary 2 )] 
 
 ap'chetype (-k-), n. Original model, proto- 
 type. Hence ap'chetypAL a., ap'ehetyp- 
 alLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk arkhetupon (arkhe- 
 arch- + tupos stamp)] 
 
 apch-fie'nd, n. Satan, [arch- (2)] 
 
 apchidia'conal (-k-), a. Pertaining to an 
 archdeacon, [f. L as archdeacon + -al] 
 
 apchiepi'scopal (k-), a. Pertaining to an 
 archbishop, [f. L as archbishop + -al] 
 
 ap'chil (-tsh-, -k-), n. (Violet dye from) 
 various kinds of lichen, [corrupt, of orchil f. 
 OF orchel f. It. orcello, etym. dub.] 
 
 archimandrite (-k-), n. Superior of mon- 
 astery or convent in Greek church, [f. med. 
 L archimandrita f. late Gk arkhima)\drites 
 (arkhi- arch- + mandra monastery)] 
 
 Archimedean (-k-), a. Of Archimedes 
 (Greek mathematician) ; A. screw, instrument 
 raising water by tube in form of screw wound 
 round cylinder, [f. L Archimedeus + -an] 
 
 archipe'lag-o (-k-), n. Aegean sea ; sea 
 with many islands ; group of islands, [f. It. 
 arcipelago (arci- arch- (4) +pelago gulf, pool, 
 f. L f. Gk pelagos sea)] 
 
 ap'chitect (-k-), n. Professor of building, 
 who prepares plans and superintends work ; 
 designer of complex structure, esp. the Creator ; 
 (fig. ) achiever, as a. of his ownfortunes. Hence 
 ap'ehiteetiVE a. [f. L architectus f. Gk 
 arkhitekton (arkhi- arch- + tekton builder) ; 
 some derivatives formed as if L -tectus were 
 p.p. of tegere cover] 
 
 architecto'nie, a. Of architecture or 
 architects ; constructive ; controlling ; pertain- 
 ing to systematization of knowledge, whence 
 apehiteeto'nics n., apehiteeto'nieAL a. 
 [f. L f. Gk arkhitektonikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
ARCHITECTURE 43 
 
 architecture (-tsher), n. Science of build- 
 ing ; thing built, structure ; style of building ; 
 construction. Hence arehite'etur al a. , ar- 
 ehite'eturalLY 2 adv. [F, f. L architectura 
 (architect us architect, see -ure)] 
 
 ar'ehitrave (-k-), n. Epistyle, main beam 
 resting immediately on the abacus on capital 
 of column ; the various parts surrounding 
 doorway or window ; moulding round exterior 
 of arch. [f. archi- arch- + L trabs -abis 
 beam] 
 
 ar'ehive (-kiv), n. (usu. pi.). Place in which 
 public records are kept ; records so kept. [F 
 (-if, -ire), f. hharchi(v)um f. Gk arkheion public 
 office (arkhe government)] 
 
 ar'ehivist (-ki-), n. Keeper of archives, [f. 
 prec. + -ist] 
 
 ap'ehivolt (-k-), n. Under curve of arch 
 from impost to impost; mouldings decorat- 
 ing this. [f. It. archivolto, arcovolta (arco f. 
 L arcus arch + volta vault, volto arched)] 
 
 ar'chon (-k-), n. One of nine chief magistrates 
 at Athens ; ruler, president. Hence ap'chon- 
 ship n. [Gk, = ruler (part, of arkho)] 
 
 ar'etie, a. Of the north pole, northern; A. 
 circle (of earth), parallel of 66° 32' N. [f. OF 
 artique f. L f. Gk arktikos (arktos bear, Ursa 
 Major, see -ic)] 
 
 Aretur'us, n. Brightest star in constella- 
 tion Bootes. [L, f. Gk arktouros (arktos bear 
 + ouros guardian)] 
 
 ar'euate(d), a. Bent like a bow ; arched, 
 [f. L arcuatus (arcuare f. arcus bow, see 
 -ate 2)] 
 
 -ard, suf. forming nouns, usu. of censure 
 (sluggard, drunkard), but cf. standard (orig. 
 stander), placard ; also spelt -art (braggart). 
 [ME & OF, f. G -hart, -hard, hardy, in proper 
 names] 
 
 ar'dent, n. Burning, red-hot ; parching ; a. 
 spirits (prop. = inflammable, but now under- 
 stood of their taste), alcoholic spirits ; eager, 
 zealous; fervent (of persons and feelings). 
 Hence ap'dEXCY n., ar'dentLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 ardant f. L ardentem (ardere burn), see -ant] 
 
 ar'doup (-er), n. Fierce heat ; warm emo- 
 tion ; fervour, zeal, (for). [OF, f. L ardorem 
 (ardere burn, see -OR 3 )] 
 
 ap'duous, a. Steep, hard to climb ; hard to 
 achieve, laborious ; strenuous, energetic. Hence 
 ap*duousLY 2 adv., ap'duousNESS n. [f. L 
 arduus steep, difficult + -ous] 
 
 are 1 (ar), n. French metric unit of square 
 measure, square whose side is 10 metres 
 (119-6 sq. yds). [F, f. L area] 
 
 ape 2 . See be. 
 
 ap'ea, n. Vacant ground ; level space ; sunk 
 court railed off from pavement and giving 
 access to basement of house, as a.-bell ; super- 
 ficial extent ; region, tract ; scope, range. [L, 
 = vacant piece of ground in town] 
 
 a'peea, n. Genus of palms ; a. -nut, astringent 
 seed of a species of a. [Port., f. Tamil adaikay 
 (adai close-clustering + kay nut)] 
 
 are'na, n. (pi. -as). Central part of amphi- 
 theatre, in which combats take place; (fig.) 
 scene of conflict, sphere of action. [L (h)arena 
 sand, sand-strewn place of combat] 
 
 apena'ceous, a. Sand-like ; sandy. So 
 apeno , SE 1 a. [f. L arenaceus (as prec, see 
 
 -ACEOUS)] 
 
 ape'ola, n. (pi. -ae). Very small area, as 
 that between veins of a leaf ; interstice in 
 tissue ; circular spot, as that surrounding the 
 human nipple; (Biol.) cell-nucleus of plant. 
 Hence ape'olAR 1 , ape'olATE 2 , aa., apeoLv- 
 tion n. [L, dim. of area] 
 
 Areo'pagite (-g-), n. Member of the court of 
 
 ARIAN 
 
 Areopagus, [f. L f. Gk arciopagites (see foil, 
 and -ite)] 
 
 Ape6*pag-us, n. Hill at Athens where 
 highest judicial court sat. [L, f. Gk Areios 
 pagos Mars' hill] 
 
 are'te (-at), n. Sharp ascending ridge of 
 mountain. [F, f. L arista ear of corn] 
 
 ap'gala, n. Adjutant-bird, gigantic Indian 
 stork. [Hind, hargila] 
 
 ar'gaii, n. Asiatic wild sheep. [Mongol] 
 
 ap'gand, n. Lamp with cylindrical wick ; 
 gas burner on same principle, [inventor] 
 
 ap'grent, n. & a. Silver (colour, esp. in 
 armorial bearings). [F, f. L argentum] 
 
 apg-enti'ferous, a. Yielding silver, [f. L 
 argentum + -ferous] 
 
 ap'g-entine, a. & n. Of silver ; silvery ; imi- 
 tation silver ; silvery lamellae on scales of fish ; 
 (Zool.) genus of small fishes ; (Min.) slate-spar, 
 [f. F argentin f. L argentinus of silver (argen- 
 tum, see -ixe 1 )] 
 
 ap'gil (-J-), n. Clay (esp. potter's). So apgil- 
 1a 'ceo US a. [f. F argille f. L argilla f. Gk 
 argillos (arges white)] 
 
 ap*g"ol, n. Tartar deposited from fermented 
 wines, which when purified becomes cream of 
 tartar. [?] 
 
 ar'gon, n. A gas, an inert constituent of 
 the atmosphere. [Gk, neut. of argos idle (a- 
 not + ergon work)] 
 
 Ar'gonaut, n. (PI.) legendary heroes who 
 sailed with Jason in the Argo for the golden 
 fleece ; genus of cephalopod molluscs including 
 paper nautilus. Hence Argonautic a. 
 [f. L (-ta) f. Gk Argonautes sailor in the Argo] 
 
 ap'g-osy, n. (hist., poet.). Large merchant- 
 vessel, esp. of Ragusa and Venice, [earlier 
 ragusye, prob. f. It. Ragusea (nave) Ragusa n 
 (vessel)] 
 
 ap'g-ot (.go), n. Jargon, slang, of a class, esp. 
 of thieves. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 ap'gue (-u), v.t. & i. Prove, indicate, as it 
 argues him (to be) a rogue, that he is a 
 rogue, roguery in him ; maintain by reasons 
 (that), whence ap'g-UABLE a. ; treat (matter) 
 by reasoning; a. it away, get rid of it by 
 argument ; a. (persuade) a person into, out of ; 
 reason (icith, against, person, for, against, 
 about, thing), [f. OF arguer f. L argutare 
 frequent, of arguere make clear, prove, accuse] 
 
 ar'gument, n. Reason advanced (for, 
 against, proposition or course) ; (Logic) middle 
 term in syllogism ; reasoning process ; debate ; 
 summary of subject-matter of book; a. (usu. 
 argumentum) ad hominem, one that takes ad- 
 vantage of character or situation of particular 
 opponent, ad crumenam, of his avarice, ad 
 ignorantiam, of his ignorance of the facts. 
 [F, f. L argumentum (argncre, see prec. and 
 
 -MENT)] 
 
 argumenta'tion, n. Methodical reason- 
 ing ; debate. [F, f. hargunientationcm f. argu- 
 mentari (as prec), see -ation] 
 
 apg-ume'ntative, a. Logical ; fond of 
 arguing. Hence apg"ume # ntativeLY 2 adv., 
 apg-ume'ntativeNESS n. [F (-if, -ive), as 
 prec, see -ative] 
 
 Ar*gus, n. Fabulous person with a hundred 
 eyes ; watchful guardian ; a.-eyed, vigilant ; 
 a.-shell, oculated porcelain-shell. [L.f.Gk^l rgos] 
 
 apgru'te, a. Sharp, shrewd; (of sounds) 
 shrill, [f. L argutus p.p. of arguere, see argue] 
 
 apg-yp-, argypo-, (ji-), in comb.=Gk ar- 
 guros silver, as argy'ria silver-poisoning, 
 argyra'nthous, with silvery flowers, argyro- 
 phyllous, silvery-leaved. 
 
 ar*ia (aH n. (mus.). Air. [It.] 
 
 Ap'ian (ar-), a. & n. (Holder) of the doctrine 
 
-ARIAN 44 
 
 of Arius of Alexandria (4th c), who denied 
 consubstantiality of Christ. Hence Ap'ian- 
 ism n., An'ianrzE v.t. & i. [f. L Arianu-s 
 (Arius f. Gk Arios, Areios, see -ax)] 
 
 -apian, suf. forming adjj. and nn. chiefly 
 denoting (member) of a sect &c. (veget-, trinit-, 
 humanit-), or (person) of an age given by L 
 numerals (oclogen-). [L -anus + -ax ; first 
 sense perh. w. ref. to ariax] 
 
 a'Pid, a. Dry, parched, (lit. & fig.) ; (of ground) 
 barren, bare. 'Hence api'diTY, a'pidxESS, nn. 
 [f. L aridus (arere be dry)] 
 
 ap'iel, n. Species of gazelle in Western Asia 
 and Africa, [f. Arab, aryil var. of ayyil stag] 
 
 Ap'ies (ar-), n. The Ram, first zodiacal con- 
 stellation. [L, = ra m] 
 
 apigh't, adv. Rightly, [a prep. + right n.] 
 
 -anous, compd adj. suf. =L -arius (-ary 1 ) 
 4- -ous. 
 
 ari'se (-z), v.i. (arose, arisen). (Archaic) rise, 
 get up ; (poet.) rise from the dead ; (archaic) be 
 heard (of sounds) ; originate ; be born ; come 
 into notice ; result (from) ; present itself, [a- (1) 
 + rise v.] 
 
 ari'sta, n. Awn, beard, of grain and grasses. 
 [L] 
 
 api'state, a. Awned, bearded, [f. L arista- 
 
 tllS (ARISTA, see -ATE 2 )] 
 
 apisto'epaey, n. Government by the best 
 citizens ; supremacy of privileged order, oli- 
 garchy ; state so governed ; ruling body of 
 nobles ; class from which ruling body is drawn, 
 nobles ; the best representatives of (intellect 
 &c). [f. L f. Gk aristokratia (aristos best + 
 -kratia rule)] 
 
 a'Pistocpat, n. One of a ruling oligarchy ; 
 one of the class of nobles. Hence apisto*- 
 CPatis.M n. [f. F aristocrate (as foil.)] 
 
 apistocpa*tic, a. Pertaining to, attached 
 to, aristocracy ; grand, stylish. Hence apisto- 
 cpa'tieAL a., apistocpa'ticalLV 2 adv. [f. 
 F aristocratique f. Gkaristokratikos (as aristo- 
 cracy, see -ic)] 
 
 api*thmetie, n. Science of numbers ; arith- 
 metical knowledge, computation ; treatise on 
 computation. Hence apithmetrciAX n. [f. 
 OF arismetique f. LL arismetiea for L arith- 
 metica f. Gk arithmetike (tekhne) (art) of count- 
 ing f. arithmeo count (arithmos number), see 
 -ic; corrupted in ME to arsmetrUce, as if f. L 
 ars metrica art of measure] 
 I arithme'tieal, a. Of arithmetic ; a. pro- 
 gression, (series of numbers showing) increase, 
 decrease, by a constant quantity (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 
 &c, 9, 7, 5, 3, &c). Hence apithme'tiealiA" - 
 adv. [prec. + -al] 
 
 apitnmo'metep, n. Calculating machine. 
 |f. F arithmometre (Gk arithmos number + 
 -meter] 
 
 -apium, noun suf. f. L neut. of adjj. in -arius 
 (-ary 1 ), chiefly in antiquarian words as sacra- 
 rium, occas. popularized, as aquarium. 
 
 apk, n. Chest, box ; A. of the Covenant, A. of 
 Testimony, wooden coffer containing tables of 
 Jewish law ; covered floating vessel in which 
 Noah was saved at the Deluge ; Noah's a., toy 
 ark with animals. [com.-Teut. : OE arc f. 
 OTeut. arka prob. f. L area chest] 
 
 apm 1 , n. Upper limb of human body from 
 shoulder to hand \fore-a. (from elbow to'hand) ; 
 fore limb of an animal ; sleeve ; thing re- 
 sembling a., as a. of the sea, a. -chair (with 
 side supports), a. of lever, balaivce, (part from 
 fulcrum to point of application of power or 
 weight) ; a. -hole in garment, hole through 
 which a. is put ; a. -pit, hollow under a. at 
 shoulder ; a.-in-a. (of two persons with aa. in- 
 terlinked) ; infant in aa. (too young to walk) ; 
 
 ARMOUR 
 
 with open aa., cordially; keep at a.'s length, 
 avoid familiarity with; secular a., authority 
 of secular tribunal. Hence ar'niFUL n., 
 ap'mless 1 [-less] a. [com.-Teut. (OE, Du., 
 G) cogn. w. L armus shoulder; cf. Gk harmos 
 joint f. Aryan root ar- join] 
 
 arm 2 , n. (usu. pi. ). Weapons ; fire-aa. (re- 
 quiring gunpowder) ; small-aa. (not requiring 
 carriages) ; stand of aa., set for one soldier ; 
 (sing.) particular kind of weapon ; take up aa., 
 arm oneself (often fig. ) ; bearaa. .serve as soldier ; 
 lay down aa., cease hostilities ; in aa., armed ; 
 up> in aa., actively engaged in rebellion &c. (also 
 fig.) ; under aa., in battle array ; military pro- 
 fession ; (sing. & pi.) each kind of troops, in- 
 fantry, cavalry, &c. ; heraldic devices, as coat 
 of aa. ; King-of-Aa., Chief Herald. Hence 
 ap'mless 2 [-less] a. [f. F amies i. L arma 
 arms, fittings, f. root ar- join] 
 
 arm 3 , v.t. & i. Furnish with arms; armed 
 neutrality (of nations prepared for war) ; fur- 
 nish with tools or other requisites ; plate (with 
 anything) ; furnish (magnet) with an armature ; 
 (intr.) arm oneself, take up arms. [f. F armer 
 f. L armare (arma)] 
 
 apma'da, n. Fleet of ships of war, esp. the 
 (Invincible) A. sent by Philip II of Spain 
 against England in 1588. [Sp., f. L artnata 
 (armare arm v., see -ade)] 
 
 apmadi'llo, n. Burrowing animal of S. 
 America, with body encased in bony armour, 
 and habit of rolling itself into ball when cap- 
 tured ; genus of small terrestrial Crustacea with 
 same habit, allied to wood-louse. [Sp., dim. of 
 armado one armed f. L as arm 3 , see -ado] 
 
 ap'mament, n. Force (usu. naval) equipped 
 for war ; military equipments, esp. great guns 
 on man-of-war ; process of equipping for war. 
 [f. L armamentum (as prec, see -mext)] 
 
 ap'matupe, n. Arms, armour ; defensive 
 covering of animals or plants ; piece of soft 
 iron placed in contact with poles of magnet, 
 increasing its power, [f. L armatura (as prec, 
 see -ure)] 
 
 arme blanche (F), n. Cavalry sword or 
 lance. 
 
 Apme'nian, a. & n. Of Armenia; A. bole, 
 red Armenian earth, used medicinally ; A. 
 stone, blue carbonate of copper ; native of 
 Armenia ; adherent of Armenian church. 
 
 [-AX] 
 
 ap'migep (-J-), n. Esquire, one entitled to 
 bear heraldic arms. [L, = bearing arms (arma 
 arms -f- gerere bear)] 
 
 apmi'llapy, a. Pertaining to bracelets ; a. 
 sphere, skeleton celestial globe of metal rings 
 representing equator, tropics, &c [f. L armilla 
 bracelet, see -ary ] ] 
 
 Armi'nian, a. & n. (Adherent) of the doc- 
 trine of Arminius, Dutch protestant theologian, 
 who opposed the views of Calvin, esp. on pre- 
 destination. Hence Apmi'nianiSM n. [f. 
 Arminius, Latiniz. of Harmensen + -ax] 
 
 ap'mistice (-is), n. Cessation from arms (lit. 
 & fig. ) ; short truce, [f. L arma arms + -stitium 
 (sistere -stit- stop)] 
 
 ap'mlet, n. Band worn round arm ; small 
 inlet of sea or branch of river, [arm l + -let] 
 
 armor'ial, a. & n. (Book) pertaining to 
 heraldic arms, [armory -f -a l 1 ] 
 
 ap'mopy, n. Heraldry. Hence ap'moriST 
 n. [f. OF armoirie f. armoier blazoner f. 
 armoier v. =It. armeggiare f. L arma arms] 
 
 ap'moup 1 (-er), n. Defensive covering worn in 
 fighting; a.-bearer, one who carries another's 
 a. ; metal sheathing of ship of war, composed 
 of a.-plates ; a.-clad, furnished with this ; 
 diver's suit ; protective covering of animals or 
 
ARMOUR 
 
 plants ; heraldic insignia, [f. OF amneiire f. L 
 armatura armature] 
 
 ap'moup' 2 , v.t. Furnish with protective 
 covering ; armoured cruiser, [f. prec] 
 
 ap'moupep, n. Manufacturer of arms ; 
 official in charge of ship's, regiment's, arms, 
 [f. AF armurer, OF -urier, f. armeiire, see 
 prec. and -er 2 ] 
 
 ap*moupy, n. Place where arms are kept, 
 arsenal; (U.S.) armourer's workshop, [perh. 
 as armory, hut treated as f. armour -f -y l ] 
 
 ap'my, n. Organized body of men armed 
 for war; standing a., one of professional 
 soldiers permanently on foot; the a., the 
 military service ; vast host ; organized body of 
 men, as Salvation A., Blue Jtibbon A. ; a.- 
 broker, -contractor, (carrying on business in 
 connexion with the a.); a.-corps, main divi- 
 sion of a. in the field ; a.-list, official list of 
 commissioned officers ; a.-worm, larva of cot- 
 ton-moth, [f. F armee (cf. -ade) f. L armata 
 fern. p.p. of armare arm] 
 
 ar'niea, n. Genus of plants including moun- 
 tain tobacco ; medicine, esp. tincture, prepared 
 from this. [?] 
 
 aroi'nt, -oynt, v. or int. (archaic). A. thee, 
 begone. [?] 
 
 apo'ma, n. (pi. -as). Fragrance, sweet smell ; 
 subtle pervasive quality, [earlier (and OF) 
 aromat f. L aromata (pi.) f. Gk aroma -matos] 
 
 aroma'tie, a. Fragrant; spicy. [f. F 
 aromatique f. L f. Gk aromatikos (aroma, see 
 -IC)] 
 
 arose. See arise. 
 
 arou'nd, adv. & prep. On every side, in 
 every direction ; (U.S.) about, here and there, 
 at random, as fool a. ; on, along, the circuit of ; 
 about, enveloping, [f. A- (2) + round] 
 
 arovrse (-z), v.t. Awaken ; stir up into 
 activity, [a- + rouse, on anal, of rise, arise] 
 
 arpeggio (-ejo), n. (mus.). Striking of notes 
 of chord in rapid (usu. upward) succession ; 
 chord so struck. [It.] 
 
 arquebus. See harquebus. 
 
 a'ppaek, n. Eastern name for any native 
 spirituous liquor, esp. that distilled from the 
 coco-palm, or from rice and sugar, [f. Arab. 
 'araq juice] 
 
 a'prah, int., an Anglo-Irish expletive. 
 
 appaigrn, v.t. Indict before a tribunal ; 
 accuse ; find fault with, call in question, (action, 
 statement). So appaig"nMENT n. [f. AF 
 arainer f. OF araisnier f. L xorationare 
 reason, talk reasonably (ratio -onis reason, 
 discourse)] 
 
 appa'nge, v.t. & i. Put into order, adjust; 
 draw up (army); (Mus.) adapt (composition) 
 for new circumstances; settle (dispute, &c); 
 settle beforehand the order, manner, of ; (intr.) 
 come to agreement {with person, about thing, 
 to do, that, or abs.). So appa'ngeMENT n. 
 [f. OF arangier (a to + rangier f. rang rank)] 
 
 a'ppant, a. Notorious, downright, thorough- 
 paced, as a. knave, dunce, hypocrite, nonsense. 
 Hence a'PPantLY 2 adv. [variant of errant, 
 orig. in phrr. like a. ( — outlawed, roving) thief] 
 
 a'ppas, n. Rich tapestry ; hanging screen of 
 this formerly hung round walls of rooms (often 
 not too closely to admit person). Hence 
 a'ppasED 2 a. [Am*as, town in Artois famous 
 for the fabric] 
 
 array* 1 , v.t. Marshal, dispose, (forces) ; (Law) 
 impanel a jury ; dress, esp. with display ; (refl.) 
 dress oneself up ; adorn ; (fig.) clothe (in quali- 
 ties &c). [f. AF arayer— OF areyer (Pro v. 
 aredar, early Rom. arredare) f. ad to + *redo 
 (OFrei, rai) order, preparation, f. LG rede, Goth. 
 garaids ready] 
 
 45 ARROW 
 
 array 2 , n. Order, as battle a. ; (Hist.) arm- 
 ing of militia, as Commission of A. ; military 
 force ; imposing series (of persons or things) ; 
 order of impanelling jury ; (poet.) outfit, dress, 
 [f. AF arai = OF arei f. areyer, see prec] 
 
 appear*, n. (Archaic) hinder part, esp. of 
 procession ; (pi.) outstanding debts ; in aa. or 
 a., behindhand, esp. in payment; in a. of, 
 behind, [orig. adv. f. OF arere (mod. F arriere) 
 f. LL ad retro {ad to + retro backwards) ; first 
 used in phr. in arrear] 
 
 appeap'age, n. Backwardness ; unpaid 
 balance ; thing in reserve ; (pi.) debts, [f. OF 
 arerage f. arere, see prec. and -age] 
 
 appe'et, a. (Of the ears) pricked up ; (fig.) on 
 the alert, [f. L arrectus p.p. of Anrigere raise 
 up (regere straighten)] 
 
 appe'st 1 , v.t. Stop (person, cannon-ball, de- 
 cay) ; (Law) a. judgment, stay proceedings 
 after verdict, on ground of error ; seize (per- 
 son), esp. by legal authority ; catch (attention) ; 
 catch attention of. Hence appe'stiVE a., 
 appe'stMENT n. [f. OF arester (Pro v. arestar) 
 f. LL ADrestare remain, stop (intr.)] 
 
 appe'st 2 , n. Stoppage, check; a. of judg- 
 ment (see prec.) ; seizure ; legal apprehension ; 
 imprisonment ; under a. (legal restraint), [f. 
 OF arest f. arester, see prec] 
 
 appi'de, v.t. (archaic). Please, gratify, [f. L 
 Auridere smile upon, be pleasing to] 
 
 arriere-ban (aTler-), n. Summoning of 
 vassals to military service by Frankish king ; 
 body thus summoned or liable to be summoned ; 
 noblesse ; (improp.) summoning of inferior 
 (arriere-) vassals. [F, f. OF ariere-ban for 
 (h)ari-ban f. OHG hari army + ban edict, 
 altered in form and sense by pop. etym., whence 
 ban et arriere-ban summoning of superior and 
 inferior vassals] 
 
 arriere-pensee (F), n. Ulterior motive; 
 mental reservation. 
 
 a'PPis, n. Sharp edge formed by angular 
 contact of two plane or curved surfaces, as 
 a.-gutter (V-shaped), a.-wise, ridge-wise. [f. F 
 areste (mod. arete) f. L arista ear of corn] 
 
 appi'val, n. Act of coming to end of journey 
 or destination (lit. & fig.) ; appearance upon 
 scene ; person, thing, that has arrived ; (colloq.) 
 new-born child ; cargo to be delivered when 
 ship arrives, [f. AF arrivaille (arriver, see 
 foil, and -al (2))] 
 
 appi've, v.i. Come to destination (lit. & fig.) 
 or end of journey (at Bath, in Paris, upon scene-, 
 at conclusion) ; (of things) be brought ; (of 
 time) come ; (of events) come about, [f. OF 
 ariver f. LL arribare f. L A&ripare come to 
 shore (ripa)] 
 
 a'ppogant, a. Overbearing ; presumptuous ; 
 haughty. Hence or cogn. a'PPOgTANCE, -ancy, 
 nn., a'PPOgrantLY 2 adv. [F (as foil., see 
 -ant)] 
 
 a'progate, v.t. Claim unduly (thing, to one- 
 self a thing) ; claim unduly that one possesses 
 (a quality) ; claim unduly for (to) someone else, 
 [f. L AK(rogare ask), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 appoga'tion, n. Unjust claim (of or abs.) ; 
 unwarrantable assumption. [f. L arrogatio 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 arronciissement (F), n. Administrative 
 subdivision of French department. 
 
 a'ppow, n. Pointed missile shot from bow ; 
 index, pin, ornament, of similar shape ; a. or 
 broad a. -head, mark used by British Board of 
 Ordnance ; a.-stitch, triangular set of stitches 
 securing whalebone in stays ; a.-headed charac- 
 ters, cuneiform ; arroxcroot, plant from which a 
 nutritious starch is prepared. Hence a'PPOWY 2 
 a. [OE earh, arwe, f. OTeut., Goth, arhwazna 
 
ARSE ___ 
 
 thing belonging to the bow (arhw cogn. w. L 
 aretes bow)] 
 
 arse, n. Buttocks, rump. [com. - Tent,, 
 cogn. w. Gk orrhos] 
 
 ap*senal,n. Public establishment for storage 
 or manufacture of weapons and ammunition 
 (also fig.), [f. It. arsenate, earlier arzend f. 
 Arab, dar accina'ah (dar house + al the + 
 cina'ah art f/canaa fabricate; d- dropped 
 perh. by confus/w. de prep. ; -ale added in It.] 
 
 ap'sehic 1 , n. (Chem.) brittle steel-green 
 semi-metallic substance, crystallizing in rhom- 
 bohedrons, and volatilizing without fusion 
 with odour of garlic; (pop.) trioxide of a., 
 white mineral substance, a violent poison ; 
 flowers of a., same sublimed. Hence apse'n- 
 iCAL a, [OF, f. L f. Gk arsenikon yellow orpi- 
 ment (identified with arsenikos male, from 
 belief that metals were of different sexes, but 
 in fact) f. Arab, az-zernikh the orpiment f. 
 Pers. zerni (zar gold)] 
 
 apse'nie 2 , a. Of, belonging to, arsenic ; esp. 
 (Chem.) applied to compounds in which arsenic 
 combines as a pentad, [f . prec. , -ic being identi- 
 fied with -ic (1)] 
 
 apse'nious, a. Containing arsenic ; esp. 
 applied to compounds in which arsenic com- 
 bines as a triad, [f. arsenic n. + -ious ; see also 
 -ous] 
 
 ap'sis, n. Accented syllable in English 
 scansion (cf. thesis). [L f. Gk, = lifting f. airo 
 lift ; in what sense, and whether orig. of voice 
 or foot (in beating time), is disputed] 
 
 ap'son, n. Wilful setting on fire of another's 
 house or similar property or one's own when 
 insured. [OF, f. ~L~Larsionem (a rdere urs- burn, 
 intr., see -ion)] 
 
 apt \ v. See be. 
 
 art 2 , n. Skill, esp. human skill as opposed 
 to nature ; skilful execution as an object in 
 itself ; skill applied to imitation and design, as 
 in painting &c ; thing in which skill may be 
 exercised ; esp. (pi.) certain branches of learning 
 serving as intellectual instruments for more 
 
 advanced studies, as Bachelor, Master, of Aa., 
 one who has obtained standard of proficiency 
 
 in these ; black a., magic ; practical application 
 
 of any science ; industrial pursuit, craft ; guild, 
 
 company of craftsmen ; fine aa., those in which 
 
 mind and imagination are chiefly concerned ; 
 
 knack ; cunning ; stratagem ; a. and (or) part, 
 
 design and (or) execution, as be a. and part in 
 
 (accessary in both respects). [OF, f. L artem, 
 
 nom. ars, prob. f. ar- fit] 
 aptep'ial, a. Belonging to, of the nature of, 
 
 an artery ; a. drainage (ramifying like artery). 
 
 [F (artere artery, see -al)] 
 aptep'ialize, v.t. Convert venous into 
 
 arterial (blood) by exposure to oxygen in lungs ; 
 
 furnish with arterial system. Hence ar- 
 
 teP'ializATiox n. [prec. +-ize] 
 aptepio'tomy, n. Opening of artery for 
 
 blood-letting ; dissection of arteries, [f. Gk 
 
 arteriotomia (as foil., see -tomy)] 
 ap'tepy, n. Tube forming part of system by 
 
 which blood is conveyed from heart (cf. vein) 
 
 to all parts of body (also fig.). Hence aptep- 
 
 itis n. [f. L f. Gk arteria prob. f. airo raise] 
 Arte'sian (-zhn), a. A. well, perpendicular 
 
 boring into strata, producing constant supply of 
 
 water rising spontaneously to surface, [f. F 
 
 artesien (Artois, old French province)] 
 ap'tful, a. Cunning, crafty, deceitful, (of 
 
 persons and actions). Hence aP'tfulLY 2 adv., 
 
 ap'tfulNESS n. [art + -ful] 
 apthpi'tis, n. Inflammation of joint; gout. 
 
 So apthpi'tic a. [L f. Gk (arthron joint, see 
 
 -ITIS)] 
 
 46 -ARY 
 
 arthpo-, comb, form of Gk arthron joint, as 
 in arthropathy, painful affection of joints, 
 arthrosis, articulation. 
 
 aptichoke, n. Plant (of which bottom of 
 flower and bases of its scales are edible) allied 
 to thistles, native of Barbary; Jerusalem 
 (corrupt, of girasole, sunflower) A., species of 
 sunflower with edible tuberous roots, [f. It. 
 articiocco corrupt, of *alcarcioffo (mod. It. 
 carciofo, OSp. alcarchofa) f. Arab. alkharshuf\ 
 
 ap'ticle ] , n. Separate portion of anything 
 written ; separate clause (of agreement &c.) 
 as Thirty-nine Aa., Aa. of war, Apprenticeship, 
 Association ; literary composition forming part 
 of magazine &c. but independent ; leading a. 
 in newspaper, large-type a. expressing editorial 
 opinion; particular; particular thing, as the 
 next a. ; (Gram.) definite a., 'the', indefinite 
 a., 4 a, an"; in the a. (moment) of death (usu. in 
 articulo mortis). [F, f. L articulus, dim. of 
 artus limb] 
 
 ap'ticle 2 , v.t. Set forth in articles; indict; 
 bind by articles of apprenticeship, [f. prec] 
 
 apti'eulap, a. Pertaining to the joints, [f . L 
 articularis (as article 1 , see -ar 1 )] 
 
 apti'eulate 1 (-at), a. & n. Jointed; dis- 
 tinctly jointed, distinguishable, as a. speech ; 
 (n. ) articulate animal. Hence apti'eulateL v 2 
 adv., apti'eulateNESS n. [f. L articulatus 
 (as prec, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 apti'eulate 2 , v.t. & i. Connect by joints, 
 mark with apparent joints (usu. pass.) ; divide 
 into words, pronounce distinctly ; (intr.) speak 
 distinctly. Hence apti'eulatORY a, [f. prec, 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 articulation, n. Act, mode, of jointing ; 
 joint ; articulate utterance, speech; consonant. 
 [F, f. L articidationem (artiexdare joint as 
 
 ARTICLE 1 , See -ATIOX)] 
 
 ap'tifiee, n. Device, contrivance ; address, 
 skill. [F, f. L artificium (ars artis axt+-ficivm 
 making f. facere make)] 
 
 apti'neep, n. Craftsman ; inventor (of), [f. 
 prec. + -er l ) 
 
 aptifi'eial (-shl), a. Made by art ; not natural ; 
 not real, as a. flowers ; real, but produced by 
 art, as a. ice. Hence aptifieia'liTY (-shi-), 
 aptifi'eialNESS, nn. , artifi'eializE v.t. , arti- 
 fi'eialLY 2 adv. [F, f. L artificialis (as 
 artifice, see -al)] 
 
 apti'llepy, n. Engines for discharging mis- 
 siles, esp. cannon, ordnance ; branch of army 
 that manages cannon ; a.-train, ordnance 
 mounted on carriages and ready for marching. 
 Hence apti'llepisT, apti'llepyman, nn. [f. 
 F artillerie f. artiller maker of artillery f. LL 
 *articidarius (articula dim. as art, see -ary j )] 
 
 aptisa'n (-z-)„ n. Mechanic, handicraftsman. 
 [F, perh. f. It. artigiano f. LL *artitianus 
 (artitus p.p. of artire instruct in arts, see -an)] 
 
 aP'tist, n. One who practises one of the 
 fine arts, esp. painting; one who makes his 
 craft a fine art. Hence aPti*stic(AL) aa., 
 apti'stiealLY 2 adv., ap'tistRY n. [f. F 
 artiste f. It. f. LL artista (ars artis art, see -1ST)] 
 
 arti'ste, (-est), n. Professional singer, 
 dancer, &c [F, see prec] 
 
 ap'tless, a. Unskilful, uncultured ; clumsy ; 
 natural ; guileless, ingenuous. Hence ap*t- 
 lessLY 2 adv., ap'tlessxEss n. [art + -less] 
 
 ap'um, n. Genus of endogenous plants, 
 including Wake-Robin ; a. lily, cultivated 
 white lily. [L, f. Gk aron] 
 
 -apy 1 , suf. forming adjj. & nn. f. L -arius 
 taken directly or thr. mod. F -aire, or imitated 
 w. L nn. (rarely in E words &sbloomary) ; adjj. 
 as arbitrary ; nouns = -arius, as actuary, = 
 •arium, as dictionary, = -aria, as fritillary ; 
 
-ARY 4 7 
 
 words taken thr. OF have sometimes -er 2 
 instead, as primer. 
 
 -ary 2 , suf. Sometimes in adjj. f. L -aris 
 instead of regular -ar \ owing to passage thr. 
 F -aire, as exemplary. 
 
 Aryan (ar-), a. & n. Applied by some to 
 family of languages (also called Indo-European, 
 Jndo-Germanic) that includes Sanskrit, Zend, 
 Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Sla- 
 vonic, with their modern representatives, by 
 others only to the Asiatic portion of these ; 
 member of A. family, [f. Sk. arya noble (in 
 earlier use a national name comprising wor- 
 shippers of the gods of the Brahmans) ; earlier 
 Avian is f. L Arianus of Aria (f. Gk Areia 
 eastern Persia, prob. f. OPers. ariya, a national 
 name)] 
 
 as 1 (az, az), adv., conj., rel. pron. 1. adv. 
 (in main sentence, foil, by as in subord. clause 
 expressed or understood) in the same degree, as 
 I came as soon as I coxdd, I know that as well 
 as you, you might as well help me, as far l as. 
 2. rel. adv. or conj. in subord. clause, with or 
 without antecedent as, so, expressing manner, 
 degree, &c, of the principal sentence ; (degree) 
 you are as good as he, it is not so (or as) easy 
 as you think, quick as thought he jumped out, 
 fair as (= though) she is; (manner) do as you 
 like, according as ive decide, he looks as if he 
 had seen a ghost, treat him as a stranger, you 
 are, as it were ( = as if it were actually so), com- 
 promised, they rose as one man, late as usual, 
 he smiled, as who should say (= as a man 
 would smile who) ; (time) it struck me as I was 
 speaking ; (reason) as you are not ready, we 
 must go on ; (result) he so arranged matters 
 as to suit everyone, be so good as to come. 3. 
 rel. pron. That, who, which, as I had the same 
 trouble as you, such countries as Spain ; (with 
 antecedent inferred from main sentence) he 
 was a foreigner, as (which fact) they perceived 
 from his accent, i. special phrr. : as regards, 
 so far as it concerns ; as yet, up to this time ; 
 i" thought as much, I thought so ; as well {as), 
 in addition (to) ; as good as dead, practically 
 dead. [OE allswd (later alsa, als) adv. = 
 wholly so, quite so] 
 
 as 2 , n. Roman copper coin, orig. weighing 
 12 oz., but finally reduced to 4 oz. [L] 
 
 as-, pref. = ad- before s. 
 
 asafoe'tida (-fe-), n. Concreted resinous 
 gum with strong smell of garlic used in medi- 
 cine and cookery, [med. L (asa f. Pers. aza 
 mastic +foetida stinking)] 
 
 asbestine, a. Of, like, asbestos, incom- 
 bustible (lit. & fig.) [f. L f. Gk asbestinos f. 
 foil., see -ine 2 ] 
 
 asbe'stos, n. Fibrous mineral that can 
 be woven into an incombustible fabric (also 
 fig.). Hence asbe'strc, asbe'stoiD, aa. [L f. 
 Gk,=unquenchable (a- not+soes£osf. sbennum* 
 quench)] 
 
 asce'nd, v.t. & i. Go, come, up ; (of things) 
 rise, be raised ; slope upwards, lie along as- 
 cending slope ; rise in thought, rank, degree of 
 quality ; (of sounds) rise in pitch ; go back in 
 point of time ; (trans.) go up, climb ; a. a river, 
 go along it towards its source ; mount upon, 
 as a. the throne, [f. L ascendere, AD(scendere 
 scens- = scandere climb)] 
 
 ascendancy, -eney, n. Dominant control, 
 sway, (over), [f. foil., see -ancv] 
 
 ascendant, -ent, a. & n. Rising; (Astr.) 
 rising towards zenith; (Astrol.) just above 
 eastern horizon ; predominant ; horoscope ; point 
 of ecliptic or degree of zodiac that (esp. at birth 
 of child) is just rising above eastern horizon ; 
 house of the a. (from 5 degrees of zodiac above 
 
 ASHLARING 
 
 this point to 25 below it) ; lord of the a., any 
 planet within this; in the a., supreme, domi- 
 nating, (improp.) rising; supremacy; ancestor, 
 [f. OF (-ant) f. L as prec, see -ent] 
 
 asce'nsion, n. Act of ascending ; ascent of 
 Christ on fortieth day after resurrection ; A.- 
 day, Holy Thursday, on which this is com- 
 memorated ; rising of a celestial body, as 
 right a. (celestial longitude). Hence asee'n- 
 sionAL a. [f. L ascensio (as ascend, see -ion)] 
 
 aseensive, a. Rising, progressive ; (Gram.) 
 intensive, [as prec, see -ive] 
 
 ascent, n. Act of ascending ; upward 
 movement, rise, (lit. & fig.) ; way by which one 
 may ascend, slope, flight of steps, [f. ascend 
 on anal, of descent] 
 
 ascertain, v.t. Find out. Hence ascer- 
 tain able a., aseertai'nMENT n. [f. OF 
 acertener, st. acertaine- (d to + certain)] 
 
 asee'tie, a. & n. Severely abstinent, austere ; 
 (n. ) one who practises severe self-discipline, esp. 
 (Eccl. Hist.) one who retired into solitude for 
 this purpose. Hence aseetieAL a., asee- 
 tiealL Y 2 ad v. , aseetieiSM n. [f . Gk asketikos 
 f. asketes monk (asked exercise), see -ete and 
 -ic] 
 
 ascrdium, n. Genus of molluscs with 
 leathery enveloping tunic, regarded as link in 
 development of Vertebrata. [f. Gk askidion 
 dim. of askos wine-skin] 
 
 Aselepiad, n. (Gk and Lat. Prosody) verse 
 consisting of a spondee, two or three choriambi, 
 and an iambus. Hence Aselepiade'AN a. 
 [f. L f. Gk Asklepiadeios (Asklepiades, Greek 
 poet, the inventor)] 
 
 ascri'be, v.t. Attribute, impute, (to) ; con- 
 sider as belonging (to person or thing). Hence 
 or cogn. aseri'bABLE a., aseri'ptiON n. 
 [earlier ascrive f. OF ascriv- st. of ascrire f. L 
 AD(sc7Hbere script- write)] 
 
 aseptic, a. & n. Free from putrefaction 
 or blood-poisoning; (n.) nqn-putrescent sub- 
 stance, [f. Gk a- not + septikos putrefying 
 (sepo rot, see -ic)] 
 
 asexual, a. (Biol.) without sex. Hence 
 asexua'liTY n. [f. Gk a not + sexual] 
 
 ash 1 , n. Forest-tree with silver-grey bark, 
 pinnate foliage, and close-grained wood ; wood 
 of this ; a.-fly, a.-grub, (found on a. and used 
 by anglers) ; a.-key, winged seed of the a. ; a.- 
 leaf, an early potato ; mountain a., rowan-tree. 
 [com.-Teut. : OE assc, G esche] 
 
 ash 2 , n. (usu. pi.). Powdery residue left 
 after combustion of any substance ; (pi.) re- 
 mains of human body after cremation (lit. & 
 fig.) ; lay in aa., burn to the ground ; sackcloth 
 and aa. (symbol of repentance) ; a.-fire, low 
 fire used in chemical operations; a.-fumace 
 (used in glass-making); A.- Wednesday, first 
 day of Lent (from Rom. Cath. custom of 
 sprinkling aa. on penitents' heads), [com.- 
 i Teut. : OE asce, axe, Da. aske] 
 
 asha'med (-md), pred. a. Abashed, discon- 
 certed, by consciousness of guilt ; a. of (con- 
 duct) ; a. for (on account of) you ; a. to do 
 (implying reluctance, but not always! absten- 
 tion), [p.p. of obs. vb ashame (a- (1) + OE 
 scamian shame)] 
 
 a'shen \ a. Pertaining to an ash-tree ; made 
 of ash. [ash l + -en 5 ] 
 
 a'shen 2 , a. Of ashes; ash-coloured, pale. 
 [ash 2 + -en 5 ] 
 
 a'shlar, n. Square hewn stone(s) ; masonry 
 constructed of this ; similar masonry as facing 
 to rubble or brick wall. [f. OF aiseler f. L 
 axillaris (axilla dim. of axis, assis, axle, 
 board, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 a'shlaring-, n. Short upright quartering in 
 
A SHORE 
 
 garrets, cutting off acute angle formed by 
 rafters ; ashlar masonry, [prec. + -ing j ] 
 
 ashore', adv. To, on to, on, shore, [a prep.] 
 
 a'shy, a. Of ashes ; covered -with ashes ; 
 ash-coloured, pale, [ash 2 + -Y 2 ] 
 
 Asia'tie (ashi-), a. & n. (Native) of Asia, 
 [f. L f. Gk Asiatikos (Asiates f. Asia, see -ic)] 
 
 asi'de, adv. & n. To, on, one side, away; 
 set a., quash (verdict); speak a. (apart, in 
 
 Erivacy); (n.) words spoken aside, esp. spoken 
 y an actor & supposed not to be heard by 
 other performers; indirect effort, [orig. on 
 side, see A prep.] 
 
 a'sinine, a. Pertaining to asses ; stupid. 
 Hence asini'niTY n. [f. L asininus (asinus 
 ass, see -ine l )] 
 
 -asis, suf. forming names of diseases. [L 
 -dsis f. Gk -asis in nouns of state f. vbs in -ad] 
 ask 1 , v.t & i. Call for an answer to, as a. 
 (him) a question, a. {him) this, a. {him) who it 
 is, a. him the time, a. a question of a person, 
 a. him about a thing ; make a request (for), as 
 a. a favour of him, a. {him) a favour, a. {him) 
 for it, ask (abs.), a. him to do it, a. that it may 
 be done, a. to have time given one ; invite 
 (person to dinner &c); (of things) demand, 
 require, as it asks {for) attention', a. (publish) 
 the banns; (pop.) be asked in church, have 
 one's banns called. [com.-Teut ; OE dscian, 
 ME ox ax ex ask esk ash ass, &c. ; ax was 
 usu. literary form to 1600] 
 aska'nce, -ant, adv. Sideways, asquint; 
 with indirect meaning; look a. at, view sus- 
 piciously. [?] 
 
 askew", adv. & pred. a. Obliquely ; look a. 
 (not straight in the face) ; (adj.) oblique, [etym. 
 dub., cf. skew] 
 
 asla'nt, adv. & prep. Obliquely; (prep.) 
 slantingly across, athwart, [a prep. + slant] 
 aslee'p, adv. & pred. a. In, into, a state of 
 sleep (lit. & fig.) ; (of limbs) benumbed, [a prep. 
 + sleep] 
 
 aslo'pe, adv. & pred. a. Sloping, crosswise. 
 
 [prob. f. OE aslopen p.p. of aslupan slip away] 
 
 asp *- n. (also aspen). Kind of poplar with 
 
 specially tremulous leaves. [com.-Teut. : OE 
 
 xspae, seps, G espe] 
 
 asp 2 , n. Small venomous hooded sei'pent of 
 Egypt and Libya ; (poet.) any venomous serpent. 
 [f. L f. Gk aspis] 
 
 aspa'pagfus, n. Plant, whose vernal shoots 
 are a table delicacy. [L, f. Gk asparagos, etym. 
 dub. ; earlier sperage, sparagus, sparroic- 
 grass] 
 
 a'speet, n. Way of looking ; a looking, front- 
 ing, in a given direction ; side so fronting ; 
 phase ; look, expression ; appearance (esp. to 
 the mind), [f. L aspectus -us (xospicere -spect- 
 look at)] 
 
 a'spen, a. & n. Of, like, the asp (tree) ; 
 quivering; (n.) = ASP 1 . [asp 1 + -en; wrongly 
 taken as noun used attrib. in aspen leaf &c] 
 aspepgi'llum, n. Brush for sprinkling holy 
 water. [L, f. aspergere {ad to + spargere 
 sprinkle) + -ilium dim. suf.] 
 aspe'Pity, n. Roughness ; rough excre- 
 scence ; severity (of weather) ; harshness, sharp- 
 ness, (of temper), [f. OF asprete f. L asperitatem 
 (asper rough, see -ty)] 
 
 asper'se, v.t. Besprinkle (with) ; bespatter 
 (person, character, with damaging reports) ; 
 calumniate. So aspep'siON n. [f. L asper- 
 gere -ers-, see aspergillum] 
 asper-sor'ium, n. Vessel for holy water, 
 [med. L (as prec, see -ory)] 
 a'sphalt 1 , n. A smooth hard bituminous 
 substance ; mixture of bitumen, pitch, and sand, 
 for pavements &c. ; similar mixture of coal- 
 
 48 ASSAY 
 
 tar with sand &c. Hence aspha'ltic a. [f. 
 Gk asphaltos, of foreign orig. ) 
 a'sphalt-, v.t. Lay (road) with asphalt, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 a'sphodel, n. Genus of liliaceous plants ; 
 (poet.) immortal flower in Elysium, [f. L f. Gk 
 asphodelos, etym. dub. ; earlier affodil, whence 
 daffodil] 
 
 asphyxia, -xy, n. Suspended animation 
 due to lack of oxygen in blood, suffocation. 
 Hence asphy'xivL a., asphy'xiATE 3 v.t. 
 [f. Gk asphuxia (a- not + sphitxis pulse)] 
 a'spie*, n. (poet.). =asp 2 . [F, f. L aspidem, 
 nom. -is, w. unexpl. -ic] 
 
 a'spie 2 , n. Savoury meat jelly. [F, etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 a'spirant (or aspir'-), a. & n. (One) who 
 aspires {to, after, for). [F, as foil., see -ant] 
 a'spipate 1 (-at), a. & n. (Consonant) pro- 
 nounced with a breathing, blended with sound 
 of h ; the sound of h. [f. L aspirare, see aspire 
 and -ate 2 ] 
 
 a'spipate 2 , v.t. Pronounce with a breath- 
 ing ; draw out (gas) from vessel, [as prec, see 
 -ate 3 ] 
 
 aspira'tion, n. Drawing of breath ; desire 
 {for, after) ; action of aspirating, [f. L aspira- 
 tio (as prec, see -atjon)] 
 
 a'spirator, n. Apparatus for drawing air, 
 gas, through tube ; instrument for drawing pus 
 from abscesses ; winnowing-machine. [f. L 
 aspirare, see foil, and -or 2 ] 
 aspire*, v.i. Desire earnestly (to, after, at, 
 to do, or abs.) ; mount up (usu. fig.), [f. L ad- 
 (spirare breathe)] 
 
 asqui'nt, adv. & pred. a. (With look or 
 sim. vb) obliquely, out at the corner of the 
 eyes (esp. through defect in the eyes), [prob. 
 f. or corr.to Du. schuinte slant + A prep.] 
 ass, n. Quadruped of horse family with long 
 ears and tuft at end of tail (used esp. as type 
 of ignorance, stupidity, &c); make ana. of, 
 stultify (oneself, or another) ; Asses' bridge 
 (Pons Asinorum), Euclid 1, 5. [OE has isolated 
 form assa, as well as esol for com.-Teut. esil 
 I. L asinus] 
 
 a'ssagai, -seg*ai (-gi), n. Slender spear of 
 hard wood, esp. a missile of S. African tribes, 
 [f. F azagaye f. Arab, azzaghayah (al the + 
 Berber word zaghayah)] 
 assct'i (-ah-e), adv. (mus.). Very. [It] 
 assai'l, v.t. Make hostile attack upon (lit. 
 & fig.) ; approach resolutely (task) ; overwhelm 
 (with questions &c). Hence assai*lABLE a., 
 assai'l a nt n. [f. OF asalir, asailar, f. LL 
 ADsalire -salt- leap at] 
 
 assa'ssin, n. One who undertakes to kill 
 treacherously ; (Hist.) Moslem fanatic in time of 
 Crusades, sent by the Old Man of the Mountains 
 to murder Christians. [F, f. med. L assassinus 
 f. Arab, hashshash, hashishiyy hashish eater] 
 assa'ssinate, v.t. Kill by treacherous vio- 
 lence. Hence assassin a 'tion, assa'ssina- 
 tOR 2 , nn. [f. med. L assassinare (assassinus), 
 see prec. and -ate 3 ] 
 
 assau'lt 1 , n. Hostile attack (lit. & fig.): 
 a. of, at, arms, attack in fencing, display of 
 military exercises ; rush against walls of fort- 
 ress &c, as carry by a. ; (Law) unlawful per- 
 sonal attack (including menacing words), as 
 a. and battery, [f. OF asaut f. LL adsaltus 
 
 (as ASSAIL)] 
 
 assau'lt 2 , v.t. Make violent attack upon 
 (lit. & fig.) ; assail ; attack (fortress) by sudden 
 rush. Hence assau'lt able a. [f. OF asauter 
 f. Rom. assaltare spring at, for L xn(sxdtare = 
 saltare frequent, of sahre salt- leap)] 
 
 assay* *, n. Trial of metals, esp. of fineness 
 
ASSAY 
 
 of coin or bullion • metal to be so tried ; 
 (archaic) attempt. [OF, f. L exagium weighing 
 (exigere, -agere, weigh, try)] 
 
 assay* 2 , v.t. & i. Try the purity of (precious 
 metals, also fig.) ; attempt (anything difficult, 
 to do). Hence assay'ABLE a. [f. OF asayer, 
 essayer, f. LL *exagiare (exagium, see prec)] 
 
 asse'mblage, n. Bringing, coming, to- 
 gether ; concourse of persons ; collection. [F 
 (assembler, see foil, and -age)] 
 
 asse-mble, v.t. & i. Gather together, col- 
 lect, [f. OF asembler f. L ASsinudare in the 
 (late) sense of bring together (simul)] 
 
 assembly, n. Gathering together, con- 
 course, esp. deliberative body, legislative coun- 
 cil ; military call by drum or bugle ; a.-room. 
 room in which balls &c. are given, [f. OF 
 asemblee fern. p.p. of asembler, see prec] 
 
 assent 1 , v.i. Agree (to proposal), defer (to 
 a desire) ; express agreement (to statement, 
 opinion, or abs.). Hence assentOR 2 n. [f. OF 
 asenter f. L assentare, -ari, irreg. frequent, of 
 ASsentiri agree to (sentire think)] 
 
 asse'nt 2 , n. (Official) concurrence, sanction, 
 as royal a. (of sovereign to bill passed by 
 Parliament) ; mental acceptance, [f. OF asente 
 (asenter, see prec.)] 
 
 assentation, n. Obsequious concurrence. 
 [F, f. L assentationem (as assent, see -ation)] 
 
 assentient (-shi-), a. & n. (Person) that 
 assents, [f. L as assent, see -ent] 
 
 assert, v.t. Vindicate a claim to (rights); 
 a. oneself, insist upon one's rights ; declare. 
 Hence assert able, asseptivE, aa., as- 
 ser'tiveLY 2 adv., asser'tivexEss n. [f . L 
 AS(serere sert- join) put one's hand on slave's 
 head to free him (whence obs. sense ' free ' in 
 E) or claim him, claim, affirm] 
 
 assertion, n. Insistence upon a right ; self- 
 a., insistence on recognition of one's claims; 
 affirmation, positive statement, [f. L assertio 
 (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 assertop, n. One who asserts ; champion, 
 advocate, (of). [L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 assess, v.t. Fix amount of (taxes, fine); 
 fix amount of and impose (upon person or com- 
 munity) ; fine, tax, (person, community, pro- 
 perty, in, at, so much) ; estimate value of (pro- 
 perty) for taxation. Hence asse'ssABLE a.', 
 asse'ssabLY 2 adv., assess.MENT n. [f. OF 
 assesser f. LL assessare frequent, of AS(sidere 
 sess- = sedere sit)] 
 
 assessor, n. One who sits as assistant, 
 adviser, to judge or magistrate ; one who 
 assesses taxes or estimates value of property for 
 taxation, [f. OF assessour f. L assessorem 
 assistant-judge (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 a'ssets, n. pi. (sing. -et). (Law) enough goods 
 to enable heir to discharge debts and legacies 
 of testator ; property liable to be so applied ; 
 effects of insolvent debtor ; property of person 
 or company that may be made liable for debts ; 
 (sing.) item of this in balance-sheet, (loosely) 
 any possession, [f. AF asetz f. OF asez enough 
 f. LL ad satis to sufficiency] 
 
 asseverate, v.t. Solemnly declare. So 
 assevePA'Tiox n. [f. L ASseverare (severus 
 serious), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 assi* Dilate, v.t. Give a hissing sound to. 
 Hence assibilA'Tiox n. [f. L ASsibilare hiss, 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 assidu'ity, n. Close attention ; (pi.) con- 
 stant attentions, [f. L assiduitas (assiduus, 
 see foil, and -ty)] 
 
 assi'duous, a. Persevering, diligent. 
 Hence assi'duousLY 2 adv., assiduous- 
 ness n. [f. L assiduus (as assess) + -ous] 
 
 assig-n 1 , v.t. Allot as a share (to); make 
 
 49 ASSONANCE 
 
 over (esp. personal property, to) ; appoint (place 
 &c to) ; fix, specify ; ascribe, refer, (event to 
 date) ; ascribe (reason to, for, thing). Hence 
 assigrnABLE a., assig-noR' 2 (-in-), n. [f. OF 
 assigner f. L ASsigna7'e mark out to (signum 
 sign)] 
 
 asslg~n 2 , n. One to whom property, right, 
 is legally transferred. [ME assigne (three 
 syllables) f. F assigne p.p. of assigner (see 
 prec.) gives both assign and assignee] 
 
 a'ssigrnat (-ig-), n. Paper money issued by 
 revolutionary government of France. [F, f. L 
 assignatum, neut. p.p. of assignare assign] 
 
 assignation (-ig-), n. Apportionment ; for- 
 mal transference ; appointment (of time and 
 place) ; attribution of origin, [f. OF assignacion 
 f. L assignationem (as assign 1 , see -ation)] 
 
 assignee* (-ine), n. One appointed to act for 
 another ; assign ; aa. in bankruptcy, persons 
 charged with management of bankrupt's estate, 
 [f. OF a(s)signe, see assign n.] 
 
 assignment, n. Allotment; legal trans- 
 ference ; document effecting this ; attribution ; 
 allegement (of reasons), [f. OF assignement f. 
 med. L assignamentum (as assign 1 , see -ment)] 
 
 assi'milate, v.t. & i. Make like (to, with) ; 
 compare (to, with) ; absorb into the system (lit. 
 &c fig.) ; (intr.) be so absorbed. Hence or cogn. 
 assimilaBixiTY, assimilATiox, assi'mi- 
 late k-, nn., assi'milABLE, assi'milativE, 
 assi'milatORY, aa. [f. L Assimilare (similis 
 like), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 assi'st, v.t. & i. Help (person, process, per- 
 son in doing), whence assi'st ant a. & n., 
 assi'stANCE, n. ; (intr.) take part (in) ; be pre- 
 sent (at). [I. F assister f. L Assistei*e take one's 
 stand by] 
 
 assi'ze, n. Statutory price (of bread and 
 ale) ; trial in which sworn assessors decide 
 questions of fact, esp. periodical sessions in 
 each county of England for administration of 
 civil and criminal justice ; great a., last judg- 
 ment, [f. OF asise, fern. sing. p.p. (as n.) of 
 asseoir sit at f. L assidere, cf. assess] 
 
 asso'ciable (-sha-), a. That can be con- 
 nected in thought (with). Hence associ- 
 auixiTY n. [F, f. associer (as foil., see -able)] 
 
 asso'ciate 1 (-shiat), a. & n. Joined in com- 
 panionship, function, or dignity ; allied ; part- 
 ner ; companion ; colleague ; subordinate mem- 
 ber of an association ; thing connected with 
 another. Hence asso'ciatesmp n. [f. L as- 
 sociare (socitis sharing, allied), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 asso'ciate 2 (-shi-), v.t. & i. Join (persons, 
 things, or one with another) ; connect in idea ; 
 make oneself a partner in (a matter) ; (intr.) 
 combine for common purpose ; have intercourse 
 (with). Hence asso'eiativE, asso'eiatORY, 
 aa., asso'eiatOR 2 n. [as prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 association (-si-), n. Act of associating (in 
 all senses) ; organized body of persons ; deed 
 of a., document giving particulars of limited 
 liability company ; fellowship, intimacy ; a. of 
 ideas, mental connexion between an object 
 and ideas related to it. [f. L associatio (as 
 prec, see -ation)] 
 
 assoi'l, v.t. (archaic). Absolve from sin, 
 pardon ; acquit ; release ; atone for. [f. OF as- 
 sort, assoille, pres. ind. and subj. of assoudre 
 f. L AB(solvere loose) ; Sc has assoilzie (pron. 
 -yi) still used in sense 'acquit '] 
 
 a'ssonance, n. Resemblance of sound be- 
 tween two syllables ; rhyming of one word with 
 another in the accented vowel and those that 
 follow, but not in the consonants (e.g. sonnet, 
 porridge) ; partial correspondence. So a'sson- 
 ant a. [F, f. L xssonare respond to (sonus 
 sound), see -ance] 
 
ASSORT 
 
 50 
 
 ASUN 
 
 assop't, v.t. & i. Classify, arrange in sorts ; 
 group with others : furnish (store, shop) with 
 an assortment ; (intr.) associate with; fall into 
 a class ; suit well or ill with. [f. OF assorter 
 (a to + sorte sort)] 
 
 assortment, n. Assorting ;* assorted set 
 of^goods of one or several classes, [-.mext] 
 assua'ge (-sw-), v.t. Calm, soothe, (person, 
 feelings, pain); appease (appetite, desire). 
 Hence assua'ge.MENT n. [f. OF asouager f. 
 L *ASSuaviare (suavis sweet)] 
 assu'me, v.t. Take upon oneself (aspect, 
 air) ; assuming, taking much upon oneself, 
 arrogant; undertake (office, duty); usurp; 
 simulate; take for granted (thing, thing to be, 
 that). Hence assirmABLE a., assu'mabLV a 
 adv. [f. L AS(sumere sumpt- take)] 
 assumption, n. Act of assuming (in all 
 senses) ; reception of Virgin Mary into heaven ; 
 feast in honour of this ; thing assumed ; arro- 
 gance, [f. L assumptio (as assume, see -ion)] 
 assu'mptive, a. Taken for granted ; arro- 
 gant, [f. L assumptivus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 assup'anee (ashoor-), n. Formal guarantee ; 
 positive declaration ; (Law) securing of a title ; 
 compact securing value of property in the 
 event of its being lost, or payment of specified 
 sum on person's death (usu. life-a., fire-, mar- 
 ine-, insurance) ; certainty ; self-confidence ; 
 impudence, [f. OF aseiirance (aseiirer, see 
 foil. & -ANCE)] 
 
 assure (ashoor 1 ), v.t. Make safe; or. life 
 (see prec.) ; make certain, ensure, (of future 
 events &c.) ; make (person) sure (of fact) ; tell 
 (person) confidently (o/a thing, of its being so, 
 that it is so). Hence assup'edLY 2 adv., as- 
 supe'dxESS n. [f. OF aseiirer i. LL ad- 
 securare (securus safe)] 
 assup'gent, a. Rising; (Bot.) rising ob- 
 liquely ; aggressive, [f. L xssiwgere rise, see 
 -ext] 
 
 Assypio'logy, n. Study of language, history, 
 antiquities, of Assyria. Hence Assyrio'LO- 
 GIST n. [f. L f. Gk A spuria + -logv] 
 asta'tie, a. Not tending to keep one position ; 
 a. needle (unaffected by earth's magnetism), 
 [f. Gk astatos unstable (a- not + sta- stand) + 
 -ic] 
 
 a'step, n. Genus of plants with showy 
 radiated flowers; China a., flower allied to 
 this. [Lf. Gk, = star] 
 
 -aster, suf. expressing contempt, added to 
 L and Rom. nn., as oleaster, poetaster, mean- 
 ing 'petty, sham, would-be'. [L, as in philo- 
 sophaster] 
 
 a'sterisk, n., & v.t. Star (*) used to mark 
 words for reference or distinction ; (v.t.) mark 
 with a. [f. L f. Gk asteriskos dim. as aster] 
 a'stepism, n. Cluster of stars ; three as- 
 terisks ("V), calling attention, [f. Gk asterismos 
 (aster, see -ism)] 
 
 astep'n, adv. (naut). In, at, the stern ; 
 away behind ; backwards, [a prep.-;- stern] 
 a'stepoid, a. & n. Star-shaped ; (n.) name of 
 small planets revolving round sun between 
 orbits of Mars and Jupiter ; kind of firework. 
 Hence astepoi'dAL, a. [f. Gk asteroeides 
 (aster, see -OID)] 
 
 a'sthma, n. A disease of respiration, char- 
 acterized by difficult breathing, cough, &c. 
 fGk asthma -matos (azo breathe hard, see -m)] 
 asthma'tic, a. & n. Pertaining to, suffer- 
 ing from, good against, asthma; (n.) person 
 suffering from asthma. Hence asthma*- 
 tieAL a., asthma'tiealLY 2 adv. [f. Gk 
 asthmatikos (as prec, see -ic-)] 
 astigmatism, n. Structural defect in the 
 eye, preventing rays of light from being brought 
 
 ma*tic 
 
 to common focus on retina. So astigma'tic 
 a. If. Gk a- not + stigma -matos point + -ic] 
 astip*, adv. & pred. a. In motion ; out of 
 bed ; in excitement, [a prep. + stir n.] 
 astd'nish, v.t. Amaze, surprise. Hence 
 asto'nishMEXT n. [altered f. obs. astony 
 unexpl. form of obs. astone apparently f. OF 
 estoner, estuner (mod. etonner), stupefy, shock, 
 f. L *KXtonare (cf. L attonare strike with 
 thunderbolt, stun) ; relation to stun and G 
 stavnen is uncertain] 
 
 astou'nd (-ow-), v. t. Shock with alarm or sur- 
 prise; amaze, [f. obs. astound a. = astoned 
 p.p. of obs. astone, see prec] 
 astpa'ddle, adv. & pred. a. In a straddling 
 position, [a prep.+STRADDLE v.] 
 a'stpagal, n. (Arch.) small moulding round 
 top or bottom of columns ; (Gunn.) ring round 
 cannon near mouth, [f. foil.] 
 astrcfgalus, n. Ball of ankle-joint ; genus 
 of leguminous plants including milk-vetch. 
 [L, f. Gk astragalos huckle-bone, moulding, 
 plant] 
 
 astpakha'n (-kan), n. Skin of young lambs 
 from Astrakhan in Russia, with wool like 
 fur. 
 
 a'stpal, a. Connected with, consisting of, 
 stars ; a. spirits (supposed to live in stars) ; a. 
 body, spiritual appearance of the human form; 
 a. lamp (throwing no shadow on table below), 
 [f. L astralis (astrum star, see -al)] 
 astray, adv. or pred. a. Out of the right 
 way (lit. & fig.), [perh. orig. f. OF estraie p.p. 
 of estraier f. L *extravagare wander out of 
 bounds ; but confused w. forms like a-Jloat, 
 a-sleep^ ; no early noun stray] 
 astpi'et, v.t. (rare) Bind tightly ; make cos- 
 tive ; bind morally, legally ; restrict (to). So 
 astPi*etiox T n. [f. L astringere -ict- (ad to + 
 stringere bind)] 
 
 astpi'etive, a. Tending to contract organic 
 tissue ; astringent, styptic, [as prec, see -ive] 
 astpi'de, adv., pred. a., prep. In a striding 
 position; with legs on each side (of) ; (prep.) 
 astride of. [a prep. + stride n.] 
 astpi'nge, v.t. Bind together; compress; 
 constipate, [as astrict] 
 astpi'ng'ent, a. & n. Binding, styptic; 
 Severe ; austere ; (n.) astringent medicine. 
 Hence astPi'ngrentLY 2 adv., astpi'ngTEXCY 
 n. [as prec, see -ext] 
 
 astpo-, in comb. = Greek astron star ; in 
 wds f. Gk, as astronomy, and mod. formations 
 as -gony, stellar cosmogony, -lithology, study 
 of meteoric stones. 
 
 a'stPOite, n. Gem known to the ancients ; 
 kind of madrepore, [f. L astro'ites (see prec 
 and -ite)] 
 
 a'strolabe, n. Instrument formerly used 
 for taking altitudes &c [f. OF astrelabe f. 
 med. L astrolabium f. Gk astro- (lab- take)] 
 astpo'logy, n. (Formerly) practical as- 
 tronomy (also called natural a.) ; art of judg- 
 ing of reputed occult influence of stars upon 
 human affairs (judicial a.). So astPO'LOGER 
 n., astPolo*g"ic(Ai.) aa., astPolo'giealLY - 
 adv. [f. F astrologie f. L f. Gk ASTRO(Zooia 
 -logy)] 
 
 astPO'nomy, n. Science of the heavenly 
 bodies. SoastPO'nomER 1 (3) n., astpono'm- 
 ic(al) aa., astPono'miealLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 astronomiei. Lf. Gkast?'ono?niaf. ASTROnomos 
 a. star-arranging (nemo arrange)] 
 astu'te, a. Shrewd, sagacious ; crafty. 
 Hence astu'tei.Y 2 adv., astu'texESS n. [f. 
 L astutus length, form of astus crafty] 
 asu'nder, adv. (Of two or more things) 
 apart (in motion or position) ; tear a., tear to 
 
ieces 
 
 LUM 
 
 pieces. [OE on sundran, see A prep, and 
 sunder] 
 
 asylum, n. Sanctuary, place of refuge, esp. 
 for criminals or debtors; shelter, refuge; in- 
 stitution for shelter and support of afflicted or 
 destitute persons, esp. lunatics. [L, f. Gk 
 asulon neut. of adj. asulos inviolable (a- not + 
 side right of seizure)] 
 
 asymmetry, n. Want of symmetry, [a- 
 (7) + symmetry] 
 
 a'symptote (-6t), n. Line that approaches 
 nearer and nearer to given curve but does not 
 meet it within a finite distance. If. Gk asum- 
 ptotos not falling together (a- not + sum- to- 
 gether -hptotos falling f. pipto)] 
 
 asyndeton, n. A rhetorical figure that 
 omits the conjunction, [f. Gk asundeton un- 
 connected (a- not + sundetos f. sundeo bind 
 together)] 
 
 at, prep, expressing exact, approximate, or 
 vague, position, lit. & fig., as meet a. a point, 
 wait a. the corner, a. the top, a. Bath (or any 
 town except London and that in which the 
 speaker is), a. school, a. sea, a. a distance, a. 
 arm's length, out a. elbows, a. xoork, a. dinner, 
 play a. fighting, good a. repartee, a. daggers 
 drawn, a. a disadvantage, a. his mercy, a. a 
 low price, a. midday, a. first, a. least, a. all 
 events, annoyed a. finding, impatient a. delay ; 
 expr. motion towards, lit. & fig., as arrive a. a 
 place, get, rush, shoot, laugh, grumble, hint, 
 snatch, aim, a. [com.-Teut., but lost in G and 
 Du. ; OE set, governing dat., rarely ace] 
 
 at-, pref. = ad- before t. 
 
 atapa'xia, -xy, n. Stoical indifference. 
 [Gk ataraxia (a- not + tarasso disturb)] 
 
 a'tavism, n. Resemblance to remote an- 
 cestors rather than to parents ; recurrence of 
 disease after intermission of some generations. 
 Hence atavi'stie [-ist, -ic] a. [f. F atavisme 
 f. L atavus great-grandfather's grandfather, 
 see -ism] 
 
 ata'xic, a. Characterized by ataxy ; a. fever, 
 malignant typhus fever, [f. foil. + -ic] 
 
 ata'xy, n. Irregularity of animal functions ; 
 locomotor a., constitutional unsteadiness in use 
 of legs, arms, &c. [f. Gk ataxia (a- not + taxis 
 order f. tasso arrange)] 
 
 ate. See eat. 
 
 -ate 1 , suf. forming nn. orig. f. L -atus (gen. 
 -us) in nouns of state from p.p. stems or nouns, 
 or f. L -atus, -ata, -atum (see -ate 2 ), which in 
 OF became -e (-ee), but in learned words, and 
 later in many re-formed words, -at, as prelat, 
 primat, magistrat. E having adopted -at 
 af terwards added -e to mark quantity of a, and 
 later words took -ate at once. E also formed 
 wds either directly on L as curate or by anal, 
 as aldermanate. Most nn. in -ate are (1) nn. of 
 office, as marquisate, syndicate, (2) participial 
 nn. as legate one deputed, precipitate what is 
 thrown down, (3) chem. terms denoting salts 
 formed by action of an acid on a base, as nitrate, 
 sxdphate. 
 
 -ate 2 , suf. forming adjj. (1) chiefly (thr. F) 
 f. L p.p. in -atus (1st conjug.), which (cf. prec.) 
 became successively -at, -ate, as desolate. 
 Many such adjj. formed causative vbs (see 
 foil.) and served as p.p. to them, till later the 
 native -ed was added ; -ated also appears with- 
 out intervention of vb, as annulated, and as 
 alternative form to -ate ; (2) L participial adjj. 
 were also formed on nn., as caudatus tailed, 
 and on adjj. as candidatus white-robed ; these 
 were largely adopted in E, and others formed 
 on anal. Many nouns in -ate * were orig. adjj. 
 In cordate, ovate, &c, the sense is 'shaped like'. 
 
 -ate 3 , suf. forming vbs to correspond to adjj. 
 
 5 1 -ATI VE 
 
 in -ate 2 , and subsequently to repr. the corr. 
 L vb in -are (p.p. -atus), as separate, aggravate. 
 As these vbs usu. have F equivalents in -er, 
 -ate was further used to form vbs on model of 
 F vbs in -er, as isolate (F isoler). -ate was also 
 used to form vbs that L might have formed, 
 but did not, on nouns, as felicitate (L felicitas 
 -atis), and even vbs on nouns not of L orig., as 
 camphorate. 
 
 atelier (atl-ya"), n. Workshop, studio. [F] 
 
 atelo- in comb. = Gk ateles imperfect (a- not 
 + telos end), as -glossia, -gnathia, -stomia, im- 
 perfect development of tongue, jaws, mouth. 
 
 Athana'sian, a. Of Athanasius (arch- 
 bishop of Alexandria in reign of Constantine), 
 as A. creed (that beginning whosoever will). 
 [f. Athanasius + -an] 
 
 a'theism, n. Disbelief in the existence of 
 a God; godlessness. Soa*thersTn.,athei*st- 
 ic a., athei'stiCALLY adv. [f. F athUsme f. 
 Gk atheos without God (a- not+theos God), see 
 -ism] 
 
 athenaeum, n. Literary or scientific club ; 
 reading-room, library. [L, f. Gk Athenaion 
 temple of Athene, goddess of wisdom] 
 
 athir'st, pred. a. Thirsty ; eager {for). [OE 
 ofthyrst for ofthyrsted p.p. of ofthyrstan be 
 thirsty] 
 
 a'thlete, n. Competitor in physical exer- 
 cises ; robust, vigorous, man. [f. L athleta f. 
 Gk athletes f. athleo contend for prize (athlon), 
 see -et 2 ] 
 
 athle'tic, a. & n. Pertaining to athletes; 
 physically powerful ; (n. pi.) practice of physical 
 exercises. Hence athle'tiCALLY adv., ath- 
 le'tieiSM n. [f. L f. Gk athletikos (as prec.)] 
 
 at-ho'me, n. Reception of visitors within 
 certain hours during which host or hostess or 
 both have announced that they will be at home. 
 
 athwar't, (-awt), adv. & prep. Across from 
 side to side (usu. obliquely) ; crosswise, per- 
 versely ; in opposition to; (of ship) athwart- 
 hawse, across stem of another ship at anchor. 
 [a prep. + thwart] 
 
 -atie, adj. suf. ( = F -atique) f. L -aticus 
 (orig. -at- of p.p. stems + -ic, but extended to 
 nouns as fanaticus f. fanum), which gives also 
 -age ; in many modern formations, as lunatic, 
 lymphatic ; but in many apparent exx. (drama- 
 tic, piratic) the suf. is -ic, and -at- part of the 
 stem. 
 
 -atile, adj. suf. like -atic in orig. and use = 
 -at- + -ile, as volatile, fluviatile. 
 
 a-ti'lt, adv. Tilted ; run, ride, a. (in en- 
 counter on horseback with thrust of lance, 
 usu. fig.), [a prep. + tilt] 
 
 -ation, suf. (= -at- of L 1st conj. p.p. stems-f- 
 -ion) forming abstract nouns on L 1st conj. 
 vbs as agitation, Gk vbs in -izo (L -izare -ize) 
 as organization, F vbs in -er as filtration, and 
 rarely E vbs as starvation, the last on false 
 anal. f. vexation &c, formed on L vexare, not 
 on E vex. The great preponderance of -ation 
 over -ition &c. is due to F adoption of the -er 
 vb ( = L 1st conj, ) as the type for all new vbs. 
 Wds taken f. OF have often -ison, -son, (orison, 
 reason) instead of -ation. Most wds have vb 
 in -ate corr. (creation), many a shortened vb 
 f. L 1st conj. (plantation, plant, not plantate ; 
 modify, not modificate), a few no vb (duration). 
 Meanings: (1) vbl action; (2) instance of this; 
 (3) resulting state ; (i) concrete result (planta- 
 tion). 
 
 -ative, adj. suf. = -at- + -ive (cf. -atic) ; most 
 exx. are f. vbs in -ate as demonstrative, or L 
 1st conj. as affirmative, some f. nouns in -ty 
 (L st. -tat-) as authoritative, and some on E vbs 
 as talkative. 
 
ATLANTIC 
 
 Atla'ntic, a. & n. Pertaining to mount 
 Atlas in Libya; hence applied to sea near 
 western shore of Africa, and later to whole 
 ocean between Europe and Africa on east and 
 America on west; (n.) Atlantic ocean, [f. L f. 
 Gk Atlantikos f. foil.] 
 
 a'tlas, n. Volume of maps ; large size of 
 drawing paper; (Physiol.) uppermost cervical 
 vertebra, supporting skull. [Atlas -antos (1) 
 Greek god of the older family, who held up 
 pillars of universe ; (2) the mountain in Libya, 
 regarded as supporting the heavens] 
 atmo- in comp. = Gk atmos vapour, as -logy, 
 science of aqueous vapour, -lysis, separation of 
 vapours, -meter (for measuring evaporation). 
 a'tmosphere, n. Spheroidal gaseous en- 
 velope surrounding heavenly body ; that sur- 
 rounding earth ; one surrounding any sub- 
 stance ; mental or moral environment ; air (in 
 any place) ; (w. pi.) pressure of 151b. on square 
 inch (that exerted by atmosphere on earth's 
 surface). Hence atmosphe'Pic(AL) aa., at- 
 mosphe'riealLY a adv. [f. atmo - + Gk 
 sphaira ball] 
 
 ato'll (or a*t-), n. Ring-shaped coral reef 
 
 enclosing lagoon. [Maldive atollon, atoll, 
 
 prob. = Malayalam adal closing] 
 
 a'tom, n. Body too small to be divided ; 
 
 physical a., supposed ultimate particle of 
 
 * matter; chemical aa., smallest particles in 
 
 1 which elements combine with themselves or 
 
 each other ; minute portion ; small thing, [f. 
 
 F atome f. L f. Gk atomos indivisible {a- not+ 
 
 -tomos cut f. temno)] 
 
 ato'mic, a. Of, pertaining to, atoms ; a. 
 philosophy, doctrine of formation of all things 
 from indivisible particles endued with gravity 
 and motion ; (Chem.) a. theory (that elemental 
 bodies consist of indivisible atoms of definite 
 relative weight, and that atoms of different 
 elements unite with each other in fixed pro- 
 portions, which determine the proportions in 
 which elements and compounds enter into 
 chemical combination) ; unit of a. tceight, 
 weight of an atom of hydrogen. Hence ato'm- 
 iCAL a., ato'miealLY 2 adv. [prec. -f -ic] 
 atomi'eity, n. Combining capacity of an 
 element, number of atoms of hydrogen with 
 which one of its atoms normally combines, [f. 
 prec, see -ty] 
 
 a'tomism, n. Atomic philosophy ; doctrine 
 of action of individual atoms, [atom + -ism] 
 a'tomist, n. Holder of atomic theory or 
 philosophy. Hence atomi'stic a. [atom + -ist] 
 a'tomize, v.t. Reduce to atoms. Hence 
 atomizA'TioN n. [atom + -ize] 
 a'tomizep, n. (nied.). Instrument for re- 
 ducing liquids to fine spray, [prec. + -er 1 ] 
 a'tomy *, n. Skeleton ; emaciated body. [f. 
 anatomy, an- being taken as article] 
 a'tomy 2 , n. Atom, tiny being, [f. atomi pi. 
 of L atomus atom] 
 
 ato'ne, v.t. & i. Make reconcilement, satis- 
 faction, (for offender, for offence) ; (archaic) 
 expiate (offence); (t. & i.) harmonize. Hence 
 ato'ne.MENT n. [at + ONE,=set atone, unite] 
 atd'nie, a. & n. Unaccented, unstressed ; 
 (Path.) wanting tone ; (n.) unaccented word 
 (esp. in Gk Gram.), [f. med. L atonicus f. Gk 
 atonos toneless (a- not + tonos) tone, see -ic] 
 atc-'p, adv. On the top (of), [a prep.] 
 atrabrlious, a. Affected by black bile; 
 melancholy ; acrimonious. Hence atrabi*- 
 Housness n. [f. L atra bilis black bile + 
 -ous, after L biliosus bilious] 
 atri'p, adv. (Of anchor) just lifted from 
 ground in weighing, [a prep. + trip] 
 a'trium, n. (pi. -a, -urns). Central court of 
 
 52 ATTENDANCE 
 
 Roman house; covered portico, esp. before 
 church door. [L] 
 
 atpd'cious (-shws), a. Heinously wicked : 
 very bad, as a. pun. Hence atPO'eiousLY 2 
 adv., atro'ciousNESS n. [f. L atrox -ocis 
 (ater black) + -ous] 
 
 atPO'eity, n. Heinous wickedness ; atrocious 
 deed ; bad blunder, [f. L atrocitas (as prec, 
 see -ty)] 
 
 a'tpophy, n. Wasting away through im- 
 perfect nourishment; emaciation (lit. & fig.). 
 Hence a'tpophy v.t. & i. [f. F atrophie f. L 
 f. Gk atrophia f. atrophos ill-fed (a- not + 
 trophe food)] 
 
 a'tpopine, n. Poisonous alkaloid found in 
 deadly nightshade. [f. atropa deadly night- 
 shade f. Gk Atropos inflexible, name of one of 
 the Fates, see -ine 5 ] 
 
 atta'ch, v.t. & i. Fasten (thing to another) ; 
 join oneself (to person, company, expedition) ; 
 affix (immaterial things, name, liability, &c, 
 to) ; attribute (importance &c to) ; (Law) seize 
 (person, property) by legal authority ; adhere, 
 be incident, as no blame attaches to. Hence 
 atta'ch able a. [f. OF atachier (mod. at- 
 tacher, It. attaccare) f. a, to + root found in 
 Genevese tache, Sp. and Port, tacha, nail, tack] 
 
 atta'ehe 1 (-sha), n. One attached to am- 
 bassador's suite. [F, p.p. of attacher (as prec)] 
 
 atta'chment, n. Act of attaching; thing 
 attached ; means of attaching ; affection ; legal 
 seizure, esp. foreign a. (of foreigner's goods, to 
 satisfy his creditors), [f. F attachement (at- 
 tacher ATTACH, See -MENT)] 
 
 atta'ek 1 , v.t. Fall upon, assault, (lit. & fig.) ; 
 (of physical agents or diseases) act destructively 
 upon. Hence atta'ckABLE a. [f. F attaquer 
 f. It. attaccare, see attach] 
 
 atta'ek 2 , n. Act of attacking (lit. & fig.); 
 offensive operation, [f. prec] 
 
 attai'n, v.t. & i. Arrive at, reach ; gain, 
 accomplish ; (intr.) a. to, arrive at. Hence 
 attainaBiLiTY, attai'nableNESs, nn., at- 
 tai'nABLE a. [f. OF ataign- st. of ataindre f. 
 L ATtingere (tangere touch)] 
 
 attainder, n. Consequences of sentence of 
 death or outlawry (forfeiture of estate, cor- 
 ruption of blood, extinction of civil rights). 
 [OF ataindre attain used as n. ; meaning in- 
 fluenced by confus. w. OF taindre taint] 
 
 attainment, n. Act of attaining ; thing 
 attained, esp. personal accomplishment, [at- 
 tain + -MENT] 
 
 attai'nt, v.t. Subject to attainder ; (of dis- 
 eases &c) strike, affect ; infect ; sully, [f. obs. 
 attaint a. f. OF ataint p.p. as attain ; con- 
 fused in meaning with taint] 
 
 a'ttap, n. Fragrant essential oil from rose- 
 petals, [f. Pers. ' atar(-gal) essence (of roses) f. 
 Arab, 'utur aroma f. 'atara breathe per- 
 fume] 
 
 atte'mpep, v.t. Qualify by admixture ; 
 modify temperature of ; soothe, mollify ; ac- 
 commodate to ; attune to ; temper (metal). 
 Hence atte'mpePMENT n. [f. OF atemprer f. 
 L ATtemperare] 
 
 atte'mpt 1 , v.t. Try (thing, action, to do); 
 try to master (enemy, fortress) ; a. the life of, 
 try to kill. Hence atte'mptABLE a. [f. OF 
 attempter, f. L A'ttemptare strive after] 
 
 attempt 2 , n. Attempting ; endeavour, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 atte'nd, v.t. & i. Turn the mind to ; apply 
 oneself (to or abs.) ; be present (at) ; wait upon ; 
 (trans.) wait upon ; escort, accompany ; be pre- 
 sent at (lecture &c). [f. OF atendre i. L at- 
 tendere -tent- stretch] 
 
 attendance, n. Act of attending {upon 
 
ATTENDANT 
 
 5H 
 
 AUDITION 
 
 person, at lecture) ; dance a. on, attend the 
 convenience of ; body of persons present, [f. 
 OF atendance (as prec, see -ance)] 
 attendant, a. & n. Waiting (upon) ; ac- 
 companying, as a. circumstances ; present, as 
 a. croicd ; (n.) servant, satellite. [OF, part, as 
 
 ATTEND] 
 
 attention, n. Act of attending, as pay, 
 give, a. ; faculty of attending, as attract, call, 
 a. ; consideration, care ; (pi.) ceremonious 
 politeness ; come to, stand at, a. (military atti- 
 tude of readiness), [f. L attentio (as attend, 
 see -ion)] 
 
 attentive, a. Heedful, observant ; polite, 
 assiduous. Hence attentively a adv., at- 
 te'ntiveNESS n. [F (-if, -ive), f. L as attend, 
 see -ive)] 
 
 attenuate 1 , v.t. Make slender; make 
 thin in consistency ; reduce in force or value. 
 So attenuA'TiON n. [f. L ATtenuare (tenuis 
 thin), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 attenuate 2 (-at), a. Slender ; rarefied, [as 
 prec, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 attest, v.t. & i. Testify, certify; put (per- 
 son) on oath or solemn declaration ; (intr.) bear 
 witness to. Hence atte'stOR 2 n. [f. F attester 
 f. L ATtestari (testis witness)] 
 
 attestation, n. Act of testifying ; testi- 
 mony ; evidence ; formal confirmation by signa- 
 ture, oath, &c. ; administration of an oath. [F, 
 f. L attestationem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 A'ttie \ a. & n. Of Athens or Attica ; A. 
 (dialect), Greek spoken by the Athenians; A. 
 salt, wit, refined wit ; A. order, square column 
 of any of the five orders, [f. L f. Gk Attikos] 
 
 a'ttie 2 , n. Structure consisting of small 
 order placed above another of greater height 
 (us a. Attic) ; highest story of house ; room in 
 this. [f. F attique, as prec] 
 
 a'ttieism, n. Style, idiom, of Athens; re- 
 fined amenity of speech ; attachment to Athens. 
 So a*ttieiZE (2) v.i. [f. Gk attikismos] 
 
 attire*, v.t., & n. Dress, array, [(n. f. vb) f. 
 OF atirer (a to + tire, see tier)] 
 
 attitude, n. Disposition of figure (in paint- 
 ing &c ) ; posture of body, as strike an a. (assume 
 it theatrically); settled behaviour, as indicating 
 opinion ; a. of mind, settled mode of thinking. 
 [F, f. It. attitudine fitness, posture, f. med. L 
 aptitudinem (aptus fit, see -tude)] 
 
 attitu'dinize, v.i. Practise attitudes ; speak, 
 write, behave, affectedly, [f. prec. + -ize] 
 
 attor'n (-ern), v.t. &i. (law). Transfer ; make 
 legal acknowledgment of new landlord. Hence 
 attop'nMENT n. [f. OF atorner (a to + tourner 
 
 TURN)] 
 
 attop'ney 1 (-er-), n. ' One appointed to act 
 for another in business or legal matters ; A.- 
 General, legal officer empowered to act in all 
 cases in which the state is a party. Hence 
 attop'neysHip n. [f. OF atome p.p. as 
 attorn] 
 
 attop'ney 2 (-er-), n. Letter, warrant, of A.- 
 (by which person appoints another to act for 
 him) ; Power of A., authority thus conferred, 
 [f. OF atornee fern, p.p., see prec] 
 
 attpa'et, v.t. Draw to oneself (esp. of physi- 
 cal forces) ; excite the pleasurable emotions of 
 (person) ; draw forth and fix upon oneself 
 (attention &c). Hence attpaetaBixiTY n., 
 attPa'etABLE a. [f. L ATttrahere tract- draw)] 
 
 attraction, n. Act, faculty, of drawing to 
 oneself (lit. & fig.); drawing force; thing that 
 attracts (fig.) ; a. of gravity (existing between 
 all bodies, and varying directly as their masses, 
 inversely as the square of their distance apart) ; 
 magnetic a., action of magnet in drawing iron ; 
 molecular a. (between molecules of bodies, act- 
 
 ing only at infinitesimal distances) ; capillary 
 a. (by which liquid is drawn up through hair- 
 like tube). [F, f. L attractionem (as prec, see 
 
 -ION)] 
 
 attra'ctive, a. Attracting, capable of at- 
 tracting (esp. fig.). Hence attpa'etiveLY 2 
 adv., attpa'etiveNESs n. [F (-if, -ive), as prec, 
 see -ive] 
 
 attribute 1 , n. Quality ascribed to any- 
 thing; material object recognized as appro- 
 priate to person or office ; characteristic 
 quality; (Gram.) attributive word. [f. L at- 
 (tribuere -ut- assign)] 
 
 attri'bute 2 , v.t. Ascribe as belonging or 
 appropriate to ; refer (effect to its cause) ; assign 
 (to time or place). Hence attpi'butABLE a. 
 [as prec] 
 
 attribution, n. Act of attributing; 
 authority granted (to a ruler &c). [F, f. L 
 attributionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 attpi'butive, a. & n. (Logic) assigning an 
 attribute to a subject; (Gram.) expressing an 
 attribute (e. g. old in the old dog but not in the 
 dog is old); (n.) word denoting an attribute (usu. 
 an adjective or its equivalent). Hence at- 
 tpi'butiveLY 2 adv. [F (-if, -ive), as attri- 
 bute \ see -ive] 
 
 attprted, a. Worn by friction, [f. L at- 
 (terere trit- rub)] 
 
 attrition, n. Friction; abrasion; (Theol.) 
 sorrow for sin (short of contrition), [f. L 
 attritio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 attu'ne, v.t. Bring into musical accord (to, 
 lit. & fig.) ; tune (instrument), [at- + tune v.] 
 
 aubade (obah'd), n. Musical announcement 
 of dawn. [F] 
 
 auberge (obar'zh), n. Inn. [F] 
 
 au'bupn, a. Golden-brown (usu. of hair), 
 [f. OF auborne f. L albui-nus whitish] 
 
 au'etion, n. Public sale in which articles 
 are sold to the highest of successive bidders*, 
 Dutch a., sale in which price is reduced by 
 auctioneer till a purchaser is found, [f. L 
 audio increase, auction (augere auct-, see -ion)] 
 
 auctioneer*, n., & v.i. (One whose business 
 is to) conduct auctions, [-eer] 
 
 auda'cious, a. Daring, bold ; impudent. 
 Hence auda'ciousLY 2 adv., auda'cious- 
 ness, audi "city, nn. [f. L audax (audere 
 dare, see -acious)] 
 
 au'dible, a. Perceptible to the ear. Hence 
 au'dibLY 2 adv., audiBiLiTY, au'dible- 
 ness, nn. [f. med. L audibilis (audire hear, see 
 -ble)] 
 
 au'dience, n. Hearing; give a., listen; 
 formal interview; persons within hearing; 
 assembly of listeners ; (of a book) readers. [F 
 (refash. on L), f. OF oiance f. L audientia 
 (audire hear, see -ence)] 
 
 audio'metep, n. Kind of telephone for 
 testing hearing-power, [f. L audire hear + -o- 
 + -meter] 
 
 au'diphone, n. Instrument that, pressed 
 against upper teeth, assists hearing, [improp. 
 f. L audire hear + Gk phone sound, on tele- 
 phone] 
 
 au'dit \ n. Official examination of accounts ; 
 searching examination, esp. Day of Judgment ; 
 periodical settlement of accounts between 
 landlord and tenants ; a. ale (of special quality, 
 brewed in English Universities, orig. for use 
 on day of a.) ; a.-house, -room, (attached to 
 Cathedral for transaction of business), [f. L 
 auditus -us hearing (audire -it-)] 
 
 au'dit 2 , v.t. Examine (accounts) officially, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 audi'tion, n. Power of hearing ; listening, 
 [f. L auditio (audire -it-, see -ion)] 
 
AUDITIVE 
 
 au'ditive, a. Concerned with hearing. [F 
 {-if, -ive), as prec., see -ive] 
 
 au'ditop, n. Listener ; one who audits 
 accounts. Hence airditopsmp, au'ditPESs l , 
 
 nn. [f. AF auditour f. L auditor (as prec, 
 see -or 2 )] 
 
 auditorial, a. Connected with an audit, 
 [f. L auditorius (as prec, see -ory) + -al] 
 
 au'ditopy, a. & n. Connected with hearing ; 
 received hy the ear ; assembly of hearers, 
 audience ; (also -orium) part of building occu- 
 pied by audience. If. L auditorius, -um, (as 
 prec, see -ory)] 
 
 ou fait (6 fa"), pred. a. Conversant, in- 
 structed ;puta person aufait of, instruct him 
 
 Augean, a. Filthy, like the stables of 
 Augeas, which Hercules cleansed by turning 
 river Alpheus through them. [f. L Augeas f. 
 Gk Augeias + -an] 
 
 au'gep (-g-), n. Tool for boring holes in 
 wood, having long shank with cutting edge 
 and screw point, and handle at right angles ; 
 instrument for boring in soil or strata, with 
 stem that can be lengthened. [OE nafugar 
 (nafu nave + gar piercer), cf. G naber, Du. 
 avegaar ; for loss of n- cf. adder] 
 
 aug-ht (awt), n. & adv. Anything; (adv., 
 archaic) in any degree or respect. [OE dwiht 
 {a ever + wiht wight, whit) ; later OE dht, 
 gives mod. ought, now less usu. form] 
 
 au'gment 1 , n. Vowel (in Sanskrit a, in 
 Greek e) prefixed to past tenses in the older 
 Aryan languages. [F, f. L augmentum in- 
 crease (augere, see -ment)] 
 
 augme'nt 2 , v.t. & i. Make greater, in- 
 crease ; prefix the augment to ; (intr.) increase, 
 [f. F augmenter f. L augmentare increase 
 (augmentum, see prec)] 
 
 augmenta'tion, n. Enlargement ; growth, 
 increase ; addition ; (Mus.) repetition of a sub- 
 ject in notes double or quadruple those of the 
 original. [OF, f. LL augmentationem (aug- 
 mentare, see prec. and -ation)] 
 
 augrne'ntative, a. & n. Having the pro- 
 perty of increasing; (Gram., of affixes or de- 
 rived words) increasing in force the idea of the 
 original word ; (n.) augmentative word. [F (-if, 
 -ive), f. L as augment, see -ative] 
 
 au'gup 1 , n. Roman religious official who 
 foretold future events by omens derived from 
 the actions of birds, appearance of victims' en- 
 trails, celestial phenomena, &c ; soothsayer. 
 Hence au'gUPSHiP n. [L, perh. f. avis bird + 
 -gar, conn. w. gar r ire talk, Skr. gar shout, 
 make known] 
 
 au'gur 2 , v.t. & i. Forebode, anticipate ; 
 a. well, ill, have good or bad expectations of, 
 for ; it augurs (promises) ill. [f. prec] 
 
 au'gural, a. Pertaining to augurs ; signifi- 
 cant of the future, [f. L auguralis (augur \ 
 see -al)] 
 
 au'gupy, n. Divination by flight of birds 
 
 &c ; augural ceremony ; omen ; presentiment ; 
 promise, [f. OF augurie f. L augurium (augur 1 )j 
 
 augu'st 1 , a. Majestic, venerable. Hence 
 
 augu'stLY 2 adv., augu'stNESS n. [f. L 
 
 augustus consecrated, venerable, prob. f. 
 
 augur] 
 
 Au'gust 2 , n. Eighth month of year, named 
 
 after Augustus Caesar, [earlier Aust f. OF 
 
 aoust f. L augustus (see prec), re fash, on 
 
 L] 
 Augu'stan, a. & n. Connected with reign 
 
 of Augustus Caesar, best period of Latin 
 
 literature ; (of any national literature) classical ; 
 
 A. confession (drawn up by Luther and 
 
 Melanchthon at Augusta Vindelicorum or 
 
 54 AUROCHS 
 
 Augsburg) ; (n.) writer of the Augustan age of 
 any literature, [f. L Augustanus, see -an] 
 auk, n. Northern sea-bird, with short wings 
 used only as paddles, [cogn. with Swed. alka, 
 Da. alfce, f. ON alka] 
 
 au'lic, a. Pertaining to a court ; A. Council. 
 (in old German empire) personal council of 
 emperor, (now) council managing Austrian 
 war-department. [f. F aulique f. L f . Gk 
 aulikos (aide court, see -ic)] 
 au nature'/ (F), adv. or pred. a. (Cooked) 
 in the simplest way. 
 
 aunt (ahnt), n. Father's, mother's, sister; 
 uncle's wife ; A. Sally, game at fairs, in which 
 players throw sticks at pipe in mouth of 
 wooden woman's head. [f. OF aunte (Prov. 
 amda) f. L amita ; E up to 17th c had also 
 naunt (my naunt = mine aunt), still used in 
 dial. ; F tante perh. - ta ante] 
 au pied de la iettre (6 pya de lah letr), 
 adv. Literally. [F] 
 
 au'pa, n. Subtle emanation (from flowers 
 &c); (Electr.) current of air caused by dis- 
 charge of electricity from a sharp point ; (Path.) 
 sensation as of current of cold air rising from 
 some part of body to head, premonitory symp- 
 tom in epilepsy and hysterics. Hence au'pal l 
 [-al] a. [L f. Gk,=breeze, breath] 
 
 au'pal 2 , a. Pertaining to organ of hearing ; 
 received by the ear. Hence au'palLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L auris ear + -al] 
 
 aupe'lia, n. (Formerly) chrysalis, esp. of 
 butterfly ; (Zool.) genus of phosphorescent 
 marine animals. [It., = silkworm, fern, of 
 aurelio golden f. L aurum gold] 
 
 aupe'lian, a. & n. Of an aurelia ; golden ; 
 (n.) collector, breeder, of insects, [prec. + -an] 
 
 aure'ola, n. Celestial crown won by martyr, 
 virgin, doctor, by victory over world, flesh, or 
 devil ; = foil. [L (a. corona) golden (crown) 
 fern, of aureolus f. aureus (aurum gold)] 
 
 au'peole, n. Aureola; (prop.) gold disk 
 surrounding head in early pictures ; circle of 
 light depicted round head ; oblong glory sur- 
 rounding divine figures ; actual halo, esp. that 
 seen in eclipses, [f. prec] 
 
 au revoir (6 revwar"), adv. (Good-bye) till 
 we meet again. [F] 
 
 au'Pic, a. Pertaining to gold; (Chem.) in 
 which gold combines as a triad, [f. L aurum 
 gold, see -ic] 
 
 au'piele, n. External ear of animals ; pro- 
 cess shaped like lower lobe of ear ; either 
 of the two upper cavities of the heart. Hence 
 au*pielED 2 a. [f. foil.] 
 
 aupi'cula, n. Species of primula, bear's- 
 ear ; genus of molluscs. [L, = external ear, 
 dim. of auris ear] 
 
 aupi'culap, a. Pertaining to the ear; told 
 privately in the ear, as a. confession ; a. wit- 
 ness, one who tells what he has heard ; per- 
 taining to auricle of heart; shaped like an 
 auricle. Hence aupi'culaPLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 auricularis (auricula, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 aupi'culate, a. With ear-shaped projections, 
 [as prec, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 aupi'ferous, a. Yielding gold. [f. L aurifer 
 (aurum gold + -fer producing) + -ous] 
 
 au'pifopm, a. Ear-shaped, [f. L auris 
 ear + -form] 
 
 Aupl'ga, n. Northern constellation, the 
 Waggoner. [L, = charioteer] 
 
 au'Pilave, n. Instrument for cleaning ears, 
 [f. L auris ear 4- lavare wash] 
 
 au'pist, n. Ear specialist, [as prec + -ist] 
 
 au'pochs (ow-, aw-; -ks), n. Extinct wild 
 ox ; (improp.) European bison. [G ; OTeut. 
 *urus, etym. dub., + ochs ox J 
 
AURORA 
 
 AUTOMATON 
 
 aurop'a, n. Luminous atmospheric (prob. 
 electrical) phenomenon radiating from earth's 
 northern (a. borealis) or southern (australis) 
 magnetic pole ; dawn ; colour of sky at sun- 
 rise; A., Roman goddess of dawn. Hence 
 auror'AL a, [L = dawn, goddess of dawn] 
 
 au'rous, a. (chem.). In which gold combines 
 as a monad, [f. L aurum + -ous] 
 
 au'rum, n. Gold ; a. fulminans, fulminate 
 of gold ; a. mo.saicum, bisulphide of tin, bronze- 
 powder ; a. potabile, drinkable gold (once in 
 repute as a cordial). [LJ 
 
 ausculta'tion, n. Act of listening, esp. 
 (Med.) to movement of heart, lungs, &c. So 
 au'seultatoR 2 n., auseu'ltatORY a. [f. L 
 auscultare listen to (etym. dub.), see -ation] 
 
 >Iusjj/e#c/i(ow*sglJch), n. Political agreement 
 between Austria and Hungary, renewable 
 every tenth year. [G] 
 
 au'spicate, v.t. & i. Inaugurate, initiate ; 
 (intr.) augur, [f. L auspicari (ausjpex -ids 
 observer of birds for avispex f. avis bird + 
 -.spec- observe), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 au'spice (-Is), n. Observation of birds for 
 purposes of taking omens ; prognostic ; pros- 
 
 f>erous lead, patronage, as under the aa. of. 
 f. L auspicium (auspex, see prec.)] 
 
 auspi'cious, a. Of good omen, favourable ; 
 prosperous. Hence auspi'ciousLV 2 adv., 
 auspi'ciousNESS n. [as prec. + -ous] 
 
 austere*, a. Harsh, stern ; stringently 
 moral, strict ; severely simple ; harsh in flavour. 
 Hence austere'LY 2 adv., austere'NESS, 
 auste'riTV, nn. [OF, f. L f. Gk austeros 
 drying, harsh (auo v. dry)] 
 
 atrstral, a. Southern, [f. L australis 
 (Auster south wind, see -al)] 
 
 Australa'sian, a. & n. (Xative) of Aus- 
 tralasia (Australia and adjoining islands), [f. 
 Australasia f. F Australasie (L australis, 
 see prec+^Lsia) -f -an] 
 
 Australian, n. & a. Native of, colonist or 
 resident in, Australia; (adj.) of Australia, [f. 
 F Australien f. L as austral] 
 
 authentic, a. Reliable, trustworthy; of 
 undisputed origin, genuine; (Mus., of ecclesi- 
 astical mode*) having their sounds comprised 
 within an octave from the final. Hence 
 authe'ntiCALLv adv.. authenti'eiTY n. [f. 
 OF autentique f. L f. Gk authentikos f. auth- 
 entes one who does a thing himself (auto- + 
 -hentes, cf. sunentes fellow-worker), see -ic] 
 
 authenticate, v.t. Establish the truth of ; 
 establish the authorship of ; make valid. 
 Hence authentic a tion, authe'ntieatOR 2 , 
 nn. [f. med. L authenticate (authenticus), see 
 prec. and -ate 3 ] 
 
 au'thor, n. Originator (of a condition of 
 things, event, &c); writer of book, treatise, &c. ; 
 (loosely) author's writings. Hence au'thor- 
 ess 1 n., authoriAL a. [f. AF autour f. OF 
 autor f. L auctor (augere auct- increase, origin- 
 ate, promote, see -or 2 ) ; auth- at first a scribal 
 var. of aut-] 
 
 autho'ritative, a. Commanding, impera- 
 tive;possessingauthority; proceeding from com- 
 petent authority. Hence autho'ritativeLY 2 
 adv., autho'ritativexESS n. [f. foll.+-ATivE] 
 
 autho'rity, n. Power, right, to enforce 
 obedience ; delegated" power (to do, /or an act, 
 "orabsD^ person having authority ; personal 
 influence, esp. over opinion ; weight of testi- 
 mony ; book, quotation, considered to settle 
 a question ; person whose opinion is accepted, 
 esp. expert in (on) a subject, [f. F autorite f. 
 L auctoritatem (auctor, see author and -ty)] 
 
 au'thorize, v.t. Sanction; give ground for, 
 justify, (thing) ; give authority to, commission, 
 (person to do). Hence au'thorizABLE a., 
 authorizA'Tiox n. [f. F autoriser f. med. L 
 auctorizarc (auctor, see author and -ize)] 
 
 au'thorship, n. Occupation, career, as a 
 writer; origin (of book), [-ship] 
 
 auto- in comp. - Gk auto- (autos self), in 
 sense 'self, one's own, by oneself, indepen- 
 dent(ly)', in wds f. Gk and new formations, as 
 -car'pous, consisting of pericarp alone, -gamy, 
 self-fertilization, -genous, self -producing, -geny, 
 -#o?i#,spontaneousgeneration, -mor'phic, -mor'- 
 phism, ascribing (of) one's own characteristics 
 to another, -phagous, -phagy, feeding on 
 oneself (by absorption of tissues, during starva- 
 tion), -plasty, repair of wounds with tissue 
 from same body. 
 
 autobio'grapher, n. One who writes his 
 own history, [auto-] 
 
 autobiog-ra'phic, a. Pertaining to, en- 
 gaged in, autobiography. Hence autobio- 
 gra'phic al a. .autobiogra'phical l y 2 ad v. 
 [auto-1 
 
 autobio'graphy, n. Writing the story of 
 one's own life ; story so written, [auto-] 
 
 au'toear, n. Road vehicle driven by 
 mechanical power, [auto-] 
 
 autoce'phalous, a. Having its own head ; 
 (of bishop, church) independent, [f. Gk auto- 
 kephalos (auto- + kephale head) + -ous] 
 
 auto'chthon (-k-), n. (usu. pi. ; -ones, -ons). 
 Original, earliest known, inhabitants ; abori- 
 gines. Hence auto'chthon at., autoeh- 
 tho'nic, autochthonous, aa., auto'ch- 
 thonis.M, auto'chthon y 1 , nn. [Gk, = sprung 
 from that land itself (auto--t khthon -onos 
 land)] 
 
 auto'craey, n. Absolute government ; con- 
 trolling influence, [f. Gk autokrateia (as 
 
 AUTOCRAT)] 
 
 au'tocrat, n. Absolute ruler ; A. of all the 
 Mussias (title of the Czar). So autocra'tic(AL) 
 aa., autoera'ticalLY 2 adv. [f. F autocrate 
 f. Gk autokrates (auto- +kratos might)] 
 
 auto'cratrix, n. Female autocrat, title of 
 empresses of Russia ruling in their own right. 
 [Latinized fern, of Gk autokrator (auto- + 
 kratos might)J 
 
 auto-da-fe' (-dahfa), p. (pi. autos-da-fe). 
 Sentence of the Inquisition ; execution of this, 
 esp. burning of heretic. [Port., = act of the 
 faith ; also Sp. -de-fe] 
 
 au'tograph *, n. Author's own manuscript ; 
 person's own handwriting, esp. signature ; copy 
 produced by autography. Hence auto- 
 g , ra*phic(AL) aa., autog-ra'phicalLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L f. Gk autographon neut. of autographos 
 (auto- + -graphos written)] 
 
 au'tograph ? , v.t. Write with one's own 
 hand ; copy by autography ; sign. [f. prec] 
 
 auto'graphy, n. Writing with one's own 
 hand ; author's own handwriting ; lithographic 
 reproduction of writing or drawing, [as prec, 
 see -Y ] ] 
 
 automa'tie, a. Self-acting ; working of 
 itself (as machinery) ; mechanical, unconscious ; 
 unintelligent, merely mechanical. Hence 
 automa'ticAL a., automa'ticalLY 2 adv., 
 automati'eiTY n. [f. automaton + -ic] 
 
 auto'matism, n. Involuntary action ; doc- 
 trine attributing this to animals ; unthinking 
 routine ; faculty of originating action or motion, 
 [f. foil. + -ISM] 
 
 autd'maton, n. (pi. -a, -ons). Thing endued 
 with spontaneous motion ; living being viewed 
 
 For other words in auto- see auto-. 
 
AUTOMOBILE 
 
 56 
 
 AVOID 
 
 materially ; piece of mechanism with concealed 
 motive power ; living being whose actions are 
 involuntary or without active intelligence. 
 Hence auto'matous a. [f. Gk Automaton, 
 neut. adj., acting of itself] 
 automobile (-el), n. Autocar. [F] 
 auto'nomous, a. Of, possessed of, auto- 
 nomy, [f. Gk AUTO(nomos law) + -ous] 
 auto'nomy, n. Right of self-government; 
 personal freedom; freedom of the will (in 
 Kantian doctrine); a self-governing community. 
 So autono'mic a. auto'nomisT n. [f. Gk 
 autonomia, as prec] 
 
 auto'psy (or aw't-), n- Personal inspection ; 
 post-mortem examination; (fig.) critical dis- 
 section. So auto'ptic(AL) aa. [f. Gkautopsia 
 f. autoptos (auto-) 4- op- see] 
 au'totype, n. Facsimile ; permanent photo- 
 graphic printing process for reproducing in 
 monochrome. Hence au'totype v.t. [auto-] 
 au'tumn (-in), n. Third season of the year, 
 August, September, October (Astr., Sep. 21 to 
 Dec. 21); (fig.) season of incipient decay, [f. 
 OF autompne f. L autumnus, etym. dub.) 
 autu'mnal, a. Of autumn ; a. equinox, 
 time when sun crosses equator as it proceeds 
 southward (Sep. 23); maturing, blooming, in 
 autumn ; past prime of life. [f. L autumnalis 
 (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 auxi'liapy, a. & n. (One who is) helpful to ; 
 (Mil.) a. troops, aa., foreign or allied troops in 
 a riation's service; (Gram.) a. (verb), one used 
 to form tenses, moods, voices, of other verbs, 
 [f. L auxiliarius (auxilium help, see -ary *)] 
 avai'l 1 , v.t. & i. Afford help ; be of value or 
 profit; (trans.) help, benefit; a. oneself of, 
 profit by, take advantage of. [prob. f. vail f. F 
 valoir be worth f. L valere] 
 avai'l 2 , n. Use, profit, only in phrr. of a., of 
 no a., without a., to little a. [f. prec] 
 available, a. Capable of being used, at 
 one's disposal, within one's reach. Hence 
 availaBiLiTY, avai'lablexESS, nn., avai'l- 
 abLY 2 adv. [avail v. + -able] 
 a'valanche (-sh), n. Mass of snow, earth, 
 and ice, descending swiftly from mountain 
 (also fig.). [F, dialect, form of avalance f. 
 avaler descend (a val to the valley), see -ance] 
 avani'a (-nea), n. (Extortionate) tax levied 
 by Turks, [etym. dub. ; common in Levant] 
 avant-eourier tavo'ng-kdbTier), n. One 
 who runs, rides, before; esp. (pi.) scouts, ad- 
 vance-guard, [f. F avant-coureur (avant be- 
 fore + coureur runner f. courir)] 
 a'vapice, n. Greed of gain, cupidity; (fig.) 
 eager desire togetor keep. Hence avari'eio us 
 a., avari'eiousLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L avaritia 
 (avarus greedy, see -ice)] 
 ava*st, int. (naut.). Stop ; cease, [prob. f. 
 Da. houd vast hold fast] 
 
 avatar', n. (Hind. Myth.) descent of deity 
 to earth in incarnate form ; incarnation ; mani- 
 festation, display ; phase, [f. Skr. avatara 
 descent (ava down + tar- pass over)] 
 avau'nt, int. Begone, [f. F avant forward 
 f. LL ab-ante before (L ab from + ante before)] 
 a*ve (-1), int. & n. Welcome ; farewell ; 
 shout of welcome or farewell ; A. Maria (Hail, 
 Mary), devotional recitation (Luke i. 28, 42) and 
 prayer to the Virgin ; a.-bell, rung when this is 
 to be said. [L, 2nd sing, imper. of avere fare 
 well] 
 
 ave'nge, v.t. Inflict retribution, exact 
 satisfaction, on behalf of (person, violated 
 right, &c.) ; be avenged, a. oneself; take ven- 
 geance for (injury), [f. OF avengier (a, to + 
 vengier f. L vindicare)] 
 a'vens, n. Wood a., herb bennet; water 
 
 a., plant of same genus, [f. OF avence etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 ave'nturine, -in, n. Brownish glass with 
 gold spangles, manufactured first at Murano 
 near Venice ; variety of quartz resembling 
 this. [F, f. It. avventurino (avventura chance, 
 from its accidental discovery)] 
 
 avenue, n. Way of approach (usu. fig.) ; 
 approach to country house bordered by trees ; 
 roadway marked by trees or other objects at 
 regular intervals; (esp. in U.S) wide street. 
 [F, fern. p.p. (used as n.) of avenir f. L ad- 
 venire come to] 
 
 aver', v.t. (-rr-). Assert, affirm ; (Law) prove 
 a plea. Hence aver'FABLE a. [f. F averer f. 
 LL *AX>verare verify (verus true)] 
 
 a'veragre 1 (-Ij), n. Generally prevailing rate, 
 degree, amount; ordinary standard; medial 
 estimate, as on an a. ; apportionment of loss of 
 ship, cargo, or freight, through unavoidable 
 accident (particular a.) or through inten- 
 tional damage to ship or sacrifice of cargo 
 (general a.), among the owners or insurers, 
 [etym. dub. ; F avarie, Sp. aveHa, Du. avarij, 
 haverij, G hafarei; pern, conn. w. OF aveir 
 goods, see avoirdupois] 
 
 a'vepag"© 2 * a. Estimated by average; of 
 the usual standard. Hence a'verageL y 2 adv. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 a'verage 3 , v.t. Estimate the average of 
 (by dividing the aggregate of several quan- 
 tities by the number of quantities) ; estimate 
 the general standard of; amount on an average 
 to ; a. (work on an average) six hours a day. 
 [as prec] 
 
 aver 'men t, n. Positive statement, affirma- 
 tion ; (Law) offer to prove, proof of, a plea. [f. 
 F avereinent (as aver)] 
 
 averrunca'tor, n. Instrument for cutting 
 off branches of trees high above head. [f. obs. 
 vb averruncate, f. L averruncare (a off 4- 
 verruncare turn), but wrongly explained as 
 f. eruncare weed out] 
 
 aver'se, a. Opposed, disinclined, (to, from) ; 
 unwilling (to do). Hence aver'seNESS n. [f. 
 L as avert] 
 
 aver'sion, n. Dislike, antipathy, (to, from, 
 for) ; unwillingness (to do) ; object of dislike, 
 as pet a. [f. L aversio (as avert, see -ion)] 
 
 avert, v.t. Turn away (eyes, thoughts, 
 from) ; ward off. Hence avep'tiBLE, -able, 
 aa. [f. F avertir f. LL avertere, L -ere (a away 
 
 + vertere vers- turn) ; cf. advert] 
 
 a*vian, a. Pertaining to birds, [f. L avis 
 bird + -an) 
 
 a'viapy, n. Place for keeping birds, [f. L 
 
 aviarium (as prec, see -arium)] 
 
 a'viate, v.i. Manage or travel in dirigible 
 
 balloon, airship, flying-machine, &c. So avi- 
 
 a'tion, a'viatOR 2 , nn. [f. L avis bird, -ate 3 ] 
 a'vid, a. Eager, greedy (of, for). Hence 
 
 a'vidLY 2 adv. [f. L avidxis (avere crave)] 
 avi'dity, n. Ardent desire, greed, [f. F 
 
 aviditt f. L aviditatem (as prec, see -ty)] 
 a'vifauna, n. Birds (of district, country) 
 
 collectively, [f. L avis bird + fauna] 
 avi'so (-ezo), n. Advice-boat. [Sp., f. L 
 
 advisum, see advice] 
 avizandum, n. (Sc Law). Private con- 
 sideration, [med. L, gerund otavizare consider] 
 avoca'tion, n. Distraction ; minor occu- 
 pation ; vocation, calling, [f. L avocatio 
 
 (avocare call away, see -ation)] 
 a'voeet, -set, n. Wading bird allied to 
 
 snipe, [f. F avocette t. It. avosetta] 
 avoi'd, v.t. Shun, refrain from (thing, doing) ; 
 
 escape, evade ; (Law) defeat (pleading), quash 
 
 (sentence). Hence avoi'dABLE a. [f. AF 
 
AVOIDANCE 
 
 avoider f. OF evuider clear out, get quit of (es 
 out + vuidier f. vuit, vuide, void)] 
 
 avoi'dance, n. Act of avoiding; vacancy 
 (of office, benefice), [prec. + -ance] 
 
 avoirdupois (a'verdiipoi'z), a. & n. A. 
 {weight), system of weights used in Great 
 Britain for all goods except precious metals 
 & stones, & medicines ; A. pound contains 
 7,000 grains ; (U.S.) weight, heaviness, [recent 
 corrupt, of avoir-de-pois f. AF, OF, aveir de 
 peis (aveir, avoir, goods, property, f. L habere 
 have + de of + pois, peis, weight f. 1, pension)] 
 
 avou'ch (-ow-), v.t. & i. Guarantee ; affirm ; 
 confess. Hence avou'chMENT n. [f. OF 
 avochier f. L AUvocare (in legal use) call upon as 
 defender] 
 
 avow, v.t. Admit, confess; (refl. & pass.) 
 admit oneself to be, as a. himself the author, 
 the avou-ed author. Hence avow'ABLE a., 
 avow'AL n., avowedLY 2 adv. [f. F avouer 
 (a to + vouer f. LL votare frequent, of vovere 
 vow)] 
 
 avu'lsion, n. Tearing away ; (Law) sudden 
 removal of land by flood &c. to another per- 
 son's estate, [f. L avulsio (avellere -vuls- 
 pluck away)] 
 
 avu'nculap, a. Of, resembling, an uncle. 
 [f. L avunculus maternal uncle (dim. of avus 
 grandfather) + -ar l ] 
 
 awai't, v.t. Wait for ; (of things) be in store 
 for. [f. OXF awaitier (a to + xcaitier, OF 
 guaitier, see wait v.)] 
 
 awa'ke 1 , v.t. & i. (past awoke, p.p. awoke, 
 awaked). Cease to sleep ; (fig.) become active ; 
 a. to, become conscious of ; rouse from sleep 
 (lit. & fig.). [(1) OE awxcnan, awoc, awacen, 
 
 (a- prob. = on) ; of which present tense was 
 early treated as weak vb, with past awaecnede, 
 
 whence awaken, awakened ; (2) OE awacian, 
 awacode, in form a compd of wacian watch, 
 
 but in sense = awxcnan; (3) in OE these were 
 intr. , the trans, sense being given by a wecc(e)an, 
 
 ME awecche, G erwecken, ousted by awake, 
 
 trans., before 1300] 
 awa'ke 2 , pred. a. Roused from sleep ; not 
 
 asleep ; vigilant ; a. to, aware of. [short for 
 
 awaken, orig. p.p. of prec] 
 awa-ken, v.t. & i. = awake 1 (lit. & fig.) 
 
 esp. (fig.) arouse (to a sense of), [see awake *] 
 award 1 (-awd), v.t. Adjudge; grant, as- 
 sign, [f. AF awarder f. OF esguarder f. Rom. 
 
 *EX(ivardare, -guardare, f. OLG *warden, 
 
 OHG warten, watch ; cf. ward)] 
 awar'd 2 , n. Judicial decision; payment. 
 
 penalty, assigned by this. [AF, f. OF eswart, 
 
 esguart, f. esguarder, see prec] 
 aware*, pred. a. Conscious, knowing, (of, 
 
 that). [OE gewxr (OHG gawar, MHG gewar, 
 
 G gewahr) f. ge- quite + wzer wary] 
 away, adv. To, at, a distance from the 
 
 place, person, thing, in question (lit. & fig.), as 
 
 go a., throw a., give a., he is a., waste a., fool 
 
 a., explain a. ; out & a., beyond comparison ; 
 
 constantly, continuously, as work a., peg a. ; 
 
 without delay, as fire a. ; = go away (imper.) ; 
 
 a. with (imper.), go a. witb, take a. ; (cannot) a. 
 
 with, get on with, tolerate ; make a. with, 
 
 destroy. [OE onweg (phr. on weg on one's way, 
 
 onward, along), in early E used as separable 
 
 vbl prefix] 
 awe \ n. Reverential fear or wonder, as 
 
 stand in a. of, hold, keep, in a. ; awestruck, 
 
 struck with a. Hence awe'LESS, awe'SOME, 
 
 aa. [f. ON agi ; OE has ege ; both f. agan v. 
 
 fear] 
 
 awe 2 , v.t. Inspire with awe. [f. prec] 
 awe 3 , n. One of the float-boards of an 
 
 undershot water wheel. [?] 
 
 57 AY 
 
 awful, a. Inspiring awe; worthy of pro- 
 found respect ; solemnly impressive ; (archaic) 
 reverential ; (slang) notable in its kind, as a. 
 scrawl, bore, relief, something a. Hence aw- 
 fulLY 2 adv., awfulNESS n. [awe l -f -ful] 
 awhi'le, adv. For a short time. [OE dnc 
 hwile a while] 
 
 awkward, a. Ill-adapted for use ; clumsy 
 (person, thing) ; bungling; embarrassing; diffi- 
 cult, dangerous, to deal with. Hence aw'k- 
 wardiSH l (2) a. , awkwardLY 2 ad v. , aw'k- 
 wardxESS n. [f. obs. adj. awk back-handed, 
 untoward (prob. f. ON afug turned the wrong 
 way) + -ward] 
 
 awl, n. Small tool for pricking, pricker, esp. 
 that used by shoemakers. [OE ael, cf. OHG ala, 
 G ahle] 
 
 awn, n. Spinous process, beard, terminat- 
 ing grain-sheath of barley, oats, &c. Hence 
 awned l [-ed 2 ], awnLESS, aa. [prob. f. ON 
 ogn pi. agnar ; cf. OHG aga.no, G ahne] 
 awning 1 , n. Canvas roof, esp. above deck 
 of vessel ; (Naut.) poop-deck beyond bulkhead 
 of cabin; shelter. Hence awned 2 [-ed 2 ] a. 
 [pern. f. F auvent, etym. dub.] 
 awry (aW), adv. & a. Crookedly, askew ; 
 look a., look askance (lit. & fig.); amiss, im- 
 properly; go, run, tread, a., do wrong; (adj., 
 usu. pred.) crooked (lit. & fig.), [a prep. + wry] 
 ax(e), n. Chopping-tool, usually iron with 
 steel edge & wooden handle ; put the a. in the 
 helve, solve a puzzle ; (U.S. politics) an a. to 
 grind, private ends to serve. [com.-Teut. ; OE 
 sex, OHG acchus, G ax, axt ; akin to Gk axine 
 & perh. L ascia] 
 
 a'xial, a. Forming, belonging to, an axis ; 
 round an axis. Hence axia'liTY n., a'xialLY 2 
 adv. [f. axis + -al] 
 
 a'xil, n. Upper angle between leaf & stem it 
 springs from, or between branch & trunk, [f. 
 L axilla armpit] 
 
 a'xile, a. (hot., physiol.) Belonging to the 
 axis. [f. axis, see -il] 
 
 auxiliary, a. Pertaining to the armpit ; 
 (Bot. ) in, growing from, the axil, [f . F axillaire 
 f. L *axillaris (as axil)] 
 
 a'xiom, n. Established principle ; maxim ; 
 self-evident truth, [f. F axiome f. L f. Gk 
 axioma (axioo hold worthy f. axios, see -m)] 
 axioma'tie, -ieal, aa. Self-evident ; charac- 
 terized by axioms ; full of maxims, aphoristic. 
 Hence axioma'tiealLY 2 adv. [f. Gk axio- 
 matikos (axioma -matos), see prec. & -ic, -al] 
 a'xis, n. (pi. axes). Imaginary line about 
 which a body rotates, or by revolution about 
 which a plane is conceived as generating a solid 
 (sphere, cone, cylinder) ; line dividing regular 
 figure symmetrically ; (Optics) ray passing 
 through centre of eye or lens, or falling per- 
 pendicularly on it; (Physiol.) central core of 
 organ or organism; (Bot.) central column of 
 inflorescence or other whorl of growth ; straight 
 line from end to end of a body, as a. of equator 
 (polar diameter of earth). [L, = axle, pivot] 
 a'xle, n. Spindle upon or with which wheel 
 revolves; (in carriages, prop.) slender ends of 
 a.-tree (whole bar connecting wheels), (loosely) 
 a. -tree; wheel & a., a mechanical power; 
 a.-box (in which ends of aa. revolve) ; a.- 
 journal, polished end of a. revolving under 
 bearing in a. -box. Hence a*xlED 2 a. [first 
 found in axle-tree, ON bxxd-tree ( ON oxxdl = 
 Goth, ahsulsf. OTeut. ahsd, cogn. w. Skr. aksha, 
 Gk axon, L axis)] 
 
 a*xolotl, n. Salamander-like reptile found 
 in Mexican lakes. [Aztec, = servant (xolotl) of 
 water (atl)\ 
 ay (i), int. & n. Yes ; (n.) affirmative answer ; 
 
AYAH 
 
 58 
 
 BACHELOR 
 
 the ayes have it, affirmative voters are in 
 majority, [t] 
 
 ayah (i*a), n. Native Hindoo nurse or lady s 
 maid. [Ind. vernacular aya f. Port, aia nurse, 
 fem. of aio tutor] 
 
 aye (a), adv. Ever, always ; on all occa- 
 sions ; for a., for ever. [ME agg, ai, ei, f. ON 
 ei, ey, cogn. w. Goth, aiw f. OTeut. aiwoz, cogn. 
 w. L aevum age ; cf. Gk aei always] 
 
 aye-aye (i'i), n. Squirrel-like animal of the 
 size of a cat, found only in Madagascar. [F, f. 
 Malagasy aiay] 
 
 , Aza'lea, n. Genus of flowering shrubby 
 plants, natives of northern hemisphere, [f. Gk 
 azalea fem. of azaleos dry (from its dry wood 
 or the dry soil in which it flourishes)] 
 
 a'zarole, n. Fruit of the Neapolitan medlar, 
 [f. F azerole (Sp. azarolla) f. Arab, az-zu rur 
 (al the + name of the fruit)] 
 
 a'zimuth, n. Arc of the heavens extending 
 from the zenith to the horizon, which it cuts 
 at right angles ; a.-circle, one of which this is 
 a quadrant, passing through zenith & nadir; 
 true a. of a heavenly body, arc of horizon 
 intercepted between north (in Southern hemi- 
 sphere, south) point of horizon & the point where 
 the great circle passing through the body cuts 
 the horizon ; magnetic a., arc intercepted be- 
 tween this circle & magnetic meridian. Hence 
 azimu'thAL a., azimuthalLY 2 adv. [f. F 
 azimut f. Arab, assumut (al the + sumut pi. of 
 samt way, direction)] 
 
 azo'ic, a. Having no trace of life; (Geol.) 
 containing no organic remains, [f. Gk azoos 
 (a- not + zoe life) + -ic] 
 
 azo'te, n. Former name of nitrogen. Hence 
 azd'tica., a*zotiZE(3)v.t. [F, f. Gk «- not+2-66 
 (for zao) live, from its inability to support life] 
 
 azure (a*zher, a'zhye?-), n. & a., & v.t. Sky 
 blue ; unclouded vault of heaven ; bright blue 
 pigment; lapis lazuli; (adj.) sky-blue, (fig.) 
 cloudless, serene ; (v.t.) make a. [f. OF azur f. 
 med. L azura f. Arab, al the+lazivard f. Pers. 
 lazhward lapis lazuli] 
 
 a'zygous, a. & n. (physiol.). (An organic 
 part) not existing in pairs, [f. Gk azugos un- 
 yoked (a- not + zugon yoke) + -ous] 
 
 B 
 
 B (be), letter (pi. Bs, B's, Bees). (Mus.) 
 seventh note in scale of C major (B flat, 
 jocular euphem. for bug). (In argument) 
 second hypothetical person or thing. (Alg.) 
 second known quantity. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : bachelor, as B.A. (of Arts), 
 B.D. (of Divinity), B.Sc. (of Science), LL.B. 
 (of Laws) ; brandy, B & S (& soda) ; beata, 
 B.V.M. (Virgo Maria = the Blessed Virgin 
 Mary) ; before, B.C. (Christ) ; born, as b. 1851 ; 
 British, as B.C. (Columbia). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Bart, baronet ; Beds., 
 Bedfordshire ; Berks., Berkshire ; Bp, 
 bishop ; Bros, Brothers ; Bucks., Bucking- 
 hamshire. 
 
 baa (bah), n., & v.i. (baaing, baaed or 
 baa'd). = bleat. Baa-lamb, nursery name 
 for lamb, [imit.] 
 
 Ba'al, n. (pi. Ba'alim). Phoenician god ; 
 (transf.) a false god. Hence Ba*aliSM(3), 
 Ba*aliST(2), Ba'aliTE(l), nn. [Heb. ba'al lord] 
 
 ba'bacoote (bah-), n. Species of lemur 
 (Madagascar). [Malagasy babakoto] 
 
 Ba'bbit-metal, n. Soft alloy of tin, 
 antimony, & copper, [inventor's name] 
 
 ba'bble 1 , v.i. & t. Talk half articulately, 
 incoherently, or excessively ; murmur (of 
 streams, &c.) ; repeat foolishly ; let out 
 
 (secrets). Hence ba'bbleMENT n. [imit. of 
 infant's ba, ba, + -LE (3); cf. F babiller, LG 
 babbelen, G pappelen] 
 
 ba'bble 2 , n. Imperfect speech ; idle talk ; 
 murmur of water &c. [prec.J 
 
 ba'bbler, n. Chatterer; teller of secrets; 
 Long-legged Thrush, [-er x ] 
 
 babe, n. (poet.). Young child, baby; inex- 
 perienced or guileless person, [imit. of child's 
 speech, cf. babble] 
 
 ba'bel, n. The tower in Shinar (Gen. xi) ; a 
 high structure ; visionary plan ; scene of con- 
 fusion, noisy assembly, meaningless noise, 
 [perh. f. Ass. bab-ilu gate of God] 
 
 babirou'ssa, -ru'ssa (-roo-), n. E.-Asiatic 
 wild hog with upturned horn-like tusks. 
 [Malay babi hog+rw.sa. deer] 
 
 baboo (bah-), n. (As Hindoo title) Mr ; Hin- 
 doo gentleman ; Indian English-writing clerk ; 
 (contemptuous) half anglicized Hindoo. [Hind. 
 babu] 
 
 baboo'n, n. Large African & S. -Asiatic 
 monkey, [f. 13th-c. F babuin etym. dub. ] 
 
 babou'che (-oosh), n. Oriental slipper. [F, 
 f. Arab, babush f. Pers. paposh (pa loot+posh 
 covering) ; iov p=b cf. pasha & bashaw] 
 
 ba'by, n. Very young child ; childish 
 
 Eerson, whence ba'byisH * a., ba'byishNESS, 
 ia*byiSM(2), nn. ; thing small of its kind ; 
 b.-farmer, one who contracts to keep bb. Hence 
 ba'byHOOD n. [babe, -y 3 ] 
 
 Ba'bylon, n. Capital of Chaldean empire ; 
 any great empire or vicious city ; Rome, the 
 papacy (ref. to Rev. xvii &c), London, &c. 
 Hence Babylo'niAN a. & n. [L, f. Gk Babulon 
 f. Heb. Babel babel] 
 
 baccalau'reate (-rlat), n. University 
 degree of bachelor, [f. med. L baccalaureatus 
 (baccalaureus corrupted after bacca lauri 
 laurelberry ) f . baccalarius bachelor ; see ate *] 
 
 ba'ccara, -at (-rah), n. Gambling card game. 
 [F] 
 
 ba'ecate, a. (hot.) Bearing berries, berry- 
 shaped. Hence baeea'to- comb. form. [f. L 
 baccatus berried (bacca berry, -ate 2 )] 
 
 ba'cchanal (-k-), a. & n. Of, like, Bacchus 
 or his rites ; riotous, roystering. Priest, 
 priestess, votary, of Bacchus ; drunken revel- 
 ler ; dance or song in honour of Bacchus, [f. L 
 bacchanalis (L f. Gk Bakkhos god of wine, -al)] 
 
 Bacehana'lia, n. pi. Festival of Bacchus ; 
 drunken revelry. [L neut. pi. of bacchanalis 
 = prec] 
 
 Bacchana'lian, a. & n. Of Bacchanals ; 
 riotous, drunken. A bacchanal, tippler, [f. L 
 bacchanalis bacchanal+ -an] 
 
 Ba'cchant, n. masc. or fem., & a. ; Bac- 
 chante (baka'nt, ba'kant, baka'nti), n. fem. 
 Priest, priestess, votary, of Bacchus ; Bac- 
 chus-worshipping, wine-loving. Hence Bac- 
 cha'ntic a. [(-nte F) f. L bacchari (-ant) f. 
 Gk bakkheuo celebrate Bacchic rites] 
 
 Ba'cchic, a. = bacchanal (adj. meanings), 
 [f. L f. Gk bakkhikos of Bacchus] 
 
 Ba'cchus, n. Greek god of wine. [L, f. Gk 
 Bakkhos] 
 
 bacci'ferous, ba'ceiform, bacci'vor- 
 ous, (baks-), aa. Berry -bearing, -shaped, -eat- 
 ing. [L baccifer (-ferous) ; L bacca berry + 
 
 -FORM, -VOROUS] 
 
 Ba'charach (bah'charahch). A Rhine wine, 
 [town] 
 
 ba'chelop, n. Young knight serving under 
 another's banner (hist.) ; hence now, knight b., 
 simple knight not belonging to a special order ; 
 man or woman who has taken the university 
 degree below Master; unmarried man. B.'s 
 buttons, various button-shaped flowers esp. 
 
BACILLARY 
 
 59 
 
 BAD 
 
 double buttercup, also sniaU ratafia biscuits. 
 Hence ba'cheloPHOOD, ba'ehelorsHip, 
 ba*eheloriSM(4), nn. [f. OF bacheler i. L 
 *baccalaris; cf. baccalaria piece of land, 
 baccalarius farm-labourer, perh. f. bacca LL 
 for L vacca cow] 
 
 baci'llary, a. Of little rods (tissue, mem- 
 brane) ; connected with bacilli (disease, 
 research), [bacillus + -ary J] 
 
 baei'lliform, a. Rod-shaped, [foil. + -form] 
 
 baci'llus, n. (pi. -Mi). Genus of schizomy- 
 cetae, microscopic rodlike vegetable organisms 
 some of which are found in diseased tissues in 
 anthrax, phthisis, &c. [LL dim. of L baculus 
 stick] 
 
 back 1 , n. & a. Hinder surface of human 
 body (at the b. of, behind in support, pursuit, 
 or concealment ; behind one's b. ; give, make, 
 a b„ bend down at leapfrog ; turn one's b. 
 upon, run away from, abandon ; on one's b., 
 laid up ; with one's b. to wall, hard pressed) ; 
 body as needing clothes (b. <t belly, clothing 
 & food) or as weight-carrier (6. equal to burden ; 
 have on one's b., be burdened with ; break 
 one's b., overburden him, & see break 1 b. 
 of) ; surface of things corresponding to human 
 b. (less visible, active, or important ; 6. of hand, 
 leg, door, book, knife), side away from spec- 
 tator ; upper surface of animal's body, surface 
 corresponding to this (ridge-shaped, &c. ; b. of 
 hill, ship esp. in broke her b. ; on the b. of, in 
 addition to) ; football player stationed behind 
 (full, three-quafter, half, b.)\ backhand, over 
 cart-saddle to keep shafts up ; backboard, at 
 b. of cart, also strapped across child's b. to 
 straighten it ; backbone, spine (whence ba'ck- 
 bonED 2 a. ; to the backbone, thoroughly), main 
 support, axis, watershed, chief strength, firm- 
 ness of character (whence ba'ckboneLESS a.) ; 
 backfall, throw on b. in wrestling ; backsword, 
 with only one edge, also singlestick. (Adj. ; 
 no comp., superl. backmost) : situated behind, 
 remote, inferior, (take b. seat, humble oneself) ; 
 overdue (b. rent) ; reversed, counter, (b. cur- 
 rent); backdoor, lit., & fig. secret means or 
 rpproach, (adj.) clandestine, underhand ; 
 b.-end, late autumn ; background, part of 
 scene, picture, or description, that serves as 
 setting to chief figures or objects and fore- 
 ground, obscurity, retirement ; backhand(ed), 
 delivered with b. of hand or in direction 
 counter to the usual, indirect, unexpected, 
 (backhander, such blow, indirect attack, extra 
 glass got by bottle's travelling wrong way) ; 
 backset, counter current, check, reverse ; back- 
 side, posterior, rump ; b.-sight, that nearer 
 stock of rifle &c, (Surv.) sight taken back- 
 wards ; backstairs n. & a., backstair a., as 
 backdoor above ; backstays, ropes slanting 
 abaft from masthead to sides of ship ; back- 
 stroke, return or backhand stroke ; backwash, 
 motion of receding wave (lit. & fig. ) ; back- 
 water, water dammed back, currentless water 
 beside stream & fed by its backflow, stagnant 
 condition of things, creek communicating with 
 sea by barred outlets, water cast from ship's 
 paddles, loss of power caused by this ; backway, 
 bypath (lit. & fig.); backxcoods n. & a., back- 
 wood a., (connected with) remote uncleared 
 forest land (so baekicoodsmari). [a. f. n., OE 
 bsec ; Teut., now almost confined to E] 
 
 back 2 , v.t. & i. Put, or be, a back, lining, 
 support, or background, to ; assist with coun- 
 tenance, money, or argument, bet upon, 
 whence ba'ckER l n. ; (of sporting dogs) follow 
 suit to one that points ; b. up, help by subor- 
 dinate action, esp. in cricket ; ride upon, break 
 w* to the saddle ; countersign, endorse ; cause 
 
 to move back (horse, boat, engine, &c. ; b. a 
 sail, yard, lay it aback, i. e. to face wind ; b. 
 water, reverse boat's motion with oars) ; go 
 backwards; (of wind) change countersunwise 
 (cf. veer) ; 0. out (of), withdraw (from under- 
 taking &c. ) ; 6. down, abandon claim, [f. prec] 
 
 back 3 , adv. To the rear (often with omission 
 of vb, esp. in imperative), away from what is 
 considered the front (push the bolt b.) ; away 
 from a promise (go b.from or upon one's word) ; 
 into the past, into or in an earlier position or 
 condition, home ; in return (answer b. = retort : 
 pay b.) ; at a distance (b.from the road) ; in a 
 checked condition (keep b.); =ago; reckoning 
 backwards (for years b.); behindhand; b. & 
 forth = to & fro ; b. of (U.S.) = behind ; backbite, 
 slander, speak ill of, whence ba'ckbitER 1 n. ; 
 ba'cklash(ing), irregular recoil of wheels in 
 machinery due to defects or sudden pressure ; 
 backslide v.i., relapse into sin, whence back- 
 sli'dER 1 , backsli'diNG 1 , nn. ; backstitch 
 n. & v.t. &i., sewung) with overlapping stitches, 
 [for aback] 
 
 back 4 , n. Shallow vat used in brewing, 
 dyeing, &c. [f. Du. bak tub f. F bac punt cf. 
 med. L baccus ferryboat] 
 
 baekga'mmon, n. Game played on special 
 double board with draughts & dice ; most com- 
 plete form of win in this, [back 3 (because 
 pieces go back or re-enter), game x ] 
 
 ba'cking*, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : body of 
 supporters ; material used to form thing's 
 back or support, [back 2 , -ing j ] 
 
 backsheesh. See baksheesh. 
 
 ba*ekward(s),adv., ba'ekward, a. Away 
 from one's front (look, lean, &c); back fore- 
 most (walk &c.) ; back to starting-point (floxv, 
 roll, &c. ; not of living things exc. in b. & for- 
 wards); into a worse state (go &c); into the 
 past (reckon &c.) ; the reverse way (spell &c. ; 
 ring the bells b., from bass upwards). (Adj.) 
 directed to rear or starting-point ; reversed ; 
 reluctant, shy, behindhand, dull, whence 
 ba'ekwardNESS n. [orig. for abaekicard, 
 later referred to back 1 ; see -ward, -wards] 
 
 backwardation, n. (St. Exch.). Per- 
 centage paid by seller of stock for right of 
 delaying delivery (cf. contango), [f. prec. 
 used as vb + -ation on anal, of retardation] 
 
 ba'con, n. Cured back & sides of pig (save 
 one's b., escape death or injury). [OF, f. OHG 
 bacho MHG backe buttock cf. back 1 ] 
 
 Baco'nian, a. & n. Of Francis Bacon or his 
 philosophy, experimental, inductive; a fol- 
 lower of Bacon. [Bacon + -IAN] 
 
 ba'cony, a. Like bacon (esp. b. liver, a 
 disease, fatty degeneration), [bacon -f -y x ] 
 
 bacterium, n. (pi. -rid). Genus of schi- 
 zomycetae, microscopic rod-shaped unicellular 
 organisms in decomposing liquids. Hence 
 baeter'iAL a., baeterid'LOGY, -6'logist, nn. 
 [mod. L, f. Gk bakterion dim. of baktron stick] 
 
 ba'culine, a. Of the stick or flogging (esp. 
 6. argument), [f. L bacidum stick + -ine x ] 
 
 bad, a. (worse, worst), & n. (Negatively) 
 worthless, inferior, deficient, of poor quality, 
 incorrect, not valid, (b. air, corrupt ; b. coin, 
 debased; b. debt, not recoverable ; b.food, not 
 nourishing; go b., decay; with b. grace, re- 
 luctantly; b. shot, wrong guess; 6. law, not 
 sustainable ; b. form, want of breeding ; 6. pre- 
 eminence, disrepute ; in a b. sense, unfavour- 
 able ; 6. success). (Positively) noxious, de- 
 praved, vicious, offensive, painful, (b. blood, ill 
 feeling; b. for, injurious to) ; in ill health, in- 
 jured, in pain, (she is b., worse, to-day ; a b. leg). 
 (N.) ill fortune (take the b. with the good), wrong 
 side of account (£500 to the b.), ruin (go to the 
 
BADE 
 
 60 
 
 BAILIFF 
 
 &.). Hence ba'ddiSH * (2) a. [ME badde, pern, 
 f. OE bxddel hermaphrodite-, womanish man ; 
 for loss of I cf. my eel much] 
 
 bade. See bid K 
 
 badge, n. Distinctive mark, formerly of 
 knight, now worn as sign of office or licensed 
 employment or membership of a society ; 
 symbol, something that betrays a quality or 
 condition. [ME ; etym. dub.] 
 
 ba'dger 1 , n. (dial.) Hawker, esp. of pro- 
 visions. [?] 
 
 ba'dger 2 , n. Grey-coated strong-jawed 
 nocturnal hibernating plantigrade quadruped 
 between weasels & bears ; fishing-fly, & paint- 
 ing-brush, made of its hair ; b.-baiting, -draw- 
 ing, setting dogs to draw it from its burrow 
 or a cask; b.-legged, with legs of unequal 
 length (popular error), [mod. E (older brock or 
 bauson) perh. f. badge + -ard (earlier bageard, 
 badgerd) with ref. to its white forehead mark] 
 
 ba'dgep 3 , v.t. Bait like a badger, worry, 
 tease, [f. prec] 
 
 badinage (-ahzh), n. Light raillery. [F (ba- 
 diner banter f. badin silly f. LL badare gape)] 
 
 ba'dly, adv. (worse, worst). Defectively, 
 unsuccessfully, faultily, wickedly, cruelly, dan- 
 gerously, by much (beaten), very much (icant 
 a thing b\ [-LY 2 ] 
 
 ba'dminton, n. A summer drink (claret, 
 soda, sugar) ; game with net, rackets, & shut- 
 tlecocks. [Duke of Beaufort's seat] 
 
 ba'dness, n. Poor quality or condition ; 
 faultiness, invalidity ; wickedness, noxious- 
 ness, adverseness. [-ness] 
 
 ba'ffle, v.t. Foil, reduce to perplexity, bar 
 progress of, (person, curiosity, faculties, efforts, 
 ship) ; baffling winds, variable, preventing a 
 straight course, [perh. f. F beffler mock & 
 bafouer hoodwink, both perh. f. Pr. bafar 
 mock perh. f. 6a/interj. of contempt] 
 
 ba'ffy, ba/ffing-spoon, nn. Wooden golf 
 club for lofting. Icf. Sc. baffa. blow] 
 
 baft, n. Coarse cheap cotton fabric exported 
 to Africa. [Pers., = woven] 
 
 bag 1 , n. Receptacle of flexible material 
 with opening at top (green or blue b., barrister's 
 for briefs; hyphened with nouns showing 
 contents or purpose, as mail-b., travelling-b. ; 
 also alone for such compp., e.g. for money-b., 
 so bags = wealth, or for game-b., also for g.-b.'s 
 contents or all a sportsman has shot or caught ; 
 6. of bones, lean creature ; whole b. of tricks, 
 every device, everything, all the lot ; in bottom 
 of b., as last resource ; let cat out of b., reveal 
 secret, esp. involuntarily ; b. & baggage, with 
 all belongings, esp. of utter expulsion), whence 
 ba'ggiNG * (3) n. ; cow's udder ; sac in body 
 containing honey, poison, &c. ; baggy place 
 under eyes &c. ; (slang) bb., trousers; b. fox, 
 one brought, not found ; bagman, commercial 
 traveller, also = b. fox ; bagpipe(s), musical 
 instrument (air-b., three drones, & chanter) 
 now used chiefly in Scotland ; b.-sleeve, loose 
 except at wrist; b.-wig, 18th-c. wig with back 
 hair enclosed in b. Hence ba*gFUL(2) n. 
 [perh. f. ON baggi etym. dub. ; no evidence for 
 connexion with belly, bellows (OHG balg)] 
 
 bag* 2 , v.i. & t. Swell, bulge; (Naut.) drop 
 away from course ; hang loosely ; put in a bag, 
 secure (game, whether lit. bagged or not), take 
 possession of, (euphem.) steal, [prec] 
 
 bag 3 , v.t. Cut (wheat &c.) with a hook, [also 
 
 badge; etym. dub.] 
 
 baga'sse (-as), n. Refuse products in sugar- 
 making. [F ; perh. = bagage lumber] 
 
 bagate'lle, n. Trifle, negligible amount; light 
 
 Fiiece of music ; minor game of billiard kind. 
 F, f. It. bagatella dim. perh. f. baga baggage] 
 
 ba'ggage (-ij), n. Belongings with which 
 one travels (now ousted exc. in U.S. by lug- 
 gage) ; portable equipment of army ; good- 
 for-nothing woman (now only used playfully), 
 saucy girl. [f. OF bagage f. baguer tie up or 
 bagues bundles pi. of bague = lt. & LL baga 
 chest] 
 
 ba'ggy, a. Puffed out, hanging in loose 
 folds. Hence ba'ggiNESS n. [bag 1 + -v 2 ] 
 
 bagnio (ba'nyo), n. Bathing-house (not now 
 in England) ; oriental prison ; brothel, [f. It. 
 bagno f. L balneum bath] 
 
 bah, int. of contempt. [F] 
 
 Baha'dup (-ahd-), n. Complimentary title 
 appended in India to names of European 
 officers. [Hind., = gallant] 
 
 baignoire (banwah'r), n. Box at theatre on 
 level of stalls. [F] 
 
 bail !, n. Security for prisoner's appearance, 
 on giving which he is released pending trial 
 (forfeit one's b., fail to appear; save one's b., 
 appear); (joe.) give leg &., run away; person(s) 
 who become(s) surety for prisoner's appearance 
 (be, become, go, b. ; go b. for, guarantee truth 
 of anything ; magistrate accepts, admits to, 
 allows, holds to, takes, b. ; prisoner gives, offers, 
 surrenders to his, b. ; his b. sumxnder, render, 
 bring in, produce, him). [OF bail custody f. 
 baillier take charge of f. L bajulare bear a 
 burden (bajulus porter)] 
 
 bail 2 , v.t. 1. Deliver (goods) in trust. 2. Ad- 
 mit to bail, release on security given for appear- 
 ance, (of magistrate ; archaic) ; secure libera- 
 tion of, by becoming bail or security for (b. out 
 if already in prison), [sense 1 f . F battler de- 
 liver ; sense 2 f. bail ] ] 
 
 bail 3 , n. (Hist.) outer line of fortification 
 formed of stakes ; wall of castle court, or court 
 itself. (Mod.) bar separating horses in open 
 stable; swinging &., slung from manger to 
 ceiling ; (cricket) one of the cross pieces (orig. 
 one, not two) over stumps. [OF 6a il perh. f. 
 baillier enclose, or f. L baculum stick] 
 
 bail 4 , n. Half-hoop for supporting wagon- 
 tilt &c. ; hoop-handle of kettle &c. ; (Australia) 
 frame holding cow's head at milking. [ME 
 beyl f. ON beygla swordguard &c. (beygya = 
 OE began to bend)] 
 
 bail 5 , v.t. Confine (archaic); (Australia) 6. 
 up, secure (cow; see prec); (of bushrangers) 
 make hold up the arms to rob, (intr. of victim) 
 throw up the arms. [f. OF baillier enclose 
 perh. same as in prec. & bail 2 ] 
 
 bail 6 , bale, v.t. Throw water out of boat 
 with pails &c. (b. water out, b. out boat, or abs.). 
 Hence bai'lep 1 [-er 1 (2)] n. [f. obs. n. bail 
 bucket f. F bailie f. LL bacula dim. of baca, 
 bacca, water vessel] 
 
 bai'lable, a. Admitting of bail (offence). 
 [bail ] , 2 + -able] 
 
 bailee*, n. One to whom goods are entrusted 
 for a purpose. [bail 2 + -ee] 
 
 bai'ler 2 , n. Ball that hits bails at cricket. 
 
 [BAILS + 'ER 1 ] 
 
 bai'ley, n. Outer wall of castle ; also any of 
 its inner defensive circuits, or any of the courts 
 enclosed between these; Old B., London Cen- 
 tral Criminal Court, standing in ancient b. of 
 city wall: [ME variant of bail 3 perh. f. med. 
 L form ballium] 
 
 bai*lie,n. Scotch municipal magistrate =Eng. 
 alderman. [ME bailli f. OF baillfe bailiff] 
 
 bai'liff, n. (Orig.) King's representative in 
 a district (including mayor, sheriff, &c), esp. 
 chief officer of a hundred (still in High-B. of 
 Westminster, B. of Dover Castle, &c. ; used as 
 Eng. equivalent of F bailli, G landvogt, Chan- 
 nel-I. bailly or first civil officer) ; officer under 
 
 
BAILIWICK 61 
 
 sheriff for writs, processes, arrests ; agent of 
 lord of manor ; landholder's steward. [ME & 
 OF baillif obj. case of baillis f. LL. bajulivus 
 (L bajulus porter)j 
 
 bai'liwlek, n. District, jurisdiction, of 
 bailie or bailiff, [bailie + wick 2 ] 
 
 bai'lment, in. Delivery of goods in trust ; 
 bailing of prisoner. [OF bailie mrnt see bail 2 
 & -ment] 
 
 bai'lor, n. One who delivers goods to another 
 for a stated purpose, [bail 2 + -or 2 J 
 
 bai'lsman, n. One who gives bail for 
 another, [f. bail's (bail 1 ) + man] 
 
 bain-marie (F), n. Vessel of hot water in 
 which stewpans are stood to warm. [F, f. L 
 balneum Mariae bath of the Virgin perh. 
 from gentleness of process] 
 
 Bairam (birah'rn), n. Mohammedan festival 
 (twice a year, Lesser & Greater). [Turk. & 
 
 Pers.]' 
 
 bairn, n. Child (Sc. form now borrowed in 
 literary Eng., the E berne having perished, & 
 barne become dialectal). [OE beam, coni.- 
 Teut. f. beran bear 3 ] 
 
 bait 1 , v.t. & i. (Orig. ) cause to bite. (1) Worry 
 (chained animal) by setting dogs at it (with 
 dogs, or abs. ; also of the dogs), whence (bear, 
 bull, &c.) -baitiNG 1 n. ; torment (helpless 
 person) with jeers &c. (2) Give food to, take 
 food, (of horses on journey) ; stop at inn (orig. 
 to feed horses, then also for rest or refresh- 
 ment). (3) Put food (real or sham) on or in 
 (hook, trap, fishing-place), [sense 3 prob. f. 
 foil. ; ME beyten f. ON beita cause to bite (bita 
 bite v.) cf. OF beter] 
 
 bait 2 , n. Food to entice prey (live &., small 
 fish so used) ; (fig.) an allurement, temptation ; 
 halt in journey for refreshment or rest, [partly 
 f. OX beita food, partly f. prec] 
 
 baize, n. Coarse woollen stuff with long 
 nap used for coverings, [f. F baies pi. fern, of 
 bai f . L badius chestnut - coloured, bay 6 , 
 treated by mistake as sing. cf. bodice] 
 
 bake, v.t. & i. Cook by dry heat in closed place 
 or on hot surface (not by direct exposure to fire), 
 whence ba'kiXG x (5) n. ; harden by heat ; (half- 
 baked, immature, half-witted); (of sun) ripen 
 (fruit), tan (skin) ; (intr.) undergo the process, 
 be cooked, hardened, tanned, by heat ; bake- 
 house, house or room for baking bread, or for 
 making loaf-sugar ; bakestone, flat stone, slate, 
 or iron plate, on which cakes are baked in 
 oven ; baking-powder, substitute for yeast. 
 [OE bacan; com.-Teut., & cf. Gkphogo roast] 
 
 ba'kep, n. Professional breadmaker (pull 
 devil, pull b., encouragement to both sides; 
 b.'s dozen, thirteen, 13th loaf being huckster's 
 profit; b.-legged, knock-kneed) ; (Fishing) kind 
 of artificial fly. Hence ba'kePESS 1 , ba'k- 
 ery(3), nn. [OE bxcere (bacan bake + -er 1 )] 
 
 backsheesh, ba'khshish (e-), n. Gratuity, 
 tip, (article not used). [Pers., f. bakhshidangive] 
 
 Ba'laam (-lam), n. Disappointing prophet 
 or ally ; (Journalism) matter kept in stock to 
 fill up gaps in newspaper (Numb. xxii. 28 or 38 ; 
 b.-box, receptacle for this). 
 
 balance 1 , n. Weighing - apparatus with 
 central pivot, beam, & two scales; spring or 
 lever substitute for this ; regulating gear of 
 clock or watch ; zodiac constellation (usu. 
 Libra or The Scales), & (not now corresponding) 
 seventh sign of zodiac. The weighing of 
 actions or opinions, the wavering of fortune or 
 chance, power to decide (hold the b.) ; counter- 
 poise, set-off; equilibrium \d. of power, no 
 State greatly preponderant) ; (Art) harmony of 
 design & proportion ; steady position (lose one's 
 b„ fall physically or be upset mentally; &.- 
 
 BALK 
 
 wheel, in watch, regulating the beat); pre- 
 ponderating weight or amount (the b. of ad- 
 vantage lies with him). (Accounts) difference 
 between Cr & Dr, statement of this (strike a 
 b., determine it; b.-sheet, written statement of 
 it with details) ; b. of trade, difference between 
 exports & imports; b. in hand, amount over 
 after realizing assets & meeting liabilities ; b 
 due, deficiency ; (slang) the remainder of any- 
 thing. [F, = It. bilancia f. L (libra) m(lanx- 
 lancis plate) two-scaled (balance)] 
 
 balance-, v.t. & i. Weigh (a question, two 
 arguments &c. against each other); match 
 (thing) with, by, against, another; bring (thing, 
 oneself) into, or keep in, equilibrium ; equal 
 or neutralize weight of, make up for ; oscillate, 
 waver; (dancing) move conversely with one's 
 partner. (Accounts) compare Dr & Cr, make 
 the entry necessary to equalize them ; account 
 balances, two sides are equal ; settle account by 
 paying deficit, [f. F balancer (bala nee = prec.)] 
 
 ba'las, n. Species of ruby. [f. OF balais 
 ult. f. Pers. Badakhshan district of origin] 
 
 ba'leony, n. Outside balustraded platform 
 with access from upper-floor window ; (Theatre) 
 tier of seats generally between dress-circle & 
 gallery. Hence ba*leoniED 2 a. [f. It. balcone 
 (balco f. OHG balcho = balk 1 + -one -oon)] 
 
 bald (bawld), a. With scalp wholly or partly 
 hairless (go b.-headed slang, stake everything, 
 disregard consequences) ; (of animals &c.) hair- 
 less, featherless, treeless, leafless, napless; (of 
 horses) marked with white, esp. on face ; (of 
 style) meagre, dull, jejune, monotonous, (of bad 
 qualities) undisguised, whence ba'ldL Y 2 adv. ; 
 baldhead, baldpate, (person) with bald head, 
 kinds of duck (pate only) & pigeon. Hence 
 ba'ldXESS n. [earlier balled perh. f. obs. ball 
 white spot cf. W (ceffyl) bdl (horse) with white 
 forehead, Ir. & Gael, bal spot, +-ed 2 ] 
 
 ba'ldachin (-k-), -quin, n. (Orig.) rich 
 brocade ; (now) canopy projecting, suspended, 
 or on pillars, over altar, throne, &c. [F & Sp. 
 baldaquin f. It. baldacchino (Baldacco It. form 
 of Bagdad, place of origin)] 
 
 ba'ld-eoot, ba'ldicoot, n. The coot, from 
 its bare white forehead ; bald person. 
 ■ ba'lderdash (bawl-), n. (Formerly) frothy 
 liquid, mixture of liquors. (Now) jumble of 
 words, nonsense ; foul language. [?] 
 
 ba'ldmoney (bawl-), n. 'Yellow-flowered 
 umbelliferous plant. [?] 
 
 ba'ldrie (bawl-), n. Belt for sword, bugle, 
 &c, hung from shoulder to opposite hip. Hence 
 ba*ldrie-wiSE adv. [earlier baudry f. OF 
 baudrei cf. MHG balderich perh. f. L balteus 
 belt] 
 
 bale 1 , n. Evil, destruction, woe, pain, 
 misery, (poet. & archaic). Hence ba'leFUL a., 
 ba-lefulLY 2 adv. [OE, OSax., & OFris. balu 
 f. OTeut. *balwom neut. adj. evil] 
 
 bale 2 , n. Package of merchandise usu. done 
 up in canvas & corded or metal-hooped. [ME 
 (perh. through Flem.) f. OF bale, balle, f. It. 
 balla, palla, either from OHG balla, palla, 
 ball 1, or f. Gk palla ball] 
 
 bale 3 . See bail 6 . 
 
 balee'n, n. & a. Whalebone. [ME baleyne 
 f. OF baleine f. L balaena whale] 
 
 ba'lefipe, n. Great fire in the open ; funeral 
 pyre ; beaconfire ( fire added only in 19th c.) ; 
 bonfire, [f. OE bid & ON bdl great fire f. 
 OTeut. balom (cf. Skr. bhalas lustre, Gk phalos 
 shining) + fire] 
 
 balk 1 , baulk, (bawk), n. Ridge left un- 
 ploughed ; stumbling-block, hindrance ; sanc- 
 tuary area on billiard table (make a b., utilize 
 this) ; roughly squared timber beam ; tie- 
 
BALK 
 
 beam of a house ; headline of fishing-net. [OE 
 balca ridge & perh. ON bdlkr beam] 
 
 balk 2 , baulk, (bawk), v.t. & i. Shirk, miss, 
 (topic, turn, duty, chance) ; jib, shy, pull up ; 
 hinder, thwart, disappoint, discourage, startle. 
 If. prec] 
 
 ball i (bawl), n. Solid or hollow sphere ; (with 
 distinctive adj. ) any of the heavenly bodies; hard 
 or soft, inflated or solid, large or small, sphere 
 used in games; (Cricket) single delivery of it 
 by bowler (no b., delivery breaking rules) ; 
 solid missile (not always spherical) for cannon, 
 rifle, pistol, &c (load with b., opposed to blank 
 cartridge) ; = ballot n., & see black 1 ; b. of 
 eye, eye within lids ; material gathered or 
 Wound in round mass, as snow, medicine 
 (veterinary), wool, or string; b. of foot, rounded 
 part at base of great toe, so b. of thumb. 
 (Phrr.) have the b. at one's feet, see one's way to 
 success ; keep tip the b., keep the b. rolling, do 
 one's part in talk &c. ; the b. is with you, it is 
 your turn ; b. & socket, joint with greatest pos- 
 sible freedom ; three bb., pawnbroker's sign; b.- 
 flring, withb. cartridge; b. -proof ; b.-bearings, 
 axle fittings avoiding friction by use of small 
 bb. ; b.-cock, -tap, automatic cistern-tap with 
 floating b. ; b.-floiver, archit. ornament. [ME 
 bal f. ON bollr f. OTeut. balluz] 
 
 ball 2 (bawl), n. Social assembly for dancing 
 (so b.-room; give a b., of the entertainer; open 
 the b., lead first dance, fig. commence opera- 
 tions), [f. F bal f. baler, bailer, = Pr. balar, It. 
 & LL ball are to dance perh. f. Gk ballizo dance] 
 
 ball 3 , v.t. & i. Squeeze or wind into a ball ; 
 grow into a lump or lumps, [ball 1 ] 
 
 ballad, n. Simple song, esp. sentimental 
 composition of several verses, each sung to 
 same melody, with accompaniment merely 
 subordinate ; poem in short stanzas narrating 
 popular story. Hence ba'llad- monger, bal- 
 ladRY(o), nn. [ME & OF balade (F ball-) f. Pr. 
 balada dancing-song f. balar (ball 2 ),-ade(1)] 
 
 balla'de (balahd), n. Poem of one or more 
 triplets of seven-lined or eight-lined stanzas, 
 each ending with same refrain line, & envoy; 
 
 goem of equal (usu. seven or eight line) stanzas ; 
 . royal, stanzas of seven or eight ten-syllable 
 lines (also rhyme royal), [earl ier spelling &pron. 
 of prec, now used technically] 
 
 ballast *, n. Heavy material placed in ship's 
 hold to secure stability ; in b., in the hold, (of 
 ship) laden with b. only, (of material) as b. ; 
 experience, principles, &c, that give stability 
 to character ; slag &c. used to form bed of rail- 
 road or substratum of road, [so in most Eur. 
 langg. ; perh. OSw. & ODa. barlast (now bal-) 
 show origin, bar bare, mere, ; + last load] 
 
 ba'llast 2 , v.t. Furnish with, render steady 
 by means of, b. (lit. & fig.) ; fill in (railroad bed) 
 with b. Hence ballastiNG x (3) n. [f. prec] 
 
 ballerina (-enah), n. Dancing-woman, 
 ballet-girl, lit.] 
 
 ballet (-la), n. Combined performance of 
 professional dancers on the stage. [F, dim. of 
 
 bal BALL. 2 ] 
 
 balfi'sta (ha-), n. Ancient military engine for 
 hurling great stones &c. [L, f. Gk ballo throw] 
 
 balli'stic, a. Of projectiles, of hurling power. 
 Hence balli'stics n. [prec. + -ic] 
 
 ballon d'essai (F), n. Experiment to see 
 whether the public, or foreign States, will 
 tolerate a new departure in policy &c. 
 
 balloo'n 1 , n. (Archit.) large ball crowning 
 pillar, spire, &c. ; (Chem.) large hollow glass 
 globe used in distillations ; round or pear- 
 shaped airtight envelope inflated with gas 
 lighter than air & rising sky-wards, whence 
 balloo*niST(3) n.; any thing hollow & inflated ; 
 
 62 BAM 
 
 shape into which, or frame on which, trees & 
 plants are trained, [f. It. ballone large ball 
 (balla see bale 2 + -one see -oon)] 
 
 balloo'n 2 , v.i. Ascend in balloon, whence 
 balloo'nER 1 n. ; swell out like b. (gowns &c). 
 [f. prec] 
 
 ballot 1 , n. (Small ball, ticket, or paper — 
 also &. -paper-*^used in) secret voting; votes so 
 recorded ; lot-drawing (whether by balls or 
 not) ; b.-box, used in voting or lot-drawing, [f. 
 It. ballotta dim. of balla ball see bale 2 ] 
 
 ba'llot 2 , v.L Give secret vote ; 6. for, select 
 (officials &c) by secret vote; draw lots (for 
 precedence, esp. in H. of Commons for right of 
 moving resolutions &c). [f. It. ballottare (bal- 
 lotta BALLOT !)] 
 
 ba'llot 3 , n. Small bale of 70 to 1201b. [Fdim. 
 of balle bale 2 } 
 
 ballotage (-ij), n. French second ballot, 
 between two highest candidates with less than 
 legal majority. [F, f. ballotter = ballot 2 ; see 
 -ageI 
 
 ballyrag", v.t. & i. (slang) (-gg-). Maltreat 
 by hustling, jeering, or playing practical jokes 
 on ; indulge in horseplay. Hence b'allypag*- 
 g-iNG l n. [etyni. dub. ; also bullyrag, prob. by 
 pop. etym.] 
 
 balm (bahrn), n. Fragrant & medicinal exuda- 
 tion from certain trees ; ointment for anointing, 
 soothing pain, or healing ; perfume, fragrance ; 
 healing or soothing influence, consolation ; tree 
 yielding b. (Asia & N. Africa) ; B. Gentle or B.- 
 mint, Bastard B., Field B., fragrant herbs; 
 B. ofGilead or of Mecca, golden oleo-resin once 
 much used as antiseptic, artificial imitation of 
 this. [ME & OF basme f. L balsamum balsam ; 
 the ME has been variously corrected on the L 
 (e. g. balsme), whence the mod. -1-] 
 
 bal'm-erieket (babm-), n. Cicada, [earlier 
 baum- ; mistransl. of G baumgrille tree-cricket] 
 
 balmo'pal, n. Kinds of laced boot, petti- 
 coat, Scotch cap. [Queen Victoria's Scotch 
 residence] 
 
 bal'my, a. Yielding balm ; fragrant, soft, 
 mild, soothing, healing. Hence bal'miLv- 
 adv., bal'miNESs n. [balm + -y j ] 
 
 balsam (bawl-), n. Resinous product = 
 balm ; True B. or B. of Mecca = balm of 
 Gilead ; other medicinal oleo-resins ; Canada 
 B., used in mounting for microscope ; artificial 
 oily or resinous ointment, esp. various sub- 
 stances dissolved in oil or turpentine, e.g. B. of 
 Aniseed', (fig.) healing or soothing agency; 
 (Chem.) compounds of resins & volatile oils, 
 insoluble in water ; tree yielding b. ; flowering 
 plant of genus Impatiens ; B. Apple, gourdlike 
 plant with highly coloured fruit. Hence bal- 
 samic (bawl- or bal-) a., balsa'miCALLY adv., 
 balsami'FEROUS a., balsam y 2 (bawl-) a. 
 [f. L balsamum ; from c 1000 to 1600 either vari- 
 ants of basme were used, or the full L ; balsam 
 before & after those dates] 
 
 baltimore (bawl-), n. N.-Amer. orange & 
 black starling, [colours of Lord Baltimore 
 proprietor of Maryland's coat of arms] 
 
 baluster, n. Short pillar, slender above, 
 pearshaped below ; post helping to support 
 rail; (pi.) set of these supporting handrail of 
 staircase (now usu. banisters), [f. F balustre 
 f. It. balausta f. L f. Gk balaustion wild- 
 pomegranate flower (from shape of its calyx- 
 tube)] 
 
 balustpa'de, n. Row of balusters with rail 
 or coping as ornamental parapet to terrace, 
 balcony, &c Hence balustpa'dED 2 a. [prec, 
 •ade] 
 
 bam, v.t., & n. (slang, archaic). Hoax, [from 
 18th c ; etym. dub.] 
 
BAMBINO 
 
 63 
 
 BANIAN 
 
 bambi'no (-e-), n. Image of infant Jesus in 
 swaddling-clothes shown in Italian churches 
 at Christmas. [It.,=baby] 
 
 bamboo*, n. Genus of tropical giant grasses ; 
 the stem, used as stick or material, [bambu 
 now in Java & Sumatra, but perh. not native] 
 
 bamboo'zle, v.t. (slang). Hoax, mystify, 
 cheat into doing something or out of property 
 &c. Hence bamboo'zleMENT n. [from c. 
 1700 ; etym. dub. ; cf. bam, also F bambocher 
 play the fool, bamboche puppet f. It. bamboccio 
 simpleton (bambo fool + -occio)] 
 
 ban 1 , v.t. & i. Curse (t. & i., archaic) ; pro- 
 hibit, interdict. [OE bannan summon & ON 
 banna curse f. OTeut. bannan proclaim f. root 
 ba- (cf. Lfa-, Gk pha-) speak] 
 
 ban 2 , n. Ecclesiastical anathema, interdict ; 
 curse supposed to have supernatural power ; 
 angry execration (archaic) ; formal prohibition ; 
 sentence of outlawry, esp. B. of the (Holy 
 Roman) Empire ; tacit prohibition by public 
 opinion (tinder a &.). [OF, f. LL bannum f. 
 Teut. bann proclamation with penalties {ban- 
 nan ban J)] 
 
 ban 3 , n. Viceroy of districts in Hungary, 
 Croatia, &c, commanding in war. [Pers., = lord] 
 
 ba'nal, a. Commonplace, trite. [F (ban 2 , 
 -al) ; orig. a feudal word ; the use of the lord's 
 mill was compulsory for all tenants (bannal 
 mill), whence the sense common to all] 
 
 bana'lity, n. Triteness ; a commonplace. 
 [f. F banalite f. prec. see -ality] 
 
 bana'na (-nan-), n. Tropical & subtropical 
 fruit tree ; its fruit, finger-shaped with yellow 
 rind, in clusters. [.Port, or Sp. f. the native 
 name in Guinea] 
 
 banavrsic, a. Suitable for a mere mechanic, 
 illiberal, [f. Gk banausikos (banausos work- 
 ing by fire f. baunos forge, -ic)] 
 
 Banbury cake, n. Spiced cake made at 
 Banbury. 
 
 banc, ba'nco, n. Used in phrases in banc, in 
 banco, =on the bench, applied to sittings of a 
 Superior Court of Common Law as a full 
 court (not Nisi Prius or circuit). \Jbanco L abl. 
 of ba?icus bench ; see bank 5 ] 
 
 band 1 , n. (1) Thing that restrains, binds to- 
 gether, connects, or unites (chiefly archaic, now 
 ousted by the orig. identical bond) ; (book- 
 binding) straps at back holding sheets together ; 
 b.-stone, one passing through dry-stone wall 
 &' binding it. (2) Flat strip of thin material; 
 hoop round anything (of iron, elastic, &c); 
 strap forming part of a garment (shirt, dress, 
 hat, &c), (pi.) development of neckband or 
 collar into two pendent strips (clerical, legal) ; 
 reef-band, strip sewn on sail at eyelet holes 
 for strength ; (Mech.) belt connecting wheels ; 
 stripe of colour or distinguishable material on 
 object; bandbox; of paper-covered chip or 
 cardboard for millinery (orig. for clerical bb. ; 
 look as if one came out of bandbox, of ex- 
 treme neatness) ; b.-saw, endless saw running 
 over wheels ; b.-wheel, worked by strap from 
 another. (3) Organized company of armed men, 
 robbers, persons with common object (B. of 
 Hope, total abstinence association), musicians 
 (esp. regimental b. ; German b., any itinerant 
 open-air musicians ; bandmaster, conductor ; 
 bandstand, platform ; bandsman, 'member of 
 b.). [all meanings ult. f. OTeut. bindan bind 1 . 
 but 1, 2, 3, with different hist. (1) (tie), ME band 
 f. ON band f. OTeut. (hence also bond); (2) (strip), 
 late M E bande f . F bande, bende, = Pr. & It. benda 
 f. OHG bindd f. OTeut. ; (3) (company), loth-c. 
 bande f. F bande = Pr., Sp., It., banda ribbon 
 or LL bandum banner both f. Teut.] 
 
 band 2 , v.t. Put a band on; mark with 
 
 stripes ; form into a league (usu. refl. or pass.), 
 [f. F bander f. bande, see prec] 
 
 ba'ndage (-ij), n., & v.t. Strip of material 
 for binding up limb, wound, &c, or anything 
 used for blindfolding; (vb) tie up with b., 
 whence ba'ndagiNG *(3) n. [F, f. bande 
 band 1 ; see -age] 
 
 banda'nna, -a'na, n. Richly coloured 
 yellow or white spotted (orig. always silk) 
 handkerchief. [Hind. &a/«Z/i?rainethod*of spot- 
 dyeing] 
 
 bandeau* (-do), n. Fillet for binding woman's 
 hair. [F] 
 
 ba'nderol(e), n. Long narrow flag with 
 cleft end flown at masthead ; ornamental 
 streamer on knight's lance ; ribbon-like scroll 
 (Arch., stone band) with inscription; some- 
 times=BANNEROL. [F banderole dim. of ban- 
 diere banner] 
 
 ba'ndicoot, n. (India) rat as large as cat ; 
 (Australia) insectivorous marsupial, [f. Telugu 
 pandi-kokku pig rat] 
 
 ba'ndit, n. (pi. -i'tti, -its). Outlaw ; lawless 
 robber, brigand, (usu. in organized gangs) ; 
 a banditti, set of brigands, [f. It. bandito pi. 
 -iti p.p. of bandire =*med. L bannire proclaim 
 see ban 2 > 2 ] 
 
 ba'ndog, n. Chained dog ; mastiff, blood- 
 hound, [earlier band-dog f. band l ] 
 
 bandoleer*, -ier', n. Shoulder-belt with 
 cartridge-loops, [f. 17th-c. F bandouillere f. It. 
 bandoliera (bandola dim. of banda band j ] 
 
 ba'ndoline, n. Gummy preparation for fix- 
 ing the hair or moustache, [perh. f. bandeau] 
 
 ba'ndy l , v.t. Throw, strike, pass, to & fro 
 (ball, or fig. stories &c, or persons) ; often 6. 
 about ; discuss (names &c.) ; give & take (blows 
 &c), exchange (something ivithsome one), [cf. 
 F bander *bandie at Tennis' perh. f. bande 
 side ; -y unexplained] 
 
 ba'ndy 2 , n. (Orig.) special form of tennis; 
 (now also b.-ball) hockey ; the stick, curved at 
 end, used in the game. [perh. f. prec] 
 
 ba'ndy 3 , n. Indian cart or buggy, [f. 
 Telugu baiidi] 
 
 ba'ndy 4 ', a. Wide apart at the knees (of 
 legs) ; b.-legged, (of persons or animals) having 
 b. legs. [perh. f. bandy 2 curved stick] 
 
 bane, n. Poison (lit. now only in comb., as 
 rafs-b.); cause of ruin, esp. the b. of; ruin, 
 woe, (poet.). Hence ba'neFUL a., ba'neful- 
 ly 2 adv., ba'nefulNESS n. [OE bana death, 
 murder, cf. OHG bano; also Gk phonos 
 slaughter] 
 
 bang 1 \ v.t. & i. Strike (t. & i.) noisily ; shut 
 (t. & i. of door) with noise ; make sound of 
 blow or explosion ; thrash ; (slang) surpass, 
 [from 16th c ; cf. ON banga to hammer, LG 
 bangen strike] 
 
 bang 2 , n. Sounding blow, sound of a blow, 
 report of gun. [f. prec] 
 
 bang* 3 , adv. & int. With sudden impact, 
 abruptly, completely, explosively ; go b., ex- 
 plode ; conventional imitation of gun-fire. [f. 
 
 BANG 1 ] 
 
 bang- 4 , v.t., & n. Cut (front hair) straight 
 across forehead ; fringe resulting ; b.-tail, 
 horse with tail cut straight across, [f. prec] 
 
 ba'ngle, n. Ring bracelet or anklet. Hence 
 ba'nglED 2 a. [f. Hind, bangri, glass wrist- 
 ring] 
 
 ba'nian, ba'nyan, n. Hindoo trader; 
 (Bengal) native broker to European house ; 
 Indian flannel jacket ; (Naut.) b.-day, on which 
 no meat is served out ; b.-hospital, for animals ; 
 b.-tree (or b.), Indian Fig, branches of which 
 root themselves over great extent. [Port. 
 banian f. Arab, banyan f. Gujarati vaniyo 
 
BANISH 
 
 man of trading caste. B. day, hospital, from 
 caste reverence for animal life ; b. tree, E name 
 used first of a specimen under which Banians 
 had built pagoda] 
 
 ba'nish, v.t. Condemn to exile (person 
 from place, or double obj. as banished him 
 the court, or obj. of person only) ; dismiss from 
 one's presence or mind. Hence ba'nishMENT 
 n [f. OF banir (-ISH 2 ) f. LL bannire ban *] 
 
 ba'nistep, n. (usu. pi.). Upright(s) support- 
 ing stair handrail (also in pi. for uprights & rail 
 together), [corruption of baluster] 
 
 ba'njo, n. (pi. -os, -oes). Stringed musical 
 instrument with guitar neck & head, tam- 
 bourine body, played with fingers. Hence 
 ba'nj6isr(3) n. [negro corruption of earlier 
 bandore ult. f. Gk pandoura] 
 
 bank 1 , n. Raised shelf of ground, slope, 
 elevation in sea or river bed ; flat-topped mass 
 of cloud, snow, &c. Sloping margin of river, 
 ground near river {right, left, b., to one look- 
 ing down stream) ; edge of hollow place (e. g. 
 top of shaft in mining). [ME bajike cf. Olcel. 
 bakki in same senses f. OTeut. bankon cf. 
 
 BANK 5 ] 
 
 bank-, v.t. & i. Contain as a b., confine 
 with bank(s) ; confine watch-escapement (of 
 banking-pins), strike against the banking-pins 
 (or abs. ; of escapement) ; b. up, heap or rise 
 into bb. (snow, clouds), pack tightly (fire, for 
 slow burning), [f. prec] 
 
 bank 3 , n. Establishment for custody of 
 money, which it pays out on customer's order ; 
 The B., B. of England, managing the public 
 debt, receiving the revenue, issuing legal-ten- 
 der notes, & having the Government for 
 chief customer ; (Gaming) amount of money 
 before keeper of table ; b.-bill, drawn by one 
 b. on another ; b.-book, containing customer's 
 private copy of his account with b. ; b.-credit, 
 arrangement by which customer may over- 
 draw on security given ; b. holiday, day on 
 which bb. are legally closed, usu. kept as 
 general holiday also ; b.-note, banker's pro- 
 missory note payable to bearer on demand & 
 serving as money ; b.-rate, announced percent- 
 age at which B. of England is prepared to dis- 
 count bills, [f. F banque f. It. banca f. Teut. 
 bank bench, see bank 5 ] 
 
 bank 4 , v.t. & i. Keep b., trade in money 
 (banking-house, commercial firm that does 
 some banking) ; keep money at b. ; deposit 
 (mon ey &c. ) at b. ; con vert in to money ; (Gaming) 
 hold table fund. [f. prec] 
 
 bank 5 , n. Galley-rower's bench ; tier of 
 oars in galley ; row of organ keys ; working- 
 table in some trades. [ME baunck f. OF banc 
 f. Teut. bank f. OTeut. bankiz bench f. 
 bankon] 
 
 ba'nkable, a. That will be received at a 
 bank (securities &c. ). [bank 3 -f -able] 
 
 ba'nkep *, n. Proprietor or partner of private 
 bank, governor, director, &c, of joint-stock 
 bank ; (Gaming) keeper of the bank ; dealer in 
 some games of chance, [bank 3 + -er l ] 
 
 ba'nkep 2 , n. Labourer (Eastern counties) ; 
 (Hunting) horse that jumps on & off* banks too 
 large to clear, [bank l + -er j ] 
 
 ba'nkep 3 , n. Wooden or stone bench for 
 trimming bricks or stone on. . [perh. = It. banco 
 statuary's bench] 
 
 ba'nking', n. In vbl senses of bank 2 ' 4 ; 
 also, fishing on a" sea bank (esp. Newfoundland). 
 [bank 2 ] 
 
 ba'nkrupt 1 , n. (Law) insolvent person 
 whose effects, on creditors' or his own petition 
 to Bankruptcy Court, are administered & 
 distributed for benefit of all creditors ; (pop.) 
 
 64 BAOBAB 
 
 insolvent debtor, [earlier bankrout &c. f. It. 
 banca rotta broken bank (bank 3 , L rupt- p.p. 
 of rumpere break) corrected to -rupt on L] 
 
 ba'nkpupt 2 , v.t. Reduce to bankruptcy, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 ba'nkpupt 3 , a. Under legal process be- 
 cause of insolvency ; insolvent ; bereft (of some 
 quality &c). [perh. the short p.p. of prec] 
 
 ba'nkpuptey, n. Being declared bank- 
 rupt, being insolvent ; utter loss (of something, 
 e. g. reputation), [prec. + -c y, irreg. for -rupcy] 
 
 ba'nksia, n. Australian flowering shrub 
 now grown in Europe. [Sir J. Banks, -ia 1 ] 
 
 ba'nksman, n. Coal-mine overlooker above 
 ground, [bank *] 
 
 ba'nnep, n. Cloth flag on pole used as 
 standard of emperor, king, lord, knight, for 
 war ; flag of a country &c (join, follow, the b. 
 of; now chiefly tig.) ; ensign (esp. in frame, or 
 with two poles) borne in religious or political 
 demonstrations ; anything used as symbol of 
 principles ; b.-screen, fire-screen hung from 
 standing pole or mantelpiece. Hence ba'n- 
 nePED 2 a. [f. OF baniere f. LL "bandaria f. 
 LL bandum L Goth, bandwa perh. f. root of 
 band, bind] 
 
 ba'nnepet, n. Knight having vassals under 
 his banner ; one knighted on the field for 
 valour. [ME & OF baneret (baniere see prec. 
 -f- -et = -ate 2 ) lit. bannered] 
 
 ba'nnepol, n. Banner borne at great men's 
 funerals & placed over tomb ; = banderole. 
 [var. of banderole] 
 
 ba'nnock, n. Scotch' & N.-Eng. homemade 
 loaf, usu. unleavened, flat, & round or oval. [f. 
 Gael, bannach perh. f. ~Lpanicium(panis bread)] 
 
 banns, n. pi. Notice in church of intended 
 marriage, thrice read to give opportunity of 
 objection (ask, publish, piit up, forbid, the &.). 
 [var. of ban 2 ] 
 
 ba'nquet 1 , n. Sumptuous feast ; dinner with 
 speeches in celebration of something or to 
 further a cause. [F, dim. of banc bench bank 5 ] 
 
 ba'nquet 2 , v.t. & i. Regale (person) ; feast, 
 carouse, whence ba'nquetER * n. [f. F ban- 
 queter (banquet = prec)] 
 
 banque'tte (-ket), n. Raised way behind 
 rampart &c. for firing from ; bench behind 
 driver in French diligence. [F, f. It. banchetta 
 dim. of banca bench see bank 3 ] 
 
 ba'nshee, n. Spirit whose wail portends 
 death in a house (Irish & Scotch). [Ir. bean 
 sidhe f. Olr. ben side woman of the fairies] 
 
 ba'ntam, n. Small kind of domestic fowl, 
 of which the cock is very pugnacious ; small 
 but spirited person ; b.-weight, lightest class in 
 boxing - competitions, [f. Bantam in Java 
 whence they were perh. brought, though perh. 
 orig. Japanese] 
 
 ba'nter, n., & v.t. & i. Humorous ridicule, 
 good-humoured personalities. (Vb) make fun 
 of, rally ; talk jestingly, [f. 17th c ; etym. dub.] 
 
 ba'nting*, n. Treatment of obesity by ab- 
 stinence from sugar, starch, & fat ; bant, adopt 
 this, [for Banting's method] 
 
 ba'ntling*, n. Young child, brat. [perh. 
 corrupted f. G bdnkling bastard f. bank (bench- 
 begotten, cf. bastard); or f. band 2 swathe + 
 
 -LING 1 (2)] 
 
 bantu (bahntoo*), n. & a. Used to include 
 many related S.-Afr. languages & races, [native, 
 = people] 
 
 ba'nxpingr, n. Javanese squirrel-like in- 
 sectivorous animal. [Javanese bangsring] 
 
 ba'nyan. See banian (used esp. for the tree). 
 
 ba'obab, n. African tree called also Monkey- 
 Bread with enormously thick stem, [mentioned 
 1592] 
 
BAPTISM 
 
 ba'ptism, n. Religious rite of immersing 
 (person) in, or sprinkling with, water in sign 
 of purification & (with Christians) of admis- 
 sion to- the Church, generally accompanied by 
 name-giving; (fig.) b. of blood, martyrdom, 
 b. of fire, soldier's first battle ; naming of 
 church bells & ships. Hence bapti'smAL a., 
 baptrsmalr.v 2 adv. [ME bapteme f. OF 
 baptesme f. Lf. Gk baptismos (baptizo baptize)] 
 
 ba'ptist, n. One who baptizes, esp. John 
 the B. ; one of a sect (formerly called ana- 
 baptists by opponents) objecting to infant 
 baptism, & practising immersion. [f. OF 
 baptiste f. L baptista f. Gk baptistes (baptizo 
 baptize)] 
 
 ba , ptist<e)py, n. Part of church (or form- 
 erly separate building) used for baptism ; (in 
 Baptist chapel) immersion receptacle, [f. OF 
 baptisterie f. L f. Gk baptisterion bathing- 
 place (baptizo baptize)] . 
 
 bapti'ze, v.t. Immerse in or sprinkle with 
 •water, as sign of purification or initiation, esp. 
 into the Christian Church; christen; (abs.) 
 administer baptism; (fig.) purify, elevate; 
 name or nickname, [f. F baptiscr f. L bap- 
 tizare f. Gk baptizo bathe (bapto dip)] 
 
 bar *, n. Long-shaped piece of rigid material 
 (metal, wood, soap, &c. ; b.-bell, iron b. with 
 ball at each end used in gymnastics, cf. dumb- 
 bell ; bancood. red wood from Gaboon imported 
 in bb. for dyeing &c.) ; (medals) slip of silver 
 below clasp as additional distinction ; band 
 of colour &c. on surface, (Herald.) two hori- 
 zontal parallel lines across shield (b. sinister, by 
 mistake for bend or baton, supposed sign of 
 illegitimacy) ; rod or pole used to confine or ob- 
 struct (windoiv, door, grate, gate, -b.) ; barrier of 
 any shape (Tcmple-b., tollb. ; harbour-b., of sand 
 across mouth) ; (Mus.) vertical line across 
 stave dividing piece into equal time-parts ; 
 immaterial barrier ; (Law) plea arresting action 
 or claim ; moral obstacle. Barrier with some 
 technical significance, as, in lawcourt, place at 
 which prisoner stands ; hence b. of conscience, 
 opinion, &c. ; trial at &., in King's-Bench 
 division ; a particular court ( practise at par- 
 liamentary, Chancery, &c. &.) ; be called to the 
 b. (i. e. that in Inns of Court separating 
 benchers), be admitted a barrister ; be called 
 within the b. (i. e. that in courts within which 
 K.C.splead), beappointed King's Counsel ;theb., 
 barristers, profession of barrister; (Pari.) rail 
 dividing off space to which non-members may 
 be admitted on business; (inn &c.) counter 
 across which refreshments are handed, space 
 behind or room containing it ; barman, bar- 
 maid, attendants at such counter. [ME & OF 
 barre f. LL barra etym. dub.] 
 
 bar 2 , v.t. Fasten (door &c.) with bar(s) ; 
 keep (person) in or out (barring-out, schoolboy 
 rebellion) ; obstruct (path &c.) ; stay (process 
 or party) by legal objection ; exclude from 
 consideration (esp. in imperative used as prep., 
 e. g. bar one in betting) ; (slang) object to, dis- 
 like, (person, habit, &c); mark with stripe(s). 
 tME barren f. OF barrer (barre bar 1 )] 
 
 bar 3 , n. Large European sea-fish. [Fl 
 
 barali'pton. See Barbara. 
 
 ba'rathrum, n. Pit at Athens into which 
 criminals were thrown ; abyss. [L, f. Gk 
 barathron] 
 
 barb J , n., & v.t. Beardlike feelers of barbel 
 &c. ; chin-piece of nun's headdress ; lateral 
 filament branching from shaft of feather; sub- 
 ordinate recurved point of arrow, fishhook, 
 &c, (fig.) sting. (Vb) furnish (arrow &c.) with 
 b. ; barbed icire, for fences, with wire prickles 
 at intervals, [f. F. barbe f. L barba beard] 
 
 F.D. 
 
 65 BARD 
 
 barb 2 , n. Breeds of horse & pigeon im- 
 ported from Barbary. [f. F barbe (Barbarie)] 
 
 bar'bara, first word of the scholastic 
 mnemonic lines for figures & moods of the 
 syllogism (some of these, esp. barbara, barbara 
 ceharent, baralipton, are used allusively for 
 logic or k>gical training). 
 
 barbarian, n. & a. (Foreigner) differing 
 from speaker in language & customs, esp. in 
 hist., (a) non-Greek, (one) outside the Roman 
 Empire, (a) non-Christian ; rude, wild, or un- 
 cultured (person), [f. F barbarien (barbarous, 
 
 ian)] 
 barba'rie, a. 
 
 barians & their 
 ba'riCALLY adv. 
 
 Rude, rough, like or of bar- 
 art or taste. Hence bar- 
 [f. OF barbarique f. L f. Gk 
 barbarikos (barbaros barbarous & see -ic)] 
 
 bar'barism, n. Mixing of foreign or vulgar 
 expressions in talk or writing ; such an ex- 
 pression ; absence of culture, ignorance & 
 rudeness ; instance of this. [f. F barbarisme f. 
 L f. Gk barbarismos (barbarizo speak like a 
 foreigner f. barbaros barbarous, -ize)] 
 
 barba'rity, n. Savage cruelty, instance of 
 it ; barbaric style or taste, instance of it, (usu. 
 barbarism), [f. L barbarus barbarous + -ty] 
 
 bar'barize, v.t. & i. Make or become bar- 
 barous; corrupt (language). Hence bar*- 
 bariZA'TiON n. [f. L barbarus barbarous + 
 -ize] 
 
 bar'barous, a. (Lang.) not Greek, not 
 Greek or Latin, not pure, illiterate ; (people) 
 non-Greek, beyond Roman Empire, non-Chris- 
 tian, outlandish ; uncivilized ; cruel ; coarse. 
 Hence bar'barousLY 2 adv., bar'barous- 
 ness n. [f. L f. Gk barbaros foreign (perh. 
 imit. of gibberish) + -ous] 
 
 bar'bate, a. (bot., zool.). Having hairy tufts, 
 [f. L barbatus bearded (barba beard, -ate 2 )] . 
 
 bar'becue, n. Large wooden or iron frame- 
 work for smoking or broiling; hog. ox, &c, 
 roasted whole, whence bar'becue v.t. ; (U.S.) 
 large entertainment with whole-roasting ; floor 
 for drying coffee-beans- [f. Sp. barbacoa f. 
 Haitian barbacoa crate on posts] 
 
 bar'bel (-bl), n. .Large European freshwater 
 fish with fleshy filaments hanging from mouth; 
 such filament in any fish, whence bar*bel(l>- 
 ED 2 a. [f. OF barbel f. LL barbellus dim. of 
 barbus barbel (barba beard)] 
 
 bar'ber, n. One who shaves & trims 
 customers' beards & hair (now usu. hair- 
 dresser) ; b.'s-block, for making & displaying 
 wigs ; b.'s-pole, spirally painted & used assign. 
 [ME & AF barbour f. OF barbeor f. L *barba- 
 torem (barba beard), see -or 2 ] 
 
 bar'berry, ber'berry, n. Shrub with 
 spiny shoots, yellow flowers, & oblong red 
 berries ; its berry, [f. med. L barbaris, ber- 
 beris,^etym. dub.] 
 
 bar'bet, n. Bird with bristle-tufts at base 
 of bill. [perh. OF barbet adj. = barbu bearded] 
 
 barbe*tte (-et), n. Platform within fort or 
 in ship from which guns fire over parapet &c. 
 without embrasure. [F dim. of barbe beard 
 (F barbette = also linen up to throat showing 
 above dress)] 
 
 bar'biean, n. Outer defence to city or castle, 
 esp. double tower over gate or bridge, [f. F 
 barbacane etym. dub. ; Arab.-Pers. bab-khanah 
 gate-house is suggested] 
 
 bar'bule, n. Filament branching from barb 
 (of feather) as barb from shaft, [f. L barbulu 
 dim. of barba beard] 
 
 bar'earole, -olle, n. Song of gondolier; 
 imitation of it. [f. F barcarolle f. It. bar- 
 caruola boat-song (barca boat)] 
 
 bard 1 , n. Celtic minstrel, (Wales) poet- 
 
BARD 
 
 66 
 
 BARON 
 
 recognized at Eisteddfod, whence bap'dic a. ; 
 early poet ; lyric poet ; poet, whence bar'd- 
 LING 1 n. [f. Gael. & Ir. bard] 
 bapd 2 , n. Armour for breast & flanks of 
 warhorse. Hence baP'dED 2 a. [f. F barde 
 horse-armour perh. = Sp. & Port, albarda (f. 
 Arab. ?) packsaddle] 
 
 bare 1 , a. Unclothed, undisguised, uncov- 
 ered, bald, unfurnished, unprotected, thread- 
 bare, unsheathed, ill-provided, empty, un- 
 adorned, scanty, mere ; bareback a. & adv., -ed 
 a., with b. back, on unsaddled horse; bare- 
 faced, without beard &c, without mask, also 
 undisguised, shameless, or impudent, whence 
 barefa'eedLY 2 adv., bapefa'eedNESs n. ; 
 barefoot a. & adv., barefooted a., without shoes 
 or stockings ; b.-headed, without hat or cap. 
 Hence baP'iSH ] (2) a. [OE&ser; com.-Teut., 
 cf. G & Du. baar] 
 
 bare 2 , v.t. Uncover, unsheathe, reveal, 
 strip, [f. prec] 
 
 barege (-azh), n. & a. (Of) silky gauze, 
 [orig. made at Bareges] 
 
 bare'ly, adv. Openly, explicitly; merely; 
 only just ; scarcely, [bare * + -ly '-] 
 bape'ness, n. Lack of covering-, un- 
 adorned state, [bare i + -NESS] 
 bape'sark, n. & adv. Wild Norse warrior ; 
 without armour, [lit. bare shirt (sark) ; mod. 
 form embodying supposed etym. of berserker] 
 bap'gain 1 (-gin), n. Agreement on terms of 
 give and take, compact, thing acquired by 
 bargaining (good, bad, b., result cheaply or 
 dearly bought ; a b., thing acquired or offered 
 cheap ; Didch, wet, b., closed with drink ; into 
 the b., beyond the strict terms, moreover; 
 strike a b., come to terms ; make best of bad b., 
 take misfortune &c. cheerfully), [f. OF bar- 
 gains, -caigne, f. LL *barcaneam (barca see 
 foil.)] 
 
 bap'gain 2 , v.i. & t. Haggle (with some one, 
 or abs.) over terms of give & take ; stipulate 
 xoith person for thing or to receive, give, &c. ; 
 b. for, be prepared for, expect, (usu. with neg. 
 or more than); (trans.) 6. away, part with for 
 a consideration. Hence bap'gainER * n. [f . 
 OF bargaigner f. LL barcaniare perh. f. barca 
 'barge which carries goods to & fro', giving 
 sense either of ' off & on ' or of trading] 
 barge, n., & v.L Flat-bottomed freight-boat 
 for canals & rivers, with or without sails ; second 
 boat of man-of-war, for use of chief officers ; 
 large ornamental oared vessel for state occa- 
 sions, house-boat (e.g. College &.); (vb, slang) 
 lurch or rush heavily into, against, about. 
 [OF, prob. = bark 3 ] 
 barge-, comb, form in architecture = gable. 
 JB. -couple, two gable beams ; b. -course, roof 
 projecting beyond them ; b.-board, orna^mental 
 screen to thens. ; b.-stones, forming sloping or 
 stepped line of gable, [f. med. L bargus 
 gallows] 
 
 bargee', n. Man in charge of barge, [-ee] 
 baple, a. Of or containing barium, [barium 
 + -ic] 
 
 bapi'lla, n. Plant (Salsola Soda) in Spain, 
 
 Sicily, Canaries ; impure alkali made by burn- 
 
 ing_either this or kelp. [Sp.] 
 
 bap*ium,n. (chem.). White metallic element, 
 
 basis of alkaline earth baryta. [baryta+-ium] 
 
 bapk 1 , n. Outer sheath of tree trunks & 
 
 branches ; tan ; quinine (also Peruvian or 
 
 'Jesitits' b.) ; (slang) skin ; b.-bed, hot-bed of 
 
 tan ; b.-bound, hindered in growth by tight b. ; 
 
 b.-pit, of b. & water for tanning ; b.-tree, E 
 
 name of cinchona, [f. Scand. bark- f. OTeut. 
 
 barkuz] 
 
 bark 2 , v.t. Strip bark from (tree), kill (tree) 
 
 by ring-cutting bark (also ring-b.) ; abrade 
 (one's knuckles &c.) ; encrust, [f. prec] 
 bapk 3 , barque (-ark), n. Three-masted 
 vessel with fore & main masts square-rigged, 
 mizen fore-&-aft rigged (usu. barque), whence 
 baP'k-piggED 2 a. (Poet.) any ship or boat 
 (usu. bark), [f. F loth-c. barque f. Pr., Sp., or 
 It., barca f. L barca ship's boat perh. f. Celt.] 
 bapk 4 , n. Usual cry of dogs, foxes, squirrels; 
 (fig.) sound of gun fire, of cough ; b. worse than 
 bite, of testy harmless person, [f. foil.] 
 bapk 5 , v.i. & t. Utter sharp explosive cry 
 (of dogs & some other animals) ; speak (& b. out, 
 say) petulantly, imperiously ; b. at, abuse ; 
 (slang) cough. [OE beorcan cf. ON berkja ; 
 perh. variant of break] 
 
 bap'kep, n. Noisy assailant ; shop or auc- 
 tion tout ; (slang) pistol, cannon, [f. prec] 
 bap'ley, n. Hardy awned cereal used as 
 food & in making malt liquors & spirits ; its 
 grain; pearl b., the grain ground small; &.- 
 broth, strong ale ; barleycorn, grain of b. 
 (John Barleycorn, malt liquor personified), its 
 length as measure, 3 inch, top of fore-sight on 
 rifle ; b.-mow, stack ; b.-sugar, twisted sweet- 
 meat ; b. -water, soothing decoction of pearl b. 
 for invalids. [OEbaerlic; for bxr- cf. obs. bear 
 barley f. OTeut. bariz ; -lie — -ly l (as if orig. 
 an adj.)] 
 
 barm, n. Froth on fermenting malt liquor, 
 yeast, leaven. [OE beorma ; prob. com.-Teut., 
 cf. G bdjvne] 
 Bap'mecide, n. & a. (Giver of benefits that 
 are) illusory, imaginary, disappointing, [name 
 of Arabian-Nights prince whose feast to beg- 
 gar was rich dish-covers with nothing below] 
 barn, n. Covered building for storing grain 
 &c ; (contempt.) unadorned building ; b.-door, 
 lit, & fig. target too large to be missed, also 
 adi. of fowls - reared at the b.-d. ; B.-owl,- 
 White, Church, Screech, Owl ; b.-stormer, 
 strolling player ; b.-yard, farmyard. [OE bere- 
 ern (bere barley + xrn place)] 
 bap'naele 1 , n. (Usu. pi.) pincers placed on 
 horse's nose to coerce him into quiet for shoe- 
 ing &c. ; (slang ; pi.) spectacles. [ME bemak f. 
 OF bernac snub with dim. ending see -le] 
 bap'naele 2 , n. (1) Arctic goose visiting 
 Britain in winter (also bemacle for distinction 
 from 2). (2) Stalked cirriped clinging by fleshy 
 foot-stalk to ship's bottom ; follower who 
 cannot be shaken off. [ME bernekke, bernake, 
 = OF bernaque etym. dub. ; (Hi)bernicula 
 (Irish goose), perna (a shellfish), bare + neck, 
 are suggested; pop. mythol. represented the 
 goose as developed out of the shellfish] 
 ba'pogvaph, n. Self-recording aneroid, [f. 
 Gk baros weight + -graph(2)] 
 bapo'logy, n. Science of weight, [as prec. 
 + -logy] 
 
 bapd'metep, n. Instrument measuring at- 
 mospheric pressure used for forecasting weather 
 & ascertaining height above sea-level; com- 
 mon, siphon, wheel, aneroid, b., various sys- 
 tems; (fig.) b. of opinion &c Hence baro- 
 metric* al) aa., bapome'tPiealLY 2 adv., 
 bapo'METRY n. [as prec + -meter] 
 ba'pon, n. (Hist.) one who held by military 
 or other honourable service from the king or 
 other superior (restricted later to king's bb.» 
 & again to those, Great Bb., attending Great 
 Council or summoned to Parliament; hence, 
 peer). (Mod. ) one of the lowest order of nobility ; 
 
 holder of foreign title (called Baron , not, 
 
 like English b., Lord ) ; b. of beef r double 
 
 sirloin undivided. [ME & OF barun f. LL 
 baronem nom. baro man (as in king's man), free- 
 man, husband, male, perh. WLbaro-onis dunce) 
 
BARONAGE 
 
 ba'ponage (-Ij), n. Barons or great vassals 
 of Crown collectively ; the nobility ; book with 
 list of peers & comments. [ME & OF barnage 
 f. LL *baronaticum f. baro (prec, -age)] 
 
 ba'roness, n. Baron's wife ; lady holding 
 baronial title in her own right, [f. OF barnesse 
 
 see BARON, -ESS 1 ] 
 
 ba'ponet ] , n. Member of lowest hereditary 
 titled order, commoner with precedence of all 
 knights exc. K.G.s ; abbr. bart, added to name, 
 as Sir John Jones, Bart. [dim. of baron ; see 
 -et] 
 
 ba'ponet' 2 , v.t. Raise to rank of baronet, 
 [f. prec. on anal, of knight] 
 
 ba'ponetag-e (-ij), n. Baronets collectively ; 
 book with list of them & comments, [-age ; cf. 
 baronage] 
 
 ba'ponetey, n. Baronet's patent or rank. 
 
 [-CY] 
 
 bapo'nial, a. Of, belonging to, befitting, 
 baron(s). [foil. + -al] 
 
 ba'pony, n. Baron's domain, rank, tenure ; 
 (Ireland) division of county ; (Scotland) large 
 manor, [f. OF baronie f. LL baronia ; see 
 baron & -y ] ] 
 
 bapo'que (-ok), a. & n. Irregularly shaped, 
 
 f grotesque ; whimsical style or ornamentation. 
 F, f. Port, barroco, Sp. barrueco rough pearl, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 bapou'che (-oosh), n. Four-wheeled carriage 
 with collapsible half-head, for four occupants 
 & driver, [f. G (dial.) barutsche f. It. baroccio 
 f. L birotus (bi- 1 a + rota wheel) perh. after 
 carroccio chariot] 
 
 barque, n. See bark 3 . 
 
 bapquentine, bark-, (barkenten), n. 
 Vessel with foremast square-rigged, main & 
 mizen fore-&-aft rigged, [f. bark 3 after 
 brigantine] 
 
 ba'ppaek, n., & v.t. Permanent building(s) 
 in which soldiers are lodged (usu. pi.) ; (transf.) 
 building in which others (e. g. children) are 
 similarly herded together ; (vb) place in bb. 
 [f. F baraque f. It. baracca or Sp. barraca 
 ' souldier's tent ' (1617) etym. dub.] 
 
 bappaeoo'n, n. Set of sheds or enclosure 
 for slaves, convicts, &c. [f. Sp. barracon 
 (as prec. ; see -oon)] 
 
 bappacu'da, -eoo'ta, -eou'ta, (-00), n. 
 Large W.-Ind. sea-fish. [?Sp.] 
 
 bap'pag"© (-ij), n. Damming; dam (esp. of 
 those in Nile). [F, f. barre bar j ; see -age] 
 
 ba'ppatop, -er, n. (legal). Vexatious liti- 
 gant ; malicious raiser of discord, [f. OF 
 barateor trickster (barat fraud perh. f. Celtic, 
 cf . Olr. mrath, W brad ; meaning influenced by 
 ON bardtta, strife] 
 
 ba'ppatpy, n. (Marine law) fraud or gross 
 negligence of master or crew to prejudice of 
 ship's owners ; (Law) vexatious litigation or 
 incitement to it. Hence ba'ppatpous a. [f. 
 OF baraterie {barat see prec, -ery)] 
 
 bapped, a. In vbl senses; also [bar 1 ] 
 marked with bars, (of harbour) obstructed with 
 sandbar. 
 
 ba'ppel 1 , n. Flat-ended cylindrical wooden 
 vessel of hooped staves, cask ; varying measure 
 of capacity (b.-bulk, 5 cub. ft) ; revolving 
 cylinder in capstan, watch, & other machines ; 
 cylindrical body or trunk of an object, belly 
 & loins of horse, &c. ; metal tube of gun ; 
 barrel-, cylindrical or semi-cylindrical, as 
 6. -drain, -vault ; b.-organ, with pin-studded 
 revolving cylinder acting mechanically on 
 keys. [f. F baril perh. f. LL barra bar 2 ] 
 
 ba'ppel 2 , v.t. (-11-). Put in barrel(s); bar- 
 relled, also, = b.-shaped. [f. prec] 
 
 ba'ppen, a. (-est), & n. Not bearing, or 
 
 67 BARYTONE 
 
 incapable of bearing, children, young, fruit, 
 vegetation, or produce ; meagre, unprofitable, 
 dull ; (noun) barren tract of land ; barrenwort, 
 purple-&-yellow-flowered wood plant. Hence 
 ba'ppenLY 2 adv., ba'ppenNESs n. [f. OF 
 baraine (fern.), brahain, brehaing, &c, etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 ba'ppet, n. Flat cap, esp. the biretta. [f. F 
 barrette biretta] 
 
 bappiea'de 1 , (now rarely) -a'do, n. Hastily 
 erected rampart across street &c. of barrels, 
 carts, stones, furniture ; any barrier, lit. or fig. 
 [f. F ban'icade or Sp. barricada (-ado) f. F 
 barrique or Sp. barrica cask] 
 
 bappiea'de 2 , (now rarely) -a'do, v. t. Block 
 (street &c.) with b. ; defend (place or person) 
 with b. [f. prec] 
 
 ba'ppiep 1 , n. Fence barring advance or 
 preventing access ; (ancient chariot-races) 
 barred starting-cells ; (foreign towns) gate at 
 which customs are collected ; (tilting) the lists 
 or enclosing palisade, also railing parallel to 
 which, but on opposite sides, tilters charged 
 reaching their lances across ; any obstacle, 
 boundary, or agency that keeps apart. [ME 
 & AF barrere f. OF barriere f. LL barraria 
 (barra bar 1 ) later assim. to F spelling] 
 
 ba'ppiep 2 , v.t. Close or shut in with b. 
 (usu. with off, in), [f. prec] 
 
 bap'ping*, prep. Except, not including, 
 [part, of bar 2 ] 1 
 
 ba'ppistep, n. Law student called to bar 
 & having right of practising as advocate in 
 superior courts (in full, b.-at-law) ; rexising-b., 
 one appointed to revise lists of voters at 
 parliamentary elections, [f. bar 1 (orig. the 
 bar in Inn of Court, later connected with that 
 in lawcourts) ; -ister (formerly -ester, -aster) 
 unexplained ; perh. f. form barre + -ster] 
 
 ba'ppow 1 , n. (In local names) hill; 
 (Archaeol.) grave-mound, tumulus. [OE 
 beorg; com.-Teut., cf. G berg mountain f. 
 OTeut. bergoz f. Aryan bhergh height] 
 
 ba'ppow 2 , n. (Also hand-b.) rectangular 
 frame with short shafts used by two or more 
 men for carrying loads on, stretcher, bier ; 
 (also wheel-b.) shallow box with shafts & 
 one wheel for similar use by one man ; (also 
 coster' s-b.) two wheeled handcart ; a barrowful. 
 [ME bareice f. OTeut. barwd f. beran bear 3 ] 
 
 bap'tep 1 , v.t. & i. Exchange (goods or 
 immaterial things) for other goods (sometimes 
 away) ; part with for a (usu. unworthy) con- 
 sideration (usu. aivay), whence bap'tePER 1 
 n. ; trade by exchange, [prob. f. obs. barat 
 defraud see barrator+ -er 5 ] 
 
 bap'tep 2 , n. Traffic by exchange, truck, 
 (also fig., e. g. of talk) ; (Arith.) reckoning of 
 quantity of one commodity to be given for 
 another, values being known, [f. prec] 
 
 baptiza'n, n. Battlemented parapet, or 
 overhanging battlemented corner turret, at 
 top of church tower or castle, [mod. form 
 (Scott) prob. f. bertisene illit. spelling of brat- 
 hieing see brattice] 
 
 bap*ton, n. Farmyard ; farm not let with 
 rest of manor, but retained by owner. [OE 
 bere-tun (bere barley +tun enclosure see to wn)] 
 
 bapy'ta, n. Protoxide of barium, alkaline 
 earth of great weight. Hence bapy*tic a., 
 bapyto- comb. form. [f. foil.] 
 
 bapy'tes, n. Native sulphate of barium, 
 called.also heavy spar, used as white paint, 
 [f. Gk 'barus heavy, or perh. mere translit. of 
 barutes weight, with pronunc. assim. to mineral 
 names in -ites] 
 
 ba'pytone (-tn), n. & a. (Voice, singer with 
 voice, music suited to voice) between tenor 
 
BASAL 
 
 & bass ; smaller bass saxhorn in B flat or C ; 
 (Gk gr.) (word) without acute accent on last 
 syllable. [f. F baryton or It. baritone f. 
 (gram, meaning direct f.) Gk barutonos (barus 
 heavy +tonos tone)] 
 ba'sal, a. Of, at, or forming, the base ; funda- 
 mental . [f. BASE 1 + -AL] 
 
 basalt (ba'sawlt, basawlt), n. Dark green 
 or brown igneous rock often in columnar 
 strata, whence basa'ltic, basa'ltiFORM, 
 aa. ; black porcelain invented by Wedgwood, 
 [f. L basaltes f. an African word] 
 ba'san, ba'zan, n. Sheepskin tanned in 
 oak or larch bark (also basil), [f. F basane f. 
 Pr. bazana f. Sp. badana f. Arab, bitanah 
 lining] 
 bas bleu (F), n. Bluestocking. 
 ba'scule, n. Lever apparatus used in &.- 
 bridge, kind of drawbridge raised & lowered 
 with counterpoise. [F, formerly bacule see-saw 
 (battre bump or bas down + cid buttocks)] 
 base 1 , n. That on which anything stands 
 or depends, support, bottom, foundation, 
 principle, groundwork, starting-point (b.-ball, 
 U.S. national game, more elaborate rounders, 
 also ball used in it); (Arch.) part of column 
 between shaft & pedestal or pavement ; 
 (Bot. & Zool.) end at which an organ is 
 attached to trunk ; (Geom.) line or surface on 
 which plane or solid figure is held to stand ; 
 (Cljem.) correlative of acid, electro-positive 
 compound body that combines with acid to 
 form salt (including, but wider than, alkali) ; 
 (Mil.) line or place used as stronghold or 
 magazine (also b. of operations); (Surv.) 
 known line used as geometrical b. for tri- 
 gonometry ; (Math.) starting-number for 
 system of numeration or logarithms (as 10 in 
 decimal counting). [F, f. L f. Gk basis (baino 
 step, stand)] 
 
 base 2 , v.t. Found (something) on ; establish 
 (with adv., as firmly) ; b. oneself on, rely upon 
 (in argument &c). [f. prec] 
 base 3 , a. (Orig.) of small height (now only 
 in plant names as b.-rocket). Morally low, 
 cowardly, selfish, mean, despicable, whence 
 ba'seLY 2 adv. ; menial; (Law) b. tenure, 
 estate, fee, not absolute, but determinable on 
 fulfilment of contingent qualification; (Lang.) 
 not classical (b. Latinity) ; b.-born, of low 
 birth, illegitimate ; b.-court, outer court of 
 castle or court behind farmhouse ; b. metals, 
 opposed to precious ; b. coin, spurious, alloyed. 
 Hence ba'sexESS n. [f. F bas f. LL bassus 
 short (in L as cognomen) etym. dub] 
 ba'seless, a. Groundless, unfounded. Hence 
 ba'selessxESS n. [base *, -less] 
 ba'sement, n. Lowest or fundamental 
 part of structure ; inhabited storey sunk below 
 ground level, [base n. or v. + -ment] 
 bash, v.t. Strike heavily so as to smash in 
 (often in), [perh. imit., cf. "bang, smash; or = 
 Sw. basa flog, Da. baske cudgel] 
 bashaw, n. Earlier form of pasha. 
 ba'shful, a. Shy ; shamefaced, sheepish. 
 Hence taa'shfulLY 2 adv., ba'shfulxESS n. 
 [f. obs. bash vb for abash -f -ful] 
 bashi-bazou'k, (-ook), n. Mercenary of 
 Turkish irregulars, notorious for pillage & 
 brutality. Hence bashibazou*kERY(4, 5) n. 
 [mod. Turk., lit. brain-turned] 
 basi-, stem of many adjj. in Physiol. Of, at, 
 forming, the base of. [base 1 , basis] 
 
 ba'sic, a. Of, at, forming, base ; funda- 
 mental ; (Chem.) having base atomically more 
 than acid (salts) ; (Min.) slightly silicated 
 (igneous rock) ; prepared by non-siliceous 
 process (steel), [base l + -icj 
 
 68 BASS 
 
 basi'city, n. An acid's relative power of 
 combining with bases, [prec. + -ty] 
 ba'sil l (-z-), n. Kinds of aromatic herb, esp. 
 Common or Sweet B. & Bush or Lesser B., 
 both culinary. [f. OF basile f. L basilisca 
 (basiliscus basilisk), the Gk name basilicon 
 royal being misinterpreted as antidote for 
 basilisk's venom] 
 
 ba'sil 2 , n. Corruption of basan. 
 ba'silic, a. (Of vein) starting from elbow & 
 discharging into axillary vein. [f. F. basilique 
 f. L f. Gk. basilikos royal (as formerly thought 
 of special importance)] 
 
 basi'lica, n. (Orig.) royal palace ; hence, 
 oblong hall with double colonnade & apse 
 used for lawcourt & assemblies ; such a 
 building used as Christian church ; (in Rome) 
 one of the seven churches founded by Con- 
 stantine. [L, f. Gk basilike (oikia, stoa) royal 
 (house, portico) f. basileus king, -ic] 
 basi'licon, -um, n. Kinds of ointment. 
 [-on Gk, -um L, f. Gk basilikos as .in prec. ; so 
 called as a 'sovereign ' remedy] 
 ba'silisk (-z-), n. Fabulous reptile (also cocka- 
 trice) hatched by serpent from cock's egg, 
 blasting by its breath or look; (fig.) b.-glance 
 &c. , evil eye, person or thing that blasts (reputa- 
 tion &c); (Zool.) small American lizard with 
 hollow crest inflated at will. [f. L f. Gk basilis- 
 kos kinglet, _serpent, golden-crested wren] 
 
 basin (ba/sn), n. Hollow round metal or 
 pottery vessel, less deep than wide, & con- 
 tracting downwards, for holding water &c, 
 bowl ; hollow depression ; dock with flood- 
 gates ; land-locked harbour ; tract of country 
 drained by river & tributaries; circular or 
 oval valley ; (Geol.) formation with strata 
 dipping towards centre, the deposit (e. g. coal) 
 contained in this. Hence ba*sinFUL(2) n. 
 [ME & OF bacin (F bassi?i) f. LL bachinus perh. 
 for baccinus (bacca water-vessel)] 
 
 ba'sinet, ba'snet, n. Light steel headpiece, 
 [f. OF bacinet dim. of bacin basin] 
 
 ba'sis, n. (pi. bases). — base l (chiefly in fig. 
 senses) ; main ingredient, foundation, begin- 
 ning, determining principle ; common ground 
 for negotiation &c. ; military base. [L = base *] 
 
 bask, v.i. Revel in warmth & light (usu. 
 in the sun, firelight, &c.) ; basking-shark, 
 largest species of shark (also Sunfi-sh & 
 Sailfish). [prob. f. ON *bathask (cf. or = other) 
 refl. of batha bathe x ] 
 
 ba'sket J , n. Wicker vessel of osiers, cane, 
 rushes, &c. ; the quantity contained in it (also 
 basketful) ; wicker singlestick handguard ; 
 pick of the b., best of the lot; basket-, of b. 
 shape as b.-hilt, of b. material or fashion as 
 b. -carriage, -work. Hence ba'sketRY(o) n. 
 [etym. dub.-; bascauda is mentioned by Martial 
 as a British utensil] 
 
 ba'sket 2 , v.t. Put in a b, waste-paper or 
 other, [f. prec] 
 
 ba'son \ n. = basin. 
 
 ba'son 2 , n., & v.t. Bench for felting hat 
 material ; (vb) felt. [perh. = basin] 
 
 basque (-sk),n. & a. (1) Biscayan, (native or 
 language) of Western Pyrenees. (2) Short con- 
 tinuation of bodice below waist ; bodice having 
 this. [F, f. LL Vasco -onis ; whether 2 is from 
 1 is not known] 
 
 bas-relief, bass-, n. (Piece of) shallow 
 carving or sculpture on background (less than 
 half the true depth), [f. F bas-relief L It. 
 basso-Hlievo low relief ; see base 3 ] 
 
 bass \ n. Common Perch ; Black B., Perch 
 of Lake Huron ; European sea-fish (also Sea- 
 wolf and Sea-dace), [earlier barse f. OE bxrs ; 
 com.-Teut. f. root bars- bristle] 
 
BASS 69 
 
 bass 2 , n. Inner bark of lime, used for mats, 
 hassocks, baskets, & for tying plants, flowers, 
 &c. ; b.-wood, Amer. lime, its wood, [corrup- 
 tion of bast] 
 
 bass 3 , a. & n. Deep-sounding ; (of, suited to) 
 lowest part in harmonized music ; (man with) 
 b. voice ; thorough-b., b. part with shorthand 
 indications below of the proper harmony, hence 
 theory of harmony ; b.-viol, violoncello. [ME 
 bas base see base 3 ; now bass after It. basso] 
 
 ba'sset 1 , n. Short-legged badger-dog. [F, 
 dim. of bas basse low ; see base 3 ] 
 
 ba'sset 2 , n. Obsolete card -game. [f. It. 
 bassetta f. bassetto dim. of basso base 3 ] 
 
 ba'sset 3 , n., & v.i., (geol.). Edge of stratum 
 cropping out; (vb) crop out. [?] 
 
 ba'sset-horn, n. Tenor clarinet, [transl. 
 of F cor de bassette f. It. bassetto see basset 2 ] 
 
 bassine't, n. Hooded wicker cradle or 
 perambulator. [F, dim. of bassin basin] 
 
 bassoo'n, n. Wooden double-reed instru- 
 ment used as bass to oboe ; organ stop & 
 harmonium reeds of similar quality. Hence 
 bassoo'niST(3) n. [f. F basson (bas base 3 + 
 -on see -oon, or bas son deep sound)] 
 
 basso- ritievo (It.), n. (pl.-o.s). = bas-relief. 
 
 bast, n. Inner bark of lime (see bass 2 ); 
 other flexible fibrous barks. [OE bxst ; com.- 
 Teut., etym. dub.] 
 
 ba'stard, n. & a. (Child) born out of wed- 
 lock or of adultery, illegitimate; (of things) 
 unauthorized, hybrid, counterfeit ; b. slip, 
 sucker of tree (also tig., = bastard n.); (Bot.) 
 nearly resembling another species (b. balm); 
 (Zool.) b. wing, rudimentary extra digit with 
 , ' quill-feathers. [OF, f. bast (bat-) packsaddle 
 (used as bed by muleteer) + -ard ; cf. bantling] 
 
 ba'stardize, v.t. Declare illegitimate. 
 Hence ba'stardiZA'TiON n. [prec. 4- -ize] 
 
 ba'stardy, n. Illegitimacy, [f. AF & OF 
 bastardie ; see bastard, -y x ] 
 
 baste 1 , v.t. Stitch together, tack, (as prelim, 
 to regular sewing), [f. OF bastir (now bdtir) 
 perh. f. LL bastire construct, build ; but cf. 
 also bast] 
 
 baste 2 , v.t. Moisten (roasting meat) with 
 fat to prevent burning ; pour melted wax &c. 
 on (wicks in candlemaking). [?] 
 
 baste 3 , v.t. Thrash, cudgel, [perh. = Sw. 
 basa flog (basit, baste, baist, as past or p.p. in 
 early exx. ; cf. hoist 1 * 2 ); or flg. use of prec. 
 (cf . ' dry basting ' Shaksp. )] 
 
 basti'lle (-el), n. Fortress ; Paris prison- 
 fortress destroyed 1789 ; prison. [F, f. LL 
 bastilia pi. of bastile f. bastire build] 
 
 bastina'do, n., & v.t. (Punish with) caning 
 on soles of feet. [f. Sp. bastonada (baston 
 stick) see -ado(2)] 
 
 ba'stion, n. Projecting part of fortification, 
 irregular pentagon with its base in the line (or 
 at an angle) of the main works. Hence 
 ba'stionED 2 a. [F, f. It. bastione f. LL ba- 
 stire build perh. f. same root as baston baton] 
 
 ba'syl(e), n. (chem.). Body that unites with 
 oxygen to form a base, [f . Gk basis base i + -yl] 
 
 bat 1 , n. Nocturnal mouse-like quadruped 
 with fingers extended as frame of membranous 
 wings ; bat-, often = purblind, [f. 1575, dis- 
 placing ME bakke f. Scand.] 
 
 bat 2 , n., & v.i. Cricket implement (ozone's 
 own b. cricket or fig., unaided ; carry one's b., 
 be not out at end of innings; (also batsman) 
 
 f)erformer with it; (vb) use b., have innings), 
 f. OF batte club (battre strike see abate)] 
 bat 3 , n. (slang). Pace of stroke or step (went 
 off at a rare b.). [?] 
 
 bat-, bat- (bah, baht), comb. form. For 
 officers' baggage on campaign ; b.-horse, b.-pay 
 
 BATTALION 
 
 or -allowance, b.-man (in charge of horse), 
 [f. F bat packsaddle f. OF bast f. LL basttim 
 perh. f. Gk bastazo lift] 
 
 bata'ta (-ahta), n. W. -Indian plant, Sweet 
 or Spanish Potato. [Sp. & Port. f. native 
 American] 
 
 Bata'vian, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of ancient 
 Batavia (between Rhine & Waal) or of modern 
 Holland, Dutch(man). [f. L Batavia (Batavi 
 Pi-)] 
 
 batch, n. Loaves produced at one baking ; 
 quantity or number of anything coming at 
 once or treated as a set. [ME bache (bacan 
 bake) cf. wake watch] 
 
 bate 1 , v.t. & i. Let down (b. hope &c), re- 
 strain (bated breath); deduct (part of; usu. 
 with neg., esp. not b. a jot of) ; fall off in force, 
 [for abate] 
 
 bate 2 , n., & v.t. Alkaline lye for suppling 
 hides ; (vb) steep in this. [=S\v. beta to tan, G 
 beissc maceration f. beissen cause to bite 
 
 BAIT x ] 
 
 bath* (-th, pi -dhz), Bath, n. (1) Washing; 
 immersion in liquid, air, &c, (b. of blood, 
 carnage) ; water &c. for bathing, wash, lotion, 
 surrounding medium; vessel, room (also b.- 
 room), or building, for bathing in (see Turk- 
 ish) ; town resorted to for medical bathing. 
 (2) Order of knighthood (B. ; for C.B., K.C.B., 
 G.C.B., see C, K, G) named from the b. pre- 
 ceding installation. (3) Town in Somerset 
 named from hot springs (B.-bnn; B.-brick, 
 preparation for cleaning metal ; B. chair, 
 wheeled for invalid ; B. stone, oolite building- 
 stone). [OE bxth; com.-Teut., cf. G bad f. 
 OTeut. bathom perh. f. bajo- foment cf. L 
 fovere keep warm] 
 
 bath 2 (-ah- or -a- in all parts), v.t. Subject to 
 washing in b. (child or invalid, of nurse &c). 
 [f. prec.J 
 
 bathe 1 (-dh), v.t. & i. Immerse (in liquid, 
 air, light, &c.) ; (of person or river, liquid, &c.) 
 moisten all over; (of sunlight, &c.) envelop; 
 take a bath or bathe, so bathing-machine, 
 wheeled dressing-box drawn into sea for bath- 
 ing from. [OE bathian (-dh-) ; com.-Teut, cf. 
 G baden ; for bathe (-dh), bath, cf. graze, 
 grass] 
 
 bathe 2 , ba'ther, nn. Taking, taker, of a 
 bath, esp. in sea, river, swimming-bath. [f. 
 prec. in intr. sense] 
 
 bathe'tic, a. Marked by bathos, [irreg. f. 
 Gk bathos on false anal, of pathetic (f. pathe- 
 tos, not pathos)] 
 
 batho'meter, n. Spring balance used in 
 ascertaining depth of water, [f. Gk bathos 
 depth + -meter] 
 
 ba'thos, n. Fall from sublime to ridiculous ; 
 anticlimax ; performance absurdly below occa- 
 sion. [Gk, = depth] 
 
 bathymetr-, stem of scientific words. Of 
 depth-measurement, [f. Gk bathus (translit. 
 -2/.s-[deep + -meter] 
 
 ba'ting-, prep. Except, [part, of bate *] 
 
 bati'ste (-est), n. & a. (Of) fine light fabric 
 like cambric in texture. [F, f. Baptiste of 
 Cambrai, first maker] 
 
 baton (batn), n. Staff of office, esp. Marshal's 
 b. ; constable's truncheon ; (Herald.) truncheon 
 in shield (b. sinister, badge of bastardy) ; (Mus.) 
 conductor's wand for beating time. [f. F baton 
 f. OF baston etym. dub.] 
 
 batra'ehian (-k-), a. & n. Of frogs ; (one) 
 of the Batrachia, or animals that discard gills 
 & tail. [f. Gk batrakheios (batrakhos frog) 4- -an] 
 
 batta'lion, n. Large body of men in battle 
 array (God is for the big bb., force prevails) ; 
 body of infantry composed of several com- 
 
BATTELS 
 
 panies & forming part of regiment, body of 
 engineers, [f. F battaillon (now bata-) f. It. 
 battaglione f. battaglia battle *] 
 
 ba'ttels, n. pi. College account at Oxford 
 for board & provisions supplied, or for all col- 
 lege expenses, [perh. f. obs. vb battle fatten f. 
 obs. adj. battle nutritious cf. batten 4 ] 
 
 batten 1 , n. Board (6ft or more long, 
 7in. x 2k or less broad & thick) used for floor- 
 ing ; bar of wood used for clamping boards of 
 door &c. ; (Naut.) strip of wood nailed on spar 
 to save rubbing, or securing hatchway tar- 
 paulin. Hence batteniNGM6) n. [var. of 
 
 RATO\l 
 
 ba'tten 2 , v.t. Strengthen with bb. ; (Xaut.) 
 b. down, close the hatches (see batten l ). [f. 
 prec] 
 
 ba'tten 3 , n. Bar in silk-loom striking in the 
 weft. [f. F battant (battre strike, -ant)J 
 
 ba'tten 4 , v.i. Feed gluttonously on, revel 
 in, (often implying morbid taste) ; grow fat. 
 [perh. f. ON batan get better (bati advantage 
 cf. BOOT 2 )] 
 
 ba'tter K v.t. & i. Strike repeatedly so as to 
 bruise or break (person, thing, or abs. ; also 
 with advv. about, down, in; & intr., b. at 
 the door) ; operate against (walls &c.) with 
 artillery; (tig.) handle severely (theories, per- 
 sons); beat out of shape, indent; (Printing) 
 deface (type) by use ; battering-charge, full 
 charge of powder for cannon ; battering-ram, 
 swinging beam anciently used for breaching 
 walls, sometimes with ram's-head end ; batter- 
 ing-train, set of siege guns. [f. obs. vb bat, cf. 
 OF batre, + -er (5)] 
 
 battep 2 , n. Mixture of ingredients beaten 
 up with liquid for cooking ; defect in printing- 
 type or stereotype plate, [f. prec] 
 
 battep 3 , v.i. & n. (Have) receding slope 
 from ground upwards (of walls narrower at 
 top). Iperh. F abattre depress] 
 
 ba'ttepy, n. (Law) infliction of blows, or of 
 the least menacing touch to clothes or person 
 (esp. in phr. assault & &.); (Mil.) set of guns 
 for combined action with their men & horses, 
 platform or fortification made to contain guns, 
 (fig.) turn a man's b. against himself (in argu- 
 ment) ; (in various sciences & arts) set of 
 similar or connected cells, instruments, or 
 utensils (electric, galvanic, optical, cooking) ; 
 hammered brass or copper vessels, [f. F bat- 
 terie (battre strike, & see -ery)] 
 
 batting?, n. In vbl senses ; also, cotton 
 fibre prepared in sheets for quilts &c. [bat 2 
 
 + -ING 1 ] 
 
 battle ! , n. Combat, esp. between large 
 organized forces (general's b., decided by 
 strategy or tactics, soldier's b., by courage; 
 pitched b., one fought by common consent; 
 b. royal, in which several combatants or all 
 available forces engage, free fight) ; victory 
 (the b. is to the strong, youth is half the 
 b.) ; join, give, refuse, accept, offer, do, b. ; 
 b.-axe, medieval weapon ; b.-piece, picture or 
 literary description of a battle-scene ; line ofb., 
 troops or ships drawn up to fight ; l.-of-b. ship 
 (obs.), of 74 or more guns; b.-ship (mod.), 
 adapted by armour for regular engagement 
 (opp. cruiser as l.-of-b. ship to frigate). [ME 
 batayle f. OF bataille f. LL battualia neut. pi. 
 of adj. battualis f. battuere beat] 
 
 battle 2 , v.i. Struggle with or against (diffi- 
 culties, the waves, &c). [f. F batailler 
 (bataille = prec.)] 
 
 battledore, n. Wooden instrument like 
 canoe paddle used in washing, baking, &c. ; 
 wooden, stringed, or parchmented bat used 
 with shuttlecock in the game b. & shuttle- 
 
 70 BAZAAR 
 
 cock, [from 1440 ; perh. f. Pr. batedor beater 
 (batre beat + -dor = -tor)] 
 battlement, n. (usu. in pi.). Indented 
 parapet (raised parts, cops or merlons ; gaps, 
 embrasures or crenelles) ; parapet & enclosed 
 roof. Hence battlementED 2 a. [f. OF 
 batailles temporary wooden turrets, batailler 
 provide with these ; etym. dub. ; the F vb was 
 later identified with bastillier cf. bastille] 
 battue (batoo', or as F), n. Driving of game 
 by beaters to the sportsmen's station ; shooting- 
 party on this plan ; wholesale slaughter. [F] 
 bau'ble, n. Showy trinket ; court fool's 
 emblem, a stick with ass-eared head carved on 
 it ; trifle, toy, thing of no worth, [f. OF babel 
 child's toy, & perh. also partly f. ME babyll 
 Sc vb bablyn flicker perh. f. bob 3 ] 
 baulk. See balk. 
 bawbee, n. (Sc.) Halfpenny. [?] 
 bawd, n. Procuress ; obscene talk. [?] 
 bawdy, a. & n. Obscene (talk); b. -house, 
 brothel. Hence bawdiNESS n. [f. prec] 
 bawl, v.t. & i. Say, speak, in a noisy way 
 (often with out, also with at, against, &c). [f. 
 med. L baidare bark] 
 bawn, n. Court of a castle ; cattlefold. [f. 
 Ir. bdbhun etym. dub.] 
 
 bay K n. Kind of tree or shrub ; (pi.) wreath 
 of its leaves worn by conquerors or poets, 
 heroic or poetic fame ; b.-rum, perfume made 
 from the leaves, [f. OF baie f. L baca berry] 
 bay 2 , n. Part of sea filling wide-mouthed 
 opening of land ; recess in mountain range ; 
 Bay-state, Massachusetts, [f. F baie f. LL 
 baia perh. associated with, but not from, 
 badata in foil.] 
 
 bay 3 , n. Division of wall between columns 
 or buttresses; recess (horse-b., stall; sickb., 
 part of main deck used as hospital) ; space 
 added to room by advancing window from 
 wall line (b.-window, filling such space), [f. F 
 baie OF baie ( = L badata) f. bayer OF baer, 
 beer, gape] 
 
 bay 4 , n. Bark of large dog, of hounds in 
 pursuit, esp. the chorus raised as they draw 
 close ; (in phrr. lit. of hounds & quarry, fig. 
 of persecutors & victim, applied to the hunted 
 animal) stand or be at, turn to, hold hounds 
 &c. at, b., show fight; (applied to hounds) 
 hold or have at, bring or drive to, b., come to 
 close quarters (with quarry), [mixture of (1) 
 OF tenir a bay = It. tenere a bada hold agape 
 or in suspense (see badata in prec.) & (2) F 
 etre aux abois be at (close quarters with) the 
 barking (OF abai)] 
 
 bay 5 , v.i. & t. (Of large dogs) bark ; bark at, 
 esp. b. the moon. [OF bayer (mod. aboyer) 
 bark perh. f. LL badare gape] 
 
 bay 6, a. & n. Reddish-brown, (horse), [f. F 
 bait. L badius] 
 
 Bay'apd, n. Chivalrous person. [French 
 hero, 'chevalier sans peur et sans reproche', 
 1475-1524] 
 
 bayonet 1 , n. Stabbing blade attachable to 
 rifle-muzzle ; the b., or bb., military force ; (with 
 prefixed number) so many infantry (cf. sabre) ; 
 Spanish b., a plant, species of Yucca, [perh. f. 
 Bayonne as made or first used there] 
 
 bayonet 2 , v.t. Stab with b. ; b. into, 
 coerce by military force (or fig. by pressure) 
 into. [f. prec] 
 
 bayou (bi'u), n. Marshy offshoot of river in 
 southern N. America, [f. F boyau gut f. L 
 botulus sausage] 
 
 bay-salt, n. Salt in large crystals obtained 
 by evaporation, [perh. = sea salt f. bay 2 ] 
 
 bazaar' (-zar), n. Oriental market ; fancy 
 fair in imitation of this, esp. sale of goods for 
 
BDELLIUM 
 
 charities, [f. Pers. bazar prob. through Turk. 
 & It.] 
 
 bdellium, n. Balsam-bearing tree ; its resin. 
 [L, f. Gk bdellion transl. of Heb. b'dolakh of 
 uncertain meaning (carbuncle or crystal or 
 pearl)] 
 
 be, v. substantive, copulative, & auxiliary 
 (pres. ind., am, art, is, pi. are ; past ind., was 
 pr. woz, wast or xcert, xcas, pi. were pr. war & 
 wer ; pres. subj., be; past subj., were, exc. 
 2 sing, xcert; imperat., be; part., being; p.p., 
 been pr. ben. Isn't, xcasnt, aren't pi., xceren't, 
 are legitimate in actual or printed talk; 
 ain't, an't, for am not is sometimes held 
 vulgar ; ain't for is not, are not, is wrong). 
 
 (1) Vb sabst.: Exist, occur, live, (often with 
 there ; God is, there is a God ; for the time 
 being, temporarily) ; remain, continue, {let 
 it be, do not be long) ; (with advv. or adv. 
 phrr.) occupy such a position, experience such 
 a condition, have gone to such a place, 
 busy oneself so, hold such a view, be bound 
 for such a place, (is in the garden, has been to 
 Rome, be off, hoxo w he ?, xohat are you at?, 
 I am for tariff reform, for London) ; (with 
 dat.) befall {woe is me). (2) Vb cop. ; (with 
 nouns, adjj., or adj. phrr.) belong under such 
 a description {I am a man, sick, of good coxir- 
 age) ; coincide in identity with, amount to, 
 cost, signify, (thou art the man, txcice txco is 
 four, it is nothing to me, xchat are these pears ?). 
 (3) Vb ausc. : With p.p. of trans, vbs forming 
 passives (this xcas done) ; with p.p. of some intr. 
 vbs, as fall, come, groxc, forming perfects (the 
 sun is set, Babylon is fallen) ; with pres. part, 
 act. forming continuous tenses act. & pass, (he 
 is building a house, the house xcas building); 
 with pres. part. pass, forming continuous tenses 
 pass, (the house was being built) ; with infln. 
 expressing duty, intention, possibility, (I am to 
 inform you, he is to be there, the house is to let, 
 he is to be hanged, xt xcas not to be founa]) ; were 
 with infin. in hypotheses (if I xcere, or were 
 I, to tell you). (4) Parts used as adjj., advv., 
 nouns : may-be, perhaps, a possibility ; the to-be, 
 the future ; might-have-beens, past possibilities ; 
 xcould-be, that yearns, or fancies himself, to be ; 
 be-all, whole being, essence, [f. three vbs (1) 
 Aryan es-, Gk, L, & OTeut. es-, Skr. as-, to be ; 
 
 (2) OTeut. xces-, Skr. vas-, remain ; (3) Skr. bhu-, 
 Gkphu-, lifu-, OTeut. beo-, become. From (1) 
 come am (cf. Gk esmi), art (cf. ON est, later 
 ert), is, are (cf. OX erxim, L sumxis, Gk esmes) ; 
 from (2) come xcas, xcast, xcert, xcere ; from (3) 
 come be, being, been] 
 
 be-, pref. f. OE be-, weak form of prep. &adv. 
 bi by, accented form of which appears in 
 by -law, by-icord, bygone, &c. The orig. mean- 
 ing is about, which is variously developed as 
 in before (about the front), bespatter (spatter 
 all about), bespeak (speak about, making vbs 
 trans.), bedevil (say devil about), benight (bring 
 night about), behead (take the head from about), 
 bejexcel (put jewels about). As new vbs are 
 constantly formed, & only the well-estab- 
 lished or peculiar ones can be given, the chief 
 varieties are here numbered for reference : 
 (1) Adding notion of all over, all round, to trans, 
 vb, as beset, besmear; (2) adding notion of 
 thoroughness, excess, to trans, vb, as bedrug, 
 bescorch ; (3) making intr. vbs trans., as bemoan, 
 bestraddle ; (1) forming trans, vbs = to make 
 from adjj. & nouns as befoul, bedim, be- 
 bishop ; (5) making trans, vbs = to call so & so 
 from nouns, as bedevil, bemadam ; (6) making 
 trans, vbs = to surround with, to affect with, 
 
 7 1 BEAN 
 
 to treat in the manner of, from nouns as be- 
 cloud, beguile, befriend; (7) making adjj. in 
 -ed 2, from nouns, as bexvigged, befiagged, (usu. 
 with some contempt). 
 
 beach 1 , n. Water- worn pebbles; sea-shore 
 covered with these ; shore between high &low 
 watermark; b.-comber, long wave rolling in. 
 Pacific-island settler; b.-master, officer superin- 
 tending disembarkation of troops; b.-rest, 
 chair-back for sitting against on b. [?] 
 
 beach 2 , v.t. Run (ship, boat) ashore, haul 
 up. If. prec] 
 
 bea'con l (-e-), n. Signal, signal-fire on pole 
 or hill ; signal station ; conspicuous hill (in 
 names) ; lighthouse ; guide or warning. [OE 
 biacn f. OTeut. bauknom cf. beckon] 
 
 bea'con 2 , v.t. Give light to, guide ; supply 
 (district) with beacons, [f. prec. J 
 
 bead. 1 , n. (Orig.) prayer. Small perforated 
 ball for threading with others on string, used 
 in counting one's prayers (tell one's bb. ) ; the 
 same used for ornament ; drop of liquid, bubble ; 
 small knob in fore-sight of gun (draxo a b. on. 
 take aim at) ; (Arch.) moulding like a bead 
 series, or small one of semicircular section ; 
 b.-roll, list of names, long series, (orig. of per- 
 sons to be prayed for) ; beadsman, pensioner 
 bound to pray for benefactor, almsman. [ME 
 bede f. OE gebed (or *bedxi) prayer, see bid x ] 
 
 bead 2 , v.t. & i. Furnish with bb. ; string 
 together ; form or grow into bb. [f. prec] 
 
 bea'ding*, n. In vbl senses; also, a bead 
 moulding, [bead 1 ; see -ing x ] 
 
 bea'dle, n. Apparitor of trades guild or 
 company; parish officer appointed by vestry. 
 Hence bea'dlesHiP n. [OE bydel f. OTeut. 
 bxidiloz f. biudan announce] 
 
 bea'dledom, n. Stupid officiousness. 
 
 [-DOM] 
 
 bea'dy, a. (Of eyes) small & bright ; covered 
 with beads or drops, [bead l ] 
 
 bea'gle, n. Small dog tracking by scent 
 formerly used in hare-hunting ; spy, bailiff, &c. 
 [perh. f. F M-guexde open throat (beer gape)] 
 
 beak 1 , n. Bird's bill (esp. in birds of prey, 
 & when strong & hooked) ; similar mandible- 
 end of other animals, as turtle ; hooked nose ; 
 projection at prow of ancient war-ship ; spout. 
 Hence beakED 2 a. [f. F bee f. LL beccus of 
 Gaulish origin] 
 
 beak 2 , n. (slang). Magistrate. [?] 
 
 bea'ker, n. Large drinking-cup ; lipped 
 glass vessel for scientific experiments. [ME 
 biker cf. G becher perh. f. med. L bicarixim 
 perh. f. Gk bikos] 
 
 beam 2 , n. Long piece of squared timber in 
 house or ship building; cylinders in loom on 
 which warp & cloth are wound ; chief timber 
 of plough ; bar of balance (kick the b., prove 
 the lighter, be defeated) ; shank of anchor ; 
 lever in engine connecting piston rod & 
 crank ; (pi.) horizontal cross-timbers of ship 
 supporting deck & joining sides (starboard, 
 larboard, b., right & left sides, as land on 
 I. b. &c.) ; = ship's breadth {on her b.-ends, on 
 her side, almost capsizing, fig. in danger, »<"• 
 a loss) ; ray or pencil of light ; radiance, bright 
 look, smile. [OE Mam tree ; com.-Teut., cf. G 
 baum, Du. boom, tree, & perh. Gk phu-, Skr. 
 bhxi-, grow] 
 
 beam 2 , v.t. & i. Emit (light, affection, &c); 
 shine. Hence bea'miNG 2 a. [f. prec] 
 
 bea'my, a. Radiant (rare) ; (poet., of spears 
 &c) huge ; broad (of ships), [beam *, -Y 2 ] 
 
 bean, n. (Kinds of leguminous plants bearing 1 ) 
 smooth kidney -shaped seed in long pods; 
 
 For compounds of be- not given consult BE-, 
 
BEAN-FEAST 
 
 72 
 
 BEAUTIFUL 
 
 similar seed of other plants, as coffee ; full of\ 
 bb., b.-fed, in high spirits. [OE Man; com.- 
 Teut., cf. G. bohne, & perh. If aba] 
 bea'n-feast, n. Employer's annual dinner 
 to workpeople. [?] 
 
 bear 1 (har), n. Heavy partly carnivorous 
 thick-furred plantigrade quadruped ; rough 
 unmannerly person, whence beap'iSH 1 a., 
 bear'ishNESS n. ; Great, Little, B., northern 
 constellations ; (St. Exch.) speculator for a fall, 
 one who sells stock for future delivery hoping 
 to buy it cheap meanwhile, & therefore tries 
 to bring prices down (cf. bull, & see foil.). 
 B.'s-breech, acanthus ; B.'s-foot, kinds of helle- 
 bore ; b.-garden, scene of tumult; b.'s-grease, 
 pomade; bearskin, (wrap &c.) of b.'s skin, 
 Guards' tall furry cap; b.-leader, travelling 
 tutor. [OE Mr a ; com.-Teut., cf. G bar, & perh. 
 liferus wild] 
 
 bear 2 , v.i. & t. (St. Exch.). Speculate for 
 a fall ; produce fall in price of (stocks &c). [f. 
 prec, perh. w. ref. to selling the b.'s skin before 
 killing the b.] 
 
 beap 3 (bar), v.t. & i. (bore, borne or born, see 
 below*). (1) Carry (poet, or formal, exc. in the 
 senses or contexts following) : b. or 6. away, 
 win (the palm, bell, prize) ; carry visibly, show, 
 be known by, (banner, device, arms, the marks 
 of, name, relation or ratio to ; b. oneself Well &c., 
 behave) ; bring at need (b. xoitness, company ; 
 b. a hand, help) ; wield (office, rule) ; carry 
 internally (b. a grudge ; b. in mind, remember) ; 
 wear (b. arms, the sword) ; b. out, confirm ; M 
 borne away (by external force or influence, or 
 internal impulse) ; is borne in upon one, be- 
 comes one's conviction. (2) Sustain (weight, 
 responsibility, cost ; b. a part in, share) ; stand 
 (test &c), endure (grin & b. it), tolerate, put 
 up with (cannot b. him), whence beap'ABLE 
 a. ; be capable of upholding weight (ice bears); 
 b. with, treat forbearingly ; b. up, (trans.) up- 
 hold, (intr.) not despair ; borne on the books of, 
 paid by. (3) Thrust, strive, apply weight, tend, 
 (b. doum, overthrow ; b. hard on, oppress ; b. 
 upon, be relevant to ; bring to b., apply ; b. to 
 the right, away, off, incline ; b. down, swoop ; 
 b. up, bring ship into direction of wind ; b. up 
 for, change ship's course so as to sail towards. 
 (4) Produce, yield, give birth to. *The p.p. is 
 borne, exc. that born is used in pass, parts re- 
 ferring to human & other mammal birth ; even 
 then borne is used before by with the mother 
 (has borne a child ; born 1901 ; born of, borne by, 
 Eve). [Aryan ; OE, OHG, beran, cf. Gk pher-, 
 lifer-] 
 
 beard 1 , n. Hair of lower face (exclud- 
 ing usu. the moustache, & sometimes the 
 whiskers) ; chin tuft of animals ; gills of oyster ; 
 attachment threads of some shellfish ; beak- 
 bristles of birds ; awn of grasses ; Old-Man's 
 B., = Traveller's Joy. Hence beap'dED 2 , 
 beap'dLESS, aa., beap'dlessNESS n. [com.- 
 Teut., cf. G bart] 
 
 beard 2 , v.t. Oppose openly, defy. [f. prec] 
 beap'ep, n. Person or thing that carries ; 
 part-carrier of coffin ; (India) palanqiiin-carrier, 
 domestic servant ; bringer of letters or message, 
 presenter of cheque ; (with adj. good &c.) 
 plant &c. that produces well &c. [bear 3 +-er ] ] 
 beap'ing", n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 behaviour ; heraldic charge or device ; relation, 
 aspect, (consider it in all its bb. ; what is the 
 b. of this on the argument?); (pi.) parts of 
 machine that bear the friction ; direction in 
 which a place &c. lies, (pi.) relative positions 
 (have lost my &&., do not know where I am) ; 
 b.-rein, fixed rein from bit to saddle, forcing 
 horse to arch its neck, [bear 3 , -ing x ] 
 
 beast, n. Animal ; quadruped ; (Farming) 
 bovine animal, esp. fatting-cattle (collect, pi. 
 beast) ; animal for riding or driving ; brutal 
 man ; person that one dislikes ; The B., Anti- 
 christ ; the b., the animal nature in man. [f. OF 
 beste f. L bestia] 
 
 bea'stliness, n. Gluttony, drunkenness, 
 obscenity ; disgusting food or drink, [f. foil.] 
 
 foea'stly \ a. Like a beast or its ways ; 
 unfit for human use, dirty; (colloq.) undesir- 
 able. [-LY M 
 
 bea'stly 2 , adv. (slang). (Intensifying adjj. 
 & advv. used in bad sense ; cf. jolly) very, 
 regrettably, (b. drunk, wet, raining b. hard). 
 
 [-LY2] 
 
 beat 1 , v.t. & i. (past beat; p.p. beaten, but 
 beat in dead-beat, often in sense surpassed, & 
 sometimes in other senses). Strike repeatedly 
 (t. & i. ; b. the breast, in mourning ; b. black & 
 blue, bruise ; b. the air, strive in vain ; b. at door, 
 knock loudly ; b. path, make it by trampling), 
 inflict blows on, (of sun, rain, wind) strike (upon 
 something, or abs.) ; overcome, surpass (b. hol- 
 loiv, easily), be too hard for, perplex ; move up 
 & down (t. & i. of wings) ; move rhythmically 
 (heart &c. beats, b. time, seconds, &c.) ; shift, 
 drive, alter, deform, by blows (b. down, back, 
 away, off; b. in, crush ; b. down price or seller, 
 cheapen or bargain with ; 6. up eggs &c, reduce 
 to froth, powder, paste ; b. or b. out metal, 
 forge) ; (Naut.) b. tip, aboid, strive, tack, against 
 wind ; strike (bushes, water) to rouse game (b. 
 about the bush, approach subject slowly, shilly- 
 shally ; b. up recruits &c, collect; 6. up the 
 quarters of, visit ; b. one's brains, search for 
 ideas ; b. the bounds, mark parish boundaries 
 by striking certain points with rods) ; play the 
 drum (b. a parley, a retreat, propose terms, re- 
 tire). [OE Matan ; com.-Teut., cf. ON bauta 
 f. OTeut. baidan] 
 
 beat 2 , n. Stroke on drum, signal so given ; 
 movement of conductor's baton ; measured 
 sequence of strokes or sounds ; throbbing ; 
 sentinel's or constable's appointed course ; 
 one's habitual round ; sportsman's range, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 bea'ten, a. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 worn hard, trite ; shaped by the hammer ; ex- 
 hausted, dejected, [p.p. of beat 1 ] 
 
 bea'tep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : man em- 
 ployed to rouse game ; implement for beating 
 
 flat. [BEATi-f-ER 1 ] 
 
 beati'fie. a. Making blessed, [f. L beati- 
 ficus (beatus p.p. of be- re bless, & see -fic)] 
 * bea'tifiea'tion, n. Making or being blessed; 
 (R.-C.Ch.) first step to canonization, announce- 
 ment that dead person is in bliss. [F, f. L 
 beatificare (prec), -ation] 
 
 bea'tify, v.t. Make happy ; (R.-C.Ch.) an- 
 nounce as in prec. [f. L (prec, -FY)] 
 
 bea'ting", n. In vbl senses ; esp. : a chastise- 
 ment ; a defeat, [f. beat l ] 
 
 bea'titude, n. Blessedness; (pi.) the bless- 
 ings in Matt. v. 3-11. [F, f. L beatitudo (beatus 
 see beatific, -tude)] 
 
 beau (bo), n. (pi. beaux, pr. boz). Fop ; 
 lady's-man, lover. [OF, f. L bellus pretty perh. 
 — *benlus dim. cf. bene, bonus good] 
 
 beau ide'al (bo), n. One's highest type of 
 excellence or beauty. [F (-£al), = the ideal Beau- 
 tiful (often misconceived in E as a beautiful 
 ideal) ; see prec & ideal a.] 
 
 beau monde (bo mawnd), n. Fashionable 
 society. [F| 
 
 Beaune (bon), n. A red Burgundy wine. 
 
 beau'teous (bu-), a. Beautiful (poet). [ME 
 
 Mute BEAUTY + -OUS] 
 
 beau'tiful, a. Delighting the eye or ear, 
 
 
BEAUTIFY 7 
 
 gratifying any taste, (b. face, voice, soup, bat- 
 ting) ; morally or intellectually impressive, 
 charming, or satisfactory (b. patience, organiza- 
 tion, specimen). Hence beairtifulLY 2 adv. 
 
 [BEAUTY + _-FUL] 
 
 beairtify (bu-), v.t. Make beautiful ; adorn. 
 Hence beau'tifiER 1 (1, 2) n. [beauty + -fy] 
 
 beau'ty (bu-), n. Combination of qualities, 
 as shape, proportion, colour, in human face or 
 form, or in other objects, that delights the 
 sight ; combined qualities delighting the other 
 senses, the moral sense, or the intellect ; a b., 
 beautiful person or thing (often ironical) ; 
 beautiful women ; a beautiful trait or feature, 
 ornament, {that's the b. of it, the particular 
 point that gives satisfaction) ; b.-sleep, before 
 midnight ; b.-spot, small patch placed on lady's 
 face as foil to complexion, beautiful scene. 
 [ME bealte, beute, f. OF bealte, beaute, f. L 
 bellus pretty ; see beau, -ty] 
 
 beaux yeux (F), n. Beauty ; charms. 
 
 bea*vep l , n. Amphibious broad-tailed soft- 
 furred rodent, building huts and dams ; its fur ; 
 hat of this. [OE beofor = LG bever, G biber, L 
 fiber ; reduplicated f. Aryan bhru- brown] 
 
 bea'ver 2 , n. Lower face-guard of helmet. 
 [ME & OF baviere bib (bare saliva)] 
 
 bea'verteen, n. Cotton twilled cloth with 
 pile of loops, [f. beaver l after velveteen] 
 
 becal'm (-ahm), v.t. (1) Make calm (sea &c). 
 (2) Deprive (ship) of wind. [(1) be-(2)+calm v., 
 (2) be-(6) 4- calm n.] 
 
 becau'se (-6z, -awz), adv. and conj. For the 
 reason {that & clause, archaic) ; by reason, on 
 account, {of & noun) ; for the reason that, 
 inasmuch as, since, [by prep. + cause n. ; the 
 conj. use arises by omission of that] 
 
 beeeafi'eo (-fe-), n. Small migrant bird 
 eaten in Italy. [It. {beccare peck +Jico fig)] 
 
 be'chamel (besh-j, n. Kind of white sauce, 
 [inventor's name] 
 
 beche-de-mer (F), n. Sea-slug, a Chinese 
 dainty. 
 
 beck \ n. Brook, mountain stream, (north- 
 ern word), [f. ON bekkr cf. G bach] 
 
 beck 2 , n. Significant gesture, nod, &c. ; the 
 order implied {have at one's b., be at person's 
 6. & call, Sf entire dominion & obedience), 
 [f. foil.] 
 
 beck 3 , v.t. & i. Make mute signal, signal 
 mutely to, (poet.), [shortened f. beckon] 
 
 be'eket, n. (naut.). Contrivance for securing 
 loose ropes, tackle, or spars, (rope-loop, hook, 
 bracket, &c). [?] 
 
 be'ekon, v.t. & i. Summon, call attention 
 of, by gesture ; make mute signal. [OE biecnan 
 f. OTeut. baukno- beacon] 
 
 beclou'd, v.t. Cover with clouds; obscure. 
 [be-(6) + cloud n.] 
 
 beco'me (-um), v.i. & t. (-came, -come). Come 
 into being ; what has b. of (happened to) him ? 
 (copulative) begin to be (followed by n., adj., 
 or adj. phr.) ; suit, befit, adorn, look well on, 
 whence beco'miNG 2 a., beeo*ming , LY 2 adv., 
 beeo'ming'NESS n. [OE becuman {BE-+cuman 
 come) arFive, attain, happen; com.-Teut., cf. G 
 bekommen] 
 
 bed \ n. 1. Thing to sleep on, mattress (feather 
 b. &c), frame- work with mattress & cover- 
 ings ; animal's resting place, litter ; (elliptical 
 for) use of b., being in b. ; 6. and board, enter- 
 tainment, connubial relations; narrow b., the 
 grave ; b. ofdown,fioivers, roses, easy position ; 
 b. of sickness, invalid state ; brought to b., in 
 child-birth, of child or abs. ; die in one's b., of 
 natural causes ; go to b., retire for the night ; 
 
 I BEDOUIN 
 
 take to, keep, one's b., become, be, ill ; make 
 the b., arrange the coverings ; lie in the b. one 
 has made, take consequences of one's acts ; 
 bedchamber (archaic exc. of royal, as Groom, 
 Lady, &c, of the b.-c), bedroom; b.-clothcs, 
 sheets, pillows, &c, of b. ; bedfellow, sharer of 
 b., associate; bedgoion, woman's nightdress, 
 northern woman's short jacket ; b.-key, wrench 
 for (un)fastening bedstead ; bedmaker, (wo)man 
 tending college rooms at Oxf. & Camb. ; b.-pan, 
 invalid's chamber utensil for use in b. ; bed- 
 post, upright support of b. (in twinkling of bed- 
 post, prob. transf. f. bedstajf, loose cross-piece 
 of old bedsteads often used as handy weapon ; 
 between you & me & the bedpost, in confidence) ; 
 be'drid(den), confined to b. by infirmity, de- 
 crepit, [OE bedreda (rida rider), -en by confu- 
 sion w. p.p.] ; bedroom, for sleeping in ; b.-side, 
 side of esp. invalid's b. (good b.-s. manner, of 
 tactful doctors) ; bedsore, developed in invalid 
 by lying in b. ; b.-spread, coverlet ; bedstead, 
 framework of b. ; bedstraw, kinds of plant, 
 esp. (Our) Lady's b.-s. ; bedtick, quadrangular 
 bag holding feathers &c. for b. ; bedtime, hour 
 for going to b. 2. Flat base on which anything 
 rests ; garden plot filled with plants, swamp 
 with osiers ; bottom of sea, river, &c. (b.-rock, 
 solid rock underlying alluvial deposits &c, 
 fig. ultimate facts or principles of a theory, 
 character, &c.) ; foundation of road or railway ; 
 slates &c. of billiard table ; central part of 
 gun-carriage ; stratum ; layer of oysters &c. 
 [com.-Teut., cf. G bett perh. f. Aryan bhodh- 
 whence Lifodere dig] 
 
 bed 2 , v.t. & i. Put or go to bed (poet, or 
 archaic exc. of horses &c.) ; plant (esp. b. out) ; 
 cover up or fix firmly in something; arrange 
 as, be or form, a layer, [f. prec] 
 
 beda'bble, v.t. Stain, splash, with dirty 
 liquid, blood, &c. [be-(1) + dabble] 
 
 beda'd, int. (Irish &c. for) by gad 1 . 
 
 bedau'b, v.t. Smear with paint &c. ; be- 
 dizen. [be-(1) + daub v.] 
 
 be'dder, n. In vbl senses ; also, plant suited 
 for flower-bed. [-er *] 
 
 be'dding, n. In vbl senses ; also : mattress, 
 bedclothes, &c. ; litter for cattle ; bottom 
 layer; (Geol.) stratification, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 bede'ck, v.t. Adorn. [be-(1) + deck v.] 
 
 be'deg'uap (-gar), n. Mosslike excrescence 
 on rose-bush produced by insect's puncture, 
 [f. F bedeguar f. Pers. badawar wind-brought] 
 
 be'del(l), n. Official at Oxf.- & Camb. with 
 duties chiefly processional. [= beadle] 
 
 bede'vil, v.t. (-11-, -1-). Treat with diabolical 
 violence or abuse ; possess, bewitch ; spoil, con- 
 found ; call devil. [be-(5, 6) + devil n.] 
 
 foede'vilment, n. Possession by devil ; 
 maddening trouble, confusion, [prec. + -ment] 
 
 bedew*, v.t. Cover with drops, sprinkle. 
 [be-(6) + dew] 
 
 bedig'h't, v.t. (past and p.p. bedight). Array, 
 adorn, (archaic ; usu. in p.p.). [be-(1) + dight] 
 
 bedi'm, v.t. (-mm-). Make (eyes, mind) dim. 
 [be-(4)_+dim a.] 
 
 bedf'zen, v.t. Dress out gaudily. [be-(2) 
 + dizen] 
 
 be'dlam, n. Hospital of St Mary of Beth- 
 lehem used as lunatic asylum ; any madhouse ; 
 scene of uproar, [f. Bethlehem ; hospital founded 
 as priory 1247, converted to asylum 15471 
 
 be'dlamite, n. & a. Lunatic, [-ite 1 (1)] 
 
 bedouin (beddbe'n), n. & a. (Arab) of the 
 desert, wandering ; gipsy. [F, f. Arab, badawin 
 pi. of badawiy dweller in the desert (badw 
 desert) ; -n is prop, the pi. sign] 
 
 For compounds of be- not given consult be-. 
 
BEDRABBLED ] 
 
 bedpa'bbled, a. Dirty with rain and mud. 
 [be-(D, & see drabble] 
 b ed pa *ggl e, v. t. "Wet (dress &c. ) by trailing 
 it, or so that it trails or hangs limp. [be-(1) + 
 draggle] 
 
 bee, n. Four-winged stinging social insect 
 (queen, drones, & workers) producing wax 
 & honey; allied insects (Humble, Mason, 
 Carpenter, B., &c); poet; busy worker; 
 meeting for combined work or amusement 
 (chiefly U.S., exc. spelling-b.) ; have a b. in 
 one's bonnet, be mad on some point ; b.-bread, 
 (honey &) pollen used as food by bb. ; b.-eater, 
 kinds of foreign bird ; fteemvE ; b.-line, straight 
 between two places; b.-master, -mistress, keep- 
 ers of bb. ; B. orchis, with b. -shaped flowers; 
 b.-skep, straw hive ; bees-wax, secreted by bb. 
 as comb material, (v.t.) polish with this. [OE 
 beo ; com.-Teut., cf. G biene pern. f. Aryan bhi- 
 f ear, quiver] 
 
 beech, n. Smooth-barked glossy-leaved 
 mast-bearing forest tree; its wood; b.-fern, 
 kind of polypody ; beechmast, fruit of b. Hence 
 bee'ehEN 5 a. [OE boece, bece, cf. G buche ; 
 com.-Teut. & cf. Gkphagos, phegos, Lifagus] 
 beef, n. (pi. -res). Flesh of ox, bull, or cow ; 
 (in men) size, muscle ; (usu. pi.) ox(en), esp. 
 fattened, or their carcases ; beefeater, yeoman 
 of guard, warder of Tower of London, (f. obs. 
 sense dependant) ; b.-tea, stewed b. juice for 
 invalids; 6ee/STEAK; b.-ioood, red timber of 
 various trees, [f. OF boef f. L bovem nom. 60s 
 ox= Gk bous, Skr. go-, & E cow] 
 bee'fy, a. Like beef; solid, muscular; 
 stolid. Hence bee'fixESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 Beelzebub (bielzi-), n. The Devil ; a devil. 
 [L, f. Gk beelzeboub f. Heb. ba'alz'bub fly-lord] 
 been. See be. 
 
 beer \ n. Alcoholic liquor from fermented 
 malt &c. flavoured with hops &c, including 
 ale (pale) and porter (dark) ; other fermented 
 drinks, as nettle-b. ; ginger-6. ; small b. (lit.) 
 weak b., (fig.) trifling matters (think no small 
 b. of, have high opinion of) ; b.-engine, for draw- 
 ing b. at a distance ; beerhouse, licensed for b., 
 not spirits ; b.-money, servant's allowance in 
 lieu of b. ; b.-pull, handle of b.-engine. [OE 
 beor; com.-WG, cf. G bier ; etym. dub.] 
 beep 2 , n. One of the ends (so many threads) 
 into which a warp is divided. [= bier, cf. 
 porter in same sense in Scotland] 
 beep'y, a. Of, like, beer; esp., betraying 
 influence of beer. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 bee'stings, n. pi. First milk after parturi- 
 tion, [f. obs. beest OE beost, com.-WG, cf. G 
 biest; etym. dub.] 
 
 bee'swing (-z-), n. Second crust in long- 
 kept port ; old wine, [bee + wing, from its 
 filmy look] 
 
 beet, n. Two plants with succulent root, 
 Red B. used for salad, White B. for sugar- 
 making; beetroot, root of b. [OE Mte f. L 
 beta] 
 
 bee'tle 1 , n., & v.t. Tool with heavy head 
 & handle for ramming, crushing, smoothing, 
 &c. (vb, beat with this) ; three-man b., requir- 
 ing three to lift it; b.-brain &c, blockhead. 
 [OE bietel f. OTeut. bautiloz f. bautan beat 1 ; 
 see -le(1)] 
 
 bee*tle 2 , n. Insect having upper wings 
 converted to hard wing-cases (pop. only of the 
 black and large varieties, also wrongly of 
 insects like them, as the black-b. or cockroach ); 
 short-sighted person (cf. b.-eyed, blind as a &.). 
 [OE bitula biter f. bitan bite ] ] 
 bee'tle 3 , a. Projecting, shaggy, scowling, 
 (b. brows, b.-broxved). [prob. f. prec w. ref. to 
 tufted antennae of some beetles] 
 
 I BEGIN 
 
 bee'tle 4 , v.i. Overhang (of brows, cliffs), 
 hang threateningly (of fate &c). [f. prec] 
 
 beeves. See beef. 
 
 befa'll (-awl), v.t. &L (-fell, -fallen). Happen ; 
 happen to (person &c). [OE befallan f. be-(2)+ 
 fallan fall ; cf. G befallen] 
 
 befrt, v.t. (-tt-). Suit, be fitted for ; be in- 
 cumbent on ; be right. Hence befi'ttiNG 2 a,, 
 befi'ttingLY 2 adv. [be-(2) + fit v.] 
 
 befo'g, v.t. (-gg-). Envelop in fog; obscure. 
 [be-(6) + fog n.] 
 
 befoo'l, v.t. Dupe. [be-(5) + fool n.] 
 
 before*, adv., prep., & conj. (1) Adv. : ahead 
 (go b.) ; on the front (b. & behind); previous 
 to time in question, already, in the past, (longb.). 
 (2) Prep. : in front of (b. the mast, of common 
 sailors berthed forward), ahead of ; under the 
 impulse of (b. the wind, recoil b., carry all b. 
 you) ; in presence of (appear b. judge, bow b. 
 authority ; b. God = as God sees me ; the ques- 
 tion b. 11s) ; awaiting (world all b. them) ; earlier 
 than (b. Christ, usu. abbr. b.c., appended to dates 
 reckoned backwards from birth of Christ) ; this 
 side the coming of (future event) ; farther on 
 than ; rather than (would die b. lying). (3) Conj. ; 
 previous to the time when ; rather than (would 
 die b. I lied). [OE beforan (be- +foran adv. 
 f . OTeut. fora for)] 
 
 befope'hand, adv. In anticipation, in 
 readiness ; be b. with, anticipate, forestall ; 
 b. with the world, having money in hand, 
 [orig. two wds ; sense-development doubtful] 
 
 befou'l, v.t. Make foul (lit. or fig.) ; b. one's 
 oxen nest 1 . [be-(4) + foul] 
 
 befpie'nd, v.t. Help, favour. [be-(6) + 
 friend n.] 
 
 beg, v.t. & i. Ask for (food, money, &c); 
 (abs.) ask alms; ask (for alms &c.) ; live by 
 alms ; ask earnestly or humbly (thing, for 
 thing, of person, person to do, of person to do, 
 that something maybe done); (in formal and 
 courteous phrr.) b. pardon, leave; b. off, get 
 person excused penalty &c. ; b. the qxiestion, 
 assume the truth of matter in dispute ; go 
 (a-)begging (of situations, opportunities, &c), 
 find no accepter, [perh. shortened f. F beguiner 
 be a beghard or btgxrin, lay brother of men- 
 dicant order named f. Lambert Begue] 
 
 bega'd, int. - by God (in fam. speech). 
 
 bege't, v.t. (-tt-, -got, -gotten). Procreate 
 (usu. of father, sometimes of father and 
 mother, cf. bear-*); give rise to, occasion. 
 Hence bege'ttER l n. [OE & Goth, begitan ; 
 see be-(2) & get] 
 
 be'ggap 1 , n. One who begs ; one who lives 
 by begging ; poor man or woman ; (depreciat- 
 ingly) fellow; (playfully) little b., youngster 
 &c. ; a good b. ( = begger), good at collecting 
 for charities &c. [perh. = beghard see beg 
 & -ard] 
 
 be'ggap 2 , v.t. Reduce to poverty ; outshine, 
 reduce to silence (b. descrijition) ; b.-my- 
 neighbour, card game. [f. prec] 
 
 be'ggaply, a. Indigent ; intellectually poor ; 
 mean, sordid. Hence be'ggapliNESS n. 
 [beggar 1 + -ly a ] 
 
 be'ggapy, n. Extreme poverty. [-Y l ] 
 
 begl'n, v.t. & i. (-nn-, began, begun). Com- 
 mence (to do, doing, work &c, or abs. ; in pass, 
 sense either it has begun to be done, or it has 
 beenbegun) ; be the first to do something ; take 
 the first step ; start speaking ; 6. at, start from ; 
 b. with, take first ; to b. with, in the first place ; 
 b. upon, set to work at; come into being, 
 arise ; have its commencement, nearest 
 boundary, &c, (at some point in space or time) ; 
 b. the xvorld, start in life. [com.-WG ; OE 
 beginnan cf. G & Du. beginnen (be- + ginnan 
 
BEGINNER | 
 
 perh. = 0E ginan gape f. Aryan ghi- open cf. L 
 hiare)] 
 
 begi*nnep,n. In vbl senses ; also, tiro, [-ER 1 ] 
 
 begi'nning", n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 time at which anything begins ; source, origin ; 
 first part ; the b. of the end, first clear sign of 
 final result, [-ing* 1 (1)] 
 
 begir'd, v.t. (-irt). Gird round or encircle. 
 [be-(1) + gird] 
 
 bego'ne (-a\vn, -on), vb imperat. = be gone 
 (more peremptory than go). 
 
 beg'O'nia, n. Kinds of plant with coloured 
 perianths but no petals. [Alichel Begon c. 1680] 
 
 beg*ot(ten). See beget. 
 
 begri'me, v.t. Soil deeply. [be-(6)+grime] 
 
 begru'dgre, v.t. Feel or show dissatisfac- 
 tion at (thing), envy (one) the possession of. 
 
 [BE-(2) + GRUDGE V.] 
 
 begui'le (-gil), v.t. Delude ; cheat (person of, 
 out of, or into doing) ; charm, amuse; divert 
 attention from (toil, passage of time). Hence 
 begui'lER l , begut'leMENT, nn. [be-(2) + obs. 
 vb guile, see guile] 
 
 beguinage (be'ginahzh), n. House of 
 beguines. [f oil. + -age] 
 
 be guine (-gen), n. Member of Netherlands 
 lay sisterhood not bound by vows. [Lambert 
 Begue, founder 1180] 
 
 be'gum, n. Hindoo queen or lady of high 
 rank. [Hind, begam f. East Turk, bigim fern, 
 of big prince (Osmanli bey)] 
 
 behal'f (-ahf), n. (Only in phrr. ' on or in 
 
 my &c. b.\ 'on or in 's b.', 'on or in b. 
 
 of ') on the part of, on account of, (a per- 
 son) ; in the interest of (person or principle &c. ). 
 [mixture of earlier phrr. on his halve & bihalve 
 him, either = on his side ; see half] 
 
 beha've, v.i. & refl. (Intr., usu. with adv.) 
 conduct oneself , act, (rarely abs., esp. to or of 
 children) conduct oneself with propriety, b. 
 towards, treat (icell &c); (refl., usu. of or to 
 children, & usu. without adv.) show good 
 manners ; (of machines &c, intr. or refl.) work 
 {well, badly, &c.) ; behaved p.p. (with well-, 
 ill-), having good, bad, manners or conduct. 
 [be-(2) -f have] 
 
 beha'vioup, n. Deportment, manners; 
 moral conduct, treatment shown to or towards 
 others ; be on one's good b., do one's best under 
 probation ; way in which ship, machine, 
 substance, &c, acts or works, [f. prec, the 
 ending due to confusion w. obs. aver, havour, 
 havyoure, possession, = F avoir] 
 
 behea'd, v.t. Cut the head from ; kill in 
 that way. [OE behea^dian f. be- (from) about 
 + heafod head n.] 
 
 behemoth (bihe'- or bei-), n. Enormous 
 creature, [perh. Egyptian p-ehc-mau water-ox 
 (hippopotamus) assimilated to Heb. pi. (of 
 dignity) of b'hemah beast, see Job xl. 15] 
 
 behe'st, n. Command (poet.). [OE behxs 
 cf. behatan later behight to command, & G 
 h e isse n] 
 
 behi'nd, adv., prep., & n. In or to the 
 rear (of), on the further side (of), hidden (by), 
 at one's back, towards what was one's rear, 
 further back in place or time (than), past in 
 relation to, too late, in concealment, in reserve, 
 in support of, in an inferior position (to), under 
 the defence of, in the tracks of, outdone (by), 
 in arrear (with) ; (n.) the posterior. Phrr. : 
 stay, leave, b., after others', one's own, de- 
 parture or death; fall b., not keep up; b. 
 the scenes, in private ; put b. one, refuse 
 to consider; go b. one's icorde &c, look for 
 secret motives on his part ; b, one's back, 
 
 I BELIE 
 
 without his knowledge ; b. time, unpunctual ; 
 b. the times, antiquated. [OE behindan (be- -f 
 h indan = G hinten f. hind- hinds + -ana from)] 
 
 behindhand, adv. & pred. a, In arrear 
 ( with payments &c.) ; out of date, behind time ; 
 ill-provided (with), [prec. -f hand, cf. before- 
 hand] 
 
 beho'ld, v.t. (beheld). See, become aware of 
 by sight ; (abs. in imperat.) take notice, attend. 
 Hence beho'ldER 1 n. [OE bihaldan f. be-(2) 
 + haldan hold v. keep (in view)] 
 
 beho'lden, pred. a. Under obligation (to). 
 [p.p. (obs. exc. in this use) of prec. = bound] 
 
 behoo'f, n. (In phrr. to, for, on b., or the b., 
 of) use, advantage. [OE bihof in bihof-lic 
 useful cf. G behuft. OTeut. bihafjan (be- + haf- 
 jan heave cf. L caper e take)] 
 
 beho've, -hoo've, v.t. impers. Be incum- 
 bent on (person) to (do something). [OE 
 bihojianf. bihof see prec] 
 
 beige (bazh), n. Kinds of dress-material 
 made of undyed and unbleached wool. [F, = 
 natural-coloured, grey or brown, cf. It. bigio] 
 
 be'ing 1 , n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 existence [in b., existing) ; constitution, nature, 
 essence; anything that exists (the Supreme 
 B., God) ; a person, [be, -ing 1 , 2 ] 
 
 bela'boup, v.t. Thrash (lit. & fig.). [be-(3) 
 + labour v. (exert one's strength upon)] 
 
 bela'ted, a. Overtaken by darkness ; com- 
 ing too late. [p.p. of obs. belate f. be-(4) + 
 lateI 
 
 belau'd, v.t. Load with praise. [be-(2)+ 
 
 LAUD V.] 
 
 belay, v.t. Coil (running rope) round cleat 
 &c. to secure it ; (sailor's slang in imperat. ) 
 stop !, enough ! ; belay ing-pin, fixed wooden or 
 iron pin for belaying on. [OE belecgan cf. G 
 belegen f. be-(1) + lecgan lay 3 = lay round] 
 
 belch i (-tsh), v.i. & t. Emit wind noisily 
 from throat ; utter noisily or drunkenly 
 (abusive, blasphemous, or foul talk) ; (of gun or 
 volcano) send out or up. [OE bealcian cf. Du. 
 balken bray] 
 
 belch 2 , n. Eructation; sound of gun, 
 volcano ; burst of flame, [f. prec] 
 
 be'lehep (-tsh-), n. Parti-coloured necker- 
 chief. [Jim B., pugilist] 
 
 be'ldam, -dame, n. Old woman, hag ; 
 virago, [earlier = grandmother f. bel- (cf. obs. 
 belsire, & see beau) expressing relationship + 
 dam mother] 
 
 belea'g-uep (-eger), v.t. Besiege (lit. & fig.), 
 [f. Du. belegeren camp round f. be-(6) + leger a 
 camp] 
 
 be'lemnite, n. Tapering sharp-pointed 
 fossil bone of extinct cuttlefish, [f. Gk belem- 
 non dart + -ite i (2)] 
 
 bet esprit' (-re), n. (pi. beaux esprits pr. boz 
 espre). A wit. [F] 
 
 be'lfpy, n. Bell tower, attached or separate ; 
 bell space in church tower. Hence be'lfpiED 2 
 a. [by dissim. f. OF berfrei f. LL *berefridus 
 f. Teut. (MHG bercvrit prob. f. bergen shelter 
 & OHG fridu peace); orig. sense, shed or 
 tower for cover in besieging] 
 
 Belgian, a, & n. (Native) of Belgium, [-an] 
 
 Be'lg-ic, a. Of the Netherlands ; of the an- 
 cient Belgae. [f. L Belgicus (Belgae, -ic)] 
 
 Belgra'vian, a. Of, suited to, Belgravia, 
 fashionable London district, [f. Belgrave Square 
 f. ground landlord's Belgrave, Leics.] 
 
 Be'lial, n. The devil ; the spirit of evil ; 
 man of B., reprobate, [f. Heb. b'li-yaal (b'li 
 not + yaal use) worthlessness] 
 
 belie*, v.t, (-lying). Give false notion of ; fail 
 
 For compounds of be- not given consult be-. 
 
BELIEF 
 
 to act up to (promise &c.) ; fail to justify (hope 
 &c.) [OE beUogan f. be-(3) + Uogan lie] 
 belief, n. Trust or confidence (in) ; accept- 
 ance of the Christian theology ; acceptance as 
 true or existing (of any fact, statement, &c. ; 
 in. or of, with nn., that with clause); thing 
 believed, religion, opinion, intuition ; The B., 
 Apostles' Creed. [ME bileafe (be- + OE Uafa 
 shortened f. ge-leafa cf. G glaube I. OTeut. 
 galaub- dear)] 
 
 believe, v.t. & i. Have faith xn, trust 
 word of, (person) ; put trust in truth of a 
 statement, efficacy of a principle, system, 
 machine, &c, existence of anything ; give 
 credence to (person, statement, &c, or that- 
 clause) ; be of opinion that ; make b., pretend. 
 Hence belie'VABLE a., belie'VER 1 n., 
 belie'viNG 2 a. [ME bileven f. be- + OE ge- 
 Ufan cf. G glauben f. OTeut. as prec] 
 beli'ke, adv. Probably, perhaps, (often 
 iron.). [6e- = BY prep. + like a. (by what is 
 likely)] 
 
 beli'ttle, v.t. Make small, dwarf ; depre- 
 ciate. [be-(4) + little] 
 
 bell 1 , n. Hollow body of cast metal in deep 
 cup shape widening at lip made to emit musical 
 sound when struck; (Naut.) one to eight bb., 
 half hours of watch ; b. -shaped object, as flower 
 corolla (blue 1 , canterbury, B.). Bear, 
 carry away, the b., be first, win; b., book, & 
 candle, in allusion to eccles. cursing formula ; 
 sound, clear, as a b., quite sound or clear (in 
 other senses besides the acoustic) ; b.-bird, 
 Brazilian and Austral, kinds with b.-like note ; 
 b.-buoy, with warning b. rung by waves' 
 motion; b.-Jlower, any plant of genus Cam- 
 panula; b.-fouiider, -founding, -foundry, 
 caster, casting, & manufactory, of bb. ; b.- 
 glass, b. -shaped as cover for plants ; b.-hanger, 
 artisan who puts up bb. & wires ; b.-metal, 
 alloy of copper & tin (more tin than in bronze) 
 for bb. ; b.-pull, cord or handle attached to b.- 
 wire ; b.-wether, leading sheep of flock with b. 
 on neck, ringleader. [OE belle, com.-LG cf. 
 Du. bel] 
 
 bell 2 , v.t. Furnish with bell(s); 6. the cat, 
 take the danger of a common enterprise on 
 oneself (fable of mice & cats), [f. prec] 
 bell 3 , n., & v.i. (Make the) cry of stag or buck 
 at rutting-time. [OE bellan cf. G bellen bark] 
 bellado'nna, n. (Bot.) Deadly Nightshade ; 
 (Med.) drug prepared from this. [mod. L f. It., 
 = fair lady, pern, because a cosmetic is made 
 from it] 
 
 belle, n. Handsome woman ; reigning beauty 
 {the b. of any place). [F, f. L bella fern, of bellus 
 pretty see beau] 
 
 belles-lettres (bel-letr), n. Studies, writ- 
 ings, of the purely literary kind. Hence 
 belle'trisT (3) n., belletri'stic a. [F] 
 be'llicose, a. Inclined to fighting. Hence 
 bellie6*sity n. [f. L bellicosus (bellum war, 
 -ic, -ose M] 
 
 bellrgepeney, n. Status of a belligerent, 
 [f. foil., see -excy] 
 
 belli*g"epent, a, & n. (Nation, party, or per- 
 son) waging regular war as recognized by the 
 law of nations ; of such nation &c. ; (loosely) 
 any opponent engaged in conflict, [wrong cor- 
 rection of earlier belligerant f. F belligerant 
 f. L belligerare wage war (bellum + gerere), 
 -ant] 
 
 Beflo'na, n. War personified ; woman of 
 commanding presence. [L, - goddess of war f. 
 bellum war] 
 
 be'llow (-6), v.i. & t, & n. Roar as a bull ; 
 shout, roar with pain ; utter loudly and angrily 
 (often out, forth) ; (of thunder, cannon, &c.) re- 
 
 76 BENCH 
 
 verberate, roar ; (n.) bellowing sound, [etym. 
 dub. ; cf. BELL 3 ] 
 
 be'llows (-6z), n. pi. Portable or fixed con- 
 trivance for driving air into a fire or through 
 apertures of wind instrument ; pair of b., two- 
 handled for fire ; means used to fan passion &c. ; 
 the lungs (b. to mend, of broken- winded horse), 
 [earlier belg bag - belly ; the present wd f. 
 northern form belu, belw] 
 be'lly 1 , n. Cavity of human body below 
 diaphragm with stomach & bowels & other 
 contents, abdomen ; (externally) lower front of 
 body ; corresponding parts of animals ; stomach ; 
 the body as food consumer (cf. back x ), appetite, 
 gluttony ; the womb ; cavity of anything ; 
 bulging part (concave or convex) ; front, inner, 
 or lower surface ; b.-xcorship, gluttony ; b.- 
 timber, food ; b.-pinched, starving ; b.-ache, 
 colic. Hence -be*lliED 2 a. [ME ball, bely, f. 
 OE bxlg f. OTeut. balgiz bag f. belgan swell ; 
 same wd as bellows] 
 
 be'lly 2 , v.t. & i. Swell out (usu. of sails, & 
 with out), [f. prec] 
 
 be'llyful, n. As much as one wants of any- 
 thing, esp. of fighting. [-ful(2)] 
 beloTig", v.i. Pertain, be proper, to (as duty, 
 right, possession, natural or right accompani- 
 ment, example in classification, characteristic, 
 part, member, inhabitant, appendage); b. under 
 or in, be rightly classified among. [be-(2) + 
 obs. vb long pertain f. OE gelang adj. depen- 
 dent on (cf. the now dialectal ' along of ') = OHG 
 gilang akin (perh. f. notion corresponding in 
 length)] 
 
 belo'nging'S, n. pi. A person's property, re- 
 latives, or luggage ; everything connected with 
 a subject, [f. prec] 
 
 belo'ved (as ad\ or n. usu. -uvid ; as vb -iivd), 
 p.p., a., & n. (Forming pass, parts of vb obs. 
 in act.) dearly loved (followed by of or by, or 
 abs.); (n.) darling (common in voc , & with my, 
 his, &c). [be-(2) -f love v.] 
 below" (-6), adv. & prep. Adv. : at or to lower 
 level ; on earth ; in hell ; downstairs ; down 
 stream; in lower rank (the court b.); at foot 
 of page. Prep. : lower than ; too low to be 
 affected by (b. flattery) ; down stream from ; 
 on inferior side of dividing line (b. par, b. the 
 gangway) ; at or to greater depth than ; covered 
 by ; lower in amount, degree, &c, than (b. one's 
 breath, less audibly than) ; of lower rank &c 
 than; unworthy of. Cf. beneath, under. 
 [be- = by + low a.] 
 
 belt !, n. Encircling strip of leather &c worn 
 round waist or baldric-wise to confine or sup- 
 port clothes or weapons &c (hit beloxo the b., 
 fight unfairly) ; cincture of earl or knight ; 
 strip of colour, special surface, trees, &c, round 
 or on anything; endless strap connecting 
 wheels ; row of armour plates under water- 
 line ; Great & Little B., channels into Baltic. 
 [com.-Teut., cf. OHG balz perh. f. L baltexis] 
 belt 2 , v.t. Putb. round (belted cruiser, with 
 b. & metal-covered deck) ; fasten on with b. ; 
 mark with b. of colour &c. ; thrash with b. [f. 
 prec] 
 
 be'lvedere (-er), n. Raised turret to view 
 scenery from. [It. (bel beautiful, see beau, + 
 vedere see)] 
 
 belying-. See belie. 
 
 be'ma, n. Platform in ancient Athenian 
 public assembly. [Gk] 
 
 bemire*, v.t. Cover or stain with mud ; 
 (pass.) be stuck in the mud. [be-(6) + mire n.] 
 bemoa'n, v.t. Weep or express sorrow for or 
 over. [OE bemxnan f. be-(3) + mxnan moan] 
 bemirse(-z),v.t. Stupefy. [be-(2) + musev.] 
 bench (-tsh), n. Long seat of wood or stone ; 
 
BENCHER 77 
 
 boat-thwart ; judge's seat, office of judge, law- 
 court (King's, Queen's, B.) ; (collect.) judges, 
 magistrates; (Pari.) seats appropriated to 
 certain groups &c. (Treasury, front *, cross 3 , 
 bishops', bb.) ; be raised to, be on, the b., be 
 (made) a judge or bishop ; working-table of 
 carpenter &c. ; ledge in masonry or earthwork ; 
 b.-table, stone seat in cloister &c. ; b.-mark, cut 
 by surveyors to mark point in line of levels. 
 [com.-Teut. ; OE bene, cf. Sw. bank, G bank, 
 f. OTeut. bankiz ; same wd as bank 1 , 5 , which 
 came through Rom.] 
 
 be'nehep, n. Senior member, sharing man- 
 agement, of Inn of Court, [-er x ] 
 
 bend J , n. (Naut.) knot of various kinds 
 (fisherman's, weaver's, &c.) ; (Herald.) parallel 
 lines from dexter chief to sinister base (b. 
 sinister in opposite direction, sign of bastardy) ; 
 shape (half butt) in which hides are tanned 
 (b.-leather, the thickest, used for soles), [earlier 
 meaning band, bond, which wds have taken 
 its place in most senses ; OE bend f. OTeut. 
 band- st. of bindan bind 1 ; identified with OF 
 bende, bande, band 1 (2)] 
 
 bend 2 , n. Bending, curve ; bent part of any- 
 thing, [f. foil.] 
 
 bend 3 , v.t. & i. (past bent, p.p. bent exc. in 
 bended knees). Force out of straightness, impart 
 to (rigid object) or receive a curved or angular 
 shape ; arch (brows) ; tighten up, bring to bear, 
 (energies &c.) ; (pass.) be determined (on with 
 gerund or noun) ; attach with b. or knot (cable, 
 sail); turn (t. & i.) in new direction (steps, 
 eyes); incline (t. &i.) from the perpendicular 
 (head), bow, stoop, submit, (to or before), force 
 to submit (will &c). [OE bendan prob. = ON 
 benda join, strain, f. OTeut. bandjd- string, 
 band ; the orig. sense is stringing the bow] 
 
 benea'ped, a. Left aground by neap-tide, 
 [p.p. f. unused beneap see be-(6) & neap] 
 
 benea'th, adv. & prep. Below, under, under- 
 neath, (poetic, archaic, & literary, but usual 
 in) b. contempt &c, not worth despising &c, 
 b. one, unworthy of him. [OE beneothan - be- 
 -\-neothancf. Gniedenf. OTeut. nithar nether 
 + -ana from] 
 
 benedi'cite (-ti), n. Blessing invoked; grace 
 at table ; the B., one of the canticles. [L, = 
 bless ye, imperat. of benedicere -diet- bless (bene 
 well + dicere speak)] 
 
 be'nedick, n. Newly married man, esp. con- 
 firmed bachelor who marries. [Shaksp., Much 
 Ado] 
 
 benedi'etine, a. & n. (Monk) of the order 
 founded 529 by St Benedict, black monk; a 
 liqueur, [f. F Mnidictin f. L benedictus p.p. 
 see benedicite] 
 
 benedi'etion, n. Utterance of a blessing, 
 generally at table, at end of church service, or 
 as special R.-C. service ; a blessing, blessedness, 
 [f. L benedictio (benedicite, -ion)] 
 
 benedi'etopy, a. Of, expressing, benedic- 
 tion, [f. med. L benedictonus see prec. and 
 
 -ORY(l)] 
 
 Benedi-ctus, n. One of the canticles, 
 [first word in L version ; see Benedictine] 
 
 benefa'etion, n. Doing good ; gift for 
 charitable purpose, [f . L bene/actio (benefit 1 , 
 -ion)] 
 
 be'nefaetop, n. Person who has given one 
 friendly aid ; patron of or donor to a cause or 
 charitable institution. Hence be'nefaetPESS 1 
 n. _[f. L benefactor (benefit 1 , -or 2 )] 
 
 be'nefiee (-is), n. Church living. Hence be'- 
 nefleED-a. [f, ltbeneficium(beneweU+-ficium 
 a doing)] 
 
 BENTHAMISM 
 
 bene'ficence, n., bene'fieent, a. Doing 
 good, (showing) active kindness. Hence bene*- 
 fleentLY 2 adv. [f. L beneficentia n. and bene- 
 ficus a., comparat. beneficentior, (bene well, 
 and see -fic, -ence)] 
 
 benefi'cial (-shl), a. Advantageous ; (Law) 
 of, having, the usufruct of property. Hence 
 benefi'eialLY 2 adv. [F beneficial f. L benc- 
 ficialis (benefice, -al)] 
 
 benefreiary (-sha-), a. & n. (Law) holder, 
 holding or held, by feudal tenure ; holder of a 
 living ; receiver of benefits, [f .L bencficiarius, 
 
 See BENEFICE, -ARY l ] 
 
 be'nefit 1 , n. Advantage (for the b. of, on 
 behalf of) ; exemption from ordinary courts by 
 the privilege of one's order (b. of clergy, 
 peerage); performance at theatre, game &c. 
 of which proceeds go to particular players 
 
 ( 's b., b.-night, b.-viatch) ; b.-club, -society, for 
 
 mutual insurance against illness or age. [ME 
 & AF benfet f. L benej actum neut. p.p. of 
 benefacere do well] 
 
 be'nefit 2 , v.t. & i. Do good to; receive b. 
 (by thing), [f. prec] 
 
 bene'volenee, n. Desire to do good, chari- 
 table feeling ; (Eng. Hist.) forced loan, [f. OF 
 benivolence f. L bcnevolentia f. benevolens 
 -entis = foil.] 
 
 bene'volent, a. Desirous of doing good, 
 charitable. Hence bene'volentLY 2 adv. [f. 
 OF benivolent f. L bene volenicm nom. -ens 
 well wishing (velle wish)] 
 
 Beng-a*l (-awl), a. B. light, firework used 
 for signals ; B. stripes, striped gingham, orig. 
 from B. • B. tiger, the tiger proper. [Indian 
 province] 
 
 Beng-a'li, -a'lee, (-aw-), n. & a. (Native, 
 language) of Bengal, [f. native Bangali] 
 
 benign'ted, p.p. & a. (Forming pass, of 
 yb obs. in act.) overtaken by night ; involved 
 in intellectual or moral darkness, ignorant. 
 [be-(6) + night] 
 
 benig-n, a. Gracious, gentle ; fortunate, 
 salutary ; (of diseases) mild, not malignant. 
 Hence benig-nLY 2 adv. [f. OF benigne f. L 
 benignus prob. - benigenus (bene well + -genus 
 born;] 
 
 benl'g-nant, a. Kind, kindly, to inferiors ; 
 gracious; salutary. Hence beni'g-nANCY n., 
 bteni'g-nantLY 2 adv. [recent formation f. 
 prec. on anal, of malignant] 
 
 beni'g-nity, n. Kindliness, kindness, (usu. 
 in the old), [f. OF benigniU f. L benignitataii 
 (benign, -ty)] 
 
 be'nison, n. A blessing (archaic), ^bene- 
 diction, see -son] 
 
 Be'njamin 1 , n. Youngest child, darling. 
 [Gen. xlii. 4] 
 
 be'njamin 2 , n. = benzoin ; B. tree, (a) that 
 yielding benzoin, (b) a N.-Amer. shrub with 
 aromatic bark, [corruption of benzoin] 
 
 be'nnet, n. See herb b., and foil. 
 bent 1 , n. Reedy rushlike stiff-stemmed 
 grass of various kinds (with pi., or collect.); 
 (also bennet) stiff flower-stalk, old stalk of 
 grasses ; couch-grass ; Way B., Stool B., Sec, 
 kinds of plant ; heath, unenclosed pasture. 
 [OE beonet perh. = G bi7ise rush] 
 bent 2 , n. Twist, inclination, bias, tendency : 
 to the top of one's 6., to heart's content, [f. 
 bend 3 on F anal, of descent, extent] 
 bent 3 . See bend 3 . 
 
 Benthamism, n. Greatest happiness of 
 the greatest number as guiding principle of 
 ethics. So Be'nthamiTE 1 (1) n. [Jeremy 
 Bentham, 1718-1832 ; see -ism (3)] 
 
 For compounds of be- not given consult B5-*. 
 
BEN TROVATO 
 
 78 
 
 BESPATTER 
 
 ben trova'to (-ah-), a. Well invented, charac- 
 teristic if not true. [It.] 
 
 benirmb (-urn), v.t. Make torpid, insensible, 
 powerless, (usu. of cold) ; paralyse (mind, action), 
 [earlier benum (cf. dumb, limb) f. OE benumen 
 p.p. of beniman deprive (be- + niman cf. G 
 nehmen take)] 
 
 benzene, -ine (-en), n. Aromatic hydro- 
 carbon used for removing grease stains, [ben- 
 zoic + -ene] ' »„* 
 
 benzo-, benz-, forming names of substances 
 connected with benzene. 
 
 benzo'ic, a. Of benzoin, [foil. +-ic] 
 
 be'tizoin (-6m or -oin), n. (Also gum b., ben- 
 jamin) fragrant aromatic resin of Javanese 
 tree, [earlier benjoin through F, Sp., It., f. Arab. 
 luban jaivi frankincense of Java (lo- being 
 dropped in Rom. as if the article)] 
 
 be'nzoline (-en, -in), n. Impure benzene, 
 used for removing grease, [-ine 4 ] 
 
 bequea-th (-dh), v.t. Leave (to person) by 
 will (personalty ; cf. devise) ; transmit to 
 posterity (example &c). [OE becicethan f. 
 be-(3) + cwethan say, see quoth] 
 
 beque'st, n. Bequeathing; thing be- 
 queathed. [ME biquyste prob. for bicwis (be- 
 + cwis saying cf. prec. ; for -t cf. behest)] 
 
 Ber'ber, n. & a, (Member) of the N. -African 
 stock including the aboriginal races of Barbary, 
 speaking allied languages, [f. Arab, barbar 
 (barbara talk confusedly) or perh. f. Gk bar- 
 baros barbarous] 
 
 ber'beppy, n. See barberry. 
 
 bepea've, v.t. (bereaved or bereft). Rob, 
 dispossess, of (usu. of immaterial things, as life, 
 hope) ; leave desolate (esp. in p.p., usu. bereaved 
 in this sense) ; (of death &c.) deprive of a rela- 
 tion, wife, &c, whence berea've.MENT n. 
 [com.-Teut. ; OE beHafian cf. G berauben; see 
 
 BB-(2), REAVE V.] 
 
 bepg-, n. = iceberg. 
 
 ber'gamot 1 , n. Tree of orange & lemon 
 kind ; perfume extracted from its fruit, [f. Ber- 
 gamo town in Italy] 
 
 ber'gamot 2 , n. Kind of pear. [f. F ber- 
 gamotte f. It. bergamotta f. Turk, beg-armudi 
 prince's pear] 
 
 bep'gfsehpund (bargshroo-), n. (mountain- 
 eering). Crevasse or gap at junction of steep 
 upper slope with glacier or neve [G] 
 
 berhyme, v.t. Write verses about, [be- (6) 
 + rhyme n. ; berime would be more correct] 
 
 be'piberi, n. Disease like dropsy prevalent 
 in India. [Cingalese, f. beri weakness] 
 
 Bepkeleian (barkle'an), n. & a. (Follower) 
 of Berkeley or his philosophy, which denied 
 the objective existence of the material world. 
 [Bishop Berkeley, d. 1753 ; see -ean] 
 
 Berli'n, n. & a. Four-wheeled covered 
 carriage with hooded seat behind (also berline) ; 
 B. black, iron- varnish ; B. iron, for casts ; B. 
 tcarehouse, shop for B. wool, fine dyed knitting 
 wool ; B. gloves, knitted. [B. in Germany] 
 
 bepm, n. Ledge in fortification between 
 ditch & base of parapet, [f. F berme cf. OX 
 barmr brim]^ 
 
 Bep'napdine, a. & n. = Cistercian. 
 
 be'ppy \ n. (Pop.) any small roundish juicy 
 fruit without stone ; (Bot.) many-seeded in- 
 ferior pulpy fruit (inferior, i. e. below calyx, 
 admits e. g. the cucumber & excludes the straw- 
 berry) ; egg in fish-roe (in b., of hen-lobster 
 carrying eggs). Hence (-)be'PPiED 2 a. [com.- 
 Teut., cf. G beere, Goth, basi] 
 
 be'ppy 2 , v.i. Come into b., fill out; go 
 gathering bb. [f. prec] 
 
 bersaglieri (It. ), n. pi. Italian sharpshooters. 
 
 bep'sepk(ep), n. Wild Norse warrior 
 
 fighting with mad frenzy, [f. Ieel. berserkr 
 prob. = bear-sark, bear-coat] 
 berth *, n. Convenient searroom (give wide 
 b. to, avoid) ; room for ship to swing at anchor ; 
 ship's place at wharf; proper place for any- 
 thing ; sleeping-place ; situation, appointment, 
 [prob. f. bear v. (make room by bearing off) + 
 -th 1 ; of same formation, but prob. later & inde- 
 pendent, as birth (early spellings coincide)] 
 berth 2 , v.t. Moor (ship) in suitable place; 
 provide sleeping-place for. [f. prec] 
 bep'tha, bepthe (-th), n. Deep falling 
 (usu. lace) collar to low-necked dress. [F 
 (-e), the woman's name] 
 
 Bertillon system, n. Method of identi- 
 fying criminals by measurements. [French 
 anthropologist b. 1853] 
 
 be'pyl, n. Precious stone, pale-green passing 
 into light blue, yellow, & white ; mineral species 
 including also the emerald. [OF, f. L f. Gk 
 berullos] 
 
 beryllium, n. A metal, = glucinum. [prec 
 + -ium] 
 
 besee'eh (-tsh), v.t. (sought pr. -sawt). Ask 
 earnestly for (esp. leave &c); entreat (person, 
 person that or to do or for thing). [be-(2)+ME 
 secen, sechen, seken, seek] 
 besee'ehingr, a. Suppliant (of look, tone, 
 &c). Hence besee'ehing'LY 2 ad v. [-ing 2 ] 
 besee'm, v.t. Suit, be fitting or creditable 
 to, (abs., or with well, ill, &c). Hence be- 
 see'ming-LY 2 adv. [be-(2) + seem] 
 bese't, v.t. (-tting, past & p.p. -set). Hem in, 
 set upon, (person) ; occupy & make impassable 
 (road &c); (of difficulties, temptations, &c.) 
 assail, encompass, (besetting sin, that most 
 frequently tempts one). [OE besettan (be-(1), 
 & see set v.)] 
 
 bese'tment, n. Besetting sin ; being hemmed 
 in. [prec + -ment] 
 
 beshpew, tv.t. (Now only as mock-heroic 
 imprecation) plague take (me, person, or thing). 
 [be-(2) + ME schrewen to curse f. shrew] 
 besi'de, prep, (formerly also adv. = foil.). 
 Close to, by, near ; on a level with, compared 
 with ; wide of (mark, question, &c) ; b. oneself, 
 out of one's wits. [OE be sidan (by, side n.)] 
 besi'des, adv. & prep. In addition (to), 
 moreover ; 'otherwise, else, (than) ; (neg. & 
 interrog.) except. [prec+-Es] 
 besie'g-e, v.t. Invest, lay siege to; crowd 
 round ; assail with requests. Hence be- 
 sie'g-ER ! n. [ME besegen f. be-(1) + segen f . 
 OF asegier f. LL assediare (ad- + sedium f. L 
 sedere sit)] 
 
 besla'vep, v.t Cover with slaver; flatter 
 fulsomely. [be-(1) + slaver v.] 
 beslo'bbep, v.t. = prec ; also, kiss effusively. 
 
 [BE-(l) + SLOBBER V.] 
 
 beslirbbep, v.t. Besmear. [be-(1) + slub- 
 ber v.] 
 
 besmear*, v.t. Smear with greasy or sticky 
 stuff (also of the stuff as subj.). [OE bi- 
 smierwan see be-(1) & smear v.] 
 
 besmip'eh (-tsh), v.t. Soil, discolour; dim 
 brightness of. [be-(1) + smirch v.] 
 
 be'som (or -z-), n., & v.t. (Sweep with) 
 bundle of twigs tied round stick for sweeping, 
 kind of broom. [OE besema, com.-WG cf. G 
 besen Du. bezem] 
 
 beso*t, v. t. (-U-). Stupefy mentally or morally. 
 
 [BE-(4) + SOT] 
 
 besough't. See beseech. 
 
 bespa'ngie, v.t. Set about with spangles. 
 [be-(6) + spangle] 
 
 bespa*ttep, v.t. Spatter (object) all over; 
 spatter (liquid Sec.) about ; cover with abuse or 
 flattery. [be-(1) + spatter] 
 
BESPEAK 
 
 bespea'k, v.t, (past -spoke, p.p. -spoke, 
 spoken). Engage beforehand ; order (goods) ; 
 stipulate for; speak to (poet.); suggest, be 
 evidence of; bespoke bootmaker &c. (prop. 
 bespoke-boot maker), opposed to ready-made 
 dealer. [OE besprecan; conx-WG cf. G be- 
 sprechen ; see be-(3) & speak] 
 
 besprent, p.p. (poet.). Sprinkled (with) ; 
 scattered about, [f. OE besprengan f. be-(1) + 
 OTeut. sprangjanca,usa,lof spring an spring v.] 
 
 besppi'nkle, v.t. Sprinkle or strew over 
 (with ; lit. & fig. ; also with the liquid &c. as 
 subj. or obj.). [ME besprengil frequent, of OE 
 besprengan, see prec. & -le] 
 
 Be'ssemer, a. & n. B. process, for decar- 
 bonizing & desiliconizing pig-iron by passing 
 currents of air through it when molten & so 
 making B. iron, B. steel, or B. [Sir H. B., 
 inventor 1856] 
 
 best 1 , a. & adv. (superl. of good, well). Of, 
 in, the most excellent kind, way (often, like 
 good, well, used for specific adjj. & advv. as 
 kindest, most skilfully). Phrr. : the b. part, 
 most ; had b., would find it wisest to ; b. man, 
 bridegroom's supporter; put b. leg or foot 
 foremost, go at full pace ; bad is the b., no good 
 event possible ; with the b., as well as anyone ; 
 do ones b., all one can ; be at one's &., in the b. 
 state; one's 6. or Sunday b., b. clothes; have 
 the b. of it, win in argument &c. : make the b. 
 of things, be contented ; make the b. of one's 
 way, go as fast as possible ; atb., on the most 
 hopeful view ; did it for the b., with good in- 
 tentions ; to the b. of one's power Sec, as far as 
 one's power &c. allows ; the b. is the enemy of 
 the good, too high standard bars progress. [OE 
 betst; com.-Teut. f. OTeut. batist cf. better] 
 
 best 2 , v.t (colloq.). Get the better of, cir- 
 cumvent, worst, [f. prec] 
 
 bestea'd (-ed), v.t. & i. Avail, help, [be- (2) 
 
 + STEAD] 
 
 beste'd, p.p. (With ill, hard, sore, &c.) 
 situated, circumstanced, pressed. [ME bistad 
 f. be-(2) + stad L OX staddr p.p. of stethja stop] 
 be'stial, a. Of, like, a beast or beasts esp. 
 quadrupeds; brutish, barbarous; depraved, 
 lustful, obscene. Hence or cogn. bestia'l- 
 ity n., be*stializE(3) v.t., be'stialLY 2 adv. 
 [OF, f. L bestialis (bestia beast + -al)] 
 bestir*, v. refl. (-rr-). Exert, rouse, (oneself). 
 [OE bestyrian t BE-(2) + styrian stir v.] 
 bestow* (-6), v.t. Deposit ; provide with lodg- 
 ing; confer (thing) upon (person) as gift. Hence 
 bestow*AL(2) n. [ME bistowen, see be-(2), 
 stow v.] 
 
 bestrew, v.t. (p.p. -ewed or -eu-n). Strew 
 (surface) with ; scatter (things) about ; lie scat- 
 tered over. [OE bestriowian see be-(1) & 
 strew ; p.p. -ewn is recent, but now common] 
 bestri'de, v.t. (past -ode; p.p. -idden, -id, 
 -ode). Get or sit upon (horse, chair) with legs 
 astride ; stand astride over (place or fallen 
 friend or enemy; also fig. of rainbow &c). 
 [OE bestridan, see be-(3), stride v.] 
 bet, n., & v.i. & t. (bet). (Engagement to) 
 risk one's money &c, risk (an amount &c.) 
 against another's on the result of a doubtful 
 event (on or against result or competitor, that 
 so-&-so will happen) ; (slang) you b., you may 
 take it as certain ; betting-book, for entering bb. 
 in. [perh. f. abet v. (or obs. n.) ; whether vb 
 or n. is prior is doubtful] 
 
 be*ta, n. Second letter of Greek alphabet, 
 used as name of second star in a constellation, 
 & in other numberings. [Gk] 
 beta'ke, v. refl. (-took, -taken). Commit 
 
 79 BETWEEN 
 
 oneself to (i. e. try) some course or means ; 
 convey oneself to (i. e. go to) a place or person. 
 [ME ; be-, take] 
 
 be'tel, n. Leaf of Piper betle, which Indians 
 chew with areca-nut parings ; (hence by mis- 
 take) b.-nut, the areca nut. [part. f. Malayalam 
 vettila] 
 
 bete noire (bat nwahr), n. (One's) abomina- 
 tion. [F] 
 
 be'thel, n. Hallowed spot (Gen. xxviii. 19) ; 
 nonconformist chapel. [Heb. beth-el house of 
 God] 
 
 bethe'sda (-z-), n. Nonconformist chapeL, 
 [John v. 2 ; Heb., = house of mercy] 
 
 bethi'nk, v. refl. (-thought) (alw. with self or 
 archaic refl. me, him. Sec). Reflect, stop to 
 think; remind oneself of , how, or that; take 
 into one's head to. [OE bethencan, com.-Teut. 
 cf. G bedenken; see be-(3), think] 
 
 beti'de, v.i. & t. (only in 3 sing. pres. subj.). 
 Happen (whate'er b.) ; happen to (woe b. him 
 &c). [ME bitiden see be-(2), tide v.] 
 
 beti'mes, adv. Early in day, year, life, &c. ; 
 in good time, [by time (ME) + -es] 
 
 betise (bate"z), n. Foolish, ill-timed, remark 
 or action. [F] 
 
 beto'ken,, v.t. Augur, indicate, suggest. 
 [ME bitacnien cf. G bezeichnen, see be-, token] 
 
 be'tony, n. Purple-flowered plant, [f. F 
 bitoine I. LL betonia f. L vettonica f. name of 
 Gaulish tribe] 
 
 betook. See betake. 
 
 betray, v.t. Give up treacherously (person 
 or thing to enemy) ; be disloyal to ; lead astray ; 
 reveal treacherously ; reveal involuntarily ; be 
 evidence or symptom of. Hence betpay*AL(2), 
 betray'ER 1 , nn. [ME betraien f. be-(2) + obs. 
 tray f. OF tra'ir f L tradere (trans over + dare 
 give)] 
 
 betPO*th (-odh), v.t. Bind with a promise to 
 marry (usu. in p.p.). Hence betPO*thAL(2)n., 
 betPO'thED 1 a. & n. [ME bitreuthien f. 
 be-(6) + treuthe truth, later assimilated to 
 
 T.ROTH] 
 
 be'tter 1 , a., adv., & n. (comp. of good, well). 
 Of, in, a more excellent kind, way (often, like 
 good, well, for specific wd as more virtuous, 
 more plentifully). Phrr. : no b. than, prac- 
 tically; no b. than one shoidd be, improper; 
 one's b. feelings, higher self ; b. part, most ; 
 one's b. half, wife ; : b. than (with number &c), 
 above ; had b., would find it wiser to ; be, get, 
 b., less unwell; b. than one's word, more 
 liberal than one promised to be ; one's b., more 
 skilful person ; one's bb. , people of higher rank ; 
 get the b. of, defeat, outwit ; know b., refuse to 
 accept statement, not be so foolish (as to do 
 something) ; think b. of it, change one's mind ; 
 change for the b. ; b. off, richer, more com- 
 fortable. [OE betera ; com.-Teut. cf. G besser 
 f. OTeut. batizon- f. bat- see boot 3 + -er 3 ] 
 
 be'ttep 2 , v.t. & i. Amend, improve; sur- 
 pass (a feat, &c); b. oneself, get b. situation, 
 wages, &c. Hence be*ttep>iENT n. [ME 
 beteren cf. G bessem & see prec] 
 
 better 3 , -op, n. One who bets, [bet 4- -er 1 ] 
 
 betwee'n, prep. & adv. (the orig. restriction 
 to relations involving only two limits &c still 
 tends to be observed wherever among is ade- 
 quate for higher numbers). In, into, along, or 
 across, a space, line, or route, bounded by (two 
 or more points, lines, &c); in, into, along, or 
 across, an interval ; separating ; connecting ; 
 intermediately in place, time, or order, (to) ; 
 owing partly to, partaking of, shared by, 
 (each); to & fro (go-b.) ; to & from (plies b. 
 
 For compounds of be- not given consult be-. 
 
BETWIXT 
 
 80 
 
 BIBLIOPHIL(E) 
 
 London & Brighton) ; reciprocally on the part 
 of ; confined to (6. ourselves, b. you & me) ; by 
 combination of; taking one & rejecting the 
 other of (choose b.). Far b., at wide intervals ; 
 6. cup & lip, of dashed hopes ; b. wind & water, 
 at a vulnerable point ; b. devil & deep sea, 
 with no escape ; betwixt & b., half-&-half ; stand 
 b., mediate, be protector; b. whiles, in the in- 
 tervals. [OE betweonum, betweon, (be- + dat. 
 & ace. pi. of distrib. num., = L bini, of two); 
 orig. constr., bi (ssem &c.) tweonum =■ by (seas 
 &c.) twain] 
 
 betwi'xt, prep. & adv. (Poet., archaic, or 
 dial., for) between, [earlier betwixen (be- + 
 OSax. twisc f. OTeut. tiviskjo- twofold cf. G 
 swischen between)] 
 
 Beu'lah, n. Nonconformist chapel. [Is. 
 lxii. 4] 
 
 be'vel *• (-vl), n. Joiner's & mason's tool for 
 setting off angles ; a slope from the horizontal 
 or vertical, surface so sloping ; b. edge, as in a 
 chisel; b.-gear, working one shaft from another 
 at angle to it by b.-wheels, cogged wheels with 
 working face oblique to axis. [f. OF *bevel 
 (now beveau) etyni. dub.] 
 
 be'vel 2 , v.t. & i. (-11-). Reduce (square edge) 
 to, take, a slope, [f. prec] 
 
 be'vepage (-Ij), n. Drinking-liquor. [f. OF 
 barrage (beivre, now boire, f. L bibere drink + 
 -age)] 
 
 be*vy, n. Company (prop, of ladies, roes, 
 quails, larks), [etyni. dub. ; perh. = drinking 
 company (cf. prec.)] 
 
 bewai'l, v.t. & i. "Wail (over), mourn (for). 
 [be-(3) + wail v.] 
 
 beware*, v.i. & t. (not inflected, and used 
 only where be is the vbl part required, as I will 
 b., but not lb.). Be cautious, take heed ; take 
 heed of, lest, how, that not. [as now used, f. 
 be v. + OE waer cautious, but with traces of OE 
 vbs warian, bavarian, take care of, defend, 
 (surviving in ' Ware holes ! ')] 
 
 taewi'ldep, v. t. Lead astray,perplex, confuse, 
 Hence bewi'lderingxY 2 adv., bewrlder- 
 ment n. [be-(6) + obs. wilder(n) wilderness] 
 
 bewi'teh, v.t. Affect by magic, put a spell 
 on ; delight exceedingly, whence bewi*teh- 
 ing 2 a., bewi'tching'LY 2 adv., bewi'teh- 
 ment n. [ME biivicchen f. be-(2)+OE iviccian 
 enchant f. wicca witch n.] 
 
 bewray (bira - ), v.t. Reveal, esp. involun- 
 tarily. [be-(2) +OE ivregan accuse cf. G riigen)] 
 
 bey, beylie, (ba-), nn. (Bey) Turkish gov- 
 ernor ; (beylie) his district, [formerly beg f. 
 Osmanli bey] 
 
 beyo'nd, adv., prep. & n. At, to, the farther 
 side (of), past, outside, besides ; later than ; out 
 of reach, comprehension, or range, of (b. ?nea- 
 swre.exceedingly) ; surpassing ; more than (with 
 objective case, as you have prospered b. 
 me) ; (neg. & interrog.) except. (N.) the b., the 
 future life, the unknown; the back of b., the 
 remotest corner of the world. [OE begeondan 
 (be- about + geond across + -ana from) ; cf. yon 
 & Gjen- that] 
 
 be'zant (also biza'nt), n. Gold coin (10/- to 
 20/-) current in Europe from 9th c. ; also silver 
 (1/- to 2/-). [f. OF besan f. L Byzantius (num- 
 mus coin) of Byzantium] 
 
 be'zel, n. Sloped edge of chisel &c. ; oblique 
 faces of cut gem ; groove holding watch-glass 
 or gem. [f. OF *bezel (now bizeau) etym. dub.] 
 
 bezrque, (-ek), n. Card-game for two or 
 four. [f. F besigue etym. dub.] 
 
 bhang 1 (ba-), n. Indian hemp used as nar- 
 cotic & intoxicant (smoked, chewed, eaten, & 
 
 drunk), [earlier bangue, bang; f. Hind. &c. 
 bhang] 
 bi-, pref. f. L bi- (earlier dui-, cf. Gk di-, Skr. 
 
 dvi) twice, doubly, having two , freely used 
 
 in English, esp. with wds f. L, but also with E 
 
 wds (bi-weekly). (1) Adjj., (a) having two , 
 
 as bicentral, bicristate ; (b) doubly, in two 
 ways, as biconcave; (c) in Bot. & Zool., twice 
 over, i. e. divided into similarly divided parts, 
 
 as bipinnate ; (d) lasting for two , appearing 
 
 every two , as biennial ; (e) appearing 
 
 twice in a , as biannual, bi-monthly ; many 
 
 wds are ambiguous between this & the last, 
 & semi-, half-, would be better here ; (f) joining 
 
 two , as bi-parietal. (2) Nouns, double, as 
 
 bi-millionaire. (3) Chem. nouns & adjj., having 
 twice the amount of acid, base, &c, indicated 
 by the simple wd, as bicarbonate. 
 
 bras J , n. (In bowls) lopsided form of a bowl, 
 its oblique course, the weight or influence 
 deflecting it ; (metaph. from bowls) inclination, 
 predisposition (towards), prejudice, influence ; 
 (Dressmaking &c. ; as a., n., & adv.) cut on the 
 b., cut b., cut obliquely across the texture, b. 
 band &c, band so cut. [f. F biais oblique, 
 obliquity, etym. dub. ; L bifacem nom. -fax 
 two-faced is suggested] 
 
 bras 2 , v.t. (-s- or -ss-). Give a bias to, in- 
 fluence (usu. unfairly), inspire with prejudice, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 bia'xial, a. "With two (optic) axes. [bi-(1 a) 
 
 + AXIAL] 
 
 bib ] , v.i. Drink much or often, [perh. f. L 
 bibere drink] 
 
 bib 2 , n. Child's chin-cloth to keep dress- 
 front clean ; adult's apron-top (best b. & tucker, 
 best clothes), [perh. f. prec] 
 
 bib 3 , n. A fish, the whiting-pout, [from an 
 inflatable membrane on head resembling prec] 
 
 biba'sic, a. Having two (chem.) bases. 
 [bi-(1 a) + base l + -ic] 
 
 bi'bbep, n., bi'bbing-, n. & a. Tippler, 
 tippling, (usu. in comb., as wine &c. -&.). [bib 
 
 V., -ER T , -ING 1 ' 2 ] 
 
 Brble, n. The Scriptures of the Old & New 
 Testament, a copy of them, a particular edition 
 of them; authoritative textbook; B.-oath, 
 taken on the B. ; B.-reader, one employed to 
 read the B. from house to house ; B.-Christian, 
 a member of sect so called ; B.-clerk, student 
 at some Oxford colleges who reads lessons in 
 chapel. [F, f. LL f. Gk biblia books pi. of 
 biblion dim. of biblos papyrus bark] 
 
 bi'blical, a. Of, concerning, contained in, 
 the Bible, [f. med. L biblicus (see -ic, -al] 
 
 bi'blieo-, comb, form of biblical, as biblico- 
 poetical. [-o-] 
 
 biblio-, comb, form of biblion see bible. Of 
 books or the Bible. 
 
 bibliograph-. See foil., & -graph, -graph- 
 
 ER, -GRAPHIC, -GRAPHY. 
 
 biblio'graphy, n. History of books, their 
 authorship, editions, &c ; book containing such 
 details ; list of books of any author, printer, 
 country, subject, [f. Gk bibliographia; see 
 biblio-, -graphy] 
 
 biblid'later, n., biblio'latrous, a., bib- 
 lio'latpy, n. Worshipper of, worshipping, 
 worship of, books, a book, or the Bible, [biblio-* 
 -latry] 
 
 biblioma'nia, biblioma'niac, nn. Rage 
 for collecting, enthusiastic collector of, books, 
 [see biblio-, -mania] 
 
 bi'bliophil(e), n. Book-fancier, -lover. 
 Hence bibli6*philiSM(3), biblio*pliiliST(3), 
 nn. [F bibliophile (biblio-, -phil)] 
 
 For words in bi-, bin-, not given consult bi-, bin-. 
 
BIBLIOPOLE 
 
 bi'bliopole, biblio'poly, nn. Seller, sell- 
 ing, of (esp. rare) books, [f. L (-la) f. Gk biblio- 
 poles (BiBLio-, -poles -seller)] 
 
 bi'bulous, a. Absorbent ; addicted to drink. 
 Hence bi'bulousLY 2 adv. [f. L bibulus 
 freely drinking (bibere drink) + -ous] 
 
 biea'meral, a. With two (legislative) 
 chambers. [bi-(1 a) 4- ~Lcamera chamber + -al] 
 
 bieap'bonate. See bi-(3) 
 
 bice, n. Pigment prepared from smalt, yield- 
 ing dull light blue and (by mixture) green, [f. 
 Fqis dark-coloured f. It. bigio etyni. dub.] 
 
 biee'ntenapy (also -ente"n-), a. & n. (Festi- 
 val) of the two-hundredth anniversary, [bi- 
 (la) + L centenarius centenary ; used of years 
 by confusion with centennial] 
 
 bicente'nnial, a. & n. Lasting, occurring 
 every, two hundred years ; (n.) = prec. [Bi- 
 ll d) -f centennial] 
 
 bice'phalous, a. Two-headed. [Bi-(la) + 
 -cephalous] 
 
 bi'ceps, n. Muscle with double head or 
 attachment, esp. the upper-arm flexor ; muscu- 
 larity. [L, = two-headed f. bi-(1 a) + caput head] 
 
 bichlor'ide, n. Compound in which double 
 amount of chlorine combines with metal &c. 
 [Bl-(3)] 
 
 biehro'mate, n. Salt with double amount 
 of chromic acid. [bi-(3)] 
 
 bi'ekep, v.i. Quarrel ; (of stream, rain. &c.) 
 brawl, patter ; (of flame, light, &c.) flash, 
 glitter. [ME bikeren perh. frequent, of obs. 
 bike to thrust, pierce] 
 
 bicu'spid, a. & n. (Tooth) with two cusps. 
 Ibi-(1 a) + L cuspis -idis point] 
 
 bi'cycle, n., & v.i. (Ride on) two-wheeled 
 velocipede. Hence bi'eyeliST(l) n. [F, f. bi- 
 (1 a) + Gk kuklos wheel] 
 
 bid 1 , v.t. & i. (past bad, bade, bid, p.p. 
 bidden, bid). Command to (usu. without to ; 
 now literary, archaic, or poet., for tell with to ; 
 also abs., as do as you are &.); invite (esp. 
 in bidden guest) ; salute (person) with xoel- 
 come, farewell, &c. ; offer price, offer (a certain 
 price) for (past & p.p. bid), whence bi'ddER 1 
 n. ; proclaim (defiance f the banns) ; b.fair to do, 
 show promise of doing j bidding-prayer, in- 
 viting congregation to join, [mixture of (1) 
 OE beodan offer, proclaim, cf. G oieten f. OTeut. 
 beudan cf. Skr. budh- present & perh. Gkputh- 
 ascertain, (2) OE biddan press, beg, cf. G bitten 
 f. OTeut. bidjan cf. Skr. bddhate press ; the 
 variety of forms is due to this confusion] 
 
 bid 2 , n. Offer of price, esp. at auction, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 bi'ddable, a. Obedient, [-able] 
 
 bi'dding, n. In vbl senses; esp., the offers 
 at auction ; a command, [-ing l (1)] 
 
 bide, v.t. & i. (Archaic and poet, for abide, 
 but the regular wd in) 6. one's time, await best 
 opportunity. [com.-Teut. ; OE bidan cf. OSax. 
 bidan, OHG bitan] 
 
 bie'nnial, a. & n. Lasting, recurring every, 
 two years; (n., bot.) plant that springs one 
 year, & flowers, fructifies, & perishes, the 
 next. Hence bie'nnialLY 2 adv. [f. L biennis 
 f. Bi-(ld) + annus year + -al] 
 
 bienseance (F), n. Decorum. 
 
 biep (ber), n. Movable stand on which coffin 
 (or corpse) is taken to grave. [com.-Teut. ; OE 
 baer cf. G bahre & see barrow ; mod. spelling 
 affected by F Mere] 
 
 bi'ffin, n. Deep-red cooking-apple. [ = beef- 
 ing f. beep + -ing(3) with ref. to the colour] 
 
 bi*fid, a. Divided by a deep cleft into two 
 parts. Jf. L Bi(Jidus f. st. otfindere cut)] 
 
 bifo'liate (-at), a. Of two leaves. [Bi-(la) 
 + L folium leaf + -ate 2 (2)J 
 
 J 51 BILIOUS 
 
 bi-fupeate 1 , v.t. & i. Divide into two 
 branches, fork. [f. foil., first in p.p. -ated] 
 
 brfupeate 2 (-at), a. Forked (esp. in Bot.). 
 [f. med. L Bi(furcatus f. furca fork, -ate 2 )] 
 
 bifurcation, n. Division into two branches ■ 
 the point of division ; the branches or one of 
 them. [f. BIFURCATE 1 ] 
 
 big, a. & adv. Large ; grown up ; pregnant 
 (b. with young, also b.-bellied, & esp. fig. as 
 b. with fate, news) ; important (a b. man) ; 
 boastful(ly) (b. words, looks- look or talk &.) ; 
 (as distinctive epithet) 6. drum, toe, game; 
 b.-hom, Rocky-Mountain sheep ; bigwig, per- 
 son of importance. Hence bi'gNESS n. [?] 
 
 brgamist, n. Man (woman) with two wives 
 (husbands), [see bigamy, -ist] 
 
 bi'gamous, a. Guilty of, involving, 
 bigamy, if. med. L bigamus see foil. + -ous] 
 
 bi'gamy, n. Having two wives or husbands 
 at once. [f. F bigamie (-yi) f. OF bigame 
 bigamous f. med. L Bi(gamus f. Gk -gamos 
 -married)] 
 
 bigapoo'n, n. Large white-heart cherry, 
 [f. F bigarreau f. bigarre variegated] 
 
 bige'minal, a. Arranged in two pairs. Ibi- 
 (1 c) + L geminus twin -f -al] 
 
 bigg, big, n. Four-rowed barley, [f. ON 
 bygg = OE beow grain, cf. Gk phu-, Skr. bhu-, 
 grow] 
 
 bight (bit), n. Loop of a rope ; curve, recess, 
 of coast, river, &c, bay. [OE byht cf. G bucht 
 f. OTeut. bugan to bow] 
 
 bi'got, n. One who holds irrespective of 
 reason, & attaches disproportionate weight to, 
 some creed, or view. Hence bi'gotED 2 a. 
 [F, etym. dub. ; Visigoth, & Sp. bigote mous- 
 tache, have been suggested] 
 
 bi'gotpy, n. Conduct, mental state, act, of 
 a bigot, [f. F bigoterie ; see bigot, -ry] 
 
 bi'jou (be'zhoo), n. (pi. -oux, pr. -6b) & a. 
 Jewel, trinket ; small & elegant. [F, prob. f. 
 Breton bizou ring with stone f. biz - Corn, bis, 
 W bys, finger] 
 
 b/jowterie (-zhoo-, or as F), n. Jewelry, 
 trinkets, &c. [F, see prec. & -ry] 
 
 bike, n., & v.i. (Abbrev. for) bicycle. 
 
 bila'tepal, a. Of, on, with, two sides ; 
 affecting, between, two parties. Hence bila*- 
 tepalLY 2 adv. [bi-(1 a) + L latus -eris side -f 
 -al] 
 
 bi'lbeppy, n. Fruit of dwarf hardy N.- 
 European shrub growing on heaths & in moun- 
 tain woods (also whortle, blae, -b.). [cf. Da. 
 bbllebaer] 
 
 bi'lbo, n. Sword, [f. Bilbao in Spain] 
 
 bi'lboes, n. pi. Iron bar with sliding 
 shackles for prisoner. [?] 
 
 bile, n. Brownish-yellow bitter fluid secreted 
 by the liver to aid digestion ; derangement of 
 the b. ; peevishness ; b.-stone, calculus in gall- 
 bladder. [F, f. L bilis] 
 
 bilge 1 , n. Nearly horizontal part of ship's 
 bottom, inside or out ; the foulness that col- 
 lects inside the b. ; belly of barrel ; b.-keel, 
 timber fastened under b. to prevent rolling ; 
 b.-water, stinking water collected in b. [cor- 
 ruption of bulge f. OF boulge now bouge] 
 
 bilge 2 , v.t. & i. Stave in, spring a leak in, 
 the b. ; bulge, swell out. [f. prec] 
 
 bi'liapy, a. Of the bile. [f. F biliaire, see 
 bile, -ary 2 ] 
 
 bili'ngual (-inggwal), a. Having, speaking, 
 spoken or written in, two languages, [f. L 
 bilinguis f. Bi-(1 a) + lingua tongue -f -al] 
 
 bi'lious, a. Liable to, affected by, arising 
 from, derangement of the bile ; peevish. Hence 
 bi'liousLY 2 adv., bi'liousNESs n. [f. F 
 bilieux f. L biliosus ; see bile, -ose 1 , -ous] 
 
-BILITY 
 
 -bility, suf. See -ble. 
 
 bilk, v.t. Evade payment of (creditor, bill) ; 
 cheat, give the slip to. [etym. dub. ; perh. = 
 balk ; earliest use in cribbage, = spoil oppo- 
 it p tit's score! 
 
 bill J , n. Obsolete weapon, halberd ; (also 
 billhook) concave-edged lopping implement for 
 pruning &c. [com.- WG cf. G bille] 
 bill 2 , n. Bird's beak (esp. when slender, 
 flattened, or weak, & in pigeons & web-footed 
 birds) ; muzzle of platypus ; narrow promon- 
 tory (Selsea B. &c.) ; point of anchor-fluke. 
 Hence -billED 2 a. [OE bile etym. dub.] 
 bill 3 , v.i. Stroke b. with b. (of doves); ex- 
 change caresses (esp. b. & coo), [f. prec] 
 bill 4 , n. Draft of proposed Act of Parlia- 
 ment ; (Law) written statement of (esp. plain- 
 tiffs) case ( find a true b., ignore the &., forms 
 by which Grand Jury sends, does not send, 
 case for trial); note of charges for goods 
 delivered or services rendered ; poster, placard, 
 programme of entertainment; (also b. of ex- 
 change) written order by drawer to drawee to 
 pay sum on given date to drawer or to named 
 payee (if drawn not against value received, but 
 to raise money on credit, the b. is known as an 
 accommodation b. ) ; b. of fare, list of dishes to 
 Deserved, menu, (fig.) programme ; b. of health, 
 certificate regarding infectious disease on ship 
 or in port at time of sailing (clean b. ofh., no 
 disease); b. of lading, ship-master's detailed 
 receipt to consignor; b. of sale, transferring 
 personal property, or authorizing its seizure 
 by lender of money if payment is delayed ; &.- 
 poster, -sticker, man who pastes up placards ; 
 b.-broker, -discounter, dealer in, discounter of, 
 bb. of exchange. [ME bille f. L bidla amulet 
 in medieval sense of seal, papal bull, docu- 
 ment] 
 
 bill 5 , v.t. Announce, put in the programme ; 
 plaster with placards, [f. prec] 
 bi'llet a , n. Order requiring person to board 
 & lodge the soldier bearing it (every bullet 
 has its b., hits only by providential order) ; 
 destination; appointment, situation. [ME 
 billette dim. of bille bill 4 ] 
 bi'llet 2 , v.t. Quarter (soldiers) on (town, 
 householder, &c), in, at. [I. prec] 
 bi'llet 3 , n. Thick piece of firewood; small 
 bar of metal; short roll inserted at intervals 
 in hollow moulding (Norman archit.). [f. F 
 billette & billot dim. of bille tree-trunk etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 billet-doux (briidoo*), n. Love-letter (jocu- 
 lar). [F] 
 
 bi'lliards, n. pi. Game played with cues 
 & ivory balls on cloth-covered table ; billiard- 
 marker, attendant keeping the score, [f. F 
 billard cue dim. of bille see billet 3 ] 
 bi'llingsg-ate, n. Abuse, violent invective, 
 [from the scolding of fish women in Billingsgate 
 market] 
 
 bi'llion, n. A million millions; (in U.S.) a 
 thousand millions. [F, coined in 16th c. out of 
 Bl- & million to denote the second power of a 
 million ; meaning afterwards changed in France 
 (so U.S.) but not in England] 
 bi'llow 1 , n. Great wave; (poet.) the sea; 
 (fig.) anything that sweeps along, as sound, 
 troops. Hence bi'llowY 2 a. [f. ON bylgja I. 
 com.-Teut. belgan swell] 
 bi'llow 2 , v.i. Rise, move, in bb. [f. prec] 
 bi'lly, n. (Austral. ). Tin can used as kettle &c 
 in camping out. [prob. the male name] 
 bi'llyboy, n. One-masted flat-bottomed 
 trading ship or barge. [?] 
 
 _82 BINE 
 
 I bi'lly cock, n. Round-crowned hard felt hat. 
 [bully-cocked hat 1721 = cocked after the fashion 
 of the bullies] 
 
 bi'lly-goat, n. Male goat. [Billy male 
 name] 
 
 bilo'bate (-at), a. With two lobes. [bi-(1 a), 
 & see lobe, -ate 2 (2)] 
 
 bi'ltong'.n. Strips of sun-dried meat. [S.-Afr. 
 Du. f. Ml buttock (from which it is cut) + tong 
 tongue (which it looks like)] 
 bi'manal, bi'manous, aa., bi'mane, n. 
 (Individual) of the Bimana or two-handed 
 order of mammalia, two-handed, [bimane F f. 
 bi-(1 a) + L manus hand, & see -al, -ous] 
 bi'mbo, n. Kind of punch (drink). [~ bumbo] 
 blmeta'llie, a., bimetallism, n., bime'- 
 tallist, n. & a. Of, system of, advocate of, 
 iising both gold & silver as legal tender to 
 any amount at fixed ratio to each other, [f. F 
 bime'tallique 1869; see bi-(1 a), metallic, -ism(3), 
 -ist(2)J 
 
 bin, n. Receptacle (orig. of wicker, now usu. 
 fixed, of wood) for corn, coal, dust, bottled 
 wine, &c ; wine from a special b. ; canvas re- 
 ceptacle used in hop-picking. [OE binn perh. 
 f . LL benna hamper cf. It. benna wicker sleigh] 
 bin-, sometimes used for bi- before vowels, 
 perh. on anal, of F binocle (f. L bini, not bi-, 
 oculi) and of a an, co- con- ; for meanings see bi-. 
 bi'napy, a. Dual, of or involving pairs ; 
 (Mus.) b. measure, of two beats to bar; 
 b. form, of movement with two themes ; 
 (Astron.) b. system, two stars revolving round 
 common centre or each other ; (Chem.) 6. com- 
 pound, of two elements, b. theory, making all 
 acids compounds of hydrogen, all salts similar 
 compounds with metal ; (Math.) 6. scale, with 
 2 (not 10) as base of notation, [f. L binarius f. 
 bini two together] 
 
 bi'nate, a. In pairs, [f. L bini two together 
 + -ate 2 (2)] 
 
 bind ', v.t. fie i. (bound, pr. bow- ; also archaic 
 p.p. in bounden duty). Tie; fasten, attach, to, 
 on ; put in bonds, restrain ; fasten or hold to- 
 gether ; be obligatory, exercise authority, im- 
 pose constraint or duty, on, (pass.) be required 
 by duty to (do something) ; subject to legal 
 obligation (esp. b. over to appear, to good be- 
 haviour, to keep the peace; fig., I'll be bound, 
 go bail for statement), indenture as apprentice ; 
 ratify (b. the bargain) ; make costive ; bandage 
 (usu. b. up) ; wreathe (head &c) with, (material) 
 round, about, on ; edge with braid, iron, &c ; 
 cohere (of snow, &c); (Bookbind.) fasten (sheets) 
 into stiff, esp. leather, cover (half-bound, with 
 leather at back & corners only), b. up, together 
 in one vol. [com.-Teut. ; OE bindan cf. G bin- 
 den f. Aryan bhendh] 
 
 bind 2 , n. Indurated clay between coal 
 strata; (Mus.) curved line between two notes 
 to be sounded continuously ; = bine. [f. prec] 
 bi'ndep, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : book- 
 b. ; obstetric apparatus ; long fencing- withe ; 
 tie-beam ; through-stone in wall ; wisp of 
 straw, part of reaping-machine, for sheaf- 
 binding ; loose cover for unbound newspapers 
 
 &c [-ERl] 
 
 bi'nding 1 , a. Obligatory (on), [-ing 2 ] 
 binding 2 , n. In vbl senses; also, book- 
 cover; braid &c. for protecting raw edges. 
 
 [-INGl] 
 
 brndweed, n. Kinds of convolvulus & 
 other climbing plants, [bind l + weed] 
 
 bine, n. Flexible shoot ; stem of climbing 
 plant, esp. the hop. [orig. dial, form of bind s 
 now adopted in its place] 
 
 For words in bi-, bin-, not given consult bi-, bin-. 
 
binnacle: 
 
 bi'nnacle, n. Box on deck holding compass, 
 [earlier bittacle f. Sp. bitdculai. hhabitactdum 
 lodge (habit are dwell f. habere hold) ; confusion 
 with bin] 
 
 blnd'culap, a. & n. (Field or opera glass) 
 adapted for two eyes. [f. L bini two together 
 + ocidus eye + -ar 1 ] 
 
 bino'mial, a. & n. Consisting of two terms ; 
 B. theorem, formula for finding any power of 
 a b. without multiplying at length ; (n.) alge- 
 braic expression of t>wo terms joined by + or - . 
 [f. LL binomius ( — L binominis) having two 
 names, f. bi-(1 a) + nomen name] 
 
 bino'minal, a. Of two names (esp. b. 
 system, of scientific nomenclature by genus 
 & species), [f. L binominis see prec. + -al] 
 
 bio-, comb, form of Gk bios (course of) life, ■ 
 which meaning it has in actual borrowings f. 
 Gk, as biography ; in mod. formations it is ex- 
 tended to include organic life (Gk zoe). 
 
 biog-e*nesis, n. Hypothesis that living 
 matter arises always from living matter, 
 [prec. + Gk genesis] * 
 
 brograph, n. Photographic reproduction 
 of continuous action, [bio- + -graph] 
 
 bio'g'Paphee*, n. Person whose life is 
 written, [formed as correl. to biographer ; see 
 foil. & -EE] 
 
 bio'graphy, n. "Written life of a person : 
 branch of literature dealing with persons' 
 lives; life-course of a living being. So bio*- 
 grapher n., bioGRATHic(AL) aa., biog , pa , ~ 
 phiealLY 2 adv. [f. late Gkbiographia see bio-, 
 
 -GRAPH Y] 
 
 bio'logry, n. Science of physical life, dealing 
 with the morphology, physiology, origin, & dis- 
 tribution, of animals & plants. So biolo*- 
 gic(AL) aa., biolo'gricalLY 2 adv., bio'logiST 
 n. [bio-, -logy, -logist] 
 
 bi'oplasm, broplast, nn. The germinal 
 matter, a small separate portion of it, from 
 which all living things spring, [bio- + Gk 
 plasma, thing moulded, plastos moulded 
 (plasso to mould)] 
 
 bi'oseope, n. = biograph. [bio-, scope] 
 
 bi'ped, a. & n., bi'pedal, a. Two-footed 
 (animal), [f. L bipes -edis i. Bi-(la) +pes pedis 
 foot] 
 
 bipi'nnate, a. Having lobes that them- 
 selves have lobes. [bi-(1 c)+pixnate] 
 
 bi'plane, n. Two-planed aeroplane, [bi-] 
 
 bipo'lap, a. With two poles or extremities. 
 [Bi-(la)] 
 
 Bipo'ntine, a. Printed at Zweibriicken 
 (editions of classics), [bi- two- + L pons pontis 
 bridge (transl. of the name) + -INE J ] 
 
 biquadratic, a. & n. (Number) of the 
 fourth power, square of a square; b. (equa- 
 tion), in which the unknown quantity is b. 
 [Bi-(lb)] 
 
 birch l (-tsh), n. Kinds of«smooth-barked slen- 
 der-branched northern forest tree ; (also b.-rod) 
 bundle of its twigs used for flogging schoolboys 
 &c. Hence bip'chEN 5 a. [OE berc = OX bjork 
 (wbence northern birk), & OE bierce = OHG 
 biricha, both f. Aryan bhergo- cf. Skr. bhurja] 
 
 bipeh 2 , v.t. Flog with a b. [f. prec] 
 
 bird, n. Feathered vertebrate ; game b., 
 esp. the partridge; little 6., unnamed inform- 
 ant; 66. of a feather, people of like character; 
 6. in hand, in bush, certainty, contingency; 
 6. is flown, prisoner &c. escaped ; kill two 66. 
 vrith one stone, gain two ends at once ; 6. of 
 Jove, eagle, of Juno, peacock, of paradise, 
 New Guinea family with beautiful plumage, 
 of passage, migratory (also fig. of sojourner), 
 of prey, member of orders Raptor es & A c- 
 cipitres, as hawk, eagle, owl ; b.-cage, for b. or 
 
 J53 BISQUE 
 
 bb. ; b.-fancier, one who knows about, collects, 
 breeds, or deals in, bb. ; b.-lime, sticky stuff" 
 spread on twigs to catch bb. ; b.-seed, special 
 seeds given to caged birds; b.'s-eye, kinds of 
 plant with small bright round flowers as 
 Mealy Primrose or Germander speedwell, (to- 
 bacco) in which ribs are cut as well as fibre, 
 b.'s-eye view, conspectus of town, district, &c, 
 as seen from above, or resume" of subject, (of 
 pattern &c.) marked with spots ; b.'s-foot, kinds 
 of vetch, fern, trefoil, & starfish; b.'s-nest, 
 b.-nest, nest of b., kinds of plant as Wild Carrot, 
 b.-n. orchid, (v.i., esp. in gerund) hunt for nests. 
 [OEbrid; excl. E, etym. dub.] 
 
 biP'eme, n. Ancient galley with two banks 
 of oars. [f. L biremis f. bi-(1 a) + remits oar] 
 
 bii?etta, n. Square cap worn by R.-C. and 
 some Anglican clerics, [f. It. berretta f. LL 
 birretum ifrirrus silk or wool cape ^rob. f. Gk 
 purrhos flame-coloured)] 
 
 birth, n. Bringing forth of offspring (so many 
 at a 6.); coming into the world (give 6. to) ; 
 origin, beginning ; parentage, descent, inherited 
 position ; noble lineage, high-born people ; new 
 6., regeneration ; birthday, (anniversary of) 
 day of one's b. (b.-d. present, given on this ; 
 b.-d. book, for entering friends' b.-dd. ; b.-d. 
 ho7iou7's, knighthoods &c. givenon King's b.-d.); 
 b.-mark, ortone's body at or from b. (sob.-blind- 
 ness &c); b.-plaee, at which one was born; 
 b.-rate, percentage of births to population; 
 
 bir'thright, rights belonging to one as eldest 
 son, as born in a certain station or country. 
 
 or as a human being. [ME byrthe prob. f. ON 
 
 byrthr f. OTeut. (ga)btirthiz f. beran bear 3 + 
 
 -TH 1 ] 
 
 bis, adv. (Mus.) over again, repeat. Twice 
 (calling attention to a double occurrence in 
 references &c). [F & It. f. L, = twice] 
 
 bi'scuit (-kit), n. & a. Piece of unleavened 
 bread of various materials, usu. crisp, dry, 
 hard, & in small flat thin cakes ; porcelain 
 &c. after baking but before glazing & paint- 
 ing ; (of) light-brown colour ; b.-throw (naut.), 
 short distance, [earlier bislcet (now assim. to 
 mod. F) f. OF bescoit (L bis, coctus p.p. of 
 cogue re cook)] 
 
 bise (bez), n. Keen dry N. wind in Switzer- 
 land, S. France, &c. [F] 
 
 bise'et, v.t. Cut or divide into two (usu. 
 equal) parts. Hence bise'CTiON n. [bi-, L 
 secare sect- cut] 
 
 bisector, n. Bisecting line, [-or 2 ] 
 
 bisexual, a. Of two sexes; having both 
 sexes in one individual. [bi-(1 a) + sexual] 
 
 bi'shop, n. Clergyman consecrated as eccl. 
 governor of a diocese ; 6. in partibtis (infi- 
 delium), having the title, & competent to con- 
 firm &c, but with no diocese (the nominal 
 one being in heathen possession) ; mitre-shaped 
 piece in chess ; mulled & spiced wine ; Bishops' 
 Bible, version of 1568; b/s-cap, -hat, -leaves, 
 -weed, various plants. [OE biscop f. L f. Gk 
 episkopos overseer (epi on + -skopos -looking] 
 
 bi'shoppic, n. Office of bishop. [OE bis- 
 ceoprice (prec. + rice realm cf. G reich)] 
 
 bisk, n. Rich soup made by boiling down 
 birds &c. [f. F bisque craj-fish soup] 
 
 bi'smuth (-z-), n. A reddish-white metal. 
 [GJnow vxismut), etym. dub.] 
 
 bi'son, n. Wild ox of two species, (also 
 aurochs) formerly over Europe, and still in 
 Lithuania, (also buffalo) about Rocky Moun- 
 tains, [f. L bison -ontis f. OTeut. wdsand cf. 
 OE wesend, OHG xcisunt\ 
 
 bisque 1 (-k), n. (Tennis) right of scoring 
 one point without winning it at any time in 
 the set. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
bisque: 
 
 84 
 
 BLACK 
 
 bisque 2 (-k), n. Unglazed white porcelain 
 used in statuettes, [f. biscuit] 
 
 bisse'xtile, a. & n. Leap(-year). [f. L bi(s)- 
 sextilis (annus), year containing the bis sextus 
 dies or doubled 24th Feb. (vi Kal. Mart.)] 
 
 bi'stopt, n. Herb with cylindrical spike of 
 flesh-coloured flowers, [f. L bistorta (bis twice 
 + tort a fern. p.p. of torquere twist) w. ref. to 
 twisted form of root] 
 
 bi'stoupy (-tori), n. Surgeon's scalpel, [f. 
 F bistouri etym. dub.] 
 
 bi'stre (-ter), n. & a. Brown pigment pre- 
 pared from soot; colour(ed) like this. [F, 
 perh. f. OF behistre = besistre = bissextile, 
 the meaning gloomy from notion of unlucky 
 day] 
 
 bit l , n. Something to eat (a b. & a sup) ; 
 boring-piece of drill, cutting-iron of plane, 
 nipping-part of pincers &c, part of. key that 
 grips lock-lever; mouthpiece of bridle, (fig.) 
 control, (draw b., slacken pace ; take b. between 
 teeth, reject control). [OE bite, com.-Teut. f. 
 OTeut. bitiz cf. G biss f. bitan to bite] 
 
 bit 2 , «. Morsel of food (dainty, tit-, b.) ; 
 small piece of anything (b. by b.., gradually ; 
 give a b. of one's mind, speak candidly) ; piece 
 of scenery actual or painted ; short passage in 
 book &c. ; bb. of, poor little (children, furni- 
 ture) ; a b. of a, rather a (coward &c.) ; a b., 
 rather, not a b., not at all, every b. as, quite 
 as ; a short time (wait a b.) ; small coin (U.S., 
 of fractions of Spanish dollar ; in Engl., three- 
 penny b., &c). [OE bita com.-Teut. f. OTeut. 
 biton cf. G bisse f. bitan to bite] 
 
 bit 3 , v.t. Put b. into mouth of (horse) ; ac- 
 custom to the b. ; restrain, [f. bit ] ] 
 
 bitch, n. Female of dog, fox, wolf, (usu. 
 b. fox, & b. wolf) ; harlot. [OE bicce etym. dub.] 
 
 bite 1 , v.t. & i. (past bit; p.p. bitten some- 
 times bit). Cut into or nip with the teeth ; 
 (with off &c.) detach with the teeth ; snap at; 
 (of serpents, fleas, &c.) sting, suck ; accept bait 
 (lit. & fig.); (of sword &c.) penetrate; cause 
 glowing, smarting, &c, pain to (frost-bitten) ; 
 corrode; (of wheels, anchor, &c.) grip; b. the 
 dust or ground, fall & die ; b. one's lijjs, to 
 control anger &c. ; bitten with, infected with (a 
 mania, enthusiasm, &c). [OE bitan; com.- 
 Teut, cf. G beissen f. OTeut. bitan cf. Skr. 
 bhid-, L fid- (findere cut)] 
 
 bite 2 , n. Act of, wound made by, piece 
 detached by, biting ; food to eat (b. & sup) ; 
 taking of bait by fish; grip, hold, (lit. & fig.), 
 [f. prec] 
 
 bi'ter, n. In vbl senses ; also, swindler (only 
 now in the b. bit), [-er l ] 
 
 bi'ting 1 , a. In vbl senses ; esp., pungent, 
 stinging, sarcastic. Hence bi'tingLY 2 adv. 
 [part, of bite j ] 
 
 bi'tter, a., adv., & n. Tasting like worm- 
 wood or quinine, opposite to sweet (b.-cup, 
 cup of quassia wood giving b. tonic property 
 to liquid drunk from it); unpalatable to the 
 mind, full of affliction; virulent, relentless; 
 biting, harsh; piercingly cold (also as adv., it 
 teas b. cold) ; to the b. end, last extremity ; 
 hence bi'ttepiSH 1 (2) a., bi'tten.v 2 adv., 
 bi'ttePNESS n. (N.) bitterness (the b. with the 
 sweet, the bb. of life); (pi.) liquors impregnated 
 with wormwood &c. taken as stomachics ; 
 
 = bitter beer ; b.-sweet, sweet(ness) with bitter 
 after-taste or element (lit. & fig.), Woody 
 Nightshade. [OE biter; com.-Teut. prob. f. 
 bitan to bite ; the b. etui may be f. Naut, 
 where the wds mean the last part of a cable 
 left round the bitts when the rest is over- 
 
 board, bitter being the turn at any moment on 
 the bitts] 
 
 bi'ttern, n. Kinds of marsh bird allied to 
 herons, esp. one known for its booming note. 
 [ME botor f. OF butor etym. dub.] 
 
 bi'ttoek, n. Little bit. [bit 2 + -ock] 
 
 bitts, n. pi. Pair of posts on deck for fasten- 
 ing cables &c. [etym. dub. ; in most European 
 langg. ; perh. f. bitan bite] 
 
 bitirmen, n. Mineral pitch, asphalt; (Sci.) 
 kinds of native oxygenated hydrocarbon, as 
 naphtha, petroleum. Hence bitirmini'FER- 
 ous, bitirminous. aa. r L, genit. -minis, cf. 
 Skr. gatu gum] 
 
 bitvrminize, v.t. Convert into, impregnate 
 or varnish with, bitumen. Hence bitu'- 
 minizATiON n. [prec. + -ize (3, 5)] 
 
 bi'valent, a. = divalent. 
 
 bi'valve, a. & n., bi'valved, biva'lvulap, 
 aa. With two valves; (mollusc) with hinged 
 double shell ; oyster. [bi-(1 a) + valve, valvED 2 , 
 
 & see -ULE, -AR 1 ] 
 
 bi'vouae (-ob-), v.i., & n. (-acking, -acked). 
 (Remain, esp. for the night, in) temporary en- 
 campment without tents; bivouacked, in b., 
 see -ed 1 (2). [F, prob. f. G beiwacht (by, watch) 
 additional guard at night (in Argau & Zurich)] 
 
 bizappe* (-ar), a. Eccentric, fantastic, gro- 
 tesque, mixed in style, half barbaric. So 
 bizarrerie" (-re) [-ery] n. [F ; cf. Sp. bizarro 
 handsome, brave, It. bizzarro choleric perh. f. 
 Basque bizarra beard] 
 
 blab, v.t. & i., & n. Talk or tell foolishly 
 or indiscreetly, reveal, let out, (secrets &c, or 
 abs.); hence bla'bbER 1 n. (N.) person who 
 blabs, [etym., & relation of vb to n. & to older 
 obs. vb blabber, doubtful] 
 
 black 1 , a. Opposite \x) white, colourless 
 from the absence or complete absorption of all 
 light ; so near this as to have no distinguishable 
 colour ; very dark-coloured (b. in the face, 
 purple with strangulation or passion) ; dark- 
 skinned ; dark-clothed ; (of sky, deep water, 
 &c.) dusky, gloomy; (of hands, linen) dirty; 
 (as specific epithet) b. bear, currant, snake, 
 heart-cherry ; deadly, sinister, wicked, hateful, 
 (b.-hearted ; 6. ingratitude ; crimes of blackest 
 dye) ; dismal (6. despair) ; angry, sulky, threat- 
 ening, (b.-broived ; b. looks; look b.) ; implying 
 disgrace or condemnation (6. mark, of dis- 
 credit against one's name ; b. book, list, of 
 persons suspect, tabooed, &c. ; deep in one's 
 b. books, quite out of his favour). B. & blue, 
 discoloured with bruise ; b. & tan, (dog) so 
 coloured ; b. & white, ink drawing (doivn in 
 b. & w., recorded in writing cr print) ; b. art, 
 magic [b. partly in sense wicked, partly by 
 assoc. w. med. L nigromantia corrupt, of 
 necromancy] ; b. ball, used to reject candidate 
 in club ballot, whence blackball v.t. ; &.- 
 beetle, cockroach ; blackberry, bramble or its 
 fruit (plentiful as blackberries, as can be ; 
 blackberry ing, gathering them) ; blackbird, 
 European song-bird, kidnapped negro on slave- 
 ship (blackbirding, trade in these) ; b.-board, in 
 lecture -room for demonstrations in chalk; 
 b. cap, put on by judge in sentencing to death ; 
 blackcap, kinds of bird, esp. the B. Warbler ; 
 b. cattle ; b. cock, male (opp. grey hen) of B. 
 Grouse ; B. Country, smoky district in Staffs. 
 &c. ; 6. dog, sulks ; b. draught, an aperient-; 
 b. eye, discoloured with bruise, also with dark 
 iris whence blaek-eyED 2 a. ; b.-face, dark- 
 faced sheep; b. fellow, Australian native; b.- 
 fish, a species, also salmon just after spawning; 
 b. flag, used by pirates, also signal of execution 
 
 For words in bi-, bin-, not given consult bi-, bin-. 
 
BLACK 
 
 completed ; 6. friar, Dominican ; b. game, B. 
 Grouse (& see b. cock) ; black'guard, scoun- 
 drel(ly), foul-mouthed (person), whence blaek'- 
 g-uardLY 1 a., blaek'guardiSM (2) n., (v.t.) 
 call blackguard, abuse scurrilously [orig. col- 
 lect, n., applied at various times to menials of 
 royal household, camp-followers, bodyguard, 
 criminal class, & vagrants] ; b.-head, kinds 
 of bird, esp. kind of gull; b. hole, military 
 lock-up (so B. H. of Calcutta) ; b.-jack, tarred- 
 leather wine - bottle ; b.-lead, (polish with) 
 plumbago [named from marking like lead]; 
 blackleg, swindler esp. on turf, workman who 
 works for master whose men are on strike 
 [orig. of senses unknown]; b. letter, old type 
 like the German ; blackmail, (Hist.) tribute 
 exacted by freebooters for protection & im- 
 munity, (mod., v.t. & n.) (force to make) pay- 
 ment for not revealing discreditable secrets 
 &c, whence blaekmai'lER l n. [obs. mail 
 rent, OE mal f. OX mal agreement perh. = OHG 
 mahal assembly] ; b. Maria, vehicle for taking 
 prisoners from & to gaol ; b. monk, Bene- 
 dictine ; b. pudding, sausage-shaped of blood, 
 suet, &c ; B. Rod, gentleman usher of Lord 
 Chamberlain's department, House of Lords, & 
 Garter ; b. sheep, scoundrel ; blacksmith, smith 
 working in iron (cf. WHiTEs?tiith) ; black- 
 thorn, thorny shrub bearing white flowers 
 before leaves & small plums or sloes (black- 
 thorn winter, time of its flowering, cold with 
 NE winds), cudgel or walkingstick of this ; 
 B. Watch, 42nd Highlanders [f. orig. uniform]. 
 Hence bla'ekiSH 1 (2) a., bla'ckNESS n. [OE 
 blxc, blac, = OHG blah-, blach-, perh. cogn. w. 
 Gk phlego burn] 
 
 black 2 , n. B. colour ; b. paint, dye, varnish ; 
 b. speck ; fungus, smut, in wheat &c. ; particle 
 of soot ; b. cloth(es) ; negro or negrito, whence 
 bla*ekY 3 n. [f. prec] 
 
 black 3 , v.t. Make b. ; polish with black- 
 ing; b. out, obliterate, [f. black ] ] 
 
 bla'ckamoop, n. Negro; dark-skinned per- 
 son. [BLACK 1 + moor] 
 
 bla'cken, v.t. & i. Make, grow, black or 
 dark ; speak evil of (person's character). [ME 
 blaknen (black 1 , -en 6 )] 
 
 bla'cklng*, n. In vbl senses ; also, paste or 
 liquid for blacking boots, [-ing ] ] 
 
 bla'dder, n. Membranous bag in human 
 & other animal bodies (esp. the urinary b., 
 also gall, air, swimming, -b.) ; the same or part 
 of it prepared for various uses, inflated &c. ; 
 (fig.) anything inflated & hollow, wordy man, 
 windbag ; inflated pericarp or vesicle in plants 
 & seaweeds (b.-wrack, common sea-weed with 
 these in its fronds). Hence bla'dderv 2 a. 
 [OE blxdre, com.-Teut. cf. G blatter f. OTeut. 
 blxdron- f. vb st. blx- blow 1 + -dron instr. suf. 
 cf. Gk -tron] 
 
 blade, n. (Vague & poet.) leaf; flat lanceo- 
 late leaf esp. of grass & cereals; whole of 
 such plants before ear comes {in the b.) ; 
 (Bot.) expanded part of leaf apart from foot 
 stalk; flattened part of instrument, as oar, 
 bat, spade, paddle-wheel ; cutting-piece of 
 edged tool, as sword, chisel, knife ; sword ; 
 (also b.-bone) flat bone, esp. shoulder-b. as joint 
 of meat or otherwise ; jovial, hectoring, gay, 
 &c, fellow (usu. with epithet). Hence (-)blad- 
 ed 2 a, [OE blxd ; com.-Teut., cf. G blatt, perh. 
 partic. form with -do-, Aryan -to-, f. OTeut. vb 
 st. bio- BLOW 3 cf. L flos ; OE not using blxd, 
 but teaf, in the vegetable sense, it is likely 
 that the mod. use is a retransfer f. sword-b., 
 helped by med. L bladum, OF bled (now ble), 
 corn] 
 
 blaeberry (a-), n. = bilberry, [blae livid, 
 
 85 BLASPHEME 
 
 dark-blue, the direct descendant of the OTeut, 
 blxwoz cf. G blau f. which blue comes in- 
 directly through F bleu] 
 
 blague (ahg), n. Pretentiousness. [F] 
 
 blaln, n. Inflamed sore on skin, pustule. 
 [OE blegen cf. Ou. blein] 
 
 blame 1 , v.t. Find fault with ; fix the re- 
 sponsibility on ; be to b., deserve censure. 
 Hence bla'mABLE a., bla'mabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 OF bldmer, blasmer, f. L as blaspheme] 
 
 blame 2 , n. Censure ; responsibility for bad 
 result (lay the b. on, bear the b.). [f. OF bldme 
 cf. prec] 
 
 bla'meful, a. (Rare) conveying, (usu.) 
 deserving, censure, [-ful] 
 
 bla'meless, a. Innocent. Hence bla'me- 
 lessLv 2 adv., bla'melessxESs n. [less] 
 
 bla*meworthy,a. Deserving blame. Hence 
 bla'meworthiNESS n. 
 
 blanch, v.t, & i. Make white by with- 
 drawing colour, peeling (almonds), or depriving 
 of light (plants) ; make or grow pale with fear, 
 cold, &c. ; b. over, palliate by misrepresentation, 
 [f. F blanchir (blanc blank)] 
 
 blancmange (blamalrnzh), n. Opaque 
 white jelly of isinglass, gelatine, or cornflour, 
 and milk. [f. OF blancmanger white food 
 (blanc blank + manger eat f. L manducare 
 manducate)] 
 
 bland, a. Gentle, polite, in manner* ironi- 
 cal; balmy, mild. Hence bla'ndLY 2 adv., 
 bla'ndNESS n. [f. L blandus\ 
 
 bla'ndish, v.t. Flatter, coax. Hence 
 bla'ndishMENT n. (usu. in pi.), [f. F blandir 
 (-1SH 2 ) f. L blandiri (blandus)] 
 
 blank 1 , a. Not written or printed on (of 
 paper); (of document) with spaces left for 
 signature or details (in b., draxen in &., so pre- 
 pared ; b. cheque, with amount left for payee to 
 fill in, hence = carte blanche) ; empty, not 
 filled, (b. space &c. ; b. cartridge, without ball) ; 
 void of interest, incident, result, expression ; 
 look b., nonplussed; unrelieved, sheer; un- 
 rhymed (b. verse, esp. the five-foot iambic). 
 Hence bla'nkNESS n. [f. F blanc white, com.- 
 Rom. cf. It. bianco f. OHG blanch f. OTeut. 
 blankoz shining cf. blink] 
 
 blank 2 , n. Lottery ticket that gains no 
 prize ; space left to be filled up in document, 
 empty surface (one's mind, memory, &c, is a 
 b., has no sensations &c); words printed in 
 italics in Pari, bills ; time without incident, 
 thing without meaning; coin-disk before 
 stamping ; dash written instead of word or 
 letter, whence blank, blanky, blanked, as sub- 
 stitutes for abusive nouns and adjj. [uses of 
 prec] 
 
 bla'nket 1 , n. Large woollen sheet used for 
 bed covering, for horse-cloth, & by savages 
 for clothes ; wet b., person who extinguishes 
 conversation ; born on wrong side of b., illegiti- 
 mate, [f. OF blanquette (blanc blank -f- -ette)] 
 
 bla'nket 2 , v.t. Cover with a b. ; toss in a 
 b. as punishment ; take wind from sails of 
 (another yacht) by passing to windward, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 bla'nkly, adv. Without expression, vacu- 
 ously, (look b. &c); flatly (deny b. &c). [blank 1 
 
 + -LV 2 ] 
 
 blare, v.i. & t. Make sound of trumpet ; 
 utter loudly, [perh. imit, ; cf. MDu. blaren, G 
 pldrren] 
 
 blar'ney, n., & v.t. & i. (Use, assail with) 
 cajoling talk. [Blarney, Irish castle with 
 stone conferring a cajoling tongue on whoever 
 kisses it] 
 
 bfa'se (-ahza), a. Cloyed, tired of pleasure, f F] 
 
 blaspheme, v.i. & t. Talk impiously; 
 
BLAST 
 
 utter profanity about, revile. So blas- 
 phe*mER 2 (4), bla'sphemY 1 , nn„ bla*s- 
 phemous a., bla'sphemousLY 2 adv. [ME 
 blasfemen f. OF blasfemer f. L blasphemare 
 f. Gk blasphemed f. blasphemos (bias- etym. 
 dub., perh. blab- hurt + -phemos -speaking)] 
 
 blast \ n. Strong gust of wind ; sound of 
 wind-instrument; current of air in smelting 
 &c [in, out of, b., of furnace working or not) ; 
 quantity of explosive used in blasting opera- 
 tion ; b.-furnace, smelting furnace into which 
 compressed hot air is driven by engine. [OE 
 blxst; com.-Teut. f. OTeut. blxstuz, f. blxsan 
 blow see blaze 5 ] 
 
 blast 2 , v.t. Blowup (rocks &c.) with ex- 
 plosives; wither, shrivel, blight, (plant, ani- 
 mal, limb, prosperity, character; esp., with 
 subj. God understood, in curses, whence 
 blasted, damnable), [f. prec] 
 
 blasto-, first element in many biological 
 terms, meaning germ, bud. [f. Gk blastos 
 sprout] 
 
 bla'stoderm, n. Germinal membrane 
 round yolk in impregnated ovum, dividing 
 later into three layers iepiblast, mesoblast, 
 hypoblast) from which all parts of the animal 
 are developed, [prec. + Gk derma skin (dero 
 flay, -m)] 
 
 bla'tant, a. Noisy, vulgarly clamorous. 
 Hence bla'tantLY 2 adv., bla'tAXCY n. [prob. 
 invented by Spenser, (F. Q., "V. xii. 37, b. beast) 
 perh. in sense bleating] 
 
 blaze 1 , n. Bright flame or fire (in a b., on 
 fire) ; (slang) bb. = hell (go to bb., what the bb.), 
 like bb., impetuously ; violent outburst (b. of 
 passion &c.) ; glow of colour, bright display ; 
 full light (b. of publicity). [OE blase, blxse, 
 torch, cf. G bldss pale, & blaze 3 ] 
 
 blaze 2 , v.i. Burn with flame (b. up, burst 
 into b.); be brilliantly . lighted ; burn with 
 excitement &c. (b. up, burst out in anger) ; 
 show bi"ight colours ; emit light ; b. away, fire 
 continuously with rifles &c, work enthusiasti- 
 cally at anything ; blazing indiscretion, rash 
 & conspicuous piece of candour ; (Hunting) 
 blazing scent, very strong (opp. to cold scent). 
 [f. prec] # 
 
 blaze 3 , n. White mark on horse's or ox's 
 face, or made on tree by chipping bark to mark 
 route, [from 17th c. ; = OX blesi star on horse's 
 forehead, cf. G bldsse in same sense & G Mass 
 pale] 
 
 blaze 4 , v.t. Mark (tree, and so path) by 
 chipping bark. [f. prec] 
 
 blaze 5 , v.t. Proclaim as with trumpet, 
 esp. b. abroad, spread (news) about, [prob. f. 
 ON blasa blow f. OTeut. blxsan f. root blx- cf. 
 L flare blow 1 ] 
 
 bla'zer, n. Coloured jacket for boating, 
 golf, &c ; (slang) outrageous lie. [blaze 2 + 
 
 -ER 1 ] 
 
 bla'zon 1 , n. Heraldic shield, coat of arms, 
 bearings, or banner; correct description of 
 these ; record, description, esp. of virtues &c 
 [f. F Mason etym. dub. ; orig. meaning shield 
 in lit. sense] 
 
 bla'zon 2 , v.t. Describe or paint (arms) 
 heraldically ; inscribe (object) with arms, 
 names, &c, in colours or ornamentally; give 
 lustre to ; set forth in fitting words ; proclaim. 
 Hence bla'zonMENT n. [f. prec. partly con- 
 fused in sense with blaze 5 ] 
 
 bla'zonpy, n. (Art of describing or painting) 
 heraldic devices, armorial bearings ; brightly 
 coloured display, [prec. + -ry] 
 
 -ble, suf. OF f. L -bilis forming vbl adjj. 
 active or passive (penetrabilis penetrating or 
 penetrable) f. vb or p.p. stems. L has -ab., 
 
 86 BLENNY 
 
 -eb., -ib., or -ib., ace to conjug. (-ib. also f. p.p. 
 stems as flexibilis). F in making new wds 
 uses only -able ; E vacillates between this 
 & using -ible w. L 3rd-conj. or p.p. stems, -able 
 elsewhere ; to this confusion, incurable at 
 present, is added that between -able 8c -eable ; 
 -cable is necessary after soft -c, -g, (cf. navi- 
 gable, manageable) ; it is also used arbitrarily 
 in some wds to affect the vowel of the previous 
 syllable (tameable). See also -able, -ible. 
 The E meaning in new wds is always passive, 
 in old ones (capable) often active. From adjj. 
 in -ble are formed nouns in -bility (L -bilitas, 
 see -ty) as well as in -bleness. 
 
 bleach (-tsh), v.t. &i. Whiten by exposure 
 to sunlight or by chemical process ; bleaching- 
 poicder, (so-called) chloride of lime. [OE 
 blxcan ; com.-Teut. f. OTeut. Maikjan cf. OE 
 Mac pale] 
 
 bleak *, n. Small river fish, & allied seafish, 
 of various species, [prob. f. ON Meikjai. OTeut. 
 blaikjon white cf. prec] 
 
 bleak 2 , a. Wanting colour; bare, exposed, 
 windswept ; chilly ; dreary, [perh. northern 
 form of obs. bleach, bleche, OE Mxc variant of 
 Mac see bleach] 
 
 blear (-er), a., & v.t. (Make) dim-sighted, 
 dull, filmy, (eyes or mind) ; (make) indistinct in 
 outline ; b.-eyed, having blear eyes ; without 
 foresight or penetration. [ME Mere adj., etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 bleat, v.i. &t.,&n. (Make) sheep's, goat's, 
 or calf's, cry ; speak (& b. oid, say) feebly or 
 foolishly. [OE blxtan, com.-WG cf. Du. blaten, 
 G bloken] 
 
 bleb, n. Small blister or bubble on skin, in 
 water or glass, [imit. of making bubble with 
 lips, cf. blob, blubber] 
 
 bleed, v.i. & t. (bled). Emit blood (heart 
 bleeds, is in acute distress) ; suffer wounds or 
 violent death (often for cause &c) ; (of plants) 
 emit sap ; part with money, pay lavishly, 
 suffer extortion ; draw blood surgically from ; 
 extort money from ; bleeding-heart, pop. name 
 of various plants, as Wallflower. [OE MMan 
 f. OTeut. blodjan (cf. G bluten) f. blodom 
 blood] 
 
 ble'mish 1 , v.t. Mar, spoil the beauty or 
 perfection of, sully, [f. OF blemir (-ish 2 ) f. 
 Maisme, blcsme, blcme, pale, etym. dub.] 
 
 ble'mish 2 , n. Physical or moral defect, 
 stain, flaw. [f. prec] 
 
 blench (-tsh), v.i. & t. Start aside, flinch, 
 quail ; close the eyes to, disguise from oneself. 
 Ithere is OE Mencan cheat, & prob. connexion 
 & confusion with blink] 
 
 blend 1 , v.t. & i. (blended or blent). Mix 
 (things) together (esp. sorts of tea, spirit, to get 
 certain quality) ; mingle (t. & i. of element) 
 intimately with ; mix (components) so as to be 
 inseparable & indistinguishable ; become one, 
 form harmonious compound ; pass imper- 
 ceptibly into each other (esp. of colours), 
 [there is OE blandan mix ; but ME blenden 
 is prob. f. ON blanda] 
 
 blend 2 , n. Mixture made of various sorts 
 of tea, spirits, &c. [f. prec] 
 
 blende, n. Native sulphide of zinc. [G 
 blendendes Erz deceiving ore 'because while 
 often resembling galena it yielded no lead '] 
 
 Blenheim (-enlm), n. & a. Kind of spaniel : 
 B. Orange, golden-coloured apple. [Duke of 
 Marlborough's seat at Woodstock] 
 
 blenno- , blenn-, stem of many wds in 
 pathology. Of mucus. [Gk blennos mucus] 
 
 ble'nny, n. Small spiny-finned sea-fish, [as 
 prec (through L blennius) from mucous coat- 
 ing of its scales] 
 
BLENT 87 
 
 blent. See blend K 
 
 ble'pharo-, stem of pathological words. 
 Of the eyelids, [f. Gk blepharon eyelid] 
 
 bless, v.t. (past & p.p. blessed, sometimes 
 blest, & see under blessed). Consecrate (esp. 
 food ; not a penny to b. oneself with, w. ref. to 
 cross on silver penny) ; call holy, adore, (God) ; 
 attribute good fortune to (esp. one's stars) ; 
 pronounce words that bring supernatural 
 favour upon (of father, priest, &c); invoke 
 God's favour on ; make happy or successful 
 (abs. or icith something) ; Ood b. me, b. me. God 
 b. you, b. you, b. the boy, b. my soul, I'm blest, 
 exclamations of surprise or indignation ; 
 (euphem.) = damn, curse, &c. [OE bloedsian, 
 bUdsian, bUtsian; excl. E, but formed on 
 OTeut. blodisojan f. blodom blood (consecrate 
 by sacrifice) ; meaning influenced (1) by the 
 word's being used at the Eng. conversion to 
 translate L benedicere, (2) by confusion with 
 the independent bliss] 
 
 blessed, blest, (for pronunc. see under 
 etym.), a. Consecrated; revered; fortunate; 
 b. with, fortunate in the possession of (esp. 
 iron.); in paradise (esp. asn., the &.); blissful, 
 bringing bappiness (b. ignorance &c); 
 (euphem.) cursed, [p.p. of prec. ; as p.p. & 
 past tense blessed is usu. monosyl., as adj. 
 disyl. ; of the adj. forms blessed is the ordinary, 
 blest the poet., also used in some phrr. as Isles 
 of the Blest] 
 
 blessedness, n. Happiness ; enjoyment of 
 divine favour ; single b., jocular phr. for being 
 unmarried (perversion of Shaksp. M. N. D., i. 
 i. 78). [prec. + -ness] 
 
 blessing", n. Declaration, invocation, or 
 bestowal, of divine favour ; grace before or 
 after food (ask ab.); gift of God, nature, Sec., 
 thing one is glad of. [bless + -ing *] 
 
 ble'ther, bla'ther, v.i., & n. (Talk) loqua- 
 cious nonsense. [ME blather f. ON blathra talk 
 nonsense (blathr nonsense) ; blether is the 
 Scotch form adopted from Burns &c] 
 
 blew, past of blow 1 ' 3 . 
 
 blight 1 (-It), n. Disease of unknown or 
 atmospheric origin affecting plants ; plant dis- 
 ease caused by fungoid parasites, mildew, rust, 
 smut ; species of aphis ; hazy close state of 
 atmosphere ; any obscure malignant influence, 
 [from 17th c, etym. dub.] 
 
 blight 2 , v.t. Exert baleful influence on, nip 
 in the bud, wither, mar. [f. prec] 
 
 blind *, a. Without sight ; without foresight, 
 discernment, or moral or intellectual light ib.to, 
 incapable of appreciating ; one's b. side, direc- 
 tion in which one is unguarded) ; reckless ; 
 mechanical, not ruled by purpose, (b. forces) ; 
 hard to trace (b. track) ; (Post Office) b. letter, 
 man, reader, of ill-addressed letters and the 
 officials dealing with them ; concealed (b. ditch ; 
 b.-stitch, sewing visible only on one side, also 
 as v.t. & i. sew thus) ; b. door &c, walled up ; 
 closed at one end (b. alley) ; b. hazard, hookey, 
 card-games; b.-man's-buff, game in which blind- 
 fold player tries to catch others, who push him 
 about [f. obs. buff = buffet] ; b.-story, triforium 
 below clerestory admitting no light ; b. man's 
 holiday, time before candles are lighted ; b. 
 coal, burning without flame, anthracite ; &.- 
 ivorm, = SLOW-tcor?>i (f. small size of eyes). 
 [com.-Teut.] 
 
 blind 2 , v.t. Deprive of sight permanently 
 or temporarily ; rob of judgment, deceive, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 blind 3 , n. Obstruction to sight or light; 
 screen for window, esp. on roller ( Venetian 6., 
 of laths running on webbing) ; (Fortif.) = foil. ; 
 pretext, stalking-horse, [f. prec] 
 
 BLOCK 
 
 bli'ndag-e (-Ij), n. Screen for troops in 
 fortification, sieges, &c. [-age] 
 
 bli'ndfold 1 , v.t. Deprive (eyes, person) of 
 sight with bandage (also fig.). [corruption 
 (through notion of folding) of ME blindfellen 
 (fell v.) strike blind, chiefly used in p.p., 
 whence the -d, which helped the confusion] 
 
 bli'ndfold 2 , a. & adv. With eyes bandaged ; 
 without circumspection, [p.p., earlier blind- 
 felled see prec] 
 
 bli'ndly, adv. Without seeing, gropingly ; 
 recklessly, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 bli'ndness, n. Want of sight ; want of in- 
 tellectual or moral sense, folly, recklessness. 
 
 [-NESS] 
 
 blink, v.i. & t. Move the eyelids ; look with 
 eyes opening and shutting ; shut the eyes for 
 a moment; shine with unsteady light, cast 
 momentary gleam ; ignore, shirk consideration 
 of, (esp. the fact). [ME blinken, more usu. 
 Menken ; cf. Du. & G blinken perh. f. stem blik- 
 shine] 
 
 blink, n. Momentary gleam or glimpse ; 
 (also ice-b.) whiteness about horizon, reflection 
 of distant ice-fields, [f. prec] 
 
 bli'nkep, n. In vbl senses ; also, (usu. pi.) 
 screen(s) preventing horse from seeing side- 
 ways. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 bliss, n. Gladness, enjoyment; perfect joy, 
 blessedness ; being in heaven. Hence bli'ss- 
 ful a., bli-ssfulLY 2 adv., bli'ssfulNESS n. 
 [OE bliths (blithe blithe + OTeut. suf. -sjd-) ; 
 the sense has shifted from earthly to heavenly 
 joy by confusion with bless] 
 
 bli'ster, n., & v.t. & i. Vesicle on skin filled 
 with serum, caused by friction, burning, &c ; 
 similar swelling on surface of plant, metal, 
 painted wood ; (Med.) anything applied to 
 raise a b. (Vb) raise b. on ; become covered 
 with bb. : (slang) bore, waste time of. [ME 
 blester perh. f. OF blestre f. ON bldstr swelling 
 (blasa to blow)] 
 
 blithe (-dh), a. Gay, joyous, (chiefly poet). 
 Hence bli'theLY 2 adv., bli'thesoME adi. 
 [OE blithe, com.-Teut., cf. OHG Midi perh. r. 
 vb st. Mi- shine] 
 
 bli'zzard, n. Blinding snow-storm, [first 
 common in U.S. newspapers in severe winter 
 1880-1 ; imit., cf. Mow, blast, blind, & see -ard] 
 
 bloat 1 , v.t., bloa'ter, n. Cure (herring) by 
 salting & smoking slightly into Moated her- 
 ring or bloater, [f. obs. adj. bloat ME Mote 
 perh. = ON Mautr soaked] 
 
 bloat 2 , v.t. & i., bloa'ted, a. Inflate, swell 
 (t. & i.) ; (chiefly in p.p. as adj.) puffed up, esp. 
 with gluttony, overgrown, too big, pampered, 
 [f. obs. adj. bloat ME.bloict, Moid, perh. variant 
 of ME Mote see prec] 
 
 blob, n. Drop of liquid ; small roundish 
 mass; spot of colour; (Cricket) = duck's egg. 
 [imit., cf. bleb] 
 
 blo'bber-lipped, a. With thick protruding 
 lips, [imit., cf. bleb; blabber, blubber, are 
 found in same sense] 
 
 block 1 , n. Log of wood, tree-stump, (chip 
 of old b., child like his father esp. in character; 
 cut bb. with razor, waste ingenuity &c); large 
 piece of wood for chopping or hammering on 
 (the b., death by beheading) or mounting horse 
 from ; mould for shaping hats on, shape ; 
 barber's b., wooden head for wigs ; pulley, 
 system of pulleys mounted in case ; piece 6f 
 wood engraved for printing; bulky piece of 
 anything ; unhewn lump of rock ; prepared 
 piece of building-stone ; collection of buildings 
 bounded by (usu. four) streets ; stolid or hard- 
 hearted person, whence blo'ekiSH 1 a. ; ob- 
 struction, (Pari.) notice that a bill will be 
 
BLOCK 
 
 opposed, which prevents its being taken at 
 certain times & so often kills it ; (traffic) 
 jammed vehicles unable to proceed ; B. system 
 on railways, by which no train may enter a 
 section till it is clear ; (Cricket) spot on which 
 batsman blocks ball & rests bat before 
 playing; b. -chain, kind of endless chain used 
 in bicycle &c. ; blockhead, dolt; blockhouse, 
 detached fort (orig. one blocking passage), some- 
 times one of connected chain of posts, also one- 
 storeyed timber building with loopholes, also 
 house of squared logs. [prob. f. F bloc, which 
 is perh. f. OHG bloh (G block)] 
 
 block 2 , v.t. Obstruct (passage &c.) ; put 
 obstacles in way of (progress &c.) ; b. tip, in, 
 confine; (Pari.) announce opposition to (bill; 
 see prec.) ; (Cricket) stop (ball) with bat ; shape 
 (hats) ; emboss (book cover) ; b. out, in, sketch 
 roughly, plan, (work), [f. F bloquer t bloc see 
 prec] 
 
 blocka'de l , n. Shutting-up, total or on land 
 or sea side, of a place by hostile forces in order 
 to starve it into surrender or prevent egress 
 & ingress (paper b., one declared but not 
 made effective ; raise b., cease blockading, 
 compel blockaders to cease ; run b., evade 
 blockading force ; b.-runner, ship, captain, 
 &c, doing this); imprisonment by snow &c. 
 [f. prec. on anal, of F wds in -ade] 
 
 blocka'de 2 , v.t. Subject to b. (see prec): 
 obstruct (door, vie w, &c). Hencebloeka'dER 1 
 n. [f. prec] 
 
 bloke, n. (colloq.). Man, fellow, chap; dull 
 or rustic person. [?] 
 
 blond, blonde (see etym.), a. & n. (Of hair) 
 light-auburn-coloured ; (of complexion) fair (n., 
 person with such hair & skin) ; (also b. lace) 
 silk lace of two threads in hexagonal meshes 
 (orig. of raw-silk colour, now white or black), 
 [f. F blond fern, blonde cf. It. biondo ; OK 
 blanden-feax grizzled (blandan blend), and the 
 ancient-German custom of dyeing hair yellow, 
 suggest a deriv. ; blonde is used of the lace, 
 & of the adj. & n. as applied to a woman, blond 
 elsewhere] 
 
 blood 1 (-ud), n. Red liquid circulating in 
 veins of higher animals, corresponding liquid 
 in lower animals, (flesh & b., the animal 
 nature; letb., surgically); (fig.) sap, grape-juice, 
 &c. ; taking of life, murder, sacrifice, guilt of 
 bloodshed ; passion, temperament, mettle, (bad 
 b., ill feeling ; in cold b., deliberately) ; race 
 (blue ft., high birth ; fresh &., new members 
 admitted to family, society, &c. ; b. royal, royal 
 family ; runs in the b., is a family trait) ; 
 relationship, relations, (own flesh & b.\ b. Is 
 thicker than water, the tie of kindred is real) ; 
 descent, good parentage, (of men, horses, &c. ; 
 bit of b., b.-horse, thorough-bred) ; dandy, man 
 of fashion, (young b., either in this sense, or as 
 personal form of fresh b. above, = younger 
 member of party) ; b. feud, between families of 
 which one has spilt the other's b. ; b.-guilty, re- 
 sponsible for murder or death, whence bloo'd- 
 guiltixNESS n. ; b.-heat, ordinary heat of b. in 
 health, 98*4° F. ; bloodhound, large keen-scented 
 dog with which cattle, slaves, &c, used to be 
 tracked, detective, spy ; b.-letting, surgical 
 removal of some of patient's b., (facet.) blood- 
 shed ; b.-money, reward to witness for securing 
 capital sentence, fine paid to next of kin for 
 slaughter of relative ; b. orange, with red juice ; 
 b.-poisoning, state resulting from introduction 
 of septic matter into b. esp. through wound ; 
 b.-red, red as b. ; b.-relaiion, one related by b., 
 not marriage ; bloodshed, spilling of b., slaugh- 
 ter [f. phr. to shed &.]; bloo'dshot, (of eye) suf- 
 fused, tinged, with b. (see things bloodshot, 
 
 _88 BLOTCH 
 
 find incitements to slaughter or traces of b. in 
 them); b.-stained, stained with b., disgraced 
 by bloodshed ; bloodstone, kinds of precious 
 stone spotted or streaked with red, esp. Helio- 
 trope; b.-sucker, leech, extortioner; b.-thirsty, 
 eager for bloodshed, whence bloo'dthlrsti- 
 ness n. ; b.-vessel, flexible tube (vein or artery) 
 conveying b. ; bloodworm, bright-red kind used 
 in fishing; b.-wort, kinds of plant with red 
 roots or leaves, esp. Bloody Dock. [OE blod, 
 com.-Teut., cf. G blut f. OTeut. blodom] 
 
 blood 2 , v.t. (Surg.) remove a little of the b. 
 of (usu. bleed) ; allow first taste of b. to (hound ; 
 also fig. of inciting persons), [f. prec] 
 
 bloo'dless, a. Without blood ; unfeeling ; 
 pale ; without bloodshed, whence bloo'd- 
 lessLY 2 adv. [-less] 
 
 bloo'dy 1 , a. & adv. Of, like, running or 
 smeared with, blood (b. nose, bleeding; b.Jiux, 
 dysentery) ; red (b. hand, armorial device of 
 baronet) ; involving, loving, resulting from, 
 bloodshed ; (also b.-minded) sanguinary, cruel ; 
 (in foul language) = damned &c, or as mere 
 intensive (not a b. one); (similarly as adv.) 
 = confoundedly, very ; (in pop. plant names) 
 B. Finger, Foxglove. Hence bloo'diLY 2 adv. , 
 bloo'diNESS n. [OE blodig, com.-Teut. cf. G 
 blutig ; see blood, -y 2 ] 
 
 bloo'dy 2 , v.t. Make b., stain with blood, 
 [f. prec J 
 
 bloom 1 , n. Flower, esn. of plants grown or 
 admired chiefly for the flower, florescence (in 
 b.)\ prime, perfection; flush, glow; powdery 
 deposit on grapes, plums, &c, freshness, (take 
 the b. off, stale) ; kind of raisin. [ME blom f. 
 ON blom cf. G blunie f. OTeut. blomon- f. vb st. 
 bio- blow 3 + suf. -mon-\ 
 
 bloom 2 , v.i. Bear flowers, be in flower; 
 come into, be in, full beauty; culminate, 
 flourish, [f. prec] 
 
 bloom 3 , n. Mass of puddled iron hammered 
 or squeezed into thick bar. [OE bloma in same 
 sense] 
 
 bloom 4 , v.t. Make (puddled iron) into a 
 bloom 3 . Hence bloo'mERV (3) (also -ary) n. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 bloo'mep, n. & a. (Female costume) of short 
 skirt & trousers (as n., usu. pi.). [Mrs B. 
 American inventor] 
 
 bloo'ming", a. In vbl senses (bloom 2 ); 
 also slang, euphemistic substitute for vulgar 
 
 BLOOD V. [-ING 2 ] 
 
 blo'ssom 1 , n. Flower, esp. as promising 
 fruit ; mass of flowers on fruit tree &c (in b.) ; 
 early stage of growth, promise ; b. -faced, -nosed, 
 bloated. Hence blo'ssom v 2 , blo'ssomLESS, 
 aa. [OE blostm prob. f. same root as bloom » 
 (bio- extended to st. bios-, cf. L flos, or with 
 double suf. -st + -m)] 
 
 blo'ssom 2 , v.i. Open into flower (lit. & fig.). 
 [OE blostmian cf. prec] 
 
 blot 1 , n. Spot of ink &c, dark patch; dis- 
 figurement, blemish, defect ; disgraceful act 
 or quality in good character, [f. 14th c, etym. 
 dub. ; cf. ON blettr, Da. plet ; there was 16th-c 
 F blotte clod, blotter to stain] 
 
 blot 2 , v.t. & i. Spot with ink ; smudge ; (of 
 pen, ink) make bb. ; cover with worthless 
 writing ; sully, detract from, (fair fame) ; b. out, 
 obliterate (writing), exterminate, destroy ; dry 
 with blotting-paper, absorbent paper for drying 
 wet ink-marks (blotting-book, -case, -pad, ar- 
 rangements of this), whence blo'ttERM2) n. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 blot 3 , n. Exposed piece in backgammon; 
 weak point in strategy &c [etym. dub. ; cf. 
 Da. blot naked, G bloss] 
 
 blotch, n. Inflamed patch, boil, &c, on 
 
BLOTTESQUE 
 
 89 
 
 BLUNDER 
 
 skin ; dab of ink or colour ; (school slang) 
 blotting-paper. Hence blotch kd 2 , blo'tch y 2 . 
 aa. [f. 1600 ; excl. E, perh. compounded f. blot 
 & botch or patch] 
 
 blottesque, a. & n. (Piece of painting or 
 description) done with heavy blotted touches. 
 
 [-ESQUE] 
 
 blou'se (-owz), n. Workman's loose linen 
 or cotton upper garment usu. belted at waist 
 (chiefly French) ; woman's loose light bodice 
 visible only to waist, and there belted. [F, 
 etym. dub. J 
 
 blow 1 (-6), v.i. & t. {blew; blown &, in sense 
 'cursed', blowed). (Of wind, air, 'it') move 
 along, act as air-current, (b. great guns, violent 
 gale) ; send strong air-current from mouth (b. 
 hot & cold, vacillate), puff, pant ; (of whales) 
 eject air & water; cause air-current by 
 means of (b. bellows) ; exhaust of breath (esp. 
 in pass.); send out by breathing (b. air into ; 
 6. off steam, get rid of superfluous energy) ; 
 (with advv. & prepp.) drive, be driven, by 
 blowing (b. over, pass ofl) ; sound (wind-instru- 
 ment, note or signal on or with it, or with it as 
 subject to blow t. or i. ; b. one's own trumpet, 
 praise oneself) ; direct air-current at (b. fingers, 
 fire ; b. oat, extinguish) ; clear by air-current 
 (nose, egg) ; b. up, inflate, shatter or be shat- 
 tered by explosion, reprove ; (slang) betray ; 
 (of flies) deposit eggs in ; (slang) curse, con- 
 found, (ril be blowed if &c); b. upon, stale, 
 discredit, tell tales of ; 'blowball, seed-head of 
 dandelion &c. ; blowfly, the Meatfly ; blowhole, 
 nostril of whale &c, vent for air, smoke, &c, 
 in tunnel &c. ; blowpipe, tube for heating flame 
 by blowing air or other gas into it, tube used 
 in glass-blowing, Amer.-Ind. dart tube. [OE 
 bldwan cf. OHG bldhan f. OTeut. blsejan cf. L 
 flare] 
 
 blow 2 , n. Blowing, taste of fresh air ; blow- 
 ing or" flute, one's nose, &c. ; = fly ] -blow ; &.- 
 out slang, abundant meal or feed. [f. prec] 
 
 blow 3 (-6), v.i. (blew, blown). Burst into, be 
 in, flower. [OE bldwan cf. OHG bluojan, G 
 bliihen, f. OTeut. blqjan cf. hflos] 
 
 blow 4 , n. Blossoming (in full b. &c.) [f. 
 prec] 
 
 blow 5 (-6), n. Hard stroke with fist, instru- 
 ment, &c. ; disaster, shock ; come to, exchange, 
 bb., fight ; strike a b. for, against, help, oppose ; 
 at one b., in one operation, [f. loth c, etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 blower, n. In vbl senses of blow *« 3 ; also : 
 apparatus for increasing a fire's draught, esp. 
 sheet of iron before grate-front ; escape of gas, 
 or fissure allowing it, in coal mine, [blow 1 , 
 -er 1 ] 
 
 blowy* a. Windy, wind-swept, [blow *, -y 2 ] 
 
 blowzed, blowzy, (-ow-), aa. Red-faced, 
 coarse-looking, dishevelled, [f. obs. n. blowze 
 beggar's wench, etym. dub., but suggesting 
 blush & blow] 
 
 blub, v.i. (schoolboy slang). Shed tears, 
 [short for blubber 3 ] 
 
 blu'bber 1 , n. Whale fat; jelly-fish (sailor's 
 name) ; weeping. [ME blober ; prob. imit. (obs. 
 meanings foaming, bubble), cf. bleb, bubble] 
 
 blu'bber 2 , a. Swollen, protruding, (of lips). 
 [as prec] 
 
 blu'bber 3 , v.t. & i. Utter with sobs, weep 
 noisily ; wet, disfigure, swell, (face) with weep- 
 ing, fas prec] 
 
 blu'ehers (-k-), n. pi. Old-fashioned low 
 boots or high shoes, [named after the Prussian 
 Field Marshal Blucher] 
 
 blu'dgreon (-ujn), n., & v.t. (Strike re- 
 peatedly with) heavy-headed stick, [etym. 
 dub. ; from 18th c. only] 
 
 blue \ a. Coloured like the sky or deep sea 
 (also of things much paler, darker, &c, as 
 smoke, distant hills, moonlight, bruise; & 
 qualified by or qualifying other colours &c, 
 as b.-black, deep b., navy &., Prussian b.); 
 ■look b., nervous, depressed; b. funk, uncon- 
 trollable ; true b., faithful ; dressed in b. (Foot- 
 Guards B.); the B. (squadron), one of three 
 divisions (Red, White, B.) of Navy ; belonging 
 to a particular political party, usu. Tory ; (of 
 women) learned (see bluestocking) ; drink 
 till all's &., to drunkenness. Bluebell, (Scotland 
 & N. Eng.) light -blue -flowered Campanula 
 growing in dry places & flowering in summer 
 & autumn, harebell, (S. Eng.) wild hyacinth 
 with blue or white flower growing in moist 
 places & flowering in spring; 6. blood, high 
 birth ; b.-book, Parliamentary or Privy-Council 
 report ; bluebottle, B. Cornflower, Meat fly or 
 Blowfly ; b.-coat boy, scholar in charity school, 
 esp. Christ's Hospital ; b. devils, depression ; 
 b. gum, kind of eucalyptus tree ; bluejacket, 
 seaman in Navy; b. light, firework used for 
 signals ; B. Mantle, one of four pursuivants 
 of College of Arms ; once in a b. moon, very 
 rarely; b. mould, in certain cheeses when 
 mature ; B. Peter, b. flag with white square, 
 hoisted before sailing; b. pill, mercurial & 
 antibilious ; b. ribbon, ribbon of the Garter, 
 greatest honour in any sphere, sign of teeto- 
 talism ; b.-rock, kind of pigeon ; 6. ruin, bad 
 gin ; bluestocking, woman having or affect- 
 ing literary tastes & learning [Blue Stocking 
 Society (in sense 'not in full evening dress') 
 name given to meetings about 1750 at houses 
 of Mrs. Montague &c. to talk on literature &c. 
 instead of playing cards; blue-worsted, i.e. 
 ordinary, stockings were worn by some of the 
 men attending instead of black silk] ; b. water, 
 open sea ; b. -water school, strategists regarding 
 the fleet as sufficient defence for Gt Britain. 
 Hence blu'iSH ] (2) a., blue'NESS n. [ME blew 
 f. OF bleu f. OHG bldw- f. OTeut. blxiuoz, cf. L 
 flavus] 
 
 blue 2 , n. B. colour ; b. pigment; b. powder 
 used by laundresses ; b. cloth &c. ; the sky 
 (bolt 1 from the b.); the sea; (pi.) the Royal 
 Horseguards ; colour, member, of a political 
 party ; (badge given to) one who has repre- 
 sented his university in athletics &c. ; =blue ? 
 stocking ; (pi.) the dumps, [f. prec] 
 
 blue 3 , v.t. Make b. ; treat with laundress's 
 b. [f. blue !] 
 
 bluff 1 , a. With perpendicular broad front 
 (of ship's bows, cliffs) ; (of person, manner) 
 abrupt, blunt, frank, hearty. Hence blu'ffLY 2 
 adv., blu'ffNESS n. [naut. wd, etym. dub., but 
 cf. MDu. blaf, flat, broad] 
 
 bluff 2 , n. Headland with perpendicular 
 broad face. [f. prec] 
 
 bluff 3 , v.t. & i. (Game of poker) impose 
 upon (opponent) as to value of one's hand & 
 induce him to throw up his cards ; treat 
 (political opponents or rival States) so ; prac- 
 tise this policy, [earlier meaning, hoodwink 
 (lit.); the prec. n. also meant earlier horse's 
 blinker; etym. dub.] 
 
 bluff 4 , n. Overbearing demeanour, threats 
 designed to operate without action, [f. prec] 
 
 blu'nder \ v. i. & t. Move blindly, stumble, 
 (often on, along) ; b. upon, find by fluke ; make- 
 gross mistake; mismanage (a business &c); 
 b. out, utter thoughtlessly ; b. away, waste by 
 mismanagement. Hence blu'nderER 1 n., 
 blu'nderingTY 2 adv. [ME blondren, perh. f. 
 obs. blond, bland, mix, cf. blend, + -er 5 ] 
 
 blu'nder 2 , n. Stupid or careless mistake, 
 [prob. f. prec, but found earlier] 
 
BLUNDERBUSS 
 
 blu'nderbuss, n. Ancient short gun with 
 large core firing many balls, [perverted f. Du. 
 donderbus thunder gun (orig. box cf. G. biichse)] 
 blu'ndephead, n. =DUNDERHEAD(cf.prec). 
 blung-e (-j), v.t. (Pottery) mix (clay, flint- 
 powder, &c.) up with water by revolving 
 machinery, [after plunge, blend] 
 blunt *, a. & n. Dull, not sensitive ; without 
 edge or point; plain-spoken; hence blu'nt- 
 ish 1 (2) a. (N.) short thick needle; (slang) 
 ready money. [?] 
 blunt 2 , v.t. Make less sharp or sensitive. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 blu'ntly, adv. Obtusely (shaped &c.) ; 
 rudely, curtly, [-lv 2 ] 
 
 blu'ntness, n. Dullness of point or edge ; 
 outspokenness, [-ness] 
 
 blur 1 , n. Smear of ink &c. ; dimness, con- 
 fused effect, [etym. dub., perh. formed on 
 blear & blot] 
 
 blup 2 , v.t. & i. Smear (clear writing &c.) 
 with ink &c. ; sully, disfigure ; make indistinct ; 
 efface ; dim (perception &c.) [as prec] 
 blurt, v.t. Burst out with, utter abruptly, 
 [imit. after blow, spurt, &c] 
 blush 1 I v.i. Become red (in the face ; also 
 with face &c. as subj.) with shame or other 
 emotion ; be ashamed (b. to own &c.) ; be red, 
 pink. Hence blu'shingLV 2 adv. [MEblusehe, 
 blosche, blysche, OE ablisian ; cf. wds in ON & 
 LG pointing to a st. blusi- f. vb root blus- glow 
 (Du. blozen blush)] 
 
 blush 2 , n. Glance, glimpse, (at the first 6., 
 prima facie) ; reddening of face in shame &c. 
 (put to the b.) ; rosy glow, flush of light ; blush-, 
 pink, rosy, (b.-rose, b.-tint, &c). [f. prec] 
 blu'ster 1 , v.i. & t. Storm boisterously (of 
 wind, waves, persons) ; (trans, with out, forth) 
 utter overbearingly ; (refl.) storm (oneself) into 
 (anger &c). Hence blu'stePER 1 n., blu*s- 
 tering-LY 2 adv. [perh. imit. on blow, blast, 
 &c. ; ME blostre stray is prob. separate] 
 blu'ster 2 , n. Boisterous blowing, noisy 
 self-asserting talk, threats. Hence blu*s- 
 terous, blu'stePY 2 , aa. [f. prec] ' 
 bo, boh, int. used to startle (can't say bo to 
 a goose, of shy or timid person). 
 bo*a, n. S.-Amer. genus of large non- 
 poisonous snakes killing by compression (pop. 
 extended to Old- World, pythons; so also 6. 
 constrictor, prop, a Brazilian species of b.) ; 
 lady's long fur throat-wrap. [?] 
 Bo'aner'gpes, n. Loud-voiced preacher or 
 orator. [Gk, f. Heb. b'ney regesh sons of 
 thunder (Mark iii. 17)] 
 
 boap, n. Male uncastrated pig ; its flesh. 
 [OE bar cf. G bar etym dub.] 
 board 1 , n. 1. Long thin usu. narrow piece 
 of sawn timber (strictly, over 4in. broad, under 
 2| thick); w^ooden slab (of one or more breadths 
 of b. bare or covered with leather &c) used 
 for various purposes, as in games, for posting 
 notices, &c ; (pi.) the stage (on the bb., employed 
 as actor) ; thick stiff paper used in bookbinding 
 (covered with paper, 'in bb.', or cloth, 'cloth 
 bb.'), & for other purposes. 2. Table (only in 
 spec, senses or contexts); above b., open(ly) ; 
 sweep the b., take all the cards or stakes ; table 
 spread for meals (bed & b., conjugal relations ; 
 groaning b., plentiful meal) ; food served, daily 
 meals provided at contract price or in return 
 for services (b.-money, -wages, servant's pay in 
 lieu of food ; esp. b. & lodging) ; council-table, 
 councillors, committee ; b.-school, managed by 
 b. according to Elementary Education Act of 
 1870. 3. Ship's side (only in spec phrases, 
 cf. overboard), go by the b., (or masts &c) 
 fall o verb., on b.= aboard (in various senses), 
 
 90 BOB 
 
 usu. now on or into ship (orig. meaning within 
 the sides, not on the deck), train, coach, &c 
 [OE bord mixture of two com.-Teut. words 
 meaning (1) board (2) border, respectively f. 
 OTeut. bordom & bordoz ; the second was 
 further adopted in F & returned with spec 
 developments] 
 
 boapd 2 , v.t. & i. 1. (f. prec. = wood) cover 
 with boards (b. up, close with bb.). 2. (f. prec 
 = table) provide (lodger or daily guest) with, 
 receive, stated meals at fixed rate ; b. with, be 
 entertained for pay in the house of. 3. (f. prec. 
 = ship's side) come alongside (usu. to attack) ; 
 force one's way on b. (ship or abs.) ; embark on. 
 [f. prec, with influence of F aborder] 
 
 boar'der, n. One who boards with someone 
 (prec. 2), esp. schoolboy at boarding-school, 
 [prec -f -er !] 
 
 boar'ding", n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 erection of boards ; b.-house, -school, in which 
 persons, boys, board (board 2 , 2) ; b.out, (intr.) 
 feeding elsewhere than at home, (trans.) placing 
 (destitute children) in families, [board 1 > 2 + 
 
 -ING 1 ] 
 
 boast 1 , n. "Vain-glorious statement; self- 
 exaltation in words; fact one is proud of; 
 make b. of, announce proudly. Hence boast- 
 ful a., boa'stfulLv 2 adv., boa'stfulNESS 
 n. [ME bost etym. dub.] 
 
 boast 2 , v.i. & t. Extol oneself (also refl.), 
 brag of or about ; vaunt, brag of, brag that ; 
 
 Eossess as thing to be proud of. Hence 
 loa'stER 1 n. [ME bosten as prec] 
 
 boat 1 , n. Small open oared or sailing vessel, 
 fishing-vessel, mail packet, or small steamer 
 (take b., embark; have oar in everyone's b., of 
 busybodies; in the same b., w r ith like risks 
 &c) ; b. -shaped utensil for sauce &c ; boat- 
 hook, long pole with hook & spike ; b.-house, 
 shed at water's edge for keeping b. ; ship's b., 
 carried on board ship ; 6. train, timed to catch 
 or meet steam packet ; b.-fly, w r ater-bug swim- 
 ming on w r ater on its back ; boatman, hirer- 
 out or rower or sailer of b. for hire ; b.-bill, S.- 
 Amer. heron ; boatrace, between rowing boats ; 
 boatsivain (bo'sn), ship's officer in charge of 
 sails, rigging, &c, & summoning men to 
 duty with whistle [late OE bdtswegen, cf. Icel. 
 sveinn & see swain]. Hence boa*tAGE(4), 
 boa*tFUL(2), nn. [OE bat cf. ON beit and (f. 
 the OE) bdtr ; borrowed in other Teut. langg. 
 f. these, & possibly in Rom. also (F bateau &c )] 
 
 boat 2 , v.i. & t. Go in a b., amuse oneself so 
 (boating man) ; place, carry, in a b. [f. prec] 
 
 bob x , n. Weight on pendulum, plumb-line, 
 or kite-tail ; knot of hair, tassel-shaped curl (6.- 
 ivig, also &., with short curls, opp. to full- 
 bottomed ; cf. cherrv-6o6) ; horse's docked 
 tail ; (Metre) short line at end of stanza, [etym. 
 dub. ; f. 14th c] 
 
 bob 2 , v.i. Fish (for eels) with bunch (cf. 
 prec.) of lobworms. 
 
 bob 3 , v.i. Move up & down, dance, re- 
 bound ; catch with the mouth (for cherries 
 &c floating or hanging) ; curtsy, [etym. dub. ; 
 
 Cf. BOB 1 ' 7 ] 
 
 bob 4 , n. Jerk, bounding movement ; curtsy ; 
 (Bellringing) kinds of change in long peals 
 (treble b. in which treble bell has a dodging 
 course, b. minor on 6 bells, triple on 7, major 
 on 8, royal on 10, maximus on 12). [f. prec] 
 
 bob 5 , n. Dry, wet, -b., cricketing, boating, 
 Etonian ; light.-b., soldier of light infantry, 
 [prob. = Robert] 
 
 bob 6 , n. (slang). Shilling, [etym. dub. ; 
 quoted f. 1812] 
 
 bob 7 , v.t. Rap, jerk. [ME boben etym, 
 dub.] 
 
BOBADIL 
 
 Bo'badil, n. Braggart. [Jonson, Evei-y Man 
 in his Humour] 
 
 bo'bbery, n. Disturbance, row, fuss. [Hind. 
 bap re O father ! int. of dismay] 
 
 bo'bbin, n. Cylinder for holding thread, 
 yarn, wire, &c, & giving it off as wanted, 
 reel, spool ; small bar & string for raising door- 
 latch, [f. F bobine] 
 
 bo'bbinet, n. Machine-made cotton net 
 imitating lace made with bobbins on pillow, 
 [prec, net] 
 
 bo'bbish, a. (slang). Brisk, well, (esp. 
 pretty b.). [bob 3 + -ish 1 (2) irregularly append- 
 ed to vb] 
 
 bo'bby, n. (slang). Policeman, [as bob 5 + 
 -Y s (Sir Robert Peel, Home Sec. 1828)] 
 
 bd'bolink, n. N.-Amer. songbird, [imit., 
 cf. cuckoo] 
 
 bo'b-sled, -sleigh, n. Two short sleighs 
 coupled, used for drawing logs, & in tobog- 
 ganing. [U.S. & Canadian wd, now also 
 Anglo-Swiss] 
 
 bo*bstay,n. Ropeholdingbowspritdown. [?] 
 
 bo'btail, n. & a. Docked tail ; with this ; 
 horse or dog with this ; tag-rag & b., the 
 rabble, [bob l ] 
 
 boeap'do, n. Logical formula, see Barbara. 
 
 bode, v.t. & i. Foresee, foretell, (evil) ; por- 
 tend, foreshow ; promise well or ill. Hence 
 bo'dingLY 2 adv., bo'deMEXT n. [OE bodian 
 f. bod a messenger, cf. ON botha] 
 
 bo'deful, a. Ominous, [mod. formation f. 
 prec. or obs. n. bode omen-f- -ful(1)] 
 
 bode'ga, n. Cellar or shop selling wine 
 only. [Sp., f. L f. Gk apotheke see apothe- 
 carv] 
 
 bo'dice, n. Close-fitting upper part of 
 woman's dress, down to waist ; also, inner vest 
 over stays, [orig. pair of bodies (cf. pair of 
 stays), being a whalebone corset; now spelt 
 & understood as sing. ; cf. baize & (perh.) 
 accidence] 
 
 bo'died, a. Possessed of body or a body, 
 embodied ; esp. in comb., as full-b., able-b. 
 [bodv 1 + -ed 2 ] 
 
 bo'diless, a. Incorporeal; separated from 
 the body, [-less] 
 
 bo'dily^a. Of, affecting, the human body 
 or physical nature ; b. fear, of physical harm. 
 
 [BODY i+'LY 1 ] 
 
 bo'dily 2 , adv. In the body, in person ; with 
 the whole bulk, as a whole, [body \ -ly 2 ] 
 
 bo'dkin, n. Pointless thick needle with 
 large eye for drawing tape &c. through hem ; 
 long pin for fastening hair; person squeezed 
 between two others (ride, sit, &.). [?] 
 
 bd'dy 1 , n. Man or animal as material 
 organism (keep b. & soxd together, remain 
 alive) ; corpse (b.-snatcher, exhumer of corpses 
 for dissection) ; b. of Christ, sacramental 
 bread; b.-servant, valet; b.-guard, (rarely, 
 member of) dignitary's retinue, escort, personal 
 guard. Trunk, main portion (stem, hull, nave, 
 &c, ace. to context) ; upper garment (minus 
 sleeves & collar, or=bodice) ; document minus 
 preamble &c. ; majority. Human being, per- 
 son, (heir of one's 6., good sort of b., anyb., &c). 
 Aggregate of persons or things {in a b., all 
 together ; b. politic, State) ; society, league, 
 military force ; collection of precepts, informa- 
 tion, &c. Piece of matter (heavenly b., sun, 
 star, &c), quantity; comparative solidity or 
 substantial character (b.-colour, opaque ; wine 
 of good b.), thing perceptible to senses. [OE 
 bodig ; now excl. E, unless = G bottich cask, 
 referred to med. L butica f. Gk apotheke see 
 apothecary] 
 
 bo'dy 2 , v.t. Provide with b. (rare). (Usu. 
 
 91 BOISTEROUS 
 
 with forth) give mental shape to ; exhibit in 
 outward shape ; typify, [f. prec] 
 
 Boeotian (beo'shn), a. & n. Crass, dull, 
 (person), [of Gk nation derided by Athenians] 
 
 B6*er, n. & a. (Of) Dutch or Dutch-descended 
 S.-African(s). [Du., = peasant, farmer, cf. G 
 bauer & see boor] 
 
 bog J , n. (Piece of) wet spongy ground, morass 
 (in many plant names as b. violet, BUTTERwort, 
 b.-ben-y, cranberry) ; 6. butter, fatty hydrocar- 
 bon found in Irish peat-b. ; b. oak, ancient 
 preserved in black state in peat ; b.-tr otter, 
 Irishman. Hence bo'ggY 2 a., bo'ggiNESS 
 n. [f. Ir. or Gael, bogach (bog soft)] 
 
 bog 2 , v.t. Submerge in b. (usu. in pass.). 
 
 bog 3 , n. A privy (vulgar). 
 
 bo-gey, Colonel Bogey, (gj, n. Score 
 that good golf player should do hole or course 
 in. [f. bogy as imaginary person ?] 
 
 bo'ggle, v.i. Start with fright, shy ; hesi- 
 tate, demur, at or about ; equivocate; fumble, 
 [var. of bogle used as vb] 
 
 bo'gie (-gi), n. Under-carriage with two or 
 more wheel-pairs, pivoted below end of loco- 
 motive or railway-car ; b.-car, &c. fitted on 
 these, [northern dial, wd, etym. dub.] 
 
 bo'gie, n. Phantom, goblin; bugbear; 
 scarecrow, [introduced f. Scotch writers; 
 etym. dub. ; earlier bog in same sense, & bug 
 (now only in bugbear), may be f. W bivg ghost] 
 
 bo'gus, a. Sham, fictitious. [U.S. wd, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 bo'gy, -gey, (-g-), n. (pi. -ies, -eys). The 
 devil ; goblin ; bugbear, [quoted f. 1840 only ; 
 etym. dub., see bogle] 
 
 bohea* (-he), n. Black tea of lowest quality 
 (last crop of season), [f. Chin. Wu-i name of 
 district] 
 
 Boh e'mian, a. & n. Socially unconventional 
 (person) ; of free-&-easy habits, manners, & 
 sometimes morals (esp. of artists &c). Hence 
 bohe*mianiSM(2) n., bohe*mianiZE(4) v.i. 
 [f. F bohimien gipsy] 
 
 boil l . n. Hard inflamed suppurating tumour. 
 [OE byl, ME bile; com.-Teut., cf. G bexde f. 
 root bid- blow] 
 
 boil 2 , v.t. & i. Bubble up, undulate, (of 
 liquid at the heat that converts it to gas ; also 
 of containing vessel) ; b. over (of liquid or ves- 
 sel), overflow or be overflowed thus; seethe, 
 be agitated, like boiling water or its vessel (of 
 sea &c, feelings, feeling person) ; bring (liquid, 
 vessel) to heat at which it boils ; subject to 
 heat of boiling water, cook thus ; undergo 
 cookery by boiling; b. down, away, reduce, 
 convert to vapour, by boiling; keep the pot 
 boiling, get a living ; blood boils, with indigna- 
 tion, [f. OF boillir (now bouillir) f. L bullire 
 (bulla bubble)] 
 
 boil 3 , n. = boiling, boiling-point, (esp. on, 
 at, to, the b.). 
 
 boi'lep, n. One who boils ; vessel for boiling, 
 esp. large vessel of riveted wrought-iron plates 
 for making steam in engine ; tank attached to 
 kitchen range; laundry vessel ; vegetable &c. 
 suited to boiling ; b.-iron, -plate, rolled iron k 
 to h in. thick ; b.-tube, interpal air-pipe carry- 
 ing heat through b. [-er l ] 
 
 boi'ling, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: the whole b. 
 (slang), all the lot; b.-point, temperature at 
 whichanything boils(water at sea-level, 212°F., 
 100° C), high excitement, [-ing j ] 
 
 boi'stepous, a. Violent, rough, (wind, sea, 
 behaviour, speech, persons) ; noisily cheerful. 
 Hence boi'SterousLY 2 ad v. [earlier boistous 
 (also -eous, -uotts) etym. dub. ; AF boistous 
 (OF boisteus now boiteux lame) does not suit 
 sense] 
 
BOLD 
 
 bold, a. Courageous, enterprising, confident ; 
 make (so) 6. {at.), presume, venture ; forward, 
 immodest ; vigorous, free, well-marked, clear, 
 (imagination, drawing, description, features, 
 headland, &c). Hence bo'ldLY 2 adv., bo'ld- 
 ness n. [OE bald ; com.-Teut. cf. G bald quickly] 
 
 bole, n. Stem, trunk, [f. ON boh- cf. G 
 bohle plank] 
 
 bole'etion, a. & n. (Moulding) raised above 
 panel &c. [j] 
 
 Ao/er'o (-aro), n. Spanish dance. [Sp.] 
 
 bo'lide, n. Large meteor, fire-ball. [F, f. L 
 f. Gk bolis -idos (ballo throw)] 
 
 boll, n. Rounded seedvessel, as in flax or 
 cotton. Hence bollED 2 a. Obowl 1 ] 
 
 bd'llapd, n. Post on ship or quay for secur- 
 ing ropes to. [perh..f. bole+-ard] 
 
 bold'meteP, n. Radiation-measurer. [Gk 
 bole ray-f -o- + -meter] 
 
 bo'lstep 1 , n. Long stuffed (esp. under-) 
 pillow of bed or couch ; pad or support in 
 many machines and instruments. [OE ; com.- 
 Teut. cf. G. polster f. root bid- swell] 
 
 bo'lsteP 2 , v.t. (Usu. with up) support with 
 b., prop, aid and abet, countenance, preserve 
 from (merited) destruction ; pad; (with school- 
 boys) belabour with b., (intr.) have b.-fight. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 bolt 1 , n. Short heavy arrow of crossbow, 
 quarrel, [fool's b. soon shot, soon speaks and is 
 soon silenced); discharge of lightning (6. from 
 the blue, complete surprise) ; door-fastening of 
 sliding bar & staple, sliding piece of lock ; 
 headed metal pin for holding things together, 
 usu. riveted or with nut ; (as measure) roll of 
 canvas &c, bundle of osiers ; b.-rope, round 
 sail-edge to prevent tearing, [cf. G bolz, Du. 
 bout ; etym. dub.] 
 
 bolt 2 , v.i. & t. Dart off or away, (horse) 
 break from control ; gulp down unchewed ; 
 fasten (door &c.) with b., b. in or out, shut in, 
 exclude, by bolting door ; fasten together with 
 bolts, [f. prec] 
 
 bolt 3 , n. Sudden start; running away, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 bolt 4 , adv. (With upright) = as a bolt, quite. 
 
 bolt 5 , boult (bolt), v.t. Sift; investigate. 
 [f. OF bidte?=lt. burottare (buratto sieve perh. 
 f. bura kind of cloth see bureau)] 
 
 bd'lter, n. In vbl senses of bolt 2 - 5 ; esp.: 
 horse given to bolting ; (also boulter) sieve, 
 sifting machine, [-er 1 ] 
 
 bo'lus, n. Large jrill. [mod. L,fGk66Zos clod] 
 
 bomb (om or -um, the latter in army), n. 
 Hollow iron sphere filled with explosive fired 
 from gun or (now usu.) thrown by hand & 
 exploded by fuse or by striking an object, 
 shell; b.-proof, (shelter) strong enough to resist 
 shells ; b.-shell, artillery b. (now usu. shell 
 except in similes, fell like a b.-s. &c). [f. F 
 bombe f. Sp. bomba f. L f. Gk bombos hum] 
 
 bdmbap'd, v.t. Batter with shot & shell 
 (esp. of warships attacking town) ; (fig.) assail 
 persistently with abuse, argument, &c Hence 
 bombap'd.MENTn. [f. Fbombarder discharge 
 bombarde f. med. L bombarda stone-throwing 
 engine prob. f. L boinbus hum] 
 
 bombardier (bumbardeT - ),' n. Artillery 
 non-commissioned officer. [F, see prec. & -ier] 
 
 bo'mbapdon, -6*ne, n. Low-toned brass 
 instrument ; bass reed-stop on organ. [It. 
 (■one), f. bombardo + -one, see bombard, -oon] 
 
 bo'mbasine (-6m- or -um-, -zen), n. Twilled 
 dress-material of worsted with silk, with 
 cotton, or alone, much used for mourning, [f. 
 F bombasin f. L bombycinus silken (bombyx 
 -ycis silk or silk- worm f. Gk bombux)] 
 
 bd'tnbast, n. Turgid language, tall talk. 
 
 9 2 BONE 
 
 Hence bomba'stic a., bomba'stiCALLv 
 
 adv. [earlier & OF bombace (-t phonetic, cf. 
 behest) f. LL bombacem nom. -ax cotton (& so 
 padding) corruption of bombyx see prec] 
 
 bon, bonne, (F), a. French for good, com- 
 mon in some senses & phrases, [f. L bonus) 
 
 bo'na f#*efe, a. &adv. GenuineUy).sincere(ly). 
 [L abl. s. of foil. ; as adj. it may be hyphened, 
 not^as adv.] 
 
 bo'na fi'des, n. (legal). Honest intention, 
 sincerity. [L, - good faith ; not hyphened] 
 
 bona'nza, n. & a. (Prop.) prosperity, good 
 luck ; (pop.) greatly prospering, a large output, 
 (esp. of mines), worked with all best appliances 
 (a 0. farm), a run of luck (in 6.). [U.S. f. Sp.,= 
 fair weather f. L bonus good] 
 
 bon-bon (F), n. Sweetmeat, [bon] 
 
 bonce, n. Large playing-marble. [?] 
 
 bond l , n. Thing restraining bodily freedom, 
 imprisonment, (rare, only in pi., esp. in 66.); 
 fagot- withe ; restraining or uniting force ; bind- 
 ing engagement, agreement ; deed by which A 
 binds himself & his heirs &c to pay a sum to B 
 & his ; government's or public company's docu- 
 mentary promise to pay borrowed money, de- 
 benture, (bondholder, person holding such 
 document); (Customs, of goods) in 6., stored 
 under charge of Customs in 'bonded ware- 
 house ' till importer pays duty (take oat ofb.) ; 
 (Bricklaying) various methods (English 6., 
 Flemish b., &c.) of holding wall together by 
 making bricks overlap ; b. -stone, stone or brick 
 running through wall. [ME var. of band 1 ] 
 
 bond 2 , v.t. Bind together (bricks &c, see 
 prec. ) ; put customable goods into b. (see prec ) ; 
 encumber with bonded debt (see bonded), [f. 
 prec] 
 
 bond 3 , n. League, confederation, (see Afri- 
 cander). [Du., cf. G band f. binden bind] 
 
 bond 4 , a. In slavery, not free, (archaic). 
 Hence bo'ndman, bo'ndmaid, bo'nd- 
 sepvant, bo'ndsepviee, bo'ndslave, nn. 
 [influenced in sense by, but orig. separate f., 
 bond 1 ; f. OE n. bonda, banda, husbandman f. 
 ON bonde = boande part. n. f. bua, boa, dwell; 
 after the conquest, the bonde sank into a serf, 
 & the wd changed in sense] 
 
 bo'ndage (-ij), n. Serfdom, slavery: con- 
 finement, subjection to constraint, influence, 
 obligation, &c [ME f. AF ; see prec & -age] 
 
 bounded, a. (Of goods) placed in bond, (of 
 warehouse) for such goods, (bond 1 ) ; (of debt) 
 secured by bonds (bond l ). [bond l , -ed 2 ] 
 
 bo'ndsman, n. Villein, serf ; slave (lit. & 
 fig.) [var. of bondman (bond 4 ) as though f. 
 bond's genit. of bond 1 ] 
 
 bone *, n. One of the parts making up verte- 
 brate animal's skeleton ; (pi.) the body (my old 
 66. &c), its remains (his 66. were laid), its 
 hard solid, or essential part (flesh <ۥ 6. ; skin 
 & 6., thin person ; bred in the 0., ineradicable; 
 to the b., penetrating, of cold, wound, &c); 
 material of which bb. consist; similar sub- 
 stance, as ivory, dentine, whalebone ; thing 
 made of bone, as (pi.) dice, castanets, stay-ribs ; 
 a small or nearly finished joint of meat 
 (knuckle-b., broiled bb.) ; subject of dispute (6. 
 of contention, 6. to pick with someone); make 
 no bb. of, aboat, or to, not hesitate ; b.-setter, 
 one who sets broken or dislocated bones, esp. 
 without being qualified surgeon : b.-shaker, 
 bicycle without rubber tires ; b.-spavin, callous 
 growth in horse's leg becoming as hard as b. 
 [OE ban ; com.-Teut., cf. G bein ; in most langg. 
 the meaning is leg as well as bone] 
 
 bone 2 , v.t. 1. Take out the bones from 
 (meat, fish). 2. (slang) steal. [1 f. prec, & perh. 
 2 (as dog makes off with b.)] 
 
BONFIRE 
 
 bo'nfire, n. Large open-air fire in celebra- 
 tion of some event ; fire for consuming rubbish 
 (make a b. of, destroy), [earlier bonefire f. 
 bone n., bones being the chief material for- 
 merly used] 
 
 bonhomie (bo'nome - ), n. Geniality. [F 
 (bon, homme f. L homo man, -Y l )] 
 
 Bd'niface, n. Innkeeper. [Farquhar, Beaux' 
 Stratagem] 
 
 bon mot (F), n. (pi. bonsmots). Witty saying. 
 [F (bon -f mot saying f. L muttum a grunt)] 
 
 bonne, n. (French^nursemaid, maid, [bon] 
 
 bonne bouche (-oosh), n. Tit-bit, esp. to 
 end up with. [F (bon, bouche mouth f. L 
 bucca cheek perh. =pouch) ; phr. not used in 
 this sense in F] 
 
 bonnes fortunes (F), n. Ladies' favours, 
 as a thing to boast of or pride oneself on. 
 
 bo'nnet *, n. (Man's) Scotch capi woman's 
 out-door head-dress without brim, with strings, 
 & covering_no part of forehead ; b. rouge (F, 
 pr. bona roozh), red cap as revolutionary sym- 
 bol ; (Naut.) additional canvas laced to sail- 
 foot; cowl of chimney &c, protective cap in 
 various machines ; (Gaming, Auctions, &c.) ac- 
 complice, decoy ; bee Clone's 6., an eccentricity. 
 Hence bo'nnetED 2 a. [ME bonet f. OF bonet 
 short for chapel de b. cap of (med. L) bon(n)etus 
 an unknown material] 
 
 bo'nnet 2 , v.t. Put b. on (person); crush 
 down hat over the eyes of (person), [f. prec] 
 
 foo'nny, a. (chiefly Sc). Comely, healthy- 
 looking ; satisfactory. Hence bo'nniLY 2 adv. 
 [etym. dub., perh. f. bon] 
 
 bon ton (F), n. Good breeding, the fashion- 
 able world, (archaic). 
 
 bo'nus, n. Something to the good, into the 
 bargain; esp., extra dividend to shareholders 
 of company, distribution of profits to insurance- 
 policy-holders, gratuity to workmen beyond 
 their wages. [Jocular or ignorant use of L 
 bonus good (man)] 
 
 bon vivant (F), n. Gourmand. 
 
 bo'ny, a. Of, like, bone(s) ; big-boned ; with 
 little flesh. [bone 1 + -y*] 
 
 bonze, n. Japanese or Chinese Buddhist 
 priest. [F, f. Port, bonzo perh. f. Jap. bonzo 
 f. Chin, fan seng religious person] 
 
 boo, int., n., & v.t. & i. (Make) sound of dis- 
 approval or contempt; hoot (speaker, an- 
 nouncement, &c). [imit. of cow's lowing] 
 
 boo'by, n. Silly dull-witted fool, lout ; 6.- 
 trap, things placed on top of door ajar to fall 
 on first opener ; kinds of Gannet. Hence 
 boo'byiSH 1 a. [prob. f. Sp. 6060 (both fool & 
 bird) perh. f. L balbus stammering] 
 
 boo'dle, n. Crowd, pack, lot, (the whole b. 
 or caboodle) ; money for political bribery &c. ; 
 a card -game, [now U.S., cf. obs. buddle] 
 
 boohoo*, n., & v.i. (Make) sound of noisy 
 weeping, [imit.] 
 
 book 1, n. Portable written or printed 
 treatise filling a number of sheets fastened 
 together (forming roll, or usu. with sheets 
 sewn or pasted hingewise & enclosed in cover) ; 
 literary composition that would fill such a set 
 of sheets (or several) if printed ; (fig.) anything 
 from which one may learn, also imaginary re- 
 cord, list, &c, (b. of fate ; b. of life, list of 
 those who shall be saved); the Bible (esp. 
 swear on the b.) ; main division of treatise or 
 poem (Bk I &c), or of Bible (B. of Genesis) ; 
 = libretto ; back-hinged set of blank sheets 
 for writing accounts, notes, exercises, &c, in 
 (pi., merchant's accounts) ; (Turf) one's bets on 
 a race or at a meeting ; set of tickets, stamps, 
 cheques, tricks at whist, &c, bound up or col- 
 lected. B. of reference, not read continuously 
 
 93 BOOT 
 
 but used intermittently for information ; speak 
 by the, like a, b., in formal phrases, or with 
 
 correct information ; take a leaf out of \s- 6., 
 
 imitate him; without b., without authority, 
 from memory ; on the bb., entered in list of 
 members &c. (so take one's name off the bb.) ; 
 
 in 's bad or black, good, bb,, in disfavour or 
 
 favour with him ; bring to b., call to account. 
 Bookbinder, -ding, binder, binding, of bb. ; 
 bookcase (-k-k-), case containing bookshelves ; 
 b.-keeper, -ping, one who keeps, art of keeping, 
 the accounts of a merchant, public office, &c. ; 
 b.-learning or -lore, -learned, mere theory, 
 knowing bb. but not life, so boo'kiSH 1 a., 
 boo'kishLY 2 adv., boo'kishNESs n. ; 6.- 
 maker, -king, compiler, compiling, of bb. (esp. 
 for mercenary motives), also professional bet- 
 ting man or boo'kie [-ysj n ., his profession ; 
 bookman, literary man ; b.-mark(er), thing to 
 keep place in b. ; b.-muslin, fine kind folded in 
 booklike way when sold ; b.-plate, label with 
 owner's name, crest, &c, for pasting into bb. ; 
 b.-rest, adjustable support for b. on table ; 
 bookseller ; b.-slide, expanding stand for a few 
 bb. ; b.-icork, study of rules or text-bb. (opp. to 
 working sums, chemical analysis, &c) ; book- 
 worm, maggot eating its way through bb., per- 
 son devoted to reading. Hence boo'kLET n. 
 [OE 60c ; com.-Teut. cf. G buch ; the supposed 
 connexion with beech (as providing bark or 
 tablets) is doubtful] 
 
 bdbk 2 , v.t. Enter in book or list; engage 
 (seat &c.) by previous payment, (guest, sup- 
 porter, &c.) for some occasion ; enter name of 
 (person engaging seat &c), issue railway ticket 
 to ; take railway ticket ; give, take down, ad- 
 dress of (goods to be transmitted) ; Tm booked, 
 caught, cannot escape ; booking-clerk, -office, 
 person, place, for buying tickets from. [OE 
 bocian f. prec] 
 
 boom 1 , n. Long spar with one end attached 
 stretching sail-foot ; floating barrier of timber 
 across river or harbour mouth. [Du., = beam] 
 
 boom 2 , v.i., & n. (Make) deep resonant 
 sound ; hum, buzz ; (make) bittern's cry. [imit] 
 
 boom 3 , v.t. & i., & n. (Show) sudden acti- 
 vity, development, (esp. of commercial ven- 
 tures, prices, &c.) ; (win) sudden popularity for 
 (an invention, cause, &c.) by advertising &c, 
 launch with Cclat. [U.S. wd perh. f. prec. (cf. 
 make things hum)] 
 
 boo'mepang", n. Australian curved hard- 
 wood missile with convex edge returning to 
 its thrower, [native name, perh. modified] 
 
 boon !, n. Request, thing asked for ; favour, 
 gift ; blessing, advantage, [f. ON bon = OE bin 
 prayer; the change f. prayer to gift prob. 
 helped by confusion with foil.] 
 
 boon 2 , a. Bounteous, benign, (poet.; of 
 nature, air, life, &c.) ; congenial, jolly, (b. com- 
 panion), [f. bon ; from 14th c] 
 
 boop, n. Peasant ; clumsy or ill-bred fellow. 
 Hence boop'iSH 1 a., boop'ishLY 2 adv., 
 boop'ishNESS n. [either f. OE gebur dweller 
 f. bur bower 1 & cf. neighbour, or f. the 
 cognate LG Mir, Du. boer] 
 
 boost, v.t. (slang). Shove, hoist. [U.S.] 
 
 boot 1 , n. Outer foot-covering, usu. all or 
 partly of leather, coming above ankle ; (Hist.) 
 instrument of torture, luggage-receptacle in 
 coach under guard's & coachman's seat ; b. is 
 on the other leg, truth or responsibility just 
 the other way round; over shoes over bb., as 
 well risk much as little ; heart in one's 66., in 
 terror ; 6. & saddle [perversion of F boute- 
 selle, place saddle], cavalry signal to mount; 
 bootjack, for pulling bb. off; bootlace, string or 
 leather strip for lacing bb. ; bootmaker; 6.- 
 
BOOT 
 
 9* 
 
 BOSK 
 
 trees, moulds for keeping bb. in shape ; (slang) 
 get, give, the b., be dismissed, dismiss, from 
 employment. Hence boo'tED 2 a. [ME bote 
 f. OF bote (now botte), etym. dub.] 
 
 boot 2 , n. Good, advantage, (now only in to 
 boot, as well, to the good, additionally). [OE 
 bot ; com.-Teut. cf. G biisse making good, ex- 
 piation ; prob. f. root bat-, Aryan bhad-, whence 
 better] 
 
 boot 3 , v.t. (archaic ; usu. impers. &abs.). Do 
 good (to), avail, as, ichat boots (it) to, (it) little 
 boots, (it) boots (me) not. |ME boten f. bot 
 boot 2 ] 
 
 bootee*, n. Kind of lady's boot; infants 
 wool boot. [cf. coatee, see -ee] 
 
 booth (-dh), n. Temporary shelter of can- 
 vas &c. ; covered stall in market, tent at fair, 
 &c ; polling-b., for voting at elections. [ME 
 bothe cf. Da., Sw., bod, f. East Norse boa 
 dwell] 
 
 boo'tless, a. Unavailing. [OE botleas, see 
 boot 2 , -less] 
 
 boots, n. Hotel-servant who cleans boots, 
 conveys luggage, &c. 
 
 boo'ty, n. Plunder or profit acquired in 
 common & to be divided ; gain, a prize ; play b., 
 act as decoy for confederates, practise collusion, 
 [perh. f. F butin f. OX byti barter, influenced in 
 form by &o£boot 2 ] 
 
 booze, v.i., & n. Drink deeply, go on drink- 
 ing ; (n.) drink, a drinking-bout. [earlier 
 bouse, bowse, ME bousen perh. f. MDu. biisen 
 (buise drinking-cup)] 
 
 boo'zy, a. Addicted to drink; fuddled, 
 [prec. +-Y 2 ] 
 
 bo-pee*p, n. Game of hiding & suddenly 
 appearing to child; play b., of elusive politi- 
 cians, arguers, &c. [bo -f peep v.] 
 
 bora/eie, a. Of borax, [-ic] 
 
 borage (bu'rlj), n. Blue-flowered hairy- 
 leaved plant used to flavour claret-cup &c. 
 If. med. L borrago or F bourrache ; cf. perh. 
 LL_6 urra shaggy garment] 
 
 bop'ax, n. A native salt, in white powder 
 or crystal when pure. [ME & OF boras f. 
 med. L borax f. Arab, bauraq prob. f. Pers. 
 burah] 
 
 Bordeaux* (-do), n. Southern French wine, 
 claret. 
 
 bop'dep 1 , n. & a. Side, edge, boundary or 
 part near it ; frontier of country, (pi. after 
 urithin, out of, &c.) territory ; the B., boundary 
 & adjoining districts between England & 
 Scotland, (U.S.) frontier of civilization, (also 
 Border adj. in these senses) ; continuous bed 
 round garden or part of it, distinct edging for 
 strength or ornament or definition round any- 
 thing. [ME & OF bordure = LL bordatura f. 
 *boraare f. bordus f. Teut. bord board *] 
 
 bop'dep 2 , v.t. & i. Put or be a b. to, whence 
 bop'deriNG l (3) n. ; adjoin (trans., or intr. 
 with on, upon) ; b. upon, resemble, [f. prec] 
 
 bop'derep, n. Dweller on or near frontier, 
 esp. that of England & Scotland, [border n. 
 
 + -ERM4)] 
 
 bore 1 , v.t. & i. Make hole in usu. with re- 
 volving tool, hollow out evenly (tube &c), 
 whence dop'ing j (2) n. ; make (a hole, one's 
 way) by boring, persistent pushing, or excava- 
 tion ; (of horse) thrust the head out ; (Racing) 
 push (another) out of the course. [OE borian ; 
 com.- Teut. cf. OE & ON bor augur, & L for are 
 bore, Gk pharos plough] 
 
 bore 2 , n. Hollow of gun-barrel ; diameter 
 of this, calibre ; small deep hole made in earth 
 to find water &c. [f. prec] 
 
 bore 3 , n. Nuisance (usu. as pred.) ; tiresome 
 person, twaddler, [f. 1750, etym. dub. ; early 
 
 quotations imply F deriv. ; boiirrer stuff, 
 satiate ?] 
 
 bore 4 , v.t. Weary by tedious talk or dull- 
 ness, [etym., & relation to prec. & to bore 1 , 
 doubtful ; of same date as bore 3 ; bore (bore l ) 
 one's ears = gain a hearing by emphasis or re- 
 petition occurs over a hundred years earlier] 
 
 bore 5 , n. Great tide- wave with precipitous 
 front moving up some estuaries, [perh. f. ON 
 bar a wave] 
 
 bore 6 . See bear 3 . 
 
 DOP'eal, a. Of the North or north wind. [f. 
 L borealis (foil., -al)] 
 
 Bop'eas, n. (God of) the north wind. [L f. 
 Gk] 
 
 bope'eole, n. = kail. [f. Du. boerenkool 
 peasant's cabbage] 
 
 bore'dom, n. Being bored, ennui, [bore 4 
 + -dom] 
 
 bop'ep, n. Person, tool, or machine, that 
 bores holes ; horse that bores ; kinds of boring 
 insect, [bore 1 + -er x ] 
 
 bop'ic, a. Of boron, [-ic] 
 
 bopn, p.p. & a. Be b., come into the world 
 by birth ; b. of, owing origin to ; b. again, 
 regenerate; (with compl.) destined to be (b. 
 rich, tired, to be hanged, a poet ; cf. also b. 
 orator, an orator b., &c.) ; b. with silver spoon 
 in mouth, under lucky star, destined to wealth, 
 good luck ; often in comb, with adjj. & advv., 
 as base, first, -b. [p.p. of bear 3 ] 
 
 borne. See bear 3 . 
 
 borne (F), a. Having limitations, of limited 
 ideas, narrow-minded. 
 
 bopo-, comb, form of foil. 
 
 bop'on, n. Non-metallic solid element (a 
 dark-brown powder), [f. borax with ending 
 of carbon, which it resembles in some respects] 
 
 bopough (bu'rit), n. (Munic.) town with 
 corporation & privileges conferred by royal 
 charter; (Pari.) town sending members to par- 
 liament ; the B., of Southwark ; (Hist.) own, 
 buy, b., power of controlling election of mem- 
 ber, close, pocket, b., so controlled, rotten b., no 
 longer (before 1832) having real constituency. 
 [OE burg, btirh; com.-Teut., cf. G burg castle, 
 prob. f. OTeut. bergan to shelter ; Sc. form, 
 burgh] 
 
 borougph-English (burw), n. Tenure in 
 some parts of England, by which all lands & 
 tenements fall to youngest son. [f. AF tenure 
 en Burgh Engleys (i. e. not French, but existing 
 in some English boroughs)] 
 
 bo'ppow, v.t. Get temporary use of (money 
 &c. to be retxirned) ; adopt, use without being 
 the true or original owner or inventor, derive 
 from another, import from an alien source ; 
 (Golf) play ball up-hill to roll back. Hence 
 bo'PPOWER 1 , do'ppowing x (2), nn. [OE bor- 
 gian f. borg, borh, pledge, f. OTeut. bergan 
 protect, cf. G borgen borrow; orig. meaning, 
 take on pledge] 
 
 bopt, n. Diamond fragments made in cut- 
 ting, [perh. f. OF bort bastard] 
 
 bos, n., & v.t. & L, (slang). (Also b.-shot) bad 
 shot or guess, miss ; bungle, mess ; (vb) miss, 
 bungle. [?] 
 
 bo'scagre, -kage, (-Ij), n. Masses of trees or 
 shrubs. [ME boskage f. OF boscage (LL boscum 
 wood & see -age)] 
 
 bosh 1 , n. & int. (slang). Nonsense, foolish 
 talk, folly. [Turk., = empty ; introduced by 
 Morier's novel Ayesha] 
 
 bosh 2 , v.t. (school slang). Make a fool of, 
 tease, [f. prec] 
 
 bosk, bo'sket, -quet (-k-), nn. Thicket, 
 plantation, [bosk prob. mod. back-formation 
 f. bosky (but cf. ME bosk var. of busk bush 1 ) ; 
 
BOSKY 95 
 
 bosket f. F bosquet f. It. boschetto dim. of bosco 
 wood ; cf. bouquet] 
 
 bo'sky, a. Wooded, bushy, [f. bosk not 
 recorded betw. 14th & 19th cc. + -Y 2 ] 
 
 bosom (bob'zm), n. Person's breast ; enclo- 
 sure formed by breast & arms {wife of one's b.) ; 
 breast of dress, space between dress & breast, 
 old equivalent of pocket (put in one's b.) ; sur- 
 face of lake, ground, &c. ; the midst (b. of one's 
 family, of the ch urch) ; the heart, thoughts, 
 desires, &c. (comes home to one's b., b.-fricnd). 
 [OE bosm cf.. G busen, etym. dub.] 
 
 boss i, n. Protuberance ; round metal knob 
 or stud on centre of shield or ornamental 
 work ; (Arch.) projection at intersecting-point 
 of vault-ribs; (Mech.) enlarged part of shaft. 
 Hence dossed 2 , bo'ssY 2 , aa. [ME & OF 
 boce (now bosse) — It. bozza ulcer] 
 
 boss 2 , n. (slang). Master, person in authority ; 
 
 (U.S.) manager of political organization ; per- 
 
 . son or thing that is best at any thing, champion. 
 
 [U.S. wd f. Du. baas uncle, master, cf. G base 
 
 female cousin] 
 
 boss 3 , v.t. (slang). Be master or manager of 
 (b. the shoiv, make all arrangements), [f. prec] 
 
 Bo'swell (-z-), n. Biographer like James B., 
 writer of Johnson's life. Hence Boswe'lliAN 
 a., Bo'swellis.M(3) n., Bo'swelliZE(i) v.i. 
 
 bot, bott, n. Parasitic worm; the botts, 
 horse disease caused by it. 
 
 bd'tanist, n. Student of botany, [f. F 
 botaniste, see botany, -ist (3)] 
 
 bo'tanize, v.i. Study plants, esp. by seeking 
 them as they grow. [f. Gk botanizo gather 
 plants, see botany, -ize] 
 
 bd'tany, n. Science of plants. Hence 
 bota'niCAL a. (also bota'nic in names of old 
 societies), bota'niCALLY adv. [historically 
 botanic is the parent word, f. med. L f. Gk 
 botanikos (botane plant f. bosko feed) ; botany 
 on anal, of astronomy -ic &c. ; see -Y J ] 
 
 botap'^o, n. Relish of mullet or tunny roe. 
 [It., f. Arab, butarkhah f. Copt, outarakhon 
 (Copt, ow-indef. art. +Gk tarikhion pickle)] 
 
 botch, n., & v.t. & i. (Make a) clumsy 
 
 Satch ; bungle(d) work ; repair badly. Hence 
 io*tchER 1 n. [etym. dub. ; cf. patch & G 
 batzen] 
 
 both, a., pron., & adv. (Adj.) the two ( s) 
 
 & not only one, as b. (the) brothers are dead. 
 (Pron.) the two & not only one (a) with no 
 n., as 6. are dead ; (b) with of & n. or pron., as 
 b. of them (or of the brothers) are dead ; 
 (c) with n. or pron. as subj., & o. in the pred. 
 in apposition, as they (or the brothers) are b. 
 dead, they were gentlemen b. ( Ad v^with._eq ual 
 truth in two cases (a) where o. might struHbe 
 held pronominal, as b. brother & sister are 
 dead; (b) clearly adv., as she is b. dead & 
 buried ; (c) of more than two nouns &c, as b. 
 God & man <£• beast, [earlier bo, OE bd ; ME 
 bathe f. OX bdthar cf. G beide ; bdthar perh. 
 resulted f. the addition of the def. art. (both 
 the)] 
 
 bo'thep i (-dh-), v.t. & i. Pester, worry; be 
 troublesome ; worry oneself, take trouble ; (sub- 
 junct. as mild imprecation) confound, [etym. 
 dub. ; first in Irish writers, Swift, Sterne, &c] 
 
 bo'thep 2 , n. Worry, fuss. [f. prec] 
 
 bothepa'tion, n. & int. = prec. ; (int.) con- 
 found it ! [bother v. + -ation] 
 
 bo'ttle 1 , n. Narrow-necked vessel, usu. of 
 glass, for storing liquid ; the amount of liquid 
 in it ; the b., drinking, over a b., while drinking ; 
 bring up on the b., of child not fed from the 
 breast ; b.-brush, cylindrical brush for cleaning 
 bb., kinds of plant as Horsetail ; b.-glass, coarse 
 dark -green glass ; b.-green, dark green ; &.- 
 
 BOULTER 
 
 holder, pugilist's attendant at prizefight, 
 second, supporter, understrapper; b.-nose\ 
 swollen nose, B.-nosed whale ; b.-washer fac- 
 totum, underling, [f. OF bouteille f. LL buticula 
 dim. of butis butt *] 
 
 bo'ttle 2 , v.t. Store in bb. ; b. up, conceal, 
 restrain for a time, (resentment &c). [f. prec] 
 
 bo'ttle 3 , n. Bundle of hay or straw (lookfo\ 
 needle in b. of hay, of hopeless search), [f. OF 
 botel dim. of *bot (botte bundle)] 
 
 bo'ttle 4 , n. Blue, White, Yellow, B.,B. of 
 all sorts, kinds of plant, [partly corruption 
 of buddle, bothel, etym. dub., partly from shape 
 of ovary or calyx] 
 
 bo'ttom 1 , n. & a. Lowest part, part on 
 which thing rests (stand on own b., be inde- 
 pendent ; b. up, upside-down) ; the posterior ; 
 seat (of chair) ; ground under water of lake 
 &c (go, send, to the b., sink; touch b., be at 
 the lowest point or on firm facts ; to, from, b. 
 of heart, genuinely, profoundly) ; river-basin 
 &c, low-lying land ; less honourable end of 
 table, class, &c ; farthest or inmost point (b. of 
 bay) ; keel, horizontal part near keel, hull, 
 ship ; foundation, basis, origin, (be^at the b. of, 
 cause) ; essential character, reality, (search to 
 the b., get to the b. of; at b.) ; stamina. (Adj.) 
 lowest, last (bet your b. dollar, stake all) ; fun- 
 damental ; hence bo'ttom.MOST a. [OE botm 
 f. WG *bothm (G boden), cf. Gk puthmen, Skr. 
 budhnd, L fundus (for fudnus)] 
 
 bo'ttom 2 , v.t. & i. Put b. to (saucepan, 
 chair); base (argument &c) ujjon; touch b. 
 of sea &c. ; touch b. of, sound, find the extent 
 or real nature of. [f. prec] 
 
 bo'ttomless, a. Without bottom (chair 
 &c) ; unfathomable, [-less] 
 
 bo'ttompy 1 , n. System of lending money 
 to shipowner for purposes of voyage on security 
 of ship, lender losing the money if ship is lost. 
 [bottom n. = ship + -ry after Du. bodmerij] 
 
 bo'ttompy 2 , v.t. Pledge (ship ; see prec). 
 
 boudoir (boo'dwahr), n. Lady's small pri- 
 vate room. [F, = sulking-place f. bouder sulk, 
 etym. dub. ; termin. as in parlour (F -oir)] 
 
 Bou'gainvillae'a, -vi'lia, (bdb-),'n. Tropi- 
 cal plant with large bracts. [Bougainville, 
 French navigator, c 1750] 
 
 bough (-ow), n. Tree-branch (if on tree, one 
 of the chief branches). [OE bog, boh ; com.- 
 Teut. (in etym., but not in sense) cf. G bug, Du. 
 boeg, shoulder, bow of ship ; also Skr. bahus, 
 Gk pdkhus arm; bow b G f ship is same wd 
 adopted separately f. Scand. or LG] 
 
 bought. See buy. 
 
 bougie (boo - zhe), n. Wax candle ; thin 
 flexible surgical instrument for exploring, 
 dilating, &c, the passages of the body. [F, f. 
 Arab. Bijiyah Algerian town with wax trade] 
 
 bouillabaisse (boolyaba's), n. French (esp. 
 Marseilles) dish, rich fish-stew. [F] 
 
 Jbou/7//(boolye'), n. Stew r ed or boiled meat. [F] 
 
 bouillon (F), n. Broth, soup ; (Dress) puffed 
 fold. [F, f. bouillir boil] 
 
 bou'ldep (bol-), n. Water-worn rounded 
 stone, cobble ; large erratic block of weather- 
 worn stone (in mining, of detached ore) ; &.- 
 clay, -drift, -formation, -period, geol. terms w. 
 ref. to the Ice Age. [short for boulderstone, 
 ME bulderston, cf. Sw. dial, bullersten large 
 stone in stream (puller noise)] 
 
 boulevard (boo'lvahr), n. Broad street with 
 rows of trees. [F, f. G bolhverk bulwark orig. 
 promenade on demolished fortification] 
 
 bouteversement (F), n. Turning upside- 
 down. 
 
 bou'ltep (bol-), n. Long fishing-line with 
 many hooks. L?] 
 
BOUNCE 
 
 bounce J (bow-), v. i. & t. Rebound ; throw 
 oneself about ; burst noisily, angrily, &c., into 
 or out of (room), in or out ; talk big ; hustle 
 {person) by bluff or assumptions into doing or 
 out of (something) ; bouncing girl &c., big, 
 hearty, bustling, noisy. [ME bunsen thump 
 (a now archaic sense of bounce) ; perh. imit. of 
 sound cf. G dial, bums for gunfire &c] 
 
 bounce 2 ,!). Rebound; boast, exaggeration, 
 swagger, [f. prec] 
 
 bounce 3 , adv. Suddenly, noisily, (come b. 
 against &c. cf. bang), [as prec] 
 
 bou'neer, n. In vbl senses ; also : unblushing 
 lie ; thing big of its kind. [-ER J ] 
 
 bound 1 (bow-), n. Limit of territory or 
 estate ; (usu. pi.) limitation, restriction, (out of 
 bb., beyond limits set by school rules ; go beyond 
 the bb. of reason, put bb. to), [f. OF bodnc = 
 med. L bodena earlier bidina\ 
 
 bound 2 , v.t. Set bounds to, limit, (esp. in 
 pass, with by) ; be the boundary of. [f. prec] 
 
 bound 3 (bow-), v.i. (Of ball &c) recoil from 
 wall or ground, bounce ; (of living thing, wave, 
 &c) spring, leap, advance lightly, [f. F bondir 
 <only of sound till loth c) perh. f. L bombitare 
 {bombus hum)] 
 
 bound 4 , n. Springy movement upward or 
 forward ; (advance by leaps & bb., with start- 
 ling speed) ; (of ball &c) recoil (on the first b., 
 between first two touchings of ground), [f.prec] 
 
 bound 5 (bow-), a. Ready to start, having 
 started, for (or with preceding adv. as home- 
 ward b.). [ME boun, f. ON buinn, Xorw. buen, 
 p.p. of bua get ready ; -d is due to the ME 
 form's not looking like a p.p.] 
 
 bound 6 , p.p. of bind. In vbl senses ; esp. b. 
 up with, having the same interests as, closely 
 connected with ; b. to win &c, certain. 
 
 bou'ndary, n. Limit-line ; thing that limits. 
 [bound 1 + -ART 1 ] 
 
 bou'nden. See bind 1 . 
 
 bou'ndep, n. In vbl senses of bound 2 » 3 ; 
 esp., (slang) cheerfully or noisily ill-bred person. 
 
 [-ER 1 ] 
 
 bou'ndless, a. Unlimited. Hence bou'nd- 
 lessLY 2 adv., bou'ndlessNESs n. [bound 1 + 
 -less] 
 
 bou'nteous (bow-), a. Beneficent, liberal ; 
 freelybestowed. Hence bou'nteousLY 2 adv., 
 bou'nteousNESS n. [ME bontyvous f. OF 
 bontif (bontt bounty) + -ous, altered later as 
 though f. bounte" bounty + -ous] 
 
 bou'ntiful, a. = prec. ; also, ample. Hence 
 bou'ntif uIly 2 adv. [foil. + -ful] 
 
 bou'nty (bow-), n. Munificence, liberality 
 in giving; gift (Queen Anne's B., fund for 
 augmenting poor benefices); gratuity to sol- 
 diers & sailors on joining &c ; sum paid to 
 merchants &c to encourage trade enterprise 
 (b.-fed products), [f. OF bontet f. L bonitatem 
 f. bonus good (bon. -ty)] 
 
 bou'quet (bob'ka). n. Bunch of flowers ; per- 
 fume of wine. lF, = It. boschetto bosket] 
 
 boup'don (boor-), n. Bass (usu. 16ft) stop in 
 organ ; similar stop in harmonium. [F, - bag- 
 pipe-drone, perh. imit.] 
 
 bourgeois 1 (boor"zhwah), n. & a. (Member) 
 of shop-keeping middle class, (person) of hum- 
 drum middle-class ideas. [F, f. LL burgensis 
 (bwgus town f. WG burg borough] 
 
 bourgeois 2 (berjoi's), n. & a. (Printing 
 type) between long primer & brevier, [perh. 
 a French printer's name] 
 
 bourgeoisie (boorzhwahze*), n. The middle 
 class. [F] 
 
 bourgeon. See burgeon. 
 
 bourn x (boom), n. Small stream, [southern 
 
 var. of burn l ] 
 
 96 BOWER 
 
 boupn(e) 2 (boom), n. Limit, goal. [f. F 
 borne f. OF bodne bound '] 
 bourse (boors), n. Foreign money-market, 
 esp. that of Paris. [F] 
 boustrophe'don (bow-), a. &adv. (Written) 
 from right to left & from left to right in 
 alternate lines. [Gk, adv. = as ox turns in 
 ploughing (f. bous ox, -strophos turning, -don 
 adv. suf.)] 
 
 bout (bowt), n. Spell of or turn at work or 
 exercise ; fit of drinking or illness ; trial of 
 strength; this &., on this occasion, [perh. = 
 obs. bought, which was perh. (being only from 
 loth c) assim. of bight to bow 3 ] 
 bo'vine, a. Of, like, an ox ; inert, dull. [f. 
 L bovinus (bos bovis ox, see cow)] 
 bow J (bo), n. Curve ; rainbow ; weapon for 
 shooting arrows (bend, draw, the b.; two strings 
 to one's b., more resources than one ; draw the 
 long b., exaggerate); = saddle-6. ; rod with 
 stretched horse-hair for playing violin &c, 
 single passage of this across strings ; = bail 4 ; 
 - bow-window ; slipknot with single or double 
 loop, ribbon &c so tied; bb., b.-compass(es), 
 compass with jointed legs ; b.-head, Greenland 
 whale ; b.-legged, bandy ; b.-saw, narrow saw 
 stretched like bow-string on wooden frame; 
 bowshot, distance to which b. can send arrow; 
 b.-string, (strangle with) string of b. (Turkish 
 method of execution). [OE boga; com.-Teut. 
 cf. G bogen f. bug- st. of OTeut. beugan 
 bend] 
 
 bow 2 , v.t. L'se the bow on (violin &c.) [f. 
 prec] 
 
 bow 3 (-ow), v.i. & t. Submit to, bend or 
 kneel in sign of submission or reverence to or 
 before (often with down) ; incline head in salu- 
 tation, assent, &c (boioing acquaintance, that 
 stops at this, slight); express (thanks &c), 
 usher in or out, by bowing ; cause to bend (lit. 
 & fig., knee, back Sec. for burden, will) ; 6. down, 
 crush, make stoop, (esp. bowed down by care 
 &c.) [OE bugan f. OTeut. beugan f. st. bug- 
 cf. Skr. bhiij- bend, L fugere, Gk pheugo flee ; 
 bow has also taken the senses of obs. bey its 
 causal form f. OTeut. baugjan] 
 bow 4 , n. Bending of head or body in saluta- 
 tion, respect, consent, &c ; make one's b., 
 retire, [f. prec] 
 
 bow 5 (-ow), n. Fore-end of boat or ship from 
 where it begins to arch inwards (often pi.) ; on 
 the b., of objects within 45° of the point right 
 ahead ; rower nearest the b. (b.-oar, his oar or 
 himself); b.-chaser, see chase 1 , [only from 
 1600 ; = LG bua, Du. boeg. Da. boug, shoulder, 
 ship's bow ; OE had bog, boh, shoulder, bough, 
 but without the naut. sense ; see bough] 
 bowdlerize (bow-), v.t. Expurgate (book, 
 author). Hence bowdleriSM<3), bowd- 
 leriZA'Tiox, nn. [T. Boivdler 1818, expurgator 
 of Shakspere, + -ize (4)] 
 
 bowel, n. Division of alimentary canal 
 below stomach, intestine, gut, (sing, only in 
 med. use); (pi.) entrails, inside of body; pity, 
 tender feelings, (bb. of mercy Sec.) ; interior of 
 anything. [ME buel f. OF boel = It. budello f. 
 LL botellus dim. of botulus sausage] 
 bower l (bow-), n. Dwelling, abode, (poet.) ; 
 inner room, boudoir, (poet.); place closed in with 
 foliage, arbour, summerhouse, whence bow- 
 er Y 2 a. ; b.-bird, Australian starling construct- 
 ing elaborate runs adorned with feathers, shells, 
 &c [OE bur dwelling (cf. G bauer birdcage) f. 
 OTeut. biirom f.« Aryan bhurom f. bhu (Teut. 
 bu-) dwell] 
 
 bower- (bow-), n. (Also b.-anchor, -cable) 
 either of two anchors (best & small) carried at 
 ship's bow or of their cables, [bow 5 + -er l ] 
 
BOWER 
 
 97 
 
 BRACER 
 
 bower 3 (bow-), n. One of two cards (right b., 
 knave of trumps, left b., knave of same colour) 
 at euchre, [f. G batter peasant, knave at 
 cards, see boer] 
 
 bowie-knife (bo->, n. Long knife with 10- 
 loin. blade double-edged at point used as 
 weapon in wild parts of U.S. [Col. J. Bowie] 
 
 bowl 1 (bol), n. Basin (hist., deep-shaped 
 basin ; now differing only as more dignified or 
 poetic wd) ; drinking-vessel {the b., convivi- 
 ality) ; contents of a b. ; b. -shaped part of 
 tobacco-pipe, spoon, balance,&c. Hence bowi- 
 ful(2) n. [var. of boll OE bolla; com.-Teut. 
 f. bul- swell] 
 
 bowl 2 (bol), n. 1. Wooden ball made 
 slightly out of spherical shape to make it run 
 curved course (bias). 2. Flattened or spheri- 
 cal wooden ball at skittles. 3. (PI.) game 
 played with bb. (sense 1) on grass, or with 
 round balls in room. 4. (Dial.; pi.) skittles. 
 [ME & F boule f. L bulla bubble ; bowl* has 
 taken its pronunc. f. bowl 1 , & boivl 1 its spell- 
 ing f. bowl*] 
 
 bowl 3 (bol), v.t. & i. Play bb. ; trundle (ball, 
 hoop, &c.) along ground ; go along by revolving 
 or by means of wheels, esp. b. along, go fast & 
 smoothly ; (Cricket) deliver (ball, over, orabs.), 
 knock o/T( bails) or down( wicket), dismiss (bats- 
 man ; out or abs.), whence bowler 1 [-er 1 ] n. ; 
 b. over, knock down, (fig.) disconcert, render 
 helpless, [f. prec] 
 
 bowler 2 (bo-), n. = billycock, [f. bowl 1 
 
 + -ER 1 ] 
 
 bowline (bo'lin), n. Rope from weather 
 side of square sail to bow ; (also b.-knot) a 
 simple but very secure knot, [in all Teut. 
 langg. connected with bow 5 , but found in E 
 centuries before that, & now with different 
 pronunc] 
 
 bowling 1 , n. In vbl senses; esp.: b.-crease, 
 line from behind which bowler delivers ball ; 
 b.-alley, long enclosure for playing skittles; 
 b.-grecn, lawn for playing bowls, [-ing x ] 
 
 bowman 1 (bo-), n. (pi. -men). Archer. 
 [bow 1 ] 
 
 bowman 2 (bow-), n. (pi. -men). Oarsman 
 nearest the bow. [bow 5 ] 
 
 bowsprit (bo-), n. Spar running out from 
 ship's stem, to which forestays are fastened, 
 [earlier recorded than bow 5 , & with its first part 
 very various (bore, boar, bolt-, bole-, bow-); 
 therefore prob. not an E compel, but borrowed 
 entire ; cf. Du. boegspriet see bow 5 , sprit] 
 
 Bow-street (bo-), n. & a. Street near 
 Covent Garden with chief metropolitan police- 
 court ; B.-runner, -officer, old names for police 
 officer. 
 
 bow-window (bo-), n. Curved (not angular) 
 bay-window ; (slang) large belly. Hence bow- 
 v/i'ndowED 2 a. [bow i ] 
 
 bow-wow, int. & n. Dog's bark ; imitation 
 of it ; (nursery talk &c.) dog. 
 
 bowyer (bo-), n. Maker, seller, of bows. 
 [bowH-yer] 
 
 box 1, n. Kinds of small evergreen shrub, esp. 
 one with small dark leathery leaves, much used 
 in garden borders ; .(also box-wood) its wood, 
 used by turners & engravers ; (with qualifica- 
 tion) similar plant (Bastard B. &c). If. L 
 buxus, cf. Gk puxos] 
 
 box 2 , n. Receptacle (usu. lidded, rectangular 
 or cylindrical, & for solids) of wood, cardboard, 
 metal, &c. ; driver's seat (from the box under 
 it); —boxful as quantity; money-box (put in 
 the &.); separate compartment at theatre, in 
 tavern, &c, in stable or railway truck for 
 horse (loose f\, in which it can move about) ; 
 -JURY-6., witness-6. ; hut for sentry or signal- 
 
 F.D. 
 
 man ; fishing, shooting, &c, -&., small country 
 house for such temporary uses ; protective case 
 in various machines : in the wrong &., awkward 
 position. B.-bed, with wooden roof & sides 
 opening with sliding panels, also bed rwK.de to 
 fold up & look like b. ; b.-clotn, close-woven 
 cloth like buff; b.-coat, heavy overcoat (for 
 driving); b.-office, in theatre for booking seats; 
 b.-pleat, double fold in cloth ; b.-drain, of quad- 
 rangular section ; b.-iron, for ironing, hollow 
 for reception of heater. Hence bo*XFUL(2) n. 
 [either = prec, or f. L buxum boxwood, or f. L 
 f. Gk puxis pvx] 
 
 box 3 , v.t. Provide with, put into, a b. ; 6. up, 
 confine uncomfortably, squeeze together ; lodge 
 (document) in Law Court ; divide off from other 
 compartments ; (old slang) b. the watch, over- 
 turn watchman in his b.; b. the compass, (N aut.) 
 rehearse the points in correct order, (fig.) make 
 complete revolution & end where one began 
 (in politics, argument, &c). [f. prec] 
 
 box 4 , n. Slap with hand on the ear(s). [?] 
 
 box 5 , v.t. & i. Slap person's ears ; fight 
 (someone, or intr.) with fists (usu. in padded 
 gloves & merely for exercise), [f. prec] 
 
 bo'xer, n. Pugilist; (B) member of Chinese 
 anti-foreign secret society, [prec, -er 1 ] 
 
 box-haul, v.i. Veer ship round on her keel 
 (for want of room), [box 3 ] 
 
 Bo'xingr-day, n. First week-day after 
 Christmas, [on which Christmas-boxes are 
 given, f. obs. sense of box 3 f. 'money)BOX 2 ] 
 
 boy, n. Male child (strictly till puberty, 
 loosely till 19 or 20, 'the bb. ' also of grown-up 
 sons of a family) ; person who retains tastes 
 or simplicity of boyhood ^, servant, slave, 
 native labourer, male native, in various 
 countries with subject races (cf. post-boy 
 &c); (familiar voc.) old, my, b.; the b. slang, 
 champagne ; 6or/-,often = male (b. -child), young 
 (b. -husband); boy's-love, Southern -wood. [cf. 
 EFris. boi young gentleman perh. = Du. boef 
 knave f. MfiG buole (G buheY] 
 
 boycott, v.t., & n. Punish, coerce, (person, 
 class) by systematic refusal of social or com- 
 mercial relations ; combine in abstaining from 
 (goods &c) with this aim ; (n.) such treatment. 
 [Capt. B., Irish landlord so treated ; f. 1880] 
 
 boyhood, n. Boyish age ; boys, [-hood] 
 
 boyish, a. Proper to boys ; as of a boy, 
 spirited, puerile. Hence boyishLY 2 adv., 
 boyishNEss n. [-ism l (l)] 
 
 bra'bble, v.i., & n., (archaic). (Engage in) 
 paltry noisy quarrel. [etym. dub., but cf, 
 Dutch brabbelen jabber, stammer] 
 
 brace 1 , n. Thing that clasps, tightens, 
 unites, secures; (pi.) suspenders for trousers; 
 thong for tuning drum ; strap suspending 
 carriage-body from springs ; connecting mark 
 in printing ({); pair, couple, (dogs, game, 
 contemptuously of persons) ; strengthening 
 piece of iron or timber in building; b. & bit, 
 revolving tool for boring, screw-driving, &c. ; 
 (Naut.) rope attached to yard for trimming 
 sail (splice the main 6., drink), [f. OF brace, 
 brase, the two arms, f. L brachia (pi.) arms ; 
 the naut. meaning is perh. f. F bras arm] 
 
 brace 2 , v.t. Fasten tightly, stretch, string 
 up, give firmness to, (b. oneself up, b. one's 
 energies, &c ; bracing air) ; support ; couple 
 together; (Naut.) move (sail) by bb. [partly f. 
 OF bracier embrace, partly f. prec. ; the naut. 
 perh. f. F brasser] 
 
 bra'celet, n. Ornamental band, chain, &c, 
 for wrist or arm ; wrist-fetter. Hence bra'ce- 
 letED 2 a. [OF, dim. of braccl f. L brachiale 
 (brachium arm) see -al (2)J 
 
 bra'cer, n. Wrist-guard in archery & fenc- 
 
 4 
 
BRACH 
 
 98 
 
 BRANCH 
 
 ing. [f. OF brasseiire as f. L *brachiatura 
 (brachium arm), see -ure & cf. border 1 ] 
 
 braeh (-atsh), n. Bitch hound, [f. OF 
 bracket dim. of brae f. OHG bracco hound 
 hunting by scent] 
 
 brachial (-ak-), a. Of the, like an, arm. 
 [f. L brachialis [brachium arm) see -al] 
 
 bra'ehiate (-ak-,-at), a. (hot. ). With branches 
 in pairs at right angles to stem, each pair at 
 right angles to the last. [f. L brachiatus 
 armed see prec. & -ate 2 (1)] 
 
 braehy- (-k-), comb, form of Gk brakhus 
 short, in many scientific terms. 
 
 brachyeepha'lie (-kisi-), a. Short-headed 
 (of skulls with breadth at least four-fifths of 
 length ; or of person or race with such skull), 
 [prec. + -cephalic] 
 
 braehylog-yi-kl-hn. Conciseness of speech, 
 condensed expression, incorrectness of speech 
 due to excessive condensation, [f. Gk brakhu- 
 logia, see brachy-, -logy] 
 
 bra'cken, n. A fern abundant on heaths 
 &c. ; any large fern ; (collect.) mass of ferns. 
 [ME (northern) bi^aken cf. Sw. brdken] 
 
 bra'eket 1 , n. Flat-topped projection from 
 wall serving as support to statue, arch, &c. ; 
 shelf with slanting under-prop for hanging 
 against wall ; wooden or metal angular sup- 
 port ; side-piece of gun-carriage supporting 
 trunnion ; support projecting from wall of gas 
 or other lamp ; pairs of marks, (),[], { }, (cf. 
 brace), used for enclosing words, figures, &c. 
 {b.-turn in skating, like one of the third pair), 
 [earlier bragget f. Sp. bragueta dim. of braga f. 
 L braccae breeches, meaning affected by con- 
 fusion with L brachium arm] 
 
 bra'cket 2 , v.t. Enclose in bb. as paren- 
 thetic, spurious, (Math.) having spec, relations 
 to what precedes or follows, &c. ; couple (names 
 &c.) with a brace, imply connexion or equality 
 between [bracketed, equal), [f. prec] 
 
 fora'ekish, a. Between salt & fresh (of 
 water), [f. obs. adj. brack f. Du. brak, -ish 1 ] 
 
 bract, n. Small leaf or scale below calyx. 
 Sobra*cteAL,bra*eteATE 2 (2), aa. [f. L brac- 
 tea thin plate, gold leaf] 
 
 brad, n. Thin flat slightly-headed nail, 
 [earlier brod prob. f. ON broddr- OE brord 
 spike] 
 
 bra'dawl, n. Small non-spiral boring-tool, 
 [perh. f. prec. + awl] 
 
 brady-, comb, form of Gk bradus slow, as 
 
 -pepsy slow digestion. 
 
 brae (-a), n. Steep bank, hill-side. [Sc. wd 
 
 used by E writers, f. ON ora=OE brxw brow] 
 
 brag 1 , n., & v.i. & t. (Indulge in) boastful 
 talk ; boast of, boast that ; card-game like 
 
 poker, [etym. dub. ; F braguer &c. later] 
 
 braggado'cio (-shio), n. Empty vaunting. 
 
 [formed by Spenser (meaning boaster) on prec. 
 
 & It. augmentative -occhio] 
 bra'g'g'art, n. & a. (Person) given to brag- 
 ging, [f. F bragard f. braguer brag + -ard] 
 brahmapoo'tra, brah'ma, n. Kind of 
 
 domestic fowl, [river Brahmaputra, whence 
 
 brought] 
 brah'min, -man, n. Member of Hindu 
 
 priestly caste. Hence branmrnic(AL), 
 
 -ma*nic(AL), aa., brah*minisM(3), -man- 
 
 ism(3), n. [f. Skr. brahmana I. brahman 
 
 worship] 
 brahminee* \ n. Female brahmin, [f. Skr. 
 
 brahmani fern, see prec] 
 brah'minee 2 , a. Belonging to brahmin 
 
 caste &c. [f. brahmin on anal, of Bengalee 
 
 &c] 
 braid l , n. Entwined hair, plait ; band &c 
 
 entwined with the hair; silk, thread, &c, 
 
 woven into a band. Hence brai'diNG 1 (3, 6) n. 
 [see foil.] 
 
 braid 2 , v.t. Plait, interweave, (hair, flowers, 
 thread) ; arrange (hair) in bb. ; confine (hair, 
 &c) with ribbon &c ; trim, edge, with b. [OE 
 bregdan com.-Teut. move to & fro, move 
 suddenly sideways] 
 
 Brai'dism, n. -hypnotism, [first scientific- 
 ally applied & explained by Dr J. Braid, 1842 ; 
 -ism (3)] 
 
 brail, n., & v.t. (Haul up with) small rope(s) 
 on sail-edges for trussing sails before furling. 
 [OF, f. L bracale waist-belt (bracae breeches) 
 see -al(2)] 
 
 braille (-al), n. System of writing & printing 
 for the blind. [M. Braille, French inventor, 
 1831] 
 
 brain, n., & v.t. Convoluted nervous sub- 
 stance in skull of vertebrates (sing, of the 
 whole as an organ, pi. of the substance ; blow 
 out one's bb., shoot him in the head); centre 
 of sensation, thought, &c. (usu. pi., sing, with 
 dignified or exalted effect ; cudgel Sec. one's bb., 
 think hard ; have something on the b., be crazy 
 about it ; turn one's 6., make him vain & silly) ; 
 intellectual power (suck, pick, one's b., extract 
 & use his ideas) ; b.-fag, nervous exhaustion ; 
 b.-fever, inflammation of the b. ; b.-pan, skull ; 
 b.-sick, mad ; hence brai'nLESS a. (Vb) dash 
 out bb. of. [OE braegen - Du. brein, cf. perh. 
 Gk brekhmos forehead] 
 brai'ny, a. Clever (chiefly U.S.). [-Y 2 ] 
 braird, n., & v.i. (Come up in) fresh shoots. 
 [L OE brerd brim cf. brord see brad] 
 braise (-z), v.t. Stew tender with bacon, 
 herbs, &c. [f. F braiser (braise hot char- 
 coal)] 
 
 brake 1 , n. = bracken, [perh. borrowed 
 f. northern bracken with loss of -en as though 
 pi. ending] 
 
 brake 2 , n. Thicket, brushwood, [cf. MLG 
 brake tree-stumps (breken break v.)] 
 brake 3 , n. Toothed instrument for braking 
 flax & hemp ; (also b.-harroiv) heavy harrow ; 
 instrument for peeling off willow-bark. [=MLG 
 brake or ODu. braeke flax-brake f. Du. breken 
 break 1 ] 
 
 brake 4 , v.t. Crush (flax, hemp) by beating, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 brake 5 , n. Apparatus for checking wheel's 
 motion ; (also b.-van) railway-carriage contain- 
 ing this, guard 's compartment. Hencebra'ke- 
 less a. [etym. dub. ; perh. f. obs. or techn. 
 brake— lever f. OF brae oblique of bras arm] 
 brake 6 , v.t. Apply b. to (wheel, car, train), 
 [f. prec] 
 
 bra'kesman, n. Man in charge of brake 5 . 
 Bra'mah-. (Lock, press, pen, &c) invented 
 by J. B. c 1790. 
 
 bra'mble, n. Rough prickly shrub ; black- 
 berry-bush. Hence bra*mblY 2 a. [OE brem- 
 bel earlier bremel (for-6-cf. humble, number) 
 dim. of OTeut. wd = OE brom broom cf. G 
 brom-beere blackberry] 
 bra'mbling", n. The Mountain Finch, [prec. 
 
 + -LINGM1)] 
 
 bran, n. Husks of grain separated from flour 
 after grinding, [f. OF brcn etym. dub.] 
 
 bra'neard, n. A horse-litter. [F, = litter 
 (foil., -ARD)] 
 
 branch 1 (-tsh), n. Limb springing from tree 
 or bough (bough, b., twig, is the order, but b. 
 sometimes for either of the others) ; lateral 
 extension or subdivision of mountain-range, 
 river, road, family, genus, subject of know- 
 ledge, argument, legislature, bank or other 
 business, &c ; root-&-b. adj., root & b. adv., 
 thorough(ly),radical(ly). Hence(-)branehED 2 , 
 
BRANCH 
 
 99 
 
 BREACH 
 
 bra'nehLESS, aa., bra'nehLET n. If. F 
 
 branche branch f. LL branca paw J 
 
 branch 2 , v.i. Put branches out, forth; 
 spring out, spread forth, tend away or off, 
 diverge into. [f. prec.J 
 
 bra'nchia(e) (-kla, -kie), n. pi. Gills. Hence 
 bra'nehiAL, bra'nchiATE'-(2), bra'nehi- 
 ferous, bra'nehiFORM aa., bra'nehio- 
 comb. form. [L branchia, pi. -ae, i. Gk 
 bragkhia pi.] 
 
 bra'nehy, a. With many branches. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 brand K n. Burning or charred log or stick 
 (b.from the burning, rescued person, convert), 
 torch (poet.) ; mark made by hot iron ; stigma ; 
 trade-mark, particular kind of goods ; iron 
 stamp for burning a mark in ; kind of blight 
 (leaves &c. with burnt look) ; sword (poet. ; 
 perh. as flashing). [com. -Teut., f. OTeut. bran- 
 doz (bran- pret. st. oibrinnan burn -+ suf. -do 
 as in word)] 
 
 brand.-, v.t. Burn with hot iron (surgically, 
 penally, or showing ownership or quality) ; 
 impress on memory ; stigmatize, [f. prec] 
 
 bra'ndish, v.t. "Wave about, flourish, 
 (weapon, threat) as preliminary to action or 
 in display, [f. F brandir (-ish 2 ) f. Teut. 
 brand 1 sword] 
 
 bra'ndling", n. Red worm with brighter 
 rings used as bait, [brand 1 -f -ling id)] 
 
 bra*nd-nevv, bran-, a. Conspicuously 
 new. [f. brand 1 , as if freshly stamped] 
 
 bra'ndreth, n. Wooden stand for cask, 
 hay-rick, &c. [f. ON brandrcith grate {brandr 
 BRASD 1 +reith carriage)] 
 
 bra'ndy, n. Strong spirit distilled from 
 wine ; b.-ball, kind of sweet ; b.-pOAvnee [Hind. 
 pani water], b.-&-water; b.-snajy, gingerbread 
 wafer, [earlier brandwine, brandexcine, f. Du. 
 brandewij tt-burnt (distilled) wine] 
 
 bra'nk-ur'sine, n. Bear's breech, Acan- 
 thus, [f. med. L branca ursina bear's claw cf. 
 branch] 
 
 bran-new. See brand-new. 
 
 branti-goosei. See brent. 
 
 brass, n. & a. (Hist.) alloy of copper with 
 tin, zinc, or other base metal; (mod.) yellow 
 alloy of is copper with i zinc (cf. bronze) ; 
 inscribed sepulchral table of b. ; the b., the b. 
 instruments of a band ; (slang) money ; ef- 
 frontery, shamelessness ; (adj.) made of b. ; 
 b. band, set of musicians with b. instruments ; 
 b. farthing, least possible amount, esp. don't 
 care a b.f. ; b. plate, on door, gate, or window- 
 ledge, with name, trade, &c. [OE &?*ses etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 bra'ssage (-ij), n. Mint-charge for coining 
 money. [F, f. brasser stir melted metals 
 together ; see -age] 
 
 brassar'd, n. Badge worn on arm. [F 
 (bras arm &.see -ard)] 
 
 bra'ssy, a. & n. Like brass in colour, 
 sound, taste ; impudent ; pretentious ; hence 
 bra*ssiLY 2 adv., brassiNESs n. (X.) b. -soled 
 golf-club. [-v 2 ] 
 
 brat, n. Child (usu. contempt.), [etym. 
 dub., but cf. obs. or dial, brat cloth, applied in 
 OW (brith pi.) to swaddling-clothes] 
 
 bra'ttiee, bra'ttieing", nn. (Coal-min- 
 ing) wooden partition or shaft-lining, [formerly 
 wooden parapet on fortress ; ME brutaske f. 
 OXF breteske perh. f. G brett board-}- Rom. 
 suf. -esca -esque] 
 
 brava'do (-van-, -va-), n. (pi. -oes, -os). Show 
 of courage, bold front, [f. Sp. bravada, F 
 bravade ; see foil., -ado (2), -ade(1)] 
 
 brave *, a. & n. Courageous (the b., b. men) ; 
 (archaic-literary) finely dressed, showy, worthy, 
 honest, admirable; hence bra'veLY 2 adv. 
 
 (N.) Red-Indian warrior. [F, f. It. bravo etym. 
 dub. ; L rabidus mad, & barbarus, have been 
 suggested] 
 
 brave 2 , v. t. Defy, encounter with courage ; 
 b. it out, carry oneself defiantly under sus- 
 picion or blame, [f. F braver see prec] 
 
 bra'very, n. Daring; splendour, ostenta- 
 tion, finery, [prob. f. F braverie f. braver see 
 prec. (orig. E sense bravado); -erv] 
 
 bra'vo 1 (-ah-), n. (pi. -oes, -os). Hired 
 assassin, desperado. [It., see brave j ] 
 
 bra'vo 2 (-ah-), n. & int. Cry of approval, 
 esp. to actors &c. (sometimes bi^ava, bravi, to 
 actress, company; also bravissimo superl.). 
 [It. = brave 1 ] 
 
 bravura (-oora), n. Brilliant or ambitious 
 execution, forced display; passage of music 
 requiring exceptional powers. [It.] 
 
 brawl, v.i., & n. Squabble, (engage in) 
 noisy quarrel; (of streams) murmur. Hence 
 braw'lER i n. [quoted from 1375, etym. dub. ; 
 cf. mod. Du. & G brallen brag, shout] 
 
 brawn, n. Muscle ; pickled or potted boar's 
 flesh, [f. OF braon flesh f. WG brddo (brddan 
 roast cf. OE brxdan & G braten i. Aryan bhre- 
 burn) ; sense boar's flesh is excl. E] 
 
 brawny, a. Strong, muscular. Hence 
 brawniNESs n. [-v 2 ] 
 
 bray 1 , n., & v.i. & t. (Make) the cry, or a 
 sound like the cry, of ass or trumpet; b. out, 
 utter harshly, [f. F braire cf. l^fragor crack- 
 ling noise] 
 
 bray 2 , v.t. Pound, beat small, esp. with 
 pestle & mortar. If. OF breier (now broyer) 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 braze 1 , v.t. Colour like brass. [perh. = OE 
 brasian (braes brass) make of brass (not found 
 betvv. 1000 and 1550), but prob. mod. form on 
 glass, glaze] 
 
 braze 2 , v.t. Solder with alloy of brass & 
 zinc. [perh. f. F braser solder f. OX brasa 
 expose to flrel 
 
 bra'zen \ a. Made of brass ; strong, yellow, 
 or harsh-sounding, as brass ; (also b.-faced) 
 shameless, whence bra'zenLV 2 adv. ; b. age, 
 third stage in human deterioration (golden, 
 silver, b., iron). [OE brzesen (braes brass+ -en 5 )] 
 
 bra'zen 2 , v.t. B. out, carry off impudently 
 ('it ', matter, deed) ; make shameless, [f. prec] 
 
 bra'zier 2 (-zhe?'), n. Worker in brass. Hence 
 bra # ziERY(l) n. [braze j + -ier, cf. glazier, 
 grazier] 
 
 bra'zier 2 , (-zhe?*), n. Pan for holding lighted 
 charcoal, [f. F brasier {braise hot coal)] 
 
 Brazi'l, n. & a. (Also B.-xcood) kinds of 
 hard red S.-Amer. wood yielding dyes ; B.-nut, 
 large three-cornered nut. [etym. dub. ; orig. 
 Sp., Port., & F name of E.-Ind. wood, trans- 
 ferred to S.-Amer. similar species & thence 
 to the country] 
 
 breach. 1 (-e-), n. (Xaut.) breaking of waves 
 (clear b., rolling over without breaking ; clean 
 b., carrying away of masts & everything on 
 deck) ; breaking or neglect (of rule, duty, con- 
 tract, someone's privileged rights, or promise, 
 esp. to marry) ; 6. of close, trespass, of the 
 peace, riot or affray ; breaking of relations, 
 separation, alienation, quarrel ; broken state ; 
 gap, esp. in fortifications made by artillery 
 (stand in the b., bear brunt of attack, lit. or 
 fig.); whale's leap clear out of water. [OE 
 bryce '(t OTeut. st. brek- see break) gave ME 
 bruche ; ME breche (f. F breche f. same Teut.) 
 combined with and has displaced bruche, 
 helped by such analogies as speak speech] 
 
 breach 2 , v.t. & i. Break through, make 
 gap in; (of whale) leap clear out of water. 
 if. prec.J 
 
BREAD 
 
 100 
 
 BREATHE 
 
 bread (-ed), n. Flour moistened, kneaded, 
 & baked, usu. with leaven (break b., take food, 
 join in Lord's supper; b. & butter, b. slices 
 spread with butter, necessary food, a liveli- 
 hood ; b.-&-butter miss, school-girl ; b. & 
 cheese, simple food, a livelihood ; b. & milk, 
 broken b. in boiling m. ; b. & wine, Lord's 
 supper; know which side one's 6. is buttered, 
 where one's interest lies ; b. buttered on both 
 sides, easy prosperity ; take the b. out of one's 
 mouth, take away his living by competition 
 &c. ; eat the b. of idleness, affliction, be idle, 
 afflicted ; daily b., livelihood ; make one's b., 
 earn a living) ; b.-basket, (slang) stomach ; &.- 
 crumb, inner part of loaf, b. crumbled for use 
 in cooking ; b.-fruit, -tree, South-Sea tree with 
 farinaceous fruit; b.-stuffs, grain, flouv ; o.- 
 vtinner, person (also art, trade, tool) that sup- 
 ports a family. Hence brea'dLESS a. [OE 
 bread (cf. G 'brod, brot) f. OTeut. braudoz ; 
 orig. sense prob. fragment or piece, loaf being 
 the Teut. wd for bread] 
 
 breadth (-e), n. Broadness, measure from 
 side to side, (to a hair's b., exactly) ; piece (of 
 cloth &c.) of full b. ; extent, distance, room; 
 largeness (of mind, view, &c), liberality, 
 catholicity, toleration ; bold effect. Hence 
 brea*dth\VAYS, -wise, advv. [formed on obs. 
 brede, OE br&du, in same sense^-TH 1 on 
 anal, of length &c] 
 
 break 1 i-ak), v.t. & i. (broke & in Bible 
 brake; broken sometimes broke see broke 2 ). 
 1. (Of a whole) make or become discontinuous 
 otherwise than by cutting, divide into two or 
 more parts, (b. bulk 1 ; b. a set, sell parts 
 separately ; b. up, dismiss, depart, b. small ; 
 6. a lance with, argue against; b. bread with, 
 be entertained by; b. Priscian's head, use 
 bad grammar ; b. person on wheel, of medieval 
 execution ; b. butterfly on wheel, waste 
 power; b. ground, plough, begin siege, or fig. 
 any, operations ; b. the ice, get over initial 
 shyness or reserve ; b. the ranks, disorder by 
 leaving them ; troops b., disperse in confusion ; 
 clouds b., show gap) ; crack, graze, (b. ahead) ; 
 shatter ; dislocate (neck ; 6. the neck or : >ack of. 
 kill, dispose of) ; make by separating obstacles 
 (a way &c.) ; penetrate by breaking (b. op°n) ; 
 interrupt ; change, (gloom, spell, journey, 
 silence, one's fast; voice breaks, with emotion 
 or at manhood ; b. off, bring to an end, cease) ; 
 disrupt (broken bonds &c). 2. (Of a part) 
 disconnect or depart from something otherwise 
 than by cutting, (b. bough from tree, person 
 of habit ; 6. with, quarrel or part with ; 6. an 
 officer, dismiss; 6. piece off; ball breaks, 
 changes from its course, back from off, in from 
 leg, side). 3. Make a way, come, produce, with 
 effort, suddenness, violence, &c. (b. into house, 
 out o/prison, through obstacles ; b. in, intrude, 
 interpose ; disease, war, b. out : b. out, ex- 
 claim ; b. news, a jest, reveal it; day breaks ; 
 abscess breaks) ; escape, emerge from, (prison, 
 bounds, covert ; 6. free or loose ; b. away from). 
 4. Make or become weak, disable, discourage, 
 ruin, destroy, cease, exhaust, (b. the heart, 
 heart breaks ; frost, iveather, breaks ; b. bank, 
 exhaust its resources ; merchant breaks, is 
 bankrupt; b. blow, fall, weaken its effect; b. 
 down, demolish, collapse, fail); tame, discipline, 
 overpower, (with in, to, or abs. ; 6. a horse, 
 b. a horse to the rein ; b. in child ; b. one's 
 will, spirit ; b. resistance, a rebellion) ; make 
 of no effect, transgress, violate, neglect, (law, 
 ■Sabbath, contract, promise, one's word). Hence 
 Wea'kABLE a., brea*kAGE(3) n. [OE brecan 
 cf. G brechen f. OTeut. st. brek- = L/ragr-] 
 break 2 , n. Breaking ; 6. of day, dawn ; 
 
 (Cricket) deviation of ball on pitching (b.-back, 
 f. offside); (Billiards) points scored continu- 
 ously ; gap, broken place, interruption of con- 
 tinuity; (Mus.) point of separation between 
 different registers of voice ; irregularity, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 break 3 , n. Carriage-frame with no body 
 for breaking in young horses ; large wagonette, 
 [f. break 1 ( = 'b. -horse '), or f. obs. n. brake- 
 curb, bridle, which may be special use of 
 
 BRAKE 3 ] 
 
 break-down, n. Collapse, stoppage ; failure 
 of health or power ; negro dance (bra'kdown). 
 
 brea'ker l , n. In vbl senses (esp. in comb, 
 as horse-b.) ; also, heavy ocean- wave breaking 
 on coast or over reefs, [-er l ] 
 
 brea'ker 2 (-a-), n. (naut.). Small keg. [f. 
 Sp. barrica cask] 
 
 bnea'kfast (brek-), n., & v.i. & t. (Take, 
 entertain at) first meal of day. Hence brea'k- 
 fasti>ESS a. [break 1 interrupt+FAST n.J 
 
 brea'kneek, a. Dangerous (b. pace, road, 
 climb). 
 
 break-up, n. Disintegration, decay, col- 
 lapse, dispersal, [f. phr. to break up] 
 
 brea'kwater, n. Object breaking, mole 
 &c. built to break, force of waves. 
 
 bream l , n. Yellowish arch-backed fresh- 
 water fish. [ME breme f. F breme OF bresme 
 f. Teut. (VVG brahsm-, brehsm-, perh. f. st. of 
 brehwan glitter)] 
 
 bream 2 , v.t. Clear (ship's bottom) by singe- 
 ing with burning furze &c. [perh. f. Du. brem 
 broom, furze] 
 
 breast 1 (-e), n. Either milk-secreting organ 
 in woman, corresponding rudiment in man, 
 (sometimes of beast's dug); (fig.) source of 
 nourishment ; upper front of human body or of 
 coat, dress, &c. ; corresponding part of animals ; 
 heart, emotions, thoughts, (make clean b. of, 
 confess) ; breastbone, thin flat vertical bone in 
 chest connecting ribs ; b.-drill, -hoe, &c, pushed 
 with b. ; b.-harness, with b.-band instead of 
 collar ; b.-high, high as the b., (submerged) to 
 the b., (of scent) so strong that hounds race 
 with heads up ; b.-pin, jewelled &c. worn in 
 tie ; breastplate, piece of armour covering b., 
 lower shell of turtle, tortoise, &c, inscription- 
 plate on coffin ; b.-wall, confining a bank of 
 earth ; b.-wheel, water-wheel with water 
 admitted near axle ; breastwork, temporary 
 defence or parapet a few feet high. Hence 
 -brea'stED 2 a. [OE briost f. OTeut. breustom 
 cf. G brust ; perh. related to OSax. brustian 
 to bud] 
 
 breast 2 , v.t. Oppose the b. to, face, contend 
 with, (waves, hill), [f. prec] 
 
 brea'stsummer, bre'ssummer, n. 
 Beam across broad opening, sustaining super- 
 structure, [breast • + s?<mmer beam f. F 
 sommier f. L sagmarius (sagma packsaddle)] 
 
 breath (-eth), n. Exhalation as perceptible 
 
 to sight or smell ; slight movement of air ; 
 
 whiff of perfume &c. ; air taken into and 
 
 expelled from lungs (draw b., breathe, live ; a 
 
 b. of fresh air; spend, waste, b., talk vainly ; 
 
 keep b. to cool porridge, abstain from talk ; b. 
 
 of life, nostrils, a necessity) ; respiration (catch, 
 
 hold, one's 6., in fear or absorbing emotion) ; 
 
 one respiration (say inconsistent things in one 
 
 or the same b.) ; power of breathing (out of b., not 
 
 able to breathe quick enough ; take b., pause, 
 
 rest) ; whisper, murmur, (not a b. heard ; also 
 
 below one's b., in a whisper). [OE brxth smell 
 
 of burning f. OTeut. brxthoz f. Aryan bhreto- 
 
 (bhre- burn)] 
 breathe (-edh), v.i. & t. Use the lungs; live ; 
 
 ^eem alive ; take breath, pause, (b. again, 
 
BREATHER 
 
 101 
 
 BRICK 
 
 freely, recover from fear &c., be at ease) :, 
 sound, speak, (of wind) blow, softly (6. upon, 
 tarnish, taint) ; send out (neic life into ; frag- 
 rance ; 6. one's last breath or last, die) ; take 
 in [b. foul, wholesome, air) ; utter softly, also 
 passionately (b. strife), exhibit (b. simplicity) ; 
 allow to b., give rest to ; force to b., exercise, 
 tire. IME brethen f. prec] 
 
 brea'ther(-edh-), n. In vbl senses; esp., short 
 spell of exercise, [-er 1 \ 
 
 brea'thingr 1 (-edh-), n. In vbl senses ; esp. : 
 (Gk Gram.) rough, smooth, b., signs ('), ('), indi- 
 cating that initial vowel is or is not aspirated ; 
 b.-space, time to breathe, pause, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 bpea'thing 1 ' 2 (-edh-), a. In vbl senses ; esp., 
 life-like (statue &c.) [-ing 2 ] 
 
 brea'thless (-eth-), a. Lifeless ; panting ; 
 holding the breath ; unstirred by wind, [-less] 
 
 brea'thlessly (-eth-), adv. Pantingly ; in 
 suspense. [-LY 2 | 
 
 brea'thy (-eth-), a. (Of singing-voice) not 
 clear-cut at beginning of sound, using breath 
 before vocal chords are tense. Hence brea'thi- 
 ness n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 bre'eeia (-tsha), n. Rock of angular stones 
 &c. cemented by lime &c. [It., = gravel or 
 rubbish of broken walls cf. F breche f. Teut. = 
 break] 
 
 bred. See breed v. 
 
 breech, n. (PI.) breeches (-itshiz) or pair of 
 bb., short trousers fastened below knee (Bb. 
 Bible, Geneva Bible of 1560 with 66. for aprons 
 in Gen. iii. 7) and (now) used only for riding or 
 in court costume &c. (cf. knickerbockers); 
 (loosely) trousers or knickerbockers ; xoear the 
 bb., of wife ruling her husband. (Gunnery) 
 part of cannon behind bore, back part of rifle 
 or gun barrel ; b.-block, closing b. aperture in 
 guns; breech-loader, -loading, (gun) loaded at 
 breech, not through muzzle. [OE 6r<*c pi., f. 
 OTeut. broks loin and thigh garment ; breeches 
 a double pi., breech being a pi. like/eei] 
 
 bree'ehing (-itsh-), n. Leather strap round 
 shaft-horse's hind-quai*ters for pushing back ; 
 (Naut.) rope securing gun to ship's side. [f. 
 prec. + -ing 1 ] 
 
 bree'ehless (-itsh-), a. Without breeches. 
 [-less] 
 
 breed 1 , v.t. & i. (bred). Bear, generate, 
 (offspring) ; cherish in womb or egg ; propagate ; 
 be pregnant ; yield, produce, result in ; make 
 propagate, raise, (cattle) ; train up ; fit for being, 
 adapt to, (6. him a lawyer, to the law), bring 
 up ; arise, spread ; 6. in & in, always marry 
 near relations. Hence bree'dER 1 n. [OE 
 bredan cf. G bruten f. OTeut. brodjan (brodd- 
 warmth see brood)] 
 
 breed 2 , n. Race, stock, strain ; family with 
 hereditary qualities, [f. prec] 
 
 bree'ding", n. In vbl senses ; esp., result of 
 training, behaviour, good manners, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 breeze 1 , n. Gad-fly. [OE briosa etym. 
 dub.l 
 
 breeze 2 , n. Gentle wind ; wind off land, or 
 sea, at certain hours; (slang) quarrel, display 
 of temper. Hence bree'zeLESS a. [earlier 
 brize f. OSp. briza NE wind perh. = F bize, 6i.se, 
 N wind ; F bHse is later] 
 
 breeze 3 , n. Small cinders, coke, coke-dust, 
 &c, used by brickmakers. [perh. f. F braise, 
 cf. brazier 2 ] 
 
 bree'zy, a. Wind-swept ; pleasantly windy ; 
 fresh, lively, jovial. Hence bree'ziLY 2 adv., 
 bree'ziNESS n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 Bre'hon, n. & a. Ancient Irish judge ; B. 
 law, Irish code abolished under James I. [f . Olr. 
 brithem judge] 
 
 brent(-g-oose), brant-, n. Smallest species 
 
 of wild goose, visiting Britain in winter, [etym. 
 dub..; c'f. G'traivdijcitis] . . 
 
 bysfv n. , (U.S. negro dial contraction for) 
 brother (esp. in beast-fable personifications, as 
 B. Fox, Rabbit). 
 
 bre'ssummer. See breastsummer. 
 
 bre'thren. See brother. 
 
 Bre'ton, a. & n. (Native) of Brittany in 
 France. [F, = briton] 
 
 Bretwa'lda (-61-), n. Lord of the Britons, 
 title given to Egbert & Old Eng. Kings of 
 various states who held nominal or real 
 supremacy over the rest. 
 
 breve, n. (Hist.) authoritative letter from 
 sovereign orpope; (Mus.) note = two semibreves 
 now rarely used ; short prosody mark H in 
 printing, [var. of brief 1 ] 
 
 bre'vet, n., & v.t. Document conferring a 
 privilege from sovereign or government, esp. 
 rank without corresponding pay in army (6. 
 rank, 6. officer) ; honorary, nominal, position ; 
 (vb) confer b. rank on. [F, = note, dim. of bref 
 brief i] 
 
 brevi-, comb, form in scientific terms of L 
 brevis short, as brevirostrate short-beaked. 
 
 bre'viary, n. (R.-C. Ch.) book containing 
 the Divine Office for each day, to be recited by 
 those in orders, [f. L breviariuvi summary 
 (brevis short, -ary 1 )] 
 
 brevier' (-ver), n. Printing-type size betw r een 
 bourgeois & minion, [used in breviaries] 
 
 bre'vity, n. Shortness of expression, con- 
 ciseness ; short span (of life), [f. AF brevete 
 f. L brevitatem (brevis short, -tv)] 
 
 brew 1 , v.t. & i. Make (beer &c.) by in- 
 fusion, boiling, & fermentation (di^iiik as you 
 have brewed, take consequences) ; make (tea, 
 punch) by mixture or infusion ; undergo these 
 processes ; concoct, bring about, set in train, 
 grow to ripeness, fester, gather force, (usu. of 
 evil results ; mischief is brewing, 6. rebellion) ; 
 brexohouse, = brewery (but now less used). 
 Hence brew'ER 1 , brew*ERY(3), nn. [OE 
 brtowan; com. -Teut., cf. G brauen; perh. also 
 L defrutum new wine boiled down] 
 
 brew 2 , n. Process of brewing; amount 
 brewed at once ; quality of stuff brewed, [f. 
 prec] 
 
 brewage (-Ij), n. Concocted drink ; process 
 or result of concoction (lit. & fig.), [-age] 
 
 brewis, n. Broth (archaic & dial.). [ME 
 browes f. OF brouetz nom. of brouet dim. of 
 6ro f. OHG brod broth] 
 
 Brewster Se'ssions, n. Sessions for 
 issue of licences to trade in alcoholic liquors, 
 [f. obs. breivster (orig. female) brewer, see -ster] 
 
 bri'ar. See brier. 
 
 Brrareus (-roos), n. Many-handed person. 
 [Gkmythol.] 
 
 bribe 1 , n. Money &c offered to procure 
 (often illegal or dishonest) action in favour of 
 the giver, [perh. f. OF bribe piece of bread 
 given to beggar, etym. dub.] 
 
 bribe 2 , v.t. Pervert by gifts or other in- 
 ducements the action or judgment of ; (abs.) 
 practise bribery. Hence bri'bER 1 , bribEE", 
 bribaBi'LiTY, bri*bERY(4), nn., bri'bABLE 
 a. [f. prec] 
 
 brie-a-brae (brl'kabrak), n. Curiosities, 
 old furniture, china, fans, &c. [F, perh. = de 
 brie et de broc by hook or by crook] 
 
 brick l , n. & a. Clay kneaded, moulded, & 
 baked by fire or sun; block (usu. rectangular 
 & about 9 in. x 4f x 21) of this ; b. -shaped loaf, 
 block of tea, &c ; child's wooden toy building- 
 block ; (slang) generous or kind person ; b.-bat, 
 piece of b., esp. as missile [bat 2 ]; b.-dust, 
 powdered b., colour like it ; b.-field, -kiln, in 
 
BRICK 
 
 102 
 
 BRIMSTONE 
 
 ■which hb. are made, baked ; bricklayer, work-, 
 man building in ~>. , bHekfpork, building m b.; 
 hence (rare) bra'ckf;?* 5 a.' (Adj.) built of b. 
 [prob. f. F brique broken piece f. Teat, brlk-' 
 break] . , „ . . , 
 
 brick 2 , v.t. B. up, block (window &c.) with 
 b.-work (& used with other advv.). [f. prec] 
 bri'cky, a. Littered with, coloured or look- 
 ing like, bricks. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 fopi'eole (-Ikl), n. .Indirect stroke in tennis 
 & billiards. [F, etym. dub.] 
 bri'dal, n. & a. Wedding-feast, wedding. 
 (Adj.) of bride or wedding (b. cheer, veil) ; hence 
 bri'dalLY 2 adv. [= bride ale or festivity; 
 OE bryd-ealo ; the prevailing adj. use results f. 
 confusion with -al] 
 
 bride 1 , n. Woman on her wedding-day & 
 for some days or weeks before & after it; 
 bH'decake, rich cake eaten at wedding, sent 
 round to friends, &c. [OE bryd ; com.-Teut. 
 cf. G brant, f. OTeut. briidiz bride, daughter- 
 in-law, perh. f. bru- to cook] 
 bride 2 , n. Delicate network connecting the 
 uatterns in lace ; bonnet-string. [F, = bridle \ 
 f. Teut.] 
 
 bpi'degpoom, n. Alan at or soon before or 
 after his marriage. [OE had brydguma (guma 
 man cf. L homo) com.-Teut. ; guma becoming 
 obs. in ME, perh. groom was substituted by 
 mistake ; but as there is more than a century's 
 gap between instances of the old & new form, 
 the latter may be independent = bride lad 
 (bride in 15th & 16th cc. being of either sex)] 
 bPi'desmaid, n. Unmarried woman (usu. 
 one of several) attending bride at wedding. 
 \earlier briclemaid, altered when the attrib. 
 sense of bride was missed] 
 bri'desman, n. Bridegroom's attendant, 
 best man. [earlier brideman, cf. prec] 
 bri'dewell, n. House of correction, gaol. 
 [St. Bride's Well, near the London b.] 
 bridge 1 , n. (northern form, in writers for 
 local colour, brig). Structure carrying road 
 or path across stream, ravine, road, &c. (6. of 
 boats, over boats moored abreast ; b. of gold, 
 golden b., easy retreat provided for beaten 
 enemy) ; (Naut.) platform amidships for officer 
 in command ; upper bony part of nose ; mov- 
 able piece over which violin strings are 
 stretched ; (Billiards) support for cue formed 
 with left hand; b.-head, fortification protecting 
 end. of b. towards enemy ; b.-train, Mil. En- 
 gineers with material for building floating 
 bridges. Hence bPi'dgeLESS a. [OE brycg ; 
 com.-Teut. cf. G briicke] 
 
 bridge 2 , v.t. Span as, with, or as with, a b. 
 [OE brycgian see prec] 
 
 bridge 3 , n. Card-game of Russian origin re- 
 sembling whist, in which each player in turn 
 looks on while his exposed hand is played by 
 his partner. [?] 
 
 bPi'dle l , n. Head -gear of harness, including 
 head-stall, bit, & rein (give horse the b., lay 
 b. on his neck, abandon control ; horse going 
 well up to b., willing goer) ; restraint, curb ; 
 (Naut.) mooring - cable *, (Physiol.) ligament 
 checking motion of a part ; b.-bridge, -path, 
 -road, &c, fit for riders but not for vehicles. 
 [OE briclel f. bregdan twitch see braid 2 + 
 -le(D] 
 
 bpi'dle 2 , v.t. & i. Put bridle on (horse &c.) ; 
 curb, hold in, bring under control ; express 
 offence, vanity, &c, by throwing up. head & 
 drawing in chin (often b. up). [OE bridlian 
 see prec] 
 
 bpidoo'n, n. Snaffle & rein of military 
 bridle, [f. F bridon (bride 2 , -oon)] 
 brief 1 , n. Pope's letter on matter of discip- 
 
 line to person or community (less formal than 
 bull) ; (Law) summary of facts & law-points of 
 a case drawn up for counsel (hold b. for, be 
 retained as counsel for, argue in favour of) ; 
 a b., piece of employment for barrister, whence 
 brie'f less a. [ME & OF bref f. L breve dis- 
 patch, note, neut. of brevis short] 
 brief 2 , v.t. (Law) reduce (facts &c) to a b. ; 
 instruct (barrister) by b., employ, [f. prec] 
 brief 3 , a. & n. Of short duration ; concise ; 
 be b., speak shortly; in b., in short. Hence 
 brie'fLv 2 adv., brie'f ness n. [ME & OF 
 bref f. L brevis short] 
 
 bpi'ep 1 , bri'ap, n. (also brere archaic). 
 Prickly bush, esp. of wild rose ; Sweet B., wild 
 rose with fragrant leaves & flowers ; B.-rose, 
 Dog-rose. Hence bpi'epv 2 , -apv 2 , a. [OE 
 brxr, brer, etym. dub. ; cf. frere, friar] 
 bri'ep 2 , bri'ap, n. The White Heath, of 
 which the root is used for tobacco pipes, [at 
 first (the material was introduced only c 1859) 
 bruyer f. F bruyere heath] 
 bpig, n. Two-masted square-rigged vessel, 
 but with additional lower fore-&-aft sail on 
 gaff & boom to mainmast, [abbr. of brigan- 
 tine, f. which the type of ship was developed] 
 
 briga'de l , n. Subdivision of army, varying 
 in different countries & times; organized or 
 uniformed band of workers (Boys', Church, 
 &c, B., organizations on military model for 
 disciplining & occupying boys &c). [F, f. It. 
 brigata company (brigare brawl f. LL briga 
 strife) ; see -ade] 
 
 briga'de 2 , v.t. Form into b. or bb. ; join 
 (regiment &c) with others into a b. [f. prec] 
 
 bpigadiep', n. (fully B.-General). Officer 
 commanding brigade (local or temporary rank 
 between major-general & colonel), [-ier] 
 
 bpi'gand, n. Bandit, robber. Hence or 
 cogn. bpi'gand age(3), bPi'gandis.M(2), nn., 
 bpi'gandisn i a. [ME f. OF, prob. f. It. bri- 
 gante (brigare see brigade 1 )] 
 
 bpi'gantine (-en), n. Two-masted vessel 
 with square-sailed fore-mast & fore-&-af t main- 
 mast, [f. F brigandin (now -tin) i. It. brigan- 
 tino perh. = skirmisher cf. prec] 
 
 bright 1 (-it), a. Emitting or reflecting much 
 light, shining ; lit up with joy, hope, &c. ; vivid 
 (b. red &c); illustrious; vivacious, quick- 
 witted, (often iron.). Hence bpigh'tEN« v.t. 
 & i., bPigh'tiSH i (2) a., bpigh'tLY 2 adv., 
 bPigh'tNESS n. [OE beorht ; com.-Teut., but 
 now lost exc in E, f. OTeut. berhtoz f. Aryan 
 bhrag- cf. Lfiagrare] 
 
 bright 2 , adv. = brightly (shine b., b.-beam- 
 ing, &c). [OE beorhte with adv. -e now lost; 
 see prec] 
 
 Bpight's disease, n. Granular degenera- 
 tion of the kidneys. [Dr R. Bright, 1827] 
 
 brill, n. Flat-fish resembling turbot. [?] 
 
 bpi'lliarrt^a. Bright, sparkling; illustrious, 
 striking; talented, showy. Hence fopi'lli- 
 ance, bPi'lliANCV, nn., bpi'lliantLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F brillant part, of briller shine referred to 
 LL *berillare (beryl)] 
 
 bPi'lliant 2 , n. Diamond of finest cut and 
 brilliance (b. shape has two horizontal tables, 
 joined by facets), [f. F as prec. used as n.] 
 
 bri'lliantine (-en), n. Cosmetic for hair, 
 [f. F brillantine see brilliant 1 + -ine 4 ] 
 
 brim \ n. Edge or lip of cup, bowl, or hol- 
 low; projecting edge of hat; b.-full, to the b. 
 Hence bPi'itiLESS, brimmED 2 , aa. [ME 
 brimme etym. dub. ; cf. G brd?ne] 
 
 brim 2 , v.t. & i. Fill, be full, to the b. (lit. & 
 fig.) ; b. over, overflow, [f. prec] 
 
 bpi'mmep, n. Full cup. [brim 2 + -er 1 ] 
 
 bPi'mstone (-on), n. (Old name for) sulphur 
 
BRINDLED 
 
 103 
 
 BROAD 
 
 (b. & treacle, nursery medicine) ; fuel of hell- 
 fire ; b. butterfly, moth, sulphur -coloured 
 species. Hencebri*mstonY 2 a. [ME(bernen, 
 
 brinnen, burn 2 4- stone)] 
 
 bri'ndled, bri'ndle, a. Brownish or tawny 
 with streaks of other colour, [earlier brinded 
 (pern, p.p. of a possible vb brenden f. brand 1 
 burning) has been ousted by brindled (perh. 
 with dim. sense) ; f. which brindle is perh. 
 a mistaken back-formation] 
 
 brine ', n. Salt water ; the sea ; tears (poet. ) ; 
 b.-pan, iron vessel or shallow pit for getting 
 salt by evaporation. Hence bri'ny 2 a. [OE 
 bryne etym. dub. ; cf. Du. brijn] 
 
 brine % v.t. Steep or pickle in, or wet with, 
 b. [f. prec] 
 
 bring", v.t. & i. (brought, pr. -awt). Cause 
 to come, come with or conveying whether by 
 carrying, leading, impelling, or attracting, 
 (take expresses the corresponding notions with 
 go for come) ; cause, result in ; prefer (charge), 
 adduce (argument) ; b. home to, convict or con- 
 vince of ; b. into xcorld, give birth to ; cause to 
 become (b. low) ; b. to pass, cause to happen ; 
 persuade (cannot b. myself to believe). B. 
 about, cause to happen, reverse (ship) ; 6. back, 
 call to mind ; b. clown, kill or wound, cause 
 penalty to alight on, abase, lower (price), con- 
 . tinue (record) to a point, (Theatr.) b. d. the 
 house, elicit tumultuous applause ; b. forth, 
 give birth to, cause ; b. forward, carry sum of 
 page's figures to next page ; b. in, introduce 
 (custom), realize as profit, adduce, pronounce 
 (guilty, not g.) ; b. off, rescue from wreck &c, 
 conduct (enterprise) to success; b. on, lead to, 
 cause discussion of ; b. oxit, express, exhibit 
 clearly, introduce (girl) to society, publish ; b. 
 over, convert ; b. round, restore to conscious- 
 ness; b. through, save (sick person); 6. to, 
 check motion of, come to a stop, restore to 
 consciousness ; b. under, subdue ; 6. up, 
 educate, rear, sue in court, anchor (ship), come 
 to a stop, call attention again to, continue 
 (accounts &c.) to a further point; b. up the 
 rear, come last. [com.-Teut. cf. G bringen] 
 
 brink, n. Edge of steep place or abyss (on 
 6. of grave, soon to die) ; border of water, esp. 
 when steep (shiver on the b., hesitate to plunge); 
 verge (of discovery, ruin, eternity, Sec). [ME, 
 prob. f. Scand., cf. Da. brink precipice] 
 
 bri'o (-eo), n. Vivacity. [It.] 
 
 brique'tte, brrquet, (k), n. Block of 
 compressed coal-dust. [F (-ette), dim. of brique 
 brick] 
 
 brisk 1 , a. Active, lively, (usu. of move- 
 ment; b. pace, trade, unnd, &c.) ; enlivening, 
 keen, (champagne, air, &c. ). Hence bri'skLv 2 
 adv., bri'skNESS n. [f. 16th c, perh. f. W. 
 brisg quick - footed cf. Olr. brisc brittle, or 
 perh.= F brusque] 
 
 brisk 2 , v.t. & i. Make or become b. (usu. 
 with up), [f. prec] 
 
 bri'sket, n. Breast of animals (esp. as 
 joint of meat), [etym. dub. ; there is F brechet 
 in same sense] 
 
 bri'stle 1 (-isl), n. One of stiff hairs on hog's 
 back & sides ; short stiff hair of other ani- 
 mals, man's short-cropped beard, or plants ; 
 set tip one's, another's, bb., show or rouse tem- 
 per. Hence bri'stlv 2 (-isli), bri'stlED 2 , aa. 
 [ME brustel f. OE byrst & see -le(1) ; f. 
 OTeut. bors-] 
 
 bri'stle 2 , v.i. & t. (Cause to) stand upright 
 (hair &c), raise or rise like bb. or into rough- 
 ness, (often with up) ; show temper, prepare for 
 fight; be thickly set with hair, difficulties &c. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 Bri'tain (-Itn), n. (Also Great B.) England, 
 
 Wales, & Scotland, the British Empire ; North 
 B., Scotland ; Greater B. (descriptive or 
 rhetorical, not official), Gt B. & the colonies. 
 [ME Bretayne f. OF Bretaigne f. L Brittannia 
 or Brittania (L Britannia would have pro- 
 duced F bri- breaigne)] 
 
 Brita'nnia, n. Personification of Britain ; 
 B.-metal, alloy of tin & regulus of antimony 
 resembling silver. [L Britannia, Brittannia, 
 Brittania, = Gk Brettania f. Brittanni or 
 Brittani = Gk Brettanoi] 
 
 Brita'nnic, a. Of Britain (chiefly in phr. 
 His B. Majesty), [prob. f. F britannique f. L 
 Britannicus] 
 
 brrtieism, n. = Britishism. [U.S. wd, 
 non-existent Britic + -ism (4)] 
 
 Bri'tish, a. Of the ancient Britons: of 
 Great Britain or its inhabitants (esp. in politi- 
 cal or imperial connexion, & in botany &c) ; 
 the B.,B. soldiers, people, &c. [OE Brettisc f. 
 Bret Briton ; see -ish ] ] 
 
 Bri'tisher, n. Native of Great Britain (as 
 opposed to American), [prob. a U.S. wd ; cf. 
 foreigner, -er 1 ] 
 
 bri'tishism, n. Idiom used in Gt Britain 
 & not in U.S. &c [-ism (1)] 
 
 Bri'ton, n. One of the race found by Romans-, 
 in S. England ; native of Great Britain or the 
 British Empire (poet., melodramatic, &c.) ; 
 North B., Scotsman. [ME & F breton f. L. 
 Brittonem nom. Britto, f. the native name, 
 which displaced Brittanni after the Roman 
 conquest] 
 
 bri'ttle, a. Apt to break, fragile. Hence 
 bri'ttleNESS n. [ME britul cf. OE breotan. 
 break] 
 
 bri'tzka, -tzska, (-Itska), n. Open car- 
 riage with calash top & space for declining, 
 [f. Pol. bryczka dim. of bryka wagon] 
 
 brize (-ez). = breeze K 
 
 broach 1 (-otsh), n. Roasting-spit ; church 
 spire risi ng from tower without parapet; boring- 
 bit. [ME & F broche = It. brocca cf. L brocci 
 dentes projecting teeth ; var. of brooch] 
 
 broach 2 , v.t. Pierce (cask) to draw liquor, 
 begin drawing (liquor) ; begin discussion of, 
 moot, (subject), [f. prec] 
 
 broach 3, v.t. & i. (Usu. b. to) veer or cause 
 (ship) to veer & present side to wind & waves. 
 > perh. f. obs. use of prec = turn on the spit] 
 
 broad (-awd), a., n., & adv. Large across, 
 wide, not narrow; = in breadth (6ft b.) ; ex- 
 tensive (6. lands); full, clear, main, explicit, 
 (b. daylight, facts, distinction,- hint) ; coarse 
 (b. story) ; downright in sound, not mincing, 
 (b. Yorkshire, Scotch); generalized (b. rule); 
 tolerant (B. Church, churchmen favouring 
 comprehension & not pressing doctrines); 
 bold in effect or style ; as b. as it is long, in- 
 different ; b. arrow ; broadcloth, fine plain- 
 wove double-width dressed black cloth [phr. in 
 Act of Pari. 1182 kept as name for quality 
 rather than width] ; 6. gauge ; b.-glass, win- 
 dow-glass ; broadsheet, large sheet of paper 
 printed on one side only ; broadside, ship's 
 side above water between bow & quarter 
 (broadside on, to, with this presented), (dis- 
 charge of) all guns on one side of ship, also 
 = broadsheet ; b.-silk, -weaver, (of) silk in piece 
 not in ribbons ; broadsword, b.-bladed cutting- 
 sword. (Noun) the b. part (6. of the back) ; (E. 
 Anglia) large piece of fresh water formed by 
 widening of river. (Adv.) = broadly (speak b., 
 b. aicake) ; b.-blown, in full bloom ; broa'dcast, 
 a., adv., & v.t., (of seed) scattered over surface 
 (not in drills or rows), (sow) in this manner, 
 (also fig. of pamphlets, spies, &c). Hence 
 broa'dEN 6 v.t. & i., broa'dLY 2 , broa'd- 
 
BROADNESS 
 
 104 
 
 BROTHER 
 
 ways, broa'dwiSE, advv. [OE brad, com.- 
 Teut. cf. G breit] 
 
 broa'dness, n. (Superseded by breadth, 
 exc. in sense) indelicacy (of speech), [-ness] 
 Bpo'bding-nag-, n. Land of giants. Hence 
 brobding'na'g'iAN (-ag-) a. [Swift, Gulliver's 
 Travels] 
 
 broea'de 1 , n. Fabric woven with raised 
 patterns ; Indian cloth of gold & silver, [f. 
 Sp. & Port, brocado- It. broccato cf. broach 1 
 & see -ade] 
 
 broea'de 2 , v.t. Work with raised pattern. 
 {f. prec] 
 bro*e(e)oli, n. Cultivated cabbage with 
 edible flower head, hardy variety of cauli- 
 flower. [It., pi. of broccolo cabbage-top dim. of 
 broeco see broach l ] 
 
 brochure (-o'shoor, or as F), n. Stitched 
 booklet, pamphlet. [F] 
 
 brock, n. Badger ; stinking fellow. [OE 
 broc f. Celt. cf. Gk jihorkos grey] 
 bro'eket, n. Second-year stag with straight 
 horns, [f. F brocart (broche broach 1 + -ard)] 
 brogue 1 (-6g), n. Rude Irish & Scotch- 
 Highland shoe of untanned leather; fishing- 
 bb., waterproof leggings with feet; nailed & 
 goloshed shoe for golf &c. [f. Gael. & Ir. brog 
 f. Olr. broce shoe perh. f. OCelt. bracca whence 
 L braccae see breech] 
 
 brogue 2 (-6g), n. Dialectal, esp. Irish, 
 accent. [etym. dub.; perh. ^speech of those 
 who wear the brogue 1 ] 
 broi'der, v.t.,broi*dery,n. (Poet. & archaic 
 for) embroider(y). 
 
 bpoil *, n. Quarrel, tumult, [f. obs. vb broil 
 mix, quarrel, f. F brouiller cf. It. broglio n. 
 hurly-burly, & brogliare v., etym. dub.] 
 broil 2 ," v.t. &i. Cook (meat) or be cooked 
 on fire or gridiron ; make, be, very hot (of per- 
 son in sun &c). [etym. dub. ; the form brule, 
 common before loOO, may be assim. to F bruler 
 burn] 
 
 broil 3 , n. Broiled meat. [f. prec] 
 broke !, n. Short-stapled wool on certain 
 parts of fleece. [OE broc f. brecan break] 
 broke 2 , p.p. of break, still often used in 
 some spec, senses, as = ruined (esp., slang, 
 stony-b. ), & dismissed the service. 
 bro'ken, a. In vbl senses of break x ; also 
 or esp., b. meat Sec, remains; &. tea, siftings; 
 b. water, choppy ; b. ground, uneven ; b. sleep, 
 intermittent ; b. weather, uncertain ; b. English, 
 imperfect ; 6. numbers, fractions ; b. money, 
 small change; b. -hearted, crushed by grief; 
 b.-winded, (of horse) incapacitated for hard 
 work by ruptured air-cells, [p.p. of break] 
 bro'kenly, adv. Spasmodically, by jerks, 
 with breaks, [prec. + -ly 2 ] 
 bro'ker, n. Dealer in second-hand furniture 
 &c. ; middleman in bargains ; agent, commis- 
 sioner ; person licensed to sell or appraise 
 distrained goods. Hence bro'kerAGE(4) n. 
 [ME & AF brocour f. L *broccatorem nom. -or 
 (see -or 2 ) broacher (broach 1 ) of cask, retailer 
 of w r ine] 
 
 bpo'klng, n. Brokers trade, acting as 
 broker, [f. obs. vb broke cf. prec] 
 bro'mal, n. Compound produced by action 
 of bromine on alcohol, [brom(ine) + at- of 
 alcohol] 
 
 bro'mie, a. Containing bromine in chem. 
 combination. Hence bro'ixiATE T (3) n. [bro- 
 mine, -ic] 
 
 brd'mide, n. Compound (see -ide) of brom- 
 ine, esp.^b. of potassium, [foil. + -ide] 
 brd'mme, n. Non-metallic element re- 
 sembling chlorine (poisonous dark liquid with 
 rank smell) used in various preparations as 
 
 sedative. Hence bro*miZE(5) v.t.,bro*miSM(5) 
 n. If. F brome f. Gk bromos stink + -ine 5 ] 
 
 brdmo-, brom-, comb, forms of bromine as 
 in bi*omobenzoic, bromacetic. [-o-] 
 
 bro'nchi, bro'nchia (-k-), nn. pi. (Form -i, 
 with sing, -us) two main divisions of windpipe ; 
 (-ia) ramifications of these in lungs. Hence 
 bPO'nehiAL a., bro'nehio-, bro'neho-, 
 comb, forms, broneho'TOMiST, -tomv, nn. 
 [L, f. Gk brogkhos, brogkhia] 
 
 bponehrtis (-k-), n. Inflammation of bron- 
 chial mucous membrane. Hence bronehi'tic 
 a. [prec. + -itis] 
 
 bro'nehoeele (-sel), n. Swelling of thyroid 
 gland, goitre, [f. Gk brogkhokele (broncho-, 
 -cele)] 
 
 bro'nco, n. Wild or half-tamed horse of 
 California &c [Sp., = rough] 
 
 bronze 1 , n. & a. Brown alloy chiefly of 
 copper and tin (about 8:1); work of art made 
 of this; colour of b.; hence bro'nzv 2 a. (Adj.) 
 made of, coloured like, b. [F, f. It. bronzo, 
 bronzino, f. L (aes) Brundusinum (brass) of 
 Brundusium] 
 
 bronze 2 , v.t. & i. Give b.-like surface to; 
 make or become brown, tan. [f. prec] 
 
 brooch (-otsh), n. Ornamental, jewelled, &c, 
 safety pin for fastening some part of female 
 dress^ esp. the neck. [ME broche = broach l ] 
 
 brood J , n. Hatch of young birds or other 
 egg-produced animals ; (usu. contempt.) human 
 family, children ; swarm, crew, of men, 
 animals, or things ; brood-, for breeding (b.- 
 mare, -hen). [OE brod cf. G brut f. Teut. vb 
 root bro- warm] 
 
 bpood 2 , v.i. Sit as hen on eggs; hang close 
 over or on (of night &c) ; meditate on or over 
 (esp. insults, ill designs, &c); meditate (often 
 sullenly), [f. prec ] 
 
 broo'dy, a. Wishing to sit or incubate (of 
 hen). Hence broo'dixESS n. [brood 1 +-y 2 ] 
 
 brook ', n. Small stream ; broo'klime, kind 
 of Speedwell common in ditches [OE hleomoc 
 name of the plant]. Hence broo'kLET n. [OE 
 broc cf. G bruch moor, marsh ; etym. dub.] 
 
 brook 2 , v.t. Put up with, tolerate, (in neg. 
 context). [OE briican ; com.-Teut., cf. G brau- 
 chejiuse, f. OTeut. bruk- use cf. Lfrui/7^uct-] 
 
 broom, n., & v.t. Yellow-flowered shrub 
 growing on sandy banks &c ; genus to which 
 it belongs; sweeping-implement usu. on long 
 handle (vb, sweep with this); new b., newly 
 appointed official eager to sweep away abuses ; 
 broo'mrajie, genus of parasitic herbs on roots 
 of broom &c (brown, leafless, fleshy-stemmed, 
 bracteate) [med. L rapum root-knob] ; b.-stick, 
 handle of b. [OE brom f . OTeut. brxmoz thorny 
 shrub whence bramble] 
 
 brose (-6z), n. Dish of oatcake with boiling 
 water or milk poured on it. [- brewis] 
 
 broth (-aw-, -6-), n. Water in which some- 
 thing, esp. meat, has been boiled, thin soup ; 
 (Irish) b. of a boy, good fellow. [com.-Teut. f. 
 vb root bru- boil, brew,+-th ] ] 
 
 bro'thel, n. House of ill fame, bawdy-house, 
 [orig. = ruined man f. OE brothen p.p. of 
 brbothan go to ruin, but confused with bordel 
 cabin, hut, f. OF f. It. bordello (med. L borda 
 f. Teut. bord board)] 
 
 bro'ther (-u-), n. (pi. brothers & in some 
 senses bre'thren, see below). Son of same 
 parents or (strictly half-b.) parent as another 
 person (the latter usu. specified by my Sec. or a 
 possessive case ; pi. abbr. Bros, in title of firm, 
 as Smith Bros & Co.); close friend; fellow 
 citizen, countryman, or man, equal, (a man & 
 a b., esp. of negro slaves) ; fellow-member of 
 religious society (pi. brethren) ; fellow-member 
 
BROTHERHOOD 
 
 105 
 
 BRYONY 
 
 of guild, order, profession, &c. (pi. brethren) ; 
 
 official of certain companies &c. (Elder B., 
 Brethren, of Trinity House) ; companion, asso- 
 ciate, (pi. brothers) often with specification as 
 6. in arms, of the angle ; member of religious 
 order (as title ; either pi.) ; vocative of sove- 
 reigns to each other ; b. german, on both sides, 
 b. uterine, of same mother only ; b.-in-laiv, b. 
 of one's husband or wife, husband of one's 
 sister. Hence bro'therLESS a., bro'ther- 
 like a. & adv., bro'thePLY 1 , 2 a. & adv., 
 bro'therliNESS n. [Aryan ; OE brothor cf. G 
 bruder, Skr. bhratr, Gk phrater, L frater, 
 W brawd] 
 
 bro'therhood, n. Fraternal tie ; com- 
 panionship ; (members of) association for 
 mutual help &c. ; community of feeling. [OP] 
 brotherred ME brotherhede -hode ; see -head] 
 
 brougham (-oom, -oo'am), n. One-horse 
 closed carriage. [Lord B.J 
 
 brought. See bring. 
 
 brow », n. Arch of hair over eye (usu. in pi. ; 
 knit, bend, one's 66., frown) ; forehead ; edge, 
 projection, of cliff &c, top of hill in road. 
 Hence -browED 2 a. [OE bru f. OTeut. brits 
 cf. Skr. bhrus, Gk ophrus] 
 
 brow 2 , n. (naut.). Gangway, inclined plane 
 of planks, [perh. f. Da. bru bridge] 
 
 browbeat, v.t. Bully, bear down, with 
 looks & words, [brow 1 ] 
 
 brown 1 , a. Of the colour given by mixing 
 orange & black or by toasting bread ; as dis- 
 tinctive epithet of species &c. (6. bear, ivilloiv; 
 b. coal, lignite ; 6. bread, of unbolted flour ; 6. 
 paper, coarse unbleached kind used for parcels 
 &c. ; 6. sugar, half refined ; 6. ware, common 
 sort of pottery) ; dark-skinned, tanned ; (slang) 
 do 6., take in, cheat; B. Bess, old army flint- 
 lock musket ; 6. study, reverie. Hence 
 browniSH 1 (2) a., brownNESS n. [OE brun ; 
 com.-Teut. cf. G braun f. OTeut. brunoz, Aryan 
 bhrunos, root bhru- cf. beaver; Rom. wds, as 
 F brun, It. bruno, adopted f. the Teut.] 
 
 brown 2 , n. B. colour ; b. pigment ; (ellipt. 
 for) b. butterfly, fishing-fly, clothes; (slang) 
 copper coin. [f. prec] 
 
 brown 3 , v.t. & i. Make or become b. by 
 roasting, sunburn, or (gun-barrel &c.) chemical 
 process, [f. brown 2 ] 
 
 brownie, n. Benevolent shaggy goblin 
 haunting house and doing household work 
 secretly, [brown l + -y 3 ] 
 
 browse 1 (-z), n. Twigs, young shoots, &c, 
 as fodder for cattle ; act of browsing, [foil.] 
 
 browse 2 (-z), v.i. & t. Feed on, crop, (leaves, 
 twigs, scanty vegetation) ; (abs.) feed thus. [f. 
 16th-c. F brouster vb, broust n. (now brout), f. 
 Teut., cf. OSax. brxistian see breast] 
 
 Bru'in, n. (Personifying name for) bear. 
 [MDu., = brown \ name in Reynard the Fox] 
 
 bruise * (-ooz), n. Injury by blow to body 
 (also to fruit^cc.) discolouring skin. [f. foil.] 
 
 bruise 2 (-ooz), v.t, &i. Injure by blow that 
 discolours skin without breakingitor any bone, 
 contuse, (human or animal body, also fruit, 
 plant, &c); dint, batter, (wood, metal); (fig.) 
 disable ; pound, bray, grind small ; (Hunting) 
 ride recklessly ; (with easily &c.) show effects 
 of blow. [OE brysan crush combined w. AF 
 bruser (now bnser) break perh. f. Teut.] 
 
 brui'ser, n. In vbl senses ; esp., prize- 
 fighter. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 bruit 1 (-oot), n. (archaic). Report, rumour. 
 [F,= noise (bruire roar perh. f. L rugire)] 
 
 bruit 2 (-oot), v.t. (archaic). Spread (report) 
 a6road,a6ou£,niakefamous,celebrate. [f. prec] 
 
 Bpu'mmagem, n. & a. (Dial. & contempt, 
 form of) Birmingham; (article) made at B., 
 
 counterfeit, cheap & showy, [allusion to coun- 
 terfeit groats made there in 17th c, & to its 
 plated goods] 
 
 bru'mous (-oo-), a. Wintry, foggy, [f L 
 bruma ( = brevima shortest day f. brevis) + -ous] 
 
 brune'tte (-oo), n. & a. Dark-skinned & 
 brown-haired (woman). [F, fern, of brunet dim. 
 of brun brown i see -etteJ 
 
 Bru'nswiek, a. From B. in Germany ; esp., 
 B. line, of Eng. sovereigns from George I. ; B. 
 black, a varnish, [f. G Braunschweig] 
 
 brunt, n. Chief stress (usu. of the attack 
 &c, & in phr. bear the 6. of), [etym. dub. ; 
 there is ON bruna to advance like fire] 
 
 brush \ n. (Archaic & U.S., Austral., &c.| 
 brushwood or underwood, thicket, small trees 
 & shrubs growing or (in U.S.) cut in fagots; 
 implement of bristles, hair, wire, &c, set in 
 wood &c. for scrubbing or sweeping ; bunch of 
 hairs &c. in straight handle, quill, &c, for 
 painting &c. ; the 6., art of painting, 6., 
 painter's style, painter (from the same 6.); tail, 
 esp. of fox; b.-like tuft; (Electr.) b.-like dis- 
 charge of sparks, piece of metal ending in 
 wires or strips securing good metallic con- 
 nexion ; (Optics) bright or dark figure with 
 vague edge ; application of b., brushing, esp. 
 6. up, [f. foil.] ; short smart encounter, skir- 
 mish, graze, abrasion, [f. foil.] ; b.-pencil, 
 artist's colour-b. ; brushwood, undergrowth, 
 thicket; b.-xoork, painter's (style of) manipu- 
 lation. Hence bru*shv 2 n. [(sense b.-wood) 
 ME brusche f. OF brosse, broce, (other senses) 
 ME brusshe f. OF brosse, broisse ; whether 
 6roce & broisse are identical in etym., and f. 
 Teut, (cf. G borste bristle, bilrste brush), is 
 uncertain] 
 
 brush 2 , v.t. & i. Move briskly, esp. by, 
 through, against ; sweep or scrub clean, put in 
 order, with b. ; 6. tip, furbish, (fig.) renew one's 
 memory of ; 6. over, paint lightly ; graze or 
 touch in passing ; remove (dust &c.) with b. ; 
 6. away (fig.), ignore, pass over; injure by 
 grazing, [partly f. prec, perh. partly f. F 
 brosser dash through underwood (brosse 
 brushwood)] 
 
 brusque ( -dbsk, -usk), a. Blunt, off-hand, 
 (of or in manner, speech). Hence bru'squeLY- 
 adv., bru*squeNESS,brusquerie* (obskere) 
 [-ery], nn. [F, f. It. brusco sour, etym. dub.] 
 
 Bru'ssels, a. Made or grown at, or adopted 
 from, B., as B. carpet, lace, sproxds (edible 
 buds of kind of cabbage). 
 
 bru'tal, a. Sensual, rude, coarse, savagely 
 cruel. Hence bru'taliSM(2), bruta'liTY, nn., 
 bru'talLY 2 adv. [f L brxdus brute+ -al] 
 
 bru'talize, v.t.&i. Make (rarely grow) brut- 
 al. Hence bru*talizA*TiON n. [prec+-rzE(3)J 
 
 brute, a. & n. (Beast) not gifted with 
 reason; stupid, sensual, unspiritual, beastlike, 
 cruel, or passionate (person ; .Sc in same adj. 
 senses of acts, motives, &c) ; unconscious, 
 merely material, (6. force, matter) ; lower 
 animal ; lower nature in man. Hence bru'te- 
 hood n., brufiSH^l) a., bru'tishLY 2 adv., 
 bru'tishNESs n., bru'tiFY v.t., bru'tiFicA*- 
 tion n. [f. F brut f. L brutus dull] 
 
 bru'tum fu'lmen, n. Empty threat, blank 
 cartridge (fig.). [L] 
 
 Bru'tus, n. Style of wig (19th cent.). [F 
 name jn honour of Roman hero] 
 
 bryo'logist, -logy, nn. Person learned in, 
 the lore of, mosses. [Gk bruon kind of seaweed 
 4- -logist, -logy] 
 
 bry'ony, n. Genus of climbing plants; Red 
 or White B., common species ; Black B., Bas- 
 tard B., plants resembling but not belonging 
 to the genus, [f. L f. Gk bruonia (bruo swell)] 
 
BUBBLE 
 
 106 
 
 BUFFER 
 
 bu'bble 1 , n. Spherical or hemispherical en- 
 velope of liquid enclosing air &c. ; air-filled 
 cavity in solidified liquid, as glass, amber ; 
 unsubstantial or visionary project, enterprise, 
 &c (also adj. in this sense); sound or appear- 
 ance of boiling ; b.-&-squeak, cold meat fried 
 with chopped vegetables. Hence bu'bblY 2 a. 
 [f. foil.] 
 
 bu'bble 2 , v.i. & t. Send up, rise in, make 
 the sound of, bb. (lit., & fig. as b. over, or b., xoith 
 laughter, wrath); delude (archaic), [prob. 
 imit. of sound of bursting bubbles, or of the 
 action of lips in making one ; cf. bleb, 
 blubber] 
 
 bu'bbly-joek, n. Turkey-cock, [bubbly 
 (bubble 1 )+ Jock = Jack] 
 
 bu'bo, n. (pi. -oes). Inflamed swelling in 
 glandular part, esp. groin or armpit. Hence 
 bubd'nic a. [LL, f. Gk bonbon groin], 
 
 bub.o'noeele, n. Hernia of groin, [prec, 
 -cele] 
 
 buccaneer*, n., & v.i. (Be a) sea-rover, 
 pirate, esp. of the Spanish-American coasts ; 
 adventurer. Hence bueeaneer'iSH ] a. [f. F 
 boucanier hunter of oxen (boucan barbecue- 
 frame Brazilian wd)] 
 
 bu'eeinator (buks-), n. Flat thin cheek- 
 muscle. [L (buccinare blow the trumpet f. 
 buccina, -tor)] 
 
 Buee'phalus, n. Riding-horse (facet.), 
 {charger of Alexander of Macedon] 
 
 buck 1 , n. Male of fallow-deer, reindeer, 
 chamois, antelope, hare, rabbit ; dandy (also 
 oldb., vocative = old fellow), whence bu'ekiSH 1 
 a., bu'ekishLV 2 adv. ; b.-horn, as material 
 for knife handles &c. (also buck-, as buck- 
 handled) ; b.-hound, small variety of stag- 
 hound (not now used for hunting) ; b.-shot, 
 •coarse shot (b.-shot rule, in Ireland, by armed 
 •constabulary) ; buckskin, (leather made of) b.'s 
 skin, (pi.) breeches of it ; b.-tooth, one that pro- 
 jects. [OE buc & bucca, cf. G bock he-goat; 
 F bouc, W bwch, are f. the Teut.] 
 
 buck 2 , v.i. & t. (Of horse) jump vertically 
 with back arched & feet drawn together (also 
 b.-jump, whence bu'ckjumpER 1 n.); b. off, 
 throw (rider) thus. Hence bu'ckER'n. [f. prec] 
 
 buck 3 , v.i. & t. (slang). (With itp) make 
 haste, become or make vigorous or cheerful, 
 (esp. intr. in imperat.). [perh. f. buck 1 in sense 
 dandy] 
 
 buck 4 , n. Basket for trapping eels. [?] 
 
 buck 5 , n. Body of cart (chiefly in comb, as 
 b.-board, b.-cart, in various local senses), 
 [perh. f. obs. bouk belly cf. bulk n.] 
 
 bu'ek-bean, n. Water plant with pinkish 
 racemes, [transl. (1578) of Flern. bocks boonen 
 goat's beans] 
 
 bu'eket 1 , n. Wooden or other vessel for 
 drawing or carrying water ; piston of pump ; 
 compartment of water-wheel, scoop of dredg- 
 ing-machine or grain-elevator ; socket for whip, 
 carbine, wooden leg, &c. ; kick the b., die (but 
 perh. f. obs. bucket beam, yoke) ; 6. -shop, (chiefly 
 U.S.) office for gambling in stocks, speculating 
 on markets, &c. [accidental; story connected 
 with elevator of office first so called]. Hence 
 bu'cketFUL(2) n. [perh. f. OE bite pitcher, or 
 f. OF buket tub] 
 
 bu'eket 2 , v.i. & t. Ride hard (horse, or abs.) ; 
 (Rowing) hurry the forward swing, row hurried 
 stroke, [f. prec., cf. pump = exhaust] 
 
 bu'ekle l , n. Metal rim with hinged spiked 
 tongue for securing strap, ribbon, &c. [f. F 
 
 boucle f. L bxLCCula cheek-strap (bucca cheek, 
 see -ule)] 
 
 bu'ekle 2 , v.t, & i. Fasten with b. (often up, 
 
 on, Sec); b. to (with to prep.) prepare for, set 
 
 about, (with to adv.) get to work, start vigor- 
 ously ; (cause to) give way, crumple up, under 
 longitudinal pressure (t. & i. of wheel, saw, &c). 
 [f. prec. ; the last sense perh. f. F boucler bulge] 
 
 bu'ekler, n., & v.t. Small round shield usu. 
 held by handle ; protection, protector, (vb, pro- 
 tect) ; also technically in various naut., zool., 
 & anat. senses, [f. OF boucler (now bouclicr) 
 f. L *buccularius f. buccula buckle *, -er 2 (2)] 
 
 bu'ekram, n. & a. Coarse linen or cloth 
 stiffened with gum or paste ; stiffness, stiff, (of 
 manner) ; strong, strength, in appearance only ; 
 men in b., b. men, non-existent (1 Hen. IV, n. 
 iv. 210-50). [f. OF boquerant or It. bucherame 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 bu'ekwheat, n. A cereal plant with seed 
 used for horse and poultry food, & in U.S. for 
 breakfast cakes. [ - beech loheat, from its 
 three-cornered seeds like beechmast; either 
 transl. of Du. bockweit or made on obs. buck- 
 mast = beechmast] 
 
 bueo'lie, a. & n. Of shepherds, pastoral, 
 rustic ; (usu. pi.) pastoral poems (the Bb., those 
 of Virgil). Hence bueo'liCALLV adv. [f. L f. 
 Gk boukolikos f. boukolos herdsman (bous 
 cow, kol- cf. L colere tend)] 
 
 bud 1 , n. Rudiment of branch, leaf-cluster, 
 or flower; flower not fully open ; (Zool.) animal 
 forming by gemmation, anything still un- 
 developed; in b., putting forth buds; nip in 
 the b., destroy at early stage (fig.). Hence 
 bu'dLESS a., bu'dLET n. [ME budde, boddc, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 bud 2 , v.i. & t. Put forth bb. t spring forth ; 
 begin to grow; (Zool.) produce, be produced, 
 by gemmation ; (Gardening) ingraft (trans, or 
 abs.) into alien stock, [f. prec] 
 
 bu'dded, p.p. In vbl senses; esp., that has 
 budded, is in bud. [-ed j (2)] 
 
 Buddha (bdb - da), n. The Enlightened, 
 title of successive teachers past & future of 
 the Asiatic religion bu*ddhiSM(3) (bob'di-) n., 
 but applied esp. to Sakyamuni. Gautama, or 
 Siddartha (5th c. B.C., in N. India). Hence 
 bu'ddhisr(2) n. & a., buddhrstic(AL) aa. 
 [Skr., p.p. of budh awake] 
 
 budge, v.i. & t. Make the slightest move- 
 ment, force to do this, (in neg. sentences), [f. 
 F bouger stir perh. (cf. Pr. bolegar) -It. buli- 
 care f. LL bullicare frequent, of bullire boil] 
 
 bu'dget, n. Contents of a bag or bundle 
 (mostly fig., esp. of news, & as title of news- 
 papers) ; annual estimate of revenue & ex- 
 penditure by Chancellor of Exchequer in 
 House of Commons ; private person's similar 
 estimate. Hence bu'dg-etARY l a. [f. F 
 bougette dim. of bouge leather bag f. L bulga 
 (f. Gallic) knapsack] 
 
 buff 1 , n. & a. (Of) stout velvety dull-yellow 
 leather of buffalo or ox-hide ; the human skin 
 (in b., naked) ; (of) dull-yellow colour (the Buffs, 
 East Kent Regt, f. former colour of facings) ; 
 (Path.) coagulated coating on blood drawn 
 from fever patients, whence bu'ffy 2 a. ; b.-coat, 
 -jerkin, formerly worn by soldiers as proof 
 against sword-cut ; b. -stick, -icheel, polishing 
 tools covered Avith b. ; b.-tip, kind of moth. [f. 
 F buffle buffalo] 
 
 buff 2 , v.t. Polish (metal) with b. ; make 
 (leather) velvety like b. [f. prec] 
 
 bu'ffalo, n. Kinds of ox (Bos bubalus, 
 India, Asia, Europe, N. Africa ; Bos caffer, 
 S. Africa ; incorrectly, American bison), [prob. 
 f. Port, biifalo, f. L f. Gk boubalos antelope] 
 
 bu'ffer 1 , n. Apparatus for deadening by 
 springs or padding, or sustaining by strength 
 of beams &c, a concussion, esp. of railway 
 vans ; b. State, small State between two large 
 
BUFFER 
 
 107 
 
 BULL 
 
 ones diminishing chance of hostilities, [f. obs. 
 vb buff (prob. imit. of sound made by soft body 
 struck, cf. puff & F bouffer) + -ER l ] 
 
 bu'ffeP 2 , n. (slang). (Usu. old b.) old- 
 fashioned or incompetent fellow, [etym. dub. ; 
 Wyclif's Bible has it = stammerer—' the tunge 
 of bufferes swiftli shal speke '] • 
 
 bu'ffet 1 , n., & v.t, & i. (Strike with) blow 
 of the hand ; (of fate &c.) knock, hurt, plague ; 
 contend Avith (waves) ; contend with. IOF, dim. 
 of buffe blow (also in obs. E buff cf. blind *- 
 man's-b.)] 
 
 bu'ffet 2 , n. 1. Sideboard, recessed cup- 
 board, for china, plate, &c. 2. (pr. boo'fa, or 
 as F) refreshment bar. [F, etym. dub. ; sense 2 
 of later introduction than 1 ; there is also 
 biiff'et stool, hassock, (obs. exc in dial. & in 
 Little Miss Muffet sat on a &.)] 
 
 buffo (bob to), n. & a. Burlesque, comic, 
 (actor). [It.] 
 
 buffoo'n, n., & v.i. (Play the) wag, jester, 
 mocker. Hence buffoo'nERV(i) n. [f. F buffon 
 f. It. buffone (buffa, jest, buffare to puff), -oon] 
 
 bug*, n. Flat ill-smelling blood-sucking insect 
 infesting beds ; (loosely).small insect (often with 
 denning word as harvest, May, -b. ; b.-hunter 
 &c, entomologist). Hence bu'ggv 2 a. [?] 
 
 bu'gaboo, bu'gbear, nn. Fancied object 
 of fear ; false belief used to intimidate or dis- 
 suade, [etym. & mutual relation doubtful ; 
 cf. bogy, bogle, & obs. bug Ih same sense] 
 
 bu'gg'er, n. (Law) sodomite, man having 
 unnatural intei'course with beast or man, 
 whence bu'ggERY^) n ; (in foul or low talk, 
 abusively orTiumorously) fellow, beggar, chap, 
 beast, [f. F bougre f. L Bulgarus llth-c. heretic 
 from Bulgaria, supposed capable of any crime] 
 
 bu'ggy, n. Light vehicle for one or two 
 persons (esp. in U.S., India, colonies). [?] 
 
 bu'gle 1 , n., & v.i. & t. Brass instrument 
 like small trumpet used for military signals ; 
 (vb) sound b., sound (call) on b. Hence bu'gl- 
 ER 1 n. [orig. hunting-horn, short for b.-horn f. 
 obs.".& dial. & OF bugle young bull f. L buculus 
 dim. of bos bovis ox see cow] 
 
 bu'g-le 2 , n. Kinds of plant. [F, f . LL bugula] 
 
 bu'gle 3 , n. Tube-shaped glass bead sewn on 
 dress &c. for ornament, [etym. dub. ; there is 
 Du. beugel ring] 
 
 bu'glet, n. Small (bicyclist's) bugle, [-et l ] 
 
 bu'gloss, n. Kinds of plant allied with 
 borage. [f. F buglosse f. L buglossa f. Gk 
 bouglossos ox-tongued (bous, glossa), from 
 shape & roughness of leaves] 
 
 buhl (bool), n. & a. (Inlaid with) brass, tor- 
 toise-shell, &c, cut in ornamental patterns for 
 inlaying. [Germanized f. Boule name of carver 
 temp. Louis XIV] 
 
 build ! (bi-), v.t. (built). Construct by putting 
 parts or material rightly together (house, ship, 
 carriage, organ, engine, nest, or other structure 
 large relatively to the builder) ; (abs.) be busy 
 making one's house or nest ; b. up, round, in, 
 surround (person, place, &c.) with houses &c, 
 block up ; (with material as obj.) lay in(to wall 
 &c.) in building; establish, make gradually, 
 (often with up ; system, empire, reputation) ; 
 base (hopes &c.) upon, rely upon ; built (with 
 
 f receding adv.). of such & such a bujld 2 . 
 ME bidden f. OE bold dwelling f. OTeut. bu- 
 dwell, cf. booth] 
 
 build 2 , n. Style of construction, make ; pro- 
 portions of human body {sturdy b. &c). [prec] 
 
 bui'lder, n. In vbl senses; esp., master- 
 builder, contractor for building houses. 1-er j ] 
 
 bui'lding", n. In vbl senses ; esp. : house, 
 edifice ; b.-Tease, permitting lessee to build on 
 the land ; b.-society, of contributors to fund 
 
 for loan to members when needing house. 
 
 [-ING 1 ] 
 
 bulb 1 , n. Nearly spherical underground 
 stem of lily, onion, &c, sending roots down- 
 wards & leaves &c. upwards ; leaf-bud detach- 
 ing itself from stem & becoming separate 
 plant; (Anat.) roundish swelling of any cylin- 
 drical organ, as of hair-root or spinal cord ; 
 dilated part of glass tube (b.-tubc, ending in 
 a b.). Hence bulbED 2 , bulbi'FEROus, bu*l- 
 biFORM, aa., bulbo- comb. form. [f. L bulbus 
 f. Gk bolbos onion] 
 
 bulb 2 , v.i. Swell into bulb(s). [f. prec] 
 
 bu'lbous, a. Of, having, like, springing 
 from, a bulb, [bulb 2 + -ous] 
 
 bulbul (bob'lbdbl), n. Eastern song-thrush ; 
 singer, poet. [Pers. f. Arab.] 
 
 bulge ] , n. Convex part, irregular swelling, 
 tendency to swell out, on flat or flatter surface ; 
 = bilge. Hence bulgv 2 a., bu'lgiNESs n. 
 [ME, f. OF boulge, bouge, (or direct) f. L bulga 
 see budget] 
 
 bulge 2 , v.i. & t. Swell outwards irregularly 
 & usu. faultily ; extend (bag &c.) by stuffing it. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 bu'lger, n. (golf). Convex-faced brassy or 
 driver, [prec, -er 1 ] 
 
 bu'limy, bulrmia, n. (Med.) morbid hun- 
 ger ; (fig.) voracity (for books, &c). [f. Gk 
 boulimia ox- (i. c. vast) hunger (bous ox + limos 
 hunger); latinized bulimia now preferred in 
 medical use] 
 
 bulk \ n. Cargo {break b., begin unloading ; 
 b. not equal to samjjle ; in b., loose, not in 
 package; load in b., put grain &c in loose; 
 sell in &., in large quantities, as it is in the 
 hold) ; large shape, person, body ; size, magni- 
 tude ; great size ; mass, large mass ; the greater 
 part or number of. [perh. f. ON *bnlki cargo, 
 but with the meanings also of obs. bouk OE 
 bxic belly cf. G bauch] 
 
 bulk 2 , v.i. & t. Seem in respect of size or 
 importance (b. large, larger) ; b. up, form con- 
 siderable sum &c, amount to ; pile in heaps 
 (fish) ; (Customs) ascertain weight of (tea &c) 
 by emptying out of chest, [f. prec] 
 
 bu'lkhead, n. Upright partition dividing 
 ship's cabins or water-tight compartments; 
 compartment, stall, [f. obs. bulk framework 
 before shop, stall, perh. f. ON balkr balk x ] 
 
 bu'lky, a. Large ; too large. Hence bu'lki- 
 ness n. [bulk l -f- -y 2 J 
 
 bull ! (bobl), n. & a. Uncastrated male of ox 
 or any bovine animal (b. in china shop, reck- 
 less or clumsy destroyer ; take b. by horns, 
 meet not evade difficulty) ; male of whale, ele- 
 phant, & other large animals (usu. b. whale or 
 whale-b. &c); constellation & sign Taurus; 
 (St. Exch.) person trying to raise prices (see 
 bear 1 ) ; (adj.) like that of a b. (b. head, neck, 
 voice; also b. operations on St. Exch.); bull- 
 calf, male calf, simpleton ; bulldog, powerful 
 & courageous large-headed smooth-haired 
 breed of dog, tenacious & courageous (person), 
 University proctor's attendant, gun or pistol 
 (esp. of a certain pattern), [f. use in b.-baiting, 
 or f. its b. head] ; bullfight, Spanish sport of 
 baiting b. with horsemen &c ; bullfinch, 
 strong-beaked handsome-plumaged songbird, 
 also [perh. =6. fence, cf. minch dial, fovniince] 
 quickset hedge with ditch ; bullfrog, large 
 Amer. species ; bullhead, small big-headed fish 
 ^Miller's thumb; beheaded, obstinate, im- 
 petuous, blundering ; b.-of-the-bog, bittern ; 
 b.-puncher (Austral.), bullock-driver; b.-pup, 
 •bitch, young, female, bulldog ; bullring, 
 arena for bullfight ; b.'s-eye, boss of glass 
 formed at centre of blown glass sheet, hemi- 
 
BULL. 
 
 108 
 
 BUNG 
 
 spherical piece or thick disk of glass as light in 
 ship's side, hemispherical lens, (lantern) with 
 such lens, small circular window, centre of 
 target, kind of sweetmeat; b.-terrier, cross be- 
 tween bulldog & terrier ; bulltrout, fish of 
 salmon tribe. [OE bule- (in comb, only), cf. 
 MLG bulle, prob. connected with bellow] 
 
 bull 2 , v.i. & t. (St. Exch.) speculate for the 
 rise ; try to raise price of (stocks), [f. prec. ; 
 bull 1 , 2 perh. merely correl. to the more ex- 
 plicable bear 1 , 2 ] 
 
 bulls (bobl), n. Papal edict, [t hbidla bill^] 
 
 bull 4 (bdbl), n. (Often Irish b.) expression 
 containing contradiction in terms or implying 
 ludicrous inconsistency (often an intelligible 
 statement made absurd by compression), [etym. 
 dub. ; f. 1630 (connexion with Irish is more re- 
 cent ; there is OF boid, bole, trickery] 
 
 bull 5 (bobl),n. Drink made of water flavoured 
 in empty spirit cask. [?] 
 
 Bulfe. =john Bull. 
 
 bullace (bob "lis), n. Wild plum tree or fruit. 
 [f. OF beloce f. LL pilota pellet] 
 
 bu'llate, a. (bot. , physiol. ). Puffy, blistered- 
 looking. [f. L bullatus (bulla bubble, -ate 2 )] 
 
 bu'llet (bob-), n. Missile of lead &c, spheri- 
 cal or conical, used in muskets & rifles ; &.- 
 drawer, instrument for extracting b. from 
 wound ; b.-head, -headed, (with) round & pre- 
 sumably thick head ; b. -proof, [f. F boulette 
 dim. of boule ball f. L bulla knob] 
 
 bu'lletin (bob-), n. Short official statement 
 of public event or of invalid's condition. [F, f. 
 It. bulletino dim. of bulletta lottery ticket dim. 
 of bulla seal, bull 3 ] 
 
 bu'llion l (bob-), n. & a. Gold or silver be- 
 fore (or as valued apart from) coining or manu- 
 facture ; (made of) solid or real gold or silver. 
 [ AF, prob. = F bouillon soup f. med. L bullionem 
 nom. -io (L bidlire boil + -ion) ; but the mean- 
 ings are E only] 
 
 bu'llion 2 (bob-), n. Fringe of gold & silver 
 thread twists, [f. F bouillon, see prec, in 
 sense bubble (independent adoption)] 
 
 bu'llionist, n. Advocate of metallic cur- 
 rency. [BULLION 1 + -1ST (2)] 
 
 bu'llock. (bob-), n. Castrated bull, ox. [OE 
 
 bulluc (-OCK)] 
 
 bu'lly 1 (bob-), n. Blusterer, tyrant (esp. 
 among boys), coward & tyrant; hired ruffian, 
 [obs. senses lover, sweetheart, gallant, fine 
 fellow, perh. f. Du. boel lover cf. G buhle] 
 
 bu'lly 2 , v.t. Persecute, oppress, tease, physi- 
 cally or morally ; frighten into or out of ; (abs.) 
 
 play the b. [f. prec] 
 
 bu'lly 3 i a. & int. (esp. U.S. & colonial). 
 
 Capital, first-rate ; b. for you, him, &c., = bravo. 
 
 [f. BULLY !] 
 
 bu'lly 4 (bob-), n. Scrummage in (prop. Eton) 
 football. 
 
 bu'lly 5 (bob), n. (Also b. beef) tinned beef, 
 [perh. = bouilli, or f. bull 1 ] 
 
 bully rag. See ballyrag. 
 
 bu'lrush (bob-), n. Kinds of tall rush (pop. 
 the Cat's Tail ; in Bible, papyrus), [bole 
 (strong-stemmed)?, or bull 1 (big cf. bullfrog, 
 bulltrout, & Gk use of bou- see bulimy)?] 
 
 bu'lwark. (bob-), n. Rampart, earthwork, 
 &c. ; mole, breakwater; person, principle, &c, 
 that acts as a defence ; ship's side above deck. 
 [cf. Du. bolwerk, G bollwerk; perh. = bole + 
 work (log-rampart)] 
 
 bum, n. Backside, buttocks ; b. -bailiff (also 
 &.), employed for arrests (from touching debtor 
 on the back) ; b.-boat, plying with fresh pro- 
 visions for ships (orig. scavenger boat), [cf. 
 bump ; earlier than, not contracted f., bottom 
 in this sense] 
 
 bu'mble, n. Beadle ; consequential jack-in- 
 office. Hence bu'mbleDOM n. [name of 
 beadle in Oliver Twist] 
 
 bu'mble-bee, n. Large kind of bee. [f. 
 obs. vb bumble (boom+ -le)] 
 bu'mble-puppy, n. Whist played un- 
 scientifically, [prop, an obs. out-of-door baga- 
 telle ; etym. dub. ; there is obs. vb bumble 
 bungle] 
 
 bu'mbo, n. Cold rum-punch, [cf. It, bombo 
 child's wd for drink] 
 
 bu'mmalo, n. Small fish of S. -Asiatic 
 coasts, [f. Mahratti bombil] 
 bummaree*, n. Middleman at Billingsgate 
 fish-market. [?] 
 
 bu'mmep, n. (U.S.). Idler, loafer, [cf. G 
 bummler] 
 
 bump *, v.t. & i., & adv. Push, throw down, 
 (box &c) against or on (wall, person, floor, 
 &c); hurt (one's head &c) by striking it 
 (against, on, or abs.) ; seize by arms & legs & 
 strike the posterior of (person) against floor, 
 wall, &c ; come with a b. against ; go along 
 with repeated bumps; (Boat-racing, see foil.) 
 overtake ; (adv.) with a b., suddenly, violently, 
 (come, go, &c, &., cf. bang, bounce), [express- 
 ing the sound, or shape of swelling] 
 bump 2 , n. Dull-sounding blow, knock, colli- 
 sion ; swelling caused by it; (Phrenol.) pro- 
 minence on skull, facultyindicated by it ; (Boat- 
 racing) touching of boat by next, a win for 
 latter (6. -supper, in celebration of this), [f. prec] 
 bump 3 , n., & v.t. (Make) bittern's cry. [imit,] 
 bu'mpep, n. In vbl senses ; also, brim-full 
 glass of wine ; (slang) anything unusu. large or 
 abundant (harvest, full theatre) ; (Whist) score 
 of two games against nil. [-er 1 ] 
 bum'pkin, n. Country or awkward or bash- 
 ful fellow, [perh. f. Du. boomken little tree or 
 MDu. bommekijn little barrel] 
 bu'mptious(-shws),a. Self-assertive. Hence 
 bu'mptiousLY 2 adv., bu'mptiousNESS n. 
 [jocular form, on bump 2 & e. g. fractious] 
 bu'mpy, a. Full of bumps, causing jolts, 
 (esp. of road or cricket pitch). Hence bu'mpi- 
 ness n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 bun \ n. Small soft round sweet cake with 
 a few currants (the usu. Eng. sense, but with 
 local variations) ; hot cross b., marked with 
 cross & eaten on Good Friday, [perh. f. OF 
 bugne bump, swelling, (at Lyons = fritter, 
 whence mod. F beignet)] 
 
 bun 2 , n. (Personifying name Of) squirrel, 
 rabbit, [etym. dub.; there is Sc bun, hare's tail] 
 bunch 1 , n. Cluster of things growing or 
 fastened together (flowers, grapes, keys), lot 
 (best of the b.). Hence bu'nehv 2 a. [?] 
 bunch 2 , v.t. & i. Make into bunch(es), 
 gather (dress) into folds ; come or cling to- 
 gether, [f. prec] 
 bu'neombe. See bunkum. 
 bundesrat(h) (boo'ndesraht), n. Federal 
 council of German Empire (58 members from 
 26 states). [G] 
 
 bu'ndle 1 , n. Collection of things fastened 
 together (esp. clothes & odds & ends in hand- 
 kerchief) ; set of sticks, iron rods, Sec, bound 
 up ; set of parallel fibres, nerves, &c ; 20 hanks 
 of linen yarn. [perh. f. MDu. bondel cf. G 
 biindel (OTeut. bindan bind) ; see -le(D] 
 bu'ndle 2 , v.t. & i. Tie in, make up into, a b. ; 
 throw confusedly in to any receptacle ; go, put 
 or send (esp. a person), in a hurry or uncere- 
 moniously oid, off, away, See [f. prec] 
 bung i, n. Stopper, esp. large cork stopping 
 hole in cask ; b.-hote, for filling cask. [cf. MDu. 
 bonghe = *bonde f. L puncta orifice (pungere 
 puncU prick)] 
 
BUNG 
 
 bung: 2 , v.t. Stop (cask) with b. ; eyes bunged 
 up, closed with swelling from blow, or sealed 
 with rheum ; (slang) throw (stones), [f. prec] 
 
 bungalow (bu'nggalo), n. Lightly built 
 one-storeyed or temporary house, [f. Hind. 
 bangla belonging to Bengal] 
 
 bu'ngle, v.i. & t., & n. (Make) clumsy work, 
 confusion ; blunder over, fail to accomplish, 
 (task). Hence bu'nglER 1 n. [iniit., cf. bum- 
 ble, boggle] 
 
 bu'nion, n. Inflamed swelling on foot, 
 [perh. f. It. bug none (bugno boil, lump, cf. F 
 bugne bun 1 ,+ -one -oon)J 
 
 bunk l , n. Sleeping-berth. [?] 
 
 bunk 2 , v.i. (slang). Make off, vanish. [?] 
 
 bu'nken, n. Ship's coal-bin ; (Golf) sandy 
 hollow on links. [?] 
 
 bu'nkum, -combe (-km), n. Humbug, clap- 
 trap, sophistry, [anecdotic ; member for Bun- 
 combe in N. Carolina speaking needlessly in 
 Congress to impress his constituents] 
 
 bu'nny, n. Pet name for rabbit. Tbun 2 + 
 
 •Y 3 ] 
 
 Bu'nsen('s) (boon-, biin-), a. Invented by 
 Prof. B. of Heidelberg (B. burner, lamp, burn- 
 ing air with gas for heating & blow-pipe work ; 
 B. battery, cell, voltaic of spec. kind). 
 
 bunt \ n. Cavity, baggy part, of fishing-net, 
 sail, &c. [?] 
 
 bunt 2 , n. (Also Smut-ball) disease of wheat. [?] 
 
 bu'nting x , n. Sub-family of birds including 
 Common or Corn B., Yellow B. (or Yelloxo 
 Hammer), Black-headed, Reed, Snow, Sec, B.; 
 grey shrimp. [?] 
 
 bu'nting* 2 , n. (Open-made worsted stuff 
 used for) flags, [perh. = bolting-cloth (bolt 5 ) 
 f. obs. bunt silt, or perh. = G bunt parti-coloured 
 
 + -ING 1 ] 
 
 buoy 1 (boi), n. Anchored float showing 
 navigable course or reefs &c. ; (also life-b.) 
 something to keep person afloat ; also fig. in 
 both senses, [f. OF bote or MDu. boei f. L boia 
 chain] 
 
 buoy 2 (boi), v.t. (Usu. with up) keep afloat ; 
 bring to surface of water ; sustain (person, 
 courage, &c. ), uplift. (Without up, sometimes 
 with oid) mark with buoy(s). [see prec, but 
 the vb is perh. directly f. a foreign source] 
 
 buoyage (ij),n. Providing of buoys. T-age] 
 
 buoyancy, n. Floating power (of solid to 
 stay, of liquid to keep object, afloat) ; (Hydrost.) 
 loss of weight by immersion in liquid ; elasti- 
 city, recuperative power, (of spirits, also of 
 prices, &c). [f. foil. ; see -ancy] 
 
 buoyant (boi-), a. Apt to float, rise, keep 
 up, or recover, springy ; able to keep things up ; 
 light-hearted. Hence buoyantLY 2 adv. [ = , 
 & perh. f., Sp. boy ante \ earlier than buoy 2 ; 
 see buoy : ] 
 
 bur, bupp, n. (Any plant with) clinging seed- 
 vessel or flower ; female hop-catkin ; person 
 hard to shake off. [-Da. borre] 
 
 bup'ble, v.i. Simmer (with rage, mirth), [on 
 burst, bubble ; but cf. obs. burble bubble] 
 
 bup'bot, n. Eel-like flat-headed bearded 
 fresh-water fish. [f. F bourbotte cf. bourboter 
 Avallow f. LL borba f. Gk borboros mud] 
 
 bup'den 1 , bup'then (-dh-), n. (usu. -den 
 exc. = tonnage). Load (lit., or of labour, duty, 
 sorrow, &c. ; b. of proof, obligation to prove 
 falling on maker of statement) ; obligatory ex- 
 pense ; ship's carrying-capacity, tonnage : bear- 
 ing of loads {ship, beast, ofb.); (bibl.) oracle, 
 heavy fate ; ( = obs. senses of bourdon) refrain, 
 chorus, of song, chief theme or gist of poem, 
 book, speech, &c. [OE byrthen =OSax. bur- 
 thinnia (st. of bear 3 + suf. -innja) ; for -d- cf . 
 murther, murder] 
 
 109 BURLESQUE 
 
 bup'den 2 , bup'then, v.t. Load (lit. & fig.), 
 encumber, oppress, tax. [f. prec] 
 
 bup'densome, a. Oppressive, wearying. 
 Hence bup'densomeNESS n. [-some] 
 
 bup'doek, n. Coarse plant with prickly 
 flower-heads (bur) & dock-like leaves, [bur + 
 dock J ] 
 
 bureau (buro - ), n. (pi. -eaux, pr. -6z). Writ- 
 ing-desk with drawers, escritoire; office, 
 government department. [F,= office, desk, 
 orig. baize f. OF btirel dim. of bure coarse 
 cloth cf. buire brown f. L burrus red perh. f. 
 Gk puri'hos red] 
 
 bureau'eracy (-okra-), n. Government by 
 bureaux, centralization : officialism ; officials. 
 Allied wds : bureau'cRAT n., bureauera't- 
 ro a., bupeauepa'tiCALLY adv., bureau*- 
 cpatiSM(2), bupeau*epatiST(2), nn. [f. prec 
 + -cracy] 
 
 bupe'tte, n. Graduated glass tube for mea- 
 suring small quantities of liquid. [F, dim. of 
 buii^e vase] 
 
 burgage, n. An ancient tenure {hold in &.). 
 [f. med. L burgagium {burgus see borough)] 
 
 burgee', n. Small tapered pennant used by 
 yachts &c [?] 
 
 bup'geon, boup'geon, (berjn), n., & v.i. 
 (Put forth, spring forth as) young shoot(s), bud, 
 begin to grow, (poet., & also in Zool. of gemma- 
 tion). [ME borioun f. OF burjon etym. dub.] 
 
 bup'gess, n. Inhabitant of borough with 
 full municipal rights, citizen ; (Hist.) member 
 of parliament for borough, corporate town, or 
 university. [ME & OF burgeis = bourgeois j ] 
 
 bupgh (buTu), n. (Sc). Scotch chartered 
 town (used in E in writing of Scotch borough), 
 [see borough] 
 
 burgher (bei-ge?-), n. (archaic). Citizen 
 (chiefly of foreign towns), [f. G or Du. burger 
 (burg fortified town), later assim. to E burgh] 
 
 bup'glap, n. One who breaks into house by 
 night with intent to commit felony. Hence 
 bup'glapY 1 n., bupglap*iousa.,bupglap'- 
 iousLY 2 adv. [f. Anglo-L burglator, burgator, 
 perh. made on burgh-breche the native term 
 for burglary] 
 
 bup'gle, v.i. & t. Commit burglary; enter 
 or rob (house) burglariously, [recent back- 
 formation f. prec, but cf. burgulare 1354] 
 
 bup'gomastep, n. Mayor of Dutch or Flem- 
 ish town. [f. Du. burgemeester (borough)] 
 
 bup'gonet, n. (hist). Visored helmet ; steel 
 cap. [f. OF bourguignotte f. Bourgogne Bur- 
 gundy] 
 
 burgundy, n. Kinds of (usu. red) wine of 
 Burgundy. 
 
 bu'pial (be-), n. Depositing under earth, 
 burying, esp. of dead body, funeral ; b.-ground, 
 cemetery ; b.-service, religious form (esp. that 
 in Ch.-of-Engl. prayer-book) at funeral, [f. OE 
 byrgels cf. OSax. burgisli (burg- st. of bergan 
 cover), -s dropped as though pi., cf. pea] 
 
 bup'in, n. Tool for engraving on copper. 
 Hence bup'iniST(l) n. [F, perh. f. OHG bora 
 boring-tool (bore 1 )] 
 
 burke, v.t. Avoid, smother, (publicity, in- 
 quiry) ; hush up, suppress, (rumour, book). 
 [Burke executed 1829 for smothering people to 
 sell bodies for dissection] 
 
 burl, n., & v.t. Knot in wool or cloth ; (vb) 
 clear of bb. [f. OF bourle] 
 
 bup'lap, n. Coarse canvas, [cf. Du. boenlap 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 burle-sque (-esk), a. & n., & v.t. Imitative, 
 imitation, imitate, for purpose of deriding or 
 amusing ; bombast(ic), mock-serious(ness) ; cari- 
 cature.parody ,esp. (of) literary &dramaticwork. 
 [F, f. It. burlesco (burla mockery, -esque)] 
 
BURLY 
 
 110 
 
 BUSINESS 
 
 bup'ly, a. Sturdy, corpulent. Hence bup'- 
 Hness n. [ME borlich prob. f. an OE burlic 
 (handsome, flt for the) bovver 1 , + -ly *] 
 
 burn 1 , n. (Sc, north., poet.). Small stream. 
 [com.-Teut. cf. Du. born, & S.-Engl. bourn l ] 
 
 burn 2 , v.t. & i. (burnt sometimes burned). 
 Consume, waste, by fire (t. & i., the heat, heat- 
 ing person, or heated thing, being subject ; 
 b. away, out, to nothing, to extinction ; b. up, 
 get rid of by fire ; b. out, consume contents of ; 
 b. one's boats, commit oneself irrevocably to a 
 course) ; blaze, glow, with fire (b. up, flash into 
 blaze; b. down, low, less vigorously as fuel 
 fails) ; give, make to give, light (lamp, candles, 
 gas, oil, &c. ; b. blue Sec, give blue &c. light ; 
 b. candle at both ends, not husband energy ; 
 b. daylight, use artificial light by day) ; put, be 
 put, to death by fire ; harden, produce, (bricks, 
 lime, charcoal) by heat; make (hole &c.) by 
 heat (money burns hole in pocket, clamours to 
 be spent); injure, be injured, by fire or great 
 heat (b. one's fingers, suffer for meddling or 
 rashness); char, scorch, in cooking (t. & i.), 
 adhere to saucepan &c. ; cauterize, brand, 
 (b. in, into, impress indelibly) ; eat, make acid 
 &c. eat, its way (into material, material, or 
 abs.) ; parch, freckle, tan, colour, (t. & i. ; abs. 
 or with brown, dry, &c.) ; give, feel, sensation 
 or pain (as) of heat (burnt child dreads fire ; 
 ears b., when one is talked of ; b., get near dis- 
 covery or truth, as in child's game) ; make, be, 
 hot or passionate, glow, blaze, rage, yearn ; b. 
 person out, expel him by fire; b. the water, 
 spear salmon by torchlight; burning-glass, 
 convex lens or concave mirror concentrating 
 sun's rays enough to ignite object at focus ; 
 burnt offering, sacrifice made by burning. [OE 
 brinnan intr., bsernan trans. ; com.-Teut. cf. G 
 brennen] 
 
 burn 3 , n. Sore, mark, on body made by 
 burning, [f. prec] 
 
 bup'nep, n. In vbl senses, esp. in comb, as 
 brick-b. ; also, part of lamp &c. that shapes 
 the flame, [-er 1 ] 
 
 bup'net, n. Kinds of brown-flowered plant, 
 [f. obs. adj. burnet f. OF burnete see brun- 
 ette] 
 
 bup'ningr, a. In vbl senses ; also : flagrant 
 (b. shame, disgrace) ; hotly discussed, exciting, 
 (b. question) ; b. scent (in hunting), strong. 
 [-ING 2 ] 
 
 bur'nish, v.t. & i. Polish by friction ; (with 
 xvell &c.) take a polish. Hence bup'nishER l (2) 
 n. [f. OF burnir—brunir (brun brown), see 
 -ish 2 ] 
 
 bupnou's(e) (-oos, -ooz), n. Arab, Moorish. 
 & lady's, hooded cloak. [F (-s), f. Arab, burnus] 
 
 bupp 1 , n. Nebulous disk round moon or 
 star ; rough ridge left on cut or punched metal 
 or paper (b.-drill, dentist's) ; siliceous rock used 
 for mill-stones ; whetstone; kinds of limestone ; 
 rough sounding of letter r as in Northumber- 
 land ; whirring sound ; = bur. [etym. dub. ; 
 perh. four different wds ; & cf. bur] 
 
 bupp 2 , v.t. & i. Pronounce with sound of 
 Northumbrian r, also of French r ; speak with- 
 out clear articulation, [cf. prec] 
 
 birppow, n., & v.i. & t. (Make, live in) hole 
 excavated in earth, as of foxes, rabbits, &c. ; 
 make by excavating (hole, one's way) ; retire 
 out of sight; (fig.) investigate mysteries &c. 
 Hence bu'ppowER 1 n. [perh. = borough] 
 
 bup'sap, n. Treasurer, esp. of a college ; 
 exhibitioner in Scotch University or school, 
 whence bup'saPY 1 n. [f. med. L bursarius 
 (bursa bag f. Gk = hide)] 
 
 bupsap'ial, a. Of bursar(y). [-al] 
 
 bursts ^.t. & i. (past & p.p. burst). Fly by 
 
 expansion of contents, send (containing case), 
 violently asunder, split, (powder, shell, &c. ; 
 exaggeratively, b. with food or emotion, heart 
 bursts) ; get away from or through, make way 
 out or in, express one's feelings, by force or 
 suddenly (river bu?*sts banks ; b. in, come into 
 room, interrupt ; b. out, exclaim ; b. into tears, 
 out laughing, break into tears, laughter ; b. 
 upon enemy's country, overrun it) ; open, come 
 open, be opened, forcibly (boil, bud, cloud, b. ; 
 b. door, door bursts, in or open) ; fill, be full, to 
 overflowing (grain bursts granary, granary 
 bursting ; b. with joy, envy, pride, a secret) ; 
 appear suddenly (b. into fiame, upon the view ; 
 sun, war, disease, b. out) ; suffer bursting of 
 (some part ; b. a blood-vessel, one's heart, sides 
 xcith laughing, buttons with food). [OE berstan 
 f. OTeut. brestan perh. f. brek- break; there 
 has been double metathesis, OTeut. brest-, OE 
 berst-, ME brest-, mod. bwst] 
 
 burst 2 , n. Bursting, split ; b.-up (often bust- 
 colloq.), collapse ; sudden issuing forth (b. of 
 flame), explosion, outbreak, (lit. &fig.) ; spurt; 
 continuous gallop ; bout of drunkenness &c. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 bup'then. See burden. 
 
 bupy (be'ri), v.t. Deposit in, commit to, earth, 
 tomb, or sea (corpse) ; (of relatives) to have 
 buried, lost; (of clergy) perform burial rites; 
 put under ground (b. alive ; b. the hatchet, re- 
 nounce quarrel); put away, forget; (chiefly 
 refl. & pass.) consign to obscurity ; hide in 
 earth (treasure &c), cover up, submerge ; 
 withdraw from view (face in hands, hands in 
 pockets) ; (p.p.) immersed (buried in sloth) ; 
 burying-ground, -place, graveyard, cemetery. 
 [OE byrgan cf. burial] 
 
 bus, 'b-, n. (pi. -es), & v.i. (Go by) omnibus. 
 
 bu'sby (-z-), n. Tall fur cap of Hussars, 
 Artillery, & Engineers. [?J 
 
 bush * (bdbsh), n. Shrub, clump of shrubs ; 
 bunch of ivy as ancient vintner's sign (good 
 wine needs no b.) ; luxuriant growth of hair, 
 whisker, &c. ; woodland, unfilled district, (esp. 
 in colonies ; take to the b., become bushranger) ; 
 beat 1 about b. ; bush- in many bird, beast, & 
 plant names ; b. -fighter, -ing, (person used to) 
 fighting in the b., guerilla Warfare ; b.-harrow, 
 heavy frame with bars between which branches 
 are inserted for harrowing grass land or cover- 
 ing seed, (vb) harrow with this ; bushman, 
 aboriginal of a S.-Afr. tribe, dweller, farmer, 
 or traveller in the Australian b., whence 
 bu'shmansHiP (3) n. [after Du. boschjesman 
 (bosch bush)] ; b.-ranger, Australian brigand 
 (at first escaped convict) living in the bush ; 
 b.-rope, tropical wild vine netting trees to- 
 gether. [ME busk f. ON buskr, cf. G busch, 
 Du. bosch (whence prob. the sense woodland 
 above), f. Rom. bosco see bosk] 
 
 bush * 2 , v.t. Set (ground) with bb. to frustrate 
 net-poaching ; b.-harrow (ground), [prec] 
 
 bush 3 (boosh), n., & v.t. Metal lining of axle- 
 hole 01 other circular orifice, perforated plug ; 
 (vb) furnish with b. [prob. f. MDu. busse box 2 
 .cf. blunderbuss] 
 
 bu'shel (bobshl), n. Measure of capacity 
 (8 gal.) for corn, fruit, &c (not hide light or 
 candle under b., set example ; measure others' 
 corn by one's own b., judge others by oneself). 
 Hence bu'shelFUL (2) n. [ME boyschel f. OF 
 boissiel f. LL buscellus f. buxis box 2 ] 
 
 bu'shy, a. Abounding in bushes ; growing 
 thickly. Hence bu'shiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 business (bi'znis), n. Being busy (orig. 
 sense, now obs., see busyness) ; task, duty, 
 province, (make it one's b. to, undertake) ; 
 cause of coming (what is your b. ?) ; habitual 
 
BUSINESS-LIKE 
 
 111 
 
 BUTTER 
 
 occupation, profession, trade ; serious work 
 (means b., is in earnest ; on b., with definite 
 purpose ; b. end of tin tack, point ; b. hours, 
 hours of b., of regular work, open shop or 
 office, &c.) ; thing needing attention, agenda, 
 {the b. of the day, meeting, &c.) ; dealings with 
 men & matters (b. man, one used to these, & 
 see helow ; man of b., agent, attorney) ; diffi- 
 cult matter (what a b. it is !, make a great b. of 
 it) ; thing that concerns one, that one may 
 meddle with, (mind your own, go about your, 
 send, about his, b., reproof or dismissal ; has no 
 b. to, no right) ; (contempt.) device, machine, 
 process, concern, course of events, (sick of the 
 whole b.; a lath-it-plaster b.); (Theatr.) action, 
 dumb - show ; buying & selling, bargaining, 
 (doing a great b. ; good stroke of b. ; b. man, 
 engaged in commerce, also see above) ; com- 
 mercial house, firm; do one's b., kill him; 
 good b.!, well done! [OE bisignis (busy J + 
 
 -NESS)] 
 
 business-like, a. Systematic, practical, 
 prompt, well-ordered, [-like] 
 busk, n. Rigid strip stiffening corset-front, 
 [f. F busc etym. dub.] 
 
 bu'skin, n. Boot reaching to calf or knee ; 
 thick-soled boot lending height to Athenian 
 tragic actor; the tragic vein, tragedy, (see 
 sock ; put on the b., write or act tragedy). 
 Hence bu'skinED 2 a. [in many Europ. langg. ; 
 the E perh. f. OSp. boszegui, F brousequin, 
 Du. brozeken, &c, having br- ; etym. dub. ; MIt. 
 borzachino suggests borza purse] 
 buss, n., & v.t., (archaic). Kiss, [earlier 
 bass n. & v. ; cf. F baiser, L basiare, basium] 
 bust, n. Sculpture of person's head, shoul- 
 ders, & chest ; upper front of body, bosom, esp. 
 of woman, [f. F buste f. It. busto etym. dub.] 
 bu'stard, n. Genus of large swift-running 
 birds, [perh. mixture of OF bistarde, oustarde, 
 both f. L avis tarda slow bird (the inappro- 
 priate adj. unexplained)] 
 bu'stle ! (busl), v.i. & t. Bestir oneself ; 
 make show of activity, hurry aboxd ; make 
 (others) hurry or work hard. [perh. var. of obs. 
 buskle f. obs. busk prepare (ON buask refl. of 
 biia prepare cf. bound 5 )] 
 bu'stle 2 , n. Excited activity, fuss. [f. prec] 
 bustle 3 (bu'sl), n. Pad or frame puffing out 
 top of woman's skirt behind, [perh. = prec] 
 busy 1 (bi'zi), a. Occupied, working, en- 
 gaged, with attention concentrated, (b. in, 
 with, at ; also, prep, being dropped, with vbl 
 n. now looking like part., as he icas b. packing) ; 
 unresting, ever employed, stirring; fussy, med- 
 dlesome, prying, mischievous ; b. idle(ness), 
 spending energy on trifles; b.-body, meddle- 
 some person, mischief-maker. Hence bu'siLY 2 
 adv. IOE bisig ; only E & LG cf. Du. bezig ; 
 the -u- unexplained] 
 
 bu'sy 2 , v.t. Occupy (esp. one.s-e7/, one's 
 hands, eyes, &c), keep b., (with, in, at, about, 
 or with -ing, or abs.). [OE bisgian see prec] 
 bu'syness, n. State or quality of being 
 busy. [mod. form differentiated in spelling & 
 pronunc f. business] 
 
 but 1 (orig. adv. & prep. = outside, without ; 
 developed into conj., under which most mod. 
 uses belong ; but it is now adv., prep., negative 
 rel. pron., subord. & coord, conj. ; clear distinc- 
 tion of these is not here possible). Only (she is 
 b. a child, I can b. do it) ; except, if not, short 
 of, except that, ir it were not that, short of the 
 condition that, (they are all wrong b. he, him ; 
 no one b. me, I; never b. once ; he all b. did it ; 
 what can he do b. die ; nothing woidd content 
 him b. I must come) ; otherwise than (cannot 
 choose b., cannot &., do it) ; who or that not 
 
 (no one b. knows that); without the result &c. 
 that (never rains b. it pours ; justice was never 
 done b. some one complained) ; rather than so- 
 &-so shall prove untrue (it shall go hard b. I 
 xcill get there ; ten to one b. it was you) ; that 
 not (not such a fool b.— also b. that, b. what— 
 he can see that ; it is impossible b. that offences 
 will come) ; to say (that) not (not b. that— also 
 what— he believed it himself) ; (after neg.) that 
 (/ don't deny, doubt, b. that) ; on the contrary, 
 nevertheless, however, on the other hand, 
 moreover, yet. [OE be-utan, butan, buta, (be-,, 
 out) outside, without] 
 
 but 2 , n., & v.t. An objection; (vb) utter, 
 use, (bb. ; but me no buts). [uses of prec] 
 bu'tehepi (bob-), n. Slaughterer of animals 
 for food ; dealer in meat ; judge, general, &c, 
 who has men killed needlessly or brutally ; a 
 salmon-fly; b.'s bill, list of killed in war; 
 b.-bird, kind of shrike ; b.'s-broom, low spiny- 
 leaved evergreen = Knee Holly; b.'s meat r 
 excluding poultry, game, & bacon &c [f. OF 
 bochier (boc buck 1 ) lit. dealer in goat's flesh] 
 bu'teher 2 , v.t. Slaughter (people) wantonly 
 or cruelly; ruin by bad reading or editing, 
 damage by harsh criticism, [f. prec] 
 bu'teherly, a. Fit for, like, a butcher, coarse, 
 brutal, bloody, [-ly j ] 
 
 bu'tehery, n. Shambles (in barracks, camp, 
 ship, &c) ; (attrib.) butcher's trade (b. trade, 
 business, &c.) ; needless or cruel slaughter of 
 people, [f. F boucherie (butcher, -y l )] 
 bu'tlep, n. Servant in charge of wine-cellar 
 & plate &c, head servant, [f. AF butuiller f. 
 OF boxdeillier, oee bottle 1 , -er 2 (2)] 
 butt 1 , n. Wine or ale cask (108-140 gal. ) ; 
 any barrel, [f. Rom. (F & It, botte) f. LL buttis] 
 butt 2 , n. Thicker end, esp. of tool or weapon 
 (give fish the b., turn b. of rod towards him for 
 firmer hold) ; trunk of tree just above ground ; 
 b. or b.-end, remnant (b.-end also=thicker end) ; 
 base of leaf-stalk ; kinds of flat-fish, as sole, 
 plaice, turbot ; hide of back & flanks trimmed 
 to rectangle, thickest leather (cf. bend l ) ; 
 square end of plank meeting a similar end 
 (also b.-end). [cf. Da. but. Du. bot, stumpy, Sw. 
 bid stump ; whether senses belong together, 
 & relation to other wds butt, doubtful] 
 butt 3 ,n. Mound behind target ; (pi.) shooting- 
 range ; target ; end, aim, object ; object of 
 (ridicule &c); object of teasing & ridicule, 
 [f. F bid goal cf. foil.] 
 
 butt 4 , v.i. & t., & n. Push (v. & n.) with the 
 head (come b. or full b. against, run into) ; meet 
 end to end (b. against, upon) ; come, place 
 (timber &c), with end flat against wall &c. 
 [f. OF boter, buter, (now bouter) thrust, project, 
 influenced by abut] 
 
 bu'ttep i, n. Fatty substance made from 
 cream by churning (look as if b. would not 
 melt in mouth, demure ; melted b., sauce of b., 
 flour, &c); kinds of substance of similar con- 
 sistency or look, as b. of almonds; fulsome 
 flattery ; b.-&-eggs, kinds of plant with two 
 yellows in flower, as toad-flax ; b.-boat, sauce- 
 boat ; b.-knife, blunt, of silver &c, for cutting 
 b. ; b.-scotch, kind of toffee; butterbur, plants 
 with large soft leaves ; buttercup, kinds of 
 yellow-flowered Ranunculus ; b.-fingers, -fin- 
 gered, (person) unable to hold things, esp. 
 a catch at cricket ; buttermilk, liquid left after 
 churning b. ; b.-nut, N.-Amer. oily nut(-tree) ; 
 b.-print, wooden stamp for marking b. ; butter- 
 wort, fleshy-leaved Violet -flowered bog-plant. 
 Hence bu'tterv 2 a., butteriNESS n. [OE 
 butere, f. L f. Gk bouturon (bous cow, turon 
 cheese, or perh. barbarian wd so accounted for)] 
 1 bu'tter 2 , v.t. Spread, cook, sauce, with b. 
 
BUTTERBUMP 
 
 112 
 
 BY- 
 
 {fine xods b. no parsnips, mere professions are 
 valueless) ; for other phrr. see bread) ; (also b. 
 up) flatter, [f. prec] 
 
 bu'ttepbump, n. = bittern. [see bump 3 ] 
 
 tau*ttei»fly, n. & a. Diurnal erect-winged 
 insect with knobbed antennae ; showy or fickle 
 (person), trifler; b.-nut, -screw, (Mech.), with 
 \ .ings to be turned by thumb & finger ; break j 
 b. on wheel. [OE buttor-fleoge cf. Du. boter- 
 vlieg, connexion with butter unexplained] 
 
 bvrttepine (-en), n. Imitation butter of 
 oleo-margarine & milk, [-ine 1 ] 
 
 bu'ttepis, n. Farrier's tool for paring hoof, 
 [cf. F boutoir & obs. E butter]. 
 
 bu'ttepy, n. Place in colleges &c. where 
 bread & ale, butter, &c, are kept ; b.-hatch, 
 half-door over which provisions are issued, [f. 
 OF boterie = bouteillerie (bottle 1 , -ery)] 
 
 bu'ttoek. 1 , n. Half of rump (usu. in pi.); man- 
 oeuvre in wrestling (usu. cross-b., running-b., 
 &c); b.-steak, = rumpsteak. [butt 2 + -ock] 
 
 bu'ttoek 2 , v.t. Throw by using b. [f. prec] 
 
 button \ n. Knob or disk sewn to garment 
 to fasten it by passing through buttonhole, or 
 for ornament (boy in bb., page ; take by the b., 
 detain, see buttonhole below) ; bud ; unopened 
 mushroom ; in plant names, as bachelor's b. ; 
 knob, handle, catch, as in electric bell (touchthe 
 b. , produce complicated result by simple action ) ; 
 small bar revolving on pivot as door-fastening ; 
 small rounded body; terminal knob (on foil, 
 making it harmless ; also as ornament) ; &.- 
 boot, fastened with bb. ; buttonhole, slit made 
 to receive fastening b., (fig.) small mouth, 
 flower(s) worn in buttonhole, (vb) make button- 
 holes (in), hold by a coat or waistcoat b., 
 detain, (reluctant listener), whence button- 
 holER 1 n. [last sense by confusion with earlier 
 b.-hold] ; buttonhook, for pulling b. into place. 
 Hence (-)buttonED 2 , buttonLESS, aa., 
 birttonlessxESS n. [f. OF boton bud f. LL 
 *bottonem nom.' -to f. oottare push, cf. butt 4 ] 
 
 birtton 2 , v.t. & i. Furnish with button(s) ; 
 fasten (t. & i.) with bb. (often up) ; enclose 
 within buttoned garment (person, or object 
 carried with one ; usu. up), [f. prec] 
 
 buttons, n. Liveried page. [pi. of button 1 ] 
 
 buttony, a. With many buttons. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 buttress, n., & v.t. Support built against 
 wall &c ; prop (lit. & fig.) ; b.-like projection 
 of hill ; (vb) support (lit. & fig., often with up) 
 with b., by argument, &c [perh. f. OF bouterez, 
 -e£,_flying buttress (bouter push cf. abut)] 
 
 butyp-, butyro-, st. & comb, form of tech- 
 nical wds as butyrA'CEOXJS, buty'ric, butyro- 
 ace'tic ; of butter, esp. in its chem. aspect. 
 
 bu*xom, a. Plump, comely. Hence 
 bu'xomNESS n. learlier sense pliant ; ME 
 buhsum f. st. of bugan bow 3 + -some] 
 
 buy (bi), v.t. (bought, pr. bawt). Obtain by 
 paying a (usu. money) price ; serve to procure 
 (money cannot b. ) ; get by some sacrifice (dearly 
 bought) ; gain over (person) by bribery &c ; b. 
 in, b. a stock of, withdraw at auction by naming 
 higher price than highest offered ; b. into, b. 
 stock or shares in (the Funds or a company) ; 
 b. off, get rid by payment of (claim, claimant, 
 blackmailer), get (soldier) discharged so ; b. 
 out, pay person to give up post, property, &c ; 
 b. over, bribe ; b. up, b. as much as possible of ; 
 b. pig in poke, commit oneself inconsiderately. 
 Hence buy 'able a., buy'ER i n. [OE byegan 
 cf. Goth, bugjan etym. dub.] 
 
 buz(z) i, int. = Stale news ! 
 
 buzz 2 , v.i. & t. Make humming sound ; 
 move, hover, about (person or abs.) annoyingly 
 like bluebottle ; (of a company or place) sound 
 .confusedly; circulate (t. & i. of rumour &c.) ; 
 
 utter by speaking together (b. applause) ; 
 throw hard (6. stones), limit.] 
 buzz 3 , n. Hum of bee &c ; sound of people 
 talking, stir, general movement, [f. prec] 
 buzz 4 , n. Downy beetle, fishing-fly like it. 
 [perh. as expressive, cf. fuzzy &'obs. buzz wig] 
 buzz 5 , v.t. Finish (bottle of wine). [?] 
 bu'zzapd, n. Kinds of falcon (B., Bald B. or 
 osprey, Honey B., Moor B., &c). [f. OF busart 
 f. L buteo falcon + -ard] 
 
 bu'zzep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. steam- 
 whistle. [BUZZ 2 , -ER 1 ] 
 
 by 1 , prep. & adv. Prep, (bi, sometimes bi) ; 
 Near, at or to side of, in postal district of, 
 about person or in possession of, in company 
 of, in region of, slightly inclining to, (Bromley- 
 by-Bow, Coniston-by- Ambleside; come hereby 
 me ; stand by, be faithful to, help ; abide by, 
 accept, observe ; have not got it by me ; come 
 by, obtain ; by oneself, alone ; North by East, 
 between N & XNE : by the head, stern, deeper 
 in water there ; by land & sea, adventures by 
 flood & field) ; along, in passing along, through, 
 via, avoiding, passing, out-stripping, (by nearest 
 road ; by the way, as one goes, parenthetically; 
 so by the by, esp. as. formula introducing di- 
 gression ; travel by Bale, Paris ; pass him by, 
 go by him) ; during, in the circumstances of, 
 (by day, night, daylight ; by the space of, 
 biblical for during) ; through the agency, 
 means, instrumentality, or causation, of, 
 owing to, in such a manner, with, (by oneself, 
 without help or prompting ; know, say, by 
 heart ; multiply, divide, by ; 3ft by 2ft ; lead 
 by the hand ; set by the ears, egg on to quarrel ; 
 
 go, be known, by the name of ; what do you 
 
 mean by that ? ; travel by rail ; by all, no, 
 means ; live by bread ; do it by one's deputy ; 
 have children by such a father, mother', 
 authorized, hanged, made, by ; no gas to read 
 by ; case goes by default ; begin, end, by 
 — ing ; by way of a joke ; be by way of know- 
 ing everybody, profess or be supposed to ; 
 cautious by nature ; by cheque, £6. 5. h, in Cr 
 entries; by chance', by dint of; by reason of); 
 as soon as, not later than, (by now, next week,' 
 tomorrow, the time — with or oftener without 
 —that) ; according to, after, from, (by rote ; by 
 right ; by rights, if right were done ; take 
 warning, example, by ; by your leave ; judge 
 by appearances ; sell, buy, by retail, measure, 
 the yard, packet) ; with succession of, suc- 
 ceeding, (by degrees, by hundreds, man by 
 man, little by little) ; to the extent of (missed, 
 by a foot, too moral by half, better by far, 
 much) ; concerning, in respect of, (do one's 
 didy by; French by blood, Jones by name; 
 pull up by the roots) ; as surely as I believe in 
 (by God ; swear by all one holds sacred ; swear 
 by vegetarianism, declare complete belief in 
 it). Adv. (bi): Near (stand by, be inactive, 
 also be ready for action, esp. Naut.) ; aside, in 
 reserve, (put, lay, set, by, abandon or store 
 up) ; past (they marched by ; all that is gone 
 by). [OE bi, bi, be ; cf. OHG bi, bi, (G bet, be-) ; 
 in OE the prep, was sometimes be ; in mod.E 
 the adv. is always by, the prep. usu. by some- 
 times by, & the pref. either by- or be-] 
 by 2 , bye, a. Subordinate, incidental, secon- 
 dary, side, sly, out-of-the-way, secret, as by(e) 
 road, the by(e) effects, a by(e) consideration ; 
 b. election, [by adv. used attrib. ; often 
 hyphened with noun ; usul by when this is 
 done, & bye as sep. wd] 
 by 3 , n. = bye (-e usu. exc in by the by). 
 by-, pref. (1) usu. with one of the meanings 
 of by a. ; it may be written as separate wd (by 
 path or bye path), hyphened (by-path), or, if 
 
BY AND BY 
 
 113 
 
 CABINET 
 
 the combination is often used, as one wd with 
 the other (bypath) ; (2) sometimes with mean- 
 ings of by adv. as in bystander, bygone. 
 
 by and by, adv. & n. Before long, pre- 
 sently ; (n.) the future, fperh. f. by prep, denot- 
 ing succession (one by one &c.)] 
 
 by-blow, n. Side blow at someone else 
 than the main opponent ; bastard child, [by a.] 
 
 bye, n. Something subordinate (by the by er 
 bye, incidentally, parenthetically) ; (Cricket) 
 run scored for ball that passes batsman and 
 wicket-keep, leg-b., for one that touches bats- 
 man ; (Golf) hole(s) remaining after decision of 
 match and played as a new game ; (in games 
 where competitors are paired off) odd man, 
 being odd man. [by 1 as n.] 
 
 bye'-bye \ n. (Nursery word for) sleep, bed. 
 [sound used in lullaby es cf. hushaby, lullaby, 
 bye baby bunting] 
 
 bye-bye* 2 ,int. = Good-bye. [colloq. & child- 
 ish clipping of good-bye] 
 
 by-end, n. Side or secret purpose, [by a.] 
 
 bygone, a. & n. Past, departed ; anti- 
 quated ; (pi. n.) the past, past offences (let bb. be 
 bb., forgive & forget), [by adv.] 
 
 by-lane, n. See by-. 
 
 by-law, bye'-law, n. Regulation made 
 by local authority or corporation, as town or 
 railway company, [prob. f. obs. byrlaio local 
 custom (ON byjar genit. pi. of byr OE by to'wn, 
 cf. Derby &c), but associated with by a.] 
 
 by-name, n. Secondary name, sobriquet ; 
 nickname, [by a.] 
 
 bypast, a. Gone by, elapsed, [by adv.] 
 
 bypath, n. Retired path (lit., & fig. as bb. 
 of history), [by a.] 
 
 by-play, n. Action apart from the main 
 course of events; esp., dumb-show of minor 
 characters on stage, [by a.] 
 
 by-product, n. Thing produced incident- 
 ally in manufacturing something else, [by a.] 
 
 byre (-ir), n. Cow-house. [OE byre peril, 
 cogn. w. bur bower] 
 
 by-road, n. Little-frequented road, [by a.] 
 
 byssus, n. Fine ancient textile fibre & 
 fabric of flax ; tuft of silky filaments by which 
 some molluscs adhere to rock. Hence byss- 
 a'ceous, by ssal, byssi'FEROus, byssiNE 2 , 
 byssoiD, aa. [L, f. Gk bussos] 
 
 bystander, n. Spectator, [by adv.] 
 
 bystreet, n. Out-of-the-way street, [by a.] 
 
 by -'way, n. Secluded road or track (often 
 highway and 6.); short cut; less known de- 
 partment of any subject, [by a.] 
 
 byword, n. Proverb ; person, place, &c. 
 taken as type of some (usu. bad) quality (esp. 
 a b. for iniquity &c. ) [by a.] 
 
 by-work, n. Work done by the way, at 
 leisure moments, [by a.] 
 
 byza'ntine (y or y), a. & n. (Inhabitant) of 
 Byzantium or Constantinople (B. historians, 
 of Eastern Empire from 6th to loth c.) ; of the 
 style in architecture &c. developed in the 
 Eastern Empire (round arch, cross, dome, 
 circle, mosaic). Hence ByzantinESQUE a., 
 Byza'ntiniSM n., Byza'ntiniZE (4) v.t. [f. 
 L Byzantinus f. L f. Gk Buzantion] 
 
 O 
 
 C (se), letter (pi. C's, C's, Cees). C springs, see 
 cee. (Mus.) first note of natural major scale. 
 (In argument) third hypothetical person or 
 thing. (Alg.) third known quantity. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : C, centum, 100, as CI 101, 
 CV 105, CCL 250, CM 900, DC 600, XC 90. C, 
 Centigrade, as 15° C. ; Chartered, C. A. (Ac- 
 countant) ; Companion, as C.B. (Bath), C.M.G. 
 
 (St Michael & St George), C.I.K. (Indian Em- 
 pire) ; confined, C.B. (to barracks) ; County, 
 C.C. (Councillor) ; Ceylon, CCS. (Civil Ser- 
 vice) ; contagious, CD. (diseases) ; Civil, C.E. 
 (Engineer) ; Church, as C.E.T.S. (of England 
 Temperance Society), C.M.S. (Missionary 
 Society) ; Channel, CI. (Islands) ; Crown, CI. 
 (of India) ; Commander, as C.V.O. (Victorian 
 Order); Chief, C.J. (Justice); Commanding, 
 CO. (Officer); cash, C.O.D. (on delivery); 
 Charity, C.O.S. (Organization Society), e., 
 chapter, as e. XII, ee. I-V; cent, as $1.75 e.; 
 colt ; circiter, as e. 1750 ; cum, e. div. (divi- 
 dend) ; carte, e.d.v. (de visite) ; care, e/o (of). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Cal.(ifornia) ; Cambs., 
 Cambridgeshire ; Can.(ada) ; Cant.(icles) ; 
 Cantuar., Abp of Canterbury; cap., chap- 
 ter; Capt.(ain); Cels.(ius) ; Cestr., Bp of 
 Chester ; cf., confer (L - compare) ; eg., centi- 
 gram ; eh.(apter) ; Ch^s.(hire) ; Chron.(icles); 
 Cieestr., Bp of ChiBteter ; eire.(iter) ; el., 
 centilitre ; cm., cenffflretre ; Co.(unty in Ire- 
 land) ; Co.(mpany) ; Col.(onel) ; Col.(ossians); 
 Colo.(rado) ; Conn.(ecticut) ; Cor.(inthians) ; 
 Corn.(wall) ; Corp.(oral) ; ep., compare ; Cr, 
 Creditor ; erim. con., criminal conversation ; 
 Cumb.(erland) ; ewt, hundredweight. 
 
 Caaba (kah'aba), n. Sacred building at 
 Mecca, Mohammedan Holy of Holies con- 
 taining the black stone. [Arab, ka'bah] 
 
 cab 1 , n., & v.i. (Go in a) one-horsed hackney 
 carriage with two or four wheels, esp. the 
 hansom ; driver's shelter on locomotive ; cab- 
 man, driver of c. ; c.-rank, row of cc. on cab- 
 stand, where cc. are authorized to wait ; 
 c.-runner, -toid, men earning pay by fetching, 
 or unloading luggage from, cc. Hence ea*b- 
 less a. [short for cabriolet] 
 
 cab 2 , n., & v.i. (slang). (Use secretly in pre- 
 paring lessons) a translation, crib, [short for 
 archaic cabbage v. .& n. pilfer(ing) perh. f. F 
 cabas basket f. L capacem nom. -ax capacious] 
 
 caba'l, n., & v.i. (-11-). (Join in a) secret in- 
 trigue; clique, faction; (Hist.) the C, 'Com- 
 mittee for Foreign Affairs ' under Charles II, 
 esp. Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, 
 & Lauderdale (1672), precursor of modern 
 Cabinet. Hence caba'llER * n. [f. F cabale(r) 
 f. med.L cabala cabbala; not f. initials of 
 Clifford &c, being quoted from 1616] 
 
 caba'na (-bah-), n. Brand of cigar, [maker] 
 
 cd'baret (-a), n. French pot-house. [F] 
 
 ea'bbage (-Ij), n. Kinds of cultivated vege- 
 table with round heart or head; Sea C, sea 
 kale ; c. btdterfiy, Large White or Small 
 White ; c.-net, for boiling c. in ; c.-rose, double 
 red rose with large compact round flower ; c- 
 tree, various trees, esp. certain palms with 
 terminal bud eaten like c. [earlier cabbage- 
 cole head-vegetable f. ME & F caboche head = 
 It. capocchia f. capo f. L capxd] 
 
 ca*b(b)ala, n. Jewish oral tradition ; mystic 
 interpretation, esoteric doctrine, occult lore. 
 Hence ea'b(b)aliSM(3), ca*b(b)aliST(2), nn., 
 eab(b)ali*stic a., eab(b)ali*stiCALLY adv. 
 [med. L, f. Heb. qabbalah tradition] 
 
 ca'bby, n. (colloq.). Cab-driver. [-Y 3 ] 
 
 ca'ber, n._ Roughly trimmed pine-trunk 
 used in Sc. Highland sport of tossing the c. [L 
 Gael, cabar pole] 
 
 ea'bin, n., & v.t. Small rude dwelling ; 
 room or compartment in ship for sleeping or 
 eating in, officer's or passenger's room ; c.-boy, 
 waiting on officers or passengers ; (vb, chiefly 
 in p.p.) confine in small space, cramp. [ME & 
 F cabane f. LL capanna] 
 
 ca'binet, n. & a. Small private room, closet ; 
 case with drawers &c. for keeping valuables or 
 
CABLE 
 
 114 
 
 CADET 
 
 displaying curiosities. (Pol.) council-room of 
 about twelve or twenty chief ministers of 
 state ; those ministers collectively ; c. council, 
 one of their meetings ; C. Minister, one of 
 them ; c. crisis, difficulties involving change 
 of government or resignation of some mem- 
 ber(s) of c. C. edition, between library & 
 popular in cost &c. ; c. photograph, size larger 
 than carte-de-visite ; c.-maker, -king, skilled 
 joiner, joinery, (also facet, of prime minister 
 forming new government), [cabin + -et 1 , in- 
 fluenced also by F cabinet] 
 
 ea'ble 1 , n. Strong thick rope (Naut., 10 in. 
 or more in circumf., cf. cablet, hawser) of 
 hemp or wire strands; (Naut.) rope or chain 
 of anchor, (as measure) 100 fathoms; (Teleg.) 
 submarine or underground line containing 
 insulated wires, also = cablegram ; (Arch. & 
 goldsmith's work) rope-shaped ornament; c- 
 laid rope, of three tripl^trands. [cf. Du. kabel 
 f. Rom. cf. F cable, It&kppio, f. LL capulum 
 halter cf. L capulus hilt (capere take); but the 
 F may be f. L *catabola kind of ballista] 
 
 ea'ble 2 , v.t. & i. Furnish, fasten, with c. ; 
 (Arch.) fill lower part of flutings of (column) 
 with convex mouldings ; transmit (message), 
 communicate, inform (person), by c. [f. prec] 
 
 ea'blegrpamjn. Message by submarine cable. 
 [cable 1 + -gram (hybrid on telegram >] 
 
 ea'blet, n. Cable-laid rope under 10 in. in 
 circumference, [-et 1 ] 
 
 cabo'bs, n. pi. Meat cooked in small pieces 
 with ginger, garlic, &c. [Arab, kabab] 
 
 caboo'dle, n. (slang). The whole c, all the 
 lot (persons or things). [U.S. wd etym. dub.] 
 
 caboo'se, n. Cooking-room on ship's deck. 
 [cf.Du. kabuis perh. = *kaban-huys cabin-house) 
 
 ca'botag-e (-Ij), n. Coasting-trade. [F, f. 
 caboter to coast, etym. dub.] 
 
 cabriolet* (-a), n. Light two- wheeled hooded 
 one-horse chaise. [F, f. cabriole goat's leap f. It. 
 capribla (caprio f. L cuprum nom. -per goat)] 
 
 caca'o, n. & a. Seed of tropical Amer. tree, 
 giving cocoa & chocolate ; the tree (also c.-tree). 
 [Sp., f. Mex. caca(-uatl -tree)] 
 
 ca'chalot (-shalot, -shalo), n. Kinds of 
 whale with teeth in lower jaw, esp. Common 
 C, Sperm whale. [F, = toothed f. Gascon 
 cachau large tooth] 
 
 cache (kash), n., & v.t. Hiding-place for trea- 
 sure, provisions, ammunition, &c, esp. as used 
 by explorers ; the hiding (make a c.) or stores 
 hidden ; (vb) place in c. [F, f. cacher to hide f. 
 L CO(actare collect frequent, of agere bring)] 
 
 cache'ctie (-k-), a. Of, suffering from, 
 cachexy, [f. Gk kakhektikos of cachexy] 
 
 ca'chei (-sha), n. Stamp (fig.), distinguishing 
 mark, internal evidence of authenticity, [obs. 
 sense seal, cf. F lettre de c. letter under king's 
 private seal (cacher see cache)] 
 
 cachexy (-k-), n. Ill-conditioned state of 
 body or mind. [f. Gk kakhexia (caco- + hexis 
 habit f. ekho hold, be)] 
 
 ca'chinnate (-k-), v.i. Laugh loudly. So 
 cachinxATioN n., ca'ehinnatORY a. [f. L 
 cachinnare, -ate 3 ] 
 
 ca-cholong- (-tsh-), n. Kind of opal. [f. 
 Kalmuck kaschtschilon beautiful stone] 
 
 ca'ehou (-shoo), n. = catechu ; pill used by 
 smokers to sweeten_breath. [F, = cashew] 
 
 cachwcha (-tshootsha), n. A dance. [Sp.] 
 
 caci'que (-sek), n. W. -Indian & Amer.-In- 
 dian native chief. [Sp., f. Haytian] 
 
 ca'ckle, v.i. & t., & n. (Make) clucking of 
 hen after laying ; (indulge in) glib noisy incon- 
 sequent talk ; boast ; chuckle ; c. out &c, say 
 cacklingly. Hence ea'eklER 1 n. [ME cake- 
 len ; imit., cf. Du. kakelen, G gackeln\ 
 
 caco-, pref. = Gk kako- (kakos bad), found 
 in some wds taken direct or through L (& F) f. 
 Gk ; & prefixed in med. terms (= disease of, as 
 cacophthalmia eye-disease, or mal-, as caco- 
 morphia malformation) usu. to Gk compo- 
 nents, rarely to L as cacodorous ill-smelling. 
 
 eacode'mon, -ae'mon, n. Evil spirit; 
 malignant person, [f. Gk kakodaimon (prec. =+- 
 dainwn spirit)] 
 
 ea'eodyl, n. Stinking poisonous compound 
 of arsenic & methyl. Hence eacody'lic a. 
 [Gk kakodes stinking (caco- + od- root of ozo 
 to smell) + -yl] 
 
 caco'epy, n. Bad pronunciation (cf. or- 
 thoepy), [f. Gk CACO(epei'a f. epos word, 
 see -y 1 )] 
 
 cacoe'thes (-ez), n. Ill habit, itch for doing 
 something unadvisable, usu. in scribendi c, 
 scribbling-mania. [f. Gk kakoethes neut. adj. 
 (caco- + ethos disposition] 
 
 eaeo'gpaphy, n. Bad handwriting or spell- 
 ing. Hence caco'GRAPHER n., caeoGRA'PHi- 
 c(al) aa. [caco-, -graphy] 
 
 eaeo'logy, n. Bad choice of words or pronun- 
 ciation, [f. 6k kakologia vituperation (caco-, 
 -logos -speaking f. lego speak)] 
 
 cacoo'n, n. Large flat polished bean of 
 tropical shrub with 6-8 ft pods. [African ?] 
 
 eaco'phonous, a. Ill-sounding. [Gk caco- 
 (phonos -sounding f. phone sound) -f -ous] 
 
 caco'phony, n. Ill sound (cf. euphony) ; 
 discord (lit. & fig.), [f. F cacophonie f. Gk 
 kakophonia as prec. & see -Y J ] 
 
 ca'ctus, n. Kinds of succulent plant with 
 thick fleshy stem, usu. no leaves, & clusters of 
 spines. Hence cactA'CEOUS, ea'ctAL, ca'ct- 
 oid, aa. [L, f. Gk kaktos cardoon] 
 
 cad, n. Omnibus conductor ; hanger-on em- 
 ployed about (esp. school & college) games ; 
 member of lower classes ; person of low 
 manners ; person guilty or capable of un- 
 gentlemanly conduct, blackguard, whence 
 ca'ddiSH 1 a. [quoted f. 1831; prob. short for 
 cadet (cf. caddie) & started at Eton & Oxford 
 as name for townsmen] 
 
 cada'stpal, a. Of, showing, the extent, 
 value, & ownership, of land for taxation (esp. 
 c. survey). (F, f. cadastre f. L capitastriim 
 register of capita (caput head) units made for 
 Roman capitatio terrena land-tax] 
 
 cadave'pie, a. (med. & physiol.). Character- 
 istic of a corpse. [L cadaver corpse (perh. f. 
 cadere fall) + -ic] 
 
 eada'verous, a. Corpse-like ; deadly pale, 
 [f. F cadavereux f. L cadaverosus (prec, -OSE 1 )] 
 
 ca'ddie, n. Golf-player's attendant. [Sc. 
 (also cadie), f. F cadet 2 ] 
 
 ca'ddis, -ice, n. Larva of May-fly &c, liv- 
 ing in water & making cylindrical case of 
 hollow stems &c, used as bait; also c.-bait, 
 -worm, [also cad, cod, etym. dub.] 
 
 ca'ddy, n. Small box for holding tea. [f. 
 Malay kati weight = 14 lb.] 
 
 ca'dence, n. Rhythm ; measured move- 
 ment, esp. of sound ; fall of voice, esp. at end 
 of period ; intonation ; 'close of musical phrase. 
 Hence (-)ca'dencED 2 a. [F, f. It. cadenza 
 (L cadere fall, -ence)] 
 
 ea'deney, n. Descent of younger branch, 
 cadetship. [as prec, -ency] 
 
 cade'nza (-tsa), n. (mus.). Flourish of voice 
 or instrument at close of movement. [It.] 
 
 cade't 1 , n. Younger son ; student in naval 
 or military college, whence cade'tSHiP n. ; 
 member of Russian Constitutional-Democratic 
 party, [f. foil. f. loth-c capdet f. Rom. * capit- 
 etto dim. of L caput head = little chief] 
 
 cadet- (F), n. (Appended to surname of 
 
CADGE 
 
 115 
 
 CALCEOLARIA 
 
 younger brother for distinction, cf. a!ne) the 
 younger (as Coquelin c). 
 
 cadge, v.i. & t. Go about peddling or beg- 
 ging ; get by begging, [pern. var. of catch] 
 
 ea'dger, n. Carrier ; itinerant dealer in 
 eggs, butter, &c., between remote farms and 
 towns; street hawker ; beggar, loafer, [-er 1 ] 
 
 ca'cfi (kah-, ka-), n. Civil judge, usu. of town 
 &c., among Turks, Arabs, Persians. [Arab.] 
 
 Cadmean. See victory. 
 
 ca'dmium, n. Bluish-white metal resemb- 
 ling tin ; c.-yellow, intense yellow pigment. 
 Hence eadmi'FEROUS, ca'dmic, aa. [f. obs. 
 cadmia calamine f. L f. Gk kadmia (ge) Cad- 
 mean (earth), -ium] 
 
 cadre (kah'dr), n. Framework, scheme ; 
 (Mil.) permanent establishment of regiment 
 forming nucleus for expansion at need. [F, f. 
 It. quadro f. L quadrum square] 
 
 cadu'ceus, n. (pi. -el). Ancient herald's 
 \vand,esp. as carried by messenger-god Hermes. 
 [L, f. Gk karukion (kerux herald)] 
 
 eadireity, n., cadu'cous, a. Fleeting 
 
 (nature) ; perishable(ness) ; (Zool. & Bot., of 
 
 organs and parts) falling off (n. & a.) when 
 
 work is done. [n. thr. F caducite (-TY), a. f. L 
 
 .caducus falling (cadere fall) + -ous] 
 
 eae'eum (se-), n. (pi. -a). The blind gut, first 
 part of large intestine in mammals &c. ; any 
 tube with closed end. Hence eae'CAL, eae'ei- 
 form, aa., cae'calLY 2 adv., eaeerxis n. [L, 
 for intestinum caecum f. caecus blind] 
 
 Caesar, n. Roman Emperor from Augustus 
 to Hadrian ; heir presumptive of later Roman 
 Emperor; (loosely) any Roman Emperor; an 
 autocrat ; the civil power (Matt. xxii. 21). [L, 
 family name of C. Julius] 
 
 Caesa'rean, -ian, a. & n. Of Caesar or the 
 Caesars, imperial; C. birth, operation, delivery 
 of child by cutting walls of abdomen (as with 
 Julius); (n.) adherent of Caesar or an auto- 
 cratic system, [f. L Caesarianus see -ean] 
 
 Cae'sarism, -ist, nn. (Believer in) auto- 
 cracy. [-IS.M(3), -IST(2)] 
 
 cae'sious (se-), a. (bot.). Bluish or greyish 
 green, [f. L caesius + -ous] 
 
 eae'sium (se-), n. (chem.). An alkali-metal, 
 [as prec^f. its spectrum lines] 
 
 caesura (-z-), n. (Clas. prosody) break 
 between words within a metrical foot ; (Eng. 
 prosody) pause about middle of line. Hence 
 caesupAL a. [L (caedere caes- cut, -ure)] 
 
 ea'fe^ 1 (-a), n. Coffee-house, restaurant (esp. 
 foreign ; c. chantant, with music and entertain- 
 ments, often in open air). [F,=coffee(-house)] 
 
 cafe 2 (kafa # ), n. Coffee; c. au lait (6 la), 
 with milk ; c. noir (nwahr), without milk. [F] 
 
 eaffe'ie, a. (chem.). Of coffee (esp. c. acid). 
 [f. F cafeique, see prec, -ic] 
 
 ca'ffeine, n. Vegetable alkaloid found in 
 coffee & tea plants, [f.Fcafeine(CAFi:' l > 2 ,-ine 5 )] 
 
 Caffpe. See kafir. 
 
 ca'ftan (also kaftah'n), n. Eastern long 
 under-tunic with waist girdle. Hence ea*f- 
 tanED 2 a. [f. Turk, qaftan] 
 
 cage, n., & v.t. Fixed or portable prison, of 
 wire or barred, for birds or beasts ; prison (lit. 
 or fig.) ; (Mining) frame for hoisting & lowering 
 cars ; open framework of various kinds ; (vb) 
 place or keep in c. [F, f. L cavea (cavus 
 hollow) cf. rage f. rabies] 
 
 caiman. See cayman. 
 
 Cain, n. Fratricide, murderer. [Gen. iv] 
 
 cainozo'ic (ki-), a. (geol.). Of the third geo- 
 logical period (^tertiary, cf. palaeozoic, nxeso- 
 zoic). [f. Gk kainos new + zoon animal + -ic] 
 
 caique (ka-e *k), n. Light Bosporan row-boat ; 
 Levantine sailing-ship. [F, f. Turk, kaik] 
 
 cairn, n. Pyramid of rough stones as memo- 
 rial, sepulchre, landmark, &c. [f. Gael, earn] 
 
 eairng-op'm, n. (Also c. stone) yellow or 
 wine-coloured precious stone, [found on C, 
 Scotch mountain (Gael, cam gorvi blue cairn)] 
 
 cai'sson, n- Ammunition chest or wagon ; 
 large water-tight case used in laying founda- 
 tions under water ; boat-shaped vessel used as 
 dock gate. [F (cais.se f. L capsa case 2 , -oon)] 
 
 eai'tiff, n. & a. (poet. & archaic). Base, des- 
 picable, (person) ; coward(ly). [f. ONF caitif 
 f. L captivus captive] 
 
 eajo'le, v.t. Persuade or soothe by flattery, 
 deceit, &c. (also c. person into doi?ig, out of, 
 something; or c. something out of person). 
 Hence cajo'leMENT, eajo'lER i, eajo , lERY(l), 
 nn., eajo'ling-LY 2 adv. [f. F cajoler etym. 
 dub. ; Cotgrave has also cageoler 'jangle like 
 a jay ', whence it has been referred to cage] 
 
 cake, n., & v.i. & t. Small flattish loaf of 
 bread (archaic, as in King Alfred & the cc.) ; 
 thin oaten bread (Sc. & north. ; also oatc. ; land 
 of cc, Scotland) ; (usu. Eng. sense) bread with 
 other ingredients besides flour, as currants, 
 spice, eggs, sugar— the substance (c.) or (a c.) a 
 portion of it baked in a thick disk or ornamental 
 shape— ; flattish compact mass of other food 
 (fish-c. , pan i -c. ) or of any compressed substance 
 (c. of soap, xcax, tobacco ; cc. and ale, merry- 
 making; take the c, carry off the honours; 
 cannot eat your c. and have it, do the impossi- 
 ble ; hence ca'kv 2 a. (Vb) form into compact 
 flattish mass. [prob. f. ON kaka cf. G kuche 
 etym. dub. (not cogn. with L coquere cook)] 
 
 ca'labash, n. Kinds of gourd whose shell 
 serves for holding liquid ; fruit of American 
 C.-tree, so used ; pipe &c. made from these or 
 of like shape, [f. F calebasse f. Sp. calabaga, 
 Sicil. caravazza, perh. f. Pers. kh arbuz melon] 
 
 ca'laber, -ar, n. Fur of grey squirrel, 
 [prob. f. F Calabre Calabria] 
 
 calama'nco, n. Glossy Flemish woollen 
 stuff much used in 18th c. [etym. dub. ; cf. Du. 
 kalamink, F calmande] 
 
 calama'nder, n. Hard cabinet wood of Cey- 
 lon & India, [etym. dub. ; perh. f. Coromandel] 
 
 ca'lamary, n. Kinds of cuttlefish with 
 pen-shaped internal shell, [f. L calamarius 
 (calamus pen, -ary 1 )] 
 
 calamine, n. A zinc ore found in England. 
 [F, f. med. L calamina (L cadmia cadmium)] 
 
 ca'lamint, n. Kinds of aromatic herb. [ult. 
 f. Gk kalaminthe] 
 
 ca'lamite, n. Fossil plant allied to Mare's 
 Tail. [f. L. calamus reed + -ite(2)J 
 
 eala'mitous, a. Marked by, causing, cala- 
 mity. Hence eala'mitousLY 2 adv. [f. F 
 calamiteux f. L calamitosus see foil., & -itous] 
 
 eala'mity, n. Adversity, deep distress-, 
 grievous disaster, [f. F catamite f. L cala- 
 mitatem (-tv) cf. incolumis safe] 
 
 ca/a'ndo, mus. direction. Diminish tone & 
 pace gradually. [It.] 
 
 cala'sh, n. Light low hooded carriage ; 
 (Canada) two- wheeled one-seated vehicle with 
 driver's seat on splash-board ; woman's hooped 
 silk hood. [f. F caleche f. Slav. (Boh. kolesa 
 &c.)] 
 
 calc- comb, form = lime-; c.-sinter, crystal- 
 line deposit from lime-springs ; c.-spar, crys- 
 tallized carbonate of lime ; c.-tujf, porous 
 calcareous deposit, [f. G kalk f. L calx -cis 
 corrected to L spelling] 
 
 calcar'eous, -ious, a. Of, containing, 
 carbonate of lime or limestone. Hence eal- 
 car'eo-, comb. form. [f. L calcarius (calc-, 
 -ary ') + -ous ; first spelling wrong but usu.] 
 
 calceolaria, n. Kinds of plant with flower 
 
CALCEOLATE 
 
 116 
 
 CALL 
 
 like ancient slipper, [f. L calceolus dim. of 
 calceus shoe + fern, of -arius -ary j ] 
 
 ca'lceolate, a. (bot.). Slipper-shaped, [as 
 prec., -ate 2 ] 
 
 ca'lcic, a. Of calcium, [-ic] 
 
 ealerferous, a. Yielding carbonate of lime. 
 
 [CALC-, -I-, -FEROUS] 
 
 ca'lcify, v.t. & i. Convert, be converted, 
 into lime ; replace by lime ; harden by deposit 
 of salts of lime ; petrify. Hence ealei'Fic a., 
 calciFiCA'TioN n. [calo, -i-, -fv] 
 
 ea'leine, v.t. & i. Reduce to quick-lime or 
 friable substance by roasting or burning ; desic- 
 cate ; refine by consuming grosser part ; burn 
 to ashes ; (intr.) suffer these processes. Hence 
 ealeinATiON, ca'leinER 1 (2), nn. [f. med. L 
 calcinare reduce to calx] 
 
 ca'leite, n. Native carbonate of lime. [f. L 
 calx -cis lime + -ite l ] 
 
 ea'leium, n. Chem. element, yellow metal, 
 the basis' of lime (in many compd terms, as c. 
 chloride). Hence calcio- comb. form, [as 
 prec. + -ium] 
 
 calculable, a. That may be reckoned, 
 measured, computed, or relied upon. Hence 
 ca'lculaBi'LiTY n. [f . L calculare (foil.), -able] 
 
 calculate, v.t. & i. Compute (w. noun or 
 clause, or abs. ) by figures ; ascertain beforehand 
 (event, date, &c.) by exact reckoning ; plan de- 
 liberately (t. & i., esp. in intr. part. & p.p. = 
 cold-blooded, selfish); (usu. pass.) arrange, 
 adapt, (conduct, apparatus, &c.) for (purpose), 
 to (do) ; (in p.p.) fit, suitable, to do ; rely upon ; 
 (U.S.) suppose, believe. Hence ca'lculATiVE a. 
 [f. L calculare (calculus), -ate 3 ] 
 
 calcula'tion, n. (Result got by) reckoning ; 
 forecast. [F, f. L calculationem (prec, -ation)] 
 
 ea'leulatop, n. In vbl senses ; also : set of 
 tables for use in calculation ; calculating- 
 machine. [L (calculate, -or 2 )] 
 
 calculous, a. Of. suffering from, stone or 
 calculus, [f. L calculosus (foil., -ose 1 )] 
 
 ca'lculus, n. (pi. -I). (Med.) stone, concretion 
 in some part of body (renal &c. c. f. the particu- 
 lar part ; uric acid &c. c. f. its composition) ; 
 (Math.) particular method of calculation, as 
 differential, integral, c. [L, = small stone (calx 
 -cis stone, -ule) used in reckoning on abacus] 
 
 caldar'ium, n. (archaeol.). Roman hot bath 
 room. [f. L calidus hot, see -ary 1 ] 
 
 caldpon. See cauldron. 
 
 Caledo'nian, a. & n. (Xative) of ancient 
 Scotland (also used in mod. titles of clubs &c, 
 & facetious! y= Scotch or Scot), [f. L Caledonia 
 northern Britain, -ax] 
 
 calefa'cient, a. & n. (Medical agent) pro- 
 ducing warmth. So ealefa'CTiox n., ca*le- 
 factiVE a. [f. L calefacere (calere be warm, 
 facere make), -Ext, -ant] 
 
 ealefa'etopy, a. & n. Producing warmth ; 
 (Archaeol.) warm room in monastery, [f. L 
 calefactorius see prec, -tory] 
 
 catembour (F), n. Pun. 
 
 calendar *, n. System by which beginning, 
 length, & subdivision, of civil year is fixed, 
 esp. the Gregorian c, used in Engl, from 1752 ; 
 table(s) with months, weeks, & festivals &c, of 
 a given year, or with dates important for cer- 
 tain classes, as Gardener's c. ; register, list, esp. 
 of canonized saints, prisoners for trial, or docu- 
 ments chronologically arranged with sum- 
 maries ; c.-month. [f. OF calendier f. L calen- 
 darium account-book (calends, -ary j )] 
 
 ea'lendap 2 , v.t. Register, enter in list; 
 arrange, analyse, & index (documents), whence 
 ca*lendaPER x n. [f. prec] 
 
 ea'lendep 1 , v.t.. & n. Press (cloth, paper, 
 &c.) in a c. or roller-machine to smooth it. 
 
 Hence ca'lendn v n. [f. F calandre(r) f. med. 
 L calendra t. L f. Gk kidindros roller] 
 
 cd'/ender 2 , n. Mendicant dervish in Turkey 
 or Persia, [f. Pers. qalander] 
 
 calends, k-, n. pi. First of month in 
 Roman calendar ; onthe Greek C, never, [f. L 
 kalendae (cal- cf. calare, Gk kaleo, proclaim)] 
 
 ca'lentupe, n. Tropical fever or delirium in 
 which sailors &c leap into sea. [F, f. Sp. calen- 
 tura fever f. part. st. of L calere be hot, -ure] 
 
 calf 1 (kahf), n. (pi. -ves). Young of bovine 
 animal, esp. domestic cow, for first year (coiu 
 in, xoith, c, pregnant ; slip her c, suffer abor- 
 tion) ; golden c, wealth as object of worship 
 (Ex. xxxii) ; stupid fellow ; moon-c. ; child (so 
 c.-love, childish love affair) ; (also calfskin) = c- 
 leather, esp. in bookbinding (c.-bound) & shoe- 
 making ; young of elephant, whale, deer, &c ; 
 sea-c, seal; (Naut.) floating piece of ice; c- 
 knee, knock-knee; calfs teeth, milk teeth; 
 calves-foot jelly. Hence eal'fHOOD n., eal'f- 
 ishMI) a. [com.-Teut., cf. G kalb] 
 
 calf 2 (kahf), n. (pi. -ves). Fleshy hinder part 
 of leg-shank ; c. part of stocking. Hence eal'f- 
 less, -ealvED-, aa. [f. OX kdlfi etym. dub.] 
 
 Ca'liban, n. Man of degraded bestial nature. 
 [Shaksp., Tempest, & see cannibal] 
 
 ea'libpate, v.t. Find calibre of; calculate 
 irregularities of (tube, gauge) before graduat- 
 ing. Hence ealibPA'TiON n. [foil. + -ate 3 ] 
 
 ea'libpe (-er), ea'libep, n. Internal diameter 
 of gun or any tube ; weight of character, stand- 
 ing, importance. Hence -ea'libPED 2 a. [F 
 (-br-e), f. It. calibro perh. f. Arab, qalib mould] 
 
 ea'liele, n. (biol.). Small cup-like body. So 
 cali*culAR 1 a. [f. L caliculus dim. of calix cup] 
 
 ea'lico, n. & a. (Of) cotton cloth, esp. plain 
 white unprinted, bleached or unbleached (c- 
 ball, dance at which only cotton dresses are 
 worn) ; c.-printer, -ting, producer, production, 
 of coloured patterns on c [orig. Calicut-cloth 
 f. town on Malabar coast] 
 
 ca'lipash, ca'lipee, nn. Gelatinous sub- 
 stances in turtle regarded as dainties (-ash, 
 dull green next upper shell ; -ee, light yellow 
 next lower shell). [perh.W.-Ind.; perh. -ash = 
 carapace, & -ee formed for distinction f. it] 
 
 ca'liph, -if, n. Successor of Mohammed, 
 Mohammedan chief civil & religious ruler. 
 Hence ea'liphATE 1 n. [f. F caliphe f. med. L 
 calipha f. Arab, khalifah successor] 
 
 ca'lix, n. (physiol. ; pi. -ices). Cup-like cavity 
 or organ. [L, = cup, often confused w. L calyx] 
 
 calk 1 (kawk), v.t., & n. (Provide with) 
 sharp iron to prevent horse-shoe or boot from 
 slipping, [f. L calx calcis heel, cf. calkin] 
 
 calk^(cawk), v.t. Trace by colouring back 
 of design & pressing along outlines, [f. F cal- 
 quer f . It. & L calcare tread] 
 
 cal'kin (kaw-, also kal-), n. Turned-down 
 heels of horse-shoe, also turned edge in front, 
 esp. when sharpened in frost ; iron guards on 
 boots or shoes, [perh. f. OF calcain heel f. L 
 calcaneum (calx calcis heel)] 
 
 call 1 (kawl), v.t. & i. 1. Cry, shout, speak 
 loudly, (lit. & fig. &c, as) : (bird, trumpet, &c) 
 utter characteristic note ; cry out ; cry to (per- 
 son) ; signal (for trumps) ; pay brief visit (at 
 house, on person) ; read over (names to ascer- 
 tain presence) ; c. for, order, demand, need, go 
 & fetch ; c. on, invoke, appeal to. 2. Summon 
 (lit. & fig. &c, as) : demand presence of (cab, 
 witness, actor after curtain ; c. into being, 
 create ; c. to account 2 ; c. into play, give scope 
 for ; c. in question, dispute ; c. to mind Sec, 
 also c. up, recollect ; c. away, off, divert, dis- 
 tract ; c. in money lent, doctor &c. for advice ; 
 c. forth, elicit : c. out, elicit, challenge to duel ; 
 
CALL 
 
 117 
 
 CAM 
 
 c. over the coals ; c. up, imagine) ; rouse from 
 sleep ; fix the moment for (c. case in law court ; 
 c. a halt ; c. a meeting) ; urge, invite, nominate, 
 (duty, pleasure, calls; many are called ; c. to 
 the bar 1 , ministry ; c. attention to ; c. to wit- 
 ness). 3. (with n. or adj. as compl.) name, de- 
 scribe as, (c. a spade a spade ; c. him John, 
 c. him by the name of John ; c. person names, 
 abuse him ; c. cousins with) ; consider, regard 
 as, (c. that mean) ; c. (thing) one's own, possess. 
 [f. ON kalla, com.-Teut. cf. Du. kallen] 
 
 call 2 , n. Shout, cry;' (also c. -over) = roll-c. ; 
 special cry of bird &c, imitation of this, instru- 
 ment imitating it; signal on bugle &c, sig- 
 nalling-whistle ; looking-in on business (so 
 house of c.) ; short formal visit {pay c, make 
 one) ; invitation, summons, (to actor for ap- 
 plause ; to the bar x ; from God, conscience, or 
 congregation, to be pastor) ; duty, need, occa- 
 sion, (no c. to blush) ; demand for money, esp. 
 for unpaid capital from company shareholders ; 
 (St. Exch.) option of claiming stock at given 
 date ; c.-loan, -money, lent subject to recall 
 without notice ; at, xoithin, c, ready for orders ; 
 c.-boy, prompter's attendant summoning actors; 
 c.-day, -night, at Inns of Court, for calling stu- 
 dents to bar. [f. prec] 
 
 cal'leP 1 , n. In vbl senses ; esp., person who 
 pays call or visit, [-er x ] 
 
 ea'llep 2 , a. (Sc). Fresh, not decaying, (of 
 herring &c.) ; cool (of air). [?] 
 
 calligraphy (ka-), n. Beautiful hand- 
 writing; handwriting. So ea*lliGRAPH(l, 2, 3) 
 n. & v.t., ealli'GRAPHER, ealli'g-paphiSTU), 
 nn., ealliGRA'PHic a. [ult. f. Gk kalligraphia 
 (kallos beauty, -graph)] 
 
 cal'lingv n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 divine summons to salvation or self-devotion ; 
 impulse to do something as right ; occupation, 
 profession, trade ; persons following a particu- 
 lar business, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 ca*l(l)ipep, n. & a., & v.t. C. compasses or 
 cc, compasses with bowed legs for measuring 
 diameter of convex bodies, or with out-turned 
 points for measuring calibre ; c.-sguare, rule 
 with movable cross-heads for taking internal 
 or external diameters ; (vb) measure with cc. 
 [prob. =calibre] 
 
 eallisthe'nie, a. Suitable for producing 
 strength with beauty (esp. of girls' gymnastics). 
 Hence eallisthe'nics n. [f. Gk kallos beauty 
 + sthenos strength + -ic] 
 
 ealld'sity, n. Abnormal hardness & thick- 
 ness of skin ; hardened insensible part, lump, 
 (from friction, or natural as on horses' legs). 
 [f. F callosity f. L callositatem (see foil, -tv)] 
 
 ca'llous, a. (Physiol., Zool.) hardened, hard, 
 (of parts of skin) ; (of person, heart, &c. ) unfeel- 
 ing, insensible, whence ea'llousxESS n. [f. L 
 callosus (callum or callus, -ose 1 )] 
 
 ea'llaw, a. Unfledged ; downy like young 
 birds; raw, inexperienced ; (Irish, a. & n.) low- 
 lying, often flooded, (meadow). [OE calu f. 
 WG kalwo- (cf. G kahl) perh. f. L calvus bald] 
 
 ca'llus, n. (physiol., path., hot.). Thickened 
 part of skin or soft tissue ; bony material 
 formed while bone-fracture heals. [L] 
 
 calm 1 (kahm), n. Stillness, serenity, (of 
 weather, air, sea, the mind, social or political 
 conditions) ; a c, windless period, [f. F calme 
 f. It., Sp., or Port., calma perh. (with infl. of 
 L calor heat) f. Gk kauma heat (kaio burn)] 
 
 ealm 2 , a., & v.t. & i. Tranquil, quiet, wind- 
 less, (lit. & fig.) ; hence eal'mLY 2 adv., eal'm- 
 ness n. (Vb) make c, pacify ; (intr. ; alw. w. 
 down) become c. [f. F calme n. & a., see prec] 
 
 ea'lmative ialso kahm-), a. & n. (med.). 
 Calming (agent), sedative, [prec. + -ative] 
 
 ca'lomel, n. (med.). Mercurous chloride 
 used as purgative. [F, f. Gk kalos fair, melas 
 black (explained anecdoticallyin various ways)] 
 
 ealope'scenee, n. (physics). Change of 
 heat-rays to light-rays. [for calescence (L 
 calescere grow hot) by confusion w. foil.] 
 
 calopi-, comb, form of L calor heat in Phy- 
 sics & Physiol. Hence ealo'piFACiENT, ealo- 
 pi'Fic, ealo*piME-TRic(AL), aa., calopi'fic- 
 
 ALLY adv., CalO*PiFICA"TION, CalOPi'METER, 
 
 -metry, nn., ealo'piFY v.t. 
 
 calo'pic, n. Heat; c.-engine, driven by hot 
 air. [f. F calorique (L calor heat, -ic)] 
 
 ea'lopie, n. (physics). Unit of heat. [F, f. L 
 calor heat + -ie (-Y i) irregularly used] 
 
 cald'Pimotop, n. Voltaic battery with 
 large plates generatingheat. [calori- +motor] 
 
 calo'tte, n. Skull-cap of priests &c. [F, 
 dim. of cale caul] 
 
 C£tlp, n. Irish dark-grey limestone. [?] 
 
 ea'ltpop, n. Four-spiked iron ball thrown 
 on ground to maim cavalry horses : kinds of 
 plant, as Star-thistle, [found earliest as plant 
 name ; but prob. transf. f. the iron ; f. L calx 
 -cis heel + LL trappa f. OHG trapo trap] 
 
 ea'lumet, n. Amer.-Ind. clay-oowled reed- 
 stemmed tobacco - pipe ; symbol of peace ; 
 smoke the c. together, make peace. [F, esp. 
 Fr.-Canadian form of chalumet tube f. L cala- 
 melius dim. of calamus reed] 
 
 ealu'mniate, v.t. Slander. Hence or cogn. 
 ealumniATioN, ealirmniatOR 2 , nn., ca- 
 lirmniaroRY a. [f. L calumniari, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 calu-mnious, a. Given to, marked by, 
 calumny. Hence ealirmniousLY 2 adv. [if. 
 L ealunmiosus (see foil., -ous)] 
 
 calumny, n. Malicious misrepresentation ; 
 false charge ; slanderous report, [f. L calumnia 
 (& F calomnie) f. calvi deceive] 
 
 Ca'lvapy, n. Place, (R.-C. Ch.) representa- 
 tion, of Crucifixion, [f. L calvaria skull (cal- 
 vus bald) transl. of Golgotha, Matt, xxvii. 33] 
 
 calve (kahv), v.i. & t. Give birth to a calf ; 
 (esp. in pass, of calf) give birth to ; (of iceberg 
 &c.) throw off mass of ice. [OE cealfian (calf x )J 
 
 -calved. See calf 2 . 
 
 Ca'lvinism, n. Calvin's theology (esp. the 
 doctrines of Particular election & redemption, 
 Moral inability in a fallen state, Irresistible 
 grace, Final perseverance) ; adherence to this. 
 So Ca*lviniST(2) n. & a., Calvini'stic(AL) 
 aa., Calvini'sticalLY 2 adv., ea'lvinizE (4) 
 v.i. & t. [John Calvin, 1509-1564] 
 
 calx, n. (pi. calces). Powder or friable sub- 
 stance left when a metal or mineral has been 
 burnt, residuum. [L, genit. calcis, lime] 
 
 ealye-, ealyei-, st. of calyx. Calyei- 
 flop'AL, -flop* ate 2 , -flop'ous, aa., with 
 stamens & petals inserted in calyx ; ea'lyei- 
 form a. ; caly'einAL, ca'lyeiNE 2 , aa., having 
 a, on the, calyx; caly'cinAR 1 a., = -al, also 
 (of flower) double by increase of calyx-lobes ; 
 ea'lycoiD, ealyeoi'dEous, aa. 
 
 ea'lyele, n. (hot.). Row of bracts surrounding 
 calyx-base ; adherent crown of seed. Hence 
 or cogn. ea'lyelED 2 , ealyeulAR 1 , ealyeu- 
 Iate 2 , aa. [f. L caly cuius dim. of calyx (-ule)] 
 
 ealyptP-, st. of bot. terms = having, like, 
 a hood. [f. Gk kaluptra veil (kalupto to cover)] 
 
 ea'lyx, n. (Bot.) whorl of leaves (sepal) 
 forming outer case of bud (for derivatives see 
 calyc-); (Physiol. & Biol.) = calix. [L, f. Gk 
 kalux (cf. kalupto to cover) case of bud, husk] 
 
 earn, n. Projecting part of wheel &c. in 
 machinery, grooved, toothed, or otherwise 
 adapted to convert circular into reciprocal or 
 variable motion, [var. of comb, cf. Du., Da., 
 Sw., kam, G kamm] 
 
CAMARADERIE 
 
 118 
 
 CAN 
 
 camara'derie' (-ahdere), n. The intimacy, 
 mutual trust, & sociability, of comrades. [F] 
 
 camari'lla, n. Cabal, clique, junto. [Sp.] 
 
 ea'mber, n., & v.i. & t. Slight convexity 
 above, arched form, (of beam, deck, &c.) ; (also 
 c.-bcam) slightly arched beam ; (vb) have, im- 
 part to (beam &c), such convexity, [f. F cam- 
 bre(r) f. L camerare to vault (camera)] 
 
 Cambepwell Beauty, n. A butterfly. 
 
 ea'mbist, n. Expert in, manual of, ex- 
 changes; dealer in bills of exchange. If. F 
 cambiste f. L cambium exchange, -ist] 
 
 ea'mbium, n. Cellular tissue, below bark 
 of exogens, in which annual growth of wood 
 & bark occurs. [L, = exchange] 
 
 ea'mbrel, n. Butcher's bent wood or iron 
 for slinging carcases by ankles, [perh. f. W 
 cambren (cam crooked + pren wood)] 
 
 Ca'mbrian, a. & n. Welsh(man) ; (Geol.) 
 (of) palaeozoic rocks lying below the Silurian in 
 Wales & Cumberland, [f. L Cambria var. of 
 Cumbria f. Celt. Cymry Welshman or Cymru 
 Wales (OCelt. Combrogcs compatriots)] 
 
 ea'mbpie, a, & n. (Of) fine white linen ; hand- 
 kerchiefs. [Cambray orig. place of making] 
 
 came 1 , n. Grooved slip of lead as used in 
 lattice windows, [cf. Sc. calm casting-mould] 
 
 came 2 . See come. 
 
 ca'mel, n. Large hornless ruminant long- 
 necked cushion -footed quadruped with 
 (Arabian) one hump or (Bactrian) two humps ; 
 thing hard to believe or put up with (Matt. 
 xxiii. 24) ; machine for floating ship over shoals 
 &c. ; c.-brown, fishing-fly; c.'s-hair, made of 
 c.'s hair or (paint-brushes) of squirrel's tail 
 hairs. [OE, f. L f. Gk kamelos f. Semit, (cf. 
 Heb. gamal camel, Arab, jamala carry)] 
 
 cameleer*, n. Camel-driver, [-eer] 
 
 came'llia, n. Flowering evergreen from 
 China & Japan. [Kamel, Jesuit & botanist, -ia 1 ] 
 
 eame'lopapd (or ka - -), n. =the now usu. 
 giraffe, [f. L camelopardus f. Gk camelopar- 
 
 dallS (CAMEL, PARD)] 
 
 ea'melpy, n. Troops on camels, [-ry] 
 Ca'membept (-ar, or as F), n. Small soft 
 rich Norman cheese, [name of village] 
 ca'meo, n. Piece of relief -carving in stone 
 (sardonyx, agate, &c.) with colour-layers uti- 
 lized to give background (cf. intaglio), ff. It. 
 cameo cf. med. L cainmaeus etym. dub.] 
 ca'raera, n. In camera (Lat.), in the judge's 
 private room, not in open court ; (for c. obscura) 
 photographing-apparatus; c. obscura, lucida 
 (L, = dark, light, chamber), two kinds of appa- 
 ratus projecting on paper, for tracing, image 
 of distant object. [L, = vault, cf. Gk kamara 
 anything with arched cover] 
 Camero'nian, a. & n. (Follower) of Richard 
 Cameron or his doctrines ; Scottish reformed 
 Presbyterian ; (pi.) first battalion Scottish 
 Rifles (formed orig. of Cc). [-ian] 
 ea*misole,n. Woman's loose neglige - jacket. 
 [F, f. Sp^camisola (camisa, chemise)] 
 ea'mlet, n. Light cloth of various materials 
 for cloaks &c. [orig. a costly Eastern stuff of 
 silk & camel's hair ; f. F camelot perh. f. camel, 
 perh. f. Arab, khaml hap] 
 ca'mmoek, n. Rest-harrow ; kinds of yel- 
 low-flowered plant. [OE cammoc etym. dub.] 
 ca'mamile, eh-, n. Aromatic creeping 
 composite plant with daisy-like flowers used 
 as tonic ; allied kinds of plant, Dog's, Stinking. 
 Purple, C. ; c.-tea, infusion of the flowers, [f. 
 F camomille f. L chamomilla f. Gk khamai- 
 melon earth-apple] 
 Camo'rra, n. Secret society in Naples &c. 
 camp : , n. Place where troops are lodged in 
 tents &c. ; army on campaign ; military life 
 
 (courts & cc.) ; temporary quarters of nomads, 
 gypsies, travellers ; camping - out ; persons 
 camping out ; adherents of a doctrine ; c.-bed, 
 -chair, -stool, folding and portable; c.-colour, 
 flag used in marking out c. ; c.-fever, esp. 
 typhus ; c.-follower, non-military hanger-on of 
 camp, male or female; c.-meeting, American 
 religious open-air or tent meeting lasting 
 several days. [F, f. It. or Sp. campo (cf. F 
 champ direct) f. L campus level ground, esp. 
 the Campus Martius, exercising-ground] 
 camp 2, v.i. & t. Encamp, lodge in c. ; (also 
 c.-out) lodge in tent or the open, take up quar- 
 ters ; station (troops) in c. [f. F caviper (prec.)] 
 Campagna (-ah'nya), n. The C, Italian 
 plain S.E. of Tiber, [f. L Campania (camp 1 )] 
 campaign, n., & v.i. Continuous series of 
 military operations ; organized course of action, 
 esp. (Pol.) attempt to rouse public opinion for 
 or against a policy; Plan of C, in Ireland 
 1886-7 for forcing landlords to reduce rents. 
 (Vb) serve on a c. ; hence eampaigpriER 1 n. 
 [f. F campagne open country, campaign, f. It. 
 campagna (cf. F champagne champaign)] 
 campani'le (-ell), n. Bell-tower, usu. de- 
 tached. [It., f. campana bell] 
 eampano'lo-jEfy, n. The subject of bells 
 (founding, ringing, &c). Hence campano'- 
 loger, eampano'LOGiST, nn., ea'mpano- 
 lo'gieAL a. [f. LL campana bell + -logy] 
 campanula, n. Kinds of plant with bell- 
 shaped flowers, usu. blue or white, as Canter- 
 bury Bell. Hence campa'nuLvcEOUS a. 
 [mod. L, dim. of campana bell] 
 campanulate, a. (zool. & bot.). Bell- 
 shaped, [as prec. + -ate 2 ] 
 ca'mphop, n. Whitish translucent crystal- 
 line volatile substance with aromatic smell 
 and bitter taste. Hence camphoTic a. [f. F 
 camfre, med. L camphora, f. Arab, kafur f. 
 Malay kapur chalk] 
 
 ca'mphopate, v.t. Impregnate or treat 
 with camphor, [-ate 3 ] 
 
 ca'mpion, n. Kinds of flowering plant, esp. 
 the Red and the White C. [?] 
 ca'mpshed, v.t. Face with campshot. 
 ca'mpshot, ca'mpshedding', ca'mp- 
 sheetingr, nn. Facing of piles & boarding to 
 resist water-action on, or out-thrust of, a bank, 
 [etym. dub. ; cf. wainscot] 
 ea'mpylo- , comb, form in bot. terms = bent-, 
 [f. Gk kampulos\ 
 
 ca'mwood, n. Hard red W.- African wood 
 yielding dye. [native name kambil] 
 can 1 , n., & v.t. Vessel for liquids, usu. of 
 metal, esp. tin, and with handle over top, 
 whence ea*nFUL(2) n. ; c.-buoy, large conical 
 buoy over sands &c. ; c.-dock, water lily; 
 (U.S.) (put in a) tin-plate box for hermetijc 
 sealing (meat, fish, fruit, &c), whence 
 (-)ea'nnER 1 n. [com.-Teut. ; OE ca?»ie f. WG 
 kanna cf. G kanne] 
 can 2 , v.aux. (2 s., canst; 
 cannot, can't ; past & condit., 
 couldest ; infin., part., & p.p., 
 tive parts supplied f. be able to). Be able to ; 
 have the right to ; be permitted to (you can go ; 
 also as mild imperat.); could, feel inclined to 
 (could laugh for joy ; really coiddn't think of 
 it) ; cannot away with ; (with ellipse) will do 
 what I can. [OE cunnan, com.-Teut., cf. G 
 kbnnen, OTeut. sense know, cogn. w. ken, 
 know, & w. L (g)nosco, Gk gignosko, learn ; as 
 in dare, may, must, the tense used as pres. is 
 an old past, could being a later development ; 
 could (earlier cuthe, couthe, coud) has -I- merely 
 on anal, of woidd, shoidd; infin. can is now 
 obs. or a conscious archaism or jocular exc. in 
 
 3 s., can; neg., 
 could, couldst or 
 wanting ; defec- 
 
CANAAN 
 
 119 
 
 CANKER 
 
 Sc; part, cunning now only as adj., preserving 
 orig. sense know] 
 
 Ca'naan (-nyan, -nan), n. Land of promise, 
 paradise. [O.-T. name of Palestine] 
 
 Ca'nada, a. Of, from, C. (in names of plants, 
 animals, products, as C. balsam). 
 
 Cana*dian,a. &n. (Native) of Canada, [-ian] 
 
 canaille (F), n. The rabble. 
 
 cana'l, n., & v.t. (-11-). Duct in plant or 
 animal body for food, liquid, air, &c. ; artificial 
 watercourse for inland navigation (ec. of Mars, 
 markings of doubtful nature on planet Mars) ; 
 (Zool.) groove in shell for protrusion of breath- 
 ing-tube. (Vb) make c. through ; provide with 
 cc. [F, f. L canalis] 
 
 canali'culate(d), a. (nat. hist, ). With longi- 
 tudinal groove(s) ; striated, [f. L. canaliculus 
 
 dim. Of CANALIS + -ATE 2 > 3 ] 
 
 canalize, v.t. = canal vb ; convert (river) 
 into canal by embanking, straightening course, 
 locks, &c. Hence canalizA'TiON n. [prob. f. 
 F canaliser (canal + -ize)] 
 
 ca'nape (-a), n. Piece of fried bread with 
 anchovies &c. [F] 
 
 canard (ka'nar, kanar'd, or as F), n. False 
 reportjjioax. [F, = duck, false report] 
 
 canar'y, a. & n. From the C. Islands ; (also 
 c.-bird) yellow-feathered song-bird (green in 
 wild state) ; (also C.-xcinc) a favourite wine in 
 16th-18th cc. ; yellow fishing-fly; c. -coloured, 
 bright yelloAv ; C. creeper, yellow-flowered used 
 csp. in window-boxes ; c.-seed, used as food for 
 the bird. [f. F Canarie f. Sp. & L Canaria 
 (canis dog), one of the islands being noted in 
 Roman times for large dogs] 
 
 cana'step, n. Tobacco prepared by coarsely 
 breaking the dried leaves, [orig. the rush 
 basket used for packing it ; f. Sp. canastra f. 
 *L f. Gk kanastron basket see canister] 
 
 cancan (F), n. Indecent dance. 
 
 cancel 1 , v.t. (-11-). Obliterate, cross out, 
 annul, make void, abolish, countermand, neu- 
 tralize, balance, make up for; (Arith.) strike 
 out (same factor) f r.pm numerator & denomina- 
 tor, from two sides of equation, &c. Hence 
 eancellA'TioN n. [f. F canceller f. L cancel- 
 lare (cancelli cross-bars, lattice)] 
 
 cancel 2 , n. Countermand; suppression & 
 reprinting of sheet set up, the suppressed or 
 the substituted sheet ; {pair of) cc, pincers for 
 punching tickets, [f. prec] 
 
 eaneellate(d), a. (bot, &zool.). Marked with 
 crossing lines, reticulated ; (of bone) formed of 
 interlacing fibres & plates with cavities, porous. 
 [f. L cancellatus (cancel 1 , -ate 2 » 3 )] 
 
 cancellous, a. (Of bone) = prec. [-ous] 
 
 ea'neer, C-, n. Zodiacal constellation the 
 Crab (C-) ; fourth sign of zodiac (C-) ; tropic 
 of C. ; malignant tumour eating the part it is 
 in, spreading indefinitely, & recurring when 
 removed, (fig.) evil (sloth, bribery, &c.) acting 
 similarly, whence eaneePED 2 , cancerous, 
 aa. [OE (later canker, corrected to -cer for dis- 
 ease c. 1600) f . L cancer -cri crab, cancer ; tumour 
 named from swollen veins, like crab's limbs] 
 
 cancroid, a. & n. Crab-like ; like cancer. 
 (N.) crustacean of crab family ; disease like 
 cancer, [as prec. + -oid] 
 
 eandela'bpum, n. (pi. -bra ; also sing, -bra, 
 pi. -bras). Large, usu. branched, candlestick or 
 lampstand. [L (-urn), f. candela candle] 
 
 eande'seent, a. Glowing (as) with white 
 heat. Hence cande'seENCE n. [f. L cande- 
 scere (candere be white, -escent)] 
 
 ca'ndid, a. Unbiased ; not censorious : 
 frank ; c. friend, nominal friend glad to tell 
 home-truths. Hence eandidLY 2 adv., ea'n- 
 didNESS n. [f. L candidus white, see prec] 
 
 candidate, n. One who puts himself or is 
 put forward for appointment to an office or 
 honour; person thought likely to gain any 
 position, [f. L candidates, as prec, -ate 2 (2), 
 orig. white-robed (Roman cc. wearing white)] 
 candidature (-tsher), n. Standing for 
 election, being candidate. [F, as prec. + -ure] 
 
 candied. See candy. 
 
 candle, n. Cylinder of wax, tallow, sper- 
 maceti, &c, enclosing wick, for giving light ; 
 (also c.-power) unit of light - measurement ; 
 Roman c, firework, tube discharging coloured 
 balls ; can't, is not fit to, hold a c. to, is not to 
 be compared with ; sell by inch ofc, by auction, 
 last bid before small candle expires winning ; 
 bell book & c. ; game not xvorth the c, result not 
 justifying the cost or trouble ; burn 2 c. at both 
 ends ; hide c. tinder bushel ; candleberry- 
 myrtle (N.-Amer.), candleberry-tree (Moluccas), 
 yielding wax & nut-kernels used for cc. ; c- 
 ends, remnants of c, odds-&-ends hoarded by 
 the stingy; candlelight, light of cc, any arti- 
 ficial light, evening ; candlestick, support for 
 (usu. single) c ; c.-tree, Amer., with c.-like 
 fruit some feet long. [OE candel f. L candela 
 {candere shine)] 
 
 Candlemas (-as), n. Feast of purification 
 of Virgin Mary; (as date) 2nd Feb. [OE 
 Candelmxsse (candle, mass ] )] 
 
 candour, n. Open-mindedness, imparti- 
 ality ; freedom from malice ; frankness, [f. L 
 candor whiteness {candere shine, -or 1 )] 
 
 eandy, n., & v.t. & i. Crystallized sugar 
 made by repeated boiling and slow evaporation 
 (also sugar-c). (Vb) preserve by coating w r ith 
 c ; form (t, & i.) into crystals ; (p.p.) glistening, 
 (archaic) honeyed, flattering, [f. F (sxicre) 
 candi f. Arab.-Pers. qand crystallized sugar- 
 cane juice cf. Skr. khanda piece] 
 
 candytuft, n. Plant with white, pink, or 
 purple flowers in flat tufts, [f. obs. Candy 
 (Candia Crete) + tuft] 
 
 cane *, n. Hollow jointed stem of giant reeds 
 & grasses (bamboo, sugar c) or solid stem of 
 slenderpalms (rattan, Malacca, &c) collectively 
 & as material (c), or with pi. (a c, cc.) of the 
 stem or a length of it used for walking-stick or 
 instrument of punishment ; any slender walk- 
 ing-stick ; stick of sealing-wax, sulphur, glass ; 
 c.-apple, Strawberry-tree ; c.-brake, genus of 
 grasses; c.-chair, with seat of woven c strips. 
 Hence canv 2 a. [OF (now cannc), f. L f. Gk 
 kanna reed perh. f. Semit. cf. Heb. qctneh] 
 
 cane 2 , v.t. Beat withe, whence eaniNGMl) 
 n. ; drive (lesson) into (person) with c ; insert c. 
 into (chair- frame &c). [f. prec] 
 
 cane' phorus, n. (pi. -i). Sculptured Greek 
 youth or maid bearing basket on head at feast 
 of Demeter. [L, f. Gk kanephoros (kaneon 
 basket, phero carry)] 
 
 cang-ue (kangg), cang, n. Heavy wooden 
 board worn round neck by Chinese criminals. 
 [F (-gue), f. Port, cango cf. canga yoke] 
 
 canine (also kani'n), a. & n. Of, as of, a dog 
 or dogs; c. tooth or c, one of the four strong 
 pointed teeth between incisors & molars, [f. L 
 caninus (canis dog, -ine 1 )] 
 
 eanistep, n. Small box usu. of metal for 
 tea, shot, &c. ; (R.-C.Ch.) vessel holding wafers 
 before consecration ; c.-shot or c., = CASE, 2 -shot. 
 [f. L canistrum f. Gk. kanastron wicker basket 
 (kanna cane 1 )] 
 
 eankep, n., & v.t. Ulcerous disease of 
 human mouth ; disease of horse's foot ; disease 
 of fruit-trees ; (fig.) corrupting influence, rotten 
 tendency; c.-xvorm or c, caterpillar or larva 
 destroying leaves or buds ; c.-rash, variety of 
 l scarlet fever with ulcerated throat ; hence 
 
CANNA 
 
 120 
 
 CANTILEVER 
 
 ea'nkerous a. ( Vb) consume with c. ; infect, 
 corrupt ; (p.p.) soured, malignant, crabbed, [f. 
 ONF canere f. L cancrum nom. cancer] 
 ca'nna, n. Plant with bright yellow, red, 
 or orange flowers & ornamental leaves. [L 
 
 (CANE 1 )] 
 
 ea'nnel, n. (Also c.-co«7) bituminous coal 
 burning with bright flame & used in making 
 coal oik & gas. [perh. f. candle] 
 ea'nnibal, n. & a. Man who eats human 
 flesh ; animal feeding on its own species ; hence 
 ca-nnibalis.M(2) n., cannibalistic a. (Adj.) 
 of, having, these habits. [16th-c. E & Sp. Cani- 
 bales pi., var. of Caribnameof W.-Ind. nation ; 
 Caliban is prob. another variant] 
 ea'nnikln, n. Small can. [-kin] 
 ea'nnon 1 , n. 1. (Now being ousted by gun) 
 piece of ordnance, gun of the kind that needs 
 mounting, (collect, sing. usu. instead of pi.); 
 c.-ball, projectile ; c.-bone, tube-shaped bone 
 between hough & fetlock; c.-clock, fired at 
 noon by burning-glass. 2. (Mech. ) hollow cylin- 
 der moving independently on shaft ; watchkey 
 barrel. 3. (Also c.-bit) smooth round bit for 
 horse. 4. (Billiards) hitting of two balls suc- 
 cessively by player's ball. 5. (Also c.-curl) 
 sausage-shaped, prop, horizontal, curl, [in 16th 
 c. also canon f. F canon cf. It. cannone great 
 tube (canna cane 1 , -oon) ; sense i is corrup- 
 tion of obs. carom short for carambole (F, f. Sp. 
 carambola etym. dub.) ; sense 5=obs. canion f. 
 Sp. cahon ornamental roll on breeches-legs 
 (canna as above)] 
 
 ea'nnon 2 , v.i. Make a c. at billiards (of 
 player or ball) ; come into collision, strike 
 obliquely, against, with. [f. prec] 
 cannona'de, n., & v.t. & i. Continuous gun- 
 fire. (Vb) fire continuously ; bombard, fire fast 
 at. [cannon l + -ade] 
 cannot. See can 2 . 
 
 ca'nny, a. Shrewd, worldly-wise ; natural, 
 safe to meddle with, (esp. w. neg.); thrifty; 
 gentle, quiet, circumspect, (ca' c, Sc. for drive 
 or go gently, as name for trade-union policy of 
 limiting output) ; sly, pawky. Hence ea'nni- 
 ly 2 adv., ca'nniNESS n. [Sc. wd (w. senses 
 differing f. above) f. can 2 know + -Y 2 ] 
 canoe* (-oo), n., & v.i. (Go in, paddle) boat 
 propelled with paddle(s). Hence eanoe'iST(3) 
 n. [f. Sp. & Haytian canoa] 
 ca'non, n. Church decree ; c. law, eccl. law ; 
 general law governing treatment of a subject ; 
 criterion ; list of Bible books accepted by 
 Church ; part of Mass containing words of con- 
 secration ; (Mus.) piece with different parts 
 taking up same subject successively in strict 
 imitation; (Typ.) largest size of type with 
 specific name ; metal loop on bell for hanging 
 it ; member of cathedral chapter, whence 
 ea*nonRY(2) n. ; minor c. [OE, f. L f. Gk 
 kanon rule [kanna cane) ; in last sense short 
 for canonic, meaning (person) living (with 
 others) according to rule] 
 canon. See canyon. 
 
 eano'nieal, a. & n., cano'nic, a. (archaic). 
 Appointed by canon law (c. hoars, for prayer, 
 or for celebration of marriage, 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. ; 
 c. dress, of clergy, also cc. as n. pi. ) ; included 
 in canon of Scripture ; C. Epistles, the seven 
 of Peter, James, John, Jude ; authoritative, 
 standard, accepted; (Mus.) in canon form; of 
 a cathedral chapter or a member of it. Hence 
 cano'niealLY 2 adv. [f. med. L canonicalis 
 f. canonicus (canon, -ic) +-al] 
 cano'nicate, n. =canon?*j/. [f. med. L 
 canonicatus (as prec, -ate 1 )] 
 eanonl'eity, n. Status as canonical book, 
 [f. canonicus canonical, -ty] 
 
 ca'nonist, n. Canon-lawyer. Hence can- 
 oni'stic(AL) aa. [f. F canonists (canon, -ist)] 
 ea'nonize, v.t. Admit formally to calendar 
 of saints ; regard as a saint ; recognize (book) 
 as canonical ; sanction by church authority. 
 So ea'nonizA'TiON n. [f. med, L canonizare 
 (canon, -ize)] 
 
 ca'nopy, n., & v.t. Covering suspended or 
 held over throne, bed, person, &c. (also fig. of 
 any overhanging shelter, sky, &c); (Arch.) 
 roof-like projection over niche &c. ; ( vb) supply, 
 be, such a covering to. [f. F canape (now) 
 couch f. med. Lcanopeianf. Gk konopeion mos- 
 quito net (konops gnat)] 
 
 canop'ous, a. Melodious, resonant, [f. L 
 canorus (canor song f. canere sing) + -ous] 
 
 cant 1 , n. Bevel, oblique face, of crystal, 
 bank, &c. ; push, toss, movement, that partly 
 or quite upsets ; tilted or sideways position ; 
 c. -board, sloping board, [cf. Du. kant, OF cant, 
 It. canto, corner, edge, &c, perh. f. L f. Gk 
 kanthos corner of eye] 
 
 cant 2 , v.t. & i. (Trans.) bevel off; tilt ; turn 
 over, turn upside down ; push, pitch, sideways. 
 (Intr. ) take inclined position ; lie aslant ; (Naut. ) 
 swing round, [f. prec] 
 
 cant 3 , n. & a., & v.i. Peculiar language of 
 class, profession, sect, &c, jargon ; temporary 
 catchwords (esp. as adj., c. phrase Sec.) ; words 
 used for fashion without being meant, unreal 
 use of words implying piety ; hypocrisy. ( Vb) 
 use talk of these kinds ; (Herald.) canting arms, 
 heraldry, coat, containing allusion to name of 
 bearer ; hence ea'ntER l n. [earlier of musi- 
 cal sound, of intonation, & of beggars' whining, 
 perh. f. singing of religious mendicants ; prob. f. 
 hcantus song, cantare frequent, of canere sing] 
 
 can't. See can 2 . 
 
 Ca'ntab, n. , Cantabpi'gian, n. & a. (Mem- 
 ber) of Cambridge University, [f. L Cantabri- 
 gia Cambridge +_-an] 
 
 ca'ntaloup (-oop), n. Kind of melon. [F, f. 
 It. Cantalupo in Italy] 
 
 canta'nkepous, a. Cross-grained, quarrel- 
 some. Hence eanta'nkerousLY 2 adv., 
 canta'nkerousxESS n. [perh. f. ME contak 
 contention on anal, of traitorous, rancorous] 
 
 eanta'ta (-tab.-), n. (mus.). Choral work, kind 
 of short oratorio, or lyric drama set to music 
 but not acted. [It. {cantare sing, -ata -ade)] 
 
 cantatri'ce (-etsha, -es), n. Professional 
 woman singer. [It. & F] 
 
 canteen, n. Provision & liquor shop in 
 camp or barracks ; box of cooking-utensils for 
 use in camp ; soldier's water- vessel of tin, wood, 
 &c [f. F cantine f. Tt. cantina cellar etym. dub.] 
 
 ea'nter, n., & v.i. & t. Easy gallop [win in 
 a c, easily). (Vb) go at this pace (of horse 
 or rider) ; make (horse) go thus, [short for 
 Canterbury pace, gallop, trot, &c, f. easy pace 
 of Canterbury pilgrims] 
 
 Canterbury, n. Stand with partitions for 
 music &c 
 
 Canterbury Bell, n. Kind of Campanula, 
 [f. bells of Canterbury pilgrims' horses] 
 
 eantha'Pides, n. pi. (med.). Dried Spanish 
 Fly. [L, pi. of L f. Gk kantharis blister-fly] 
 
 ea'ntiele, n. Little song, hymn ; one of the 
 Prayer-Book hymns, as the Benedicite, Nunc 
 Dimittis, Te Deum ; Canticles, Song of Solo- 
 mon, [f. L canticulum dim. of canticum song 
 (cantus song f. canere sing)] 
 
 ea'ntilever, n. Bracket (of length many 
 times breadth & more than twice depth) pro- 
 jecting from wall to support balcony Sec. ; c. 
 bridge, with piers each of which has two cc, 
 with long girders connecting cc of adjacent 
 piers, [prob. f . cant j & lever] 
 
CANTLE — 
 
 121 
 
 CAPITALIST 
 
 ca'ntle, n. Piece, slice, cut off; hind-bow of 
 saddle. |f. OXF cantel dim. of cant j J 
 
 ea'nto, n. (pi. -os). Division of long poem. 
 [It.,= song, as cant 3 ] 
 
 eanto'n 1 (also ka'-), n. Subdivision of 
 country ; State of Swiss confederation ; 
 (Herald.) square division less than a quarter in 
 upper corner of shield. Hence ea'ntonAL a. 
 [OF, = corner (cant 1 ^ -oon)J 
 
 eantd'n 2 (also -too'n), v.t. Divide into cc. 
 (-ton); (-toon) quarter (soldiers), [f. prec] 
 
 eanto'nment (-oon-), n. Lodging assigned 
 to troops (in India also permanent military 
 station), [prec. + -ment] 
 
 cantop'ial, a. Of the precentor, of X. side 
 of choir (cf. decanal), [f. L as foil. + -al] 
 
 cantor'is, mus. direction. To be sung by 
 cantorial side in antiphonal singing. [L, genit. 
 of cantor precentor (canere cant- sing, -or 2 )] 
 
 ea'nvas, n. Strong unbleached cloth of 
 hemp or flax, for sails, tents, painting on ; 
 under c, in tent(s), with sails spread ; racing- 
 boat's covered end ; picture ; C.-back, X.-Amer. 
 duck (f. colour of back feathers). [ME & OXF 
 canevas f. LL cannabaceus (L f. Gk kannabis 
 hemp, -aceous)] 
 
 ea'nvass, v.t. & i., & n. Discuss thoroughly ; 
 solicit votes, solicit votes from (constituency), 
 ascertain sentiments of, ask custom of, whence 
 ea'nvassER 1 n. ; (n.) canvassing for votes, 
 [f. prec, orig. sense being toss in a sheet, & so 
 shake up, agitate, &c] 
 
 ea'nyon, n. Deep gorge with stream, [f. Sp. 
 canon tube (caha f. L canna cane *)] 
 
 canzone't, n. Short light song. [f. It. can- 
 zonetta (canzone f. L cantionem F. canere sing)] 
 
 eaoutehouc (kowtshook), n. & a. (Of) 
 India-rubber. [F, f. Carib. cahuchu] 
 
 cap \ n. Head-dress (woman's, esp. of muslin 
 &c. worn indoors, but also now, like man's or 
 boy's, for out-door use, brimless & of cloth or 
 soft material; c. in hand, humbly; c. fits, 
 person feels that general remark is true of 
 him ; set one's c. at, try to attract as suitor) ; 
 special head-dress (college or square c. ; steel 
 c. , helmet ; Scotch c. , part of Highland costume ; 
 football c, of velvet &c, sign of inclusion in 
 team; c. o/maintenance; c. of liberty, conical, 
 given to Roman slave on emancipation, now 
 Republican symbol ; c. <& bells, jester's in- 
 signia ; fool's c.) ; caplike covering, natural 
 (mushroom top, knee-c, &c), or added for 
 various purposes (windmill top, toe-c, inner 
 watch-case; percussion c, for igniting explo- 
 sive in cartridges &c.) ; (Xaut.) doubly pierced 
 block for lengthening mast by extra spar ; 
 conical paper bag, cornet; c.-paper, whity- 
 brown for packing, also a size of writing-paper ; 
 c. -stone, top stone, coping. [OE cseppe f. LL 
 cappa, the Rom. forms of which meant cloak, 
 cape, cope ; cape, cope, are separate E adop- 
 tions of the same wd through Rom. or in its 
 med. L form capa] 
 
 cap 2 , v.t. & i. Put c. upon ; (Sc, Univv.) con- 
 fer degree on ; put percussion c. on nipple of 
 (gun); protect (end of beam &c.) with metal 
 &c, whence ea'ppiNGMS) n. ; lie on top of, 
 crown ; outdo (c. anecdote, quotation, Sec, 
 produce a better or another apposite one ; c. 
 verses, reply with one beginning with the 
 last's last letter) ; touch or take off one's hat 
 to (also intr. with to) ; injure at point (horse 
 caps its hocks), [f. prec] 
 
 capability, n. Power of (action &c , acting 
 Sec), for (being done something to), to (do 
 something) ; undeveloped faculty (has cc). 
 [foil., -bility] 
 
 ca'pable, a. Susceptible (of, or abs.); 
 
 having the power or fitness for (of); wicked 
 enough for (of) ; gifted, able. Hence ca'pa- 
 bLY 2 adv. [F, f. LL capabilis irreg. for capi- 
 bilis (L capere hold, -ble) ; earlier sense having 
 room (for)] 
 
 eapa'cious, a. Roomy. Hence eapa*- 
 eiousNESS n. [L capax (capere hold), -acious] 
 
 capa'citate, v.t. Render capable (for, to 
 do); make legally competent, [foil., -acitate] 
 
 eapa'eity, n. Holding - poAver, receiving- 
 power, (for happiness, heat, moisture) ; cubic 
 content {measure of c, for vessels & liquids, 
 grain, &c) ; mental power, faculty ; capability, 
 opportunity, to do, of doing, &c (rare) ; posi- 
 tion, relative character, {in a civil c. ; in my c. 
 as critic) ; legal competency, [f. F capacite f. 
 L capacitatem (capacious, -ty)] 
 
 cap-a-pie (ka'papi"), adv. From head to 
 foot, (armed, ready, &c). [f. OF cap a pie] 
 
 eapa'pison (-zn), n. (often pi.), & v.t. Horse's 
 trappings ; equipment, outfit; (vb) putc. upon, 
 [f. F caparasson (now -aeon) f. Sp. caparazon 
 f. med. L caparo (capa cape a )] 
 
 cape 1 , n. Short sleeveless cloak, either as 
 separate garment or as fixed or detachable 
 part of longer cloak or coat. Hence eapED 2 a. 
 [F, f. Sp. capa or It. cappa ; see cap 1 ] 
 
 cape 2 , C-, n. & a. Headland, promontory; 
 the C, of Good Hope, also = C. Colony (C. boy, 
 S. -African of mixed black & white descent), & 
 as adj. of its products (C. wine &c). [f. F cap 
 f. Rom. capo f. L caput head] 
 
 ea'pep 1 , n. Bramble-like S.-European shrub; 
 (pi.) its flower-buds pickled (esp. c.-sauce); 
 English cc, seed vessels of Xasturtium pickled. 
 [ME caperis, caperes, (sing.) f. L f. Gk kap- 
 paris ; -s lost as though pi. sign cf. pea, wage] 
 
 ea*pep 2 ,n., & v.i. (Give a) frisky movement, 
 leap; fantastic proceeding; cut a c, cc, —c 
 vb. [short for capriole] 
 
 capepeai'lye, -cai'lzie, n. Wood-grouse, 
 largest European gallinaceous bird (Scotland 
 &c). [f. Gael, capull coille horse of the wood] 
 
 ea'pepep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., caddis-fly 
 (from its flight), [caper 2 , -er 1 ] 
 
 ea'pful, n. Enough to fill a cap ; esp., c. of 
 wind, passing gust, [-ful (2)] 
 
 ca'pias, n. Writ of arrest. [L, = take thou] 
 
 capilla'pity, n. (Power of exerting) capil- 
 lary attraction or repulsion, [f. F capillarite 
 see foil., -ty] 
 
 capi'llapy (also ka"-), a. & n. Of hair ; hair- 
 like, thin as a hair ; (tube, blood-vessel) of 
 minute or hair -like diameter (e.g. one of 
 ramified blood-vessels intervening between 
 arteries & veins) ; so c. attraction, repul- 
 sion, [f. L capillaris (-ary 2 ) f. capillus hair] 
 
 ca'pital 1 , n. Head or cornice of pillar. 
 [ = L capitellum (cf. F chapiteau) dim. of 
 capitxdum dim. of caput head] 
 
 ea'pital 2 , a. & n. Involving loss of life, 
 punishable by death, (c. sentence, offence) ; 
 vitally injurious, fatal, (c error) ; standing at 
 the head (c. letter, also c. as noun) ; chief (c 
 manor, held in capite or direct from king ; c. 
 messuage, occupied by owner of estate with 
 several messuages ; c toicn or city, or c. as 
 noun, head town of country, county, &c.) ; im- 
 portant, leading, first-class ; excellent, first- 
 rate, (often as interj. of approval) ; original, 
 principal, (c. fund or c, stock with which com- 
 pany or person enters into business, accumu- 
 lated wealth used in producing more ; fixed c, 
 machinery &c ; circulating or floating c, 
 goods, money, &c ; so fig., make c out of, turn 
 to account). Hence ca'pitalLY 2 adv. [F, f. 
 L capitalis (caput -itis head, -al)] 
 
 ca'pitalism, capitalist, nn. Possession 
 
CAPITALIZE 
 
 122 
 
 CARABINEER 
 
 or influence or system, possessor, of capital or 
 fund used in production. Hence ea'pita- 
 li'stic a. [prec, -ism(3), -ist(3)] 
 
 ca'pitalize, v.t. Convert into, use as, 
 capital ; compute or realize present value of 
 (income). Hence ea'pitalizATiox n. [-ize(3)J 
 
 ca*pitate(d), a. (nat. hist. ). Having distinct 
 head ; with clustered flowers &c. [f. L capita- 
 tus headed {caput -itis, -ate 2 )] 
 
 capita'tion, n. (Levying of) tax or fee of so 
 much a head ; c. grant, of so much for every 
 person fulfilling conditions, [f. L cdpitatio 
 poll-tax {caput -itis head, -atiox)] 
 
 Ca'pitol (-tl), n. Roman temple of Jupiter 
 on Tarpeian hill (later Capitoline hill or Capi- 
 toline) ; (U.S.) Congress house, [f. Lcapitolium 
 {caput head)] 
 
 eapi'tulap, a. Of a cathedral chapter ; (Phys- 
 iol. ) of a terminal protuberance of bone, [f . med. 
 L capitularis (L capitulum chapter, -ar 1 )] 
 
 eapi*tulapy, n. Collection of ordinances, 
 esp. of Frankish Kings, [f. med. L capitularius 
 (as prec, -art 1 )] 
 
 eapi*tulate, v.i. Surrender on terms, [f. 
 med. L capitulare draw up under heads (see 
 
 CAPITULAR), -ATE 3 ] 
 
 capi'tula'tion, n. Stating heads of subject ; 
 agreement, conditions, (esp. the Cc, by which 
 foreign residents in Turkey have exterritori- 
 ality) ; surrender on terms, instrument con- 
 taining these. [F, f. med. L capitulationem 
 (prec, -atiox)] 
 
 ca'pon, n. Castrated cock. Hence ca*pon- 
 
 ize(3) v.t. [OE capun f. L caponem nom. capo] 
 
 caponier*, n. Covered passage across ditch 
 
 of fort. [f. F caponniere f. Sp. caponera orig. 
 
 a capon-cote (see prec)] 
 
 ca'porat (-ahl), n. A French tobacco. [F] 
 eapo*t, n., & v.t. (-tt-). (In piquet) winning 
 of all tricks by one player ; (vb) do this against 
 (opponent). [F] 
 
 capo'te, n. Soldier's, traveller's, &c, long 
 cloak with hood. [F, dim. of cape cape ] ] 
 ca'ppic, a. (chem.). C. acid, obtained from 
 butter, coco-nut oil, &c [f. L caper -pri goat 
 + -ic (from its goatlike smell)] 
 eappi'ee (-es), n. Unaccountable change of 
 mind or conduct, fancy, freak ; inclination to 
 these ; work of sportive fancy in art &c [F, 
 f. It. capriccio sudden start {capro goat f. L 
 caper -pri)] 
 
 eappi'eious (-shits), a. Guided by whim, 
 inconstant, irregular, incalculable. Hence 
 cappi'eiousLY 2 adv., eappi'eiousxESs n. 
 [f. F capricieux f. It. capriccioso (prec, -ous)] 
 
 Ca'ppieopn, n. Zodiacal constellation Goat ; 
 tenth sign of zodiac ; tropic of C. [f. L capri- 
 cornus (caper -pri goat, cornu horn)] 
 
 eappifiea'tion, n. Hastening of ripeness in 
 figs by subjecting them to puncture by wild- 
 fig gall-insects, [f. L caprificatio f. caprificus 
 wild fig_ {caper goat,ficus fig), -atiox] 
 
 ca'ppine, a. Of, like, a goat. [f. L caprinus 
 (caper -pri, -ixe 1 )] 
 
 ca'ppiole, n., & v.i. (Give a) leap, caper, 
 esp. (in manege) horse's high leap & kick with- 
 out advancing. [F (now cab-), or f. It. capriola 
 dim. of L capra she-goat] 
 
 cappo'ie, a. (chem.). C. acid, found with 
 capric & butyric acids in butter &c [var. of 
 capric for differentiation] 
 
 ca'psicum, n. Kinds of plant with hot cap- 
 sules & seeds, Guinea Pepper &c ; the pre- 
 pared fruit, [irreg. prob. f. L capsa case 2 ] 
 
 capsi'ze, n., & v.t. & i. Upset, overturn, 
 (of ship, boat). Hence eapsi*ZAL(2) n. [perh. 
 f. Sp. cabezar pitch or capuzar sink by the 
 head (cabo f. L caput head)! 
 
 ca'pstan, n. Revolving barrel, worked by 
 men walking round & pushing horizontal 
 levers, for winding cable in, hoisting heavy 
 sails, &c [f. F or Pr. cabestan f. L capistrare 
 (capistrian halter f. capere hold), -axt] 
 
 ca'psule, n. (Physiol.) membranous enve- 
 lope ; (Bot.) dry seed -case opening when ripe 
 by parting of valves ; (Chem.) shallow saucer 
 for evaporating &c. ; (Med.) gelatine envelope 
 enclosing pill ; metallic top for bottle. Hence 
 ca'psulAR 1 , ca'psuliFORM, aa., capsuli- 
 comb. form. [F, f. L capsula (case 2 , -ule)] 
 
 ea'ptain 1 (-in), n. Chief, leader; great 
 soldier, strategist, experienced commander; 
 (Army) chief company or troop officer. (Navy) 
 officer commanding man-of-war (also used, by 
 courtesy, of commander) ; C. of the Fleet, 
 adjutant-general of a force, with rear-admiral's 
 uniform ; chief sailor of special gang (c. of fore- 
 castle «&c ). Master of merchant ship ; manager 
 of Cornish mine ; foreman ; head boy ; leader 
 of side in games ; = Grey Gurnard. Hence 
 ca'ptaincv, ca'ptainsHip, nn., ea'ptain- 
 less a. [ME & OF capitain f. LL capitaneus 
 (a. & n.) chief (L caput bead)] 
 
 ea'ptain 2 , v.t. Be c of, lead. [f. prec] 
 
 eapta'tion, n. Use of ad captandum argu- 
 ments or appeals, [f. L captatio (captare 
 catch at, frequent, of capere take, -atiox)] 
 
 ca'ption, n. Legal arrest ; (Law) certificate 
 attached to or written on document; (U.S.) 
 heading of chapter, article, &c [f. L captio 
 (capere take, -tiox) ; last meaning f. second] 
 
 ea'ptious, a. Fallacious, sophistical ; fond 
 of taking exception, trying to catch people in 
 their words. Hence ea'ptiousLY 2 adv., 
 ea'ptiousxESS n. [f.L captiosus (prec, -ose ] )j 
 Fascinate, charm. Hence 
 [f. L captivare take cap- 
 
 ca'ptivate, v.t 
 eaptiVA'Tiox n. 
 
 TIVE, -ATE 3 ] 
 
 ea'ptive, a. & 
 
 n. (Person, animal) taken 
 prisoner, kept in confinement, under restraint, 
 unable to escape ; of, like, prisoner (c. state) ; 
 lead, take, hold, c. ; c. balloon, held by rope 
 from ground. So capti'viTY n. [f. F captif 
 f. L captivus (capere capt- take, -ive)] 
 
 ca'ptop, n., ea'ptpess, n. fern. One who 
 takes a captive or prize, [-or L (as prec, -OR 2 ) ; 
 & see -ess J ] 
 
 ca'ptupe (-tsh<??-), n., and v.t. Seizing, taking 
 possession of ; thing or person seized. ( Vb) take 
 prisoner, seize as prize ; hence ea'ptuPER 1 
 n. [F, f. L captura as prec, -ure] 
 
 Ca'puchin (-tsh-), n. & a. Franciscan (friar) 
 of new rule of 1528 ; woman's cloak and hood ; 
 C. monkey, pigeon, kinds with head hair or 
 feathers like cowl. [F (now -cin), f. It. capuc- 
 cino (capuccio cowl f. cappa cap ] )] 
 
 ca'put mortuum, n. Worthless residue. 
 [L, =dead head ; alch. term for residuum of any 
 substance after distillation or sublimation] 
 
 eapy'bapa, n. Large S.-Amer. rodent allied 
 to guinea-pig. [Brazilian] 
 
 eap, n. Wheeled vehicle (chiefly poet. = 
 chariot; c. of the sun, triumphal c, c of 
 Juggernaut, &c ; or with specification as 
 jauxt Hng-c, motor-c, tramway-c, dining-c. ; 
 in U.S. of any railway carriage or van ; in 
 Engl, also of low two- wheeled truck for hogs- 
 heads &c & of other low heavy carts) ; pendant 
 of balloon holding passengers ; carman, driver 
 of van or jaunting-c, carter, carrier. Hence 
 eap*FUL(2) n. [ME & ONF carre f. LL carra 
 cf. L carrus four-wheeled vehicle f. Bret, karr 
 cf. OW. carr] ■ 
 
 eapabineep*, eapb-, n. Soldier with car- 
 bine ; The Carabineers, 6th Dragoon Guards, 
 [f. F carabinier (carbixe, -ier)] 
 
CARACAL 
 
 123 
 
 CARDINAL 
 
 ea'paeal, n. Kind of lynx. [F, f. Turk. 
 qarah-qulaq black-ear] 
 
 ea'pacol(e), n.,& v.i. (Execute) half-turn(s) to 
 right or left (of horse or rider), [f. F caracole(r) 
 f. It. caracollo f. Sp. caracol snail, spiral shell] 
 
 eara'fe (-ahf), n. Glass water-bottle for 
 table. [F, cf. It. caraffa, Sp. garrafa perh. f. 
 Arab, gharafa draw water] 
 
 ca'ramel, n. Burnt sugar used for colouring 
 spirits &c. ; a sweetmeat. [F, f. Sp. caramelo] 
 
 ca'rapace, n. Upper shell of crustaceans. 
 [F, f. Sp. carapacho etym. dub.] 
 
 ca'pat, n. Measure of weight for precious 
 stones, about 3j? grains ; measure of purity of 
 gold, pure gold being 24 c. [F, f. It. carat o 
 f. Arab, qirat perh. f. Gk keration, fruit of 
 carob tree (dim. of keras horn)] 
 
 capava'n, n. Eastern or N. -African com- 
 pany of merchants, pilgrims, &c, travelling 
 together for safety, esp. through desert; 
 covered cart or carriage, house on wheels (esp. 
 of menagerie &c). [16th. -c carouan f. Pers. 
 kanvan, perh. assim. to F caravane\ 
 
 eapava'nserai, -sera, -sary, n. Eastern 
 quadrangular inn with great inner court where 
 caravans put up. [f. Pers. karwan-sarai 
 (prec, sara mansion)] 
 
 ea'ravel, eap'vel, n. (hist.). Small light 
 fast ship, chiefly Spanish & Portuguese of 15th- 
 17th cc. [f. F caravelle f. It. caravella ; cf. LL 
 f. Gk karabos] 
 
 ea'raway, n. Umbelliferous plant with 
 fruit (c. -seeds) used in cakes, [f. med. L carui 
 cf. Arab, al-karawiya & Gk karon cummin] 
 
 earb-, carbo-, comb, forms of carbon. 
 Hence ear'biDE n. 
 
 eap'blne, ea'pa-, n. Short fire-arm for 
 cavalry use. [F {cara-) weapon of carabin 
 soldier perh. f. Calabria perh. f. med. L chada- 
 bula kind of ballista (Gk katabole overthrow)] 
 
 ear'bOThy'dpate, n. (chem. ). Organic com- 
 pound of carbon with oxygen & hydrogen in 
 the proportion to form water (starch, sugar, 
 glucose). 
 
 eapbd'lie, a. (chem.). 
 septic & disinfectant. 
 
 V.t. [CARB-, -OL, -IC] 
 
 cap'bon, n. (chem.). 
 
 C. acid, powerful anti- 
 Hence eap*boliZE(5) 
 
 Non-metallic element 
 occurring as diamond, graphite, & charcoal, in 
 carbonic acid gas, the carbonates, & most 
 organic compounds; (Electr.) charcoal pencil 
 used in one form of electric lighting ; c. print- 
 ing, process, producing permanent prints in 
 black and white ; c.-paper, for taking copies of 
 letters &c. Hence cap'bonATE l (3) n. [f. F 
 carbone f. L carbonem nom. -o charcoal] 
 
 capbona'ceous, a. Of, like, coal or char- 
 coal ; consisting of or containing carbon, [as 
 prec, -aceous] 
 
 carbonari (-e), n. Neapolitan secret society 
 of republican revolutionists, [perh. f. dis- 
 guising themselves as charcoal-burners] 
 
 eap'bonate, v.t. (chem.). Form into a c. ; 
 impregnate with carbonic acid gas, aerate, 
 [f. carbonate n. see carbon, -ate 3 ] 
 
 capbo'nie, a. (chem.). Of carbon ; c acid 
 (gas), the gas formed in combustion of carbon, 
 given out in breathing, & constituting choke- 
 damp, [-ic] 
 
 capboni'fepous, a. Producing coal ; (Geol.) 
 c strata, system, formation, palaeozoic next 
 above Old Red Sandstone ; c. age, era, period, 
 in which these strata were deposited, [carbon, 
 -I-, -ferous] 
 
 cap'bonize, v.t. Convert into carbon ; re- 
 duce to charcoal or coke ; cover (paper) with 
 carbon for taking copies. Hence capboniz- 
 a'tion n. [-ize(3, 5)] 
 
 eap'boy, n. Large coloured-glass bottle pro- 
 tected with basket-work. [f. Pers. qarabah] 
 
 carbuncle, n. Red precious stone (formerly 
 of many kinds, e.g. ruby; now garnet cut in 
 boss shape) ; malignant tumour, anthrax, 
 pimple on nose or face, whence cap'bunelED 2 , 
 capbu'nculAR i, aa. [ME & OF chartoicle f. 
 L carbunculus small coal (carbon, -uncle)] 
 
 capbupe't, v.t. (-tt-). Combine (any element) 
 chemically with carbon ; charge with carbon. 
 Hence capbupe'ttOR 2 (2) or eapbupe'ttER * 
 
 (2) n. [CARBON, -URET] 
 
 cap'cass, -ase, n. Dead bodv (of human 
 body now only with contempt) : (with butchers) 
 beast's trunk without head, limbs, or offal ; 
 mere body, dead or alive (to save one's a), 
 worthless remains (of) ; skeleton, framework, 
 (of house, ship, &c); (Mil.) kind of fire-ball 
 from gun for igniting buildings, [partly f. OF 
 Charcots f. med. L carcosium, partly f. 16th-c. 
 F carcasse f. It. carcassa ; etym. and mutual 
 relations of carcosium, carcassa, doubtful] 
 
 eapd 1 , n., & v.t. (Cleanse, comb, get into 
 order, also scratch or torture, with) toothed 
 instrument, wire-brush, or wire-set rubber or 
 vulcanite strip, for raising nap on cloth or pre- 
 paring wool, hemp, &c. ; c.-thistlc, teasel ; card- 
 ing-machine, with card-strips fixed on rollers, 
 [f. F carde teasel-head ult. f. L carduus thistle] 
 
 card. 2 , n. (Also playing-c) one of pack of 52 
 oblong pieces of pasteboard used in games 
 (court 1 -c. ; make a c, take trick with it ; house 
 of cc, insecure scheme &c. ; cc, card -playing ; 
 sure, safe, doubtful, &c, c, such a plan, ex- 
 pedient ; knowing, queer, c, such a person ; 
 throw up, show, one's cc, give up, let out, one's 
 plan ; c. up one's sleeve, plan in reserve ; on the 
 cc, likely, possible) ; flat piece of thick paper or 
 pasteboard for various purposes (speak by the 
 c, with precision, f. obs. use=mariner's com- 
 pass ;post-c. ; correspondence-c, for short notes ; 
 = ticket of admission ; = invitation ; c. or visit- 
 ing-c, with name &c.,sentorleftin lieu of formal 
 visit, so leave a c on; wedding, Christmas, &c, 
 c. , sent in notification or compliment to friends ; 
 collecting-c, for entering subscribers to chari- 
 ties ; programme of events at race-meetings &c, 
 or of cricket scores, esp. correct c ; the c, the 
 correct thing, what is expected ; printed or 
 written notice, rules, &c, for hanging in win- 
 dow or on wall) ; c-case, for carrying visiting- 
 cc. ; c-basket, -rack, for keeping visitors' cc. ; 
 cardboard, pasteboard for cutting cc. from or 
 making boxes &c. ; c-sharper, swindler at c- 
 games. [f. F carte f. It. carta (cf. charte direct) 
 f. L charta f . Gk khartes papyrus-leaf ; -d for -te 
 unexplained] 
 
 cap'damom, n. Spice from seed-capsules of 
 E.-Ind. plants, [f. L f. Gk kardamomon (kar- 
 damon cress, amomon a spice plant)] 
 
 cap'diae, a. & n. Of the heart (esp. path., as 
 c. symptoms, of heart-disease) ; of upper orifice 
 of stomach ; (n.) heart-stimulant, cordial, [f. F 
 (-aque) f. L f. Gk kardiakos (kardia heart, -AC)] 
 
 cap'digran, n. Knitted woollen over-waist- 
 coat with or without sleeves, [named after 
 Earl of C. c. 1855] 
 
 cap'dinal, C-, a. & n. On which something 
 hinges, fundamental, important, (c. virtues, the 
 four natural & three theological, see virtue ; 
 c numbers, the simple ones, as one, six, cf. 
 ordinal; c. points, winds, North, S., E., W. ; 
 c. church hist., one of principal churches in 
 Rome, to which others were subordinate, 
 whence Cardinal, noun, orig. person in charge 
 of one of these, now one of seventy princes 
 of R.-C. Ch., members of Pope's council of 6 c. 
 bishops, 50 c. priests, & 14 c. deacons, & electors 
 
CARDIO- 
 
 121 
 
 CARNY 
 
 of new Pope, whence eap'dinalATE *, cap'- 
 dinalsHiP, nn. ; also prefixed to other titles, 
 as C.-Legate), whence eap'dinalLY 2 adv. ; of 
 deep scarlet ; woman's short hooded (orig. scar- 
 let) cloak; small scarlet bird; (Zool.) of the 
 hinge of a bivalve ; c.-floxoer. Scarlet Lobelia. 
 [F, f. L cardinal is (cardo -inis hinge, -al) ; 
 sense scarlet f. Cardinal's robes] 
 
 eapdio-, comb, form of Gk kardia heart. 
 
 cardoo'n, n. Composite kitchen-garden 
 plant allied to artichoke, [f. F cardon f. It. 
 cardone {cardo f. L cardus, carduus thistle, 
 
 -OON)] 
 
 care l 3 n. Solicitude, anxiety : occasion for 
 these ; serious attention, heed, caution, pains, 
 (take, have a, c, be cautious) ; charge, protec- 
 tion, {A, c/o or c. of B, in addresses ; have the, 
 take, c. of; in, under, one's c.) ; thing to be 
 done or seen to (cc. of State &c. ; that shall be 
 my c.) ; c.-laden, -worn, with anxieties ;c.-taker, 
 person hired to take charge, esp. of house in 
 owner's absence. [OE car u, com.-Teut. f. OTeut. 
 kard- ; not related to L curd] 
 
 cape 2 , v.i. Feel concern or interest for or 
 about ; provide food, attendance, &c, for 
 (children, invalids, &c.) ; (w. neg. expressed or 
 implied) feel regard, deference, affection, for, 
 be concerned whether 8cc, (often with expletive 
 a pin, a damn, a farthing ; / don't c. if J do, 
 am willing). [OE carian f. prec] 
 
 capee'n, v.t. & i. Turn (ship) on one side for 
 cleaning, caulking, &c. ; (cause to) heel over, 
 [ult. f. L carina keel] 
 
 caree'nage, n. Careening a ship ; expense 
 of it ; place for it. [-age] 
 
 ^eapeep*, n., & v.i. Swift course, impetus, 
 (in full, mid, &c, a); course or progress 
 through life ; development & success of party, 
 principle, nation, &c. ; way of making a liveli- 
 hood ; (vb) go swiftly or wildly (often about). 
 [f. F carriere race-course f. LL carraria (via) 
 carriage-(road) f. L carrus car 1 ] 
 
 eape'ful, a. Concerned for, taking care of; 
 painstaking, watchful, cautious, (to do, that, 
 what, whether, &c); done with or showing 
 care. Hence eape'fulLY 2 adv., cape'ful- 
 ness n. [-FUL] 
 
 careless, a. Unconcerned, light-hearted ; 
 inattentive, negligent {of), thoughtless ; in- 
 accurate. Hence eape'lessLY 2 adv., cape*- 
 lessxESS n. [-less] 
 
 cape'ss, n., & v.t. Fondling touch, kiss; 
 blandishment. (Vb) bestow these on ; pet, 
 make much of ; hence cape'ssingLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F caresse(r) f. It. carezza(re) f. LL *caritia 
 (L earns dear)] 
 
 ea'pet, n. Mark ( A ) placed below line to show 
 place of omission. [L, = it needs (carere)] 
 
 eap'gfo, n. Freight of ship. [Sp.,= loading 
 f. med. L carricum I. LL carricare to load (L 
 carrus car 1 )] 
 
 Ca*pib, n. & a. (One) of aboriginal inhabi- 
 tants of Southern W-Ind. islands. [f. Sp. 
 Caribe cf. cannibal] 
 
 caribou* (-00), -boo*, n. N.-Amer. reindeer. 
 [-011 Canad. F, prob. f. native wd] 
 
 eapieatupe*, n., & v.t. Grotesque represen- 
 tation of person or thing by over-emphasis on 
 characteristic traits (pictorial, literary, or 
 mimetic) ; hence eapicatup*iST(l)_n. (Vb) 
 make, give, a c. of ; hence eapieatup'ABLE a. 
 [F, f. It. caricatura (caricare to load see 
 
 CARGO, -URE)] 
 
 car'i&s, n. Decay (of bones or teeth). [L] 
 
 cd'ri/lon (-lyon, or as F), n. Set of bells that 
 
 can be rung either by hand or mechanically ; 
 
 air played on bells ; instrument (or part of 
 
 organ) imitating peal of bells. [F, f. med. L 
 
 quadrilionem nom. -0 quaternary (formerly 
 four bells)] 
 
 carrna, n. (zool. & hot). Ridge-shaped 
 structure. Hence capi'nAL, ca'pinATE 2 , aa., 
 eapino- comb. form. [L, = keel] 
 
 carious, a. Decayed (esp. of bones, teeth), 
 [f. L cariosus (caries, -ose 1 )] 
 
 cap'king 1 * a. Burdensome (alw. with care). 
 [f. obs. vb cark f. ONF carkier f. LL carricare 
 
 (CARGO)l 
 
 eapl(e), n. (Sc). Man, fellow. [OE in comb, 
 as hits-carl f. ON karl cogn. w. churl] 
 
 cap'llne \ n. (Sc). Old woman. [ME & OX 
 kerling fern, of prec] 
 
 eap'line 2 , n. Genus of composite plants 
 allied to thistle. [F, f. med. L carlina for Caro- 
 lina named f. Carolus Charlemagne] 
 
 Cap'lism, Cap'list, nn. Spanish legitimism, 
 legitimist, support(er) of Don Carlos second son 
 of Charles IV. [-ism(3), -ist(2)] 
 
 Carlo vi'ngian, Capoli'ngian, (j), a. & n. 
 (One) of second French dynasty founded by 
 Charlemagne, [f. F carlovingien after mero- 
 vingien Merovingian] 
 
 Caply'lism, n. Principles, literary manner, 
 a mannerism, of Carlyle. So CaplylE'AN, 
 CaplyliAN, aa., CaplylE'SE a. & n. [Thomas 
 Carlyle 1795-1881; -ISM(3, 4)] 
 
 Carmagno'Ie (-anyol), n. Song & dance 
 among French revolutionists of 1793. [F] 
 
 Cap'melite, n. & a. (Member) of mendicant 
 order of friars (also White Friars f. their white 
 cloak) ; fine woollen stuff, usu. grey. [Mt Car- 
 mel, place of foundation (12th c), -item2)] 
 
 eap'minative, a, & n. (Drug) curing flatu- 
 lence, [f. L canninare card, -ive, gross hu- 
 mours being combed out like tangled wool] 
 
 car'mine, n. & a. (Coloured like, colour of) 
 crimson pigment made from cochineal, [f. F 
 or Sp. carmin f. med. L carminus for carmesi- 
 nus crimson] 
 
 car'nage (-ij), n. Great slaughter, esp. of 
 men. [F, f. It. carnaggio f. LL carnaticum (L 
 caro carnis flesh, -age)] 
 
 cap'nal, a. Sensual, fleshly ; sexual ; un- 
 sanctified, worldly. Hence cap*naliSM(2), 
 eapna'liTY, nn., eap*nalizE(3) v.t.cap'nal- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L carnalis (caro see prec, -al)] 
 
 eapna'tion 1 , n. & a. (Of) rosy pink colour, 
 [orig. flesh-colour f. L carnatio (caro see car- 
 nage) fleshiness] 
 
 eapna'tion 2 , n. Cultivated kinds of Clove- 
 pink, [formerly edsoinearnacyon, coronation, 
 cornation ; pern. orig. coronation as indented 
 like coronet, later confused w. the colour ; for 
 corn-, car 7i-, cf. foil.] 
 
 earne'lian, =cornelian. [ca- by confusion 
 w. L (carnation 1 ) as flesh-coloured] 
 
 eap'nify, v.t. & i. (path.). Change (t. & i. of 
 bone, lungs, &c.) to structure of flesh or muscle. 
 Hence eap'niFiCATiON n. [L caro carnis 
 flesh, -fy] 
 
 eap'nival, n. Half-week or week before 
 Lent; festivities usual during this in R.-C. 
 countries ; riotous revelry ; reckless indul- 
 gence in something (of; c. of bloodshed &c). 
 [f. It. carnevale orig. name for Shrove Tuesday 
 only, f. L phr. carnem levare put away meat] 
 
 carni'vora, n. Large order of flesh-eating 
 mammalia, including cats, dogs, bears, &c 
 [L neut. pi. see carnivorous] 
 
 eap'nivope, n. Carnivorous animal or 
 plant. [F, as foil.] 
 
 earnrvopous, a. Feeding on flesh (esp. of 
 the carnivora, & of plants digesting animal 
 substance), [f. L carnivorus (caro carnis 
 flesh, -VOROUS)] 
 
 eap'ny, -ey, v.t. (colloq.). Coax, wheedle. [?] 
 
CAROB 
 
 125 
 
 CART 
 
 ea'pob, n. Horn-like pod of Levantine c.- 
 tree. [f. F carobe f. Arab, kharrubah bean-pod] 
 
 ca'pol, n., & v.t. & i. (-11-). Joyous song, 
 human or of birds, esp. Christmas hymn. (Vb) 
 utter, celebrate with, these ; hence ea'POllER 1 
 n. [obs. senses dance, ring ; f. OF carole(r) 
 perh. f. L choraula f. Gk khoraules flute-player 
 for chorus-dancing (khoros chorus, aulos flute), 
 or f. L corolla ring] 
 
 Ca'poline, a. Of Charlemagne ; of the time 
 of Charles I & II of England, [f. L Carolus 
 Charles + -ine *] 
 
 Caroling-ian. See carlovingian. 
 
 ea'pom. See cannon. 
 
 eaPO'tid, a. & n. Of, near, the two great ar- 
 teries carrying blood to head ; (n.) one of these, 
 [f. Gk karotides pi. (karoo stupefy, compression 
 of these arteries being thought to do this)J 
 
 capou'se (-owz), v.i., & n. (Have, engage 
 in) a drinking-bout; drink deep. Hence 
 eapOU*SAL(2) n. [orig. as adv. = right out, in 
 phr. drink c. f. G gar a us trinken] 
 
 carp 1 , n. A fresh-water fish usu. bred in 
 ponds, [f. OF carpe f. LL carpa cf. OHG 
 charpho, G karpfen] 
 
 carp 2 , v.i. Talk querulously, find fault, 
 (usu. at) ; esp. carping tongue, criticism, cap- 
 tious, [obs. senses talk, say, sing, prob. f. ON 
 karpa to brag, but mod. sense influenced by L 
 carpere pluck at, slander] 
 
 eap'pal, a. Of the carpus, [carpus, -al] 
 
 cap'pel, n. (bot.). Pistil-cell, whether pistil 
 is one cell or several. Hence eap'pellARY x a. 
 [mod. dim. f. Gk karpos fruit, see -le(2)] 
 
 cap'penter, n., & v.i. & t. Artificer in 
 wood-work (esp. of rough solid kinds as in ship 
 or house building, cf. joiner, CABiNET-maker); 
 c.-ant, -bee, kinds boring into trees; c.-scene, 
 played before a painted scene (also c.-scene) to 
 give c. time for preparing elaborate scene be- 
 hind ; so cap'pentRY (2, 5) n. ( Vb) do, make by, 
 c.'s work. [f. ONF carpentier (now ch-) f. LL 
 carpentarius {carpentum wagon f. Celt.)] 
 
 cap'pet 1 , n., & v.t. Thick fabric, usu. 
 woollen & patterned, for covering floor & stairs 
 (at first of table-covering, whence on the c, 
 under discussion ; & as floor-covering long a 
 boudoir luxury, whence c. -knight, stay-at- 
 home soldier, lady's man) ; smooth, soft, or 
 bright expanse of grass, flowers, &c. ; c.-bed, 
 garden bed with dwarf plants arranged in 
 pattern ; c.-dance, informal ; c.-rods, keeping 
 stair-c. in place ; c.-snake, variegated Austra- 
 lian kind ; c.-bag, travelling-bag, orig. made of 
 c. ; c.-bagger, candidate for election or political 
 agitator unconnected with district; hence 
 eap'petLESS a. (Vb) cover (as) with a c, 
 whence eap'petiNG l (3) n. ; summon (servant 
 &c.) into the room for reprimand, reprove, [f. 
 OF carpite or It. carpita p.p. of carpire f. L 
 carpere pluck, tyie fabric being perh. a patch- 
 work ; cf. F charpie lint] 
 
 eappho*log"y, n. Delirious fumbling with 
 bed-clothes &c. [f. Gk karphologia (karphos 
 twig, lego pick, -Y 1 )] 
 
 cappo- !, comb, form of carpus. 
 
 earpo- 2 , comb, form of Gk karpos fruit. 
 Hence eappo'LOGY n. 
 
 carpus, n. (anat.). Part of skeleton that 
 unites hand &c. to fore-arm, eight small bones 
 in higher vertebrates (in man, wrist ; in horse, 
 knee), [f. Gk karpos wrist] 
 
 ea'PPiage (-rij), n. Conveying, transport; 
 cost of conveying (c.-free ; c.-forward, not 
 prepaid); management (of enterprise &c); 
 passing (o/Parl. motion &c); manner of carry- 
 ing (c. of head, body, &c), bearing, deportment; 
 wheeled vehicle for persons (hackney, railway, 
 
 -c), esp. four-wheeled private vehicle with two 
 (c. & pair) or more horses (c.-company, -folk, 
 who keep these), whence ea*ppiag , eFUL(2) n. ; 
 wheeled support of gun (usu. gun-c.) ; wheeled 
 framework of vehicle apart from body ; (Mech.) 
 sliding &c. part of machinery for shifting posi- 
 tion of other parts ; c.-dog, spotted Dalmatian ; 
 c.-drive, road in parks &c. Hence ea'ppiage- 
 less a. [f. ONF cariage f. carter (carry, -age)] 
 
 ca*ppiag*eable, a. Available for carriages 
 (of road), [-able] 
 
 ea'PPiek bend, n. (naut.). Kind of knot or 
 splice, [bend 1 ; carrick perh. f . obs. carrack 
 armed merchant ship] 
 
 ca'ppiep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : person 
 plying for hire with cart for conveyance of 
 parcels (common c, legal term including also 
 railway and steamship companies &c.) ; part of 
 bicycle &c. for carrying luggage; c. -pigeon; 
 c. -nation &c, conducting oversea trade for 
 others, [carry + -er l ] 
 
 ea'ppiole, n. Small open carriage for one ; 
 covered light cart ; Canadian sledge, [f. F 
 carr^iole, med. L carriola dim. of carva car 1 ] 
 
 ea'ppion, n. & a. Dead putrefying flesh; 
 anything vile, garbage, filth ; c.-crow, between 
 raven & rook, feeding on c, small animals, &c. ; 
 (adj.) rotten, loathsome. [ME & ONF caroine 
 perh. f. Rom. *caronia f. L caro caiviis flesh] 
 
 earpona'de, n. Short large-calibred ship's 
 gun. [Carron orig. place of making + -ade] 
 
 ca'ppot, n. (Plant with) tapering orange- 
 coloured edible root; (pi.) red hair, red-haired 
 person, whence ea'PPOtY 2 a. [f. F carotte 
 f. L carota f. Gk karoton perh. f. kara head] 
 
 ca'ppy, v.t. & i. Convey in vehicle, ship, 
 hand, or head (as news), or on person (also of 
 vehicle &c, or water, wind, &c, as subject ; c. 
 corn, from field to stack ; fetch & c, be under- 
 ling ; c. all before one, succeed ; c. weight, be 
 handicapped in horse-racing or fig.) ; conduct 
 (pipes c. water, xcires c. sound ; c. into effect; 
 c. one back, in fancy to earlier times ; c. off to 
 prison) ; transfer (figures to column of higher 
 notation ; c. conviction, implant one's own in 
 other minds ; c. over, forward, entries to new 
 page or account) ; propel to specified distance 
 (of gun &c, with obj. usu. omitted ; also intr. 
 = go of missile) ; cause or enable to go to (of 
 motive, journey-money, &c.) ; bring to (of day's 
 journey &c.) ; prolong, continue, to (c. tower to 
 500ft, modesty to excess) ; win (prize ; c. it, the 
 day, succeed ; c. fortress &c. , capture ; c. 
 hearers with one, persuade) ; win victory for 
 (candidate ; c. one's point, a motion, bill) ; 
 wear, have with one, possess, involve, (arms, a 
 watch, &c. ; cone's bat 2 ; c. weight, authority, 
 be influential ; c. with one, remember ; loans c 
 interest, principles c. consequences) ; hold in a 
 certain way (c. one's head, body, oneself; c. 
 sword &c, in saluting-position) ; endure weight 
 of, support, (ships c. sail, piers c. dome) ; c. 
 away, inspire, transport, deprive of self-control, 
 (Naut.) lose (mast &c.) by breakage ; c. off, re- 
 move from life, win, render passable, c. it off 
 well, make brave show ; c. on, advance (pro- 
 cess) a stage, continue, manage (business), 
 (colloq.) behave strangely ; c. out, put in prac- 
 tice ; c. over (St. Exch.), keep over to next 
 selling-day ; c. through, bring safely out of 
 difficulties, complete, [f. ONF carier f. LL 
 carricare (L carrus car l )] 
 
 cart, n., & v.t. & i. Strong two- wheeled 
 vehicle (cf. wagon) used in farming & for 
 heavy goods, (also spring, mail, dog, -c.) light 
 two- wheeled one-horse vehicle for driving in, 
 (put c. before horse, reverse order, take effect 
 for cause; c.-horse, thickset & fit for heavj^ 
 
CARTE 
 
 126 
 
 CASH 
 
 work; c.-ladder, rack at sides or ends for in- 
 creasing capacity ; c. - load, = cartful, also 
 large quantity of anything ; c.-road, -way, too 
 rough for carriages ; c.-wheel, wheel of a, large 
 coin as crown &c., lateral summersault of 
 street urchins {turn c.-w.); c.-whip, long & 
 heavy; c.-wright, maker of cc. ; hence ear't- 
 age(4), car'tER l , eaP*tFUL(2), nn. ( Vb) carry 
 in a c. ; work with a c. ; (slang) defeat easily 
 (in match, game, &c). [prob. f. ON kartr cart 
 cf. OE crxt of doubtful meaning] 
 
 carte, quapte (kart), n. Fencing position (c. 
 & tierce, sword-play). [F (q-), f. It. quarta fourth] 
 
 carte blanche (F), n. Blank paper given 
 to person to write his own terms on ; full dis- 
 cretionary power. [F (card 2 , blank)] 
 
 capte-de-visi'te (de, -zet), n. Photograph 
 3Jin. x2?. [F,= visiting card, its orig. purpose] 
 
 cap'tel, n. Written challenge to duel ; (agree- 
 ment for) exchange of prisoners ; (also kartell) 
 manufacturers' union to keep up prices. [F, f. 
 It. cartello dim. of carta card 2 ] 
 
 Carte'sian (-zhn), a. & n. (Follower) of 
 Descartes or his philosophy or mathematical 
 methods. Hence Capte*sianiSM(3) n. [Carte- 
 siios mod. L name of Rene Descartes, 1596-1650, 
 
 -AN] 
 
 Capthu'sian (-z-), a. & n. (Member) of order 
 of monks founded by St Bruno 1086 ; (member) 
 of Charterhouse school founded on site of C. 
 monastery, [f. L Cartusianus f. Chatrousse, 
 place of their first monastery] 
 
 cap'tilage (-ij), n. (Structure, part, in verte- 
 brates, of) firm elastic tissue, gristle, (temporary 
 c, in the young, changing later to bone). So 
 captila'g-inoiD a. [F, f. L cartilago -inis] 
 
 captlla'ginous, a. Of, like, cartilage (c. fish, 
 with c. skeleton), [f. L (-osus, see prec, -ous)] 
 
 capto'gpaphy, n. Map - drawing. So 
 capto'GRAPjiER n., captoGRA"PHic(AL) aa. 
 [f. F carte chart (card 2 ) + -graphy ; the cor- 
 rect form f. Gk would have ch-] 
 
 eap'tomaney, n. Fortune-telling by play- 
 ing-cards, [f. It. carta card 2 , -mangy] 
 
 cap'ton, n. "White disk within bull's-eye of 
 target, [f. F as foil.] 
 
 captoo'n, n., & v.i. & t. Drawing on stout 
 paper as design for painting, tapestry, mosaic, 
 &c. ; full-page (or large) illustration, esp. on poli- 
 tics in comic paper ; hence eaptoo*niST(3) n. 
 (Vb) draw c, represent (person &c.) in a c. [f. 
 F carton or It. cartone (carta card 2 , -oon)] 
 
 eartou'che (-oosh), n. (Arch.) scroll orna- 
 ment, e. g. volute of Ionic capital ; tablet 
 imitating, or drawing of, scroll with rolled-up 
 ends, used ornamentally or bearing inscription ; 
 (Archaeol.) oval ring containing hieroglyphic 
 names & titles of Egyptian kings &c. [F, f. It. 
 cartoccio augmentative of carta card 2 ] 
 
 cap*tpidg , e, n. Charge of explosive for fire- 
 arms or blasting made up in case of paper, 
 flannel, metal, &c. (small-arm ball-c. or c. 
 contains bullet also, blank-c. the explosive 
 only) ; c.-belt, with sockets for cc. ; c.-paper, 
 thick and rough, used also for drawing & for 
 strong envelopes, [corrupt, of prec] 
 
 eap'tulapy, n. Collection of records ; regis- 
 ter, [f. rued. L c(h)artularium i. L cartula 
 dim. of c(h)arta card 2 , -ary 1 ] 
 
 ca'puncle (also karu"-), n. Fleshy excres- 
 cence, as turkeycock's wattles, [f. 16th-c. F ca- 
 runcule f. L caruncula (caro camis flesh, -un- 
 cle)] 
 
 carve, v.t. & i. (p.p. -ed, sometimes -en). Cut 
 (in gen. sense now only fig., as c. one's way) ; 
 produce by cutting (statue, portrait, represen- 
 tation in relief or intaglio, inscription, design, 
 out of, in, or on, material), change by cutting 
 
 (material into something), cover or adorn 
 (material) with figures cut in it, cut designs 
 &c, whence cap , viNG 1 (2) n. ; cut up meat, 
 cut up (meat &c), at or for table (carving-kni^e, 
 long for this purpose); subdivide (usu. up)<; 
 c. out, take from larger whole, acquire esp. by 
 the sword. [OE ceorfan, com.-Teut. cf. Du. 
 kerven, prob. cogn. w. Gk grapho write] 
 eap'vel, = caravel ; c.-built, with planks 
 
 flush (Cf. CLINKER-BUILT). 
 
 cap'vep, n. In vbl senses ; also, carving- 
 knife, (pi.) carving knife & fork, [-er 1 ] 
 
 eapya'tid, n. Female figure used as pillar, 
 [f. L f. Gk karuatis -idos priestess at Caryae] 
 
 casca'de, n., & v.i. (Fall like a) waterfall, or 
 one section of large broken waterfall ; wavy 
 fall of lace &c. [F, f. It. cascata (cascare to 
 fall for casicare f. L cas- see foil.)] 
 
 case \ n. Instance of thing's occurring ; 
 actual state of affairs (is, is not, the c, is true, 
 false) ; position, circumstances, in which one 
 is, plight, [in good, evil, c, weh, badly, off) ; 
 (Med.) person's diseased condition ; instance 
 of any disease. (Law) cause, suit, for trial ; 
 statement of facts in cause sub judice, drawn 
 up for higher court's consideration (judge 
 states a c); cause that has been decided 
 & may be cited (leading c, one often cited & 
 governing subsequent decisions) ; sum of argu- 
 ments on one side (that is our c. ; make out 
 one's c, prove it) ; (fig.) c. of conscience, matter 
 in which conscience has to decide between 
 conflicting principles. (Gram.) form of noun, 
 adj., or pronoun, in inflected languages express- 
 ing relation to some other word in sentence (in 
 uninflected languages, this relation itself apart 
 from form). In c. , if, in the event that, lest ; in c. 
 of, in the event of ; put (the) c. that, suppose ; in 
 any c, whatever the fact is, whatever may hap- 
 pen ; in that c, if that is true, should happen ; 
 c.-laic, law as settled by precedent. [ME & 
 OF cas f. L casus -us fall (cadere cas- fall)] 
 
 case 2 , n., & v.t. Enclosure of something, 
 box, bag, sheath, &c. ; frame* for plant-growing; 
 glass box for showing specimens, curiosities, 
 &c. ; outer protective covering (of watch, 
 sausage, seed-vessel, book, &c); box with 
 propercontents (dressing-c.) ; (Print.)receptacle 
 with compartments (iqjperc, capitals, lower c, 
 small letters) ; c.-bottle, square for fitting into 
 c. with others; ca'se-harden v.t., harden sur- 
 face of, esp. give steel surface to (iron) by chem. 
 process, (fig.) render callous; c.-knife, worn in 
 sheath ; c.-shot, or c, bullets in tin box fired from 
 cannon without fuse, also = shrapnel ; c.-worm 
 = caddis. (Vb) enclose in c, surround with, (also 
 with up, over) ; hence ea'siNG *(3) n. [f. ONF 
 casse (now chdsse) f. L capsa (capere hold)] 
 
 ca'sein, n. A proteid or albuminoid, the basis 
 of cheese. [L caseus cheese + -in] 
 
 ca'semate, n. Vaulted chamber in thickness 
 of wall of fortress, with embrasures. Hence 
 ca'sematED 2 a. [F, f. It. casamatta (casa 
 house, perh. matto mad, also pseudo-)] 
 
 case'ment (-s- or -z-), n. Metal -or wooden 
 hinged frame with glass forming (part of) 
 window (often c.-window) ; (poet. &c.) window, 
 [f. med. L. casamentum, or f. case 2 + -ment] 
 
 ca'seous, a. Of, like, cheese, [f. L caseus 
 cheese 4- -ous] 
 
 easep*n(e) (-z-), n. (Usu. pi.) small building(s) 
 for troops between ramparts & houses of for- 
 tress. [F (-e), f. Sp. caserna (casa house)] 
 
 cash 1 , n. (no pi.), & v.t. Ready money (in, 
 out of, c, having, not having, money ; c. down, 
 paid on the spot); (Banking &c.) specie, or 
 specie and bank: notes; (Book-keeping) c- 
 account, to which only c. is carried, & from 
 
CASH 
 
 127 
 
 CASTOR 
 
 which all payments are rnade, c.-book, for 
 record of c. received and paid ; c.-pay merit, in 
 ready money ; c. price, lowest, for ready money ; 
 hence ea'shLESS a. (Vb) give or obtain c. for 
 (note, cheque, &c.). [f. F casse (now caisse) 
 box f. L capsa case 2 ] 
 
 cash 2 , n. (pi. cash). Kinds of E.-Ind. and 
 Chinese small coin, esp. a Chinese coin perfor- 
 ated for stringing = i&o of tael. [ult. f . Tamil 
 kasu a small coin by confusion with cash l ] 
 
 ea'shew, n. W.-Ind. &c. tree with kidney- 
 shaped fruit (c.-nut). [f. F acajou f. Braz. 
 acajoba] 
 
 cashier* *, n. Person in charge of bank's or 
 merchant's cash. [f. F caissier (cash *, -ier)] 
 
 cashier* 2 , v. t. Dismiss from service, depose ; 
 discard, [f. Flem. or Du. casseren cf. F casser 
 f.L quassare (quatere quass- shake), with senses 
 also of L cassare annul (cassus vain)] 
 
 ca'shmere, n. (Also c.-shawl) shawl of fine 
 soft wool of Cashmere goat; the material; 
 imitation of it. Hence eashmerE'TTE(2) n. 
 
 casi'no (-se-), n. Public music or dancing 
 room. [It., dim. of casa house f. L casa cottage] 
 
 cask, n. Wooden vessel (^barrel 1 ); this 
 and its contents ; varying measure of capacity, 
 [perh. f. F casque helmet J 
 
 ca'sket, n. Small box, often of precious 
 material & workmanship, for jewels, letters, 
 &c. [perh. dim. of prec. (-et 1 ), but quoted from 
 a century earlier] 
 
 casque (kask), n. (hist., poet.). Helmet. [F, 
 f. Sp. cased] 
 
 Cassa'ndra, n. Prophet of ill ; unregarded 
 prophet. [Trojan prophetess fated to prophesy 
 truly & be unbelieved] 
 
 cassa'tion, n. Annulment, [f. LL cassatio 
 (L cassare cashier 2 , -ation)] 
 
 eassa'va (-sah-), n. W.-Ind. &c. plant with 
 tuberous roots ; its starch or flour, bread made 
 from these, [f. Haytian casdvi &c] 
 
 ca'sserole, n. A heat-proof earthenware 
 vessel in which meat &c. is cooked & served 
 (en c, so served). [F] 
 
 ca'ssia (also -sha), n. Inferior kind of 
 cinnamon ; genus of plants yielding senna- 
 leaves, [f. L f. Gk kasia f. Heb. q'tsi'ah 
 (qatsa 1 cut off bark)] 
 
 ca'ssock, n. Long close tunic worn by some 
 Anglican clergymen under gown or short 
 surplice, or as ordinary attire. Hence ca's- 
 soekED 2 n. [f. F casaque etym. dub., perh. 
 f. It. casacca habitation, also long coat, (casa 
 see casino) ; cf. chasuble] 
 
 cassole'tte, n. Vessel for burning per- 
 fumes ; perfume-box with perforated top. [F, 
 dim. of cassole dim. of casse pan] 
 
 ca'ssowapy, n. Kinds of large cursorial 
 bird related to ostrich, [f. Malay casuari] 
 
 cast !, v.t. & i. (cast). Throw (poet, or archaic 
 exc. in spec, uses, as : c. dice ; c. a vote, give or 
 deposit it ; c. lots ; c. ashore ; c. net, hook, fly ; 
 casting-net, one thrown & at once drawn in ; 
 c. the lead l , in sounding ; c. anchor ; c. in one's 
 teeth, reproach him with, that ; c. an eye, 
 glance, look ; c. a spell on, bewitch ; c. light, a 
 shadow, on; c. blame, one's cares, upon ; c. into 
 2>rison) ; overthrow in a lawsuit ; throw off, 
 get rid of, lose, (c. not a clout till May be out ; 
 c. aside, give up using, abandon ; horse casts 
 shoe ; snake, deer, c. slough, horns ; cow, tree, 
 c. calf, fruit, drop prematurely; c. soldier, 
 policeman, horse, dismiss, reject ; c. loose, de- 
 tach, detach oneself) ; reckon, calculate, (c. 
 accounts, do sums ; c. a column of figures &c, 
 add up ; c. a horoscope or nativity) ; arrange 
 (c. facts into such a shape ; c. actors for parts, 
 parts to actors) ; form, found, (molten metal) 
 
 into some shape, (figure &c.) of metal, whence 
 ca'stiNG i(2) n. ; c. about, go this way & that 
 in search, devise means, (for, to do, how); c. 
 away, reject, (pass., of ship) be wrecked ; c. back, 
 revert ; c. down, depress ; c. in one's lot with, 
 share fortunes of; c. off, abandon, (Knitting) 
 close loops & make selvedge ; c. up, calculate, 
 [f. ON kasta perh. cogn. w. L gerere gest- ; it 
 displaced OE weorpan, & has been displaced 
 in ordinary literal use by throw] 
 
 cast 2 , n. Throw of missile &c, distance so 
 attained, (archaic) ; throw, number thrown, at 
 dice, whence chance or try; throw of net, 
 sounding-lead, or fishing-line (also in fishing 
 the fly with hook & gut; & good, bad, &c. 
 place for casting) ; casual lift in cart &c. ; un- 
 digested food thrown up by hawk, owl, &c. ; 
 calculation, adding of columns in account; 
 set of actors taking the parts in play, or the 
 distribution among them ; form into which 
 any work is thrown ; model made by running 
 molten metal or pressing soft material into 
 mould (also the negative mould itself) ; twist, 
 inclination, (c. in eye, slight squint) ; tinge- 
 shade, of colour; type, quality, (esp. c. Oj 
 features, c. of mind), [f. prec] 
 
 Casta'lian, a. Poetic, [f. L f. Gk Kastalia 
 fountain of the Muses + -an] 
 
 ca'stanet (or -et), n. (Usu. pi.) hard-wood 
 or ivory instrument(s) used in pairs to rattle in 
 time with dancing, [f. Sp. castaneta dim. of 
 castana f. L castanea chestnut] 
 
 ea'staway, n. & a. Reprobate ; shipwrecked 
 (person), [p.p. of cast 1 , away] 
 
 caste, n. Indian hereditary class, with 
 members socially equal, united in religion, & 
 usu. following same trade, having no social 
 intercourse with persons of other cc. ; heredi- 
 tary more or less exclusive class elsewhere ; 
 this system, the position it confers (lose, re- 
 nounce, c, descend in social scale). Hence 
 ca'steLESS a. [f. Sp. & Port, casta lineage 
 perh. orig. fern, of casto chaste] 
 
 ca'stellan, n. Governor of castle. [ME & 
 ONF castelam f. L castellanus (castle, -an)] 
 
 ca'stellated, a. Castle-like ; battlemented ; 
 (of district &c.) having castles, [f. med. L cas- 
 
 tellatus (CASTLE, -ATE 2 )] 
 
 ea'stigate, v.t. Chastise, punish with blows 
 or words ; correct & emend (book &c). Hence 
 castigATiON, ea'stigatOR 2 , nn., ca'stig-a- 
 torv a. [f. L castigare (see -ate 3 ) perh. = 
 castum agere make chaste] 
 
 ea*sting--vote, n. Vote that decides be- 
 tween two equal parties, [part, of cast 1 in 
 obs. sense, cf. castor 2 ] 
 
 cast iron, n., cast-iron, a. Iron shaped 
 by being run into mould. (Adj.) made of c.i. ; 
 hard, untiring, rigid, unadaptable. 
 
 castle 1 (kalrsl, ka'sl), n. Large fortified 
 building or set of buildings, stronghold ; man- 
 sion that was once such; (Ireland) The C., 
 government system (f. Dublin C, seat of vice- 
 regal court & government); Englishman's 
 house his c, none may force entrance ; (Chess) 
 piece made with battlemented top, also Rook ; 
 c. in the air, or as Gallicism c. in Spain, vision- 
 ary project, day-dream, (so c.-builder). Hence 
 ea'stlED 2 a., ea'stlewiSE adv. [f. ONF castel 
 f. L castellum dim. of castrum fort] 
 
 ea'stle 2 , v.t. & i. (chess). Move c. next king, 
 & king round c. (c. the king, or abs.). [f. prec] 
 
 ea'stop l , n. Substance obtained from beaver 
 used in medicine & perfumery; (slang) hat. 
 [obs. wd for beaver, F, f. L f. Gk kastor] 
 
 ea'stor 2 , -er, n. 1. Condiment-bottle for 
 table, (pi.) cruet-stand; c.-sugar, white, pow- 
 dered. 2. Small swivelled wheel on leg of chair, 
 
CASTOR 
 
 128 
 
 CATARACT 
 
 of 
 
 table, &c. [cast 1 + -or 2 , -er l ; sense 1 ori; 
 perforated-top bottle for casting pepper fitc. ; 
 sense 2 f. obs. sense of cast l = veer, turn] 
 
 ea'stOP 3 , n. Horny external knob inside 
 horse's leg (also chestnut), [perh. =cbs. castane 
 chestnut (ONF castanie f. L castanea)] 
 
 ea'stOP oil, n. Nauseous vegetable oil used 
 as purgative (cold-drawn c.o., expressed from 
 seeds without heat), [etym. dub. ; perh. so 
 called as having succeeded castor 1 in med. use] 
 
 eastpameta'tion, n. (archaeol.). Laying 
 out of camps, [f. F castramitation f. L castra 
 camp, metari measure, -ation] 
 
 eastpa'te, v.t. Remove testicles of, geld; 
 deprive of vigour ; expurgate (book). Hence 
 castPA'Tiox n. [f. L castrare, -ate 3 ] 
 
 ea'sual (-zhob-, -zu-), a. & n. Accidental ; 
 irregular ; undesigned ; unmethodical, care- 
 less ; c. labourer, who works when the chance 
 comes ; c. poor, who sometimes need poor- 
 relief (also c. as noun) ; c.-ward, for their re- 
 lief in work-house. Hence ea*sua,iLY 2 adv., 
 ca'sualNESS n. [f. F casuel f. L casualis 
 
 (casus CASE 1 , -AL)] 
 
 ea'sualty, n. Accident, mishap, disaster, 
 esp. (pi.) list or number of killed, wounded, & 
 invalided, in a battle, march, war, &c. [f. L 
 casualitas (prec, -ty) on anal, of royalty &c] 
 ca'suist (-zhdb-, -zu-), n. Person, esp. theo- 
 logian, who lays down application of ethical 
 rules to special cases, weighs conflicting obliga- 
 tions, classifies e»3eptions, & draws distinc- 
 tions ; sophist, quibbler. Hence easui'stic(AL) 
 aa., casui'stiealLY 2 adv., ca'suistRV n. [f. 
 F casuiste f. L casus case 1 , -ist(3)] 
 ca'sus be' Hi, n. Act justifying war. [L] 
 eat 1 , n. Small domesticated carnivorous 
 quadruped (male, Tom-c.) ; Wild C, larger 
 native British kind ; spiteful woman, scratching 
 child ; (Zool.) any member of genus Felis, as 
 lion, tiger, panther, leopard (esp. the Cc, the 
 great Cc.) ; c.-like animal of other species (civet, 
 musk, -c.) ; (Hist.) pent-house in sieges; (also 
 cathead) horizontal beam from each side of 
 ship's bow for raising & carrying anchor ; (also 
 c.-o'-nine-tails) rope whip with nine knotted 
 lashes formerly used for flogging sailors & 
 soldiers ; six-legged tripod always standing on 
 three of its legs ; tapered short stick in game 
 tip-c. ; turn c. in pan, change sides, be turn- 
 coat ; c. may look at king, rebuke to the exclu- 
 sive ; care killed the c. (for all its nine lives ; 
 therefore be cheerful) ; wait for the c. to jump, 
 see which way the c. jumps, cult of the jumping 
 c, &c, of politician refusing to advise until 
 public opinion has declared itself ; fight like 
 Kilkenny cc, to mutual destruction ; bell 2 
 the c. ; not room to swing a c, confined space ; 
 c.-&-dog life &c, full of quarrels, esp. that of 
 husband & wife ; rain cc. & dogs, very hard ; 
 catbird, Amer. thrush ; catcall, shrill whistle 
 (sound or instrument) expressing disapproval 
 at theatre &c. (also as v.i. & t., use, reprove 
 with, this) ; c.-eyed, able to see in dark ; catfish, 
 of various kinds, esp. large Amer. river-fish ; 
 c.-ice, milky-looking, bubbly, not solid, irregu- 
 lar by receding of water ; c.-lap, slops, tea, &c; 
 c. -mint, blue-flowered aromatic plant ; c.-nap, 
 -sleep, brief, in chair &c. ; c's-cradle, child's 
 game with transfers of string between fingers 
 of two players; c.'s-eye, precious stone of 
 Ceylon & Malabar; cSs-foot, ground-ivy; c.'s- 
 meat, horse-flesh prepared & hawked as food 
 for cc. ; c.'s-paiv, person used as tool by another, 
 slight breeze rippling water in places ; c.'s-tail, 
 various plants, as Reed-mace. Hence ea*t- 
 HOOD n., ea'tLiKE a. [com.-Europ. f. L catta] 
 cat 2 , v.i. & t. (colloq.). Vomit, [f. prec] 
 
 cata-, eat-, cath-, pref. in wds taken from 
 Greek, and in others formed with Gk materials 
 or on Gk analogy ; meanings : down, away, 
 wrongly, mis-, entirely, down upon, according 
 to, alongside of, thoroughly, [f . Gk kata prep. J 
 
 cataciipe'sis, n. Perversion, improper use, 
 of words. So eataehpe*stic(AL) aa., cata- 
 ehpe'stiealLY 2 adv. [L, f. Gk CATA(khresis 
 i. khraomai use)] 
 
 ca'taclasm, n. Violent break, disruption, 
 [f. Gk CATA(fc/asma f. klao to break)] 
 
 ea'taelysm, n. Deluge (esp. in Geol. as 
 required by theory of school that believed in 
 repeated destructions of all life followed by 
 new creations) ; political or social upheaval. 
 Hence eataely'sixiAL, cataclysmic, aa., 
 cataely*smiST(3) n. [f. F cataclysme f. Gk 
 cata (klusmos flood f. kluo wash)] 
 
 ca'tacomb (-kom), n. Subterranean ceme- 
 tery (orig. that under basilica of St Sebastian 
 near Rome, supposed burying-place of Peter & 
 Paul) ; (usu. pi.) the many Roman subterranean 
 galleries with recesses excavated in sides for 
 tombs ; similar works elsewhere (in Paris, 
 worked-out stone-quarries with bones from 
 emptied churchyards) ; wine-cellar, [etym. 
 dub. ; the cc. generally, while in use, were not 
 so called ; that of St Sebastian was, catacumbas 
 (Gk cata- kumbas at the boats?) being possibly 
 name of district or an inn] 
 
 eata'dpomous, a. (zool.). Descending to 
 lower river or sea to spawn. , [f. Gk CATA(rfro- 
 mos -running) + -ous] 
 
 ea'tafalque (-k), n. Decorated stage for 
 coffin or effigy of distinguished person during 
 funeral service ; open hearse. [F, f. It. cata- 
 falco etym. dub.; but cf. F echafaud scaffold] 
 
 Ca'talan, a. & n. (Native, language) of 
 Catalonia. 
 
 catale'etie, a. Wanting a syllable in last 
 foot (of verse), [f. LL f. Gk CATA(lektikos ceas- 
 ing f. lego cease)] 
 
 ea'talepsy, n. Disease in which trances 
 occur; (Philos.) apprehension, grasping by 
 mind. [f. med. L catalepsia f. Gk CATA(Zepsw> 
 seizure) see foil.] 
 
 cataleptic, a. & n. Of, subject to, the dis- 
 ease catalepsy (n., ac. person) ; (Philos.) mental 
 apprehension, [f. LL catalepticus f. Gk cata- 
 (leptikos seizing f. lambano seize)] 
 
 ea'talogfue (-6g), n., & v.t. (Enumerate, 
 enter, in a) complete list, usu. alphabetical or 
 under headings, & often with particulars added 
 to items. Hence ea'talog'UER 1 n. [F.f.LLf, 
 Gk katalogos f. CATA(Ze<70 choose) enroll] 
 
 cata'lpa, n. Kinds of tree with heart-shaped 
 leaves & trumpet-shaped flowers. [W.-Ind.] 
 
 eata'lysis, n. (chem.). Effect produced by 
 a substance that without undergoing change 
 itself aids a chemical change in other bodies. 
 So catalytic a. [f. Gk cata(Zm.si'.s loosing f. 
 luo to loose) dissolution] 
 
 eatamapa'n, n. Raft or float of logs tied 
 side by side, longest in middle, used for com- 
 munication with shore or short voyage ; raft 
 of two boats fastened side by side ; quarrel- 
 some woman, [f. Tamil katta-maram tied tree] 
 
 ea'tamite, n. Sodomite's minion, [f . L cata- 
 mitus f. Gk Ganumedes cup-bearer of Zeus] 
 
 eatamoirntain, eatro'-m-, n. Leopard ; 
 wild quarrelsome person. 
 
 ca'tapult, n., & v.t. & i. Ancient engine 
 worked by lever & ropes for discharging darts, 
 stones, &c. ; boy's shooting contrivance of fork- 
 ed stick & elastic ; (vb) shoot or pepper (bird, 
 &c, or abs.) with this. [f. L catapulta f. Gk 
 katapeltes perh. f. cata- + pallo hurl] 
 
 ca'tapact, n. Waterfall (prop, large & sheer, 
 
CATARRH 
 
 129 
 
 CATGUT 
 
 cf. cascade) ; downpour of rain, rush of water ; 
 (Path.) eye-complaint producing partial blind- 
 ness ; (Mech.) steam-engine governor acting by 
 flow of water, [f. F cataracte f. L cataracta f. 
 Gk katarrhaktes f. c\T(arasso dash) or cata- 
 (rrhegnumi break) ; the path, sense prob. f. obs. 
 sense portcullis] 
 
 catarrh', n. Inflammation of mucous mem- 
 brane, a cold. Hence eatap'phAL a. [f. F 
 catarrhe f. L catarrhus f. Gk katarrhous f. 
 katarrhed (cata-, rhed to flow)] 
 
 ea*ta(p)phine, a. & n. (zool.). (Monkey) 
 having nostrils close together, oblique, & 
 directed downwards, & opposable thumbs on 
 all limbs, [f. Gk cata-, rhis rhinos nostril] 
 
 cata'stpophe, n. Denouement of drama; 
 disastrous end, ruin ; event subverting system 
 of things, esp. in Geol. (cf. cataclysm, uni- 
 formitarian), whence eatastpo'phic(AL) 
 aa., cata*stPophiSiM(3), cata*stPophiST(2), 
 nn. ; sudden, widespread, or signal disaster, 
 [f. Gk cat A(strophe turning f. strepho to turn)] 
 
 Catawba, n. U.S. grape & wine, [river C.J 
 
 catch \ v.t. & i. (caught pr. kawt). Capture, 
 ensnare (c. crab 1 ), overtake (alsoc. up ; caught 
 in storm), lay hold of (also c. hold of; c. a 
 tartar ; c. up habit &c, adopt), be in time for 
 (train &c.) ; surprise, detect, (at or in, or doing ; 
 c. me !, him !, you may be sure we shall not) ; 
 hit (usu. with part specified ; caught him on the 
 nose ; also caught him a blow or one) ; (of fire 
 or combustible) ignite, be ignited, (c. fire or c.) ; 
 be entangled, take hold, (usu. c. in a thing ; 
 bolt catches ; c. on, become popular) ; snatch 
 (esp. c. up, away, c. at, often flg. =be glad to 
 get) ; intercept motion of (nail catches dress ; 
 at cricket, c. ball, prevent its touching ground 
 off bat, also c. or c. out batsman, dismiss by 
 doing this) ; check suddenly (c. one's breath ; c. 
 up speaker, interrupt) ; receive, incur, be in- 
 fected with, (cold, a cold, a fever ; a scolding, 
 thrashing, or ' it ' ; enthusiasm, a habit, an ac- 
 cent ; c. one's death ; pond &c. catches, is 
 coated with ice) ; grasp with senses or mind 
 (meaning, sound, tune ; c. a likeness, see & re- 
 produce it ; c. glimpse of, see for a moment ; 
 don't c. on, fail to see meaning) ; arrest, capti- 
 vate, (attention, eye, fancy ; c. Speaker's eye, 
 succeed in being called on to speak in H. of 
 Commons) ; c.-drain, along hillside to prevent 
 water's running off; c.-'em-alive-o, sticky fly- 
 paper ; c.-fly, a sticky-stemmed plant ; catch- 
 penny (adj.), claptrap, intended merely to sell ; 
 catchweed, Goosegrass; catchword, word so 
 placed as to draw attention, e. g. first of diction- 
 ary article, rhyming word in verse, last word 
 (cue) of actor's speech, also influential tempor 
 ary phrase in politics, religion, &c. Hence 
 ca'tchABLE a., (-)catchER HI, 2) n. [catch & 
 chase are respectively f. OXF cachier & OF 
 chacier (now chasser) both f. LL *captiare (L 
 captus captive f. capere take) ; the gen. sense 
 of catch (take, not pursue) is excl. E, the orig. 
 meanings (still in Rom.) having been taken by 
 the later adoption chase 2 ] 
 
 catch 2 , n. Act of catching ; amount of fish 
 caught ; chance of, success in, catching at 
 cricket (also a good, safe, c, one skilful at it) ; 
 cunning question, deception, surprise ; contriv- 
 ance for checking motion of door &c. ; thing or 
 person caught or worth catching (no c, bad 
 bargain, unwelcome acquisition) ; (Mus.) com- 
 position for several voices, second &c. beginning 
 same melody when first &c. is a line further on, 
 usu. with arrangement for ludicrous verbal 
 combinations, [f. prec] 
 
 cartelling', a. In vbl senses; esp.: infectious; 
 attracti ve. 1-ing 2 J 
 
 f.d. 
 
 ca'tchment, n. C.-basin, -area, from which 
 rainfall flows into river &c. [catch i, -me»nt] 
 
 ca'tchpole, -poll, n. Sheriff's officer/burn- 
 bailiff, [f. med. L cacepollus cf. OF chacepol 
 chase-fowl (chase, L pidlus fowl)] 
 
 ea'tchy, a. Attractive ; easily caught up 
 (of tune &c.) [catch i + -y 2 ] 
 
 cate,n. (Usu. pi.) choice food, [for obs. acatet 
 OFacat purchase f. acaternow acheter buy f. LL 
 AC(captare frequent, of L capere take) catch at] 
 
 catechetical) (-ke-), aa. Of, by, oral teach- 
 ing ; according to a, or the Church, catechism ; 
 consisting of, proceeding by, question & answer. 
 Hence cateehe'tiealLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk 
 katekhetikos f. katekhetes oral teacher (kate- 
 kheo catechize), -ic] 
 
 ca'techism (-k-), n. Instruction by question 
 & answer ; published example of this, esp. on 
 religious doctrine (Chxirch C, the Anglican ; 
 Longer & Shorter C, of Presbyterians) ; series 
 of questions put to any one. Hence eate- 
 chi'sniAL a. [f. L catechismus (foil., -ism)] 
 
 ca'techize (-k-), v.t. Instruct by question & 
 answer, or by use of Church Catechism ; put 
 questions to, examine. Hence or cogn. ca'te- 
 chiST(l), ea'techizER 1 , nn. [f. Lcatechizare 
 f. Gk katekhizo t_CAT(ekheo sound) make hear] 
 
 ca'teehu (-tshoo), n. Astringent substances 
 with much tannin from bark, wood, or fruits,, 
 of Eastern plants, [f. Malay kachu] 
 
 catechu'men (ku-), n. A convert under in- 
 struction before baptism, [f. F catichumene f, 
 pass. part, of Gk katekheo catechize] 
 
 categ'O'pical, a. (Logic: of proposition) un- 
 conditional, absolute; explicit, direct, plain- 
 speaking; (Ethics) c. imperative, bidding of 
 conscience as ultimate moral law. Hence 
 categ-o'picalLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gkkategorikos 
 f. CAT(egoros -speaking) + -al] 
 
 ca'tegopy, n. (Orig. Gk meaning, statement) 
 one of a possibly exhaustive set of classes 
 among which all things might be distributed 
 (the cc. of Aristotle are : substance, quantity, 
 quality, relation, place, time, posture, posses- 
 sion, action, passion) ; one of the a priori con- 
 ceptions applied by the mind as frames to- 
 material supplied by sense ; class, division, [f. 
 L f. Gk kategoria statement as prec] 
 
 catena, n. Connected series. [L,= chain] 
 
 cate'napy, catenap'ian, aa. & nn. (Like) 
 curve formed by uniform chain hanging freely 
 from two points not in one vertical line (c. 
 bridge, suspension, hung from such chains), 
 [f. L catenarius (prec, -ary 1 , -an)] 
 
 ea'tenate, v.t. Connect like links. So 
 eaten a *tion n. [f . L catenare as prec , -ate 3 ] 
 
 ea'tep *« n. The four of cards or dice. [f. F 
 quatre f. L guatuor four] 
 
 ea'tep 2 , v.i. Purvey food (usu. for) ; provide 
 amusement &c for. Hence ea'tePER i n. [f. 
 obs. noun cater (now caterer) =ot>s. acater f. OF 
 acateor buyer (cate, -or 2 )] 
 
 ca-teran, n. (Sc). Highland fighting-man, 
 marauder, cattle-lifter, [f. Gael, ceathairne 
 peasantry] 
 
 ea*tep-eousin, n. Intimate ; be cc, on good 
 or familiar terms, [perh. f. cater 2 as feeding 
 together] 
 
 cateppillap, n. Larva of butterfly or moth ; 
 rapacious person, [perh. f. OF chatepelose lit. 
 hairy-cat, with -s dropped as pi. sign, & spell- 
 ing influenced by \bpill rob, strip] 
 
 ea'tep waul, v.i., & n. (Make) cat's scream- 
 ing ; quarrel like cats, [cat, waul] 
 
 ea'tg-ut, n. Material used for strings of fiddle 
 &c made of twisted intestines of sheep, horse, 
 or ass (not cat) ; stringed instruments, [expl. of 
 cat doubtfulj 
 
CATH- 
 
 130 
 
 CAUSELESS 
 
 cath-. See cata-. 
 
 cathap'sis, n. (Med.) purgation ; outlet 
 to emotion afforded by drama (ref. to Arist., 
 Poet. 6). [f. Gk katharsis (hatha iro cleanse 
 f. katharos clean)] 
 
 eathap'tie, a. & n. (med.). Purgative (medi- 
 cine). Jf. L f. Gk kathartikos as prec] 
 cathe'dral, a. & n. (Also C. church) prin- 
 cipal church of diocese, with bishop's throne ; 
 c. utterance &c, delivered ex cathedra, [f. 
 med. L, cathedralis f. L f. Gk CAT(hedra chair 
 f. heel- sit), -al] 
 Catherine- wheel, n. Circular spoked win- 
 dow or window-compartment ; rotating fire- 
 work ; lateral summersault (turn cc). [spiked 
 wheel in St Catherine's martyrdom] 
 ea'thetep, n. (med.). Tubular instrument 
 for passing into bladder. [L, f. Gk katheter f. 
 CAT(hiemi send)] 
 
 ca'thode, n. (electr.). Negative pole of cur- 
 rent, [f. Gk c\T(hodos way) descent] 
 ea'tholie, a. & n. 1. Universal ; of interest 
 or use to all men ; all-embracing, of wide sym- 
 pathies, broad-minded, tolerant; C. Epistles, 
 encyclical (those of James, Peter, Jude, & 
 John— 2 & 3 John being irregularly included— ; 
 ef. canonical). 2. (Eccl.) C. Church, whole 
 body of Christians ; c, belonging (a) to this, 
 (b) to the church before separation into Greek 
 or Eastern & Latin or Western, (c) to the Latin 
 church after that separation (cf. orthodox), 
 (d) to the part of the Latin church that re- 
 mained under the Roman obedience after the 
 reformation, (e) to any church (as the Anglican) 
 claiming continuity with (b) ; orthodox, in ac- 
 cord with the church in any of above senses, 
 esp. = roman catholic as (c) in contrast with 
 Protestant, Reformed, Lutheran, &c. ; C. King, 
 his C. Majesty, of Spain ; hence eatho'liCALLY, 
 ea'tholicLV 2 , advv., eatho*lieiSM(2, 3) n., 
 <?atho*lieiZE(3) v.t., eatho'lieo- comb, form. 
 (N.) member of the church in above senses; 
 a Roman Catholic (cf. C. emancipation &c, i.e. 
 of Roman Cc.) ; Old C, member of party that 
 seceded from Rome 1870-1 in Germany, [f. F 
 catholique f. L f. Gk katholikos f. cath- holou 
 on the whole, universally] 
 catholi'city, n. Comprehensiveness, free- 
 dom from prejudice; wide prevalence; agree- 
 ment with Catholic or R.-C. Church doctrine, 
 •Catholicism, [prec, -itv] 
 cathd'licdn, n. Panacea. [F, f. Gk katho- 
 likon neut. catholic] 
 Ca'tiline, n. Profligate conspirator. [Cati- 
 lina Roman noble d. 63 B.C.] 
 ca'tkin, n. Downy hanging inflorescence of 
 willow, birch, &c. [f. Du. katteken (cat 1 , -kin)] 
 ca'tling*, n. Small cat ; fine cat-gut ; ampu- 
 tating knife. [-LING-M2); surg. sense unexpl.] 
 eato'ptpie, a. Of mirror, reflector, or re- 
 flexion. Hence eato'ptpics n. [f. Gk katop- 
 trilcos f. CAT(optron f. op- see, -tron instr. suf.)] 
 ca'ttle, n. Live stock ; oxen (as c. & sheep) ; 
 (slang) horses; black c, oxen of Scotch & Welsh 
 highland breeds, orig. black ; contemptible per- 
 sons; c.-feeder, machine regulating amount of 
 food for c. ; c.-leader, nose-ring; c.-lifter, c- 
 stealer; c.-pen 1 ; c.-picce, picture with c. ; c- 
 pZa^ue, contagious disease of c, rinderpest. [ME 
 & OXF catel f. LL cavtale f. L capitate neut. 
 capital in sense chief property; cf. chattel, 
 to which the orig. meaning of c. now belongs] 
 Cauca'sian (-shn), a. & n. (Member) of the 
 white race, Indo-European, [the Caucasus, 
 supposed starting-place, + -ian] 
 cau'eus !, n., & v.t. & i. Local political usu. 
 elective party committee for fighting elections, 
 defining policy, &c. (gen. used only of oppon- 
 
 ents' organization) ; thee, c. system as a politi- 
 cal power ; hence cau'cusDOM n. (Vb) use the 
 c. system ; organize, dictate to, by its means ; 
 hence cau'cusER 1 n. [U.S. wd (in sense meet- 
 ing) perh. f. Algonkin = elder] 
 
 cau'dal, a. Of, at, like, tail. Hence orcogn. 
 eau*dalLV 2 adv., eau*dATE 2 a. [f. L cauda 
 tail + -al] 
 
 cau'dle, n. Warm gruel with spice, sugar, 
 & wine, for invalids, esp. women in child-bed. 
 [f. ONF caudel f. med. L caldellum dim. of L 
 cal(i)dum hot drink (calidus warm)] 
 
 caught. See catch K 
 
 caul, n. Plain part at back of woman's cap ; 
 membrane enclosing foetus; portion of this 
 sometimes found on child's head (good omen, 
 & charm against drowning), [f. F cale small 
 cap etym. dub.] 
 
 cau'ldpon, cal-, n. Large boiling-vessel 
 (usu. of deep basin shape with hoop handle & 
 removable lid), [f. ONF caudron f. L caldarium 
 hot bath (L calidus warm, -ary 1 ), -oon] 
 
 caulescent, a. (bot.). With visible stem, 
 [f. L caulis stalk after arborescent &c] 
 
 eau'liflowep (ko-), n. Cabbage with large 
 fleshy flower-head. [f. F chouflori (now -fleur) 
 f. L caidis stem + F p.p. of hfiorere to flower, 
 w. assim. in E to L caulis & Efloiver] 
 
 cau'line, a. (bot.). Of, on, stem. [f. L caulis 
 stem, -ine 1 ] 
 
 caulk (kawk), v.t. Stop up seams of (ship), 
 stop up (seams), with oakum & melted pitch. 
 Hence eaul'kER 1 n. [f. OF cauquer squeeze 
 f. L calcare tread (calx heel)] 
 
 eaulo-, comb, form of Gk kaxdos or L caulis 
 stem, [-o-] 
 
 cau'sal (-z-), a. Of, acting as, expressing, due 
 to, a cause or causes; of the nature of cause 
 and effect. Hence eau'salLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 causalis (causa, -al)] 
 
 causa'lity, n. The being, having, or actingv 
 as, a cause ; relation of cause and effect, doc- 
 trine that everything has cause(s). [prec, -itv] 
 
 causa'tion (-z-), n. Causing, producing an* 
 effect ; relation of cause and effect ; doctrine 
 that all things have causes, whence causa'- 
 tioniSM(3), causa*tioniST(2), nn. [f. hcausa- 
 tio pretext, but w. sense f. med. L causare to 
 cause (L causa), -ation] 
 
 cau'sative (-z-), a. Acting as cause, pro- 
 ductive of; (Gram.) expressing cause. Hence 
 cau'sative l v 2 adv. [f . F causatif f . L ca usa- 
 tivus (causari give as pretext, -ive)] 
 
 cause 1 (-z), n. What produces an effect; 
 anteeedent(s) invariably and unconditionally 
 followed by a certain phenomenon ; person 
 who, agent that, occasions something ; ground, 
 reason, motive, for action ; adequate motive or 
 justification (esp. show c.) ; efficient c, produc- 
 ing force, material c, the requisite matter, 
 formal c, the idea or definition, final c, pur- 
 pose ; First C. . the Creator. (Law, and from 
 law) matter about which person goes to law ; 
 his case (plead a c.) ; law-suit ; side of any dis- 
 pute espoused by person or party, militant 
 movement, propaganda, (make common c. with); 
 c.-list, of cases awaiting trial. [F, f. L causa] 
 
 cause 2 (-z), v.t. Effect, bring about, pro- 
 duce ; induce, make, (person or thing to do, 
 to be done something to). Hence cau'SER l n. 
 [f. med. L causare (cf. L causari plead causes, 
 give as pretext)] 
 
 cause ce/eibre (koz sele'br), n. (pi. causes 
 c&lebres, pr. as sing.). Law-suit that excites 
 much attention. [F] 
 
 cau'seless, a. Fortuitous ; without natural 
 cause ; unjustifiable, groundless, whence 
 cau'selessLY 2 adv. [-less] 
 
CAUSERIE 
 
 131 
 
 CELEBRITY 
 
 causerie (kozere*), n. (pi, -s, pr. as sing.). 
 Newspaper article of an informal or conversa- 
 tional kind, esp. on literary subjects. [F] 
 
 causeuse (kozer'z), n. (pi. -s, pr. as sing.). 
 Small sofa for two. [F] 
 
 cau'seway, cau'sey, (-z-), n., & v.t, Kaised 
 road across low or wet place or piece of water ; 
 raised footway by road ; (vb) provide with c. 
 [causeway = causey (ONF caucxe f. LL calciata 
 trodden f. L calcare f. calx -cis heel) + way] 
 
 cau'stie, a. & n. (Substance) that burns or 
 corrodes organic tissue (Common or Lunar c, 
 nitrate of silver for surg. use ) ; sarcastic, biting, 
 whence eau'stiCALLY adv. ; (Math.) (surface, 
 curve) formed by intersection of rays reflected 
 or refracted from curved surface. Hence 
 causti'ciTY n. [f. L f. Gk kaustikos (kaustos 
 burnt f. kaio burn, -ic)] 
 
 eau'terize, v. t. Sear with hot iron or caustic ; 
 (fig.) make callous. Hence eauteriZA'TiON n. 
 [f. F cauteriser f. LL ca uterizare f. Gk ka uterion 
 branding-iron (kaio burn)] 
 
 eau'tery, n. Metal instrument for searing 
 tissue ; cauterizing, [f. L f. Gk kauterion see 
 prec. ; second sense on anal, of nouns in -ery] 
 
 cau'tion (-shn), n., & v.t. Prudence, taking 
 care, avoidance of rashness, attention to safety, 
 <c. money, deposited as security for good con- 
 duct, esp. at Universities & Inns of Court), 
 whence eau'tious a., eau'tiousLY 2 adv.; 
 warning (in drill, preliminary word of com- 
 mand), fact that acts as warning, warning with 
 reprimand (dismissed with a a), whence cau*- 
 tionARY i a. ; (slang) extraordinary thing, 
 hideous or strange person. (Vb) warn (person, 
 often against, to or not to do) ; warn & re- 
 prove. [F. f. L cautionem (cavere caut- take 
 heed, -ion)] 
 
 cavalca'de, n. Company of riders. [F, f. 
 Pr. cavalcada f. cavalcar ride f. LL caballicare 
 f. L caballus horse ; see -ade] 
 
 cavalier*, n. &a. Horseman ; courtly gentle- 
 man, gallant, esp. as escorting a lady, whence 
 cavalier* v.t ; I7th-c. royalist ; (adj.) off-hand, 
 curt, supercilious, whence cavaliep'LY 2 adv. 
 [earlier -Hero, -Hero, f. Sp. ; present form F, f. 
 It. cavaliere (cavallo see cavalry, -ier)] 
 
 cava'lly, n. Kinds of tropical fish, horse- 
 mackerel, [f. Sp. cavalla mackerel] 
 
 ea'valry, n. Horse-soldiers (usu. w. pi. vb). 
 [f. F cavallerie f. It. cavalleria (cavallo f. L 
 caballus horse, -ery)] 
 
 cavati'na (-te-), n. Short simple song; 
 smooth melodious air. [It.] 
 
 cave 1 , n. Underground hollow usu. with 
 horizontal opening, den ; idols of the c. ; (Pol.) 
 secession of part of party on some question 
 (adullamite), the seceders ; c.-dweller, esp. cf 
 prehistoric men living in cc. ; c.-fish, -man, -rat, 
 -spider, -sxcalloiv, kinds living in caves (alsoc- 
 bear &c. of extinct kinds whose remains are 
 found in cc. ). Hence ca'veLET n. [F, f . L cava 
 neut. pi. of cavus adj. hollow] 
 
 cave 2 , v.t. & i. Hollow out, make into a c. ; 
 form political cave *. C. in : subside, recede, 
 <of earth &c. over hollow ; of wall yielding in- 
 wards cf. bulge) ; yield to pressure, submit, 
 withdraw opposition ; smash in (esp. person's 
 hat or head), spoil shape of. [f. prec. ; but c. in 
 may be f. obs. calve fall in cf. Flem. in-kalven, 
 Du. af-kalven, in similar sense] 
 
 ea*ve 3 , int. (schoolboy slang). Look out ! 
 (warning of master's approach). [L, - beware] 
 
 ca*veat, n. (Law) process to suspend pro- 
 ceedings (enter, put in, a c). Warning ; pro- 
 viso. [L, = let him beware] 
 
 ca*vendish,n. Tobacco softened, sweetened, 
 & pressed into cake, negro-head. [?] 
 
 ca'vera, n. Lnderground hollow (rhet.). [f. 
 F caverne f. L caverna (cavus hollow)] 
 
 ca'verned.a. Like, in, with, cavern(s). [-ed 2 ] 
 
 cavernous, a. Full of caverns ; as of, huge 
 or deep as, a cavern (c. darkness, mouth, eyes) • 
 porous, [f. L cavemosus (cavern, -ose 1 )] 
 
 caviar*, caviare* (-ar), n. Sturgeon-roe 
 pickled, eaten as relish ; c. to the general, good 
 thing unappreciated by the ignorant. [?] 
 
 ca*vil, v.i. (-11-), & n. (Raise) captious objec- 
 tion (at, about). Hence ca*villER i n. [f. OF 
 caviller f. L cavillari (cavilla mockery)] 
 
 ea*vity, n. Empty space within solid body, 
 [f. F caviU (L cavus hollow, -ty)] 
 
 cavor't, v.i. (U.S. slang). Prance. [?] 
 
 ca*vy, n. Amer. rodent, [f. cabiai native 
 name in French Guiana] 
 
 caw, n. & int., & v.i. & t. (Make) rook's, 
 crow s, raven's, cry ; c. out, utter in cawing 
 tone, [imit.] 
 
 Ca*xton, n. Book printed by W. C. (first 
 Engl, printer, d. 1492) ; printing-type in imita- 
 tion of C.'s. 
 
 cay, n. Insular bank or reef of coral, sand, 
 &c. [ = quay] 
 
 cayenne, n. (Also C. pepper) pungent red 
 pepper of capsicum, [f. Braz. kyynha assim. 
 to Cayenne capital of French Guiana] 
 
 cayman, cai'man, n. Kinds of large 
 saurian of crocodile family (prop, an American 
 genus with round short muzzle), [prob. f. Carib 
 acayouman] 
 
 ce. — CEE. 
 
 cease \ v.i. & t. Desist from ; stop doing, be- 
 ing, &c. ; (of feelings, actions) come to an end ; 
 bring to an end (strife, endeavours, &c.) ; (Mil.) 
 c. fire, discontinue firing. [ME cessen f. F ces- 
 ser f. L cessare frequent, of cedere cess- yield] 
 
 cease 2 , n. Ceasing (obs. exc. in without c, 
 incessantly). Hence cea'seLESS a., cea'se- 
 lessLY 2 adv., cea'selessNESS n. [f. OF ces 
 (cesser see prec.)] 
 
 ee*city, n. Blindness (usu. fig.), [f. L caecitas 
 (caecus biind, -ty)] 
 
 ee'dar, n. Kinds of cone-bearing tree in- 
 cluding C. of Lebanon, Atlas C, & Deodar ; 
 various trees resembling c. ; =c.-wood. Hence 
 (poet. ) ee'dar n [-en 5 ] a. [ME & OF cedre f . L 
 f. Gk kedros] 
 
 cede, v.t. Give up, grant, admit, surrender 
 (territory), [f. L cedere retreat] 
 
 cedi'lla, n. Mark (*) written under c to 
 show that it is sibilant. [Sp., f. It. zediglia 
 dim. of zeta Gk name of Z] 
 
 cee, n. The letter C ; cee spring, C-spring, 
 spring so shaped supporting carriage body. 
 
 ceil (sel), v.t. Line roof of (room), whence 
 cei*liNG 1 (2) n. [prob. f. F del heaven, ceiling, 
 f. L caelum heaven, w. inrt. of hcaelare emboss] 
 
 ce'ladon, n. & a. Willow green. [F, perh. 
 f. name of character in D'Urfe's A stree] 
 
 ce'landine, n. Two yellow-flowered plants, 
 Greater C, & Lesser C. (Pile-wort, Fig-wort), 
 [f. OFeelidoinef. hchelidoniaf. Gkkhelido-nion, 
 (khelidon swallow) ; for -n- cf. passenger] 
 
 -cele (sel), in medical compound words, = 
 tumour of the . [f. Gk kele tumour] 
 
 ce'lebrant, n. Officiating priest, esp. at 
 Eucharist, [f. L celebrare (foil.), -ant] 
 
 ce'lebrate, v.t. & i. Perform publicly & 
 duly (religious ceremony &c); officiate at 
 Eucharist ; observe, honour, with rites, festivi- 
 ties, &c. (festival, event) ; publish abroad, 
 praise, extol, (p.p.) famous. Hence celebrA'- 
 tion n. [f. obs. celebrate adj. f. L celebrare 
 (celeber -bris frequented), -ate 2 > 3 ] 
 
 cele'brity, n. Being famous ; well-known 
 person, [f. L celebritas (celeber see prec, -ty)] 
 
CELERIAC 
 
 132 
 
 CENTESIMAL. 
 
 eele'riae, n. Turnip-rooted celery, [f. cel- 
 ery, -ac unexplained] 
 
 eele'rity, n. Swiftness, dispatch (of living 
 movement or agency), [f. F cilerite f. L celeri- 
 tatem (celer swift, -ty)] 
 
 celery, n. Plant of which blanched stem 
 is used as salad & vegetable, [f. F celeri ult. f. 
 Gk selinon parsley] 
 
 celeste, n. & a. Sky blue ; (also voix c.) 
 organ & harmonium stop; (adj.) sky-blue. [f. 
 F celeste f. L caelestis (caelum heaven)] 
 
 cele'stial, a. & n. Of the sky (c. globe, map) ; 
 heavenly, divine, divinely good, beautiful, &c, 
 whence eele'stialL y 2 adv. ; C. Empire, China 
 (transl. of native title ; so C. = Chinese, a. & n.). 
 [OF (L caelestis see prec, -al)] 
 
 ee'libate (-at), a. & n. (Person) not married, 
 bound or resolved not to marry : unmarried (of 
 life, habits). So ee'libACY n., eelibatARTAN 
 a. & n. [f. L caelebs -ibis unmarried + -ate 2 (2)] 
 
 cell, n. 1. Dependent nunnery or monastery 
 (hist ) ; anchoret's one-roomed dwelling ; cottage 
 (poet.); grave (poet.); single person's small 
 room in monastery or prison (condemned c, for 
 one condemned to death) ; compartment in bees' 
 comb ; (Electr.) voltaic apparatus with only one 
 pair of metallic elements, unit of battery. 2. 
 Enclosed cavity in organism or mineral (cc. of 
 brain, imaginary compartments assigned to 
 various faculties) ; (Biol.) portion of protoplasm 
 usu. enclosed in membrane, ultimate element 
 of organic structures ; (Zoophytes) cup-like 
 cavity of individual polype in compound poly- 
 pidom. Hence (-)cellED-, ee'lliFORM, aa. [f. 
 OF celle f. L cella small room] 
 
 cellar, n., & v.t. (Put, store, in an) under- 
 ground room ; (also xoine-c.) place in which wine 
 is kept, one's stock of wine (keeps a good c.) ; c- 
 flap, trapdoor into c. ; c.-plate, in pavement over 
 hole into coal-c. Hence cellar age n. [f. OF 
 celier f. L cellarium (prec, -ar 2 , -ary 1 )] 
 
 cellarer, n. Monastic keeper of wine & pro- 
 visions, [f. OF celerier (celier see prec, -ier)] 
 
 cellaret, n. Case or sideboard for keeping 
 winebottles in dining-room, [-et 1 ] 
 
 'ce'llo (tsh-), n. (Short for) violoncello. 
 
 cellular, a. Of, having, small single rooms 
 or compartments or cavities; (Physiol.) con- 
 sisting of cells (as c. tissue) ; c. plant, without 
 distinct stem, leaves, &c Hence cellula'ri- 
 ty n. [as foil., -AR 1 ] 
 
 cellule, n. (physiol.). Cell or cavity (see 
 cell, 2 ; the derivatives are formed from 
 cellule, not cell). Hence or cogn. ce'llulATE 2 , 
 -ated, celluliFEROUS, eellulous, aa., 
 eellulATiON n., cellulo- comb. form. [f. L 
 cellula (celld cell, -ule)] 
 
 ce'lluloid, a. & n. Like cells ; (n.) substance 
 like ivory, made chiefly of cellulose, [irreg. 
 f. cellulose 2 + -oid] 
 
 cellulose 1 , a. Consisting of cells. Hence 
 cellulo'siTY n. [cellule, -ose 1 ] 
 
 cellulose 2 , n. (chem.). Substance forming 
 solid framework of plants. [F, f. L cellula 
 
 CELLULE + -OSE 2 ] 
 
 Cel'sius. See centigrade. 
 
 Celt 1 , Kelt, n. (Member) of one of the 
 peoples akin to the ancient Galli (Bretons, 
 Cornish. Welsh, Irish, Manx, Gaels), [f. F 
 Celle f. L Celta ; cf. Gk Keltoi, Keltai, pi.] 
 
 celt 2 , n. (archaeol.). Bronze or stone (or iron) 
 chisel - edged prehistoric implement. [wd 
 founded on a perh. false reading in Vulgate of 
 Job xix. 24 — stylo ferreo, et plumbi lamina, vel 
 celte (v. 1. certe) sculpantur ; cf. fylfot] 
 
 Celtic, K-, a. & n. (Language) of the Celts. 
 Hence eeltiCALLY adv., ee*lticisM(2, 4) n., 
 ce'lticizE(2, 3) v.i. & t. [f. L celticus (celt \ -ic)j 
 
 ce'lto- , comb, form of celt 1 . Hence cel- 
 
 tO'LOGIST, CeltOMA'NIAC, Ce'ltOPHIL, nn. [-0-] 
 
 cement, n., & v.t. Substance applied as 
 paste & hardening into stony consistency for 
 binding together stones or bricks & for forming 
 floors, walls, &c, strong mortar of calcinated 
 lime & clay (hydraulic c, hardening under 
 water) ; any substance applied soft for sticking 
 things together ; (fig.) principle of union ; sub- 
 stance for stopping teeth ; bony crust of tooth- 
 fang. (Vb) unite (as) with c ; apply c. to, line 
 or cover with c [ME cyment f. OF ciment f. L 
 caementum for caedimentum (caedere cut, 
 -ment) chippings of stone] 
 
 cemetery, n. Place for burials, not being 
 a churchyard, [f. L f. Gk koimeterion dormi- 
 tory (koimao put to sleep)] 
 
 cenobite. See coenobite. 
 
 cenotaph, n. Sepulchral monument to 
 person whose body is elsewhere ; tomb from 
 which one has risen, [f. F cenotaphe f. L f. Gk 
 kenotaphion (kenos empty, taphos tomb)] 
 
 cense, v.t. Perfume, worship, with burning 
 incense, [f. obs. cense noun short for incense 2 ] 
 
 censer, n. Vessel in which incense is burnt. 
 [f.OF(en)censierf.'LincensumiiiCENSE. 1 ,-KR 2 (2)] 
 
 ee'nsor, n., & v.t. Ancient-Roman magis- 
 trate drawing up register or census of citizens 
 & supervising public morals ; person expressing 
 opinions on others' morals & conduct ; official 
 licensing, or suppressing as immoral, seditious, 
 or inopportune, books, plays, news, or military 
 intelligence (vb, exercise such control over, 
 make excisions or changes in) ; various Uni- 
 versity officials. Hence or cogn. censor'iAL 
 a., ce'nsorsHip n. [L, f. censere tax, -or 2 ] 
 
 censorious, a. Fault-finding, over-critical. 
 Hence censor'iousLY 2 adv., censor'ious- 
 ness n. [f. L censorius (censor, -ory) + -ous] 
 
 censure (-sher), n., & v.t. Adverse judg- 
 ment, expression of disapproval, reprimand. 
 (Vb) blame, criticize unfavourably, reprove ; 
 hence censurABLE a. [f. F censure(r) f. L 
 censura (censere tax, -ure)] 
 
 census, n. Official numbering of population 
 with various statistics (in Gt Britain taken 
 every ten years) ; c.-paper, form left at every 
 house to be filled up with names, ages, &c, of 
 inmates. [L, f. censere to rate] 
 
 cent, n. Per c, for, to, in, every hundred (in 
 stating proportion, esp. of interest) ; three &c 
 per cents, public securities at 3 °/o &c. ; c.perc, 
 interest equal to principal; (U.S. &c) hun- 
 dredth of a dollar ; typical small coin (don't 
 care a c). [f. F cent or L centum hundred] 
 
 cental, n. Weight of 1001b. used for corn, 
 [f. L centum hundred, perh. after quintal] 
 
 centaur, n. Horse with human body, arms, 
 and head, taking the place of its neck and 
 head ; hybrid creation, person or thing of 
 double nature ; name of a constellation ; per- 
 fect horseman. Hence ee'ntaurESS 2 n. [f. L 
 f. Gk kentauros etym. dub.] 
 
 centaury, n. Name of various plants, [ult. 
 f. Gk kentaurion (kentauros see prec) said to 
 have beenused medicinally by centaur Chiron] 
 
 centenar'ian, a. & n. (Person) a hundred 
 years old. [as foil. + -an] 
 
 centenary (also se # -), a. & n. Of a hundred 
 years. (X.) space of a hundred years reckoned 
 from any point in a century; centennial anni- 
 versary, celebration of it. [f. L centenarius 
 (centeni a hundred each, -ary 1 )] 
 
 centennial, a. & n. Of, having lived or 
 lasted, completing, a hundred years ; (of) the 
 hundredth anniversary, [f. L centum hun- 
 dred, & as biennial] 
 
 centesimal,a. Reckoning,reckoned,by nun- 
 
CENTT- 
 
 133 
 
 CEREMONY 
 
 dredths. Hence eente'simalLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 centesimus hundredth (centum hundred) + -al] 
 eenti-, comb, form of L centum hundred, 
 = 1/100 of the denomination in the metric 
 system. Hence ee'ntiGRAMME, ee'ntiLiTRE 
 (-let«r), ce'ntiMETRE, nn. 
 ee'ntigrade, a. Having a hundred degrees 
 (of Celsius's thermometer, with freezing-point 
 0° & boiling-point 100°). [F, f. L centum a hun- 
 dred + grad us step] 
 
 eenti'llion, n. Hundredth power of a million 
 (1 with 600 ciphers), [centum (prec), billion] 
 centime (sahnte*m, or as F), n. French coin 
 = 1/100 of a franc. [F] 
 
 centipede, n. Many-footed wingless crawl- 
 ing animal. If. L centipeda (centum hundred, 
 pes pedis foot)] 
 
 ee'ntner, n. German weight, about 1 cwt. 
 [G. f. L centenarius centenary] 
 cento, n. Composition made up of scraps 
 from other authors. [L, = patchwork garment] 
 ee'ntral, a. Of, in, at, from, containing, the 
 centre ; leading, principal, dominant. Hence 
 eentra'liTY n., ee'ntral ly 2 adv., ee'ntral - 
 ness n. [f. L centralis (centrum centre, -al)] 
 centralism, centralist, nn. (Upholder 
 of) a centralizing system, [prec. + -ism (3), -ist(2)] 
 centralize, v.i. & t. Come, bring, to a 
 centre ; concentrate (administration) at sin- 
 gle centre; subject (State &c.) to this system. 
 Hence ee'ntralizATiON n. [central, -ize(3)] 
 ee'ntre 1 , ee'nter, n. & a. Middle point 
 (strictly, equidistant from ends of line measur- 
 ing along it, or from extremities of regular 
 surface or body, or from all points in circum- 
 ference of circle or sphere, & at mean distance 
 from all points in periphery of irregular surface 
 or body) ; point, pivot, axis, of revolution (in 
 lathe, conical adjustable bearing to hold re- 
 volving object) ; point of concentration or 
 dispersion, nucleus, source; (Fenians &c.) 
 organizer, leader, (esp. head-c); (hit on) part 
 of target between bull's-eye and outer ; (Arch.) 
 wooden mould for arch or dome while building ; 
 (Mil.) main body of troops between wings ; 
 (Pol. ; orig. f. French) the C., men of moderate 
 opinions (left-c, left, radical grades ; right-c, 
 right, reactionary) ; c. of attraction, (Physics) 
 to which bodies tend by gravity, (fig.) drawing 
 general attention ; c. of gravity, that point in 
 body, which being supported, body remains at 
 rest in any position ; c. of mass, point (in rela- 
 tion to body) any plane passing through which 
 divides body into two parts of equal weight ; 
 dead c. ; c.-piece, ornament for middle of table ; 
 c.-rail, third rail on mountain railways for 
 cogged wheel &c. ; c.-second(s), seconds hand 
 mounted on centre arbor of clock or watch ; 
 c.-bit, boring-tool with c. point & side cutters ; 
 c.-board, (flat-bottomed boat with) board for 
 lowering through keel to prevent lee- way ; 
 hence ee'ntreLESS, ee'ntric(AL), aa., ee'n- 
 triealLY 2 adv., eentri'eiTY n. (Adj.) at, of, 
 the c. ; hence ee'ntreMOST a. [F (-re), f. L f. 
 Gk kentron spike (kenteo to prick)] 
 ee'ntpe 2 , center, v.i. & t. Be concentrated 
 in, on, at, round,, about ; place in c. ; mark with 
 a c. ; concentrate in &c. ; find c. of. [f. prec] 
 centrifugal, a. Flying, tending to fly, 
 from centre ; c. force, with which body revolv- 
 ing round centre tends to fly off, inertia ; c. 
 machine &c, in which c. force is utilized ; 
 (Bot.) c. inflorescence, in which end flower 
 opens first & side ones in downward order. 
 Hence eentri'fugalLY 2 adv. [f. L centrum 
 centre 1 + -fugus -flying (fugere flee) + -al] 
 centri'petal, a. Tending towards centre ; 
 c. force, machine &c, inflorescence, opposite of 
 
 centrifugal. Hence centri'petalLY 2 adv. 
 
 [f. L -petus -seeking (petere seek) and as prec] 
 
 ee'ntro-, comb, form of L centrum centre l , 
 = centre-, central, centrally. 
 
 centuple, a., n., & v.t. Hundredfold ; (vb) 
 multiply by a hundred, [f. LL centuplus for L 
 centuplex (centum hundred, -plic- fold)] 
 
 centu- plicate, a. & n. (-at), & v.t. (-at). 
 = prec, esp. in c, of things of which a hundred 
 copies are produced, [f. L centuplicare as 
 prec, -ate 2 ' 3 ] 
 
 centurion, n. Commander of century in 
 Roman army. [f. L centurio -onis (foil.)] 
 
 ee'ntury, n. (Rom. hist.) company in army, 
 orig. of 100 men ; political division for voting. 
 A hundred of something (esp., 100 runs at 
 cricket) ; one of the hundred - year periods 
 counting from a received epoch, esp. from 
 birth of Christ (first c, 1-100, nineteenth c, 
 1801-1900, Sec.)', any hundred successive years, 
 centenary, [f. L ccnturia (centum hundred)] 
 
 cepha'lic, a. Of, in, the head. [f. F cbpha- 
 lique f. L f. Gk kephalikos (kephale head, -ic)] 
 
 -cepha'lic. = -cephalous. 
 
 ee'phalo-, comb, form = head-, head-& — . 
 [see cephalic, -o-] 
 
 eephalopod, n. Mollusc with distinct 
 tentacled head, [prec + Gk pous podos foot] 
 
 cephalothor'ax, n. Coalesced head & 
 thorax of spider, crab, &c [cbphalo-, thorax] 
 
 -cephalous, last element esp. of anthropo- 
 logical terms = -headed, as brachyc, with short 
 head. [f. Gk kephale head + -ous] 
 
 eera'mie, k-, a. Of the art of pottery. 
 Hence eera'mics, ee'ramiST(2), nn. [f. Gk 
 keramikos (keramos pottery, -ic)] 
 
 ee'rato-, comb, form of Gk keras -atos horn, 
 = horn-& — , horny-, & esp. of the cornea. 
 
 Cer'berus, n. Three-headed dog guarding 
 entrance to Hades (sop to C, something to pro- 
 pitiate an official, guard, &c). [L, f. Gk Ker- 
 beros] 
 
 cere, n. Naked wax-like membrane at base 
 of some birds' beaks, [f. F cire f. L cera wax] 
 
 cer'eal, a. & n. Of corn or edible grain ; (n., 
 usu. pi.) kinds of grain used for human food, 
 [f. L Cerealis (Ceres goddess of corn, -al)] 
 
 cerebellum, n. Little or hinder brain. [L, 
 dim. of cerebrum] 
 
 cerebral, a. Of the brain; c. letter, con- 
 sonant sounded by turning tongue-tip to top of 
 palate, [f. F ceribral (cerebrum, -al)] 
 
 eerebra'tion, n. Working of the brain, 
 esp. xinconscious c, of results reached without 
 conscious thought, [cerebrum ■+- -ation] 
 
 ee'rebrum, n. The brain proper, in front 
 of and above the cerebellum. Hence ee're- 
 bro- comb. form. [L] 
 
 eere'ment (ser-), n. (usu. pi.). Grave-clothes, 
 [f. F cirement (cirer to wax, wrap in waxed 
 cloth, see cere)] 
 
 ceremd'nial, a. & n. With or of ritual or 
 ceremony, formal ; hence eeremo*nialiSM(3), 
 eeremo*nialisT(2), nn., eeremo'nialLY 2 
 adv. (N.) system of rites ; formalities proper 
 to any occasion ; observance of conventions ; 
 (R.-C. Ch.) book of ritual, [f. L caerimonialis 
 (ceremony, -al)] 
 
 ceremo'nious, a. Addicted or showing 
 addiction to ceremony, punctilious. Hence 
 eeremo'niousLY 2 adv., ceremo'nious- 
 ness n. [f. L caerimoniosus (foil., -ous)] 
 
 ee'remony, n. Outward religious rite or 
 polite observance ; empty form ; stately usage ; 
 formalities ; punctilious behaviour (without c, 
 ofF-hand ; stand uponc, insist on conventions, 
 keep one's distance) ; Master of the Cc, super- 
 intending forms observed on state or public 
 
CERIPH 
 
 134 
 
 CHAIN 
 
 occasions, [prob. f. OF cerymonie f. L caeri- 
 mouia cf. Skr. karman work, rite, (kri do)] 
 
 ce'riph, se'rif, n. Fine line in letter, esp. 
 at top or bottom of capitals, [perh. f. Du. & 
 Flem. schreef line] 
 
 ceri'se (-ez), a. & n. (Of) a light clear red. 
 [F,j^cherry] 
 
 cerium, n. A metal. Hence cep'ic(l), 
 eer'ous, aa. [f. planet Ceres, discovered (1801) 
 just_before, + -ium] 
 
 cepo-, comb, form of L cera or Gk keros wax. 
 
 ceropla'stie, a. Modelled, of modelling, in 
 wax. Hence eepopla'stics n. [f. Gk kero- 
 =cero( plastikos adj. f. plasso to mould)] 
 
 eep'tain (-tn,-tin), a. Settled, unfailing; 
 unerring, reliable ; sure to happen ; indisput- 
 able ; convinced (of, that) ; destined, un- 
 doubtedly going, to do ; that might but need 
 not or should not be specified (a c. person, 
 lady of a c. age), some though perhaps not 
 much {felt a c. reluctance), existing but prob- 
 ably unknown to hearer (a c. John Smith) ; for 
 c, assuredly. [OF (L certus orig. p.p. of cernere 
 decide, -an)] 
 
 eep'tainly (-tn-), adv. Indubitably; in- 
 fallibly; confidently; admittedly; (in answers) 
 I admit it, no doubt, yes. [prec. + -ly 2 ] 
 
 ceptainty (-tn-), n. Undoubted fact (bet on 
 a c, usu. dishonestly with secret knowledge of 
 result), indubitable prospect; thing in actual 
 possession ; absolute conviction (of, that) ; to, 
 for, a c, beyond possibility of doubt, [f. OF 
 certaincti (certain*, -tv)] 
 
 cep'tes (-z), adv. (archaic). Assuredly, I 
 assure you. [OF, also a certes perh. f. L a 
 certis from sure (grounds)] 
 
 cepti'ficate (-at), n., & v.t. Document 
 formally attesting a fact, esp. the bearer's 
 status, acquirements, fulfilment of conditions, 
 right to company shares, &c. ; bankrupt's c, 
 stating that he has satisfied legal requirements 
 & may recommence business. (Vb) furnish 
 with, license by, c. ; hence eepti'ficATiON n. 
 [f. med. L certification neut. p.p. (foil.)] 
 
 eep'tify, v.t. Attest formally, declare by 
 certificate, whence eep'tifiABLE a. ; inform 
 certainly, assure. Hence cep'tifiER 1 n. [f. 
 F certifier f. med. L certificare (certain', -fv)] 
 
 certiorafif n. Writ from higher court for 
 records of case tried in lower. [L wd in writ] 
 
 eep*titude, n. Feeling certain, conviction. 
 [F, f. LL certitudinem (certain, -tude)] 
 
 cepu'lean (-00-), a. Deep-blue. [f. L caeru- 
 leus prob. for caelul- (caelum sky) + -an] 
 
 eepirmen (-00-), n. Ear-wax. So eepir- 
 minous a. [f. L cera wax on anal, of albumen] 
 
 eep'use (-00s), n. (Also white lead) a white 
 paint from carbonate & hydrate of lead, esp. 
 as cosmetic, [f. L cerussa prob. f. a Gk 
 keroussa fem. of keroeis waxy (cero-)] 
 
 eepvi-eal (also servi-), a. (physiol.). Of the 
 neck. So eepvreo- comb. form. [f. L cervix 
 -icis neck + -al] 
 
 cep'vlne, a. Of, like, deer. [f. L cervinus 
 (cervus deer + -ine l )] 
 
 Cesape-vitch, -witch, (ra), n. Tsar's 
 eldest son. [Russ.] 
 
 cess, n. Tax, rate (now displaced by rate in 
 Engl., but used in various senses in Ireland, 
 Scotland, and India), [prop, sess for obs. 
 assess n. see assess] 
 
 cessa'tion, n. Ceasing ; pause, [f. L cessatio 
 (ccssare cease 1 , -ation)] 
 
 ce'ssep, n. (legal). Coming to an end, cessa- 
 tion, (o/term, liability, &c). [F (cease 1 , -er 4 )] 
 
 cession (-shn), n. Ceding, giving up, (of 
 rights, property, or esp. of territory by State). 
 [F, f. L cessionem (cedere cess- go away, -ion)] 
 
 cessionary, n. = assign 2 . [f . med. L cessio- 
 narius as prec. + -ary 1 ] 
 
 cesspit, n. Midden, [see foil.] 
 
 cesspool, n. Well sunk for soil from water- 
 closet &c, retaining solids & letting liquid 
 escape (also fig., as c. of iniquity). Iprob. f. It. 
 cesso privy f. L secessus secession] 
 
 cestoid, a. & n. (zool.). Ribbon-like (in- 
 testinal worm, as tape-worm), [f. L f. Gk 
 kestos girdle + -oid] 
 
 eet-, comb, form = of spermaceti, in chem. 
 names, [f. L cetus -i f. Gk ketos -eos whale] 
 
 ceta'cean, a. & n. (Member) of the mam- 
 malian order containing whales. So cetA'- 
 ceous a. [as prec, -ace an] 
 
 eeteosaup, -saup-us, n. Fossil saurian, 
 [f. Gk ketos -eos whale & sauros lizard] 
 
 cetepaeh (-k), n. Kinds of fern with frond- 
 backs covered with scales, [med. L, etym. dub.] 
 
 ce'teris pa'ribus, adv. Other things being 
 equal. [L] 
 
 Chablis (sha'ble), n. A French white wine, 
 [place name] 
 
 chafe 1 (tsh-), v.t. & i., & n. Rub (skin, to 
 restore warmth) ; make, become, sore by rub- 
 bing ; (of beast, river) rub itself against (bars, 
 rocks) ; irritate ; show irritation, fume, fret. 
 (N.) : (sore made by) friction ; state of irritation, 
 pet, (in a c). [f. OF chaufer f. L calefacere 
 (calere be hot, facere make)] 
 
 cha'fep (tsh-), n. Kinds of beetle, usu. the 
 cockchafer. [OE cefer cf. G kdftr perh. f. 
 kaf- gnaw cf. jowl] 
 
 chaff (tsh-), n., & v.t. 1. Separated grain- 
 husks ; chopped hay and straw ; bracts of 
 grass-flower ; spurious substitute (caught with 
 c, easily deceived or trapped) ; worthless stuff; 
 c.-cutter, machine chopping fodder; hence 
 cha*ffY 2 a. ; (vb) chop (straw &c). 2. Banter 
 (n. & v.t.) [OE ceafct OHG cheva perh. f. kef- 
 gnaw cf. jowl; sense 2 may be fig. use of 1 
 (starting with noun), or (starting with vb) be = 
 chafe (anger playfully)] 
 
 eh a'ffep (tsh-), v.i. & t., & n. Haggle, bargain 
 (caway, = bargain away); hence eha'ffePER 1 
 n. (N.) = chaffering. [ME ch(e)apfare f. OE 
 ceap see chapman +faru fare] 
 
 cha'ffinch (tsh-), n. Common British small 
 bird, [chaff (f. haunting barndoor) + finch] 
 
 cha-nng-dish, n. Vessel with burning 
 charcoal &c. inside for keeping warm things 
 placed on it. [f. obs. sense of chafe = warm] 
 
 chagrin (shagre'n), n., & v.t. (Affect with) 
 acute disappointment or mortification, [f. F 
 chagrin(er) f. Turk, saghri rump of horse, 
 prepared hide, shagreen ; sense by metaphor 
 f. use of shagreen for friction] 
 
 chain (tsh-), n., & v.t. Connected series of 
 metal or other links (endless c.) ; fetters, con- 
 finement, restraining force ; necklace, watch- 
 guard, &c. ; sequence, series, set, (of proof, 
 events, posts, mountains ; ladies' c, movement 
 in quadrille) ; jointed metal-rod measuring- 
 line, its length (66 ft) ; (also c.-shot) two balls 
 or half balls joined by c. for cutting masts &c. ; 
 (Xaut.) fastening for shrouds below channel 2 
 (also c.-plate), the cc. (also the fore, mizen, 
 main,-cc), whole contrivance (channel, c. -plate, 
 & DEAD-eyes) for widening basis of shrouds ; 
 c.-armour, -mail, made of interlaced rings ; 
 c.-bridge, = suspension ; c.-coupling, extra coup- 
 ling of railway vans in case of accident to 
 screw-coupling; c.-moidding, archit. ornament 
 with link carving ; c.-stitch, ornamental sewing 
 like chain, (sewing machine) simple sewing (cf. 
 lock 3-stitch) ; c.-wale, = channel 2 ; c.-xcheel, 
 transferring power by c. fitted to its edere ; 
 hence chai'nLESS a., chai'nLET n. (Vb) 
 
CHAIR 
 
 13b 
 
 chance: 
 
 secure, confine, with c. (lit. & fig.), [f. OF 
 chaeine f. L catena] 
 
 chair (tsh-), n. , & v. t. Separate seat for one, of 
 various forms (arm i or elbow, bath l , curule, 
 deck 1 , easy 1 ; take a c, sit down); seat of 
 authority ; professorship ; mayoralty (pant or 
 above the C., below the C, of alderman who has, 
 has not, been mayor) ; seat, ofiice, of person 
 presiding at meeting, public dinner, &c. [take, 
 leave, the c, begin, end, the proceedings) ; chair- 
 man (address, appealto, the c. ; 'chair! chair. f \ 
 protest against disorder) ; (Railway) iron or 
 steel socket holding rail in place; (Hist.) = 
 sedan ; c.-bed, that can be unfolded into c. 
 (Vb) install in c. of authority ; place in c. and 
 carry aloft (winner of contest, election, &c). 
 [f. OF chaere f. L f. Gk kathedra (cathedral)] 
 
 chair'man, n. (pi. -men ; fern, chairwoman). 
 Person chosen to preside over meeting, per- 
 manent president of committee, board, &c. 
 (C. of Committees, in Houses of Pari., presiding 
 instead of Lord Chancellor & Speaker when 
 House is in Committee), whence chaip'man- 
 ship n. ; keeper of Bath-chair; (Hist.) one of 
 two sedan-bearers. 
 
 chaise (shaz), n. Pleasure or travelling car- 
 riage of various shapes, usu. now low, four- 
 wheeled, & open, with one or two ponies ; 
 POST-c. [F, var. of chaire f. OF chaere chair] 
 
 ehalee'dony (k-), cal-, n. Precious stone 
 of quartz kind with many varieties as agate, 
 cornelian, chrysoprase. [f. L c(h)alcedonius f. 
 Gk khalkedon etym. dub.] 
 
 chalco- (k-), comb, form esp. in minera- 
 logical terms = copper-, brass-, [f. Gk khalkos] 
 
 ehaleo'graphy, n. Art of engraving on 
 copper, [prec, -graph y] 
 
 chalcopyp'ite (-ir-), n. A copper ore, yellow 
 or copper pyrites, [chalco-, pyrite] 
 
 Chalde-an (k-), a. & n. (Native) of Chaldea 
 or Babylon ; soothsayer, astrologer, [f. Lf. Gk 
 khaldaios + -an] 
 
 cha'ldron (tshawl-), n. Coal measure, 36 
 bushels, [f. OF chauderon as cauldron] 
 
 chalet (sha'la), n. Swiss mountain dairy- 
 hut ; Swiss peasant's wooden cottage ; villa in 
 this style ; street lavatory. [F, Swiss wd perh. 
 dim. of casella dim, of It. casa house] 
 
 cha'lice (tsh-), n. Goblet ; eucharistic wine- 
 cup ; (poet.) flower-cup, whence eha'licED 2 a. 
 [OF (now calice), f. L calix] 
 
 chalk 1 (tshawk), n. White soft earthy lime- 
 stone used for burning into lime & for writing 
 & drawing ; coloured preparation of like tex- 
 ture used in crayons for drawing ; as like as c. 
 & cheese, unlike in essentials ; by (a) long 
 chalk(s), by far (f. use of c. to score points in 
 games) ; c.-bed, stratum of c. ; c.-pit, quarry ; 
 c.-stone, gouty concretion like c. in tissues & 
 joints esp. of hands & feet. [OE cealc, com.- 
 WG, cf. G kalk, f. L calx -cis lime] 
 
 chalk 2 , v.t. Rub, mark, draw, write, write 
 up, with c. ; c. out, sketch, plan as thing to be 
 accomplished (often for oneself), [f. prec] 
 
 chal'ky, a. Abounding in, white as, chalk ; 
 like or containing chalk-stones. Hence 
 chal'kiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 cha'lleng-e 1 (tsh-), n. Calling to account 
 (sentry's c, 'Who goes there? ); exception 
 taken (e. g. to juryman) ; summons to trial or 
 contest, esp. to duel, defiance, [f. OF chalenge 
 f. L calumnia calumnyI 
 
 challenge 2 , v.t. Call to account (of sentry, 
 & fig.) ; take exception to (evidence, juryman), 
 dispute, deny ; claim (attention, admiration, 
 &c.) : invite to contest, game, or duel, defy. 
 Hence eha'llengeABLE a., eha'llengER 1 n. 
 [f. OF chalenger f. LL calumniare (calumny)] 
 
 cha'llis (tsh-), n. Lady's-dress fabric. [?] 
 
 chalybeate (k-), a. Impregnated with iron 
 (of mineral water or spring), [irreg. for chaly- 
 bate f. L f. Gk khalups -iibos steel + -ate 2 ] 
 
 cham (k-), n. Great c, autocrat (esp. of domi- 
 nant author or critic), [obs. form of khan] 
 
 chamade (sh«mah*d), n. Signal for retreat 
 on drum or trumpet. [F, f. Port, chamada 
 (chamar f. L clamare call, -ade)] 
 
 cha'mbep (tsha-), n. Room, esp. bedroom 
 (poet, or archaic ; but c.-music, for performance 
 in room, not at theatre, church, &c. ; c. -concert, 
 of c.-music) ; (pi.) set of rooms in larger building, 
 esp. in Inns of Court, let separately, judge's 
 room for hearing cases not needing to betaken 
 in court ; (hall used by) deliberative or judicial 
 body, one of the houses of a parliament ; C. of 
 Commerce, Agriculture, board organized to 
 forward these in a district; (also c.-pot) vessel 
 for urine ; c.-counsel, lawyer giving opinions 
 in private, not practising in court ; chamber- 
 maid, housemaid at inn ; enclosed space in 
 body of animal or plant, or in machinery &c. 
 (esp. part of gun-bore, of larger diameter in 
 some cannon, separate in revolver, that con- 
 tains charge). Hence (-)ehamberED 2 a. [f. 
 F chambre f. L camera f. Aryan kam- cover 
 over cf. Gk kamara vault] 
 
 chamberlain (tsha'mberlin), n. Officer 
 managing household of sovereign or great 
 noble; Lord Qreat C. of England, hereditary 
 holder of ceremonial office ; Lord C. of the 
 Household, with part management of Royal 
 Household, & licenser of plays. Hence cha'm- 
 berlainSHiPn. [OF, f. Teut. *kamarling (OHG 
 chamarling) f. kamara f. L camera see prec] 
 
 chameleon (k-), n. Small prehensile-tailed 
 long-tongued lizard with power of changing 
 colour & of living long without food ; incon- 
 stant person. Hence chameleonic a., 
 ehame'leon-LiKE, a. & adv. [f. L f. Gk 
 khamaileon (khamai on ground, Icon lion)] 
 
 cha'mfer (tsh-), v.t., & n. Bevel symmetri- 
 cally (right-angled edge or corner) ; (n.) surface 
 so given (hollow or concave c, made as with 
 gouge instead of chisel) ; channel, flute, (v.t. ,& 
 n.). [f. OF chanfraindre (cant 1 , L frangere) 
 lit. break-corner] 
 
 chamois (sha/mwah, in sense 2 sha'mi), n. 
 1. European wild antelope of goat size. 2. (Also 
 c.-leather, shammy, shammy-leather) soft 
 pliable leather from sheep, goats, deer, &c. 
 [F, prob. f. Swiss Rom. ; cf. It. camozza, also G 
 gemse (OHG gamz)] 
 
 cha'momile. = camomile. 
 
 champ (tsh-), v.t. & i., & n. Munch (fodder) 
 noisily ; work (bit) noisily in teeth ; (make) 
 chewing action or noise, [prob. imit.] 
 
 champag'ne (sh-), n. Kinds of wine from 
 E. France (usu. white & sparkling), [name of 
 province, = foil.] 
 
 champaign (tsha/mpan), n. (Expanse ofV 
 open country, [f. OF champaigne = campagnaJ 
 
 cha'mpion (tsh-), n. & a., & v.t. Person who 
 fights, argues, &c, for another or for a cause- 
 (King's, Queen's, C, or C. of England, heredi- 
 tary official at coronations); athlete &c, 
 animal, plant, &c, that has defeated all com- 
 petitors (often as adj., c. boxer, c. turnip). 
 Hence cha'mpionLESs a., eha'mpionsHiF* 
 n. (Vb) maintain the cause of. [OF, f. LL 
 campionem norn. -io fighter (Licampus camp 1 )] 
 
 chance 1 (tsh-), n. & a. Way things faH out, 
 fortune ; undesigned occurrence ; opportunity ; 
 possibility ; probability (esp. in pi., as the cc. 
 are against it) ; absence of design or discover- 
 able cause ; course of events regarded as a 
 power, fate ; by c, as it falls or fell out, without 
 
CHANCE 
 
 136 
 
 CHAPE 
 
 design ; on the c, in view of the possibility (of, 
 that); take one's c, let things go as they may, 
 oonsent to take what comes ; the main c, that 
 of getting rich ; stand a (good, fair) c, have a 
 prospect ; chance-, =by c, as c.-sown tree ; (adj.) 
 fortuitous (a c. companion, meeting), [f. OF 
 cheance f. LL cadentia n. (L ca-dere tall, -ence)] 
 chance 2 , v.i. & t. Happen (archaic in abs. 
 use, getting rare in constrr. it chanced that, he 
 chanced to do) ; c. upon, happen to find, meet, 
 or come upon ; (colloq. ) risk (esp. c. it), [f. prec] 
 cha'neel (tsh-), n. Eastern part of church 
 reserved for clergy, choir, &c, & usu. railed off. 
 [OF, f. LL cancellus f. L cancelli lattice-bars] 
 chancellery (tsh-), -ory, n. Position, 
 staff, department, official residence, of a chan- 
 cellor ; office attached to embassy or consulate. 
 [•f. OF chancelerie (chancelier see foil., -rv)] 
 chancellor (tsh-), n. State or law official 
 of various kinds ; Lord C. (also C. of England, 
 Lord High C), highest judge, presiding in H. 
 of Lords & in Chancery Div. of Supreme Court ; 
 C. of exchequer ; C. of Duchy of Lancaster, 
 member of government (legally representative 
 of King as Duke of Lancaster), often Cabinet 
 minister who does not desire departmental 
 work; C. of bishop or diocese, bishop's law 
 officer ; C. of Garter or other order, who seals 
 commissions &c. ; titular head of university 
 ( Vice-C. performing duties) ; (Germany, Austro- 
 Hungary) chief minister of State. Hence 
 cha'neelloPSHiP n. [ME c(h)anceler f. OF 
 c(h)ancelier (-or 2 ) f. L cancellarius law-court 
 usher (cancelli grating)] 
 
 chance-me'dley, n. (Law) action, esp. 
 homicide, mainly but not entirely uninten- 
 tional ; inadvertency. [AF chance medlee (see 
 meddle) mixed chance] 
 
 cha'ncery (tsh-), n. Lord Chancellor's court, 
 a division of High Court of Justice (formerly a 
 separate court of equity for cases with no re- 
 medy in common-law Courts, whence the mean- 
 ing, still in U.S. & in literature, of court of 
 equity) ; office for public records ; (Boxing) in c, 
 with head held under opponent's arm being 
 pommelled (from difficulty of getting clear of 
 old Court of C). [shortened f. chancellery] 
 
 chancre (sha'nker), n. Venereal ulcer. [F, 
 = cancer] 
 
 eha'ncy, a. Uncertain, risky, [chance 1 , -y 2 ] 
 
 chandelier* (sh-), n. Branched hanging sup- 
 port for several lights. [F, see foil.] 
 
 cha'ndler (tsh-), n. Dealer in candles, oil, 
 soap, paint, & groceries (corn-c, in corn ; ship-c, 
 in cordage, canvas, &c). Hence eha'ndlERY(l) 
 n. [f. OF chandelier (L candela candle,. -arv 1 )] 
 
 change 1 (tshanj), n. Alteration; substitu- 
 tion of one for another, variety (for a c); 
 whence eha'ngeFULd), eha'njgreLESS, aa. ; 
 Change (now usu. but wrongly 'Change), place 
 where merchants meet (oil C., engaged there) ; 
 arrival of moon at fresh phase (prop, at new 
 moon only) ; c. of clothes, second outfit in re- 
 serve ; lower coins given for higher one or for 
 foreign money ; money returned as balance of 
 that tendered for article (take one's, the, c. out 
 of, avenge oneself on); (bell-ringing, usu. pi.) 
 -different orders in which peal can be rung (ring 
 the cc. fig., exhaust ways of putting or doing 
 •thing). [OF, f. LL cambium (cambire change 2 )] 
 
 change 2 , v.t. & i. Take another instead of 
 (c. one's coat) ; resign, get rid of, for; give or 
 get smaller or foreign coin for (money) ; put on 
 different clothes ; go from one to another of 
 (thing changes hands, passes to different owner ; 
 c. houses, carriages ; also abs. = c. trains, boats, 
 &c.) ; give & receive, exchange, (c. places xoith, 
 we changed places) ; make or become different 
 
 (often to, into, from), (moon) arrive at fresh 
 phase, esp. become new moon ; c. colour, turn 
 pale or blush ; c. front, take new position in 
 argument &c. ; c. one's condition, marry ; c. one's 
 mind, adopt new plan or opinion ; c. one's note 
 or tune, become more humble, sad, &c. ; c. step, 
 foot, feet, time other foot to drum in marching, 
 [f. OF changer f. LL cambiare (cambium f. L 
 cambire barter cf. Gk kamp- turn back)] 
 changeable, a. Irregular, inconstant; 
 alterable. Hence or cogn. eha'ngeaBiLiTY, 
 cha'ngeableNESS, nn. [F, see prec, -able] 
 eha'n geling, n. Thing or child substituted 
 for another by stealth, esp. elf -child thus left 
 by fairies, [change 2 + -ling j ] 
 cha'nnel 1 (tsh-), n., & v.t. (-11-). Natural or 
 artificial bed of running water ; (Geog.) piece of 
 water, wider than strait, joining two larger 
 pieces, usu. seas (ITie C, English C.) ; tubular 
 passage for liquid ; course in which anything 
 moves, direction, line ; medium, agency ;groove, 
 flute. (Vb) form cc. in, groove ; cut out (way 
 &c). [f. OF chanel var. of canal] 
 cha'nnel 2 (tsh-), n. Broad thick plank pro- 
 jecting horizontally from ship's side abreast of 
 mast to broaden base for shrouds, [for chain- 
 wale (wale) cf. gunnel for gunivale] 
 chant (tsh-), n., & v.i. & t. Song; (Mus.) 
 short melody with long reciting-note for psalms 
 & canticles (single, double, quadruple, as one, 
 two, four, verses are sung to it) ; measured 
 monotonous song ; singsong intonation in talk. 
 (Vb) sing ; utter musically ; intone, sing to a c; 
 c. the praises of, constantly praise ; c. horses, sell 
 fraudulently, [f. Fchant(er) song, sing, f. Lcan- 
 tus -us, cantarc, (canere cant- sing)] 
 chantage (F) n. Blackmailing. 
 cha'ntep, n. In vbl senses ; also : melody- 
 pipe, with finger-holes, of bagpipe ; (also horse- 
 c.) swindling horse-dealer. [-ER 1 ] 
 chantere'lle (tsh-), n. Yellow edible fungus. 
 [F, dim. f. L f. Gk kantharos drinking-cup] 
 chanticleer (tsh-), n. (Personal name for) 
 domestic cock. [f. OF chantecler (chant, clear), 
 name in Reynard the Fox] 
 cha'ntress (tsh-), n. Female singer (archaic 
 or poet.), [f. OF chanteresse, see chanter, -ess 1 ] 
 eha'ntry (tsh-), n. Endowment forpriest(s) 
 to sing masses for founder's soul ; priests, 
 chapel, altar, so endowed, [f. OF chanterie 
 (chanter chant, -ery)] 
 
 cha'nty, n. Sailors' song while heaving. [-Y 3 ] 
 cha'os (k-), n. Formless void or great deep 
 of primordial matter (C, this personified as 
 eldest of the gods) ; utter confusion. Hence 
 (irreg.) ehad'tic a., ehao'tiCALLY adv. [L, 
 f. Gk khaos ; -otic on false anal, of erotic &c] 
 chap ] (tsh-), v.t. & i., & n. Crack (t. & i.) in 
 fissures (usu. of skin, by wind &c, also of dried- 
 up earth &c). (N., usu. pi.) crack(s), open 
 seam(s), esp. in skin ; hence eha*ppY 2 a. [ME 
 chappen, cf. MDu. cappen, & chip, chop] 
 chap 2 , chop, n. (PI.) jaws, esp. of beasts 
 (lick one's cc, w. relish or anticipation), cheeks 
 (fat-chops, fat-faced person) ; (sing.) lower jaw 
 or half of cheek, esp. of pig as food (Bath chap ; 
 c.-f alien, with jaw hanging down, dispirited, 
 dejected) ; chops of the Channel, entrance from 
 Atlantic to Channel, [f. prec] 
 chap 3 (tsh-), n. (colloq.). Man, boy, fellow, 
 [short for chapman cf. customer] 
 eha'p-book (tsh-), n. (bibliog.). Specimen 
 of popular literature (usu. small pamphlet of 
 tales, ballads, tracts) formerly hawked by chap- 
 men, [mod. wd, see chapman] 
 chape (tsh-), n. Metal cap of scabbard-point ; 
 back-piece of buckle attaching it to strap &c. ; 
 sliding loop on belt or strap. [F, f . LL capa cap l \ 
 
CHAPEAU-BRAS 
 
 137 
 
 CHARITY 
 
 chapeau-bras (shapo-brah - ), n. (hist.). 
 
 Three-cornered flat silk hat of 18th c, carried 
 
 underarm. [F, =arm-hat] 
 
 eha/pel (tsh-), n. Place of Christian worship 
 other than parish church or cathedral, esp. one 
 attached to private house or institution (c. 
 royal, of royal palace) ; oratory in larger build- 
 ing, with altar, esp. compartment of cathedral 
 &c. separately dedicated {Lady-c, dedicated 
 to Virgin, usu. E. of high altar) ; subordinate 
 Anglican church, esp. c. of ease, for convenience 
 of remote parishioners; R.-C. or dissenters' 
 place of worship in England ; c. service or 
 attendance at c. (keep a c, be present, in col- 
 leges) ; (Print.) printing-office, journeyman 
 printers' association or meeting, [f . OF chapele 
 f. LL cappella dim. of cappa cloak (cap ] ) ; 
 first c. was sanctuary in which St Martin's 
 sacred cloak was kept by cappellani] 
 
 eha'pelpy, n. District served by chapel, [-ry] 
 
 eha'peron (sh-), n., & v.t. Married or elderly 
 woman in charge of girl on social occasions ; 
 hence eha'peponAGE n. (Vb) act as c. to. 
 [F, =hood, chaperon, dim. of chape cope (cap l )] 
 
 cha*pitep (tsh-), n. (bibl.). Capital of column, 
 [earlier form of chapter] 
 
 cha'plain (-in), n. Clergyman officiating in 
 private chapel of great person or institution ; 
 nun reciting inferior services in nunnery. 
 Hence eha'plaincY n. [f. OF chapelain f. LL 
 cappellanus (chapel, -an)] 
 
 eha'plet (tsh-), n. Wreath of flowers, leaves, 
 gold, gems, &c, for head ; string of beads for 
 counting prayers (one-third of rosary number), 
 or as necklace ; string of eggs in toad &c. ; bead- 
 moulding. Hence cha'pletED 2 a. [f. OF 
 chapelet dim. of chape, see -let] 
 
 cha'pman (tsh-), n. Pedlar. [OE ce"apmann 
 (dap n. barter, mann man) cf. G kaufmann 
 merchant, Du. koopman, & see cheap] 
 
 cha'ppie, -y, (tsh-), n. (colloq.). Exquisite, 
 man about town, [chap 3 + -y 3 j 
 
 eha'ptep, n. Main division of a book (abbr. 
 cap. ore), (fig.) limited subject, piece of narra- 
 tive, &c. ; Act of Pari, numbered as part of 
 session's statutes for reference (5 & 6 Will. IV. 
 cap. 62 = Statutory Declarations Act 1835) ; 
 general meeting, whole number, of canons of 
 collegiate or cathedral church or monastic or 
 knightly order (c.-house, used for such meet- 
 ings) ; c. & verse, exact reference to passage, 
 exact authority for statement; to end of c, 
 for ever ; c. of accidents, [for chapiter f. OF 
 chapitre f. L capitulum dim. of caput -itis 
 head] 
 
 chap i (tsh-), n. Hill trout of Wales &c. [?] 
 
 chap 2 . See chare. 
 
 chap 3 (tsh-), v.t. & i. Burn (t. & i.) to char- 
 coal, scorch, blacken with fire. [prob. back- 
 formation f. charcoal] 
 
 ehap-a-bane (sha'rabang, or as F), n. Long 
 vehicle, with many seats looking forward, for 
 holiday excursions. [F,= benched carriage] 
 
 cha'Paetep (k-), n., & v.t. Distinctive mark ; 
 (pi.) inscribed letters or figures ; national writ- 
 ing-symbols (in the German c.) ; person's hand- 
 writing ; characteristic (esp. of species &c. in 
 Nat. Hist. ) ; collective peculiarities, sort, style ; 
 person's or race's idiosyncrasy, mental or moral 
 nature ; moral strength, backbone ; reputation, 
 good reputation ; description of person's quali- 
 ties ; testimonial ; status ; known person (usu. 
 public c.) ; imaginary person created by novelist 
 or dramatist ; actor's or hypocrite's part (in, out 
 of, c, appropriate to' these or not, also more 
 widely of actions that are in accord or not with 
 person's c.) ; eccentric person (c. actor, who de- 
 votes himself to eccentricities). (Vb, poet. & 
 
 archaic) inscribe ; describe, [f. F caractere f. L 
 f. Gk kharakter stamp (kharatto engrave)] 
 
 characteristic, a. & n. Typical, distinc- 
 tive, (trait, mark, quality), whence charac- 
 teristic ally adv. ; (Math.) index of loga- 
 rithm, [f. Gk kharakteristikos (yrec, -ist, -ic)] 
 
 characterize, v.t. Describe character of; 
 describe as ; be characteristic of, impart 
 character to. Hence cha'paetepizA'TioN n. 
 [f. med. Lf. Gk kharakterizo (character, -ize)] 
 
 characterless, a. Ordinary, undistin- 
 guished ; without testimonial, [-less] 
 
 charade (sharah'd), n. Game of guessing 
 word from written or acted clue given for each 
 syllable & for the whole. [F, f. Pr. charrada 
 (charrd chatter)] 
 
 char'coal (tsh-), n. Black porous residue 
 of partly burnt wood, bones, &c, form of car- 
 bon ; c.-burner, maker of this. [perh. f. chare 
 + coal in sense (wood) Uimed coal] 
 
 chape (tshar), chap, n., (usu. pi.), & v.i. (-r-, 
 -rr-). (Do) ocfd job(s) ; work by the day at house- 
 cleaning. [OE cerr, cerran, turn ; U.S. chore] 
 
 charge * (tsh-), n. Material load ; right 
 quantity to put into thing, esp. of explosive for 
 gun ; figurative load ; expense (at his own c.) ; 
 price demanded for service or goods ; task, 
 duty, commission ; care, custody (of; nurse in 
 c. of child, child in c. of nurse ; curate in c, on 
 duty ; give person in c, hand over to police) ; 
 thing or person entrusted, minister's flock ; ex- 
 hortation, directions, (parting c, bishop's c, 
 judge's c. to jury) ; accusation (lay to one's c, 
 accuse him of; c.-sheet, record of cases at police 
 station); impetuous attack, rush, (return to the 
 c, begin again, esp. in argument) ; (Mil.) signal 
 sounded for attack. [F, f. Rom. carga f. LL 
 carrica (L carricare see foil.)] 
 
 charge 2 , v.t & i. Load, fill to the full or 
 proper extent, (vessel, gun with explosive) ; 
 saturate (air with vapour, water with chemicals, 
 accumulator with electricity, memory with 
 facts) ; entrust with (c. oneself with, undertake); 
 command to do, exhort (esp. of bishop, judge) ; 
 accuse, impute, (person with action, fault upon 
 person) ; saddle with (liability), place (liability) 
 on; demand (price)/or (alsoc. person price for); 
 attack (t. & i.) impetuously, esp. on horseback; 
 place (weapon) in position for use (c. bayonets, 
 bring down to receive cavalry c). [f. OF 
 charger, cf. prec, f. L carricare (carrus car 1 )] 
 
 charge (d'affaires) (shar'rzha dafar"), n. 
 (pi. -is d'-). Deputy ambassador ; ambassador at 
 minor court. [F, = one charged with affairs] 
 
 ehap'greable, a. 1. Expensive (archaic). 2. 
 Liable to be charged tvith (accused of) ; subject 
 to a money demand ; liable to be made an ex- 
 pense (c. to the parish) ; imputable to (on) ; pro- 
 per to be added to an account. Hence ehap'ire- 
 
 aBI'LITY n. [1 f. CHARGE 1 , 2 f. CHARGE 2 , + -ABLE] 
 
 chap'grep^n. (archaic). Large flat dish. [ME 
 chargeour perh. f. charge 2 + -or 2 (loader), or 
 f. OF *chargeoir (charge 2 & as parlour)] 
 
 ehap'gfep 2 , n. In vbl senses; esp., (Mil. 
 officer's horse, [-er 1 ] 
 
 cha'piot (tsh-), n., & v.t. Stately vehicle, 
 triumphal car, (poet. & esp. fig. of sun's c. &c.) ; 
 18th-c. four-wheeled carriage with back seats 
 only; (Hist.) car used in ancient fighting, whence 
 chapiotEER* n. ; (vb) convey as or in c. [OF, 
 augment, of char car] 
 
 charitable (tsh-), a. Liberal in giving to 
 the poor ; connected with such giving ; wont to 
 judge favourably of persons, acts, & motives. 
 Hence eha'PitableNESS n., eha'ritabLY 2 
 adv. [OF (charite = foil. , -able)] 
 
 cha'pity (tsh-), n. Christian love of fellow 
 men (in, out of, c. with) ; kindness, natural 
 
 5* 
 
CHARIVARI 
 
 138 
 
 CHATTEL 
 
 affection, (c. begins at home, is due first to kith 
 and kin) ; candour, freedom from censorious- 
 ness, imputing of good motives when possible, 
 leniency ; beneficence, liberality to the poor, 
 alms-giving (cc, acts of this), alms ; institution 
 for helping the helpless, help so given, {cold as 
 c, in allusion to mechanical administration ; 
 c.-boy, -girl, brought up in such place) ; Brother, 
 Sister, of C, member of religious society de- 
 voted to relieving poor; G. Commissioners), 
 boarc" created 18.53 to control charitable trusts, 
 [f. OF charite f. L caritatevi (cams dear, -ty)] 
 
 charivari (sh-), n. Medley of sounds, hub- 
 bub. [F, etym. dub. ; prop, a serenade of pans, 
 trays, &c, to unpopular person] 
 
 ehap'latan (sh-), n. & a. Impostor in medi- 
 cine, quack ; of, as of, empty pretender to know- 
 ledge or skill. Hence ehap'lataniSHMl) a., 
 chap*lataniSM(2), char'latanRY, nn. [F, f. 
 It. ciarlatano (ciarlare patter)] 
 
 Charles's Wain, n. (Also PJough, Great 
 Bear) constellation Ursa Major or its seven 
 bright stars. [OE Carles waegn ; wain of 
 Arcturus, neighbouring constellation, became 
 wain of Arthur, who was confused with the 
 other great hero Charlemagne] 
 
 ehap'loek. (tsh-), n. Field mustard. [OE cerlic] 
 
 C har'lotte (sh-), n. Pudding of cooked apple 
 covered with bread-crumbs ; C. Russe, custard 
 enclosed in sponge cake. [F] 
 
 charm 1 (tsh-), n. Verse, sentence, word, 
 act, or object having occult power, spell ; thing 
 worn to avert evil &c, amulet; trinket on 
 watch-chain &c. ; quality, feature, exciting 
 love or admiration {cc, beauty) ; attractiveness, 
 indefinable power of delighting (esp. as literary 
 critics' word), [f. F charme f. L carmen song] 
 
 ehapm 2 , v.t. Bewitch, influence (as) by 
 magic, (abs. or with pred. as c. asleep, away) ; 
 c. (secret, consent, &c.) out of; endow with 
 magic power (bear a charmed life) ; captivate, 
 delight ; give pleasure to (/ shall be charmed 
 as polite formula); (part.) delightful, whence 
 ehap'mingxY^adv. [f. F charmer (charm 1 )] 
 
 ehap'mep, n. In vbl senses; esp., beautiful 
 woman (now joe. or archaic). f-ER 1 ] 
 
 chap'nel-house (tsh-), n. House or vault 
 in which dead bodies or bones are piled. [OF 
 chaniel burying-place f. LL carnale (carnal)] 
 
 Chap'on (k-), n. Ferryman conveying souls 
 across Styx to Hades in Gk mythol. (C'.'s boat, 
 ferry, 8cc, phrr.for hour of death), [f. GkKhardn] 
 
 chap'poy (tsh), n. (Anglo-Ind.). Light Indian 
 bedstead, [f. Hind, charpai] 
 
 chart (tsh-), n., & v.t. Navigator's sea map, 
 with coast outlines, rocks, shoals, &c. ; outline 
 map with conspectus of special conditions, as 
 magnetic c. ; record by curves &c. of fluctua- 
 tions in temperature, prices, &c. ; sheet of tabu- 
 lated information ; hence ehap'tLESS a. (Vb) 
 make c. of, map. [OF, f. L carta card 2 ] 
 
 ehap'teP 1 (tsh-), n. Written grant of rights 
 by sovereign or legislature, esp. creation of 
 borough, company, &c. (Great C, magna 
 charta) ; deed conveying land ; = charter- 
 party ; privilege, admitted right, [f. OF chartre 
 f. L cartula dim. of carta card 2 ] 
 
 ehap'teP 2 , v.t. Grant c, give privilege, to 
 (chartered accountant, member of Institute of 
 Accountants with royal c. ; chartered libertine, 
 one allowed to take liberties) ; hire (ship) by 
 c. -party, (loosely) hire (vehicle &c). Hence 
 ehap'tePER l n. [f. prec] 
 
 ehap'teP- party (tsh-), n. Deed between 
 ship-owner & merchant for hire of ship & de- 
 livery of cargo, [f. F charte partie divided 
 document, indenture] 
 
 chap'tism, -ist, (tsh-), nn. (hist.). Principles, 
 
 adherent, of reform movement of 1837-48. [f. L 
 charta + -ism(3), -ist(2), name taken from the 
 democratic manifesto ' People's Charter 'J 
 
 ehapto'grpaphy (k-), &c. See cap-. 
 
 ehaptpeuse(shartrer - z),n. A liqueur; pale ap 
 pie-green colour, [made by Carthusian monks] 
 
 ehap'tulapy (k-). See cap-. 
 
 chap'woman (tsh-). n. Woman hired by the 
 day for house- work, [chare] 
 
 ehap'y (tsh-), a. Cautious ; shy of, sparing in, 
 doing; stingy of(c. of praise). Hence ehap'iLY 2 
 adv. , ehap'iNESS n. [OE cearig = OSax. karag 
 f. OTeut. hard care] 
 
 Chapy'bdis (k-), n. See scylla. 
 
 chase 1 (tsh-), n. Pursuit (in c. of, pursuing; 
 give c, go in pursuit), hunting (the c, hunting 
 as sport) ; (also chace) unenclosed park-land ;. 
 hunted animal or pursued ship ; (Hist.) c, 
 c.-port, c.-gun, chaser, bow-c. ,stern-c. , bow, stem, 
 -chaser, gun, port, in bow or stern for use while 
 chasing or being chased ; (Tennis) a certain 
 stroke. [ME & OF chace (LL *captiare catch x )] 
 
 chase 2 (tsh-), v.t. Pursue; drive from, out 
 of, to, &c. [see catch l ] 
 
 chase 3 (tsh-), v.t. Emboss, engrave, (metal), 
 [for poet. & archaic enchase = set (jewels), inlay, 
 engrave, enshrine, f. F enchdsser (en in, case 2 )] 
 
 chase 4 , n. Part of gun enclosing bore ; groove 
 cut to receive pipe &c. [f. F chas f. LL capsum 
 hollow of the chest (L capere hold)] 
 
 chase 5 , n. Iron frame holding composed type 
 for page or sheet, [f. F chdsse case 2 ] 
 
 chasm (ka'zm), n. Deep fissure ; break of 
 continuity, hiatus ; wide difference of feeling, 
 interests, &c, between persons or parties ; void, 
 blank. Hence (poet.) eha'smv 2 a. [f. Lf. Gk 
 khasma (khasko gape, -m)] 
 
 chasse (shahs), n. Liqueur after coffee &c. [F] 
 
 chasse (sha*sa), n., fc v.i. (Make) gliding 
 step in dancing. [F] 
 
 chassepot (sha'spo), n. French army breech- 
 loading rifle, [inventor's name] 
 
 chassis (sha'se), n. (pi. the same). Base-frame 
 of gun-carriage, motor-car, &c. ; company's 
 stock of motor-cars, motor-buses, &c [f. F chas- 
 sis (LL capsus wagon-body f. L capere take)] 
 
 chaste (tsha-), a. Abstaining from unlawful 
 or immoral (also from all) sexual intercourse, 
 pure, virgin ; decent (of speech) ; restrained, 
 severe, pure in taste or style, unadorned, simple. 
 Hence eha'steLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L castus] 
 
 chasten (tsha 'sn), v.t. Discipline, correct by 
 suffering, (usu. of God, Providence, &c, or of 
 trouble &c.) ; make chaste in style &c, refine ; 
 temper, subdue, (esp. in p.p. ). Hence ehastcn- 
 er x (sener) n. [prec. + -en 6 ] 
 
 chasti'se (tsh-,-z), v.t. Punish ; beat. Hence 
 eha'stiseMENT, ehasti'SER 1 , nn. [form un- 
 explained ; ME has chastien, chasten, (later 
 chasty, chaste) f. OF chastier f. L castigare] 
 
 eha'stity, n. Continence; virginity, celi- 
 bacy ; simplicity of style or taste, [f. OF chas- 
 tete f. L castitatem (castus chaste, -ty)] 
 
 cha'suble (tshazu-), n. Short back and breast 
 vestment of celebrant at Mass or Eucharist. 
 [F, f. med. L casubida dim. of casa cottage] 
 
 chat 1 (tsh-), v.i., & n. (Indulge in) easy fami- 
 liar talk. Hence eha'ttv 2 a., eha'ttiNESS n. 
 [short for chatter] 
 
 chat 2 , n. Kinds of bird, chiefly Warblers 
 (usu in comb, as Stone, Whin, -c). [f. prec] 
 
 chateau (shato), n. (pi. -x, pr. -z). Foreign 
 country-house. [F] 
 
 cha'telaine (sh-), n. Set of short chains 
 attached to woman's belt for carrying keys ; 
 watch, pencil, &c. [F (chd-), = mistress of prec] 
 
 cha'ttel (tsh-), n. Movable possession (usu. 
 pi., esp. goods & cc). [f. OF chatel see cattle] 
 
CHATTER 
 
 139 
 
 CHEMIST 
 
 eha'ttep (tsh-), v.i., & n. (Of birds) utter 
 quick series of short notes ; (of persons) talk 
 quickly, incessantly, foolishly, or inopportunely; 
 (of teeth) rattle together (also of ill-adjusted 
 parts of machine). (N.) any of these sounds : 
 chatterbox, child &c. given to c. [imit., see -er 5 ] 
 
 chau'ffep (tsh-), n. Metal basket holding 
 fire ; portable furnace with air-holes, [f. F 
 chauffoir f. L calefactorius calefactory] 
 
 c/iau#Teur(sh6fer'), n. Motor-car driver. [F] 
 
 chaumontel (sho-), n. Large kind of pear, 
 [name of French village] 
 
 chaussure (F), n. Boots or shoes. 
 
 ehau'vinism (sho-), n. Bellicose patriotism, 
 foreign jingoism. So ehau , viniST(2) n. & a., 
 chauvinistic a. [C'hauvin, Napoleonic veter- 
 an, person in Cogniard's Cocarde Tricolore 1831] 
 
 chaw (tsh-), v.t., & n. (now vulg.). Chew; 
 (U.S.) c. up, utterly defeat ; c. -bacon, bumpkin ; 
 (n.) quid of tobacco, [var. of chew] 
 
 cheap (tsh-), a. Inexpensive (of thing, price, 
 shop, dealer) ; worth more than its cost ; easily 
 got ; worthless, of little account, staled, (holdc, 
 despise); (as pred.) = cheaply (got it c. &c); 
 dirt c, very c. ; on the c, in c. manner ; C. Jack, 
 travelling hawker ; c. trip(per), excursion (ist) by 
 rail &c. at reduced fares. Hence chea'pLV 2 
 adv., chea'piSH *(2) a., ehea'pxESS n. [f. phr. 
 good cheap f. obs. cheap n., OE c£ap barter, 
 price, com.-Teut. cf. G kauf purchase] 
 
 chea'pen, v.t & i. Haggle for (archaic) ; 
 make or become cheap, depreciate, [-en 6 ] 
 
 cheat (tsh-), n., & v.t. & i. Trick, fraud ; swin- 
 dler, deceiver ; card -game in which undetected 
 cheating is licensed. (Vb) deceive, trick ; deal 
 fraudulently ; wile away (time, fatigue). [ME 
 chete short for escheat] 
 
 check 1 (tsh-), int. & n. (Announcement of) 
 exposure of chess king to attack ; sudden arrest 
 given to motion, rebuff, repulse ; slight military 
 reverse; (Hunt.) loss of the scent; stoppage, 
 pause; restraint on action (keep in c, under 
 control) ; person or thing that restrains ; con- 
 trol to secure accuracy ; token of identification 
 for left luggage, seat-holder, &c. ; (U.S.) counter 
 at cards (hence colloq., hand in one's cc, die) ; 
 c.-action in piano, restraining hammer from 
 striking string twice ; c.-nut, screwed on over 
 nut to prevent its working loose ; c.-rein, attach- 
 ing one horse's rein to other's bit, also rein pre- 
 venting horse from lowering head; c.-string, 
 in carriage for signalling to driver to stop ; c- 
 taker, collector of pass tokens in theatre &c. ; 
 c.-till, in shop, recording receipts, [f. OF eschec 
 f. Arab. f. Pers. shah king] 
 
 check 2 , v.t. & i. Threaten opponent's king at 
 chess ; suddenly arrest motion of ; (of hounds) 
 stop on losing scent, or to make sure of it ; re- 
 strain, curb ; test (statement, account, figures, 
 employes) by comparison &c. , examine accuracy 
 of. [f. OF eschequier play chess, check, as prec] 
 
 cheek 3 (tsh-), n. Cross-lined pattern ; fabric 
 woven or printed with this. So checkED 2 a. 
 [perh. short for chequer] 
 
 cheek 4 , n. = cheque. 
 
 checker. See chequer. 
 
 checkmate, int. & n., & v.t. (also mate, now 
 more usu. in chess but not in fig. sense). (An- 
 nouncement to opponent of) inextricable check 
 of king at chess, final defeat at chess or in any 
 enterprise ; (vb) defeat, frustrate, [f. OF eschec 
 mat (see check 1 ) l. ATSib.shahinata king is dead] 
 
 Cheddar (tsh-), n. Kind of cheese, [place] 
 
 cheek (tsh-), n., & v.t. Side-wall of mouth, 
 side of face below eye, (c.-tooth, molar ; c.-bone, 
 that below eye; c. by jowl, close together, in- 
 timate ; to one's oivn c, not shared with others) ; 
 saucy speech (vb, address saucily), whence 
 
 chee'kY 2 a., chee'kiLY 2 adv., eheekixEss 
 n.; cool confidence, effrontery, (have the c. to) ; 
 side post of door &c. ; (pi.) jaws of vice, aide- 
 nieces of various parts of machines arranged 
 in lateral pairs. [OE cece cf. Du. kaak] 
 
 cheep (tsh-), v.i., & n. (Utter) shrill feeble 
 note as of young bird. Hence (of young par- 
 tridge or grouse) chee'pER 1 n. [imit.] 
 
 cheer 1 (tsh-), n. Frame of mind (what c. ?, 
 how do you feel ? ; be of good c, stout-hearted, 
 hopeful) ; food, fare, (make good c, feast ; the 
 fewer the better c, more to eat); shout of en- 
 couragement or applause (three cc, successive 
 united hurrahs, often for person or thing ho- 
 noured), [obs. sense/ace, ME & OF chere f. LL 
 cara face perh. f. Gk kara head] 
 
 cheep 2 , v.t. & i. Comfort, gladden ; incite, 
 urge o;i, esp. by shouts ; applaud (t. & i.), shout 
 for joy ; c. -up, comfort, take comfort, ff. prec] 
 
 cheep'ful, a. Contented, in good spirits, 
 hopeful ; animating, pleasant ; willing, not re- 
 luctant. Henee cheep'fulLY 2 adv., cheep* - 
 fulxESS n. [cheer 1 + -ful] 
 
 eheep'less, a. Dull, gloomy, dreary, miser- 
 able. Hence eheep'lessLY 2 adv., eheer*- 
 lessNESS n. [cheer 1 + -less] 
 
 cheep'ly, adv. (naut.). Heartily, with a will, 
 [formerly adj. & adv. (see -ly 2 ) f. cheer 1 ] 
 
 eheep'y, a. Lively, in spirits, genial. Hence 
 cheep'iLY 2 adv., eheep'ixEss n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 cheese 1 (tshezj, n. Food made of pressed 
 curds ; a c, complete cake or ball of this with 
 in rind; green c, immature, not yet dried; 
 bread & c. ; chalk & c. ; make cc. (of school- 
 girls), spin roimd and sink suddenly, inflating 
 petticoats : fruit of mallow ; c. -cutter, with 
 broad curved blade ; c.-cake, tartlet filled with 
 sweetyellow compound of curds &c. ; c.-hopper, 
 maggot of c.-fly; cheesemonger, dealer in c, 
 butter, &c. ; c.-paring, stingy, stinginess, (pi.) 
 worthless odds and ends ; c.-plate, 5 or 6 in. in 
 diameter, also large coat-button ; c.-rennet, 
 name for Lady's bedstraw ; c.-scoop, -taster, 
 instimment for extracting small piece as sample. 
 [OE cise, cf. G kdse f. L caseus] 
 
 cheese 2 , n. Thee, the correct thing, [prob. 
 Anglo-Ind. f. Pers. & Hind, chiz thing] 
 
 cheese 3 (tshez), v.t. (slang). C. it, stop, cease, 
 give over, (only as imperat.). [?] 
 
 cheesy, a. Like, tasting of, cheese ; (slang) 
 stylish. Hence ehee'siNESsn. [cheese 1 ' 2 , -y 2 ] 
 
 ehee'tah (tsh-), n. Kind of leopard, tamed 
 in India & trained to hunt deer. [f. Hind, chita 
 f. Skr. chitraka speckled] 
 
 c/ief (sh-), n. Head cook (male). [F] 
 
 chef-d'oeuvre (sheder - vr), n. (pi. chefs-, same 
 pronunc). A, one's, master-piece. [F] 
 
 eheil(o)- (ki-). = chil(o)-. 
 
 eheip(o)- (kn-). = chir(o)-. 
 
 cheiro'pteran, n., cheiPO'ptePOUS, a., 
 (kir-). (Member) of mammal order with mem- 
 braned hands serving as wings, the Bats. [prec. 
 + Gk pteron wing + -ax, -ous] 
 
 ehe'la (tsha-), n. Novice qualifying for initia- 
 tion in esoteric Buddhism. [Hind., = pupil] 
 
 ehe'mieal (ke-), a. & n. Of, made by, re- 
 lating. to, chemistry; c. combixatiox ; (usu. pi.) 
 substance obtained by or used in c. process. 
 Hence or cogn. ehemiealLY 2 adv.. che*- 
 mieo- comb. form. [obs. chemic (F chimique 
 or mod. L chymicus, assim. of alchimicxis al- 
 chemic to supposed Gk etym.) + -al] 
 
 chemise (shmie"z), n. Woman's body under- 
 garment. [OF, f. LL camisia shirt] 
 
 chemisette (she-), n. Bodice with upper 
 part like chemise ; lace, muslin, &c, filling up 
 opening of dress below throat. [F. dim. of prec] 
 
 che'mist (ke-), n. Person skilled in chem- 
 
CHEMISTRY 
 
 140 
 
 CHICKEN 
 
 istry ; dealer in medical drugs, apothecary. 
 [f. F chimiste f. mod. L chymista see alchemist] 
 chemistry, n. Science of the elements & 
 their laws of combination & behaviour under 
 various conditions ; applied or practical c, art 
 of utilizing this knowledge ; (fig.) mysterious 
 change or process, [prec., -ry] 
 ehemitype, n. (Process for getting) relief 
 cast of engraving, [chemical &c. + type] 
 chenille (shinel), n. Velvety cord used in 
 trimming dresses and furniture. [F, = cater- 
 pillar f. L canicula small dog] 
 cheque (tshek), check, n. Written order 
 to banker to pay named sum on drawer's ac- 
 count to bearer or named person; blank 1 c. ; 
 CRC-ssed c. ; c.-book, number of stamped & en- 
 graved forms for drawing cc. bound & issued to 
 customer, [var. of check 1 formerly used of 
 counterfoils for checking forgery] 
 chequer 1 (tshe'ker), checker, n. (PI.) 
 chess-board as inn-sign; (often pi.) pattern 
 made of squares or with alternating colours, 
 whence ehe'quer-wisE adv. [f. OF eschekier 
 t. LL scaccarium chess-board, exchequer] 
 chequer 2 , ehe'eker, v.t. Mark with 
 squares, esp. of alternate colours ; variegate, 
 break uniformity of, (often fig., esp. in p.p. as 
 chequered lot, fortunes), [prob. f. prec] 
 cherish (tsh-), v.t. Foster, nurse, keep 
 warm ; value, hold in one's heart, cling to, (esp. 
 hopes, feelings, &c). [f. F cherir (see -ish 2 ) 
 f. cher f. L cams dear] 
 
 cheroo*t (sh-), n. Cigar with both ends open, 
 [f. Tamil shuruttu roll] 
 
 ehe'rry (tsh-), n. & a. Small stone-fruit ; tree 
 bearing this (also c.-tree), its wood (also c.-wood); 
 make two bites at a c, boggle, be unenterprising 
 or formal ; c.-bob, two cc. with joined stems 
 (bob ] ) ; c.-brandy, dark-red liqueur of brandy in 
 which cc. have been steeped ; c.-pie, garden 
 heliotrope; c.-ripe, fruit hawker's cry; (adj.) 
 red (c. lips, ribbon; c.-breeches, 11th Hussars). 
 IME chery f. OXF cherise (s lost as if pi. cf. pea) 
 f. L f. Gk kerasos perh. f. town name ; OE ciris 
 (cf. G kirsche) was prob. not source of ME] 
 chersonese (k>, -es), n. Peninsula, [f. L f. 
 Gk khersonesos (khersos dry, nesos island)] 
 chert (tsh-), n. A flint-like quartz. [?] 
 cherub (tsh-), n. (pi. -s, 4m). Angelic being ; 
 one of the second degree of nine-fold celestial 
 hierarchy, gifted with knowledge as the first 
 (seraphim) with love; (Art) winged (head of) 
 child ; beautiful or innocent child. Hence 
 eheru'bic (-oo-) a. [earlier cherubin sing., -ins 
 pi., cherubim sing., 4ms pi. ; f. F cherubin 
 through L, Gk, f. Heb. k"rub pi. k'rubim] 
 cher'vil (tsh-), n. Garden herb used in soup, 
 salad, &c. [OE caerfille f. Lf. GkkhairephuUon 
 perh. f. khairo rejoice + phullon leaf] 
 Che'shire (tsh-), a. C. cat, person with fixed 
 grin. [prov. grin like a C. cat unexpl.] 
 chess (tsh-), n. Game for two players with 
 thirty -two pieces or c.-men on c. -board 
 chequered with sixty-four squares. [ME ches f. 
 OF esches pi. of eschec check 1 (lit. sense kings)] 
 ehessel (tsh-). n. Cheese-making mould, 
 [prob. f. cheese 1 + well 1 ] 
 chest (tsh-), n. Large strong box ; box for 
 sailor's belongings ; carpenter's, medicine, &c, 
 c, holding special requisites ; treasury, coffer, 
 of institution (usu. fig. for the sums in it) ; case 
 of some commodity, esp. tea (& so as variable 
 measure) ; c. of drawers, frame with drawers 
 for keeping clothes in bedroom ; part of human 
 or lower animal's body enclosed in ribs, whence 
 -ehestED 2 a. ; c.-note, -voice, of lowest speak- 
 ing or singing register ; c.-protector, flannel &c. 
 worn on c. [OE cest f. L f. Gk kiste] 
 
 chesterfield (tsh-), n. Kind of overcoat, 
 also of couch. [19th-c. Earl of C] 
 chestnut (tsh-), n. & a. Tree (also c.-tree, 
 Spatiish c, or Sweet c.) or its edible fruit ; =c- 
 wood ; = horse l -c. ; = castor 3 ; stale anec- 
 dote ; (of) c.-colour, deep reddish-brown ; horse 
 of this colour, [f. obs. chesten (f. OF chastaigne 
 f. L f. Gk kastanea prob. f. place-name + nut] 
 eheva'l-glass (she-), n. Tall mirror swung 
 on uprights, [f. F cheval horse, frame] 
 chevalier* (sh-), n. Member of certain 
 orders of knighthood, & of French Legion of 
 Honour &c. ; (Hist.) The C. or C. de St George, 
 Old Pretender, The Young C, Young Pre- 
 tender ; soldier cadet of old French noblesse ; 
 c. of industry (oftener in F form c. d'industrie), 
 adventurer, swindler. [OF (L caballus horse, 
 -ary 1 , orig. sense horseman), cf. cavalier] 
 
 chevaux de frise (shevo'defre^z), n. pi. 
 Iron spikes set in timber Sec. to repel cavalry 
 &c. in war, or to guard palings in peace ; 
 natural protective line of hair in plants, eye- 
 lashes, &c. [F, lit. horses of Friesland, invented 
 by 17th-c. Frisians who had no cavalry] 
 
 chevelure' (F), n. (Arrangement of) the hair. 
 
 cheviot (tsh-), n. & a. (Wool, cloth) got, 
 made, from sheep of Cheviot hills. 
 
 chevron (sh-), n. Bent bar of inverted V 
 shape, in escutcheons, as archit. ornament (c- 
 moulding, consisting of series of these), & on 
 sleeve of army N.C.O. indicating rank (3 bars 
 for sergeant, 2 for corporal, &c. ). [F, = rafter, 
 chevron, circumflex, f. L *eaprione?n nom. -io 
 (L caper goat) ; L capreolus chamois was used 
 in pi. as pair of rafters] 
 
 chevrotain, -tin (sh-), n. Small Musk 
 Deer. [F, dim. of OF chevrot (chevre goat)] 
 
 chevy, ehrvy, (tsh- ; usu. spelt -e- & pron. 
 -1-), n., & v.t. & i. Chase (n. & v.), scamper (n. 
 & v.) ; game of prisoners' base. [prob. f. ballad 
 Chevy Chase (place-name)] 
 
 chew 1 (tshoo), v.t. & i., & n. Work about 
 between teeth, grind to pulp or indent with 
 repeated biting; (abs.) c. tobacco, whence 
 ehew'ER 1 n. ; turn over in mind; meditate 
 ttpon or over ; c. the cud, bring back half- 
 digested food into mouth for further chewing, 
 (fig., usu. with of reflection, fancy, &c.) medi- 
 tate. (N.) act of chewing; quid of tobacco. 
 [OE ciowan cf. G kauen] 
 
 Chia'nti (kiah-). n. Dry red Ital. wine. [It.] 
 
 chiaroscuro (kyar'oskoor'6), n. & a. Treat- 
 ment of light & shade in painting ; light & 
 shade effects in nature ; variation, relief, hand- 
 ling of transitions, use of contrast, in literature 
 &c. (Adj.) of c. ; half -revealed. [It., = bright- 
 dark (L claries, obseurus)] 
 
 chia'smus (k-), n. Inversion in second 
 phrase of order followed in first (T cannot dig, 
 to beg lam ashamed). [mod.L, f. Gk khiasmos^ 
 cross arrangement f. khiazb make letter khi 
 (shaped as Eng. X)] 
 
 chibouk, -que, (tshiboo'k), n. LongTurkish 
 tobacco pipe. [f. Turk, chibuk tube] 
 
 chic (sh-), n. & a. Skill, effectiveness, style, 
 stamp of superiority; (adj.) stylish, in the fa- 
 shion. |F, etym. dub. (adj. use Engl.)] 
 
 ehica'ne (sh-), v.t. & L, & n. Use chicanery ; 
 cheat (person) into, out of, &c. ; (n.) chicanery, 
 [f. F ch irane(r) perh. f. med. Gk tzoukanizo play 
 polo f. Pers. tchaugan polo-stick] 
 
 chiea'nery, n. Legal trickery, pettifogging ; 
 sophistry, [f. F chicanerie (prec, -ery)] 
 
 chick, n. Young bird before or after hatch- 
 ing ; the cc, children of a family (sochickabiddy, 
 I term of endearment of or to child) ; c.-weed, 
 ! small plant, [short for foll.l 
 I chi'eken (tsh-), n. (pi. -ens, -en). Young 
 
CHICKLING 
 
 141 
 
 CHIN 
 
 
 bird, esp. cf domestic fowl, flesh of this ; youth- 
 ful person (esp. in no c): Mother Cary's c, 
 Stormy Petrel ; count one's cc. before they are 
 hatched, be over-sanguine, precipitate ; c- 
 breast(ed), (having) malformed projection of 
 breast -bone; c. -hazard, game at dice; c- 
 heart(ed), (with) no courage ; c.-pox, children's 
 mild eruptive disease. [OE cicen cf. Du. kieken 
 prob. cogn. w. cock *] 
 
 ehrekling- (tsh-), n. Common cultivated 
 Vetch, [earlier chicheling dim. of ME & OF 
 chiche ult. f. L cicer] 
 
 chi*ck-pea, n. Dwarf pea. [earlier chick- 
 pease as prec. + pease] 
 
 ehl'eory (tsh-), n. Blue-flowered plant cul- 
 tivated for its root ; its root ground for use 
 with or instead of coffee, [f. F cichoree (now 
 (chico-) f. L cichorium f. Gk kikhora succory] 
 
 chide (tsh-), v.t. & i. (chid, chidden or chid). 
 Make complaints, speak scoldingly, (esp. fig. of 
 hounds, wind, &c.) ; scold, rebuke. [OE cidan] 
 
 chief 1 (tsh-), n. (Herald.) upper third of 
 shield ; leader, ruler ; head man of tribe, clan, 
 &c, whence ehie'fESS 1 n.; head of a depart- 
 ment, highest official ; -in-c, supreme, as Com- 
 mander, Colonel, -in-c. Hence ehie'fDOM, 
 ehie'fsHip, nn., ehie'f less a. [f. OF chef f. 
 L caput head] 
 
 chief 2 , a. & adv. (-er, -est, now rare). First 
 by title (C. Justice Sec); first in importance, 
 influence, &c. ; prominent, leading ; (adv.) 
 chiefly, especially, (but c. or chief est of all, for- 
 get not), [orig. chief l used in apposition] 
 
 ehie'fly^a. Proper for a chief, [chief 1 + -ly 1 ] 
 
 ehie'fly 2 , adv. Above all; mainly but not 
 exclusively, [chief 2 + -ly 2 ] 
 
 chie'ftain (tsh-, -tin), n. Military leader 
 (poet. ) ; captain of robbers ; chief of Highland 
 clan or uncivilized tribe. Hence ehie'ftainc y, 
 chie'ftainESs x , chie'ftainRY, ehie'ftain- 
 SHIP, nn. [f. OF chevetaine captain] 
 
 ehi'ff-ehaff (tsh-, -tsh-), n. Bird of Warbler 
 family, [iniit.] 
 
 chiffon (F), n. (Usu. pi.) adornments of fe- 
 male dress ; (sing.) thin gauze. [F, f. chiffe rag] 
 
 chiffonier* (sh-), n. Movable low cupboard 
 with sideboard top. [F (prec, -ier)] 
 
 chignon (F), n. Mass of hair on pad at back 
 of head. [F, f. 13th-c. chaaignon nape of neck 
 = chainon link (chaine chain)] 
 
 ehi'g-oe (tsh-), n. W.-Ind. flea, burrowing 
 intoskin. [W.-Ind.] 
 
 chi'lblain, n. Itching sore on hand or foot 
 from exposure to cold. [Hence chi'lblainED 2 , 
 chi'lblain y 2 , aa. [chill + blain] 
 
 child (tsh-), n. (pi. children). Unborn or new- 
 born human being; boy or girl ; childish person ; 
 (slang) this c, I, me ; son or daughter (at any 
 age) of (or with my Sec), offspring ; descendant 
 lit. or fig. or follower or adherent of (c. of God, 
 of the devil ; cc. of Izaak Walton, anglers ; 
 fancy's c. ; c. of nature) ; result of; with c, preg- 
 nant ; c.'s-play, easy task ; burn£ c. dreads fire ; 
 childbed, -birth, parturition ; c.-xvife, very young 
 wife. Hence ehi'ldLESS a. , chi'ldlessNESS n. 
 [OE did cf. Goth, kilthei womb] 
 
 Chi'ldermas, n. Festival of Holy Inno- 
 cents, 28th Dec. [OE cildra (prec.) of infants 
 + mxsse mass 1 ] 
 
 chi'ldhood, n. Child's state ; time from 
 birth to puberty ; second c, dotage, [-hood] 
 
 chi'ldish, a. Of, proper to, a child ; puerile, 
 improper for a grown person. Hence chi'ld- 
 ishLY 2 adv., ehi'ldishNESS n. [-ish x ] 
 
 chi'ldlike, a. Having good qualities of 
 child, as innocence, frankness, &c. [-like] 
 
 ehi'ldly, a. & adv. (poet.). Like a child, 
 [mod. revival of obs. wd~; -ly 1 * 2 ] 
 
 chi'liad (k-), n. A thousand ; a thousand 
 years, [f. L f. Gk khilias -ados f. khilioi adj. a 
 thousand, -AD(2)] 
 
 chi'liasm, ehrliast, (k-), nn. Doctrine of 
 or belief in, believer in, the millennium. Hence 
 chilia'Stic a. [f. Gk khiliasmos, -astes (prec. 
 + endings used w. vbs in -azo cf. -ism, -ist)] 
 
 chill 1 (tsh-), n. Cold sensation, lowered 
 temperature of body, feverish shivering, (catch 
 a c; also of special part as liver-c.) ; unpleasant 
 coldness of air, water, &c. (take c. off water, 
 warm slightly) ; depressing influence (cast a c. 
 over) ; coldness of manner. [OE cele cogn. w. 
 cold; but the noun, after giving chill 2 ' 3 , was 
 dormant 1400-1600, & revived as deri v. of chill 3 ] 
 
 chill 2 , a. Unpleasantly cold to feel ; feeling 
 cold ; unfeeling, unemotional, abstract. Hence 
 chi'llNESS n. [prob. f. prec. J 
 
 chill 3 , v.t. & i. Make, become, cold ; deaden, 
 blast, with cold ; depress, dispirit ; harden 
 (molten iron) by contact of cold iron ; (colloq.) 
 take the c. off (liquid), [prob. f. chill 1 ] 
 
 chi'lli, -y, (tsh-), n. Dried pod of Capsicum 
 (as relish, or made into cayenne). [Mex.] 
 
 chi'lly 1 , a. Rather cold to feel; feeling 
 rather cold ; sensitive to cold ; not genial, cold- 
 mannered. Hence chi'lliNESS n. [chill 1 -)- -y 2 ] 
 
 chi'lly 2 (-Mi), adv. (rare). In cold manner (lit. 
 &flg.). [chill 2 + -ly 2 ] 
 
 chil(o)-, cheil(o)-, (k-), comb, form of Gk 
 kheilos lip, in zool. terms as chilopod (having 
 feet serving as jaws). 
 
 Chi'ltern Hvrndreds (tsh), n. pi. Apply 
 for, accept, the C. H., resign seat in House of 
 Commons, [a Crown manor, administration 
 of which, being titular office under Crown, re- 
 quires the otherwise illegal vacation of seat] 
 
 chime l (tsh-), n. Set of attuned bells ; series 
 of sounds given by this ; harmony, melody, 
 rhythm, sing-song ; agreement, correspondence. 
 [ME chymbe t. L f. Gk kumbalon cymbal] 
 
 chime 2 , v.i. & t. Make (bell) sound ; ring cc. 
 (of person or bells) ; ring cc. on (bells) ; show 
 (hour) by chiming (also of hour, = sound) ; sum- 
 mon by bells to ; repeat mechanically ; be in 
 rhyme, make to rhyme ; be in agreement (to- 
 gether, with, or abs.); join in, express eager 
 agreement, [as prec] 
 
 chime 3 , chimb, (tshim), n. Projecting rim 
 at ends of cask. [ME chimbe cf. Du. kimedge] 
 
 ehimep'a, -aep*a, (k), n. Monster with 
 lion's head, goajt's body, and serpent's tail. 
 Bogy ; thing of hybrid character ; fanciful con- 
 ception ; whence ehime'ncAL a., ehime'ri- 
 calLY 2 adv. [f. F chimere f. L f. Gk khimaira 
 she-goat, chimera, (khimaros goat)] 
 
 chimere* (tsh-), n. Bishop's robe. (=OF 
 chamarre etym. dub.] 
 
 chi'mney (tsh-), n. Flue carrying off smoke 
 or steam of fire, furnace, engine, &c. ; (also c- 
 stalk, -top) part of flue rising above house-roof ; 
 glass tube protecting lamp flame ; natural vent, 
 e.g. of volcano ; (Mountaineering) narrow cleft 
 by which cliff may be climbed ; c.-corner, warm 
 seat within old-fashioned large fire-place; c- 
 jack, rotating cowl; c.-piece = mantel ; c.-pot, 
 earthenware or metal pipe added to c.-top (c- 
 pot hat, tall silk hat) ; c.-stack, united group of 
 c -stalks ; c.-stalk, see above, also = tall factory 
 c. ; c.-swallow, common swallow ; c.-sxveep, man 
 who sweeps cc ; c.-sxeeeper, = c-sweep, also = 
 jointed c-cleaning brush, [f. OF chemine'e f. 
 LL caminata (perh. camera) fireplaced (cham- 
 ber) j 5 . L caminxis oven, -ate 2 ] 
 
 chi'mpanzee* (tsh-), n. African ape re- 
 sembling man. [native name in Angola] 
 
 chin (tsh-), n. Front of lower jaw ; up to the 
 c, c.-deep, deeply immersed. Hence -chinn- 
 
CHINA 
 
 142 
 
 CHLOROSIS 
 
 ed 2 a. [OE tin cf. G. kinn, & Gk geneion chin, 
 genus cheek] 
 
 Chi'na, a., chi'na, n. & a., (tsh-). From 
 China (C. crape, C. aster, &c. ; Chinaman, 
 native of C. ). (Made of) a fine semi-transparent 
 earthenware, porcelain ; things made of this ; 
 whence ehi'naMA'Ni.MO nn. ; c.-closet, for 
 keeping or displaying one's c. ; c.-clay, kaolin. 
 [not native name ; found in Skr. about 1st c] 
 
 chinchi'lla (tsh-, -tsh-), n. Small S.-Amer. 
 rodent ; its soft grey fur. [Sp., dim. of chinche 
 bug f. L cimex -ids (from supposed smell)] 
 
 chine 1 (tsh-), n. Deep narrow ravine (now 
 only in Isle of Wight Sc Hampshire). [OE tinu 
 cf. Du. keen chap in skin] 
 
 chine 2 (tsh-), n. Backbone; animal's back- 
 bone or part of it as joint ; ridge, arete, [f. OF 
 eschine perh. f. OHG scina splinter] 
 
 Chinee* (tsh-), n. (slang). Chinaman, Chinese, 
 [due to taking Chinese for pi.] 
 
 Chine'se*, a. & n. (pi. the same). (Native, 
 language) of China ; C. lantern, collapsible of 
 paper used esp. in illuminating ; C. white, a 
 white paint. [China + -ese] 
 
 chink 1 (tsh-), n. Crevice ; long narrow open- 
 ing, slit, peep-hole. [f. 16th c. ; excl. E ; etym. 
 dub., perh. f. chine 1 , which it has replaced] 
 
 chink. 2 (tsh-), n., & v.i. & t. Sound as of 
 glasses or coins striking together ; (slang) 
 ready money. (Vb) make this sound ; cause 
 (coin &c.) to make it. [imit.] 
 
 Chi'no-, comb, form of China, [-o-] 
 
 chintz (tsh-), n. & a. (Of) cotton cloth fast- 
 printed with particoloured pattern & usu. 
 glazed, [earlier chints pi. f. Hind, chint f. Skr. 
 chitra ; for sing, use cf. baize] 
 
 chip s n. Thin piece cut from wood or broken 
 from stone &c. ; thin slice of potato, fruit, &c. ; 
 wood split into strips for making hats (so c. 
 bonnet &c. ) ; dry asac, flavourless, uninterest- 
 ing ; c. (scion) of, esp. c. of old block, son re- 
 sembling father ; place in china &c. from which 
 a c. has oeen knocked off. [f. foil.] 
 
 chip 2 (tsh-), v.t. & i. Cut (wood), break 
 (stone, crockery), at surface or edge ; shape 
 thus; cut or break (piece &c.) off, from; be 
 susceptible to breakage at edge ; carve (in- 
 scription) ; crack (egg-shell ; esp. of chickens) ; 
 (slang) c. in, interrupt, [dim. of chop 1 , cf. 
 drip^ drop, tip top ; cf. also EFris. kippen cut] 
 
 chip 3 (tsh-), n., & v.t. Wrestling-trick ; (vb) 
 trip up. [cf. Du. kippen ensnare] 
 
 ehrpmuek, -unk, (tsh-), n. North- Ameri- 
 can squirrel. [?] 
 
 ehi'ppy, a. (slang). Dry, uninteresting ; 
 parched & queasy after drunkenness &c. ; 
 irritable. Hence ehi'ppiNESS n. [chip 1 +-Y 2 ] 
 
 ehir(o)-, eheir(o)-, (kir-), comb, form of 
 Gk kheir hand, as chiro "graphy handwriting, 
 chir'oMAKCY palmistry. 
 
 ehip'ogpaph, n. Document of various kinds 
 formally written or signed, [f. F chirographe 
 f. L f. Gk kheirographon (prec, -graph)] 
 
 chipo'podist, ehipo'pody, nn. Treater, 
 treatment, of hands, feet, nails, corns, bunions, 
 &c. [prob. f. chiro-, Gk pous podos foot, 
 -ist(3); but there is Gk kheiropodes with 
 chapped feet (kheir as chap f. kheir hand)] 
 
 ehipp (tsh-), v.i. & t, & n. (Make) short sharp 
 note (as) of small bird ; utter (song), express 
 (^joy &c), thus; talk merrily; speak feebly, 
 [unit. ; from loth c, displacing earlier chark (OE 
 cearcian creak), chirk, chirt] 
 
 ehip'py, a. Lively, cheerful. Hence ehip*- 
 piNESS n. [prec, -y 2 ] 
 
 ehipp (tsh-), v.i., & n. (Make) prolonged trill- 
 ing sound (as) of grasshopper, [imit.] 
 
 cni'ppup, v.i., & n. (Make) series of chirps, 
 
 twittering ; (make) imitative chirping to baby 
 &c; (slang) act as paid applauder at theatre 
 &c, whence ehi'PPUpER 1 n. [form of chirp] 
 
 chisel (tshi'zl), n., & v.t. (-11-). (Cut, shape, 
 with) steel-edged tool with square bevelled end 
 for shaping wood, stone, or metal (coldc, all of 
 steel or iron for trimming cold iron ; chiselled 
 features &c, clear-cut); the c, sculptor's c, 
 (art of) sculpture ; (slang) defraud, unfair treat- 
 ment. [ONF, dim. of L -cisum neut. p.p. of 
 -cidere {caedere cut)] 
 
 chit 1 (tsh-), n. Young child ; young, small, or 
 slender woman (depreciatingly, esp. c. of a girl). 
 [earlier = whelp; var. of kit, kitten] 
 
 chit 2 (tsh-), ehi'tty, n. ( Anglo-Ind. ). Note or 
 written paper, esp. character given to servant, 
 [f. Hind, chittfii f. Skr. chitra mark] 
 
 chit-chat (tsh-, -tsh-), n. Light conversation; 
 subjects of it, gossip, [redupl. of chat 1 ] 
 
 chi'tin (k-), n. Substance forming horny 
 cover of beetles & crustaceans. Hence ehi't- 
 inous a. [should be chitonin ; f. F chitine f. 
 Gk khiton -onos tunic + -in] 
 
 chittepling 1 (tsh-), n. (usu. pi.). Smaller in- 
 testines of beasts, esp. as cooked for food, 
 [etym. dub. ; cf. G kutteln] 
 
 chi'tty. See chit 2 . 
 
 ehi'valpous, (poet. &c.) -pic, (see foil.), a. 
 Of, as of, the Age of Chivalry ; of, as of, the 
 ideal knight, gallant, honourable, courteous, 
 disinterested ; quixotic. Hence chi'valpous- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. OF chevalerous (chevalier, -ous) ; 
 chivalric f. foil. + -ic] 
 
 chi'valpy (formerly tsh- ; now usu. sh-, as 
 though a recent F importation), n. Horsemen, 
 cavalry, (archaic) ; gallant gentlemen ; knightly 
 skill (archaic) ; medieval knightly system with 
 its religious, moral, & social code ; ideal knight's 
 characteristics ; devotion to service of women ; 
 inclination to defend weaker party ; flower ofc. , 
 pattern knight, elite of nation's soldiers, [f. OF 
 chevalerie f. L caballarius cavalier, -ery] 
 
 chive (tsh-), cive (s-), n. Small herb allied 
 to onion & leek. [F (cive) f. L cepa onion] 
 
 chi'vy. See chevy. 
 
 ehlop- *» 2 . =chloro- l < 2 , used before vowel. 
 
 chlop'al, n. C. hydrate or c, a hypnotic & 
 anaesthetic. Hence chlop'aliSM(o) n., chlo- 
 p*aliZE(5) v.t. [pop. misuse of chloral, strictly 
 a chem. substance first got by action of chlorine 
 on al(cohol), whence the name] 
 
 chlop'ide, n. (Chem.) compound of chlorine 
 (-ide); (pop.) kinds of bleaching agent not true 
 cc, as c. of lime, soda, potash, [chlor- 2 , -ide] 
 
 enlop'ine, n. (chem.). Non-metallic element, 
 a yellowish-green heavy ill-smelling gas. [f. 
 Gk khloros green + -ine 5 ] 
 
 ehlopo- *, chlop-, comb, form in hot. & min- 
 eral, terms of Gk khloros green. 
 
 ehlopo— 2 , ehlop-, comb, form in chem. 
 terms of chlorine. Hence ehlo-PATE l (3) n., 
 ehlop*ic(2), chlop'ous (chem.), aa. 
 
 chlop'odyne, n. Patent medicine, narcotic 
 & anodyne, [foil. + Gk odune pain] 
 
 ehlop'ofopm, n., & v.t. Anaesthetic, thin 
 colourless liquid whose inhaled vapour pro- 
 duces insensibility. (Vb) treat (person) with, 
 render insensible by, c, whence chlop'o- 
 fopnuST(l) n. ; soak (thing) in c. [f. F chloro- 
 forme f. chloro- 2 + form(yl) see formic] 
 
 ehlop'ophyll, n. Colouring-matter of gTeen 
 parts of plants, [f. F chloro 1 (phylle f. Gk 
 phullon leaf)] 
 
 chlopo'sis, n. Green sickness, anaemic 
 disease of young women, with greenish com- 
 plexion ; (Bot.) blanching of green parts, or 
 turning green of petals &c. Hence ehlopd'Tic 
 a. [chlor- l , -osis] 
 
CHOCK 
 
 113 
 
 CHORE 
 
 chock l (tsh-), n. Block of wood, esp. wedge 
 for stopping motion of cask or wheel, also in 
 various senses on ship esp. of wedges support- 
 ing boat on deck ; (Turning ; earlier form of) 
 chuck 4 , [perh. f. ONF choque logj 
 
 chock. 2 , v.t., & adv. Make fast with cc. ; 
 place (boat) on cc. ; c. up, wedge in tightly, 
 encumber (room &c.) with furniture &c. ; (adv.) 
 closely, tightly, close up; c.-futl, stuffed, [f. 
 prec. ; the var. choke-full for c.-full is prob. an 
 etym. guess, & misrepresents pronunc] 
 
 cho'colate (tsh-), n. & a. (Cake) of cacao-seed 
 paste ; drink of this in hot milk or water ; dark 
 brown (n. & a.) ; c.-cream, sweetmeat of c. en- 
 closing sweet paste, [f. F chocolat f. Mex. 
 chocolatl etym. dub. (not f. cacao or cocoa)] 
 
 eho'etaw (tsh-), n. (skating). Step from 
 either edge to other edge on other foot in oppo- 
 site direction, [fancy name, cf. mohawk] 
 
 choice 1 (tsh-), n. Choosing, selection, {make 
 c. of, select; take one's c, decide between 
 possibilities ; for c, by preference, if one must 
 select) ; power, right, faculty, of choosing (at 
 ft, at pleasure ; have one's c. ; have no ft, don't 
 eare which; Hobsorts ft, to take or leave the 
 one offer) ; £lite, flower, of; variety to choose 
 from ; thingor person chosen ; alternative (have 
 no c. but), [f. OF chois f. choisir choose f. Rom. 
 causire f. Teut. (Goth, kausjan test)] 
 
 choice 2 , a. Of picked quality, exquisite ; care- 
 fully chosen, appropriate. Hence choi'ceLV 2 
 adv., choi'eeNESS n. [perh. mixture of prec. 
 w. obs. chis (OE cis etym. dub. ) fastidious] 
 
 choir (kwu), quire, n., & v.t. & i. Band of 
 singers performing or leading in musical parts 
 of church service ; chancel of cathedral, min- 
 ster, or large church; choral society, company 
 of singers (also of birds, angels, &c); band of 
 dancers ; c.-organ (corruption of chair-), softest 
 of three parts (great, swell, ft, organ) making 
 up large compound organ, with lowest of three 
 key-boards; (vb) sing in chorus (intr., or with 
 strain, hymn, &c, as obj.). [ME quere f. OF 
 cner f. L f. Gk khoros song and dance] 
 
 choke 1 (tsh-), v.t. & i., & n. Stop breath of, 
 suffocate, temporarily or finally, by squeezing 
 throat from without, blocking it up within, or 
 (of water, smoke, &c.) being unbreathable ; 
 (fig., of emotion) paralyse (c.-pcar, fact, reproof, 
 &c, hard to swallow) ; suffer temporary stop- 
 page of breath, become speechless from anger 
 &c. (n., this condition); smother, stifle, kill, 
 (plant, fire, &c, by deprivation of light, air, 
 &c. ; suppress (feelings) ; block up wholly or 
 partly (tube by narrowing part of it ; as n., the 
 narrowed part, whence c.-bore, of gun with 
 bore narrowing towards muzzle ; also of chan- 
 nel with sand, stones, &c, stones c. or c. up 
 channel, channel chokes), fill chock-full ; c. off, 
 make (person) relinquish an attempt ; c.-clamp, 
 carbonic acid gas in mines, wells, &c. [OE 
 ac£ocian etym. dub.] 
 
 choke 2 , n. Centre part of artichoke, [prob. 
 confusion of ending w. prec] 
 
 eho'kep, n. In vbl senses; esp., white ft, 
 white tie (slang), [-er 1 ] 
 
 ehol(e)- (k-), comb, form in med. & chem. 
 wds of Gk khole gall, bile. 
 
 cho'lep (k-), n. (Hist.) one of the four hu- 
 mours, bile ; (poet., archaic) anger, irascibility. 
 [ME & OF colre f. L f. Gk kholera cholera 
 perh. f. khole bile] 
 
 cho'lera (k-), n. (Also English, bilious, 
 summer, ft, or in L c. nostras = of our country) 
 bilious summer & autumn disorder with diar- 
 rhoea and vomiting; (also Asiatic, epidemic, 
 malignant, c.) non-bilious often fatal disease 
 endemic in India & epidemic in Europe ; 
 
 chicken c, infectious disease of fowls. Hence 
 eholepa'ic a. [L, in orig. Gk sense (prec.)] 
 
 eho'lepie, a. Irascible ; angry, [f. F choli' 
 rique f. L f. Gk kholerikos (choler, -ic)J 
 
 cho'lepine (also -en), n. Summer cholera; 
 diarrhoea often prevalent at same time as 
 Asiatic cholera. [F (-e-), f. cholera cholera] 
 
 cho'liamb (k-), n. =scazon. Hence cho- 
 lia'mbic a. [f. L f. Gk kholiambos (kholos 
 lame, iambos iambus)] 
 
 ehondri-, -o-, (k-), comb, form of Gk khon- 
 dros, in Med. & Physiol. = cartilage-. 
 
 choose (tshooz), v.t. & i. (chose, chosen). 
 Select out of greater number ; (Theol., esp. in 
 p.p.) destine to be saved ; decide (to do one 
 thing rather than another) ; think fit, be 
 determined, to do ; make choice between ; 
 cannot c. bid, must, have to, (archaic) ; pick*& 
 ft, select carefully, be fastidious; nothing &c. 
 to c. between them, of things nearly equal. 
 Hence ehoo'SER 1 n. [OE ciosan cf. G kiesen] 
 
 chop 1 (tsh-), v.t. & i. Cut by a blow, usu. 
 with axe (c. up, c. into small pieces, mince ; 
 often c. off, away, down) ; deliver such blow 
 at ; make one's way by such blows through ; 
 mince (esp. in p.p.) ; (fig.) cut (words &c.) short or 
 into distinct parts ; c. in, intervene in talk ; c. 
 back, reverse one's direction suddenly, double, 
 (chopping sea, with jerky motion) ; (of strata) 
 c. up, out, come to surface, [var. of chap 1 cf. 
 Du. & G kappen] 
 
 chop 2 , n. Cutting stroke with axe &c. ; 
 thick slice of mes.t, esp. mutton or pork, usu. 
 including rib (c.-house, eheap restaurant) ; 
 broken motion of sea. [f. prec] 
 
 chop 3 . See chap 2 . 
 
 chop 4 , v.t. & i., & n. C. <£■ change (emphatic 
 for change, usu. intr.), vacillate, be inconstant, 
 (n., cc. & changes, variations) ; c. round, about, 
 (esp. of wind) change direction suddenly; c. 
 logic, bandy arguments. Hence eho'ppv' 2 a. 
 [etym. dub., but cf. chop 1 in some senses] 
 
 chop 5 , n. (India, China) seal, licence, pass- 
 port, permit; (China) trade-mark, a brand' of 
 goods ; (Anglo-Ind. & colloq.) first, second, -a, 
 first, second, -class, [f. Hind, chhap stamp] 
 
 eho'ppep, n. One who chops ; large-bladed 
 short axe ; butcher's cleaver, [chop 1 + -er ] ] 
 
 eho'pstiek, n. Small slip of ivory &c. of 
 which two held in one hand are used by 
 Chinese as fork, [transl. of Chin, k'wai-tsze 
 nimble ones f. Chin, chop quick + stick] 
 
 chop'al l (k-), a. Of, sung by, choir (c. service, 
 with canticles, anthems, &c, so sung; full c. 
 service, with versicles & responses also sung) ; 
 of, witb, chorus. Hence cho'palLY 2 adv. [f. 
 med. L choralis (chorus, -al)] 
 
 chopal(e) 2 (koralrl), n. (Metrical hymn to) 
 simple tune usu. sung in unison in German 
 reformed church. [G (-1), e added merely to 
 suggest foreign accent as in morale, locale] 
 
 chop'alist, n. Chorus singer, [choral 1 , -ist] 
 
 chopd J (k-), n. String of harp &c (poet. ; 
 also fig., as touch the right a, appeal skilfully 
 to emotion); (Physiol.) structure resembling 
 string, as vocal ft, spinal ft, (also cord); (Math.) 
 straight line joining ends of arc. [16th-c correc 
 tion of cord 1 after L f. Gk khorde] 
 
 chord 2 (k-), n. (Mus.) combination of three 
 or more (rarely two) simultaneous notes accord- 
 ing to rules of harmony (common ft, also ft, any 
 note with its major or minor third, perfect 
 fifth, & octave; break or spread c, play its 
 notes successively) ; harmonious combination 
 of colours, [earlier cord for accord 2 later 
 confused w. prec] 
 
 chop'dal (k-), a. Of, like, &c , chord h a. [-al] 
 
 chore (tsh-), n., & v.i., (U.S.). = chare. 
 
CHOREA 
 
 144 
 
 CHROMATO- 
 
 chore'a (k-), n. St Vitus's dance. [L] 
 
 choree* (k-), n. = trochee, [f. L f. Gk kho- 
 reios of dance] 
 
 , ehope'ic, a. Of, having, chorea ; of, marked 
 •by. chorees, [-ic] 
 
 cho'peogpaph (k-), n. Designer of ballet. 
 So ehoreo'GRAPHER, ehopeo'GRAPHY, nn., 
 ehopeoGRA'PHic a. [f. Gk khoreia dancing 
 (khoros dancing-company) + -graph] 
 
 ehopi(s)- (k-), pref. f. Gk khori(s) apart, used 
 in bot. terms, as choripetalous with separate 
 petals. 
 
 ehd'Piamb,. choria'mbus, n. Metrical 
 foot ( — «j~). Hence ehopia'mbic a. [f. L f . 
 Gk khoriambos (choree, iamb)] 
 
 ehop'ie, a. Of, like, chorus in Greek play, 
 [f. Gk khorikos (chorus, -ic)] 
 
 chop'ion (k), n. Outer membrane of foetus, 
 [f. Gk khorion] 
 
 cho'pistep (k-), n. Member of choir, esp. 
 choir-boy (also fig. of angels, birds), [f. med. L 
 chorista (choir, -ist, & cf. barrister)] 
 
 ehopo'graphy (k-.), n. Describing, descrip- 
 tion, of districts (more limited than geography, 
 less than topography). Hence or cogn. ehopo*- 
 grapher n.,ehoPOGRA'PHic(AL) aa., ehopo- 
 
 f'Pa'phiealLY 2 adv. [f. F chorographie f. Gk 
 horographxa (khora land, -graphv)] 
 ehop'oid, a. Like chorion in shape or vascu- 
 larity, esp. c. coat (or c. as noun), membrane 
 lining eye-ball. [f. Gk khoroeides wrong read- 
 ing in Gk MSS for khorioeides (chorion, -oid)] 
 ehopo'logy (k-), n. Local distribution of 
 species &c. Hence ehopolo'giCAL a. [f. Gk 
 khora land + -logy] 
 
 chop'tle (tsh-), v.i. Chuckle loudly, [in- 
 vented by Lewis Carroll, perh. f. chuckle, snoy't] 
 chop'us (k-), n., & v.t. & L (Gk Ant.) band 
 of dancers & singers in religious ceremonies & 
 dramatic performances (also representing in- 
 terested spectators in play ; so in some Eng. 
 plays); (one of) their utterances; personage 
 speaking prologue & commenting on action in 
 Elizabethan plays ; band of singers, choir ; 
 thing sung by many at once ; any simultaneous 
 utterance of many (in c, all speaking &c. to- 
 gether) ; (Mus.) composition in several (oftenest 
 four) parts each sung by several voices ; refrain 
 of song in which audience j oins ; ( vb) sing, speak, 
 say, in c. [L, f. Gk khoros] 
 chose jugee (F), n. Thing it is idle to dis- 
 cuss, as already settled. 
 choseCnX See choose. 
 chou (shoo), n. Rosette or ornamental knot 
 of ribbon, chiffon, &c, on woman's hat or dress. 
 [F, f. L caulis cabbage] 
 chough (tshuf ), n. Red-legged crow. [cf. Du. 
 kauw, OF choue] 
 
 chouse (tshows), v.t., & n. Swindle, trick, 
 [f. 1610; f. Turk, chiaus official messenger, in 
 allusion to one of these who defrauded Turkish 
 merchants in England 1609] 
 Chow (tsh-), a. & n. (Slang, Austral.) Chinese 
 (a. & n.) ; dog of a Chinese breed, 
 chow-chow (tsh-), n. Chinese preserve of 
 orange-peel, ginger, &c. [Chin.] 
 chowdep (tsh-), n. Newfoundland & New- 
 England dish, stew of fresh fish or clams with 
 bacon, onions, biscuit, &c. [f. F chaudiere pot 
 f. L caldaria (calidus hot, -ary 1 )] 
 ehpemati'stie, a. Of money-making, econo- 
 mic. Hence ehpemati'stics n. [f. Gk khre- 
 matistikos (khrematizo traffic f. khremata pi. 
 money f. khraomai use), see -1ST. -ic] 
 ehpesto'mathy, n. Collection of choice 
 passages, [f. Gk khrestomatheia (khrestos good, 
 math- st. of manthano learn)] 
 ehrism, n. Consecrated oil, unguent, anoint- 
 
 ing, esp. in sacred rites. [OE crisma f. L f. Gk 
 khrisma (khrio anoint, -M) ; cf. cream] 
 
 chri'som, n. (hist.). Child's white robe at 
 baptism, used as shroud if it died within a 
 month; c. -child, in its first month, [var. of 
 prec., perh. orig. a head-cloth to keep chrism 
 from being rubbed off] 
 
 Christ, n. Messiah or Lord's anointed of 
 Jewish prophecy ; (title, now treated as name, 
 given to) Jesus as fulfilling this ; divine ruler, 
 saviour, inspirer, (esp. the or a C). Hence 
 Chpi'stHOOD n., Chpi'stLESs, Chpi'stLiKE, 
 Chpi'stLY l , aa., Chpi'stlessNESs, Chpi'st- 
 likeNESS, nn., Chpi'stwARD(s) adv. [OE 
 crist f. L f. Gk khristos anointed one (khrio 
 anoint) transl. of Heb. see Messiah] 
 
 Chpist-cposs-pow, cpiss-, n. (archaic). 
 The alphabet. [Ch7*ist's cross, a cross before 
 alphabet in horn-books, + row (of letters)] 
 
 chpi'sten (-isn), v.t. & i. Admit as Christian 
 by baptism ; administer baptism ; give name to 
 (person at baptism, or as nickname ; c. him, 
 c. him John ; also ships, bells, &c, with analo- 
 gous ceremony). [OE cristnian make Christian 
 (cristen f. WG cristin f. L christianws)] 
 
 Christendom (-Isn-), n. Christians ; Christ- 
 ian countries, [f. cristen adj., see pr«c, + -dom] 
 
 Christian (-istshn), a. & n. (Person) be- 
 lieving in, professing, or belonging to, the re- 
 ligion of Christ (also as adj. of communities) ; 
 of Christ or his religion ; (person) showing 
 character consistent with Christ's teaching, of 
 genuine piety, Christ-like, (also as adj. of con- 
 duct, feelings, communities, &c.) ; human (per- 
 son) as opposed to bride, brutal ; (slang) civi- 
 lized, decent, (person) ; C. name, given at bap- 
 tism ; C. era, reckoned from supposed birth of 
 Christ ; C. science, scientist, (adherent of) a sys- 
 tem of combating disease &c. without medical 
 treatment by mental effect of patient's C. faith. 
 Hence or cogn. chpi*stianiZE(2, 3) v.i. & t., 
 chri'stianiZA'TioN n., ehpi'stianLiKE a., 
 chpi'stianLY 1 ' 2 a. & adv., ehpistia'no- 
 comb. form. [f. L Christianus (Christ, -i-, -an)] 
 
 Chpistia'nity (or -tshi-), n. The Christian 
 faith, doctrines of Christ & his apostles ; a 
 Christian religious system ; being a Christian, 
 Christian quality or character, [f. L ChiHsti- 
 anitas (as prec, -ty)] 
 
 Christmas (-i'smas), n. (Also C.-day) festi- 
 val of Christ's birth, 25th Dec. ; (also C.-tide) 
 week or more beginning 24th Dec. (C. eve) ; 
 (attrib.) appropriate to C, as Cf. book, card (of 
 greeting by post), number (of magazine), pre- 
 sent, pudding; C.-box (cf. boxing-day), money 
 given at C. to postman &c. in general acknow- 
 ledgment of indefinite or continuous services ; 
 C.-tree, small tree set up in room & hung with 
 candles, presents, &c. ; G. rose, white-flowered 
 hellebore blooming Dec. -Feb. Hence Chpi'st- 
 masY 2 a. [OE Cristes mxsse (mass 1 )] 
 
 Chpi'sto-, comb, form of L Christus or Gk 
 Khristos Christ, as -phany, manifestation of 
 Christ. Hence Chpisto'LATRY, Chpisto- 
 ma'niao (-ma-), Christo'LOGY, Chpisto'LO- 
 gist, nn., ChpistOLO'GiCAL a. 
 
 Christy minstrels, n. pi. Negro-song 
 troupe with blacked faces, [inventor's name] 
 
 ehpoma'tie, a. Of, produced by, full of 
 bright, colour (c. printing, from blocks inked 
 with various colours ; chromatics, science of 
 colour). (Mus.) of, having, notes not included 
 in diatonic scale, admitting notes marked with 
 accidentals ; c. scale, proceeding by semitones ; 
 c. semitone, interval between note & its flat or 
 sharp. Hence chpoma'tiCALLY adv. [f. Gk 
 khromatikos (chroma -atos colour, -ic)] 
 
 chpo'mato-, chpo'mo-, comb, forms of Gk 
 
CHROMATROPE 
 
 145 
 
 CHURCH 
 
 khroma -atos colour, as in chromatopsy abnor- 
 mally coloured vision, chromophotograph(y), 
 photograph(y) in the natural colours, chromo- 
 sphere, red gaseous envelope of sun. 
 ehpo'matpope, n. Lantern slide of two 
 circular disks, one rotating in front of other, 
 
 f giving kaleidoscopic movement of colours, 
 irreg. f. prec. + Gk -tropos -turning (trepo)] 
 
 chrome, n. (Also c.-yellow) yellow pigment 
 & colour got from chromate of lead ; c. green, 
 orange, red, pigments from other compounds 
 of chromium. [F, orig. name of chromium, f. 
 Gk khroma colour] 
 
 ehpo'mie, a. Of chromium, [prec. + -ic] 
 
 chro'mium, n. (chem,). Metallic element. 
 Hence chPO'mATE H3) n. [chrome + -ium] 
 
 chpomo- \ comb, form of prec. 
 
 ehpomo- 2 . Se<j chromato-. 
 
 ehpoTnogrpaph, n., & v.t. (Reproduce with) 
 gelatine copying-apparatus in which aniline 
 dye is used for ink. [chromo- 2 , -graph] 
 
 ehpomoli'thogpaph, chpo'mo (pi. -os), n. 
 Picture printed in colours from stone. So 
 ehPomolitho'GRAPHER, ehpomolitho*- 
 graphy, nn., ehPO'molithoGRA'PHic a. 
 
 [CHROMO- 2 + LITHOGRAPH] 
 
 chronic, a. Lingering, lasting, inveterate, 
 (of disease, cf. acute ; c. invalid, with c. com- 
 plaint ; also of other states as c. doubt, rebel- 
 lion); (vulg.)bad,intense,severe. Hence ehpo*- 
 niCALLY adv., ehPonreiTY n. [f. F chronique 
 f. L f. Gk khronikos (khronos time, -ic)] 
 
 ehpo'niele, n., & v.t. (Enter, relate, in a) 
 continuous register of events in order of time ; 
 Chronicles, two books of O.T. ; narrative, ac- 
 count; C, newspaper name. Hence ehpo'ni- 
 cIer l n. [f. OF cronique f. med. L cronica -ae 
 f. ~L f. Gk khronika neut. pi. see prec] 
 
 chronique scandateuse (F), ri. Body of 
 scandalous gossip current at any time & place. 
 
 chrd'nogpam, n. Phrase &c. of which the 
 Roman-numeral letters added give a date, as 
 LorD haVe MerCIe Vpon Vs= 50 +500 +5 +1000 
 +100+1+5+5=1666. Hence chronogram- 
 ma'tica. [f. Gk khronos time + -gram ',-matic 
 after Gk grammatikos adj. f. gramma] 
 
 chpo'nograph, n. Instrument recording 
 time with extreme accuracy ; stop-watch. 
 Hence ehponoGRA # phic a. [as prec. + -graph] 
 
 ehpono'logy, n. Science of computing 
 dates ; arrangement of events with dates, table 
 or treatise displaying this. Hence or cogn. 
 chpono'LOGER, ehPono'LOGiST, nn., ehro- 
 noLOGiCAL a., ehponolo'g'iealL y 2 adv., 
 ehpono*log , izE(3) v.t. [as prec. + -logy] 
 
 chrono'metep, n. Time-measuring instru- 
 ment, esp. one with complete provision against 
 disturbance by temperature, used for fixing 
 longitude at sea &c. [as prec. + -meter] 
 
 chpono'metpy, n. Scientific time-measure- 
 ment. So ehPonoME"TRic(AL) aa., ehpono- 
 me'tpiealLY 2 adv. [as prec. + -metry] 
 
 chpd'nophep, n. Apparatus for distribut- 
 ing electric time-signals, [as prec, Gk -phoros 
 -bearing (phero bear)] 
 
 chpo'noscope, n. Apparatus measuring 
 velocity of projectiles, [as prec + -scope] 
 
 ehpys-, comb, form of Gk A;/*rM.so.s,,gold, = 
 yellow in chem. & mineral, wds, of gold, golden, 
 yellow, &c, in general wds. 
 
 chrysalis, -id, n. (pi. -ises, -ids, chi'ysa'- 
 lides). Form taken by insect in the torpid 
 stage of passive development between larva 
 (caterpillar &c) & imago (butterfly &c.) ; case 
 then enclosing it; (fig.) preparatory or tran- 
 sition state. [f. L f. Gk khrusallis -idos lit. 
 golden thing, see prec] 
 
 ehpysa'nthemum, n. (Bot.) genus includ- 
 
 ing Corn Marigold; (Gardening) cultivated 
 varieties of this brought from Japan & bloom- 
 ing in Nov. & Dec. [f. L f. Gk khrusanthemon 
 (chrys-, anthemon flower)] 
 
 chpyselepha'ntine, a. Overlaid with gold 
 & ivory as by ancient Greek sculptors, [f. Gk 
 khruselephantinos (chrys-, elephant, -ine 2 ) 1 
 
 ehpyso-. = chrys-. 
 
 chpysobe'pyl, n. Yellowish-green gem. 
 [f. L f. Gk khrusoberullos (chryso-, beryl)] 
 
 chrysolite, n, (Formerly) green gem of 
 various kinds ; (now) olivine, [f. OF crisolite 
 f. L f. Gk khrusolithos (chryso-, lithos stone)] 
 
 ch r y • so prase (-az), n. (N. T. ) prob. a golden- 
 green variety of beryl; (now) apple-green variety 
 of chalcedony, [f. OF crisopace f. L f. Gk khru- 
 soprasos (chryso-, prason leek)] 
 
 chub (tsh-), n. Thick coarse-fleshed river fish, 
 dusky green above. [?] 
 
 chubb (tsh-), n. Kind of lock, [inventor] 
 
 ehu'bby, a. Round-faced, plump. Hence 
 chu'bbiNESS n. [chub + -y 2 ] 
 
 chuck 1 (tsh-), int., n., & v.i. (Make) call of 
 fowl or person calling fowls or urging horse, 
 [irnit.] 
 
 chuck. 2 (tsh-), n. Term of endearment. Hence 
 chu'ekY 3 n. [prob. var. of chick] 
 
 chuck 3 (tsh-), v.t,, & n. Jerk under the 
 chin (n. & v.) ; fling, throw, (n. & v.) with con- 
 tempt, carelessness, ease ; c. away, waste, lose 
 (chance &c) ; c. up the sponge, give up contest 
 or attempt ; c. up, abandon in disgust ; c. out, 
 expel (troublesome person) from meeting, music- 
 hall, «Scc, whence chucki;R ] -out n. ; (slang) 
 c. it, cease ; c.-farthing, kind of quoit game 
 with coins, also pitch and toss, [in 16th c chock, 
 perh. f. F choc, choquer] 
 
 chuck 4 (tsh-), n., & v.t. Contrivance in lathe 
 & the like for holding work to be operated on ; 
 (vb) fix (wood &c.) to this. [var. of chock *] 
 
 chu'ckle (tsh-), v.i., & n. (Indulge in) sup- 
 pressed laughter, laugh with closed mouth, 
 (show) signs of glee ; exult over ; (make) hen's 
 call. [imit. & cf. chuck 1 , -le(3)1 
 
 chu*ckle-head, n., chu'ckle-headed, 
 a., (tsh-). Dolt(ish); stupid (fellow), [f. obs. 
 chuckle adj. hulking cf. chuck 4 , chock 1 ] 
 
 chum (tsh-), v.i., & n. Occupy rooms to- 
 gether, whence ehu*mmERY(3) n. ; be inti- 
 mate. (N.) familiar - friend (esp. now among 
 boys) ; (Australia) new c, recent immigrant, 
 greenhorn, [from 1684 ; etym. dub.] 
 
 chump (tsh-), n. Short thick lump of wood ; 
 thick end, esp. of loin of mutton (so c. chop) ; 
 (colloq.) head, esp. ozone's c, mad with excite- 
 ment &c [mod. wd perh. on chop & lump] 
 
 chunk (tsh-), n. Thick lump cut off (wood, 
 bread, cheese, &c). [prob. var. of chuck 4 ] 
 
 church J (tsh-), n. Building for public Chris- 
 tian worship, esp. according to established re- 
 ligion of country ; all Christians (C. militant, 
 Christians on earth warring against evil) ; an 
 organized Christian society of any time (primi- 
 tive C), place (C. of Scotland), or distinguishing 
 principle (reformed C.) ; C. of England, English 
 or Anglican C, English branch of Western 
 or Latin Church rejecting Pope's supremacy 
 since reformation ; Established C, recognized 
 by State, as E.C. of England, Scotland ; organi- 
 zation, clergy & other officers, of a religious 
 society or corporation ; clerical profession (go 
 into the C, take holy orders); high, low 1 , 
 broad, c, parties with different views of doc- 
 trine & discipline, whence -chup'chman, 
 -ehup*ehiSM(3), nn. ; public worship (go to, 
 after, c. ; c.-time ; c.-goer, -going) ; churchman, 
 chxirchwoman, churchmanship, member, mem- 
 bership, of c. ; poor as a c. mouse, of poor per- 
 
CHURCH 
 
 146 
 
 CINGULUM 
 
 son ; e.-rate, levied by vestry for maintenance 
 of parish c. & its services; c.-service, public 
 worship, book with Common Prayer, proper 
 lessons, &c. ; c.-text, black letter in monumen- 
 tal inscriptions ; churchwarden, elected lay 
 representative of parish (usu. one of two, elected 
 one by incumbent, one by parishioners), also 
 long clay pipe ; churchyard, enclosed ground 
 in which c. stands, sometimes used for burial 
 {churchyard cough, heralding death; fat 
 churchyard, many deaths). Hence chur'ch- 
 less a., chur'chwARD(s) adv. [OE circe f. 
 WG kirika f. Gk kuriakon (perh. ddma) Lord's 
 (house) f. kurios lord, -ac] 
 
 church' 2 , v.t. Bring (woman) to c. to have 
 thanks offered for delivery of child, [f. prec] 
 
 chup'chy, a. Obtrusively or intolerantly 
 devoted to church or opposed to dissent. Hence 
 chup'ehipv v.t., ehup'chiNESS n. [-V 2 ] 
 
 ehurl (tsh-), n. Person of low birth (gentle- 
 man or c.) ; peasant, boor ; ill-bred fellow ; cross- 
 grained or niggardly person, whence chur'l- 
 ish 1 a., chup'lishLY 2 adv., ehup'lishNESS 
 n. [OE ceorl f. WG kerl man] 
 
 churn (tsh-), n., & v.t. & i. (Agitate milk or 
 cream, produce butter, in). butter-making ma- 
 chine ; work this machine ; stir (liquid) about, 
 make it froth; (of sea &c.) wash to and fro, 
 foam, seethe ; large milk-can of c. shape ; c- 
 dash(er), -staff, appliance for agitating milk in 
 c. ; a churning, amount of butter made at once. 
 [OE cyrin com.-Teut. cf. Du. karn] 
 
 chupp (tsh-), v.i., & n. (Make) deep trill as of 
 night-jar. [imit., cf. chirr] 
 
 chut (tsh-),_int. of impatience. 
 
 chute (shoot), n. Smooth rapid descent of 
 water over slope ; sloping channel, slide, with 
 or without water, for conveying things to lower 
 level (also shoot) ; slope for shooting rubbish 
 down; toboggan-slide, [mixture of F chute = 
 It. caduta (L cadere fall) & shoot] 
 
 ehu'tney, -nee, (tsh), n. Hot Indian con- 
 diment of fruits, chillies, &c. [f. Hind, chatni] 
 
 chyle (k-), n. White milky fluid formed by 
 action of pancreatic juice & bile on chyme. 
 [F, f. L f. Gk khulos juice (khu- pour)] 
 
 chylo- (k-), comb, form of Gk khulos chyle. 
 
 chyme (k-), n. Food converted by gastric 
 secretion into acid pulp. [f. L f. Gk khumos 
 juice (khu- pour) ; khumos & khulos, synonyms, 
 were differentiated by Galen] 
 
 ehy'mist. See chemist. 
 
 ehymo-(k-),comb.formof Gkfc/imrao.sCHYME. 
 
 eibop'ium, n. (Arch.) canopy, canopied 
 shrine ; receptacle for reservation of Eucharist, 
 shaped like shrine, or cup with arched cover, 
 [f. med. L f. Gk kiborion, seed-vessel of water- 
 lily, cup so shaped] 
 
 cica'da, cica'la (kah), cigra'la (gah), n. 
 Transparent - winged shrill - chirping insect. 
 l(-ca/a It. ; -gala f. F -gale) f. L (-da)] 
 
 ci'eatpice, eiea'tpix, n. (-ix, pi. -Ices, L form 
 in scientific use). Scar of healed wound ; scar 
 on tree bark; (Bot.) mark left by fall of leaf &c, 
 hilum of seed. Hence eicatpi'ciAL, eica*- 
 tPieosE J , aa. [F (-ice), f. L cicatricem nom. -ix] 
 
 cica*tpic(u)le, n. (Biol. ) germ of chick, round 
 white spot on yolk, tread ; (Bot.) - prec. [f. L 
 cicatricula (prec, -ule)] 
 
 ci'catpize, v.t. & i. Heal, skin over, (t. & i.) ; 
 mark with scars. Hence eicatPiZA'TioN n. 
 [f. F cicatriser f. L cicatricare (cicatrice) w. 
 assim. to -ize (prop, cicatricize)] 
 
 ci'cely, n. Kinds of umbelliferous plant 
 (Sweet, Wild, Rough, C). [f. L f. Gk seselis se- 
 seli w. assim. to the woman's name ( = Cecilia)] 
 
 cicepone (tshitshero'ni), n. (pi. -oni pr. -one), 
 & v.t. (Conduct traveller Sec. as) guide who 
 
 understands & explains antiquities &c. [It., 
 f. L Ciceronem nom. -o the Roman orator] 
 
 Cicero'nian, a. & n. Eloquent, classical, or 
 rhythmical, as Cicero's style ; person learned in 
 or admiring Cicero. Hence Cicepd'nian- 
 ism(3, 4) n. [f. L Ciceronianus (prec, -ian)] 
 
 cicisbeo (tshltshlzba/o), n. (pi. -bci pr. -bae). 
 Recognized gallant of married woman. So 
 cicisbe*iSM(3) n. [It.] 
 
 Cid, n. The G. , title (lord) of Ruy Diaz, 11th -c 
 Christian champion against Moors, & of epic 
 relating his deeds. [Sp., f. Arab, sayyid] 
 
 -cide, suf. forming nouns meaning (1) slayer 
 of (F, f. L -cida) or (2) slaughter of (F, f. L 
 -cidium) both f. L caedere kill ; taken f. L as 
 parricide, or formed on L nn. as regicide or 
 facetiously on E nn. as birdicide. 
 
 ci'dep, n. Fermented drink from apple-juice; 
 c.-cup ; c.-p?*ess,for squeezing juice from apples, 
 [f. OF sidre f. LL f. Gk sikera f. Heb. shekar 
 strong drink (shakar drink deeply)] 
 
 ci-devant (F), a. or adv. Former(ly), that 
 has been (with the earlier name or state). 
 
 eififap*, n. Roll of tobacco-leaf for smoking ; 
 c. -shaped, cylindrical with pointed end(s) ; c- 
 holder, mouthpiece holding c. [f. Sp. cigarro 
 perh. f. cigarra cicada (of similar shape)] 
 
 eigfape'tte, n. Small cylinder of cut tobacco 
 or of narcotic or medicated substance rolled in 
 paper for smoking, [dim. of prec] 
 
 ci'lia, n. pi. Eyelashes ; similar fringe on leaf, 
 insect's wing, &c ; (Physiol.) hair-like vibrat- 
 ing organs on animal & vegetable tissue, serv- 
 ing many lower water animals for locomotion. 
 Hence ci'liARY 1 , ei'liATE 2 , ci'liated, aa.,ci- 
 Hation n. [pi. of L cilhim eyelash] 
 
 ci'lice, n. (Garment of) hair-cloth. [F, also 
 OE c*7£c, f. Gk kilikion (Kilikia Cilicia)] 
 
 Cimme *pian, a. Thick, gloomy, (of dark- 
 ness, night, &c). [f. L f. Gk kimmerios (of 
 Cimmerii, people in perpetual night) + -an] 
 
 cineho'na (-ko-), n. Kinds of evergreen tree 
 yielding c bark or Peruvian bark & quinine ; 
 the bark, drug made from it, tonic & febrifuge 
 (also loosely for c & quinine). Hence cin- 
 ehonACEOus a., ei'nehoniNE 5 , ci'nehon- 
 ism(5), nn., ei*nehoniZE(5) v.t. [Countess of 
 Chinchon, introducer of drug in Spain 1640] 
 
 Cincinna'tus, n. Great man in retirement 
 who can be called upon in a crisis. [Roman 
 hero called from plough to dictatorship] 
 
 ei'netupe, n., & v.t. (Surround with or as 
 with a) girdle, belt, fillet, border, [f. L cinctura 
 (cingere cinct- gird, -ure)] 
 
 ei'ndep, n. Slag ; residue of coal, wood, &c, 
 that has ceased to flame (whether cold or not) 
 but has still combustible matter in it ; (loosely 
 in pi.) ashes; c.-path, running-track laid with 
 fine cc ; c.-sifter, for separating cc from ashes. 
 Hence ei'ndepv 2 a. [OE s inder cf. G sinter, 
 Sw. sinder, w. assim. to the unconnected F 
 cendre & L cinis -eris] 
 
 Cinderella, n. Person of unrecognized 
 merit or beauty; C. dance or C, dance closing 
 at twelve o'clock, [allusions to fairy-tale] 
 
 cinematograph. See kinematograph. 
 
 einerap'ia, n. Bright-flowered composite 
 plant, grown chiefly under glass, [f. L cinera- 
 rius of ashes f. cinis -eris ashes (ash-coloured 
 down on leaves)] 
 
 ei'nepapy, a. Of ashes (esp. c. urn, holding 
 ashesjpf dead after cremation), [as prec. ] 
 
 einep'eous, a. Ashen-grey (esp. of birds or 
 plumage), [f. L cinereus (cinis -eris ashes) + -ous] 
 
 Ci'ngale'se, a. & n. (Native, language) of 
 Ceylon._ [f. Skr. sihhalas] 
 
 ci'ngulum,\\. Belt (used technically in Surg., 
 Anat., Zool., &c). [L] 
 
CINNABAR 
 
 147 
 
 CIRCUMFLEX 
 
 ci'nnabar, n. & a. Red mercuric sulphide ; 
 
 vermilion (n. & a.), [f. L cinnabaris f. Gk kin- 
 
 nabari f. Oriental source] 
 
 ci'nnamon, n. & a. (E.-Ind. tree yielding) 
 aromatic inner bark used as spice ; c-colour(ed), 
 
 (of) yellowish-brown ; c. -stone, brown or yellow 
 garnet. Hence or cogn. ci'nnamATE H'S) n., 
 
 cinnamo'mic, einnamo'nic, aa. If. F cin- 
 namome f. L f. Gk kinnamomon f. Semit. (Heb. 
 qinnamon)] 
 
 cinque, cinq, (sink), n. The five at dice & 
 cards, [f. OF cink f. L quinque five] 
 
 cinquece'nto, cinquece'ntist, (tshink- 
 witshe-), mi. Italian style of art, artist, of the 
 16th c. (15-) with reversion to classieal forms. 
 [It. (-o, -ista) with omission (in It.) of mil] 
 
 ci'nq(ue)foil (sinkf-), n. Kinds of plant with 
 compound leaf of five leaflets; (Arch.) five- 
 cusped ornament in circle or arch. [thr. OF f. 
 L quinque folium five-leaf] 
 
 Cinque Ports (sink), n. pi. Certain ports 
 (orig. five only) on SE coast with ancient privi- 
 leges. | f. OF cink porz five ports] 
 
 erphep *, cy-, n. Arithmetical symbol (O) of 
 no value in itself but multiplying number it is 
 placed after, and dividing decimal number it is 
 placed before, by ten ; person or thing of no im- 
 portance ; any Arabic figure ; secret writing, 
 thing so written, key to it; interlaced initials 
 of person, company, &c, monogram ; continued 
 soundingof organ-note owing todefective valve, 
 [f. OF cyfre f. Arab, cifr zero (orig. adj. — empty)] 
 
 ei'pheP 2 , cy-, v.i. & t. Do arithmetic ; work 
 (usu. out) by arithmetic, calculate ; put into 
 secret writing (cf. decipher) ; (of organ-note) go 
 on sounding when not pressed, [f. prec] 
 
 ci'polin, n. Italian white-&-green marble. 
 [F, f. It. cipollino (cipolla onion) from resem- 
 blance of structure to coats of onion] 
 
 c##-ca, c/r*c/ter, prepp. (abbr. c. or circ). 
 About [with dates). [L] 
 
 Cir'ce, n. Enchantress, temptress. Hence 
 Circe'AN a, [proper name in Gk mythol.J 
 
 cir'cinate, a. (bot.). (With leaves) rolled up 
 from apex to base, as in most ferns, [f. L circx- 
 nare make round (circinus compasses, -ate 2 )] 
 
 cip'cle ] , n. (Line enclosing) perfectly round 
 plane figure (square the c, find square of same 
 area as given c, attempt impossibilities ; great, 
 small, c., c. on surface of sphere whose plane 
 passes, does not pass, through sphere's centre ; 
 polar, arctic, antarctic, c); (loosely) roundish 
 enclosure ; orbit of planet ; ring ; curved tier of 
 seats at theatre &c. (dress c, tipper c, more & 
 less expensive) ; (Archaeol.) ring of stones as at 
 Stonehenge; period, cycle, round, (come full c, 
 end at starting-point) ; complete series ; (Logic, 
 often vicious c.) fallacy of proving proposition 
 from another that rests on it for proof ; action 
 & reaction that intensify each other (often vi- 
 cious c.) ; persons grouped round centre of inter- 
 est ; set, coterie, class, (first, upper, cc. ; cc. in 
 which one moves) ; area of influence, action, &c, 
 sphere. Hence cip'clewiSE adv. [OE circul 
 (ME cercle f. F) f. hcirculus dim. of circus ring] 
 
 cip'cle 2 , v.t. & i. Encompass (poet.) ; encom- 
 pass round, about ; move in a c. round, about ; 
 be passed round (of wine &c.) ; (Mil.) sweep 
 round on moving flank (of cavalry, cf. wheel 2 ); 
 (p.p.) rounded, marked with cc. ff. prec] 
 
 eip'elet, n. Small circle ; circular band, esp. 
 of gold, jewelled, &c.,worn on head or elsewhere, 
 [f. F cerclet (circle l , -et)] 
 
 cip'euit (-kit), n. Line enclosing an area, dis- 
 tance round ; area enclosed ; roundabout jour- 
 ney ; sequence of changes, acts, &c. ; journey 
 of judge in particular district to hold courts, 
 this district (eight in Eng. & Wales), the barris- 
 
 ters (member of a c.) making the a; Methodist- 
 Church district with series of itinerant preach- 
 ers ; (Electr.) path of current (short c, faulty 
 shortening of a c. by defective insulation). [F 
 f. L circuitus f. CIRC uu(ire it- go)] 
 
 cipcu'itous, a. Roundabout, indirect. Hence 
 eipcu'itousLv 2 adv., ciPcu'itousNEss n. [f. 
 LL ci7'cuitosus (circuit, -ose 1 )] 
 
 eip*culap, a. & n. Round in superficies ; mov- 
 ing in a circle (c. tour, ending where it began by 
 different route, c. ticket, for this); (Logic) of, 
 using, the vicious circle l ; addressed to a circle 
 of persons, customers, &c. (c. note, banker's let- 
 ter of credit in traveller's favour to several 
 foreign bankers ; c. letter ore, notice, advertise- 
 ment, &c, reproduced for sending round) ; of, 
 like, the geometrical circle ; c. saw, toothed disk 
 revolving by machinery for sawing. Hence 
 eiPCula'piTY n., eip-eulaPLv 2 adv. [f. OF 
 circidier f. L circidaris (circle, -ar 1 )] 
 
 circularize, v.t. Send circulars to. [-ize(I)] 
 
 eiP'eulate, v.i. & t. Go round (blood circu- 
 lates through veins, water in pipes, wine on 
 table, newspaper to circle of readers) ; (of deci- 
 mals) = recur; send round, give currency to, 
 (book, report, scandal, &c.) ; circulating library, 
 with books taken by subscribers in succession ; 
 circulating medium, notes, gold, &c, used in 
 exchange, [f. L circulare (circle j ), -ate 3 ] 
 
 circulation, n. Movement of blood from 
 and to heart, similar movement of sap &c. ; 
 movement to and fro (c. of water, atmosphere, 
 &c); transmission, distribution, (of news, books, 
 &c.) ; number of copies sold, esp. of newspapers ; 
 currency, coin, &c. [F, f. L circulationem (cir- 
 culare see prec, -ation)] 
 
 cip'eulative, a. Inclined to, promoting, cir- 
 cujation. [as prec, -ive] 
 
 cip'culatop, n. One who circulates news, 
 coin, &c [as prec, -or 2 ] 
 
 cip'culatopy, a. Of circulation of blood or 
 sap. [f. L circulatorius (as prec, -orv)] 
 
 eipcum-, pref. = L adv. & prep, circum 
 round, about, used (1) adverbially, as circumva- 
 gant wandering round or about ; (2) preposition- 
 ally, as circumocular surrounding the eye. E 
 wds are some f. L (direct, as circumscribe, or 
 thr. F as circumcise), some formed in E on L 
 elements as circumambient, & some facetious 
 hybrids as circumbendibus. ■ 
 
 cipcuma'mbient, a. Surrounding (esp. of ' 
 air or other fluid). Hence cipeuma'mbiENC y 
 n. [circum-(I) + ambient] 
 
 cipcuma'mbulate, v.t. & i. Walk round 
 (place &c) ; walk about ; beat about the bush. 
 Hence eipeumambuLvTioN n., eipeum- 
 a'mbulatoRY a. [f. L circum (ambulare 
 walk), -ate 3 ] 
 
 eipeumbe'ndibus, n. (facet.). Roundabout 
 method ; circumlocution. Icircum-(I), bend, 
 ending of L abl. case] 
 
 ciP'cumcise (-z), v.t. Cut off foreskin of (as 
 Jewish or Mohammedan rite, or surgically) ; 
 purify (c. the heart, passions, &c). [f. OF cir- 
 conciser f. L circum (cidere -cis- ~ caedere cut)] 
 
 eipeumei'sion (-izhn), n. Act or rite of, 
 spiritual purification by, circumcising; (Bibl.) 
 the c, the Jews ; (Eccl.) festival of C. of Christ, 
 1st Jan. [f. OF circumcisiun f. L circumcisio- 
 nem (as prec, -ion)] 
 
 eipcu'mfepenee, n. Encompassing bound- 
 ary, esp. of figure enclosed by curve, as circle ; 
 distance round. So cipeumfepe'ntiAL a. [f. 
 L circum (ferentia f. ferent- part. st. of ferre 
 bear, & see -ence)] 
 
 eip'eumflex, a. & n., & v.t. C. accent or c, 
 mark C in Gk, a elsewhere) placed over vowel 
 to indicate contraction, length, or special 
 
CIRCUMFLUENT 
 
 148 
 
 CITR- 
 
 quality (vb, mark thus) ; (Anat.) curved, bend- 
 ing round something else, (c. artery, muscle, 
 &c). [f. L circu M(jtexus p.p. of Hectere bend) 
 transl. of Gk peri spoinenos] 
 
 eipcirmfluent, a. Flowing round, ambient. 
 Hence eireirmfluENCEn. [f. LciRCU>i(.#uens 
 f.fluere flow, -ent)] 
 
 eipcu'mfluous, a. = prec. ; surrounded by 
 water, [f. L circumJIuus flowing or flowed 
 round (Jluere flow) + -ous] 
 
 cipcumfirse (-z), v.t. Pour (fluid) about or 
 round (object) ; surround, bathe, (object with, 
 or of fluid as subj. ). So eipeumfu'siON (-zhn) 
 n. [f. L circum( fundere f 'us- pour)] 
 
 eip'eumgyra'te, v.i. Turn, wheel, travel, 
 round. Hence eipeumg-yPATiON n., eip- 
 cumgypa'tORY a. [circum-(I) + gyrate] 
 
 eipeumja'cent, a. Situated around, [f. L 
 circu m(j ace nt- part. st. otjacera lie)] 
 
 eipeumli'ttopal, a. Bordering the shore. 
 [circum-(2) + L littus -oris shore + -al] 
 
 eipeumloeu'tion, n. Use of many words 
 where few would do; evasive talk; a round- 
 about expression; C. Office, dilatory Govern- 
 ment office. Hence eipeumloeu'tionAL, 
 cipeumloeirtionARY *, eipcumld'eutoRY, 
 aa., eipeumloeirtioniST(l) n. [f. L circum- 
 
 (lOCUtiO LOCUTION)] 
 
 cipcum-mepi'dian, a. (astr.). Near the 
 meridian (of observations taken of star &c. 
 when so placed). [circum-(2)] 
 
 cipcumna-'vigrate, v.t. Sail round (esp. the 
 globe or world). Hence eipeumna'vig-atOR 2 
 n. [f. L circu Mnavigare navigate)] 
 
 eipeumnu'tate, v.i. (bot.). Bend towards 
 all points of compass successively (of growing 
 parts of plant). Hence cipeumnutATiON n. 
 [circum-(I), nutate] 
 
 eipeumop'al, a. (physiol.). Placed round 
 mouth. [circum-(2), L os oris mouth, -al] 
 
 cipeumpo'lap, a. (Astr.) c. star, motion, 
 Sec, above horizon throughout diurnal course ; 
 (Geog.) about, near, one of the earth's poles. 
 
 [CIRCUM-<2), hpollCS POLE, -AR 1 ] 
 
 eip'cumscpibe, v.t. Draw line round; 
 (Geom.) describe (figure) round another touch- 
 ing it at points, but not cutting it ; lay down 
 limits of, confine, restrict ; define logically ; 
 sign (round-robin), whence eipeumsepi'bER 1 
 , n. [f. L ciRCUMCs-cri&ere script- write)] 
 
 cipcumsepi'ption, n. Having, marking 
 out, or imposing, of limits ; boundary ; limited 
 district; definition; (Geom.) circumscribing 
 (see prec); inscription round coin &c. [f. L 
 circuniscriptio (prec, -ion] 
 
 cireumso'lap, a. Revolving round, being 
 near, the sun. [circu.m-(2), sol 1 , -ar 1 ] 
 
 cip'cumspect, a. Cautious, wary, taking 
 everything into account. Hence or cogn. eip- 
 eumspe'ctiON, ciP'eumspeetNESs, nn., 
 cip'eumspeetivE a., cip'eumspeetLY 2 
 adv. [f. L circum (specks p.p. of -spicere look 
 at) considered, of act, & transf. of persons] 
 
 cip'cumstanee, n. (PI.) time, place, man- 
 ner, cause, occasion, &c, surroundings, of an 
 act ; external conditions affecting or that might 
 affect an agent (in, under, the cc, owing to or 
 making allowance for them) ; material welfare 
 (in good, bad, easy, reduced, straitened, cc). 
 (Sing.) full detail in narrative ; ceremony, fuss, 
 (without c, unceremoniously; pomp&c); in- 
 cident, occurrence, fact (esp. the c that). Hence 
 ciP'cumstaneED 2 a. TOF, f. L ciRCUM(.sta?i- 
 tia f. part, of stare stand) surrounding state] 
 
 cipeumsta'ntial (-shl), a. Depending on 
 subordinate details (c. evidence, establishing 
 the doubtful main fact by inference from 
 known facts otherwise hard to explain) ; ad- 
 
 ventitious, incidental ; with many details (c. 
 story). Hence eipeumstantia'liTY (-shl-) n., 
 eiPCumsta'ntialLY 2 adv. [as prec + -al] 
 
 cir'cum vallate, v.t., cipcumvalla'tion, 
 n. (Surround with) rampart or entrenchment ; 
 process of doing this. [f. L circu M(vallare f. 
 vallum rampart), see -ate 3 , -ation] 
 
 circumvent, v.t. Entrap ; overreach, out- 
 wit. So eiPcumve'ntioN n. [f. L circum- 
 (venire vent- come)] 
 
 eipeumvolu'tion, n. Rolling round ; coil ; 
 period ; sinuous movement, [f. L circum- 
 (volvere volut- roll), -ion] 
 
 cip'eus, n. Rounded or oval arena lined 
 with tiers of seats for equestrian & other 
 exhibitions ; amphitheatre of hills ; open circle 
 with streets converging on it ; travelling show 
 of horses, riders, &c [L, = ring] 
 
 cipque (-k), n. Arena, natural amphitheatre, 
 (chiefly poet. & rhet.). [F, f. L as prec] 
 
 eippho'sis, n. Disease of liver, chiefly alco- 
 holic. [Gk kin^hos tawny, -osis] 
 
 cippi-, cippo-, comb, form of cirrus. Hence 
 cippi'FEROUS, ci'ppiFORM, aa., & names of 
 cloud-forms as cin°o-cumidus. [-I-, -o-] 
 
 ci'ppiped(e), n. Marine animal in valved 
 shell attached to other bodies, with legs like 
 curl of hair. [f. F ciRRi(pede f. hpes pedis foot)] 
 
 ci'ppus, n. (pi. -ri). (Bot.) tendril; (Zool.) 
 slender appendage, as beard of fishes, feet of 
 cirripeds ; (Meteor.) form of cloud with diverg- 
 ing filaments like lock of hair or wool. Hence 
 eippo'SE 1 , ci'ppous, aa. [L,=cuii] 
 
 cis-, pref. = on this side of, opp. to trans- or 
 ultra-, retaining in some orig. L wds the 
 Roman sense (cispadane, cisalpine, S. or 
 Rome-wards of Po, Alps), but usu. w. ref. to 
 speaker's or majority's position (cismontane, 
 N. of Alps or non-Italian ; cis-Leithan, W. of 
 Leitha, Austrian, non-Hungarian ; cis-pontine, 
 in London, on northern or better known side 
 of bridges or Thames) ; prefixed to the adj. form 
 of the second element ; often used in wds made 
 for the nonce in opposition to wds in trans- 
 or ultra- (transatlantic & cisatlantic) ; also of 
 time as cis-Elizabethan. [L prep.] 
 
 cist, n. (archaeol.). Prehistoric stone or hol- 
 lowed-tree coffin ; box for sacred utensils in 
 Gk mysteries, [f. L f. Gk kiste box] 
 
 Cistep'cian (-shn), n. & a. (Monk) of order 
 founded 1098 at Cistercium or Citeaux, stricter 
 offshoot of Benedictines, also called Bernardine 
 as patronized by St Bernard of Clairvaux. [-an] 
 
 ei'stepn, n. Reservoir for storing water, usu. 
 on upper storey with pipes supplying taps on 
 lower levels (also fig., of pond), [f. OF cisterne 
 f. L cisterna (cista see cist) cf. caverna] 
 
 ci'stus, n. Kinds of shrub with large white 
 or red short-lived flowers, [f. Gk kistos] 
 
 ci'tadel, n. Fortress, esp. one guarding or 
 dominating city ; last retreat of hard-pressed 
 party, belief, &c [f. F citadelle f. It. cittadella 
 dim. of cittade f. L civitatem city] 
 
 cite, v.t. Summon to appear in law-court; 
 quote (passage, book, author) in support of a 
 position ; mention as example. Hence or cogn. 
 ei'tABLE a., cftA'TiON n. [f. F citer f. L citare 
 frequent, of ciere set moving] 
 
 ci'thep(n), ei'ttepn, n. (archaic or poet.). 
 Lute, guitar, [f. L f. Gk kithara harp with 
 seven to eleven strings] 
 
 ei*tizen, n. Burgess, freeman, of city ; towns- 
 man ; civilian ; member, native or naturalized, 
 of a State (usu. of; c of the world, cosmopoli- 
 tan) ; inhabitant of. Hence ei'tizenHOOD, 
 ei'tizensHiP, nn. [ME citesein (-s- perh. on 
 anal, of denizen) f. OF citeain (city, -an)] 
 
 eitP-, comb, form of foil. Hence ei'tPATE ] (3) n. 
 
CITRIC 
 
 149 
 
 CLAP 
 
 
 
 ei'tpic, a. (chem.). Of citron (esp. c. acid), [f. 
 L citrus citron + -ic] 
 
 ci'tpine, a. Lemon-coloured, [f. F citrin i. 
 L citrus, -ine 1 ] 
 
 eitpo-. =citr-. 
 
 ei'tpon, n. (Tree bearing) lemon-like but larg- 
 er, less acid, & thicker-skinned fruit; lemon 
 colour. [F, f. It. citrone (L citrus, -oon)] 
 
 ei'ty, n. (Loosely) important town ; (strictly) 
 town created c. by charter, esp. as containing 
 cathedral (but all cathedral towns are not cc, 
 nor vice versa) ; c. of refuge ; Holy C, Jerusa- 
 lem, Heaven ; Eternal C, C. of the Seven Hills, 
 Rome ; Celestial C, Heavenly C, C. of God, 
 Paradise ; the C, part of London governed by 
 Lord Mayor & Corporation, business part of 
 this, commercial circles, (C. man, in commerce 
 or finance ; C.-article, in newspaper on these ; 
 C. Company, corporation representing ancient 
 trade-guild). Hence (-)eitiED 2 , ei'tyLESS, aa., 
 ei'tywARD(s) adv. [f. OF cite f. L civitatem 
 (civis citizen, -ty) citizenship, community] 
 
 ei'vet, n. (Also c.-cat) carnivorous quadru- 
 ped between fox & weasel in size & look; 
 strong musky perfume got from anal glands of 
 this. [f. F civette f. Arab, zabad] 
 
 ei'vie, a. Of, proper to, citizens (c. crown, 
 oak-garland, Roman honour to one who saved 
 fellow-citizen's life in war) ; of city, municipal ; 
 of citizenship, civil, (c. virtues, activity), whence 
 ei'vicsn. Hence ci'viCALLY adv. [f. L civicus 
 (civis citizen, -ic)] 
 
 ci'vil, a. Of gregarious men (c. society, life) ; 
 of a citizen community (c. institutions ; c. war, 
 confined to this, between fellow-citizens, The 
 C. W., in Eng., between Charles I & Parlia- 
 ment, in U.S., War of Secession) ; of, becoming, 
 a citizen (c. rights, liberty ; c. spirit) ; polite, 
 obliging, not rude, whence (with pi. = favours) 
 civi'liTY n. ; not naval or military (c. engineer; 
 C. Service, all non-warlike branches of State 
 administration, C. Servant, member of one of 
 them) ; not ecclesiastical (c. magistrates, & for- 
 merly c. laic) ; not criminal (c. law, concerning 
 questions of private rights merely) ; not natural 
 or astronomical (c. day, year, as recognized for 
 dating &c.) ; C. Law, Roman law (so D.C.L. ; & 
 see above) : c. list, Parliamentary allowance for 
 King's household & royal pensions. Hence 
 ei'vilr.Y 2 adv. [F, f. L civilis (civis citizen, -il)] 
 
 eivrlian (-yan), n. & a. (Person) not of navy 
 or army; (also Indian C.) member of Indian 
 Civil Service, [archaic sense, one learned in 
 Civil Law, f. OF civilien as prec, -ian] 
 
 ei'viliza'tion, n. Making or becoming civi- 
 lized ; stage, esp. advanced stag;e, in social 
 development ; civilized States, [f. toll. + -ation] 
 
 ei'vilize, v.t. Bring out of barbarism, en- 
 lighten, refine ; c. away, get rid of (barbarous 
 habits &c). Hence ei'vilizABLE a., ci'vili- 
 zer 1 n. [f. F civiliser, see civil, -ize(3)] 
 
 clack, n., & v.i. Sharp sound as of boards 
 struck together ; flap - valve in pumps &c. ; 
 clatter of tongues. (Vb) chatter loudly ; make 
 sound as of clogs on stone, [prob. unit* ; cf. F 
 claque(r), Du. klakken] 
 
 clad. See clothe. 
 
 elad(o)-, comb, form of Gk klados young 
 shoot, in bot. terms as cladocarpous with fruit 
 on lateral branchlets. 
 
 claim 1 , v.t. Demand as one's due (recogni- 
 tion &c, to be, that one should be, recognized 
 &c.) ; represent oneself as having (c. the victory, 
 accuracy) ; profess to (be the owner, have told 
 the truth) ; demand recognition of the fact that ; 
 (U. S.) contend, assert ; (of things) deserve (esp. 
 attention). Hence elai'mABLE a., elai'm- 
 ant(1) n. [f. OF cla(i)mcri. L clamare call out] 
 
 claim 2 , n. Demand for something as due 
 (lay c. to) ; right, title, to thing, right to make 
 demand on person ; (Mining &c.) piece of land 
 allotted, [f. OF claime see prec. J 
 
 clairvoyance, n. Faculty of seeing men- 
 tally what is happening or exists out of sight ; 
 exceptional insight. [F (L clarus clear, videre 
 see, -ance) ; first sense given in E] 
 
 clairvoyant, n. (sometimes fern, -te), & a. 
 (Person) having clairvoyance. [F, as prec, -ant] 
 
 clam i. See clamp \ 
 
 clam 2 , n. Various bivalve shell-fish, esp. 
 the N.-Amer. Hard or Round, & Soft or Long, 
 C, used for food. [orig. c.-shell I. c/owi^clamp 1 ] 
 
 claimant, a. Noisy, insistent; urgent, [f. 
 L clamare cry out, -ant] 
 
 ela-mber, v.i., & n. Climb with hands & 
 feet ; climb with difficulty or labour, [prob. f. 
 climb + -er5, but cf. clamp i & G sich klam- 
 mern hook oneself on] 
 
 cla'mmy, a. Moist, usu. cold, & sticky or 
 slimy (of the hand, ill-baked bread, any surface). 
 Hence cla'mmiLY 2 adv., cla'mmiNESS n. 
 [perh. f. OE clam clay] 
 
 ela-mour, n., & v.i. & t. Shout(ing) ; (make) 
 loud appeal, complaint, or demand (abs., or 
 for, against, to do ; also as v.t., c. down, silence, 
 c. out of, into, force by c); (make) confused 
 noise. So cla'mopous a., cla'mopousLY 2 
 adv. [f. OF f. L clamor (clamare call out)] 
 
 clamp 1 , n., & v.t. (also clam in some tech- 
 nical uses of n.). Brace, clasp, or band, usu. 
 of iron, for strengthening other materials or 
 holding things together ; various appliances 
 or tools with opposite sides connected by screw 
 for holding or compressing; (vb) strengthen, 
 fasten together, with c. or cc. [f. 15th c. ; there 
 was OE clam in same sense] 
 
 clamp 2 , n. , & v. t. Pile (of bricks for burning, 
 potatos &c. under straw & earth, turf, peat, 
 garden rubbish, &c.) ; (vb) pile (bricks &c.) up. 
 [perh. = prec. ; cf. Du. klamp a heap] 
 
 clan, n. Scotch highlanders with common 
 ancestor, esp. while under patriarchal control 
 (clansman, member, fellow member, of a); 
 tribe ; family holding together, whence cla'n- 
 niSH 1 a., cla # nnishLY 2 adv., ela'nnishNESS 
 n. ; party, coterie ; genus, species, class, [f. 
 Gael, clann f. L PLANTa] 
 
 clandestine, a. Surreptitious, secret. 
 Hence clande'stineLY 2 adv. [f. L clande- 
 stinus (clam secretly, cf. intestine, matutine)] 
 
 clang", n., & v.i. & t. Loud resonant metallic 
 sound (esp. of trumpet, arms, large bell, some 
 birds) ; (vb) make, cause (thing) to make, this, 
 [f. L clanger e cf. Gk Mag-] 
 
 ela'ngfoup (-ngg-), n. Succession, prevalence, 
 of clanging noises. Hence cla'ng-opous a., 
 cla*ng , OPOUSLY 2 adv. [fLclangor (prec, -or 1 )] 
 
 clank, n. , & v.i. & t. Sound as of heavy chain 
 rattling ; (vb) make, cause (bucket, chain, &c.) 
 to make, this. [f. 17th c, perh. on clang, clink ; 
 but cf. Du. klank] 
 
 cla'nship, n. The clan system; division 
 into mutually jealous parties ; devotion to a 
 leader, [-ship] 
 
 clap 1 , n. Explosive noise (of thunder, of 
 hand-palms struck together) ; slap, pat, (ar- 
 chaic), [perh. f. foil.] 
 
 clap 2 , v.i. & t. C. one's hands, c. (t. & i.), 
 applaud by striking palms together loudly 
 (also, usu. w. hands, strike them for warmth, 
 as signal, &c.) ; flap (wings) audibly ; c. on the 
 back, slap so in encouragement or congratula- 
 tion ; put, place, quickly or energetically (spurs 
 to horse, person in prison, duty on goods ; c. on 
 all sail ; c. up peace, bargain, make hastily or 
 carelesoly ; c. eyes on, catch sight of, esp. w. 
 
CLAP 
 
 150 
 
 CLAW 
 
 Reg.) ; c.-net, fowler's or entomologist's, shut by 
 pulling string, [cf. G klappen, ON klappa] 
 clap 3 , n. (not in decent use). Venereal dis- 
 ease, gonorrhoea. [?] 
 
 ela'pper, n. Tongue or striker of bell ; hand 
 or wind rattle for scaring birds, [clap H-ek 1 ] 
 ela'ppepelaw, v.t. Scratch & hit; abuse, 
 criticize spitefully, [prec, claw] 
 cla'ptrap, n. & a. Language, sentiment, 
 meant to catch applause; showy, [clap 1 , trap] 
 claque (-ahk), claqueur" (-ker), nn. Hired 
 body of applauders, hired applauder. [FJ 
 elar'abella, n. Powerful fluty organ-stop, 
 [f. L clarus clear, bell us pretty] 
 ela'penee, n. Four-wheeled close carriage 
 with seats for four inside & two on box, four- 
 wheeler cab. [Duke of C. (William IV)] 
 Cla*rene(i)eux (-su), n. Second KiNG ] -of- 
 Arms. [AF(-ceux), f. Clarence (Clare in Suffolk), 
 dukedom of Lionel son of Edw. Ill] 
 ela'pendon, a. & n. (typog.). Thick-faced 
 (type), thus, of various sizes. 
 ela'ret, n. & a. Kinds of red French wine 
 imported from Bordeaux (usu. blends of light 
 wine with Benicarlo) ; (slang) blood (tap one's 
 c, make his nose bleed with blow of fist) ; c- 
 colour(ed), reddish-violet ; artificial salmon-fly 
 so coloured jc.-CUP 1 . [OF (vine), = clairetdim. 
 of clair f. L clarus clear (orig. of light red wines 
 between white & red)] 
 
 cla'Pify, v.t. & i. Make clear (obscure sub- 
 ject, mind, sight) ; free from impurities, make 
 transparent, (liquid, butter, air, &c); become 
 transparent (lit., & fig. of literary style &c). [f. 
 OF clarifier f. L clarijicare (clarus clear, -FY)] 
 cla'piriet (also -e't), n. Wooden single-reed 
 instrument played by holes & keys ; organ-stop 
 of like quality. So clapine*ttisx(3) n. [f. F 
 clarinette dim. of cZam?ie = foll.] 
 cla'pion, n. & a. Shrill narrow-tubed trum- 
 pet formerly used in war; rousing sound ; organ- 
 stop of c. quality; (adj.) clear & loud. [f. OF 
 claron f. med. L clarionem nom. -io (clear)] 
 i clapione't, n. = clarinet, [prec, -et 1 ] 
 cla*pity, n. Clearness. [ME & OF clarte f. 
 L claritatem (clarus clear, -TV)] 
 elap'y, n. Kind of pot-herb. [OE slarie f. 
 med. L sclarea etym. dub.] 
 clash, v.i. & t. , & n. (Make) loud broken sound 
 as of collision, striking weapons, cymbals, bells 
 rung together; encounter, conflict, (v.i., & n.) ; 
 disagree(ment) ; be at variance xoith ; rush or 
 charge (vb) into, against, upon ; ring (bells) all 
 together, [prob. imit., perh. on clang, crash] 
 clasp ] , n. Contrivance of interlocking parts 
 for fastening, buckle, brooch ; metal fastening 
 of book-cover ; embrace, reach ; grasp, hand- 
 shake ; bar of silver on medal-ribbon with name 
 of occasion (in campaign commemorated by 
 medal) at which wearer was present ; c.-knife, 
 folding, with catch fixing blade when open. [f. 
 14th c. ; excl. E; etym. dub. ; var., elapse, cf. 
 hasp hapse, ask ax] 
 
 clasps v.t. & i. Fasten (c.) ; fasten (t. & i.) 
 with or as c; encircle, hold closely, embrace ; 
 grasp (another's hand ; c. hands, shake hands 
 emotionally, make common cause ; c. one's 
 hands, interlace fingers), [f. prec] 
 cla'spep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., (pi.) appen- 
 dages of some male fish & insects for holding 
 the female, [-er ] ] 
 
 class, n., & v.t. Rank, order, of society 
 (higher, upper, middle, lower, working, cc. ; 
 the cc, the rich or educated, opp. the masses) ; 
 caste system ; set of students taught together, 
 their time of meeting, their course of in- 
 struction, (U.S.) all college students of same 
 standing, (c.-fellow, -mate, present or past 
 
 member of same c with one ; c.-book, used by 
 c) ; division of candidates after examination 
 (take a c, gain honours ; so classman opp. to 
 passman ; c.-list, issued by examiners) ; division 
 according to quality (so high, low, first, second, 
 &c, -c, as adjj. of praise or depreciation, & 
 first, second, third, c, of railway carriages 
 See. ; no c. slang, quite inferior) ; number of in- 
 dividuals having common name as like in any 
 respect; (Nat. Hist.) highest division (c, order, 
 family, genus, species) of animal, vegetable, 
 or mineral kingdom. (Vb) place in a c ; hence 
 cla*ssABLE a. [f. F classe f. Lclassis assembly 
 (calare convoke)] 
 
 cla'ssic, a. & n. Of the first class, of allowed 
 excellence ; of the standard ancient Latin & 
 Greek authors, art, or culture ; of Latin & 
 Greek antiquity ; in the c style, simple, har- 
 monious, proportioned, & finished (cf. roman- 
 tic) ; having literary associations (c. ground) ; 
 the c. races. Two & One Thousand, Derby, 
 Oaks, St Leger. (N.) writer or artist of 
 admitted excellence ; ancient Greek or Latin 
 writer; Latin and Greek scholar; follower of 
 c models (cf. romantic) ; (pi.) classical studies, 
 [f. L classicus (prec, -ic) of the first class] 
 
 cla'ssical, a. Standard, first-class, esp. in 
 literature ; of ancient Greek or Latin standard 
 authors or art ; learned in these ; based on these 
 (c. education); in, following, the restrained 
 style of c antiquity (as prec, cf. romantic). 
 Hence cla*ssicaliSM(3), classica'lrrv, nn., 
 cla'ssicalLV 2 adv. [as prec + -al] 
 
 cla'ssicism, -ist, nn. Following, follower, 
 of classic style ; classical scholar(ship) ; advo- 
 cacy, advocate, of classical education ; (-ism) a 
 Latin or Greek idiom. [-ism(3, 4), -ist(2, 3)] 
 
 cla'ssicize, v.t. & i. Make classic ; imitate 
 the classical style. [-ize(2, 3)] 
 
 classico-, comb, form of L classicus w. 
 senses of classic. Hence elassieo'LATRY n. 
 
 ela'ssify, v.t. Arrange in classes ; assign to 
 a class. So cla'ssifiABLE, cla'ssifleatORY, 
 aa., classificA'TiON, cla'ssifiER 1 , nn. [f. L 
 
 CLASS IS + -FY] 
 
 ela'ssy, a. (slang). Superior. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 ela'ttep, v.i. & t., & n. (Make) dry confused 
 sound as of many plates struck together ; 
 (resound with) noisy talk ; c. along, down, &c, 
 move, fall, with a c ; (v.t.) cause (plates &c) 
 to c [OE clatrian cf. Du. klateren] 
 
 clause, n. Short sentence ; (Gram.) sub- 
 ordinate words including subject & predicate 
 but syntactically equivalent to noun, adj., or 
 adv.; single proviso in treaty, law, or contract. 
 [OF, f. LL clausa = L clausula conclusion 
 (claudere clans- shut, -ule)] 
 
 clau'stpal, a. Of the cloister, monastic, nar- 
 row, [f. LL claustralis (cloister, -al)] 
 
 ela'vate, a. (bot.). Club-shaped, [f. hclava 
 club + -ATE 2 ] 
 
 ela'viehopd, n. Predecessor of piano, first 
 string-instrument with key-board, [f. 15th-c 
 L clavichordium (hclavis key, chord •)] 
 
 cla'vicle, n. Collar-bone. Soelavi'eulAR 1 
 a. [f. L clavicula dim. of clavis key] 
 
 ela'vifopm, a. Club-shaped. [L clava, -form] 
 
 claw J , n. Pointed horny nail of beast's or 
 bird's foot (pare, cut, the cc. of, disarm) ; foot 
 so armed, pincers of shellfish; (contempt.) 
 hand ; contrivance for grappling, holding, &c 
 (c.-hammer, with bent split end for extracting 
 nails; c.-h. coat, dress coat). Hence (-)clawED 2 
 a. [OE clawu f. obi. cases of clea cf. dee still 
 dial. ; cf. Du. klaauw, G klaue] 
 
 claw 2 , v.t. Scratch, tear, seize or pull 
 towards one, with cc. or hands (c. me & 1 11 c. 
 thee, of mutual flattery f. obs. sense, still Sc, 
 
CLAY 
 
 151 
 
 CLENCH 
 
 scratch gently) ; (Naut.) beat to windward, esp. 
 c. off, away from shore, [f. prec.] 
 
 clay, n. Stiff tenacious earth, material of 
 bricks, pottery, &c. ; (material of) human body 
 (wet, moisten, one's c, drink); (also c.-pipe) 
 tobacco pipe made of c. {yard of c, long one) ; 
 c.-cold, cold as c. (usu. of the dead). Hence 
 (with -e- to separate yy, & comp. more, most) 
 elay'ev 2 a. [OE clxg, com.-Teut. cf. Du. & 
 G klei, f. kli- to stick cf. Gk gloios, L gluten] » 
 
 claymope, n. Ancient Scottish two-edged 
 broadsword ; (incorrectly) basket-hilted often 
 single-edged broadsword introduced in 16th c. 
 [f. UaeLclaidheainh mor great swordj 
 
 clean "■, a. Free from dirt, unsoiled, clear, 
 (land of weeds, ship of barnacles, paper of 
 writing, printing-proof of corrections; c. bill 4 ; 
 c. hands, c.-handed, c.-handedness, innocence, 
 innocent; c.-fingered, unbribed ; c. tongue, 
 abstinence from foul talk ; c. breast l ; show 
 c. pair of heels, escape by speed ; c.-bred, 
 thoroughbred) ; (bibl.) free of ceremonial defile- 
 ment or of disease ; (of beasts &c.) fit for food 
 (esp. c. fish, not at or soon after spawning) ; 
 hostile to dirt (c. servant), cleanly ; well-formed, 
 shapely, (joints, figure, so c. limbed ; c. ship, 
 with tapering lines) ; smart, adroit, not bung- 
 ling, (c. fielding) ; even, unobstructed, clear- 
 cut, complete, (c. sweep, complete riddance ; 
 c. timber, without knots). Hence elea'nNESS 
 n. [OE clxne ; com.-Teut. cf. G klein small] 
 
 clean 2 , adv. Completely, right, outright, 
 altogether, simply, absolutely, (c. gone, c. 
 bowled, cut c. through, c. mad,c. torong) ; c.-cut, 
 sharply outlined. [OE clxne adv. f. prec] 
 
 clean 3 , v.t., & n. Make clean (o/dirt&c); 
 empty (one's plate) ; make oneself, make one- 
 self, become, c. (also c. up) ; c. up, put things 
 tidy, put (things) tidy, clear (mess) away ; c. 
 out, empty, strip, (esp. slang, person of his 
 money) ; c. down, c. by brushing or wiping ; 
 hence clea'nABLE a., Helea'nER^l, 2), n. 
 (N.) cleaning (give it a c). [f. clean j ] 
 
 clea'nly 1 (en), adv. In clean way. [OE 
 
 Cl&nlic (CLEAN 1 + -LY 2 )] 
 
 clea'nly 2 (-en), a. Habitually clean, atten- 
 tive to cleanness. Hence clea'nliLV 2 adv., 
 clea'nliNESS n. [OE clxnlic (clean x + -ly ')] 
 
 cleanse (-enz), v.t. Make clean (now formal 
 or archaic for clean in lit. sense) ; purify (of sin 
 &c, or with sin &c. as obj.) ; (bibl.) cure (leper 
 &c). [OE clxnsian (clxne clean 1 )] 
 
 clear 1 , a. & adv. Unclouded, transparent, 
 not turbid, lustrous, unspotted, (so clear-starch 
 v.t.,= starch well); distinct, unambiguous, in- 
 telligible, not confused, manifest; discerning, 
 penetrating, (so clear-sighted, -sightedness, 
 usu. fig.); confident, decided, certain; easily 
 audible ; without deduction, net ; rid of; com- 
 plete (three c. days) ; open, unobstructed, 
 (coast is c, no one about to see or interfere); 
 unengaged, free, unencumbered by debt. (Adv.) 
 clearly (speak loud & c; c.-cut, well defined ; 
 show, shine, c.) ; quite (c. away, off, oid, 
 through; three feet c.) ; apart, without contact, 
 (stand, hang, steer, get, a). [ME & OF cler 
 (now clair) f. L clarus] 
 
 clear 2 , v.t. & i. Make, become, c. (c. the air, 
 lit. of sultriness, fig. of suspicion, constraint, 
 sulks, &c. ; c. one's throat, by slight coughing) ; 
 show or declare innocent ; free from obstruc- 
 tion (c. the decks for action, make ready to 
 fight; c. land, cut down trees &c. before 
 cultivating) remove (obstruction, esp. c. out 
 of the way) ; melt away (also slang of persons, 
 go away) ; empty, become empty ; pass over or 
 by without touching (esp. in jumping, c. 6 ft, 
 22ft, a gate) ; (Naut.) free (ship) by paying all 
 
 dues, (intr. of ship) sail ; defray (prospective 
 charges) by single payment ; c. away, remove, 
 remove meal from table, (of mist &c.) dis- 
 appear ; c. off, get rid of, melt away, (of in- 
 truders) go away; c. out, empty, make off; 
 c. up, solve (mystery), make tidy, (of weather 
 &c.) grow c. [f. prec] 
 
 clearance, n. Making clear ; removal of 
 obstructions ; passing of cheques through 
 Clearing House ; (certificate of) clearing of ship 
 at Custom House, [prec. + -ance] 
 
 clear'cole, n., & v.t. (Paint with) size and 
 whiting or white-lead as first coat in house- 
 painting, [f. F claire code clear glue] 
 
 clearing 1 , n. In vbl senses ; esp. : piece of 
 land in primeval forest cleared for cultivation ; 
 C. House, banker's institution in London at 
 which cheques & bills are exchanged, the ba- 
 lances only being paid in cash, [clear 2 , -ing 1 ] 
 
 cleap'ly, adv. Distinctly to, with, senses or 
 mind ; manifestly ; undoubtedly, (in answers) 
 yes, no doubt, [clear 1 , -ly 2 ] 
 
 clear'ness, n. Transparence; distinctness 
 to, of, senses or mind ; freedom from obstruc- 
 tion. [clear 1 , -ness] 
 
 cleat, n. Wedge ; projecting piece bolted on 
 spar, gangway, &c. , to give footing or prevent 
 rope from slipping; piece of wood or iron 
 bolted on for fastening ropes to. [cf. Du. kloot 
 ball ; cogn. w. clot] 
 
 clea'vage, n. Way in which thing (mineral, 
 party, opinion, State) tends to split (esp. lines, 
 planes, of c). [foil. + -age] 
 
 cleave 1 , v.t. & i. (clove or cleft; cloven er 
 cleft). Split (often asunder, in two); chop, 
 break, or come, apart, esp. along the grain or 
 line of cleavage (cleft palate, malformation in 
 mouth ; in a cleft stick, in tight place allowing 
 neither retreat nor advance; cloven hoof, of 
 ruminant quadrupeds, of god Pan, & so of 
 devil, whence shoiv the c. h., reveal an evil 
 nature) ; make way through (water, air) ; hold 
 (ground, persons) apart (of chasm lit. & fig.). 
 Hence clea'VABLE a. [OE cliofan, com.-Teut. 
 cf. G klieben, also Gk gluph- carve] 
 
 cleave 2 , v.i. (cleaved or clave; cleaved). 
 Stick fast, adhere, to (archaic exc. in fig. sense 
 of be faithful). [OE chfan & clifian, com.-Teut, 
 cf. G klebcn f. kli- stick] 
 
 clea'ver, n. In vbl senses; esp., butcher's 
 chopping-tool for carcases, [cleave* 1 + -er ] ] 
 
 elea'vers, eli'v-, n. (used as sing, or pi.). 
 Goose-grass, creeper sticking to clothes, [earli- 
 er -er; perh. f. cleave 2 + -er 1 ] 
 
 cleek, n. Iron-headed golf-club. [Sc, cogn. 
 w. ME cleche to clutch] 
 
 clef, n. One of the three symbols (C, tenor, 
 or alto; Gortreble; F or bass) indicating pitch 
 of stave in music. [F, f. L clavis key] 
 
 cleft ', n. Fissure, split, [earlier clyft, clift, 
 cf. Du. & G kluft, cogn. w. cleave l ] 
 
 cleft 2 . See cleave 1 . 
 
 cleg", n. Large grey fly, horse-fly. [f. ON 
 kleggi] 
 
 cleistoga'mic (kli-), a. (bot). Permanently 
 closed & self- fertilizing (of certain flowers). 
 [Gk kleistos closed (kleio) + -gamos -married] 
 
 clem, v.t. & i. (northern). Starve, [cf. Du. & 
 G klemmta, pinch, & clam ] ] 
 
 cle'matis, n. Kinds of climbing shrub 
 (British wild species. Traveller's Joy or Old 
 Man's Beard). [L, f. Gk klematis] 
 
 ele'meney, n., ele'ment, a. Mild(ness) of 
 temper or weather; (showing) mercy, [f. L 
 dementia, clemens -entis] 
 
 clench, clinch, v.t. & i., & n. (choice between 
 e & i as indicated). Secure (nail, rivet) by 
 driving point sideways when through (e, i); 
 
CLENCHER 
 
 152 
 
 CLINKER-BUILT 
 
 close (t. & i. of teeth or fingers) tightly (e) ; grasp 
 firmly (e); (Naut.) fasten (rope) with special 
 bend (e, i) ; confirm, settle (argument, bargain) 
 conclusively (i, e) ; (n.) any of above actions or 
 the resulting state. [OE clenc(e)an, cf. OHG 
 klenkan, cogn. w. cling, w. causal sense] 
 elencher. See clincher. 
 clepsydra, n. Ancient clock worked by 
 flow of water. [L, f. Gk klepsudra (klepto steal, 
 hudor water)] 
 
 elere'stopy (-ers-), n. Part of cathedral 
 wall, with series of windows, above aisle roofs, 
 [perh. f. clear i + stor(e)v] 
 elep'gy, n. The clerical order, all persons 
 ordained for religious service (the c. usu. has 
 pi. vb ; a c, i.e. the c. of a country or church, 
 has usu. sing, vb) ; clergymen (30 c. were, pre- 
 sent)', (Hist.) membership of, learning proper 
 to, c. (benefit of c, exemption from trial by 
 secular court, & later from sentence for first 
 conviction, enjoyed by all who could read) ; 
 clergyman, ordained minister, esp. of Estab- 
 lished Church; clergy woman, wife, daughter, 
 &c, of clergyman, esp. if dominating parish, 
 [f. OF clergie (clerc t LL cleric us, -y')] 
 c16*p1c, a. (archaic), & n. Clergyman ; of 
 clergy. Hence elepieo- comb. form. [f. LL f. 
 Gk klerikos (kleros lot, Acts i. 17, Dent, xviii. 2)] 
 cle'Pical, a. & n. Of clergy, clergyman, or 
 clergymen ; of, madeby, clerk(s) (c.error, in writ- 
 ing out ; c. duties, staff); (n.) member of c. party 
 in a parliament &c. Hence ele*PicaliSM(3), 
 ele , picaliST(2),nn.,ele , picalizE(3) v.t.,clepi- 
 ca'liTY n., cle'picalLY 2 adv. [f. LL clericalis 
 (prec, -al)] 
 
 clerk (-ark), n. (Also c. in holy orders) clergy- 
 man (archaic, legal, & sometimes appended to 
 signature to show status of writer) ; lay officer 
 of parish church with various duties ; (no) 
 great c, (no) scholar (archaic) ; officer in charge 
 of records &c, secretary, man of business, of 
 town (Town c), corporation, &c. (usu. a lawyer) ; 
 person employed in bank, office, shop, &c, to 
 make entries, copy letters, keep accounts, &c. ; 
 C. of the Weather, personification of meteoro- 
 logy ; c. of the works, overseer of materials &c. 
 in buildings done by contract. Hence elep'k- 
 dom, clep*ksHip(l, 3), nn., clep'kLY 1 a. [OE 
 cleric, clerc, as cleric] 
 
 cl6*vep, a. Adroit, dexterous, neat in move- 
 ment (c. horse, good fencer) ; skilfuL talented ; 
 ingenious (of doer or thing done). Hence ele*- 
 vepiSH 1 (2) a., ele'vePLY 2 adv., ele'vePNESS 
 n. [etym. dub. ; diver occurs 1220 = quick at 
 seizing ; cf. EFris. cliifer, & ME clivers claws] 
 ele'vis, n. U-shaped iron at end of beam for 
 attaching tackle, [perh. cogn. w. cleave 1 ] 
 clew (-oo), n., & v.t. Ball of thread or yarn ; 
 this as used in mythol. story to guide through 
 labyrinth ; = clue. (Naut.) small cords suspend- 
 ing hammock ; lower or aft corner of sail by 
 which it is extended ; (vb) c. up, draw lower 
 ends of (sails) to upper yard or mast ready for 
 furling. [OE cliwen n. prob. dim. of OHG kliu ; 
 clue is a var. spelling merely, but the two are 
 now usu. differentiated] 
 
 cli'ch6 (-esha), n. Metal cast esp. stereo or elec- 
 tro duplicate ; hackneyed literary phrase. [F] 
 click, n., & v.i. (Make) slight sharp sound as 
 of cocking gun ; catch in machinery acting with 
 this sound ; (of horse) touch shoes of fore & hind 
 feet (n., this fault) ; (S.-Afr. langg.) (make) sharp 
 non- vocal sucking sound as articulation, [imit., 
 cf. Du. klikken, F cliguer] 
 cli'ent, n. (Rom. Ant.) plebeian under pro- 
 tection of noble ; (archaic) dependant, hanger- 
 on ; employer of lawyer ; employer of any pro- 
 fessional man, customer. Hence eli'entAGE, 
 
 cli'entSHiP, nn., cli'entLESS a. [f. L cliens 
 -entis (cluere hear, obey, -ent)] 
 clientele, n. 1. Person's dependants, follow- 
 ing. 2. Customers, supporters, (of physician, 
 shop, theatre, &c). [f. L clienteia as prec. in 
 sense 1, but dropped & later readopted f. F in 
 sense 2, & often pronounced & written (-tele) as F] 
 cliff, n. Steep rock-face, usu. overhanging 
 sea ; cliff sman, skilled climber. [OE, cf. Du., clif] 
 climacte'pic, a. & n. Constituting a crisis, 
 critical ; (Physiol. & Med.) occurring at period 
 of life (45-60) at which vital force begins to de- 
 cline ; (n.) critical period in life (multiples of 7, 
 odd multiples of 7, &c. ; grand c, 63rd year), 
 [f. L f. Gk klimakterikos f. klimakter rung of 
 ladder (klimax), -ic] 
 
 cli'mate (-at), n. (Region with certain) con- 
 ditions of temperature, dryness, wind, light, &c. 
 Hence climatic a., elima'tiCALLY adv., cli- 
 mato'LOGY n., eli'matOLOGiCAL a. [f. F cli- 
 mat f. LL f. Gk klima -at- (klino slope, -M)] 
 
 cli'max, n., & v.i. & t. Ascending scale; 
 series of ideas or expressions so arranged ; last 
 term in these ; culmination, apex ; hence (irreg.) 
 elima'etic a. (Vb) come, bring, to a c. [L, f. 
 Gk klimax -akos ladder, climax] 
 
 climb (-im), v.t. & i. (past climbed & archaic 
 clomb pr. -6m), & n. Ascend, mount, go up, 
 (t. & i.) esp. with help of hands ; c. down (t. & i.), 
 descend (clifl &c, or abs.) similarly, (intr.) re- 
 treat from position taken up, give in ; (of sun 
 &c.) go slowly up; (of plants) get support by 
 tendrils or twining from tree, trellis, &c. ; slope 
 upwards; rise by effort in social rank, intel- 
 lectual or moral strength, &c. ; climbing -iron, 
 spikes attachable to boot for climbing trees or 
 ice slopes; hence eli'mb able (-ma-) a. (N.) 
 piece of climbing (c. down, abandonment of 
 declared intention), place (to be) climbed, [cf. 
 G klimmen; prob. cogn. w. cleave 2 ] 
 
 eli'mbep (-Imer), n. In vbl senses ; esp. : 
 climbing plant ; kinds of bird, usu. with two 
 forward & two backward toes, [-er 1 ] 
 
 clime, n. (poet.). Tract, country, (with or 
 without ref. to climate), [f. LL as climate] 
 
 clinch. See clench. 
 
 cli'nehep, ele'nehep, n. In vbl senses; 
 esp. : remark, argument, that triumphantly 
 settles a question ; clincher-built = clinker- 
 built, [prec. + -er l ] 
 
 cling'» v.i. (clung). C. together, remain in one 
 body or in contact, resist separation ; stick, 
 adhere to, (whether by stickiness, suction, 
 grasping, or embracing; clinging garments, 
 showing form of body or limbs) ; remain faith- 
 ful to (friend, habit, idea) ; clingstone, kind of 
 peach or nectarine in which flesh adheres to 
 stone. [OE clingan, cf. EFris. klingen shrink, 
 Sw. kldnge climb, tendril] 
 
 eli'nie, n. Teaching of medicine or surgery 
 at the hospital bed-side. [f. F clinique f. Gk 
 klinike (tekhne) clinical (art)] 
 
 cli'nical, a. (med.). Of, at, the sick-bed (esp. 
 of lectures, teaching, so given ; c. thermometer, 
 for taking patient's temperature). Hence cli*- 
 nicalLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk klinikos (kline bed 
 -f. klino slope) + -al] 
 
 clink 1 , n., & v.i. & t. (Make, cause glasses 
 &c. to make) sharp ringing sound ; clinkstone, 
 kinds of felspar (f. ringing like iron when 
 struck), [imit. ; cf. Du. klinken] 
 
 clink 2 , n. Prison, lock-up, (esp. in c). [name 
 of a South wark prison ; prob. — clinch] 
 
 eli'nkep, n. Very hard yellow Dutch brick ; 
 brick with surface vitrified by great heat ; mass 
 of bricks fused together or of slag or lava. [f. 
 Du. klinckaerd (now klinker) f. klinkei clink 1 ] 
 
 clunker-built, a. (Of boats) made with 
 
CLINOMETER 
 
 153 
 
 CLOSET 
 
 external planks overlapping downwards & 
 fastened with clinched copper nails, [f. obs. 
 clink vb = clinch] 
 
 elino'metep, n. Instrument for measuring 
 slopes, [f. Gk klino to slope, -0-, -meter] 
 
 Clro, n. (The Muse of) history, [f. Gk Kleio 
 (We *o celebrate)] 
 
 clip J , v.t, & n. Surround closely, grip tightly ; 
 (n.) appliance for holding things together or 
 for attachment to object as mark. [OKclyppan 
 embrace cf. ON klypa pinch] 
 
 clip 2 , v.t., & n. Cut with shears or scissors, 
 trim thus, take away part of (hair, wool) thus, 
 remote hair or wool of (sheep, person) thus, (c. 
 one's wings, disable him from pursuing his am- 
 bition) ; pare edge of (coin) ; omit letters or 
 syllables of (words) ; omit (letter &c; clips his 
 gs). (N.) operation of shearing or hair-cutting ; 
 quantity of wool clipped from sheep, flock, &c. 
 [ppob. f. ON clippa] 
 
 cli'ppep, n. In vbl senses; also oresp.: in- 
 strument for clipping hair ; swift mover (esp. 
 of horse or ship); ship with forward-raking 
 bows & aft-raking masts ; (slang) thing excel- 
 lent of its kind, [clip 2 , -er 1 ] 
 
 clipping" 1 , n. In vbl senses; esp., piece 
 clipped off. [clip 2 , -ing ] ] 
 
 cli'pping 2 , a. In vbl senses; esp., (slang) 
 first-rate, [clip 2 , -ing 2 ] 
 
 clique (-ek), n. Small exclusive party, set, 
 coterie. Hence cli'quiSH 1 , cli*qu(e)Y 2 , aa., 
 cli'quishNESS, cli*quiSM(2), nn. [F, f. cliquer 
 click cf. claque] 
 
 clivers. See cleavers. 
 
 c/oa'ca, n. (pi. -ae). Sewer; excrementory 
 cavity in birds, reptiles, &c. ; gathering-place 
 of moral evil. Hence cloa'CAL a. [L] 
 
 cloak, (archaic) cloke, n., & v.i. & t. Loose 
 usu. sleeveless outdoor upper garment ; cover- 
 ing (c. of snoic) ; pretence, pretext, {under the 
 c. of); c.-room, for leading cc, hats, &c, or 
 any luggage. (Vb) put on one's c. ; put c. on 
 (oneself or another) ; conceal, disguise, [f. ONF 
 cloke f. med. L cloca horseman's cape named 
 from its bell shape (clock 1 )] 
 
 clock 1 , n. Time-measuring instrument 
 periodically wound up, kept in motion by 
 springs or weights acting on wheels, & record- 
 ing hours, minutes, &c, by hands on a dial 
 (o'clock now usu. only appended to the actual 
 hour, as six o'clock, but quarter to six, six 
 fifteen, 1.25 ; what o'clock is it ?, what is the 
 time? : of the clock still in formal or facetious 
 use) ; downy head of dandelion &c. ; clockwise, 
 counter-clockwise, moving in curve from left to 
 right, right to left, as seen by spectator at 
 centre ;c.-icork, mechanism on c. principle (like 
 c.-xo., regularly, automatically), (attrib.) regular, 
 mechanical, [f. MDu. clocke (cf. G glocke bell), 
 or ONF c/oA-e f. LL cloca cf. prec. ; orig. mean- 
 ing bell, prob. in imit. of the sound] " 
 
 clock 2 , n. Pattern worked in silk on side of 
 stocking. Hence (-)eloekED 2 a. [?] 
 
 elo'eking, a. C. hen, one sitting on eggs, 
 [part, of dial, vb clock = cluck] 
 
 clod, n., & v.t. Lump of earth &c. ; lump of 
 earth (vb, pelt with cc.) ; the c, soil, land, mere 
 matter ; (also c.-hopper) bumpkin, lout, (so c- 
 hopping, loutish), whence elo'ddiSH 1 a., 
 elo'ddishNESS n.; coarse part of neck of ox 
 as meat. [var. of clot now differentiated] 
 
 clog" 1 , n. Block of wood fastened to leg to 
 impede motion ; iLvpediment, encumbrance ; 
 woman's wooden-soled over-shoe for wet 
 ground ; wooden-soled shoe with metal rirn ; 
 c.-dance, performed in cc. [?] 
 
 clog* 2 , v.t. & i. Confine (animal) with c. ; be 
 an encumbrance to, burden ; impede, hamper ; 
 
 choke up, obstruct by stickiness ; fill up with 
 choking matter ; stop or act badly from being 
 choked up. [f. prec, & cf. dial, vb clag stick] 
 
 clo'g-gy, a. Lumpy, knotty ; sticky, [-y 2 ] 
 
 cloisonne (klwahzona*), a. & n. V. enamel 
 or c, enamel in which colours of pattern are 
 kept apart by thin outline plates. [F] 
 
 cloi'ster, n., & v.t. (Enclose, shut up, in) 
 convent, monastic house, (the c, monastic 
 seclusion) ; covered walk, often round quad- 
 rangle with wall on outer & colonnade or win- 
 dows on inner side, esp. of convent, college, 
 cathedral buildings, whence cloi'stePED 2 a. 
 Hence cloi'stPAL a. [ME & OF cloistre f. L 
 claustrum (claudere shut, -trum instr. suf.)] 
 
 cloke. See cloak. 
 
 clo'nus, n. (path.). Spasm with violent suc- 
 cessive muscular contractions & relaxations. 
 Hence cld'nic a. [f. Gk klonos] 
 
 cloop, n M & v.i. (Make) sound (as) of cork 
 being drawn, [imit.] 
 
 close * (-6s), a. & adv. 1. Shut : (of vowels) 
 pronounced with lips or mouth cavity con- 
 tracted (e. g. o in not is open, in note c.) ; narrow, 
 confined, contracted, stifling, (c. siege, prisoner, 
 air) ; covered, concealed, secret, given to se- 
 crecy, (keep, lie, c, be in hiding ; c. -stool, cham- 
 ber-pot mounted in stool with cover); niggard- 
 ly (so close-fistED 2 a., close-fi*stedNESS 
 n.) ; restricted, limited, (c. corporation &c. ; c. 
 scholarship, not open to all ; r. borough); 
 under prohibition (c. season, time, in which 
 something is forbidden, esp. killing of game 
 &c). 2. Near: dense, compact, with no or 
 slight intervals, (c. texture, thicket, writing ; 
 c. order, combat', c. quarters, immediate con- 
 tact ; c. reasoner, argument, analysis, leaving 
 no gaps or weak spots, coherent ; also adv., as 
 shut c, c. ranked, c.-grained, without visible 
 interstices, stand, sit, c); in or nearly in con- 
 tact (c. proximity ; a c. shave, near the skin, 
 aiso fig., narrow missing of collision &c. ; c- 
 hauled, with sail-tacks hauled c. to side to wind- 
 ward ; sail c. to the wind ; esp. in adv. or prep, 
 phrr. c. by, c. to, c. upon, as he was c. by, c. to 
 the road, c. upon two hundred) ; fitting exactly 
 (c. cap, c. resemblance) ; near & dear ; nearly 
 equal (c. contest) ; concentrated (c. examination, 
 attention). Hence clo'seLY 2 adv., elo'se- 
 ness n. [f. F clos f. L claudere clavs- shut] 
 
 close 2 (-6s), n. Enclosed place (break one's c. 
 legal, trespass on his land) ; precinct of cathe- 
 dral ; school playground, [f. F clos f. L clausum 
 neut. p.p. as prec] 
 
 close 5 (-6z), v.t. & i., & n. Shut (t. & i. of 
 lid or box, door or room or house ; lit., or - de- 
 clare or be declared not open, of place of busi- 
 ness &c ; closing-time, at which shops stop 
 business ; c. upon, of hand, box, &c, grasp or 
 imprison, also of eyes, lose sight of by shutting) ; 
 be the boundary of, conclude, bring or come 
 to an end, complete, settle, (c. one's days, die ; 
 c. bargain ; abs., stop speaking, often xcith the 
 remark &c) ; bring or come into contact (c. the 
 ranks or, intr., c. up ; c. electric current or cir- 
 cuit, give it continuity), come w r ithin striking 
 distance, grapple with ; express (often eager) 
 agreement with (offer, terms, or person offering 
 them) ; c. in, enclose, come nearer, (of days) get 
 successively shorter ; c. up, block, fill, coalesce. 
 (N.) conclusion, end ; grappling of combatants, 
 [f. OF clos- st. of clore f. L claudere shut] 
 
 elo'set (-6z-), n., & v.t. Private or small 
 room, esp. for private interviews (so vb, be 
 closeted with, together, hold consultation) or 
 for study (c. play, to be read not acted ; c. stra- 
 tegist &c, theoretical) ; cupboard, as china-c. '■ 
 
 = WATER-C. [OF CLOSE 3, -ET *) 
 
CLOSURE 
 
 154 
 
 CLUMP 
 
 clo'sure l-zher), n., & v.t. Closing, closed 
 condition. (Pari.) decision by vote of House of 
 Commons, under certain restrictions, to put 
 the question without further debate ; (vb) apply 
 c. to (motion, speakers, &c). [OF, f. L clausura 
 (claudere clans-, -ure)] 
 
 clot, n., & v.i. & t. Mass of material stuck 
 together ; semi-solid lump of coagulated liquid, 
 esp. of blood (c of blood, pop. name for throm- 
 bosis). .(Vb) form (t. & i.) into cc. (clotted hair, 
 stuck together in locks ; clotted cream, got by 
 scalding milk ; clotted nonsense, utter absurd- 
 ity). [Cf. G klotZ & CLEAT, CLOD] 
 
 cloth (-awth, -6th, pi. -awdhz, -oths), n. (pi. 
 cloths, & in differentiated sense clothes*. 
 (Piece, used for any purpose, of) woven or felted 
 stuff; (also table-c.) covering for table, esp. of 
 linen at meals {lay the c, prepare table for 
 meal) ; woollen woven fabric as used for clothes ; 
 c. of gold, silver, tissue of gold or silver threads 
 interwoven with silk or wool; American c, 
 enamelled c. like leather ; cut coat according to 
 c, adapt expenditure to resources ; profession 
 as shown by clothes, esp. clerical (respect due 
 to his c. ; also the c, clergy) ; c.-b hiding, cover 
 of book in cotton c. ; (Hist.) c.-yard shaft, 
 arrow a yard long. [OE clath (earliest sense a 
 c.) cf. G k'eid, prob. f. cli- stick cf. clay] 
 
 clothe (-odh), v.t. (clothed or clad). Provide 
 with clothes, put clothes upon ; cover like or as 
 with clothes or a cloth (leaves c trees ; clothed 
 with righteousness, with plantations; body 
 clothes soul ; also c. face xn smiles, ideas in 
 words). Hence elo'thiNG J (4)n. [OE clathian, 
 whence clothe, & cl&than, whence clad, f. cldth 
 cloth ; cf. G kleiden] 
 
 clothes (-6z, -odhz), n. pi. "Wearing-apparel ; 
 bed J -c. ; linen &c. to be washed (c.-bag, -basket, 
 for conveying this ; c.-horse, for airing it on ; 
 c.-line, -post, -prop, -peg, rope, supports of rope, 
 wooden clips on rope, for drying it after wash- 
 ing) ; c.-brush; c.-moth, destructive to c. ; c- 
 press, cupboard with shelves for c. ; (old-)c- 
 man, dealer in usu. old c. [the orig. pi. of cloth, 
 cloths being modern] 
 
 elo'thier (-odh-), n. Maker of cloth ; dealer 
 in cloth or clothes, [orig. clother, see -er 1 ] 
 
 cloud (-owd), n., & v.t. & i. (Mass of) visible 
 condensed watery vapour (see cirrus, cumu- 
 lus, nimbus, stratus) floating high above 
 general level of ground (c.-drift, c. in motion ; 
 c.-rack, pile of broken cc. ; c.-burst, violent rain- 
 storm ; c.-capped, of hill with top veiled in c. ; 
 escape, picture, picturesque grouping, of cc; 
 c.-kissing, of high hill or building) ; unsubstan- 
 tial or fleeting thing ; mass of smoke or dust 
 (c.-compcller, smoker, facet, use of Greek epithet 
 of Zeus) ; local dimness or vague patch of colour 
 in or on liquid or transparent body ; great num- 
 ber of birds, insects, horsemen, arrows, moving 
 together ; light woollen scarf ; obscurity (under 
 c. of night ; a c. of words) ; in the cc. mystical, 
 unreal, imaginary, (so c.-castle, daydream; c- 
 ZawZ,c.-worZd,utopia.fairyland) ; state of gloom, 
 trouble, suspicion, louring or depressed look, 
 (c. on brow ; under a c, out of favour, discre- 
 dited) ; cloudberry, mountain shrub with white 
 flower & orange-coloured fruit; henee elou'd- 
 less a. , clou'dlessL y 2 adv. .eloirdlessNESs, 
 elou'dLET, nn., elou'dv 2 a., elou'diLY 2 
 adv., clou'diNESS n., eloirdwARD(s) adv. 
 (Vb) overspread, darken, with cc, gloom, or 
 trouble ; variegate with vague patches of col- 
 our ; become overcast or gloomy (c. up, over). 
 [prob. f. OE chid, meaning, &cogn. w.,clod] 
 
 cloug'h (-uf), n. Ravine, steep valley usu. 
 with torrent bed. [cf. G klinge] 
 
 clout (-owt), n., & v.t. (archaic & dial.). Patch 
 
 (n. & v.); a cloth (esp. dish-c); piece of clothing; 
 rap, knock, (n. & v., esp. on head with knuckles); 
 (Hist.) canvas on frame as mark at archery (in 
 the c, a hit !) [OE chit cogn. w. clot] 
 
 clove !, cloven. See cleave K 
 
 clove 2 , n. One of small bulbs making up com- 
 pound bulb of garlic, shallot, &c. (usu. of). [OE 
 clufu cogn. w. cleave 1 ] 
 
 clove 3 , n. (Pungent aromatic dried bud of) 
 tropical tree (oil o/cc, extracted from cc. & used 
 in medicine) ; (also c-gillyjloiuer) c-scented 
 Pink, original of carnation & other double 
 pinks. [ME clow(e) f. F clou (de girojle) ; girojle 
 (see gillyflower) was orig. name of the »pice ; 
 clou (f. L clavus nail) de girojle was used of it 
 w. ref. to its shape, transferred to the similarly 
 shaped bud of Pink, & later divided into clove 
 for the spice, & gillyflower for the Pink] 
 
 clove-hitch, n. Hitch by which rope is se- 
 cured at any intermediate part round spar or 
 rope that it crosses at right angles, [old p.p. of 
 cleave 1 , as showing parallel separate lines] 
 
 eld'ver, n. Kinds of trefoil used for fodder 
 (be, live, in c, in ease & luxury). [OE cldfre cf. 
 Du. klaver, G klee] 
 
 clown, n. Rustic ; ignorant or ill-bred man, 
 whence elowniSH * a., clownishLY 2 adv., 
 elownishNESS n. ; jester, esp. in pantomime 
 or circus, whence elownERY(4) n. [prob. 
 cogn. w. clot, & — lump ; cf. Icel. clunni] 
 
 cloy, v.t. Satiate, weary, by richness, sweet- 
 ness, sameness, excess, of food or pleasure (usu. 
 with), [f. obs. accloy choke (put nail into) f. OP 
 encloyer (AC-) f. LL is(clavare f. L clavus nail)] 
 
 club l , n. 1. Stick with one thick end as 
 weapon (Indian cc, pair swung to develop 
 muscles ; c.-law, rule by physical force) ; kinds 
 of stick used in games, esp. golf ; structure or 
 organ in Bot. &c with knob at end ; c-foot(ed), 
 (with) congenitally distorted foot ; c.-moss, kind 
 with upright spikes of spore-cases ; c.-root, dis- 
 ease of turnips &c ; playing-card of suit bear- 
 ing black trefoil (cc, the suit). 2. Association 
 of persons united by some common interest 
 meeting periodically for co-operation (Alpine, 
 golf, yacht, benefit, c.) or conviviality; body 
 of persons with cooptation by ballot combined 
 for social purposes & having premises (c-house) 
 for resort, meals, temporary residence, &c (c- 
 land, St James's in London, where cc. cluster), 
 whence cIu'Ddom n., elu'DLESS a. [ME clubbe 
 perh. f. OX clubba by assim. f. clumba = clump; 
 sense 2 prob. = knot of persons] 
 
 club 2 , v.t. & i. Beat with c; use butt of 
 (gun) as c ; bring, come, into a mass ; contri- 
 bute (money, ideas) to common stock ; (intr.) 
 combine together, with, for joint action, making 
 up a sum, &c : (Mil.) get (one's men) into a con- 
 fused mass. [f. prec] 
 
 clu'bbable, a. Fit for membership of a club. 
 [club 1 , -able] 
 
 club-haul, v.t. Tack (ship, orabs.) by an- 
 choring & cutting cable, as device for getting 
 offlee-shore when there is not room to wear. [?] 
 
 cluck, n., & v.i. (Make) guttural cry of hen. 
 [cf. obs. & dial, clock (OE cloccian) ; imit.] 
 
 clue (-oo), n. Fact or principle that serves as 
 guide, or suggests a line of inquiry, in any pro- 
 blem, investigation, or study ; thread of story, 
 train of thought ; (also rarely in other senses 
 of) clew. Hence clue'LESS a. [ = clew] 
 
 elu'mber, n. Kind of spaniel. [C. in Notts.] 
 
 clump, n., & v.i. & t. Cluster of trees or 
 shrubs (usu. of); (also c.-sole) extra thickness 
 of leather added to sole, usu. nailed on. (Vb) 
 tread heavily ; heap or plant together ; provide 
 (boot) with c [cf. G khimpen, Du. klomp, ON 
 clumba & clubba club] 
 
CLUMSY 
 
 155 
 
 COAT 
 
 clu'msy (-zi), a. Awkward in movement or 
 shape, ungainly; ill-contrived; without tact. 
 Hence elu'msiLY 2 adv., clirmsiNESS n. If. 
 obs. clumse be stiff with cold ; cf. Norw. 
 klumsa paralyse, & clem, clammy] 
 
 clunch (-tsh), n. Soft white limestone used 
 for internal carving- work. Iperh. var. of clump, 
 cf. bump bunch, hump hunch] 
 
 clung*. See cling. 
 
 clu'ster, n., & v.t. & i. Group of similar 
 things, esp. such as grow together, bunch ; 
 swarm, group, of persons, animals, &c. ; (vb) 
 bring or come into, be in, a c. or cc. (clustered 
 columns, pillars, shafts, several close together, 
 or disposed round or half detached from pier). 
 [OE clyster prob. cogn. w. clot] 
 
 clutch \ v.t. & i. Seize eagerly, grasp tight- 
 ly ; snatch at. [OE clyccean f. OTeut. (foil.)] 
 
 clutch 2 , n. Tight grasp ; (pi.) grasping hands, 
 cruel grasp; a grasping at; (Mech.) arrange- 
 ment for throwing working parts into or out 
 of action, gripping-piece of crane. |ME cloke 
 claw n. f. OTeut. kluk- cf. prec] 
 
 clutch 3 , n. Set of eggs ; brood of chickens, 
 [earlier cletch f. deck to hatch (cf. bake batch) 
 f. ON clekja] 
 
 elu'ttep, n., & v.i. (Bustle, run, with) con- 
 fused noise or movement, loss of self-possession, 
 [var. of obs. clotter coagulate (clot, -er 5 )] 
 
 cly'peus, n. Shield-like part of insect's head. 
 Hence elypeAL, clypeATE 2 , elypelFORM, 
 aa., clypeo- comb. form. [L,= shield] 
 
 CO-, pref. L short form of com- {cum prep, 
 with), used in L only before vowels, h, gn, & (in 
 the correct clas. form) n, but in E as living pref. 
 before any letter. (1) Prefixed to vbs, = with 
 other subjects (cooperate) or objects {co-adjust); 
 to adjj. & advv.,= jointly, together, mutually, 
 (cocternally , coadjacent); & to nouns, = joint, 
 mutual, (coheir, coequality). (2) In some math, 
 words, short for compl°,ment, = ' cf th3 comple- 
 ment ', 'complement o ', as cosine, c<>-dxh na- 
 tion. In unfamiliar words, a hyphen or diaere- 
 sis is used to indicate pronunciation, and the 
 threemethods (cooperate, co-operate, cooperate) 
 are employed arbitrarily. 
 
 edaeerva'tion, n. Heaping together, pile, 
 [f. L co(acervatio f. acervare f. acervus heap, 
 see -ation)] 
 
 coach (-tsh), n., & v.i. & t. State carriage ; 
 (also stage-c.) large four-wheeled & usu. four- 
 horsed close carriage with seats inside and on 
 the roof carrying passengers at fixed rates & 
 times Avith stoppages for meals & relays of 
 horses; hackney-c. ; mourning-c. ; slow-c. ; 
 (official name for) railway carriage; (Naut.) 
 room near stern of man-of-war ; private tutor ; 
 trainer of crew for boatrace ; drive c. <&■ six 
 through Act of Parliament, stultify it ; c.-box, 
 driver's seat ; c.-dog, = CARRiAGE-dogr ; c.-house, 
 outhouse for carriages ; coachman, driver of any 
 carriage, whence coa*chmansHiP(3) n.; hence 
 eoa*chFUL(2) n. (Vb) travel in, go by, stage-c. 
 (in the old coaching days) ; tutor, train, (pupil 
 for examination, crew for race) ; give hints to, 
 prime with facts ; (intr.) read with tutor, [f. F 
 coche f. Magyar kocsi adj. f. Kocs place-name] 
 
 coa'djutor, n. Assistant, [f. OF coadjuteur 
 f. L co(adjutorem f. ADjuvare -jut- help, -or 2 )] 
 
 coa'dunate (-at), a. (physiol. & bot.). Con- 
 genially united, [f. L co(adunatus p.p. of 
 ADunare make one f. unus one)] 
 
 coa'g-ulate, v.t. & i. Change (t. & i.) from 
 fluid to more or less solid state, clot, curdle, set, 
 solidify. Hence or cogn. eoagnlA'TiON, eo- 
 a*gulatOR 2 (2), eoa*g"ulANT(2), nn. [f. obs. co- 
 
 agulate adj. f. L coagulare f. coagulum n. f. 
 co(agere bring) usu. cogere collect ; -ate 2 . 3] 
 
 coai'ta (koi-), n. Small S.-Amer. monkey 
 (Red-faced Spider-monkey), [f. Braz. coatd] 
 
 coal, n., & v.t. & i. Hard opaque black or 
 blackish mineral of carbonized vegetable mat- 
 ter found in seams or strata below earth's sur- 
 face & used as fuel & in manufacture of gas, 
 tar, &c. (cc, pieces of it ready for supplying 
 fire ; chief kinds, anthracite, bituminous, 
 lignite; heap cc. of fire, return good for evil, 
 cf.Rom. xii. 20 ; blow the cc, fan flame of passion 
 &c. ; haul, call, over the cc, reprimand; cc to 
 Newcastle, superfluous action) ; c-bed, -seam, 
 stratum of c. ; c-black, quite ; c-box, -scuttle, 
 (vulg.) -vase, receptacle for c. to supply room 
 fire (c-scuttle bonnet, with front projection as 
 of inverted c.-box) ; c.-bunker; c.-dust, small 
 cc. ; c-factor, middleman between c. -owners & 
 customers ; c-field, district with series of c. 
 strata ; c.-fish, black cod ; c.-flap, -plate, cover 
 of c. -cellar opening in pavement ; c-gas, mixed 
 gases extracted from c. & used for lighting & 
 heating ; c-heaver, man employed in moving 
 c. ; c.-hole, small c-cellar ; c-master, -owner, 
 owner or lessee of c-mine or c-pit= colliery ; 
 c-measurc (geol.), series of rocks formed by 
 seams of c. & intervening strata; c-screen, 
 frame for parting large from small cc. ; c.-tar, 
 tar extracted from bituminous c, & yielding 
 paraffin, naphtha, benzene, creosote, & aniline 
 dyes; c.-tit, = coalmouse ; c-whipper, man, 
 machine, raising c. from ship's hold ; hence 
 coa'lLESS, coa'lY 2 , aa. (Vb) put c. into (ship 
 &c.) ; take in supply of c. [OE col, cf. G kohle] 
 
 coalesce (koale's), v.i. Come together & form 
 one (of material or immaterial things) ; com- 
 bine in a coalition (of statesmen, parties). So 
 coale'scENCE n., eoale'seENT a. [f. L co(a- 
 lescere alit- grow f. alere nourish)] 
 
 eoall'tion, n. Union, fusion ; (Pol.) tempo- 
 rary combination for special ends between 
 parties that retain distinctive principles. Hence 
 eoali*tioniST(l) n. [f. L coalitio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 coa'lmouse, cole-, n. Small dark-coloured 
 bird. [ME colmose f. OE colmdse (col coal + 
 mdse f. WG maisa kinds of small bird)] 
 
 eoa'ming' (ko-), n. Raised border round 
 hatches &c. of ship to keep out water. [?] 
 
 coarse (kors), a. Common, inferior, (c. fish, 
 fare) ; rough, loose, or large, in texture, grain, 
 or features ; not delicate in perception, manner, 
 or taste, unrefined ; rude, uncivil, vulgar ; ob- 
 scene (of language) ; c-fibred, -grained, lit. of 
 things, also fig. of persons = without delicacy. 
 Hence eoap'seLY 2 adv., coap'SEN 6 v.t. & i., 
 eoap'seNESS n., eoap'siSH ] (2) a. [f. phr. in 
 or of course = ordinary, cf. sense of mean 
 (average, low) & plain (ordinary, ugly)] 
 
 coast 1 , n. (Also sea-c) border of land near 
 sea, sea-shore; clear 1 c. ; (U.S. & Canada) 
 toboggan slide ; (hence through coast 2 ) down- 
 hill run on bicycle with feet up or still ; c- 
 guard(sman), Admiralty c. police(man). Hence 
 'coa'stWARD(s) adv., coa'stwiSE a. & adv. 
 IME & OF coste (now cote) f. L costa rib, side] 
 
 coast 2 , v.i. Sail along c, trade between 
 ports on same c. ; slide down-hill on toboggan, 
 bicycle down-hill without pedalling, [f. OF 
 costeier (now cotoyer) f. Rom. *costicarc as prec] 
 
 coat, n., & v.t. Man's sleeved usu. cloth body 
 garment (dress-c, with swallow tails for the 
 evening; c. -of mail ; frock-c. ; grcatc, out- 
 door, worn over another; red c, traditional 
 uniform of British soldier ; so redcoat, soldier ; 
 c. of arms, herald's tabard, gentleman's heraldic 
 
 For compounds oi co- not given consult CO- 
 
COATEE 
 
 156 
 
 COCK-A-HOOP 
 
 bearings or shield 'yC armour, blazonry, heral- 
 dic arms ; c.-card, now usu. court-, playing-card 
 with coated figure, king, queen, or knave ; trail 
 one's c. -tails, for some one to tread on, = seek 
 to pick quarrel ; dust one's ft, beat him ; turn 
 one's ft, change sides, desert; wear the king's 
 ft, serve as soldier) ; woman's stout buttoned 
 overcoat ; petticoat (archaic & dial. ; in litera- 
 ture esp. in kilt one's cc.) ; covering compared 
 to garment; beast's hair, fur, &c ; (Physiol.) 
 investing membrane Sec. of organ ; skin, rind, 
 husk, layer of bulb &c. ; covering of paint &c 
 laid on at once ; hence (-)eoatED 2 , eoa'tLESS, 
 aa. (Vb) put or (with paint Sec. as subj.) be 
 c. of paint, tin, &c, upon, (p.p.) covered over 
 with dust &c. [f. OF cote (now cotte petticoat) 
 f. med. L cotta cf. OHG chozza (garment of) 
 shaggy woollen stuff] 
 
 coatee*, n. Short-tailed (esp. mil.) coat, [-ee] 
 
 cda'ti (-ah-), n. American carnivorous mam- 
 mal like civet & racoon with long flexible 
 snout. [Braz. (cua cincture, tim nose)] 
 
 eoa*tingr» n. Layer of paint &c. ; material 
 for coats, [-ixg 1 ] 
 
 coax, v.t. & i. Persuade by blandishments 
 (to do, into doing or good temper &c. ; c. thing 
 out of person) ; c. away, out, Sec, entice ; prac- 
 tise wheedling. Hence eoa'XER 1 n. [ = fool 
 vb f. obs. cokes fool n. perh. cogn. w. cockxev] 
 
 coa'xal, -ial, a. (math.). Having common 
 axis, [co-, axis, -al] 
 
 cob \ n. Male swan ; stout short - legged 
 riding-horse, whence eo*bbv 2 a. ; (also c-nut) 
 large kind of hazel-nut ; roundish lump of coal 
 &c. ; corx-c. [?] 
 
 cob 2 , n. Composition of clay, gravel, & 
 straw, used for building walls. [?] 
 
 co'balt(-awlt), n. Reddish-grey metal similar 
 in many respects to nickel ; deep-blue pigment 
 made from it. Hence eoba'ltic, co'balti*- 
 ferous, coba*ltous (chem.), aa., cobalto- 
 comb. form. [G, prob. = kobold goblin of mines] 
 
 co'bble 1 , n., & v.t. (Also c-stone) water-worn 
 rounded stone of size used for paving (vb, pave 
 with these) ; (pi.) coals of this size. [cf. cob *] 
 
 co'bble 2 , v.t. Put together roughly ; mend, 
 patch up, (esp. shoes), [etym. dub. ; foil, is 
 quoted a century earlier] 
 
 eo'bblep, n. Mender of shoes ; clumsy work- 
 man ; (often sherry c.) iced drink of wine, sugar, 
 lemon, sucked through straw (origin unknown ; 
 from U.S.) ; c.'s wax, resinous substance used 
 for waxing thread. [?] 
 
 co*ble,:n. Flat-bottomed six-oared fishing-boat 
 with lug-saiL [cf. W ceubal, Bret, caubal] 
 
 eo'bra (de cape'llo) (dl), n. The venomous 
 Hooded Snake of India, with neck dilated like 
 hood under irritation. [Port. ; cobra f . L colubra 
 snake, capello hood, = F chapeau] 
 
 eo'bweb, n. & a. Spider's network, material 
 of it, thread of this ; thing of flimsy texture (so 
 adj., thin, flimsy), subtle fanciful reasoning; 
 musty rubbish (esp. fig. as cc. of the lau; of 
 antiquity ; blow away the cc, take an airing) ; 
 entanglement, mesh. Hence co'bwebbED 2 , 
 eo'bwebbv 2 , aa., eo'bwebbERv(5l n. [obs. 
 cob spider is prob. f. cobweb ; but cf. Flem, cobbe, 
 coppe, spider] 
 
 co'ea, n. (Leaves of) Bolivian shrub (chewed 
 as stimulant). [Sp., f. Peru v. cuca] 
 
 cocai'ne, n. Drug from coca producing local 
 insensibility. Hence eoeai # niZE(5) v.t.. eo- 
 eainizA'Tiox, eoeai*niSM(5), nn. • [-ixe 5 ] 
 
 eo'ecagee, n. A cider apple, cider from it. 
 [f. Ir. cac a ghttdh goose dung (so coloured)] 
 
 eo'eeyx (koks-), n. Small triangular bone 
 
 ending spinal column in man ; analogous part 
 in birds &c Hence or cogn. coeey'geAL, a., 
 eoeeygeo-, co*ccyg'(o)-, comb, forms. [L, f. 
 Gk kokkux -ugos cuckoo (like its bill)] 
 
 co'chin-ctii'na (kotsh-), n. & a. (Fowl) of 
 Cochin China breed. 
 
 cochineal (ko"tshinel), n. Dried bodies of 
 insect found on cactus in Mexico, used for 
 making scarlet dye & carmine, [f. F cochenille 
 f. It. cocciniglia {coccino f. L coccinum scarlet 
 robe f. coccum scarlet, orig. berry)] 
 
 co'chlea (-k-), n. (pi. -leae). Spiral cavity of 
 internal ear. [L,= snail] 
 
 cock 1 , n. 1. Male bird (alone of domestic 
 "fowl, as below, also of black-c. ; of other birds 
 only when aided by context ; in comb, in bird- 
 names, as peacock, woodcoc/c, & prefixed ~ 
 male as c.-robin ; c-sparrow, male sparrow, 
 small lively pugnacious person ; c. of the wood, 
 capercailye ; c. of the north, brambling ; c.-nest, 
 built by some cc, as wren, to roost in) ; male of 
 domestic fowl (cock-a-doodle-doo, its crow, 
 child's name for c); game 1 -*?. ; c.-dt-bull story, 
 idle invention, incredible tale; c.-crow, -crow- 
 ing, dawn ; c.-fighting, setting cc. to fight as 
 sport ; this beats c.-fighting, is inexpressibly 
 delightful ; live like fighting cc, on best of fare ; 
 that c wont fight, that plea, plan, will not do ; 
 c. lobster, male ; c.-shot, -shy, object set up to 
 be thrown at with sticks, stones, &c, as for- 
 merly cc. at Shrovetide, a throw at this ; cocks- 
 comb, crest of c, Yellow Rattle & other plants, 
 & see coxcomb ; cocksfoot, a pasture grass ; 
 cockshead, kinds of trefoil ; cockspur, cock's 
 spur, gas-burner of same shape ; c. of the walk, 
 dominant person (so c. of the school among 
 boys) ; old c, familiar vocative. 2. Tapped 
 spout, tap, (c.-metal, two parts copper to one of 
 lead) ; (not decent) penis; lever in gun raised 
 ready to be released by trigger (at half, full, -ft, 
 of gun half-ready or ready to be let off) : indi- 
 cating-tongue of balance. [OE cocc, cf. F coq, 
 LL coccus ; prob. imit. from its cluck ; sense 2 
 perh. f. resemblance of tap to c.'s head & comb] 
 
 cock 2 , v.t. & i. Erect, stick or stand up, 
 jauntily or defiantly (c. the ears, in attention ; 
 c. one's nose, in contempt ; c. a snook ; c. one's 
 eye, glance knowingly, wink) ; c. one's hat, set 
 it on aslant, also turn up the brim (cocked 
 hat, formerly, with brim fixed so, now, brim- 
 less triangular hat pointed before, behind, & 
 above, of various uniform costumes; knock 
 into a cocked hat, out of shape or recognition) ; 
 raise c. of (gun) in readiness for firing, [f. prec. 
 w. ref. to cock's comb, cro wing-attitude, &c] 
 
 cock 3 , n. Upward bend (of nose &c); sig- 
 nificant turn (of eye); way of cocking hat; 
 cocked state of gun (see cock ] ). [f. prec] 
 
 cock 4 , n., & v.t. (Heap hay, rarely corn, 
 into) small conical heap(s) in the field, [cf. 
 Xorw. kok a heap, ON kokkr lump] 
 
 cockabo'ndy, n. Kind of fishing-fly. [f. 
 W coch a bon ddu red with black trunk] 
 
 cocka'de, n. Rosette &c worn in hat as 
 badge of office or party or part of livery, esp. 
 black leather rosette (badge of House of Han- 
 over) worn by servants of persons serving 
 Crown. Hence eoeka'dED 2 a. [f. F coca rde 
 fern, of 16th-c coquard pert (coq cock 1 , -ard)] 
 
 co'ck-a-hoo'p, a. & adv. Exultant(ly), 
 with boastful crowing, [orig. doubtful ; there 
 were inn-signs Hart, Swan, Cock, Sec, on the 
 Hoop ; early quotations do not suggest the 
 bird ; an explanation (1670) is that the spigot 
 (cocA;) being, taken out and laid on hoop of 
 barrel, the running of the ale produced jollity] 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO-. 
 
COCKAIGNE 
 
 157 
 
 COERCE 
 
 Cockaig~ne, -ayne, n. Imaginary land 
 of idleness and luxury ; (punningly w. ref. to 
 cockney) London, [f. OF coquaigne pern. 
 = cake-land (L coquere cook)] 
 
 eoek-a-lee'kie. =cocky-leekv. 
 
 cockatoo*, n. Kinds of parrot with mov- 
 able crest, [f. Malay kakatua w. assim. to cock j ] 
 
 eo*ekatpiee(-i-or-i), n. =basilisk. [f. OF co- 
 catris f. L *calcatricem nom. -irtreader, transl. 
 of Gk ikhneumon ichneumon (ikhneud trace)] 
 
 co'ckboat, n. Small ship's boat. [f. obs. 
 cock cf. OF coque, Du. hog, etym. dub.] 
 
 co'ckchafep (-tsha-), n. Greyish-chestnut 
 beetle flying with loud whirring sound, [cock 1 
 perh. expressing size or vigour + chafer] 
 
 cocker 1 , v.t. Indulge, pamper, coddle, (child, 
 invalid, &c. ; usu. up), [perh. f. obs. cock vb 
 in same sense, & cf. etym. of cockney] 
 
 Co'eker 2 , n. According to C, exact, correct. 
 [E. C, famous teacher of arithmetic d. 1675] 
 
 eo'ekerel, n. Young cock ; pugnacious 
 youth, [dim. of cock *, cf. pickerel, mongrel] 
 
 eo*ek-eyed, a. (slang). Squinting ; crooked, 
 set aslant, not level, [cock 2 ] 
 
 eo'ek-hopse, adv. (Also a-cock-horse, see 
 A 2 ) astride, mounted, [in 16th c. = toy horse] 
 
 eo'ckle 1 , n. (Also Corn-c.) purple-flowered 
 plant growing among corn, esp. wheat ; disease 
 of wheat turning grains black. [OE coccul ; 
 excl. E. ; perh. f . a L dim. of coccum berry] 
 
 eo'ckle 2 , n. An edible bivalve; its shell; 
 small shallow boat (also c.-shell, c.-boat) ; cc. of 
 the heart, one's feelings (delight, warm, the cc. 
 &c.) [f. F coquille shell f. L conchy lia pi. of L 
 f. Gk kogkhulion dim. of kogkhe mussel] . 
 
 eo'ckle 3 , v.i. & t. , & n. (Make to) bulge, curl 
 up, pucker; (n.) bulge or wrinkle in paper, 
 glass, &c. [cf. F coquiller blister (of bread)] 
 
 eo'ckle 4 , n. Radiating-stove for heating 
 room. [perh. f. Du. kakel f. G kachel stove-tile] 
 
 eo'ek-loft, n. Small upper loft. [?] 
 
 co'ckney, n. & a. (Characteristic of a) native 
 of London (usu. contemptuous, esp. c. accent). 
 Hence eo'ckneyDOM, cockney e*se, nn., 
 eo'ckneyFY v.t., eo'ckneyiSH 1 a., co'ck- 
 neyiSM(2, 4) n., eo*ekneyizE(3) v.t. & i. [ME 
 coken-ey cock's egg (coken gen. pi., ey f. OE aeg) ; 
 orig. sense prob. small or ill-shaped egg (still 
 cock's egg in dial., & cf. G hahneneier) ; obs. 
 senses are 'child that sucketh long', 'one made 
 a wanton or nestle-cock of, townsman, the 
 limitation to London being later] 
 
 co'ckpit, n. Place made for cockfights ; 
 arena of any struggle ; after part of man-of- 
 war's orlop deck, quarters of junior officers, 
 used in action as hospital. 
 
 co'ckpoaeh, n. Nocturnal voracious dark- 
 brown beetle-like insect (also blackbeetle) in- 
 festing kitchens, [f. Sp. cucaracha etym. dub.] 
 
 cock-sure, a. Certain to happen, un- 
 doubtedly about to do ; quite convinced of, 
 about ; self-confident, dogmatic, presumptuous, 
 whence coeksupe'NESS n. [cock 1 used in- 
 tensively, sure] 
 
 cocksy, coxy, coxiness. = cocky &c. 
 
 co'cktail, n. & a., co*ckt ailed, a. (Horse) 
 with docked tail, of racing stamp but not 
 thorough -bred ; (person) placed above his birth 
 or breeding ; kind of beetle ; drink of spirit 
 with bitters, sugar, &c. (origin doubtful ; from 
 U.S.). [tail like that of cock, or that cocks up ; 
 sense half-bred f. docking of hunters & stage- 
 cqach horses] 
 
 eo'ck-up, n. (typog.). Initial letter much 
 taller than the rest, [cock 2 ] 
 
 eo'cky, eo'cksy, co'xy, a. Conceited, pert. 
 Hence eo'ekiLY 2 , co'xi-, adv., co'ckiNESS, 
 co'xi-, n. [cock 1 , - y 2 ] 
 
 cocky - lee'ky, n. Scotch soup of cock 
 boiled with leeks. 
 
 cockyo'lly bird, n. (Nursery phr. for) bird. 
 
 co'co, co'coa * (-ko), co'ker, n. (Also c.-nut, 
 c.-tree, c.-nut-tree) tropical palm-tree ; c.-nut, 
 its large ovate brown hard-shelled seed with 
 edible white lining enclosing whitish liquid 
 (c.-nut milk), (slang) human head ; c.-nut mat- 
 ting, made from fibre of nut's outer husk; 
 double c.-nut, much larger two-lobed seed of 
 Seychelles palm, [-a added f. confusion w. 
 foil. ; f. Port. & Sp. coco grimace ; coker chiefly 
 in commerc. use to avoid ambiguity] 
 
 co'coa 2 (-ko), n. Powder made from crushed 
 cacao seeds often with other ingredients ; drink 
 made from this or from the seeds; c. bean, 
 cacao seed ; c. nib, cotyledon of this ; c. powder, 
 kind of gunpowder, [corruption of cacao] 
 
 cocoo'n, n., & v.t. & i. Silky case spun by 
 larva to protect it as chrysalis, esp. that of 
 silkworm, whence cocoo*nERY(3) n. ; similar 
 structure made by other animals ; (vb) form, 
 wrap (oneself, thing &c.) in, c. [f. F. cocon 
 dim. of coque shell] 
 
 cod, n. Large sea fish (also c.-Jish) ; c.-bank, 
 submarine bank frequented by it ; c.-liver oil, 
 used as medicine, [excl. E, etym. dub.] 
 
 co'ddle, v.t., & n. Treat as invalid, keep 
 from cold & exertion, feed up ; (n.) person who 
 coddles himself or others, [perh. = caudle] 
 
 code, n., & v.t. Systematic collection of 
 statutes, body of laws so arranged as to avoid 
 inconsistency & overlapping, whence ed'diFY 
 v.t., co'diflER 1 , codiFiCA'TiON, nn. ; set of 
 rules on any subject; prevalent morality of a 
 society or class (esp. c. of honour) ; system of 
 mil. or nav. signals ; (Telegr.) set of words arbi- 
 trarily representing others or sentences &c. 
 for brevity or secrecy ; (vb ; also codify) put 
 (message) into c. words. [F, f. L codex] 
 
 co-declina*tion, n. (astr.). Complement of 
 the declination, North-Polar distance. [co-(2)] 
 
 co'deine, n. Alkaloid in opium used as 
 hypnotic, [f. Gk kodeia poppy-head + -ine 5 ] 
 
 co'cfex, n. (pi. -dices). Manuscript volume, 
 esp. of ancient Bible or classical texts. [L, 
 earlier caudex tree-trunk, tablet, book] 
 
 eo'dgrep, n. (colloq.). Fellow, buffer, queer 
 old person, [perh. var. of cadger] 
 
 ed'dieil, n. Supplementary addition, esp. 
 modifying or revoking will. So eodiei'llAR y x 
 a. [f. L codicillus (usu. pi.) dim. of codex] 
 
 eo'dling" 1, n. Small cod-fish. [-lingM2)J 
 
 co'dlinCg 1 ) 2 , n. Kinds of apple of long taper- 
 ing shape ; cc.-&-cream, willow-herb, [earlier 
 querdling perh. f. Ir. cueirt apple -f -ling a ] 
 
 eo-eduea'tion, n. Education of boys & girls 
 together. Hence co-educa*tionAL a. [co-] 
 
 coeff i'eient, n. Joint agent or factor ; (Alg.) 
 number placed before and multiplying another 
 quantity known or unknown ; (Physics) multi- 
 plier that measures some property (c. of fric- 
 tion, expansion, &c); differential c, quantity 
 measuring rate of change of a function of any 
 variable with respect to that variable, [co-] 
 
 coe'liac (se-), a. (physiol.). Of the belly, [f. 
 L f. Gk koiliakos (koilia belly f. koilos hollow)] 
 
 eoe'l(o)- (se-), in sci. wds, f. Gk koilos hollow. 
 
 coe'n(o)- (se-) in comb = Gk koinos common. 
 
 coenobite (se-), ee'n-, n. Member of religi- 
 ous community. Hence eoenobi'tic(AL) aa. r 
 coe*nobitiSM(3) n. [f. LL coenobita f. LL f. 
 Gkkoinobion convent (coeno-, bios life)] 
 
 coe'qual, a. & n. (Archaic, theolog., or em- 
 phatic, for) equal. Hence coequa'liTY (-kwol-) 
 n. , eoe'qualL y 2 adv. [co-] 
 
 eoep'ee, v.t. & i. Forcibly constrain or impel 
 (person) into quiet, obedience, or any course 
 
COERCION 
 
 158 
 
 COHORT 
 
 (into, rarely to do, or abs.) ; use force, secure by 
 force (a coerced obedience). Hence eoeP'ClBLE 
 a. [f. L co(ercere ercit- = arcere shut up) J 
 coep'eion (-shn), n. ControUing of voluntary 
 agent or action by force ; government by force, 
 esp. of Ireland by suspension of ordinary liber- 
 ties (C. Act, Bill, with such exceptional provi- 
 sions). Hence coep'cionAKV l a., eoep'eion- 
 ist(2) n. & a. [f. OF cohercion f. L coerc(i)tionem 
 
 (COERCE, -ION)] 
 
 eoep'eive, a. Of, acting by, exercising, coer- 
 cion. Hence coep'civeLY 2 adv., coer'eive- 
 
 ness n. [irreg. f. coerce + -ive] 
 edesse'ntial, a. Of the same substance or 
 essence, [co-] 
 
 coeta'neous, a. = coeval a. [f. LL co(ae- 
 taneus f. L aetas age) + -ous] 
 coetep'nal, a. Alike eternal. So coetep*- 
 nalLV 2 adv. [co-] 
 
 ede'val, a. & n. (Person) of same date of 
 origin, of same age, existing at same epoch, of 
 same duration. Hence coeva'liTY n., coe*- 
 valLY 2 adv. [f. L co(aevus f. aevian age)] 
 co-exe'cutop, oo-exe'cutpix, nn. Joint 
 executor, executrix. [co-J 
 coexi'st, v.i. Exist together or with. So 
 coexi'stENT a., eoexi'stENCE n. [co-] 
 coexte'nsive, a. Extending over same 
 space or time, [co-] 
 cd'ffee, n. Drink made from seeds of a shrub 
 roasted & ground ; light meal with c, c. as final 
 course at dinner; the shrub, its seeds raw, 
 roasted, or ground ; c.-bean, the seed ; c.-cup, 
 of special shape or size ; c.-grounds, sediment 
 after infusion ; c.-house, refreshment house ; 
 e.-mill, for grinding seeds ; c.-pot, for making 
 or serving c. in; c.-room, public dining-room 
 of hotel ; c.-tavern, temperance refreshment 
 house, [f. Turk. f. Arab, qahweh the drink] 
 ed'ffep, n. Box, esp. for valuables ; (pi.) 
 treasury, funds; sunk panel in ceiling &c. ; c- 
 dam, water-tight case in bridge -building, 
 caisson, [f. OF cofre f. L f. Gk. kopfunos basket ; 
 cf. order, F ordre, L ordinem] 
 cd'ffln, n., & v.t. Chest in which corpse is 
 buried ; drive nail into one's c, hasten his, 
 one's, death by annoyance, intemperance, &c; 
 unsea worthy ship ; horse's hoof below coronet 
 (c.-bone, last phalangeal bone of foot; c.-joint, 
 at top of hoof) ; c- plate, of metal in lid with 
 deceased's name &c. ; hence eo'fflnLESS a. 
 (Vb) put in c, store away (e. g. books) inac- 
 cessibly, [f. OF cofin f. L as prec] 
 co'ffle, n. Train of beasts, slaves, &c, fas- 
 tened together, [f. Arab, qafilah caravan] 
 cog 1 , n. One of series of projections on edge 
 of wheel or side of bar transferring motion by 
 engaging with another series ; hunting c, extra 
 c. on one wheel &c. securing constant variation 
 in the cc. engaged ; c.-wtteel, with cc. Hence 
 eo*g'g'ED 2 a. [cf. Sw. kugge, Norw. kug\ 
 cog 2 , v.t. C. dice, fraudulently control the 
 way they fall (cogged dice for loaded dice is a 
 mistake of modern archaists). [?1 
 c6*g"ent, a. Forcible, convincing, (of argu- 
 ment, &, usu. now playfully as though by 
 transf. from this, of motive, compulsion, &c). 
 Hence eo*g"ENCY n., eo'g-entLY 2 adv. [F, f. 
 L cogere = co(agere drive), -ent] 
 ed'gitable, a. Able to be grasped by reason, 
 conceivable, [f. L. cogitabilis (foil., -able)] 
 ed'gitate, v.i. & t. Ponder, meditate ; de- 
 vise; (Philos.) form conception of. Hence or 
 cogn. cogitA - TiON n., eo'gitATivE a., eo'gl- 
 tativeLY 2 adv., eo'gritativeNESS n. [f. L 
 cogitare-co(agitare agitate) think, -ate s ] 
 
 cognac (ko'nyak), n. French brandy, prop, 
 that distilled from C. wine, [place-name] 
 
 co'grnate, a. & n. Descended from common 
 ancestor (cf. agnate), akin in origin, nature, 
 or quality; a relative. (Philol.) of same lin- 
 guistic family ; representing same original 
 word ; of parallel development in different 
 allied languages (father is c. with L pater, pa- 
 ternal is derived from it) ; a c. word ; (Gram.) 
 c. object or accusative, one of kindred meaning 
 to vb, used adverbially, not as true object (in 
 die the death, death is c, in he slew death it is 
 object). Hence eo'grnateNESS n. [f. L co(gna- 
 tus born usu. natus f. gn-, gen-, gon-, beget] 
 
 cogria'tion, n. Cognate relationship, now 
 esp. in philology, [f. L cognatio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 eognPtion, n. (philos.). Action or faculty of 
 knowing, perceiving, conceiving, as opposed to 
 emotion & volition ; a perception, sensation, 
 notion, or intuition. So eognPtionAL, co'g- 
 nitiVE, aa. [f. L cognitio f. co(gwoscere -gnit- 
 apprehend f. gno- know, usu. noscere)] 
 
 edg'nizable (also ko'g-), a. Perceptible ; 
 recognizable ; within the jurisdiction of a court 
 &c. Hence cog"nizabLY 2 adv. [f. foil. + -able] 
 
 cog'nizance (also ko'g-), n. Being aware, 
 notice, sphere of observation, (have c. of, know, 
 esp. in a legitimate or official way ; take c. of, 
 attend to, not allow to go unobserved ; fall 
 within, be beyond, one's c, of things that fairly 
 concern, do not concern, one) ; (right of) dealing 
 with a matter legally or judicially (with phrr. 
 as above in legal sense) ; distinctive mark, as 
 crest, coat of arms, badge, [f. OF conls(s)ance 
 var. of conoissance f. L coynoscent- part. st. of 
 cognoscere see cognition, -ance ; -z- (cf. the 
 later cognize) due to confusion w. -ize] 
 
 cog"nizant (also ko'g-), a. Having know- 
 ledge, being aware, of', (Philos.) having.'cogni- 
 tion. [f. prec, see -ant] 
 
 eognPze (kog-), v.t. (philos.). Have cognition 
 of. [on anal, of cognizance & recognize & of 
 vbs rightly ending in -ize] 
 
 cogno'men, n. Nickname ; surname ; name ; 
 (Rom. Ant.) third or family name, as Cicero, 
 Caesar, or fourth name or personal epithet, as 
 Africanus. [L, co-, (g)nomen name f. st. of 
 (g)noscere know] 
 
 cogrio'scible, a. Capable of being known 
 (esp. philos.). Lf. L cognoscere see cognition 
 + -ible] 
 
 cogno'vit, n. (legal). Defendant's acknow- 
 ledgment, to save expense, that plaintiffs cause 
 is just. [I/, =he has acknowledged] 
 
 coha'bit, v.i. Live together, esp. as husband 
 & wife (usu. of persons not married). So co- 
 habitA'TiON n. [f. F cohabiter f. L co(habitare 
 dwell frequent, of habere holdj] 
 
 coheip*, coheip'ess (koar-), nn. Male, 
 female, joint heir, [co-] 
 
 cohere', v.i. Stick together, remain united, 
 (of parts or whole) ; be consistent, well knit, (of 
 arguments, style, &c). [f. L cohaerere -haes-] 
 
 cohep'ent, a. Cohering; consistent, easily 
 followed, not rambling or inconsequent, (of 
 argument, narration, &c). So cohep'ENCE, 
 cohep'ENCY, nn., eohep'entLY 2 adv. [f. F 
 coherent f. L (prec, -ent)] 
 
 eohe'pitop, n. = coheir, [co-] 
 
 cohe'sion (-zhn), n. Sticking together, force 
 with which molecules cohere ; tendency to re- 
 main united. Soeohe'sivE a., cohe'siveLY 2 
 adv., cohe'siveNESS n. [f. F cohesion (L co- 
 haes- see cohere, -ion)] 
 
 eo'hopt, n. Division of Roman army ; band 
 of warriors ; persons banded together, [f. F 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult co-. 
 
COIF 
 
 159 
 
 COLLAR 
 
 cohorte f. L cohortem nom. -ors (co-, hort- en- 
 close, cf. L hortus garden, E garth, garden)] 
 
 coif, n. (hist.). Close cap covering top, back, 
 and sides, of head ; serjeant-at-law's white cap. 
 [f. OF coife perh. f. MHG kupfe] 
 
 coiffeur (kwahfer'), n. Hair-dresser. [F] 
 
 coiffure (kwahfoor*, or as F), n. Way one's 
 hair is dressed. 
 
 coign (koin), n. C. of vantage, place affording 
 good view of something, [old form of coin, 
 quoin, preserved by Macb. I. vi. 7] 
 
 coil 1 , v.t. & i. Dispose (rope &c.) in concen- 
 tric rings ; twist (t. & i., often up) into circular 
 or spiral shape ; move sinuously, [perh. = F 
 cueillir f. L coh(ligere-legere gather)] 
 
 coil 2 , n. Length of coiled rope, spring, &c. ; 
 arrangement, thing arranged, in concentric 
 circles ; single turn of coiled thing, e. g. snake ; 
 lock of hair twisted & coiled ; wire, piping, &c, 
 in circles or symmetric curves ; (Electr.) spiral 
 wire for passage of current, [f. prec.] 
 
 coil 3 , n. (archaic & poet.). Disturbance, much 
 ado, noise, (thus mortal ft, turmoil of life). [?] 
 
 coin 1 , n. Piece of metal made into money 
 by official stamp ; metal money ; money ; false 
 &, imitation in base metal &c, (fig.) anything 
 spurious; pay one in his own ft, give tit for 
 tat. Hence eoi'nLESS a. [F, = wedge, corner 
 (cf. coign, quoin), stamping-die, f. L cuneus] 
 
 coin 2 , v.t. Make (money) by stamping metal 
 (c. money, get money fast) ; make (metal) into 
 money ; make money by means of (one's brains 
 &c.) ; invent, fabricate, (esp. new word), [f. OF 
 coignier f. coin see prec] 
 
 coi'nage, n. Coining ; coins ; system of 
 coins in use (decimal ft, in which each value is 
 ten times the next below) ; fabrication (the c. 
 of one's brain), invention, coined word. [f. 
 OF coignaige see prec, -age] 
 
 cdirici'de, v.i. Occupy same portion of 
 space ; occur at and occupy same time ; agree 
 together or with ; concur in opinion &c. [r. F 
 co'incider f. med. L co-iN(culere = cadere fall)] 
 
 coincidence, n. (Instance of) being coin- 
 cident ; notable concurrence of events or cir- 
 cumstances without apparent causal connex- 
 ion. [F, see foil., -ence] 
 
 coincident, a. Coinciding. Hence eoi'n- 
 cidentLY 2 adv. [F, see coincide, -ent] 
 
 coincidental, a. Of the nature of (a) coin- 
 cidence, [f. prec. + -al] 
 
 coi'ner, n. In vbl senses; esp., maker of 
 counterfeit coin, [coin 2 + -er J ] 
 
 coi nstanta'neous, a. Exactly at the same 
 moment, [co-] 
 
 coir, n. Coco-nut fibre, used for ropes, mat- 
 ting_, &c. [f. Malayalam kayar cord] 
 
 coi'tion, n. Sexual copulation, [f. L coitio 
 f . co(ire it- go)] 
 
 coke, n., & v.t. (Convert' coal into) solid 
 •substance left when volatile parts have been 
 distilled from coal. [prob. f. obs. colk core cf. 
 OFris. & LG kolk hole] 
 
 col, n. Depression in mountain-chain. [F, = 
 neck, col, f. L collum neck] 
 
 col-, form taken by com- before I. 
 
 co'la, k-, n. W.-Afr. tree; (also c.-nut, 
 -seed), its seed, used as condiment, tonic, and 
 antidote to alcohol. [W.-Afr.] 
 
 eo'lander (ku), eu'llender, n., & v.t. 
 (Pass through a) perforated vessel used as 
 strainer in cookery ; similar appliance for cast- 
 ing shot, [corruption of med.L colatorium 
 {colare strain, -ory)] 
 
 eo-la*titude, n. (astr.). Complement of lati- 
 tude, difference between it & 90°. [co-(2)] 
 
 eolea'nnon, n. Irish dish of cabbage and 
 potatoes pounded and stewed. [?] 
 
 co'lehicum (-kl-), n. Meadow-saffron ; drug 
 extracted from it used for gout. [L, f. Gk 
 kolkhikon neut. adj. (Kolkhis on Black Sea, -ic)] 
 
 eo'leothar, n. Red peroxide of iron used in 
 polishing glass &c. [f. Arab, qolqotar] 
 
 cold 1 , a. Of low temperature, ' esp. when 
 compared with human body or with that usual 
 in things like the one in question (ice, key, 
 stone, -ft, c. as these; c.-blooded, of fish & rep- 
 tiles, also fig. of sluggish persons, & see below ; 
 c.-livered, unemotional; c. steel, sword, bayonet, 
 &c, opposed to fire-arms) ; not heated or having 
 cooled after heat (c. water ; throw c. water on 
 plan, discourage it; c. in death or c, dead; 
 c.-pig, water thrown on sleeper to wake him, 
 also as v.t. ; c.-hammer, work metal in c. state ; 
 c. -chisel ; c. without, c. sugarless spirit & 
 water ; c. meat ; c. shoulder, of roast mutton, 
 give the c. s. to, entertain poorly, show distaste 
 for company of, also c.-s. as v.t. ; in c. blood, 
 without the excuse of heat or excitement, of 
 cruelty &c., whence coldbloodED 2 a., cold- 
 bloo'dedNESS n.) ; feeling c. ; slow to absorb 
 heat (of clayey soil) ; without ardour, friendli- 
 ness, or affection, undemonstrative, apathetic, 
 (so cold-heartED 2 a., eold-heap'tedNESs 
 n., cold-heap'tedLY 2 adv. ; idea leaves one 
 ft, unmoved, not impressed) ; chilling, depres- 
 sing, uninteresting, (c. comfort, counsel, news) ; 
 faint (of scent in hunting) ; c. colours, blue, 
 grey, &c, opp. red, yellow, &c. ; c.-draxen 
 castor oil ; c. coil, tube coiled round inflamed 
 part with c. water running in it ; c. blast, of c. 
 air forced into furnace ; c. cream. Hence 
 eo , ldiSH 1 (2) a., eo'ldLV 2 adv., co'ldNESs n. 
 [OE cald, com.-Teut. cf. G kalt, cogn. w. L gel-) 
 
 cold 2 , n. Prevalence in atmosphere, or rarely 
 in any object, of low temperature (left out in 
 the c, not looked after) ; inflamed state of 
 mucous membrane, with hoarseness, running 
 at nose, sore throat, &c. (catch 1 ft). Hence 
 co'ldPROOF a. [OE cald neut. adj. see prec] 
 
 co'ld-shopt, a. Brittle in its cold state (of 
 iron), [f. Scand. (Da. kold-skjor) skor brittle 
 w. assim. to short as in shortbread] 
 
 cole, n. (Old name, now rare exc. in comb., 
 for) kinds of cabbage &c, as Rape, Sea-Kale ; 
 c.-seed, plant from which colza oil is got. [f. L 
 caidis stem, cabbage] 
 
 c 61 eo*p t erou s, a. Of the order of Coleoptera 
 or beetles, with front wings converted into 
 sheaths for hinder, [f. Gk koleopteros (koleon 
 sheath, pteron wing) + -ous] 
 
 co'lic, n. Severe griping pains in belly. Hence 
 eo'lickY 2 a. [f. F colique f. L f. Gk kolikos 
 (colon \ -ic)] 
 
 colla'bopate, v.i. Work in combination 
 (with, or abs.) esp. at literary or artistic pro- 
 duction. So eollaboPATioN, colla'bopa- 
 tOR 2 , nn. [f. L col (laborare labour 2 ), -ate 3 ] 
 
 colla'pse, n., & v.i. (Undergo, experience, 
 a) falling in, sudden shrinking together, giving 
 way, prostration by loss of nervous or muscular 
 power, breakdown of mental energy, loss of 
 courage. Hence colla , psED 1 (2) a. [(n. f. L 
 collapsus -us) f. coUlabi laps- slip)] 
 
 colla'psible, -able, a. So made as to col- 
 lapse when required for packing &c. [-ble] 
 
 eo'UaP 1 , n. Neckband, upright or turned 
 over, of coat, dress, shirt, &c. ; band of linen, 
 lace, &c., completing upper part of costume: 
 neck-chain of order of knighthood ; c. of SS or 
 esses, formerly badge of House of Lancaster, 
 still in some officials' costume ; leather or metal 
 band round dog's or prisoner's neck ; roll round 
 horse's neck bearing weight of draught (c- 
 harness, opp. breast ^-harness ; c.-work, hard 
 pulling esp. up hill, & fig. of severe effort, so 
 
COLLAR 
 
 160 
 
 COLLOGUE 
 
 also against the c.) ; restraining or connecting 
 band, ring, pipe, in machines &c. ; arrange- 
 ment connecting several fishing-flies ; coloured 
 stripe round animal's neck; piece of meat, 
 brawn, fish, tied in roll ; c.-bone, joining breast- 
 bone & shoulder-blade, clavicle. Hence (-)eo*l- 
 laPED 2 , co'llaPLESS, aa. Lf. OF colier f. L 
 collare (collum neck, -ar 1 )] 
 eo'llap 2 , v.t. Seize (person) by the c, capture ; 
 (Footb.) lay hold of and stop (opponent holding 
 ball); (slang) appropriate; press (meat &c.) 
 into roll. [f. prec] 
 
 c611ape*t(te), n. Woman's collar of lace, 
 fur, &c. [f. F collerette (collier collar 1 , -ette)] 
 eolla'te, v.t. Compare in detail (copies of 
 text or document, one copy with another) ; 
 (Bookbinding) verify order of (sheets) by signa- 
 tures ; appoint (clergyman) to benefice (only of 
 the Ordinary). So eolla'tOR 2 n. [f. L col- 
 (lat- |>.p. st. oiferre bring)) 
 colla'teral, a. & n. Side by side, parallel ; 
 subordinate but from same source or contri- 
 butory, connected but aside from main subject, 
 course, &c. ; of common descent but by diffe- 
 rent line (so as noun = c. kinsman). Hence 
 eolla'teralLY 2 adv. [f. med. L coi.(lateralis 
 f. latiis -eris side)] 
 
 colla'tion, n. In vbl senses of collate ; 
 also : (R.-C. Ch.) light repast in evening of fast- 
 day ; light meal (usu. cold c.) often at ex- 
 ceptional time. [OF, f. L collationem (collate, 
 -ion) ; sense repast from Benedictine monastery 
 readings of Lives of the Fathers (collationes 
 patrum ; collatio also of the reading & debate 
 on it) followed by light repast] 
 eoileague (-eg), n. One of two or more 
 holders of joint office (usu. with my Sec), [f. F 
 collegue f. L coi,(lega f. legere choose)] 
 'co'llect l , n. Short prayer of Common Prayer 
 Book, esp. one of those appropriated to days or 
 seasons & read before Epistle & in morning 
 & evening prayer, [f. F collecte t L collecta 
 fern. p.p. of colligere collect 2 ; orig. sense 
 perh. summing up (of thought appropriate to 
 occasion) ; for noun use of p.p. cf. e. g. army] 
 collect 2 , v.t. & i. Assemble, accumulate, 
 bring or come together ; get (taxes, contribu- 
 tions) from a number of people ; secure (speci- 
 mens, books, &c.) for addition to a set ; regain 
 control of, concentrate, recover, (oneself, one's 
 thoughts, energies, courage ; collected, not dis- 
 tracted, cool, whence eofiectedLY 2 adv. ; c. 
 a horse, keep him in hand, not let him sprawl) ; 
 infer, gather, conclude. Hence eolleetABLE, 
 -ible, a. [f. obs. collect adj. f. L collectus p.p. 
 of QOiAligere-legere pick)] 
 cof/ecta'nea, n. pi. Collected passages, 
 miscellany. [L, neut. pi. adj.] 
 collection, n. Collecting ; collecting of 
 money, money collected, at meeting or Church 
 service for charitable or religious purpose ; 
 accumulation of water, dust, &c. ; group of 
 things collected & belonging together (literary 
 materials, specimens, works of art, &c.) ; (pi.) 
 college terminal examination at Oxford &c. 
 [OF, f. L collectionevi (collect 2 , -ion)] 
 collective, a. & n. Formed by, constituting 
 a, collection, taken as a whole, aggregate, (c. 
 fruit, resulting from many flowers, as mul- 
 berry) ; of, from, many individuals, common, 
 (c. note, signed by several States ; c. ownership, 
 of land, means of production, &c, by all for 
 benefit of all, whence eolle'ctiviSM, col- 
 le'ctiviST, nn.); (Gram. & Log.) c. noun, c. 
 idea, or c, used in sing, to express many 
 individuals, as cattle, troop, duck. Hence col- 
 
 leetiveLY 2 adv., eollecti'viTY n. [f. L col- 
 lectivus (as prec, -ive)] 
 
 collector, n. One who collects (specimens, 
 curiosities, railway tickets at station, money 
 due, esp. taxes, rent, & subscriptions) ; collect- 
 ing-apparatus in various machines; (I.C.S.) 
 chief official of district collecting revenue & 
 holding magisterial powers, whence (office & 
 district) coflectoPATE 1 n. Hence eollee- 
 toPSHip n. [med. L, as prec. + -or 2 ] 
 
 eo'llege (-ij), n. Body of colleagues with com- 
 mon functions & privileges (Sacred C, c. of 
 cardinals, the Pope's council of 70 ; Herald's 
 C. or C. of Anns ; C. of Physicians, Preceptors, 
 &c.) ; independent corporation of scholars in 
 university, usu. with master, fellows, scholars, 
 & students not on foundation ; similar founda- 
 tion outside university (as Eton, Dulwich) ; 
 small degree-giving university ; institution for 
 higher education affiliated to university ; place 
 of professional study (army, naval, of agricul- 
 ture, &c.) ; large public secondary school (Marl- 
 borough); (pretentious name for) private school; 
 buildings of any of these ; c. living, benefice in 
 gift of a c. ; c.-pudding, small plum-pudding for 
 one person. Hence eollegiAL a. [f. OF col- 
 lege f. L collegium (collega colleague)] 
 
 ecllegep, n. One of seventy foundation 
 scholars at Eton, [-er *] 
 
 collegian, n. Member of a college, [-an] 
 
 collegiate l (-at), a. Constituted as, belong- 
 ing to, a college or body of colleagues, ^corpor- 
 ate \ c. church, endowed for chapter but with no 
 see^ (Sc. & U.S.) under joint pastorate ; c. school, 
 of high pretensions. Hence colle'giateLY 2 
 adv. [f. L collegiatus (college, -ate 2 )] 
 
 collegiate 2 , v.t. Make c. [as prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 co'llet, n. Encompassing band, ferrule, sock- 
 et, flange holding gem, bezel. [F, dim. of col] 
 
 colli'de, v.i. Come into collision; be in con- 
 flict, [f. L co\.(lidere lis- = laedere hurt)] 
 
 co'llie, -y, n. Scotch sheep-dog. [cf. obs. adj'. 
 colly = coaly ; perh. as orig. black] 
 
 cd'lliep, n. Coal-miner, whence co*lliERY(3) 
 n. ; coal-ship ; sailor on this, [coal, -ier] 
 
 co'lligate, v.t. Bring into connexion (esp. 
 isolatedfacts by a generalization). SocolligA*- 
 tion n. [f. L coUligare bind), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 co'llimate, v.t. Adjust line of sight of (tele- 
 scope &c), make parallel (telescopes, rays). 
 Hence eollimA'TlON n. [collimare false read- 
 ing in Cicero for C0L(li7ieare f. linea line)] 
 
 ecllimatop, n. Small attached telescope 
 for collimating an instrument ; tube in spectro- 
 scope throwing parallel rays on prism. [-OR 2 ] 
 
 colli'neap, a. In same straight line, [col-] 
 
 colli'sion (-izhn).n. Dashing together, violent 
 encounter of moving body, esp. ship or railway 
 train, with another ; (fig.) harsh combination 
 (of consonants) /clashing of opposed interests 
 &c. (esp. inc., come intoc. with); (Naut.) c.-mat, 
 ready for putting over hole made by c. [f. L 
 
 COllisio (COLLIDE, -ION)] 
 
 eo'llocate, v.t. Place together ; arrange ; 
 station, set in particular place. So eolloc ac- 
 tion n. [f. L coL(Zocare f. locus place) station] 
 
 celloeutop, n. Partaker in talk, as my c. 
 said. [LL, f. col(Zoqiu locut- talk), -or 2 ] 
 
 eolld'dion, n. Solution of gun-cotton in ether 
 filming when exposed, used in photography & 
 surgery. Hence collo'dionED 2 a., eollo*- 
 dioniZE(o) v.t., eollodio- comb. form. [f. Gk 
 kollodes (kolla glue, -ode)] 
 
 eollegue (-og), v.i. Talk confidentially (with 
 suggestion of plotting, an obs. sense), [cf. F col- 
 logue conference, & obs. colleague vb plot] 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO-. 
 
COLLOID 
 
 161 
 
 COLT 
 
 co'lloid, a. & n. Gluey (substance); (Path.) 
 c. tissue &c., degenerated, into homogeneous 
 gelatinous consistency (also c, such substance); 
 (Chem.) (substance) in non-crystalline solid 
 state. Hence colloi'dAL a. [GkfcoZ/aglue,-oiD] 
 
 co'llop, n. Slice of meat ; (bibl.) fold of skin 
 in fat person or animal, [f. 14th c, orig. sense 
 fried ham and eggs, etym. dub.] 
 
 eollo'quial, a. In or of talk, oral ; belonging 
 to familiar speech, not used in formal or ele- 
 vated language. Hence eollo*quialiSM(3, 4), 
 collo'quialiST(l), nn., eollo'quialLY 8 adv. 
 [colloquy, -al] 
 
 co'lloquist, n. =collocutor. [foll.,-isT(D] 
 
 eo'lloquy, n. Converse ; a conversation ; 
 judicial and legislative court in Presbyterian 
 Church, [f. L colloquium f. loqui speak)] 
 
 co'llotype, n. Thin plate of gelatine etched 
 by actinic rays & then printed from (c. plate, 
 process, &c.)._ [f. Gk kolla glue + type] 
 
 collu'de (-oo-, -u-), v.i. (archaic). Practise col- 
 lusion, [f. L co_L(ludere lus- play)] 
 
 collu'sion (-oo-, -u-), n. Fraudulent secret un- 
 derstanding, esp. between ostensible opponents 
 as in law-suit. Hence eollu'siVE a, collu*- 
 siveLY 2 adv. [F, f. L collusionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 eo'loeynth, n. Bitter-apple, gourd plant with 
 bitter-pulped fruit used as purgative drug ; the 
 drug. [f. L f. Gk kolokunthis] 
 
 cd'lon \ n. (anat.). Greater part of larger in- 
 testine, from caecum to rectum. Hence eo- 
 loniTis n. [L, f. Gk kolon] 
 
 cd'lon 2 , n. Punctuation-mark (:) ranking 
 between period and semicolon, & used esp. to 
 mark antithesis, illustration, or (often with 
 dash : — ) quotation. [L, f. Gk A:o7o?ilimb, clause] 
 
 colonel(ker'nl), n. Highest regimental officer. 
 Hence colonelCY n. [corrected f. coronet f. F 
 coronnel f. It. colonnello (colonna column)] 
 
 colonelship, n. Being a colonel (cf. colonel- 
 cy, ordinary word for the office), [-ship] 
 
 colo'nial, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of a colony, 
 esp. of a British self-governing or Crown Colony; 
 C. Office, State department in charge of the 
 Colonies. Hence colo*nialiSM(2, 4) n., eolo*- 
 nialLY 2 adv. [f. L colonia colony + -al] 
 
 co'lonist, n. Settler in, part-founder or in- 
 habitant of, a colony, [colonize, -ist] 
 
 cd'lonize, v.t. & i. Establish colony in ; es- 
 tablish in a colony ; establish or join a colony. 
 Hence eo'lonizATiON, eo'lonizER 1 , nn. [f. 
 L colonus farmer (colere till) + -ize] 
 
 colonna'de, n. Series of columns with en- 
 tablature ; row of trees. Hence eolonna'dED 2 
 a. [F (colonne column, -ade)] 
 
 ed'lony, n. (Gk hist. ) independent city found- 
 ed by emigrants ; (Rom. hist.) settlement usu. 
 of veterans in conquered territory acting as 
 garrison; settlement, settlers, in new country 
 forming community fully or partly subject to 
 mother State ; their territory ; people of one 
 nationality or occupation in a city, esp. if living 
 in a special quarter (so of animals.c. of sparrows 
 «Scc.) ; (Biol.) aggregate of animals as in coral, 
 [f. L colonia (colonus farmer f. colere till)] 
 
 co'lophon, n. Tail-piece in old books, often 
 ornamental, giving information now placed on 
 title-page {from title-page to c, from cover to 
 cover). [LL, f. Gk kolophon summit] 
 
 eold'phony, n. Dark resin distilled from 
 turpentine & water. Hence colo'phonATE 1 (3) 
 n., coloph-, colophon-, comb, forms, [f. L 
 colophonia (resina resin) of Colophonin Lydia] 
 
 coloqui'ntida, n. = colocynth. 
 
 Cdlopa'do (-ah-) beetle, n. Yellow black- 
 striped b. destructive to potatoes. [C. in U.S.] 
 
 eolo(u)pation (ku-, ko-), n. Colouring, me- 
 thod of putting on or arranging colour ; natural, 
 
 F.D. 
 
 esp. variegated, colour of living or other things. 
 [F, f. L color are colour 2 , -ation] 
 
 eolopi'fic, a. Producing colour; highlv co- 
 loured. _ [f. F colorijique (colour i, -i-, -fic)) 
 
 eoloprmetep, n. Instrument measuring in- 
 tensity of colour. [L color, -i-, -meter | 
 
 colo'ssal, a. Of, like, a colossus ; gigantic, 
 huge ; (colloq., f. G) remarkable, splendid, de- 
 lightful. Hence colo'ssalLY 2 adv. [foil. + -al] 
 
 colo'ssus, n. (pi. -I, -uses). Statue of much 
 more than life size ; gigantic person or personi- 
 fied empire &c, esp. conceived (like C. of 
 Rhodes) as standing astride over dominions. 
 [L, f. Gk kolossos] 
 
 co'Ioup 1 (ku-), n. Sensation produced on eye 
 by rays of decomposed light (cf. black, effect 
 produced by no light or by surface reflecting no 
 rays, & white, effect produced by rays of unde- 
 composed light) ; a particular hue, one, or any 
 mixture, of constituents into which light de- 
 composes as in spectrum, including loosely 
 black, white (accidental c. ; complementary 
 c, that combined with given c. makes white ; 
 fundamental, primary, simple, cc, red, green, 
 & violet, or with painters red, blue, & yellow, 
 giving all others by mixture ; secondary c, mix- 
 ture of two primary ; c.-blind, unable to dis- 
 tinguish certain colours, see daltonism, also 
 fig. in U.S., impartial between whites & blacks, 
 whence eo'loup-blindNESS n. ) ; man, woman, 
 &c, of c, of non-^vhite race, esp. negro ; ruddi- 
 ness of face (los4, gain, c. ; change c, turn pale 
 or red) ; appearance, light, {paint in bright, 
 dark, cc; see in its true cc; put false cc upon); 
 (Art) colouring, c. -system, -perception, effect as 
 of c. got bylight and shade in engraving, whence 
 eo*loupisT(3) n., eoloupi'stic a.; pigment, 
 paint, (c.-box, of assorted artists' paints ; water 
 cc ; Ci-man, dealer in paints). (PI.) coloured 
 ribbon, dress, &c, worn as symbol of party, 
 membership of club, &c. (get one's, give one his, 
 cc, of inclusion in athletic team ; show one's cc, 
 one% party or character) ; flag of regiment or 
 ship (TROOPi'ngr of cc; come off with flying cc, 
 win credit ; nail cc to mast, persist, refuse to 
 Climb down ; c-sergeant, army sergeant with 
 duty of guarding cc.) ; coloured dresses. Show 
 of reason, pretext, false plea, (give no c for say- 
 ing; under c of); (Mus.) timbre, quality, also 
 variety of expression; (Gen.) character, tone, 
 quality, mood, shade of meaning, (take one's c. 
 from) ; (Literature) picturesqueness, ornate 
 style, (local c, use of details giving verisimili- 
 tude, background, or atmosphere), [f. OF color 
 f. L colorem nom. -or] 
 
 eo'loup 2 (ku-), v.t. & i. Give c. to; paint, 
 stain, dye ; disguise ; misrepresent ; imbue with 
 its own c. (motive colours act); take on c; blush; 
 coloured person, wholly or partly negro, [f. OF 
 colorer f. L colorare (color colour 1 )] 
 
 colourable (ku-), a. Specious, plausible ; 
 counterfeit. Hence eo'loupabLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 colorable (as prec, -able)] 
 
 co*louping , (ku-). n. In vbl senses ; esp., style 
 in which thing is coloured, or in which artist 
 employs colour, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 co'loupless, a. Without colour ; pale; dull- 
 hued ; wanting in character or vividness ; neu- 
 tral, impartial, indifferent. Hence eo'loup- 
 lessLY 2 adv., eo'louplessNESS n. [-less] 
 
 eo'loupy (ku-), a. (commerc.). Having the 
 colour that goes with good quality (of hops, 
 coffee, &c). [-y 2 ] 
 
 eolpopteup* (-ter; also ko*-), n. Book- 
 hawker, esp. one employed by Society to dis- 
 tribute Bibles. [F (colporter vb f. L collum. 
 neck, portare carry, -or 2 )] 
 
 colt, n., & v.t. Young of horse from when it 
 
COLUBRINE 
 
 itfc 
 
 COMB 
 
 is taken from dam to age of 4 (with thorough- 
 breds 5) ; inexperienced person, esp. cricket 
 professional in first season ; (Xaut.) rope used 
 for chastisement (vb, thrash with c.) ; coltsfoot, 
 common large-leaved yellow-flowered weed ; 
 c.'s tail, ragged-edged cloud. Hence co'lt- 
 hood n., eo'ltiSH * a. [?] 
 
 co'lubrine, a. Snake-like ; esp., of, like, the 
 coluber (genus of harmless snakes), [f. L colu- 
 brinus {coluber snake)] 
 
 cd'lumbine l , n. Garden plant with flower 
 like five clustered pigeons, [f. F colombine f. 
 med. L coliunbina f. L columba dove, -ine l ] 
 
 Cd'lumbine 2 , n. Mistress of Harlequin in 
 pantomime, [f. It. Colombina character in 
 comedy, proper name f. L as prec] 
 
 co'lumn (-i/m), n. (Arch. ) long vertical often 
 slightly tapering cylinder usu. supporting en- 
 tablature or arch, or alone as monument, (fig.) 
 support; c. -shaped object, organ in Anat. or 
 Bot., part of machine, &c (c. of water, mercury, 
 confined vertical cylindrical mass ; c. of smoke, 
 rising straight) ; vertical division of page for 
 figures &c, or to reduce length of lines esp. in 
 newspapers (also part of newspaper, sometimes 
 more or less than c, devoted to special subject, 
 as agony c, advertisement cc. ; our cc, the cc. 
 of The Times, contents of newspaper) ; narrow- 
 fronted deep arrangement of troops, esp. of 
 regiment's companies behind each other ; body 
 of ships, esp. following one another. Hence 
 or cogn. colu'mnAR 1 , eo'lumnED 2 (-itmd), 
 eolirmniFORM, aa. [f. OF colompne f. L 
 colunina (eel- whence celsus high)] 
 
 eolupe*, n. One of two great circles inter- 
 secting rectangularly at poles & dividing 
 equinoctial & ecliptic into four equal parts, 
 one passing through equinoctial, & one through 
 solstitial, points of ecliptic, [f. L f. Gk kolouros 
 truncated] 
 
 ed'lza, n. = coLE-seed ; c.-oil, made from it 
 & used in lamps. [F, f. LG colsdt coLE-seed] 
 
 com-, pref. — L cum in comb., retained as 
 com- before b, p, m, & rarely before vowels, 
 changed to cor- before r, col- before 1, co- before 
 vowels, h, & gn, & con- before other consonants ; 
 com- occurs in E also before f (comfort). Mean- 
 ing, with, together, altogether, completely. 
 
 eo'ma 1 , n. Unnatural heavy sleep, stupor, 
 lethargy. Hence eo'matosE a. [f. Gk koma 
 -atos cf. koimao put to sleep] 
 
 eo'ma 2 , n. (pi. -ae). (Bot.) tuft of silky hairs 
 at end of seed ; ( Astr. ) nebulous envelope round 
 nucleus of comet. [L, f. Gk kome hair of head] 
 
 comb l (kom), n. Toothed strip of horn, metal, 
 ivory, &c, for arranging, cleaning, or confin- 
 ing, the hair ; = curry s -comb; thing of same 
 shape, look, or purpose, in many machines, esp. 
 for dressing wool, or collecting electricity, or 
 in animal structure ; red fleshy crest of fowl 
 esp. cock, analogous growth in other birds, (cut 
 the c. of, humiliate) ; crest of hill or wave ; = 
 honeycomb 1 . Hence (-)combED 2 a. [com.- 
 Teut., cf. Du. kam, G kamm ; also Gk gomphos 
 pin, Skr. gambhas tooth] 
 
 comb 2 , v.t. & i. Draw c. through (hair), curry 
 (horse), dress (wool, flax) with c. ; (of wave) curl 
 over, [earlier kemb ; present vb f. prec] 
 
 combat (ku - mbat or ko'mbat), n., & v.t. & i. 
 (Do) battle; single c, duel; (engage in) contest, 
 struggle ; oppose, strive against, [f. F combat 
 & combattret LL (com-, battere, batuere, fight)] 
 
 eo'mbatant (ku-), a. & n. Fighting,.fighter ; 
 (Mil.) c. officer, opp. non.-c. of niedical'or com- 
 missariat branches. [OF part, as prec] 
 
 eo'mbative (ku-), a. Pugnacious. Hence 
 
 co # mbativeLY 2 adv., co'mbative n ess n. 
 
 [COMBAT v. -f -IVE] 
 
 combe. See coomb. 
 
 co'mber (-me?*), n. In vbl senses; esp., 
 machine for combing cotton or wool very fine ; 
 
 = BEACH !-C. [-ER *] 
 
 combina'tion, n. Combining ; combined 
 state ; combined set of things or persons ; 
 (Math., pi.) different collections possible of 
 given number of individuals in groups of given 
 smaller number; (Chem.) union of substances 
 in compound with properties differing from 
 theirs; united action; (pi.) woman's or child's 
 close garment of chemise & drawers in one ; 
 c.-room, at Cambridge = common i-room. [OF, 
 f. LL combinationem (combine, -ation)] 
 
 combi'ne, v.t. & L, & n. Join together (per- 
 sons, or things material or other) ; possess 
 (esp. qualities usu. separate) together; (cause to) 
 coalesce in one substance, form chemical com- 
 pound ; cooperate ; (n.) combination of persons, 
 esp. to raise prices or obstruct course of trade. 
 So eo-mbinatiYE a, [f. LL com (bmare f. bini 
 two together)] 
 
 co'mbing" (-mi-), n. In vbl senses ; esp., (pi.) 
 hairs combed oft [-ing l ] 
 
 combu'stible, a. & n. (Matter, thing) 
 capable of or used for burning ; excitable. 
 Hence eombustiBiLiTY, n. [F, f. LL com- 
 bustibilis f. L comburere -list- perh. = COM- + 
 urere burn (-6- unexplained)] 
 
 combu'stion (-ustshn), n. Destruction by 
 fire (spontaneous c). (Chem. &c) develop- 
 ment of light & heat going with chemical com- 
 bination ; oxidation of organic tissue. [OF, f. 
 LL combustionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 come l (kum), v.i. (came, come). Start, move, 
 arrive, towards or at a point, time, or result 
 (often not specified because obvious, while 
 point of departure, if it matters, is always 
 specified ; cf. go ; c. into world, be born ; c. to 
 an end, cease ; c. short ; c. to a point, taper ; 
 c. to blows, fight ; c. home to, be realized by ; 
 c. & go, pass to & fro, pay brief visit, be tran- 
 sitory ; light c. light go, what is easily won is 
 soon lost ; corning nineteen, in nineteenth year ; 
 two years c. Christmas, including time from 
 now to Christmas) ; be brought (the dinner 
 came ; c. under notice, before judge) ; fall, land, 
 on (came on my head) ; move relatively by 
 motion of beholder &c. towards one (c. into 
 sight, to one's knowledge, in one's way ; c. to 
 light, be revealed) ; reach point with hand, 
 instrument, or missile ; occur, fall to lot of, 
 (comes on such a page ; one comes before, after, 
 another ; c, into one's head ; the work, ill luck, 
 comes to me) ; happen (hoiv comes it that — ? ; 
 to c. pred. adj., future; for a year to c. ; the 
 to-c, the future ; c. what may, whatever hap- 
 pens) ; become present from future (c. to pass ; 
 the time will c. when) ; spring of, be the result 
 of, (that 's what comes of grumbling ; c. of noble 
 parents) ; enter, be brought, into (collision, play, 
 prominence ; c. to harm, be injured) ; amount 
 to (comes to 2/G', it comes to this, that — , is as 
 much as to say that) ; take form (the butter will 
 not c.) ; find oneself under compulsion or in 
 a position to (have c. to believe, has c. to be icsed); 
 (with cogn. obj.) traverse, accomplish, (have c. 
 3 miles, a *Qng way) ; play a part (slang ; c. the 
 bully over -, c. it strong, show vigour; c. it too 
 strong, overdo something, exaggerate) ; be- 
 come, get to be, prove, (string comes untied, 
 things c. right, he came alive ; comes expensive, 
 easy, true, nahiral) ; (imperat. as exclamation) 
 now then (encouraging), think again, don't be 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO-. 
 
COMB 
 
 1(53 
 
 COMMAND 
 
 hasty. C. about, happen ; c across, meet with ; 
 c along, (colloq.) make haste ; c at, reach, dis- 
 cover, get access to ; c. away, get detached ; 
 c. back, recur to memory ; c. by, (prep.) obtain, 
 (adv.) pass; c. down, extend downwards to, be 
 handed down by tradition, fall, be humbled 
 (esp. in the world, lose caste) ; c. down upon, 
 rebuke, punish, exact reparation from ; c. down 
 with, pay (money) ; c. forward, present oneself, 
 answer appeal ; c. in, enter house or room, 
 begin innings, take such a place in race &c. 
 (c in thitd), be elected, come to power, be 
 received as income, become seasonable or 
 fashionable, serve a purpose (esp. c. in useful), 
 find a place (where does the joke c. in ? ; where 
 do I c. in ?, how are my interests advanced ?) ; 
 c. in for, get share of, get; c. into, receive pos- 
 session of ; c. near doing, narrowly escape or 
 fail ; c. off, be detached, extricate oneself from 
 contest &c. in such state (with flying colours, 
 badly), be accomplished, fulfilled ; c. on, (prep.) 
 = c. upon, (adv.) continue coming, advance esp. 
 to attack, progress, thrive, supervene (of wind, 
 storm, disease), arise to be discussed, appear 
 on stage, begin to bowl, (imperat.) follow me, 
 I defy you ; c. out, go on strike, emerge from 
 examination &c. with such success, emerge 
 from clouds, be found out, be solved, show 
 itself (of photograph, smallpox, arrogance), be 
 published [comes out on Saturdays), make debut 
 on stage or in society ; c. out with, utter ; c. over, 
 (prep.) master as an influence, (adv.) c. from 
 some distance or across obstacle (came over 
 with the Conqueror, over from London to see 
 us), change sides or opinion ; c. round, look in 
 for casual visit, recover from ill temper, swoon, 
 &c. ; c. to, (prep.) inherit, return to (oneself, 
 one's senses from fainting-fit or from folly), 
 (adv.) cease moving, revive ; c. under, he classed 
 as or among, be subjected to (influence) ; c. up, 
 join university, approach person for talk, get 
 abreast with, spring out of ground, become 
 fashionable, be mooted, be equal to standard 
 &c, (imperat., to horse) go faster; c. upon, 
 attack by surprise, strike or lay hold of (mind), 
 make demand on, be a burden to, meet by 
 chance with. [OE cuman, com.-Teut. cf. I>u. 
 komen, G kommen ; cogn. also w. Skr. gam, Gk 
 baino, L. venire] 
 
 come 2 , n. C.-&-go, passing to & fro ; c.-down, 
 downfall, degradation, [f. prec. | 
 come-a't-abie, a. Accessible. [-able] 
 come'dian, n. Actor, writer, of comedies. 
 [f. F comedien f. L comoedia comedy -f -an J 
 comedie'nne (-mi-), n. Comedy actress. [F] 
 comedie'tta, n. Short or slight comedy. [It., 
 dim. of comedia comedy] 
 cd'medist, n. Writer of comedies, [foil., 
 •ist(3) ; to avoid ambiguity of comedian] 
 eo'medy, n. Stage-play of light, amusing, & 
 often satirical character, chiefly representing 
 everyday life, & with happy ending (cf. tra- 
 gedy) ; branch of drama concerned with ordin- 
 ary persons & employing familiar language ; 
 life, or an incident in it, regarded as a spectacle ; 
 Old, Middle, New, C, classification of ancient 
 Greekc, the first farcical &largely political, the 
 last corresponding to modern c, & the second 
 transitional, [f. F comedie f. L f. G k kdmo(i\dia 
 t komo(i)dos f. komos revel, dOidos singer] 
 comely (ku/mli), a. Pleasant to look at (usu. 
 of personal appearance, sometimes of behaviour 
 or conduct). Hence co'meliNESS n. [OE cym- 
 lic (cyme fine f. WG kiani-, -ly 1 )] 
 co'mep (ku-), n. One who comes (usu. quali- 
 fied, as first c.) ; all cc, any one who applies, 
 takes up a challenge, &c. [-ER 1 ] 
 come'Stible, n. (usu. pi.). Thing to eat. [F, 
 
 f. LL comestibilis (contest- var. of comes- p.p. st. 
 of L couedere eat up)] 
 
 eo'met, n. Body with star-like nucleus & 
 train or tail of light moving round sun in 
 elliptical or towards & from it in parabolic 
 course; c.-year, in which conspicuous comet 
 comes; c.-wine, made in c.-year, supposed of 
 superior quality. Hence eo'metARyi, eome't- 
 ic, aa. [f. L f. Gk kometes long-haired (star) f. 
 komao wear hair long (koine hair)] 
 co'mfit (ku-), n. Sweetmeat, sugar-plum, 
 [f. OF confit f. L coa(fectum=f actum neut. p.p. 
 of facere make)] 
 
 co'mfopt (ku-), n., & v.t. Relief in affliction, 
 consolation, being consoled ; person who con- 
 soles or saves one trouble ; cause of satisfaction ; 
 conscious well-being, being comfortable ; pos- 
 session of cc, things that make life easy ; fea- 
 ture cc, good food, clothes, &c. (Vb) soothe 
 in grief, console ; make comfortable, [f. OF 
 confort(er) f. L con( fortare l.fortis strong)] 
 eo'mrortable (ku-), a. Such as to obviate 
 hardship, save trouble, & promote content, 
 ministering to comfort; at ease, free from 
 hardship, pain, & trouble ; tranquil, with easy 
 conscience. Hence eo'mfortabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 AF confortable (prec, -able)] 
 eo'mforter (ku-), n. One who comforts (the 
 C, Holy Ghost ; Job's c, professed consoler who 
 depresses); woollen scarf, [-er 1 ] 
 eo'mfoptless, a. Dreary, without provision 
 for comfort, [-less] 
 
 eo'mfpey (ku-), n. Tall rough-leaved ditch 
 plant with clusters of whitish or purplish bells, 
 [f. OF confirie etym. dub.] 
 co'mic, a. Of comedy (c opera, with c. treat- 
 ment & much spoken dialogue, also mere bur- 
 lesque set to music) ; mirth-provoking, laugh- 
 able or meant to be so, facetious, burlesque, 
 funny, (c song, paper ; c history of Borne &c ; 
 has its c side). Hence comieo- comb. form, 
 [f. L f. Gk komikos prob. f. komos revel] 
 co'mieal, a. Mirth-provoking, laughable; 
 odd, queer. Hence eomiea'liTY n., eo'mie- 
 alLY a adv. [as prec. + -al] 
 eo'mity, n. Courtesy ; c of nations, friendly 
 recognition as far as practicable of each other's 
 laws & usages, [f. L comitas (comis courteous)] 
 eo'mma, n. Punctuation-mark (,) of the 
 least separation indicated between parts of 
 sentence, also used to separate figures &c. ; 
 (Mus.) definite minute interval or difference of 
 pitch ; inverted cc, raised or superior cc. used 
 to begin '& end a quotation, the first (or first 
 pair) inverted (he said ' no ' or " no ") ; c bacillus, 
 c -shaped found in cholera, [f. L f. Gk komma 
 clause (kopto cut, -m)] 
 
 eomma'nd i, v.t. & i. Order, bid, (what God 
 commands, commands us, commands us to do, 
 commands that we should do, commands to be 
 done ; also ellipt., let us do as God commands ; 
 & abs., God commands & man obeys); have 
 authority over, control of ; be supreme ; be in 
 c ; be in c. of (ship, forces, &c) ; c-in-chief, be 
 commander-in-chief of, or abs.) ; restrain, mas- 
 ter, (passions, oneself) ; have at disposal or with- 
 in reach (sum, skill, person ; so yoxirs to c, obedi- 
 ently ) ; deserve & get (sympathy &c) ; domi- 
 nate (strategic position) from superior height, 
 look down over. [f. OF comander f. LL com- 
 (mandare entrust)] 
 
 eomma'nd 2 , n. Order, bidding, (word ofc r 
 customary order for movement in drill ; at or 
 by one's c, in pursuance of his bidding); ex- 
 ercise or tenure of authority, esp. naval or 
 military {in c of, commanding ; under c. of, 
 commanded by) ; control, mastery, possession, 
 (great c. of language, ckill inspeech ;atc, ready 
 
COMMANDANT 
 
 164 
 
 COMMISSION 
 
 to be used at will ; c. of the passes &c.) ; body 
 of troops, district, under commander; c.-in- 
 chief, supreme c. ; c.-night, with theatre &c. 
 performance given by royal c. [f. or as prec] 
 
 cdmmanda'nt, n. Commanding officer, 
 esp. governor of fortress. Hence command- 
 a'ntSHip n. [F (command 1 , -ant)] 
 
 commandeep', v.t. Impress (men), seize 
 (stores), for military service, [f. S.-Afr.-Du. 
 kommanderen (-ar-) f. F as prec] 
 
 eomma'nder, n. In vbl senses ; also or 
 esp. : C. of the Faithful, title of Caliph ; (Navy) 
 officer ranking between captain & lieutenant ; 
 member of higher class in some Orders of 
 Knighthood ; large wooden mallet ; C.-in-Chief, 
 (Army) of all military land-forces of State, of 
 portion of them quartered in colony, or of ex- 
 pedition in foreign country, (Navy) of all ships 
 on a station. Hence eomma'ndepSHiP(l) n. 
 [f. OF comandere (command 1 , -er 1 )] 
 
 comma'nding, a. In vbl senses; esp.: ex- 
 alted, impressive, (of persons, looks, ability, 
 &c.) ; with wide view (of hill, position), [-ing 2 ] 
 
 comma'ndment, n. Divine command (the 
 ten cc, Mosaic decalogue ; eleventh c, any pre- 
 cept jestingly classed with these), [f. OF 
 comandement (command 1 , -ment)] 
 
 comma'ndo, n. Party called out for mili- 
 tary service, body of troops. [Port., f. com- 
 mandar command 1 , wd usedbyS.-Afr. Dutch, 
 & familiarized in Boer war] 
 
 comme U faut (kom el fo), pred. a. Well- 
 bred. [F] 
 
 eomme'mopate, v.t. Celebrate in speech 
 or writing ; preserve in memory by some cele- 
 bration ; (of things) be a memorial of. Hence 
 comme'mopativE a. [f. L coMmemorare 
 bring to remembrance, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 commemora'tion, n. Act of commemorat- 
 ing ; service, part of service, in memory of 
 saint or sacred event; (Oxford Univ.) annual 
 celebration in memory of founders, [f. L com- 
 memoratio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 commence, v.t. & i. Begin (work, doi?igr, 
 to do) ; (archaic) start, set up, as (lawyer &c) ; 
 take the full degree of (M.A. &c). [f. OF 
 cumencer f. LL *co~s\initiare (see initiate)] 
 
 comme'neement, n. In vbl senses ; also, 
 ceremony when degrees of Master & Doctor 
 are conferred at Cambridge, Dublin, & U.S. 
 univv. [OF (cumencer, see prec. & -ment)] 
 
 commend, v.t. Entrust for safe keeping 
 (to person, his care) ; praise ; (archaic) c. me to, 
 remember me kindly to (person) ; c. nte to, give 
 me by choice (often iron. ). [f. L coM.(mendare — 
 mandare entrust, see mandate)] 
 
 commendable, a. Praiseworthy. Hence 
 comme'ndableNESs n., comme'ndabLY 2 
 adv. [OF, f. L commendabilis (prec, -ble)] 
 
 eommendam, n. Tenure of benerice in ab- 
 sence of regular incumbent, [med. L (in) com- 
 mendam (depositum) given in trust] 
 
 commenda'tion, n. Praise ; act of com- 
 mending person to another's favour. [OF, f. L 
 commendationem (as commend, see -ation)] 
 
 commendatory, a. Commending, holding, 
 held, in eommendam. [f. LL commendatorius 
 <as prec, see -orv)] 
 
 comme'nsal, a. & n. (One) who eats at the 
 same table ; (animal, plant) living as another's 
 tenant & sharing its food (cf. parasite). Hence 
 eomme'nsaliSM, commensaliTY, nn. [F, 
 f. med. L coM(mensalis f. mensa table, see -al)] 
 
 comme'nsupable (-sher-), a. Measurable 
 by the same standard (with, to) ; (of numbers) 
 divisible without remainder by the same quan- 
 
 tity ; proportionate to. Hence eommensur- 
 aBi "lit y, eommensu rablex ess, nn. , com* 
 m e'nsurabL v 2 adv. [f . L coM(mensurabilis t 
 as measure, see -ble)] 
 
 commensurate (-at), a. Coextensive 
 (with) ; proportionate (to, with). Hence com- 
 me'nsurateLY 2 adv., commensurate* 
 ness n. [f. L coM(mensuratus, prec, -ate 2 )] 
 
 co'mment 1 , n. Explanatory note or re- 
 mark; criticism; (fig., of events &c) illustra- 
 tion. [OF, = commentary f. L commentum 
 device, comment, neut. p.p. of cou(minisci f. 
 root men- cf. mens mind)] 
 
 co'mment 2 , v.i. Write explanatory notes 
 (upon a text) ; make (esp. unfavourable) re- 
 marks (upon), [f. prec] 
 
 co'mmentapy, n. Expository treatise ; com- 
 ment, [l.hcommentarius a. (comment 1 , -ary 1 )] 
 
 commenta'tion, n. Making of comments, 
 [f. L commentatio (commentari discuss, fre- 
 quent, of comminisci, see comment & -ation)] 
 
 co'mmentatop, n. Writer of commentary. 
 [L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 co'mmepce, n. Exchange of merchandise, 
 esp. on a large scale; chamber of c. ; inter- 
 course (esp. sexual) ; card game. [F, f. L com- 
 (mercium f. merx mercis merchandise)] 
 
 commep'cial (-shl), a. & n. Of, engaged in, 
 bearing on, commerce ; c. (traveller), trader's 
 agent, showing samples & soliciting orders. 
 Hence commep'eialiSM, commep*cialisT, 
 commePcla'liTY (-shl-), nn., commep'cial- 
 ize v.t., commep'cialLY 2 adv. [f. L commer- 
 
 Cium COMMERCE + -AL] 
 
 commina'tion, n. Threatening of divine 
 vengeance ; recital of divine threats against 
 sinners in Anglican Liturgy. [F, f. L commina- 
 tionem f. coM(minari threaten), see -ation)] 
 
 co'mminatopy, a. Threatening, denuncia- 
 tory, [f. L comminatorius (as prec, see-ORY)] 
 
 commi*ngle,v.t.&i. Mingle together, [com-] 
 
 ecm minute, v.t. Reduce to small frag- 
 ments ; divide (property) into small portions. 
 So comminu'tiON n. [f. L cOM(minuere -ut- 
 f. minor less)] 
 
 commrserate (-z-), v.t. Feel, show, express, 
 pity for. Hence or cogn. eommisePA'TiON n., 
 commi'sepatiVE a., commi'sepativei.v- 
 adv. [f. L C0M(miserari f. miser), -ate 3 ] 
 
 commissap'ial, a. Of a commissary, [-al] 
 
 commissariat, n. Department (esp. Mil.) 
 for supply of food &c [as foil., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 co'mmissapy, n. Deputy, delegate ; repre- 
 sentative of a bishop in part of his diocese, or 
 of absent bishop ; officer charged with supply 
 of food &c for body of soldiers ; C. general, 
 chief c, esp. (Mil.) chief of a commissariat ser- 
 vice. Hence co'mmissapysHiP n. [f. med. L 
 co mmissarius person in charge (commit, -ary 1 )] 
 
 commi'ssion l , n. Command, instruction ; 
 authority, body of persons having authority, 
 to act; c. of the peace, (authority, given to) 
 Justices of the Peace ; on the c, having this; 
 warrant conferring authority, esp. that of 
 officers in the army and navy from lieutenant 
 upwards; in c, (of persons) having delegated 
 authority, (of an office) placed by warrant in 
 charge of a body of persons instead of the con- 
 stitutional administrator, (of ship of war) man- 
 ned, armed, & ready for sea ; entrusting of 
 authority &c to a person ; charge, matter, en- 
 trusted to person to perform ; authority to act 
 as agent for another in trade, as have goods 
 on c. ; pay of a c-agent, percentage on amount 
 involved; committing (of crime &c) ; c.-day, 
 opening day of assizes, when judge's comraia- 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO-- 
 
COMMISSION 
 
 165 
 
 COMMUNALISM 
 
 sion is read. [F, f. L commissionem (as prec, 
 
 -ION)] 
 
 commi'ssion-, v.t. Empower by commis- 
 sion ; give (officer) command of ship ; order 
 (ship) for active service ; give (artist &c.) a 
 commission for piece of work. [f. prec] 
 
 commissionaire* (-shonar), n. Member of 
 the corps of Cc. organized in London for em- 
 ployment as messengers &c. [as commissioner] 
 
 eommi'ssioned, a. Authorized ; (of officers) 
 holding rank by commission ; (of ships) put in 
 commission. [-ED 2 ] 
 
 commissioner, n. One appointed by com- 
 mission ; member of a commission, esp. of 
 government boards &c, as Charity, Civil Ser- 
 vice, C. ; representative of supreme authority 
 in a district, department, &c. Hence com- 
 mi'ssionerSHiP n. [f. F commissionnaire f. 
 med. L commissionarius (commission, -arv 1 )] 
 
 eo'mmissure, n. Juncture, seam ; joint 
 between two bones ; line where lips, eyelids, 
 meet; bands of nerve substance connecting 
 hemispheres of brain, two sides of spinal cord, 
 &c. So eommissur'AL a. [f. L commissura 
 junction [as foil.,. see -ure] 
 
 commit, v.t. (-tt-). Entrust, consign, for 
 treatment or safe keeping {to person, his care, 
 his judgment, to writing, memory, earth, the 
 flames) ; c. (to prison), consign officially to cus- 
 tody ; refer (bill) to committee ; perpetrate 
 (crime, blunder), whence eommittABLE a ; 
 compromise, involve, (character, honour, one- 
 self) ; bind oneself to (a course). Hence eom- 
 mi'ttAL, eommi'tMENT, nn. [f. L com(»hY- 
 tere miss- send) join, entrust] 
 
 eommi'ttee (-ti), n. Body of persons ap- 
 pointed for special function, as (Pari.) C. of 
 Supply, Ways & Means, House resolves itself 
 into a C., goes into C, is in C, C. of the whole 
 House ; Standing C. (permanent during exist- 
 ence of appointing body) ; Joint C. (of members 
 nominated by different bodies) ; c.-man, mem- 
 ber of a c. ; (Law, pron. komite') person en- 
 trusted with charge, as cc, for lunatics, [late 
 AF, for F commis p.p. of commettre, as prec] 
 
 commi'x, v.t. & i. (archaic, poet.). Mix. So 
 commi'xtURE n. [back-formation on com- 
 mixt, see mix v.] 
 
 commo'de, n. Chest of drawers ; chiffonier ; 
 (esp. night-c.) close-stool. [F, f. L com (mod us 
 measure) convenient] 
 
 commd'dious, a. Koomy; (archaic) handy. 
 Hence eommo'diousLY 2 adv., commo'di- 
 ousness n. [f. F commodieux, -euse, f. med.L 
 commodiosvs irreg. f. L commodum (neut. adj. 
 as n.), see prec] 
 
 commo'dity, n. Useful thing; article of 
 trade (staple c); (archaic) convenience, [f. F 
 commodity f. L commoditatem (commode, -ty)] 
 
 eo'mmodore, n. Naval officer above cap- 
 tain and below rear-admiral (in Brit, navy a 
 temporary rank); (courtesy title) senior captain 
 when three or more ships cruise together, cap- 
 tain of pilots, president of yacht-club ; c.'s ship. 
 [17th c.(-mand-) i.ljcommandator commander] 
 
 co'mmon J , a. (-er, -est). Belonging equally 
 to, coming from, or done by, more than one, as 
 our c. humanity, c. cause, c. consent ; belonging 
 to, open to, affecting, the public, as c. crier, 
 goal, alehouse, nuisance, scold ; of ordinary 
 occurrence, as a c. experience ; ordinary, of 
 ordinary qualities, as c. honesty, no c. mind ; 
 without rank or position, as c. soldier, the c. 
 people ; of the most familiar type, as C. Night- 
 shade, Snake ; of inferior quality ; vulgar ; 
 (Math.) belonging to two or more quantities, as 
 c. factor, multiple; (Gram.) c. noun, name ap- 
 plicable to any one of a class, c. gender, mascu- 
 
 line or feminine; (Pros.) of variable quantity ; 
 (Mus.) c. time, measure, (two or four beats in 
 bar), c. chord ; c. law, unwritten law of Eng- 
 land, administered by the King's courts, pur- 
 porting to be derived from ancient usage ; 
 Court of C. Pleas (for trial of civil causes, 
 abolished 1875) ; C. Prayer, liturgy set forth 
 in Book of C. P. of Edward VI ; c. room (at 
 Oxford), room to which fellows retire after 
 dinner ; c. sense, normal understanding, good 
 practical sense in everyday affairs, general 
 feeling (of mankind or community), philosophy 
 of c. sense (accepting primary beliefs of man- 
 kind as ultimate criterion of truth) ; c. weal, 
 commonweal, archaic, public welfare, (also) = 
 commonwealth. Hence eo'mmonNESS n. 
 [f. OF comun f. L communis (com- + -munis 
 bound, obliged, or + unus one)] 
 
 co'mmon 2 , n. Land belonging to a com- 
 munity, esp. unenclosed waste land ; (right of) 
 c, a man's right over another's land, as c. of 
 pasturage; oid of the c, unusual; in c, in 
 joint use, shared, [prec as n.] 
 
 eo'mmonable, a. (Of animals) that maybe 
 pastured on common land ; (of land) that may 
 be held in common, [f. obs. vb common f. OF 
 comuner (as common 1 ) + -able] 
 
 co'mmonage (-ij), n. Right of common ; 
 land, condition of land, held in common ; com- 
 monalty, [-age] 
 
 eo'mmonalty, n. The common people ; 
 general body (of mankind Sec.) ; body corporate, 
 [f. OF comunalte f. comunal f. L communalis 
 (commune neut. adj. as n., see common 1 & -al), 
 see -ty] 
 
 eo'mmonep, n. One of the common people 
 (below rank of peer) ; (rarely) member of House 
 of Commons, esp. the great C, elder Wm Pitt; 
 (in some Eng. colleges) student not on founda- 
 tion ; one who has right of common, [common 2 
 & obs. vb common (see commonable) + -er l ] 
 
 co - m money, n. Inferior playing -marble. 
 [common 1 + -y 3 ] 
 
 eo'mmonly, adv. Usually ; to an ordinary 
 degree, as c. honest ; meanly, cheaply, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 co'mmon place *, n. & a. Notable passage, 
 entered for use in a c.-book ; ordinary topic ; 
 every-day saying ; platitude ; anything com- 
 mon or trite; (adj.) lacking originality, trite. 
 Hence co'mmon plaeex ess n. [= L locus 
 communis — Gk koinos toptos general theme] 
 
 co'mmon place 2 , v.t. & i. Extract com- 
 monplaces from ; enter in commonplace-book ; 
 utter commonplaces, [f. prec] 
 
 co'mmons, n. pi. The common people ; third 
 estate in English or other similar constitution, 
 represented by Lower House of Parliament 
 (House of C); provisions shared in common : 
 common table, as doctors' C. ; (Oxf., Camb.) 
 definite portion of food supplied at fixed 
 charge ; daily fare, as short c. [pi. of common 2 ] 
 
 co'mmonwealth, n. Body politic, indepen- 
 dent community ; republic (also fig., as c. of 
 learning) ; republican government in England, 
 1649-60; title of federated Australian States; 
 company of actors sharing receipts ; (formerly) 
 public welfare, [common 1 + wealth, cf. F 
 bien public, L res piiblica] 
 
 commo'tion, n. Physical disturbance ; 
 bustle, confusion ; tumult, insurrection, [f. 
 OF comocionf. Lco?nmotionem(a,s foil., see -ion)] 
 
 commo've (-dbv), v.t. Move violently (lit. 
 & fig.); excite, [f. F commouvoir f. L com- 
 (movere mot- move)] 
 
 commu'nal (or ko'mu-), a. Of a commune'; 
 of the Paris Commune ; of the commonalty. 
 [F,f. med. L communalis (as commune, see -al)] 
 
 communalism (as prec), n. Theory of 
 
COMMUNALIZE 
 
 166 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 government bv local autonomy. So eommu- 
 nalisT n.. communali'stic a. [prec. + -ism] 
 commu'nalize, v.t. Make (thing) the pro- 
 perty of a local community. Hence eom- 
 munalizA'TiONn. [-ize] 
 co'ramune *, n. French territorial division, 
 smallest for administrative purposes ; similar 
 division elsewhere; The C. (of Parts), (1) usurp- 
 ing body during the Reign of Terror, (2) com- 
 munalistic government in 1871. IF, f. med. L 
 communa f. LL communia (neut. pL adj. as 
 noun), see common J ] . 
 
 commu'ne 2 (or ko'm-), v.i. Hold intimate 
 intercourse (with person, one's own heart, to- 
 gether); (U.S.) receive Holy Communion, [f. 
 OF comuner (as common 1 )] 
 eommu'nieable, a. That can be imparted ; 
 communicative. Hence eommunieaBiLiTY, 
 eommirnieableNESS, nn., commu'ni- 
 cabLY 2 adv. [prob. F (as foil., see -ble)] 
 eommirnieant, n. One who (esp. regularly) 
 receives Holy Communion ; one who imparts 
 information, [as foil., see -ant] 
 eommu'nieate. v.t. & L Impart, transmit, 
 (heat, motion, feeling, news, a discovery, to) ; 
 share (a thing) with ; receive, administer. Holy 
 Communion ; hold intercourse with ; (of rooms 
 &c.) afford access to (with), [f. L communicare 
 (as common 1 + -ic- factitive suf.), see -ate 3 ] 
 communica'tion, n. Act of imparting 
 (esp. news) ; information given ; intercourse ; 
 (passage giving) access, [f. OF comunicaciont 
 L communicationem (prec, -atiox)] 
 eommirnieative, a. Ready to impart* 
 open, talkative. Hence eommu'nieativeLY 2 
 adv., eommirnieativexESS n. [F (-i v , -ive), 
 as communicate, see -ive] 
 commtrnieatop, n. Person, thing, that 
 communicates ; part of telegraph instrument 
 used in sending message ; contrivance for 
 communicating with guard or driver of train. 
 [L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 eommu'nion, n. Sharing, participation ; 
 fellowship (esp. between branches of Catholic 
 Church); body professing one faith; inter- 
 course ; participation in -Lord's Supper (also 
 Holy C.) ; close, open, c, exclusion from, admis- 
 sion to, c. of persons not baptized according to 
 Baptist principles ; c.-cloth, -cup, (used at Holy 
 C); c-rail (in front of c. -table in some 
 churches) ; c.-table (used for Holy C). [F, f. L 
 cojnmunionem (as common 1 , see -ion)] 
 eommirnionist, n. Close, open, ft, ad- 
 herent of close, open, communion; fellow-c, 
 member of same communion, [-ist] 
 communique (F), n. Official intimation, 
 co'mmunism, n. Vesting of property in 
 the community, each member working accord- 
 ing to his capacity and receiving according to 
 his wants. Hence co'mmuniST n., com- 
 muni'stio a. _[f. L as common * + -ism] 
 communitap'ian, n. Member of commu- 
 nity practising communism, [-arian] 
 eommu'nity, n. Joint ownership, as c. of 
 goods ; identity of character ; fellowship ; 
 organized political, municipal, or social body ; 
 body of men living in same locality ; body of 
 men having religion, profession, &c, in 
 common, as the mercantile c, the Jewish c; 
 thee, the public; monastic, socialistic, or other, 
 body practising c. of goods, [f. OF communeti 
 f. L communitatem (as common 1 , see -ty)] 
 co'mmunize, v.t. Make (land &c.) common 
 property. Hence eommunizA'Tiox n. [f. L 
 as common 1 + -ize] 
 commu'table, a. Exchangeable ; that can 
 
 be compounded for. Hence commutaBi'LiTY 
 n. [f. L commutabilis (as foil., see -ble)J 
 commuta'tion, n. Commuting ; money 
 paid by way of c. ; C. Act (for c. of tithes in 
 England, 1836). [F, f. L commutationem (as 
 foil., see-ATiON)] 
 
 commu'tative (also ko'm-), a. Relating to 
 or involving substitution, [f. med. L commuta- 
 tivns (as foil., see -ative)] 
 eo'm mutator, n. Person, thing, that com- 
 mutes ; contrivance for altering course of 
 electric current, [as foil., see -or 2 ] 
 commu'te, v.t. Interchange (two things) ; 
 buy off one obligation by (for, into) another ; 
 change (punishment into another less severe) ; 
 change (one kind of payment into, for, another), 
 [f. L cowmutare exchange] 
 como'se.a. Having a coma 2 ; hairy, downy, 
 [f. L comosus (coma 2 , see -ose 1 )] 
 co'mpact \ n. Agreement between parties ; 
 general ft, common consent; family, social, 
 c. [f. L COM (paciscipact- covenant)] 
 eompa'ct 2 , a. Closely or neatly packed 
 together ; (of style) condensed, terse. Hence 
 compa'ctLY 2 adv., eompa'etNESs n. [f. L 
 com( pingere pact- = pangere fasten)] 
 eompa'ct 3 , v.t. Join firmly together ; con- 
 dense ; make up, compose, (of), [f. prec] 
 compa'ges, n. Framework, complex struc- 
 ture (lit. & fig.). [L C0M(pafires f. pangere fix)] 
 compa'ginate, v.t. Join firmly together. 
 So compaginATiON n. [f. LL compaginare 
 (compago -ginis = prec.), see -ate 3 J 
 compa'nion 1 , n., & v.t. & i. One who 
 accompanies another ; associate in, sharer of, 
 as c.-in-arms, fellow-soldier, c. of his retreat ; 
 title of handbooks, as Gardener's C ; member 
 of lowest grade of order of knighthood, as C. of 
 the Bath; person (usu. woman) paid to live, 
 with another ; thing that matches another (also 
 adj., as c. volume); (v.t.) accompany; (v.i.) 
 consort with. [f. OF compaignon f. hit com- 
 (panionem f. panis bread) ; vb f. n.] 
 compa'nion 2 , n. (naut.). Raised frame on 
 quarter-deck for lighting cabins &c below ; c- 
 hatch, wooden covering over c. -way; c.-hatch- 
 way, opening in deck leading to cabin; c.-lad- 
 der (from deck to cabin) ; c.-icay, staircase to 
 cabin, [cf. Du. kompanje, It. (camera della) 
 compagna storeroom = LL companaticum (pa- 
 nis bread)] 
 
 compa'nionable, a. Sociable. Hence com- 
 pa'nionabLY 2 adv. , compa'nionablexESS 
 n. [companion 1 + -able] 
 companionship, n. State of being a com- 
 panion ; (Printing) company of compositors 
 working together, [-ship] 
 eo'mpany (kum-). n., & v.t. & i. Companion- 
 ship ; in c., not alone ; bear, keep, a person ft, 
 accompany him; part c. (with), part (from); 
 weep for c. (because one's companion weeps) ; 
 keep ft, associate as lovers ; number of persons 
 assembled ; one's usual associates, as addicted 
 to low c. : he is good, bad, c. (a pleasant, dull, 
 companion) ; social party ; guests ; I sin in good 
 c, better men have done the same; body of 
 persons combined for common (esp. commercial) 
 object, as joint 2 Stock C, Limited Liability C. 
 (liability of each member limited usu. to 
 amount subscribed by him), John C.(East India 
 C.); partner(s) not named in title of firm, as 
 Smith & Co. ; party of players ; sub-division of 
 infantry regiment commanded by captain (cf. 
 troop, battery; c. officer, captain or lower 
 commissioned officer); ship's ft, entire crew; 
 (v.t. archaic) accompany; (v.i.) consort with. 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO-. 
 
COMPARABLE 
 
 167 
 
 COMPLEMENT 
 
 [(vb f. OF compaignier) f. OF compaignie 
 formed on compaignon companion 1 ] 
 ed'mparable, a. That can be compared 
 (with) ; fit to be compared (to). Hence com- 
 paraBixiTY n. [F, f. L comparabilis (as 
 
 COMPARE l, see -BLE)] 
 
 comparative, a. & n. Of or involving 
 comparison, as the c. methyl, esp. of sciences, 
 as c. anatomy; (Gram.) c. adjective, adverb, 
 one in the comparative degree, expressing a 
 higher degree of the quality denoted by the 
 simple word ; estimated by comparison, as the 
 c. merits of ; perceptible by comparison, as in 
 c. comfort; (n.) c. degree. Hence compa'ra- 
 tiveLY 2 adv. [f. L comparativus (foil., -ative)] 
 
 compare' 1 , v.t. & i. Liken, pronounce 
 similar, (to), esp. with negative, as not to be 
 compared to ; estimate the similarity of (one 
 thing with, to, another ; two things together) ; 
 observe the similarity or relation between 
 (passages of book &c. ; abbr. cp.); c. notes, 
 exchange views; (Gram.) form comparative 
 & superlative degrees of (adjective, adverb) ; 
 (intr.) bear comparison, as no lady can c. with 
 Sally, [f. L GOMparare {par equal)] 
 
 compare' 2 , n. Comparison, as beyond, with- 
 out, past, c. [f. prec. ; prob. arising f. obs. com- 
 pare = compeer, misunderstood in without c] 
 
 compa'rison, n. Act of comparing ; simile, 
 illustration ; in c. with, compared to ; degrees 
 of c, positive, comparative, superlative, (of ad- 
 jectives & adverbs), [f. OF comparaison f. L 
 comparationem (as compare 1 , see -son)] 
 
 compar't, v.t. Divide into compartments. 
 [f. L coMpartiri (pars partis part)] 
 
 compartment, n. Division separated by 
 partitions, esp. of railway carriage ; water-tight 
 division of ship. [f. F compartiment f. LL co?n- 
 partimentum (as prec, see -ment)] 
 
 co'mpass 1 (kum-), n. (Pair of) cc, instru- 
 ment for describing circles, with two legs con- 
 nected at one end by movable joint ; beam-cc. 
 (with sliding sockets, for large circles) ; bow-cc. 
 (with legs jointed to bend inwards) ; circum- 
 ference, boundary ; area, extent, (also fig., as 
 beyond my c); range of a voice; roundabout 
 way, as fetch, go. a c. ; instrument showing 
 magnetic meridian or one's direction with re- 
 spect to it (Mariner's C); box 3 the c. ; c.-plane 
 (convex, for planing concave surfaces) ; c.-saw 
 (with narrow blade, for curves) ; c.-window, 
 semicircular bay-window, [f. F compas f. med. 
 L coupassus pair of compasses (perh. passus 
 step) ; sense-history of compassus and vb com- 
 passare is obscure] 
 
 co'mpass 2 (kum-), v.t. Go round ; hem in ; 
 grasp mentally ; contrive ; accomplish. Hence 
 co'mpass a ble a. [f. F compasser measure, 
 contrive, f. L *compassare, see prec] 
 
 compa'ssion, n. Pity inclining one to spare 
 or help, as have- c. on us. [F, f. LL compas- 
 sionem f. coM(pati pass- suffer), see -ion] 
 
 compa'ssionate ! (-at), a. Sympathetic, 
 pitying. Hence eompa'ssionateLV 2 adv., 
 com pa'ssionatexEss n. [f . F compassionne 
 p.p. of compassionner (as prec), -ate 2 ] 
 
 compa'ssionate 2 , v.t. Regard, treat, with 
 compassion, [f. prec] 
 
 compatible, a. Consistent, able to coex- 
 ist, (with). Hence or cogn. eompatiBi'LiTY 
 n., compatible 2 adv. [F, f. med. L. com- 
 patibilis (coMpati suffer with, -ble)] 
 
 compatriot, n. Fellow-countryman. Hence 
 eompatriotic a. [f. F compatriote f. L com- 
 (patriota patriot)] 
 
 compeer*, n. Equal, peer ; comrade, [f. OF 
 Com( per peer)] 
 
 compel, v.t. (-11-). Constrain, force, (to do, 
 
 to a course) ', bring about (an action) by force, 
 as c. submission ; (poet.) drive forcibly. Hence 
 compe'llABLE a. [f. OF compeller f. L com- 
 (pellere puis- drive)] 
 
 co'mpend, n. = compendium. 
 
 compendious, a. Brief but comprehen- 
 sive (of works & authors). Hence compe'n- 
 diousLY 2 ad v. , com pen dious n ess n. [f . OF 
 compendieux f. hcompendiosus (foil., see -ous)] 
 
 compendium, n. (pi. -urns, -a). Abridg- 
 ment; summary; abstract. [L, lit. what is 
 weighed together f. com( pendere weigh)] 
 
 co'mpensate, v.t. & i. Counterbalance ; 
 make amends (for thing, to person, with, by, 
 another thing, or abs.) ; recompense (person for 
 thing); (Mech.) provide (pendulum &c) with 
 mechanical compensation. Hence compe'n- 
 satiVE a. & n., co'mpensatOR 2 n., com- 
 pe'nsatORY a. [f. L coM(pensare frequent, of 
 pendere pens- weigh)] 
 
 compensation, n. Compensating; thing 
 given as recompense ; c.-balance, c.-pendulum, 
 of chronometer (neutralizing effect of tempera- 
 ture). Hence compensationAL a. [f. L 
 compensatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 compete, v.i. Strive (with another for 
 thing, in doing, or abs.) ; vie (with another in a 
 quality), [f. L cot>\(petere -tit- seek), in class. L 
 = coincide, be fitting] 
 
 competence, -ey , n n. Sufficiency of means 
 for living, easy circumstances ; ability (to do, 
 for a task); (of court, magistrate, &c) legal 
 capacity, [f. F competence f. L competentia (as 
 prec, see -ence, -ency)] 
 
 co'mpetent, a. Properly qualified (to do, 
 for a task) ; legally qualified (judge, court, wit- 
 ness) ; (of things) belonging, permissible, to, as it 
 teas c. to him to refuse. Hence co'mpetent- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. F competent (as compete, see -ent)] 
 
 competition, n. Act of competing (for), 
 by examination, in market, &c ; (Anglo-Ind.) 
 c.-wallah, member of I.C.S. chosen by c. [f. L 
 competitio (as foil., see -ion)] 
 
 competitive, a. Of, by, offered for, com- 
 petition. Hence competitiveLY 2 adv. [f . L 
 (as compete, see -ive)] 
 
 competitor, n. One who competes, rival. 
 Hence competitORY a., eompetitrESS ] n. 
 [L (as prec, see -or 2 )1 
 
 compilation, n. Compiling; thing compiled. 
 [F, f. L compilationem (foil., -ation)] 
 
 compi'le, v.t. Collect (materials) into a 
 volume ; make up (volume) of such materials ; 
 (Cricket slang) score (so many runs), [f . F com- 
 piler (perh.) f. L cowpilare plunder (pilare 
 thrust home or pilare plunder)] 
 
 compla'cence, -cy, nn. Tranquil pleasure ; 
 self-satisfaction. [f. med. L complacentia, 
 whence F complaisance, f. L coM(placere 
 please), see -ence, -ency] 
 
 compla*cent,a. Self-satisfied. Hence com- 
 pla'centLY 2 adv. [f. L as prec, see -ent] 
 
 complai'n, v.i. Express dissatisfaction with 
 (of) ; announce that one is suffering from (of a. 
 headache &c) ; state a grievance (to an autho- 
 rity of offender or offence) ; (poet. ) emit mourn- 
 ful sound, [f. F complaindre (st. -aign-) f. LL 
 coM(plangere planet- beat the breast) bewail] 
 
 eomplai'nt, n. Utterance of grievance; 
 formal accusation ; (U.S. (plaintiff's case in civil 
 action ; subject, ground, of c ; bodily ailment, 
 [f. F complainte f. LL fem. p.p. as prec] 
 
 complaisa'nce (or ko'm-), n. Obligingness, 
 politeness; deference. So complaisA"NT a. 
 [F (see complacence)] 
 
 co'mplement x (-ment), n. That which com- 
 pletes; (Gram.) c. of (words completing) the 
 predicate ; full number required (to man ship, 
 
COMPLEMENT 
 
 168 
 
 COMPOUND 
 
 fill conveyance, &c.) ; (Math.) c. of an angle, its 
 deficiency from 90° (cf. supplement). Hence 
 com piemen t.\L a., compleme'ntalLV- 
 adv. [f. Ij complementum (complete 1 , -ment)] 
 
 co'mplement 2 , v.t. Complete, form com- 
 plement to. [f. prec] 
 
 compleme'ntapy, a. Serving to complete ; 
 c. angles (making up 90°) ; c. colours, [-arv ] ] 
 
 complete \ a. Having all its parts, entire ; 
 finished; unqualified, as c. surprise ; (archaic, 
 of persons) accomplished, as c. horseman. 
 Hence eomple'teLY 2 adv., comple'texESS 
 n. [f. L completus p.p. of coMplere fill up] 
 
 complete 2 , v.t. Finish; make whole or 
 perfect ; make up the amount of. So com- 
 ple'tiox n., comple'tivE a. [f. prec] 
 
 eo'mplex 1 , n. Complex whole, [f. L com- 
 plexus -us (as foil.)] 
 
 eo'mplex 2 , a. Consisting of parts, com- 
 posite ; complicated ; c. sentence, one contain- 
 ing subordinate clause(s). Hence comple'x- 
 ity n., eo'mplexLY 2 adv. [f. L com( plectere 
 plex- plait) embrace] 
 
 comple'xion, n. Natural colour, texture, 
 & appearance, of the skin (esp. of face); (fig.) 
 character, aspect, as his conduct wears another 
 c. Hence -complexionED 2 , comple'xion- 
 less, aa. [F, f. L complexionem (as prec, see 
 -ion) ; orig. = combination of supposed qualities 
 determining nature of a body] 
 
 compliance, n. Action in accordance with 
 request, command, &c; in c. with, according to 
 (wish &c) ; base submission, [comply, -ance] 
 
 compliant, a. Disposed to comply, yielding. 
 Hence compli'antLY 2 adv. [-ant] 
 
 eo'mplieaey, n. Complexity ; complicated 
 structure, [f. L as foil., see -acy] 
 
 co'mplicate, v.t. Mix up(with otherthings); 
 make intricate (esp. in p.p.). [f. L coM(plicare 
 fold), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 complication, n. Involved condition; en- 
 tangled state of affairs ; complicating circum- 
 stance, as here is a further c. [I. L complicatio 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 complicity, n. Partnership in an evil ac- 
 tion, [f. L com( plex -plicis f. plic- fold), see -ty] 
 
 co'mpliment 1 , n. Polite expression of 
 praise, as pay, make, a c. ; act implying praise ; 
 (pi.) formal greetings, as make, pay, seixd one's 
 cc. ; cc. of (greetings appropriate to) the season ; 
 (archaic) gift, gratuity. Hence complime'n- 
 tARY 1 a. [F, f. It. complimento f. Sp. cumpli- 
 miento fulfilment of the duties of courtesy f. L 
 
 as COMPLEMENT 1 ; cf. COMPLY] 
 
 co'mpliment 2 , v.t. Pay a compliment to 
 (person on thing) ; present (person with thing) as 
 mark of courtesy, [f. F complimenter (prec)] 
 
 eo'mplin(e), n. (R.-C. Ch.) last service of 
 the day. [ME cumplie f. OF conplie f. L com- 
 pleta (hora) see complete; -in unexplained; 
 mod. E of ten uses pi. , after F complies ; -e is mod. ] 
 
 comply, v.L Act in accordance (with wish, 
 command, &c, or abs.). [f. It. complire f. Sp. 
 cumplir complete, cf. compliment] 
 
 co'mpo, n. (pi. -os). Abbr. of composition, 
 esp. = stucco, plaster. 
 
 component, a. & n. Forming a whole ; (n.) 
 c part. [f. L coM(ponere put), -ent] 
 
 eompop't, v.t. &i. Conduct, behave, oneself; 
 c. with, suit, befit, [f. L com( portare carry)] 
 
 compo'se (-z), v.t. (Of elements) make up, 
 constitute, (esp. pass., be composed of); con- 
 struct in words, produce in literary form, 
 (poem &c, or abs.) ; (Mus.) invent & put into 
 proper form ; set (words) to music ; (Print.) set 
 xip (type) to form words & blocks of words, set 
 
 up (article &c) in type ; put together, arrange, 
 artistically; adjust (dispute &c) ; arrange in 
 specified or understood manner, or for specified 
 purpose, as c. yourself to write, c. your counte- 
 nance, c. your thoughts for action ; tranquillize 
 (oneself, passions, Sec.), esp. in p.p., whence 
 compo'sedLY 2 adv., compo'sedNESs n. [f. 
 F coM(poser f. LL jtctusare cease, lie down, lay 
 down, see pose ; confused with & replacing in 
 compounds pondre f. L ponere posit- place)] 
 
 compo'sep, n. One who composes (usu. 
 music), [prec + -er j ] 
 
 composing, n. In vbl senses ; c.-machine 
 (for setting up type) ; c.-stick, metal instrument 
 of adjustable width in which type is set. 1-ing ] ] 
 
 co'mposite (-zi- or -zl-), a. & n. (Thing) made 
 up of various parts ; (Arch.) fifth classical or- 
 der, Ionic & Corinthian mixed ; (plant) of the 
 Natural Order Comjwsitae, in which the so- 
 called flower is a head of many flowers (as 
 daisy, dandelion, &c>; (of ships) built of both 
 wood. & iron ; c. (railway)carrwiigre, one with 
 compartments of different classes ; c. candle 
 (of stearic acid & stearin of coco-nut oil). Hence 
 co'mpositeLY 2 adv., co'mpositeNESS n. [f. 
 L CO M( ponere posit- put)] 
 
 composition, n. Act of putting together ; 
 formation, construction ; formation of words 
 into a compound word ; construction of sen- 
 tences, art of literary production ; act, art, of 
 composing music ; setting up of type ; mental 
 constitution, as a touch of madness in his c. ; 
 arrangement (of the parts of a picture &c) ; 
 thing composed, mixture ; piece of music or 
 writing ; agreement for cessation of hostilities ; 
 compromise ; agreement for payment of sum 
 in lieu of larger sum or other obligation, as 
 made a c. xoith his creditors. [F, f. L composi- 
 tionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 eompd'sitive, a. Combining, [f. L compo- 
 site as (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 compo'sitop, n. Type-setter, [f. AF com- 
 positour f. L compositorem (as prec, see -or 2 )} 
 
 co'mpos (me'ntis),R. In one's right mind ; 
 non c, not in one's right mind. [L] 
 
 compo'ssible, a. Able to coexist (with), 
 [F, f. med.L com( possibilis possible)] 
 
 co'mpost 1 , n. Compound manure; com- 
 bination. [OF, f. L as composite] 
 
 co'mpost 2 , v.t. Treat with, make into, com- 
 post, [f. OFcomposter (prec)] 
 
 compo'supe (-zher), n. Tranquillity, [f. 
 compose + -ure] 
 
 compota'tion, n. Tippling together. So 
 eo'mpotatOR 2 n. [f. L compotatio f. *com- 
 ( potare drink) see -ation] 
 
 eo'mpote, n. Fruit preserved in syrup. [Ft 
 f. OF composte f. L fem. p.p. as composite] 
 
 compou'nd 1 , v.t. & i. Mix (ingredients, 
 lit. & fig.) ; combine (verbal elements) into a 
 word ; make up (a composite whole) ; settle 
 (matter by mutual concession, debt by partial 
 payment, subscription by lump sum, or abs.) ; 
 condone (liability, offence) for money &c ; c. a 
 felony, forbear prosecution on private motive ; 
 (intr.) come to terms (with person for forgoing 
 claim &c, for offence). Hence compou'nd- 
 able a. [ME compounen f. OF compondrei. 
 L COM( ponere put), whence obs. compone] 
 
 co'mpound 2 , a. & n. Made up of several 
 ingredients ; consisting of several parts ; com- 
 bined, collective ; c. fracture (complicated with 
 skin wound); c. addition, subtraction, &c, 
 (dealing with various denominations) ; c. in- 
 terest 1 ; (Zool., Bot.) consisting of a combina- 
 tion of organisms, or simple parts, as c. animal, 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO-. 
 
COMPOUND 
 
 169 
 
 c.floiver ; c. householder (whose rates are paid 
 by landlord & included in rent); (n.) mixture 
 or elements, c thing, esp. c. word. [prig, p.p. of 
 compoun. see prec.J 
 
 co'mpound 3 , n. (In India, China, &c.) en- 
 closure in which house or factory stands, 
 {perh. f. Malay kampong] 
 comprador', n. (In China) chief native 
 servant in European house of business. [Port., 
 = buyer, f. LL comparatorem f. com( parare 
 furnish), see -OR 2 ] 
 
 comprehe'nd, v.t. Grasp mentally, under- 
 stand, (person, thing) ; include, take in. [f. L 
 com( pre hendere -hens- grasp)J 
 eomprehe'nsible, a. That may be under- 
 stood ; that may be comprised. Henr-j com- 
 ppehensiBixiTV n., eomprehe'nsibiv - 
 adv. [f. L comprehensibilis (as prec, see -ble)J 
 com prehe'nsion, n. Act, faculty, of under- 
 standing ; inclusive power, as a term of wide c. ; 
 toleration of divergent opinions (esp. Eccl.). [f. 
 L comprehensio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 comprehe'nsive, a. Of understanding, as 
 c. faculty ; including much, as c. term, c. grasp 
 (fig. & lit.). Hence comppehe'nsiveLv 2 
 adv., comprehe'nsiveNESS n. (f. L com- 
 prehensivus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 compress 1 , v.t. Squeeze together; con- 
 dense (air, language, thoughts). Hence com- 
 ppe'ssiVE a. [f. OF compresser f. L compres- 
 sare f. com( primere press- = premere press)] 
 eo*m press 2 , n. Soft pad of lint &c for com- 
 pressing artery &c ; piece of wet cloth covered 
 with waterproof bandage, for relief of inflam- 
 mation, [f. F compresse f. L fern. p.p. as prec] 
 compressible, a. That may be compressed. 
 Hence compressiBiLiTV n. [compress 1 + 
 -ible, as if on L comprimere, not compressare] 
 compression, n. Squeezing together, con- 
 densation, (lit. & fig.). So eompre'ssoR 2 n. 
 [F, f. L compressionem (as compress l , see -ion)] 
 compri'se (-z), v.t. Include, comprehend; 
 consist of, as the house comprises 9 bedrooms 
 &c. ; condense {within limits &c). Hence eom- 
 pri'SABLE a. [f. F comprendre (p.p. compris) 
 f. L as comprehend, prob. after enterprise] 
 co'mpromise 1 (-z», n. Settlement of dispute 
 by mutual concession ; adjustment of (between) 
 conflicting opinions, courses, &c, by modifica- 
 tion of each. ff. F compromis f. L coM(promit- 
 tere promise)] 
 
 co'mpromise 2 , v.t. & i. Settle (dispute) by 
 mutual concession ; (intr.) make a compromise; 
 bring (person, oneself) under suspicion by in- 
 discreet action, [f. prec] 
 comptroller (kon-), n. Mis-spelling of con- 
 troller in some titles, asC. of accounts. 
 compulsion, n. Constraint, obligation. [F, 
 f. L compulsionem (as compel, see -ion)] 
 compu'lsive, a. Tending to compel. Hence 
 compu'lsiveLV 2 adv. [f. L as compel, -ive] 
 compu'lsory,a. (Of action, agent) enforced; 
 compelling. Hence compu'lsoriLV 2 adv., 
 com pu'lsori ness n. [as prec, -orv] 
 compu'netion, n. Pricking of conscience ; 
 slight regret, scruple, as without c. Hence 
 eompu'nctious a., compu'netiousLY' 2 
 adv. [OF, f. L compunctionem f. coM(pungere 
 punct- prick), see -ion] 
 compurgation, n. Clearing from a charge, 
 vindication, esp. (Eng. Hist.) trial & purgation 
 by oath. So co'mpurgatOR 2 n„ compur'- 
 g*atORV a. [f. L compurgatio f. com( purgare 
 purify) see -ation] 
 compu'te, v.t. Reckon (number, amount, 
 that, or abs.). So eompu'tABLE (or ko"m-), 
 compu'tATivE (orko'm-haa., computA'TiON 
 n. [f. F computer f. L C0M(pidare reckon)] 
 
 CONCEPTION 
 
 eo-mrade, n. Companion, mate. Hence 
 co'mradesHiP n. [f. F camarade f. Sp. ca- 
 marada chamber-mate, lit. chamberful (cama- 
 ra room f. L camera, see -ade) ; -o- p-rob to 
 repr. sound of Sp. a] 
 
 Co'mtism, n. = positivism. So Co'mtiST 
 n. [Auguste Comte, founder, + -ism] 
 
 con !, v.t. C. (over) : study ; learn by heart, 
 [earlier spelling and pron. cun, a differentiation 
 of can (pres. st. cun-)] 
 
 eon 2 , v.t. Direct steering of ship; con- 
 ning-tower, shot-proof pilot-house of ironclad, 
 [perh. weakened form of cond, condue, f. F corc- 
 duire f. hconducere conduct v.] 
 
 eon 3, prep. (It.). With (esp. Mus.), as c. brio 
 (spirit), espressione (expression^ fuoco (fire), 
 moto (spirited movement). 
 
 con-, pref. = L cum (see com-) before c dfg 
 jlmnpqstv. 
 
 eo-naere (-ke?-), n. (In Ireland) letting by 
 tenant of small portions of land prepared for 
 crop, [corn + acre] 
 
 con amor'e, adv. Zealously. [It.] 
 
 concatenate, v.t. Link together (fig.). So 
 eoncatenA'TioN n. [f. L coN(catenare f. 
 catena chain), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 co'ncave, a. & n. With outline or surface 
 curved like interior of circle or sphere (cf. con- 
 vex); (n.)csurface,esp. vault of heaven. Hence 
 or cogn. co'neaveLV 2 adv., eonea'viTY n. 
 [F, f. L cox(cavus hollow)] 
 
 conca'vo-, in comb. Concavely, concave & 
 — , as c.-concave, concave on both sides, c.-con- 
 vex, concave one side, convex the other, [-o-] 
 
 conceai, v.t. Keep secret; hide. Hence 
 eoncea'lMENTn. [f. OFco?iceZerf.LcoNceZare] 
 
 concede, v.t. Admit, allow, (statement, 
 that) ; grant (right, privilege), [f. F conceder f. 
 L coN(cedere, -cess- yield)] 
 
 concei't 1 (-et), n. Personal vanity ; fanciful 
 notion ; in my own c. (judgment) ; out of c, no 
 longer pleased with. [f. conceive on deceit] 
 
 concei't 2 (-et), v.t. (archaic). Imagine ; per- 
 suade oneself (that), [f. prec] 
 
 coneei'ted, a. Vain (orig. self-c). Hence 
 concei'tedLV 2 adv. [conceit 1 + -ed 2 ] 
 
 conceivable, a. That can be (mentally) 
 conceived. Hence coneeivaBixiTY, cori- 
 eei'vableNESS, nn., eoneervabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 foil. + -able] 
 
 eoneei've (-ev), v.t. & i. Become pregnant 
 with ; become pregnant ; form in the mind, 
 imagine, (also c. of) ; fancy, think, (that) ; for- 
 mulate, express, (usu. pass., as conceived in plain 
 terms), [f. OF concevcir (st. conceiv-) f. L CON- 
 (cipere cent- = capere take)] 
 
 conce'iebrate, v.i. (R.-C.Ch., of, newly or- 
 dained priest) celebrate mass with ordaining 
 bishop. Hence coneelebrA'TiON n. [f. L 
 con (celebr are celebrate)] 
 
 eon'centrate, v.t. & i. Bring together to 
 one point (troops, power, attention) ; (Chem.) 
 increase strength of (liquid &c) by contracting 
 its volume ; (intr.) employ all one's power or 
 attention (upon). Hence concentrA*TiON, 
 eo'neentrativeNESS, eo'neentratoR 2 , nn., 
 eo'neentratiVE a. [as f . a L coN(centrare f. 
 centrum centre), -ate 3 ] 
 
 conee'ntre, v.t. & i. Bring, come, to a com- 
 mon centre, [f. F concentrer (as prec)] 
 
 concentric, a. Having a common centre 
 (with or abs.) ; (Mil.) c. fire, firing concentrated 
 on a point. Hence conee'ntriCALLY adv., 
 eoneentrreiTY n. [L med. L con (centricus, 
 as centre)] 
 
 co'ncept, n. Idea of a class of objects, general 
 notion, [f. L as conceive] 
 
 conception, n. Conceiving (in all senses); 
 
 6* 
 
CONCKPTIVE 
 
 170 
 
 CONCRETE 
 
 thing conceived, idea. Hence eonee'ptionAL 
 a. IF, f. Lconceptionem (as prec, -ion)] 
 eonee'ptive, a. Conceiving (mentally), of 
 conception, [f. L conceptivus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 conceptual, a. Of mental conceptions, [f. 
 med. L conceptualis {conceptus -us as prec, -al] 
 conce'ptualism, n. Doctrine that univer- 
 sals exist as mental concepts (only) ; doctrine 
 that the mind can form ideas corresponding to 
 abstract terms. So eonee'ptualiST n. [-ism] 
 eoneep'n 1 , v.t. Relate to, affect; interest 
 oneself (with, in, about, matter, to do) ; be con- 
 cerned (take part) m; I am not concerned, it is 
 not my business (to) ; (in p.p.) troubled, as a con- 
 cerned air, am concerned to hear ; concerning 
 (prep.), about., [f. F concerner f. L con (cemere 
 sift, regard), in med. L = have regard to] 
 eoneep'n 2 , n. Relation, reference, (with) ; 
 have no c. (nothing to do) with ; have a c. (in- 
 terest, share) in ; anxiety, solicitous regard, as 
 asked with deep c. ; matter that affects one, as 
 no c. of mine ; (pi.) affairs, as meddling in my 
 cc. ; business, Arm, as a flourishing c. ; (collbq.) 
 thing, as smashed the whole c. [f. prec] 
 eoneer'nment, n. Affair, business ; impor- 
 tance, as of vital c; being concerned (with); 
 anxiety, [-ment] 
 
 eo'neept 1 , n. Agreement, union, as work in 
 c. (with) ; combination of voices or sounds, as 
 voices raised in c; musical entertainment; c- 
 grand, grand piano of brilliant tone for cc ; c- 
 pitch (slightly higher than the ordinary). [F, 
 f. It. concerto, as foil.] 
 
 eoneer*t 2 , v.t. Arrange (by mutual agree- 
 ment, also of one person), [f. F concerter f. It. 
 concertare accord together ; connexion with L 
 conceHare contend, doubtful] 
 eoncep'ted, a. In vbl senses ; also (Mus.) ar- 
 ranged in parts for voices or instruments, [-ed j ] 
 eoneer tuna (-te-), n. Portable musical wind 
 instrument, with set of keys at each end. Icon- 
 cert 1 + -INA 1 ] 
 
 concer'to (-tshar-), n. Composition (usu. in 
 three movements) for solo instrument(s) accom- 
 panied by orchestra. [It., see concert a ] 
 conee'ssion, n. Act of conceding ; thing 
 conceded. Hence conce'ssionARY l a, [F, f. 
 L concessionem (as concede, see -ion)] 
 eoncession(n)aipe*, n. Holder of conces- 
 sion, grant, &c, esp. of monopoly given by go- 
 vernment to foreigner. [F (-nn-), prec, -ary 1 ] 
 concessive, a. Of, tending to, concession ; 
 (Gram.) expressing concession, [f. luconcessi- 
 vus (as concede, oee -ive)] 
 conce'ttism (-tshet-), n. Use of fanciful turns 
 (It. concetti) in literatura. [-ism] 
 conch (-k), n. Shell-fish ; shell of - mollusc, 
 esp. (Rom. Myth.) as trumpet of a Triton ; 
 (Arch.) domed roof of semicircular apse ; (also 
 concha) external ear, its central concavity, [f. 
 L concha shell f. Gk kogkhe mussel &c] 
 conchi'fepous (-k-), a. (zool., geol.). Shell- 
 bearing, [as prec, see -ferous] 
 eoneho'logy (-k-), n. Study of shells & 
 shell-fish. So coneholo'g'iCAL a., eoneho*- 
 logiST n. [as conch, see -logy] 
 concierge (F), n. (In France &c) door-keep- 
 er, porter, (esp. of flats &c). 
 eonerliap, a. Of ecclesiastical councils, [f. 
 L concilium council + -ar 1 ] 
 conciliate, v.t. Gain (esteem, goodwill) ; 
 pacify; win over (to one's side &c) ; reconcile 
 (discrepant theories). Hence or cogn. conei*- 
 liatiVE, conei'liatORY, aa., conei'liatoR -, 
 eonei'liatopiNESS, nn. [f. L conciliare (as 
 prec), see -ate 8 ] 
 
 conciliation, n. Reconcilement; use of 
 conciliating measures ; Court of c. (offering 
 parties a voluntary settlement). [f.L conciliatio 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 conci'nnity, n. Elegance, neatness, of lite- 
 rary style, [f. L concinnitas (concinnus well- 
 adjusted, etym. dub., see -ty)] 
 conci'se (-s), a. Brief in expression (of speech, 
 style, person). Hence eonei'seLY 2 adv., con- 
 ci'seNESS n. [f. L C0N(cictere cis- =caedere cut)] 
 conci'sion (-zhn), n. Mutilation (in Phil. iii. 
 2,= circumcision, contemptuously); conciseness. 
 [F, f. L concisionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 co'nclave, n. Meeting-place, assembly, of 
 cardinals for election of Pope ; private assembly, 
 as in c. [F, f. L conclave lock-up place f. 
 clavis key) | 
 
 conclu'de, v.t. & i. Bring to an end ; make 
 an end ; (of things) come to an end ; infer ; 
 settle, arrange, (treaty &c); resolve (to do), 
 [f. L cos(cludere clus- = claudere shut)] 
 conclu'sion, n. Termination ; final result ; 
 in c, lastly, to conclude ; inference ; decision ; 
 (Logic) proposition deduced from previous ones, 
 esp. last of three forming a syllogism ; try cc. 
 with, engage in a trial of skill &c with ; set- 
 tling, arrangement, (of peace &c). [F, f. L con- 
 clusionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 conclu*sive,a. Decisive, convincing. Hence 
 eonelirsiveLY 2 adv., eoneUrsiveNESS n. 
 [f. LL conclusivus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 conco'ct, v. t. Make up of mixed ingredients 
 (soup, drink, story, plot). Hence or cogn. eon- 
 eo'ctiON, conco'ctOR 2 , nn., conco'ctiVE a. 
 [f. L cos(coquere coct- cook)] 
 conco'lopous (cul-), a. (nat. hist.). Of uni- 
 form colour, [f. L coN(coZor colour) + -ous] 
 conco'mitance, -cy, n. Coexistence, esp. 
 (-ance) of body & blood of Christ in each of the 
 eucharistic elements, [f. L concomitantia (as 
 foil., see -ANCE, -ancy)] 
 
 eoned'mitant, a. & n. Going together, as 
 c. circumstances; (n.) accompanying thing. 
 Hence conco'mitantLY 2 adv. [f. L con- 
 (comitari f. comes -iiiitis companion), see -ant] 
 co'ncopd, n. Agreement, harmony, between 
 persons or things ; treaty ; (Mus.) chord satis- 
 factory in itself without others to follow; 
 (Gram.) agreement between words in gender, 
 number, &c [f. F Concorde f. L Concordia f. 
 coN(cors f. cor cordis heart) of one mind] 
 concop'dance, n. Agreement ; alphabetical 
 arrangement of chief words (verbal c.) or sub- 
 jects (real c.) occurring in a book (esp. the 
 Bible) or author, with citations of the passages 
 concerned. [F, f. LL concordantia (foil., -ance)] 
 concop'dant, a. Agreeing, harmonious, 
 (with or abs.); in musical concord. Hence 
 coneop'dantLY 2 adv. [F, f. L concordare 
 (concors), see concord and -ant] 
 concop'dat, n. Agreement between Pope 
 and a secular government. [F, f. L concorda- 
 tum neut. p.p. as prec] 
 
 co'ncoupse, n. Crowd; confluence oLthings, 
 as fortuitous c. of atoms, [f. OF concours f. L 
 concursus -us (as concur)] 
 eoncpe'scence, n.(biol.). Coalescence, grow- 
 ing together, [f. L concrescentia (as foil., see 
 -ence)] 
 
 eo'ncpete ',a. &n. (Gram., of noun) denoting 
 a thing as opposed to a quality, state, or action, 
 not abstract ; existing in material form, real ; 
 in the c, in sphere of reality. (N.) c thing; 
 composition of gravel , cement, &c , for building, 
 (attrib.) made of this. Hence co'ncpeteLY 2 
 adv. [f. L cox(crescere crct- grow)] 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO- 
 
CONCRETE 
 
 171 
 
 CONDUCT 
 
 concrete 2 , v.t. & i. (-kre't) form into a mass, 
 
 solidify ; (ko"n-) treat with concrete, [f. prec] 
 
 concretion, n. Coalescence ; concrete mass, 
 
 esp. (Path.) morbid formation in the body, stone, 
 
 (Geol.) mass formed of solid particles, whence 
 
 concre'tion ary 1 a.; embodiment in concrete 
 
 form. [f. L concretio (as concrete l , see -ion)] 
 
 concu'binage, n. Cohabiting of man and 
 
 woman not legally married ; having, being, a 
 
 concubine. [F, as concubine, see -age)] 
 
 eoneirbinary, a. & n. (Person) living in 
 
 concubinage ; of, sprung from, concubinage. 
 
 [f. L conciihinarius (as foil., see -ary *)] 
 
 co'ncubine, n. Woman who cohabits with 
 
 a man, not being his wife ; (among polygamous 
 
 peoples) secondary wife. [F, f. L C0N(cubina f. 
 
 cubare lie)] 
 
 concu'piscence, n. Sexual appetite; (N.T.) 
 desire for worldly things, [f. L concupiscent ia 
 (as foil., see -ence)] 
 
 concu'piscent, a. Lustful, eagerly desirous, 
 [f. L concupiscere inceptive of C0N(cupere de- 
 sire), see -ent] 
 
 concur', v.i. (-rr-). Happen together, coin- 
 cide; (of circumstances &c.) co-operate (with 
 or abs.); agree in opinion (with). So con- 
 cu'ppence n. [f. L coN(cwrrere curs- run)] 
 concu'ppent, a. & n. Running together, as 
 parallel lines ; existing together ; co-operating ; 
 agreeing; c. lease (made before the former 
 expires) ; c. fire insurance (of which the risk 
 is definitely proportioned among several com- 
 panies) ; (n.) c. circumstance. Hence con- 
 cu'PPentLV 2 adv. [as concur, see -ent] 
 concu'ss, v.t. Shake violently, agitate, 
 (usu. fig.); intimidate, [f. L cox(cutere ctiss- 
 =quatere shake)] 
 
 eoncu'ssion, n. Violent shaking; shock; 
 (Surg.) injury to brain &c, caused by heavy 
 blow &c; c.-bellows, self-acting reservoir regu- 
 lating wind in organ ; c.-fuse (in shell, ignited 
 by c.) [f. L concussio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 condemn (-em), v.t. Censure, blame ; give 
 judgment against ; bring about conviction of, 
 as his looks c. him ; doom (to death, to be 
 beheaded ; also fig. to toil &c. ) ; condemned 
 cell, pew, sermon, (for condemned persons) ; pro- 
 nounce forfeited (smuggled goods &c), unfit 
 for use, incurable. Hence eonde'mnABLE 
 (-inn-) a. [f. OF condemner f. L con(demnare 
 =damnare damage, condemn)] 
 condemnation (-mn-), n. Censure ; judicial 
 conviction; ground for condemning, as his 
 oitm conduct is his c. [f. L condemnatio (as 
 prec, see -ation)] 
 
 condemnatory (-mn-), a. Expressing con- 
 demnation, [f. L as condemn, see-ORY] 
 condensation, n. Act of condensing (t. & 
 i.); condensed mass. [f. L condensatio (as foil., 
 see -ation)] 
 
 condense, v.t. & i. Compress; condensed 
 milk (reduced by evaporation); concentrate 
 (rays of light) ; increase intensity of (electricity) ; 
 reduce, be reduced, from gas or vapour to 
 liquid ; compress into few words. Hence or 
 cogn.condensaBi *LiTY,eondensA # tion, nn. , 
 conde'nsABLE a. [(prob. thr. F condenser) f. L 
 CONldensare f. densus thick)] 
 condenser, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : chamber 
 in steam-engine in which steam is condensed 
 on leaving cylinder ; apparatus for accumulat- 
 ing electricity ; lens, system of lenses, concen- 
 trating light. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 condescend, v.i. Deign, stoop, (to an act, 
 
 to do) ; waive one's superiority (to a person) ; 
 
 (Sc.) c. upon, specify (particulars), [f. F con- 
 
 descendre f. L con (clescendere descend)] 
 
 condescending - , a. Showing condescen- 
 
 sion, esp. patronizing. Hence eondeseend- 
 ingLY 2 adv. [prec. + -ing 2 ] 
 condescension, n. Affability to inferiors ; 
 patronizing manner, [f. L condescensio (as 
 condescend, see -ion)] 
 
 condig'n, a. Adequate (c. punishment, ven* 
 geance). Hence eondig~nLY 2 adv. [f. F con* 
 digne f. L coN(dignus worthy)] 
 co'ndiment, n. Thing used to give relish to 
 food. Hence condime'ntiL a. [F, f. L con- 
 dimentum (condirz pickle, see -ment)] 
 condition \ n. Stipulation, thing upon the 
 fulfilment of which depends that of another; 
 on c. that, if, provided that; (Gram.) clause 
 expressing a c. ; (pi.) circumstances, esp. those 
 essential to a thing's existence, as the cc. of 
 equilibrium, favourable cc, under existing cc. ; 
 state of being, as eggs arrived in good c, per- 
 sons of humble c. ; in, out of, c, in good, bad, c. ; 
 change one's c, marry, [f. OF condition f. L 
 condicionem f. con (dicere, weak st. die-, say), 
 agree upon, see -ion] 
 
 condition 2 , v.t. Stipulate (that) ; agree by 
 stipulation (to do) ; the size is conditioned by 
 (depends on) the requirements ; the two things c. 
 (are essential to) each other ; they c. the universe 
 (impose conditions on it) aneiv; (Commerc.) 
 test the condition of (material), [f. OF condi- 
 cionner f. med. L conditionare (as prec.)] 
 conditional, a. & n. Not absolute, depen- 
 dent (on or abs.) ; (Gram.) c. clause, one expres- 
 sing a condition, protasis, c. mood in French 
 and Italian verbs, that used in the apodosis ; 
 (n.) c. word, conjunction, mood, clause. Hence 
 conditiona'liTY n., condi'tionalLY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF condicionel f. L condicionalis (as con- 
 dition 1, see -al)] 
 
 condi'tioned, a. 1. Having a (specified) dis- 
 position, as ill, well, -c. ; in a (specified) condi- 
 tion, as well-c. ground, cattle ; circumstanced. 
 2. Subject to conditions, [condition J^-f-ED 2 ' 1 ] 
 condo'latopy, a. Expressing condolence, 
 [f. foil, on anal, of consolatory &c] 
 condole, v.i. Express sympathy (with or 
 abs.). Hence condo'lENCE n. [f. LcoN(dolere 
 suffer)] 
 cdndomi'nium, n. (diplom.). Joint control 
 of a State's affairs vested in two or more other 
 States, [con-, L dominium dominion] 
 condo'ne, v.t. Forgive, overlook, (offence, 
 esp. matrimonial infidelity) ; (of actions) atone 
 for (offence). So eondonATiON n. [f. L con- 
 (donare give)] 
 
 co'ndop, n. Large S.-Amer. kind of vulture ; 
 California C, great vulture of California. [Sp., 
 f. Peruviai cuntur] 
 
 condottier'e (-tyari), n. (pi. -ri, pron. -re). 
 Leader of troop of mercenaries. [It. (condotto 
 hired, as conduct 2 , + -iere for -iero -ary 1 )] 
 condu'ee, v.i. (Usu. of events, rarely of 
 persons) lead, contribute, to (result). Hence 
 eondireivE a., condu'eiveNESS n. [f. L 
 cos(ducere load)] 
 
 eo'nduct *, n. Leading, guidance, (cf. safe- 
 conduct) ; c.-money (paid to a witness for 
 travelling expenses) ; manner of conducting 
 (business &c); (Art) mode of treatment; beha- 
 viour (esp. in its moral aspect, as good, bad, c). 
 [partly f. F conduite f. LL *conducta (fern. p.p. 
 as noun), partly f. F conduit (whence also con- 
 duit) f. L conductus -us ; both as foil.] 
 eondu'et 2 , v.t. & i. Lead, guide, to; (of 
 road) lead to ; command (army) ; direct (orches- 
 tra, concert, or abs.) ; direct, manage, (business 
 &c.) ; c. oneself, behave (well, with judgment, 
 &c.) ; (Physics) transmit (heat &c). [f. F con- 
 duit p.p. of conduire f. L coa(ducere duct- 
 lead) ; refash. on L in 16th c] 
 
CONDUCTIBLE 
 
 172 
 
 CONFISCATE 
 
 eondiretible, a. Capable of conducting 
 (heat &c.) or (rarely) being conducted. Hence 
 conduetiBixiTV n. [f. prec, see -ble] 
 
 condu'ction, n. Transmission (of heat by 
 contact &c); conducting (of liquid through 
 pipe &c, esp. of natural processes). So eon- 
 diretrvE a., conducti'vixy n. [f. Lconductio 
 (as conduct 2 , see -ion)] 
 
 eondu'etor, n. Leader, guide ; manager ; 
 director of orchestra; official in charge of 
 passengers on omnibus, tram, or (U.S.) tra.^. ; 
 thing that conducts or transmits (esp. heat &c, 
 as good, bad, non-, c.) ; lightning-c, rod at top 
 of building, conducting electricity away into 
 earth. Hence eondiretorsHiP, eondu'et- 
 pess 1 , nn. [f. F conducteur f. L conductorem 
 (as conduct 2 , see -or 2 )] 
 
 conduit (ku'ndit, ko*n-), n. Channel or pipe 
 for conveying liquids (or fig.), [see conduct *] 
 
 eondu'plieate, a.(bot). Folded lengthwise 
 along middle, [f. LcoN(d uplicare duplicate)] 
 
 co'ndyle (-11), n. (anat.). Rounded process at 
 end of bone, forming articulation with another 
 bone. Hence eo'ndyloiD a. [F, f. L f. Gk 
 kondulos knuckle] 
 
 cone, n., & v.t. & i. Solid figure with circular 
 (or other curved) base, tapering to a point 
 (generated by straight line that always passes 
 through a fixed point, and describes any fixed 
 curve); fruit of pine or fir; marine shell of 
 genus Conus; c.-shaped thing, esp. (Meteorol.) 
 foul- weather signal ; cones, fine flour used 
 by bakers for dusting troughs ; (v.t.) shape like 
 c. ; (v.i.) bear cc. [(vb f. n.) f. L f. Gk konos] 
 
 co'ney. See cony. 
 
 confa'b, n., & v.i. Colloq. abbr. of confabu- 
 lation or foil. 
 
 confa'bulate, v.i. Converse, chat, (with or 
 abs.). Hence or cogn. eonfabulATiON n., 
 eonfa'bulatORV a. [f. L coMfabulari f. 
 fabula tale), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 confection, n., & v.t. Mixing, compound- 
 ing ; thing compounded, esp. preserve, sweet- 
 meat, whence confeetionARY > a. ; ready- 
 made article of (usu. female) dress, mantle, 
 wrap, &c. ; (v.t.) prepare, make, (a c). . [(vb f. 
 n.) F, f. L confectionem f. con( ficere feet- = 
 facere make), see -ion] 
 
 confectioner, n. Maker of sweetmeats, 
 pastry, &c. (usu. for sale). Hence eonfeetion- 
 ery(1, 2) n. [-er J ] 
 
 confederacy, n. League, alliance ; con- 
 spiracy ; collusion ; body of confederate persons 
 or States, as Southern C, Confederate States 
 of America, [as foil., see -acv (3)] 
 
 confederate 1 (-at), a. & n. Allied (lit. & 
 fig.); C. States of America (seceding from the 
 Union, 1860-5) ; (n.) ally, esp. in bad sense, 
 accomplice, [f. L cos(foederare f. foedus -eris 
 league), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 confederate 2 , v.t. & i. Bring (person, 
 State, oneself), come, into alliance (with). So 
 eonfederATiON n. [as prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 co'nfer^v. (imperat.t. Compare (abbr. cf). [L] 
 
 confer* 2 , v.t. & i. (-rr-). Grant, bestow, (title, 
 degree, favour, &c, on) ; (intr.) converse, take 
 counsel, (icith or abs.). Hence confer'ME nt n., 
 confer'rABLE a. [f. L coN(/erre bring)] 
 
 co'nference, n. Consultation ; annual as- 
 sembly of Wesleyan Methodist Connexion. So 
 eonfere'ntiAL a. [f. med. L conferentia (as 
 prec, see -ence)] 
 
 confess, v.t. & i. Acknowledge, as I c. my 
 fault, that I did it, to doing it, to having done it, 
 to a dread of spiders ; formally declare one's 
 sins, esp. to a priest, whence confe*ssAN7 A n.; 
 
 (of priest) hear confession. Hence confe'ss- 
 edLV 2 adv. [f. OF confesser f. LL confessare 
 frequent, of L cos(fiterifess- =fateri)\ 
 
 confession, n. Acknowledgment (of offence, 
 fact, &c.) ; auricular c. (of sins to priest), whence 
 confession ary 1 a. ; thing confessed ; c. of 
 faith, declaration of religious doctrine, creed ; 
 (formerly) tomb of confessor. [F, f. L con- 
 fessionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 confessional, a. & n. Of confession ; (n.) 
 stall in which priest hears confession, as secrets 
 of the c. [(adj.) prec. +-al; (n.) F, f. med. L 
 confessionale (neut. adj. as n.)] 
 
 confe'ssionist, n. Adherent of a creed, esp. 
 of the Augsburg Confession (Lutheran), [f. F 
 confessioniste (-ist)] 
 
 confe'ssor, n. One who confesses ; one who 
 avows his religion in face of danger, but does 
 not suffer martyrdom ; The C, King Edward 
 the C; priest who hears confession. [L (as con- 
 fess, see -or 2 )] 
 
 confe'tto, n. (usu. in pi., -ti). Plasterbonbons, 
 bits of coloured paper, used as missiles in the 
 carnival &c [It., = sweetmeat] 
 
 confida'nt, n. (fern, -ante, pron. -ant). Per- 
 son trusted with private (usu. love) affairs. 
 [18th c ; perh. meant to repr. sound of F co?i- 
 fident, -ente (as foil., see -ant)] 
 
 confi'de, v.t. & i. Repose confidence in; 
 impart (secret to) ; entrust (object of care, task, 
 to), [f. L cos(Jidere trust)] 
 
 co'nf idence, n. Firm trust ; assured ex- 
 pectation ; boldness; impudence; imparting of 
 private matters ; thing so imparted ; told in c. 
 (as a secret) ; c. trick, persuading victim to en- 
 trust valuables to one as sign of c [f. L con- 
 fidentia (as prec, see -ence)] 
 
 co'ntident, a. & n. Trusting, fully assured, 
 (that, of, or abs.), bold; impudent; (n.) con- 
 fidant, sharer of (secret). Hence eenfident- 
 lv 2 adv. ,as confide, see -ent] 
 
 confidential -shl), a. Spoken, w r ritten, in 
 confidence; entrusted with secrets; charged 
 with secret service. Henceconfidentia'liTY 
 (shi), eonfide'ntialNESS, nn., confiden- 
 tiali.v 2 adv. [as confidence + -al] 
 
 eonfigfura'tion, n. Mode of arrangement, 
 conformation, outline , (Astr.) relative position 
 of planets &c [f. L configuratio (foil., -ation)] 
 
 confi'grure (-ge?'), v.t. Give shape to (usu. 
 fig.), [f. L con( figurare figure)] 
 
 eo'nflne'.n. (usu. pi.). Border-land, esp. (fig.) 
 between two classes of ideas &c If. F confins 
 pi. f. med. Lcos(fines pi. adj. i. finis end, limit)] 
 
 eonfl'ne 2 , v.t. & i. Keep (person, thing, one- 
 self, within, to, limits) ; imprison ; (pass.) be in 
 childbed, be brought to bed ; (rarely) c. with, be 
 adjacent to. [f. F confiner f. It. confinare (con- 
 fino f . L as prec. )] 
 
 confinement, n. Imprisonment; being con- 
 fined, esp. in childbed ; limitation. [F (-ment)] 
 
 eonfip'm, v. t. Establish more firmly (power, 
 possession, person in possession) ; ratify (treaty ; 
 possession, title, to person) ; corroborate (state- 
 ment, evidence), whence eonfir'm ati ve, con- 
 fip'matORY, aa., confir'mativeLY 2 adv.; 
 establish, encourage, (person in habit, opinion, 
 &c.) ; administer religious rite of confirmation 
 to, whence ednfirmEE* n. ; a confirmed (in- 
 veterate) drunkard, disease, [f. OF confermer 
 t. L co i s(firmare f. firmus firm)] 
 
 confirmation, n. Act of confirming; cor- 
 roboration ; rite administered to baptized per- 
 sons in various Christian Churches. [OF, f. L 
 confirmationem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 confiscate, v.t. Appropriate to the public 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO- 
 
CONFISCATION 
 
 173 
 
 CONGREGATION 
 
 treasury (by way of penalty) ; seize as by 
 authority. So confi'seABLE-, eonfi'seatoRY, 
 
 aa., eo'nfiseatOR 2 n. [f. L covi(fiscare f.fiscus 
 treasury), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 eontisea'tion, n. Act of confiscating; 
 (colloq.) legal robbery with sanction of ruling 
 power, [f. L confiscatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 conflagration, n. Great & destructive fire 
 (lit. & fig.), [f. L conjlagratio (coajlagrare burn 
 
 Up, see FLAGRANT)] 
 
 eonfla'tion, n. Fusing together esp. fig. of 
 two variant readings into one. [f. L conflatie f. 
 CONiJtare blow), see -ation)] 
 
 co'nflict 1 , n. Fight, struggle, (lit. & fig.); 
 collision ; clashing (of opposed principles &c). 
 [f. L conflietus -us (as foil.)] 
 
 eonfli'et 2 , v.i. Struggle (with or abs., usu. 
 fig.); clash, be incompatible, whence eonfli'e- 
 tiON n. [f. L coxi( fligere Jlict- strike)] 
 
 co'nfluent, a. & n. Flowing together, unit- 
 ing, (of streams, roads, &c, & fig.), so eo'nflu- 
 ence n. ; c. smallpox (when vesicles run to- 
 gether) ; (n.) stream flowing with another (prop, 
 of same size), [f. L con (fluere flux- flow), -ent] 
 
 co'nflux, n. Confluence, [as f . a L conflu-xus 
 -us (as prec.)] 
 
 eonfor'm, v.t. & i. Form according to a 
 pattern, make similar (to) ; adapt oneself to ; 
 (intr.) comply with (to), be conformable (to or 
 abs.). Hence eonfor'm ance n. [f. F con- 
 former f. L coN(/ormare f. forma shape)] 
 
 confor*mable, a. Similar (to) ; consistent, 
 adapted, (to) ; tractable. Hence eonforma- 
 bi "lit y n. , confop'mabL y 2 adv. [-a ble] 
 
 conforma'tion, n. Manner in which a thing 
 is formed, structure ; adaptation (to), [f. L con- 
 formatio (as conform, see -ation)] 
 
 confor'mist, n. One who conforms to usages 
 of Church of England, [-ist] 
 
 eonfor'mity, n. Likeness (to, with) ; com- 
 
 Jfliance (with, to), [f. F conformity f. L con- 
 formis f. forma shape), see -ty] 
 
 confou'nd <-ow-), v.t. Defeat (plan, hope) ; 
 (mild oath) c. it, you, ( = God c), esp. in p.p., 
 whence eonfoirndedLY 2 adv.; (bibl.) put to 
 shame ; throw into perplexity ; throw (things) 
 into disorder ; mix up ; confuse (in idea), [f. OF 
 confondre f. L con ( fundere f us- pour) mix up] 
 
 eonfrater'nity, n. Brotherhood (esp. re- 
 ligious or charitable) ; body, gang. [F {-te"), f. 
 L con( fraternitatem fraternity)] 
 
 confrere (F), n. Fellow-member of profes- 
 sion, scientific body, &c. 
 
 confront (-tint), v.t. Meet face to face, stand 
 facing ; be opposite to ; face in hostility or defi- 
 ance ; (of difficulties &c) oppose ; bring (per- 
 son) face to face with (accusers &c. ) ; compare. 
 Hence confrontA'TiON n. [f. F confronter f. 
 med. L cow(frontari f. frons -ntis face)] 
 
 Confu'cian, a. & n. (Follower) of Confucius, 
 the Chinese Philosopher. Hence Confu'eian- 
 ism n. [f. Confucius, latiniz. of ICung Fit tsze 
 K'ung the master, + -an] 
 
 confu'se (-z), v.t. Throw into disorder; mix 
 up in the mind; abash, perplex, (usu. pass.). 
 Hence eonfu'sedLY 2 adv., eonfirsedNESsn. 
 [f. L as confound] 
 
 conf u'sion, n. Act of confusing ; confused 
 state ; tumult ; (as imprecation) c. .', drink c. to. 
 [OF, f. L confusionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 confu'te, v.t. Convict (person) of error by 
 proof; prove (argument) false. So ednfut- 
 a'tion n. [f. L GON(futare perh. f. same root 
 as fundere pour)] 
 
 conge (ko - nzha, or as F), eo'ngee (-ji), n. 
 Dismissal without ceremony ; (archaic) bow, 
 esp. at parting ; (F) conge" d'6lire, royal permis- 
 sion to elect bishop. Hence eo'nge, -gee, v.t. 
 
 & i. [ME congye f. OF congiez f. L commeatus 
 -us leave of absence f. cOM(meare go) go & come ; 
 now usu. treated as mod. F] 
 
 congeal, v.t. & i. Freeze, solidify by cool- 
 ing; coagulate (t. & i. of blood &c. or fig.). 
 Hence eongea'lABLE a.. eongeaiMENT n. 
 [f. OF congeler f. L cox(gelare f. gelu frost)] 
 
 congela'tion, n. Congealing ; congealed 
 state ; congealed substance, [f. L congelatio 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 co'ngener, n. & a. One of the same kind as 
 (of) another ; (adj.) akin, allied, (to), [(n. thr. F 
 conge" nere) f. L C0N(ge?ier f. genus -eris kind)] 
 
 congeneric, a. Of same genus, kind, race ; 
 allied in nature or origin, [-ic] 
 
 conge'nerous, a. Of same genus or (loosely) 
 family ; of same kind ; c. muscles (concurring 
 in same action), [-ous] 
 
 congenial, a. (Of persons, characters, &c) 
 kindred, sympathetic, (with, to) ; suited, agree- 
 able, (to). Hence eongenia'lnv n., conge'- 
 nialLY- 2 adv. [con- + genial] 
 
 congenital, a. Belonging to (with) one from 
 birth (esp. of diseases, defects, &c). Hence 
 eonge'nitaiLY 2 adv. [f. L cox(genitus p.p. 
 of gigno beget) + -al] 
 
 eo'nger (-ngg-), n. Large sea eel (also c.-eel). 
 [f. OF congre f. L conger -gri f. Gk goggros] 
 
 conge'Pies (-j-), n. Collection, mass, heap. 
 [L (as foil.)] 
 
 congest (-j-), v.i. & t. (Intr.) accumulate to 
 excess (esp. in p.p.) ; affect with congestion ; 
 (Med.) congested organ (overcharged with 
 blood). Hence eonge'stiVK a. [f. L con- 
 (gerere gest- bring)] 
 
 congestion, n. Abnormal accumulation of 
 blooain a part of the body (fig. of population, 
 traffic, &c). [F, f. L congestionem (as prec, see 
 
 -ION)] 
 
 co'nglobate, v. t. & i. , & a. Form in to a ball ; 
 (adj.) so formed. So eonglobA'TiON n. [f. L 
 coa(globare f. globus), see -ate 2 » 3 ] 
 
 conglo'be, v.t. & i. =prec [as prec] 
 
 congld'merate 1 (-at), a. & n. Gathered into 
 a round mass ; (Geol.) (pudding-stone, water- 
 worn fragments of rock) cemented into a mass 
 (cf. agglomerate), [f. L con (glomer are f. 
 glomus -eris ball), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 conglomerate 2 , v.t. & i. Collect into a 
 coherent mass (lit. & fig.). So conglomePA*- 
 tion, n. [as prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 conglu'tinate (-00-), v.t. & i. Stick together 
 (as) with glue. So eonglutinA'TiON n. [f. L 
 con glutinare (gluten -inis glue), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 co'ngou (-nggoo, -6), n. Kind of black Chinese 
 tea. [f. Chin, kung-fu^ch'a) labour (tea)] 
 
 congratulate, v.t. Address (person) with 
 expressions of sympathetic joy (on an event) ; 
 c. oneself, think oneself happy (on). Hence 
 congra'tulANT a. & n., congra'tulatiVE, 
 congra'tulatORY, aa., congra*tulatOR 2 n. 
 [f. Lcon (gratulari f. gratus pleasing), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 congratulation, n. Congratulating; (pi.) 
 congratulatory expressions, [f. hcongratulatio 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 eo'ngregate, v.t. & i. Collect, gather, into 
 a crowd (of persons) or mass (of things), ff. L 
 coN(gregare f. grex gregvi flock), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 congregation, n. Collection into a body 
 or mass ; assemblage ; general assembly of 
 (qualified) members of university; (bibl.) col- 
 lective body of Israelites in wilderness, also, 
 public solemn assembly of the nation; (bibl.) 
 C. of Saints, the wicked, &c, (whole body); 
 body assembled for religious worship ; perma- 
 nent committee of Roman College of Cardinals, 
 as the C. de propaganda fide. [f. F congrega- 
 tion f. L congregationem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
CONGREGATIONAL. 
 
 174 
 
 CONNIVE 
 
 eongreg-a'tional, a. Of a congregation ; 
 (with cap. C) of, adhering to, Congregational- 
 ism, [-al] 
 
 Congpega'tionalism, n. System of eccle- 
 siastical polity that leaves legislative, discip- 
 linary, and judicial functions to the individual 
 church. So CongregrationaliST n., Con- 
 greg'a'tionalizE v.t. [prec. + -ism] 
 
 co'ngress, n. Coming together, meeting ; 
 formal meeting of delegates for discussion, esp. 
 of envoys or persons engaged in special studies, 
 as Church C, annual meeting of Church of Eng- 
 land, Social Science C, &c. ; national legislative 
 body of U.S. or S. & Central Amer. republics ; 
 its session ; C.-man, member of C. [f. L con- 
 gressus -us f. cox(gredi gress- = gradi walk)] 
 
 congressional, a. Of a congress, [f. L 
 congressio (as prec, see -ion) + -al] 
 
 Co'ngpeve, a. & n. C. (match), kind of fric- 
 tion match ; C. (rocket), kind formerly used in 
 war. [Sir W. C, inventor] 
 
 ecngruenee, -ey, n. Agreement, consis- 
 tency, (of one with another, between two), [f. 
 L congruentia (as foil., see -ence, -encv)] 
 
 co'ngpuent, a. Suitable, accordant, (with). 
 [f. L cox(gruere not otherwise found), see -ent] 
 
 eo'ngfpuous, a. Accordant, conformable, 
 (with) ; fitting. Hence or cogn. congpu'iry 
 n., co'ngruousLY 2 adv. [f. L congruus (as 
 prec) + -ous] 
 
 ed'nie, a. & n. Cone-shaped ; of a cone, as c. 
 section ; (n. pi. ) study of plane c. sections. Hence 
 co'nicAL a., eo'niealLY 2 adv., ccniealNESS 
 n. [f. Gk konikos (cone, -ic)] 
 
 conieo-, in comb. "With a conical tendency, 
 as c.-cylindrical. [as prec] 
 
 cd'nifep, n. Cone-bearing plant. Hence eo- 
 iii'ferous a. [L (as cone, see -ferous)] 
 
 eo'niform, a. Cone-shaped, [cone, -form] 
 
 cd'nine, eo'niine, n. An alkaloid, the 
 poisonous principle of hemlock, [f. L conium 
 
 f. Gk koneion hemlock 4- -ine 5 ] 
 
 conje'etupal, a. Involving, given to, con- 
 jecture. Hence conje'ctupalLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 conjecturalis (as foil., see -al)] 
 
 conjecture 1 , n. Formation of opinion 
 
 without sufficient grounds, guessing, esp. in 
 
 textual criticism, of a reading not in the text ; 
 
 a ft, a guess, proposed reading. [F, f. L conjec- 
 
 tura f. con( jiCere ject- =jacSre throw), see -ure] 
 
 conjecture 2 , v.t. & i. Guess; propose (a 
 
 conjectural reading); (intr.) make a guess. 
 
 Hence eonjeetuPABLE a.,conje*ctupabLY 2 
 
 adv. [f. F conjecturer (prec.)] 
 eonjoi'n, v.t. & i. Join (t. & i.) ; combine, [f. 
 
 F conjoindre f. L coa(jungere junct-)] 
 eonjoi'nt, a. United ; associated. Hence 
 
 conjoi'ntLY 2 adv. [F, p.p. as prec] 
 eo'njug'al, a. Of marriage, as c. rights ; of 
 
 husband or wife, as c. affection. Hence eon- 
 
 juga'liTY n., co'njugalLY 2 adv. [f. L con- 
 
 jugalis f. cox(jux -jugis f. root of jungere 
 
 join) consort, see -al] 
 eo'n jugate \ v.t. & i. (Gram.) inflect (verb) 
 
 in voice, mood, tense, number, person ; (intr.) 
 
 unite sexually ; (Biol.) become fused, [f. L con- 
 
 (jugare f.jugum j'oke) yoke together, see -ate 3 ] 
 co'njugrate 2 (-at), a. & n. Joined together, 
 
 esp. coupled ; (Gram.) derived from same root ; 
 
 (Math.) joined in a reciprocal relation; (Biol.) 
 
 fused ; (n.) c word or thing, [as prec, see -ate 2 ] 
 conjugation, n. Joining together; (Gram.) 
 
 scheme of verbal inflexion ; (Biol.) fusion of 
 
 two (apparently) similar cells for reproduction. 
 
 Hence conjugation al a. [f. L conjugatio 
 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 conju'net, a. & n. Joined together ; com- 
 bined ; associated, joint ; (n.) c person or thing. 
 Hence conju'nctLY 2 adv. [f. L as conjoin] 
 conju'netion, n. Union, connexion; in c, 
 together (with) ; (Astr.) apparent proximity of 
 two heavenly bodies ; combination of events 
 or circumstances ; number of associated per- 
 sons or things ; (Gram.) uninflected word used 
 to connect clauses or sentences, or to co- 
 ordinate words in same clause. Hence con- 
 ju*netionAL a., eonju'netionalLY 2 adv. 
 [OF, f. L conjunctionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 conjunctive, a. & n. Serving to join, as 
 c. tissue ; (Gram.) (1) of the nature of a con- 
 junction, (2) uniting sense as well as construc- 
 tion, cf. disjunctive, (3) c. mood of verb, one 
 used only in conjunction with another verb, cf. 
 subjunctive; (n.) c word or mood. Hence 
 conju'nctiveLY 2 adv. [f. L conjunctivus (as 
 prec, see -ive)] 
 
 conju'netupe (-tsher), n. Meeting of events 
 or circumstances ; crisis, [f. F conjoncture f. 
 L as conjoin, see -ure] 
 
 cdnjupa'tion, n. Solemn appeal ; incanta- 
 tion. [OF, f. L conjurationem (foil., -ation)] 
 
 conjure, v.t. & i. 1. (konjoor*). Appeal 
 solemnly to (person to do). 2. (ku'njer). Con- 
 strain (spirit) to appear by invocation (also c. 
 up, down, out of person) ; effect, bring out, 
 convey away, by juggling ; juggle ; c. up, cause 
 to appear to the fancy, [f. OF conjurer f. L 
 cox(jurare swear) band together by oath] 
 
 co'njupep, -op, n. One who practises leger- 
 demain, juggler ; unusually clever person, as 
 he is no c. [(-er) f. prec. 4- -er 1 ; (-or) f. OF con- 
 jureor f. ~Lconjuratorem (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 conk, n. (slang). Nose. [perh. = conch] 
 
 eo'nnate, a. Born with a person, innate ; 
 (of two or more qualities &c.) born together, 
 coeval in origin ; (Bot., Zool.) congenitally 
 united (of leaves united at base &c). [f. Lcon- 
 (nasci not- be born)] 
 
 connatural, a. Innate, belonging naturally, 
 (to) ; of like nature. Hence conna*tupalLY 2 
 adv. [f. med. L con (naturalis natural)] 
 
 connect, v.t. & i. Join (two things, one 
 with, to, another) ; make coherent (arguments 
 &c); (pass.) have practical relations with; 
 associate mentally ; unite with others in rela- 
 tionship &c (usu. pass, or refl.) ; (intr.) join on 
 (with). Hence conne*ctER 1 (2), -or 2 , nn., con- 
 ne'ctiBLE a. [f. L coa(nectere nex- bind)] 
 
 connected, a. In vbl senses, esp.: joined 
 in sequence, coherent, whence eonne'eted ly 2 
 adv., eonne'ctedNESS n. ; related, as well c. 
 (with persons of good position), [-ed a ] 
 
 connective, a. Serving, tending, to con- 
 nect ; c. tissue of the body, fibrous tissue con- 
 necting & supporting the organs, [-ive] 
 
 connexion, -nection, n. Act of connect- 
 ing ; state of being connected ; relation of 
 thought, as in this c. ; connecting part, as hot 
 water cc. ; personal intercourse ; sexual rela- 
 tion, as criminal c. (abbr. ctHm. con.) ; family 
 relationship ; relative ; religious body, as Wes- 
 leyan c, whence eonnexionAL a.; body of 
 customers &c, as busi7iess w>ith a good c. ; in 
 c. with, connected with, esp. of trains, boats, 
 &c, taking on passengers from others, [f. L 
 connexio (as connect, see -ion)] 
 
 conni'vance, n. Conniving (at, in) ; tacit 
 permission, as done icith his c. [earlier -ence, f. 
 L conniventia (as foil., see -ence, -ance)] 
 
 conni've, v.i. Wink at (what one ought t© 
 oppose), [f. L coN(nivere, cf. nicere make a 
 sign, nictare wink)] 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult co-. 
 
CONNIVENT 
 
 175 
 
 CONSERVATIVE 
 
 con ni* vent, a. (nat. hist.). Gradually con- 
 vergent, [as connive, see -ent] 
 
 connoisseur (konaser - ), n. Critical judge 
 (of, in, matters of taste). Hence connois- 
 seup'SHip n. [F, £. L cognoscitorem t co(gno- 
 scere become acquainted with), see -or 2 ] 
 
 conno'te, v.t. (Of words) imply in addition 
 to the primary meaning ; (of facts &c.) imply as 
 a consequence or condition ; (Logic) imply the 
 attributes while denoting the subject ; (loosely) 
 mean. Hence or cogn. eonnotA'TiON n., 
 conno'tativE a., eonno'tativeLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L coa(7iotare f. nota mark) mark together] 
 
 connu'bial.a. Of marriage ; of husband or 
 wife. Hence eonnubia'liTY n., connu'bi- 
 alLY 2 adv. [f. L connubialis f. coN(«M&iwmf. 
 ivubere marry), see -alJ 
 
 conoid, a. & n. Cone-shaped; (n.) solid 
 generated by revolution of a conic section 
 about its axis, also, any more or less cone- 
 shaped body. Hence conoi'dAL a. [f. Gk 
 konoeides (as cone, see -oid)] 
 
 co'nquer (-ker), v.t. Overcome by force; 
 get the better of (habit, passion, &c.) ; acquire, 
 subjugate, (land). Hence co'nquePABLE a. 
 [f. OF conquerre f. L coa(quaerere seek, get)] 
 
 co'nquepop (-ke-), n. One who conquers ; 
 the C, William I ; (colloq.) play the c. (decisive 
 game), [f. OF conguereorf. L *conquaeretorem 
 (conquaerere for -ere, see prec. & -or 2 )] 
 
 co'nquest (-kw-), n. Subjugation (of country 
 &c); the (Norman) C, acquisition of English 
 crown by William of Normandy, 1066; con- 
 quered territory ; person whose affections have 
 been won ; make a c. (of), win (person's) affec- 
 tions, [f. OF (1) conquest thing acquired bye. ; 
 (2) conqueste action of c, f. L conquisita, fern, 
 p.p. of conquirere (-quaerere) conquer] 
 
 consa'nguine, a. =foll. [F(-in, -ine), as foil.] 
 
 consanguineous, a. Of the same blood, 
 akin. [f. L con (sanguineus f. sanguis -inis 
 blood) + -ous^ 
 
 consangu inity , n. Blood-relationship (also 
 fig.), [f. F ' consanguinity f. laconsanguinitatem 
 (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 conscience (-shwns), n. Moral sense of 
 right & wrong ; good or clear, bad or guilty, c, 
 consciousness that one's actions are right, 
 wrong ; 'in all c, goodness knows ; have the c. 
 to, have the impudence to ; c. clause in act, one 
 ensuring respect for the cc. of those affected ; 
 c. money (sent to relieve the c, esp. in payment 
 of evaded income-tax). Hence eonseienee- 
 less a. [F, f. liconscientia f. coa(scire know) be 
 privy to, see -ence)] 
 
 conscientious (-shlensh-), a. Obedient to 
 conscience, scrupulous, (of persons or conduct). 
 Hence conscientiously- adv., consci- 
 entiousNESS n. [f. F conscientieux, -euse, f. 
 med. L conscientiosus (as prec, see -ous)] 
 
 conscious, a. Aware, knowing, (o/fact, of 
 external circumstances, that, or abs.) ; with 
 mental faculties awake ; (of things) felt, sen- 
 sible ; = self-conscious. Hence eonseious- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L conscius f. C0N(sciVe know) be 
 privy to + -ous] 
 
 consciousness, n. State of being con- 
 scious ; totality of a person's thoughts & feel- 
 ings, or of a class of these, as moral c. ; percep- 
 tion (of, that), [-ness] 
 
 conscri'be, v.t. Enlist by conscription, [f. 
 L C0N(scribere script- write) enrol] 
 
 conscript, a. & n. (Recruit) enrolled by 
 conscription ; c. fathers (collective title of 
 Roman senators), [as prec] 
 
 eonseri'ption, n. Compulsory enlistment 
 for military or naval service (esp. enrolment by 
 lot), [f. L conscriptio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 consecrate 1 , a. Consecrated, [f. L coN(se- 
 crare=sacrare f. sacer -cri sacred), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 consecrate 2 , v.t. Set apart as sacred (to) ; 
 devote to (purpose) ; sanctify. So consecra- 
 te k 2 n., conseeratORY a. [prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 consecra'tion, n. Act of consecrating, 
 dedication, esp. of church, churchyard, &c, by 
 bishop ; ordination to sacred office, esp. of 
 bishop ; devotion to (a purpose), [f. L con.se- 
 cratio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 eonse'etary, n. Deduction, corollary, [f. 
 L consectarium (neut. adj. as n.) f. consectari 
 frequent, as foil.] 
 
 consecu'tion, n. Logical sequence ; se- 
 quence of events ; (Gram.) sequence of words, 
 tenses, &c [f. L consecutio f. coN(segwi secut- 
 pursue) overtake, see -ion)] 
 
 consecutive, a. Following continuously ; 
 (Gram.) expressing consequence, as c. clause ; 
 (Mus.) c. intervals (of the same kind, esp. fifths 
 or octaves). Hence eonse'eutiveLY 2 adv., 
 conse'cutiveNESS n. [f. F consbcutif, -ive 
 (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 consenescence, n. G eneral decay by age. 
 [f. L coti(senescere grow old f. senex), -ence] 
 
 consensual, a. (physiol.). Caused by sym- 
 pathetic action, [f. foil. + -al] 
 
 consensus, n. Agreement (of opinion, 
 testimony, &c); (Physiol.) agreement of dif- 
 ferent organs in effecting purpose. [L (as foil.)] 
 
 consent \ v.i. Acquiesce, agree, (to a thing, 
 to do, that, or abs.). [f. OF consentir f. L con- 
 (sentire sens- feel) agree] 
 
 consent 2 , n. Voluntary agreement, com- 
 pliance ; permission ; age of c. (at which c is 
 valid in law) ; (pro v.) silence gives c. ; with one 
 c, unanimously, [f. OF consente (as prec)] 
 
 consentaneous, a. Accordant, suited, 
 (to, with) ; unanimous, concurrent. Hence 
 consentane'iTY, consentaneousNESs, 
 nn., consentaneous!. y 2 adv. [f. L consen- 
 taneus (as consent 1 ) + -ous] 
 
 consentient (-shnt), a. Agreeing; con- 
 current ; consenting (to), [f. L as consent l , 
 see -ent] 
 
 consequence, n. Result (of something 
 preceding) ; logical inference ; in c, as a result 
 (of) ; importance ; of (no) c, (un)important ; 
 social distinction, rank, as persoiis of c. [f. F 
 consequence f. L consequentia (as foil., -ence] 
 
 consequent 1 , n. Event that follows an- 
 other ; second part of conditional proposition, 
 dependent on the antecedent; (Math.) second 
 of two numbers in a ratio, second & fourth of 
 four proportionals, [as foil.] 
 
 consequent 2 , a. Following as a result (on) ; 
 following logically ; logically consistent, [f. F 
 consequent f. L coN(sequi follow), see -ent] 
 
 consequential, a. Following as a result 
 or inference ; following or resulting indirectly, 
 as c. damages ; self-important. Hence conse- 
 quentially y (shi) n., consequentially 2 
 adv. [f. L as consequence + -al] 
 
 consequently, adv. & conj. As a result ; 
 therefore, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 conser'vancy, n. Commission, court, con- 
 trolling a port, river, &c, as Thames C. ; offi- 
 cial preservation (of forests &c). [f. L as con- 
 serve 2 , see -ancy] 
 
 conservation, n. Preservation ; c. of en- 
 ergy, invariability in quantity of total energy 
 of any system of bodies (including the universe), 
 [f. L conservatio (as prec, -ation)] 
 
 conservative, a. & n. Preservative (a. & 
 n.) ; (C. party, English political party) disposed 
 to maintain existing institutions; (improp., of 
 estimate) moderate, cautious, purposely low 
 (n.) one so disposed, member of the C. party. 
 
CONSERVATOIRE 
 
 176 
 
 CONSPUE 
 
 So eonser'vatiSM n. [F (-if, -ive), f. med. L 
 conservativus (as foil., see -ive)] 
 
 conservatoire' (-twar'r), n. Public school 
 of music & declamation (on Continent). [F, f. 
 L conservatorium (as foil., see -ory)] 
 
 co'nsepvator, n. Preserver ; official custo- 
 dian (of museum &c.) ; cc. oftlie peace, the King, 
 Lord Chancellor, &c. ; ce. of a river (see con- 
 servancy), [f. F conservateur f. L conserva- 
 torem (as foil., see -or 2 )] 
 
 conservatory, n. Greenhouse for tender 
 plants; = conservatoire, [f. hconservatorius 
 a. (as foil., see -ory)] 
 
 conserve 1 , n. (usu. pi.). Confection, pre- 
 serve. [F, f. med. L conserva (as foil.)] 
 
 conser've 2 , v.t. Keep from harm, decay, 
 or loss. [f. F conserver f. L con (servare keep)] 
 
 consider, v.t. & i. Contemplate mentally ; 
 reflect (that, whether, &c, or abs.), reckon with, 
 make allowance for ; regard as, as / c. him (to 
 be) a knave, e. yourself under arrest ; (archaic) 
 c. of, think over. [f. F considerer f. LcoN(.st'c£e- 
 rare perh. f. sidus -eris star) examine] 
 
 considerable, a. Worth considering; (of 
 persons) notable, important ; (of immaterial 
 things) much, no small, (trouble, annoyance, 
 pleasure), whence eonsi'derabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 med. L considerabilis (as prec, see -able)] 
 
 considerate (-at), a. Thoughtful for others ; 
 (archaic) careful. Hence consi'derateLY 2 
 adv., considerate vess n. [as prec, -ate 2 ] 
 
 consideration, n. Act of considering; 
 meditation; take into c, consider; inc. of, in 
 return for, on account of ; fact, thing, regarded 
 as a reason, as that is a c, on noc; compensa- 
 tion, reward, as for a c. ; (Law) thing given, 
 done, as equivalent by person to whom a pro- 
 mise is made : thoughtfulness for others ; im- 
 portance, [f. F consideration f. L considera- 
 tionem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 considering-, prep. In view of, as it is ex- 
 cusable c. his age, how young he is, (that) he 
 has no experience ; (ellipt.) that is not so bad., c. 
 (the circumstances), [-ing 2 ] 
 
 consig"n, v.t. Hand over, deliver, to (misery, 
 watery grave, person, person's care) ; transmit, 
 send by rail &c, to (person), whence consign - 
 ee\ eonsignOR -2 , nn. ; deposit (money in 
 bank). Hence eonsig'nABLE a. [f. L con- 
 signare mark with a seal (signum)] 
 
 consignation (-ig-), n. Formal payment of 
 money to person legally appointed ; act of con- 
 signing goods ; to the c. of, addressed to. [f. L 
 consignatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 consignment, n. Consigning ; goods con- 
 signed. J-ment] 
 
 consi'lient, a. (Of inductions from different 
 phenomena) accordant. Hence eonsi'liENCE 
 n. [f. L *cos(silire-salire jump), see -ent] 
 
 consi'st, v.i. Be composed of (esp. material 
 things) ; be comprised in, as virtue consists in 
 being uncomfortable; harmonize with ; (bibl., 
 Col. i. 17) exist, [f. L C0N(si.s£ere stop) exist] 
 
 consi'stence, -cy, n. Degree of density, 
 esp. of thick liquids ; firmness, solidity, (lit. & 
 fig-) ; (-cy) state of being consistent, esp. of per- 
 sons, [as prec, see -ence, -ency] 
 
 consistent, a. Compatible, not contradic- 
 tory, (with) ; (of person) constant to same princi- 
 ples. Hence consi'stentLY 2 adv. [as prec, 
 -ent] 
 
 co'nsistory (also konsi's-), n. Senate com- 
 posed of Pope & Cardinals ; Lutheran clerical 
 board ; court of presbyters. So consistor'iAL 
 a. [>f. F consistoire f. L consistorium (as con- 
 sist, see -ory)] 
 
 conso'eiate 1 (-shiat), a. & n. Associate(d). 
 [f. L coN(soeiare f. socius fellow), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 eonso'eiate 2 , v.t. &i. Associate. So eon- 
 sociA'TiON (-si-) n. [as prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 consola'tion, n. Act of consoling ; consol- 
 ing circumstance ; c. race, prize, stakes, (open 
 to competitors unsuccessful in former events). 
 [F, f. L consolationem (as foil., see -ation)] 
 
 eonsd'latopy, a. Tending, meant, to con- 
 sole. Hence conso'latorii. v 2 adv. [f. L con- 
 solatorius (as foil., see -ory)] 
 
 eonso'le 1 , v.t. Comfort. Hence consd'l- 
 able a. [f. F consoler f. L cossolare, -ri] 
 
 console 2 , n. (Arch.) kind of bracket or cor- 
 bel ; frame enclosing manuals, drawknobs, &c, 
 of organ; c.-table, -mirror, (supported by bracket 
 against wall). [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 consolidate, v.t. & i. Solidify (t. & i.) ; 
 strengthen (usu. fig., power &c) ; combine (ter- 
 ritories, estates, companies, statutes, debts) into 
 one whole; consolidated annuities, consols, 
 Government securities of Great Britain, conso- 
 lidated in 1751 into a single stock at 3 °/ (now 2£ ), 
 Consolidated Fund, united product of various 
 taxes &c, whence interestof national debt, &c, 
 are paid. Hence consolidA'TiON, conso'li- 
 daTOR 2 , nn., conso'lidatORv a. [f. L con- 
 (solidare f. solidus), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 consols, n. pi. See prec. [abbr.] 
 
 consomm6 (F), n. Strong meat soup. 
 
 consonance, n. Recurrence of same or 
 similar sounds in words, assonance ; sounding 
 of two notes in harmony ; (Mus.) consonant in- 
 terval, concord ; (fig.) agreement, harmony. [F, 
 f. L consonantia (as foil., see -ance)] 
 
 consonant 1 , a. Agreeable £o,consistent with; 
 harmonious; agreeing in sound ; (Mus.) making 
 concord. Hence co'nsonantLY 2 adv. [F, f. 
 L coN(sonare sound f. sonus), see -ant] 
 
 consonant' 2 , n. Alphabetical element other 
 than vowel ; sound that in forming a syllable is 
 combined with vowel. Hence consoha'ntAL 
 a. [F, f. L consonantem (litteram letter) sound- 
 ing with another (as prec)] 
 
 co'nsopt 1 , n. Husband or wife; queen-c, 
 king's wife ; king, prince, -c, queen's husband; 
 ship sailing with another. [F, f. L coN(sors -rtis 
 lot) sharer, comrade] 
 
 consop't 2 , v.t. Associate (with, t. & i.) ; keep 
 company; agree, harmonize, (icith). [f. prec, 
 and f. vb. sort (in same senses)] 
 
 conspeci'fic, a. Of the same species, [con-] 
 
 conspectus, n. General mental view ; tabu- 
 lation of details, synopsis. [L, vbl n. f. coN(spt- 
 cere look at)] 
 
 conspicuous, a. Clearly visible, striking to 
 the eye ; attracting notice, remarkable, as c. by 
 its absence. Hence conspicu'iTY^onspi'cu- 
 ousness, nn., conspi'cuousLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 conspicints (as prec) + -ous] 
 
 conspiracy, n. Act of conspiring (in good 
 or bad sense) ; combination for unlawful pur- 
 pose; plot, [f. hconspi7'atio (as foil., see -ation), 
 with -acy(3» substituted] 
 
 conspi'patop, n. One engaged in a conspi- 
 racy. Hence eonspi'PatPESS l n. [f. F con- 
 spirateur f. L conspiratorem (as foil., see -or 2 )] 
 
 conspire*, v.i. & t. Combine privily for un- 
 lawful purpose, esp. treason, murder, sedition ; 
 combine, concur, (to do) ; plot, devise, as c. his 
 ruin, c. an attack, [f. F conspirer f. L CON- 
 (spirare breathe) agree, plot] 
 
 conspue*, v.t. Express detestation, clamour 
 for the abandonment or abolition, of (person, 
 policy, &c). [f. F conspuer f. L COS(spuere 
 spit) spit upon] 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult co-. 
 
CONSTABLE 
 
 co'nstable (kun-, kon-), n. (Also police c.) 
 policeman ; .special c, person sworn in to act as c. 
 on special occasion ; outrun thee, run into debt; 
 C. of France, principal officer of household of 
 earlyFrenchki'igs,commander-in-chief in king's 
 absence ; C. of England, Lord High C, similar 
 officer in English Royal household (now tem- 
 porary officer on special occasions), [f. OF cone- 
 stable f. LL i onies stabuli count of the stable] 
 constabulary, a. & n. (Organized body) of 
 constables.. If. med. L const abularius (n. -aria) 
 f. const a bid us constable, see -ary ] ] 
 constancy, n. Firmness, endurance ; faith- 
 fulness ; unchangingness. [f. L constantia (as 
 foil., see -ancv)] 
 
 constant, a. & n. Unmoved, resolute ; faith- 
 ful {to) ; unchanging ; unremittent, as c. atten- 
 tion, chatter; (Math., n.) quantity that does not 
 vary ; (Physics) number expressing a relation, 
 property, &c,"that remains the same for same 
 substance in same conditions, as c. of friction. 
 IF, f. L cosistare stand), see -ant] 
 Consta'ntia, n. Wine from the C. farm 
 near Cape Town. 
 
 constantly, adv. Always ; often. [-LY 2 ] 
 eo'nstellate, v.t. & i. Form into a constel- 
 lation, [f. L cox(stellare f. stella star), see -ate 3 ] 
 constellation, n. Number of fixed stars 
 grouped within an imaginary outline (also fig.), 
 [f. L constellatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 eo'nstepnate, v.t. Dismay (usu. pass.), [f. L 
 con (sternare, -sternere, throw down), see -ate 3 ] 
 consterna'tion, n. Dismay, [f . L consterna- 
 tio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 constipate, v.t. Confine (bowels) ; render 
 costiA'e. [f. L coi<(stipare press), see -ate 3 ] 
 eonstipa'tion, n. Costiveness. [f. L con- 
 stipatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 constituency, n. Body of voters who elect 
 a representative member ; place, body of resi- 
 dents in place, so represented ; body of custo- 
 mers, subscribers, &c. [f. foil., see-ENCY] 
 constituent, a. & n. Composing, making 
 up, a whole ; appointing, electing ; able to frame 
 or alter a (political) constitution, as c. assembly, 
 power ; one who appoints another his agent ; 
 component part; member of a constituency, 
 [as foil., see -ent] 
 
 constitute, v.t. Appoint, as c. him presi- 
 dent, c. oneself a judge ; establish, found ; give 
 legal form to (assembly &c) ; frame, form, (esp. 
 pass, of bodily or mental constitution) ; make 
 up, be the components of. [f. L coMstituere 
 -ut- = statuere set up)] 
 
 constitution, n. Act, mode, of constitut- 
 ing ; character of the body as regards health, 
 strength, &c. ; mental character ; mode in which 
 State is organized ; body of fundamental princi- 
 ples according to which a State is governed ; 
 written c, document embodying these ; (Hist.) 
 decree, ordinance, as Cc. of Clarendon (1164). 
 [F, f. L constitutionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 constitu'tional, a. & n. Of, inherent in, 
 affecting, the bodily or mental constitution ; 
 essential ; of, in harmony with, authorized by, 
 the political constitution, as c. sovereign, go- 
 vernment, (limited by c forms), whence con- 
 st itutiona'lrr v n. ; adhering to the political 
 constitution ; (n.) c walk, for health's sake. 
 Hence constitutionality 2 adv. [-al] 
 constitutionalism, n. Constitutional go- 
 vernment ; adherence to constitutional princi- 
 ples, [-ism] 
 
 constitutionalist, n. Writer on the politi- 
 cal constitution ; adherent of constitutional 
 principles, [-ist] 
 const itu'tionalize, v.t. & i. Make consti- 
 tutional ; (intr.) take a constitutional, [-ize] 
 
 177 CONSUL 
 
 constitutive, a. Constructive, formative ; 
 essential ; component. Hence constitu- 
 tiveLV* adv. [f. constitute + -ive] 
 
 eo'nstitutop, n. Person that constitutes. 
 [L (as constitute, see -or 2 )] 
 
 eonstrai'n, v.t. Compel (person to do, to 
 course or state, or abs.) ; bring about by com- 
 pulsion ; confine forcibly, imprison, (lit. & fig.) ; 
 (p.p.) forced, embarrassed, as c. voice, manner, 
 whence eonstrai'nedLY 2 adv. [f. OF con- 
 streindre f. L cozi{stringere strict- tie)] 
 
 constraint, n. Compulsion ; confinement ; 
 restraint of natural feelings, constrained man- 
 ner. Lf. OF constreinte, fern. p.p. as n., see prec] 
 
 constrict, v.t. Contract, compress ; cause 
 (organic tissue) to contract. So constpPetiON 
 n., eonstpPetivE a. [f. L as constrain] 
 
 eonstppctop, n. Muscle that draws together 
 or narrows a part ; compressor (surgical instru- 
 ment) ; boa-c. [L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 eonstrrngc (-j), v.t. Compress; cause (or- 
 ganic tissue) to contract. Hence constppn- 
 gENCY n., eonstpPng-ENT a. [as prec] 
 
 construct, v.t. Fit together, frame, build, 
 (also fig.) ; (Gram.) combine (words) syntacti- 
 cally ; draw, delineate, as c. a triangle, [f. L 
 cox(struere struct- pile, build)] 
 
 construction, n. Act, mode, of construct- 
 ing ; thing constructed ; syntactical connexion 
 between words ; construing, explanation, (of 
 words) ; interpretation (of conduct &c), as put 
 a good, bad, c. upon his refusal, [f. L con- 
 structs (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 constructional, a. Of construction ; struc- 
 tural, belonging to the original structure, [-al] 
 
 constructive, a. Of construction ; tending 
 to construct, esp. opposed to destructive as 
 positive to negative, as c. criticism ; belonging 
 to the structure of a building ; inferred, not 
 directly expressed, virtual, as a c. denial, per- 
 mission, blasphemy, treason. Hence con- 
 structively 2 adv. [f. med. L consti-uctivus 
 (as construct, see -ive)] 
 
 constructor, n. One who constructs, esp. 
 supervisor of naval construction. Hence con- 
 strue to pship n. [OR 2 ] 
 
 co'nstpue (or -stroo*), v.t. & i. Combine 
 (words with others) grammatically, as ' rely ' is 
 construed with 'on'; analyse (sentence), trans- 
 late word for word; admit of grammatical 
 analysis, as this passage does not c. ; expound, 
 interpret, (words, actions), [as construct] 
 
 consu bsta'ntial, a. Of the same substance, 
 esp. of the three Persons in the Godhead. Hence 
 eonsubstantisrln v n. [f. L con (substantia- 
 lis as substance, see -al)] 
 
 con substantiate, v.t. & i. Unite in one 
 substance, [f. L con (sxibstantiare as prec), 
 -ate 3 ] 
 
 consubstantia'tion, n. (Doctrine of) real 
 substantial presence of body & blood of Christ 
 together with bread & wine in Eucharist (cf. 
 
 TRANSUBSTANTIATION). [f. 16th-C L COnSub- 
 
 stantiatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 consuetude (-swi-), n. Custom, esp. as 
 having legal force ; social intercourse. [OF, f. 
 L consuetudo -inis (cf. custom) f. consuetus 
 accustomed p.p. of con suescere, see -tude] 
 
 consuetudinary, a. & n. Customary, as c. 
 law; (n.) manual of customs, esp. of monastic 
 house, cathedral, &c [f . L consuetudinarvus (as 
 prec, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 co'nsul, n. Title of two annual magistrates 
 exercising supreme authority in Roman repub- 
 lic ; title of three chief magistrates of French 
 Republic 1799-1804 (First C, Napoleon) ; State 
 agent residing in foreign town and protecting 
 subjects there ; local representative of Cyclists' 
 
CONSULAR 
 
 178 
 
 CONTENT 
 
 Touring Club. Hence eo'nsulsmp n. [L (con- 
 -f sal- root of salire leap)] 
 
 co'nsulap, a. & n. Of a consul ; (Roman) of c. 
 rank. [f. L consularis (as prec, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 consulate (-at), n. Office, establishment, of 
 a (modern) consul ; (period of) consular govern- 
 ment in France ; office of (Roman) consul, [f. L 
 consulatus (as prec, see -ate ] )] 
 
 consu'lt, v.t & i. Take counsel (with person, 
 book, or abs.) ; seek information or advice from 
 (person, book) ; c. one's pilloiv, take a night for 
 reflection ; take into consideration (feelings, 
 interests). Hence eonsu'ltABLE, consu'ItA- 
 tive, aa., eonsultEE'n. [f. L consultare fre- 
 quent, of consulere -suit- (as consul)] 
 
 consultant, n. One who consults ; con- 
 sulting-physician, [as prec, see -ant] 
 
 consultation, n. Act of consulting; de- 
 liberation ; conference, [f. L consultatio (as 
 prec, see -ation)J 
 
 consu'me, v.t. & i. Make away with ; use 
 up ; eat, drink, up ; spend, waste, (time, trouble, 
 &c.) ; (p.p.) eaten up (with envy); (intr.) waste 
 away. [f. L coN(swnere sumpt- take up)] 
 i consu'medly, adv. Excessively, [prec, -ly 2 ] 
 
 consu'mep, n. In vbl senses, esp. (Pol. Econ.) 
 user of an article, opp. to producer, [-er 1 ] 
 
 consummate l (-at), a. Complete, perfect, 
 as c. general, skill, ass. Hence consu'm- 
 m ate l y 2 adv. [f. L C0N(summare complete f. 
 sinnmus utmost), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 co'nsummate-, v.t. Accomplish, complete, 
 esp. marriage (by sexual intercourse). Hence 
 eo'nsummativE a., co'nsummatOR 2 n. 
 [as prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 consummation, n. Completion (esp. of 
 marriage, see prec.) ; desired end, goal ; perfec- 
 tion ; perfected thing, [f. OF consommation f. 
 L consumniationem(a,s prec, see -ation)] 
 
 consumption, n. Using up ; destruction ; 
 waste ; amount consumed ; wasting disease, 
 esp. pulmonary c, phthisis, [f. L coiisumptio 
 (as consume, see -ion)] 
 
 consumptive, a. & n. Tending to consume ; 
 tending to, affected with, consumption, whence 
 consu'mptiveLY 2 adv., consu'mptive- 
 ness n. ; (n.) c. patient, [as consume, see -ive] 
 
 contabeseenee, n. (bot.). Suppression of 
 pollen formation in anthers of flowers. So 
 eontabe'seENT a. [f. L con(tabescere waste 
 away f. tabes Consumption), see -ence] 
 
 co'ntact, n. State, condition, of touching, 
 as be in c. with ; (fig.) come into c. with, come 
 across, meet; make, break, c, complete, inter- 
 rupt, electric circuit (so c.-maker, breaker) ; 
 (Math.) touching of straight line & curve, two 
 curves, or two surfaces, [f. L contactus -us vbl 
 n. f. coN(tingere tact- = tangere touch)] 
 
 contadi'no (-de-), n. (fern, -na ; pi. -ni pr. -ne, 
 fern, -ne pr. -na). Italian peasant. [It.] 
 
 conta'g'ion, n. Communication of disease 
 from body to body; contagious disease; moral 
 corruption; contagious influence (fig.). [F, f. 
 Li cos (tagionejn f. tangere touch, -ion)] 
 
 eonta'gionist, n. One who thinks a disease 
 (plague, cholera, &c.) contagious, [-ist] 
 
 contagious (-jus), a. Communicating dis- 
 ease by contact (lit. & fig.); (of diseases) so com- 
 municable; (fig.) catching, infectious. Hence 
 eonta'g-iousLY 2 adv., conta'g-iousNESS n. 
 [f. OF contagieus f. LL contagiosus (as conta- 
 gion, see -ous)] 
 
 ecfntai'n, v.t. Have, hold, as contents ; com- 
 prise, include ; (of a measure) be equal to, as a 
 pound contains 16 ounces; (pass.) be included 
 (within a space, between limits); (Geom.) en- 
 
 close, form boundary of ; (of numbers) be divi- 
 sible by (number) without remainder ; restrain, 
 a,s could not c. himself for joy, c. your anger. 
 Hence contai'nABLE a. [f. OF contenir f. L 
 coN(tinere tent- = tenere hold)] 
 
 conta'minate, v.t. Pollute, infect. Socon- 
 taminATiONn. [f. hcontaminare t. con(tamen 
 f. tag- root of tangere touch), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 conta'ng-o, n. (pi. -oes). Percentage paid by 
 buyer of stock for postponement of transfer (cf. 
 backwardation) ; c. (also continuation)-day, 
 second day before settling-day. [perh. = Sp. con- 
 tengo I check, stop, f. contenerf. Las contain] 
 
 contemn (-era), v.t. Despise, treat with dis- 
 regard. Hence con te*mnER x (-mn-) n. [f. OF 
 contemner f. L cos(temnere tempt-)] 
 
 contemplate, v.t. & i. Gaze upon ; view 
 mentally; expect; intend, purpose; (intr.) medi- 
 tate. So eontemplA'TiON, eo'ntemplatOR 2 , 
 nn. [f. h con (tempi arif.templum temple, open 
 space for observation), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 contemplative, a. Meditative, thought- 
 ful ; (of life in middle ages) given up to religious 
 contemplation, opp. to active. Hence co'ntem- 
 plativeLY 2 adv., eo'ntemplativeNESS n. 
 [OF (-if, -ive), f. L corxtemplativus (prec, -ive)] 
 
 contemporaneous, a. Existing, occur- 
 ring, at the same time (with) ; covering the same 
 time ; of the same period. Hence eontem- 
 popane*iTY,contempopa*neousNESS,nn., 
 contemporaneously 2 adv. [f . L con(tem- 
 poraneus f. tempus -oris time, see -aneous)] 
 
 contemporary, a. & n. (Person) belong- 
 ing to the same time ; (person) equal in age ; 
 (newspaper) published during same period. 
 [con- + temporary; in 18th c. cotemporary 
 was preferred] 
 
 contemporize, v.t. Make contemporary, 
 cause to agree in time. [f. st. of prec. + -ize] 
 
 eonte'mpt, n. Act, mental attitude, of de- 
 spising ; condition of being despised ; have, hold, 
 inc., bring, fall, into c. ; (Law) disobedience to 
 sovereign s lawful commands or to authority of 
 Houses of Parliament or other legislative body, 
 esp. c. of court, disobedience to, interference 
 with administration of justice by, courts of law. 
 [f. L contemptus -us (as contemn)] 
 
 contemptible, a. Deserving contempt, 
 despicable. Hence eontemptiBiLiTY, con- 
 te'mptibleNESs, nn., eontemptibLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L contemptibilis (as contemn, see -ble)] 
 
 contemptuous, a. Showing contempt (of) ; 
 scornful ; insolent. Hence conte'mptuous- 
 ly 2 adv., conte'mptuousNESS n. [as con- 
 tempt + -ous] 
 
 conte'nd, v.i. & t. Strive, fight, (with per- 
 son/or thing) ; struggle with (feelings, natural 
 forces) ; compete, be in rivalry, as contending 
 passions ; argue (with) ; (trans.) maintain (that). 
 [f. L contendere tent- stretch, strive)] 
 
 conte'nt 1 , n. (PL) cc. of, what is contained 
 in (vessel &c, book, document) ; (table of) cc, 
 summary of subject-matter of book ; (also ko'n- 
 tent) capacity (of vessel), volume (of solid), [f. 
 L as contain] 
 
 content 2 , n. Contented state, satisfaction, 
 esp. to one's heart's c. [f. content v. or a.] 
 
 content 3 , a. & n. Satisfied ; willing (to do) ; 
 icell c, well pleased ; (House of Lords) c, note, 
 ( = ay, no, in House of Commons) ; (n. pi.) those 
 who vote ' c. ' [F (as content 2 ) ; orig. = bounded 
 (in desires by what one has)] 
 
 content 4 , v.t. Satisfy ; c. oneself, be satis- 
 fied (with thing, with doing). Hence con- 
 te*ntedLY 2 adv., contentedNESS, con- 
 tentMENT, nn. [f. F contenter (as prec.)] 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult co-. 
 
CONTENTION 
 
 179 
 
 eon te'ntion, n. Strife, dispute, controversy ; 
 emulation ; point contended for in argument. 
 IF, f. L contentionem (as contend, see -ion)] 
 
 conte'ntious, a. Quarrelsome ; involving 
 contention. Hence conte'ntiousLV 2 adv., 
 eonte'ntiousNESS n. [f. F contentieux f. L 
 contentiosus (as prec, see -ious)] 
 
 eontep'minal, a. Having a common bound- 
 ary, [f. med. L conterminal is (as foil., see -al)] 
 
 contep'minous, a. Having a common 
 boundary (with, to) ; (of two things) meeting at 
 their ends ; coextensive fin space, time, mean- 
 ing). Hence eontep'minousLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 coN(ter-minus boundary) + -ous] 
 
 co*n test J , n. Debate, controversy ; strife ; 
 (friendly) competition, [f. foil.] 
 
 eonte'st 2 , v.t. & i. Debate, dispute, (point, 
 statement, &c); strive in argument (with, 
 against) ; strive for ; dispute with arms (field, 
 victory, issue, battle). Hence eonte*stABLE a. 
 [f. F contester call to witness, argue, gainsay, 
 f. L covstestari (litem) bring witnesses to an 
 action, bring an action (testis witness)] 
 
 contestant, n. One who contests. [F(-ant)] 
 
 contestation, n. Disputation ; assertion 
 contended for ; in c, in dispute, [f. L contesta- 
 tiq (as contest 2 , see -ation)] 
 
 ecntext, n. Parts that precede or follow 
 a passage & fix its meaning ; in this c. (connex- 
 ion). Soeonte*xtUALa.,eonte , xtualLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L contextus -us f. cos(texere text- weave)] 
 
 eonte'xtupe, n. Act, mode, of weaving to- 
 gether ; structure ; fabric ; made of literary 
 composition. [F (as prec, see -ure)] 
 
 eontigu'ity, n. Contact; proximity; (Psy- 
 chol. ) proxim ity of ideas or impressions in place 
 or time, as principle of association, [f. L coti- 
 tiguitas (as foil., see -ty)] 
 
 contiguous, a. Touching, adjoining, (to) ; 
 next in order (to) ; neighbouring. Hence con- 
 ti'guousLY 2 adv. [f. L contiguus f. cox(tin- 
 gere = tangere touch) + -ous] 
 
 co'ntinent 1 , a. Temperate ; chaste. Hence 
 or cogn. co'ntinENCE n., co'ntinentLY 2 adv. 
 [OF, f. L as contain, see -ent] 
 
 co'ntinent 2 , n. Continuous land, mainland ; 
 the C, mainland of Europe; one of the main 
 continuous bodies of land (Europe, Asia, Africa, 
 N. & S. America, Australia), [as prec] 
 
 continental, a. & n. Of a continent; be- 
 longing to, characteristic of, the Continent, 
 whence contine'ntaliSM, contine*ntaliST, 
 nn., contine'ntalizE v.t., eontine'ntalLY 2 
 adv.; (n.) inhabitant of the Continent, [-al] 
 
 contingency, n. Uncertainty of occur- 
 rence ; chance occurrence ; thing that may hap- 
 pen hereafter ; thing dependent on an uncertain 
 event ; thing incident to another, incidental ex- 
 pense &c. [f. L as foil., see -ency] 
 
 contingent, a. & n. Of uncertain occur- 
 rence ; accidental ; incidental to ; true only un- 
 der existing conditions ; non-essential ; condi- 
 tional ; (n.) force contributed to form part of 
 army or navy (or fig.). Hence contingent- 
 ly y 2 adv. [F, f. L cox(tingere=tangere touch), 
 see -ent] 
 
 conti'nual, a. Always going on ; very fre- 
 quent. Hence eonti'nuali/Y 2 adv. If. OF 
 continiiel f. L as continuous, see -al] 
 
 conti'nuance, n. Going on, duration ; of 
 long c, lasting long; remaining, stay, (in place, 
 condition, &c). [OF (continue, -ance)] 
 
 conti'nuant, a. & n. (Consonant) of which 
 the sound can be prolonged (as f v s r), opp. of 
 stop or check, [f. L as continue, see -ant] 
 
 continuation, n. Carrying on, resumption, 
 (of an action, course, story, book, &c.) ; (Stock 
 Exch.) carrying over an account to next c. (or 
 
 CONTRACT 
 
 contango) -day ; that by which a thing is con- 
 tinued, additional parts; gaiters continuous 
 with knee-breeches ; (slang) trousers. [F, f. L 
 continuatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 conti'nuative, a. Tending, serving, to con- 
 tinue. If. L continuativus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 conti'nuatop, n. One who writes continua- 
 tion to another's work. [f. L as foil., -oit 2 ] 
 
 conti'nue, v.t. & i. Maintain, keep up, (ac- 
 tion &c.) ; retain (person in office &c) ; take up, 
 resume, (narrative &c. orabs.) ; (Law) adjourn ; 
 remain in existence ; stay (in, at, place, in a 
 state) ; if you c. (are still) obstinate ; not cease 
 (doiyig, to do). Hence eonti'nuABLE a. [f. F 
 continuer f. L continuare as continuous] 
 
 continuity, n. State of being continuous ; 
 law of c. (that all changes in nature are continu- 
 ous, not abrupt), [f. F continuity f. L continui- 
 tatem (as foil., see -ty)] 
 
 continuous, a. (Of material things) con- 
 nected, unbroken; uninterrupted in time or 
 sequence ; c. brake of train, c. series of carriage 
 brakes controlled from one point; (Arch.) c. 
 style (with mullions of window continued in 
 tracery). Hence conti'nuousLY 2 adv., con- 
 ti'nuousNESS n. [f. L continuusl. C0N(tinere 
 =tenere hold) + -ous] 
 
 co*nt-line,n. Spiralinterval between strands 
 of rope ; space between casks stowed side by 
 side. [?] 
 
 contop'niate, a. & n. (Medal) with deep 
 furrow round disk within edge. [f. It. contorno 
 contour f. contornare compass about f. con- + 
 L tornare turn in lathe (tornus)] 
 
 contop't, v.t. Twist, distort, [f. L coN(£or- 
 quere tort-)] 
 
 contop'tion, n. Twisting; twisted state 
 (esp. of face or body), [f . L contortio (prec. -ion)] 
 
 contop'tion ist, n. Artist whose work, gym- 
 nast whose body, exhibits contortions, [-ist] 
 
 eo'ntoup (-oor), n., & v.t. Outline; line 
 separating differently coloured parts of design ; 
 artistic quality of outline ; outline of coast, 
 mountain mass, &c ; c. line, one representing 
 horizontal c of earth's surface at given eleva- 
 tion, as in a c. viap ; (v.t.) mark with c. lines, 
 carry (road) round c of hill, [(vb f. n.) F, f. 
 cos(tourner turn)] 
 
 centra (-a), prep. & n. Pro & contra (usu. 
 con) for & against ; pros & cons, arguments for 
 & against ; (Bookkeeping) opposite side of ac- 
 count, esp. credit side. [L, as foll.l 
 
 contra-, pref. Against ; in Ital. mus. terms, 
 of parts marked on the stave alongside of. oppo- 
 site to, bass, alto, &c (contrabasso &c). [L] 
 
 co'ntraband, n. & a. Prohibited traffic, 
 smuggling ; smuggled goods ; c. of war, any- 
 thing forbidden to be supplied by neutrals to 
 belligerents ; (adj.) forbidden to be imported or 
 exported, as c. goods, concerned with these, as 
 c. trade(r). [I. Sp. contrabanda f. It. CONTRA- 
 (bando proclamation f. LL bandum ban)] 
 
 contrabandist, n. Smuggler, [f. Sp. con- 
 trabandist a (as prec, see -ist)] 
 
 co'ntpabass, n. = double l - bass. [f. It. 
 
 CONTRA(fras.S'0 BASS)] 
 
 co'ntract *, n. Agreement between parties, 
 States, &c ; business agreement for supply of 
 goods or performance of work at fixed price ; 
 agreement enforceable by law(NUDE a); accept- 
 ed promise to do or forbear ; formal agreement 
 for marriage ; conveyance of property. [OF, f. 
 L contractus -us (as foil.)] 
 
 contpa'ct 2 , v.t. & i. Enter into business or 
 legal engagement (to do, for doing, for piece 
 of work, or abs.) ; c. oneself out of, free oneself 
 by contract from ; c. (enter into) marriage ; 
 form (friendship, habit) ; incur (debt) ; draw 
 
CONTRACTILE 
 
 180 
 
 CONTROVERT 
 
 together (muscles, brow, &c.); make smaller, 
 whence eontraetiBiLiTY n., eontpa'etiBLE 
 a. ; restrict, confine, (lit. & fig.) ; (Gram.) shorten 
 (word) by combination or elision ; shrink, be- 
 come smaller ; (p.p.) narrow, mean, (of ideas 
 &c). [f. L cos(trahere tract- draw)] 
 
 contpa'ctile (-11, -il), a. Capable of or pro- 
 ducing contraction, as c. muscles, metal, force. 
 So eontraeti'liTY n. [F (as prec, see -ile)] 
 
 contpa'ction, n. Shrinking, contracting ; 
 restriction, confinement ; shortening of word 
 by combination or elision ; contracted word ; 
 contracting (of debt, disease, habit). (F, f. L 
 contractio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 eontpa'etive, a. Serving to contract, [-ive] 
 
 eontpa'ctop, n. Undertaker of contract ; 
 contracting muscle. [L (as contract 2 , -or 2 )] 
 
 contractual, a. Of (the nature of) a con- 
 tract, [as CONTRACT * + -AL] 
 
 contpadi'ct, v.t. Deny (statement) ; deny 
 the words of (person) ; be contrary to, as these 
 rumours c. each other. Hence or cogn. con- 
 tradi'etABLE a., contpadi'ctOR 2 n. [f. L 
 coNTRA(dicere diet- say)] 
 
 contpadi'ction, n. Denial ; opposition ; 
 statementcontradicting another; inconsistency; 
 c. in terms, plainly self-contradictory statement 
 or words, as ' almost quite ready ' is a c. in terms. 
 [F, f. L contradictionem (as prec, -ion)] 
 contpadi'ctious, a. Inclined to contradict ; 
 disputatious. Hence contpadi'ctiousLY 2 
 adv., eontpadi'ctiousNESs n. [-ious)] 
 eontpadi'ctopy, a. & n. Making denial; 
 mutually opposed or inconsistent; contradic- 
 tious; (n.) contradictory assertion. Hence eon- 
 tpadi'etopiLY 2 adv., co ntradi'e tori \ ess 
 n. [f. L contradictorius (as prec, see -ory)] 
 contpadisti'netion, n. Distinction by con- 
 trast, [contra-] 
 
 contpadisti'ng-uish, v.t. Distinguish 
 (things, one from another) by contrast, [con- 
 tra] 
 
 contpa'lto, n. & a. (Part, singer, voice) next 
 above alto. [It. (contra- + alto)] 
 contraposition, n. Opposition, contrast ; 
 (Logic) a mode of conversion {if all A is B, then 
 by c. all not-B is not- A, or no not-B is A). So 
 eontpapo'sitiVE a. [f. L contrapositio (as 
 foil., see -ion)] 
 
 contpapu'ntal, a. Of, according to rules of, 
 counterpoint, [f. It. co?itra(p)punto counter- 
 point + -al] 
 contpapu'ntist, n. One skilled in counter- 
 point. [f^It. contra(p)puntista (as prec, -1ST)] 
 contpap'iant, a. Opposed {to). [F, f. med. 
 L contrariare (as contrary), see -ant] 
 contpapi'ety (-tra-), n. Opposition in nature, 
 quality, or action; disagreement, inconsistency, 
 [f. OF contrariety f. LL contrarietatem (as con- 
 trary, see -ty)] 
 
 eontrarlous, a. (archaic). Opposed ; per- 
 verse ; (of things) adverse, [f. OF contrarios f. 
 med. L contrariosus (as prec, see -ous)] 
 eo'ntpapiwise (also kontrar*-), adv. On the 
 other hand ; in the opposite way ; perversely, 
 [foil. + -wise] 
 
 co'ntpapy (see below), a., n., adv. Opposed 
 in nature or tendency (to) ; the opposite (of two 
 things) ; (pop., pron. kontrar 'i) perverse, self- 
 willed, whence eontpap'iNESS n. ; opposite 
 in position or direction ; (n.) the opposite ; on 
 the c. (corroborating a denial expressed or un- 
 derstood, as Have you nearly done ?—On the 
 c, I have only just begun); interpret by cc, 
 understand Yes for No &c. ; (adv. ) in opposition 
 to, as act c. to nature. Hence eo'ntpapiL y 2 
 
 adv. [f. OF contrarie f. L contrarius (contra, 
 see -ary 1 )] 
 
 eontpa'st \ v.t. & i. Set (two things, one with 
 another) in opposition, so as to show their 
 differences ; (intr.) show striking difference on 
 comparison (with), [f. OF contraster (-It. con- 
 trastare) f. L coNTRA(s<are stand)] 
 eo'ntrast 2 , n. Juxtaposition (esp. of forms, 
 colours, &c.) showing striking differences (be- 
 tween) ; thing showing such a difference (to). 
 [f. F contraste f. It. contrasto (see prec.)] 
 co'ntpate, a. C. wheel, one with teeth at 
 right angles to its plane, [contra- + -ate 2 ] 
 contpavalla'tion, n. Chain of redoubts and 
 breastworks placed by besiegers between their 
 camp and the town. [f. F contrevallation (con- 
 tra-, see gircumvallation)] 
 contravene, v.t. Infringe (law) ; dispute 
 (statement) ; (of things) conflict with. [f. F con- 
 trevenir f. L coNTRA(re?iire vent- come)] 
 contravention, n. Infringement. [F (as 
 prec, see -ion)] 
 
 contretemps (ko'ntretong, or as F), n. Un- 
 lucky accident ; hitch. 
 
 contribute, v.t. & i. Pay, furnish, (to com- 
 mon fund &c) ; (intr.) c. to, help to bring about, 
 [f. L coMtribuere -id- bestow)] 
 contPibu'tion, n. Act of contributing ; 
 thing, help, literary article, contributed ; im- 
 position levied for support of army in the field ; 
 lay under c, exact cc. from. [F, f. L contri- 
 butionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 contributor, n. One who contributes (esp. 
 literary articles). Hence contpi'butORY a. 
 [f. AF contributour (as contribute, see -or 2 )] 
 co'ntPite, a. Broken in spirit by sense of sin, 
 completely penitent ; (of actions) showing a c 
 spirit. Hence eo'ntpiteLY 2 adv. [f. F contrit 
 f. L cON(terere trit- rub) bruise] 
 contpi'tion, n. Being contrite, penitence, 
 [f. OF co ntrieiun f. L contriiionem (prec, -ion)] 
 contpi'vance, n. Act of contriving ; deceit- 
 ful practice ; invention ; mechanical device ; 
 inventive capacity, [-ance] 
 eontPi've, v.t. Invent, devise ; bring to 
 pass, manage (thing, to do ; also of undesired 
 event, as c. to make matters worse) ; (abs.) 
 manage household affairs (well &c), whence 
 contPi'VER 1 n. Hence contpi'VABLE a. [f. 
 OF com(trover find f. L turbare disturb, stir up)] 
 contpo'l i f n. Power of directing, command ; 
 restraint ; means of restraint, check ; standard 
 of comparison for checking inferences deduced 
 from experiment ; controlling person, spirit, 
 ghost, [perh. f. F controle for contrerolle copy 
 of a roll f. med. L coxtr A(rotulus see roll) ; 
 but prob. f. foil.] 
 
 contpo'l 2 , v.t. (-11-). Dominate, command; 
 hold in check (oneself, one's anger) ; check, 
 verify. Hence eontPO'llABLE a., contPO'l- 
 ment n. [f. F controler OF contreroller keep 
 copy of roll of accounts (as prec)] 
 contpo'llep, n. In vbl senses ; also one who 
 checks expenditure, steward, esp. of royal 
 household, Mint, Navy, &c (often spelt compt-). 
 Hence contPO'llepSHiP n. [f. OF contre-rol- 
 leor (as prec, see -or 2 ) ; spelling compt- by 
 con f us. w. obs. compte count] 
 eontpovep'sial, a. Of, open to, given to, 
 controversy. Hence eonipovep'sialiSM, 
 eontPOvep'sialisT,nn.,contPovep*sialLY 2 
 adv. [f. L controversions (as foil., -al)] 
 eo'ntpovepsy, n. Disputation ; without, 
 beyond, c, unquestionably, [f. L controversia 
 (as foil., see -Y 1 )] 
 co'ntpovept (also -vert), v.t. Dispute about, 
 
 For comDounds of co- not given consult CO-. 
 
CONTUMACIOUS 
 
 181 
 
 CONVICT 
 
 discuss ; dispute, deny. Hence eontpovept- 
 ist n. [f. L controversies turned against, op- 
 posed (contro- against + p.p. of vertere turn) 
 whence *controvertere was assumed] 
 
 contuma'cious, a. Insubordinate, dis- 
 obedient, esp. to order of court. Hence or 
 cogn. eontuma'eiousLY 2 adv., contuma'- 
 eiousNESS,eo*ntumACY,nn. [f. hcos(tu?nax 
 -acts perh. f. tumere swell or temnere despise), 
 see -acious] 
 
 contumelious, a. Opprobrious ; insolent. 
 Hence contume'liousLV- adv. [f. OF co?itu- 
 melieusj. Ijcontumeliosus (as foil., see -ous)] 
 
 co'ntumely (-mi-), n. Insolent, reproachful, 
 language or treatment ; disgrace, [f. OF contu- 
 melie f. L contumelia (cf. contumacious)] 
 
 contu'se (-z), v.t. Injure by blow without 
 breaking skin, bruise. So eontu'siON n. [f . L 
 cotf(tundere tus- thump)] 
 
 conu'ndpum, n. Riddle; hard question. [?] 
 
 convale'sce (-es), v.i. Regain health, [f. L 
 COti(valescere incept, of valere be well)] 
 
 convalescent, a. & n. (Person) recovering 
 from sickness ; c. hospital (force). So eonva- 
 le'SGENCE n. [as prec, see -ent] 
 
 convention, n. Transportation of heat or 
 electricity, by movement of heated or electrified 
 substance, [f. L convectio f. coN(vehere vect- 
 carry), see -ion] 
 
 convenance (F), n. (usu. pi.). Conventional 
 propriety. 
 
 convene, v.t. & i. Assemble (t. & i.) ; con- 
 voke (assembly) ; summon (person before tribu- 
 nal). Hence conve'nABLE a. [f. F convenir f. 
 LcoN(venire vent- corns) assemble, agree, fit] 
 
 convenience, n. Suitableness, commodi- 
 ousness ; material advantage, as marriage of 
 c. ; personal comfort, as at your c, in a way, at 
 a time, convenient to you ; advantage, as a 
 great c. ; useful appliance; water-closet; (ar- 
 chaic) vehicle ; (pi.) material comforts, [f. L 
 convenientia (as prec, see -ence)] 
 
 convenient, a. Suitable, commodious ; not 
 troublesome, as if it is c. to you. Hence con- 
 venient y 2 adv. [as convene, see -ent] 
 
 convent, n. Religious community (usu. wo- 
 men, cf. monastery) living together; building 
 occupied by this. [f. AF covent (cf. Covent Gar- 
 den) f. OF convent f. L conventus -us (as prec.)] 
 
 conventicle, n. (hist.). Clandestine religious 
 meeting, esp. of Nonconformists or Dissenters ; 
 building used for this. [f. L conventiexdum 
 (place of) assembly, dim. as prec] 
 
 convention, n. Act of convening; formal 
 assembly, esp. (Eng. Hist.) of Parliament with- 
 out summons of King, 1660 & 1688 ; agreement 
 between parties ; general (often tacit) consent ; 
 practice based on this. [F, f. L conveniionem (as 
 convene, see -ion)] 
 
 conventional, a. Depending on conven- 
 tion, not natural, not spontaneous ; (Art) follow- 
 ing traditions. Hence eonventionaliSM, 
 conventionalism conventiona'liTY, nn., 
 eonventionalizE v.t., conventional y 2 
 adv. [f. L conventionalis (as prec, -al)] 
 
 eonventionapy, a. & n. (Tenant, tenure) on 
 terms orig. fixed by convention, not by custom, 
 [f. med. L conventionarius (as prec, -ary 1 )] 
 
 conventual, a. & n. (Member, inmate) of a 
 convent ; (member) of the less strict branch of 
 Franciscans, living in large convents, [f. med. 
 L conventvalis (as convent, see -al)] 
 
 convep'ge, v.i. & t. (Of lines) tend to meet in 
 a point (also fig.) ; (Math., of series) approximate 
 in some of its terms towards a definite limit; 
 (trans.) cause to c So eonvep'gTENCE, -ency, 
 nn.,convep , g'ENTa. [f. LLcoN(vergere verge)] 
 
 convep'sable, a. Easy, pleasant, in conver- 
 
 sation ; fit for social intercourse. Hence con- 
 vep'sable x ess n., eonversabuY 2 a d v . [F, 
 f. med. L conversabilis (as foil., see -ble)] 
 
 conversance, -ey, n. Familiarity, ac- 
 quaintance, (with), [as foil., see -ance] 
 
 conversant, a. Having frequent inter- 
 course, well acquainted, (with person, subject, 
 &c) ; (of things) concerned (in, about, with), [f. 
 L conversari converse 1 , see -ant] 
 
 con versa'tion, n. Talk, whence eonvep- 
 sa'tioniST n. ; c. (piece), kind of genre painting 
 of groupof figures ; sexual intercourse, as crimi- 
 nal c. (crim. con., cf. connexion). [OF, f. L con- 
 versationem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 conversational, a. Fond of, good at. per- 
 taining to, conversation. Hence conversa'- 
 tionalisTn.,convepsa*tionalLY 2 adv. [al] 
 
 conversazione (-ats-), n. (pi. -nes, -ni pron. 
 -ne). Soiree given by learned or art society. [It., 
 f. L as conversation] 
 
 eonver'se 1 , v.i. Talk (with person, on, about, 
 subject), [f. F converser f. L conversari keep 
 company (with), frequent, as convert 1 ] 
 
 converse 2 , n. (archaic). Discourse ; inter- 
 course, [f. prec] 
 
 converse 3 , a. & n. Opposite, contrary; 
 (Logic) converted proposition ; form of words 
 produced by transposition of some terms of 
 another (he had learning without wealth is the 
 c of he had wealth without learning) ; (Math.) 
 this propositio?i is the c. of the former (assumes 
 its conclusion & proves its datum). Hence 
 eonvep'seLY 2 adv. [as convert n 
 
 convep'sion, n. Transposition, inversion, 
 esp. (Logic) of subject & predicate (if no A isB, 
 then by c. no B is A)', bringing over (to an 
 opinion, party, faith, &c) ; turning of sinners to 
 God; changing (to,into); change (of debentures, 
 stocks, &c) into others of different character. 
 [F, f. L conversionem (as foil., see -ion)] 
 
 convep't 1 , v.t. Change (into) ; cause to turn 
 (to opinion, faith, &c), cf. pervert; turn to 
 godliness; (Stocks &c) see prec; (Logic) see 
 prec [f. L cos(vertere vers- turn) turn about] 
 
 convert 2 , n. Person converted, esp. to re- 
 ligious faith or life. [f. prec] 
 
 convertible, a. That may be converted ; 
 c. terms, synonymous ; (of paper-money) ex- 
 changeable for specie ; c. husbandry, rotation 
 of crops. Hence eonveptiBiLiTY n., con- 
 vep'tibLY 2 adv. [F, f. LL convertibilis (as 
 prec, see -ble)] 
 
 convex, a. Curved like the outside of circle 
 or sphere (cf. concave). Hence or cogn. con- 
 ve'xiTY n., eonvexLY 2 adv. [f. h convexxts 
 prob. = convectus p.p. of C0N(vehere bring)] 
 
 eonvexo- in comb. Convex and—, as c.-con- 
 cave. [as prec, see -o-] 
 
 convey* (-a), v.t. Transport, carry ; transmit 
 (sound, smell, &c. ) ; impart, communicate, (idea, 
 meaning) ; (Law) make over (property to, or 
 abs. ). Hence convey'ABLE a. [f. OF cotiveier, 
 mod. convoyer (veie, voie, f. L via way)] 
 
 conveyance, n. Carrying ; transmission ; 
 communication (of ideas &c); (document 
 effecting) transference of property; carriage, 
 vehicle. [-anceI 
 
 conveyancer, n. Lawyer who prepares 
 documents for conveyance of property, [-er l ] 
 
 conveyancing, n. Work of prec [-ing n 
 
 convict 1 , n. Condemned criminal under- 
 going penal servitude. Hence eonvietiSM(3) 
 n. [f. obs. adj. convict (as foil.)] 
 
 convi'et 2 , v.t. Prove guilty (of offence) ; de- 
 clare guilty by verdict of jury or decision of 
 judge ; impress (person) with sense of error. 
 Hence eonvi'etiVE a. [f. L coN(vincere vict- 
 conquer)] 
 
CONVICTION 
 
 182 
 
 COOT 
 
 convi'ction, n. Proving or finding guilty ; 
 summary c. (by judge or magistrates without 
 jury); act of convincing; settled belief ; (Theol.) 
 awakened consciousness of sin. [f. L convict io 
 (asprec., see -ion) J 
 
 eonvi'nee, v.t. Firmly persuade (of, that ; 
 esp. pass.) ; produce in (person) a moral convic- 
 tion (of sin &c). Hence eonvi'nee.MENT, con- 
 vi'ncing'NESS, nn., eonvi'neing'LY 2 adv. 
 
 [as CONVICT 2 ] 
 
 eonvi'neible, a. Open to conviction, [as 
 prec, see -ible] 
 
 eonvi'vial, a. Of, befitting, a feast ; festive, 
 jovial. Hence convi'vialisx, convivia'liTV, 
 
 nn., eonvi'vialLY 2 adv. [f. L convivialis f. 
 convivium feast f. conviva f ello w-f easter f . con- 
 (vivere live)] 
 
 convocation, n. Calling together ; assem- 
 bly ; (Ch. of Eng.) synod of clergy of province of 
 Canterbury or York; legislative assembly of 
 Oxford or Durham Univ. Hence eonvoea*- 
 tionAL a. [f. L convocatio (as foil., -ation)] 
 eon vo* k.e, v.t. Call together, summon to 
 assemble, [f. F convoquer f. L coN(tocare call)] 
 eo'nvolute, a. & n. (bot., conch.). Rolled to- 
 gether, coiled ; (n.) coil, [as convolve] 
 convoluted, a. (zool.). Coiled, twisted, [f. 
 vb convolute (as prec.) otherwise rare] 
 convolution, n. Coiling, twisting; fold, 
 twist, [as foil., see -ion] 
 eonvo'lve, v.t. & i. Roll together, roll up, 
 (esp. in p.p.). [f. L cos(volvere volut- roll)] 
 eonvo'lvulus, n. (pi. -luses). Genus of plants 
 including bindweed. [L, asprec. with dim. suf.] 
 convoy* 1 , v.t. (Of ship of war) escort (mer- 
 chant or passenger vessel) ; escort with armed 
 force ; (archaic) conduct (guests, lady, &c). [f. 
 F as convey] 
 
 eo'nvoy 2 , n. Act of convoying ; protection ; 
 escort (for honour or protection) ; company, 
 supply of provisions, &c, under escort ; number 
 of merchantships under escort or able to defend 
 themselves, [f. F convoi (as prec.)] 
 convu'lse, v.t. Shake violently (lit. & fig.) ; 
 throw into convulsions (usu. pass.) ; cause to be 
 violently seized with laughter (usu. pass.), [f. 
 L coxivellire vuls- pull)| 
 
 eonvu'lsion, n. Violent irregular motion of 
 limb or body due to involuntary contraction of 
 muscles (usu. pi.) ; (pi.) violent fit of laughter ; 
 violent social or political agitation ; violent 
 physical disturbance. Hence eonvu'lsion- 
 ar'v j a. [f. L convulsio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 eonvu'lsive, a. Attended or affected with, 
 producing, compulsions (lit. & fig.). Hence 
 convu*lsiveLY 2 adv. [convulse, -ive] 
 eo'ny, -ney, n. Rabbit (now used only in 
 statutes &c.) ; (bibl.) small pachyderm of Pales- 
 tine, living in clefts of rocks ; (archaic) c- 
 catcher, sharper, [sing. f. pi. conies f. OF coniz 
 pi. of conil f. L cuniculus rabbit, etym. dub. ; 
 formerly pron. ku-] 
 
 coo, v.i. & t., & n. (Make) soft murmuring 
 souad of or as of doves & pigeons ; bill & c, 
 converse amorously ; say cooingly. [imit.] 
 coo'ee, coo*ey, n. Sound adopted as signal 
 by Australian colonists from the aborigines. 
 cook \ n. One whose business is to cook food ; 
 c.-house, outdoor kitchen in warm countries, 
 (on ship, also c.-room) galley ; c.-shop, eating- 
 house. [OE coc f. L coquus] 
 cook 2 , v.t. & i. Prepare (food or abs.) by 
 heat; (intr.) undergo cooking ; (also c. up) con- 
 coct (fig.) ; (colloq.) tamper with (accounts &c.) ; 
 c. his goose, do for him, settle his hash, [prec] 
 eoo'kep, n. Cooking-apparatus, -stove ; ves- 
 
 sel food is cooked in ; fruit &c that cooks well ; 
 one who cooks (accounts &c. ) or concocts, [-er J J 
 
 eoo'kepy, n. Art, practice, of cooking ; c- 
 book (dealing with c). [-ery] 
 
 cdb'kie, n. (Sc) plain bun ; (U.S.) small flat 
 cake. [prob. f. Du. koekje dim. of koek cake] 
 
 eoo*ky,n. (colloq.). (Usu. female) cook. [-y3] 
 
 cool 1 , a. & n. Moderately cold; (Hunt.) c. 
 scent (faint, weak) ; unexcited, calm ; lacking 
 zeal, lukewarm; wanting cordiality; calmly 
 audacious, as ac. hand (person) ; (complacently 
 or emphat. of large sums of money) it cost me a 
 c. thousand; (n.) c. air, c place, coolness; c- 
 headed, not easily excited ; c. tankard, cooling 
 drink of wine, water, lemon-juice, &c. Hence 
 coo*liSH 1 a..coo*lLY 2 (-l-li)adv., coo'Iness n. 
 [OE col f. OTeut. koluz (kal- = L gel- cold)] 
 
 cool 2 , v.i. & t. Become cool (lit. & fig. ; also 
 c. down) ; make cool (lit. &fig.) ; e. one's coppers ; 
 c. one's heels, be kept waiting. [OE colian f. 
 OTeut. kolojan (as prec)] 
 
 coo'lep, n. Vessel in which a thing is cooled, 
 as ivine, b utter, -c. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 coo'lie, -ly, n. Indian or Chinese hired la. 
 bourer. Hence eoo*lieiSM(3) n. [f. Hind, guli] 
 
 coomb, combe, (koom), n. Valley on flank 
 of hill ; short valley running up from coast. [OE 
 cunib, etym. dub.] 
 
 coon, n. (U.S.). = racoon ; sly fellow ; gone 
 c, one whose case is hopeless, [abbr.] 
 
 coop 1 , n. Basket placed over sitting or 
 fattening fowls ; basket used in catching fish. 
 [=ME cupe basket , cf. G kufe cask] 
 
 coop 2 , v.t. Put in coop; confine (persons; 
 also c. up, in), [f. prec] 
 
 eoo'pen, n., & v.t. Maker of casks for dry 
 goods (dry c.) or liquids (wetc.) ; white c, maker 
 of pails, tubs, &c; (on ship) repairer of casks 
 &c; (also wine-c.) one who samples, bottles, or 
 retails wine ; equal mixture of stout & porter ; 
 (v.t.) repair (cask), stow in casks, furbish up. 
 [vb f. n. f. med. L cuparius (as prec, -ary ] )] 
 
 eoo'perage, n. Cooper's work or workshop. 
 So coo*pery(3) n. [.-age] 
 
 co(-)6 , pepate, v.i. Work together (with per- 
 son in a work, to an end) ; (of things) concur in 
 producing an effect. So eo-o'pePANT a. & n., 
 co-o'peratOR 2 n. [f. L co(operari f. opus 
 operis work), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 eo-opepa'tion, n. Working together to same 
 end ; (Pol. Econ.) co-operative combination, [f. 
 L cooperatio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 eo-o*pepative, a. Of, tending to, co-opera- 
 tion ; (Pol. Econ.) c. society (for production or 
 distribution of goods, profits being shared by 
 members), c. store (belonging to c society). 
 Hence co-o*pepativeLY 2 adv. [as co-oper- 
 ate, see -ive] 
 
 co-o'pt, v.t. Elect into body by votes of ex- 
 isting members. So eo-optATiON n. [f. L 
 co(optare choose)] 
 
 eo(-)op*dinate ] (-at), a. & n. Equal in rank, 
 esp. (Gram.) of clauses of compound sentence 
 (cf. subordinate) ; consisting of c things ; (n.) 
 c thing, esp. (Math.) each of a system of magni- 
 tudes used to fix position of point, line, or plane. 
 Hence co-op*dinateL Y 2 adv. [f. co- 4- L ordi- 
 nare (ordo -inis order), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 eo-OP*dinate 2 , v.t. Make co-ordinate ; bring 
 (parts) into proper relation. Hence eo-opdin- 
 a'tion n., eo-op'dinativE a. [prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 coot, n. Name of several swimming & diving 
 birds, esp. the Bald C, web-footed bird with 
 base of bill extended to form white plate on 
 forehead, whence bald as a c. [ME cote =Du. 
 koet, etym. dub.] 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult co-. 
 
COP 
 
 183 
 
 CORAL. 
 
 cop 1 , n. (spinning). Conical ball of thread 
 wound upon spindle. [OE cop top] 
 cop 2 , n. (slang). Policeman, [cf. foil., copper 2 ] 
 cop 3 , v.t. (slang). Catch, [etym. dub.] 
 copai'ba, -va, (-pi-, -pa-), n. Aromatic bal- 
 sam used in medicine & the arts. [(-ba) Sp., f. 
 Braz. cupauba] 
 
 co* pal, n. Resin used for varnish. [Sp., f. 
 Mex. copalli incense] 
 copar'cenary, -cry, coparcener, nn. 
 
 = PARCENARY, PARCENER. [CO-] 
 
 copar'tner, n. Fellow-partner, associate. 
 Hence eopap'tnepsHip n. [co-] 
 
 copap'tnery, n. Copartnership, [f. prec, 
 see -ery(2)] 
 
 cope ] , n. (Eccl.) long cloak worn by ecclesi- 
 astics in processions ; (fig.) c. (cloak) of night, c. 
 (canopy) of heaven ; (Founding) outer portion 
 of mould ; = coping ; c.-stone, head stone of 
 building, finishing touch, [f. med. L capa cap] 
 . cope 2 , v.t. & i. Furnish with a cope ; cover 
 (wall &c.) with coping ; cover as with a vault ; 
 (intr.) hang over like a coping, [f. prec] 
 
 cope 3 , v.i. Contend evenly, succeed, with 
 (person, thjng). [f. F couper strike (coup)] 
 
 cd'peck, n. Russian copper coin (about a 
 farthing), [f. Russ. kopeika dim. of kopy^\ea\ce\ 
 
 co'pep '. n. (Also horse-c.), horse-dealer, [f. 
 obs. cope buy, barter (as foil.)] 
 
 ed'pep' 2 , coo'pep (ko-), n. Floating grog- 
 shop for North Sea fishers, [f. Flem. & Du. 
 kooper f. koopen buy (cf. cheap)] 
 
 Copep'nican, a. C. system, theory, (that 
 the planets, including earth, move round sun), 
 [f. Copernicus latinized f. Koppernik, astro- 
 nomer (d. 1543) + -an] 
 
 Co'ping*, n. Top (usu. sloping) course of 
 masonry in wall ; overhanging ledge protecting 
 wall-fruit ; c.-stone (used fore). [cope 2 + -ing 1 ] 
 
 co'pious, a. Plentiful ; abounding in infor- 
 mation ; profuse in speech ; (of languages) hav- 
 ing large vocabulary. Hence eo'piousLY 2 
 adv., co'pious ness n. [f. L copiosus (copia 
 plenty, see -ous)] 
 
 co'ppep l , n. & a. Reddish malleable ductile 
 metal; bronze (formerly c.) coin, penny, half- 
 penny, farthing; cooking or laundry boiler of 
 iron or c; hot cc, mouth & throat parched by 
 drinking, cool one's cc. (by drinking) ; c.-bit, 
 soldering tool pointed with c. ; c.-bottom, v.t., 
 sheathe bottom of (ship) with c. (esp. in p.p.) ; 
 c.-captain, sham captain ; c.-Indian, red Indian 
 of N. America ; copperhead, venomous Ameri- 
 can snake ; copperplate, polished c. plate for 
 engraving or etching, print from this, (adj., of 
 writing) neat; c.-smith, one who works in c. ; 
 (v.t.) cover (ship's bottom &c.) with c. Hence 
 eo'ppePY 2 a. [(vb f. n.) OE coper f. pop. L 
 cuprum, L Cyprium (aes), Cyprian metal] 
 
 co'ppep 2 , n. (slang). Policeman, [cf. cop 2 ] 
 
 eo'ppepas (-as), n. Proto-sulphate of iron, 
 green vitriol, [f. med.L cup(e)rosa perh. = aqua 
 cuprosa copper water] 
 
 co'ppice, n. Small wood of underwood & 
 small trees, grown for periodical cutting; c- 
 wood, underwood, [f. OF copeiz f. LL*colpati- 
 cium f. colpare cut (colpus f. L f. Gk kolaphos 
 blow, cuff)] 
 
 ed'ppa, n. Dried kernel of coco-nut. [Port., 
 prob. f. Malayalam koppara coco-nut] 
 
 ed'ppo- in comb. = Gk kopros dung, as : -lite, 
 fossil dung, so -li'tic a. ; -logy, treatment of 
 filthy subjects in literature &c. ; -phagous, (of 
 beetles) dung-eating. 
 
 copse, n. , & v. t. = coppice ; copsewood, under- 
 wood ; (v.t.) treat as copsewood, cover with cc. 
 Hence co'psy 2 a. [syncop. form of coppice] 
 
 Copt, n. Native Egyptian Christian of Jacob- 
 
 ite sect of Monophysites. [f. Copt, gyptios, 
 kyptaios, f. Gk Aiguptios Egyptian] 
 
 Co'ptie, a. & n. (Language) of the Copts, [-ic] 
 
 eo'pula, n. (Logic, Gram.) verb be (as mere 
 sign of predication) ; (Anat.) connecting part 
 (bone, cartilage, ligament); (Mus.) short con- 
 necting passage. Hence co'puIar i a. [L (co- 
 + ap- fasten + dim. suf.)] 
 
 ed'pulate.v.i. Unite sexually. Hence eo'- 
 pulatORY a. [f. L copulare fasten togethei 
 (prec), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 copula'tion, n. Sexual union ; grammatical 
 or logical connexion. [F, f. L copulationem (as 
 prec, see -ion)] 
 
 co'pulative, a. & n. Serving to connect; 
 (Gram.) connecting words or clauses that are 
 connected in sense (cf. disjunctive), also, con- 
 necting subject & predicate ; (Zool., Anat.) re- 
 lating to sexual union ; (n.) c. conjunction or 
 particle. Hence eo'pulativeLY 2 adv. [F(-if, 
 ■ive), f. L copulativus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 ed'py i, n. Reproduction (of writing, picture, 
 &c) ; imitation ; page written after model (of 
 penmanship); (Law) transcript of manorial 
 court-roll, containing entries of admissions of 
 tenants to land hence called copyhold ; written 
 or printed specimen (of book &c) ; rough, foul, 
 c, original draft; fair, clean, c. (transcribed 
 from rough c) ; c. of verses, short set as school 
 exercise ; fair c, model version of this ; model 
 to be copied; manuscript or matter to be 
 printed ; c.-book, one containing cc. for learners 
 to imitate ; c.-book maxims, morality, (common- 
 place), [f. F copie f. L copia abundance, in phr. 
 dare copiam legendi give the power of reading, 
 i. c, give a copy] 
 
 eo'py 2 , v.t. & i. Transcribe (from original), 
 whence eo'pyiST n. ; make copy of ; imitate, 
 [f. F copier f. med. L copiare (as prec)] 
 
 eo'pyhold, n. & a. Tenure by copy ; (land) 
 so held. Hence eo'pyholdER i n. 
 
 co'pypig-ht, n. & a., & v.t. Exclusive right 
 given by law for term of years to author, de- 
 signer, &c, or his assignee to print, publish, or 
 sell, copies of his original work ; (adj. ) protected 
 by c. (of books &c) ; (v.t.) secure c for (book &c). 
 
 coque't i (-k-), a. Coquettish. [F (orig. noun, 
 dim. of coq cock)] 
 
 coque't 2 , coquette, (k), v.i. (-tt-). Play the 
 coquette ; flirt (with); dally, trifle, with (matter, 
 proposal , &c ). [f . F coqueter f . prec. ] 
 
 co'quetpy, n. Coquettish behaviour or act ; 
 (fig.) trifling; attractive prettiness as result 
 of art. [f. F coquetterie (coqueter, as prec; see 
 -ery)] 
 
 eoque'tte, n. Woman who trifles with man's 
 affections ; crested humming-bird. Hence co- 
 que'ttiSH a., eoque'ttishLY 2 adv. [F, fern, 
 of coquet] 
 
 eoqui'to (-ke-), n. Chilian palm-tree yielding 
 palm-honey. [Sp., dim. of coco coco-nut] 
 
 cop-, pref. = com- before r. 
 
 eo'raele, n. Wicker boat covered with water- 
 tight material used on Welsh & Irish lakes & 
 rivers, [f . W cwrwgl f . cwrwg = Ir. curach boat] 
 
 ed'paeo- in comb. (anat.). Of the coracoid 
 process (beak-shaped process extending from 
 shoulder-blade towards breast-bone), [f. Gk 
 korax -akos crow] 
 
 ed'pal, n. & a. Hard calcareous substance 
 (red, pink, white, &c) secreted by many tribes 
 of marine polyps for support & habitation ; c- 
 reef, accumulation of this; toy of polished c 
 for children cutting teeth ; unimpregnated roe 
 of lobster; (a.) like coral, esp. red; e.-island 
 (formed bygi-owth of coral); c.-rag, limestone 
 containing beds of petrified cc. [OF, f. L coral' 
 lum f. Gk korallion] 
 
CORALLI- 
 
 184 
 
 CORNEA 
 
 •eoralli- in comb. Coral, as -feroiis, -form*, 
 bearing, shaped like, coral, [as prec, see -i-] 
 
 co'palline 1 , n. Genus of seaweeds with cal- 
 careous jointed stem; (pop.) name of various 
 plant-like compound animals ; c zone of sea- 
 depths, that in which these abound, [f. It. 
 corallina dim. of corallo coral) 
 
 eo'palline 2 1-I-. -I-), a. Coral red ; c. ware, Ita- 
 lian red paste pottery (17th -18th c.) ; like, com- 
 posed of, coral, [f. L corallinus (coral, -ine ] )] 
 
 co'pallite, n. Fossil coral ; coral skeleton of 
 polyp ; coralline marble, [-ite l ] 
 
 co'palloid, a. & n. (Organism) like, akin to, 
 coral, [-oid] 
 
 coram, prep. In the presence of (judice, a 
 judge, populo, the public, &c). [L] 
 
 eop'bel, n., & v.t. & i. (-11-). (Arch.) projection 
 of stone, timber, &c, jutting out from wall to 
 support weight, whence eop'bellED 2 a. ; (als»> 
 c.-block) short timber laid on wall or pier longi- 
 tudinally under beam; c -table, projecting 
 course resting on cc. ; ( v.t. & i.) c. out, off, (cause 
 to) project on cc. [(vb f. n.) OF, f. LL corvelliis 
 dim. of corvus raven] 
 
 cop'bie, n. (Sc). Raven; carrion crow; c- 
 steps, step-like projections on sloping sides of 
 gable, [f. OF corb corbel + - v 3 ] 
 
 cord, n., & v.t. Thin rope, thick string; 
 (Anat.) cord -like structure in animal body, as 
 spinal, umbilical, c, vocal cc. ; cord-like rib 
 on cloth ; ribbed cloth, esp. corduroy ; cc, cor- 
 duroy breeches or trousers ; measure of cut 
 wood (usu. 128 cub. ft); (fig.) ice. of discipline, 
 fourfold c of evidence, Sec. ; (v.t.) bind with c. 
 ((vb f. n.) f. F corde f. L f. Gk khorde gut, string 
 of musical instrument] 
 
 cop'dag'e (-ij), n. Cords, ropes, esp. in rigging 
 of ship. [F (as prec. + -age)] 
 
 cop'date, a. Heart-shaped, [f. L cor cordis 
 heart, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 cop'ded, a. Bound with cords ; furnished 
 with cords ; (of cloth &c.) ribbed. [-ed 2 > j ] 
 
 copdeliep* (-ler), n. Franciscan friar of strict 
 rule (wearing knotted cord round waist). [F 
 (cordelle dim. as cord, see -ier)] 
 
 cop'dial, a. & n. (Medicine, food, drink) that 
 stimulates the heart, esp. (Commerc.) aromat 
 ized & sweetened spirit ; hearty, sincere ; warm, 
 friendly, whence copdia'liTV 1 n.,eop'dialLV 2 
 adv. [f. med. L cordialis (cor cordis heart, -al)] 
 
 cordil/er'a (-lyaror), n. Mountain ridge (one 
 of parallel series), esp. of the Andes & same 
 system in Central America & Mexico. [Sp.] 
 
 cop'dite, n. A smokeless explosive, [f. cord 
 (from its appearance) + -ite M'2)] 
 
 cop'don, n. Projecting course of stone in 
 wall ; chain of military posts ; continuous circle 
 of persons; (also sanitary c.) guarded line be- 
 tween infected & uninfected districts ; orna- 
 mental cord or braid ; (pron. as F) ribbon of 
 knightly order: fruit-tree pruned to grow as 
 single stem. [F (as cord, see -oon)] 
 
 cop'dovan, a. & n. (Leather) of Cordova, [f. 
 Sp. co?*dova?i(o)] 
 
 eopdupoy, n. & a. Coarse thick ribbed cotton 
 stuff, worn chiefly by labourers ; (pi.) c. trousers ; 
 (U.S.)c. road, of tree-trunks laid across swamp, 
 [perh. f. F " corde du roi king's cord] 
 
 eop'dwain, n. (archaic). Spanish leather for- 
 merly used for shoes, [f. OF cordoan cordovan] 
 
 eop'dwainep, n. Shoemaker (now only as 
 guild-name fee.), [f. OF cordoanier, as prec] 
 
 core, n., & v.t. Horny capsule containing 
 seeds of apple, pear, &c. ; central part cut out 
 (esp. of rock in boring) ; bar of soft iron forming 
 centre of electro -magnet or induction coil; 
 
 central strand of rope ; innermost part, as (fig.) 
 rotten at the c, English to the c. ; heart ; a dis- 
 ease, tumour, in sheep; (v.t.) remove c. from, 
 whence eop*ER 1 (2) n. Hence copc'less a. [?] 
 
 co-pela*tion. See correlation. 
 
 eo-peli'gionist, n. Adherent of same re- 
 ligion. [-1ST] 
 
 eo-pespo'ndent, n. Man proceeded against 
 together with petitioner's wife (respondent) 
 in divorce suit. 
 
 copf, n. Large basket formerly used in min- 
 ing; basket in which fish are kept alive in 
 water._ [cf. Du. korf, G korb, perh. f. L corbis] 
 
 coria'ceous, a. Like leather, leathery, [f. 
 L coriaceus {corium leather, see -aceous)] 
 
 cdpia'ndep, n. Annual plant with aromatic 
 fruit (pop. called c seed) used for flavouring. 
 [F, f. L coriandrum f. Gk koriannon\ 
 
 Copi'nthian, a. & n. (Native) of Corinth ; 
 Epistle to the Cc, book in N. T. ; (Arch.) C. 
 order, one of the three Grecian orders, having 
 bell-shaped capital with rows of acanthus 
 leaves, whence CopinthianE'SQUE a. [f. L f. 
 Gk Korinthios (Korinthos) + -an] 
 
 cork, n. & a., & v.t. Bark of cork-oak (c.-tree) ; 
 piece of c. used as float for fishing line &c. ; 
 bottle-stopper of c. ; (Bot.) inner division of the 
 bark in higher plants; (adj.) made of c, as c. 
 jacket (for supporting person in water) ; cork- 
 screw, steel screw for drawing c. from bottle, c.-s. 
 curl (spirally twisted), (v.t. & i.) move spirally ; 
 corkwood, name of various light porous woods : 
 (v.t.) stop, stop up, (as) with c., blacken with 
 burnt c. [(vb f. n.) f. Sp. corche f. L cortex -ids 
 bark ; or f. Sp. alcorque, etym. dub.] 
 
 cop'kage (-ij), n. Corking, uncorking, of bot- 
 tles ; hotel-keeper's charge for serving wine &c. 
 not supplied by himself, [-age] 
 
 corked, a. Stopped with, blackened with 
 burnt, cork ; (of wine) tasting of cork, [-ed l ] 
 
 eop'kep, n. (slang). Circumstance that pre- 
 cludes further discussion, esp., notable lie. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 cop'ky, a. Cork-like; (colloq.) frivolous, 
 lively, skittish, restive. T-v 2 1 
 
 eopm, n. (bot.). Bulb-like subterraneous 
 stem, solid bulb. [f. Gk kormos trunk with 
 boughs lopped off keiro cut)] 
 
 eopmo- in comb. Trunk, stem, (in terms re- 
 ferring to evolution of races &c). fas prec] 
 
 eop'mopant, n. A voracious sea-bird, 3ft 
 in length ; rapacious person, [f. F cormoran 
 f. L corvus marinus sea-raven] 
 
 corn \ n. A grain, seed, esp. of cereals (also 
 of pepper &c.) ; (collect, sing.) gmin, also cereal 
 plants while growing; (U.S.) maize, Indian c. ; 
 c-chandler, retail dealer in c. ; c-cob, part to 
 which grains are attached in ear of maize ; c- 
 cob pipe (made of this) ; c.-crake, the bird Land- 
 rail; c-exchange (for trade in c); c-f actor, 
 dealer in c. ; c-fiag, plant of genus Gladiolus ; 
 c-flour, fine-ground Indian c, also, flour of rice 
 or other grain ; c-flower, name of various plants 
 growing among corn ; c. laws (regulating c- 
 trade, esp. the English laws restricting impor- 
 tation, and repealed in 1846) ; c-rent (paid in c. 
 or varying with price of c). [com.-Teut. f. Aryan 
 *grndm (ger- wear down), cf. L granum grain] 
 
 eopn 2 , v.t. Sprinkle, preserve, with salt (esp. 
 in p.p.). [£. prec] 
 
 eopn 3 , h. Horny place esp. on feet ; tread on 
 my cc, hurt my feelings. [OF, f. L cornu horn] 
 
 eop'nbpash, n. (geol.). Coarse calcareous 
 sandstone, [corn * + brash rubble, etym. dub. ] 
 
 eop'nea (-la), n. Transparent horny part of 
 anterior covering of eyeball. [L cornea (tela) 
 horny (web)] . 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO-. 
 
CORNEL 
 
 185 
 
 CORPORATION 
 
 cop'nel, n. Genus including Cornelian Cherry 
 & Common C. or Dogwood, [ult. f. L cornus) 
 cornelian, cap-, n. Dull red or reddish- 
 white chalcedony, [f. F comeline, etym. dub.] 
 eor'neous, a. Horn-like, horny, [f. L corneus 
 (cornu horn) + -ous] 
 
 cop*nep,n.,&v.t.& i. Place where converging 
 sidesoredges meet ; projectingangle, esp. where 
 two streets meet ; turn the c, pass round it into 
 another street, (fig.) pass critical point (in illness 
 &c) ; cut off a c, avoid it by a short cut ; (slang) 
 the C., Tattersall's betting-rooms (orig. near 
 Hyde Park C.) ; hollow angle enclosed by 
 meeting walls &c. ; put (child) in the c. (as 
 punishment); (fig.) drive into a c. (difficult 
 position from which there is no escape) ; secret 
 or remote place, as done in a c, hole-db-c. trans- 
 actions (underhand) ; region, quarter, as all 
 the cc. of the earth ; (Commerc.) buying up the 
 whole of any stock in the market, so as to com- 
 pel speculative sellers to buy from one to fulfil 
 their engagements, (loosely) any combination 
 to raise price by securing monopoly ; c.-chisel, 
 -punch, ace, (angular, for cutting, cleaning, &c, 
 cc); c.-stone, one in projecting angle of wall, 
 (fig.) indispensable part, basis; (v.t.) furnish 
 with cc, set in c. drive into c (esp. fig.), force 
 (dealers) or control (commodity) by means of 
 c. ; (v.i.) form c (in commodity), [(vb f. n.) f. 
 OF cornier ult. f. L cornu horn, see -ary *J 
 cop'net 1 , n. (Also cornet-d-piston(s), corno- 
 pean) brass musical instrument of trumpet 
 class, with valves or pistons; c -player, also 
 cop'netiST n. ; conically-rolled piece of paper 
 for groceries &c ; solo c, echo c, organ-stops. 
 [OF, dim. of corn, cor, f. L cornu horn] 
 cop'net 2 , n. White head-dress of Sister of 
 Charity ; (formerly) fifth commissioned officer 
 in cavalry troop, who carried the colours (from 
 obs. sense pennon, standard), whence cop*- 
 netCY n. [f. F cornette dim. of come f. Rom. 
 corna f. L cornua horns] 
 
 cop'nice, n. (Arch.) horizontal moulded pro- 
 jection crowning a building &c, esp. upper- 
 most member of entablature of an order, sur- 
 mounting frieze ; ornamental moulding round 
 wall of room just below ceiling ; (Mountaineer- 
 ing) overhanging mass of hardened snow at 
 edge of precipice. Hence eop'niCED 2 a. [F 
 f. It., etym. dub. ; L has corona cornice, comix 
 -ids crow] 
 
 cornrferous, a. (geol.). Producing or con- 
 taining hornstone. [f. L comifer horn-bearing 
 (cornu horn, see -ferous)] 
 Cop'nish, a. Of Cornwall, [-ish 1 ] 
 copno'pean. See cornet *. 
 cop'nstone, n. Mottled red and green lime- 
 stone, subordinate bed in Old Red Sandstone 
 formation, [corn *] 
 
 cornued'pia, n. (pi. -as). Horn of plenty ; 
 goat's horn represented in art as overflowing 
 with flowers, fruit, and corn; ornamental 
 vessel shaped like this ; overflowing store, 
 whence copnueo'piAN a. [LL, f. L cornu 
 copiae horn of plenty (that of the goat Amalthea 
 by which Zeus was suckled)] 
 copnu'ted, a. Having horns or horn-like 
 projections, [f. obs. comute f. L cornutus 
 (cornu horn) + -ed l ] 
 
 eop'ny 1 , a. Of, abounding in, corn, [-v 2 ] 
 
 eop'ny 2 , a. Of, having, corns, [corn 2 + -v z\ 
 
 copo'lla, n. (bot.). Whorl of leaves, separate 
 
 or grown together, forming inner envelope of 
 
 flower. Hence gopoIIa'ceous a. [L, dim. of 
 
 corona crown] 
 
 copo'llapy, n. Proposition appended to one 
 already demonstrated, as self-evident inference 
 from it ; immediate deduction ; natural conse- 
 
 quence, result, [f. L corollarium money paid 
 for chaplet, gratuity, neut. adj. f. prec, -ary i] 
 
 coro-na, n. (pi. -ae). Small disk of light round 
 sun or moon ; similar disk opposite sun an- 
 thelion ; halo of white light seen around'disk 
 of moon in total eclipse of sun (now known to 
 belong to sun) ; circular chandelier hung from 
 roof of a church ; (Arch.) member of cornice 
 with broad vertical face, usu. of considerable 
 projection ; (Anat.) various crown-like parts of 
 body ; (Bot.) appendage on top of seed or inner 
 side of corolla. [L, = crown] 
 
 coronach (-ch), n. Funeral-song, dirge, in 
 Scotch Highlands and Ireland. lIr., = Gael 
 coijanach (comh- together + ranach outcry)] 
 
 co'ponal i, n. Circlet (esp. of gold or gems) 
 for the head ; wreath, garland, [prob. f. AF 
 *corounal (coroune f. corona)] 
 
 copo'nal 2 (also ko*-), a. (Anat.) c. suture, 
 transverse suture of skull separating frontal 
 bone (c. bone) from parietal bones ; of the crown 
 of the head ; (Bot.) of a corona. [F, f. L coronalis 
 (corona, see -al)J 
 
 c6'Ponate<d), a. (bot. & zool.). Furnished 
 with a corona or crown-shaped part. [f. L 
 coronare (corona, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 corona'tion, n. Ceremony of crowning 
 sovereign or sovereign's consort ; c.-oath, taken 
 bysovereign at c [OF (as prec, -ation)] 
 
 co'poner, n. Officer of county, district, or 
 municipality, holding inquest on bodies of 
 persons supposed to have died by violence or 
 accident ; c.'.s- inquest, inquiry held by c's court 
 as to cause of death ; (orig.) officer charged with 
 maintaining rights of private property of 
 crown. * Hence co'PonePSHip n. [f. AF 
 corouner f. coroune crown, see -er 2 (2)] 
 
 co'ponet, n. Small crown (implying dignity 
 inferior to that of sovereign) ; fillet of precious 
 materials, esp. as decorative part of woman's 
 head-dress; garland, [f. OF coronette dim. of 
 corone crown] 
 
 co'roneted, a. Wearing a coronet (esp. as 
 belonging to peerage), [-ed 2 ] 
 
 copo'noid, a. (anat.). Curved like crow's 
 beak (of processes of bones), [f. Gk korone 
 crow + -oid] 
 
 copo'zo, n. S. -American tree, allied to palms ; 
 c.-nut, its seed, from which vegetable ivory is 
 made, [native] 
 
 cop'popal *, a. Of the human body, as c. pun- 
 ishment ; personal ; (archaic) c. oath, one ratified 
 by touching a sacred object. Hence cop*- 
 poralLV 2 adv. [OF, f. L corporalis (corpus 
 -oris body, see -al)] 
 
 cop'popal 2 , -as, n. Cloth on which conse- 
 crated elements are placed during celebration 
 of mass. [f. med. L corporalis (palla) body 
 cloth (as prec.) ; -as f. OF corporaus, -als, nom. 
 sing.] 
 
 eop'popal 3 , n. Non-commissioned officer 
 ranking below sergeant; ship's c, officer at- 
 tending to police matters under master-at-arms. 
 [F, var. of caporal f. It. caporale prob. f. L cor- 
 poralis (as prec) confused w. capo head] 
 
 coppopa'lity, n. Material existence ; body ; 
 (pi.) bodily matters, wants, &c [f. IAj corpora- 
 litas (as corporal 1 , see -ty)] 
 
 cop'popate (-at), a. Formingabody politic or 
 corporation, as c. body, body c. ; c. toxen (having 
 municipal rights) ; forming one body of many 
 individuals ; of, belonging to, a body politic. 
 Hence eop'popateLY 2 adv. [f. L corporare 
 form into a body (corpus -oris), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 eoppopa'tion, n. United body of persons, 
 esp. one authorized to act as an individual ; arti- 
 ficial person created by charter, prescription, or 
 act of the legislature, comprising many persons 
 
CORPORATIVE 
 
 186 
 
 CORRUPTIBLE 
 
 (c. aggregate) or one (c. sole) ; municipal c, civic 
 authorities of borough, town, or city; (colloq.) 
 abdomen, esp. when prominent, [f. L corpora- 
 tio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 eop*popative, a. Of a corporation, [f.L cor- 
 porativiis (as prec, see -ative)] 
 
 eop'popatop, n. Member of a corporation, 
 [as corporate, see -or 2 ] 
 
 coppop'eal, a. Bodily; material: (Law) tan- 
 gible, as c. hereditament (of material objects). 
 Hence coppopea'liTV n., coppop*ealLY 2 
 adv. [f. L corporeus (corpus -oris body) + -al] 
 
 coppope'ity, n. Quality of being or having 
 a material body ; bodily substance, [f. med. L 
 corporeitas (as prec, see -TV)] 
 
 cop'posant (znt), n. Ball of light sometimes 
 seen on shipduring storm, St Elmo's fire. [Port. 
 corpo santo = L corpus sanctum holy body] 
 
 copps (kor), n. (pi. same, pron. korz). Division 
 of an army ; body of troops for special service ; 
 c. d'armAe (pron. -ma'), Army-c. ; c.-dc-ballet 
 (pron. -la"), dancers in ballet. [F (as foil.)] 
 
 coppse, n. Dead (usu. human) body ; c.-can- 
 dle, lambent flame seen in churchyard or over 
 grave, regarded as omen of death, [f. OF cors 
 (mod. corps) f. L corpus body] 
 
 cop'pulent, a. Bulky(of body); fat. Socop'- 
 PuIence, -encv, nn. [F, f. L corpulentus (cor- 
 pus body, see -ulent)] 
 
 cop'pus, n. Body, collection, of writings ; 
 c. juris, body of law ; c. delicti, all that goes to 
 make a breach of law; (Physiol.) structure of 
 special character in the animal body; (R.-C. 
 Ch.) C. Christi, Feast of the body of Christ 
 (Thursday after Trinity Sunday). [L, = body] 
 
 cop'puscle (si), coppu*scule (kul), n. 
 Minute body forming distinct part of the organ- 
 ism, esp. (pi.) those constituting large part of 
 the blood in vertebrates ; atom (esp. of electri- 
 city), [f. L corpusculum (as prec, see -cule)] 
 
 eoppu'seulap, a. Of corpuscles or atoms ; 
 c. (emission) theory of light, [as prec + -ar l ] 
 
 coppa/l, n. , & v. t. (-11- ). Pen for horses, cattle, 
 &c (in U.S. & Span. Amer.) ; defensive enclo- 
 sure of wagons in encampment ; enclosure for 
 capturing wild animals; (v.t.) form (wagons) 
 into c, confine in c [(vb f. n.) Sp. (corro ring of 
 spectators f. correr toros give bull-fight f. L 
 currere run)] 
 
 coppe'et l , v.t. Set right, amend ; substitute 
 right for (wrong) ; mark errors in (proof-sheet 
 &c) for amendment; admonish (person); cure 
 (person) of fault; punish (person, fault) ; coun- 
 teract (hurtful quality) ; bring into accordance 
 with standard (reading of barometer &c). [f. L 
 C0R(rigere red- = regere guide)] 
 
 coppe'et 2 , a. True, accurate ; right, proper, 
 (of conduct, manners, &c) ; in accordance with 
 a good standard (of taste &c). Hence cop*- 
 pe'etLY 2 adv., eoppe'etNESS n. [as prec] 
 
 coppe'etion, n. Correcting ; I speak under c. , 
 I may be wrong ; thing substituted for what is 
 wrong ; punishment, as house of c. (bridewell). 
 Hence coppe'etionAL a. [F, f. correctionem 
 (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 coppe'ctive, a. & n. (Thing) serving, tend- 
 ing, to correct or counteract what is harmful. 
 Hence eoppe'ctiveLY 2 adv. [F (-if, -ive), as 
 correct l , see -ive] 
 
 eoppe'etop, n. One who corrects ; censor, 
 critic ; c. of the jyress, proof-reader ; one who 
 punishes, [f. AF corectour f. L correctorem (as 
 foil., see -or 2 )] 
 
 ed-ppelatei, n. Each of two related things 
 (esp. so related that one implies the other). 
 [cor- + L relatum p.p. of refei~re refer] 
 
 co'ppelate 2 , v.i. & t. Have a mutual relation 
 (with, to) ; bring (thing) into such relation (urith 
 another), [as prec] 
 
 coppe'lative, a. & n. Having a mutual re- 
 lation {with, to) ; analogous ; (Gram., of words) 
 corresponding to each other & regularly used 
 together, e. g. either & or ; (n.) c word or thing. 
 Hence or cogn. eoppela'tiON n., coppe'la- 
 tiveLY 2 adv., eoppelati'viTY n. [cor] 
 
 coppespo'nd, v.i. Be in harmony (with, to) ; 
 be similar, analogous, (to) ; agree in amount, 
 position, &c (to) ; communicate by interchange 
 of letters (with). Hence corresponding ly 2 
 adv. [f. med. L con.(respondere respond)] 
 
 correspondence, n. Agreement, harmony, 
 (with, to ; between two) ; communication by 
 letters ; letters, [as prec, see -ence] 
 
 correspondent, n. & a. One who writes 
 letters (to person or newspaper, esp. one em- 
 ployed for that purpose, as our New York c, 
 ware); person, firm, having regular business 
 relations with another esp. in another country ; 
 (adj.) corresponding (to, icith, or abs.), whence 
 correspondents y 2 adv. [as prec, -ent] 
 
 eo'PPidop, n. Main passage in large building, 
 on which many rooms open; outside passage 
 connecting parts of building; c. train (with 
 narrow passage from end to end). [F, f. It. cor- 
 ridore corridor for corridoio (correre run 4- 
 -orio -ory) by confus. w. corridore runner] 
 
 eo'PPie, n. (Sc). Circular hollow on mountain 
 side. [f. Gael, cotre cauldron] 
 
 corrigendum (-j-), n. (pi. -da). Thing to 
 be corrected (esp. fault in printed book). [L 
 
 (as CORRECT 1 , -ND *)] 
 
 co'ppig-ible, a. Capable of being corrected ; 
 (of persons) submissive, open, to correction. [F 
 (as correct J , see -ble)] 
 
 eoppi'val, n. = rival. 
 
 eoppo'bopant, a. & n. Strengthening (medi- 
 cine) ; corroborating (fact). [F(as foil., see -ant)1 
 
 eoppo'bopate, v.t. Confirm formally (law 
 &c); confirm (person, statement) by evidence 
 &c Hence or cogn. eoppo'bopativE, cop- 
 po'bopatORY, aa., eoppo*bopatOR 2 n. [f. L 
 coR(robomre f. robur -oris hard wood), -ate 3 ] 
 
 coppobopa'tion, n, Confirmation by further 
 evidence. [F (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 eoppd'bopee, n. Native dance of Australian 
 aborigines, [native] 
 
 eoppo'de, v.t. & i. Wear away, destroy gra- 
 dually, (of rust, chemical agents, diseases, & 
 fig.); (intr.) decay. So coppo'sion n. [f. L 
 con(rodere ros- gnaw)] 
 
 eoppo'sive, a. & n. (Thing) tending to cor- 
 rode (lit. &c fig.); c. sublimate, mercuric (bi-) 
 chloride of mercury, a strong acrid poison. 
 Hence eoppo'siveLY 2 adv., eoppo'sive- 
 ness n. [F (-if, -ive), as corrode, see -ive] 
 
 eo'ppug'ate, v.t. & i. Contract into wrinkles 
 or folds (t. & i.) ; mark with, bend into, Tidges, 
 as Corrugated iron. Hence coppugATiONn. 
 [f. L C0B.(rugare f. ruga wrinkle), -ate 3 ] 
 
 eo'ppug-atop, n. Muscle that contracts the 
 brow in frowning, [as prec, see -or 2 ] 
 
 eoppu'pt J , a. Rotten ; depraved, wicked ; 
 influenced by bribery ; (of language, texts, &c) 
 vitiated by errors or alterations. Hence cop- 
 rirptLY 2 adv., eoppirptNESS n. [f. L cor- 
 (rumpere rupt- break)] 
 
 eoppirpt 2 , v.t. & i. Infect, taint, (lit. & fig.) ; 
 bribe; destroy purity of (language) ; (intr.) be- 
 come corrupt. So eoppu'ptiVE a. [f. prec, 
 displacing earlier corrump] 
 
 eoppu'ptible, a. Liable to corruption, perish- 
 able ; capable of moral corruption. Hence or 
 
 For csmpounds of co- not given consult co-. 
 
CORRUPTION 
 
 187 
 
 COSTEAN 
 
 cogn. eoppuptiBi'LiTY n., coppirptibr/r 2 
 adv. [F, f. L corruptibilis (corrupt *, -ble)] 
 
 coppu'ption, n. Decomposition ; moral de- 
 terioration ; use of corrupt practices (bribery 
 &c); perversion (of language &c.) from its origi- 
 nal state ; (Law) c. of blood, effect of attainder 
 upon person attainted. [F, f. L corruptionem 
 (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 cor'sac, -ak, n. (zool.). Tartar fox. [Turki] 
 
 corsage (korsalrzh, kor'sij), n. Body of 
 woman's dress, bodice. [OF {coi*s body, see 
 corpse & -AGE)] 
 
 eop'saip, n. Privateer, privateering vessel, 
 of Barbary. [f. F corsaire f. med. L cursaritis 
 (cursus -us inroad, f. currere run, -ary *)] 
 
 copse, n. (archaic, poet.). = corpse. 
 
 cop'set, n. Woman's closely fitting inner 
 bodice stiffened with whalebone & fastened by 
 lacing, stays. Hence eop'setED 2 a. [F, dim. 
 of OF cor.s- body, see corpse] 
 
 cop'slet, copse-, n. Piece of armour cover- 
 ing body ; garment (usu. tight-fitting) covering 
 body as distinct from limbs ; (Zool.) insect's 
 thorax, part between head & abdomen. [F 
 (corse-), double dim. as prec] 
 
 cortege (-azh), n. Train of attendants ; pro- 
 cession. [FJ 
 
 Cortes, n. pi. Two chambers making legis- 
 lative assembly of Spain or Portugal. [Sp., 
 Port.] 
 
 cop*tex,n. (pi. -tices). Bark ; outergrey matter 
 of brain, outer part of kidney. [L, =bark] 
 
 eop'tieal,a. (Bot.) of the bark or rind ;(Anat., 
 Zool.) forming the outer part of animal body or 
 organ, [f. prec. + -al] 
 
 eop*tieate(d), a. Having bark ; bark-like, 
 [f. L corticatus (as prec, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 coru'ndum, n. Crystallized mineral of same 
 species as sapphire & ruby, blue, grey, brown, 
 black ; mineral species of crystallized alumina, 
 [f. Tamil kurunclam] 
 
 eo'puscate, v.i. Sparkle, flash, (lit., & fig. 
 of wit &c). So eopu'SGANT a., copusca'tion 
 n. [f. L coruscare, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 corvee* (-va), n. (feudal). Day's work of un- 
 paid labour due by vassal ; statute labour, c g. 
 that exacted of French peasants before 1776. 
 [F, f. Rom. coruadai. lAjCOnrogata (opera) re- 
 quisitioned (work) f. rogare ask J 
 
 eopve'tte, n. (naut.). Flush-decked war-ves- 
 sel with one tier of guns. [F, f. Sp. corbeta ; 
 cf. L corbita (navis) ship of burden (corbis 
 basket)] 
 
 eop'vine, a. Of, akin to, the raven or crow, 
 [f. L corvinus (corvus raven, see -ine 1 )] 
 
 Cd'pybant, n. (pi. -s, -es). Priest of Phrygian 
 worshipof Cybele, performed with extravagant 
 dances. Hence Copy ba*ntiAN,Copyba*n tic, 
 Copyba'ntiNE, aa. ff. F Corybanie f. L Cory- 
 bantem (nom. -as) f. Gk Kwrubas] 
 
 Co'pydon, n. Typical rustic in pastoral 
 poetry. [L, f. Gk Korudon] 
 
 eo'pymb, n. (bot.). Species of inflorescence; 
 raceme in which lower flower-stalks are pro- 
 portionally longer. Henceeorymbo'SE 1 a. [f. 
 F cerymbe f. L f. Gk korumbos cluster] 
 
 eopyphae'us (-fe-), n. Leader of a chorus 
 (also fig.*. [L, f. Gk koruphaios (koruphe head)] 
 
 eory'za, n. Catarrh. [L, f. Gk koruza run- 
 ning at nose] 
 
 cos \ n. (Also C. lettuce) kind of lettuce in- 
 troduced from Cos (now Stanchio). [f. Gk Kos] 
 
 cos 2 , n. Abbr. of cosine. 
 
 cosa'que (-ank), n. Cracker bon-bon. [F] 
 
 cose (-z), v.i. Make oneself cosy, [back-for- 
 mation on cosy, cf. laze f. lazy, & coze] 
 
 cose'canl, n. (trig.). Secant of complement 
 of given angle (abbr. cosec). [co-] 
 
 cosei'smal (-siz-), a. & n. (Line or curve con- 
 necting points) of simultaneous shock from 
 earthquake wave, [co-] 
 
 eo's her, v.t. Pamper, cocker up. [?] 
 
 co-si'g-natopy, a. & n. (Person) signing 
 jointly with others, [co-] 
 
 co*sine,n. (trig.). Sine of complement of given 
 angle (abbr. cos), [co-] 
 
 cosmetic (-z-),a. &n. (Preparation) designed 
 to beautify hair, skin, or complexion, [f. Gk 
 kosmetikos (kosmeo adorn f. kosmos order, 
 adornment, see -etic)] 
 
 co'smic, a. Of the universe or cosmos (esp. 
 as distinguished from the earth) ; c. philosophy 
 =foll. Hence co'smicAL a,, eo'smiealLV 2 
 adv. [f. Gk kosmikos (kosmos world, see -ic)] 
 
 co'smism, n. Conception of the cosmos as 
 a self-acting whole. Soco'smiSTn. [cosmos + 
 -ism] 
 
 cosmo- in comb. = Gk kosmos universe, as 
 -geny, evolution of the universe, -logy, -logist, 
 -lo'gical, science of, student of, concerned with, 
 the universe, -pla'stic, moulding the universe. 
 
 eosmo'gony, n. (Theory of) the creation of 
 the universe. So cosmog , 6*nic(AL) aa., cos- 
 mo*goniST(3) n. [f. Gk kosraogonia (cosmo- + 
 -gonia f. -gonos -begetting)] 
 
 cosmo'graphy n. Description, mapping, 
 of general features of universe or earth. So 
 cosmo'GRAPHER n., eosmoGRA thic(al) aa. 
 [f. Gk kosmographia, see cosmo-, -graphy] 
 
 cosmopolitan, a. & n. Belonging to all 
 parts of the world ; (person) free from national 
 limitations. Hence cosmopo'litaniSM n., 
 cosmopo'litamzE v.t. & i. [f. foil. + -an] 
 
 cosmo'polite, n. & ... Citizen of the world : 
 (adj.) free from national prejudices. Hence 
 cosmo'politisM n. [f. Gk kosmopolites 
 (cosmo- + polites citizen)] 
 
 cosmo poli'tical, a. Belonging to universal 
 polity, [f. prec. + -ical] 
 
 cosmopa'ma (-rah-), n. Peep-show illus- 
 trating all parts of the world. Hence cos- 
 mopa*mic a. [f. cosmo- + Gk horama spec- 
 tacle (horao see)] 
 
 co'smos (-z-), n. The universe as an ordered 
 whole ; ordered system of ideas, &c, sum- total 
 of experience, [f. Gk kosmos) 
 
 Co'ssack, n. Name of a Turkish people sub- 
 ject to Russia, esp. as light horse in Russian 
 army. [f. Turki quzzaq adventurer] 
 
 co'sset, n., & v.t. Pet-lamb ; (v.t.) pet, pam- 
 per, [(vb f. n.) perh. =OE cotsxta cot-sitter (i.e. 
 animal brought up in house)] 
 
 cost 1 (kaw-, ko-), n. Price(tobe)paidforthing; 
 prime c. (also c. price), that at which merchant 
 buys ; (pi.) law expenses, esp. those allowed in 
 favour of winning party ; expenditure of time * 
 labour, &c ; at the c. of, at the expense of 
 losing ; to a person's c, to his loss ; c.-book 
 (showing expenses, profit, &c of mine). Hence 
 ccstLESS a. [OF (as foil.)] 
 
 cost 2 (kaw-, ko-), v.i. (cost). Be acquirable at, 
 involve expenditure of, as c. him ftve shillings, 
 c. the writer infinite labour ; result in the loss 
 of, as c. him his croivn ; c. him dear(ly), involved 
 a heavy penalty ; (Commerc.) fix prices. (No 
 pass. ; the person is indirect object, the price is 
 expressed adverbially, in being understood), 
 [f. OF coster, couster, f. LcON(stare stand) with 
 dative of person, locative of price] 
 
 cd'stal, a. Of the ribs. [F, f. med. L costalis 
 (costa rib, see -al)] 
 
 co'stapd, n. Large kind of apple ; (archaic) 
 head. [perh. f. OF coste rib (as prec) + -ard] 
 
 co'state, a. Ribbed, having ribs. [f. L costa- 
 tus (as costal, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 costea'n, "een, v i. (mining). Sink pits down 
 
COSTERMONGER 
 
 188 
 
 COUNCIL. 
 
 to rock to find direction of lode, [f . Corn, cothas 
 stean dropped tin] 
 
 cd'step(mongep), n. Man who sells fruit, 
 fish, &c., from barrow in street, [costard] 
 
 eo'stive, a. With confined bowels, consti- 
 pated ; (fig.) niggardly. Hence co'stivexESS n. 
 [f. OF costivt, f. L constipatus constipated] 
 
 eo'stly, a. Of great value; expensive. Hence 
 
 CO'StllNESS n. [-LY l ] 
 
 eo'straary, n. Aromatic perennial plant, 
 formerly used in medicine & for flavouring 
 ale. [OE cost f. L f. Gk kostos + (St) Mary] 
 
 c6*stume(aZ.so-tu , m), n.,& v.t. Style, fashion 
 of dress or attire (including way of wearing 
 hair) ; complete set of outer garments ; c.-piece, 
 play in which actors wear historical costume ; 
 (v.t.) provide with c. [(vb f. n.) F, f. It, costu?ne 
 f. L consuetudinem custom] 
 
 costu'miep, -mer, n. Maker of, dealer in, 
 costumes. [F \-ier), f. costumer (costume)J 
 
 eo'sy (-zi), -zy, a. & n. Comfortable, snug, 
 (of person or place) ; (n.) canopied corner seat 
 for two (cf. F causeuse), tea, egg, -c, quilted 
 covering to retain heat in teapot, egg. Hence 
 co'siLY 2 adv., eo'siNESS n. [?] 
 
 cot *, n., & v.t. Small erection for shelter, as 
 bell-, sheep-, c; (poet.) cottage ; (v.t.) put (sheep) 
 in c. [(vb f. n.) OE, f. OTeut. *kutom] 
 
 eot 2 ,n. (Anglo-Ind.) light bedstead; (Xaut.) 
 swinging bed for officers, sick persons, &c; 
 small (usu. swinging) bed for child ; bed in chil- 
 dren's hospital. [Anglo-Ind., f. Hind, khat bed- 
 stead, bier] 
 
 cot 3, n. Abbr. of foil. 
 
 cota'ngent, n. (trig.). Tangent of comple- 
 ment of given angle (abbr. cot), [co-] 
 
 cote, n. Shed, stall, shelter, esp. for animals, 
 as dove-, hen-, sheep-, c. [OE, parallel to cot 1 ] 
 
 co-temporapy&c. See contemporary &c. 
 
 co-tenant, n. Joint tenant, [co-] 
 
 co'tenie (-rl), n. Circle, set, of persons asso- 
 ciated by exclusive interests ; select circle in 
 society. [F, orig. = association of country peo- 
 ple, f. cotier cottar, see -ery] 
 
 cothurnus, n. Buskin, thick-soled boot of 
 Athenian tragic actor (also fig., of elevated style 
 &c). [L, f. Gk kothornos] 
 
 eo-ti'dal, a. C. line on map (connecting places 
 at which high water occurs at same time), [co-] 
 
 coti'llion, cotillon (F), n. Name of several 
 dances ; music for these. [F (-lion), = petticoat] 
 
 eo'ttagre, n. Labourer's or villager's small 
 dwelling ; small country residence ; c. hospital 
 (in c, without resident medical staff) ; c. loaf 
 of bread (of two round masses, smaller on top 
 of larger) ; c. piano (small upright), [prob. f. 
 AF *cotage (cote 4- -age)] 
 
 eo'ttag-er, n. Inhabitant of a cottage, [-er 1 ] 
 
 eo'ttar, -en *, n. Scotch peasant occupying 
 cottage on farm, and labouring on farm at fixed 
 rate when required ; = cottier, [f. med. L 
 QOtarius (cota cote, see -ART 1 )] 
 
 eo'ttep 2 , n. Key, wedge, bolt, for securing 
 l>arts of machinery &c; c.-pin, pin to keep c. 
 in place. [?] 
 
 co*ttiep, n. Cottager ; Irish peasant holding 
 under c. tenure (letting of land in small portions 
 at rent fixed by competition). [OF (as cottar)] 
 
 co'tton 1 , n. White downy fibrous substance 
 clothing seeds of c.-plant, used for making cloth, 
 thread, &c. ; c.-plant; thread spun from c. yarn 
 (also seicing-c.) ; cloth made of cotton ; gun-c. ; 
 e.-cake, compressed c. seed as food for cattle ; 
 c.-grass, kinds of plant with white silky hairs ; 
 c. lord, magnate of c. trade ; c. -spinner, work- 
 man who spins cotton, owner of c. mill ; c. waste, 
 
 refuse yarn used for cleaning machinery &c; 
 c.-wool, raw c, esp. as prepared for wadding; 
 c. yam, c. prepared for weaving into fabrics. 
 Hence co'tton y 2 a. [f. F f. OSp. coton f. Arab. 
 qutun] 
 
 co'tton 2 , v.i. Agree, harmonize, (together, 
 with each other) ; c. wp.make friendly advances 
 (to or abs.) ; become attached to. [f. prec] 
 
 eottono'cracy, n. The magnates of the 
 cotton trade, [cotton l + -o- + -cracy] 
 
 cotyledon, n. Primary leaf in embryo of 
 higher plants, seed-leaf; genus of plants in- 
 cluding navelwort or pennywort. [L, f. Gk 
 kotuledon cup-shaped cavity (kotule cup)] 
 
 cotyle'donous, a. Havingcotyledons. [-ous] 
 
 cd'tyloid, a. (anat.). Cup-shaped, [f. Gk 
 kotidoeides (kotide cup, see -oid)] 
 
 couch Mkowtsh),n. Bed; thing one sleeps on; 
 lounge like sofa, but with half-back and head- 
 end only ; (Malting) bed in which grain germi- 
 nates after steeping, [f. F couche (as foil.)] 
 
 couch 2 (kowtsh), v.t. & i. Lay onese//down 
 (now only in p.p.) ; (Malting) lay (grain) on floor 
 to germinate ; lower (spear &c.) to position of 
 attack : remove (cataract ; also c. person, per- 
 son's eye, for cataract) ; express (thought &c. in 
 words); veil (meaning under words); (of animals) 
 lie (esp. in lair) ; crouch, cower ; lie in ambush, 
 [f. F coucher f. L coy(locare place)] 
 
 couch 3 (kow-, koo-), n. (More usu. c.-grass) 
 kind of grass with long creeping roots, a com- 
 mon weed. [var. of quitch] 
 
 cou'ehant (kow-), a. (herald.). (Of animals) 
 lying with body resting on legs and head raised. 
 [F, part, as couch 2 ] 
 
 cou'gap (koo-), n. Large American feline 
 quadruped, puma. [f. F couguar repr. Guarani 
 guazu ara] 
 
 cough J (kawf , kof ), n. Act of coughing ; ten- 
 dency to cough, diseased condition of respira- 
 tory organs, [f. foil.] 
 
 cough 2 (as prec), v.i. & t. Expel air from 
 lun^s with violent effort and noise produced by 
 abrupt opening of glottis; (trans.) c. out, up, 
 eject by, say with, cough ; c. down, silence 
 (speaker) by coughing. [ME coghen; OE has 
 cohhetan ; cf. MDu. cuchen, Du. kitchen, cough, 
 G keuchen pant ; all imit.] 
 
 could. See can 2 . 
 
 coulisse (koohVs), n. Side-scene in theatre ; 
 space between two of these ; groove in which 
 sluice-gate moves. [F, f. OF coule'is f. L *cola- 
 ticius (co/are_flow)] 
 
 couloir (koolwarT), n. Steep gorge on moun- 
 tain side. [F] 
 
 coulomb (koolo'm), n. Quantity of electri- 
 city conveyed in one second by current of ono 
 ampere, [de C, French physicist] 
 
 cou'ltep (ko-), co*l-, n. Iron blade fixed in 
 front of share in plough. [OE culter f. L culter] 
 
 cou'mapin (koo-), n. Aromatic crystalline 
 substance found in seeds of Tonka bean &c 
 [f. F coumarine (coumarou, name in Guiana of 
 Tonka bean, see -in)] 
 
 cou'ncil (ko w-), n. Ecclesiastical assembly, as 
 oecumenical, diocesan, c; (X.T.) Jewish Sanhe- 
 drin;advisory jrdeliberativeassembly,as(Hist.) 
 Great C, c. of tenants-in-chief & great ecclesi- 
 astics (last summoned in 1640), cabinet c; body 
 of councillors, as privy c, C. of State (of foreign 
 countries) ; body assisting governor of British 
 crown colony or dependency ; local administra- 
 tive body of town, city, or administrative 
 county, as County C.; C. of War, assembly of 
 officers called in special emergency, (in some 
 foreign countries) permanent military board ; 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult CO-. 
 
COUNCILLOR 
 
 189 
 
 COUNTERPART 
 
 c.-board, table at which c. sits, c. in session ; c- 
 chamber, -house, (in which c. meets). ((1) in 
 eccles. sense f . OF cuncile f . L con (dlium assem- 
 bly, meeting (calare call) ; (2) f. OF conseil f. L 
 consilium advisory body, counsel; E confused 
 the two words; ace. to mod. different, (begun 
 in 16th c.) council = any deliberative body, 
 counsel = act of counselling, advice, &c] 
 
 cou'ncillop, n. Member of a council. Hence 
 eou'neillopSHiP n. [16th-c. different, f. coun- 
 sellor] 
 
 eou'nselMkow-^n. Consultation; takec, con- 
 sult (with or abs.) ; advice ; (Theol.) c. of perfec- 
 tion, injunction (orig. of Christ or Apostles) not 
 regarded as universally binding (Matt. xix. 21); 
 plan ; keep one's (own) or another's c. (secret) ; 
 body of legal advisers in cause ; barrister ; 
 King's, Queen's, C. (abbr. K.C., Q.C.), c. to the 
 crown, takingprecedenceof ordinary barristers, 
 [f. OF conseil f. LcoN(.s-i7t'r*mf. sal- jump = Skr. 
 sar- go) deliberative body, plan, cf. council] 
 
 counsel -, v.t. (-11-). Advise (person to do) ; re- 
 commend (thing, that). [1. F conseiller f. LL 
 consiliare (L -ari), as prec] 
 
 counsellor, n. Adviser; (also c.-at-law) ad- 
 vising barrister (now only in Ireland), [f. OF 
 conseillere, -tor, f. L consiliator(em) ; as prec, 
 
 -OR 2 ] 
 
 count 1 (kow-), n. Counting ; sum total ; (Law) 
 each charge in an indictment; (H. of Commons) 
 c.-out, c, adjournment when fewer than 40 
 members are present, [f. OF conte f. LL com- 
 putum (as foil. )] 
 
 count 2 , v.t. & i. Enumerate, reckon up ; re- 
 peat numerals in order ; c. up, find the sum of ; 
 c. out, count while taking from a stock ; c. out 
 the House, procure adjournment (as prec); 
 include in reckoning ; consider (a thing) to be 
 (so & so) ; c. on, upon, expect confidently ; be 
 included in reckoning, as that does not c; c.for, 
 be worth (much &c); (Sc.) c. kin (with), be de- 
 monstrably related (to), [f. OF conter compute] 
 
 count 3 (kow-), n. Foreign noble corresp. to 
 earl ; c. palatine. Hence cou'ntsmp n. [f. 
 OF conte f. L comitem (nom. -mes) companion] 
 
 countenance 1 (kow-), n. Expression of face, 
 as change one's c. (from emotion), keep one's c, 
 maintain composure, esp., refrain from laugh- 
 ing ; face ; composure, as put out of c, discon- 
 cert, keep (person) in c. (usu. by sbow of sup- 
 port), [f. OF contenance bearing, aspect, f. L 
 continentia (as contain, see -ence)] 
 
 cou'ntenance 2 , v.t. Sanction (act); en- 
 courage (person, practice, person in practice). 
 If. OF contenancer (as prec.)] 
 
 cou'ntep *, n. Small (usu. round) piece of 
 metal, ivory, &c, used for keeping account in 
 games, esp. cards ; imitation coin ; banker's 
 table ; table in shop on which money is counted 
 out & across which goods are delivered ; c- 
 jumper, shop assistant, [f. OF conteoir f. L com- 
 putatorium (as compute, see -orv(2))] 
 
 counter 2 , n. Part of horse's breast between 
 shoulders and under neck; curved part of stern 
 of ship. [perh. f. counter 5 ] 
 
 counter 3 , n. (fencing). Circular parry in 
 which hand retains same position while point 
 describes a circle, [f. F contre counter-] 
 
 cou'ntep 4 , n.(shoemaking). Back part of shoe 
 or boot round heel. [abbr. of counterfort| 
 
 cou'ntep 5 , a. Opposed ; opposite ; duplicate, 
 {arising f. combb. w. counter-] 
 
 cou'ntep 6 , v.t. & i. Oppose, contradict; 
 ■(Chess) meet with counter move ; (Boxing) give 
 (opponent, or abs.) return blow while parrying, 
 [partly f. encounter, partly f. counter-] 
 
 cou'ntep 7 , adv. In the opposite direction, 
 as hunt, run, go, c. (i. e. to direction taken by 
 
 game) ; contrary, as act, go, c. (to instructions 
 &c). [f. F contre see foil.] 
 
 cou'ntep- (kow-), pref. f. F contre (It.contra) f. 
 L contra against, in return, orig. in words f. OF, 
 F, or It., but now a living prenx of vbs, nouns! 
 adjj., and advv., with sense (1) reciprocation! 
 opposition, frustration, rivalry, (2) opposite po> 
 sition or direction, (3) correspondence, match, 
 (of things having naturally two opposite parts), 
 (4) duplicate, substitute. 
 
 countepa'ct, v.t. Hinder, defeat, by con- 
 trary action ; neutralize. Hence counter- 
 a'ctioN n., eountepa'ctivE a. [counter-(I)] 
 
 countep-a'g-ent, n. Counteracting agent 
 or force. [counter-(I)] 
 
 counter-approach, n. (mil.). Work con- 
 structed by besieged outside permanent forti- 
 fications to check besiegers. [counter-(I)] 
 
 cou'ntep-attpaction,n. Attraction of con- 
 trary tendency • rival attraction, [counter- (1)] 
 
 counterbalance, n.,& v.t. Weight balanc- 
 ing another ; (v.t.) act as c. to. [counter-(I)] 
 
 counterblast, n. Energetic declaration 
 against something. [counter-(I)] 
 
 counter-ceiling-, n. Layer of dry material 
 between joists of floor. [counter-(4)] 
 
 countepcha'nge, v.t. & i. Interchange ; 
 chequer ; (intr.) change places or parts, [f. F 
 contrechanger (see counter-(I) and change v.) J 
 
 countercharge, n. Charge in opposition to 
 another, charge against accuser. [counter-(I)] 
 
 countercheck, n. Check that opposes a 
 thing ; check that operates against another. 
 
 [COUNTER-(l)] 
 
 counter-claim, n. Claim set up against 
 another; claim set up by defendant in suit. 
 
 [COUNTER-(l)] 
 
 countep-clo'ckwise. See clock \ 
 
 counterfeit 1 (-It, -et), a. & n. (Thing) made 
 in imitation, not genuine, (of coins, writings, 
 persons, &c). [f. OF contrefet, -fait, p.p. of 
 contrefaire f. med. L coNTRA(/acere make)] 
 
 eou'ntepfeit 2 (-it, -et), v.t. Imitate ; forge 
 (coin, bank-notes, hand-writing) ; simulate (feel- 
 ings); (fig.) resemble closely, [f. prec] 
 
 cou'ntepfoil, n. Complementary part of 
 bank cheque, official receipt, &c, with note of 
 particulars, retained by drawer. [counter-(3)] 
 
 eou'ntepfopt, n. Buttress supporting wall 
 or terrace, [f. F contrefort (counter-, fort)] 
 
 countep-i'ppitant, n. Thing used to pro- 
 duce surface irritation and thus counteract 
 disease (also fig.). So eounter-irrita'tion 
 
 n. [COUNTER-(l)] 
 
 countepma'nd, v.t., & n. Revoke (com- 
 mand) ; recall (person, forces, &c.) by contrary 
 order ; cancel order for (goods &c) ; (n.) order 
 revoking previous one. [f. OF contremand(er) 
 n. & vb f. med. L contra (mand are order)] 
 
 cou'ntermapk, n. Additional mark, for 
 greater security &c ; additional mark on bale 
 of goods belonging to several merchants ; hall- 
 mark added to that of the maker, [f. F contre- 
 marque, see counter-(3) & mark] 
 
 eou'ntermine, n., & v.t. & i. (Mil.) mine 
 made to intercept that of besiegers ; submarine 
 mine sunk to explode enemy's mines by its 
 explosion ; (fig. ) counterplot ; (v. t. ) oppose by c. ; 
 (v.i.)makeac [counter-(I)] 
 
 eou'ntepmupe, n. Wall raised within or 
 behind another as reserve defence, [f. F contre- 
 mur (counter-(2), 7nur f. L murus wall)] 
 
 cou'nteppane (-in, -an), n. Outer covering 
 of bed, coverlet, quilt, [f. obs. counterpoint f. 
 OF contrepointe corrupt, of cniltepointe f. L 
 culcita puncta stitched quilt ; assim. to pane 
 in obs. sense cloth] 
 
 counterpart, n. Duplicate ; person, thing, 
 
COUNTERPLOT 
 
 190 
 
 COURSE 
 
 forming natural complement to another ; oppo- 
 site part of indenture. [COUNTER-(3)] . 
 
 cou'nterplot, n., & v.t. Plot contrived to 
 defeat another ; (v.t.) frustrate by c, devise c. 
 against. [counter-(I)] 
 
 cou'nteppoint, n. (mus.). Melody added as 
 accompaniment to given melody ; art, mode, of 
 adding melodies as accompaniment according 
 to fixed rules ; double c. (in which the melodies 
 can be placed in any order above or below one 
 another), [f. OF contrepoint f. med. L contra- 
 punctum pricked oppojite, i. e. to the original 
 melody (pungere punct- prick)] 
 
 eou'nteppoise 1 (-z), n. Counterbalancing 
 weight; thing of equivalent force &c. on 
 opposite- side ; equilibrium, [f. OF contrepois 
 (contre counter-(I) + pols f. hpensum weight)] 
 
 cou'nterpoise 2 (z-), v.t. Counterbalance; 
 compensate ; bring into, keep in, equilibrium 
 (lit. & fig.), [f. OF contrepeser (contre COUNTER- 
 + peser f. L pensare assim. to prec.)] 
 
 counter-reformation, n. Reformation 
 running counter to another, esp. that in Church 
 of Rome following on Protestant Reformation. 
 
 [COUNTER-(I)] 
 
 eou'ntersearp, n. (fortif.). Outer wall or 
 slope of ditch, supporting covered way. [f. F 
 contrescarpe f. It. contra (scarpa scarp)] 
 
 eoirntepsig'n l , n. Watchword, pass- word, 
 given to all men on guard (cf. parole) ; mark 
 used for identification &c. [f. OF contresigne 
 (see counter-(3) & sign)] 
 
 cou'ntepsig-n 2 , v. t. Add signature to (docu- 
 ment already signed) ; ratify, [f. OF contre- 
 signer (as prec.)] 
 
 countepsi'nk, v.t. Bevel off (top of hole) to 
 receive head of screw or bolt ; sink (screw-head) 
 in such hole. [counter-(3)] 
 
 eountep-te'nop, n. (mus.). (Part for, singer 
 with) male voice higher than tenor, alto. [f. 
 obs. F contre-teneur (see contra- & tenor)] 
 
 eountepvai'l, v.t. & i. Counterbalance ; 
 avail against, [f. OF contrevaloir I. L contra 
 valere] 
 
 eoirntepwopk, n., & v.t. & i. (Mil.) work 
 raised in opposition to those of enemy ; (gen.) 
 opposing work; (v.t.) counteract, frustrate; 
 (v.i.) work in opposition. [counter-(I)] 
 
 cou'ntess, n. Wife, widow, of count or earl ; 
 lady ranking with count or earl in her own 
 right, [f. OF contesse f. LL comitissa fern, of 
 conies -Ms count] 
 
 cou*nting--house, n. Building, room, de- 
 voted to keeping accounts ; office. 
 
 cou'ntless, a. Too many to count, ["-less] 
 
 covrntpified, -pyfied, a. Rural, rustic, in 
 appearance, manners, &c. [p.p. of countinfy, 
 else little used (countrv + -FY)] 
 
 eou'ntpy (ku-), n. Region ; territory of a 
 nation ; land of a person's birth, citizenship, 
 &c, fatherland ; rural districts as opp. to towns, 
 esp. the rest of a land as opp. to the capital ; 
 (Cricket slang) in the c, far from the wickets ; 
 appeal 1 to the c. (body of electors) ; c. cousin, 
 relation of countrified manners or appearance ; 
 c.-house, -seat, residence of c. gentleman; c. 
 note, bank-note issued by local bank ; c. party, 
 political party supporting agricultural against 
 manufacturing interests ; c.-side, particular 
 rural district, its inhabitants, [f. OF cuivtrie 
 1. LL contrata land lying opposite (contra)] 
 
 eou'ntpy dance, n. Any rural or native 
 English dance, esp. those in which couples 
 stand face to face in two long lines, [country 
 + dance ; perverted to contre-dance &c] 
 
 eou'ntpyman, n. (fern, cowntryivoman). 
 
 Man of one's own (or a specified) country ; per- 
 son living in rural parts. 
 
 cou'nty (kow-), n. Territorial division in 
 Great Britain and Ireland, chief unit for admin- 
 istrative, judicial, and political purposes ; ad- 
 ministrative division in most British colonies ; 
 (U.S.) political and administrative division 
 next below State ; people of a c. ; c. palatine ; 
 c. corporate, city, town, ranking as adminis- 
 trative c. ; c. borough, one of over 50,000 inhabi- 
 tants ranking (since 1888) as administrative c. ; 
 c. council, representative governing body of 
 administrative c. ; c. court, local court esp. for 
 recovery of small debts, whence c.-court (v.t. 
 colloq.), sue in this; c. family (with ancestral 
 seat in a c.) ; c. town, chief town in county, [f. 
 OF cunte £ L comitatus (as count 3 , see -ate')] 
 
 coup (koo), n. Notable or successful stroke 
 or move ; (Billiards) direct holing of ball ; c. 
 d'etat (detalr), violent or illegal change in 
 government ; c. de grace (de grahs), finishing 
 stroke ; c. de main (F), sudden vigorous attack ; 
 c. d'oeil (F), comprehensive glance, general 
 view. [F, f. LL colpitis f. L f. Gk kolaphos blow] 
 
 coupe (koo'pa), n. Four-wheeled close car- 
 riage for two inside & driver; half-compartment 
 at end of railway carriage. [F, p.p. of couper 
 cut, as noun] 
 
 cou'ple 1 (ku-), n. Leash for holding two 
 hounds together, whence (fig.) go, hunt, run, in 
 cc. ; pair, brace, esp. of hunting dogs ; wedded 
 or engaged pair ; pair of partners in dance ; a 
 c. of, two ; one of a pair of rafters ; (Dynam.) 
 pair of equal and parallel forces acting in oppo- 
 site directions, [f. OF cople f. L copula] 
 
 cou'ple-, v.t. & i. Fasten, link, together 
 (esp. dogs in pairs) ; connect (railway carriages) 
 by a coupling ; unite, bring together, (persons) ; 
 marry (t. & i.) ; associate in thought or speech 
 (two things together, one with another) ; (intr.) 
 unite sexually, [f. OF copier (as prec.)] 
 
 cou'plep, n. In vbl senses; esp. contrivance 
 for connecting two manuals, or manual with 
 pedals, or two keys, of organ, [prec. + -er ] ] 
 
 cou'plet, n. Pair of successive lines of verse. 
 [F, dim. of couple] 
 
 cou'pling", n. In vbl senses; esp. : link con- 
 necting two railway carriages ; contrivance for 
 connecting parts of machinery, [-ing ] ] 
 
 coupon (koo"pon, or as F), n. Detachable 
 ticket entitling holder to periodical payments 
 of interest, services of excursion agency, &c. 
 [F, =piece cut off (couper, see cope, -oon)] 
 
 cou'page (ku'rij), n. Bravery, boldness, as 
 take, pluck up, lose, c. ; Didch c. (induced by 
 drinking); c. of one's opinions, c. to act up to 
 them. [OF (canir f. L cor heart, see -age)] 
 
 courageous (ker&'jus), a. Brave, fearless. 
 Hence eoupa'gfeousLY 2 adv., coupa'ge- 
 ousness n. [f. OF corageus f. prec, see -ous] 
 
 cou'piep (kdb-), n. Servant employed to make 
 travelling arrangements on continent ; title of 
 newspapers, as Liverpool C. ; running mes- 
 senger. [(1) ME corour f. OF coreor f. LL curri- 
 torem (currere curs- run, see -or 2 ) ; (2) 16th-c 
 F, f. It. corriere (corre run f. L currere)] 
 
 coupse ' (kors, koors), n. Onward movement ; 
 pursuit of game esp. hares with (grey)hounds ; 
 direetion-taken, as hold, take, change, one's c. 
 ship's c, a dangerous c. (liiie_of_conduct), c. of 
 events, c. of nature (ordinary^roc^aure) ; (pi.) 
 evil cc. (behaviour); ground on which race is run 
 (also race-c.) ; channel in which water flows, 
 watercourse ; c. o/exchange ; career ; series (of 
 lectures &c); each of successive divisions of 
 meal ; continuous layer of stone &c. in building ; 
 
 For 
 
 compounds of co- not given consult co-. 
 
COURSE 
 
 iyi 
 
 COVEY 
 
 (Naut.)/ore, main, -c, fore, main, -sail ; by c. of, 
 according to ordinary procedure of (law &c.) ; 
 in due c, in the natural order; o/c, naturally ; 
 matter of c, natural thing. [(1) f. P cours f. L 
 cursus -us (as prec.) ; (2) f. F course fem. noun 
 f. L p.p., cf. -ade] 
 
 course 2 , v.t. & i. Pursue (game, as prec.) ; 
 run about, run, (esp. of liquids) ; give (horse) a 
 run: use (hounds) in coursing, [f. prec] 
 coup'sep, n. (poet.). Swift horse, [f. OF cor- 
 sier f. L cu?-sarius {cursus COURSE, see -ary 2 ) ; 
 orig. - warhorse, charger] 
 
 court ! (kort), n. (Also courtyard) space en- 
 closed by walls or buildings ; (Camb. Univ.) 
 college quadrangle ; subdivision of an Exhibi- 
 tion building, museum, &c, open to the general 
 roof; confined yard opening off street; enclosed 
 quadrangular area, open or covered, for games, 
 as tennis, Jives, -c. ; plot of ground marked out 
 for lawn-tennis ; sovereign's residence ; his es- 
 tablishment and retinue ; the body of courtiers ; 
 sovereign and his councillors as ruling power, 
 as C. of St James's (British sovereign's c.) ; as- 
 sembly held by sovereign, state reception; High 
 C. (assembly) of Parliament ; assembly of 
 judges or other persons acting as tribunal, as 
 c. of law, law-c, c. of justice, c. of judicature, 
 county, criminal, police, c, C. of admiralty, 
 common 1 pleas, equity, &c. ; place, hall, in 
 which justice is administered ; out of c, (of 
 plaintiff, and fig. of arguments) not entitled to 
 be heard ; (meeting of) qualified members of 
 company or corporation ; (in some friendly 
 societies) = lodge l ; attention paid to one 
 whose favour, affection, interest, is sought, as 
 pay c. to ; c.-card (orig. coat-card), king, queen, 
 knave; c.-guide, directory containing (theoreti- 
 cally) names of those who have been presented 
 at c. ; c.-martial, judicial c. of military or naval 
 officers, (v.t.) try by this ; drumhead c.-martial 
 (held round upturned drum in time of war) ; c- 
 plaster, sticking-plaster for cuts &c. (formerly 
 used by ladies at c. for face-patches), [f. OF 
 cort f. L c(oh)ortem (nom. -ors), yard, cohort ; 
 the senses of assembly, judicial court, by confus. 
 in F with L curia] 
 
 court 2 , v.t. Pay court to ; make love to (also 
 abs.); entice (person, into, to, from. Sec); seek to 
 win (applause &c); invite (inquiry &c). [prec] 
 courteous (kortyws, ker-). Polite, kind, 
 considerate, in manner or address. Hence 
 eoup'teousLY 2 adv., eoup'teousNESS n. 
 If. OF corteis = It. cortese (corte court *, see 
 -ese), assim. to wds in -ous] 
 eouptesa'n (-z-), -za*n, (kor-), n. Prostitute. 
 [f. F courtisane f. It. cortigiana, fem. adj. as n. 
 (as prec. + -ano -an)] 
 
 eoup'tesy, n. Courteous behaviour or dis- 
 position ; by c, by favour, not of right ; c. title, 
 one held by c, having no legal validity ; (Law) 
 c. of England, Scotland, husband's tenure after 
 wife's death of certain kinds of property in- 
 herited by her ; =curtsy. [f. OF cortesie- It. 
 cortesia (cortese courteous)] 
 coup'tiep (kor-), n. Attendant at, frequenter 
 of, sovereign's court, [prob. f. OF cortoyeur f. 
 cortoyer vb (corte court 1 )] 
 coup'tly (kor-), a. Polished, refined, in man- 
 ners ; obsequious, flattering. Hence eoup'tli- 
 ness n. I-ly 1 ] 
 
 coup*tship, n. Courting, wooing, with view 
 to marriage, [-ship] 
 
 couseous(sou) (koo'skoosoo), n. African 
 dish of granulated flour steamed over broth. 
 [F, f. Arab, kuskus (kaskasa bruise)] 
 cousin (ku/zn), n. (Also first c, c. german) 
 child of one's uncle or aunt ; my second c, my 
 parent's first c.'s child ; my first (second &c.) c. 
 
 once (twice &c) removed, my first (second Sec.) 
 c.'s child (grandchild &c), also, my parent's 
 (grandparent's &c ) first (second &c ) c ; callcc, 
 claim kinship (with) ; title used by sovereign in 
 addressing another sovereign or a nobleman of 
 same country. Hence cou'sinHooD, cou'sin- 
 ship, nn., eou'sinLY * a. [F, f. L con (sobrinus, 
 -na, f. soror sister) c by mother's side] 
 cove *, n. Small bay or creek ; sheltered re- 
 cess ; (Arch.) concave arch, esp. of ceiling. 
 [com.-Teut. ; OE cofa] 
 
 cove 2 , v.t. Arch (esp. ceiling at junction with 
 wall); slope (fireplace sides) inwards, [prec] 
 cove 3 , n. (slang). Fellow, chap, [thieves' 
 cant, etym. dub.] 
 
 co'venant (ku-), n., & v.t. & i. Compact, bar^ 
 gain; (Law) contract under seal, clause of this ; 
 (bibl.) compact between God and the Israelites, 
 as ark of the c, land of the c. (Canaan) ; Solemn 
 League and C. (establishing Presbyterianism 
 in England and Scotland, 1613) ; (v.t & i.) agree 
 (with person for thing, to do, that), [(vb f. n.) 
 OF, part, of convenir, see convene] 
 covenanted, a. Bound by a covenant, esp. 
 of Indian Civil servants (the c. service), [-ed 2 ] 
 co'venantep, n. One who covenants, esp. 
 (Sc Hist.) adherent of the National Covenant 
 (1638) or Solemn League & covenant, [-er l ] 
 Co'ventpy (also ku-), n. Town in Warwick- 
 shire ; send person to C, refuse to associate 
 with him. 
 
 co*vep l (ku-), v.t. Overspread, overlay, (with 
 cloth, lid, &c, also fig. xcith disgrace &c); 
 strew thoroughly (with) ; lie over, be a covering 
 to ; extend over, occupy the surface of ; pro- 
 tect ; covering letter, explanatory one with en- 
 closure ; (of fortress, guns, &c) command (terri- 
 tory) ; conceal (feelings &c.) ; c. with gun, pre- 
 sent gun at ; (Mil. , Cricket) stand behind (front- 
 rank man, another player to stop balls he 
 misses; c.-point, fielder behind point, his place); 
 include, comprise ; suffice to defray (expenses) ; 
 protect by insurance; (of stallion) copulate 
 with; c. in, complete the covering of, fill in' 
 (grave &c.) with earth ; c. up, conceal, esp. by 
 wrapping up. Hence eo'vepiNGMS) n. [f. OF 
 cuvvir f. L co(operire opert-)] 
 co'vep 2 , n. Thing that covers ; lid ; binding 
 of book ; either board of this, as from c. to c. ; 
 wrapper, envelope, of letter, as address person 
 under c. to another; hiding-place, shelter; 
 screen, pretence, as under (the) c. of humility ; 
 woods or undergrowth sheltering game, co- 
 vert 2 ; (Commerc) funds to meet liability or 
 secure against contingent loss ; plate, napkin, 
 &c, laid for each person at table, [f. prec] 
 co'verlet, -lid, n. Counterpane, quilt ; co- 
 vering, [earlier coverlite perh. f. OF *covre-lit 
 (as cover l + lit bed)] 
 
 co'vert 1 (ku-), a. (Of threat, glance, &c> 
 secret, disguised. Hence co'veptLY 2 adv. 
 [OF (as cover 1 )] 
 
 co'vept 2 (ku*veK,-er), n. Shelter, esp. thicket 
 hiding game; c.-coat, short light overcoat, [f. 
 F convert p.p. as n. (cover 2 )J 
 covePtupe(ku"vertsher), n. Covering, cover; 
 shelter ; condition of married woman under 
 husband's protection. [OF (as cover 1 , see-URE)] 
 eo'vet (ku-), v.t. Desire eagerly (usu. what 
 belongs to another). Hence co'vetABLE a. 
 [f. OF euveitier f. L *cupiditare (as cupidity)] 
 co'vetous, a. Eagerly desirous (of another's 
 property &c) ; grasping, avaricious. Hence 
 eo'vetousLY 2 adv., co'vetousNESs n. [L 
 OF coveitns (as prec, see -ous)] 
 eo'vey (ku-), n. Brood of partridges ; family. 
 party, set. [f. OF covee f. cower hatch f. X» 
 cubare, see -ade] 
 
COVIN 
 
 192 
 
 CRADLE 
 
 co*vin (ku-), n. Conspiracy, collusion. [OF, 
 f. LL convenium f. convena one who comes to- 
 gether with others (as convene)] 
 
 ed'ving 1 , n. Arched piece of building; (pi.) 
 curved sides of fire-place, [cove 2 + -ing l ] 
 
 cow l 3 n. (pi. cows, archaic kine). Female of 
 any bovine animal, esp. of the domestic species; 
 female of elephant, rhinoceros, whale, seal, &c.; 
 c.-bane, water hemlock ; c.-boy, boy in charge of 
 cc, (U.S.) man in charge of grazing cattle on 
 ranch ; c.-catcher (U.S.), apparatus fixed in front 
 of locomotive engine to remove cattle & other 
 obstructions; c.-Jish, (1) sea-cow, (2) Indian & 
 American fish with horn-like spines over eyes ; 
 c.-grass, wild species of Trefoil ; c.-heel, foot of 
 cow or ox stewed to jelly; cowherd, one who 
 tends cc. at pasture; c.-hide, (leather, whip, 
 made of) c.'s hide ; coivitch, = cowage ; c.-tree, 
 S.-American tree with milk-like juice. Hence 
 cowiSH'a. [com.-Teut. ; OE cm f. OTeut. kouz 
 f. Aryan gwous (Skr. gaus, Gk boits, L bos)] 
 
 cow 2 , v.t. Intimidate, [perh. f. ON kuga\ 
 
 cowage, cowh-, (-ij), n. Tropical plant 
 with stinging hairs onpod. [f. Hind, kawanch] 
 
 coward, n. & a. Faint-hearted, pusillani- 
 mous, (person). Hence eowapdliNESS n., 
 eowardLV 1 a., eowapdLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 coart = It. codardo {coda tail f. L cauda, -ard)] 
 
 cowardice, n. Faint-heartedness; morale, 
 fear of disapprobation, [f. OF couardise (as 
 prec, see -ice)] 
 
 cower, v.i. Stand, squat, in bent position ; 
 crouch, esp. from fear. [etym. dub.; cf. Icel. 
 kiira sleep, Da. kure squat ; also G kauern] 
 
 cowl 1 , n. Monk's hooded garment ; hood of 
 this ; hood-shaped covering of chimney or ven- 
 tilating shaft. Hence cowIed 2 a. [(1) OE 
 cugele f. LL cucidla f. lucucullus hood of cloak ; 
 (2) OE cufle cogn. w. Du. keuvel, conn. w. IceL 
 kojl cowl] 
 
 cowl 2 , coul, n. Tub for water, esp. one with 
 two ears, carried by two men on c.-staff, [prob. 
 f. OF cuvelle f. L cupella dim. of cupa] 
 
 cow-pox, n. Disease on teats of cows, com- 
 municated to human beings by vaccination. 
 
 eowp'ie, -y, n. Shell of small gastropod found 
 in Indian Ocean, used as money in Africa & 
 S. Asia ; the animal ; kinds of gastropod includ- 
 ing common c. of British coast, [f. Hind, kauri] 
 
 cowslip, n. Wild Dlant growing in pastures, 
 with fragrant yellow lowers ; c. tea, ttfme,(made 
 from these). [OE cu-slyppe prob. = cow-dung 
 (cu- cow- + slyppe slimy substance)] 
 
 co'xa, n. flip. Hence co'xal a. [L] 
 
 co'xcomb (-6m), n. Conceited showy person. 
 Hence eoxeo'mbiCAL (-mi-) a. [ - cock's comb; 
 orig. (cap worn by) professional fool] 
 
 eo'xeombpy (-komri), n. Foppery, behavi- 
 our of a coxcomb, [-ry] 
 
 coxswain (ko^kswan, ko # ksn), n. (abbr. cox). 
 Helmsman of boat ; person on board ship per- 
 manently in charge of, & (unless superior officer 
 is present) commanding, boat & crew. Hence 
 co'xswainLESS a., eo'xswainsmp n. [ear- 
 lier cockswain (cock - cockboat + swain), cf. 
 boatswain] 
 
 coxy. See cocky. 
 
 coy, a. Modest, shy, (usu. of girl) ; (of place) 
 secluded ; c. of, backward, reserved, in (speech 
 &c). Hence coy *ly 2 adv., coy'NESS n. [f. F 
 coi (fem. coite) f. L as quiet] 
 
 coyote (koyoti, -yd"t), n. N.-American prai- 
 rie-wolf. [Mex. Sp., f. Mex. coyotl] 
 
 coz (kuz), n. (archaic). Abbr. of cousin. 
 
 coze, v.i., & n. (Have a) chat, [(vb) prob. f. 
 F causer : n. perh. influenced by cosy] 
 
 cozen (ku'zn), v.t. Cheat, defraud, [of, out 
 of) ; beguile (into doing). Hence co'zen- 
 age(3) n. [?] 
 
 co'zy. a. See cosy. 
 
 cpab', n. Kinds of ten-footed crustacean, 
 esp. edible species found near most sea-coasts ; 
 zodiacal constellation, cancer; machine (orig. 
 with claws) for hoisting heavy weights; (pi.) 
 lowest throw at hazard, two aces, whence 
 turn out cc, end in failure ; catch a c. in row- 
 ing, get oar jammed under water by faulty 
 stroke ; c.'s eyes, round concretion of carbonate 
 of lime, found in stomach of crayfish ; c.-louse, 
 parasitical insect infecting human body ; c.-pot, 
 wicker trap for cc. Hence epa*bLETii.,epa*b- 
 like a. & adv. [OE crabba = ON krabbi, Du. 
 krabbe, cogn. w. LG krabben scratch, claw] 
 
 cpab 2 , v.t. & i. (Of hawks) scratch, claw, 
 fight with, (each other or abs.); (colloq.) cry 
 down, pull to pieces, [prob. - LG as prec] 
 
 crab 3 , n. (Also c.-apple) wild apple (fruit & 
 tree) ; sour person. [?] 
 
 cra'bbed, a. Cross-grained, perverse ; churl- 
 ish, irritable ; (of writings or authors) ruggedly 
 intricate, difficult to make out ; (of handwrit- 
 ing) ill-formed & hard to decipher ; sour, harsh. 
 Hence cpa'bbedLY 2 adv., cpa'bbedNESS n. 
 [crab ! + -ED 2 , influenced in sense by crab 3 ] 
 
 crack \ n. & a. Sudden sharp noise (of whip, 
 rifle, thunder) ; c. of doom, thunder-peal of Day 
 of Judgment ; sharp blow, as a c. on the head ; 
 in a c. , in a moment ; (archaic, slang) boast, lie ; 
 (Sc. & North.) brisk talk, (pi.) news; fissure 
 formed by breakage ; partial fracture (the parts 
 still cohering) ; good player, horse, &c; burglar; 
 house-breaking; (adj., colloq.) first-rate; c- 
 brained, crazy, [f. foil. ; not in OE] 
 
 epaek 2 , v. t. & i. (Cause to) make sharp noise, 
 as c. a whip, ichips c. ; c. (utter) a joke; chat; 
 c. up, praise ; break (nut, skull, &c.) with sud- 
 den sharp report ; c. a bottle, empty, drink it ; 
 (slang) c. a crib, break into a house,' break (t. & 
 i.) without complete separation of parts ; voice 
 cracks, is cracked, (becomes dissonant, esp. at 
 age of puberty); damage, ruin, (credit &c. ) ; (p.p., 
 colloq.) crazy, insane. Hence epac'kABLE a. 
 [com.-Teut.; OE cracian,Du. kraken, Gkrachen] 
 
 cpa'cker, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : fire- 
 work exploding with sharp report ; explosive 
 bon-bon ; instrument for cracking, as nut-cc. ; 
 thin hard biscuit ; smash, breakdown; (school 
 slang) lie. [-er 1 ] 
 
 epa'ekle, v.i., & n. Emit slight cracking 
 sound; (n.) sucb sound, (also c.-china, -glass, 
 -ware) china, glass, with appearance of minute 
 cracks, [(n. f. vb) crack 2 + -le(3)] 
 
 cpa'ckling 1 , n. In vbl senses ; also, crisp 
 skin of roast pork. [prec. + -ing l ] 
 
 cpa'eknel, n. Light crisp kind of biscuit, 
 [prob. f. F craquelin] 
 
 cpa'cksman, n. Burglar, [cracksman] 
 
 cra'eky, a. Full of cracks ; apt to crack ; 
 (colloq.) crazy. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 -epaey, noun suf. added to Gk stems (and as 
 -ocracy to E wds), meaning ' rule of. ruling body 
 of, class influential by ' ; thus democracy = 
 popular government, the d. = the lower classes 
 as political power ; plutocracy = government 
 by the rich, the p., those whose wealth gives 
 them power ; so cottonocracy &c. [f. F -cratif 
 f. Gk -kratia (k7*atos power)] 
 
 cpa'dle, n., & v.t. Bed, cot, for infant, mount- 
 ed on rockers ; from the c, from infancy ; (fig.) 
 place in which thing is nurtured in earliest 
 stage, as c. of an art, of a nation ; framework 
 resembling c, esp. (Naut.) that on which ship 
 
 For compounds of co- not given consult co-. 
 
CRADLING 
 
 193 
 
 CRAVE 
 
 rests during construction or repairs ; frame at- 
 tached to scythe to lay corn evenly; (Engraving) 
 kind of serrated chisel, rocking-tool ; (Mining) 
 trough on rockers in which auriferous earth is 
 shaken in water ; cat's-c; (v.t.) place in (child's, 
 ship's) c, contain or shelter as c, niow (corn) 
 with c. -scythe. [?] * 
 
 era'dling-, n. In vbl senses ; also (Arch.) 
 wood or iron framework, [prec. + -ing J ] 
 craft, n. Skill ; cunning, deceit ; art, trade, 
 (esp. in combb., as handle, priestc, statec); 
 the gentle c, angling; members of a c; the c, 
 brotherhood of Freemasons ; boat, vessel, (pi. 
 craft); c.-brother, -guild, workman, guild of 
 workmen, of same trade ; craftsman, one who 
 practices a c, whence era*ftsmansHiP(3) n. 
 [com.-Teut.; OE crseft, G kraft strength] 
 era'fty, a. Cunning, artful, wily. Hence 
 era'ftiLY 2 adv., era'ItiNESS n. [com.-Teut. ; 
 OE crxftig (craft, see -Y 2 )] 
 crag !, n. Steep or rugged rock ; cragsman, 
 skilled climber of cc. Hence era'g'g'ED *-, 
 cra's-g 1 v 2 , aa. , era'g-gedNESs, era'g'glNESS, 
 nn. [prob. Celt.; cf. Ir. creag] 
 erag 2 , n. (geol.). Deposits of shelly sand 
 found in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, [perh. = prec. ] 
 crake, n., & v.i. Kinds of bird including 
 corn-c. ; cry of the corn-c.; (v.i.) utter this, 
 timit., cf. croak] 
 
 ♦ cram, v.t. & i., & n. Fill overfull ; force 
 (thing into, down ); stuff (poultry &c. with food); 
 eat greedily; (fig.) prepare (t. & i.) for examina- 
 tion ; learn, get up, (subject) for special purpose; 
 c.-full, as full as cramming can make it; (n.) 
 crowd, cramming for examination, (slang) lie. 
 [(n. f. vb) OE crammian f. crimman insert, cf. 
 OHG krimman, pinch] 
 
 era'm foo, n. Game in which one player gives 
 word to which each of the others must find 
 rhyme ; dumb-c, game in which one side must 
 guess word agreed upon by other side, who re- 
 present rhymes to it in dumb show. [prob. f. L 
 crambe repetita cabbage served up again] 
 era'mmep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: one who 
 crams (esp. pupils); lie. [-er 1 ] 
 epa'moisy, -mesy, a. & n. (archaic). Crim- 
 son (cloth), [f. It. cremesi, chermesi, f. Arab. 
 qirmazi of the kermes] 
 
 cramp \ n. Contraction of muscles from 
 sudden chill, strain, &c; c.-fish, electric ray, 
 torpedo, [f. OF cra?npe f. same root as cram] 
 cramp 2 , n. (Also c.-iron) metal bar with 
 bent ends for holding masonry &c. together; 
 portable tool for pressing two planks &c. to- 
 gether ; restraint, [as prec, but thr. Du.] 
 cramp 3 , a. Hard to make out, as c. word, 
 handwriting ; contracted, cramped. Hence 
 cra'mpNESS n. [f. cramp 1 or OF crampe a.] 
 cramp 4 , v.t. Affect with cramp 1 ; confine 
 narrowly(alsoc. up) ; (fig.) restrict (energies &c); 
 fasten with cramp 2 . Hence cpa'mpedNESS n. 
 epa'mpon, n. Metal hook, grappling-iron ; 
 iron plate with spikes for walking on ice &c. 
 [F, f. LL cramponem, nom. -o. f. root of cram 1 ! 
 eran, n. (Sc). Measure for fresh herrings 
 (37£gal.). [?] 
 
 epa'nagfe, n. Use of crane ; dues paid for 
 this, [crane 1 + -age] 
 
 cra'nberpy, n. Small dark-red acid berry, 
 fruit of dwarf shrub native of Britain, N. Eu- 
 rope, N. America, &c. [recent in E, thr. N. 
 Amer. colonists f. LG kronbere) 
 crane l , n. Large wading bird with long legs, 
 neck, and bill; machine for moving heavy 
 weights ; siphon ; (also water-c.) tube for supply- 
 ing water to locomotive ; c.-fly, daddy-long- 
 legs ; c.'s-bill, various species of geranium. [OE 
 cran, cf. Du. kraan, G kranich] 
 
 crane 2 , v.t. & i. Move with crane ; stretch 
 (neck), stretch neck, like crane ; c. at, pull up 
 at, shrink from, (hedge, difficulty), [f. prec] 
 
 cranio- in comb. = foil., as cram'oLOGiCAL, 
 
 -LOGIST, -LOGY, -METRY. 
 
 era'nium, n. (pi. -ia). Bones enclosing the 
 brain ; bones of the whole head, skull. Hence 
 cra'niAL a. [med. L, f. Gk kranion skull] 
 
 crank. 1 , n., & v.t. Part of axis bent at right 
 angles for converting reciprocal into circular 
 motion, or vice versa ; elbow-shaped connexion 
 in bell-hanging ; revolving disk turned by cri- 
 minals as punishment ; (v.t.) bend into c. shape, 
 furnish or fasten with c [(vb f. n.) OE crane 
 prob. f. crincan (past crane) rare by-form of 
 cringan contract, curl up] 
 
 crank 2 , n. Fanciful tarn of speech ; eccentric 
 idea or act ; eccentric person, [different, f. prec] 
 
 erank 3 ,a. Weak, shaky,(usu. of machinery), 
 [f. crank J ] 
 
 crank 4 , a. (naut.). Liable to capsize. [?] 
 
 era'nkle, v.i.., & n. Bend in and out, twist ; 
 (n.) bend, twist, [(n. f. vb) crank 1 vb + -le] 
 
 era'nky, a. Sickly ; shaky, crazy ; caprici- 
 ous ; crotchety, eccentric ; full of twists ; (Naut.) 
 = crank 4 . Hence era'nkiLY 2 adv., era'nki- 
 
 NESS n. [CRANK J > 2 > 3 > 4 + -Y 2 ] 
 
 cra'nnog 1 , n. Ancient lake-dwelling in Scot- 
 land or Ireland. [Ir. (crann tree, beam)] 
 
 era'nny, n. Chink, crevice, crack. Hence 
 era*nniED 2 a. [prob. f. F cran, etym. dub.] 
 
 crape, n., & v.t. Gauze-like fabric with 
 wrinkled siirface, usu. of black silk or imitation 
 silk (of other colour or material now usu. crepe), 
 used for mourning dress ; band of this round hat 
 &c as sign of mourning ; c.-cloth, c.-like woollen 
 material; (v.t.) cover, clothe, drape, with c. 
 Hence cra'pY 2 a. [f. crepe] 
 
 craped, a. In vbl senses ; also, crisped, crimp- 
 ed, [crape + -ed 2 > l ] 
 
 era'pulent, a. Given to, suffering from 
 effects of, resulting from, intemperance. Hence 
 or cogn. cra'pulENCE n., era*pulous a. [f. 
 L crapulentus (crapida debauch f. Gk kraip- 
 ale drunken headache, see -lent)] 
 
 crash 1 , v.i. & t.,&n. Makeac(seen.); move, 
 go, with a c ; (trans. ) dash in pieces, throw, force, 
 drive, with a c ; go, fall, c. (with a c. ) ; (n. ) noise 
 as of broken crockery, thunder, loud music, &c, 
 violent percussion or breakage, (fig.) ruin, col- 
 lapse of mercantile credit, [imit.] 
 
 crash 2 , n. Coarse linen for towels &c. [?] 
 
 cra'sis, n. (Gk gram.). Combination of the 
 vowels of two syllables (as kago for kai ego). 
 [Gk, = mixture (kerannumi mix)] 
 
 crass, a. Thick, gross ; (fig.) gross, as c. stu- 
 pidity ; grossly stupid. Hence era'ssLY 2 
 adv., era'ssNESS n. [f. L crassiis solid, thick] 
 
 cra'ssitude, n. Grossness ; gross stupidity, 
 [f. L crassitudo (as prec, see -tude)] 
 
 -erat, noun suf. = supporter, member, of a 
 -cracy, & used & appended similarly (-crat, 
 -ocrat). Hence -cra'tic(AL) adj. suff. [f. ¥ -crate 
 formed f. adjj. in -cratique (on anal, of Gk auto- 
 krates or independently) f. Gk -kratia -cracy] 
 
 cratch, n. Rack for feeding beasts out of 
 doors, [f. OF creche ; cf. OHG chrippa crib] 
 
 crate, n. Large open-work case or basket for 
 carrying glass, crockery, fruit, &c Hence 
 cra'teFUL n. [prob. f. L cratis hurdle] 
 
 cra'ter, n. Mouth of volcano ; bowl-shaped 
 cavity. Hence cra'teriFORM a. [L, f. Gkkra- 
 ter mixing-bowl for wine {kerannumi mix)] 
 
 erava't, n. Neckcloth, tie, (now archaic or 
 
 shop). Hence erava'ttED 2 a. [f. F cravate t 
 
 G Krabate Croatian] 
 
 crave, v.t. & i. Beg for ; long for ; beg, long, 
 for. [OE crajiaii] 
 
 7 
 
CRAVEN 
 
 194 
 
 CREEP 
 
 era*ven, a. & n. Cowardly, abject, (person) ; 
 cry c, surrender. Hence cpa'venLV 2 adv. [?] 
 
 craw, n. Crop of birds or insects. [ME crawe 
 cogn. w. Du. kraag neck] 
 
 crawfish. See crayfish. 
 
 crawl 1 , n. Pen in shallow water for fish, 
 turtles, &c. ; =kraal. [f. Du. kraal] 
 
 crawl 2 , v.i., & n. Move slowly, dragging 
 body along close to ground, or on hands & knees ; 
 walk, move, slowly ; creep abjectly ; (of ground 
 &c.) be alive with crawling things ; feel creepy 
 sensation, whence erawlY- a. ; (n.) crawling, 
 [(n. f. vb) prob. f. Norse; cf. Da. kravle craw], 
 Sw. krafla grope] 
 
 ena wlep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. , cab moving 
 slowly in search of fare. 
 
 crayfish, craw*-, n. Small lobster-like 
 fresh- water crustacean ; spiny lobster. [ME & 
 OF crevice f. OHG crebig f. same st. as crab 1 ] 
 
 crayon (or as F), n., & v.t. Stick, pencil, of 
 coloured chalk or other material for drawing ; 
 carbon point in electric arc lamp; (v.t.) draw 
 with cc, (fig.) sketch, [(n.) F (craie f. L creta 
 chalk, see -oox) ; (vb) f. F crayonner] 
 
 craze, v.t.,& n. Render insane (usu. in p.p.) ; 
 produce small cracks on (pottery) ; (intr.) have 
 such cracks ; (n. i insane fancy, mania, crazy 
 condition, [(n. f. vb) orig. = break, shatter, 
 perh. (direct or thr. OF acraser = ecraser) f. 
 Sw. krasa] 
 
 era'zing 1 , n. In vbl senses ; c.-mill (for crush- 
 ing tin ore). [-INO 1 ] 
 
 CPa'zy, a. (Of ship, building, &c.) unsound, 
 shaky ; sickly ; insane, mad. Hence epa'ziLY 2 
 adv., cpa'zixESS n. [craze + -y 2 ] 
 
 creak, n., & v.i. Harsh strident noise, as 
 of unoiled hinge, new boots, &c. ; (v.i.) make 
 this. Hence CPea*kY 2 a. [prob. imit.] 
 
 cream \ n. Oily part of milk, which gathers 
 on the top, & by churning is made into butter ; 
 CL&Tted (also Devonshire) c. ; fancy dish, sweet, 
 like or made of c. ; best part of anything; part 
 of a liquid that gathers at the top ; c. of tartar, 
 purified & crystallized bitartrate of potassium, 
 used in medicine &c. ; c. of lime (pure slaked) ; 
 c.-like preparation, as cold c. (cooling unguent); 
 c-coloured horse ; c.-cheese, soft rich kind made 
 of unskimmed milk & cream ; c.-fruit, a c.- 
 like fruit of Sierra Leone ; c.-coloured, yellow- 
 ish white ; c.-laid, -wove, paper, laid, wove, 
 paper of c. colour; c. separator, machine for 
 separating c. from milk. Hence cpea'm v a a. , 
 CPea'miNESS n. [f. F creme f. L as chrism] 
 
 cream 2, v.i. & t. (Of milk & liquids) form 
 cream or scum ; cause (milk) to c. ; take cream 
 from (milk) ; take the best part of (anything) ; 
 add. cream to (tea &c). [f. prec] 
 
 cpea'mep, n. Flat dish for skimming cream 
 off milk ; machine for separating cream, [-er 2 ] 
 
 crea'mepy, n. Butter-factory : shop where 
 milk, cream, &c, are sold. [f. F cremerie (as 
 cream !, see -ery)] 
 
 crease, n., & v.t. & L Line caused by fold- 
 ing, fold, wrinkle ; (Cricket) line defining posi- 
 tion of bowler & batsman, as bonding c. (from 
 behind which bowler delivers ball) ; (v.t.) make 
 cc. in (material); (v.i.) fall into cc. Hence 
 epea*sY 2 a. [?] 
 
 cpea'te, v.t. Bring into existence, give rise 
 to; originate, as (of actor) c. a part; invest 
 
 Serson) with rank, asc. avian a peer, c. a peer. 
 ence cpea'tivE a., erea'tiveLY 2 adv., 
 CPea'tiveNESS n. [f. L creare, see -ate 3 | 
 CPe'atine, n. An organic base found in the 
 juice of flesh, [f. Gk kreas -atos meat + -ine 5 ] 
 c rea'tion, n. Act of creating (esp. the world ) ; 
 investing with title, rank, &c. ; all created 
 things ; a production of the human (esp. dress- 
 
 maker's, actor's) intelligence, esp. of the imagin- 
 ation, [f. F creation f. L creationem (as prec, 
 see-ATioN)] 
 
 cpea'tionism, n. Theory that God creates 
 a soul for every human being at birth ; theory 
 that attributes origin of matter & species to 
 special creation (not evolution). So cpea*- 
 tioniST n. [-ism] 
 
 cpea'top, n. The C, the Supreme Being; 
 one who creates, whence crea'tPESS 1 n. [OF, 
 f. L creatorem (as create, see -or 2 )J 
 
 epeatupe (kre'tsher), n. Created thing ; 
 animate being ; animal (often as distinct from 
 man) ; human being, person, (often expr. ad- 
 miration, contempt, patronage, &c.) ; one who 
 owes his fortune to another ; mere instrument ; 
 the c. (often spelt as Ir., cratur &c.) whisky or 
 other intoxicant ; a comforts, [f. F creature 
 f. L creatura (as prec, see -ure)] 
 
 cpea'tupely, a. Of creatures, [-ly *] 
 
 creche (krash), n. Public nursery for infants. 
 [F (as CRATCH)] 
 
 cpe'dence, n. Belief ; give c. to, believe ; 
 letter of c. (introduction) ; small side table for 
 eucharistic elements before consecration, [f. 
 med. L credentia {credere believe, see -ence)] 
 
 credential, n. (usu. pi.). Letter(s) of intro- 
 duction (also fig.), [as credence + -al] 
 
 cpe'dible, a. (Of persons or statements) be- 
 lievable, worthy of belief. Hence or cogn. 
 cpediBi'LiTY n., epe'dibLY 2 adv. [f. L credi- 
 bilis (as credence, see -ble)] 
 
 cpe'dit l , n. Belief, trust ; give c. to, believe 
 (story) ; good reputation ; power derived from 
 this ; acknowledgment of merit, ashavethe c. of, 
 get c. for; source of honour, as a c. to the school, it 
 does him c. ; trust in person's ability & intention 
 to pay, as give c, deal one, longc. ; reputation 
 of solvency & honesty ; sum placed at person's 
 disposal in books of a bank &c. ; letter of c. 
 (authorizing person to draw money from writer's 
 correspondent in another place) ; (Bookkeeping) 
 acknowledgment of payment by entry in ac- 
 count, sum entered on c. side of account (cf. 
 debit), this side, give person c.for, enter (sum) 
 to his c, (fig.) ascribe (quality) to him. [f. F 
 credit f. L credere -it- believe, trust] 
 
 cpe'dit 2 , v.t. Believe; carry to credit side 
 of account (c. amount to person, person with 
 amount) ; (fig.) c. person with, think he has (a 
 quality), [f. prec] 
 
 epe'ditable, a. That brings credit or hon- 
 our (to). Hence epe'ditabLY 2 adv. [-able] 
 
 cpe'ditop, n. One to whom adebt is owing ; 
 (Bookkeeping) c. (abbr. Or) side of account, 
 right-hand side. [f. OF crediteur f. L credi- 
 torem (as credit 1 , see -or 2 )] 
 
 cpe'do, n. Creed (esp. Apostles' & Nicene, 
 beginning in Latin with c.) ; musical setting of 
 Xicene Creed. [L, = I believe] 
 
 cpe'dulous, a. Too ready to believe ; (of 
 things) showing such readiness. Hence or cogn. 
 epedu'liTY, cpe'dulousNESS, nn., cpe'du- 
 Iously 2 adv. [f. L credulus {credere believe)] 
 
 creed, n. Brief formal summary of Christian 
 doctrine, esp. Apostles' (also the C), Nicene, 
 Athanasian, C. ; system of religious belief; 
 set of opinions on any subject. Hence cpee'd- 
 less a. [OE creda, f. L credo] 
 
 epeek, n. Inlet on sea-coast ; small harbour ; 
 short arm of river; (U.S. & Colon.) tributary 
 river ; narrow plain between mountains, [etym. 
 dub., prob. G ; ME crike (cf. F crique), later 
 creke (cf. Du. kreke), crick (cf. Sw. krik)\ 
 
 cpeel, n. Large wicker basket for fish ; 
 angler's fishing-basket, [orig. Sc, etym. dub.] 
 
 creep, v.i. (crept), & n. Move with body 
 prone & close to ground ; move timidly, slowly, 
 
CREEPER 
 
 195 
 
 CRIMINAL 
 
 or stealthily ; insinuate oneself into, come in, 
 
 up, unobserved ; proceed, exist, abjectly ; (of 
 plants) grow along ground, wall, &c. ; flesh 
 creeps, feels as if things were creeping over it 
 (result of fear, repugnance, &c.) ; (Naut.) drag 
 with creeper at bottom of water ;c.-?nouse (adj.), 
 timid, shy. (X.) creeping; shrinking horror, as 
 (colloq. pi.) pave me the cc.; low arch under rail- 
 way embankment ; opening in hedge &c. l(n. 
 f. vb)com.-Teut. : OE creopan, Du. kruipen] 
 
 cree'per, n. In vbl senses, esp. : plant that 
 creeps along ground or up wall ; grapnel for 
 dragging bottom of water, [-er *] 
 
 epee'py, a. Having a creeping of the flesh ; 
 productive of this ; given to creeping. So 
 epee'py-cpawly a. [-y 2 ] 
 
 creese, crease, kpis (-es, -is), n. Malay dag- 
 ger with wavy blade. [Malay k(i)ris, kres] 
 
 cpema'te, v.t. Consume (esp. corpse) by fire. 
 So epemA'TioN, epema*tioniST(2), nn. [f. L 
 cremare, see -ate 3 1 
 
 cpema'tor, n. Person, furnace, cremating 
 corpses or rubbish. Hence crematorium, 
 CPe*matORY(2), nn. [L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 creme (-am), n. C. de menthe, peppermint 
 liqueur; c. de la c., the very pick, elite. [F] 
 
 epemo'na, n. Violin made at C. ; cromorne. 
 
 epenate(d), a. (bot., zool.). With notched 
 or toothed edge. Hence CPenA'TiON n. If. It. 
 crena notch, etym. dub., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 cpe'nature (-e- or -e-), n. Rounded tooth on 
 edge of leaf &c. [as prec, see -ure] 
 
 epe'nel, epene'Ile (-61), n. Open space in em- 
 battled parapet, for shooting through &c. [OF 
 {-el), dim. of cren = It. crena (see crenate)] 
 
 epe*nel(l)ate, v.t. Furnish with battlements 
 or loopholes. Hence CPenellA'TiON n. [on F 
 creneler (as prec), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 ere'ole, n. & a. (Descendant of) European 
 <also c. white) or negro (c. negro) settler in W. 
 Indies, Mauritius, &c ; (adj.) of such descent, 
 (of animals &c.) naturalized in W. Indies &c. 
 If. F Creole f. Sp. criollo perh. f. *criadillo dim. 
 of criado bred, domestic, p.p. oleriar create] 
 
 ere'osote, n. Colourless oily fluid distilled 
 from wood-tar, a strong antiseptic ; (Commerc) 
 carbolic acid. [f. Gk kreas meat + sozo save] 
 
 crepe (-a-), n. Crapy fabric other than black 
 mourning crape ; c. de Chine (made of raw silk). 
 [F, f. L crispa curled, fern, adj.] 
 
 epe'pitate, v.i. Make crackling sound ; (of 
 beetles) eject pungent fluid with sharp report. 
 Hence epe'pitANT a., epepitA'TioN n. [f. L 
 crepitare frequent, of crepare creak, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 crepon (kre'pon, or asF), n. Stuff like crape, 
 but of firmer substance. [F (as crepe, see -oon) j 
 
 crept. See creep. 
 
 epepu'seulap, a. Of twilight; (Zool.) ap- 
 pearing, active, in twilight ; dim ; not yet fully 
 enlightened, [f. L crepuscidum twilight + -ar 1 ] 
 
 crescendo (kresh-), adv., n., & a. (mus.). 
 (Passage of music to be played) with gradually 
 increasing volume (abbr. ores., cresc); (fig.) 
 progress towards a climax. [It., part, of cre- 
 scere grow (as foil.)] 
 
 cpe*scent (-sent), n. & a. Increasing moon ; 
 figure of moon in first or last quarter ; this as 
 badge of Turkish Sultans ; the Turkish power ; 
 the Mohammedan religion ; any figure of c 
 shape, esp. row of houses ; (adj.) increasing, c- 
 shaped. [f. L crescere grow, see -ent] 
 
 cress, n. Name of various plants usu. with 
 pungent edible leaves, as Garden C, water x - 
 c. [OE cresse, f. root of OHG ehresan creep] • 
 
 ere'sset, n. Metal vessel for holding grease 
 or oil for light, usu. mounted on pole; (mod.) 
 fire-basket for lighting wharf &c. [OF (also 
 era isset), f . graisse grease] 
 
 crest, n., & v.t. & i. Comb or tuft on animal's 
 head; c. -fallen, with drooping c, dejected, 
 abashed; plume, tuft, of feathers; (apex of) 
 helmet ; head, top, esp. of mountain ; surface 
 line of neck in animals; mane; (Anat.) ridge 
 along surface of bone, as f rental, occipital, c. of 
 skull ; (Herald.) device above shield & helmet 
 on coat of arms, or separately, as on seal, note- 
 paper, &c ; (v.t.) furnish with c, serve as c to, 
 reach c of (hill, wave); (v.i., of waves) form 
 into a c. [(vb f. n.) f. OF creste f. L crista tuft] 
 
 cpeta'ceous, a. Of (the nature of) chalk, [f. 
 L cretaceus {creta chalk, see -aceous)] 
 
 epetie, n. Metrical foot (-v). [f. L creticus 
 (Creta Crete, see -ic)] 
 
 epetify, v.t. Impregnate with salts of lime. 
 Hence epetiFiCA'TiON n. [f. L creta chalk+ -fy] 
 
 cretin, n. Deformed idiot of a kind found 
 esp. in Alpine valleys. Hence epetiniSM(2) n., 
 cpe'tiniZE v.t., cretinous a. [f. F cretin f. L 
 Christianus christian in mod. Rom. sense 
 ' (barely) human creature '] 
 
 cpeto'nne (also kre't-), n. Stout unglazed 
 cotton cloth with pattern printed on one or 
 both sides. [F] 
 
 ereva'sse, n. Deep fissure in ice of glacier. 
 [F, readopted as different, f. foil.] 
 
 cpe'viee, n. Chink, fissure. [ME & OF cre- 
 vace f. LL crepatia (crepare creak, crack)] 
 
 crew \ n. Whole body of men manning ship 
 or boat ; associated body, company, of persons ; 
 set, gang, mob. [f. OF creue increase fern. p.p. 
 (as n.) of croistre grow f. L crescere] 
 
 crew 2 . See crow 3 . 
 
 crewel, n. Thin worsted yarn for tapestry 
 & embroidery ; c.-ivork, design in worsted on 
 linen or cloth ground. [?] 
 
 crib ! , n. Barred receptacle for fodder ; hovel, 
 hut ; small bed for child, with barred sides ; 
 wicker saluaon-trap ; framework lining shaft of 
 mine ; (U.S.) bin for maize, salt, &c. ; set of 
 cards given to dealer at cribbage, taken from 
 other players' hands; (colloq.) plagiarism; 
 translation for (esp. illegitimate) use of stu- 
 dents ; crack 2 a c; c.-biting (of horses), habit 
 of seizing manger in teeth & at same time noisily 
 drawing in breath. [com.-WG ; Du. krib] 
 
 crib 2 , v.t. Confine in small space ; furnish 
 (cowshed &c) with cribs ; pilfer ; copy unfairly 
 or without acknowledgment, [f. prec] 
 
 eri'bbag'e, n. Card game for two, three, or 
 four persons, [f. crib * + -age] 
 
 eri'briform, a. (anat., bot.). Having small 
 holes, like a sieve, [f. L cribrum sieve + -form] 
 
 crick, n., & v.t. Spasmodic affection of mus- 
 cles of neck, back, &c, sudden stiffness; (v.t.) 
 produce c in (neck &c). [prob. imit.] 
 
 cri'eket 1 , n. (Also house-c.) a jumping 
 chirping insect, [f . OF criquet conn. w. criauer 
 creak ; imit.] 
 
 cri'eket 2 , n., & v.i. Open-air game played 
 with ball, bats, & wickets, between two sides of 
 11 players each ; (v.i.) play c Hence cri'eket- 
 er l n. [etym. dub. ; OF has criquet, a game, 
 (also) a stick to aim at] 
 
 erreoid, a. & n. Ring-shaped (cartilage of 
 larynx), [f. Gk krikoeidis (krikos ring, -oid)] 
 
 cri'er, n. One who cries ; officer who makes 
 public announcements in court of justice or 
 (town c.) in a town. [ME & OF criere, nom. of 
 crieur (crier cry, see -or 2 )] 
 
 errkey, int. (slang), expr. astonishment, 
 [perh. substituted for L Christ e O Christ] 
 
 crime, n. Act (usu. grave offence) punishable 
 by law ; evil act, sin. Hence eri'meLESS a. [F, 
 f. L crimen -minis judgment, offence (cernere 
 cret- decide)] 
 
 errminal, a. & n. Of (the nature of) crime ; 
 
CRIMINATE 
 
 196 
 
 CROOK 
 
 c. conversation, connexion ; (person) guilty 
 of crime. Hence or cogn. erimina'liTY n., 
 cpi*minalLY 2 adv. [f. Fcriminel Lltcrimina- 
 lis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 errminate, v.t. Charge with crime ; prove 
 (oneself Sec.) guilty of crime ; censure. Hence 
 or cogn. epiminATioN n., eri'minatrvE, 
 eri'minatORY, aa. [f. L criminari (crimen 
 crime), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 eri'mine, -ny, int. expr. astonishment, 
 [perh. = It. crimine crime, or suggested hy 
 jiminy for Gemini] 
 
 cpimino'logy, n. Science of crime, [f. L 
 crimen -minis crime + -o- + -logy] 
 
 CPi'minous, a. Guilty of crime, only in phr. 
 c. clerk (clergyman), [f. OF crimineux f. L 
 criminosus (as prec, see -ous)] 
 
 crimp 1 , n., & v.t. Agent who entraps men 
 for seamen or soldiers (also fig.) ; (v.t.) entrap 
 thus, impress, (seamen, soldiers). [?] 
 
 crimp 2 , v.t. Compress into plaits or folds, 
 frill; make flutings in, corrugate ; contract 
 (flesh of freshly-caught fish) by gashing ; mould, 
 bend, into shape, [f . same root as cramp 1 , cf . 
 Du. krimpen contract (intr.)] 
 
 cri'mson, a. & n., & v.t. & i. Deep-red 
 (colour) ; (v.t. &i.) turn c. [(vb f. n.) f. Sp. cre- 
 mesin, car-, (carmesi cramoisy, -ine 1 )] 
 
 cringe (-j), v.i., & n. Cower; bow servilely ; 
 behave obsequiously (to) ; (n.) fawning obeis- 
 ance, cringing. [(n. f. vb) earlier crenge f. 
 cringan, see crank 1 ] 
 
 epPngle, n. (naut.). Eye of rope containing 
 thimble for another rope to pass through, [cf. 
 G kringel dim. of kring ring f. root of crank l ) 
 
 CPi'iiite, a. (bot.,zool.). Hairy, [f. L crinit us 
 (crinis hair, cf. -ate 2 (2)] 
 
 eprnkle, v.t. & L, & n. Twist, wrinkle. 
 Hence CPi'nklY 2 a. [(n. prob. f. vb) frequent, 
 of OE crincan, see crank 1 & -le(3)] 
 
 cri'nkum-cra'nkum, n. & a. (Thing) full 
 of twists & turns (lit. & fig.), [playful f. crank x ] 
 
 eprnoid, a. & n. (zool.). Lily-shaped (echino- 
 derm). Hence epinoi'dAL a. [f . Gk krinoeides 
 (krinon lily, see -oid)] 
 
 cpinole'tte, n. Contrivance for distending 
 back of woman's skirt, [dim. f. foil.] 
 
 cpi'noline (also -en), n. Stiff fabric of horse- 
 hair &c. formerly used for skirts ; hooped petti- 
 coat ; netting round warship as defence against 
 torpedoes. [F (L crinis hair + linum thread)] 
 
 CPio- in comb. = Gk krios ram, as -sphinx 
 (ram-headed), -ceratite, ram's-horn ammonite. 
 
 eri'pple, n., & v.t. Lame person; staging 
 for cleaning "windows &c. ; (v.t.) lame, (fig.) dis- 
 able, impair. Hence epi'ppleDOM, cpi'pple- 
 hood, nn. [( vb f . n. ) OE cry pel f . OTeut. krupilo- 
 (kriupan creep)] 
 
 CPi'sis, n. (pi. arises). Turning-point, esp. of 
 disease ; moment of danger or suspense in poli- 
 tics, commerce, &c, as cabinet, financial, c. 
 [L, f. Gk k7*isis decision (krino decide)] 
 
 crisp, a., & v.t. & i. Hard but fragile, brittle ; 
 bracing, as c. air ; brisk, decisive, as c. manner, 
 style. Sec. ; (of hair &c.) curly ; (v.t. & i.) curl in 
 short stiff folds, make or become c. Hence 
 epi'spLY 2 adv., cpi'spNESS n. [(vb f. adj.) f. 
 L crispus curled] 
 
 cpi'spate, a. Crisped, (Bot. , Zool. ) with curled 
 or undulated margin, [f . L crispare, -ate 2 ] 
 
 cpispa'tion, n. Curling ; undulation ; con- 
 traction (esp. =GoosE-sA:m). [as prec, -ation] 
 
 CPi'spy, a. Curly ; brittle ; brisk, [-y 2 ] 
 
 episs-cposs. See christ-cross-row. 
 
 cri'state, a. (nat. hist.). Having a crest, [f. 
 L cristatus (as crest, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 CPitep'ion, n. (pi. -ia). Principle, standard, 
 a thing is judged by. [f. Gk kriterion as foil.] 
 
 cpi'tic, n. One who pronounces judgment ; 
 censurer ; judge of literary or artistic works ; 
 one skilled in textual criticism. Hence cpiti- 
 caster n. [f. L f. Gk kritikos (krites judge f. 
 krino, see -ic)J 
 
 cpi'tical, a. Censorious, fault-finding ; skil- 
 ful, engaged, in criticism ; belonging to criti- 
 cism ; involving risk or suspense, asc. condition, 
 operation', (Math., Physics) marking transition 
 from one state &c to another, as c. angle, tem- 
 perature. Hence cpi'ticalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 epi'tieism, n. Work of a critic ; critical 
 essay or remark ; textual c. (dealing with text, 
 character, &c, of literary documents, esp. the 
 Bible) ; the higher c. (other than verbal), [-ism] 
 
 cpi'ticize, v.t. Discuss critically (often abs.); 
 censure. Hence epi'tieizABLE a. [-ize] 
 
 epi'tieo— in comb. — critically, critical & — , 
 as -historical, [critic + -o-] 
 
 CPiti'que (-ek), n. Critical essay or notice ; 
 art of criticism. [F (as critic)] 
 
 croak, n., & v.i. & t. Deep hoarse sound of 
 frog or raven; (v.i.) utter c, forebode evil, 
 (slang) die; (v.t.) utter dismally. Hence 
 epoa*kY 2 a. [prob. imit.] 
 
 croa'ker, n. In vbl senses ; esp., prophet of 
 evil, [-er 1 ] 
 
 ero'ceate (-si-, -shi-), a. Saffron, saffron-col- 
 oured, [f. L croceus (crocus), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 cro'chet (-shi), n., & \.t.(-cheted pron. -shid). 
 Knitting (material or work) done with hooked 
 needle; (v.t.) make (shawl &c or abs.) in c 
 [(vb f. n.) F, dim. of croche, croc, hook] 
 
 cro'eidolite, n. A fibrous silicate of iron & 
 sodium, blue asbestos ; yellow mineral produced 
 from this, used for ornament, [f. Gk krokis -idos 
 nap of cloth + -lite] 
 
 crock 1 , n. Earthen pot or jar ; (dial.) metal 
 pot; broken piece of earthenware used for 
 covering hole in flowerpot. [OE croc, crocca, 
 cf. Icel. krukka] 
 
 crock 2 , n., & v.i. (Slang) inefficient person ; 
 broken-down horse ; (Sc) old ewe ; (v.i., slang) 
 c. up, break down. [prob. cogn. w. crack v. ; 
 cf. Norw. krake sickly beast, MDu. kraecke 
 broken-down horse or house] 
 
 cro'ekery, n. Earthenware vessels, [f. obs. 
 crocker potter (crock 1 ), see -ery] 
 
 cro'eket, n. Small ornament (usu. bud or 
 curled leaf) on sides of pinnacles &c [f. AF 
 croket=F crochet] 
 
 erd'eodile, n. Large amphibious reptile (esp. 
 the Nile species) ; c. tears (hypocritical, from 
 belief that the crocodile wept while devouring, 
 or to allure, its victim) ; (colloq.) girl's school 
 walking two & two. Hence CPOCodi'liAN a. 
 [f. L_f. Gk krokodeilos] 
 
 cpo'cus, n. (pi. -uses). Genus of dwarf bulb- 
 ous plants with brilliant (usu. yellow or purple) 
 flowers ; c. sativus, species of this yielding saff- 
 ron ; a peroxide of iron used for polishing. [L, 
 f. Gk krokos crocus, saffron] 
 
 Croe'sus (kre-), n. Wealthy person. [C, 
 king of Lydia] 
 
 croft (-aw-, -o-), n. Enclosed piece of (usu. ara- 
 ble) land ; small holding of crofter, [etyni. 
 dub., cf. Du. kroft high & dry land] 
 
 epo'ftep, n. One who rents a small holding, 
 esp. joint tenant of Scotch divided farm. [-ER 2 ] 
 
 CPO'mleeh (-k), n. Prehistoric structure con- 
 sisting of large flat stone laid horizontally on 
 upright ones. [W (crom bent, llech flat stone)] 
 
 epomop'ne, cpemo'na, n. An organ reed- 
 stop. [F, f. G krummhom crooked horn] 
 
 crone, n. Withered old woman ; old ewe. 
 [ult.f. OXF caroine, see carrion] 
 
 cro'ny, n. Intimate friend. [?] 
 
 crook, n. & a., & v.t. & i. Shepherd's, bishop's, 
 
CROOKED 
 
 197 
 
 CROSS-LEGGED 
 
 hooked staff; anything hooked; hook; hend, 
 curve ; act of bending ; by hook or by c. ; (slang) 
 on the c, dishonestly ; c.-back(ed), hunch-back- 
 (ed) ; (adj. )- crooked ; (v.t. &i.) bend, curve, 
 [(vb f. n.) ME crok prOb. f. ON krokr] 
 
 Gi»db*k.ed, a. Not straight, bent, twisted ; 
 deformed; bent with age; (fig.) not straight- 
 forward, dishonest. Hence cpoo'kedLY 2 adv., 
 croq'kedNESS n. [-ed 1 ] 
 
 croon, v.t. & i., & n. (Hum, sing, mutter, in) 
 low undertone, [chiefly Sc. till 19th c. ; cf. Du. 
 kreuncn groan] 
 
 crop 1 , n. Pouch-like enlargement of gullet 
 in birds, where food is prepared for digestion ; 
 stock, handle, of whip; (also hunting-c.) short 
 whipstock with loop instead of lash ; produce 
 of cultivated plants, esp. cereals ; in, under, 
 out of, c. (cultivation) ; season's total yield (of 
 cereal &c); entire hide of animal tanned; 
 cropping of hair ; style of wearing hair cut short; 
 piece cut off end ; name of some cuts of meat ; 
 neck & c. ; c.-eared, with ears (also, hair) cut 
 short. [OE, = bird's crop, rounded top of plant, 
 cf. LG & Du. krop, OHG chropf, bird's c. ; other 
 senses developed in E] 
 
 crop 2 , v.t. & i. Cut off; (of animals) bite off 
 (tops of plants) ; gather, reap : cut short (ears, 
 tail, hair, nap of cloth, edges of book) ; sow, 
 plant, (land with barley &c.) ; (intr.)bearacrop ; 
 turn up unexpectedly ; c. out, forth, appear ; 
 (Geol.) c. up, out, come to surface, [f. prec] 
 
 CPO'ppep, n. Person, thing, that crops; 
 pigeon with large crop, pouter ; good, heavy, 
 light, c, plant yielding good &c. crop ; (slang) 
 heavy fall, as came a c. [crop *> 2 + -er j ] 
 
 ero'ppy, n. Person with short cropped hair, 
 esp. (Hist.) Irish rebel, sympathizer with French 
 revolution, in 1798. [CROP 1 + -Y 2 ] 
 
 CPO'quet l (-ki), n. Game, played on lawn, in 
 which wooden balls are driven with mallets 
 through hoops ; act of croqueting a ball. [perh. 
 North. F, dial, form of crochet] 
 
 CPO'quet 2 (-ki), v.t. (croqueting, pron. kro*- 
 kiing ; croqueted, pron. kro'kid). (In game of 
 croquet) drive away (opponent's ball or abs.) by 
 placing the two together & striking one's own 
 (cf. roquet), [f. prec] 
 
 croquette (-ket), n. Seasoned & fried ball of 
 rice, potato, meat, &c. [F (croquer crunch)] 
 
 CPOPe, n. (Anglo-Ind.). Ten millions, one 
 hundred lakhs (usu. of rupees), [f. Hind, kror] 
 
 CPO'siep, -ziep, (-zhyer), n. Bishop's, abbot's, 
 pastoral staff; (improp.) archbishop's cross, 
 [orig. = bearer of a crook, f. OF crocier f. med. L 
 crociarius (crocia crook) confused w. F croisier 
 f. L *cruciarius cross-bearer (a*ux cross) ; mod. 
 crosier=c. , s staff (16th c.)] 
 
 cposs ! (-aw-, -6-), n. Stake (usu. with trans- 
 verse bar) used by the ancients for crucifixion, 
 esp. that on which Christ was crucified ; model 
 of this as religious emblem ; sign of c. made with 
 right hand as religious act ; staff surmounted 
 with c. & borne before archbishop or in pro- 
 cessions ; c.-bearer, person who carries this ; 
 monument in form of c, esp. (also market-c.) 
 one in centre of town ; Christian religion ; trial, 
 affliction ; annoyance; c. -shaped thing; (South- 
 ern) C, a constellation ; Greek e. (upright with 
 limbs of equal length) ; Latin c. (with long lower 
 limb) ; St Andrew's c. (like X) ; Tau c, c. of St 
 Anthony, (like T) ; Maltese c. (with equal limbs, 
 narrow where they join & widening out towards 
 outer extremities, which are indented) ; fiery c, 
 Scotch signal (orig. two bloody sticks) sent 
 through district to rouse inhabitants ; decora- 
 tion in orders of knighthood (Grand C, highest 
 degree of this ; Victoria C, decoration for per- 
 sonal valour) ; intermixture of breeds ; animal 
 
 resulting from this ; mixture, compromise, be- 
 tween two things ; (slang) fraud, swindle ; on 
 thee, diagonally. Hence cpo'sslet n., cro'ss- 
 wise adv. [ult. f. L crux cruris ; late OE has 
 cruc, ME cruche, crouche, & (thr. OF) crois] 
 
 cposs 2 , v.t. & i. Place crosswise, asc. swords 
 (in fighting, also fig.) ; make sign of cross on or 
 over (esp. oneself, as sign of awe, to invoke di- 
 vine protection, &c.) ; c. fortune-teller's hand 
 with, give her (coin) ; draw line across, as c. 
 out, off, cancel, c. cheque (with two lines usu. 
 filled up with & Co. or name of bank through 
 whom alone it may be paid) ; write across (what 
 is already written, a letter) ; go across (road, 
 river, sea, or abs.); bestride (saddle, horse); 
 carry, move, across ; meet and pass (each other 
 or abs.) ; two persons' letters c. (each being dis- 
 patched before receipt of the other) ; c. one's 
 mind, occur to one ; c. the path of, meet with, 
 thwart ; thwart (person, will, plans) ; (cause to) 
 inter-breed ; cross-fertilize (plants), [f. prec] 
 
 cposs 3 , a. Passing from side to side, trans- 
 verse (c. bench, in Parliament, for members who 
 are of neither party; so c.-b., adj., impartial, as 
 the c.-b. mind) ; intersecting ; contrary, opposed, 
 (to a purpose &c, or abs.) ; (colloq.) peevish, out 
 of humour, as as c. as twosticks, whence cross*- 
 LY 2 adv., cpo'ssness n.; c.-patch, ill-natured 
 person ; c. reference (from one part of book to 
 another for further information) ; (Bookkeep- 
 ing) c. entry (transferring amount to different 
 account or neutralizing pre vkuis entry) ; woss- 
 bred, hybrid; (slang) dishonest, dishonestly got. 
 [cross !] 
 
 cposs- in comb. 1. f. cross n., objectively, 
 as c.-bearer, or attrib. = having a transverse 
 part, as cross-bow, marked with a c, as c.-bun. 
 2. f. cross a. = crossing, transverse, as c.-bar, 
 -beam, -keys, -piece, -section, cross-bones. 3. 
 adv., in vbs as c.-breed, -fertilize, (animals, 
 plants, from individuals of different species), 
 cross-examine, cross-question ; in vbl nouns 
 as c.-fire, firing in two crossing directions. 4. 
 prep. = across, as c.-country, adj., across fields, 
 not folloAving roads. 
 
 cpo'ssbill, n. Bird the mandibles of whose 
 bill cross when bill is closed. [cross-(2)] 
 
 CPO'ss-bones, n. pi. Figure of two thigh- 
 bones laid across each other, usu. under skull 
 as emblem of death. [cross-(2)] 
 
 epo'ss-bow, n. Bow fixed across wooden 
 stock, with groove for the missile (stone, arrow, 
 &c.) and mechanism for holding and releasing 
 string. [cross-(D] 
 
 eposs-bu'ttock, n. Throw over the hip, in 
 wrestling. [cross-(D] 
 
 CPO'ss-eut, n. Cut, path, &c.,from side to 
 side ; figure in skating. [cross-(2)] 
 
 cposse, n. Long racquet-like implement used 
 in lacrosse. [F, f . OF croce, croc, hook] 
 
 eposs-exa'mine, v.t. Examine (esp. wit- 
 ness in legal action) minutely, with a view to 
 checking previous examination or eliciting sup- 
 pressed facts. Hence ePOSS-examinAxiox 
 n. [cross-(3)] 
 
 ero'ss-gpain, n. Grain running across the 
 regular grain. [cross-(2)] 
 
 cress-grained, a. (Of wood) with grain 
 running irregularly or in crossing directions ; 
 (fig.) perverse, intractable, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 cpo'ss-hatch, v.t. Engrave with intersect- 
 ing series of parallel lines. [cross-(3)] 
 
 CPO'ssing", n. In vbl senses; also or esp.: 
 intersection of two roads, railways, &c, as level 
 c. (of road and railway, or two railways, on same 
 level) ; place where street is crossed ; c.-sweep- 
 er, one who sweeps this, [-ing j ] 
 
 CPO'ss-legrged, a. (Of person squatting) 
 
CROSS-LIGHT 
 
 198 
 
 CRUISER 
 
 with legs crossed ; (of person sitting on chair) 
 with one leg laid across the other. |cross-(3)j 
 
 CPO'ss-ligrht, n. Light that crosses another; 
 (fig.) illustration of subject from another point 
 of view. Icross-(2)J 
 
 cpo'ss-pup'pose, n. Contrary or conflicting 
 purpose ; (pi.) name of a game ; be at cc, mis- 
 understand one another, (also) have conflicting 
 plans with same object. [cross-(2)] 
 
 CPO*ss-que*stion, n., & v.t. Question put 
 in cross-examination; cc. & crooked answers, 
 game with questions & answers connected at 
 random; (v.t.) cross-examine. [cross-(2, 3)] 
 
 CPO'SS-Poad, n. Road that crosses another 
 or joins two main roads ; (also the cross roads) 
 intersection of two roads. |cross-(2)] 
 
 epo'ss-stiteh, n. Stitch formed of two cross- 
 ing each other ; kind of needlework character- 
 ized by these, [cross-* 2)] 
 
 cpo*ss-tpees,n.pl. Two horizontal cross-tim- 
 bers at head of lower and top masts. [cross-(2)] 
 
 CPO'tchet, n. (Mus. ) black-headed note with 
 stem, half of minim ; whimsical fancy, whence 
 cpotchetEER*, cPO'tchetiXESS, nn., epo't- 
 ehetY 2 a. ; hook. [f. F crochet dim. of croc 
 hook] 
 
 CPd'ton, n. Genus of plants, from one species 
 of which c. oil, a drastic purgative, is obtained, 
 [f. Gk kroion tick, croton] 
 
 cpoueh (-ow-), v.i., & n. Stoop, bend, esp. 
 timidly or servilely ; (n.) crouching. [?] 
 
 epoup(e) 1 (-oo-), n. Rump, hind-quarters, 
 (esp. of horse]. [F {-pe), of Teut. orig., cf. crop l ] 
 
 croup 2 (-oo-), n. Inflammatory disease in 
 larynx & trachea of children, marked by sharp 
 cough, [f. obs._vb croup croak (imit.)] 
 
 cpou'piep (-oo-), n. Raker in of money at 
 gaming table ; assistant chairman at public din- 
 ner. (F, orig. = rider on the croupe ] ] 
 
 cpow 1 (-6), n. Genus of birds, esp. Carrion 
 C, large black bird ; white c, a rarity ; have a 
 c. to pluck (fault to find) with him; as the c. 
 flies, in a c. line, straight ; c. {-bar), bar of iron 
 (usu. with beak-like end) used as lever ; crow- 
 ben-y, fruit of a small heath-like shrub ; c.-bill, 
 forceps for extracting bullets &c; crowfoot, 
 name of various plants, esp. species of buttercup, 
 (Naut.) arrangement of small ropes for suspend- 
 ing awning, (Mil., also c.'s-foot) caltrop; c.'s- 
 footed, marked withc.'s-feet; c.-quill, c.'s quill 
 or steel pen for fine writing ; c.'s foot, wrinkle 
 at outer corner of eye ; c.'s-nest, barrel fixed at 
 mast-head of whaler &c. as shelter for look-out 
 man. [OE crdwc f. crdican crow 3 ] 
 
 cpow 2 , n. Crowing of cock; joyful crv of 
 infant, [f. foil.] 
 
 cpow 3 (-6), v.i. (past crew or crowed, p.p. crow- 
 ed). Utter loud cry of cock ; (of child) utter 
 joyful cry ; exult loudly ; c. over, triumph over. 
 IOE crdwan, cf. Du. kraaijen, G krdhen ; imit.] 
 
 crowd i, n. Throng, dense multitude ; the c. , 
 the masses; (colloq.) company, set, lot; large 
 number (of things); (Naut.) c. of sail, large 
 number of sails hoisted, [f. foil.] 
 
 crowd 2 , v.i. & t. Collect (t. & i. ) in a crowd ; 
 fill, occupy, cram, (space &c. with); fill (place 
 &c.) as a crowd does; force one's way into, 
 through, &c. (confined space &c. or abs.) ; force 
 (thing, person) into &c; c. out, exclude by 
 crowding ; (Naut., of ship or crew) hasten on ; 
 c. sail, hoist unusual number of sails. [OE cru- 
 dan press, drive, cf. MDu. cruden] 
 
 crown i, n. Wreath of flowers &c. worn on 
 head, esp. as emblem of victory, (also fig. as 
 martyr's c, no cross no c.) ; monarch's head- 
 covering of gold &c. & jewels; (fig.) king or 
 queen, regal power, supreme governing power 
 in a monarchy ; any c.-shaped ornament ; (Brit- 
 
 ish coin worth) five shillings ; foreign coin, esp. 
 = krone ; top part, esp. of skull ; whole head ; 
 highest or central part of arch or arched struc- 
 ture, as c. of the causeway ; top of hat ; part of 
 tooth projecting from gum ; size of paper, 15" 
 
 x 20" ; c.-glass, made in circular sheets without 
 lead or iron and used chiefly for windows : c- 
 land (belonging to the c.) ; C.-Colony (controlled 
 by the C.) ; c. law, criminal law ; c. lawyer (in 
 service of the C.) ; C. office (transacting common 
 law business of Chancery) ; C. prince, heir-ap- 
 parent or designate to a sovereign throne (esp. 
 in Germany and N. Europe) ; C. princess, his 
 wife ; c.-wheel, contrate wheel, [f. ONF cor- 
 une f. L corona wreath, crown] 
 
 crown 2 , v.t. Place crown on (person, head) ; 
 invest (person) with regal crown or dignity 
 (c. him, c. him king) ; (fig. \ reward ; occupy the 
 head of, form chief ornament to, (lit. & fig.); 
 put finishing touch to, as to c. all ; bring (efforts) 
 to happy issue ; (Draughts) make (piece) a king, 
 [f. OF coroner 1. L coronare (as prec.)] 
 
 crowned, a. In vbl senses; (of hat) high, 
 low, -c, with high, low, crown, [-ed 1 ' 2 ] 
 
 epownep, n. (obs. or dial.). = coroner. 
 
 epoydon, n. Two-wheeled carriage of gig 
 class. [C, to_vvn in Surrey] 
 
 cpu'eial (-ooshl), a. Decisive, critical, (case, 
 point, test, &c.) ; (Anat.) cross-shaped, as c. in- 
 cision. [F, f. L crux crucis cross + -al] 
 
 CPireian, -sian, (-ooshn), n. Yellow fish 
 allied to carp. [f. L.G karusse (etym. dub.), -an] 
 
 cpu'eiate (-oosh-), a. (zool., *bot.). Cross- 
 shaped, [f. med.L cruciatus (as crucial, -ate 2 )] 
 
 epireible (-oo-), n. Melting-pot (usu. of 
 earthenware) ; (fig.) severe trial, [f. med. L 
 crucibulum, etym. dub.] 
 
 cpuei'fepous, a. Wearing, adorned with, a 
 cross ; (Bot. ) of the order Oruciferae, having 
 flowers with four equal petals arranged cross- 
 wise, [f. LL crucifer (as crucial, see -ferous)] 
 
 cpu'eifix (-oo-), n. Image of Christ on the 
 cross ; (improp.) cross, [f. OF crucefix f. L cruci 
 fixtis one fixed to the cross (see fix)] 
 
 cpueifi'xion, n. Crucifying; the C. (of 
 Christ) j picture of this. [f. mod. L crucifixiu 
 (L cruci figere, as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 CPU'cifopm, a. Cross-shaped, [f. L crux 
 crucis cross, see -form] 
 
 CPireify, v.t. Put to death by fastening to a 
 cross; (fig.) mortify (passions, sins, flesh), [f. 
 OF crucifier f. LL *criicificare (see -VY)=cruci 
 figere, see crucifix] 
 
 crude, a. In the natural or raw state ; (of 
 food &c.) not digested; unripe; (of diseases 
 «fec.) not matured ; (fig.) ill-digested, unpolished, 
 lacking finish ; rude, blunt, (action, statement, 
 manners); (Gram., of form of word) uninflected. 
 Hence or cogn. CPU'deLY 2 adv., CPU'deNESS, 
 CPU'diTY.nn. [f. L erudus raw] 
 
 cpu'el (-ooil), a. Indifferent to, delighting in, 
 another's pain; (of actions) showing such in- 
 difference or pleasure ; painful, distressing. 
 Hence or cogn. epu'elLV 2 adv., cpu'elTV n. 
 [F, f. L crudelis {erudus crude)] 
 
 CPU*et(-ooit),n. Small glass bottle with stopper 
 for vinegar, oil, &c, for table ; small vessel for 
 wine or water in celebration of Eucharist; c- 
 stand (for cc. & castors), [f. OF *cruete dim. of 
 crude f. OLG criica pot] 
 
 cruise (-ooz), v.i., & n. Sail to & fro on look- 
 out for ships for protection of commerce in 
 time of war, for plunder, or for pleasure, mak- 
 ing for no particular port (also fig. ) ; (n. ) cruising 
 voyage, [(n. f. vb) f. Du. kruisen or Sp., Port., 
 cruzar, F croiser, f. L cruciare cross {crux)] 
 
 epui'sep, n. War-ship adapted for cruising : 
 armoxvred c. (with armour less heavy than that 
 
CRUIVE 
 
 199 
 
 CRYSTALLINE 
 
 of battleship); BELT 2 ed c. ; (unprotected c, 
 one with(out) protective deck. 1-er ] j 
 
 epuive (-oov), n.(Sc). Wicker salmon-trap. [?] 
 
 crumb (-m), n., & v.t. Small fragment, esp. 
 of bread ; (fig.) small particle, atom, (of com- 
 fort &c. ); soft inner part of bread ; c.-cloth (laid 
 over carpet, esp. unuer table) ; (v.t.) cover, 
 thicken, with cc, break into cc. Hence 
 CPU'mbY 2 (-mi) a. l(vb f. n.) OE eruma, cf. 
 Du. kruim] 
 
 crvrmble (-bl), v.t. & i. Break, fall, into 
 crumbs or fragments (lit. & lig.). |earlier 
 erimbte f. OE eruma crumb] 
 
 erirmbly (-bli), a. Apt to crumble (intr.). 
 [crumb + -ly 1 ; now treated as f. prec.+ -y*] 
 
 epu'mmy, a. (slang). (Of women) plump, 
 comely ; rich, [crumb + -¥ 2 ] 
 
 CPU'mpet, n. Soft cake of flour, egg, milk, 
 &c, baked on iron plate. [?] 
 
 epu'mple, v.t. & i. Crush together into 
 creases ; (also c. up) ruffle, wrinkle ; become 
 creased, [f. obs. crximp v. 6c a. (make, become) 
 curved + -le(3)] 
 
 crunch, v.t, & i., & n. Crush with teeth, esp. 
 noisily; grind under foot (gravel &c) ; make 
 one's way (up, through, &c) thus ; (n. > crunch- 
 ing (noise), [replaces cra(u)nch, unit.] 
 
 cpu'pper, n. Strap buckled to back of 
 saddle & passing under horse's tail; hind- 
 quarters of horse. If. OF cropicre (as croup 1 )] 
 
 cpup'al (-oor-), a. (anat.). Of the leg. [f. L 
 cruralis (crus cruris leg, see -al)] 
 
 erusa'de, n., & v.i. (Hist.) Christian expedi- 
 tion to recover Holy Land from Mohammedans ; 
 war instigated by Church for alleged religious 
 ends ; (fig.) aggressive movement against pub- 
 lic evil &c, as Temperance c. ; (v.i.) engage in 
 c. Hence crusa'dER 1 n. [(vb f. n.) f. 16th-c. 
 F croisade & Sp. cruzada f. med. L cruciata 
 p.p. of cruciare mark with cross] 
 
 crusa'do, n. Portuguese coin worth about 
 2s. id. [f. Port, cruzado marked with cross] 
 
 cpuse (-z), n. (archaic). Pot, jar, of earthen- 
 ware, [cf. Du kroes, G kraiise, etym. dub.] 
 
 crush \ v.t. & i. Compress with violence, so 
 as to break, bruise, &c. ; crumple (dress &c.) by 
 rough handling; (fig.) subdue, overwhelm, as 
 a crushing defeat, reply ; c. out, extinguish, 
 stamp out; c. a cup of wine, drink it; (intr.) 
 squeeze one's way (into &c). [prob. f. OF 
 croissir crash, prob. of Teut. orig.] 
 
 crush 2 , n. Act of crushing ; crowded mass 
 (esp. of persons) ; (colloq. ) crowded social gather- 
 ing ; c.-room in theatre &c (for promenade 
 during intervals) ; c. hat, collapsible opera hat 
 with spring, [f. prec] 
 
 cpust, n., & v.t. & i. Hard outer part of 
 bread ; similar casing of anything, e. g. harder 
 layer over soft snow (c.-hunt n. & v.t. & i., of 
 hunting elks &c. over a c. that supports hunters 
 but not quarry) ; hard dry scrap of bread ; 
 pastry covering pie ; hard dry formation, scab, 
 on skin ; (Geol.) outer portion of earth ; coating, 
 deposit, on surface of anything ; c. of wine, de- 
 posit on sides of bottle ; hard external covering 
 of animal or plant ; (fig.) anything superficial ; 
 (v.t.) cover with, form into, c. ; (v.i.) become 
 covered with c. [(vb f. n.) f. L crusta, partly 
 thr. OF crouste] 
 
 Crustct'cea. (-sha), n. pi. Large class of ani- 
 mals, mostly aquatic, with hard shell, as crabs, 
 lobsters, shrimps. Hence CPUStA'CEAN a. & 
 n. ; cpustaeeo'LOGY n. [neut. pi. of mod. L 
 CRVST(aceus -aceous)] 
 
 cpusta'ceous, a. Crust-like; (of animals) 
 having a hard covering, esp. (Zool.) belonging 
 to the Crustacea, [as prec] 
 
 cpu'sted, a. Having a crust ; (of wine) hav- 
 
 ing deposited a crust ; (fig.) antiquated, vener- 
 able, as c. prejudice, theory. [-ei> *j 
 
 CPU'sty, a. Crust-like, hard ; irritable ; curt/ 
 Hence cpu'sUly * adv., CPU'stiNEss n. [- y aj 
 
 CPUtcii, n. Staff (usu. with crosspiece at top) 
 for lame person (usu. pair of cc.) ; support, 
 prop, (lit. &c fig.); (Naut.) various forked, con- 
 trivances ; crosspiece, whence CPUtehED 2 a. 
 [com.-Teut. : OE crycc, L)u. kruk, G kriicke, f. 
 OTeut. kruk- bend] 
 
 UPU*tched Fpraps, n. pi. Minor order of 
 friars wearing a cross ; site of their convent in 
 London, [f. ME crotwh cross + -ed 2 ] 
 
 cpux, n. Dimcult matter, puzzle. [L,= cross] 
 
 epy L 9 n. Loud inarticulate xitterance of grief, 
 pain, fear, joy, &c. ; loud excited utterance of 
 words ; appeal, entreaty; proclamation of wares 
 to be sold in streets ; rumour ; voice of the pub- 
 lic ; watchword, as war-c, battle-c. ; fit of weep- 
 ing ; yelping of hounds (also fig.), as full c. (pur- 
 suit) ; within c, within calling distance (of) ; « 
 Jar c, a long way ; c.-baby, one who cries child- 
 ishly, [f . F cri, as foil. ] 
 
 epy 2 , v.t. & i. Utter loudly, exclaim, (with 
 sentence as object, or that) ; make loud utter- 
 ance, as c. out, c. to, (person &c.) ; announce for 
 sale, as c. muffins ; c. stinking fish, condemn 
 one's own wares ; weep (bitter tears, one's 
 heart oxd, oneself to sleep, or abs.) ; (of animals, 
 esp. birds) make loud call ; (of hounds) yelp ; 
 ask for ; cry down, disparage ; c. off, withdraw 
 from bargain ; c. up, praise, extol ; c. craven ; 
 c. halves, claim share (in) ; c. quarter, quits ;; 
 c. shame upon, protest against (act, person). [L 
 F cHer f. L quiritare cry aloud, orig. ask aid of 
 the citizens (Quirites)] 
 
 crying", a. In vbl senses; esp. (of evils) 
 calling for notice, flagrant, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 epyogen, n. (chem.). Freezing - mixture ; 
 thing mixed with ice to make this. [f. Gk kruos 
 frost + -GEN(1)] 
 
 cpypt, n. Underground cell, vault, esp. one 
 beneath church, xised as burial-place, [f. L f. 
 Gk krupte (krxipto hide)] 
 
 cpyptie, a. Secret, mystical, [f. L f. Gk 
 ki'uptikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 CPypKo)- in comb. = Gk kruptos hidden, 
 secret, as -branchiate, with concealed gills, 
 -Calvinist, secret sympathizer with Calvinism, 
 -logy, enigmatical language. 
 
 cryptogam, n. Plant having no stamens 
 or pistils, & therefore no proper flowers. Hence 
 epyptoga'mic, epyptd'gamous, aa.. 
 epypto*g"amiST, cpypto'gamY 1 , nn. [f. F 
 cryptogame (prec. + Gk -gamos wedded), after 
 Linnaean class-name Cryptogamia] 
 
 epy'ptog'Pam, -graph, nn. Thing written 
 in cipher. So epypto'GRAPHER, cpypto*- 
 
 GRAPHY, nn., CPyptOGRA'PHIC a. [CRYPTO- + 
 -GRAM, -GRAPH] 
 
 crystal, n. & a. A clear transparent ice-like 
 mineral; roek-c, a form of pure quartz; piece 
 of this ; (poet.) any clear transparent thing, esp. 
 water ; (also c.-glass) glass of very transparent 
 quality; vessel &c of this; (Chem., Min.) ag- 
 gregation of molecules with definite internal 
 structure & external form of solid enclosed by 
 symmetrically arranged plane faces; (adj.) 
 made of, like, clear as, c [f. OF cristal f. L 
 crystallum f. Gk krustallos ice, crystal, f. krus- 
 taino freeze (kruos frost)] 
 
 crystalline ( -i- or -I-), a. Made of, clear as, 
 like, crystal ; c. heaven (in Ptolemaic system, be- 
 tween primum mobile & firmament, assumed 
 to explain precession of equinox &c); c. lens 
 of eye, transparent body in membranous cap- 
 sule behind iris. [f. L f. Gk krustallinos (as 
 i prec, see -ine 2 )] 
 
CRYSTALLIZE 
 
 200 
 
 CULPRIT 
 
 crystallize, v.t. & i. Form into crystals or 
 (fig. ) definite or pevmanentshape. Hence epys- 
 tallizABLE a., epystallizA'TiON n. [-izeJ 
 epystallo- in comb. =Gk krustallos crys- 
 tal, as -ge'nic, -geny, forming, formation of, 
 crystals, -grapher, -gra'phic, -graphy, student 
 of, pertaining to, science of, crystal structure. 
 crystalloid, a. & n. Crystal-like; (body) of 
 •crystalline structure (cf. colloid), [-oid] 
 cte'noid (t-), a. & n. (Fish with scales or 
 teeth) like a comb. [f. Gk ktenoeides (kteis 
 Jctenos comb, see -oid)] 
 cub, n., & v.t. & i. Young of fox, as count- 
 ing ; young of bear or other wild beast ; unpo- 
 lished youth; (vb) bring forth (cc, or abs.). 
 Hence birbbiSH x a., cu'bHOOD n. [?] 
 eu'bage, n. (Finding of) cubic content. 
 [cube + -age] 
 
 eu'batupe, n. =prec. [f. mod. hcubare -at-, 
 see -ure] 
 
 cu'bbing-, n. cuB-hunting. [cub + -ing l ] 
 cube, n., & v.t. Solid contained by squares ; 
 block of anything so or similarly shaped ; pro- 
 duct of a number multiplied by its square (c. of 
 2=8, c.-root of 8=2); c. powder, gunpowder in 
 cubical grains ; (v.t.) find c. of (number), find 
 cubic content of (solid), pave with cc. l(vb f. n.) 
 F, f. LL f. Gk kubos cube, die] 
 eu'beb, n. Pungent berry of a Javan shrub, 
 used in medicine & cookery, [f. F cubebe i. 
 Arab, kababah] 
 
 cu'bic, a. Cube-shaped ; of three dimensions ; 
 c. foot, inch, volume of a cube whose edge is 
 one foot, inch; c. content of solid, its volume 
 expressed in c. feet &c. ; involving the cubes of 
 numbers, as c. equation. Hence eu'bieAL a., 
 eu'bicalLY 2 adv. [f. F cubique f. L f. Gk 
 kubikos (as cube 1 , see -ic)] 
 eu'biele, n. Small separate sleeping com- 
 partment in schools &c. [f. L cubiculum (cubare 
 lie down)] 
 
 eu'bifopm, a. Cube-shaped. [-I-, -form] 
 cu'bit, n. Ancient measure of length, 18 to 
 22 in. [f. L cubitus elbow, length of fore-arm] 
 cu'bital, a. Of the fore-arm or corresponding 
 part in animals, [f. L cubitalis (prec., -al)] 
 cu'boid, a. & n. Cube-shaped, like a cube, as 
 c. bone (of the foot) ; (n.) rectangular parallele- 
 piped. Hence cuboi'dAL a. [f. Gk kuboeides 
 (as cube, see -oid)] 
 
 cu'ckold, n., & v.t. Husband of unfaithful 
 wife; (v.t.) make a c. of. [(vbf. n.) ME coke- 
 xvoldi. OF cucuault (cucu cuckoo ; mod. F cou- 
 cou cuckoo, cocu cuckold)] 
 cu'ekoo (kdb-), n. Migratory bird reaching 
 British Islands in April & depositing its eggs in 
 nests of small birds ; simpleton ; c.-clock (strik- 
 ing with sound like c.'s note) ; c.-ftower, ragged 
 Robin & others ; c.-pint, common arum, wake- 
 robin; c.-spit, froth exuded by certain insects 
 Cor enveloping larvae in. [f. F coucou, imit.] 
 cu'cullate(d), a. (bot., zool.). Shaped like, 
 covered with, a hood. [f. LL cucullatus (cucul- 
 lus hood, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 eu'cumber, n. (Creeping plant with) long 
 fleshy fruit eaten in thin slices as salad ; cool 
 as a c, quite cool, self-possessed, [f. F cocombre 
 (mod. cone) f. L cucumerem (nom. -mis)] 
 cucup'bit, n. Gourd. Hence eucupbit- 
 A'CEOUS a. [f. L cucurbita] 
 cud, n. Food that ruminating animal brings 
 back from first stomach into mouth & chews at 
 leisure ; (fig.) chewthe c, reflect, ruminate. [OE 
 cwidu, cf. OHG chuti, quiti, glue] 
 cu'dbeap, n. Purple or violet dyeing-powder 
 
 f>repared from various lichens ; kind of lichen, 
 named by Cuthbert Gordon, patentee] 
 eu'ddle, v.t. & L, & n. Hug, embrace, fondle ; 
 
 lie close & snug ; nestle together ; curl one- 
 self up ; (n.) hug, embrace. [?] 
 cu'ddy 1 , n. Cabin in large ship, abaft & un- 
 der round-house, in which officers take meals ; 
 closet, cupboard. [?] 
 
 cu'ddy 2 , n. (Sc). Donkey; fool, ass; young 
 of the coal-fish ; lever on tripod for lifting 
 stones &c. [?] 
 
 cu'dg-el, n., & v.t. (-11-). Short thick stick used 
 as weapon ; c.-play, contest with cc. ; (fig.) take 
 up the cc. for, defend vigorously; (v.t.) beat 
 with c, esp. (fig., c. one's brains for, try to 
 think of. [(vb f. n.) OE cycgel, etym. dub.] 
 eu'dweed, n. Composite plant with chaffy 
 scales round flower-heads, given to cattle that 
 had lost their cud. 
 
 cue 1 , n. Last words of a speech in a play, 
 
 serving as signal to another actor to enter or 
 
 speak ; (Mus. ) similar guide to singer or player ; 
 
 hint how to act ; proper course to take. [?] 
 
 cue 2 , n. Pigtail (also queue) ; long straight 
 
 tapering leather-tipped rod for striking ball in 
 
 billiards &c. [f. F queue (OF cue) f. L cauda tail] 
 
 cue'ist, n. Billiard-player, [prec. + -ist(3)] 
 
 cuff 1 , n. Ornamental bottom part of sleeve ; 
 
 separate band of linen worn round wrist. 
 
 Hence (-)euff ed 2 a. [?] 
 
 cuff 2 , v.t., & n. Strike with fist or open hand ; 
 such blow. [etym. dub.; Sw. has kujfa thrust] 
 cui bo'no ? (ki), sentence. Who profited by 
 it ? (i. e. who is most likely to have brought it 
 about?) ; (pop.) to what purpose? [L] 
 cuipa'ss (kwi-, ku-), n. Body armour, breast- 
 plate & back-plate fastened together ; woman's 
 close-fitting sleeveless bodice, [f. F cuirasse f. 
 L coriacea (fern, adj.) leathern (corium leather, 
 see -aceous)] 
 
 cuirassier (kwiraser", kur-), n. Horse-sol- 
 dier wearing cuirass. [F (as prec, see -eer)] 
 cuisine (kwize'n), n. Kitchen arrangements ; 
 style of cooking. [F, = kitchen f. L coquina 
 (coquere cook)] 
 
 cuisse (kwis), cuish (kw-), n. (hist.). Thigh 
 armour (usu. pi.), [earlier cuissues, -ies, -es, 
 (pi.) f. OF cuissel f. L coxale (coxa hip)] 
 cul-de-sac (F), n. Blind alley ; (Anat.) tube 
 &c. open at one end only. 
 -cule, dim. suf. =F -cule f. L -cvlus, -cula, 
 -culum ; the L suf. appears in E as -cle, as -cule, 
 or in full : article, corpuscule, corpuscle, fasci- 
 culus, Auricula, vascidum. 
 eu'linary, a. Pertaining to a kitchen or 
 cooking ; fit for cooking, as c. plants, [f. L 
 culinarius (culina kitchen, see -ary 1 )] 
 cull, v.t., & n. Pick (flower &c.) ; select ; (n.) 
 animal removed from flock (& usu. fattened) 
 as inferior or too old for breeding, [f. OF cuil- 
 lir (mod. cu-eillir) f. L as collect] 
 cullender. See colander. 
 eu'llet, n. Refuse glass with which crucibles 
 are replenished, [later form of collet] 
 eu'lly, n. (slang). Dupe, simpleton. [?] 
 culm \ n. Coal-dust (esp. of anthracite). [?] 
 culm 2 , n. (bot.). Stem of plant (esp. of grasses). 
 So eulmi'FEROUS a. [f. L culmus] 
 cu'lminant, a. At, forming, the top ; (of 
 heavenly body) on the meridian, [foil., -ant] 
 eu'lminate, v.i. Reach its highest point 
 {in; lit. & fig.); (Astr.) be on the meridian. 
 Hence eulminA"TiON n. [f. LL cidminare 
 (culmen top), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 cu'lpable, a. Criminal, blameworthy, as c. 
 negligence, hold him c. Hence eulpaBixiTY, 
 eu'lpableNESS, nn., cu'lpabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 OF coupable f. L culpabilis (culpa fault)] 
 cu'lppit, n. Offender ; prisoner at the bar. 
 [17th c. ; orig. in formula Culprit, how will you 
 be tried ?, said by Clerk of Crown to prisoner 
 
CULT 
 
 201 
 
 CURB 
 
 pleading Not Guilty ; abbr. of Culpable : prest 
 d'averrerScc (You are) guilty : (I am) ready &c.J 
 
 cult, n. System of religious worship ; devo- 
 tion, homage, to person or thing (the c. of), [f. 
 hcultus -lus worship (colere cult- till, worship)] 
 
 cultivate, v. t. Till, whence eu'ltiVABLE a. ; 
 (fig.) improve, develop, (person, mind, manners ; 
 esp. in p.p.) ; pay attention to, cherish, (faculty, 
 art, person, his acquaintance); prepare (ground) 
 with cultivator, [f. L"L cultivare f. cultiva 
 (terra) tilled (land), as prec, -ive, -ate 3 ] 
 
 cultivation, n. Cultivating, cultivated 
 state, (lit. &fig.). [F (as cultivable, see-ATiox)] 
 
 cultivator, n. One who cultivates ; imple- 
 ment for breaking up ground & uprooting 
 weeds, [-or 2 ] 
 
 eu*ltrate,a.(nat.hist.). Knife-edged. So cu*l- 
 triFORM a. If. L cultratus (cutter knife, -ate 2 )] 
 
 culture (-tsher), n., & v.t- Tillage ; rearing, 
 production, (of bees, oysters, fish, silk, bacteria); 
 set of bacteria thus produced ; improvement by 
 (mental or physical) training ; intellectual de- 
 velopment ; (v.t.) cultivate (lit. & fig., chiefly in 
 p.p.). Hence eu'ltuPAL a., eu*lturiST(2) n. 
 [<vbf. F culturer) F, f. ~Lcultura as cult, -ure)J 
 
 eu'lver, n. (dial.). Wood -pigeon ;culverkeys, 
 cowslip, other plants. [OE culfre, etym. dub.] 
 
 eu*lverin, n. (hist.). Large cannon, small fire- 
 arm, [f. F coulevrine snake (L colubra, -ine 1 )] 
 
 cu*lvept,n. Channel, conduit, carrying water 
 across under road, canal, &c. ; channel for 
 electric cable. [?] 
 
 cum, prep. With ; c. grano (salis), with 
 caution or reserve (lit. with a grain of salt) ; 
 cum dividend (abbr. cum div.), including divi- 
 dend about to be paid ; also in names ot com- 
 bined parishes, as Stow-cum-Quy. [L] 
 
 eu'mbePj v.t., & n. Hamper, hinder; bur- 
 den; (n.) hindrance, obstruction, [(vb) f. OF 
 combrer f. LL cumbrus heap, etym. dub. ; (n.) 
 f. vb or f. G kummer trouble] 
 
 cumbersome, a. Unwieldy, clumsy. 
 Hence eu'mbersomeLY 2 adv., eu'mber- 
 someNESS n. [-some] 
 
 cu'mbrous, a. =prec. Hence eu'mbrous- 
 ly 2 adv. , cu'mbpousNESs n. [cumber + -ous] 
 
 eu'm(m)in, n. Umbelliferous plant like 
 fennel, with aromatic seed. [f. L f. Gk kuminon] 
 
 eu 'miner, ki'mmer, n. (Sc). Godmother 
 of one's child or godchild ; female companion ; 
 woman. [f.F commere f.LL con>i(mater mother)] 
 
 eu'mmerbund, n. (Anglo-Ind.). Waist sash. 
 [f. Hind. & Pers. kamar-band loin band] 
 
 cu'mulate a (-at), a. Heaped up, massed, [as 
 foil., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 cu'mulate 2 , v.t. & i. Accumulate. Hence 
 cumulA'Tiox n. [f. L cumulare (cumulus 
 heap), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 cu'mulative, a. Tending to accumulate ; 
 increasing in force &c. by successive addi- 
 tions, as c. evidence ; c. voting, system in which 
 each voter has as many votes as there are repre- 
 sentatives, & may give all to one candidate ; 
 c. preference shares (entitling holder to arrears 
 of interest before other shares receive any on 
 current year). Hence cu'mulativeLY 2 adv. , 
 cujmulativexESS n. [f. prec. + -ive] 
 
 cumulus, n. (pi. -lit. Heap ; set of rounded 
 masses of cloud heaped on each other & resting 
 on horizontal base. So eumulo, comb, form, 
 cumulousa. [L] 
 
 eu'neate (-at), a. Wedge-shaped, [f. Lcune- 
 are (cuneus wedge), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 cu'nelform (also kunel-), a. & n. Wedge- 
 shaped ; (n.) c. writing in ancient inscriptions of 
 Persia, Assyria, &c. [f. L cuneus wedge, -form] 
 
 cu'nning 1 , n. Artfulness, craft; ability, 
 dexterity, [vbl n. t can 2 ] 
 
 cu-nning 2 , a. Artful, craft v ; skilful, in- 
 genious ; able. Hence cu'nningLY 2 adv. 
 [part. (orig. ^cunnetule) of can 2 ] 
 
 cup 1 , n. Drinking- vessel, with or without 
 handle & stem, as tea, coffee, -c. ; ck allenge c. 
 (prize for race &c, usu. of gold or silver, esp. 
 one held by winner only until next race &c.) ; 
 rounded cavity, esp. calyx of flower, socket of 
 some bones, &c ; cupful, as c. of tea, half a c. ; 
 chalice used, wine taken, at Communion ; fate, 
 portion, experience, as a bitter c, his c. was 
 full (happiness, miser}*, was complete) ; in one's 
 cc, while (getting) drunk ; wine, cider, &c, with 
 various flavourings, as claret-c. ; a c. too low, 
 out of spirits ; c. & ball, c. at end of stem, with 
 attached ball to be thrown & caught in c. or on 
 spiked end of stem; c.-bearer, one who serves 
 wine, esp. officer of royal or noble household ; 
 c.-moss, lichen with c.-shaped processes arising 
 from the thallus. Hence cu'pful n. [perh. f. 
 LL cuppa, whence OF cope, It. coppa, &c] 
 
 cup 2 , v.t. Bleed (person) by means of a cup- 
 ping-glass ; (Golf) strike (ground) with club in 
 driving ball. [f. prec] 
 
 cupboard (ku/berd), n. Shelved closet or 
 cabinet for crockery, provisions, &c. ; skele- 
 ton in the c. ; c. love (simulated forsake of what 
 one can get by it), [cup i + board] 
 
 eu-pel, n., & v.t. (-11-). Small flat circular 
 vessel used in assaying gold or silver with lead ; 
 (v.t.) assay in c. Hence eupellA'TiON n. [(vb 
 f . n. ) f. F coupelle f . med. L cupella f . cupa cask] 
 
 Cu'pid, n. Roman god of love ; beautiful 
 boy. [f. L Cupido (cupere desire)] 
 
 eupl'dity, n. Greed of gain. [f. F cupiditi 
 f. L cupiditatem (cupidus desirous, see -tv)] 
 
 cu'pola, n. Rounded dome forming roof; 
 ceiling of dome ; (also c.-furnace) furnace for 
 melting metals ; revolving dome protecting 
 mounted guns on iron-clad ; (Anat., Zool.J i dome- 
 like organ or process. [It., f. L cupula dim. of 
 cupa cask] 
 
 cu'preous, a. Of or like copper, [f. L eup- 
 reiis (cuprum copper) + -ous] 
 
 cu'pric, a. Containing copper. So cupri'- 
 ferous, cu-prous, aa. [f. L cuprum, -ic(l)] 
 
 cu'pule, n. (hot., zool.). Cup-shaped organ, 
 receptacle, &c. [f. L as <yupola] 
 
 cur, n. Worthless, low-bred, or snappish 
 dog ; surly, ill-bred, or cowardly fellow, [cf. 
 MDu. korre, cf. ON, Sw., kurra grumble] 
 
 cur'acao, -90a, (-so), n. Liqueur of spirits 
 flavoured with peel of bitter oranges. [Du. 
 island in Caribbean sea ; -goa is E mis-spelling] 
 
 cur'acy, n. Curate's office ; benefice of 
 perpetual curate, [f. curate, see -acy(3)] 
 
 eurap'e, -I, n. Resinous bitter substance 
 from some S. American plants, paralysing the 
 motor nerves, used by Indians to poison arrows. 
 Hence eur'ariNE 5 n., cur'anzE(o) v.t. [cor- 
 rupt, of native wurali] 
 
 eur'assow (-6), n. Turkey-like bird of Cen- 
 tral& S. America. [E spelling of curacao] 
 
 cur'ate (-at), n. Assistant to parish priest ; c- 
 in-charge, clergyman appointed to take charge 
 of parish during incapacity or suspension of 
 incumbent, [f. med. L curatus one having a 
 charge (cura), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 eur'ative, a. & n. (Thing) tending to cure 
 (esp. disease). [F (-if, -ive), f. L curare cure 2 , 
 see -ative] 
 
 curator, n. Person in charge, manager ; 
 keeper, custodian, of museum ; member of 
 board managing property or having general 
 superintendence in University. Hence eura- 
 tor'iAL a., eura'torsHiP n. [L (as prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 curb, n., & v.t. Chain, strap, passing under 
 lower jaw of horse, used as a check ; (fig.) check, 
 
 7* 
 
CURCUMA 
 
 202 
 
 CURTAIN 
 
 restraint ; hard swelling on horse's leg, whence 
 euirbY 2 a. ; frame round top of well ; timber 
 or iron plate round edge of circular structure ; 
 = kerb ; c. roof, one of which each face has 
 two slopes, the lower one steeper ; (v r .t.) put c. 
 on (horse), (fig.) restrain, [(vb f. n.) f. F courbe 
 (adj.) f. L curvus bent] 
 
 cup'cuma, n. Turmeric, substance used in 
 curry-powder, as test for alkalis (c. paper), &c. ; 
 genus of tuberous plants yielding this & other 
 commercial substances. [mod.L, f. Arab- kur- 
 kum saffron, turmeric, cf. crocus] 
 
 curd, n. Coagulated substance formed (na- 
 turally or artificially) by action of acids on 
 milk, and made into cheese or eaten (often pi.) ; 
 fatty substance found between flakes of boiled 
 salmon ; c. soap (white, of tallow & soda). 
 Hence eup*dY 2 a. [perh. f. OE as crowd 2 ] 
 
 cup'dle, v.t. & i. Congeal, form into curd; 
 (fig.) c. the blood (with horror), [curd v.t. & i. 
 (now rare) + -le(3)J 
 
 cure 1 , n. Remedy; course of medical or 
 other treatment (esp. of specified kind, as grape, 
 milk, -c.) ; spiritual charge, as c. of souls. Hence 
 cupo'less a. [OF, f. L cura care] 
 
 cure 2 , v.t. & L Restore to health (also fig.) ; 
 remedy (an evil) ; preserve (meat, fruit, tobacco) 
 by salting, drying, &c. (also intr.). Hence 
 euraBi'Lixy n., gup* able a. [f. F curer L L 
 curare take care of (cura)] 
 
 cure 3 , n. (slang). Odd or eccentric person. [?] 
 
 cure (F), n. Parish priest in France &c. 
 
 eup'few, n. Medieval regulation for extinc- 
 tion of fires at fixed hour in evening ; hour for 
 this ; (also c.-bell) bell announcing it ; ringing 
 of bell at fixed evening hour, still surviving in 
 some towns, [f. AF coeverfu f. OF covrefeu 
 (couvrir cover +feu fire)] 
 
 eup'ia, n. One of the ten divisions of any of 
 the three ancient Roman tribes; its place of 
 worship ; Roman senate-house ; senate of an- 
 cient Italian towns ; court of justice (esp. under 
 feudal organization) ; the Papal court. [L] 
 
 eup'ial, a. Of a curia ; of the Papal court, 
 whence cup'ialiSM n. [F, f . L curialis (curia, 
 see^AL)] 
 
 C up'io, n. (pi. -os). Curious object of art. [ = foil. ] 
 
 cupid'sity, n. Desire to know ; inquisitive- 
 ness ; strangeness ; a c, strange or rare object, 
 [f . OF curiosete f . L c uriositatem (as foil. , see -T Y)] 
 
 curious, a. Eager to learn ; inquisitive ; 
 minutely careful, as c. inquiry; strange, sur- 
 
 Iirising, odd. Hence eup'iousLY 2 adv. , cup*- 
 OUsness n. [f . OF c urius f . L c urios us f . cura 
 car©, see -iousd)] 
 
 cupI \ n. Spiral lock of hair ; c.-paper (used 
 for twisting hair into cc); anything spiral or 
 incurved ; act of curling, as c. of the lip (ex- 
 pressing scorn) ; state of being curled, as keep 
 the hair in c. ; disease of potatoes &c. in which 
 shoots or leaves are curled up. [f. foil.] 
 
 cupI 2 , v.t. & i. Bend, coil, into spiral shape 
 (t. & i.) ; c. up, roll up into a curl, (intr., slang) 
 collapse ; move in spiral form (of smoke &c.) ; 
 play at curling, [f. obs. adj. croll, crull, curly ; 
 cf. Du. krullen, Gkrollen, krollen] 
 
 eup'lew, n. Wading bird with long slender 
 curved bill. [f. OF courlieus perh. imit. of cry, 
 but assim. to corliu courier f. courir run] 
 
 eup'ling 1 , n. In vbl senses ; esp. : Scotch game 
 played on ice with large round stones; c.-irons, 
 -tongs, (for curling hair), [-ing 1 ] 
 
 cup'ly, a. Having, arranged in, curls ; c.-pate, 
 c. -headed person. Hence cup'Uness n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 cupmu'dgeon, n. Churlish or miserly fel- 
 low. Hence curmu'dgeonLY 1 a. [?] 
 
 cu'ppach (-ro, -ruch), n. Coracle, [f. Ir. cur- 
 ach, cf. coracle] 
 
 cu'ppant, n. Dried fruit of a seedless variety 
 of grape grown in the Levant, much used in 
 cookery ; Red, White, Black, C, (fruit of) species 
 of Ribes. [orig. raisins of Corauntz (Corinth)] 
 
 cu'ppency, n. Time during which a thing 
 is current ; (of money) circulation ; money cur- 
 rent in actual use in a country ; prevalence (of 
 ideas, reports, &c). [f. L currere run, see -ency] 
 
 eu'ppent 1 , a. In general circulation or use 
 (of money, opinions, rumours, &c.) ; pass, go, 
 run,c, be generally accepted as true or genuine; 
 (of time) now passing, as c. week, month ; be- 
 longing to the c. time, as c. issue (of journal) ; 
 c. handwriting, cursive. Hence eu*ppentLY 2 
 adv. [f. OF corant part, of courir f. L currere 
 run (refash. on L)] 
 
 eu'ppent 2 , n. Running stream; water, air, 
 &c, moving in given direction; course, ten- 
 dency, (of events, opinions, &c.) ; transmission 
 of electric force through a body. [prec. as n.] 
 
 eu'ppiele, n. Light two-wheeled carriage 
 (usu. for two horses abreast), [f. foil.] 
 
 euppi'eulum, n. Course (of study). [L, = 
 course, race-chariot, f. curixre run] 
 
 eu'ppiep, n. One who dresses & colours 
 tanned leather, [f. OF corier f. L coriarius 
 (corium hide, leather, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 eup'pish, a. Like a cur ; snappish ; mean- 
 spirited. Hence eup'pishLY 2 adv., cup'- 
 pishNESs n. [-ISH 1 ] 
 
 cu'ppy J, n., & v.t. Dish of meat &c. cooked 
 with bruised spices & turmeric ; c.-paste, -pow- 
 der, preparations of turmeric &c. for making 
 c. ; (v.t.) prepare, flavour, with c.-powder. [(vb 
 f. n.) f. Tamil kari sauce] 
 
 cu'ppy 2 , v.t. Rub down or dress (horse &c.) 
 with c.-comb; dress (tanned leather); (fig.) 
 thrash ; c. favour (orig. favel f. OF estriller 
 favel curry the chestnut horse), ingratiate one- 
 self (with person) by officiousness &c. [f. OF 
 correier, earlier cox(reder prepare see array)] 
 
 cupse l , n. Utterance of deity or person in- 
 voking deity, consigning person or thing to de- 
 struction, divine vengeance, &c. ; sentence of 
 excommunication ; profane oath, imprecation ; 
 accursed object; evil inflicted in response to 
 a c. ; great evil, bane ; (Cards) c. of Scotland, 
 nine of diamonds. [?] 
 
 cupse 2 , v.t. &i. Utter curse against ; excom- 
 municate ; blaspheme ; afflict with (esp. in 
 pass.) ; (intr.) utter curses. [?] 
 
 cup'sed, curst, a. In vbl senses; also: 
 damnable, abominable ; (archaic ; usu. curst) 
 cantankerous ; (adv.) cursedly. Hence cup's- 
 edLY 2 adv., eup'sedNESS n. [p.p. of prec] 
 
 eup*sive, a. & n. Running (writing in manu- 
 script), opp. to uncial, [f. med.L cursivus (L 
 currere curs- run, see -ive)] 
 
 cup'sopy, a. Hasty, hurried, (c. inspection). 
 Hence eup'sopiLY 2 adv., eup'sopiNESS n. 
 [f. L ciwsorius of a runner (as prec, see -ory)] 
 
 curt, a. Discourteously brief ; terse, concise ; 
 (lit.) short. Hence eup'tLY 2 adv., eup'tNESS 
 n. [f. L curtus short] 
 
 euptai'l, v.t. Cut short (lit. & fig.) ; deprive 
 of. Hence euptai'lMENT n. [f. obs. curtal 
 horse with docked tail f. OF cortald (court short 
 f. L curtus + Teut. suf. -aid) ; assim. to tail] 
 
 eup'tail-step, n. Lowest step of stair. [?] 
 
 eup*tain(-tn),Tn., &v.t. Suspended cloth used 
 as screen ; draw the c. (back or aside to reveal 
 objects, forward to conceal them) ; screen sepa- 
 rating stage of theatre from auditorium (c. falls, 
 drops, is dropped, at end of action, rises, is 
 raised, at beginning; also fig.) ; fire-proof c. in 
 theatre, metal sheet cutting off stage ; plain 
 wall of fortified place, connecting two towers 
 &c. ; partition, cover, in various technical 
 
CURTANA 
 
 203 
 
 CUT 
 
 senses ; c-lecture, wife's reproof to husband in 
 bed : c.-raiser in theatre, short opening piece ; 
 (v.t.) furnish, cover, shut off, with cc. l(vbf. n.) 
 f. OF cortine f. L cortina, etym. dub.] 
 
 curta-na (or -ah-), n. Pointless sword borne 
 before kings of England at Coronation, as em- 
 blem of mercy. [Anglo-L c. (spada) curtailed 
 (sword) (as curt, see -an)] 
 
 eup'tilage, n. (law, dial.). Area attached to 
 dwelling-house, [f. OF courtillage (conrtil 
 small court + -age)] 
 
 eup'tsy, -sey, n., & v.i. Feminine salutation 
 made by bending knees & lowering body ; 
 make, drop, a c. ; (v.i.) make c. (to person). 
 [var. of courtesy] 
 
 eup'ule, a. Pertaining to any high civic dig- 
 nity ; (Rom. Antiq.) c. chair, one like camp-stool, 
 inlaid with ivory ; c. magistrate, one entitled to 
 this. [f. L cur alts perh. f. cur?- us chariot] 
 
 cup*vatupe, n. Curving ; curved form ; 
 (Geom.) deviation (of curve) from straight line, 
 [f. L curvatura (as foil., see -ure)] 
 
 curve l f v. t. & i. Bend so as to form a curve, 
 [f. L curvare (as foil.)] 
 
 curve 2 , n. Line of which no part is straight ; 
 curved form or thing, [f. L curvus bent] 
 
 cupve't (also ker'-), n., & v.i. (-U-, -t-). Horse's 
 leap with fore-legs raised together & hind-legs 
 raised with spring before fore-legs reach ground ; 
 ( v.i., of horse or rider) make c. [(vb f. It. corvet- 
 tare) f. It. corvetta dim. of corvo curve (as prec.)] 
 
 cupvi- in comb. = L ciirvus curved, as -caud- 
 ate, -costate, -dentate, -rostrate, with curved 
 tail, ribs, teeth, beak ; -foliate, with leaves bent 
 back ; -form, of curved shape ; -nervate (of 
 leaves), with veins diverging from mid-rib & 
 converging towards margin. 
 
 cupvili'neap, a. Contained by, consisting 
 of, curved line(s). Hence eupvilinea'PiTY n., 
 cupvili'neaPLY 2 adv. [prec. + linear] 
 
 cu'scus, n. Aromatic root of an Indian grass, 
 used for fans &c. [f. Hind, khas khas] 
 
 eirshat, n. (Sc, dial.). Wood-pigeon, ring- 
 dove. [?] 
 
 cu'shion 1 (kob-), n. Mass of soft material 
 stuffed into cloth or silk covering, for sitting, 
 kneeling, reclining, on ; pin-c. ; pad worn by 
 woman under hair; pad beneath skirt of 
 woman's dress ; elastic lining of sides of billiard 
 table ; steam left in cylinder as buffer to piston ; 
 fleshy part of buttock (of pig &c); frog of 
 horse's hoof; c.-tire of bicycle (rubber tubing 
 stuffed with rubber shreds). Hence cu'- 
 shion v 2 a. [f. F coussin, etym. dub. ; the 
 earlier (ME) form cuisshin is f. OF coissin f. L 
 *coxinum (coxa hip, see -ine 1 )] 
 
 cu'shion 2 , v.t. Furnish with cushions ; pro- 
 tect with cushions (also fig.) ; suppress quietly 
 (complaints &c.) ; (Billiards) place, leave, (ball) 
 against cushion, [f. prec] 
 
 cusp, n. Apex, peak ; (Geom. ) point at which 
 two branches of curve meet & stop ; (Arch.) 
 projecting point between small arcs in Gothic 
 tracery ; (Bot.) pointed end, esp. of leaf. Hence 
 CUspED 2 a. [f . L cuspis -idis point] 
 
 cu'spidal, a. Of (the nature of) a cusp. So 
 cu'spidate(d) [-ate 2 (2)] aa. [as prec, -al] 
 
 cu'spidop(e), n. (U.S.). Spittoon. [Port, 
 (-or), = spitter (cuspir f. L coNspuei-e, see -or 2 )] 
 
 cuss, n. (U.S.). Curse; person, creature, 
 (often disparaging), [vulg. pron. of curse 1 ] 
 
 cu'ssedness, n. (U.S.). Perversity, esp. pure 
 c. [vulg. pron. of cursedness\ 
 
 cu'stapd, n. Mixture of eggs & milk, baked 
 or served liquid ; c.-apple, W. Indian fruit with 
 pulp like c [orig. a kind of pie ; prob. f. obs. 
 crustade f. F croustade (as crust, -ade)] 
 
 custo'dial, a. Relating to custody, [-al] 
 
 custo'dian, n. Guardian, keeper. So cus- 
 to'diERi n. [as foil. +-an] 
 
 eu*stody ? n. Guardianship, care, (parent 
 has c. of child, child is in the c. of father) ; im- 
 prisonment, esp. take into c, arrest, [f. L cus- 
 todia (custos -odis guardian, see -y *)] 
 
 cu'stom, n. Usual practice; (Law) estab- 
 lished usage having the force of law; (pi.) 
 duty levied upon imports from foreign coun- 
 tries ; c.-house, office (esp. in seaport) at which 
 cc. are collected ; business patronage or sup- 
 port, [f. OF costume f . L consuetudinem f . con- 
 (suescere suet- grow accustomed), see -tude] 
 
 eu'stomapy, a. & n. Usual; (Law) subject 
 to, held by, custom (of the manor &c) ; (n., also 
 -tumary) written collection of the customs of a 
 country. Hence cu'stomapiLY 2 adv., cu*s- 
 tomariNESS n. [f. med.L custumarius = L 
 consuetudinarius (as prec, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 cu'stomep, n. Buyer jkjcolloq.) queer, awk- 
 ward, &c, c. (person to deal with), [prob. f. 
 
 CUSTOM+ -ER 1 ] 
 
 cu'stos, n. Guardian, keeper ; c. rotulorum, 
 keeper of the rolls, principal justice of the 
 peace in a county. [L] 
 
 cut \ n. Act of cutting ; stroke, blow, with 
 knife, sword, whip ; c. & thrust, hand-to-hand 
 struggle ; excision (of part of a play &c.) ; act, 
 speech, that wounds the feelings; particular 
 stroke in cricket, lawn tennis, croquet, &c ; 
 refusal to recognize an acquaintance ; short c, 
 crossing that shortens the distance ; fashion, 
 style, (of clothes, hair, &c.) ; a c. (degree, stage) 
 above ; wound made by cutting ; railway cut- 
 ting; narrow opening in floor of stage of 
 theatre, by which scenes are moved up & down ; 
 =woodcw£ ; piece (esp. of meat) cut off; draw 
 cc, draw lots with sticks of unequal length 
 (prob. a different word), [f. foil.] 
 
 cut 2 , v.t. & i. (cut). Penetrate, wound, with 
 edged instrument, as the knife c. his finger, he 
 c. his finger with a knife ; (fig.) a cutting wind, 
 cutting retort, it c. him to the heart, whence 
 cu'ttingLY 2 adv. ; divide with knife &c. in 
 two, in or into pieces ; (fig.) c. (renounce) a con- 
 nexion ; detach by cutting ; carve (meat) ; 
 cross, intersect, as two lines c. each other ; 
 (intr.) pass through, across, Sec, (slang) run 
 away; reduce by cutting (hair &c) ; shape, 
 fashion, by cutting (coat, gem, &c) ; perform, 
 execute, make, as c. a caper, dash, joke, 
 figure ; divide (pack of cards) so as to deter- 
 mine deal, prevent cheating, &c ; hit (ball) in 
 particular way, in cricket &c ; renounce ac- 
 quaintance of (person), decline to recognize 
 him, esp. c. him dead ; absent oneself from, 
 avoid, renounce, as c. a lecture, c the whole con- 
 cern ; c. a tooth, have it appear through gum ; 
 c. short, shorten by cutting (lit. & fig.), also in- 
 terrupt ; c. one's stick, go ; c. coat according to 
 cloth ; c. down, bring or throw down by cut- 
 ting, (fig.) reduce (expenses) ; c. in (intr.), enter 
 abruptly, interpose (in conversation), (Cards) 
 join in game by taking place of player who cuts 
 out ; c. off, remove by cutting, bring to an end, 
 intercept (supplies, communications), exclude 
 (from access &c) ; c. off with a shilling, disin- 
 herit by bequeathing a shilling ; c. otit, remove 
 by cutting, (fig.) out-do or supplant (rival), 
 fashion or shape (lit. &fig.), prepare, as his work 
 is c oitt for him, (Cards, intr.) be excluded from 
 game as result of cutting ; c up, c in pieces, 
 destroy utterly, (fig.) criticize severely, (usu. 
 pass.) distress greatly, c. up (well), leave (large) 
 fortune, c. up rough, show resentment; c.-&- 
 come-again, abundance ; c. & dried or dry (of 
 opinions &c), ready-made, lacking freshness; 
 cxdpurse, thief ; cut-throat, murderer. [?] 
 
CUTANEOUS^ 
 
 204 
 
 CYME 
 
 cuta-neous, a. Of the skin. [f. mod. or med. 
 hcutaneus (cutis skin, see -aneous)] 
 
 eu't-away, a. & n. (Coat) with skirt cut 
 back from the waist. 
 
 eutehe'ppy, eirtchepy, n. (Anglo -Ind.). 
 Public office, court-house ; office of planter &c. 
 (f. Hind, kachahri] 
 
 cute, a. (colloq.). Clever, shrewd ; ingenious. 
 Hence eu'teLY- adv., cu'teNESsn. [for acute] 
 
 eu'tiele, n. Epidermis or other superficial 
 skin; (Bot.) superficial film of plants. Hence 
 cuti'eulAR 1 a. [f. L cuticula dim. of cutis] 
 
 eirtis, n. (anat.). True skin, underlying the 
 epidermis. [L, = skin] 
 
 cu'tlass, n. Short sword with wide slightly 
 curved blade, esp. that used by sailors, [f. F 
 coutelas augment, of couteau (-tel) knife, dim. 
 f. L as coulter] 
 
 eu'tlep, n. One who makes or deals in knives 
 & similar utensils. [£. OF coutelier f. coutel, see 
 prec. & -er 2 (2)] 
 
 eu*tlepy, n. Trade of the cutler ; things made 
 or sold by cutlers, [f. OF coutelerie (as prec, 
 see -ery)] 
 
 eu'tlet, n. Small piece of meat (esp. mutton 
 or veal) cut off for broiling &c. [f. F cotelette 
 double dim. of cote rib f. L costa] 
 
 cu'ttep, n. Person, thing, that cuts ; superior 
 kind of brick that can be cut ; boat belonging to 
 ship of war, fitted for rowing & sailing ; small 
 single-masted vessel rigged like sloop, but with 
 running bowsprit, [-er 2 ] 
 
 eirtting-, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : excavation 
 of high ground for railway, road, &c; press c, 
 paragraph &c. cut from newspaper, [-ing *] 
 
 cu'ttle, n. (Usu. c.-fish) fish ejecting black 
 fluid when pursued ; c.-bone, its internal shell, 
 used for polishing. [OE cudele, etyrn. dub.] 
 
 eu*tty, a. & n. (Sc. & north.). Cut short, ab- 
 normally short ; (n.) short pipe ; c.-stool, seat in 
 Sc. churches where unchaste women sat to re- 
 ceive public rebuke during service, [cut 2 , -y 2 ] 
 
 eu'twatep, n. Knee of head of ship, divid- 
 ing water before it reaches bow ; forward edge 
 of prow. 
 
 eu'twopm, n. Caterpillar that cuts off 
 young plants level with the ground. 
 
 -ey, suf., special form of the abstract suf. -y *, 
 repr. L-cia, -tia, & Gk -kia, -keia, -tia, -tela (see 
 -acy, -ancy, -ency). On anal, of wds in -acy, 
 -ncy, with corresp. nn. in -ate, -nt, as advocacy 
 advocate, infancy infant, -cy was extended to 
 wds in -n, as chaplaincy, captaincy, after in- 
 cumbency, lieutenancy, &, being thus regarded 
 as independent suf. = -ship, to other wds as 
 colonelcy ; it is even added to wds ending in 
 -t (where -c- should have been substituted for 
 -t-), as bankruptcy, idiotcy, normal form being 
 idiocy f. Gk idioteia. 
 
 cyanic, a. Blue ; (Chem.) of, containing, 
 cyanogen, [as foil. + -ic] 
 
 cyano- in comb. 1. Dark-blue, as -meter, 
 instrument for measuring blueness of sky ; 2. 
 of, containing, cyanogen, [f. Gk kuanos, a 
 dark-blue mineral] 
 
 cya'nogen, n. (chem.). Compound radical 
 consisting of one atom of nitrogen and one of 
 carbon, [f. F cyanogene (as prec.+ -gen)] 
 
 eyano'sis, n. Blue jaundice, dxie to circula- 
 tion of imperfectly oxygenated blood, [f. Gk 
 kuanosis (as prec, see -osis)] 
 
 ey'ead, n. (bot.). Kinds of palm-like plant. 
 
 cyclamen, n. Kinds of plant cultivated for 
 their early-blooming flowers. [med.L, f. Gk 
 kuklaminos, etym. dub.] 
 
 eyele, n., & v.i. Recurrent period (of events, 
 phenomena, &c.) ; Metonic or Lunar c, one 
 of 19 years, used for finding date of Easter; 
 
 period of a thing's completion ; complete set or 
 series ; series of poems collected round a central 
 event &c. ; bicycle, tricycle, or similar machine ; 
 (v.i.) revolve in cc, ride c. [(vb f. n.) f. L f. Gk 
 kuklos circle] 
 
 cyclic, -ical, aa. Recurring in cycles ; be- 
 longing to a chronological cycle ; {-ic) of a cycle 
 of poems, as c. poet; (Gk Ant., -ic) c. chorus, 
 dithyrambic chorus, danced in ring round altar; 
 (Bot., of flower) with its parts arranged in 
 whorls, [f. L f. Gk kuklikos (as cycle)] 
 
 cyclist, n. Rider of a cycle, [cycle + -ist] 
 
 eyelo- in comb. =Gk kuklos circle, as -graph, 
 instrument for tracing circular arcs, -meter, in- 
 strument for measuring (1) circular arcs (2) dis- 
 tance traversed by bicycle &c, -stomous, with 
 round mouth, cycloravia, circular panorama. 
 
 cycloid, n. Curve traced by a point on a 
 radius of a circle within (prolate c), on (com- 
 mon a), or without (curtate c,) its circum- 
 ference, as the circle rolls along a straight line. 
 Hence eyeloi'dAL a. [f. Gk kukloeides (as 
 cycle, see -oid)] 
 
 cyclone, n. System of winds rotating round 
 a centre of minimum barometric pressure ; 
 violent hurricane of limited diameter. Hence 
 cyclonic a. [irreg. f. Gk kuklos circle] 
 
 eyelop(a)e*dia,n. = encyclopaedia. Hence 
 cyclopaedic a. [abbr. of encyclopaedia] 
 
 Cyelope'an, -clo'pian, a. Of, like, a cy- 
 clops ; huge ; C. masonry, an ancient style 
 made with huge irregular stones, [f. L Cyclo- 
 peus, -pius, f. Gk kuklopeios, -pios, (as foil.)] 
 
 Cy*clop(s), n.- (pi. -ops, -opses, -opes). (Gk 
 Myth.) one-eyed giant; one-eyed person. [L 
 (-s), f. Gk kuklops (kuklos circle + dps eye)] 
 
 cyclostyle, n. Apparatus printing copies 
 of writing from stencil-plate cut by pen with 
 small toothed wheel, [cyclo-] 
 
 cygnet, n. Young swan. [f. L cygmis swan 
 + -etJ] 
 
 cy 'Under, n. (Geom.) solid generated by 
 straight line moving parallel to itself and de- 
 scribing with its ends any fixed curve, esp. cir- 
 cle ; roller-shaped body, hollow or solid ; barrel- 
 shaped object of baked clay covered with cunei- 
 form writing and buried under Babylonian or 
 Assyrian temple ; stone of similar shape used 
 as seal by Assyrians ; cylindrical part of various 
 machines, esp. chamber in which steam acts 
 upon piston ; metal roller used in printing, [f . 
 L f. Gk kulindros (kulindo roll)] 
 
 cylindrical, a. Cylinder-shaped, [f. Gk 
 kulindrikos (as prec, see -ic) + -al] 
 
 cylindpoid, a. & n. (Figure) like a cylinder, 
 [f. Gk kulindroeides (as prec, -oid)] 
 
 ey'ma, n. (pi. -mas). Ogee moulding of cor- 
 nice ; =cyme. [mod. L, f. Gk kuma wave, any- 
 thing swollen] 
 
 eymap*, n. Woman's loose light garment, 
 esp. under-garment. [f . F simarre OF chimarre, 
 cf. chimere] 
 
 cymbal, n. One of a pair of concave brass 
 or bronze plates, struck together to make ring- 
 ing sound. Hence eymbaliST n. [f. L f. Gk 
 kumbalon (kumbe hollow)] 
 
 cymbalo, n. Stringed musical instrument, 
 played with hammers, [f. It. cembalo, as prec J 
 
 eymbifopm, a. (anat., bot.). Boat-shaped, 
 [f. L cymba boat + -form] 
 
 cymbocepha'lie, a. With boat-shaped (i. e. 
 long and narrow) skull, [f. Gk kumbe boat + 
 kephale head + -ic] 
 
 cyme, n. (bot.). Inflorescence in which pri- 
 mary axis bears single terminal flower that 
 develops first, system being continued by axes 
 of secondary and higher orders (cf. raceme). 
 Hence cymo - se 1 a. [F, = top (as cyma)] 
 
CYMRIC 
 
 205 
 
 DAGGER 
 
 Cymric (k-), a. Welsh, [f. W Cymru Wales] 
 
 cynic, a. & n. Of, characteristic of, the 
 Cynic philosophers; = foll. ; (n.) philosopher of 
 sect founded by Antisthenes, marked by osten- 
 tatious contempt for pleasure ; sneering fault- 
 finder. Hence eynieiSM n. [f. L f. Gk kuni- 
 kos (kudn kunos dog, nickname for Cynic)] 
 
 cynical, a. Churlish ; captious ; incredulous 
 of human goodness ; sneering. Hence ey'ni- 
 calLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 eyno- in comb. repr. Gk kudn kunos dog, as 
 -ph obia, dread of dogs. 
 
 eynoee'phalus, n. Fabulous dog-headed 
 man ; (Zool.) dog-faced baboon. [L, f. Gk kuno- 
 kephalos (urea + kephale head)] 
 
 cynosure, n. Constellation containing 
 Pole-star, Little Bear ; Pole-star ; guiding star ; 
 centre of attraction or admiration. [F, f. L f. 
 Gk kunosoura dog's tail, Little Bear (kudn 
 kuyios dog + oura tail)] 
 
 cypher. See cipher. 
 
 cy pres (sepra'), adv., n., a. (Law) as near 
 as possible (to testator's intentions) ; (a.) ap- 
 proximate; (n.) approximation. [AF, = F si 
 pres so near (as &c.)] 
 
 eyppess, n. Coniferous tree with hard wood 
 and dark foliage : branch of this as symbol of 
 mourning, [f. OF cipres f. LL cypressus f. Gk 
 k uparissos] 
 
 Cyprian, a. & n. (Inhabitant, native) of 
 Cyprus ; licentious (person), [f. L Cyprius (Cy- 
 prus)^ + -an] 
 
 Cyrena'ie, a. & n. (Philosopher) of the 
 hedonistic school of Aristippus of Cyrene. [f. 
 L f. Gk Kurenaikos (Kurene)] 
 
 Cypi'llie, a. C. alphabet, that used by Slav- 
 onic peoples of the Eastern Church. [St Cyril, 
 supposed inventor, + -ic] 
 
 cypto- in comb. = Gk kurtos curved, as 
 •meter, instrument measuring curves of chest. 
 
 cyst, n. (BioL) hollow organ, bladder, &c, in 
 animal or plant, containing liquid secretion ; 
 (Path.) sac containing morbid matter, parasitic 
 larva, &c. ; cell containing embryos &c. [f. 
 Gk toistis bladder] 
 
 cyst-, cysti-, eysto-, in comb. repr. Gk 
 kustis, kuste, bladder, as cystiform, bladder- 
 shaped, CystOCELE, -TOMY. 
 
 cystic, a. Of the urinary bladder ; of the 
 gall-bladder; of the nature of a cyst. [f. F 
 eystique (as cyst, see -ic)] 
 
 -cyte. suf. in biol. wds meaning cell, as leuco- 
 cyte. [f. Gk kutos vessel] 
 
 eyto- in comb. = cell, as -blast, protoplasmic 
 nucleus of a cell, [as prec] 
 
 czar, tzar, (z-, ts-), n. Title of Emperor of 
 Russia, [f. Russ. ts(is)ari f. L Caesar] 
 
 czarevitch, -wieh, tsap-, (tsar ivitsh, z), 
 n. Son of a czar (not now an official title ; cf. 
 cesarevitch). [f. Russ. tsarevitsh] 
 
 czape'vna, tsap-, n. Daughter of a czar. 
 [Russ.] 
 
 ezari'na, tsap-, (-§-), n. Wife of a czar, 
 Russian empress, [f. G czarin f. czar] 
 
 czari'tza, tsar-, n. Russian form of prec. 
 
 Czech, -kh, (tshek), n. & a. Bohemian, [f. 
 Boh. Cech] 
 
 D 
 
 D (de), letter (pi. Ds, Ds, Dees). D block, trap, 
 valve, shaped like the letter; also D=dee. 
 (Mus.) second note of natural major scale. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : D (half of M or CIO), 500, 
 as XD 490, MDCLXVI 1666. D., dal in D.S. 
 (segno)', dat in D.D.D. (dicat, dedicat,=he 
 gives, devotes, & dedicates ; also d.d.d.) ; deli- 
 rium, D.T. (tremens) ; Deo, D.V. (volente) ; de- 
 
 puty, asD.A.A.G. (assistant adjutant-general), 
 D.A.Q.M.G. (assistant quarter-master-gene- 
 ral) ; distinguished, D.S.O. (service order) ; 
 doctor, as D.C.L. (civil law), D.D. (divinity), 
 D.Lit. (literature); dono, D.D. (dedit,= g&ve 
 as a gift ; also d.d.). d., died (as d. 1789) ; de- 
 narius (penny, as £1 10s. 6d.). d— , damn (also 
 d—d, damned). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Dak.(ota) ; Dan.(iel, O.T. 
 book) ; Del.(aware) ; del.(m<?ar# = drew this) ; 
 dep.(arts) ; Deut.(eronomy) ; do, ditto ; Dp, 
 Debtor, Doctor ; Dunelm., bishop of Durham; 
 Dup.(ham) ; dwt, pennyweight. 
 
 -d, p.p. suf. (heard &c); see -ED i, & cf. dead. 
 
 da. See dad. 
 
 dab 1 , v.t. Strike lightly or undecidedly, tap, 
 peck ; press but not rub (surface) with sponge 
 &c, whence da'bbER i(2) n.; press (brush, dab- 
 ber, &c.) against surface, [f. 1300 ; etym. dub.] 
 
 dab 2 , n. Slight or undecided but sudden blow, 
 tap, peck ; brief application of sponge, handker- 
 chief, &c, to surface without rubbing; mois- 
 ture, colour, &c, so applied, [f. prec] 
 
 dab 3 , n. Kind of flat-fish. [?] 
 
 dab 4 , n. (colloq.). Adept (at games &c, do- 
 ing). [f. 1690 ; etym. dub.] 
 
 da'bble, v.t. & i. Wet intermittently, slight- 
 ly, or partly, soil, moisten, splash ; move the 
 feet, hands, bill, about in water ; engage in or 
 at pursuit &c. as a hobby, whence da'bblER *■ 
 n. [cf. Du. dabbelen & dab *, -le(3)J 
 
 da'bchick, n. Water-bird, the Little Grebe, 
 [early forms dap-, dop- ; perh. cogn. w. dip] 
 
 da'bstep, n. = dab 4 ; = VAUBster. [-ster] 
 
 da ca'po (dahcah-), mus. direction. Repeat 
 from the beginning. [It.] 
 
 dace, n. Small fresh- water fish. [ME darse 
 f. OF darz dart *] 
 
 dachshund (dalrks-hdbnt), n. Short-legged 
 breed of dog. [G,= badger-dog] 
 
 daeoi't, n. Member of Indian or Burmese 
 armed robber band. [f. Hind, dakait f. daka 
 gang-robbery] 
 
 daeoi'ty, n. (Act of) gang-robbery, [f. Hind. 
 dakaiti as prec] 
 
 da'ctyl, n. Metrical foot -w. [f . L f . Gk dak- 
 tidos finger] 
 
 daety'lic, a. & n. Of dactyls ; (noun, usu. pi. ) 
 d. verse(s). [f. L f. Gk daktulikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 dad, da (dah), da'da, da'ddy, nn. (colloq.). 
 Father (esp. as voc); daddy-longlegs, crane-fly. 
 [f. 16th c; infantile sound] 
 
 da'do, n. Cube of pedestal between base & 
 cornice ; lower fewfeet of room- wall when faced 
 with wood or coloured differently from upper 
 part. Hence da'dOED 2 a. [It.,=DiE 1 ] 
 
 dae'dal (de-), a. (poet.). Skilful, inventive; 
 mazy ; manifold, complex, mysterious, [f. L f. 
 Gk daidalos skilful, variegated] 
 
 Daeda'lian, -ean, a. In the manner of 
 Daedalus the Greek artificer ; intricate ; laby- 
 rinthine, [f. L Daedaleus of Daedalus (cf. Gk 
 daidaleos cunningly wrought) -f- -an] 
 
 daff, v.t. (archaic). Put aside, waive, [var. 
 of doff, preserved by 1 Hen. IV, iv. i. 96] 
 
 da'fffodil (also daffbdi'lly, da'ffadown- 
 di'lly, in poetry &c), n. & a. Lent Lily, pale- 
 yellow-flowered Narcissus ; pale yellow (n. & 
 a.), [f. earlier affodill (d- unexplained) f. L f. 
 Gk asphodel os] 
 
 daft, a. Foolish, reckless, wild, crazy. [OE 
 gedaefte mild, meek, whence also deft ; orig. 
 sense (cf. Goth, gadaban be fit) fitting, suitable ; 
 for change of meaning cf. innocent] 
 
 da'gger, n. Stabbing-weapon with short 
 pointed and edged blade (at dd. drawn, on the 
 point of fighting, in strained relations, with 
 person, or abs. ; look, speak, dd., bitterly, so as 
 
DAGO 
 
 206 
 
 DAMP 
 
 to wound); (Print.), d., double d., = (double) 
 obelisk, [cf. F dague, & ME dag to pierce] 
 da'gro, n. (U.S.). American Spaniard, Portu- 
 guese, or Italian, [f. Sp. Diego = James] 
 dague'pneotype (-gero-), n. (Portrait taken 
 by) early photographic process. [Daguerre 1839 
 inventor, -o, type] 
 dahabeeyah (dah-ha-), -bi'ah (-be-), n. 
 Nile sailing-boat. [Arab., = the golden,orig. sense 
 gilded barge] 
 
 dah'lia (dal-), n. Mexican composite plant 
 cultivated in Europe for its many-coloured sin- 
 gle & double flowers (blue d., impossibility) ; 
 shade of red. [Dahl 1791 botanist] 
 dai'ly, a., adv., & n. (Recurring, appearing, 
 done) every day or week-day, from day to day, 
 constantly, often ; a d. newspaper (pi. dailies). 
 [OE -dxglic (day, -ly : )] 
 dal'mio (-yd), n. Japanese feudal vassal, no- 
 ble, (hist.). [Jap., f. Chin, dai great, myo name] 
 dai'nty \ n. Choice morsel, dish, &c, deli- 
 cacy, tit-bit, (lit. & fig.) [f. OF dainti. f. L digni- 
 tatem (dignus worthy, -ty)] 
 dai'nty 2 ,a. Delicate, choice; tasteful, pretty, 
 of delicate beauty, scrupulously clean ; particu- 
 lar, nice, of delicate tastes & sensibility, fasti- 
 dious ; inclined to luxury. Hence dai'ntiLY 2 
 adv., dai'ntixESS n. [f.prec] 
 dair*y, n. Room or building for keeping milk 
 & cream & making butter &c. (dairymaid, in 
 charge of this) ; the milk department in farm- 
 ing ; shop for milk &c. (dairyman, dealer in 
 milk &c), cows of a farm. Hence (f. rare vb) 
 daiiryiNG 1 n. [f. obs. dey OE dxge maid-ser- 
 vant cogn. w. ddh dough + -ery] 
 dais (das), n. Raised platform, esp. at end of 
 hall for high table, throne, &c, or terrace, [f. 
 OF deis f. L discus disk in LL sense table] 
 dai'sy (-zl), n. Small European wild & gar- 
 den flower ; other plants resembling it, esp. the 
 larger Ox-eye D.; (slang) first-rate specimen of 
 anything; d. -chain, string of dd. fastened to- 
 gether ; d.-cutter, horse lifting feet very little, 
 ball travelling along ground at cricket. Hence 
 dai'siED 2 a. [OE dseges iage day's eye] 
 dak, dak. See dawk. 
 
 dale, n. Valley (esp. in north ; also in poet, 
 use, as hill & d.) ; dalesman, inhabitant of dd. 
 in north. [OE dxl, com.-Teut. cf. G t(h)al] 
 da'lly, v.i. & t. Amuse oneself, make sport; 
 toy amorously (with or abs.); coquet with temp- 
 tation &c. ; be evasive with person or business ; 
 idle, loiter, delay ; d. away, consume (time, op- 
 portunity) to no purpose. Hence da'lliAXCE n. 
 [f. OF dalier chat] 
 
 Dalmatian (-ashn), n. (Also D. dog) spotted 
 dog kept to run with carriage. [Dalmatia, -ax] 
 dalma'tic, n. Wide-sleeved loose long vest- 
 ment with slit sides worn by deacons & bishops 
 on some occasions. & by kings & emperors esp. 
 at coronation, [f. F dalmatique t. L dalmatica 
 (vestis robe) of Dalmatia] 
 dal segno (sa - nyo), mus. direction (abbr. 
 D.S.). Repeat from point indicated. [It.] 
 da'ltonism (dawl-), n. Colour-blindness, esp. 
 inability to distinguish green from red. [f. F 
 daltonisme f. John Dalton, Eng. chemist so 
 affected, d. 1844, -ism(2)] 
 
 dam J , n., & v.t. Barrier constructed to hold 
 back water & raise its level, to form a reservoir, 
 or to prevent flooding ; causeway ; water con- 
 fined by d. (Vb) furnish or confine with d. 
 (usu. up) ; block up, obstruct, (lit. & fig.). [com.- 
 Teut., cf. Du. dam, G damm] 
 dam 2 , n. Mother (usu. of beast), [var. dame] 
 da 'mage (-lj), n., & v.t. Harm (to one's great 
 d.), injury impairing value or usefulness ; (Law; 
 pL) sum of money claimed or adjudged in com- 
 
 pensation for loss or injury ; (slang) cost (what 's 
 the d. ?). (Vb) injure (usu. thing) so as to di- 
 minish value ; detract from reputation of (per- 
 son &c. ; trying to d. the Government ; a damag- 
 ing admission) ; hence da'mageABLE a. [f. 
 OF damage(r) f. dam loss f. L damnum + -age] 
 damascene (asen), damaskeen, v.t. 
 Ornament (metal) with inlaid gold or silver; 
 ornament(steel) with watered pattern produced 
 in welding, [f. Damascus, -cene thr. L. f. Gk 
 damaskenos, -keen thr. F & It.] 
 da'mask, n. & a., & v.t. D. rose, old variety 
 brought from Damascus ; its colour ; figured 
 woven material (prop, of silk) ; twilled table- 
 linen with woven designs shown by reflection 
 of light ; steel of or as of Damascus, with wavy 
 surface-pattern due to special welding of iron 
 & steel together. (Adj.) coloured like d. rose, 
 blush-red; made of or resembling the silk, linen, 
 or steel. (Vb) Weave with figured designs f 
 = damascexe ; ornament with pattern ; make 
 (cheek &c.) red. [f. It. Damasco f. L Damascus] 
 dame, n. (Archaic, poet., or facetious, for) 
 lady ; keeper, male or female, of Eton board- 
 ing-house ; (Law ; prefixed title of) wife of 
 knight or baronet (Lady in ordinary use ; cf. 
 D. Fortune, D. Nature) ; higher female member 
 of Primrose League ; d.-school, elementary kept 
 by old lady. [OF, f. L domina mistress] 
 damn (dam), v.t. & i, & n. Condemn, censure, 
 (d. a person's character) ; (Theatr., of audience) 
 receive coldly, secure the withdrawal of, (play) ; 
 bring condemnation upon, be the ruin of ; doom 
 to hell (so in optative, often d— , = may God 
 d. person or thing, or with object omitted) ; 
 cause the damnation of ; curse (person or thing, 
 or abs.). (N.) an uttered curse; a negligible 
 amount (don't care, not worth, a d.). [I. OF 
 damner f. L damnare (damnum loss, harm)] 
 da'mnable (-mn-), a. Subject to, deserving, 
 damnation ; hateful, confounded, annoying. 
 Hence da'mnabLY 2 adv. [F, f . L damnabilis 
 as prec, -able] 
 
 damnation (-mn-), n. & int. Damning of 
 play ; (condemnation to) eternal punishment in 
 hell ; (int.) = may d. take a person or thing. [F, 
 f. L damnationem (damn, -atiox)] 
 da'mnatopy (-mn-), a. Conveying, causing, 
 censure or damnation, [f. L damnatorius 
 (damnare damn, -ory)] 
 
 damned (-md), a. & adv. In vbl senses ; also 
 or esp. : the d. , souls in hell ; damnable, infernal, 
 unwelcome ; confoundedly, extremely, (d. or 
 d — d hot, funny, &c). [-ED 1 ] 
 da'mnify (-mn-), v.t. (legal). Cause injury 
 to. Hence damniFiCA'Tioxn. [f . OF damni- 
 fier f. L damnificare (damnum loss, -FY)] 
 da'mningr 1 (-mi-), n. In vbl senses; esp., 
 cursing. [-ING x ] 
 
 da'mning 2 (-mn-, -mi-), a. In vbl senses; esp. , 
 d. evidence, that secures conviction, [-ixg 2 ] 
 
 damno'sa her&'ditas, n. Inheritance that 
 brings more burden than profit. [L] 
 Da'mocles, n. Sword of D., imminent dan- 
 ger in midst of prosperity. [Greek who was 
 feasted with sword hung by a hair over him] 
 Da'mon & Py'thias, n. & a. (As of) de- 
 voted friends (D.-&-P. friendship). [Gk tale] 
 damp, n.. a.,& v.t. &i. = choke 1 -*?. (also black 
 d.); =FiRE ] -d. ; moisture in air, on surface, 
 or diffused through solid ; dejection, chill, dis- 
 couragement, (cast or strike a d. over or into) ; 
 d.(-proof) course, layer of slate &c. in wall to 
 keep d. from rising ; hence dainp-PROOF a. 
 (Adj.) slightly wet ; hence da'mpEX 6 v.t. & i. 
 (chiefly U.S.), da*mpisH 1 (2) a., da'mpLY 9 
 adv., da'mpxEss n. (Vb) stifle, choke, dull, 
 extinguish, (d. down a fire, heap with ashes &c. 
 
DAMPER 
 
 207 
 
 DARK 
 
 to check combustion) ; (Mus.) stop vibration 
 of (string) ; discourage, depress, (zeal, hopes) ; 
 moisten ; (Gardening) d. off rot & fall off from 
 d. [vb f. adj. f. noun ; cf. Du. & Da. damp, G 
 damp/, vapour] 
 
 da'mper, n. Person or thing that depresses ; 
 (Piano) pad silencing string except when re- 
 moved by loud pedal or by note's being struck ; 
 metal plate in flue controlling combustion ; con- 
 trivance for wetting paper, stamps, &c. [-er l ] 
 
 da'msel (-zl), n. (archaic & literary), \ oung 
 unmarried woman, [f. OF dameisele f. med.L 
 domnicella dim. of L domina mistress] 
 
 da*mson(-zn),n. &a. Small dark-purple plum 
 (d. plum, larger but similar) ; tree bearing it ; 
 d.-cheese, solid conserve of dd. & sugar; (adj.) 
 d. -coloured. [ME damascene f. L damascenum 
 (prunum plum) of Damascus] 
 
 dance l , v.i. & t. Move with rhythmical steps, 
 glides, leaps, revolutions, gestures, &c, usu. to 
 music, alone or with a partner or set (d. to one's 
 tune or pipe, follow his lead) ; jump about, skip, 
 move in lively way (of heart, blood, &c.) ; bob 
 up and down on water &c. (d. upon nothing, be 
 hanged) ; perform (minuet, waltz, &c.) ; a. at- 
 tendance (upon person), be kept waiting (by), 
 follow about; cause tod. (bears &c); toss up 
 & down, dandle, (baby) ; d. away, off, into, &c, 
 lose, bring, &c, by dancing (his head off, his 
 chance aicay, herself into favour). [f. OF 
 dancer, -ser, perh. f. OHG danson stretch out] 
 
 dance 2 , n. Dancing motion (see prec. ) ; some 
 special form of this ; single round or turn of one ; 
 tune for dancing to, or in d. rhythm ; dancing- 
 party ; lead (person) a d., entangle him in use- 
 less pursuit or toil ; D. of Death or of Macabre, 
 medieval picture-subject of Death leading all 
 ranks to grave ; St Vitus's dance, disorder 
 chiefly in children with convulsive involuntary 
 movements, [f. prec] 
 
 da'neer, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : one who 
 dances in public for money ; merry dd., aurora 
 borealis. [-er 1 ] 
 
 da*ndeli*on, n. Yellow-flowered composite 
 plant with widely toothed leaves, [f. F dent de 
 lion lion's tooth] 
 
 da'nder, n. (colloq., esp. U.S.). Temper, 
 anger, indignation, (get one's d. up, grow, 
 make him, angry). [?J 
 
 da'ndle, v.t. Dance (child) on knee or in 
 arms ; pet. [cf. It. dandolare (dandola doll)] 
 
 da'ndr uff, -iff, n. Dead skin in small scales 
 among the hair, scurf, [also dander ; ending 
 perh. Yorksh. hurf f. Icel. hrufa scab] 
 
 da*ndy *, n. & a. (Person) devoted to smart- 
 ness esp. of costume, neat, smart, decorated, 
 whence dandi'ACAL a., da'ndiFV v.t., dan- 
 diFiCA'TioNn., da'ndyiSH 1 a., da*ndyiSM(2) 
 n. ; sloop with special rig ; (also d.-cart) spring- 
 cart used by milkmen ; d.-brush, of whalebone 
 &c. for cleaning horse. [1780 in Scotland, where 
 Dandy also stands for Andrew] 
 
 da*ndy 2 , n. = dengue, [negro corrupt, of 
 dengue, perh. w. assim. to prec. w. ref. to stiff 
 attitude caused by pain] 
 
 Dane, n. Native of Denmark ; (Hist.) North- 
 man invader of England ; (also Great D. ) power- 
 ful short-haired breed of dog. [f. Da. Daner f. 
 OTeut. Daniz pi.] 
 
 da'nger, n. Liability or exposure to harm, 
 risk, peril, (of one's life, of death or other evil); 
 position of railway signal directing stoppage or 
 caution (signal is at d.) ; thing that causes peril 
 (a d. to the peace of Europe, to navigation). So 
 da'ngerous a., da'ngerousiY 2 adv. [ear- 
 lier sense power (within his d. = at his mercy), 
 f . OF dangler f . LL * dominiarium (L dominium 
 f. dominus lord, -ary 1 )] 
 
 da'ngle, v.i. & t. Be suspended & sway to & 
 fro ; hold or carry (thing) swaying loosely ; hold 
 (hopes &c.) as temptation before person, in his 
 sight, &c. ; hover after, round, about, person as 
 a follower, lover, &c, whence da'nglER 1 n. 
 [etym. dub. ; cf. Da. dangle} 
 
 Da/niel, n. Upright judge, person of infallible 
 wisdom. [Dan. i-vi, & Merchant of Venice, iv. 
 i. 223, 333] 
 
 Da'nish, a. & n. (Language) of Denmark or 
 the Danes. [OE Denisc (-ish l )] 
 
 dank, a. Soaked, oozy ; unpleasantly or un- 
 wholesomely damp (of air, weather, &c). [cf. 
 Sw. dank marshy spot] 
 
 Dante'an, a. & n. (Student) of Dante ; in 
 Dante's style or recalling his descriptions. So 
 DantE'SQUE a., Da*ntiST(3) n. [-an] 
 
 dap, v.i. & t., & n. Fish by letting bait bob on 
 water ; dip lightly ; make (ball) bounce, (of ball) 
 bounce, on ground; (n.) bounce of ball. [cf.DAB 1 ] 
 
 da'phne, n. Kinds of flowering shrub. [Gk 
 (-e), = laurel] 
 
 da'pper, a. Neat, smart, in appearance or 
 movement, [cf. Du. dapper, G tapfer, valiant] 
 
 da* p pie, v.t. & i., & n. Variegate, become 
 variegated, with rounded spots or patches of 
 colour or shade. (N.) dappled effect; d.-grey, 
 (horse) of grey with darker spots, [perh. = Icel. 
 depill spot dim. of dapi pool ; but G apfelgrau, 
 F gris-pommeU, & other parallels, suggest some 
 connexion with apple] 
 
 dap'bies, n. pi. (slang). Handcuffs. [?] 
 
 Dar'by 6c Joan(jOn),n. Devoted old married 
 couple, [perh. f . poem 1735 in Gentleman's Mag.] 
 
 dare, v.t. (before expressed or implied infin. 
 without to, the 3 sing. pres. is usu. dare, the 
 past & conditional often durst; otherwise dares, 
 dared ; infin. without to is usual only after the 
 sense venture in negative or virtually negative 
 sentence). Venture (to), have the courage or 
 impudence (to), (Id. sivear; d. he doit?; he 
 dares to insult me ; I would if I durst or dared ; 
 they dared or durst not come, did not d. to 
 come) ; attempt, take the risks of, (d. all things, 
 a leap, the event, person's anger) ; defy (person) ; 
 challenge (person) to do, to it, Sec. ; / dare say 
 (rare exc. in 1st person ; 3rd sing, in reported 
 speech, he dares to say, past he dared say or to 
 say), am prepared to believe, do not deny, = very 
 likely (often iron.) ; d.-devil, reckless (person). 
 [OE durran f. Aryan dhers- cf. Gk tharseo be 
 bold ; the pres. (cf. can) is an old past, whence 
 dare_ as 3rd sing.] 
 
 dar'ing" \ n. In vbl senses ; esp., adventurous 
 courage, [-ing j ] 
 
 dapungf 2 , a. In vbl senses; esp.,adventurous, 
 bold. Hence dap'ing-LY 2 adv. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 dark J , a. With no or relatively little light, 
 unilluminated (d. lantern, that can have its 
 light covered), gloomy, sombre ; of colour more 
 or less near black (esp. as pref. to adjj. of colour 
 as d.-brown) ; brown-complexioned, not fair; 
 evil, atrocious ; cheerless (d. side of things) ; 
 sad, sullen (a d. humour), frowning ; obscure 
 (d. saying, d. oblivion) ; secret (keep thing d. ; 
 keep d.., remain in hiding) ; little known of 
 (d. horse, unexpected winner of race, & fig. of 
 persons) ; unenlightened (in the darkest igno- 
 rance ; the d. ages, Middle Ages) ; the D. Con- 
 tinent (in last two senses), Africa ; d.-room, with 
 actinic rays excluded for treating photographic 
 plates. Hence dap'kiSH * (2) a. , dap*kL y 2 ad v. , 
 dap'kNESS n. (Prince of darkness, the Devil). 
 [OE deorc ; as adj. exclusively E, but cf. OHG 
 tarchanjan to hide] 
 
 dark-, n. Absence of light (esp. in the d.) ; 
 nightfall (atd.) ; d. colour (esp. in art, the lights 
 and dd. of a picture) ; want of knowledge (am 
 
DARKEN 
 
 208 
 
 DAWN 
 
 in the d. about it ; leap in the d., rash step or en- 
 terprise). Hence dap'ksoME a. (poet.), [f.prec.] 
 
 dap'ken, v.t. & i. Make or become dark 1 ; 
 d. one's door, pay him a visit (usu. neg.) ; d. 
 counsel, make perplexity worse, [-en 6 J 
 
 dap'kle,v.i. Lie concealed; grow dark. [mod. 
 back-formation f. foil, misunderstood as part. J 
 
 dap'kling-, adv. & a. In the dark, [-ling 2 ] 
 
 dap*k(e)y, n. (colloq. ). Negro. [-Y 3 ] 
 
 dap'lingr, n. & a. Loved, best loved, lovable, 
 (person or animal). [OE deorling (dear, -ling l )\ 
 
 dam 1 , v.t., & n. Mend (esp. knitting) by 
 interweaving yarn with needle across hole, 
 whence dap'niNG^o) n. ; darning-ball, -last, 
 for stretching work during operation ; (n.) place 
 so mended, [perh. f. obs. vb & adj. dem hide, 
 hidden, = OHG tarnan hide] 
 
 darn 2 , v.t. (slang). Damn (as imprecation), 
 [deformation of damn] 
 
 dar'nel (-nl), n. Kind of grass growing as 
 weed among corn. [cf. Walloon darnelle] 
 
 dart, n., & v.t. & i. Pointed missile, esp. 
 light javelin ; sting of insect &c. ; sudden rapid 
 motion ; act of throwing missile. (Vb) throw 
 (missile), throw missile ; emit suddenly (glance, 
 flash, anger) ; start rapidly in some direction. 
 [OF. accus. of darz cf. dace] 
 
 dan*ten, n. In vbl senses : also : web-footed 
 bird of pelican tribe ; (pi.) order of birds includ- 
 ing kingfishers & bee-eaters ; kinds of fish, [-er 1 ] 
 
 dap*tle, v.t. & i. Keep on darting, [-le (3)] 
 
 dap*tre (-ter), n. Kinds of skin disease, esp. 
 herpes. So dap'tpous a. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 Darwinian, a. & n. Of, person believing in, 
 Charles Darwin or his doctrines esp. on evolu- 
 tion of species. So Dap*winiSM(3) n., Dar'- 
 winiST(2) n. & a., Dapwini*stic a., Dap*- 
 winiTE Ml) n. & a., Dap*winiZE(2, 4) v.t. & i. 
 
 dash 1 , v.t. & i. Shatter to pieces (rarely abs., 
 &s flowers dashed by rain) ; knock, drive, throw, 
 or thrust, away, off, out, doivn, &c. ; fling, drive, 
 splash, (thing or person) against, upon, into ; 
 bespatter with water &c. (d.-board, of wood or 
 leather in front of vehicle to keep out mud ; 
 dashed with colour) ; dilute, qualify, (water 
 urith spirit, joy with pain); frustrate (d. one's 
 hopes), daunt, discourage, confound ; write 
 down or throw otffrapidly (composition, sketch); 
 underline; (slang) -damn as mild imprecation; 
 fall, move, throw oneself, with violence ; come 
 into collision against, upon ; ride, run, or drive 
 up, move about, behave, with spirit or display, 
 whence da'shixG 2 a., da'shingxv 2 a d v# [cf. 
 Sw. daska drub; but perh. imit., cf. clash, 
 crash, &c. ; imprecatory use perh. f. use of 
 dashes in d— , d—d, cf. blank 2 ] 
 
 dash 2 . n. Sound of water striking or struck ; 
 splash of colour; infusion (d. of brandy , of good 
 blood) ; hasty pen-stroke ; horizontal stroke in 
 writing or printing to mark a break in sense, a 
 parenthesis (two dd.), omitted letters or words, 
 &c. ; rush, onset, sudden advance ; (capacity for) 
 vigorous action ; showy appearance or behavi- 
 our (cut a d., make a brilliant show), [f. prec] 
 
 da'sher, n. In vbl senses ; esp., contrivance 
 for agitating cream in churn, [-er 1 ] 
 
 da'stard, n. Coward, skulker, esp. one who 
 commits brutal act without endangering him- 
 self. Hence da'stapdLY 1 a., d a* standi i- 
 Ness n. [prob. f. dazed p.p. + -ard] 
 
 data. See datum. 
 
 date 1 , n. W.-Asiat. & N.-Afr. tree (also 
 d.-palm), or its fruit, an oblong single-stoned 
 drupe. [OF, f. L f. Gk daktulos finger] 
 
 date 2 , n. Statement in document, letter, 
 book, or inscription, of the time (& often place) 
 of execution, writing, publication, &c. ; time 
 at which thing happens or is to happen ; period 
 
 to which antiquities &c. belong ; person's age, 
 duration, term of life, (archaic or poet. ) ; (go) out 
 ofd. , 1 become) obsolete ; up to d. (f . book-keeping 
 phr. for accounts completed to current day, now 
 as slang adj. & adv. ), meeting, according to, the 
 latest requirements or knowledge; d.-hne, me- 
 ridian 180° from Greenwich, east Scwestof which 
 the d. differs. [F, f. L data fern. p.p. of dare = 
 (letter) given (at such a time & place)] 
 
 date 3 , v.t. &i. Mark (letter &c.) with d. (dated 
 from London), whence da*tER 1 (2) n. ; refer 
 (event) to a time ; count time, reckon, (dating 
 from the Creation) ; bear d., be dated ; have 
 origin from (church dates from the lhth c). 
 Hence da'tABLE a. [f. prec] 
 
 da'teless, a. Undated ; endless ; immemorial. 
 
 [f. DATE 2 > 3 , -LESS] 
 
 da'tive, a. & n. D. case or d., the case in 
 nouns, pronouns, & adjj., proper to the remoter 
 object or recipient. So dati'VAL a., da*tive- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L datixnis (dare dot- give, -ive)] 
 
 datum, n. (pi. -ta). Thing known or granted, 
 assumption or premiss from which inferences 
 may be_ drawn. [L, neut. p.p. of dare give] 
 
 datup'a, n. Kinds of poisonous plant, in- 
 cluding stramonium, yielding strong narcotic, 
 [f. Hind, dhatura] 
 
 daub, v.t. & i., & n. Coat (wall &c.) with plas- 
 ter, clay, &c. (n., the material) ; smear (surface ; 
 n., a smear), lay on (greasy or sticky stuff) ; soil, 
 stain ; paint (t. & i.) inartistically, lay (colours) 
 on so, (n., a coarse painting), whence dau'bER 1 , 
 dau'bsTER, nn., dau'bY 2 a. [f. OF dauber f. 
 L DK(albare f. albus white) whitewash] 
 
 daughter, n. One's female child ; female 
 descendant, female member of family, race, 
 &c. ; woman who is the spiritual or intellectual 
 product of person or thing ; product personified 
 as female (Carthage d. of Tyre ; Fortune and 
 its d. Confidence; d.-language, as French of 
 Latin) ; d.-in-laiv, son's wife, (loosely) step-d. 
 Hence daug-h'tePHOOD n., dauglrtePLY 1 a. 
 [Aryan ; OE dohtor, Du. dochter, G tochter, Gk 
 thugater. cf. Skr. duh- to milk] 
 
 daunt, v.t. Discourage, intimidate; press (her- 
 rings) down in barrel, [f. OF danter (now domp- 
 ter) f. L domitare frequent, of domare tame] 
 
 dau*ntless,a. Intrepid, persevering. Hence 
 dau*ntlessLY 2 adv., dau'ntlessNESs n. 
 [perh. f. obs. daunt a check f. prec. + -less] 
 
 dau'phin, dau'phiness, nn. (Wife of) 
 King of France's eldest son. [family name (f. L 
 delphinus dolphin) of lords of Dauphin^, last 
 of whom ceded it on condition of dauphin's 
 being accepted as French heir-apparent's title] 
 
 da'venpopt, n. Escritoire with drawers & 
 hinged writing-slab. [prob. maker's name] 
 
 da/vit, n. Crane at ship's bow for hoisting 
 anchor clear of side ; one of pair of cranes for 
 suspending or lowering ship's boat, [formerly 
 also david prob. f. the male name ; cf. jemmy) 
 
 Da*vy (lamp), n. Miner's wire-gauze safety 
 lamp. [Sir H. D., inventor] 
 
 da'vy, n. (slang). Take one's d., swear (that, 
 to fact), [short for affidavit] 
 
 Davy Jones's loekep, n. The deep, a 
 watery grave (in the sea). [?] 
 
 daw, n. = jackdaw, [cf. OHG t dh a, Gdohle] 
 
 dawdle, v.i. & t., & n. Idle, dally ; d. away 
 (time &c), waste ; hence dawdlER 1 n. (N.) 
 dawdling person, [cf. dodder 2 , & dial, daddle 
 totter as baby ; -le(3)] 
 
 dawk, dak, n. (Anglo-Ind.). Post or trans- 
 port by relays of men or horses ; relay ; d. bun- 
 galow, house for travellers at d. station. [Hind.} 
 
 dawn, v.i., & n. Begin to appear or grow 
 light (of day, day-light, morning, country shone 
 upon, things becoming evident to mind, intelli- 
 
DAY 
 
 209 
 
 DEADLY 
 
 gence, civilization, &c); first daivnings Sec, 
 beginning; dawning, the East; (n.) first light, 
 daybreak, rise or incipient gleam of anything, 
 [back-formation f. dawning prob. f. ON which 
 displaced dawing vbl n. f. obs. daw OE dagian 
 become day] 
 
 day, n. Time while sun is above horizon, 
 (loosely) including twilights {d. & night, adv., 
 throughout these or in both alike ; all d., all 
 the d., adv., throughout it ; d.-break, break of 
 d., dawn ; d.-dream, -ing, -er, reverie or castle 
 in air, indulgence, indulger, in them) ; dawn 
 (before, at, d.); daylight (by d.; teas broad d.; 
 clear as d.); twenty-four hours (solar or astro- 
 nomical d., from noon ; civil d., from midnight ; 
 sidereal d., between two meridional transits of 
 first point of Aries, about 4' shorter than solar ; 
 natural d.,= sidereal, also in first sense above) ; 
 civil d. as point of time, date, &c. (one d., adv., 
 on an unspecified date past or future ; the other 
 d., on a d. not long ago ; one of these dd. or fine 
 dd., before long, in prophecy or promise ; some 
 d., adv., in the future ; d. of grace) ; date of 
 specified festival &c. (first d., Sunday ; Christ- 
 mas d., birthd., pay-d., last D. or D. of judg- 
 ment); date agreed upon (keep one's d., be 
 punctual ; one's d., for being at home to guests, 
 esp. once a week) ; victory (carry, win, lose, the 
 d.) ; period (often pi., in the dd. of, the dd. of 
 old, in dd. to come, men of other dd. ; better dd., 
 when one was or will be better off; fallen on 
 evil dd., in misfortune; sing., at, to, this d.; 
 present-d., adj. = modern ; the d., the current d., 
 sufficient for the d. is the evil thereof ', do not 
 anticipate trouble; men of the d., persons of 
 importance at any time) ; one's d., lifetime, 
 period of prosperity, activity, power, &c, (also 
 pi. end one's dd., die ; every dog has his d., no 
 one always unlucky) ; this d. week, month, 
 year, reckoning forward or back from today ; 
 d. about, on alternate dd.; d. by d., d. after d., 
 from d. to d., every d., advv. of daily repetition 
 or progress ; twice &c. a d.,in each d. (see a 2 ) ; 
 knoxo the time of d., be wide awake, knowing ; 
 the d. before, after, the fair, advv., too early, 
 late, for opportunity. D.-boarder, schoolboy 
 feeding but not sleeping at school ; d.-book in 
 bookkeeping, book in which esp. sale trans- 
 actions are entered at once for later transfer to 
 ledger ; d.-boy, schoolboy boarding at home ; 
 d.-fly, ephemerid ; d.-labourer, hired by d. 
 at fixed wage ; d.-long, a. & adv., (lasting) for 
 whole d.; d.-owl, Hawk-owl hunting by day; 
 d.-room, used by d. only, esp. common living- 
 room at schools ; d.-school, opp. Sunday, even- 
 ing, or boarding school ; d.-spring, dawn (poet.); 
 d.-ticket, covering return on same d.; d.-time, 
 not night, esp. in the d.-time. [OE daeg, com.- 
 Teut. cf. Du. dag. G tag ; not cogn. w. L dies] 
 
 day'liglit, n. Light of day (burn 2 d.}; open- 
 ness, publicity ; let d. into (slang), stab or shoot; 
 dawn (before, ait, d.); visible interval as between 
 boats in race, wine & glass-rim (no d., fill up), 
 or rider & saddle. 
 
 daze, v.t., & n. Stupefy, bewilder : dazzle ; 
 hence da'zedLY 2 adv. (N.) stupefaction, be- 
 wilderment. [ME dasen cf. Icel. dasask refl. 
 vb become weary] 
 
 da'zzle, v.t., &n. Confuse or dim (sight) with 
 excess of light, intricate motion, incalculable 
 number, &c; confound or siirprise (mind) by 
 brilliant display lit. or fig. ; hence da'zzle- 
 ment n., da'zzling-LY 2 adv. (N.) glitter, [f. 
 prec. + -le(3)] 
 
 de-, pref. From L de (prep. &) pref. =down 
 {depend), away (defend, orig. fend off, deduce, 
 
 deprecate), completely (declare, denude), un- 
 (in L oftener dis-, but also de-, which is now a 
 living pref. in this sense, as decentralize ; many 
 such E wds in de- are also f. F in di-, which re- 
 presents L dis-, OF & Rom. des-, as well as L 
 de-), twice over or doubly (in chem. & bot. wds 
 as decomposite, decompound ; a LL use). 
 
 deacon (de'kn), n. (Primitive Church) ap- 
 pointed minister of charity (Acts vi, 1-6) ; (Epi- 
 scopal) member of third order of ministry below 
 bishop & priest ; (Presbyterian) officer attend- 
 ing to congregation's secular affairs. Hence 
 dea'eonsHip n. [f. L f. Gk diakonos servant] 
 
 dea'coness, n. Woman in primitive & some 
 modern Churches with functions analogous to 
 deacon's, [-ess *] 
 
 dead (ded), a., n., & adv. That has ceased to 
 live (the d., noun, d. person or persons, or all 
 who have ever died ; from the d., from among 
 these ; d.-house, mortuary ; d.-march, funeral 
 music ; d. office, funeral service ; d. as a door- 
 nail, quite d. ; d. <£• gone ; wait for d. men's 
 shoejj ; flog d. horse ; d. men, empty bottles ; 
 d. man's finger, hand, thumb, kinds of orchid); 
 benumbed, insensible, (of hands &c; also d. to, 
 unconscious or unappreciative of, hardened 
 against) ; without spiritual life ; obsolete, past, 
 not effective, (d. language, e.g. ancient Gk ; d. 
 letter, law no longer observed, unclaimed or 
 undeliverable letter at post office) ; inanimate 
 (d. fence, of timber &c, opp. quickset; d. 
 matter); extinct, dull, lustreless, without force, 
 muffled, (d. brand, coal ; d. gold, unburnished; 
 d. colour, first layer in picture, cold & pale ; d.- 
 nettle, non-stinging weed like nettle ; d.-alive t 
 spiritless ; d. sound, not resonant) ; inactive, 
 motionless, idle, (D. Sea ; d. point or d. centre, 
 least & greatest extension of piston or crank, 
 where it exerts no effective power ; d. weight, 
 inert, of lifeless matter, also fig. of debt &c; d. 
 pull, lift, at thing too heavy for one to move ; 
 d. freight, sum paid in chartering ship for part 
 not occupied by cargo ; d. arch, window, &c, 
 sham ; d. hours, still, in night ; d. season ; d. 
 stock, unemployed capital, unsalable goods ; 
 d. ball, out of play ; wind falls d.; as noun,= 
 d. time, at d. of night, in the d. of winter) ; 
 abrupt, complete, unrelieved, exact, (come to d. 
 stop ; a d. faint ; on a d. level ; d. heat, exact 
 equality in race ; a d. calm ; d. loss, without 
 compensation ; be in d. earnest ; a d. certainty ; 
 d. on the target, quite straight, so d. shot, un- 
 erring; d.-lock, utter standstill); d.-eye (naut.), 
 round flat three-holed block for extending 
 shrouds ; d.-fire, St Elmo's fire, as presaging 
 death ; d.-head, non-paying theatre-goer or 
 passenger ; d.-light (naut.), shutter protecting 
 cabin-window or porthole in storm ; d.-reckon- 
 ing (naut.), of ship's position by log, compass, 
 &c, when observations are impossible ; D.-Sea 
 apple ; hence dea'dNESS n. (Adv.) profound- 
 ly, absolutely, completely, (d. asleep, tired, 
 drunk ; d.-beat, tired out ; CUT 2 d.; d. against, 
 directly opposite to). [OE d^ad, com.-Teut. cf. 
 Du. dood, G tot, f. OTeut. daudoz p.p. of vb st. 
 daw- die 2 ] 
 
 deaden (de*dn), v.t. & i. Deprive of or lose 
 vitality, force, brightness, feeling, &c. ; make 
 insensible to. [-en 6 ] 
 
 dea'dly l (ded-), a. Causing fatal injury ; of 
 poisonous nature (D. Nightshade) ; entailing 
 damnation (d. sin); implacable, internecine; 
 deathlike (d. paleness, faintness, gloom); in- 
 tense {in d. haste ; d. dullness). Hence dea'd- 
 Hness n. [OE deadlic (dead, -ly *)] 
 
 dea'dly 2 (ded-), adv. As if dead (d. white, 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de-. 
 
DEAF 
 
 210 
 
 debenture: 
 
 faint) ; extremely (d. tired, dull). [ # OE d6adlice 
 
 {DEAD, -LY 2 )J 
 
 deaf (def ), a. Wholly or partly without hear- 
 ing (the d., d. people ; a. as adder or post ; none 
 so d. as those that won't hear) ; insensible to 
 harmony, rhythm, &c. ; not giving ear to, un- 
 compliant, (turn a d. ear to) ; d. nut, with no 
 kernel ; d. &-dumb alphabet, language, &c, 
 signs for communication by the d. ; d.-mute, 
 d. & dumb person. Hence dea'fLY 2 adv., 
 dea*fNESS n. [OE diaf, com.-Teut. cf. Du. doof, 
 G taub, also Gk tuphlos blind] 
 
 deafen (de'fn), v.t. Deprive of hearing by 
 noise ; make (sound) inaudible by louder one ; 
 make (floor &c.) impervious to sound, [-en 6 ] 
 
 deal *, n. A great, pood, d., large, consider- 
 able, amount ; (slang) ad,=a great d. ; (same 
 phrases used adv.) to a large, considerable, 
 extent, (esp. with comparative or superl.) by 
 much, considerably. [OE dsel, com.-Teut. cf. 
 G teil part ; also cogn. w. dole] 
 
 deal 2 , v.t. & i. (dealt pr. delt), & n. Distri- 
 bute, give out, (gifts &c.) among several ; de- 
 liver as his share or deserts to person (esp. of 
 Providence &c. ; dealt him happiness, good 
 measure; of persons, esp. d. a blow, abs. or with 
 at, lit. & fig.) ; distribute cards to players for a 
 game or round (n., such distribution, player's 
 turn for it, as my d., or round played after it), 
 give (card, hand, &c.) to player ; associate with 
 (esp. neg. as refuse to d. with) ; do business with 
 person, in goods (n., slang, a bargain or transac- 
 tion ; also dishonest job) ; occupy oneself, grap- 
 ple by way of discussion or refutation, take 
 measures, with ; (with adv.) behave (d. honour- 
 ably, crueHy, esp. with or by person). Hence 
 dea'liNG 1 (l) n. [OE dxlan as prec. J 
 
 deal 3 , n. Piece of sawn fir or pine wood over 
 7 in. broad & 6 ft long, & not over 3 in. thick ; a 
 quantity of these ; fir or pine wood. [cogn. w. 
 OE thille thill, but f. LG cf. Du. deel, G diele] 
 
 dea'ler, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: player dealing 
 at cards ; trader, usu. in comb, as corn-d. [-er ] ] 
 
 deambulation, n., dea'mbulatory, a. 
 Walking, [f. L deambulatio, deambulatorius, 
 f. T>E(ambulare walk), -ation, -ory] 
 
 dean 1 , n. Head of cathedral or collegiate- 
 church chapter ; (also rural d.) clergyman in- 
 vested with jurisdiction or precedence over 
 division of archdeaconry ; (colleges) resident 
 fellow, or one of several, with disciplinary & 
 other functions; (foreign, Scotch, & modern 
 universities) president of a faculty ; = doyen. 
 [earlier sense one set over ten monks f. L (Vul- 
 gate &c.) decanus prob. f. decern ten] 
 
 dean 2 , dene, n. Vale (esp. in names ending 
 in -dean, -dene, -den). [OE denu, cogn. w. den] 
 
 dea'nepy, n. Office, house, of dean ; group 
 of parishes presided over by rural dean, [-ery] 
 
 dear, a., n., adv., & int. Beloved (often as 
 merely polite or even ironical form in talk, esp. 
 my d. sir, my d. Joyies, & now used at beginning 
 of most letters not intended to be markedly 
 business-like; as noun, d. or dearest, esp. in 
 voc, = d. one ; a d., esp. in coaxing formulae) ; 
 precious to ; one's cherished (for d. life, as 
 though life were at stake) ; high-priced, costly, 
 (as adv., sell, buy, pay, d. ; d. year, shop, in 
 which prices run high) ; hence dear'LY 2 adv., 
 deap'NESS n. (Int.) dear, dear!, dear me!, 
 oh de+r!, expressing surprise, distress, sym- 
 pathy, &c. [OE dtore, com.-Teut. cf. Du. dier 
 loved, diner costly, G teuer] 
 
 dearth (der-), n. Scarcity & dearness of food ; 
 scanty supply of. [ME derthe (prec, -th j )] 
 
 deap*y, -ie, n. (usu. voc). J)ear one. [-Y 3 ] 
 
 death (deth), n. Dying (die 2 the d. ; d.-bed, 
 on which one dies ; d.-rattle, sound in dying 
 person's throat ; d.-watch, kinds of insect whose 
 ticking portends d.) ; end of life (civil d., ceasing 
 to count as citizen by outlawry, banishment, 
 &c; catch one's d., i.e. fatal chill &c. ; d.-duties, 
 tax levied before property passes to heir ; d.- 
 rate, yearly number of dd. to 1000 of population ; 
 d.-trap, unwholesome or dangerous place) ; be- 
 ing killed or killing (field ofd., battlefield &c; 
 be the d. of, kill ; do, put, stone, &c, to d. ; war 
 to the d., d.-feud, till one kills or is killed ; it is, 
 we make it, d. to, d. is the penalty; be in at the d., 
 see fox killed, or fig. any enterprise ended ; be 
 d. on slang, skilful at killing game &c, or fig. at 
 doing anything ; sick unto, tired to, d.,io utmost 
 limit; d.-adder, kinds of venomous snake ; d.- 
 blow, mortal, lit. & fig. ; d.-warrant, for crimi- 
 nal's execution, abolition of custom &c) ; ceas- 
 ing to be, annihilation, personified power that 
 annihilates, (at d.'s door, soon to die ; d.'s-head, 
 skull as emblem of mortality, also kind of moth 
 with skull marked on back ; sure, pale, as d. ; 
 hold on like grim d. ; d. on rats, good rat-killer, 
 of dogs ; death !, archaic imprecation) ; being 
 dead (d.-mask, cast taken of dead person's face ; 
 eyes closed in d.) ; want of spiritual life ; Black 
 1)., (mod. name.transl. f. G, for) great pestilence 
 of Oriental Plague in Europe in 14th c Hence 
 dea'thLESS a., dea'thlessLY 2 adv., death - 
 lessNESS n., deathLiKE a. & adv., death- 
 ly 1 a.& adv., death ward(s) a. & adv. [OE 
 dtath, com.-Teut. cf. Du. dood, G tod, f. vb st. 
 dau- die 2 , -th cogn. w. L p.p. -tus] 
 
 d6b6.dc (F), n. Break-up of ice in river ; 
 (Geol.) sudden rush of water carrying along 
 blocks of stone and other debris ; confused 
 rush, rout, stampede. 
 
 debap*, v.t. (-rr-). Exclude from admission 
 or right (also d. person the crown &c.) ; (rare) 
 prevent, bar, (entrance &c). [f. 1430; F de"- 
 barrer, OF desbarer, LL debarrare, have al- 
 most contrary sense unbar ; cf. de- in defend] 
 
 debap'k, v.t. & i. - disembark. Hence de- 
 barkA'TiON n. [f. F dibarquer (de-, bark 3 )] 
 
 deba'se, v.t. Lower in quality, value, or 
 character ; adulterate (coin). Hence deba'se- 
 ment n. [de- + obs. base for abaseI 
 
 debatable, a. Questionable, subject to dis- 
 pute, (d. ground lit. or fig., for which parties 
 contend, borderland). [OF (foil., -a.ble)J 
 
 debate, v.t. & i., & n. Contest, fight for, 
 (long debated the victory) ; dispute about, dis- 
 cuss, (a question) ; hold argument, esp. in Par- 
 liament or public meeting (debating-society, for 
 gractice) ; consider, ponder, (t. & i.) ; hence de- 
 iatER J n. (N.) controversy, discussion, public 
 argument, [f. OF debatre & 13th-c. F debat (DE-. 
 Rom. battere fight)] 
 
 debauch (-tsh), v.t., & n. Pervert from virtue 
 or morality ; make intemperate or sensual ; se- 
 duce (woman) ; vitiate (taste, judgment) ; hence 
 debau'ch able a. (N. ) bout or habit of sensual 
 indulgence ; hence debau*chERY(4) n. [f. F 
 d6baucher entice from a master (de-, perh. 
 bauche workshop)] 
 
 debauchee (deboshe*), n. Viciously sensual 
 person, [f. F de'ba.uche' p.p. see prec, -ee] 
 
 debenture (-tsher), n. (Archaic or techn.) 
 voucher given to person supplying goods to 
 Royal Household or Government Office, en- 
 titling him to payment, Custom-House certi- 
 ficate to exporter of amount due to him as 
 drawback or bounty. (Ord. sense) sealed bond 
 of corporation or company acknowledging sum 
 on which interest is due till principal is repaid, 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de-. 
 
DEBILITATE 
 
 211 
 
 DECENT 
 
 esp. fixed interest constituting prior charge on 
 assets ; d.-stock, dd. consolidated or created as 
 stock whose nominal capital represents debt of 
 which interest only is secured as perpetual an- 
 nuity, [perh. (w. assim. to -ure) = L debentur 
 are due, as initial word of voucher] 
 
 debi'litate, v.t. Enfeeble (constitution &c). 
 [f. L debilitare, see foil., -ate 3 ] 
 
 debi'lity, n. Feebleness (of health, puBpose, 
 &c). [f. F dibiliti f. L debilitatem (debilis 
 
 WAftk -TV \ I 
 
 de'bit, n., & v.t. Entry in account of sum 
 owing ; side of account (left-hand) in which 
 these entries are made (cf . credit). ( Vb) charge 
 (person) with sum; enter (sum) against or to 
 person, [f. L debitum debt] 
 de'bonaip*, a. (archaic). Genial, pleasant, 
 unembarrassed, [f. OF debonaire = de bonne 
 aire of good disposition] 
 debo'shed, a. (Archaic for) debauched. 
 debouch (dlboo'sh), v.i. Issue from ravine, 
 wood, &c, into open ground (of troops ; also of 
 stream). SodeboirchMENTn. [f. F diboucher 
 (L dis- see de- + F bouche mouth)] 
 debris, de"-, (de'bre), n. Scattered frag- 
 ments, wreckage, drifted accumulation. [F 
 (d6-), f. obs. dibriser break down] 
 debt (det), n. Money, goods, or service, owing 
 (d. of honour, not legally recoverable, esp. of 
 sum lost in gambling ; d. of nature, death ; 
 National D., sum owed by State to persons who 
 have advanced money to it ; funded d. , the part 
 of this converted into fund of which interest 
 only is to be paid ; floating d., part of it repay- 
 able on demand, or at stated time ; small d., of 
 limited amount recoverable in County Court) ; 
 being under obligation to pay something (in, 
 out of, get into, d.or person's d.). [ME & OF 
 dette f. L debitum neut. p.p. of debere owe] 
 deb'top, n. One who owes money or an obliga- 
 tion or duty ; (Book-keeping) Debtor, Dr, head- 
 ing of left-hand or debit side of account. [ME 
 & OF dettour f. L debitorem (prec., -OR 2 )] 
 debut (F), n. First appearance in society, 1 or 
 on stage &c. as performer. 
 debutant (F), n. (f em. -ante). Male or female 
 performer before public for first time, 
 deea-, dec-, pref. f. Gk deka ten in many 
 technical terms as decagynous (Gk gune female) 
 with ten pistils, decahedral (Gk hedra base) 
 ten-sided, decandrous (Gk andr- male) with ten 
 stamens, decastyle (Gk -stulos) ten-columned 
 (portico) ; esp. in French metric system = ten of 
 the specified unit (cf. deci-), whence de'ea- 
 gTam(me), - 353 oz. avoird. ; de'ealitre 
 (-et€r), about 2| gal. ; de'eametpe, about 
 32 ft 9 in. 
 
 de'cade (-ad), de'cad, n. Set, series, of ten ; 
 ten years ; ten books (1-10, 11-20, &c. ) of Liv y. So 
 de'cadAL, deea*dic, aa. [13th-c. F (-e), f. L f. 
 G dekas -ad- f. deka ten, -ad, -ade(2)] 
 de'cadence, n., de'cadent, a. & n. Falling 
 away, declining, deteriorating, (used esp. of a 
 period of art or literature after culmination) ; 
 (literary slang) decadent, (writer or artist) af- 
 fecting certain vices, obscurities, & turgidities 
 of style, [f. F decadence f. med. L decadentia 
 (de-, Rom. cadere -L, cadere fall, -ence)] 
 de'cagon, n. Plane figure with ten sides and 
 angles. So deea'gonAi. a. [f. med. L deca- 
 igonum f. Gk -gono.t -angled)] 
 deea'leify, v.t. Deprive (bone &c.) of its lime. 
 
 [DE-] 
 
 de'calogue (-6g), n. The ten command- 
 ments. If. F decalogue f. L f. Gk dekalogos 
 (hoi deka logoi the ten words)] 
 
 deca'meron, n. Collection of tales like the 
 D. of Boccaccio (100 tales told by a company in 
 
 ten days), [f. It. DEC(amero?ie wrong form f. Gk 
 -aemeron in hexaemeron neut. adj. of six days] 
 deca'mp, v.i. Break up or leave camp ; go 
 away suddenly, take oneself off, abscond. So 
 deca*mp>iENT n. [f. Ydeeamper (de-.camp 1 )] 
 deca'nal, a. Of dean, deanery, or south side, 
 on which dean sits, of choir, [f. L decanus 
 dean + -al] 
 
 deca'ni, mus. direction. To be sung by de- 
 canal side in antiphonal singing (cf. cantoris). 
 [L genit. as prec] 
 
 deca'nt, v.t. Pour off (liquid of solution) by 
 
 gradual inclination of vessel withoutdisturbing 
 
 sediment; pour (wine) similarly from bottle into 
 
 decanter, [f. F decanter f. med. L DE(canthare 
 
 f. L f. Gk kanthos cant * used of lip of beaker)] 
 
 deca'n ten, n. Stoppered glass bottle inwhich 
 
 wine or spirit is brought to table, [-er x ] 
 
 deca'pitate, v.t. Behead (esp. as legal 
 
 punishment) ; cut the head or end from. So 
 
 deca'pitABLE a., decapitA'TioN n. [f. F 
 
 dicapiter f. LL T>E.(capitare f. caput -itis head)] 
 
 de'capod, n. Ten-footed crustacean, [f. F 
 
 dtcapode f. Gk deca(^ous -podos foot)] 
 
 decap'bonize, v.t. Deprive of its carbon or 
 
 carbonic acid, [de-] 
 
 decasylla'bic, a. & n., decasy 'liable, n. 
 & a. (Line) of ten syllables, [deca-] 
 decatho'licize, v.t. Divest of its catholic 
 character, [de-] 
 
 decay* 1 , v.i. & t. Deteriorate, lose quality, 
 decline in power, wealth, energy, beauty, &c. ; 
 rot (t. & i. ) ; cause to deteriorate. If. OF decair 
 f. Rom. DK(cadere for L cadere fall)] 
 decay 2 ,n. Decline, falling off; ruinous state, 
 wasting away (phonetic d., wearing down of 
 word-forms) ; break-up of health ; decomposi- 
 tion ; rotten tissue (remove the d.). [f. prec] 
 decea'se (-es), n., & v.i. (Esp. in legal and 
 formal use for) death, die, depart(ure) from life. 
 Hence decea*SED 1 (2) a. and n. [f. F dices f. 
 L DE(cessws n. f. cedere cess- go)] 
 decei't, n. Misrepresentation, deceiving ; 
 trick, stratagem ; the vice of deceitf ulness ; mis- 
 leading appearance. Hence decei'tFUL a., 
 deeei'tfulLY 2 adv., decei*tfulNESS n. [f. 
 OF deceite n. f. fern. p.p. of deceveir f. L de- 
 (cipere -cept- = capere take) deceive] 
 deeei*ve, v.t. & i. Persuade of what is false, 
 mislead, (d. oneself, juggle with one's own con- 
 victions, also be mistaken) ; use deceit ; dis- 
 appoint (esp. hopes). . So deeei*VABLE a., de- 
 cei'VER 1 n. [f. OF deceveir f. L as prec] 
 Deee'mbep, n. Twelfth month of year. [f. 
 OF deeembre f. L December (decern ten) orig. 
 tenth month of Roman year] 
 dece'mvip^.tpl.-rs.-riMRom.Hist^member 
 of board of ten acting as council or ruling power, 
 esp. that appointed 451 b. c. to draw up laws of 
 Twelve Tables ; member of any ruling body of 
 ten, as at Venice. So deee'mviPAL a., de- 
 demviPATE 1 n. [L, f. decern viri ten men] 
 de'eeney, n. Propriety of behaviour ; what 
 is required by good taste or delicacy ; avoidance 
 of obscene language & gestures & of undue ex- 
 posure of person ; respectability; the dd., de- 
 corous observances, requirements of a decent 
 life. \t. L decentia (decere be fitting, -ency)] 
 dece'nnapy, a. & n. (Of) period of ten years, 
 [f. L decennis (decern, annus) ten-year + -ary : ] 
 dece'nniad, dece'nnium (pi. -a), n. Ten- 
 year period, [-ad irreg. f. L (-um) f. decennis 
 (prec ) ; see -ad] 
 
 decennial, a. Of ten-year period ; recurring 
 
 in ten years. Hence dece'nnialLY 2 adv. [f. 
 
 L decennium see prec. + -al] 
 
 de'eent, a. Seemly, not immodest or obscene 
 
 or indelicate ; respectable ; passable, good 
 
DECENTRALIZE 
 
 212 
 
 DECLINE 
 
 enough, tolerable, -whence de*centiSH 1 (2) a.; 
 (school slang) kind, not severe or censorious. 
 Hence de'eentLY 2 adv. [f . L decere beseem, 
 
 -ENT] 
 
 decentralize, v.t. Undo the centralization 
 of ; confer local government on. Hence de- 
 eentralizA'TiON n. [de-] 
 deee'ption, n. Deceiving, being deceived ; 
 triek, sham. [f. F deception f. L deceptionem 
 (decipere see deceit, -ion)] 
 deee'ptive, a. Apt to deceive, easily mis- 
 taken. Hence deee'ptiveLY 2 adv., deee'p- 
 tiveNESS n. [f. F diceptif(vrec, -ive)] 
 deehpi'stianize (-stsha-), v.t. Divest of its 
 Christianity, [de-] 
 
 deci-, pref. shortened from L decimus tenth, 
 used (as did- in F) in French metric system in 
 sense k of specified unit. So de'cigpam(me), 
 decilitre (-eter), decimetre, nn. 
 deci'de, v.t. & i. Settle (question, issue, dis- 
 pute) by giving victory to one side ; give judg- 
 ment {between, for, in favour of, against, or 
 abs.) ; bring, come, to a resolution {that decides 
 me ; d. to do, on, for, or against doing). Hence 
 deei'dABLE a. [f. F didder f . L DK(cidere cis- = 
 caedere cut)] 
 
 deci'ded, a. In v.bl senses ; also : definite, 
 unquestionable, {a d. difference) ; (of persons) of 
 clear opinions or vigorous initiative, not vacil- 
 lating. Hence deci'dedLY 2 adv. [-ed l ] 
 deci'dep, n. In vbl senses ; also, (Racing) heat 
 in which tie is run off. [-ER *] 
 deci'duous, a. Shed periodically or normally 
 (of leaves, teeth, horns, &c); shedding its leaves 
 annually ; shedding its wings after copulation 
 (of ants &c); fleeting, transitory, [f. hdeciduus 
 f. DK{ddere = cadere fall) + -ous] 
 deci'llion, n. Tenth power of million (1 with 
 60 ciphers). Hence deei'llionTH 2 a. & n. [f. L 
 decern ten & million, see billion] 
 decimal, a. & n. Of tenths or ten, proceed- 
 ing by tens, {d. numeration, ordinary counting- 
 system with ten for basis, reckoned by decades ; 
 d. system, of weights and measures, with de- 
 nominations rising by tens ; d. notation, by the 
 Arabic figures ; d. arithmetic, using this nota- 
 tion, also in narrower sense that, also called 
 dd., treating of d. fractions ; d. fraction or d., 
 one whose denominator is a power of ten, esp. 
 when expressed by figures written to right of 
 the d. point or dot placed after the unit figure, 
 & denoting tenths, hundredths, &c, according 
 to their place ; nECunring d. ; d. coinage) ; of 
 d. coinage, whence de*eimaliST(2) n. Hence 
 de*eimalizE(3) v.t.,deeimalizA*TioN n.,de*- 
 eimalLY 2 adv. [f. med. hdecimalisf. hdedma 
 tithe, but treated as f. L decimus tenth, -al] 
 de'eimate, v.t. Put to death one in ten of 
 (mutinous or cowardly soldiers) ; destroy tenth 
 or large proportion of (esp. of epidemic or other 
 visitation). So deeimATiON n. [f. L dedmare 
 take the tenth man {decimus), see -ate 3 ] 
 deei'phep (dl-), v.t., & n. Turn into ordinary 
 writing or make out with key (thing written in 
 cipher) ; make out meaning of (bad writing, 
 hieroglyphics, anything perplexing) ; (n.) inter- 
 pretation of cipher document. Hence deei*- 
 phePABLE a., deei'phePMENT n. [de] 
 deci'sion (-izhn), n. Settlement (of question 
 &c), conclusion, formal judgment; making up 
 one's mind, resolve : resoluteness, decided char- 
 acter. [F (de"-), f. L decisionem (decide, -ion)] 
 deci'sive, a. Deciding, conclusive, (esp. d. 
 &a££Ze);=DECiDEB {d. character, d. superiority). 
 Hence deci*siveLY 2 adv., deci'siveNESS n. 
 [f. med. L decisivus (decide, -ive)] 
 
 deci'vilize, v.t. Divest of civilization, [de-] 
 deck i, n. Platform of planks or wood-covered 
 iron extending from side to side of ship or part 
 of it (in large ships main, middle, lower, dd., 
 also upper or spar d. above main, & orlop be- 
 low lower ; poop & forecastle dd., short ones in 
 stern & bow); clear 2 the dd.; d.-chair, camp- 
 stool, also long-armed reclining chair, used in 
 passenger steamers ; d.-house, room erected on 
 d. Iperh. as foil. f. MDu., but found in E 160 
 years earlier than the corresp.Du.in same sense] 
 deck 2 , v.t. Array, adorn; furnish with, cover 
 as, a d. [prob. f. MDu. deken cover f. OTeut. 
 thakjan whence also OE thxc thatch] 
 deckle, n. Contrivance in papermaking- 
 machine for limiting size of sheet (d. -edge, rough 
 uncut edge), [f. G deckel dim. of decke coverj 
 declai'm, v. i. & t. Speak rhetorically (often 
 against, = inveigh), practise speaking or reci- 
 tation ; deliver impassioned rather than rea- 
 soned speech ; utter rhetorically. Hence de- 
 elai'itiER 2 n. [earlier declame f . L T>E(clamare 
 cry out) w. assim. to claim] 
 declamation, n. Act or art of declaiming ; 
 rhetorical exercise, set speech ; impassioned 
 speech, harangue. So decla'matORV a. [f. L 
 declaniatio (prec, -ation)] 
 declap'ant, n. One who makes legal declara- 
 tion, [f. L declarare declare, -ant] 
 declaration, n. Stating, announcing; posi- 
 tive, emphatic, solemn, or legal assertion, an- 
 nouncement, or proclamation {d. of war, before 
 beginning hostilities, not now usual ; d. of 
 the poll, of vote-totals of election-candidates) ; 
 manifesto, written announcement of inten- 
 tions, terms of agreement, &c. (D. of indul- 
 gence ; D. of rights ; D. of Independence, of 
 4th July 1776 by N.-Amer. British colonies; D. of 
 Paris, in 1856 on belligerent and neutral mari- 
 time law) ; (Law) plaintiff's statement of claim, 
 affirmation in lieu of oath, Custom-House state- 
 ment (see foil.), [f. L declaratio (foil., -ation)] 
 declare*, v.t. & i. Make known, proclaim 
 publicly, formally, or explicitly, (d. war, a divi- 
 dend) ; pronounce (person &c.) to be something, 
 as d. him (to be) an enemy to humankind ; d. 
 oneself, avow intentions, reveal character ; d. 
 for, against, side with, against ; d. off, break 
 off (bargain Sec, or abs.); (Customs) name 
 (dutiable goods) as in one's possession. Hence 
 or cogn. decla'PATivE, deela'patORY, aa., 
 decla'pativeLY 2 , declap'edLY 2 , advv. [f. 
 F declarer f. L T>E(clarare f. clarus clear)] 
 declasse (deklavsa), a. (fern. -6e). That has 
 lost caste or sunk in social scale. [F] 
 declension, n. Deviation from upright- 
 ness &c. ; deterioration, decay; (Gram.) case- 
 inflexion, one of the noun-classes distinguished 
 by their different methods of case-i nflexion, de- 
 clining, [irreg. f. L r>E(clinatio f. -clinare cf. Gk 
 Mind bend, -ation) ; perh. thr. F diclinaison & 
 a form declin'son corresp. to venison] 
 declina'tion, n. Downward bend ; ( Astron. ) 
 angular distance of star &c. north or south of 
 celestial equator, celestial latitude ; (Compass) 
 deviation of needle from true N. & S. .variation. 
 Hence deelina'tionAL a. [f. OF diclinacion 
 f. L declinationem see prec] 
 deeli'ne 1 , v.i. & t. Slope downwards (usu. 
 intr.) ; bend, droop, (i., & also t. as with head 
 declined, declines its blossoms) ; (of day, life, 
 &c.) draw to close ; sink morally (d. on, descend 
 to) ; fall off, decay, decrease, deteriorate ; turn 
 away from, refuse, (discussion, challenge, bat- 
 tle ; d. to do, doing, to be treated in such a way); 
 say one cannot accept (invitation &c, or abs. ; 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de-. 
 
DECLINE 
 
 d. with thanks iron., reject scornfully) : (Gram.) 
 inflect, recite the cases of, whence deeli'nABLE 
 a. [f. F d^cliner f. L, see declension ; de- in 
 the L wd = away, in the E chiefly down\ 
 
 decli'ne 2 , n. Sinking, gradual loss of vigour 
 or excellence, decay, deterioration ; phthisis, 
 consumption ; fall in price ; setting, last part 
 of course, (of sun, life, &c). [f. F declin 1. de- 
 cliner see prec] 
 
 deelino'metep, n. Instrument for measur- 
 ing magnetic declination, [irreg. f. L declinare 
 see declension + -meter] 
 
 deelrvity, n. Downward slope, [f. L decli- 
 vitas f. DE(clivis f. clivus slope) + -tyJ 
 
 deeli'vous, a. Sloping down (esp. in Zool. of 
 profile), [f. L declivus, -is, see prec, + -ous] 
 
 deco'ction, n. Boiling down so as to extract 
 essence ; liquor resulting. [OF, f. L de(coc- 
 tioneml. coquere coct- hoil, -ion)] 
 
 decollate, v.t. Behead, truncate (p.p., of 
 spiral shell without apex). So deeollA'TiON n. 
 [L VE(collare f. collum neck), -ate 3 ] 
 
 deco'llete (de-, -ta), a. (fern. -ie). Low-necked 
 (of dress) ; wearing low-necked dress. [F] 
 
 deeo'lo(u)pize (kul-), v.t. Deprive of colour. 
 Hence deeo*lo(u)pizATiON, deeo'lo(u)piz- 
 er 1 (2), nn. [de-, colour 1 , -ize(3)] 
 
 decomplex (-ko-), a. Doubly complex, hav- 
 ing complex parts, [de-] 
 
 decompo'se, v.t. & i. Separate into its ele- 
 ments (substance, light, &c.) ; analyse (thought, 
 motive) ; rot (t. & i. ). Hence deeompo'SABLE 
 a., decompo*SER 1 (2), decoMPOSiTiON, nn. [f. 
 F decomposer (de-, compose)] 
 
 deco'mposite (-I-, -I-), a. & n. (Substance, 
 word, &c. ) made by compounding a compound 
 with another element, further composite, [f. LL 
 decompositus transl. of Gk parasunthetos used 
 of words derived from compounds ; seeDE-] 
 
 de'compound (-ko-), a. & n. = decomposite 
 (esp. in Bot.). [de-] 
 
 deco'nsecpate, v.t. Secularize, [de-] 
 
 de'corate, v.t. Furnish with adornments 
 (esp. church with flowers &c.) ; serve as adorn- 
 ment to ; invest with order, medal, &c. ; de- 
 corated as adj. or n., (of) third English style 
 of architecture. Hence de'eopatiVE a. [f. L 
 decorare (decus -oris beauty), -ate 3 ] 
 
 decora*tion, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : (pi.) 
 flags, "wreaths, Sec, put up on occasion of public 
 rejoicing; medal, star, &c, worn as honour, 
 [f. L decoratio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 de'coratop, n. In vbl senses; esp., trades- 
 man who papers, paints, &c, houses, [-or 2 ] 
 
 decop'ous, a. Xot offending against good 
 taste or propriety, dignified and decent. Hence 
 decop'ousLY 2 adv. [f . L decor us {decor f . de- 
 cere be fit, -or 1 ) + -ous] 
 
 decop'um, n. Seemliness, propriety, eti- 
 quette ; particular usage required by politeness 
 or decency. [L, neut. adj. as prec] 
 
 decoy, n., & v.t. (Entice, esp. by help of 
 trained bird &c, into) pond with narrow netted 
 arms into which wild duck may be temptGd and 
 caught ; allure into, out of, away, &c , ensnare ; 
 bird &c trained to entice others ; (also d.-duck) 
 swindler's confederate, tempter; bait, entice- 
 ment, [earlier coy f, Du. kooi f. W6 cawia 
 f. L cave'a cage 1 ;'de- unexplained (duck-coy, 
 n. & v., is early, but not earliest, E form)] 
 
 dec pea's e, v.i. & t., decrease, n. Lessen, 
 diminish, (i. & t.) ; hence deepea'singXY 2 
 adv. (N.) diminution, lessening, [vb f. OF des- 
 C7*eiss- part. St., n. f. OF descreis- vb St., of des- 
 creistre f. (Rom. dls-) L DE(cre.s'cere cret- grow)] 
 
 decree*, n., & v.t. Ordinance or edict set 
 forth by authority; decision (in other courts 
 caXLedjudgjyiejU) in Admiralty cases, (in Divorce 
 
 213 DEED 
 
 cases) order declaring nullity or dissolution or 
 giving judicial separation (d. nisi, order for 
 divorce unless cause to the contrary is shown 
 within a period, at least six months) ; will, as 
 shown by result, of God, Providence, Nature, 
 &c ; (vb) ordain by d. [f. OF decree f. L DE(c/-e- 
 tum neut. p.p. of cernere sift) thing decided] 
 
 de'erement, n. Decrease, amount lost by 
 diminution or waste, (esp. as scientific term 
 opp. increment), [f. L dtcrementum, (de- 
 crease, -MENT)] 
 
 decpe'pit, a. Wasted, worn out, enfeebled 
 with age & infirmities, (of persons or institu- 
 tions). So decpe'piTUDE n. [f. F decrepit f . L 
 DE{crepitus p.p. of crepare creak)] 
 
 deer e'pit ate, v.t. & i. Calcine (mineral or 
 salt) till it ceases to crackle in fire ; crackle 
 under heat. Hence decpepitA'TiON n. [de-, 
 L crepitare frequent, of crepare creak] 
 
 </ecresce*nc/o(dakresh-). =DiMiNUENDO.[It.] 
 
 decpe'seent, a. Waning, decreasing, (usu. 
 of moon), ff. L decrescens (decrease, -ent)] 
 
 decpe'tal, n. Papal decree ; (pi.) collection 
 of these, forming part of canon law. [f. F di- 
 crital f. L decretalis (letter) of decree, -al] 
 
 decry", v.t. Disparage, cry down. [f. F di- 
 crier (de-, cry 2 )] 
 
 de'euman, *. Especially large or powerful 
 (usu. of wave lit. or fig.), [f. L decu-, decimanus, 
 used of main gate of camp where tenth cohort 
 was quartered (decimus tenth, -an)] 
 
 decu'mbent, a. (bot. & zool.). Lying along 
 ground or body (of plant, shoot, bristles), [f. L 
 T>E(cumbere lie), -ent] 
 
 de'cuple, a., n., & v.t. & i. Tenfold (amount) ; 
 (vb) multiply by ten. [F (de"-), f. L decuplus 
 (decent ten, -plus cf. duplus double)] 
 
 decu'ssate, a. (-at), & v.t. & i. (-at). X- 
 shaped, intersecting ; (Bot.) with pairs of oppo- 
 site shoots, each at right angles to pair below ; 
 (Rhet.) chiastic (Yb) arrange in these ways ; 
 intersect; hence decussATiON n. [f. L de- 
 cussare (decussis number ten, X), -ate 2 > 3 ] 
 
 de'dicate, v.t. Devote with solemn rites 
 (to God or to sacred use ; of church &c esp. 
 without certain forms necessary for legally 
 consecrating ground or buildings) ; give up (to 
 special purpose) ; inscribe (book &c) to patron 
 or friend. So de'dicatoR 2 , dedieatEE*, nn., 
 de'dieativE, de'dicatORY, aa. [f. L DE(di- 
 care declare), -ate 3 ] 
 
 dedication, n. In vbl senses ; also, dedi- 
 catory inscription on building &c or in book, 
 [f. OF dedication f. ~Ldedicationem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 dedu'ee, v.t. Bring down (annals Szc)from 
 or to a time ; trace descent of (person &c )from ; 
 infer, draw as conclusion, from. So dedu'e- 
 ible a. [f. L T>K(ducere duct- lead)] 
 
 dedu'et, v.t. Take away, put aside, (amount, 
 portion, &c, subtract being now used of num- 
 bers) from (or abs.). [f. L deduct- see prec] 
 
 dedu'etion, n. Deducting; amount de- 
 ducted ; deducing, inference from general to 
 particular, a priori reasoning, (cf. induction) ; 
 thing deduced, [f. L deductio (deduce, -ion)] 
 
 dedu'etive, a. Of, reasoning by, deduction, 
 a priori. Hence dedu'ctiveLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 deductivus (deduce, -ive)] 
 
 dee, n. Letter D ; D-shaped harness-ring. 
 
 deed, n. Thing done intentionally; brave, 
 skilful, or conspicuous act; actual fact, per- 
 formance, (in icord & d. ; in d. & not in name, 
 whence indeed ; in very d.) ; (Law) written or 
 printed instrument effecting legal disposition 
 & sealed & delivered by disposing party (in 
 practice now always signed also but not always 
 delivered) ; d.-poll, deed made & executed by 
 one party only (paper polled or cut even, not 
 
DEEM 
 
 214 
 
 DEFENSIVE 
 
 indented). Hence dee'dLESS a. [OE dsed cf. 
 Du. daad, G tat, cogn. w. do x J 
 
 deem, v.t. Believe, consider, judge, count, 
 (abs. in parenthesis, as it teas, I deemed, time 
 to go ; d. highly of, have high opinion of ; d. it 
 one's didy ; xvas deemed sufficient, to suffice ; 
 deemed that this would do). [OE diman com.- 
 Teut. f. OTeut. domjan f. domoz doom] 
 
 dee'mstep, n. One of two justices of Isle of 
 Man. [prec, -ster] 
 
 deep \ a. Going far down from top (d. hole, 
 water, draught, drink, drinker, gaming, game- 
 s£er);going farin fromsurface or edge(d.iuound, 
 shelf, border ; d. mourning, expressed by wide 
 crape &c. ; d. plunge; d. reader, thinker) ; hard 
 to fathom, profound, not superficial, penetrat- 
 ing, (d. dissimulation ; a d. one slang, cunning 
 or secretive ; the deeper causes ; d. learning, 
 study ; d. influence ; d. insight) ; heartfelt, ab- 
 sorbing, absorbed, (d. feelings, interest, curses ; 
 d. in a pursuit, dead to everything else) ; in- 
 tense, vivid, extreme, heinous, (d. disgrace, 
 sleep, night, sin, colour ; d.-red, &c.) ; going or 
 placed (so) far down, back, or in (water 6 ft d. ; 
 ankle-d. in mud ; draum up six d. ; ship d. in 
 the water, hands d. in pockets ; d. in debt ; d. in 
 the human heart, fully versed in it) ; brought 
 from far down (d. sigh) ; not shrill, low-pitched, 
 full-toned, (note, bell, voice ; d.-mouthed, of dog). 
 Hence deepEN 6 v.t. & i., dee'pLY 2 adv., 
 dee'p.MOST a., (rare, for depth) dee'pxEss n. 
 [OE diop, ddop, com. -Teut. cf. Du. diep, G tief, 
 cogn. w. dip] 
 
 deep 2 , n. The d. (poet,), the sea; (usu. pi.) 
 d. part(s) of the sea ; abyss, pit, cavity ; myste- 
 rious region of thought or feeling, [as prec. 
 (neut. adj. in OE)] 
 
 deep 3 , adv. Deeply, far in, (read d. into the 
 night ; still waters run d., real feeling or know- 
 ledge not showy) ; esp. in comb, as d.-drawn (of 
 sighs), d.-laid (of scheme, secret & elaborate), 
 d.-rooted (esp. of prejudice), d.-seated (of emo- 
 tion or disease). fOE diope, diope, deep 1 )] 
 
 dee'ping-, n. Section, one fathom deep, of 
 fishing-net. [-ing 3 ] 
 
 deep, n. (collect, sing. usu. for pi.). Kinds of 
 ruminant quadruped with deciduous branching 
 horns (small d., insignificant animals or things 
 collectively, cf. King Lear in. iv. 144) ; d.- 
 hound, large rough greyhound ; d.-forest, wild 
 land reserved for stalking d. ; d.-lick, spring or 
 damp spot impregnated with salt &c. where d. 
 come to lick; d.-neck, horse's thin neck; d.'s- 
 foot, a fine grass ; deerskin, (made of) d.'s skin ; 
 d.-stalker, sportsman stalking d., low-crowned 
 close-fitting cap. [OE dior, dbor, beast, quad- 
 ruped, com. -Teut. cf. Du. dier, G tier] 
 
 defa'ce, v.t. Mar appearance or beauty of, 
 disfigure ; discredit ; make illegible. Hence 
 defa'eeABLE a., defa'eeMENT n. [f. obs. F 
 defacer (de-, face *)] 
 
 cfe fa'cto, a. & adv. In fact, whether bv right 
 (de jure) or not (king d.f, the d.-f. king). [L] 
 
 defalcate, v.i. Commit defalcations, mis- 
 appropriate property in one's charge. So de- 
 falcatOR 2 n . [f. med. L DE(/a7care lop f. L 
 falx -els scythe), -ate 3 ] 
 
 defalcation, n. Defection, shortcoming ; 
 fraudulent deficiency of money owing to breach 
 of trust, misappropriation, amount misappro- 
 priated, [f. med. L defalcatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 defa-me, v.t. Attack the good fame of, 
 speak ill of. So defam ation n., defa'ma- 
 tORY a. [f . OF diffamer f . L diffamare spread 
 abroad (dis-, fama report), see de- ; there are 
 also LL defamis, -atus, infamous] 
 
 defau'lt 1 , n. Want, absence, (in d. of, if or 
 since such a thing is wanting) ; failure to act 
 or appear, neglect, (make d. ; judgment by d., 
 given for plaintiff on defendant's failure to 
 plead) ; failure to pay, defaulting, [f. OF de- 
 faute f. defaillir see foil. & cf. fault] 
 
 defau'lt 2 , v.i. & t. Make, be guilty of, d. ; 
 fail to appear in court ; not meet money calls, 
 break ; hence defau'ltER 1 n. Declare (party) 
 in d. & give judgment against him. [f. OF de- 
 faillir (3 sing, default) f. de-, Lfallere deceive] 
 
 defeasance (-fez-), n. Rendering null & 
 void. [f. OF defesance f. desfaire undo (de-, L 
 facere do), -ance] 
 
 defeasible (-fez-), a. Capable of annulment, 
 liable to forfeiture. Hence defeasiBruTY n. 
 [as prec, -ible] 
 
 defea't, v.t., & n. Frustrate, frustration ; 
 (Law) annul(ment) ; (archaic) disappoint of; 
 overthrow (v. & n.) in contest esp. in battle, 
 [n. prob. f. vb, which is f. OF defeit p.p. of des- 
 faire see defeasance] 
 
 defea'ture (-tsher), v.t. Make unrecogniz- 
 able, [f. obs. noun f. OF desfaiture (prec, -ure)] 
 
 de'fecate, v.t. Clear of dregs, refine, purify, 
 (lit. & fig.) ; get rid of (dregs, excrement, sin). 
 Hence defecA'TioN, def eeatOR 2 (2), nn. [f. 
 L DE(/eceire f . faex -cis dregs), -ate 3 ] 
 
 defe'et, n. Lack of something essential to 
 completeness; shortcoming, failing, (has the dd. 
 of his qualities, the particular ones that often 
 accompany his particular virtues) ; blemish ; 
 amount by which thing falls short, [f. L defec- 
 tus n. f. DE(ficere feet- = facere do) desert, fail] 
 
 defe'etion, n. Falling away from allegiance 
 to leader, party, religion, or duty, desertion, 
 apostasy, [f. L defectio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 defective, n. Having defect(s), incomplete, 
 faulty, wanting or deficient (in some respect) ; 
 (Gram.) not having all the usual inflexions. 
 Hence defe'etiveLY 2 adv., defieetiveNESs 
 n. [f. F defectiff. L defectivus as prec, -ive] 
 
 defe'nee, n. Defending from, resistance a- 
 gainst, attack (cf. offence ; best d. is offence, 
 advantage goes with the initiative ; in cricket, 
 guarding of one's wicket, also battingas opposed 
 to bowling; science or art of d., boxing or fenc- 
 ing); (Mil., pi.) fortifications (also line of d., 
 series of fortified posts) ; thing that protects ; 
 justification, vindication, speech or writing 
 used to this end ; (Law) accused party's denial, 
 pleading, & proceedings. Hence defe'nee- 
 less a., defe'ncelessLY 2 adv., defe'nee- 
 lessNESS n. [f. OF defens f. L defensum neut. 
 thing forbidden, & OF defense f. L defensa fern 
 used as noun cf. -ade(1), both p.p. see foil.] 
 
 defend, v.t. & i. Forbid, avert, (archaic 
 still in God d. !) ; ward off attack from, keep 
 safe, protect ; uphold by argument, vindicate 
 speak or' write in favour of; (Law) make de 
 fence in court (d. oneself, conduct one's own 
 defence), (of counsel) appear for defendant 
 conduct defence of. [f. OF defendre f. L de 
 (fendere -fens- fend)] 
 
 defendant, n. Person sued in law-suit (cf. 
 plaintiff), [f. ¥ defendant part, (prec, -ant)] 
 
 defe'ndep, n. One who defends ; D. of the 
 Faith,tiWe of Eng. Sovereigns from Henry VIII, 
 who received it from Pope for writing against 
 Luther, [f. OF def endeorf.~Rom. *defcnditorem 
 (defend, -or 2 )] 
 
 defensible, a. Easily defended (in war or 
 argument), justifiable. Hence defe'nsiBiTJTY 
 n., defe'nsibLY 2 adv. [f. L defensibilis (de- 
 fend, -ible)] 
 
 defe'nsive, a. & n. Serving, used, done, for 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de- 
 
DEFER 
 
 215 
 
 DEGRADE 
 
 defence, protective, not aggressive ; hence de- 
 fe'nsiveLY 2 adv. (N.) state or position of 
 defence (esp. be, stand, act, on the a. [f. F di- 
 fensif f. med. L defensivus (defend, -ive)] 
 
 defer* l , v.t. & i. (-rr-). Put off, postpone, (de- 
 ferred annuity ; defe?-red pay, part of esp. 
 soldier's pay held over to be paid at discharge 
 or death ; deferred share *s); procrastinate, be 
 dilatory. Hence defep'MENT n. [ME differ- 
 ren f. OF diffbrer f. L mw(ferre carry)] 
 
 defer* 2 , v.i. (-rr-). Submit or make conces- 
 sions in opinion or action to (person), [f. F de- 
 ferer f. L DE(ferre bring)] 
 
 de'ferenee, n. Compliance with advice &c. 
 of one superior in wisdom or position ( pay Sec. d. 
 to) ; respect, manifestation of desire to comply,- 
 courteous regard, (in d. to, out of respect for 
 authority of). So defere'ntiAL a., deleren*- 
 tialLY 2 adv. [f. F deference (prec, -ence)] 
 
 de*fepent, a. (Physiol.) conveying to a des- 
 tination (of ducts &c); (rare for) deferential, 
 [first sense (f . F or direct) f. L deferens part, of 
 de( ferre carry); second f. defer 2 , -ent] 
 
 defranee, n. Challenge to fight or maintain 
 cause, assertion, &c; open disobedience, setting 
 at nought, (bid d. to, set at d., in d. of). [OF 
 
 (DEFY, -ANCE)] 
 
 defrant, a. Openly disobedient ; rejecting 
 advances, suspicious and reserved. Hence de- 
 fi'antLY 2 adv. [f. F defiant (defy, -ant)] 
 
 deficiency (-ishn-),n. Being deficient; want, 
 lack ; thing wanting ; amount by which thing, 
 esp. revenue, falls short, [f. LL defidentia 
 (deficere see defect, -ency)] 
 
 defi'cient (-ishnt), a. Incomplete, defective; 
 insufficient in quantity, force, &c; half-witted. 
 Hence defi*eientLY 2 adv. [f. L deficiens (de- 
 ficere see defect, -ent)] 
 
 deficit (de-, de-), n. Amount by which esp. 
 sum of money is too small ; excess of liabilities 
 over assets, [f. F deficit f . L deficit 3 sing. pres. 
 of deficere see defect] 
 
 de frde, pred. a. Required to be held as 
 article of faith. [L] 
 
 defi'ep, n. One who defies, [defy, -er 1 ] 
 
 defila'de, v.t., & n. Secure (fortification) 
 against enfilading fire ; (n.) this precaution or 
 arrangement (also defilement), [n. f. vb, f. F di- 
 filer unthread, -ade] 
 
 defi'le \ v.i., de'file, n. March by files, in 
 file ; (n.) narrow way through which troops can 
 only march so, gorge, [f. F defiler & defitt p.p. 
 (de-, file file 3 )] 
 
 defrle 2 , v.t. Make dirty, befoul; pollute, 
 corrupt ; desecrate, profane ; make ceremoni- 
 ally unclean. Hence defi'leMENT n. (see de- 
 filade), [earlier defoul f. OF def outer trample 
 (de-, L fullo fuller, f . treading of cloth in full- 
 ing), altered on anal, of E vbs befoul & obs. befile 
 in same sense f. OE fylan f. ful foul] 
 
 defi'ne, v.t. Settle limits of ; make clear, 
 esp. in outline (well-defined image ; d. one's po- 
 sition, state it precisely) ; set forth essence of, 
 declare exact meaning of, (also abs., frame de- 
 finitions); (of properties) make up total charac- 
 ter of. Hence defi'nABLE a. [f. OF definer 
 (now displaced by correct difinir, which would 
 have given E definish)t ~Lt>e( finirei. finis end)] 
 
 definite, a. With exact limits ; determinate, 
 distinct, precise, not vague ; (Gram.) d. inflex- 
 ions, those of German and early E adjj. used 
 after d. article & similar wds ; d. article, the ; 
 past or preterite d., simple past tense in French, 
 as il vint he came. Hence de'finiteLY 2 adv., 
 de'finiteNESS n. [f. L definitus p.p. see prec] 
 
 defini'tion, n. Stating the precise nature 
 of a thing or meaning of a word ; form of words 
 in which this is done ; making or being distinct, 
 
 degree of distinctness, in outline (esp. of image 
 given by lens or shown in photograph). [OF 
 (-cion), f. L de( finitio f. finire f. finis end, -ion)] 
 
 defi*nitive,a. Decisive, unconditional, final, 
 (of answer, treaty, verdict, &c). Hence defi*- 
 nitiveLY 2 adv. If. OF definitif f . L definitivus 
 (prec, -ive)] 
 
 deflagrate, v.t. & i. Burn away with rapid 
 flame. Hence deflagPATiON, de'flagpat- 
 or 2 (2), nn. [f . L DK(flagrare blaze), -ate 3] 
 
 defia'te, v. t. Let inflating air &c. out of (pneu- 
 matic tyre &c). Hence defla'tiON n. [f. L 
 de fi are blow away (w. changed sense), -ate 3 ] 
 
 deflect, v.t. &i. Bend aside or (rarely) down, 
 (make) deviate. Hence defleetOR 2 (2) n. [f. L 
 v>E(flectere flex- bend)] 
 
 defle'xion, -ction, n. Lateral or do wn ward 
 bend, deviation, (lit. & fig • in Electr. & Magn., 
 of needle from its zero). [f.L deflex- (prec, -ion)] 
 
 deflopa'tion, n. Deflowering. [OF (-ciow) f. 
 L deflorationem (foil., -ation)] 
 
 deflowep(dlflowr - ),v.t. Deprive of virginity, 
 ravish ; ravage, spoil ; strip of flowers, [f. OF 
 desflorer f. L DEflorare (fios floris flower)] 
 
 de'fluent, a. & n. Down-flowing (part ; e. g. 
 lower end of glacier), [f. L de( fluere flow), -ent] 
 
 defo'pest, v.t. = disforest, [f. OF des- 
 forester\ 
 
 defop'm, v.t. Make ugly, deface ; put out of 
 shape, misshape, (esp. in p.p. of person with 
 misshapen body or limb), [f. OF deformer f. L 
 T>E(formare f. forma shape)] 
 
 defo-pma'tion, n. Disfigurement; change 
 for the worse (esp. as opponent's name for Re- 
 formation); perverted form of word (dang for 
 damn &c); (Physics) changed shape of. [f. L 
 deformatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 defop'mity, n. Being deformed, ugliness, 
 disfigurement, (physical or moral) ; a malforma- 
 tion esp. of body or limb. [f. OF (-U) f. L defor- 
 mitatem f. HE(formis f. forma shape), -ty] 
 
 defpau'd, v.t. Cheat (person, person of, or 
 abs.). [f. OF defrauder (de-, L fraudare f. 
 fratis -dis fraud)] 
 
 defray, v.t. Settle, discharge by payment, 
 (cost, expense). Hence def pay 'able a., de- 
 fpay*AL(2) n. [f. F defrayer (de-, frai sing, of 
 frais expenses perh. =LL fredum fine f. OHG 
 fridu, Gfriede, peace)] 
 
 defpo'ck, v.t. = UNFROCK. 
 
 deft, a. Dextrous, skilful, handling things 
 neatly. Hence de'ftLY 2 adv., de'ftNESS n. 
 [var. of daft] 
 
 defu'net, a. Dead (the d. , way of mentioning 
 a particular dead person), no longer existing, 
 [f. L BE(functus p.p. of fungi perform) dead] 
 
 defy, v.t. Challenge to combat or competi- 
 tion (archaic or facet.); challenge to do or prove 
 something ; resist openly, set at nought ; (of 
 things) present insuperable obstacles to (defies 
 definition, capture, attack, &c). [f. OF defier 
 f; Rom. *T>is(Jidare trust i.fid us faithful)] 
 
 degage (F), a. (fern. -be). Easy, unconstrained. 
 
 degenerate l (at), a. & n. Having lost qua- 
 lities proper to race, sunk from former excel- 
 lence; (Biol.) having reverted to lower type; 
 hence dege'nePACY n. (N.) d. person or ani- 
 mal, [f. L p.p. see foil., -ate 2 ] 
 
 degenerate 2 , v.i. Become d. (see prec). 
 [f. L degenerare, f. j>E(gener f. genus -eris race) 
 ignoble, -ate 3 ] 
 
 degenepa'tion, n. Becoming degenerate; 
 (Path.) morbid disintegration of tissue or 
 change in its structure (esp. fatty d. of heart). 
 [f. F ae'ge'ne'ration (prec, -ion)] 
 
 degluti'tion (-gloo-), n. Swallowing, [f. F 
 deglutition f. L DE(glutire swallow), -ion) 
 
 degpa-de, v.t. & i. Reduce to lower rank ; 
 
DEGREE 
 
 216 
 
 DELICACY 
 
 depose as punishment; lower in estimation, 
 debase morally, whence degpa'diNG 2 a.; re- 
 duce (Biol.) to lower organic type, (Physics) to 
 less convertible form (energy), (Geol.) to dis- 
 integration (rocks &c.) ; degenerate ; (Camb. 
 Univ.) put off entering for honours examina- 
 tion for a year beyond regular time. So de- 
 gpadA'noN n. [f. OF degrader f. LL DEgra- 
 dare (gradus step)] 
 
 degree*, n. Step (as) of staircase (archaic ; 
 perh. so in S Kings xx. 9, & in Psalm-title Song 
 of Dd.) ; thing placed like step in series, tier, 
 row ; stage in ascending or descending scale 
 or process (by dd., gradually) ; step in direct 
 genealogical descent (prohibited dd., number 
 of these too low to allow of marriage, i. e. first, 
 second, & third, reckoning from one party up 
 to common ancestor & down to the other) ; 
 social or official rank ; relative condition (each 
 good in its d.) ; stage in intensity or amount (to 
 a high or the last d., also colloq. in latter sense 
 to a d.; in law, principal in the first, second, 
 d.) ; academic rank conferred as guarantee of 
 proficiency, or (honorary d.) on distinguished 
 person ; masonic rank ; (Gram. ) stage (positive, 
 comparative, superlative) in comparison of 
 adjj. & advv. ; (Geom. &c.) unit of angular or 
 circular-arc measurement, 1/90 of right angle or 
 l/360of circumference (symbol , as ±5°); (Therm.) 
 unit of temperature in any scale. Hence de- 
 gpee'LESS a. [f. OF degre f.LL UE(gradus step)] 
 
 de haut en has (F), adv. In a condescend- 
 ing or superior manner. 
 
 dehi'sce (-is), v.i. Gape, burst open, (esp. in 
 Bot. of seed-vessels, & in Physiol.). So de- 
 hi'seENCE n., dehi'seENT a. [f. L DE(hiscere 
 incept, of hiare gape)] 
 
 dehop'tative, a. & n. Dissuasive ; thing 
 meant to dissuade, [f. L DE(hortativus f. hor- 
 tari exhort, -ive)] 
 
 dehu'manize, v.t. Divest of human charac- 
 teristics. fDE-] 
 
 dehy'drate, v.t. (chem.). Deprive (sub- 
 stance) of water or its elements. Ide-, Gk 
 hudor in comb, hudr- water, -ate 3 ] 
 
 dehy'pnotize, v.t. Rouse, release, from 
 hypnotic state. Tde-] 
 
 de'ieide, n. Killer, killing, of a God. [f. L 
 deus god, -i-, -cide] 
 
 dei'etie (di-), a. (philol., gram.). Pointing, 
 demonstrative, [f. Gk deiktikos (deiktos f. 
 deiknumi show, -ic)] 
 
 de'ifopm, a. Godlike in form or nature, [f. 
 med. L deifonnis (deus god, -I-, -form)] 
 
 de'ify, v.t. Make a god of; make godlike; 
 regard as a god, worship. Hence deiFiCA'TiON 
 n. \f. F deifier f. L deificare (deus god, -FY)] 
 
 deign (dan), v.t. Think fit, condescend, to 
 do; condescend to give (answer &c). [f. OF 
 degnier f. L dignare (usu. -i) deem worthy] 
 
 de'i gra'tia, adv. By God's grace. |LJ 
 
 de i-ntegro, adv. Afresh. [LI 
 
 de'ism, de'ist, nn. Belief, believer, in the 
 existence of a god without accepting revela- 
 tion ; (adherent of) natural religion. Hence 
 de*istic(AL) aa. [f. F deisme, deiste, f. L deu# 
 
 god + -ISM(3), -IST(2)] 
 
 de'ity, n. Divine status, quality, or nature ; 
 a god ; the D., the Creator, God. [f. F deit6 f. 
 L deitatem (deus god, -ty>] 
 
 deje*et,v.t. Dispirit, depress, (usu. in p.p.). 
 Hence deje'etedLY 2 adv. [f. L DE(jicere 
 -ject-^ =jacere throw)] 
 
 deje'eta, n. pi. Person's or animal's excre- 
 ments. [L, neut. pi. p.p. as prec] 
 
 dejection, n. Downcast state, low spirits ; 
 
 (Med.) evacuation of bowels, excrement. [OF, 
 f. Ldejectionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 dejeuner (de'zhona, or as F), n. Breakfast ; 
 lunch, esp. of ceremonial kind. [F] 
 
 de jure ( joori), a. & adv. Rightful, by right, 
 (king &c. d.j. ; the d.-j. king ; cf. de facto). [L| 
 
 delai'ne (di-), n. Light dress-fabric, [f. F 
 (mousseline) de laine woollen (muslin)] 
 
 dela'te, v.t. Inform against, impeach, (per- 
 son) ; report (offence). So dela'tiox, dela't- 
 or 2 , nn. [f. L DE(lat- p.p. st. of ferre carry)] 
 
 delay, v.t. & i., & n. Postpone(ment), defer- 
 ring), put(ting) off, loiter(ing), be(ing) tardv. 
 wait ; hinder, hindrance, [(n. f. F delai) f. OF 
 delaier perh. irreg. f. L dilatare frequent, of 
 T>iF(ferre lat- carry) defer] 
 
 del cre'dere (-ad-), a., adv., & n. (commerc). 
 Under, charge made for, selling agent's guaran- 
 tee that buyer is solvent. [It.] 
 
 de'le, printing direction (abbr. d). Delete 
 indicated letter, word, or passage (written in 
 margin). [L, imperat. of delere delete] 
 
 delectable, a. Delightful, pleasant, (ar- 
 chaic exc. in irony). [OF, f. L delectabilis f. de- 
 (lectare frequent, of lacere snare) delight] 
 
 delecta'tion, n. Enjoyment (usu. for one's 
 d.). [OF (prec, -ation)] 
 
 dele'ctus, n. School reading-book of selected 
 passages. [L,n. f. v>E(ligere lect- -legere choose)] 
 
 delegacy, n. System of delegating ; appoint- 
 ment as delegate ; body of delegates, [foil., -acy] 
 
 delegate x (-at), n. Deputy, commissioner ; 
 elected representative sent to conference, [f. 
 OF delegat f. L delegatus (foil., -ate 2 )] 
 
 de'legate 2 , v.t. Depute (person), send as 
 representative ■ commit (authority Sec.) to an- 
 other as agent, [f. L DE(legare depute), -ate 3 ] v 
 
 delegation, n. Entrusting of authority to 
 deputy; body of delegates (U.S., Congress re- 
 presentatives of a single state ; Austro-Hun- 
 gary, the Dd. , two bodies appointed by Austrian 
 & Hungarian Parliaments to deal jointly with 
 imperial questions), [f. L DE(legatio legation)] 
 
 dele'te, v.t. Strike out, obliterate, (letter, 
 word, passage ; also fig.). So dele'tiON n. [f. 
 L T>E(lere_-let- cf. linere smear)] 
 
 deletep'ious, a. Noxious physically or 
 morally, injurious. Hence deletep'iousLY 2 
 adv. [f. Gk deleterios f. deleter destroyer (de- 
 leomai injure) + -ous], 
 
 delf(t), n. Glazed earthenware made at 
 Delft (earlier Delf ) in Holland. 
 
 deli'bepate l (-at), a. Intentional ; con- 
 sidered, not impulsive ; slow in deciding, 
 cautious ; leisurely, not hurried, (of movement 
 &c). Hence deli'bepateLY 2 adv., deli'be- 
 pateNESS n. [f. L deliberatus (foil., -ate 2 )] 
 
 deli'bepate 2 , v. t. & i. Consider, think care- 
 fully, (intr., or with indirect question how it 
 might be done, what to do) ; take counsel, con- 
 sult, hold debate, [f. L T>E(liberare = librare 
 weigh f . libra balance), -ate 3 ] 
 
 delibepa'tion, n. Weighing in mind, care- 
 ful consideration ; discussion of reasons for & 
 against, debate; care, avoidance of precipita- 
 tion ; slowness of movement, [f. F deliberation 
 f. L deliberationem (prec, -ation)] 
 
 deliberative, a. Of, appointed for purpose 
 of, deliberation or debate (usu. d. assembly or 
 functions). Hence deli'bepativeLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L deliberativus (deliberate 2 , -ive)] 
 
 de'licacy, n. Fineness of texture, graceful 
 slightness, tender beauty ; weakliness. suscep- 
 tibility to disease or injury, need of care, dis- 
 cretion, or skill ; nicety of perception, sensitive- 
 ness (of persons, senses, or instruments) ; con- 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de-. 
 
DELICATE 
 
 217 
 
 DEMAND 
 
 sideration for others' feelings ; shrinking from, 
 avoidance of, the immodest or offensive ; choice 
 kind of food, dainty; a nicety, [foil., -acvJ 
 
 dedicate (-at), a. Delightful (poet.) ; palat- 
 able, dainty, (of food) ; sheltered, luxurious, 
 effeminate, (d. living, nurture, upbringing) ; 
 fine of texture, soft, slender, slight ; of exquisite 
 quality or workmanship ; subdued (of colour) ; 
 subtle, hard to appreciate ; easily injured, liable 
 to illness ; requiring nice handling, critical, 
 ticklish ; subtly sensitive (of persons or instru- 
 ments) ; deft (a d. touch) ; avoiding the offensive 
 or immodest; considerate (esp. of actions). 
 Hence de'licateLY 2 adv. [f. L delicatus cogn. 
 or associated w. deliciae delight see foil.] 
 
 deli'cious, a. Highly delightful, esp. to taste, 
 smell, or the sense of humour. Hence deli'ci- 
 ously 2 adv., deli'ciousNESS n. [OF, f. LL 
 deliciosus f. L deliciae delight f. T>E(licere = 
 lacere allure), -ose 2 ] 
 
 deli'et, n. Violation of law, offence, (in flag- 
 rant d., = 1N FLAGRANTE DELICTO), [f. L delic- 
 tum neut. p.p. of DE{li7iquere leave) come 
 short] 
 
 deligh't, v.t. & i., & n. Please highly (shall 
 be delighted to, in accepting invitation) ; take, 
 find, great pleasure in (so in p.p., the books de- 
 lighted in by the many), be inclined and accus- 
 tomed to do. (N.) high pleasure, thing that 
 causes it; hence deligh'tFUL a., delig-h't- 
 fulLY 2 adv., deligflvtsoME a. [ME deliten f. 
 OF delitier f. L delectare see delectable, now 
 misspelt after light] 
 
 Deli'lah, Da-, n. Temptress, false & wily 
 woman. [Judges xvi] 
 
 deli*mit(ate), vv.t. Determine limits or ter- 
 ritorial boundary of. So delimit a tion n. 
 [-it thr. F delimiter, -itate direct, f. L DE(limi- 
 lare f. limes -itis boundary), -ate 3 ] 
 
 deli'neate, v.t. Show by drawing or descrip- 
 tion, portray. So delineATioN, deli'neat- 
 OR 2 , nn. [f. L T>E(lineare f. linea line), -ate 3 ] 
 
 delinquency, n. Neglect of duty ; guilt ; 
 a sin of omission ; misdeed, [f. L delinquentia 
 f. delinquens part, (delict, -ency)] 
 
 delinquent, a. & n. Defaulting, guilty; 
 (n.) offender, [f. L delinquens (prec, -ent)] 
 
 delique'see (-es), v.i. Become liquid, melt, 
 (fig.) melt away. So delique'seENT a., de- 
 lique'seENCE n. [f. L T>E(liquescere incept, 
 of liquere be liquid)] 
 
 deli'Pious, a. Affected with delirium, tem- 
 porarily or apparently mad, raving ; wildly 
 excited, ecstatic ; betraying delirium or ecstasy. 
 Hence deli'piousLY 2 adv. [as foil. + -ous] 
 
 deli'pium, n. Disordered state of mind with 
 incoherent speech, hallucinations, & frenzied 
 excitement ; great excitement, ecstasy ; d. 
 tremens (abbr. d.L), special form of d. with 
 terrifying delusions to which heavy drinkers 
 are liable. [L, f. DElirare (lira furrow)] 
 
 delite'seent, a., delite'seenee, n. Latent 
 (state), [f. LDE(ZiYescere incept. oi-litere = latere 
 lie hid), -ent, -ence] 
 
 deli'vep, v.t. Rescue, save, set free from; 
 disburden woman in parturition of child (usu. 
 pass. ; also fig., teas delivered of a sonnet) ; un- 
 burden oneself (of esp. a long - suppressed 
 opinion &c.) in discourse ; give up or over, 
 abandon, resign, hand on to another ; distribute 
 (letters) to owners ; present (account) ; (Law) 
 hand over formally (esp. sealed deed to grantee, 
 so seal & d.) ; launch, aim, (blow, ball, attack ; 
 d. battle, accept opportunity of engaging) ; re- 
 cite (well-delivered sermon). Hence deli'vep- 
 able a. [f. F delivrer f. LL deliberare (de-, L 
 liberare f. liber free)] 
 
 deli'vepance, n. Rescue ; emphatically or 
 
 formally delivered opinion, (in jurors' oath) 
 verdict, [f. OF delivrance (prec, -ance)] 
 
 deli'vepep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., saviour, 
 rescuer, [f. OF delivrere nom. of deiivreor f. 
 LL deliberatorem (deliver, -or 2 )] 
 
 deli'vepy, n. Childbirth ; surrender of ; de- 
 livering of letters &c, a periodical performance 
 of this (the first, the two-o'clock^.); (Law) formal 
 handing over of property, transfer of deed (for- 
 merly essential for validity) to grantee or third 
 party ; sending forth of missile, esp. of cricket- 
 ball in bowling, action shown in doing this (a 
 good, high, d.) ; uttering of speech &c. (its d. 
 took two hours), manner of doing this (a telling 
 d.). [AF delivree fern. part, used as n. of F 
 delivrer deliver, -y 4 ] 
 
 dell, n. Small hollow or valley usu. with 
 tree-clad sides, [cf. Du. del, G telle, dale] 
 
 De'lla Cpu'sean, a. & n. (Member) of the 
 Florentine Academy della Crusca, a society for 
 purifying the Italian language, which issued 
 an authoritative dictionary; following arti- 
 ficial literary methods ; member of a late 18th- 
 
 c. artificial Englisk school of poetry, [f. It. 
 (Accademia) della Crusca (Academy) of the 
 bran (i. e. sifting) + -an] 
 
 De'lphian, De'lphie, aa. (As) of the oracle 
 of Delphi ; obscure, ambiguous, [-ic f. L f. Gk 
 Delphikos, -iani. Lf. Gk Delphoi + -ian] 
 
 De'lphin, a. The D. classics or text, in an 
 edition prepared for the Dauphin, son of Louis 
 XIV. [L f. Gk,=dolphin ; see dauphin] 
 
 de'lphinine, n. (chem.). A poisonous alka- 
 loid used medically, [f. bot. L f. Gk delphinion 
 (dim. of delphin dolphin) larkspur] 
 
 de'lta, n. Fourth letter, d, of Greek alphabet 
 (capital an equilateral triangle) ; triangular 
 alluvial tract at mouth of river enclosed or 
 traversed by its diverging branches, esp. that 
 of Nile, whence delta'ic a. [Gk] 
 
 de'ltoid, a. & n. Triangular ; d. muscle or 
 d., muscle of shoulder lifting upper arm ; like 
 a river delta._ [f. Gk deltoeides (prec, -oid)] 
 
 delu'de (-ood, -ud), v.t. Impose upon, de- 
 ceive, [f. L l>E(ludere lus- play)] 
 
 de'luge (-uj), n., & v.t. Great flood, inun- 
 dation, (the D., Noah's flood) ; heavy fall of rain ; 
 flood of words &c; (vb) flood, inundate, (lit. & 
 fig.). [F (de-), f.JLi diluvium (diluere dilute)] 
 
 delu'sion (-oo-, -u-), n. Imposing or being 
 imposed upon ; false impression or opinion, 
 esp. as symptom or form of madness, whence 
 delu'sionAL a. [f. L delusio (delude, -ion)] 
 
 delu'sive (-oo-, -ti-), a. Deceptive, disap- 
 pointing, unreal. Hence delu*siveLY 2 adv., 
 delu*siveNESs n. [delude, -ive] 
 
 delve, v.t. & i., & n., (archaic, poet, & dial.). 
 Dig ; make research in documents &c. ; (of 
 road &c) make sudden dip. (N.) cavity; de- 
 pression of surface, wrinkle. [OE del fan, com.- 
 WG cf. Du. delven] 
 
 demagnetize, v.t. Deprive of magnetic 
 quality. Hence dema'g'netiz a'tion n. [de-] 
 
 de'mag-ogfue (og), n. Popular leader; poli- 
 tical agitator appealing to cupidity or prejudice 
 of the masses, factious orator. Hence or cogn. 
 demago'gic (gik) a., de , mag , og , iSM(2), de*- 
 magogy l (-gi), nn. [f. Gk demagogos (demos, 
 agogos leading)] 
 
 dema'nd 1 , n. Request made as of right or 
 peremptorily, thing so asked, (payable on d., 
 as soon as the d. is made) ; call of would-be 
 purchasers for commodity (laws of supply and 
 
 d. in Pol. Econ. ; in d., sought after) ; urgent 
 claim (many dd. on my time), ff. F demande f. 
 demander see foil.] 
 
 dema'nd 2 , v.t. Ask for (thing) as right or 
 peremptorily or urgently (of or from person ; 
 
DEMARCATION 
 
 218 
 
 demonstrable: 
 
 obj. a noun, infin., or that-cla,vise) ; require, 
 need, (piety demands it ; task demands skill) ; 
 ask to be, insist on being, told (d. one's business, 
 what he wants). Hence or cogn. dema'nd- 
 able a., dema'n'iANT(l) n. If. F demander 
 f. L DK(manda?'e order cf. mandate)] 
 demarea'tion, n. Marking of boundary, 
 esp. line of d. Hence (by back-formation) de*- 
 mapcate v.t. [Sp. (-cion), f. demarcar rnark 
 
 bound8 ofJDE-, MARK)] 
 
 demater'ialize, v.t. & i. Make, become, 
 non-material, spiritual, [de-] 
 
 deme, n. (Gk hist.) township of ancient 
 Attica; (Biol.) undifferentiated aggregate of 
 cells, [f. Gk demos] 
 
 demea'n l , v. red. D. oneself, behave, con- 
 duct oneself, (always w. adv. or adv. phr.). [f. 
 OF demener (de- + mener lead f. L minare 
 threaten & in LL drive cattle)] 
 
 demea'n 2 , v.t. (usu. red.). Lower in dignity. 
 [de-, mean 3 , but prob. generated by misunder- 
 standing of prec. ; chiefly used by the unedu- 
 cated or in imitations of them] 
 
 demea'noup, n. Bearing, outward be- 
 haviour, [earlier -ure. -er ; see -ure, -er 4 , de- 
 mean 1 ; assim. to honour &c] 
 
 deme'nt, v.t. Drive mad, craze, (usu. in p.p.). 
 Hence deme'ntedLV 2 adv. [f. L dement are 
 f. DEmens out of one's mind (mens mentis)] 
 
 dementi (F), u. Official denial of rumour &c. 
 
 deme'ntia (-tia, -sha), n. (med.). Species of 
 insanity consisting in feebleness of mind. [L 
 (deniens see prec. & cf. -ence)] 
 
 deme'Pit, n. Ill desert ; fault, defect. Hence 
 deme'pitor'ious [-ory, -ous] a. [f. L demeri- 
 tum neut. p.p. of DEniereri deserve ; orig. sense 
 desert (good or bad, like merit) ; the two have 
 now been fixed to opposite senses] 
 
 demes'ne (also -an), n. (Law) possession (of 
 real property) as one's own (esp. hold in d.) ; an 
 estate held in d., all of an owner's land not held 
 of him by freehold tenants, or all that he 
 actually occupies himself; Royal d.. Crown 
 lands ; State d., land held by state. Sovereign's 
 or State's territory, domain ; landed property, 
 estate ; region, sphere, of. [f. OF demeine f. L 
 dominicus (dominus lord, -ic)] 
 
 de*mi-, pref. usu. written with the hyphen, 
 still used as living pref. to form temporary 
 words, but more or less ousted by semi-. Half- 
 size, half, imperfect, partial(ly), semi-. [F, f. L 
 dimidium half (dis-, medius middle)] 
 
 de'mig'od, n. Partly divine being, son of 
 god and mortal, or deified man. [prec] 
 
 de'mijohn (-jon), n. Bulging narrow-necked 
 bottle of 3-10 gaL, usu. cased in wicker & with 
 wicker handles, [corrupt, of F dame-jeanne 
 Dame Jane ; found in many langg., but earliest 
 in F, prob. as playful personification] 
 
 de-milune (-oon), n. (fortif.). Outwork pro- 
 tecting bastion or curtain. [F, = half moon] 
 
 demi-monde (or as F), n. Class of women 
 on outskirts of societv, of doubtful reputation 
 & standing. [F,= half world] 
 
 demi-pep, n. Woman of suspected chastity, 
 [abbr. for demi-reputable] 
 
 demi'se (-iz), v.t, & n. Convey, grant, (estate) 
 by will or lease (n., this process) ; transmit 
 (title &c) by death or abdication (n., this event, 
 esp. d. of the Crown; transf., death). Hence 
 demi'SABLE a. [vb f. n., prob. f. p.p. of OF 
 desmettre dismiss, in refl. abdicate] 
 
 de*misemiqua°vep, n. (mus.). Note, with 
 three-hooked symbol, equal to half a semi- 
 quaver. [DEMI-] 
 
 demi'ssion, n. Resigning, abdication, of. 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de- 
 
 [f. F demission f. LL dis- for L T>i(7nissionem 
 I. mittere miss- send, -ion)] 
 
 demi't, v.t. & i. (-U-). Resign (office, or abs.). 
 [f. F demettre (dis- + mettre send, put, f. L 
 mittere send)] 
 
 de'miupge (-erj), n. Creator of world (in 
 Platonic philosophy ; also of Christian God, & 
 of supposed subordinate agents in creation). 
 Hence demiup'gic a. [f. Gk demiourgos 
 craftsman (dimios f. demos, -ergos -working)] 
 
 demo'bilize, v.t. Release from mobilized 
 state, disband, (troops, ships). Hence de- 
 mo'bilizA'TioN n. [de-] 
 
 demo'cpacy, n. (State practising) govern- 
 ment by the people, direct or representative ; 
 the politically unprivileged class, [f. F demo- 
 cratie f. L f. Gk demokratia (demos, -cracy)] 
 
 de'mocpat, n. Advocate of democracy ; 
 (U.S.) member of Democratic party. Hence 
 demo*epatiSM(3) n. [f. F democrate (prec.)] 
 
 democratic, a. Of, like, practising, advo- 
 cating, democracy ; (U.S.) D. party, opposed to 
 Republican, & supporting State, local, & indi- 
 vidual liberty against federal powers. So de- 
 mocpa'tic ally adv., demo*epatizE(3) v.t. 
 & i., demo'epatizA'TiON n. [f. F d&mo- 
 cratique f. med.L f. Gk demokratikos (demos, 
 -cratic)] 
 
 Dem6*epite*an, a. Of Democritus, hie 
 humour, or his theory of atoms, [f. L f. Gk 
 Demoiriteios of Democritus (Gk philosopher of 
 5th c. B. c. called the laughing philosopher, &, 
 an atomistic physiclfet) + -an] 
 
 Demogop'gon, n. A mysterious & terrible 
 infernal deity. [LL ; perh. assim. of some 
 Oriental name to Gk demos, gorgos grim] 
 
 demo'gpaphy, n. Statistics of births, dis- 
 eases, &c, illustrating condition of communi- 
 ties. Hence demo'GRAPHER n., demoGRA- 
 phic a. [demos, -graphy] 
 
 demoiselle (de"mwaze*l), n. The Numidian 
 crane. [F,=damsel] 
 
 demp'lish, v.t. Pull or throw down (build- 
 ing), destroy ; overthrow (institution, theory) ; 
 eat up. S® demoli'TiON n. [f. F demolir 
 (-ish 2 ) f. L DEimoliri construct f. moles mass)] 
 
 de'mon, dae-, n. (Gk mythol.; often dae-) 
 supernatural being, inferior deity, spirit, ghost, 
 in-dwelling or attendant spirit, genius ; evil 
 spirit (as in demoniacs) ; heathen deity ; devil ; 
 malignant supernatural being ; cruel, malig- 
 nant, destructive, or fierce person (d. bowler, 
 very fast) ; personified vice or passion. Hence 
 demono- comb, form, demono'LATRY, de- 
 mono'LOGY, nn. [f. L f. Gk daimon deity, w. 
 sense also of L f. Gk daimonion divine (power 
 &c.) neut. adj.] 
 
 demo'netize (or-mu-), v.t. Deprive (metal 
 &c.) of its status as money, [f. F demonitxser 
 (de-, L moneta money, -ize)] 
 
 demo'niac, a. & n. (Person) possessed by an 
 evil spirit ; of such possession ; devilish : fiercely 
 energetic, frenzied, [f. LL daemoniacus (Gk 
 daimonion see demon, -ac)] 
 
 demon racal, a. =prec. adj. (esp. in phr. d. 
 possession, & in sense devilish), [prec. + -al] 
 
 demo'nic, dae-, a. =prec. ; inspired, of 
 supernatural genius or impulses, [f. L f. Gk 
 daimonikos (demon, -ic)] 
 
 de'monism, n. Belief in the power of de- 
 mons. [-ISMI3)] 
 
 de'monize, v.t. Make into or like, repre- 
 sent as, a demon. [f. med.L daemonizare 
 
 (DEMON, -IZE)] 
 
 demo'nstpable, a. Capable of being shown 
 or logically proved. Hence demo'nstpaBi- 
 
DEMONSTRATE 
 
 219 
 
 DENOTATION 
 
 lity n., demo'nstpabLY 2 ad v. [f. L demon- 
 strabilis (foil., -able)] 
 
 demonstrate, v.t. & i. Show (feelings &c.) ; 
 describe & explain by help of specimens or ex- 
 periments, teach as a demonstrator ; logically 
 prove the truth of ; be a proof of the existence 
 of ; make a military demonstration ; take part 
 in a demonstration by public meeting, whence 
 demo'nstPANT(l) n. [f. L i)E(monstrare show, 
 see monster), -ate 3 ] 
 
 demonstration, n. Outward exhibition 
 of feeling &c. ; logical proving, clear proof, 
 (to d., conclusively); thing serving as proof; 
 exhibition & explanation of specimens or ex- 
 periments as way of teaching ; show of military 
 force to intimidate, to mask other operations, 
 or in peace to show readiness for war ; exhibi- 
 tion of opinion on political or other question, 
 esp. public meeting or procession, whence 
 demonstpa'tionisT(l) n. Hence demon- 
 stpa'tionAL a. [f. L demonstratio (prec, -ion)] 
 demo'nstpative, a. & n. Serving to point 
 out or exhibit (esp. in Gram., d. pronoun or 
 adjective, or d. as noun, this&c.) ; giving proof 
 of\ logically conclusive ; concerned with proof ; 
 given to or marked by open expression of feel- 
 ings (d. person, behavioiir, affection, &c). 
 Hence demo # nstpativeLY 2 adv., demo'n- 
 stPativeNESS n. [f. F demonstratif f . L de- 
 monstraiivus (as prec, -ive)] 
 de'monstpatop, r-. One who demonstrates ; 
 teacher by demonstration, assistant to professor 
 doing practical work with students ; partaker 
 in demonstration by public meeting. [L (de- 
 monstrate, -or 2 )] 
 
 demoralize, v.t. Corrupt morals of, de- 
 prave ; destroy the discipline, cohesion, cour- 
 age, or endurance of (esp. troops ; see morale). 
 Hence demo'palizATiON n. [f. F d&moraliser 
 (de-, moral, -ize)] 
 
 De'mos, n. Personification of the populace 
 or democracy. [Ok, = people] 
 Demosthe'nie, a. Like Demosthenes or 
 his oratory ; eloquent, patriotic, denunciatory, 
 (of speech), [f: Gk JJemosthenikos of Demos- 
 thenes (Attic orator 4th c. B.C.)] 
 demd'tic, a. Popular, vulgar; (Archaeol.) 
 in the popular form (opp. hieratic) of ancient 
 Egyptian writing, [f. Gk demotikos {demotes 
 one of the demos + -ic)] 
 
 demu'lcent, a. & n. Soothing (medicine). 
 [f. L T>E(midcere soothe), -ent] 
 demur*, v.i. (-rr-), & n. Make difficulties, 
 raise scruples or objections to ; (Law) put in a 
 demurrer, whence demu'ppANT(l) n.; (n.) ob- 
 jecting, objection, (usu. without, no,d.). [earlier 
 sense tarry(ing), f. F demeure(r) f. ~LDE(morare 
 pop. for -i delay )1 
 
 demupe*, a. Sober, grave, composed -ironi- 
 cally reserved ; affectedly coy, prudish. Hence 
 demupe'LY 2 adv., demupe'NESS n. [de- + 
 obs. mure f. OF metir f. L 7naturus ripe] 
 demurrable, a. That may be demurred to, 
 open to objection, (esp. legal), [demur, -able] 
 demu'ppage, n. Detention of ship by freigh- 
 ter beyond agreed time, payment made for 
 this ; charge on overdue railway truck ; charge 
 (Ud. per oz.) of Bank of Engl, deducted in 
 giving notes or gold for bullion, [f . OF demor- 
 age (demur, -age)] 
 
 demu'ppep, n. Legal objection to relevance 
 of opponent's point even if granted, which 
 stays action till relevance is settled ; exception 
 taken, [f. OF demourer infln. = demur ; -er 4 ] 
 demy*, n. (pi. -ies, pr. -iz). Size of paper 
 (printing, 17|x22£; writing, 15£x20) ; scholar of 
 Magd. Coll., Oxford (orig. w. half fellow's allow- 
 ance), whence demy'SHiP n. [var. of demi-] 
 
 den, n. Wild beast's lair ; lurking-place of 
 thieves &c. ; small room unfit to live in ; room 
 in which person secludes himself to work &c. 
 [OE denn cf. G tenne, Du. denne] 
 denarius, n. (pi. -il). Ancient Roman silver 
 coin (orig. about 8d.), whence Engl. d. for 
 penny, [f. deni ten each, -ary 1 ; denarius 
 (numus) = (coin) of ten (asses)] 
 de'napy, a. Of ten, decimal, [f. L (prec.)] 
 denationalize (-nash-), v.t. Deprive (na- 
 tion) of its status or characteristics, (person) 
 of membership or characteristics of his nation, 
 (institution) of its position as national pro- 
 perty. Hence dena'tionalizATiON n. [f. F 
 denationaliser (de-, national, -ize)] 
 denaturalize (-natshra-), v.t. Change 
 nature of, make unnatural ; (usu. refl.) divest 
 of citizenship or membership of State. Hence 
 dena'tupalizA'TiON n. [de-, natural,-ize(3); 
 also de- + naturalize] 
 
 dena'tupe (-tsher), v.t. Change nature or 
 essential qualities of (esp. tea or alcohol by 
 adulteration), [f. F dinaturer (dis-, nature)] 
 de'ndpite, n. (Stone or mineral with) natural 
 tree-like or moss-like marking. Hence den- 
 dri'tic a. [f . Gk dendrites adj. (dendron tree)] 
 dendp(o)-, -i-, comb, forms, f. Gk dendron 
 tree. Hence de'ndpiFORM, de'ndpoiD, aa., 
 dendpo'LOGV, dendpo'LOGiST, nn. • 
 dene 1 , n. Bare sandy tract, low sand-hill, 
 by sea. [cf. G cliine, Du. duin, F dune) 
 dene 2 . See dean 2 . 
 
 deneg"a*tion,n. (archaic). Denial. [Y(dcnA-), 
 f. L i DF.(negatione7n f. negare deny, -ation)] 
 dene-hole, dane-, n. (archaeol.). Artificial 
 cave in chalk entered by vertical shaft often 
 60 ft deep. [etym. dub. ; perh. f. Dane] 
 de'ngue (-ngga), n. Infectious eruptive fever 
 with acute pain in joints, [prob. f. Zanzibar 
 name, w. assim. to Sp. dengue prudery, w. ref. 
 to stiffness of patient's neck & shoulders] 
 deni'able, a. That one can deny, [-able] 
 deni'al, n. Rof usal of request ; - SELF-rf. ; 
 statement that thing is not true {meet charge 
 with flat d.) or existent, contradiction; disa- 
 vowal of person as one'sleader &c. [deny, -al(2) ] 
 deni'ep 1 , n. One who denies, [deny, -er l ] 
 denier* 2 (-ner), n. (archaic). Very small sun l 
 or coin. [OF, 1/12 of sou, f. denariusI 
 de*nigT»ate,v.t. Blacken; defame, whence 
 or cogn. de'nigfpatoR 2 , denig-PATiON, nn. 
 [f. L i>E(nigrare f. niger black)] 
 deni'trate, deni'trify, vv.t. Free of nitric 
 or nitrous acid or nitrates, [de-] 
 de'nizen, n.,& v.t. Inhabitant, occupant, (of 
 place) ; foreigner admitted to residence & cer- 
 tain rights ; naturalized foreign word, animal, 
 N or plant ; hence de'nizensHiP n. ( Vb) admit 
 asd. (usu. pass.), [f. AF deinzein (deinz=Y dans 
 f. L DE-, intus within, -aneus see -aneous)] 
 deno'minate, v.t. Give name to, call or 
 describe as so-&-so (w. obj. & compl.). [f. L de- 
 (nominare nominate)] 
 
 denomination, n. Name, designation, esp. 
 
 characteristic or class name ; class of units in 
 
 numbers, weights, money, &c. (reduce to the 
 
 same d. ; money of small da.) ; class, kind, with 
 
 specific name ; religious sect, whence deno'- 
 
 mina'tionAL a. (denominational education, 
 
 according to principles of a Church or sect, 
 
 whence denomina*tionalizE(3) v.t.). [OF 
 
 (-cion), f. L denominationem (prec, -ation)] 
 
 dend'minative, a. Serving as, giving, a 
 
 name. [f. L denominatives (as prec, -ative)] 
 
 dend'minatop, n. Number below line in 
 
 vulgar fraction, divisor. [med.L(asprec,-OR 2 )] 
 
 denota'tion, n. Denoting ; expression by 
 
 marks or symbols ; sign, indication ; designa- 
 
DENOTATIVE 
 
 220 
 
 DEPENDENCY 
 
 tion; meaning of a term; (Log.) aggregate of 
 objects that maybe included under a word (cf. 
 connotation), extension, [f. L denotatio (de- 
 note, -ation)] 
 
 dend'tative, a. Indicative of; (Log.) merely 
 designating, implying no attributes, (cf. con- 
 notative). Hence deno'tativeLY 2 adv. [de- 
 note, -ative] 
 
 deno'te, v.t. Mark out, distinguish, be the 
 sign of; indicate, give to understand, (esp. 
 that-clanse) ; stand as name for; (Log.) be a 
 name for, be predicated of, (the word white de- 
 notes all white things, as snow, paper, foam). 
 Hence deno*te>iENT n. [f. F denoter f. L de- 
 (notare mark f. nota note j )] 
 
 denouement (F), n. Unravelling of plot or 
 complications, catastrophe, final solution, in 
 play, novel, &c. [F (dinouer unknot f. DE-, L 
 nodare f. nodus knot, -ment)] 
 
 denou'nce (-ow-), v.t. Prophesy (woe, ven- 
 geance) ; inform against ; openly inveigh 
 against ; give notice of termination of (armis- 
 tice, treaty). Hence denotrnee.MENT n. [f. 
 OF denoncier f. L T>T£.(nuntiare f. nuntius mes- 
 senger perh. for noventius f. novus new)] 
 
 tie nouveau (de noovo - ), adv. Afresh, start- 
 ing again. [F] 
 
 de novo, adv. = prec. [L] 
 
 dense, a. Closely compacted in substance ; 
 crowded together ; crass, stupid. Hence 
 de'nseLv 2 adv., denseNESS n. [f. L densus] 
 
 density, n. Closeness of substance; (Physics) 
 degree of consistence measured by ratio of 
 mass to volume or by quantity of matter in 
 unit of bulk ; crowded state ; stupidity, [f. F 
 density f. L densitatem (prec, -ty)] 
 
 dent, n., & v.t. (To mark with a) surface im- 
 pression (as) from the blow of a blunt-edged in- 
 strument, [var. of dint] 
 
 dental, a. & n. Of tooth, teeth, or dentistry ; 
 d. letter or d., made with tongue-tip against 
 upper front teeth (as th) or front of palate (as d, 
 t), whence dentaliZE(3) v.t. [f. L dens dentis 
 tooth + -al] 
 
 de'ntate, a. (bot. & zool.). Toothed, with 
 tooth-like notches. So dent a tion n., den- 
 ta'to- comb. form. [f. L dent at us (prec, 
 
 -ATE 2)] 
 
 denti-, comb, form of L dens dentis tooth, as 
 dentilingual formed by teeth & tongue. Hence 
 de'ntiFORM, denti'GEROus, aa. 
 
 denticle, n. Small tooth or toothlike pro- 
 jection ; = dentil. So denti'eulAR 1 , den- 
 ti'eulATE 2 (-at) or -ated, aa., dentieulATioN 
 n. [f. L denticulus (prec, -cule)] 
 
 dentifrice, n. Powder, paste, &c , for tooth- 
 cleaning, [f. L denti (fricium i.fricare rub)] 
 
 de'ntil, n. One of series of small rectangular 
 blocks under bed-moulding of cornice in classi- 
 cal architecture (often d. - cornice, -band, 
 -moidding). [f. obs. F dentille dim. of dent 
 tooth f. L dens dentis] 
 
 de'ntlne, n. Hard dense tissue forming 
 main part of teeth, [f. L as prec. + -ine 4 ] 
 
 de'ntist, n. Tooth-doctor. Hence dentis- 
 tRY n. [f. F dentiste f . dent see dentil, -ist(3)J 
 
 denti'tion, n. Cutting of teeth, teething ; 
 characteristic arrangement of teeth in animal. 
 [f. L dentitio (dentire to teeth, -ion)] 
 
 denu'de, v.t. Make naked ; strip of clothing, 
 covering, possession, attribute ; (Geol.) lay 
 (rock, formation) bare by removal of what lies 
 above. Hence denudATiONn., denirdATiVE 
 a. [f. L T>E(nndare f. nudus naked)] 
 
 denunciation (-si-), n. Denouncing ; invec- 
 tive. So denvrneiativE, denirneiatoRY, 
 
 (-sha-) aa., denu'nciatOR 2 (-shi-) n. [f. L de- 
 nuntiatio (denounce, -ation)] 
 
 deny, v.t. Declare untrue or non-existent 
 (d. the charge, the possibility, that it is so, this 
 to be the case ; rarely with but after neg., I 
 don't d. bid he may have thought so) ; disavow, 
 repudiate, (d,. one's word, signature, faith, 
 leader) ; refuse (person, thing, person a thing, 
 thing to person ; / was denied this, this was 
 denied me or to me); d. oneself, be abstinent; 
 report as not at home, refuse access to, (person 
 visited), [f. F dtnieri. L DE(negare say no)] 
 
 deodand, n. (hist.). Thing forfeited to 
 Crown to be used in alms &c as having caused 
 a human death, [f. L deo dandum thing to be 
 given to God] 
 
 deodap, n. Himalayan cedar, [f. Hind. 
 de'odar f. Skr. deva-dara divine tree] 
 
 deo'dorize [or -6d-), v.t. Deprive of odour, 
 disinfect. Hence deodopiZATiON, deo'dop- 
 izER J (2), nn. [de-, L odor smell, -ize] 
 
 deonto'logy, n. Science of duty, ethics. So 
 deontoLO'GiCAL a., deonto'LOGiST n. [f. Gk 
 deont- part. st. of dei it is right, -0-, -logy] 
 
 De'o vole'nte, adv. (abbr. D. V.). God will- 
 ing ; if nothing occurs to prevent it. [L] 
 
 depap't, v.i. & t. (Poet., archaic, &c) go 
 away (from), take one's leave ; set out, start, 
 leave, (esp. in time-tables, as dep. 6.30 a.m.) ; 
 die, leave by death, (d. from life, d. this life) ; 
 diverge, deviate, (d. from received account, 
 custom), [f. OF de( partir f. L partire divide)] 
 
 depap'ted, a. & n. Bygone (d. greatness) ; 
 deceased (person ; esp. the d.). [-ed 1 (2)] 
 
 depap'tment, n. Separate part of complex 
 whole, branch, esp. of municipal or State ad- 
 ministration ; French administrative district. 
 So depaptme'ntALa., depaptmentalLY 2 
 adv. ff. F dtpartement (depart, -ment)] 
 
 depar'tupe (-tsher), n. Going away ; devia- 
 tion from (truth, standard) ; starting, esp. of 
 train (the d. platform) ; setting out on course 
 of action or thought (esp. new d.); (Naut.) 
 amount of ship's change of longitude in sailing. 
 [OF (depart, -ure)] 
 
 depa'stupe, v.t. & i. (Of cattle) graze upon, 
 graze ; put (cattle) to graze ; (of land) feed 
 (cattle). Hence depa'stuPAGE n. [de-] 
 
 depau'pepate, v.t. Impoverish ; reduce in 
 vigour, stunt, make degenerate. So depau- 
 pePATiON n. [f. med.L v>^(pauperare f. L 
 pauper poor), -ate 3 ] 
 
 depau'pepize, v.t. Raise from, rid of, 
 pauperism, [de-, pauper, -ize] 
 
 depe'nd, v.i. Hang down (poet., archaic, 
 &c); be contingent {it depends upon him- 
 self, i. e. upon his efforts, skill, wisdom, &c. ; 
 also abs. in that depends, i. e. can only be ans- 
 wered conditionally) ; rest for maintenance &c 
 upon (she depends upon her own efforts, her 
 pen, her mother, my help) ; reckon confidently 
 upon (esp. in imperat., a. upon it, you may be 
 sure) ; be waiting for settlement (of lawsuit, 
 Bill, &c). [f. OF DE.(pendre f. L pendere sus- 
 pend but with sense of pendere be suspended)] 
 
 depe'ndable, a. That may be depended on. 
 Hence dependableNESS n., depe'ndabLY 2 
 adv. [-able] 
 
 dependant, -ent \ n. One who depends on 
 another for support, retainer, servant, [f. F 
 dependant part, (depend, -anti] 
 
 dependence, n. Depending (upon), being 
 conditioned or subordinate or subject ; living 
 at another's cost; reliance, confident trust; 
 thing relied on. [f . F dCpendance (prec , -ance)] 
 
 dependency, n. Something subordinate or 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de-. 
 
DEPENDENT 
 
 221 
 
 DEPTH 
 
 dependent, esp. country or province controlled 
 by another, [as prec.,-ANCY, -ency] 
 
 depe'ndent 2 , a. Depending (on), contingent, 
 subordinate, subject ; maintained at another's 
 cost, [earlier -a nt — dependant] 
 
 depno'sphopize, v.t. Rid (ore) of phos- 
 phorus. HencedepnosphopizA'TiONn. [de-] 
 
 depi'et, v. t. Represent in drawing or colours ; 
 portray in words, describe. Hence or cogn. 
 depi'etER 1 , depi'ctoR 2 , depi'ctiON, nn., 
 depi'ctivE a. [f. L de( pingere pict- paint)] 
 
 depi'etupe (-tshe/-), v.t. Picture, depict, [de- 
 + picture v.] 
 
 de'pilate, v.t. Remove hair from. Hence 
 depilATiON, de'pilatOR 2 (2), nn., depi'Ia- 
 tORY a. & n. [f. L de( pilare f. pilus hair), -ate 3 ] 
 
 deple'nish, v.t. Empty of its contents, de- 
 prive of its stock, [de-, & as replenish] 
 
 deplete, v.t. Empty out, exhaust ; relieve 
 of congestion. So deple'tiON n. , deple'ti ve a. 
 & n., deple'tORY a. [f. L HE(plere -plet- fill)] 
 
 deplore*, v.t. Bewail, grieve over, regret ; 
 be scandalized by. Hence deplop'ABLE a., 
 deplop'abLY 2 adv., deplopaBiLiTY, de- 
 plop'ableNESS, nn. [f. L de( plorare bewail)] 
 
 deploy, v.t. & i., & n., (mil.). Spread out (t. 
 & i. of troops) from column into line ; so de- 
 ploy \ment n. (N, ) doing this, [f . F diployer 
 f. L ms{plieare fold), whence also display] 
 
 deplirme, v.t. Pluck, strip of feathers, [f. 
 F deplume r (de-, ~Lpluma feather)] 
 
 depo'lapize, v.t. (Opt.) change direction of 
 polarization of (ray) ; (Electr. & Magn.) deprive 
 of polarity ; (fig. ) disturb, shake loose, dissolve, 
 (convictions, prejudices), Hence depolapiZA - - 
 tion, depo'lapizER^-). nn. [de-] 
 
 depo'nent, a. & n. (L& Gk gram.) (verb) 
 passive in form but active in sense (named 
 from notion that they had laid aside the pass, 
 sense) ; person making deposition under oath 
 or giving written testimony for use in court 
 &c. [f. L de( ponere posit- place), -ent] 
 
 depo'pulate, v.t. & i. Reduce population 
 of ; decline in population. So depopulA'TiON 
 n. [f. L DEipopulari lay waste f. populus 
 people), -ate 3 ] 
 
 depop't, v.t. 1. Bear or conduct oneself in 
 such a manner. 2. Remove, esp. into exile, 
 banish, whence depoPtA'TiON n. [sense 1 f. 
 OF deporter (de-, porter carry f. L portare) ; 
 sense 2 f. F deporter f. L de( portare carry)] 
 
 depop'tment, n. Bearing, demeanour, man- 
 ners ; way a thing (e. g. metal in chem. experi- 
 ment) behaves. [OF (-ement), as prec. 1, -ment] 
 
 depo'se (-z), v.t. Remove from office, esp. de- 
 throne, whence depo'SABLE a. ; bear witness 
 that, testify to, esp. on oath In court, [f. F de- 
 poser (de- -f pose?' f. LL pausare pause)] 
 
 depd'sit * (-z-), n. Thing stored or entrusted 
 for safe keeping ; sum placed in bank, usu. at 
 interest & not to be drawn on without notice 
 (on d., so disposed of) ; sum required and paid 
 as pledge or earnest or first instalment ; layer 
 of precipitated matter, natural accumulation, 
 [f. L de( positum neut. p.p. of ponere place)] 
 
 depo'sit 2 (-z-), v.t. Lay down in a (usu. 
 specified) place ; lay (eggs ; usu. with adv. &c. ) ; 
 (of water or natural agency) leave (layer of 
 matter) lying ; store or entrust for keeping (esp. 
 sum at interest in bank) ; pay as pledge for ful- 
 filment of contract or further payment. \f. 
 obs. F depositer f. med. L depositare frequent, 
 of L deponere see prec] 
 
 depositary, n. Person to whom thing is 
 committed, trustee, [f. L depositarius (de- 
 posit 1 , -ART 1 )] 
 
 deposition, n. (Picture of) taking down of 
 Christ from the cross ; deposing from office, 
 
 esp. dethronement ; (giving of) sworn evidence ; 
 statement, allegation; depositing. [OF, f. L 
 depositionem f. deponere (deposit 1 , -ion), but 
 w. senses chiefly of unconnected depose] 
 
 depo'sitop, n. Person who deposits money, 
 property, &c. ; apparatus for depositing some 
 substance. [L (deponere see deposit 1 , -or 2 )] 
 
 depository, n. Storehouse (lit. &fig.); = 
 depositary, [f. med. L depositorium (de- 
 posit 1 , -ory)] 
 
 de'pot (-6), n. (Mil.) place for stores ; head- 
 quarters of regiment ; recruit-drilling station ; 
 part of regiment not on foreign service. Store- 
 house, emporium ; (U.S.) railway station, [f. F 
 d&pot f. L as deposit ] ] 
 
 deppa've, v.t. Make bad, deteriorate, per- 
 vert, corrupt, esp. in moral character or habits. 
 So deppavA'TiON n. (f. L BE(pravare f. pra- 
 tnis crooked)] 
 
 deppa'vity, n. Moral perversion, vicious- 
 ness ; (Theol.) innate corruption of man. [de- 
 + obs. pravity f. 'Lpracitas (prec, -ty)] 
 
 de'ppeeate, v.t. Plead against (d. one's 
 anger, beseech him not to be angry) ; express 
 wish against or disapproval of (d. tear, hasty 
 action, panic). Hence or cogn. de'ppeeat- 
 ingxY 2 adv., deppeeATiON n., de'ppeea- 
 tivE, de'ppeeatORY, aa. [f. L DE(pi*ecari 
 pray), -ate 3 1 
 
 deppe'eiate (-shi-), v.t. & i. Diminish (t. & 
 i.) in value ; lower market price of; reduce 
 purchasing power of (money) ; disparage, be- 
 little. Hence deppe'eiatingLY - adv., de- 
 ppe'eiatORY (-sha-) a. [f. L DE(pretiare f. 
 pretium price), -ate 3 ] 
 
 depreciation (-esi-, -eshi-), n. Depreciating 
 or being depreciated ; allowance made in valu- 
 ations, estimates, and balance sheets, for wear 
 & tear, [prec, -ation] 
 
 deppeda'tion. n. (usu. pi.). Spoliation, 
 ravages. [F (de-), f. L DE(p?rtedationem f. 
 praedare f. praeda prey, -ation)] 
 
 de'ppedatop, n. Spoiler, pillager, [f. L de- 
 praedator (prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 deppe'ss, v.t. Push or pull down, lower ; 
 bring low, humble; reduce activity of (esp. 
 trade) ; lower (voice) in pitch ; dispirit, deject. 
 So deppe'ssiBLE a. [f. OF depresser f. L *de- 
 (pressare frequent, of premere press)] 
 
 deppe*ssant, a. & n. (med.). Lowering, 
 sedative, (medicine), [prec. + -ant] 
 
 depression (-shn), n. Lowering, sinking; 
 (Astron.) angular distance of star &c below 
 horizon ; sunk place, hollow, on surface ; reduc- 
 tion in vigour (esp. of trade), pitch (of voice), 
 vitality, or spirits; (Meteorol.) lowering of 
 barometer or atmospheric pressure, esp. centre 
 of minimum pressure or system of winds round 
 it. [f . L de( pressio f . premere press- press, -ion)] 
 
 deppe'ssop, n. (anat.). D. muscle or d., one 
 pulling down some organ &c [L (prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 deppiva'tion (or -I-), n. Loss, being de- 
 prived, of; deposition from esp. ecclesiastical 
 office ; felt loss (that is a great d.). [f. med. L 
 deprivatio (foil., -ation)] 
 
 deppi*ve, v.t. Strip, bereave, debar from 
 enjoyment, of; depose (esp. clergyman) from 
 office. Hence deppi'VABLE a. . deppi*VAL(2) n. 
 [f. OF T>E(pmver f. Lprivare deprive)] 
 
 cfe profwndis, n. & adv. (Cry) from the 
 depths of sorrow &c [initial L wds of Ps. exxx] 
 
 depth, n. Being deep ; measurement from 
 top down, from surface inwards, or from front 
 to back ; abstruseness ; sagacity ; intensity of 
 colour, darkness, &c ; (pi.) deep water, deep 
 place, abyss, lowest or inmost part ; middle (in 
 the d. of winter) ; deep or mysterious region of 
 thought, feeling, &c. {cry from the dd., d. of in- 
 
DEPURATE 
 
 222 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 spiration, dd. of degradation) ; out of one's d., 
 in water too deep to stand in, (fig.) engaged on 
 too hard a task or subject, [deep, -th x ] 
 
 de'p urate, v.t. & i. Make, become, free 
 from impurities. So_depuPATioN, de'pur- 
 atOR 2 (2), mi., depup*ativE a. & n. [f. med. 
 L r>E(pura?*e f. L purus pure)] 
 
 deputation, n. Body of persons appointed 
 to represent others, [foil., -ation] 
 
 depu'te, v.t. Commit (task, authority) to 
 substitute ; appoint as one's substitute, [f. F 
 iliputer f. L de( putare think) regard as, allot] 
 
 de'pu tize, v. i. Act as deputy or understudy, 
 esp. in musical engagements, [foil. + -ize] 
 
 de'puty, n. Person appointed to act for 
 another or others (by d., by proxy); member 
 of deputation ; parliamentary representative 
 {Chamber of Dd., lower house in French & 
 other Parliaments) ; d.-, deputed, acting-. 
 Hence de*putysHip(l) n. [f. F depute p.p. of 
 deputer depute, -y *] 
 
 depa'einate, v.t. Tear up by the roots, [f. 
 F diraciner (de-, racine f. LL radicina dim. of 
 radix root), -ate 3 ] 
 
 depai'l, v.t. & i. Cause (train &c.) to leave 
 the rails (usu. pass. ) ; (rarely) leave the rails. So 
 depai'l.MENT n. [f. F derailler (de-, rail rail)] 
 
 depa'nge (-anj), v.t. Throw into confusion 
 or out of gear, disorganize : cause to act irregu- 
 larly ; make insane (esp. in p.p.) ; disturb, in- 
 terrupt. So depa'nge.MEXT n. [f . F deranger 
 IDE-, rang rank)] 
 
 Dep'by (dar-), n. Annual horse-race at 
 Epsom ; D. day, of the race ; D. dog, any dog 
 >trayingon course, (fig.) trivial untimely inter- 
 ruption. [Earl of D. founder 1780] 
 
 Dep'byshipe (dar-), a. D. neck, goitre, 
 bronchocele ; D. spar, fluor-spar. 
 
 cfe regie (F), pred. a. Customary, proper. 
 
 de'peliet, a. & n. Abandoned, ownerless, 
 tesD. of ship at sea) ; abandoned property, esp. 
 ship, [f. L vMrelict- see relinquish)] 
 
 depeli'etion, n. Abandoning, being aban- 
 doned ; retreat of sea, exposing new land ; neg- 
 lect of duty ; failure in duty, short-coming, [f. 
 L derelictio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 deri'de, v.t. Laugh to scorn, [f. L T>K(ridere 
 ris- laugh)] 
 
 de rigueur (F). pred. a. Required by eti- 
 quette {evening dress is d. r.). 
 
 depi'sion (-zhn), n. Ridicule, mockery, {hold, 
 have, in d., mock at : be in d., be mocked at ; 
 frring into d.) ; laughing-stock, [f. L derisio 
 (prec, -ion)] 
 
 deprsive, depi'sopy,aa. Scoffing (d. cheers, 
 ironical). Hence depi'siveiA' 2 adv. [f. L 
 deris- see deride, + -ive, -ory] 
 
 derivation, n. Obtaining from a source ; 
 extraction, descent ; formation of word from 
 word or root, tracing or statement of this ; the- 
 ory of evolution, whence depiva*tioniST<2) n. 
 [F (de"-), f. L derivationem (derive, -ation)] 
 
 derivative, a. & n. (Thing, word, chemical 
 substance) derived from a source, not primi- 
 tive or original. Hence depi'vativeLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F derivatiff. L derivativits (foil., -ive)] 
 
 depi've, v.t. &i. Get, obtain, ( fro m a source, 
 or with the source present in thought) ; have 
 one's or its oHgin Sec. from ; gather, deduce, 
 <knowledge, truth, ideas. Sec.) from ; (pass., refl., 
 Se intr. ) be descended or have one's origin from ; 
 
 (pass., of words) be formed from ; trace, show, 
 or assert, descent, origin, or formation, of (per- 
 son, thing, word) from. Hence depi'VABLE a. 
 {f. F driver f. L derivare (de-, rivus stream) 
 divert, derive] 
 
 derm, n. Skin ; true skin or layer of tissue 
 below epidermis. Hence or cogn. dep'mAL, 
 dep'mic, aa., dep*mat(o)-, deraio-, comb, 
 forms, depmato'LOGY, depmato'LOGiST, an. 
 [f. Gk derma skin (dero flay, -m)] 
 
 dern. =darn 2 . 
 
 dernier ressort (F), n. Last resort, desper- 
 ate expedient. 
 
 de'pogate, v.i. Detract, take away part, 
 from (a merit, right, &c.) ; sink in the scale, do 
 something derogatory, [f. L DE\rogare ask), 
 -ate 3 ] 
 
 deroga'tion, n. Lessening or impairment 
 of law, authority, position, dignity, &c. ; de- 
 terioration, debasement. [F {de-), f. L deroga- 
 tionem (prec, -ation)] 
 
 dero'g'atopy, a. Tending to detract from, 
 involving impairment, disparagement, or dis- 
 credit, to ; lowering, unsuited to one's dignity 
 or position ; depreciatory, [f. L derogatorius 
 
 (DEROGATE, -ORY)] > 
 
 de'ppiek, n. Contrivance for moving or 
 hoisting heavy weights,-kind of crane with ad- 
 justable arm pivoted at foot to central post, 
 deck, or floor, [obs. senses hangman, gallows, 
 f. name of hangman c 1600] 
 
 de , pping'-d6*, n. (pseudo-archaic). Desper- 
 ate courage, [f. Chaucer's In dowyng don that 
 longeth to a knyght -(in daring to do that which 
 belongeth &c) misinterpreted by Spenser] 
 
 de'PPing-ep (-j-), n. Small large-bore pistol. 
 [U.S. inventor's name] 
 
 dep'vish, n. Mohammedan friar vowed to 
 poverty & austerity {dancing or whirling d., 
 howling d., according to the practice of his 
 order), [f. Pers. darvesh poor] 
 
 de'seant 1 , n. (poet.). Melody, song. [f. OF 
 desc.jxnt f. med.L ms{cantus chant)] 
 
 desea'nt 2 , v.i. Talk at large, dwell freely, 
 upon (esp. in praise, d. upon the beauties of). 
 [f. OF deschanter (prec, ~Lcantare)] 
 
 desce'nd (-se-), v.i. & t. Come or go down, 
 sink, fall, {descending letter in Typog., with tail 
 below line) ; slope downwards ; make sudden 
 attack iipon ; proceed in narrative &c. from 
 earlier to later time, from greater to less (so 
 Math., descending series of numbers), from 
 general to particular ; stoop to do ; (rare) be de- 
 scended from ; be transmitted by inheritance 
 from (of qualities, property, privileges), pass 
 {to heir, or abs.); go down (hill, stairs), [f. F 
 descendre f. L HK{scendere = scandere climb)] 
 
 descendant, n. Person or thing descended 
 (of, or with his Sec.) [F (prec, -ant)] 
 
 desee'nded, p.p. Sprung, having origin, 
 from ancestor or stock (is d. Sec. usual instead 
 of the rare descends See), [-ed x (2)] 
 
 descendible, -able, a. Transmissible by 
 inheritance. [OF (-able) ; see -ble] 
 
 desee'nt, n. Descending, downward motion ; 
 downward slope ; way down ; sudden attack, 
 esp. from sea ; decline, sinking in scale, fall ; 
 being descended, lineage ; single generation 
 (lineal succession of four dd.) ; transmission of 
 property, title, or quality, by inheritance, [f. F 
 descente (descendre descend)] 
 
 desepi'be, v.t. Set forth in words, recite the 
 characteristics of ; qualify as (should d. him as 
 a scoundrel) ; mark out, draw, (esp. geom. fig- 
 ure) ; move in (such a line, curve) ; (abs.) deal 
 in, give a, description. Hence descpi'b able a. 
 [f. L DE(scribere script- write)] 
 
 desepi'ption, n. Describing, verbal portrait- 
 (ure), of person, object, or event (answers tothe 
 d.. has the qualities specified), more or less 
 complete definition ; sort, kind, class, (no food 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de- 
 
DESCRIPTIVE 
 
 223 
 
 DESPITE 
 
 of any d., tyrant of the worst d.). [F, f. L de- 
 gcriptionem (describe:, -ion)] 
 desepi'ptive, a. Serving to describe (d. 
 touches), fond of describing {d. writer). Hence 
 desepi'ptiveLY 2 adv. [f. LL descriptivus 
 
 (DESCRIBE, -IVE)] 
 
 descry*, v.t. Catch sight of, succeed in dis- 
 cerning (lit. & fig.). Iprob. var. of describe, & 
 often confused in early use with decry] 
 
 de'secrate, v.t. Deprive of sacred charac- 
 ter ; outrage, profane, (sacred thing) ; dedicate 
 to (evil). Hence desecPA'TiON, de'seepat- 
 or 2 , nn. [de- + (con)secrate] 
 
 desep't i (-z-), n. Deserving, worthiness of re- 
 compense good or bad ; character that deserves 
 good, virtue, whence desep'tLESS a. ; deserv- 
 ing people; (pi.) acts or qualities deserving 
 good or bad recompense, such recompense, 
 (reward him according to, give him, he has got, 
 his dd.). [OF, obs. p.p. of deservir deserve] 
 
 de'sept 2 (-z-), a. &n. Uninhabited, desolate ; 
 uncultivated, barren ; (n.) waterless & treeless 
 region, (fig.) uninteresting or barren subject, 
 period, &c. [OF (a. & n.), f. L p.p. see foil.] 
 
 desep't 3 (-z-), v.t. & i. Abandon, give up, 
 (thing) ; depart from (place, haunt) ; forsake 
 (person or thing having claims on one, as wife, 
 post, the colours, ship)', fail (his presence of 
 m ind deserted him) ; run away (esp. from ser- 
 vice in army or navy), whence deser'tER x n. 
 So desep'tiON n. [f. F deserter I. LL desertare 
 frequent, of L DE(serere sert- join)] 
 
 desep've (-z-), v.t. & i. Be entitled by con- 
 duct or qualities to (good or bad) ; have estab- 
 lished a claim to be well or ill treated at the 
 hands of. Hence desep'vedLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 deservir f. L T>E(servire serve)] 
 
 desep'vinef, a. Meritorious, worthy, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 deshabille (F), n. = dishabille. 
 
 desiccate (also disi'k-), v.t. Dry, dry up, 
 (esp. milk &c. for preservation). So desiee a'- 
 tion, de*sieeatOR 2 (2), nn., de'siecATiVE a. 
 [f . L T>E(siccare t. siccus dry), -ate 3 ] 
 
 desrderate, v.t. Feel to be missing, re- 
 gret absence of. [f. liDE(siderare see consider), 
 -ate 3 ] 
 
 desi'depative (-at-), a. & n. (gram.). (Verb, 
 conjugation, &c.) formed on another verb &c. 
 & expressing desire of doing the action, [f. L 
 desiderativus (prec, -ive)] 
 
 desidepa'tum, n. (pi. -a). Thing missing, 
 felt want. [L (neut. p.p. see desiderate)] 
 
 desig"n i (-zin), n. Mental plan ; scheme of 
 attack upon (has dd. upon mc) ; purpose 
 (whether by accident or d.) ; end in view; 
 adaptation of means to ends (the argument 
 /ro»io\, maintaining existence of a God by point- 
 ing to such adaptation) ; preliminary sketch 
 for picture &c. ; delineation, pattern ; artistic 
 or literary groundwork, general idea, construc- 
 tion, plot, faculty of evolving these, invention. 
 If. 15th-c. F desseing f. desseigner see foil.] 
 
 desig-n 2 (-zin), v.t. & i. Set (thing) apart 
 for person ; destine (person, thing)/or a service ; 
 contrive, plan ; purpose, intend, (designs an 
 attack, to do, doing, or that — , thing or person 
 to be or do something), whence desig-nedLY 2 
 adv. ; make preliminary sketch of (picture) ; 
 draw plan of (building &c. to be executed by 
 others) ; be a designer ; conceive mental plan 
 for, construct the groundwork or plot of, (book, 
 work of art), [f. F designer appoint f. L de- 
 signare designate, with senses also of obs. F 
 desseigner purpose & mod. F dessiner draw] 
 
 designate (-at), a. (placed after its noun). 
 Appointed to office but not yet installed {bishop 
 d, &c). [f. L p.p. (foil., -ATE 2 )] 
 
 designate (-z-), v.t. Specify, particularize ; 
 
 serve as name or distinctive mark of ; style, 
 describe as ; appoint to office (as, to, for), [f. L 
 DK(signare f. signum mark), -ate 3 ] 
 
 de'signa'tion (-z-), n. Appointing to office ; 
 name, description, title, [f. L as prec, -ation] 
 
 designer, n. In vbl senses ; esp. draughts- 
 man who makes plans for manufacturers, [-er j ] 
 
 desig'ning, a. In vbl senses ; esp. crafty, 
 artful, scheming, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 desi'lvepize, v.t. Extract the silver from 
 (esp. lead), [de-, silver, -ize] 
 
 desi'pience, n. Trifling, silliness, [f. L de- 
 sipietUia f. v>E(sipere — sapere be wise)] 
 
 desiP'able (-z-), a. Worth wisbing for. 
 Hence desipasixiTY, desip'ableNESS, nn., 
 desip'abLY 2 adv. [desire 2 , -able] 
 
 desire* * (-z-), n. Unsatisfied appetite, long- 
 ing, wish, craving ; request ; thing desired, [f. 
 OF desir cf. foil.] 
 
 desipe* 2 , v.t. Long for, crave, wish, (noun, 
 infin., noun & infin., or that-cla.\ise) ; (abs.) feel 
 d. ; ask for ; pray, entreat, command, (d. him to 
 wait ; she desired we woidd wait), [f. OF de- 
 sirer L_ L desiderare desiderate] 
 
 desiP'ous, pred. a. Wishful to do, ambitious 
 of (success &c), having the desire of doing, 
 wishful that. [f. OF desireus f. LL desiderosus 
 (st. of desiderare see prec. + -OSE 1 )] 
 
 desi'st (-zi-, -si-), v.i. Cease (from doing, from 
 sin), [f. OF desister f. L T>E(sistere stop)] 
 
 desk, n. Fixed or movable piece of furniture 
 or box having (often in combination with 
 drawers, seat, &c.) a board \isu. sloped serving 
 as rest for writing or reading at ; the d., clerical, 
 office, or literary work. Hence de*skFUL(2) 
 n. [f. med. hdesca f. L discus disk] 
 
 desolate l (-at), a. Left alone, solitary ; un- 
 inhabited ; ruinous, neglected, barren, dreary ; 
 forlorn, disconsolate, wretched. Hence de'so- 
 lateLY 2 adv., desolate \ ess n. [f. L de(so- 
 lare f. solus alone), -ate 2 ] 
 
 de'soiate 2 , v.t. Depopulate; devastate; 
 make (person) wretched. Hence desolate r 2 
 n. [f. prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 desola'tion, n. Desolating ; neglected, 
 ruined, solitary, or barren state ; being for- 
 saken, loneliness ; dreary sorrow. If. L deso- 
 latio (as prec, -ation)] 
 
 despair', n., & v.i. Loss, utter want, of bope ; 
 thing that causes this, whether by badness or 
 unapproachable excellence. ( Vb) lose, be with- 
 out, hope (of, or abs. ; his life is despaired of) : 
 hence despaip'ingLY 2 adv. [f. OF despeir- 
 stressed st. of desperer f . L DE(sperare hope)] 
 
 despatch. See dis-. 
 
 despepa'do, n. Person ready for or given to 
 reckless, esp. criminal, undertakings. [OSp. 
 (adj. only), f. L desperatus see foil.] 
 
 desperate (-at), a. Leaving no or little room 
 for hope, extremely dangerous or serious, ut- 
 terly impracticable ; reckless from despair, 
 violent, lawless, staking all on a small chance, 
 whence despePA'TiON n. ; extremely bad (a 
 d. night, storm, &c) ; very great (d.fear, a d. 
 fool). Hence de'spepateLY 2 adv., despe- 
 rate ness n. [f. L T>E(sperare hope), -ate 2 ] 
 
 despicable, a. Vile, contemptible. Hence 
 de'spieabLY 2 adv. [f. L despicabilis f. de- 
 (spicari cf. specere look at), -ble] 
 
 despi'se (-z), v.t. Look down upon, contemn, 
 [f. despis- st. of OF despire f. L DB(spicere = 
 specere look at)] 
 
 despi'te, n. & prep. Outrage, injury, con- 
 tumely, (archaic) ; malice, spite, offended pride 
 (died of mere d.) ; in d. of, d. of, d., notwith- 
 standing the opposition of, in the teeth of, in 
 spite of, (also in my Sec. d., in spite of my &c. 
 efforts, archaic). Hence despi'teFUL a., de- 
 
DESPOIL. 
 
 224 
 
 DETERMINATION 
 
 spi'tef uIly 2 adv. [f . OF despit f. L despectus 
 -us f. despicere see prec] 
 
 despoi'l, v.t. Plunder, spoil, rob, deprive, 
 (persou or place ; often of). Hence or cogn. 
 despoi'lER 1 , despoi'lMENT, despoil a tiox, 
 nn. [f. OF despoiller (now depouiller) f. L de- 
 (spoliare spoil)] 
 
 despo'nd, v.i., & n. Lose heart, be dejected ; 
 so despo'ndENCY n., despo'ndENT a., de- 
 spo'ndentLY 2 , despo-nding-Lv 2 , advv. (N., 
 archaic, only in slough of D.) dejection, [f. L 
 DE(spondere promise) give up, resign] 
 
 de'spot, n. Absolute ruler, whence de*s- 
 potiST(2) n. ; tyrant, oppressor. So despo't- 
 ic el, despo'tiCALLY adv. [OF, f. Gk despotes] 
 
 de'spotism, n. Arbitrary rule ; State under 
 a despot, [f. F despotisme (prec, -ism)] 
 
 de'squamate, v.t. & i. Strip of (in p.p.), 
 come off in, scales. Hence desquam a tiox 
 n., desqua'mativE, desqua'matORY, aa. 
 [f. L v>E(squamare f. squama scale)] 
 
 dessep't (-z-). n. Course of fruit, sweetmeats, 
 &c, at end of dinner ; d. -spoon. [F, f. desservir 
 (des- f. hdis-, servir serve) clear the table] 
 
 destination, n. Place to which person or 
 thing is bound, [f. L destinatio (foil., -ation)] 
 
 destine, v.t. Appoint, fore-ordain, devote, 
 set apart, (person or thing to do, to or for a ser- 
 vice, achievement, &c. ; of God, Fate, &c, or of 
 persons; but chiefly in pass.); was destined 
 to, was, as we now know, to. [f. F destiner f. 
 L T>E(stinare prob. causative of stare stand)] 
 
 de'stiny, n. Predetermined events ; person's, 
 country's, &c , appointed or ultimate lot ; power 
 Chat fore-ordains, invincible necessity, [f. OF 
 desthxie (prec, -Y 4 )] 
 
 de'stitute, a. Without resources, in want 
 of necessaries ; devoid of. So destitu'tiON n. 
 [f. L DEistituere -tut- — statuere place) forsake] 
 
 de'stpiep, n. (hist.). War-horse. [OF, f. LL 
 dextrarius hand-led (dexter, -ary 1 )] 
 
 destroy, v.t. Pull down, demolish, undo, 
 make useless, kill, annihilate, nullify, neutral- 
 ize effect of. Hence destroy able a. [f. OF 
 destruire ult. f. L DE(struere struct- build)] 
 
 destroy ep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. as abbr. 
 for TORPEDO-6oa£ d. [-er l ] 
 
 destpu'etible, a. Able to be destroyed. 
 Hence destPuetiBixiT y n. [f. L destructibilis 
 
 (DESTROY, -BLE)] 
 
 destruction, n. DESTROYing or being de- 
 stroyed ; what destroys, cause of ruin (is o ur 
 d.). [OF, f. L destructionem (destroy, -ion)] 
 
 destPU'etive, a. & n. Destroying ; deadly to, 
 causing destruction of; (of criticism or policy) 
 merely negative, i*ef uting &c without correct- 
 ing or reforming ; hence destPU'etiveLY 2 
 adv., destPiretiveNESs n. (N. ) person, thing, 
 that aims at or effects destruction. [OF (-if, 
 -ive), f. L destruetivus (destroy, -ive)] 
 
 destpu'etop, n. Refuse-burning furnace. 
 [L,= destroyer (destroy, -or 2 )] 
 
 de'suetude (-swl-), n. Passing into, state of, 
 disuse, [f. F desuetude f. L DE(suetudo f. sue- 
 scere suet- be wont, -tude)] 
 
 desu'lphuplze (-fer-), v.t. Free from sul- 
 phur. Hence desu'lpnupizATiON n. [de-] 
 
 de'sultopy, a. Skipping from one subject to 
 another, disconnected, unmethodical. Hence 
 de'suliopiLY 2 adv., de'sultopiNESS n. [f. 
 Lidesultorius f. des ultor circus-rider f. DE{sult- 
 
 = salt- p.p. st. of satire leap)] 
 
 desyno'nymize, v. t. Differentiate in sense 
 (synonymous words), [de-, synonym, -ize] 
 
 deta'ch (-tsh), v.t. Unfasten & remove (from, 
 or abs. ; detached mind, view, &c, regarding 
 
 things impartially, free from prejudice) ; (Mil. 
 & Nav.) send (ship, regiment, &c) on separate 
 mission. Hence deta'ehABLE a., deta'ch- 
 edLY 2 adv., deta'chedxESs (-atsht-) n. [f. F 
 ditacher (de-, Rom. tacca nail, tack)] 
 deta'chment, n. Detaching ; portion of 
 army, navy, or large body, separately em- 
 ployed ; standing aloof from or unaffected by 
 surroundings, public opinion, &c, indepen- 
 dence of judgment, selfish isolation, [f. F de- 
 tachement (prec, -ment)] 
 
 de'tail 1 , n. Dealing with things item by 
 item [in d.; go into d., give the items separ- 
 ately ; aiTiiy beaten in d.,in small sectional en- 
 gagements) ; minute account, number of par- 
 ticulars ; item, small or subordinate particular, 
 (bid that is a d., often iron, to call special atten- 
 tion) ; minor decoration in building, picture. 
 &c, way of treating this ; (Mil.) distribution of 
 orders of the day, small detachment, [f. F de- 
 tail f. detainer see foil.] 
 
 detai'l 2 , v.t. Give the particulars of, relate 
 circumstantially ; (Mil. ) tell off for special duty, 
 [f. F detailler (de-, tailler cut, see tailor)] 
 
 detai'n, v.t. Keep in confinement ; withhold 
 (money due &c.) ; keep waiting, hinder, [f. OF 
 DE(tenir f. L -tinere -tent- = tenere hold)] 
 
 detai'nep, n. (legal). Detaining of goods 
 taken from owner for distraint &c ; keeping of 
 person in confinement ; writ by which person 
 already arrested may be detained on another 
 suit. [f. AF detener f. OF detenir see prec, -er 4 J 
 
 dete'et, v.t. Find out (guilty person, person 
 in doing) ; discover existence or presence of. 
 Hence or cogn. dete'etABLE a., dete'etiON, 
 dete*ctoR' 2 (l, 2), nn. [f. L DE(tegere tect- cover)] 
 
 detective, a. & n. Serving to detect ; police- 
 man employed to investigate special cases ( pri- 
 vate d., person undertaking special inquiries 
 for pay ; amateur d., person who sets up theo- 
 ries on police cases), [prec, -ive] 
 
 dete'nt, n. Catch by removal of which ma- 
 chinery is set working, (in clocks &c.) catch that 
 regulates striking, [f. F detente f. ditendre 
 slacken (de-, L tendere stretch)] 
 
 detente (F), n. Cessation of friction or 
 strained relations between States, [as prec] 
 
 dete'ntion, n. Detaining, being detained ; 
 arrest, confinement, (House of D., lock-up) ; 
 compulsory delay ; (at schools) keeping in as 
 punishment, [f. L detentio (detain, -ion)] 
 
 detep*,v.t. (-rr-). Discourage or hinder (from, 
 or abs.) by or as fear, dislike of trouble, &c 
 Hence dete*ppENT(2) a. & n., dete'ppENCE, 
 detep'MENT. nn. [f. L DE(terrere frighten)] 
 
 detep'grent, a. & n. Cleansing (agent), [f. L 
 DE(tergere tcrs- wipe), -ent] 
 
 detep'iopate, v.t. & i. Make, grow, worse. 
 Hence or cogn. detepioPA tionii., detep'io- 
 patiVE a. [f. L deteriorare (detemor worse f. 
 de down), -ate 3 ] 
 
 determinant, a. & n. Determining, deci- 
 sive, conditioning, defining, (agent, factor, ele- 
 ment, word), [determine, -ant] 
 
 detep'minate (-at), a. Limited, definite, 
 distinct, finite, definitive. Hence detep'min- 
 ateL y 2 adv. , detep'minateNESS n. [f . L p. p. 
 (determine, -ate 2 )] 
 
 detepmina'tion, n. (Law) cessation of es- 
 tate or interest ; conclusion of debate ; judicial 
 sentence ; fixing of date &c ; delimitation, de- 
 finition ; exact ascertainment of amount &c ; 
 fixed direction, decisive bias, (d. of blood to 
 some part, tendency to flow there) ; settling of 
 purpose, fixed intention ; resoluteness, [f. L 
 determinate (determine, -ation)] 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de-. 
 
DETERMINATIVE 
 
 225 
 
 deter'minati ve, a. & n. (Thing) that im- 
 pels in a certain direction ; (attribute, mark, 
 symbol) serving to define or qualify, [f. F dt- 
 terminate (foil., -ive)] 
 
 detep'mine, v.t. & i. Bring, come, to an 
 end (esp. in law) ; limit in scope, define ; fix be- 
 forehand (date); settle, decide, (dispute, person's 
 fate, what is to be done, that — , whether, &c), 
 come to a conclusion, give decision ; be the de- 
 cisive factor in regard to (demand determines 
 supply); ascertain precisely, fix; give an aim 
 to, direct, impel to ; decide (person) to do ; re- 
 solve (to do, that — , on doing, on a course ; be 
 determined, have resolved). Hence detep*- 
 minABLE a. [f. OF determiner f. hDK(tc?-?nin- 
 are f. terminus end) J 
 
 detep'mined, a. In verbal senses ; also, re- 
 solute, unflinching, [-ed 1 ] 
 detep'minism, n. Theory that human ac- 
 tion is not free but determined by motives re- 
 garded as external forces acting on the will. 
 So detep*miniST(2) n. & a., deterministic 
 a. [determine -f -ism] 
 
 detep'sive, a. & n. Cleansing (substance). 
 [f. F ditersif (detergent, -ive)] 
 dete'st, v.t. Abhor, dislike intensely. Hence 
 or cogn. dete'stABLE a., dete'stableNESs n., 
 dete*stabLY 2 adv. [f. Fdetestcrf. LvEtcstari 
 call God to wituess against] 
 detesta'tion, n. Abhorrence (have, hold, 
 ind., abhor) ; detested person or thing. [F (de-), 
 f. L detestationem (prec, -ation)] 
 dethpo'ne, v.t. Depose (ruler, dominant in- 
 fluence). Hence dethpo'neMENT n. [de-] 
 de'tinue, n. (legal). Action of d., suit for re- 
 covery of thing wrongfully detained, [f. OF 
 detenue f. p.p. of detenir detain] 
 de'tonate (or de-), v.t & t. (Cause to) ex- 
 plode with loud report. Hence or cogn. doton- 
 a'tion n., de'tonatiVE a. [f. L DK(tonare 
 thunder), -ate 3 ] 
 
 de'tonatop, n. Detonating contrivance ; 
 railway fog-signal, [-or 2 ] 
 detoup (dltoor - ), detoup (F), n. Deviation, 
 roundabout way, digression, (esp. make a d.). 
 :{F (de-), f. detourner (de-, turn)J 
 
 detpa'et, v.t. & i. Take away (much, some- 
 thing, &c, or abs.) from a whole (esp. in sense 
 reduce the credit due to, depreciate). Hence or 
 «ogn. detpa'etioN, detpa'etOR 2 , nn., de- 
 tpa'etivE a. {f . L v>%(trahere tract- draw)] 
 
 detpai'n, v.t. & i. Discharge, alight, from 
 
 irain (troops &c; cf. entrain), [de- 4- train n.] 
 
 de'tpiment, n. Harm, damage, (esp. with- 
 
 cnit d. to). ;[F (d6-), f. L T>E(trimentum f. terere 
 
 trit- rub, wear, -ment)] 
 
 detrimental, a. &n. Harmful, causing loss, 
 whence detpime'ntalLY 2 adv.; (n., slang) un- 
 desirable suitor, e. g. younger son. [-al] 
 detPi'ted, a. (geol.). Disintegrated, formed 
 as detritus, [detritus as p.p. + -ed j ] 
 
 detpi'tion, n. Wearing away by rubbing. 
 £f. L detrit- see detriment, -ion] 
 
 detpi'tus, n. Matter produced by detrition, 
 as gravel, sand, silt -, debris. Hence detpi't al 
 a. [wrong use of L detritus -us — wearing down 
 for detritum neut. p.p. see detriment] 
 
 de trop (de tro - ), pred. a. Not wanted, unwel- 
 come, in the way. [F] 
 deuce *, n. The two at dice or cards ; (Tennis) 
 state of score (40 all, games all) at which either 
 party must gain two consecutive points or 
 games to win. [f. F deux f. L duos nom. -o two] 
 deuce 2 , n. Plague, mischief; the devil (d. 
 take it ; who, where, what, &c, the d. ? ; the d. is 
 in it if I cannot, I certainly can ; play the d. 
 ivith, spoil, ruin ; the d. to pay, trouble to be 
 «xpected ; ad. of a mess ; d, k?wivs ; d. a bit, 
 
 F.D. 
 
 «_ 
 
 DEVIL 
 
 not at all ; the d. he isn't, it is incredible that 
 he is not), [perh. = prec, the two at dice being 
 the worst throw ;_cf. G daus in same sense] 
 
 deu'eed (du-, doo-), a. Confounded ; great (in 
 a d. hun*y). Hence deu'eedLY 2 adv. [-ed 2 ] 
 
 de'us ex ma-china (-k-), n. Power, event 
 that comes in the nick of time to solve difficulty' 
 providential interposition, esp. in novel or play! 
 [L, = god from the machinery (by which in an- 
 cient theatre gods were shown in air)] 
 
 deutepag-6'nist (also -a -go-), n. Person of 
 next importance to protagonist in drama, [f. 
 Gk deuteragonistes (foil., agonistes actor)] 
 
 deutepo- , comb, form of Gk deuteros second, 
 as d.-Isaiah, supposed later author of is.xl-lxvi, 
 d.-canonical of Bible books, admitted later to 
 Canon, deiderogamy, second marriage. 
 
 Deutepd'nomist, n. Author, joint-authors, 
 or compiler, of Deuteronomy, [-ist] 
 
 Deutepo*nomy (also du ; -), n. Fifth book of 
 Pentateuch. Hence Deutepono*mic(AL) aa. 
 [f. L f. Gk DEUTERO(>iomz\m f. nomos law) 
 second book of law] 
 
 deu*tzia (du-, doi-), n. White-flowered shrub. 
 [J. DeutzVSl, -ia 1 ] 
 
 deux-temps (F), n. Kind of waltz more 
 rapid than the trois-temps. [F, - two-time] 
 
 de'vastate, v.t. Lay waste, ravage. Hence 
 or cogn. devastATioN, de'vastatoR 2 , nn. 
 [f. L DE(vastare f. vastus waste), -ate 3 ] 
 
 develop, v.t. & i. Unfold (t. & i.), reveal, 
 bring or come from a latent to an active or 
 visible state ; (Mil.) open (an attack) ; make or 
 become fuller, more elaborate or systematic, or 
 bigger; (Photog.) treat (plate, film) soas to make 
 picture visible ; make progress ; exhibit (has de- 
 veloped a tendency to), come or bring to matu- 
 rity. Hence deve'lopABLE a., deve'lopERi 
 (1,2) n. [f. F divelopper etym. dub.; cf. It. vi- 
 luppo wrapping] 
 
 development, n. Gradual unfolding, fuller 
 working out ; growth ; evolution (of animal & 
 plant races); well-grown state ; stage of advance- 
 ment ; product ; more elaborate form ; develop- 
 ing of photograph, [-ment] 
 
 developmental, a. Incidental to growth 
 (d. diseases) ; evolutionary. Hence deve'lop- 
 me*ntalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 de'viate, v.i. Turn aside, diverge, (from 
 course, rule, truth, &c, or abs.), digress, [f. L 
 DE(via?'e f. via way), -ate 3 ] 
 
 deviation, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : deflexion of 
 compass-needle by iron in ship &c; divergence 
 of optic axis from normal position, [-ation] 
 
 devi'ee, n. Make, look, (archaic ; things of 
 rare, strange, d.) ; (pi.) fancy, will, (left to one's 
 own dd.) ; plan, scheme, trick ; contrivance, in- 
 vention, thing adapted for a purpose ; drawing, 
 design, figure ; emblematic or heraldic design ; 
 motto. [ME & OF devis, devise, f. L divisum, 
 -a, neut. & fern. p.p. of divider e divide] 
 
 de'vil l (-vl), n. The D., supreme spirit of evil, 
 tempter of mankind, enemy of God, Satan; 
 heathen god ; evil spirit possessing demoniac ; 
 superhuman malignant being ; wicked or cruel 
 person ; mischievously energetic, clever, knav- 
 ish, or self-willed person, luckless or wretched 
 person (usu. poor d.) ; vicious animal ; junior 
 legal counsel working for a leader (Attorney- 
 General's d., junior Counsel to Treasury) ; lit- 
 erary hack doing what his employer takes the 
 credit and pay for ; printer's d., errand-boy in 
 printing-office ; personified evil quality (the d. 
 of greed &c.) ; fighting-spirit, energy or dash in 
 attack ; (name of) kinds of animal, bird, fire- 
 work, & implement ; highly seasoned dish, 
 esp. devilled bones. Phrases (see also those in 
 deuce 2 , in all of which d. may be substituted): 
 
DEVIL 
 
 226 
 
 DHOW 
 
 a d. of a, one of an unwelcome or remarkable 
 or amusing kind ; — is the d., a great difficulty 
 or nuisance ; like the d., with great^nergy &c; 
 go to thed., be ruined, (imperat.) be off; the d.!, 
 excl. of annoyance or surprise ; d. a one, not one; 
 the d. & all, everything bad ; between the d. & 
 the deep sea, in a dilemma ; give the d. his due ; 
 the d. to pay, trouble ahead ; talk of the d. (& 
 he will appear), said when one comes just after 
 being mentioned ; the d. among the tailors, 
 row, disturbance ; d. on two sticks, older name 
 for diabolo ; d.'s advocate, -acy, (one who puts) 
 the d.'s case against canonization, (transf.) de- 
 predator, depreciation; d.'s bedpost, four of 
 clubs; d.'s bones, dice; d.'s books, cards; D.'s 
 Own, 88th Foot, Inns of Court Volunteers ; d.'s 
 tattoo ; devil's in many plant-names, esp. d.'s- 
 oi£,kind of scabious; d.'s coach-horse, large cock- 
 tail beetle ; d.'s dust, shoddy. D.-dodger, prea- 
 cher, parson ; d.-Jish, name of many kinds ; d.- 
 may-care, reckless, rollicking. Hence de'vil- 
 dom, de'vilHOOD, nn., de*vilwARo(s) adv. 
 [OE deofol (perh. f. L) f. Gk diabolos slanderer 
 (diaballo slander f. dia through, ballo throw)] 
 
 de'vil 2 , v.i. & t. (-11-). Work as lawyer's or 
 author's d. (usu. for principal) ; grill with hot 
 condiments, [f. prec] 
 
 de'vilish, a. (-vil-), & adv. (-vl-). Like, worthy 
 of, the devil, damnable; hence de'vilishLY 2 
 adv., de'vilishNESS n. (Adv.) very, [-ish 1 ] 
 
 de'vilism (-vil-), n. Devilish quality or con- 
 duct ; worsbip of devils, [-ism] 
 
 de'vilment (-vl-), n. Mischief, wild spirits ; 
 devilish or strange phenomenon, [-ment] 
 
 de'vilpy(-vl-), -tpy,n. Diabolical art, magic; 
 the devil and his works ; wickedness, cruelty; 
 reckless mischief, daring, or hilarity ; demono- 
 logv ; devils, [{-try corrupt, of) -ry] 
 
 de'vious, a. Remote, sequestered ; winding, 
 circuitous, erratic ; erring. Hence de'vious- 
 ly 2 adv., de'viousNESS n. [f. L VE(vius f. via 
 way) + -ous] 
 
 devi'se (-z), v.t., & n. (Law) assign, give, 
 (realty; cf. bequeath) by will (n., this act, 
 clause effecting it), whence devi'soR 2 , de- 
 visEE - , nn. ; plan, contrive, invent, plot, 
 scheme, (thing, how, orabs.). Hence or cogn. 
 devi'SABLE a., devi'SER 2 (4), n. [f. OF deviser 
 f. LL frequent, of L dividere -is- divide] 
 
 devrtalize, v.t. Make lifeless or effete. 
 Hence devitalizATiON n. [de-] 
 
 devi'tpify, v.t. Deprive of vitreous quality, 
 make (glass or vitreous rock) opaque & crystal- 
 line. Hence devitPiFiCA*TiON n. [de-] 
 
 devoi'd, a. Destitute, empty, of. [short p.p. 
 of obs. devoid f. OF DE(vuidier f. vide void)] 
 
 de'voip (-vwar), n. Duty, one's best, (do one's 
 d.) ; (pi.) courteous attentions (pay one's dd. to). 
 [ME dever f. OF deveir f. L debere owe] 
 
 de'volute (-oot), v.t. Transfer by devolution, 
 depute, (work). [f.L p.p. st. see devolve] 
 
 devolution (-loo-), n. Descent through a 
 series of changes ; descent of property by due 
 succession ; lapse of unexercised right to ulti- 
 mate owner ; (Biol.) degradation of species (cf. 
 evolution) ; deputing, delegation, of work or 
 power (esp. by House of Parliament to its com- 
 mittees), [f. med. L devolutio (foil., -ion)] 
 
 devo'lve, v.t. & i. Throw (duty, work), (of 
 duties) be thrown, fall, descend, upon (deputy, 
 or one who must act for want of others) ; de- 
 scend, fall by succession, (to, upon, or abs.). [f. 
 L T>E(volvere volut- roll)] 
 
 Devonian, a. & n. (Native) of Devonshire ; 
 
 (Geol.) (of) the formation lying above the Silu- 
 rian & below the Carboniferous, [-ian] 
 
 devo'te, v.t. Consecrate, dedicate, give up 
 exclusively, (oneself, another, thing, esp. abili- 
 ties &cc.)to (God, person, pursuit, purpose) ; give 
 over to destruction &c. Hence devo'teMENT 
 n. [f. L DK(vovere vot- vow)] 
 
 devo'ted, a. In vbl senses ; esp. : zealously 
 loyal (d. friend), whence devo'tedLY 2 adv. ; 
 doomed (esp. d. head), [-ed 2 ] 
 
 devotee", n. Votary of, one devoted to ; 
 zealously or fanatically pious person, [-ee] 
 
 devo'tion, n. Devoutness ; devoting ; divine 
 worship, (pi.) prayers, praying, (was at his dd.), 
 whence devo'tionAL a., devo'tionalLY 2 
 adv., devo , tionaliSM(3), devo*tionaliST(2), 
 nn.; enthusiastic addiction or loyalty (to, or 
 abs.). [OF (-cion) f.L devotionem (devote, -ion)] 
 
 devour* (-owr), v.t. Eat (of beasts) ; eat like 
 a beast or ravenously ; (bibl.) consume reckless- 
 ly, waste, destroy, pillage, (substance, property, 
 or its owners) ; kill, decimate, (of fire, sword, 
 plague, &c.) ; engulf; take in greedily with 
 ears or eyes (book, story, beauty or beautiful 
 person) ; absorb the attention of (devoured by 
 anxiety) ; (poet.) d. the way &c, go fast, esp. of 
 horses. Hence devour'ingLY- adv. [f. OF 
 devorer f. L T>K(vorare swallow)] 
 
 devou't (-owt), a. Reverential, religious, 
 pious, (of person, act, &c), whence devou't- 
 ness n. ; earnest, hearty, genuine. Hence de- 
 vou'tLY 2 adv. [f. OF devot f. L p.p. (devote)] 
 
 dew \ n. Atmospheric vapour condensed in 
 small drops on cool surfaces from evening to 
 morning ; freshness, refreshing or gently steal- 
 ing influence, (usu. of sleep, eloquence, youth, 
 music, &c); any beaded or glistening moisture, 
 esp. tears, sweat; mountain-d., illicitly dis- 
 tilled whisky ; dewberry, kind of blackberry ; 
 d.-claw, rudimentary inner toe of some dogs ; 
 d.-drop ; d.-fall, time when d. begins to form, 
 evening ; d.-point, temperature at which it 
 forms ; d.-rake, for surface of grass or stubble ; 
 d.-ret v.t., ret by exposure to d. instead of 
 steepingin water ; d.-worm, large garden worm. 
 Hence dewLESS, dewY 2 , aa., dewiLY 2 
 adv., dewiNESS n. [OE diaiv, com.-Teut. cf. ■ 
 Du. dauw, G tail] 
 
 dew 2 , v.t. & i. (Impers.) form or fall as d. 
 (it is beginning to d.) ; bedew, moisten. [ME 
 dtwen as prec] 
 
 dewlap, n. Fold of loose skin hanging from 
 throat of cattle (& transf. of other animals or 
 men). Hencedew*lappED 2 a. [dcw-oi doubt- 
 ful etym. & sense, cf. Da. doglxb ; -lap f. OE 
 laeppa skirt, lobe] 
 
 de'xtep, a. Of or on the right-hand side (in 
 Heraldry, to the spectator's left). [L, compara- 
 tive (cf. -ther) f. dex- cf. Gk dexios, Goth. 
 taihswa, Skr. daksha] 
 
 dexte'Pity, n. Manual or mental adroitness, 
 skill, neatness of handling ; right-handedness, 
 using of right hand. [f. E DEXTERitas -ity)] 
 
 de'xtpin, n. (chem.). Soluble gummy sub- 
 stance obtained from starch & used on adhesive 
 stamps &c. [as foil. + -in] 
 
 dextpo-, comb, form of L dexter, esp. in 
 terms concerned w. chem. property of causing 
 plane of polarized light ray to rotate to right 
 (opp. laevo-, which see for compounds). 
 
 de'xtpose, n. (chem.). Dextro-rotatory form 
 of glucose, [prec. , -ose 2 ] 
 
 de'xtpous, -tep-, a. Neat-handed, deft; 
 mentally adroit, clever ; using right hand by 
 preference. Hence de*xt(e)POUsLY 2 adv. 
 [dexter + -ous ; -tr- correct but less common] 
 
 d(h)ow (dow), n. Single-masted Arabian-Sea 
 ship of about 200 tons ; any Arab ship, esp. as 
 
 For compounds of de- not given consult de-. 
 
DHURRIE 
 
 227 
 
 DIAMETER 
 
 used in E.-Afr. slave-trading, [etym. dub. ; 
 spelling dow more correct but rare] 
 
 d(n)u*ppie, n. Indian rectangular fringed 
 cotton carpet used for sofa-covers, curtains, &c. 
 [f. Hind, dari ; spelling as prec] 
 
 di- 1 , pref. Form of L dis- (which see for 
 meaning) used before b, d, I, m, n, r, s + cons., 
 •», usu. g, & sometimes j. In LL & Rom. often 
 replaced by dis- (so dismiss), in OF & ME often 
 varying with dc- (so defer x f . L differre). Not 
 a living pref. in E. 
 
 di- 2 , pref. f. Gk di- - dis twice, two-, double-. 
 In many E wds, & as living pref. in Chein. with 
 various special uses. 
 
 di- 3 , pref. —foil, before vowel. 
 
 di(a)-, pref. f. Gk prep, or pref. dia through, 
 thorough(ly), apart, across. In Gk words taken 
 direct, or through L or F & L ; also in many 
 scientific words made with Gk elements or on 
 Gk analogy. 
 
 diabetes, n. Disease with excessive glucose- 
 charged urine, thirst, & emaciation. [L f. Gk, 
 f. niA(baino go) J 
 
 diabetic, a. & n. Of diabetes ; (person) 
 suffering from diabetes, [f. F diabetique f. L 
 diabeticics (prec, -ic)] 
 
 dia'blei'ie (-ah-), n. Devil's business ; sorcery ; 
 wild recklessness ; devil-lore. [F {diablc f. L 
 diabolus devil, -rv)J 
 
 diabo'lic(al), aa. Of, having to do with, pro- 
 ceeding from, externally like, the devil (usu. 
 -ic) ; fiendish, atrociously cruel or wicked, (usu. 
 -ical). Hence diabo'liealLY 2 adv. [f. F dia- 
 bolique f. L f. Gk diabolikos (devil, -ic) + -al] 
 
 dia'bolism, n. Sorcery : devilish conduct 
 or nature ; belief in or worship of the devil, [f. 
 Gk diabolos devil + -ism] 
 
 dia'bolize, v.t. Make into, represent as, a 
 devil, [as prec. + -ize] 
 
 dia'bolo (or di-), n. Game with two-headed 
 top & sticks, [mod. fancy formation; older 
 devil on two sticks] 
 
 dia'ehylon, -ehylum, (k), -eulum, ri. 
 Sticking-plaster of litharge, olive oil, & water, 
 on linen, [med. L (-ylum) f. Gk dia khulon by 
 juices ; -culum by confus. w. -cule] 
 
 dia'conal, a. Of a deacon, [f. ~LLdiaconalis 
 
 (DEACON, -AL)] 
 
 dia'conate (-at), n. Office of, one's time as, 
 deacon ; deacons, [f. LL (-tus), as deacon, -ate 1 ] 
 
 diaepi'tieal, a. Distinguishing, distinctive, 
 esp. d. wiarks used in printing to indicate differ- 
 ent sounds of a letter, accents, diaeresis, cedilla, 
 &c. ; capable of seeing distinctions, [f. Gk dia- 
 (kritikos see critic) + -al] 
 
 diactrnie, a. Transmitting, transparent to, 
 the actinic rays, [di- 3 , Gk aktis -inos ray, -ic] 
 
 di'adem, n. Crown, or plain or jewelled 
 fillet, as badge of sovereignty ; wreath of leaves 
 or flowers worn round head ; sovereignty ; 
 crowning distinction or glory. Hence di'a- 
 demED 2 a. [f. 13th-c. F dyademe f. L f. Gk 
 DiA(denia f. deo bind, -m)] 
 
 diaep'esis (dier-), n. (pi. -eses). Mark (as in 
 aerate) over second of two vowels indicating 
 that they are not one sound. [L, f. Gk diairesis 
 (Di- 3 , haired take) separation] 
 
 diagno'se (-z), v.t. Determine from symp- 
 toms the nature of (a disease), [f. foil.] 
 
 diagno'sis, n. (pi. -oses). Identification of 
 disease by means of patient's symptoms &c, 
 formal statement of this ; classification of per- 
 son's character, assignment of species &c. [L f. 
 Gk (dia-, gignosko recognize)] 
 
 diag-no'stie, a. & n. Of, assisting, diagnosis ; 
 symptom. Hence diagnostics n., dia- 
 grno'stiCALLY adv., diagnostrciAN n. [f. 
 Gk DiA(gnostikos f. gnostos known, prec, -ic)] 
 
 diagonal, a. & n. (Straight line) joining 
 two non-adjacent angles of rectilineal figure or 
 solid contained by planes ; obliquely placed 
 like the d. of a parallelogram (d. roiu or d., as 
 of the squares of the same colour on chess- 
 board), inclined at other than a right angle, 
 having some part so inclined (d. cloth or d., 
 twilled with ridges oblique to the lists). Hence 
 dia'g-onalL y 2 adv. [f. L diagonalis f . Gk dia- 
 {gonios f. gonia angle), -al] 
 
 drag-pam, n. (Geoni.) figure made of lines 
 used in proving &c ; sketch showing the fea- 
 tures of an object needed for exposition ; sym- 
 bolic representation, by lines, of process, force, 
 &c Hence or cogn. diagramma'tic a., 
 diagramma'tiCALLY adv., diag-pa'mma- 
 ti£E(l) v.t. [f. F diagramvxe f. L f. Gk dia- 
 (gramma -atos f. grapho write, -m)] 
 
 di'agpaph, n. Instrument for drawing pro- 
 jections, enlarging maps, &c, mechanically, 
 [f. F diagraphe (prec, -graph)] 
 
 di'al, n. , & v. t. (-11-). (Usu. 8un-d. ) instrument 
 showing hour by sun's shadow on graduated 
 plate ; (also d.-plate) face of clock or watch ; 
 plate in steam-gauge, gas-meter, &c, on which 
 pressure, consumption, &c, are indicated by 
 index-finger ; (vb) measure, indicate, (as) with 
 d. [prob. f. med. L (rota) dialis daily (wheel) 
 f. L dies day, -al ; hardly found outside E] 
 
 di'alect, n. Form of speech peculiar to a 
 district, class, or person, subordinate variety 
 of a language with distinguishable vocabulary, 
 pronunciation, or idioms. Hence dialeetA La., 
 diale'ctalLY 2 adv., dialeeto'LOGY, dia- 
 leeto'LociST, nn. [f. L f. Gk dialektos f. dia- 
 legoviai converse] 
 
 dialectic 1 , n. (often in pi.). Art of investi- 
 gating the truth of opinions, testing of truth by 
 discission, logical disputation ; (Mod. Philos. ; 
 not in pi.) criticism dealing with metaphysical 
 contradictions & their solutions. So dialect- 
 rciAN n. [f. OF dialectique f. L f. Gk dialektike 
 (tekhne art) of debate (prec, -ic)] 
 
 dialectic 2 , a. & n. Logical, of disputation ; 
 (person) skilled in critical inquiry by discussion ; 
 = DiALECTaZ. [f. L f. Gk dialektikos (-ic)] 
 
 dialectical, a. = dialectic 2 (adj.) ; = dia- 
 lect^; belonging to dialectic 1 in mod.-Phi- 
 los^ sense. Hence diale'cticalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 dialo'g-ic (-j-), a. In, of, dialogue, [f. med. 
 L dialogicus (dialogue, -ic)] 
 
 dia'log-ist (-j-), n. Speaker in, writer of, dia- 
 logue. (?. L f. Gk dialogistes (foil., -ist)] 
 
 di'alog'ue (-6g), n. Conversation ; piece of 
 written work in conversational form, this kind 
 of composition (written in d.) ; the conversa- 
 tional part in a novel. Hence di'alog'ue- wise 
 adv. [f. 13th-c F dialoge f. L f. Gk dialogos 
 (DiAlego?nai converse)] 
 
 dia'lysis, n. (pi. -yses). Parting of colloid 
 from crystalloid parts of mixture by filtration 
 through parchment floating in water. Hence 
 di'alyse (-z), v.t. [f. Gk r>iA(lusis f. luoloose)] 
 
 dialy'tic, a. (chem.). Of, by, dialysis, [f. Gk 
 T>iA(lntikos f. lutos loosed f. luo loose, -ic)] 
 
 diamag-ne'tie, a. & n. Tending to lie E. & 
 W., across the magnetic axis, when suspended 
 freely & acted on by magnetism ; of d. bodies 
 or diamagnetism ; a d. body or substance. 
 Hence diamag-ne'tiCALLY adv., diama'g- 
 netizE(3) v.t. [dia-] 
 
 diama*g , netism,n. Diamagnetic tendency ; 
 the diamagnetic branch of magnetism, [dia-] 
 
 dlamanti'fepous, a. Diamond-yielding, 
 [f. F diamant diamond, -i-, -ferous] 
 
 dia'metep, n. Straight line passing from 
 side to side of any body or geom. figure through 
 centre (with special geom. applications for 
 
DIAMETRICAL. 
 
 228 
 
 DICKER 
 
 curves), transverse measurement, width, thick- 
 ness ; unit of linear measurement of magnify - 
 ing-power (lens magnifying 2000 ddj. So dia*- 
 metPAL a., dia*metralLY 2 adv. [f. OF dia- 
 metre f. L f. Gk mxmetros (gramme line) mea- 
 suring across f. metron measure] 
 
 diame'tpical, a. Of, along, a diameter, dia- 
 metral ; (of opposition, difference, &c.) direct, 
 complete, like that between opposite ends of 
 diameter. Hence diame'tpiealLY 2 adv. [f. 
 Gk diametrikos (prec, -ic) + -al] 
 
 di'amor.d, n., a., & v.t. Colourless or tinted 
 precious stone of pure carbon crystallized in 
 octahedrons & allied forms, harder than any 
 other known substance (cut into table, rose, 
 & brilliant 2 ; Bristol, Cornish, &c., d., gems 
 resembling it ; black d., dark-coloured d., coal ; 
 rough d., not yet cut, person of intrinsic worth 
 but rough manners ; d. cut d., of persons well 
 matched in wit or cunning) ; glittering particle 
 or point ; (usu. glazier's or cutting d.) tool with 
 small d. for glass-cutting ; figure shaped like 
 section of d., rhomb ; playing-card bearing this 
 (dd., the suit ; a small d., one of lower cards) ; 
 a printing type ; d.-back, kinds of moth & 
 turtle ; d. cement, for setting dd. ; d.-drill, set 
 with dd. for boring hard substance ; d.-field, 
 tract yielding dd. i d.-point, d. -tipped stylus 
 used in engraving, (usu. pi.) place where two 
 lines or rails intersect obliquely : d.-snake, 
 Australian & Tasmanian kinds ; d. wedding, 
 60th anniversary; hence diamondi'FEROUS 
 a., di'amondwiSE adv. (Adj.) made of, set 
 with, d. or dd., rhomb-shaped. (Vb) adorn with 
 dd., dewdrops, &c. [ME & OY'diamantt LtLdia- 
 mantem noru. -as f. L f. Gk adamas adamant] 
 
 Dia'na, n. Horse-woman, lady who hunts. 
 [L. goddess of the chase] 
 
 dlapa'son (-zn), n. Combination of notes or 
 parts in harmonious whole ; melody, strain, 
 esp. grand swelling burst of harmony ; compass 
 of voice or instrument ; range, scope ; fixed 
 standard of musical pitch ; open, closed or 
 stopped, d., two principal foundation-stops in 
 organ. [L, f. Gk dia pason (khordon) through 
 all (strings) f. pas all] 
 
 di'apep, n., & v.t. Linen fabric with small 
 diamond pattern ; baby's napkin of this ; orna- 
 mental design of diamond reticulation for 
 panels, walls, &c. (vb, decorate with this). 
 [f. OF cliapre f. Byzant. Gk diaspros adj. f. 
 dia-, aspros white] 
 
 dia'phanous, a. Transparent, [f. med. L 
 ■diaphanus f. Gk T>iA(phanes -showing f. 
 phaino show) -f -ous] 
 
 di'aphpag-m (-am), n. Muscular & tendin- 
 ous partition separating thorax from abdomen 
 in mammals ; partition in shell-fish, plant 
 tissues, & various instruments, esp., in optics, 
 opaque disk pierced with circular hole. So 
 diaphpag-ma'tic (-gm-) a. [f. L f. Gk dia- 
 (phragma -atos f. phrasso hedge in, -m)] 
 
 di'apist, n. One who keeps a diary. Hence 
 diaprstic a. [diary + -ist] 
 
 di'apize, v.i. & t. Keep, enter in, a diary. 
 [diary, -ize] 
 
 •diarrhoea (diare'a), n. Excessive looseness 
 of bowels. Hence diapphoe'AL, diapphoe*- 
 ic, aa. [L, f. Gk DiA(rr/ioi'a f. rheo flow)] 
 
 di'apy, n. Daily record of events, journal ; 
 book prepared for keeping this in; calendar 
 
 with daily memoranda esp. for persons of a 
 
 E articular profession. Hence diap'iAL a. [f. 
 diarium (dies day, -ary a )J 
 dia'stoie, n. Dilatation of heart or artery 
 alternating with systole, & with it forming 
 pulse (systole & d. often fig. of reaction, fluctua- 
 tion, &c). [med.L f. Gk, f. DiA(stell6 send)] 
 
 diate'ssapon, n. Harmony of the four gos- 
 pels. [OF, f. L f. Gk dia tessaron by four] 
 
 diathep'maney, h., diather'manous, 
 diathep'mic, aa. (Having the) quality of 
 transmitting radiant heat. [f. F diathermansie, 
 diathermane + -ous, diathermique, f. Gk dia- 
 (theiinansis f. thermaino f. thermos warm)] 
 
 dia'thesis, n. (med. ; pi. -eses). Constitu- 
 tional predisposition. [Gk, f. T>iA(tithemij)\a,ce)] 
 
 di'atom, n. Member of genus Diatoma, 
 microscopic unicellular Algae at bottom of sea 
 & forming fossil deposits. So diatom a ceous 
 a. [f. Gk DiA(tomos f. temno cut) alluding to the 
 cells' being connected in easily separable chains] 
 
 diatd'mic, a. (chem.). Consisting of two 
 atoms ; having two replaceable atoms of hydro- 
 gen. [di- 2 , atom, -ic] 
 
 diatd'nic, a. (mus.). (Of scale) proceeding by 
 notes proper to key without chromatic altera- 
 tion ; (of melodies & harmonies) constructed 
 from such a scale, [f. F diatonique f. L f. Gk 
 Di\(tonikos tonic) with intervals of a tone] 
 
 di'atpibe, n. Piece of bitter criticism, invec- 
 tive, denunciation. [F, f. L f. Gk (-e) = wearing 
 away of time, discourse, f. DiA(tribo rub)] 
 
 dib, v.i. =dap. [var. of dab, whence also dap] 
 
 diba'sic, a. (chem.). Having two bases or two 
 atoms of a base, [di- 2 , base i] 
 
 di'bbep, n. Instrument for dibbling, dibble, 
 [f. dib, now used thus only in dibbing-stick) 
 
 di'bble, n., & v.t. & i. Instrument for making 
 holes in ground for seeds &c. (Vb) prepare (soil) 
 with this ; sow or plant thus ; use a d. [perh. f. 
 dib + -le(1), but found much earlier] 
 
 dibs, n. pi. (Child's game with) sheep's 
 knuckle • bones ; counters at cards ; (slang) 
 money, [prob. f. dib ; cf. earlier dib-stones] 
 
 di'cast, diea'stepy, nn. (Gk Antiq.). (Mem- 
 ber of) Athenian jury (-ery), which gave both 
 verdict & sentence, [f. Gk dikastes, dikaste- 
 rion, (dikazo to judge f. dike right)] 
 
 dice 1 , a. pi. See die K 
 
 diee^, v.i. & t. Play dice \ whence di'CER l 
 n. ; gamble away at dice ; chequer, mark with 
 squares, [f. prec.l 
 
 di'ee-box, n. Box of hour-glass shape from 
 which dice are thrown ; d.-insulator, piece of 
 porcelain so shaped supporting telegraph wire. 
 
 dichlamy'deous, a. (bot.). Having calyx 
 & corolla, [di- 2 , Gk khlamus -udos cloak, -eous] 
 
 dicho'gamous (-k-), a. (bot.). Having stam- 
 ens & pistils that mature at different times, so 
 that self-fertilization is impossible, [f. Gk di- 
 kho- asunder, -gamos -married] 
 
 diehd'tomy (-k-), n. Division into two ; 
 binary classification; (Bot. & Zool.) repeated 
 bifurcation. So diehotd'mic, diebo'to- 
 mous, aa., diehd'tomisTd) n., dicbo'to- 
 mizE(l, 3) v.t. & i., diehotomousLY 2 adv. 
 [as prec, -tomy] 
 
 diehpo'ie, a. Showing two colours (esp. of 
 doubly refracting crystals), [f. Gk Di -(khroos 
 f. khros colour) + -ic] 
 
 diehpoma'tie, a. Two -coloured (esp. of 
 animal species of which individuals show dif- 
 ferent colorations), [di- 2 + Gk khromatikos 
 (khroma -atos colour, -ic)] 
 
 diehpo'mie, a. With only two colours (esp. 
 of colour-blind vision seeing two of three prim- 
 ary colours). [Gk dikhromos (prec.) + -ic] 
 
 dick, n. (slang). Take one's d. that or to it, 
 swear, affirm, [prob. for declaration] 
 
 di'ckens, n. (colloq.). Devil, deuce, [from 
 1598 ; prob. use of Dickon= Richard, or the sur- 
 name Dickens, as alliterative substitute] 
 
 di'ekep Kn. (commerc. ). Half-score, ten, esp. 
 of hides. [ME dyker cf. G decher f. L decuria 
 set of ten (decern)] 
 
DICKER 
 
 229 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL 
 
 di'ekeP 2 , v.i. (U.S.). Trade by barter, chaffer, 
 haggle, [prob. f. prec. through the barter in 
 skins with Indians] 
 
 di'eky, -ey, n. (colloq. & slang). Donkey ; 
 (also d.-bird) small bird ; false shirt-front ; pin- 
 afore or apron ; driver's seat ; servant's seat at 
 back of carriage, [etyrn. dub. ; some senses f. 
 the male name] 
 
 di'cky, a. (slang). Unsound, shaky. [?] 
 
 dieoty le'don, n. Flowering plant with two 
 cotyledons. Hence dicotyledonous a. [di- 2 ] 
 
 di'ctate \ n. Authoritative direction (usu. 
 of reason, conscience, nature, &c. ; often pi.). 
 [f. L dictatum neut. p.p. see foil.] 
 
 dieta'te 2 , v. t. & i. Say or read aloud (matter 
 to be written down, often to writer ; also abs.) ; 
 prescribe, lay down authoritatively, (terms, 
 thing to be done ; of person, also of motive 
 &c.) ; lay down the law, give orders, {will not 
 be dictated to). So dietA'TiON n. [f. L dictare 
 frequent, of dicere diet- say, -ate 3 ] 
 
 dieta'top, n. Absolute ruler, usu. temporary 
 or irregular, of a State, esp. one who suppresses 
 or succeeds a republican government ; person 
 with absolute authority in any sphere ; one 
 who dictates to writer. Hence dicta'topsHip, 
 dieta*tPESS 1 , nn. [L (prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 dietatop'ial, a. Of dictator ; imperious, 
 overbearing. Hence dietatop'ialLY 2 adv. [f . 
 L dictatoHus f. prec. + -al] 
 
 di'etion, n. Wording & phrasing, verbal 
 style, [f. L dictio (dicere diet- say, -ion)] 
 
 di'etionapy, n. Book dealing, usu. in alpha- 
 betical order, with the words of a language or 
 of some special subject, author, &c, wordbook, 
 lexicon, (French-English &c. d., of French &c. 
 words with English &c. explanation ; d. of 
 architecture or the Bible, Shaksperc d., &c.) ; 
 walking or living d., well-informed person ; d. 
 English, style, &c, over-correct, pedantic, [f. 
 med.L dictionarium (prec, -aey 1 )] 
 
 di'etum, n. (pi. -a, -urns). Formal saying, 
 pronouncement; (Law) judge's expression of 
 opinion not having legal validity ; maxim, cur- 
 rent saying. [L, neut. p.p. of dicere say] 
 
 did. See do. 
 
 dida'ctic (or di-), a. Meant to instruct; 
 having the mannc of a teacher. Hence di- 
 da'ctiCALLY adv , dida'etieiSM n. [f. Gk 
 didaktikos (didasko teach)] 
 
 di'dappep, n. Small diving water-fowl, [for 
 dive-dapper f. earlier divedapl. OEdufedoppa 
 (dufan dive -f doppa cf. dip)] 
 
 di*ddle,v.t. (slang). Cheat, swindle, fperh. 
 back-formation f. Jeremy Diddler in Kenney's 
 Raising the Wind, 1803] 
 
 didst. 2 sing, past of do. 
 
 didy'mium, n. (chem.). A rare metal, [f. 
 Gk didumos twin + -ium (from its being always 
 found with lanthanium)] 
 
 die K n. (pi. dice, dies). 1. (PI. dice) small cube 
 with races bearing 1-6 spots used in games of 
 chance ; dice, game played with these ; the d. is 
 cast, course irrevocably decided ; upon the d., 
 at stake ; as straight, true, as a d. 2. (PI. dies) : 
 (Arch.) plinth, cubic part of pedestal between 
 base & cornice ; engraved stamp for coining, 
 striking medal, embossing paper, &c ; d.-sinker, 
 engraver of dd. [ME & OF de f. li datum neut. 
 p.p. of dare give, perh. in sense what is given by 
 fate ; for pi. dice (perh. felt as collective) cf. 
 pence, the orig. pi. truce, also mice &c] 
 
 die 2 , v.i. (dying). Cease to live, expire, (of ill- 
 ness, hunger, &c, by violence, the sword, one's 
 own hand, from wound &c, through neglect, 
 on scaffold, at the stake, in battle,/or friend, 
 cause, &c, in poverty; d. a beggar, martyr; 
 d. a glorious^ dog's, death; d. the death, be put to 
 
 death, archaic or playful ; d. game, fighting, 
 not tamely ; d. hard, not without struggle ; d. 
 in one's bed, of age or illness, in one's shoes, by 
 violence, in harness, Avhile still at work, in 
 last ditch, desperately defending something ; 
 never say d., not give in, keep up courage) ; 
 (bibl.) suffer as in death (/ d. daily), suffer 
 spiritual death, d. unto, escape thraldom of 
 (sin) ; be dying for, to do, have great desire ; d. 
 of laughing, laugh to exhaustion ; (of plants 
 &c) lose vital force, decay; come to an end, 
 cease to exist, go out, disappear, be forgotten, 
 fade away, (of flame, fame, sound, &c ; secret 
 dies with one ; often away, down, off, out) ; die- 
 away adj., languishing; Die-hards. 57th Regi- 
 ment of Foot. IME deghen perh. f. OX deyja cf. 
 OHG touican f. OTeut. daw-j-an] 
 
 diele'etpie, a. & n. Insulating (medium or 
 substance), non - conductive, non - conductor. 
 [di-3 + electric = through which electricity is 
 transmitted (without conduction)] 
 
 tf/'es ir'ae, n. Day of Judgment; Latin 
 hymn beginning so. [L, = day of wrath] 
 
 rf/*es non, n. (Law) day on which no legal 
 business is done ; (transf.) day that does not 
 count or cannot be used. [L, short for d. n. 
 juridicus non-judicial day] 
 
 di'et 1 (-et), n., & v.t. Way of feeding; pre- 
 scribed course of food, regimen, whence diet- 
 arian n. ; one's habiUial food ; (vb) feed (per- 
 son, oneself) on special food as medical regimen 
 or punishment, [f. OF diete(r) f. L f. Gk diaita 
 way of life perh. f. zao live] 
 
 di'et 2 , n. Conference, congress, on national 
 or international business; meeting of the 
 estates of the realm or confederation (esp. as 
 Engl, name for foreign parliamentary assem- 
 blies), [f. med.L diet a assembly, clay's work ; 
 prob. f. diaeta diet 1 confused with dies day] 
 
 di'etapy, n. & a. (Course) of diet ; allowance 
 or character of food in hospital, workhouse, &c 
 [f. L diaetarius -urn (diet l , -art 2 )] 
 
 diete'tie, a. Of diet. Hence dietetics n., 
 diete'tiCALLY adv. [f. L f. Gk diaitetikos 
 (diaitet- f. diaitad vb f. diaita diet 1 , -ic)] 
 
 dif-, pref. = dis- before/ in L wds. Sometimes 
 changed in OF to de- (defy, defer 1 ). 
 
 di'ffep, v.i. Be unlike ; be' distinguishable 
 from ; be at variance, disagree, (from, with, 
 or abs. ; agree to d., give up attempt to con- 
 vince each other), [f. F differcr (cf. defer 1 ) f. 
 L T>iF(fcrre bear, tend)] 
 
 di*rTepenee,n.,&v.t. Beingdifferent, dissim- 
 ilarity, non-identity (distinction without d.) ; 
 point in which things differ ; quantity by which 
 amounts differ, remainder after subtraction, 
 (split the d., come to compromise) : change in 
 price of stocks &c between certain dates (pay, 
 meet, the d.) ; disagreement in opinion, dispute, 
 quarrel ; characteristic mark distinguishing in- 
 dividual or species, differentia (vb, serve as 
 distinguishing mark of, differentiate) ; make a. 
 d. between, treat differently ; it makes a great 
 d. , is important, [f . F difference f. L differentia 
 (foil., -ence)] 
 
 di'fFepent, a. Not the same, unlike, of other 
 nature, form, or quality, (from, to, than, all 
 used by good writers past and present, than 
 chiefly where a prep, is inconvenient). Hence 
 di'ffepentLY 2 adv. [f. F different f. L differ- 
 ent- part, st. (differ, -ent)] 
 
 diffepe'ntia (-shia), n. (pi. -ae). Distinguish- 
 ing mark, esp. of species. [L, see difference] 
 
 diffepe'ntial (-shl), a. & n. Of, exhibiting, 
 depending on, a difference (d. duties, charges, 
 tariff, that differ according to circumstances) ; 
 constituting a specific difference, distinctive, 
 relating to specific differences (d. diagnosis) ; 
 
DIFFERENTIATE 
 
 230 
 
 DIKE 
 
 (Physics, Mech.) concerning the difference of 
 two or more motions, pressures, &c. ; (n.,math.) 
 infinitesimal difference between consecutive 
 values of continuously varying quantity (d. 
 calculus, method of calculating this). Hence 
 difFepe'ntialLY 2 adv. [f. rned.L differentia- 
 lly (DIFFERENCE, -AL)J 
 
 diffepe'ntiate (-shi-), v.t. & i. Constitute 
 the difference between, of, or in ; develop (t. & 
 i.) into unlikeness, specialize, (species, organs, 
 functions, synonyms) ; discriminate, discrimin- 
 ate between. Hence differentiA -tion n. [f. 
 med.L different iare, -ate :i ] 
 «f#*#fic//e(-el), a. Unaccommodating, exigent, 
 hard to deal with, persuade, &c. [F] 
 difficult, a. Hard to do or practise, trouble- 
 some, perplexing, (often d. of access, to answer, 
 &c.) ; =prec. [perh. back-formation f. foil.] 
 difficulty (-ikl-), n. Being hard to do {with 
 d., often as adv. = not easily) or obscure ; some- 
 thing hard or obscure ; hindrance ; embarrass- 
 ment of affairs, esp. want of money ; reluctance, 
 demur, objection, (make dd.,be unaccommodat- 
 ing), [f. L dif( ficultas=facultas faculty)] 
 di'ffidenee, h. Self-distrust, excessive mod- 
 esty, shyness, [f. L diffidentia (foil., -ence)] 
 di'ffident, a. Wanting in self-confidence, 
 bashful. Hence di'ffidentLY 2 adv. [f. Ldif- 
 (Odere trust), -ent] 
 
 di'ffluenee, n., di'ffluent, a. Flowing 
 apart, becoming fluid ; deliquescence, delique- 
 scent, [f. L T>iF(Jluere flow), -ent, -ence] 
 diffpa'et, v.t. (opt.). (Of edge of opaque body) 
 break up (beam of light) into series of dark and 
 light bands or coloured spectra. So diffpa'e- 
 tiON n., diffpa*ctivE a., diffpa'etiveLY 2 adv. 
 (f. L T>iF(frangere fract- break)] 
 diffirse l (s), a. Spread out, diffused, not con- 
 centrated, (of light, inflammation, &c); not con- 
 cise, long-winded. Hence diffu'seLY 2 adv., 
 difFirseNESS n. [f. L DiF(fundere fits- pour)] 
 diffirse 2 (-z), v.t. & i. Send forth, shed 
 abroad, (light, particles, heat, geniality, know- 
 ledge, rumour) ; (Physics) intermingle (t. & i. of 
 gases or fluids) by diffusion, whence diffu's- 
 ible (-z-) a., diffusiBFLiTY (-z-) n. Hence or 
 cogn. diffirsiON (-zhn) n.. diffirsiVE (-s-) a., 
 diffu*siveLY 2 (-s-) adv., diffu'siveNESs (-s-) 
 n. [f. L diffus- see prec] 
 dig", v.t. & i. {dug, formerly also digged), & 
 n. Use spade or mattock, claws, hands, or 
 snout, in excavating or turning over ground ; 
 make research (for information, into author 
 &c); make way by digging into, through, 
 under ; excavate or turn up (ground) with spade 
 &c. ; make (hole &c.) by digging; get by dig- 
 ging (potatoes) ; thrust (spurs, one's nails, feet, 
 point of weapon) into something or in ; poke 
 (person in the ribs) ; d. out, get, And, make, by 
 digging; d. up, break up (fallow land). (X.) 
 piece of digging ; thrust, poke, (esp. in the ribs ; 
 also fig. d. at, remark directed against), [prob. 
 f. F diguer cf. F digue dike ; from 14th c. only, 
 not in OE, nor directly related to dike] 
 diga'mma, n. Sixth letter (F. in sound - w) 
 of original Gk alphabet, later disused, but im- 
 portant in philology. [L f. Gk (di- 2 , gamma)] 
 di'gamy, n. Taking, having, a second spouse. 
 Hence or cogn. di*gamiST(l) n., di'gamous 
 a. [f. L f. Gk ~D\Hgamia f. -gamos -married)] 
 diga'stpie, a. & n. (anat,). With two swell- 
 ing ends (of muscles) ; muscle of lower jaw. 
 [di- 2 , Gk gaster -tr- belly, -ic] 
 di'gest 1 (-j-), n. Methodical compendium or 
 summary, esp. of a body of laws (the D., that 
 compiled by order of Justinian), [f. L digesta 
 neut. pi. p.p. see foil.] 
 dige'st 2 , v.t. & i. Reduce into systematic 
 
 form, classify; summarize ; think over, arrange 
 in the mind ; prepare (food) in stomach and 
 bowels for assimilation (intr. of food, admit of 
 digestion ; digests well, will not d. ) ; (of drugs, 
 wine, &c.) promote digestion of; assimilate 
 (conquered territory &c); brook, endure, be 
 reconciled to, (insult, opinion) ; get mental 
 nourishment from. Hence dige'stiBLE a., 
 dig-estiBFLiTY n., dige'stibLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 di 1 (ge?'ere gest- carry) sort] 
 dige'step, n. In vbl senses ; esp. in cookery, 
 stock-pot {cf. foil.). [-ER 1 ] 
 digestion (-stshn), n. Digesting (hard, easy, 
 of d.) of physical or mental food ; power of 
 digesting (a good, weak, d. ) ; long steeping in 
 hot fluid to extract essence, stewing. [F, f. 
 L digestionem (digest 2 , -ion)] 
 dige'stive, a. & n. Of, promoting, digestion ; 
 substance aiding digestion ; ointment to pro- 
 mote suppuration. Hence dige'stiveLY 2 adv. 
 [F (-if, -ive), f. L digestivus (digest 2 , -ive)] 
 di'ggep, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : (also 
 gold-d.) one who digs or searches for gold in - 
 gold-fields; Dd., N.-Amer. Indians living on 
 roots ; digging-part of various machines ; (also 
 d.-wasp) division of Hymenoptera. [-er l ] 
 di'gging, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : (pi., 
 sometimes a diggings) mine or gold-field : (pi., 
 colloq.) lodgings, [-ing 1 ] 
 dight (dit), v.t. (archaic, & chiefly in p.p. 
 dight). Clothe, array, adorn ; make ready, 
 [common in ME, with many meanings : obs. 
 exc. dial. f. 1670 to 1800 ; revived by Scott, & 
 now as above ; OE dihtan f. L dictare dictate, 
 whence also G dichten write poetry] 
 di'git (-j-), n. Finger or toe (facet., or in Zool. 
 or Anat. ) ; finger's breadth ; any numeral from 
 to 9 ; (Astron.) twelfth part of sun's or moon's 
 diameter (in measuring eclipse). So di'gitAL 
 a. [f. L digitus] 
 digita'lis (-j-), n. Medicine prepared from 
 fox-glove. [rnod.L, = fox-glove, transl. of its 
 G name fingcrhut thimble (digit, -alI] 
 di'gitate (-at), -ated, a. (zool., bot.). With 
 divided fingers or toes ; with deep radiating 
 divisions. Hence digitA'TiON n., digita'to- 
 comb. form. [f. L digitatus (digit, -ate 2 )] 
 di'gitigpade, a. (zool.). Walking on toes, 
 not touching ground with heel, (cf. planti- 
 grade). [F (L digitus, -i-, -gradus -walking)] 
 di'gnify, v.t. Make worthy ; confer dignity 
 upon, ennoble ; make stately (p.p., marked by 
 dignity, self-respecting, stately) ; speak of by 
 high-flown title (school dignified with name of 
 college), [f. OF dignifier f. med.L dignificare 
 (dignus worthy, -FY)] 
 
 di'gnitapy, n. Person holding high office, 
 esp. ecclesiastical, [f. L as foil, -f -ary x ] 
 di'gnity, n. True worth, excellence, (the d. 
 of labour) : high estate or estimation (beneath 
 one's d., unfit for one to do) ; honourable office, 
 rank, or title ; elevation of manner, proper 
 stateliness. [f. OF dignete f. L dignitatem 
 (dignus worthy, -ty) ; cf. dainty] 
 di'gpaph, n. Grotip of two letters express- 
 ing one "sound, as ch, ea. [di- 2 , Gk graphe 
 writing] 
 
 digpe'ss (or di-), v.i. Diverge from the 
 track, stray; depart from the main subject 
 temporarily in speech or writing. Hence or 
 cogn. digpe'ssiON n., digpe'ssiVE a. [f. L 
 T>i l (gredi = gradi walk gress-)] 
 dike, dyke, n., & v.t. Ditch ; natural water- 
 course ; low wall esp. of turf ; embankment, 
 long ridge, dam, against flooding, esp. those in 
 Holland against sea ; causeway ; (fig.) barrier, 
 obstacle, defence; (Mining & Geol.) fissure in 
 stratum filled with deposited matter, this mat- 
 
DILAPIDATE 
 
 231 
 
 DINGHY 
 
 ter ; d.-reeve, officer in charge of drains, sluices, 
 & sea-banks, of fen district ; ( vbj provide, defend 
 with, dike(s). [OE die, whence also ditch ; cf. 
 G teich pond] 
 
 dilapidate, v.t. & i. Bring, come, into dis- 
 repair or decay (building, furniture, clothing, 
 estate, fortune), [f. L mHlapidare f. lapis 
 stone) understood in E as take stone from stone, 
 in L perh. throw away like stones] 
 
 dilapidation, n. Squandering; bringing 
 or coming into, being in, disrepair ; sum 
 charged against incumbent &c for wear & tear 
 during his tenancy ; falling away of cliffs 
 &c, debris resulting. [f. L dilapidatio (prec, 
 
 -ATIOX)] 
 
 dila'te (di-, di-), v.t. & i. Make or become 
 wider or larger, expand, widen, enlarge, (with 
 dilated eyes), whence dila'tABLE a., dilata- 
 bi'lity n., dilatA'Tiox <&irreg. dila'tion) n. ; 
 expatiate, speak or write at large (usu. upon). 
 [f. F dilater f. L niHlatare f. latus wide) ; the 
 L p.p. st. being dilatat-, dilation is irreg.] 
 
 dila'top, n. (anat.). (Also d. muscle) muscle 
 that dilates an organ (cf. coxstrictor). lirreg. 
 for less used dilatator ; see prec, -OR 2 ] 
 
 di'latopy, a. Tending to, designed to cause, 
 given to, delay. Hence di'latoriLY 2 adv., 
 di'latoriXESS n. [f. L dilatorius (di l lat- p.p. 
 st. of differre defer 1 , -ory)] 
 
 dile'mma (or di-), n. Argument forcing 
 opponent to choose one of two alternatives 
 (horns of the d.) both unfavourable to him; 
 position that leaves only a choice between 
 equal evils. So dilemma'tic a. [L, f. GkDi 2 - 
 (lemma -atos assumption f. lambano take, -M)] 
 
 diletta'nte, n. (pi. -ti, pr. -te) & a. Lover of 
 the fine arts ; amateur ; smatterer, one who 
 toys with subject or concentrates on nothing; 
 hence diletta'ntiSH 1 a., diletta*ntiSM(l) n. 
 (Adj.) trifling, not thorough, amateur. [It., f. 
 dilettare f. L delectare delight, -axt] 
 
 di'li^enee a , n. Persistent effort or work ; 
 industrious character. [F, (diligext, -exce)] 
 
 di'lig-enee 2 (often as F), n. Foreign public 
 stage-coach. [F, as prec] 
 
 di'ligrent, a. Hard-working, steady in appli- 
 cation, industrious, attentive to duties. Hence 
 di'ligentLY 2 adv. [F, f. L ni^digere lect- = 
 legere choose) love, take delight in, -ext] 
 
 dill, n. Umbelliferousannual yellow-flowered 
 herb. [OE dili cf. G dill etym. dub.] 
 
 di'lly-dally, v.i. (colloq.). VaciUate; loiter, 
 [redupl. of dally] 
 
 drluent (-do-), a. & n. Diluting (agent) ; (sub- 
 stance) increasing proportion of water in the 
 blood &c [£L diluere dilute^, -ext] 
 
 di'lute 1 (-oot, also di- or diloot), a. Weak- 
 ened by addition of water ; (of colour) washed- 
 out, faded ; (fig.) watery, watered down. [f. L 
 dilidus p.p. see foil.] 
 
 dilute 2 (dildb't, di-), v.t. Reduce strength 
 of (fluid) by adding water ; diminish brilliance 
 of (colour) ; water down (doctrine, zeal). So 
 dilu'tiox n. _[f. L m(lucre lut- wash)] 
 
 dilu'vial (-00-, -u-), a. Of a flood, esp. of the 
 Flood in Genesis. (Geol.) d. theory, changes, 
 &c, depending on general deluge or catastro- 
 phic water-action, whence dilu*vialisT(2) n. ; 
 of the drift formation now called Glacial Drift, 
 [f . L dihivialis (diluvium deluge, -al)] 
 
 dim, a., & v.i. & t. Faintly luminous or visi- 
 ble ; not bright, clear, or well-defined ; obscure ; 
 seeing or seen, hearing or heard, apprehending 
 or apprehended, indistinctly ; hence di'mLY 2 
 adv., di , mmiSH 1 (2) a., di'mxESS n. (Vb) be- 
 come or make d., becloud, outshine. [OE, cf. 
 OHG timbar] 
 
 dime, n. (U.S.). Silver coin, 1/10 of dollar (d. 
 
 novel, cheap shocker), [obs. sense tithe, t OF 
 disme f. L decima fern, of decimus tenth] 
 
 dimension (or di-), n. Measurable extent 
 of any kind, as length, breadth, thickness, area, 
 volume, (usu. pi. ; of great dd., very large) ; the 
 three dd., length, breadth, & thickness (point 
 has no dd., line one, surface two, body three ; 
 fourth d. in math, speculations, property of 
 matter that should be to solids as solids are to 
 planes) ; (Alg.) number of unknown quantities 
 contained as factors in a product (x 3 , x*y, xyz, 
 all of three dd.). Hence (-)dime'nsionAL, 
 dime'nsionLESs, aa. [F, f. L di ^(mensionem 
 f. metiri mensus measure, -iox)] 
 
 di'mepous, a. (bot., entom.). With two 
 parts, [di- 2 , -merous] 
 
 drmetep, n. Verse of two measures (mea- 
 sure in some metres has one foot, in others two), 
 [f. L f. Gk di Hmetros f. metron measure)] 
 
 dimi'diate (-at), a. Halved, split in two. [f. 
 L (-diare) f. di ^(midium f. medius mid), -ate 2 ] 
 
 dimi'nish, v.t. & i. Make or become, ac- 
 tually or in appearance, less (hide one's dimin- 
 ished head, i.e. reduced power &c ; in Mus., 
 diminished, of intervals less by a chromatic 
 semitone than the full, as diminished fifth &c) ; 
 (Arch.) taper (t. & i.). Hence dimi'nishABLE 
 a. , dimi'nishing-L y 2 adv. [mixture of m ixish 
 with obs. diminue f. F-diminuer f . L Di 1 minuere 
 -minut- cf. minor less] 
 
 dimi'nue'ndo, mus. direction (abbr. dim.) 
 & n. Gradually decrease loudness (cf. cre- 
 scexdo) ; gradual decrease, musical passage 
 marked by it, (also fig.). [It.] 
 
 diminution, n. Diminishing, amount of it. 
 [F, f. Ldiminutionem (dimixish, -iox)] 
 
 dimi'nutive, a. & n. (Gram.) (word) describ- 
 ing small specimen of the thing denoted by cor- 
 responding primitive word ; remarkably small, 
 tiny. Hence dimi'nuti'VAL a. (gram.), di- 
 mi*nutiveLY 2 adv.,dimrnutivexEss n. [F 
 (-if, -ive),f. L dimimdivus (dimixish, -ive)] 
 
 drmity, n. Stout cotton fabric woven with 
 raised stripes or fancy figures used for bedroom 
 hangings &c [f. It. dimito (pi. -i) f. ILL dimitum 
 f. Gk T>l 2 (mitos warp-thread)] 
 
 dimop'phie, dimop'phous, aa. (bot., zool., 
 chem., mineral.). Exhibiting, occurring in, two 
 distinct forms. So dimop*phiSM(2) n. [f. Gk 
 i>i 2 (morphos f. morphe form) + -ic, -ous] 
 
 di'mple, n., & v.t. & i. Small hollow esp. 
 in cheek or chin ; ripple in water, hollow in 
 ground ; hence di'mplY 2 a. (Vb) produce dd. 
 in, show dd. [f. loth c. only ; perh. cogn. w. G 
 tiimpel pool (cf. dapple) f. OHG dumphilo] 
 
 din, n., & v.t. & i. Continued confused stun- 
 ning or distracting noise. (Vb) assail with d. ire- 
 peat ad nauseam into person or person's ears ; 
 make a d. [vb f. n., OE dyne cf. ON dynr\ 
 
 dine, v.i. & t. Take dinner (d. out, away from 
 home ; d. ivith Duke Humphrey, go without 
 dinner— perh. w. allusion to those who walked 
 during dinner-time in Duke Humphrey's Walk 
 in St Paul's) ; entertain (persons) at dinner, (of 
 room &c) provide dining-accommodation for 
 (some number) ; dining-room, used for meals, 
 [f. F diner perh. f. LL T>is(jejunare f. jey'unus 
 fasting) breakfast cf. dejeuxer] 
 
 di'nep, n. One who dines ; railway dining- 
 car ; d.-out, one who often dines from home, esp. 
 one much invited for his social qualities, [-er 1 ] 
 
 d^ngr-deng", adv., n., & a. (With) alternat- 
 ing strokes as of two bells (hammer away at it 
 d. ; d. race, in which each has the better alter- 
 nately) ; sound of bell(s) ; jingle of rhyme, [imit.] 
 
 ding-hy, dingrey, (di'nggi), n. Small ship's- 
 boat ; small pleasure rowing-boat, forig. native 
 rowing-boat on Indian rivers, f. Hind, dengi] 
 
DINGLE 
 
 232 
 
 DIRECT 
 
 di'ngle, n. Deep dell, usu. shaded with trees, 
 [etym. dub. ; perh. = dimple] 
 
 di'ng'O, n. Wild or half -domesticated Austra- 
 lian dog. [native] 
 
 di'ngy (-ji), a. Dull-coloured, grimy, dirty- 
 looking. Hence di'ngiLY 2 adv., di'ngiNESS 
 n. [perh. f. dung + -Y 2 ] 
 
 di'nner, n. Chief meal of day, whether at 
 midday or evening (formal meal with distinct 
 courses) ; public feast in honour of person or 
 event; d.-bell, -hour, -time, -party, d.-set, of 
 plates, dishes, &c. ; d.-wagon, movable tray on 
 castored legs. Hence di'nnePLESS a, [f. F 
 diner dine used as n. ; -er 4 ] 
 
 di'nosaur, n. Extinct gigantic reptile. 
 Hence dinosaup'iAN a. & n. [f. Gk deinos 
 terrible + sauros lizard] 
 
 di'nothepe, n. Huge extinct proboscidean 
 quadruped, [as prec, Gk therion wild beast] 
 
 dint 1 , n., & v.t. (Archaic) stroke, blow, 
 (whence, mod.) by d. of, by force or means of ; 
 mark made by blow or pressure, dent; (vb) 
 mark with dd., dent. [OE dynt cf. ON dyntr] 
 
 did'cesan (-zn), a. & n. Of a diocese. (N.) 
 bishop in relation to diocese or clergy ; member 
 of diocese in relation to bishop (corresp. to 
 parishioner), [f. F diocesain (foil., -an)] 
 
 di'ocese (-es, -es), n. Bishop's district. [f. OF 
 diocise f. med.L diocesisf. L f. Gk DiHoikcsis 
 f. oikeo inhabit) administration] 
 
 dioecious (die-), a. (Bot.) Having the male 
 & female flowers on separate plants ; (Zool.) 
 with the two sexes in separate individuals. 
 [di- 2 , Gk -oikos -housed, -ous] 
 
 dio'ptpie, a. & n. Serving as medium for 
 sight, assisting sight by refraction, (d. glass, 
 lens, system) ; of refraction, refractive ; of diop- 
 trics ; hence dio'ptriCALLY adv. (N.) unit of 
 refractive power, power of lens with focal dis- 
 tance one metre; (pi.) part of optics dealing 
 with refraction (cf. catoptrics), [f. Gk diop- 
 trikos f. vn 3 (optra f. op- see + instr. suf. -tra) 
 optical instrument, -ic] 
 
 diopa'ma (-ah-), n. Spectacular painting in 
 which, by changes in the colour & direction of 
 light thrown on or through it, effects of such 
 natural processes as sunrise are produced. 
 Hence (irreg.) diopa'mic a. [di- 3 , Gk horama 
 •atos (horao see, -m)] 
 
 dio'xide, n. (chem.). Oxide formed by com- 
 bination of two equivalents of oxygen with one 
 of metal or metalloid (Carbon d. &c). [di- 2 ] 
 
 dip 1 , v.t. & i. Put or let down into liquid, 
 immerse ; dye thus ; make (candles) by immers- 
 ing wick in hot tallow ; wash (sheep) in vermin- 
 killing liquid; take up (liquid, grain, &c.) in 
 scoop, pan, &c. ; lower (flag, sail, scale of bal- 
 ance) for a moment ; involve in debt (colloq.) ; 
 go under water & emerge quickly ; put hand, 
 ladle, &c, into to take something out (d. into 
 one's purse &c, spend freely); go below any 
 surface or level (sun dips below horizon ; bird 
 dips & rises in flight ; scale dips) ; extend 
 downwards; have downward slope (esp. of 
 magnetic needle, & of strata ; dipping-needle, 
 one so mounted as to measure magnetic dip) ; 
 make investigations (d. deep into the future)', 
 look cursorily or skippingly into (book). [OE 
 dyppan, cogn. w. deep ; cf. G taufen baptize] 
 
 dip 2 , n. A dipping (see prec); quantity 
 dipped up ; (colloq.) bathe in sea &c. ; amount 
 of submergence ; (Astron., Surv.) apparent de- 
 pression of horizon due to observer's elevation ; 
 angle made by magnetic needle with horizon ; 
 downward slope of stratum ; depression of sky- 
 line &c. ; tallow candle ; washing-preparation 
 for sheep &c. ; d.-needle,= dipping-needle (see 
 prec.) ; d.-net, small fishing-net with long han- 
 
 dle ; d.-pipe, -trap, arranged to cut off com- 
 munication of gas &c. by downward bend in 
 which liquid stands, [f. prec] 
 
 diphthep'ia, diphthepi'tis, nn. Acute 
 infectious disease with inflammation of a muc- 
 ous membrane esp. of throat, & exudation 
 forming a false membrane. Hence diph- 
 thep'iAL, diphthe'pic, diphtheprtic, 
 di'phtheporo, aa. If. Fdiphtherie, diphthirite 
 (earlier name), f. Gk diphthera hide, -v 1 , -itis] 
 
 di'phthong, n. Union of two vowels pro- 
 nounced in one syllable (ou, oi) ; two vowel 
 characters representing sound of single vowel 
 (ea in feat), digraph ; compound vowel charac- 
 ter, ligature, (se). Hence diphtho'ngAL a., 
 di*phthongrzE(3) v.t., (-ngg-). [f. F diph- 
 thongue f. L f. Gk T>l 2 (phthoggos -sounded f. 
 phthoggos voice)] 
 
 dipl(o)-, comb, form of Gk diplous double, 
 in many scientific words as diploblastic with" 
 two germinal layers, dipiocardiac with right &. 
 left sides of heart separate. 
 
 diplo'ma, n. (pi. -s, rarely -ta). State paper, 
 official document, charter; document confer- 
 ring honour or privilege, esp. University or Col- 
 lege certificate of degree, whence diplo'ma - 
 ed 2 (-mad), diplo'maLESS, aa. [Lf. Gk (-6-), f. 
 diploo (diplous double), -M ; orig. folded paper] 
 
 dipld'maey, n. Management of, skill in 
 managing, international relations ; adroitness, 
 artful management, tact. [f. F diplomatic f. 
 diplomate see foil., -y 1 ] 
 
 di'plomat, n. = diplomatist, [f. F diplo- 
 mate back-formation f. diplomatique see foil.] 
 
 diploma* tic, a. Of official or original docu- 
 ments, charters, &c ; of diplomacy (d. body, 
 ambassadors & legation-officials at a court ; d. 
 service, officials concerned with foreign lega- 
 tions) ; skilled in diplomacy ; proceeding by 
 negotiation. Hence diploma'tiCALLY adv. 
 [f. F diplomatique f. mod. L diplomaticus f. Gk 
 diploma -atos, -ic] 
 
 dipld'matist, n. One officially engaged in 
 diplomacy ; adroit negotiator, [diplomat, -ist] 
 
 diplo'matize, v.i. Act as diplomatist ; \ise 
 diplomatic arts, [diplomat, -ize] 
 
 di'ppep, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : Ana- 
 baptist or Baptist ; kinds of bird, esp. water 
 ouzel; kind of ladle; (Photog.) apparatus for 
 immersing negatives, [dip 1 , -er 1 ] 
 
 dipsomania, n. Morbid craving for alco- 
 hol. Hence dipsoMA'NiAC n. [Gk dipso- (dipsa, 
 thirst, -o-), -mania] 
 
 di'pteral, a. With double peristyle, [f. L f. 
 Gk Di 2 (pteros -winged f. pteron wing), -al] 
 
 di'ptepous, a. (Entom.) two- winged, be- 
 longing to the order Diptera (insects with one 
 pair of membranous wings); (Bot.) with two 
 wing-like appendages, [as prec. + -ous] 
 
 di'pty eh (-ik), n. Ancient hinged two-leaved 
 writing-tablet with inner sides waxed ; paint- 
 ing, esp. altarpiece, of two leaves closing like 
 book. [f. L f. Gk vi 2 (pttikha neut. pi. of -ptu- 
 khos -folding f. ptukhe fold] 
 
 dipe, a. Dreadful, calamitous, (d. sisters, the 
 Furies). Hence dipe'LY 2 adv. [f. L dirus] 
 
 dipe'et 1 , v.t. & i. Address (letter, parcel, to 
 person or place) ; utter or write to or to be 
 conveyed to (I d. my remarks to you) ; con- 
 trol, govern the movements of, (soid directs 
 body, commander troops) ; turn (thing, person, 
 eyes, attention) straight to something ; tell (per- 
 son) the way (to ; directing-post, = finger-£>os£) ; 
 guide as adviser, principle (clidy directs my 
 actions), &c. ; order (person) to do, thing to be 
 done) ; give orders (that or abs.). Sodipe'etrvE 
 a. [f. L di 1 (rigere red- = regere put straight)] 
 
 direct 2 , a. Sc adv. Straight, not crooked(ly) 
 
DIRECTION 
 
 233 
 
 DISARM 
 
 or round about, (the d. road ; wcntd. to heaven ; 
 d. ray, not reflected or refracted ; d. shot, hit, 
 without ricochet); (Astron.) proceeding from 
 E. to W., not retrograde ; (of descent) lineal(ly), 
 not collateral(ly) ; (of argument) following un- 
 interrupted chain of cause & effect &c. ; dia- 
 metrical (d. opposite, contrary, contradiction); 
 (Mus.) not inverted (of interval, chord), not con- 
 trary (of motion) ; straightforward, frank, going 
 straight to the point, not ambiguous ; immedi- 
 ately), personal(ly), not by proxy; (Gram.) d. 
 speech or oration, the words as actually spoken, 
 not modified (cf. oblique, indirect) in report- 
 ing; d. tax, levied originally (income tax &c.) 
 on person who bears the burden ultimately (cf. 
 indirect). Hence dipe'etNESS n. [(prob. F) 
 f. L directus p.p. see prec] 
 
 dire'ction (di-, di-), n. Directing, aiming, 
 guiding, managing; = directorate; instruc- 
 tion what to do, order, (usu. pi.); address on 
 letter or parcel ; course pursued by moving 
 body, point to which one moves or looks, [in 
 the d. of London, London wards), scope, sphere, 
 subject, {new dd. of inquiry, improvement in 
 many dd.). [f. L directio (direct 1 , -ion)] 
 
 dipe'etly. adv. &conj. In a direct 2 manner; 
 at once, without delay ; presently, in no long 
 time ; (colloq.) as soon as (wentd. I knew), [-ly 2 ] 
 
 dire'ctop, n. Superintendent, manager, esp. 
 member of managing-board of commercial 
 company ; (Fr. Hist.) member of Directory ; 
 (Eccl.) priest acting as spiritual adviser ; appa- 
 ratus controlling direction in instruments &c. 
 Hence dipectoP'iAL a., dipe'etopsmp, di- 
 pe'ctPESS 1 , nn. [f. F directe ur (direct 1 , -or 2 )] 
 
 directorate, n. Office of director; board 
 of directors, [-ate 1 ] 
 
 dlre'ctopy \ a. Directive, advisory, (esp. of 
 part of law advising procedure omission of 
 which does noi invalidate action), [f. L direc- 
 tories (DIRECT 1 , -ORY)] 
 
 dipe'ctopy 2 , n. Book of rules, esp. for pub- 
 lic or private worship ; book with lists of inhab- 
 itants of district, members of professions, &c, 
 with various details; <Fr. Hist.) revolutionary 
 executive of five directors in power 1795-9. [f. 
 med.L directorium neut. adj. see prec] 
 
 dipe'etpix, n. (pL -ices). == directress ; 
 (Geom.) fixed line used in describing curve or 
 surface, [director, -trix] 
 
 dire'ful, a. Terrible, dread. Hence dipe*- 
 
 fulLY 2 adv. [DIRE, -FUL(l)] 
 
 dipg-e (-j), n. Song sung at burial, or in com- 
 memoration, of the dead ; lament, [f. L diriae 
 imperat. of dirigere direct 1 , first wd in Latin 
 antiphon in Matins part of Office of the Dead] 
 
 di'pigible, a. & n. Capable of being guided 
 (esp. of balloons) ; (n.)d. balloon as opp. airship 
 heavier than air. \as direct l , -ible] 
 
 di'piment, a. Nullifying (d. impediment, 
 making marriage null & void from the first). 
 [f. L dirimere (dis-, emere take), -ent] 
 
 dipk, n., & v.t. Kind of dagger (esp. of High- 
 landers) ; (vb) stab with this, [earlier dork 
 (1602) perh. f. Du. dolk cf. G dolch] 
 
 dipt, n. Unclean matter that soils, wet mud 
 {d.-pie, made by children in gutters &c.) ; any- 
 thing worthless (yellow d., gold ; d., scornful 
 name for land ; d. -cheap, very cheap) ; earth, 
 soil ; dirtiness ; foul talk ; fling d. , talk abusively 
 or slanderously ; eat d., put up with insult &c. ; 
 d.-eatinn, disease with morbid craving to eat 
 earth. [ME drit prob. f. OX drit excrement] 
 
 dip'ty, a., & v.t. & i. Soiled, foul, mixed 
 with or like or connected with dirt, (D. Shirts, 
 101st Foot, from fighting in shirt-sleeves at 
 
 Delhi) ; unclean, obscene ; sordid, mean, des- 
 picable ; ill-gotten ; (of weather) rough, squally ; 
 (of colour) not pure or clear ; I). Allan, sea-bird 
 getting food by forcing gulls &c. to disgorge ; 
 hence dip'tiLY 2 adv., dip'tiNESS n., dip*ty- 
 iSH 1 (2)a. (Vb) make, become, d. [-y 2 ] 
 
 dis-, pref. f. L dis- (which was changed to di- i 
 or dif- before certain letters ; see also de-) re- 
 lated to bis (orig. *dvis = Gk dis twice) & duo 
 two. In wds taken direct or thr. F f. L ; in wds 
 taken f. LL in which dis- or Rom. des- had dis- 
 placed de- ; & used as living pref. to modify 
 sense of E wds. Meanings: asunder, away, 
 apart or between, one by one, utterly (in wds 
 already negative, as disannul), un-, not, the 
 reverse of, deprivation of, expulsion from. 
 
 disability, n. Thing, want, that prevents 
 one's doing something, esp. legal disqualifica- 
 tion, [f. obs. adj. Disable, -bility] 
 
 disa'ble, v.t. Incapacitate from doing or 
 for work &c. ; cripple, deprive of power of act- 
 ing ; disqualify legally, pronounce incapable, 
 hinder. Hence disa'ble.MENT n. [dis-, able] 
 
 disabu'se, v.t. Undeceive, disillusion, [dis-] 
 
 disaecop'd, n., & v.i. Disagree(ment), (be 
 at) variance, [dis-] 
 
 disad va'ntage, n. Unfavourable condition 
 (taken at a d.) ; loss, injury, [f. F disavantage 
 (dis-, advantage)] 
 
 disadvantageous, a. Involving disad- 
 vantage or discredit, derogatory. Hence dis- 
 a-dvanta'geousLY 2 adv. [dis-] 
 
 disaffe'cted, a. Estranged, unfriendly, dis- 
 loyal, esp. to government, [p.p. of scarcely 
 used vb msaffect] 
 
 disaffection, n. Political discontent, dis- 
 loyalty, [as prec. after affection] 
 
 disafftp'm, v.t. (legal). Reverse (previous 
 decision) ; repudiate (settlement). Hence dis- 
 affipmA'TioN n. [dis] 
 
 disaffd'pest, v.t. Reduce from legal state 
 of forest to ordinary land. Hence disaf- 
 forest a "i jon n. [f. med.L Dis(AFFORESTare)] 
 
 disagree', v.i. Differ, be unlike, not corre- 
 spond ; differ in opinion, dissent, quarrel ; (of 
 food, climate, &c.) prove unsuitable, have bad 
 effects, (with person, his health, digestion, &c). 
 Hence disagreCMENj n. [dis-] 
 
 disag-peea'ble (-grer-), a. & n. Not to one's 
 taste, unpleasant ; unamiable, bad-tempered ; 
 hence disagreea'bleNESs n., disag-pee- 
 a'bLY 2 adv. (N., usu. pi.) unpleasant experi- 
 ence^), trouble(s), worries, [f. F disagreable 
 (dis-, agreeable)] 
 
 disallow*, v.t. Refuse to sanction or accept 
 as reasonable or admit, prohibit, [f. OF des- 
 alouer (dis-, allow)] 
 
 disannu'l, v.t. (-11-). Cancel, annul, [dis-] 
 
 disappear*, v.i. Cease to be visible, vanish, 
 die away from sight or existence, be lost. 
 Hence disappeap'ANCE n. [dis-] 
 
 disappornt, v.t. Not fulfil desire or expec- 
 tation of, break appointment with, (person) ; be- 
 lie, frustrate, (hope, purpose, &c). Hence dis- 
 appoi'ntiNG 2 a., disappoi'ntedLY 2 , dis- 
 appoi'nting-LY 2 , advv., disappoi'ntMENT 
 n. [f. F dbsappointer (dis-, appoint)] 
 
 disapprobation, n. Disapproval. Sodis- 
 a*pppobativE, disa'pppobatoR y, aa. [dis] 
 
 disapppo've, v.t. & i. Have, express, un- 
 favourable opinion of or of. Hence disap- 
 Ppo*val(2) n., disapppo , ving'LY 2 adv. [dis-] 
 
 disap'm, v.t. & i. Deprive of weapons ; de- 
 prive of weapons (esp. in fencing, jerk foil &c. 
 out of hand of) ; dismantle (city, ship), reduce, 
 be reduced, to peace footing (of army or navy), 
 
 For compounds of dis- not given consult dis-. 
 
 8- 
 
DISARRANGE 
 
 234 
 
 DISCOMPOSE 
 
 abandon or cut down military establishment, 
 whence diSARMvi ament n. ; deprive of power to 
 injure ; pacify hostility or suspicions of. [f. F 
 disarmer (dis-, arm 3 )] 
 
 disappa'nge, v.t. Put into disorder, dis- 
 organize. Hence disappa'ngeMENTn. [dis-] 
 
 disarray ', n., & v.t. (Throw into) disorder ; 
 (poet.) unclothe, [dis-] 
 
 disartreulate, v.t. Separate, undo the 
 articulation of, take to pieces. Hence dis- 
 ai»ti*culA - TioN n. [dis-] 
 
 di'sassimila'tion, n. (physiol.). Conver- 
 sion of assimilated into less complex or waste 
 substances, [dis-] 
 
 disa'ster, n. Sudden or great misfortune, 
 calamity ; ill luck (a record of d.). So disas- 
 trous a., disa'stPOUSLY 2 adv. [f. F desastre 
 (dis-, astre f. L f. Gk astron star)] 
 
 disavow", v.t. Say one does not know or 
 approve of, repudiate. Hence disavow*AL(2) 
 n. [f. F desavouer (dis-, avow)] 
 
 disba'nd, v.t. & i. Break up, disperse* (t. & 
 1. of troops &c). Hence disba'ndMENT n. [f. 
 i6th-c. F desbander see dis-, band ] (3)] 
 
 disbar*, v.t. (-rr). Expel from membership 
 of the bar, deprive of status of barrister. Hence 
 disbap'MENT n. [dis-, bar 1 ] 
 
 disbelieve, v.t. & i. Refuse credence to 
 (person or statement &c.) ; be a sceptic ; have 
 no faith in. So disBELiET n. [dis] 
 
 disbe*nch, v.t. Deprive of status of bencher. 
 
 [DIS-, BENCH U,] 
 
 disbpa'nch, v.t. Strip of branches, [dis-] 
 
 disbu'd, v.t. (-dd). Remove (esp. the super- 
 fluous) buds of. [dis-] 
 
 disbup'den, v.t. Relieve of or of a burden ; 
 get rid of, discharge, (load, thoughts), [dis-] 
 
 disbup'se, v.t. & i. Expend, defray ; pay 
 money. Hence disbup'seMENT n. [f. OF des- 
 bourser (dis-, bourse)] 
 
 disc. = DISK. 
 
 disca'lceate (at), a. & n., disca'lceated, 
 disca'lced (-st), aa. Barefooted or only san- 
 dalled (friar, nun). \(-ed anglicized) f. L Dis(m/- 
 ceatus p.p. of calceare f. calceus shoe)] 
 
 discap'd, v.t. & i., & n. Throw out or reject 
 from hand at cards (specified card, or abs. esp. 
 at whist of playing non- trump that does not 
 follow lead) ; cast aside, give up, (clothes, 
 habit, belief, &c); dismiss, cashier; (n.) dis- 
 carding at cards, discarded card, [dis-, card 2 ] 
 
 diseep'n (-s , -z-l, v.t. & i. (Archaic) dis- 
 tinguish, see the difference between, (good & 
 bad, good /row bad, between good & bad). Per- 
 ceive clearly with the mind or senses, make 
 out by thought or by gazing, listening, &c. ; so 
 diseep'niBLE a., diseep'nibLY 2 , adv. [f. F 
 discerner f. L Dis(cernere cret- sift)] 
 
 diseep'ning 1 , a. Having quick or true in- 
 sight, penetrating, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 diseep'nment, n. Discerning ; keenness of 
 perception, penetration, insight, [-ment] 
 
 diseep*ptible, a. That can be plucked apart, 
 not indestructibly one. Hence disceppti- 
 bi'lity n. [f. L ms(cerpere -cerpt- = carpere 
 pluck) + -ible] 
 
 diseep'ption, n. Pulling apart, severance ; 
 severed piece, [f. L discerptio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 disehap-g-e \ v.t. & i. Relieve of load (ship 
 &c. ; d. gun, fire it off; d. bankrupt, relieve 
 him of further liability), withdraw electricity 
 from; dismiss, cashier; release (prisoner), let 
 go (patient, jury) ; put forth, get rid of, send 
 out^ emit, unload from ship, (cargo, missile, 
 liquid, purulent matter, abuse; also abs., as 
 ship, abscess, is discharging) ; (of river, refl. or 
 
 For compounds of dis- not given consult 
 
 inter) disembogue; (Law) cancel (order of 
 court) ; acquit oneself of, pay, perform, (duty, 
 debt, vow) ; (Dyeing) remove colour from dyed 
 fabric, [f. OF descharger (dis-, charge 2 )] 
 
 disehap'ge 2 , n. Unloading (of ship or car- 
 go) ; firing off of gun &c. (a d. of arrows, several 
 arrows shot) ; emission (of liquid, electricity, 
 purulent matter) ; release, exoneration, exemp- 
 tion, acquittal, written certificate of these ; dis- 
 missal; liberation ; payment (o/debt) ; perform- 
 ance (of obligation) ; (Dyeing) process of, com- 
 position used in, discharging, [f. prec] 
 
 disehap'g'ep, n. In vbl senses; esp., appli- 
 ance for producing electric discharge, [-er l ] 
 
 disci'ple, n. One of Christ's personal follow- 
 ers, esp. one of the Twelve ; any early believer 
 in Christ ; follower, adherent, of any leade^of 
 thought, art, &c. Hence disei*plesHiP n., 
 disei'pulAR 1 a. [OE discipul f. L discipulus 
 (discere learnj] 
 
 disciplinap'ian, n. Maintainer of discip- 
 line (strict, good, poor, no, d.). [as foil. + -an] 
 
 disciplinary (also -pli*-), a. Of, promoting, 
 discipline ; of the nature of mental training, [f . 
 med.L disciplinarius (foil., -ary 1 )] 
 
 di'scipline l , n. Branch of instruction (ar- 
 chaic) ; mental & moral training, adversity as 
 effecting this ; military training, drill, (archaic); 
 trained condition ; order maintained among 
 schoolboys, soldiers, prisoners, &c. ; system of 
 rules for conduct ; control exercised over mem- 
 bers of church ; chastisement ; (Eccl.) mortifica- 
 tion by penance. So di'seiplin ai. a. [F, f. L 
 disciplina (discipulus disciple, -ine 3 )] 
 
 di'scipline 2 , v.t. Bring under control, train 
 to obedience & order, drill, whence di'sciplin- 
 able a. ; chastise, [f. med.L (-nare) as prec] 
 
 disclai'm, v.t. & i. Renounce legal claim to, 
 renounce claim ; disown, disavow, (authorship, 
 character). [AF desclamer (dis-, claim *)] 
 
 diselai'mep, n. Act of disclaiming, renun- 
 ciation, disavowal. [AF (= prec. as n., -er 4 )] 
 
 disclo'se (-z), v.t. Remove cover from, ex- 
 pose to view, make known, reveal, [f. OF cles- 
 clore (dis-, L claudere claus- shut)] 
 
 disclo'supe (-zher), n. Disclosing; thing 
 disclosed, [-ure] 
 
 disco'bolus (pi. -i), n. Ancient quoit-throw- 
 er ; statue of one in act of throwing. [L, f. Gk 
 diskobolos (diskos stone or metal quoit, -bolos 
 -throwing f. ballo throw] 
 
 di'scoid, a. Disk-shaped, [f. L f. Gk dis- 
 koeides (prec, -old)] 
 
 disco'loup (kul), v.t, & i. Change, spoil, the 
 colour of, stain, tarnish ; become stained &c 
 Hence or cogn. diseolo(u)PA*TiON, disco*- 
 Ioupment, nn. [f. OF descolorer f. med. L Dis- 
 colorare = L DE(coZorare colour 2 )] 
 
 cliseo'miit (-kti-), v.t. Defeat in battle ; 
 thwart, disconcert. So diseo*mfitURE (-tsher) 
 n. [orig. p.p. - defeated f. OF desconfit f. LL 
 Dis(co»/<ec£«s p.p. see confection) undone] 
 
 diseo'mfopt (-ku-), n., & v.t. Uneasiness of 
 body or mind ; want of comfort ; (vb) make un- 
 easy, [f. OF desconfort(er) (dis-, comfort)] 
 
 discommo'de, v.t. Put to inconvenience. 
 [dis- + obs. commode f. L commodare (commo- 
 dus see commode)] 
 
 diseo'mmon, v.t. Debar (tradesman) from 
 serving undergraduates ; enclose (common 
 
 land). [DIS-, COMMON 1 ' 2 ] 
 
 disco'mmons, v.t. Deprive (member of col- 
 lege) of commons ; discommon (tradesman). 
 
 [DIS-, COMMONS] 
 
 discompo'se, v.t. Disturb composure of, 
 ruffle, agitate. Hence discompo'sedLY 2 , 
 
 DIS-. 
 
DISCONCERT 2 
 
 diseompo'sing-LT 2 , advv., discompo*- 
 sure (-zher) n. [dis-] 
 
 diseoneep't, v.t. Derange, spoil, upset, 
 (plan, concerted measures) ; disturb self-pos- 
 session of, ruffle, fluster. Hence diseoneep't- 
 MENT n. [f. obs. F Dis(coneerter concert 2 )] 
 
 disconnect, v.t. Sever the connexion of 
 (thing from, xcith, another) or between, [dis-] 
 
 disconnected, a. In vbl senses ; esp. (of 
 speech or writing) incoherent, with bad con- 
 nexion or transitions, whence disconnect- 
 edly y 2 adv., diseonne'etedxEss n. [-ed l ] 
 
 disconne'xion, -ction, n. Disconnecting ; 
 want of connexion, disconnectedness, [dis-] 
 
 disco'nsolate (-at), a. Forlorn, inconsol- 
 able, unhappy, disappointed. Hence diseo'n- 
 solateLV 2 adv. [f. med.L vis(eonsolatus p.p. 
 of L consolari console ] )] 
 
 discontent, n., a., & v.t. Dissatisfaction, 
 want of contentment ; grievance. (Adj.) not 
 content, dissatisfied, (with). (Vb, usu. in p.p.) 
 make dissatisfied; hence diseonte'ntedr.Y 2 
 adv., diseonte'ntedNESS, diseonte'nt- 
 
 MENT, nil. [DIS-, CONTENT 2 ' 3 > 4 ] 
 
 discontiguous, a. (With parts) not in con- 
 tact. [DIS-] 
 
 discontinue, v.t. Cause to cease; cease 
 from, give up, (doing, habit &c.) ; cease taking, 
 paying, (newspaper, subscription). So diseon- 
 ti'nuANCE n. [f. F discontinuer f. med.L dis- 
 continuare continue)] 
 
 discontinuous, a. Wanting continuity in 
 space or time, having interstices, intermittent. 
 Hence or cogn. diseo'ntinu'iTY n., diseon- 
 ti'nuousLY 2 adv. [f. med.L ms(continims 
 
 CONTIXUOUS) + -OUS] 
 
 di'seopd \ n. Disagreement, variance, strife ; 
 harsh noise, clashing sounds ; whence or cogn. 
 diseop*dANTa.,diseop*dAXCEn.,diseop*d- 
 antLY 2 adv. (Mus. ) want of harmony between 
 notes sounded together ; chord unpleasing or 
 unsatisfactory in itself & requiring to be re- 
 solved by another ; any interval except unison, 
 octave, perfect fifth & fourth, major & minor 
 third & sixth, & their octaves ; single note dis- 
 sonant with another, [f. OF clescord (foil.)] 
 
 diseop'd 2 , v.i. Disagree, quarrel, be different 
 or inconsistent, (with, from) ; be dissonant, jar, 
 clash, [f. OF clescorder f. L discordare f. Dis- 
 (cors -cord- -hearted f. cor -dis heart)] 
 
 di'scount i (-ow-), n. Deduction from amount 
 due or price of goods in consideration of its be- 
 ing paid promptly or in advance ; deduction 
 from amount of bill of exchange &c. by one 
 who gives value for it before it is due ; dis- 
 counting ; allowance for exaggeration in ac- 
 cepting story ; at ad., below par, depreciated, 
 not in demand, [f. 16th-c. F descompte (foil.)] 
 
 diseou'nt 2 (-ow-), v.t. Give or get present 
 worth of (bill not yet due) ; leave out of ac- 
 count ; lessen, detract from ; part with for im- 
 mediate but smaller good ; allow for exaggera- 
 tion in ; use up effect of (news &c.) beforehand, 
 stale by anticipation. Hence diseou'ntABLE 
 a. [f. OF desconter, -compter, f. med.L dis- 
 (computare L- compute)] 
 
 discou'ntenance, v.t. Refuse to counte- 
 nance, discourage, show disapproval of. [f. obs. 
 F descontenancer (dis-, countenance 2 )] 
 
 discou'pagre (-kurij), v.t. Deprive of cour- 
 age, confidence, or energy ; deter from ; dis- 
 countenance. Hence discou'page.MENT n., 
 diseou'pag-mg-LY 2 a d v> [f. OF descoragier 
 
 (DIS-, COURAGE)] 
 
 di'scoupse l (-ors), n. Talk, conversation, (ar- 
 chaic) ; dissertation, treatise, sermon, [f. F clis- 
 cours f. L T>\s(cursxis course *)] 
 
 discoup'se 2 (-ors), v.i. & t. Talk, converse ; 
 
 S DI SDAIN 
 
 hold forth in speech or writing on a subject (of, 
 upon, or abs.) ; give forth (some kind of music ; 
 ref . to Ha mlet III. ii. 374). [f. prec] 
 
 diseoup*teous,a., diseoup*tesy,n., (ker- 
 -kor-). Rude(ness), uncivil, incivility. Henco 
 discoup'teousLY 2 adv. [dis] 
 
 diseo^vep (-ku-), v.t. Disclose, expose to 
 view, reveal, make known, exhibit, manifest, 
 betray; (Chess) d. check, check by removing 
 piece or pawn; find out (fact &c, that &c, 
 unknown country), suddenly realize, whence 
 or cogn. disco* vePABLE a., diseo'vePER 1 n. 
 [f. OF descovrir f. med.L ms(cooperi7-e cover 1 )] 
 
 disco'vert (-ku-), a. (legal). Unmarried or wi- 
 dowed (of woman), [f. OF descovert p.p. (prec.)] 
 
 diseo'vepy (-ku-), n. Revealing, disclosure, 
 (in L&w, compulsory disclosure by party to ac- 
 tion of facts or documents on which he' relies ; 
 in play, poem, &c, revelation unravelling plot) ; 
 finding out, making known ; thing found out. 
 [f. discover on anal, of recovery (OF recovric, 
 OF for discovery being descoverte)] 
 
 disepe'dit *, n. Loss of repute, thing involv- 
 ing this ; doubt, lack of credibility, (throws d. 
 upon) ; loss of commercial credit, [dis-] 
 
 disepe'dit 2 , v.t. Refuse to believe ; bring 
 disbelief or disrepute upon, [dis-] 
 
 discreditable, a. Bringing discredit, 
 shameful. Hence discreditable v 2 adv. [dis-] 
 
 discpee't, a. Judicious, prudent, circum- 
 spect, not speaking out at inopportune times. 
 Hence discpeetLY 2 adv. [f. F discret f. L 
 Dis(cretus p.p. of cernere sift) separate, with LL 
 sense f. its derivative discretio discernment] 
 
 di'sepepant (or -kre*-), a. Different, incon- 
 sistent, (of stories &c). So disepe'pANCYii. 
 [f. Li Dis(crepare sound), -ant] 
 
 di'sepete, a. Separate, individually distinct, 
 discontinuous; (Metaphys.) abstract not con- 
 crete. Hence di'screteNESS n. [f. Ldiscretus 
 see discreet] 
 
 disepe'tion, n. Liberty of deciding as one 
 thinks fit, absolutely or within limits (it is with- 
 in one's d. to ; at the d. of, to be settled or dis- 
 posed of by the will of ; at d., at one's own plea- 
 sure ; surrender at d. , unconditionally), whence 
 discpe'tionARY l a. ; discernment, prudence, 
 judgment, (years, age, ofd., time at which one 
 is fit to manage himself —in Eng. law, 14). [f. OF 
 discrecion f. L discretionem (discreet, -ion)] 
 
 discriminate, v.t. & i. Be, set up, or ob- 
 serve, a, difference between (also intr. with be- 
 tween), distinguish from another ; make a dis- 
 tinction {d. against, distinguish unfavourably, 
 of taxes &c), observe distinctions carefully. 
 So disepiminATiON n., discpi'minATivE a. 
 [f. L discriminare (discrimen distinction f. dis- 
 cernere discern), -ate 3 ] 
 
 discriminating", a. In vbl senses ; esp. : 
 discerning, acute; d. duty, rate, varying in 
 amount according to country sending goods or 
 person rated, differential, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 disepown, v.t. Take crown from, depose, 
 (soyereign lit. or fig.), [dis-] 
 
 diseup'sive, a. Rambling, digressive, ex- 
 patiating; proceeding by argument or reason- 
 ing, not intuitive. Hence diseup'siveLY 2 
 adv., diseup'sivexESS n. [f. L ms(currere 
 curs- run), -ive] 
 
 diseu*ss,v.t. Examine by argument, debate, 
 whence diseu'ssiBLE a. ; consume with en- 
 joyment (food, wine, meal), [f. L Dis(cutere 
 -cuss- = quatere shake)] 
 
 discu'ssion (-shn), n. Examination by argu- 
 ment ; a debate ; consumption with enjoyment 
 o/food. [OF, f. L discussionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 disdai'n, n., & v.t. Scorn, (regard with) con 
 tempt ; think beneath oneself (to do, do ing, or 
 
DISEASE 
 
 236 
 
 DISHARMONY 
 
 noun i or one's notice. Hence disdai'nFULa.. 
 disdai-nfulLv - adv. If. OF dead* iyn<tn f. L 
 DKldignart £ worthy)] 
 
 dlsea'se | -/.ez>, n. Morbid condition of body, 
 plant, or some part of them, illness, sick 
 any particular kind of this with special symp- 
 toms & name: deranged or depraved state of 
 mind or moral-. |f. OF n.»] 
 
 diseased (-2 with di- 
 
 ved, [p.p. of obs. diata.it vb t 
 ( »K (U \ recj 
 
 disemban-k,v.t.&L Put, go, ashore. 1 1 
 disembark r-rio.v n. [f. F rfefemoa 
 
 -'] 
 disembaTPass, v.t. Free from ernbar 
 
 . rid or relieve (oj tangle ifroms. 
 
 disemba'rrassMKNin. [PfB-] 
 disembo'dy, v.t. Separate, free. <soui. i 
 from body or the com 1 I itroops). 
 
 disembo'diMKNT n. [DIS-1 
 dlsembo'gue e V.L & t. <0f rive: 
 
 J>our forth at mouth (intr., 01 I a:-:.»: 
 
 hg.i discharge, pour forth. <i. & L of speech, 
 crowd, fee.). ' [f. Sp. t£ en in, 
 
 bora mouth)] 
 
 disembo'som, v.t. & i. eal ; 
 
 unburden one-elf. make confidence-. [l»j--] 
 
 disembowel, v.t. (-11-). Remove entrails of. 
 
 ripm j to protrude. [01s] 
 
 disembnoi'l, v.t. Extricate from confusion 
 
 •.. [dis] 
 disencha'nt, •■ hantment 
 
 or illusion. Hence disencha'nt ikntii. [f. F 
 
 nehanter (dis-, kn'.han t»J 
 
 disencirmber, v.t Free from encum- 
 
 e. [f. F rfeseneomi - . kncumbkki] 
 
 disendow, v.fc Strip (esp. Church) of en- 
 
 disendow.MKNT n, [DI8-] 
 
 diseng-a'g-e, v.fc, &: n. 
 
 □ ; (Fencing) | t of sword to 1 
 
 -ide of o; | a., this movement). f.o;--J 
 
 disenga'ged, a. En vbl set. .: at 
 
 leisu: end to an; -that 
 
 • [-ED 1 ] 
 disengagement,!.. Disengaging; 1 
 tion <of en ties, 
 
 detachment; easy natural mann< ution 
 
 of eng g 
 
 0AOE DL l-MK.VT] 
 
 disentai'l. v.t (legal). Free from entail, 
 
 • ail of. [ ' 
 disenta'ngle, v.t. & L Extri I from 
 
 con;- : unravel, un: 
 
 : disenta'ngleMK.vr n. jo;s-] 
 disenthrall), v.t. (-11-). Vi':<: from Vjnd- 
 
 disenthpad :kvj " n. [DB-] 
 disento'mb.v.t. Takeout of tomb; unearth, 
 
 disesta-blish, • .t. Undc -hmentof: 
 
 • - 
 from official position. Hence disesta'blish- 
 
 MENTn. [hl~] 
 
 disfa-voup, n., & v.t. Dislike, disapproval : 
 diked {fall into • b) regard, 
 
 treat, with d. [1, 
 
 disfea-ture v.t. Mar feature 
 
 disfigure. [oj-s-J 
 
 disfi-g-ure, v.t. Mar beauty of, deform. de~ 
 disfi^-ur disfi'- 
 
 ^rure .-<t. on. [f. OF 
 
 ra pig 1 li 
 disfoTesx , x r of 
 
 ' -• If- OF :,js-. FOREST)] 
 
 disfpa'nehise citi- 
 
 - : deprive (place) of ri^ht of -ending. 
 .f right of voting for, parlL 
 
 ■•.he. Hence dlsfpa'nchise mk.nt 
 
 n. ( 1 vb - knkkancujsk] 
 
 disfpo'ek, V.t. Deprive of clerical garb & 
 office, [bis- J 
 
 disgop'ge (j). v.t. Sc i. Eject (as) from throat 
 
 of giving up ill-gotten 
 
 -. booty. &c.i ; (of river &c. trans., red., or 
 
 intr.) disembogue, discharge (waters). If. OF 
 
 forger (DI8-, gorge 3 i] 
 disg-pa'ce : , n. Loss of favour. downfall from 
 position of honour; ignominy, shame; thing in- 
 volving dishonour, cause of reproach. Hence 
 disg^pa'ceFL 1. a.. disg-pa'eefuDv 2 adv., 
 disg;pa'ceful\Kss n. |f. F 
 grazia f. metLL i- brack)) 
 
 disg"pa*ce -, v.t, Dismiss from favour, de- 
 grade from position; bring shame or discredit 
 upon, be a d. to. [f. F d 1 ec. J 
 
 disg"pu*ntled, a. mow chiefly U. .*:.). Diseon- 
 
 i, moody, [from 17th c. ; dj--. gnmtti 
 frequent. Of 6BUNT] 
 
 disg"ui*se : <-g!z». v.t. Conceal identity of id. 
 If. person or thing, an someone or some- 
 thing else, bydoiny, with false beard &: 
 tume &c.) : misrep: w in tals* co: 
 
 conceal, cloak, id. one's intention, opin 
 
 •n drink or liquor, drunk. Hence 
 disg-ui'sevK.vrn. [t OFdescntfsierfaiB-, Bom. 
 
 disg*ui'se- t n. Use of changed dre-- or ap- 
 pearance for concealment's sake, disguised con- 
 dition ibl- d.. one that seems to be a 
 misfortune): garb u-ed to deceive; artificial 
 
 eption. If. prec.J 
 disg-u'st i, n. Loathing, nausea, repugn; 
 z aversion, io.t, /or, towards, ago 
 [(. 16th-c F 
 
 disg'U'st 2 , v.t. Excite loavhi m,or 
 
 indignation, in. Hence disg-u'ste<l<.v '-. dis- 
 g-u'sting-i.v-, adw. [f. Pjth-c. Vd\ 
 (dis-, L g 
 
 disgu'stful, rig. repulsive: (of 
 
 .opt. en. red by, full of, 
 
 L-fulJ 
 dish ! , n. Shallow flat-bottomed usu. oval or 
 oblong vessel of earthenwan or metal, 
 
 for holding food at held. Jjar- 
 
 ticularkindof foenl isjijK -d.\ uuuL nous 
 
 funding d.. that appears daily, 
 (archaic) 'ea drink- 
 
 ; d. --haped re- 
 used for any porpoM r. of 
 I ice. for keeping focxi in d. hot : d.<-loth 4c 
 (archaic) -clout, for washing dd. & plate 
 
 . -water, in which dd. have been washed. 
 [OF disc (cf. G tinffi table) f. I. < -k] 
 
 dish . : L I J ut (food) into dish ready for 
 
 serving ; d, up, serve meal, (fig.) present (f; 
 argument) attractively ; make concave or dish- 
 move fore-feet not straight 
 but with scooping motion: circumvent, out- 
 manceuvn *eat opponent* 
 
 adopting their policy tfu Whig*, of 
 
 f. precj 
 dishabille Lisahei), n. Being negligently 
 or pal sed, uiidi 
 
 garment or costume, [f. F deshabiUi p.p. of 
 ahUler {DI&-, ho billtr clothe f. habile ready, 
 
 AHI.K)| 
 
 dishabi'tuate (h), v.t. Make (person) un- 
 
 1. [ijjs] 
 dishallu-eina'tion ■•:.- iion.[DiB-] 
 
 disharmonize i-h l r.fe Put out of har- 
 
 rdant. [.< 
 disharmony >■). . . Dis -»rd, dhssonauce. 
 - disharmd'ni*/ - a. [di*-J 
 
 For compounds of din- not given consult DIS-. 
 
DISHEARTEN 
 
 237 
 
 DISORIENTATE 
 
 disheap*ten, v.t. Make despondent, rob of 
 courage. Hence dishear'tenMENT n. Idis-] 
 
 dishenison (-h-), n. Disinheriting, [f. OF 
 dishcriteisun (DIS-, L hercditarc f. heres heir, 
 
 -ATION, -SON)] 
 
 dishe'velled, a. With disordered hair ; (of 
 hair) loose, flung about, unconftned ; (of person) 
 untidy, ruffled, unkempt. Hence dishe'vel- 
 ment n. [f. OF dcschcvclc (dis-, OF chcvcl hair 
 f. L oaptllus, p.p. suf. -e\] 
 
 disho'nest (also-), a. Fraudulent, knavish, 
 insincere (of person, act, statement). Hence 
 disho'nestLV - adv. [f. OF dcshoncstc f. L 
 
 J)E(honcstU8 HONEST)] 
 
 dishonesty (diso-), n. Want of honesty, 
 theft, deceitfulness, fraud, [f. OF dcsoneste f. 
 L vishontstus after honcstatcm HONESTY] 
 
 dishonour 1 (diso-), n. State of shame or dis- 
 grace, discredit ; thing that involves this ; re- 
 fusal to honour cheque, bill of exchange, &c. 
 [f. OF dishonor (DI6-,L honor cm honour 1 )] 
 
 dishonour 2 (diso), v.t. Treat with indig- 
 nity; violate chastity of; disgrace; refuse to 
 accept or pay (cheque, bill of exchange), [f. OF 
 dcshonnorerf. LL Dis(honorare L — HONOUR 2 )] 
 
 dishonourable (diso-), a. Involving dis- 
 grace, ignominious; unprincipled, base, against 
 dictates of honour. Hence dishonoupable- 
 ness n., dishonourably v 2 adv. [dis-] 
 
 dishorn (-h-), v.t. Cut off horns of. [dis-] 
 
 dishou'se i-bowz), v.t. Deprive (population 
 &c.) of house(s). [dis-] 
 
 disillu'sion, n.. <x v.t., disillu'sionize.v.t. 
 Disenchant (ment). free(dom) from illusions. 
 Hence disillu'sionMENT n. [dis-. -ize] 
 
 disinclination, n. AVant of liking or will- 
 ingness {for or to course, to do), [dis-] 
 
 disincline, v.t. Make indisposed (to do, 
 for or to course), [dis-] 
 
 disincop'popate, v.t. Dissolve (corporate 
 body), [dis-] 
 
 disinfect, v.t. Cleanse (room, clothes, fee.) 
 of infection. Hence or cogn. disinfe*ctAXT<:?i 
 a. &n., disinfe'ctiON n. [dis-] 
 
 disingenuous, a. Insincere, haA'ing secret 
 motives, not candid. Hence dising-e'huous- 
 lv 2 adv., disingrenuousNESS n. [dis-] 
 
 disinherit, v.t. Reject as heir, deprive of 
 inheritance. Hence disinhenitANCE n. [dis-, 
 inherit in obs. sense make heir] 
 
 disintegrate,. v.t. & i. Separate into com- 
 ponent parts, deprive of or lose cohesion. 
 Hence disinteg*PA TiON,disi*ntegrpatOR 2 (2). 
 nn. [dis-] 
 
 disinter*, v.t. (-rr-). Unbury, exhume : un- 
 earth. Hence disinter* jvient n. [f. F desen- 
 tcrrcr (dis-, inter)] 
 
 disi'ntepested (-re-), a. Not biased by self- 
 seeking, impartial. Hence disinterestedly y- 
 adv.. disi'ntepestedNESS n. [dis-] 
 
 disjecta membra, n. pi. Fragments, 
 scattered remains. [L] 
 
 disjoi'n, v.t. Separate, disunite, part. [f. OF 
 desjoindrc f. L Dis( junpere jn net- join)] 
 
 disjoint, v.t. Dislocate, disturb working or 
 connexion of (p.p.. esp. of talk, incoherent. "de- 
 sultory, whence disjointedLY 2 adv.. dis- 
 jointedxEss n.); take in pieces at the joints. 
 [f. obs. disjoint adj. f. p.p. of OF as prec] 
 
 disjunction, n. Disjoining, separation, [f. 
 L disjunctio (DISJOIN, -H>N)J 
 
 disjunctive, a. & n. Disjoining, involving 
 separation : (Log.. Gram.) alternative (adj.). in- 
 volving choice between two words 8cc (n.. d. 
 proposition or conjunction). Hence disjunc- 
 tiveLY 2 adv. [f. ~Ldisjunctivus (DISJOIN. -IVEI] 
 
 disk, disc, n. Thin circular plate (e.g. coin); 
 round flat or apparently flat surface (sun's d.) 
 
 or mark ; round flattened part in body, plant, 
 &c. [f. L f. Gk diskos quoit] 
 
 disli'ke, v.t., & n. Not like, have aversion or 
 objection to ; (n.) aversion, [dis-] 
 
 di'slocate, v. t. Put out of joint (limb or fig 
 machinery, affairs) ; (Geol.) make (strata) dis- 
 continuous ; displace. So dislocA'Tiov n. [f. 
 med.L Dis(/ocare L = place), -ate^] 
 
 dislo'dg-e, v.t. Remove, turn out, (esp. forti- 
 fied enemy) from position. Hence dislo'dgf(e)- 
 mext n. [f. OF dcsloger (dis-, lodge v.i] 
 
 disloyal, a. Unfaithful to friendship &c; 
 untrue to allegiance, disaffected to government, 
 whence disloy*aliSTc2i n. & a. Hence or cogn. 
 disloyalist - adv., disloyalTY n. If. OF 
 desloial (vis-, loyal)] 
 
 di'smal, a., di'smals, n. pi. Depressing, 
 miserable, sombre, dreary : hence di'smalLY- 
 adv., di'smalxESS n. ; the dd., low spirits, 
 dumps, [orig. noun = unlucky days f. OF dis 
 mat f. hdics rnali ill days ; these w'ere two spe- 
 cial days in each month in medieval calendars] 
 
 dismantle, v.t. Strip of covering, protec- 
 tion, &c. ; deprive (fortress, ship, &c. ) of defences, 
 rigging, equipment. Hence dismantleMEXr 
 n. [f. obs. F desmantcller (dis-. mantle n.)] 
 
 disma'st, v.t. Deprive (ship) of mast(s). [dis-] 
 
 dismay, v.t., & n. (Fill with I consternation. 
 discourage(ment). [prob. thr. OF f. dil- + OHG 
 ma pan be powerful (may v.)] 
 
 dismember, v.t. Tear or cut limb from 
 limb ; partition (empire, country), divide up. 
 Hence disme'mber.MEM n. [f. OF desmem- 
 brcr (Dis-, L membrum limb)] 
 
 dismi'ss, v.t., & n. Send away, disperse, dis- 
 band, (assembly, army ; Mil., imperat., word of 
 command closing drill, also as n.. the r?., release 
 at end of drill) ; allow to go : discharge, cashier, 
 from service or office ; send away from one's 
 presence : put out of ones thoughts, cease to 
 feel ; treat (subject) summarily ; (Law) send out 
 of court, refuse further hearing to, (case) : (Cric- 
 ket, of batsman) send (ball), send ball of (bow- 
 len. usu. to boundary or for four &c. Hence 
 dismi*ssAL<2), (now rare) dismrssiox, nn.. 
 dismi'ssiBLE a. [prob. f. L m l (mittcre muss- 
 send) with dis- due to obs. disinit f. OF des- 
 7netrc in same sense] 
 
 dismount, v.i. 6c t.. &: n. Alight, cause to 
 alight, from horseback &c (n.. alighting); un- 
 seat, unhorse, (of horse, enemy, or stumble &e. i: 
 remove (thing) from its mount (esp. gun from 
 carriage), [dis-] 
 
 disobedience, n.. disobedient, a. Dis- 
 obeying. rebellious(ness),stubborn(ness). Hence 
 disobe'dientLv - adv. [f. OF (cits-), see dis-, 
 
 OBEDIENCE, OBEDIENT] 
 
 disobey (-ba), v.i. & t. Disregard orders, 
 break rules : not obey (person, law), [f. F d6s- 
 obeir (DIS-, obeyi] 
 
 disobli'gre, v.t. Refuse to consult conveni- 
 ence or wishes of. Hence disobli'g'iNi. - 
 disoblrgingr. v 2 adv.. disobli'glng-XESsi.. 
 [f. F de^oblipcr (Dis-. oblige)] 
 
 disop'der 1 , n. Want of order, confusion; 
 tumult, riot, commotion: ailment, disease, [dis-] 
 
 disop'der -, v.t. Disarrange, throw into con- 
 fusion ; put out of health, upset, [assim. to 
 order v. of earlier disordain f. OF desoi'dener 
 
 (DIS-. ORDAIN)] 
 
 disop'deply, a. Untidy, confused ; irregular, 
 unruly, riotous: hence disop'deplixESS n. 
 Constituting public nuisance (d. house, bawdy. 
 gaming, or betting, -house), [disorder l , -ly 2 ] 
 
 disop'ganize, v.t. Destroy system &C. of, 
 throw into confusion. Hence disopganiZA*- 
 tion n. [f. F desorpaniser idis-. organize)] 
 
 disorientate (-en-), v.t. Place (church) with 
 
DISOWN 
 
 238 
 
 DISPOSSESS 
 
 chancel not directly eastwards ; confuse (per- 
 son) as to his bearings (lit. & fig. ). Hence dis- 
 OPientA'Tiox n. [dis] 
 
 disown, v. t. Refuse to recognize, repudiate, 
 disclaim ; renounce allegiance to. [dis-] 
 dispa*pag-e (-Ij), v.t. Bring discredit on, 
 lower; speak slightingly of, depreciate. So 
 dispa'rag-e.MENT n., dispa'pagringLY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF desparagier marry unequally (dis-, par- 
 age equality f. L par equal, -age)] 
 di'spapate (-at), a. & n. Essentially differ- 
 ent, diverse in kind, incommensurable, without 
 relation ; hence di'spapateLY 2 adv., di'spa- 
 pateNESS n. (N., usu. pi.) thing(s) so unlike 
 that there is no basis for comparison, [f. L 
 ms(paratus p.p. of parare provide) separate, 
 influenced in sense by L dispar unequal] 
 dispa'Pity, n. Inequality, difference, incon- 
 gruity, [f. F Dis(iJa/-i^ PARITY)] 
 dispap'k, v.t. Convert (park-land) to other 
 uses, [dis-] 
 
 dispap't 1 , n. (gunnery). Difference between 
 i emidiameters of gun at base-ring and at muz- 
 zle, to be allowed for in aiming ; sight making 
 the allowance. [?] 
 
 dispap't 2 , v.t. & i. Separate, part asunder, 
 (t. & i.) ; go in different directions ; distribute, 
 [f. L Dis(partire f. pars part) distribute] 
 dispa'ssionate, a. Free from emotion, calm, 
 impartial. Hence dispa*ssionateLY 2 adv., 
 dispa'ssionatexESs n. [dis] 
 dispa'teh 1 , des-, v.t. & i. Send off to a 
 destination or for a purpose ; give the death- 
 blow to, kill ; get (task, business) promptly 
 done, settle, finish off; eat (food, meal) quickly ; 
 (archaic) make haste, [f. Sp. despachar expe- 
 dite (dis-, L partus p.p. of pangere fasten) ; not 
 connected w. F depecher] . 
 dispa'teh 2 , des-, n. Sending off (o/messen- 
 ger, letter, &c. ) ; putting to death (happy d. , 
 suicide as practised by Japanese) ; prompt 
 settlement of business, promptitude, efficiency, 
 rapidity; written message, esp. official com- 
 munication on State affairs (d.-box, for carry- 
 ing these & other documents) : agency for con- 
 veying goods &c. [f. prec] 
 dispe'l, v.t. (-11-). Dissipate, disperse, (fears, 
 darkness), [f. L Dis(pellere drive)] 
 dispensable, a. That can be relaxed in 
 special cases (canon, law, oath) ; not necessary, 
 that can be done without, [f. med.L dispensa- 
 bilis (dispense, -able)] 
 
 dispensary, n. Place, esp. charitable in- 
 stitution, where medicines are dispensed ; 
 apothecary's shop, [dispense, -ary j ] 
 dispensation, n. Distributing, dealing 
 out ; ordering, management, esp. of the world 
 by Providence ; arrangement made by Xature 
 or Providence ; special dealing of Providence 
 with community or person ; religious system 
 prevalent at a period (Mosaic, O. T., Christian, 
 d.) ; exemption from penalty or duty laid down 
 in esp. eccl. law (with, from) ; doing without 
 (with), [f. L dispensatio (foil., -ation)] 
 dispense, v.t, & i. Distribute, deal out; 
 administer (sacrament, justice) ; make up & 
 give out (medicine) ; grant dispensations ; re- 
 lease from obligation. D. with : relax, give 
 exemption from, (rule) ; annul binding force of 
 (oath) ; render needless (usu. the need of &c.) ; 
 do without, [f. OF dispenser f. L dispensare 
 frequent, of ~Dis(pendere pens- weigh)] 
 dispeo'ple (-pep-), v.t. Depopulate, [f. OF 
 despeuplerf. L T>E(populare f. populus people)] 
 disper'se, v.t. & i. Scatter ft. & i. ), drive, go, 
 throw or send, in different directions, rout, 
 
 dispel, be dispelled ; send to or station at sepa- 
 rate points ; put in circulation, disseminate ; 
 (Opt.) divide (white light) into its coloured rays. 
 Hence dispep*SAL(2) n., dispep'sedLY 2 adV., 
 dispep'sivE a., dispep'siveLY 2 adv., dis- 
 peP'siveNESS n. [f. F disperseri. L di Hsper- 
 gere -s$>ers- = spargere scatter)] 
 dispep'sion, n. Dispersing (see prec.) ; the 
 D., the Jews dispersed among Gentiles-Rafter 
 Captivity, [f. L dispersio (prec, -ion)] 
 dispi'pit, v.t, Make despondent, depress. 
 Hence dispi'pitedLY 2 adv. [dis-] 
 dispi'teous, a. Pitiless. [19th-c. revival 
 with changed sense as if f. dis-, piteous, of 
 16th-c. despiteous (despite)] 
 displa'ce, v.t. Shift from its place ; remove 
 from office ; oust, take the place of, put some- 
 thing else in the place of, replace, [f. OF dos- 
 placer (dis-, place n.)] 
 
 displacement, n. Displacing, being dis- 
 placed ; amount by which thing is shifted from 
 its place ; ousting, replacement by something 
 else ; amount of fluid displaced by solid floating 
 or immersed in it. [prec, -ment] 
 display* 1 , v.t. Exhibit, expose to view, 
 show ; show ostentatiously ; reveal, betray, 
 allow to appear, [f. OF despleier f. L vis(pli- 
 care fold) cf. deploy] 
 
 display* 2 , n. Displaying ; exhibition, show ; 
 ostentation ; (Print.) arrangement of type with 
 a view to calling attention, [f. prec] 
 displea'se (-z), v.t. Offend, annoy, make in- 
 dignant or angry, be disagreeable to; be dis- 
 pleased (at, with, or abs.), disapprove, be indig- 
 nant or dissatisfied. Hence displea'siNG 2 a., 
 displea'sing-LY 2 adv. [f. OF desplaisir (dis-, 
 L placere please)] 
 
 displea'supe (-ezher), n., & v.t. Displeased 
 feeling, dissatisfaction, disapproval, anger ; (vb) 
 cause d. to, annoy, [f. OF as prec, assim. to 
 pleasure] 
 
 displu'me, v.t, (poet). Strip of feathers, lit. 
 & fig. [dis-] 
 
 dispop't, v. refl. & i., & n. (archaic). Frolic, 
 gambol, enjoy oneself, display oneself sportive- 
 ly ; (n.) relaxation, pastime, [f. OF desport(er) 
 f. dis-, L portare carry] 
 
 dispo'sable, a. That can be disposed of, 
 got rid of, made over, or used ; at disposal. 
 Hence disposaBULiTY n. [dispose, -able] 
 dispo'sal, n. Disposing of, getting rid of, 
 settling, dealing with, bestowal, assignment ; 
 sale ; control, management,(a£ one'sd. ) ; placing, 
 disposition, arrangement, [foil., -al(2)] 
 dispo'se (-z), v.t. & i. Place suitably, at in- 
 tervals, or in order ; bring (person, mind) into 
 certain state (esp. in p.p. well-, ill-, disposed) ; 
 incline, make willing or desirous, to something 
 or to do ; give (thing) tendency to ; determine 
 course of events (man proposes, God disposes). 
 D. of: do what one will with, regulate ; get off 
 one's hands, stow away, settle, finish, kill, de- 
 molish (claim, argument, opponent), dismiss 
 (cricket XI for certain score), consume (food) ; 
 sell. [f. OF dis( poser see pose) substituted 
 for L disponere thr. such derivatives as foil.] 
 disposition, n. Setting in order, arrange- 
 ment, relative position of parts ; (usu. pi.) plan, 
 preparations, stationing of troops ready for 
 attack, defence, &c ; ordinance, dispensation, 
 (a d. of Providence &c) ; bestowal by deed or 
 will ; control, disposal, (at one's d.) ; bent, tem- 
 perament, natural tendency ; inclination to. [F, 
 f. L T>is(positionem f. ponere posit- place)] 
 dispossess (-zes), v.t. Oust, dislodge, (per- 
 son) ; deprive of; rid (person) of or o/evtl spirit. 
 
 For compounds of dis- not given consult dis-. 
 
DISPRAISE 
 
 239 
 
 DISSIPATE 
 
 Hence disposse'ssiox, disposse'ssoR 2 , 
 
 iin. [f. OF despossesser (DIS-, possess)] 
 
 disprai'se (-z), v.t,, & n. Disparage(ment), 
 censure, [n. f. vb, f. OF despreisier f. L de- 
 pretiare depreciate] 
 
 disppoo'f, n. Refutation ; thing that dis- 
 proves, [dis-] 
 
 disproportion, n. Want of proportion ; 
 being out of proportion. Hence dispropop*- 
 t ion k i > 2 a. [dis-] 
 
 disproportionate (-at), a. Wanting pro- 
 portion ; relatively too large or small. Hence 
 disppopop'tionateL v 2 adv. [pis-] 
 
 disppo've (-oov),v.t. (p.p. -d, rarely -n). Prove 
 false, show fallacy of, refute, [f. OF {lesprovcr 
 
 (DIS-, PROVE)] 
 
 disputable, a. Open to question, uncertain. 
 Hence disputable 2 adv. [f. L disputabilis 
 
 (DISPUTE 1 , -ABLE)] 
 
 disputa'tion, n. Argument, controversy. 
 Hence disputa'tious a., disputa'tiousLY 2 
 
 adv., disputa'tiousxESS n. [f. ~Ldisputatio 
 (foil., -ATIOX)] 
 
 dispu'te 1 , v.i. & t. Argue, hold disputation, 
 {with, against, person, on, about, subject), 
 whence di'sputAXT(l) n. & a. ; quarrel, have 
 altercation ; discuss (whether, how, &c; point, 
 question) ; controvert, call in question, (state- 
 ment, fact) ; resist (landing, advance, &c.) ; 
 contend for, strive to win, (pre-eminence, vic- 
 tory, every inch of ground), [f. OF desputer f. L 
 Dis{putare reckon)] 
 
 dispu'te 2 , n. Controversy, debate, (in d., 
 being argued about ; beyond, past, icithout, d., 
 certainly, indisputably); heated contention, 
 quarrel, difference of opinion, [f. prec] 
 
 disqualification, n. In vbl senses; esp., 
 thing that disqualifies, [foil., -fication] 
 
 disqualify, v.t. Unfit, disable, (for some 
 purpose or office) ; incapacitate legally, pro- 
 nounce unqualified, [dis-] 
 
 disqui'et, v.t., a., & n. Deprive of peace, 
 worry ; (adj.) uneasy, disturbed, whence dis- 
 qui'eTUDE, disqui'etNESS, nn. ; (n.) anxiety, 
 unrest, [dis-] 
 
 disquisi'tion (-zishn), n. (Archaic) investi- 
 gation, inquiry ; (mod.) long or elaborate trea- 
 tise or discourse on subject. Hence dis- 
 quisi'tionAL a. [f. L ms(quisitio f. -quirere 
 -quisit- = quaerere seek, -iox)] 
 - dispa'te, v.t. (naut.). Reduce to lower rating 
 or rank, [dis-] 
 
 dispeg-ap'd, v.t., & n. Pay no attention to, 
 ignore, treat as of no importance ; (n.) indiffer- 
 ence, neglect (of, for). Idis-] 
 
 dispe'lish, n., & v.t. Dislike, (regard with) 
 distaste, aversion, [dis-] 
 
 disrepair*, n. Bad condition for want of 
 repairs (usu. is &c. in «*.). [dis-] 
 
 disreputable, a. Discreditable ; of bad 
 repute, not respectable in character or appear- 
 ance. Hence dispe'putablexESS n., dis- 
 pe'putabLY 2 adv. [dis-] 
 
 dispepu*te, n. Ill repute, discredit, [dis-] 
 
 disrespect, n. Rudeness, want of respect. 
 So dispespe'ctFUL a., dispespe'etfulLY 2 
 adv., dispespe'etfulxESS n. [dis-] 
 
 dispo'be, v. t. & i. Divest of robe or garment 
 ((also fig.) ; undress (refl. or intr.). [dis-] 
 
 disroo't, v.t. Uproot ; dislodge, [dis-] 
 
 dispu'pt, v.t. Shatter, separate forcibly. 
 [19th-c. vb f. L disrupt- see foil.] 
 
 dispu'ption, n. Bursting asunder, violent 
 dissolution, rent condition; the D., split in 
 Church of Scotland 1843. So dispU'ptivE a. 
 [f. L T>\s(rrtptio f. rumpere rupt- break, -ion)] 
 
 dissa'tisfy, v.t. Fail to satisfy, make dis- 
 contented. SO diSSATISFA"CTION n. [D1S-] 
 
 dissea't, v.t. Unseat, [dis] 
 disse'et, v.t. Cut in pieces ; anatomize, cut 
 up, (animal, plant) to show its structure &c. ; 
 examine part by part, analyse, criticize in de- 
 tail. Hence or cogn. disse'etiON, disse'e- 
 tOR 2 , nn. [f. L Dis(seca?'e sect- cut)] 
 dissei'se, -ze, (-sez), v.t. Oust, dispossess, of 
 estates (or fig.), [f. OF dessaisir (dis-, seize)] 
 
 dissei'sin, -zin, (-sez-), n. (legal). Disseising, 
 wrongful dispossession of real property, [f. OF 
 dessaisine (dis-, seizin)] 
 
 disse'mble, v.t. & i. Cloak, disguise, con- 
 ceal, (character, feeling, intention, act) ; pre- 
 tend not to see, ignore, (insult &c. ; archaic) ; 
 fail to mention (fact) ; conceal one's motives 
 &c., be a hypocrite, whence disse'mblER 1 n. 
 [perh. assim. to resemble of obs. dissimule f. OF 
 dissimider f. L T>is(simidare simulate)] 
 
 disseminate, v.t. Scatter abroad, sow in 
 various places, (lit., seed; usu. fig., doctrines, 
 sedition, &c). So disseminATiox, dis- 
 se'minatOR 2 , nn. [f. L dis(sc minare f. semen 
 -inis seed), -ate 3 ] 
 
 disse'nsion, n. Discord arising from differ- 
 ence in opinion. [F, f. L T>is(sensionem f. sen- 
 tire sens- feel, -iox)] 
 
 disse'nt 1 , v.t. Refuse to assent; disagree, 
 think differently or express such difference 
 (from), esp. in religious doctrine from an estab- 
 lished church (dissenting minister, noncon- 
 formist clergyman). Hence disse'nt ing-LY 2 
 adv. [f. L T>m(sentire feel)] 
 
 disse'nt 2 , n. (Expression of) difference of 
 opinion ; refusal to accept doctrines of estab- 
 lished church, nonconformity, (collect.) dis- 
 senters, [f. prec.] 
 
 disse'ntep, n. One who dissents, esp. from 
 a national church ; member of a sect that has 
 separated itself from the Church of England or 
 Scotland, [-er ] ] 
 
 disse'ntient (-shl-, -shnt), a. & n. (One) dis- 
 agreeing with a majority or official view (D. 
 Liberals = Liberal Unionists), [f. L ms(sen- 
 tire feel), -ext] 
 
 dissepiment, n. (bot. & zool.). Partition, 
 septum, [f. L Dis(saepimentum f. saeptre f. 
 saepes hedge, -mext)] 
 
 dissep't, di'sseptate, vv.i. Discourse, give 
 an exposition, disquisition, or dissertA "tion 
 n. [f. p.p. stems of L ms(serere sert- join) & its 
 frequent, dissertare, -ate 3 ] 
 
 dissep've, v.t. Do an ill turn to. So dis- 
 ser'vice n. [dis-] 
 
 disse'vep, v.t. & i. Sever, divide, [dis-] 
 
 di'ssidence, n. Disagreement, dissent, [f. 
 L dissidentia (foil., -exce)] 
 
 di'ssident, a. & n. Disagreeing, at variance ; 
 dissentient (a. &n.) ; dissenter, [f. L ms(sidere 
 -sedere sit), -ext] 
 
 dissig-h't, n. Unsightly thing, eyesore, [dis-] 
 
 dissi'milap, a. Unlike (to, also rarely from, 
 with). Hence dissi'mila'PiTY n., dissi'mi- 
 laPLY 2 adv. [dis-] 
 
 dissi'milate, v.t. (philol.). Make unlike 
 (sounds repeating each other, as in cinnamo??, 
 orig. cinnamo?n). Hence dissimilA'Tiox n. 
 [f. L ms(similis like), after assimilate] 
 
 dissimilitude, n. Unlikeness. [f. L dis- 
 similitudo (prec, -tude)] 
 
 dissimulate, v.t. & i. Pretend not to have 
 or feel (cf. simulate) ; dissemble, be hypocri- 
 tical. So dissi'mulATiox, dissi'mulatOR 2 , 
 nn. [f. ~Lms(simidare simulate), -ate 3 ] 
 
 di'ssipate, v.t. & i. Disperse, dispel or dis- 
 appear, (cloud, vapour, care, fear, darkness) ; 
 dissolve to atoms, bring or come to nothing ; 
 squander (money) ; fritter away (energy, atten- 
 tion) • engage in frivolous or dissolute pleasures 
 
DISSIPATED 
 
 240 
 
 DISTORT 
 
 (people go there to d". ;. Hence di'ssipatiVE a. 
 [f. L ms(sipare throw), -ate 3 J 
 
 di'ssipated, a. In vbl senses; esp., given 
 to dissipation, dissolute, [-ed *] 
 
 dissipation, n. Scattering, dispersion, dis- 
 integration ; wasteful expenditure of; distrac- 
 tion, want of concentration, of faculties &c; 
 frivolous amusement : intemperate or vicious 
 living, ff. L dissipatxo (dissipate, -ion)] 
 
 disso'eialize (-sha-), v.t. Make unsocial, 
 disincline for society, [dis-, social, -izeJ 
 
 disso'eiate (-shi-), v.t. Disconnect, separate, 
 in thought or in fact ; (Chem.) decompose, esp. 
 by heat. So dissoeiATioN (-si-) n., disso'- 
 cIable, disso'eiativE, (-sha-), aa. [f. L dis- 
 (sociare f. socius comrade), -ate 3 ] 
 
 di'ssoluble (-dobl), a. That can be disinteg- 
 rated, untied, or disconnected. Hence di'sso- 
 Iubi'lity n. [f. L visisolubilis soluble)] 
 
 di'ssolute (-oot), a. Lax in morals, licentious. 
 Hence di'ssoluteLY 2 adv., di'ssolutexEss 
 n. [f. L dissolutusjp.-p. (dissolve)] 
 
 dissolution (-00-), n. Disintegration, de- 
 composition; liquefaction (of ice or snow) ; un- 
 doing of bond, partnership, marriage, or al- 
 liance ; dismissal of assembly, esp. ending of a 
 Parliament with a view to fresh election ; 
 death ; coming to an end, fading away, disap- 
 pearance, [f. L dissolutio (foil., -ion)] 
 
 disso'lve (-z-), v.t. & i. Decompose (t. & i.) ; 
 make or become liquid esp. by immersion in 
 liquid (dissolved in tears, weeping copiously), 
 relax, enervate; vanish" (dissolving vieivs, of 
 magic lantern, one fading while another re- 
 places it) ; disperse (t. &L), esp. d. Parliament 
 or d., declare dissolution ; put an end to (part- 
 nership &c), annul. Hence disso'lv able a. [f. 
 L Dis(soZvere solid- loosen)] 
 
 disso'lvent (-z-), a. & n. (Thing) that dis- 
 solves something (usu. of), [-ent] 
 
 di'ssonant, a. Discordant, harsh-toned, in- 
 congruous. Hence or cogn. di'ssonANCE n., 
 di'ssonantLY 2 adv. [L Dis(sonare sound), 
 -ant] 
 
 dissua'de (-savM), v.t. Advise against, de- 
 precate, (action) ; give advice to hinder, divert, 
 (person from). So dissua'siON n., dissua*- 
 sive a. [f. L T>is(suadere suas- persuade)] 
 
 dissyllable &c. See disy- &c. 
 
 dissymmetrical, a., dissymmetry, n. 
 Symmetrical, symmetry, in opposite directions, 
 as in the two hands (esp. of crystals with two 
 corresponding forms), [dis-] 
 
 di'staff, n. Cleft stick about 3 ft long on 
 which wool or flax was wound for spinning by 
 hand ; corresponding part of spinning-wheel ; 
 woman's work; d. side, female branch of 
 family (cf. spear-side for the male). [OE distsef 
 (LG diesse bunch of flax + staff)] 
 
 di'stal, a. (anat., bot.). Away from centre of 
 body or point of attachment, terminal, [irreg. 
 f. distant, -al] 
 
 di'stance, n., & v.t. Being far off, remote- 
 ness; extent of space between, interval, (with- 
 in striking-d., near enough to deliver blow) ; 
 avoidance of familiarity, reserve, (esp. keep 
 one's d.) ; distant point (at, to, from, ad.); re- 
 moter field of vision (in the d. ; middle d., in 
 painted or actual landscape, between fore- 
 ground & far part) ; space of time (at this d. of 
 time) ; (in adv. phrr.) a good &c. d. off. (Vb) 
 place or make seem far off; leave far behind in 
 race or competition, [f. OF destance f. L dis- 
 tantia [Di^stare stand apart)] 
 
 di'stant, a. Far, or a specified distance, 
 away (three miles d.) ; remote, far apart, in 
 
 position, time, resemblance, &c. (a d. likeness, 
 connexion', d. ages ; d. signal on railway, one in 
 advance or home signal to give warning) ; not 
 intimate, reserved, cool. Hence di'stantLYS 
 adv. [F, f. L distant- part. st. see distance] 
 
 dista'ste, n. Dislike, repugnance, slight 
 aversion, (for), [dis-] 
 
 dista'steful, a. Disagreeable, repellent. 
 Hence dista'stefulNESS n. [-ful] 
 
 diste'mpep 1 , v.t. (archaic, usu. in p.p.). Up- 
 set, derange, in health or sanity (a distempered 
 fancy), [f. med.L Dis(TEMPERare L)] 
 
 diste'mpep 2 , n. Derangement, an ailment, 
 of body qr mind ; dog-disease with catarrh, 
 cough, & weakness ; political disorder, [f. prec.1 
 
 diste'mpep 3 , n., & v.t. Method of painting 
 on plaster or chalk with colours* mixed with 
 yolk of egg, size, &c, instead of oil, used for 
 scene-painting & internal walls (paint in d.); 
 (vb) paint (wall &c, or abs.) thus. [n. f. vb, f. 
 OF destemprer f. L as distemper 1 ] 
 
 diste'nd, v.t. & i. Swell out by pressure 
 from within (balloon, vein, nostrils, &c). So 
 diste'nsiBLE a., distensiBiLiTY, diste'n- 
 sion, nn. [f. L vis(tendere tens- stretch)] 
 
 di'stich (-k), n. Pair of verse lines, couplet, 
 [f. L f. Gk T>i 2 (stikhon f. stikhos line) neut. adj.] 
 
 di'sticnous (-k-), a. (bot. ). (Having fruit &c. ) 
 arranged in two vertical lines on opposite sides 
 of stem. [f. L f. Gk as prec, -ous] 
 
 disti'l, v.i. & t. (-11-). Trickle down ; come or 
 give forth in drops, exude ; turn to vapour by 
 heat, condense by cold, & re-collect (liquid) ; 
 extract essence of (plant &c, or fig. doctrine 
 &c.) ; drive (volatile constituent) off or out by 
 heat ; make (whisky, essence) by distillation ; 
 undergo distillation. So distill a *tion n., dis- 
 ti'llatORY a. [f. L Di Hstillare drop)] 
 
 di'stillate (-at), n. Product of distillation, 
 [as prec, -ate 2 ] 
 
 disti'llep, n. One who distils, esp. alcoholic 
 spirit, whence disti'llERY(3) n. ; apparatus for 
 distilling salt water at sea. [-er 2 ] 
 
 disti'net,a. Not identical, separate, indivi- 
 dual, different in quality or kind, unlike, (from, 
 or abs.); clearly perceptible, plain, definite ; un- 
 mistakable, decided, positive. Hence dis- 
 ti'netLY 2 adv., disti'netNESs n. [f. L dis- 
 tinctus p.p. see distinguish] 
 
 distinction, n. Making of a difference, dis- 
 crimination, the difference made (d. without a 
 difference, a merely nominal or artificial one) ; 
 being different ; thing that differentiates, mark, 
 name, title ; showing of special consideration, 
 mark of honour ; distinguished character, ex- 
 cellence, eminence ; (of literary style) individu- 
 ality. [F, f . L distinctionem (distinguish, -ion )] 
 
 distinctive, a. Distinguishing, characteris- 
 tic. Hence disti'nctiveLY 2 adv., disti'nc- 
 tiveNESS n. [distinguish, -ive] 
 
 distingue (F), a. Of distinguished air, fea- 
 tures, manners, &c. 
 
 disti'ng-uish, v.t. & i. Divide into classes 
 &c. ; be, see, or point out, the difference of 
 (thing, thing from another ; also intr. with be- 
 tween), differentiate, draw distinctions ; charac- 
 terize, be a mark or property of ; make out by 
 listening, looking, &c, recognize ; make one- 
 self prominent (often by gallantry &c. ). Hence 
 disti'ng-uish able a., disti'ng-uishabLY 2 
 adv. [f. L di l (stinguere stinct- extinguish prob. 
 cogn. w. Gk st izo prick), with irreg. use of -ish 1 ) 
 
 disti'ng-uished, a. In vbl senses ; esp. : re- 
 markable, eminent, famous, of high standing ; 
 
 = DISTINGUE. [-ED 1 ] 
 
 distop't, v. t. Put out of shape, make crooked 
 
 For compounds of dis- not given consult dis-. 
 
DISTORTIONIST 
 
 241 
 
 DIVARICATE 
 
 or unshapely, (actually or, as by curved mirror 
 &c, apparently) ; misrepresent (motives, facts, 
 statements). Hence or cogn. distoP'tedLY - 
 adv., distoptiON n., distortion al a. [f. L 
 T>ls(torquere tort- twist)] 
 
 distortionist, n. Caricaturist; acrobat 
 who distorts his body, [-ist] 
 
 distra'ct, v.t. Divert, draw away, (atten- 
 tion, the mind, usu. from) ; draw in different 
 directions, divide or confuse the attention of, 
 (often p.p. with between) bewilder, perplex; 
 (chiefly p.p.) drive mad. Hence distpa'eted- 
 ly 2 , distpa'ctingLY 2 , advv. [f . L ms(trahere 
 tract- draw)] 
 
 distra'ction, n. Diversion of, thing that di- 
 verts, the mind ; interruption ; lack of concen- 
 tration ; amusement, relief from over-absorp- 
 tion ; confusion, perplexity, internal conflict, 
 dissension; frenzy, madness, {to d., to a mad 
 degree), [f. L distractio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 distrai'n, v.i. (legal). Levy a distress (upon 
 person or his goods, or abs.), seize chattels to 
 compel person to pay money due (esp. rent) or 
 meet an obligation, or to obtain satisfaction by 
 sale of the chattels. Hence distrai'nER », 
 distrai'noR 2 , distpainEE - , distparnMENT 
 & (in same sense) distrarnt, nn. [f. OF des- 
 treindre f. L DiHstringere strict- squeeze)] 
 
 distrait' (-a), a. (fern, -te, pr. -at). Absent- 
 minded, not attending. [FJ 
 
 distraught, a. (archaic). Violently agi- 
 tated ; crazy, [var. of obs. dist?'act a. f. L dis- 
 tract us p.p. see distract] 
 
 distress *, n. Severe pressure of pain, sor- 
 row, &c, anguish; want of money or neces- 
 saries ; straits, dangerous position ; exhaustion, 
 being tired out, breathlessness ; (Law) = dis- 
 traint ; d.-gun, -rocket, signals from ship in 
 danger; d. -warrant, authorizing distraint. 
 Hence distpe'ssFUL a. If. OF destrece f. LL 
 *districtia (distrain, -y l )\ 
 
 distress 2 , v.t. Subject to severe strain, ex- 
 haust, afflict ; cause anxiety to, vex, make un- 
 happy. Hence distpe'ssingxY 2 adv. [f. F 
 destresser f. LL districtiare as prec] 
 
 distribute, v.t. Deal out, give share of to 
 each of a number ; spread abroad, scatter, put 
 at different points ; divide into parts, arrange, 
 classify; (Log.) use (term) in its full exten- 
 sion so that it includes every individual of the 
 class. Hence (orig. -er) distpi'but0R 2 (l,2) n., 
 distPi'butABLE a. [f. L ms(tiHbuere tribut- 
 assign)] 
 
 distribution, n. Distributing, apportion- 
 ment ; (Pol. Econ.) dispersal among consumers 
 effected by commerce, also extent to which in- 
 dividuals or classes share in aggregate products 
 of community ; spreading abroad, dispersing, 
 scattered situation or arrangement ; division 
 into parts, arranging, classification ; (Log. ) ap- 
 plication of term to all individuals of the class. 
 Hence distributionAL a. [F, f. L distribu- 
 tionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 distributive, a. & n. Of, concerned with, 
 pi-oduced by, distribution ; (Log., Gram.) refer- 
 ring to each individual of a class, not to the 
 class collectively; (n., gram.) d. word (as each, 
 neither, every). Hence distributive!, Y 2 
 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L as distribute, -ive] 
 
 di'stpiet, n., & v.t. Territory marked off for 
 special administrative purpose ; division of 
 parish with its own church or chapel & clergy- 
 man ; urban or rural division of county with D. 
 Council ; assigned sphere of operations ; tract 
 of country with common characteristics, re- 
 gion ; D. Railway, serving parts of London & 
 suburbs; d. visitor, person working under 
 clergyman's direction in section of parish ; (vb) 
 
 divide into dd. [F, f . med. L districtus j urisdic- 
 tion f. L district- see distrain] 
 
 distpu'st 1 , n. Want of trust, doubt, sus- 
 picion. Hence distPU'stFUL a., distpu'st- 
 fulLY 2 adv. [DIS-] 
 
 distpu'st 2 , v.t. Have no confidence in, 
 doubt, not reiy on. [dis-] 
 
 distup*b,v.t. Agitate, trouble, disquiet, un- 
 settle ; perplex, [f. OF destorber t L ms(tui-b- 
 are f. turba crowd)] 
 
 disturbance, n. Interruption of tranquilli- 
 ty, agitation ; tumult, uproar, outbreak ; (Law) 
 molestation, interference with rights or pro- 
 perty, [f. OF destorbance (prec, -ance)] 
 
 disu'nion, n. Separation, want of union, 
 dissension. So disuNi'TE v.t. & i. [dis-] 
 
 disu'se l (-s), n. Discontinuance, want of use 
 or practice, desuetude, [dis-] 
 
 disu'se 2 (-z), v.t. Cease to use. [dis-] 
 
 disy'llable, diss-, n. Word, metrical foot, 
 of two syllables. So dis(s)ylla'bic a., dis- 
 (s)ylla'biCALLY adv. [f. F dissyllabe (di- 2 , 
 syllable) ; -ss- in F as sign of hard sound] 
 
 ditch, n., & v.i. & t. Long narrow excava- 
 tion, esp. to hold or conduct water or serve as 
 boundary ; watercourse ; die 2 in last d.; d.- 
 water, stagnant in d. (esp. dull as d.-water). 
 (Vb) make or repair dd. (esp. hedging & ditch- 
 ing), whence ditehERML 2) n.; provide with 
 dd._, drain. [OE die, whence also dike] 
 
 ditheism, n. Religious dualism, belief in 
 independent principles of good & evil, [di- 2 ] 
 
 dithyramb (-am), n. Greek choric hymn of 
 wild character ; Bacchanalian song ; vehement 
 or inflated poem, speech, or writing. So di- 
 thypa'mbic (-mb-) a. & n. [f. L f. Gk dithu- 
 ravibos etym. dub.] 
 
 dittany, n. A herb, formerly of medicinal 
 repute, [f. OF ditan f. L f. Gk diktamnon perh. 
 f. Dikte in Crete] 
 
 ditto, a. & n. (abbr. d°, do ; pi. -os). The afore- 
 said, the same, (in accounts, inventories, & com- 
 merc or colloq. talk, instead of repeating word) ; 
 duplicate, similar thing, (d. suit, suit of dd., 
 clothes all of one material) ; say d. to, agree 
 with, endorse opinion of. [It. (now detto), f. L 
 dictus p.p. of dicere say] 
 
 ditto'graphy, n. Copyist's mistaken repe- 
 tition of letter, word, or phrase. Hence ditto- 
 gra'phic a. [f. Gk dittos double, -graph y] 
 
 ditty, n. Short simple song. [ME dite f. OF 
 ditki, L dictatum neut. p.p. of dictare dictate 2 ] 
 
 ditty-bag", -box, nn. Sailor's, fisherman's, 
 receptacle for odds & ends. [?] 
 
 diuretic, a. & n. (Substance) exciting dis- 
 charge of urine, [f. L f. Gk diouretikos f. Di 3 - 
 (oureo make water), -ic] 
 
 diup'nal, a. (Astron.) occupying one day; 
 (archaic) daily, of each day ; of the day, not 
 nocturnai. Hence diup'nalLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 diurnalis (dies day)] 
 
 div (dev), n. Evil spirit in Persian mythology. 
 [Pers., = Skr. deva god] 
 
 di'va (de-), n. Great woman singer, prima 
 donna. [It. f. L, = goddess] 
 
 di'vagate, v.i. Stray, digress. Hence di- 
 vag*A'TiON n. [f. L di ^(vagari wander), -ate 3 ] 
 
 di'valent, a. Combining with two atoms of 
 hydrogen &c, having two combining-equiva- 
 lents. [di- 2 , L valere be worth, -ent] 
 
 diva'n, n. Oriental coxincil of State, esp. 
 Turkish privy council ; oriental council-cham- 
 ber, court of justice ; long seat against room- 
 wall ; smoking-room, cigar-shop. [Turk., f. Pers. 
 devan brochure, account-book, custom-house 
 (see douane), tribunal, senate, bench] 
 
 diva'Picate (or di-), v.i. Diverge, branch, (of 
 roads, branches, &c). Hence or cogn. diva'Pi- 
 
DIVE 
 
 212 
 
 DO 
 
 cation n., diva*rieATE 2 (-at) a. (bot., zool.). 
 [f. L Di^ivaricare f. varicus straddling), -ate 3 ] 
 dive, v.i., & n. Plunge, esp. head foremost, 
 into water &c. ; go down or out of sight sud- 
 denly ; put one's hand into water, vessel, pocket ; 
 penetrate or search mentally into ; diving-bell, 
 open-bottomed box or bell in which person can 
 be letdown into deep water. (N. ) plunge, header, 
 swim under water ; sudden dart out of sight ; 
 (U.S.) drinking-den. [mixture of sense of OE 
 dufan sink with form of OE dyfan immerse] 
 di'vep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : person who . 
 dives for pearls, to examine sunk ships, &c. ; 
 kinds of diving bird, [-ER 1 ] 
 divep'g"e (or di-), v.i. & t. Proceed in differ- 
 entdirections from point or each other ; go aside 
 from track; differ, deviate ; make d., deflect. 
 Hence divep'gENCE, divep'g-ENCY, nn., di- 
 ver'gENT a., divep'greatLY -, divep'ging"- 
 ly 2 , advv. [f. di- i, L vcrgere verge v.] 
 drveps (-z), a. (archaic or facet.). Sundry, 
 several, more than one. [OF, f. L di i (ve?'sus p.p. 
 of vertere turn) = foil.] 
 
 divep'se (or di-), a. Unlike in nature or 
 
 qualities ; varied, changeful. Hence or cogn. 
 
 divep'seLY 2 adv., divep'siFORM a. [as prec] 
 
 divep'sify (prec), v.t. Make diverse, vary, 
 
 modify, variegate. So divepsiFic ation n. [f. 
 
 OF diversifler f. med.Ldirersi/ica?*e(prec., -FY)] 
 
 divep'sion (prec. ), n. Deflecting, deviation ; 
 
 diverting of attention, manoeuvre to secure 
 
 this, feint; recreation, pleasant distraction, 
 
 pastime, [f. med.L diversio (divert, -ion)] 
 
 divep'sity (prec), n. Being diverse, unlike- 
 
 ness ; different kind ; variety, [f. OF diversite 
 
 f. L diversitatem (divers, -ity)] 
 
 divep't (prec), v.t. Turn aside, deflect, (stream 
 
 tic, from, to, or abs. ) ; turn elsewhere, get rid of, 
 
 ward off; draw off attention of (from one thing 
 
 to another), distract ; entertain, amuse, whence 
 
 divep'tiNG 2 a., divep'ting-LY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 
 divertir f. L T>i 1 vertere & DEvertere -vers- turn 
 
 in different directions, turn away] 
 
 Di'ves,n. (Typical name for) rich man; (Law) 
 
 d. costs, costs on higher scale (opp. pauper 
 
 costs). [L, = rich, ref. to Luke xvi. 19, where 
 
 Vulgate has d.] 
 
 dive'st (or di-), v.t. Unclothe ; strip of gar- 
 ment &c ; deprive, rid, of (d. oneself of, aban- 
 don). Hence dive'st.MEXT, dive'stitURE, nn. 
 learlier devest f. OF desvestir (dis-, L vestire 
 f. vestls garment)] 
 
 divi'de l 9 v.t. & i. Separate (t. & i.) into parts, 
 split or break up ; make way through, make 
 (way &c) through ; mark out actually or men- 
 tally in parts, fall into parts, make classification 
 in, distinguish kinds of ; sunder, part, cut off, 
 (things, thing from) ; cause to disagree, set at 
 variance, distract ; distribute, deal out, (among, 
 between); share with others; (Math.) see how 
 often number contains another (d. 20 by 8), do 
 division, (of number) go into (number) without 
 remainder ; part (t. & i. of House of Parlia- 
 ment, meeting, &c) into two sets in voting, 
 [f. L m l (videre -vis- cf. vidua widow)] 
 divi'de 2 , n. (U.S. &c). Watershed, [f. prec] 
 drvidend, n. (Math. ) number to be divided 
 by divisor ; sum payable as interest on loan or 
 as profit of joint-stock company (ex d., cum d. ) 
 or to creditors of insolvent estate ; individual's 
 share of it (d.-warrant, order to pay this), [f. F 
 dividende f. hdividendum (divide l , -nd x )] 
 divi'dep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., (pi.) measur- 
 ing-compasses, esp. those provided with screw 
 for setting to small intervals, [-er 1 ] 
 divi'dual, a. Separate ; separable. Hence 
 divi'dualLY 2 adv. [f. L dividuus + -al] 
 divination, n. Divining, insight into or dis- 
 
 covery of the unknown or future by«uperna- 
 tural means ; skilful forecast, good guess. [OF, 
 f. L divinationem (divine 2 , -ation)] 
 
 divi'ne \ a. (-er, -est) & n. Of, from, like, God 
 or a god (d. right of kings, independent of their 
 subjects' will) ; devoted to God, sacred, (d. ser- 
 vice, public worship) ; superhumanly excellent, 
 gifted, or beautiful ; hence divi'neLY 2 adv. 
 (N.) person (usu. cleric) skilled in theology, [f. 
 OF devin f. L divinus cf. divus, deus, god] m 
 
 divi'ne 2 , v.t. & i. Make out by inspiration, 
 magic, intuition, or guessing, foresee, predict, 
 conjecture ; practise divination ; divining-rod, 
 = dowsing-rod. Hence divi'nER 2 (4) n. [f. F 
 deviner f. L divinare (divinus divine 1 )] 
 
 divi'nity, n. Being divine, godhood ; a god, 
 godhead ; the D., God ; adorable person; theo- 
 logy, University theological faculty ; (Book- 
 bind.) d. calf, dark brown ungilt with blind 
 stamping. [f. OF definite f. L divinitatem 
 (divine 1 , -ty)] 
 
 di'vinize, v.t. Deify. Hence diviniz ation 
 n. [f. F diviniser f. divin = devin divine l ] 
 
 divi'sible (-z-), a. Capable of being divided 
 actually or in thought ; (Math.) d. by, contain- 
 ing (a number) some number of times without 
 remainder. Hence divisiBi'LiTY n. [f. L di- 
 visibilis (divide 1 , -IBLE)] 
 
 divi'sion (-Izhn), n. Dividing or being di- 
 vided, severance ; distribution, sharing, (d. of 
 labour, time-saving arrangement giving differ- 
 ent parts of manufacturing process &c to dif- 
 ferent persons) ; disagreement, discord ; (Math.) 
 process of dividing number by another (long, 
 short, d., methods usual with divisors greater, 
 not greater, than 12) ; (Log.) classification, enu- 
 meration of parts, distinction of meanings ; 
 (Pari.) separation of House into two sets for 
 counting votes ; dividing line, boundary ; part, 
 section ; administrative &c district ; definite 
 part, under single command, of army or fleet ; 
 (Nat. Hist.) section of kingdom, order, genus, 
 &c Hence divi'sionAL a., divi'sionalLY 2 
 adv. [OF, f. L divisionem (divide 1 , -ion)] 
 
 divi'sop (-z-), n. (math.). Number by which 
 another (the dividend) is to be divided ; num- 
 ber that divides another without remainder. 
 [L (divide 1 , -or 2 )] 
 
 divop'ee J , n. Legal dissolution of marriage; 
 (loosely) decree of nullity of marriage ; (loosely) 
 judicial separation of husband and wife; (fig.) 
 severance, sundering. [F, f. L divortium f. Dl 1 - 
 (vortcre later vertere turn)] 
 
 divop'ee 2 , v.t. Legally dissolve marriage be- 
 tween ; separate (spouse) by d. from ; put away, 
 repudiate, (spouse) ; dissolve (union) ; sever 
 (things, thing from). Hence di- or divoPCEE* 
 (also F divorce masc, -be fem.), divop'eeMENT, 
 nn. [f. F divorcer f. med.L divortiare (prec)] 
 
 di'vot, n. (Sc, north.). A turf, sod. [?] 
 
 divu'lge (-j), v.t. Let out, reveal. Hence 
 or cogn. divulg-ATioN, divu'lg"eMENT, di- 
 vu'lg"ENCE, nn. [f. L Di 1 (vulgare publish f. 
 vulgus people)] 
 
 di'zen (or di-), v.t. Array with finery, deck 
 out or up, bedizen, [cf. LG diesse bunch of flax, 
 & distaff; from 1530] 
 
 di'zzy, a., & v.t. Giddy, dazed, unsteady, 
 tottering, confused ; making giddy ; (of moun- 
 tain, tower, &c) very high ; (of stream, wheel, 
 &c) whirling rapidly; hence di'zziLY 2 adv., 
 di'zziNESS n. (Vb) make d., bewilder. [OE 
 dysig xv.,dysigan v., cf. LG dusen v.] 
 
 do l (doo), v.t. & i. & aux. (sing. pres. 2, doest 
 as t. & i., dost pr. dust as aux.; 3, does pr. dtiz 
 & archaic doth pr. du-, doeth ; past did, didst ; 
 p.p. done pr. dun ; dont, didnt, are common for 
 do not, did not : doesn't, & vulg. dan't, for does 
 
DO 
 
 243 
 
 DOCTRINAL 
 
 not). 1. Vb trans.: (archaic) put (now only in 
 do to death); bestow.impart, grant, render, give, 
 (does him credit, does credit to his intelligence ; 
 does me good, harm ; did a service to his coun- 
 try ; do justice to) ; perform, carry out, effect, 
 bring to pass, (thing, work, good, right, wrong, 
 duty, bidding, penance ; what is to be done xcith 
 him?), whence do'iNG^l) n. (usu. pi.) ; (p.p. & 
 perf.) complete, bring to an end, (it is, I have, 
 done) ; exert, use, (do one's endeavour, one's 
 best) ; produce, make, (have done six copies); 
 operate on, deal with, repair, set in order, (does 
 the French books for the Athenaeum; paper- 
 hanger does a house, hoiisemaid a room; do 
 one's hair) ; cook, roast, &c, to the right degree 
 (chop done to a turn; well, over, under, -done) ; 
 solve (sum, problem) ; translate into English 
 &c. ; work at (lesson); play the part of (did Lear, 
 the cicerone ; hence do the polite &c.) ; exhaust, 
 tire out; (slang) cheat; traverse (such a distance) ; 
 (colloq.) see the sights of (city, museum) ; (slang) 
 undergo (term of punishment) ; (with noun of 
 action as compd vb) do battle &c, fight &c; 
 (slang) provide food &c. for (they do you very 
 well). 2. Vb intr.: (w. adv. or advl phr.) act, 
 proceed, (do as they do at Rome ; woidd do 
 wisely to withdraw) ; perform deeds (do or die); 
 make an end (have done!, cease ; let us have 
 done with it) ; fare, get on, (well, badly, &c; of 
 person or thing ; how do you do ? or how d'ye 
 do ?) ; be suitable, answer purpose, serve, suf- 
 fice. 3. Vb substitute : (a) replacing vb and 
 taking its construction, as / chose my wife as 
 she did her gown ; (b) replacing vb & obj. &c, 
 as if you saw the truth as clearly as I do ; (c) 
 as elliptical auxiliary, as ' did yo u see him ? ' ' I 
 did' ; (d) with so, it, which, &c, as : I wanted 
 to see him, & I did so ; in passing through the 
 market, which he seldom did; if you want to 
 tell him, do it now. 4. Vb aux. : used with infin. 
 for simple pres. &past (a) when special empha- 
 sis is to be laid on a fact, as / do so wish I could, 
 esp. in contrast with what has preceded, as But 
 I did see him ; also for imperat. in urgent peti- 
 tions, as do tell me, do but think ; or when the 
 pronoun is inserted & emphasized, as do you go 
 rather ; (b) when inversion is desired, asrarely 
 does it happen that ; (c) the usual form in ques- 
 tions except with have, be, & some monosyl. 
 vbs, as did you recognize her?, do you dare ? 
 or dare you ? ; (d) usual in not statements ex- 
 cept with be, have, dare, need, &c; also in riot 
 commands. 5. Phrr. &c: a to-do, bustle, fuss; 
 well-to-do, rich enough, thriving; have to do 
 with, be concerned or connected with ; nothing 
 doing, going on ; clone, used in accepting offer 
 or bet; do-nothing, a. & n., idle(r). 6. With 
 prepp.: do by, treat, deal with, in such a way ; 
 do for (colloq.), act as housekeeper &c. for, ruin, 
 destroy, kill ; do to, unto,= do by; do with, get 
 on with, tolerate (jocularly, could do with a 
 drink), find sufficient; do without, dispense 
 with. 7. With advv.: do away (with), abolish ; 
 do up, restore, repair, wrap up (parcel), tire out. 
 Hence do'ABLE(doo-) a., do'ER 1 (doo-) n. [com.- 
 WG, OE don cf. G tun, f. Aryan dhe-, dho-, put, 
 cf. Gk tithemi, Li-dere in condere &c] 
 
 do 2 (doo), n. (slang). Swindle, imposture, hoax, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 do 3 , n. (mus.). Key-note of scale (movable do); 
 the note C (fixed do), [arbitrary] 
 
 do 4 , abbr. of ditto. 
 
 doat. See dote. 
 
 do'bbin, n. Draught or farm horse, [pet- 
 name = Robert] 
 
 Doeetie, a., Doce'tist, Doce'tism, nn. 
 (Of, holder of) the heresy that Christ's body was 
 not human but phantasmal or of celestial sub- 
 
 stance. [med.L f. Gk doketai lit. seemers (doked 
 seem)+ -ic, -ist, -ism] 
 
 do'ehmiac (dok-), a. & n. Composed of doch- 
 mii (dochmius, v^ — ^-) ; (n. usu. pi.) line(s) so 
 composed, [f. Gk dokhmiakos f. dokhmios adj. 
 (dokhme hand-breadth f. dekhomai receive)] 
 
 dd'clle (or -II), a. Teachable ; submissive ; 
 easily managed. So doerliTY n. [F, f. L doci- 
 lis (docere teach, -il)] 
 
 dock. l . n. Kinds of coarse weedy herb, popu- 
 lar antidote for nettle stings. [OE docce, cf. G 
 docken-bldtter] 
 
 dock 2 , n. Solid fleshy part of animal's tail ; 
 crupper of saddle or harness. [= Icel. clockr 
 stumpy tail, cf. G clocke bundle, plug] 
 
 dock 3 , v.t. Cut short (animal in tail, person 
 in hair; or tail &c.) ; lessen, deprive of, put 
 limits on (person, supplies) ; (Law) d. the entail, 
 cut it off; docktailed, with tail docked, [f. prec] 
 
 dock 4 , n., & v.t. & i. Basin with flood-gates 
 in which ships may be loaded, unloaded, or re- 
 paired (dry or graving d. , for repairing or build- 
 ing, water being pumped out ; wet d., with 
 water kept at high-tide level ; floating d., float- 
 ing structure usable as dry d.) ; (usii. pi.) range 
 of d.basins with wharves and offices, dockyard; 
 (Railway) platform-enclosure in which line ter- 
 minates ; d.-dues, charge for use of dock, also 
 do*ckAGE(4) n. ; d.-master, superintendent of 
 dockyard or enclosure with dd. & all ship build- 
 ing & repairing appliances, esp. in connexion 
 with Navy. (Vb) bring (ship), (of ship) come, in- 
 to d. ; furnish with dd. [cf . 16th-c. Du. docke] 
 
 dock 5 , n. Enclosure in criminal court for 
 prisoner. [= Fl. dok rabbit-hutch] 
 
 do'ekep, n. Labourer in dock 4 . [-er j ] 
 
 do'cket, n., & v.t. (Law) register of legal 
 judgments (vb, enter in this) ; endorsement on 
 letter or document showing its contents or sub- 
 ject (vb, endorse thus) ; Custom-House warrant 
 certifying payment of duty ; certificate of cot- 
 ton clearing-house entitling presenter to deli- 
 very, [f. loth c; etym. dub.] 
 
 do'ckize, v.t. Make (river) into range of 
 docks. Hence doekiZA'TiON n. [-ize] 
 
 do'etop l 9 n. (Archaic) teacher, learned man, 
 (Del. of the Chitrch, certain, esp. four Eastern 
 & four Western, early fathers) ; holder of the 
 highest university degree in any faculty (often 
 honorary; used as prefix to surname, usu. 
 abbr. Dr), ettp. d. of medicine male or female 
 (also pop. of any medical man, M.D. or not, esp. 
 in voc); kinds of mechanical appliance for 
 regulating &c. ; artificial fly ; d. 's stuff, physic. 
 Hence or cogn. do'etoPAL, doctoP'iAL, do'e- 
 
 tOPLESS, aa., dO'CtOPATE 1 , dO'CtOPSHIP(l, 3), 
 
 do'etoPHOOD, do'etPESS 1 (facet. &c. for usu. 
 d. fern.), nn. [OF f. L (docere doct- teach, -or 2 )] 
 
 do'etoP 2 , v.t. & i. Confer degree of d. on; 
 treat (patient, oneself) medically ; patch up 
 (machinery &c.) ; adulterate, falsify; practise 
 as physician (esp. in gerund), [f. prec] 
 
 Doctors' Commons, n. pi. Common ta- 
 ble, buildings (in which certain courts were 
 held), of former College of Doctors of Civil Law 
 in London (frequent literary allusions to pro- 
 bate, marriage-licence, & divorce business once 
 transacted there), [commons] 
 
 doctrinaire*, doctpinap'ian, nn. & aa. 
 Pedantic theorist, person who applies principle 
 without allowance for circumstances ; hence 
 doctPinaip*iSM(2), doetpinap*iamsM(2), nn. 
 (Adj.) theoretic and unpractical, [-aire F (L 
 doctrina doctrine, -ary l ) name of French poli- 
 tical party 1815 ; -arian] 
 
 doctpi'nal (also do'ktri-), a. Of, inculcating, 
 doctrine(s). Hence doctpinalLV- adv. [f. 
 LL doctrinalis (foil., -al)] 
 
DOCTRINE 
 
 244 
 
 DOLE 
 
 do'ctpine, n. What is taught, body of in- 
 struction ; religious, political, scientific, &c, 
 belief, dogma, or tenet (Monroe d., U.S. policy 
 foreshadowed by President Monroe 1823 dis- 
 countenancing European State interference in 
 America). Hence do'etpiniSM(l), do'etpin- 
 ist(1), nn., do*ctpiniZE(2) v.i. [F, f. L doctrina 
 (doctor 1 , -ine 3 )] 
 
 do'cument, n., & v.t. Thing, esp. deed, 
 writing, or inscription, that furnishes evidence 
 {human d., description, incident, &c, illustrat- 
 ing human nature) ; hence doeume'ntARY 1 
 a. (Vb) prove by, provide with, dd. or evidence ; 
 so documentA "tion n. [OF, f. Itdocunientum 
 (docere teach, -ment)] 
 
 do'ddep 1 , n. Ki nds ot slender leafless thread- 
 like parasitic plant. [ME doder cf. G dotter] 
 
 do'ddep 2 , v.i. Tremble, nod, with frailty, 
 palsy, &c. (d.-grass, Quaking-grass) ; totter, 
 potter, be feeble. U] 
 
 do'ddeped, a. Having lost the top or 
 branches (of oaks & other trees), [prob. f. fre- 
 quent, of obs. vb dod poll, lop] 
 
 dodee(a)-, pref. = twelve-, as dode'cagon, 
 plane figure of twelve sides, dodecahe'dron 
 {or -he-), solid figure of twelve faces, dodeca- 
 sy 'liable, verse of twelve syllables, [f. Gk do- 
 deka twelve] 
 
 dodge l , v.i. & t. (Intr. ) move to & fro, change 
 position, shuffle; move quickly round, about, 
 or behind, obstacle so as to elude pursuer, blow, 
 &c. ; play fast & loose, quibble, prevaricate ; (of 
 bell in chime) sound one place out of the normal 
 order. (Trans.) baffle by finesse, trifle with ; 
 elude (pursuer, opponent, blow) by sideward 
 deviation &c. ; move (thing) to & fro ; ask 
 ^person) questions in unexpected order. [?] 
 
 dodge 2 , n. Piece of dodging, quick side- 
 movement; trick, artifice; (colloq.) clever ex- 
 pedient, mechanical &c. contrivance; sounding 
 of bell out of normal place in chimes. Hence 
 do'dgY 2 a. [f. prec] 
 
 do'dgep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., artful or 
 elusive person, [-er l ] 
 
 do'do, n. (pi. -oes, -os). Large extinct bird of 
 Mauritius, [f. Port, doudo simpleton] 
 
 doe (do), n. Female of fallow deer (cf . buck 2 ), 
 hare, or rabbit; doeskin, skin of d., leather of 
 this, fine cloth resembling it. [OE dd perh. f. 
 L dama deer] 
 
 does, doest. See do *. 
 
 doff, v.t. Take off (hat, clothing); (rarely) 
 abandon, discard, (custom, condition), [-do off] 
 
 dog" l , n. Quadruped of many breeds wild & 
 domesticated; hunting-dog (fig., dd. of war, 
 havoc, rapine) ; male of d., wolf (also d.-wolf), 
 (fern, bitch), or fox (also d.-fox) ; worthless or 
 surly person ; fellow (sly, lucky, jolly, d. ; sea- 
 d.) ; (Astron.) Greater & Lesser D., constella- 
 tions, also Sirius or Procyon, chief star in either 
 (also d.-star, usu. Sirius ; d.-days, hottest part 
 of year in July & Aug., variously dated accord- 
 ing to heliacal & cosmical rising of Sirius) ; 
 kinds of mechanical device for gripping &c. ; 
 (pi., also fire-dd.) pair of metal supports for 
 burning wood, or for grate, or for fire-irons ; 
 (also sea-d.) light near horizon portending 
 storm ; sun-d., parhelion. Phrr. : go to the dd., 
 be ruined ; throw to the dd., throw away, sacri- 
 fice ; not have w^ord 1 to throw at d. ; every d. 
 has his day ; love me, love my d., accept my 
 friends as yours ; rain cats & dd. ; die like a 
 d., a d.'s death, miserably, shamefully; take 
 hair of d. that bit you, drink more to cure 
 effects of drink ; help lame d. over stile, be 
 friend in need; lead, lead one, ad.'s life, be 
 worried, worry another; give d. ill name & 
 
 hang him, of power of nickname or slander ; 
 
 let sleeping dd. lie, let well alone ; d. in the 
 manger, one who prevents others' enjoying 
 what is useless to him ; d. in a blanket, rolled 
 currant dumpling or jam pudding. Dogberry, 
 fruit of dogwood.or wild cornel ; d.-biscuit, for 
 feeding dd. ; d.-box, railway van for dd. ; dog- 
 cart, two- wheeled driving-cart with cross seats 
 back to back ; d. -cheap, very ; d.-cbllar, lit., & 
 fig. of person's straight high collar; d.-faced, 
 epithet of kind of baboon ; d.-fall, in which 
 wrestlers touch ground together ; d. -fennel, 
 Stinking Camomile ; d. -fish, kinds of small 
 shark & other fish; d.('s)-grass, Couch-grass; 
 d.-hole, -hutch, mean room ; d.-latin, incorrect, 
 mongrel ; d.-lead, string &c. for leading d. ; d.- 
 leg(ged) staircase, going back & forward with- 
 out well-hole ; d.-rose, wild hedge rose ; d.('s)- 
 ear n. & v.t., corner of page turned down with 
 use, fill (book) with these ; d.-shore, prop used 
 in launching ; d.-skin, leather of or imitating 
 d. 's-skin used for gloves ; d.-sleep, light & fitful ; 
 ri.'s letter, r(f. snarling sound) ; d.'s-meat, horse- 
 flesh, offal; d.'s-nose, beer & gin; d.('s)-tail, 
 kind of grass; d.'s-tongue, plants of borage 
 kind; d.'s-tooth, plant with speckled leaves & 
 flowers ; d.-tired, tired out ; d.-tooth, small py- 
 ramidal ornament esp. in Norman & Early 
 English architecture ; d.-violet, scentless kind : 
 d.-watch (Xaut.), short half watch of two hours 
 (4-6, 6-8, p.m.); d.-whip, for keeping dd. in 
 order. Hence do'ggiSH 1 , do'gLESS, do'g- 
 like, aa., do'ggy 1 or do'ggie [-y 3 ], do'g- 
 hood, nn. [OE docga etym. dub.] 
 
 dog 1 2 , v. t. Follow closely, pursue, track, (per- 
 son, his steps ; of person or calamity &c.) ; grip, 
 secure, [f. prec] 
 
 dd'gate, n. Office of doge. [f. F dogat f. It- 
 dogato (foil., -ate 1 )] 
 
 doge (-j), n. (hist). Chief magistrate of Ven- 
 ice, Genoa. [F f. It., f. L ditcem nom. dux leader] 
 
 do'gged (-g-), a. Obstinate, tenacious, per- 
 sistent, unyielding, (it 's d. does it, persistency 
 succeeds). Hence do'ggedLY 2 adv., do'g- 
 gedxESS n. [-ed 2 ] 
 
 do'ggep (-g-), n. Two-masted bluff-bowed 
 Dutch fishing-boat. [f. 14th c, etym. dub.] 
 
 do'ggepel (-g-), a. & n. Trivial, mean, halt- 
 ing, or irregular, (verse). [?] 
 
 do'ggy 2 , a. (for doggy' 1 see dog 1 ). Of dogs; 
 devoted to dogs. Hence do'ggiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 do'gma, n. (pi. -s, rarely -ta). Principle, 
 tenet, doctrinal system, esp. as laid down by 
 authority of Church ; arrogant declaration of 
 opinion. [L f. Gk (gen. -atos), i. dokeo seem, -M] 
 
 dogma'tie (rarely -ical), a. Of dogma(s), 
 doctrinal ; based on a priori principles, not on 
 induction ; (of person, book, &c.) authoritative, 
 laying down the law, arrogant. Hence dog- 
 matics n., dogma'tiCALLY adv. [f. L f. Gk 
 dogmatikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 do'gmatize, v.i. & t. Deal in positive un- 
 supported assertions, speak authoritatively ; 
 express (principle &c.) as a dogma. So do'g- 
 matiSM(l), do'gmatiST(l), nn. [f. F dogma- 
 tiser f. L f. Gk dogmatizo (dogma, -ize)] 
 
 doi'ly, n. Small napkin placed below finger- 
 glass, [fabric named from 17th-c. inventor] 
 
 doit, n. Very small sum or coin ; merest trifle 
 (esp. don't care a d.). [f. Du. duit etym. dub.] 
 
 doi'ted, a. (Sc. ). Crazed, esp. with age. [?] 
 
 do'lce.far nie'nte (dawltsha), n. Pleasant 
 idleness. [It.] 
 
 do'ldpums, n. pi. Dullness, dumps, depres- 
 sion ; (of ship, usu. in the d.) becalmed state; 
 region of calms & light baffling winds near 
 equator, [prob. formed on dull, cf. tantrums ; 
 the geog^-eense prob. due to mistake] 
 
 dole *, n., & v.t. (Archaic) lot, destiny, (happy 
 
DOLE 
 
 245 
 
 DOMINO 
 
 man be his d., may he be happy); charitable 
 distribution ; charitable (esp. sparing, niggard- 
 ly) gift of food, clothes, or money ; dolesman, 
 -ivoman, recipient of d. ; ( vb) deal out sparingly, 
 esp. as alms. [OE ddl cogn. w. dxl deal l ] 
 
 dole 2 , n. (poet. ). Grief, woe ; lamentation, 
 [revived obs. wd, f. OF doel (now deuil mourn- 
 ing) f. LL dolium grief cf. L dolor] 
 
 do'leful, a. Dreary, dismal ; sad, discon- 
 tented, melancholy. Hence do'lef uIly 2 adv. , 
 do'lefulNESS n. [prec, -ful] 
 
 dd'liehoeepha'lie (-ko-), a. Long-headed 
 (of skull with breadth less than | of length ; or 
 of person or race with such skull), [f. Gk doli- 
 khos long 4- -cephalic] 
 
 doll, n. Toy baby, puppet; pretty silly woman 
 (so d.'sface). Hence do'lliSH 1 a., do'llishLY 2 
 adv., do'llishNESS n. [short for Dorothy] 
 
 do'llap, n. (Orig. ) English name for German 
 thaler, also for Spanish piece of eight ; unit of 
 U.S. gold & silver coinage = 100 cents, about 
 is. l£d. (the almighty d., money, mammon) ; cor- 
 responding coin in Canada &c. ; (slang) five- 
 shilling piece, crown, [earlier & Du. daler-Q 
 taler, f. Joachimstaler gulden from silver mine 
 of the Joachiins(£a£ valley)] 
 
 do'llop, n. (colloq.). Clumsy or shapeless 
 lump of food &c. [?] 
 
 do'lly, n. (Pet-name, esp. in voc, for) doll ; 
 kinds of appliance in clothes-washing, ore- 
 washing, pile-driving, iron-punching, polish- 
 ing, &c. ; d.-shop, marine store. [-Y 3 ] 
 
 Do'lly Vap'den, n. Kinds of woman's hat 
 & dress, [character in Barnaby Rudge] 
 
 do'lman, n. Long Turkish robe open in 
 front ; hussar's jacket worn with sleeves hang- 
 ing loose ; woman's mantle with flaps for 
 sleeves, [ult. f. Turk, dolaman] 
 
 do'lmen, n. (F name for) cromlech. [F, 
 perh. f. Cornish (doll hole, men stone)] 
 
 do'lomite, n. Kind of rock (double carbon- 
 ate of lime & magnesia) ; The Dd., mountains 
 of this, esp. those in Tyrol. Hence dolomi'tic 
 a. [Dolomieu, French geologist 1794, -ite l ] 
 
 dd'lopous, a. (usu. poet, or facet.). Dis- 
 tressing, painful ; dismal, doleful ; distressed. 
 Hence do'loPOUSLY 2 adv. [OF f. LL doloro- 
 sus (dolour, -ous)] 
 
 dolo'se, a. (legal). Having criminal intent ; 
 intentionally deceitful, [f. L dolosus (dolus 
 guile, -ose 1 )] 
 
 do*loup,n. (poet.). Sorrow distress. [OF. f. 
 L dolorem nom. -o/*] 
 
 do'lphin, n. Cetaceous mammal resembling 
 porpoise, but with beak-like snout ; (pop. ) the 
 fish dorado, which changes to many colours in 
 dying ; curved fish in heraldry, sculpture, &c. ; 
 kinds of esp. naut. appliance, [earlier delphin 
 f. L delphinus f. Gk aelphis -inos] 
 
 dolt, n. Dull fellow, blockhead. Hence 
 do'ltiSH 1 a., do'ltishNESS n. [perh. =dtdled] 
 
 Dom, tjtle prefixed to names of R.-O. digni- 
 taries, esp. Benedictine & Carthusian monks, 
 [abbr. of L dominus lord] 
 
 -dom, suf. forming nouns expressing rank, 
 condition, domain, f. nn. or adjj. (earldom, 
 freedom, kingdom), & (f. nouns) used collective- 
 ly for the pi. or=the ways of (officialdom). [OE 
 dom cf. G -turn (st. of do l , -m as in seam). 
 
 domai'n, n. Estate, lands, dominions ; dis- 
 trict under rule, realm, sphere of influence ; 
 scope, field, province, of thought or action ; 
 (Internat. & U.S. law) Eminent D., lordship of 
 sovereign power over all property in State, 
 with right of expropriation. So doma'niAL 
 a. [f. F domaine f. L dominicum neut. adj. 
 (dominus lord, -ic)] 
 
 dome, n., & v.t. Stately building, mansion, 
 
 (poet.); rounded vault as roof, with circular, 
 elliptical, or polygonal base, cupola ; natural 
 vault, canopy, (of sky, trees, &c); rounded 
 summit of hill &c. ; hence domED 2 , do*mi- 
 c(al), do'meLiKE, do'mv 2 , aa. (Vb) cover 
 with, shape as, d. [F, f. It. duomo cathedral, 
 dome, (& direct) f. L domiis house] 
 
 Do-mesday (Book) (doomz-), n. Record of 
 Will. I's Great Inquisition of lands of England 
 made 1086. [ME, = doom 1 sday, pop. name given 
 to the book as final authority] 
 
 dome'stic, a. & n. Of the home, household, 
 or family affairs ; of one's own country, not 
 foreign ; native, home-made ; (of animals) tame, 
 kept by or living with man ; home-keeping, 
 fond of home; hence dome'stic ally adv. (N.) 
 household servant, [f. F domestigue f. L domes- 
 ticus (domus home)] 
 
 domesticate, v.t. Naturalize (colonists, 
 animals); make fond of home (esp. in p.p.); 
 bring (animals) under human control, tame ; 
 civilize (savages). So dome'sticABLE a., 
 domestic a tion n. [f. med.L domesticare 
 (prec, -ate 3 )] 
 
 domesti'city (or do-), n. Domestic charac- 
 ter ; home life or privacy ; homeliness i the dd., 
 domestic affairs ; domesticated state, [-ity] 
 
 do'mett, n. Fabric of wool & cotton used 
 for shrouds &c. [?] 
 
 do-mielle (or -H), n., & v.t. & i. Dwelling- 
 place, home ; (Law) place of permanent resi- 
 dence, fact of residing ; place at which bill of 
 exchange is made payable (v.t., make payable 
 at a place). (Vb, also domiei'liATE 3 ) estab- 
 lish, settle (t. & L), in a place ; so domiciliA*- 
 tion n. [F, f. L domicilium f. domus home] 
 
 domierliapy, a. Of a dwelling-place (d. 
 visit, of officials to search or inspect private 
 house), [as prec, -ary 1 ] 
 
 do'minant, a. & n. Ruling, prevailing, most 
 influential ; (of heights) outstanding, overlook- 
 ing others ; (Mus.) fifth note of scale of any key 
 (adj., of this, as d. chord, seventh, &c). Hence 
 do'min ance n. , do'minantLY 2 adv. [F, f . L 
 dominari see foil., -ant] 
 
 do'minate, v.t. & i. Have commanding in- 
 fluence over (also intr. with over) ; be the most 
 influential or conspicuous (of person, power, 
 sound, feature of scene) ; (of heights) overlook, 
 hold commanding position over. [f. L dominari 
 (dominus lord), -ate 3 ] 
 
 domination, n. Ascendancy, sway, control; 
 (pi.) angelic powers of fourth rank (cherub). 
 [F, f. L dominationem (prec, -ation)] 
 
 domineer*, v.i. Act imperiously, tyrannize, 
 be overbearing. Hence domineep'ingLY 2 
 adv. [f. Du. (-neren) f. F dominer dominate] 
 
 domrnieal, a. Of the Lord (Christ ; d. year, 
 date A. D.) ; of the Lord's day, Sunday-, (d. letter, 
 the one of the seven A-G denoting Sundays in 
 any year), [f. med.L dominicalis f. L domini- 
 cus (dominus lord, -ic) + -al] 
 
 Domi'nican, a. & n. Of St Dominic or his 
 order of preaching friars ; (n. ) Black or D. friar, 
 [f. eccl.L Dominicanus f. Dominicvis L name of 
 Domingo de Guzman + -an] 
 
 do'minie, n. (Sc). Schoolmaster. [=domine 
 sir voc. of L dominus lord] 
 
 domi'nion, n. Lordship, sovereignty, con- 
 trol ; domains of feudal lord, territory of sove- 
 reign or government (D. of Canada, name 
 given to Canadian colonies united 1867 ; D. of 
 New Zealand, title given 1907) ; (Law) right of 
 
 Eossession. [OF, f. LL dominionem nom. -o f. 
 i dominium (dominus lord)] 
 dd'mino, n. (pi. -oes). Loose cloak with half 
 mask worn to conceal identity esp. at masquer- 
 ade, whence do'minoED 2 a. ; person wearing 
 
DON 
 
 246 
 
 DOT 
 
 this ; one of 28 small brick-shaped pieces marked 
 with pips used in game of dd. [F, prob. f. L 
 dominus lord, but unexplained] 
 
 don \ n. Spanish title prefixed to Christian 
 name (D. Juan, rake, libertine; D. Quixote)'; 
 Spanish gentleman, Spaniard ; distinguished 
 person ; adept at something ; head, fellow, or 
 tutor, of college, whence do'nniSH l a., do*n- 
 nishNESS n. [Sp., f. L dominus lord] 
 
 don 2 , v.t. Put on (garment), [-do on] 
 
 do'na(h), n. (slang). Woman ; sweetheart. 
 if. Sp. dona or Port, dona f. L domina lady] 
 
 dona'tion, n. Bestowal, presenting ; thing 
 presented, gift, (esp. of money given to institu- 
 tion). [F, f. L donationem (donai'e give, -atjon)] 
 
 do'native (or do-), a. & n. (Benefice) given 
 directly, not involving presentation to or in- 
 vestment by the Ordinary ; gift, present, esp. 
 official largess, [f. L donativus adj. (donai'e 
 give, -ive)] 
 
 dd'natopy, n. Recipient of donation, [f. 
 med.L donatorius (donare give, -orv)J 
 
 done (dun), p.p of do 1 . D. brown, duped, 
 swindled ; d. up, tired. 
 
 donee*, n. Recipient of gift, fas donor, -ee] 
 
 do'nga (-ngga), n. Gully, ravine. [S.-Afr.] 
 
 dd'njon (also du-), n. Great tower of castle, 
 keep, [archaic spelling of dungeon] 
 
 dcnkey, n. (pi. -eys). (Usual word for) ass ; 
 stupid person ; d.-engine, small steam-engine 
 usu. for minor operations on ship. [perh. f. 
 dun 1 with double dim. ending] 
 
 do'nor, n. Giver, [f. OF doneur f. L dona- 
 torem (donare give, -OR 2 )] 
 
 don't l . See do l . 
 
 don't", n. (facet.). Prohibition, [use of prec] 
 
 doo'lie, -y, n. Simple form of Indian litter 
 used as army ambulance, [f. Hind, doli (Skr. 
 dul- to swing)] 
 
 doom 1 , n. (Hist.) Statute, law, decree ; (ar- 
 chaic) decision, sentence, condemnation ; fate, 
 destiny, (usu. evil) ; ruin, death ; the Last Judg- 
 ment (now only in crack, day, o/d., & in dooms- 
 day ; till doomsday, for ever ; cf. domesday). 
 [com.-Teut.; OE dom f. OTeut. (don do 1 )] 
 
 doom 2 , v.t. Pronounce sentence against, 
 condemn to some fate, to do ; consign to mis- 
 fortune or destruction (esp. in p.p.); (archaic) 
 decree (doomed his death), [f. prec] 
 
 doOP (dor), n. Hinged or sliding barrier usu. 
 of wood or metal for closing entrance to build- 
 ing, room, safe, &c. (front d., chief d. from 
 house to street &c. ; lives &c. next d., in next 
 house or room ; so three dd. off &c. : next d. to 
 fig., nearly, almost, near to ; so at death's d. ; 
 entrance, access, exit, (shoio one the d., expel 
 him ; open a d. to, close the d. upon, make 
 possible, impossible) ; out of dd., abroad, in the 
 open air ; within dd., in the house ; lay, lie, at 
 
 the d. of, impute, be imputable, to ; darken d. ; 
 
 d.-bell, inside bell worked by handle outside d. ; 
 
 d.-case, -frame, structure in which d. is fitted ; 
 
 d.-keeper, porter ; d.-mat, for rubbing off mud 
 
 from boots; d.-money, taken at d. of place of 
 
 entertainment; d.-nail, with which dd. used 
 
 to be studded (dead, deaf, Sec, as a d.-n.) ; d.- 
 
 plate, usu. of brass bearing occupant's name ; 
 
 d.-posts, uprights of d.-case ; d.-step, leading up 
 
 to usu. outer d. ; d. -stone, slab in front of d. ; 
 
 d.-way, opening filled by d. Hence (-)dooPED 2 , 
 
 doop'LESS, aa. [OE duru cf. G thiire, also Gk 
 
 thura, L fores j 
 dope, n., & v.t. Thick liquid used as food or 
 
 lubricant ; (slang) narcotic, stupefying drink ; 
 
 (vb, Slang) administer d. to, drug. [f. Du. doop 
 
 sauce (doopen to dip)] 
 doppet-gtinger. See double ^-ganger-. 
 dor, n. Insect flying with loud humming 
 
 noise; black dung-beetle, cockchafer, rose- 
 beetle, &c. [OE dora etym. dub.] 
 
 dopa'do (-ah-), n. Splendidly coloured sea- 
 fish, dolphin. [Sp., f. L T>E(auratus gilt f. 
 aurum gold, -ate 2 )] 
 
 Dop'eas (-as), n. Meeting of ladies to make 
 clothes for the poor. [A cts ix. 36] 
 
 Dop'ian, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Doris, dis- 
 trict of ancient Greece ; (member) of one of 
 three divisions (Aeolian, Ionian, D.) of ancient 
 Greeks (D. mode, of simple & solemn character), 
 [f. L f. Gk Dorios (Doris as above) + -an] 
 
 Do'pie, a. & n. =prec. adj. ; D. order (also 
 D. as n.) ; (of dialect) broad, rustic ; (n.) dialect 
 of ancient Greece (cf. A (tie, Ionic, A eolic), rustic- 
 English, [f. L f. Gk Dorikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 Dop'king-, a. & n. (Fowl) of the D. breed. 
 [Dorking in Surrey] 
 
 dop'mant, a. Lying inactive as in sleep (of 
 some animals through winter, undeveloped 
 buds, potential faculties); (Herald., of beast) 
 with head on paws ; not acting, in abeyance, 
 (often lie d. ; d. warrant &c, drawn in blank ; 
 d. partner, sleeping). Hence dop'mANCY n. 
 [OF (dornxir f. L dormire sleep, -ant)] 
 
 dop'mep, n. (Also d.-window) projecting up- 
 right window in sloping roof. [f. OF dormcov 
 f. L dormitorium (prec, -ory)] 
 
 dopmeu'se (-erz), n. Travelling-carriage for 
 sleeping in ; kind of couch. [F, fern, of dormeur 
 sleeper (dormant, -or 2 )] 
 
 dop'mitopy, n. Sleeping-room with several 
 beds & sometimes cubicles, [f. L (dormer)] 
 
 dop'mouse, n. (pi. -mice). Small hibernating 
 rodent between mouse and squirrel, [perh. f. 
 st. oi F dormir (dormant) + mouse] 
 
 dop'my, a. (golf). As many holes ahead as 
 there are holes to play (d. one, five, &c). [?] 
 
 dop'sal, a. (Anat., Zool., Bbt.) of, on, near, 
 the back ; ridge-shaped. Hence dop'salLY - 
 adv. [f. med.L dorsalis (foil., -al)] 
 
 dops(o)-, comb, form = back-&-, as in dors- 
 abdominal of back &L\>e\\y ,dorso-lateral of back 
 & sides. [L dorsum back, -o-] 
 
 dop^yijii. (Also JohnD.) sea-fish used as food, 
 [f. F doree fern. p.p. of dorer gild, as dorado] 
 
 dop'y 2 , n. Flat-bottomed skiff, esp. fishing- 
 vessel's boat in U.S. [?] 
 
 do'sage (-sij ), n Giving of medicine in doses ; 
 size of dose, [-age] 
 
 dose (-s), n., & v.t. Amount of medicine to 
 be taken at once (also fig. of flattery, punish- 
 ment, &c) ; (vb) give physic to (person), adul- 
 terate, blend, (esp. wine with spirit), [vbf. noun, 
 F, f. med.L f. Gk dosis (didomi give)] 
 
 doss, n., & v.i., (slang). Bed in d. -house or 
 common lodging-house. ( Vb) sleep in this ; hence 
 do'ssER 1 n. [perh. f. F dos f. L dorsum back] 
 
 dossal, n. Hanging behind altar or round 
 chancel, [f. med.L dossale(h doi'sum back, -al)] 
 
 do'ssiep (or -sya), n. Set of documents, esp. 
 record of person's antecedents. [F, = bundle of 
 papers (as doss, from bulging shape)] 
 
 dost. See do l . 
 
 dot a ,n. Small spot, speck, roundish pen-mark ; 
 (Orthogr.) period, point over i ovj, point used as 
 diacritical mark; (Mus. writing) pointused with 
 various meanings ; small child, tiny object; d.- 
 &-dash, using dd. & dashes, as in Morse tele- 
 graphy ; d.-wheel, used for making dotted line. 
 [OE dott head of boil cf. OHG tutto nipple] 
 
 dot 2 , v.t. Mark with dot(s) ; place d. over 
 (letter i ; d. the is <£* cross the is, fill in details, 
 make meaning quite clear) ; (Mus.) dotted 
 crotchet &c, with time value increased by half ; 
 diversify as with dd. (sea dotted with ships) ; 
 scatter (about, all over) like dd. ; d. & carry 
 
 (one), child's formula for remembering to carry 
 
DOTARD 
 
 217 
 
 DOUKHOBORS 
 
 in addition sum; d. & go one n., a., & adv., 
 limp, limping(ly). [f. prec] 
 do'tard, n. One in his dotage, [foil., -ard] 
 dote, doat, v.i. Be silly, deranged, infatuat- 
 ed, or feeble-minded, esp. from age, whence 
 do*tAGE(2) n. ; concentrate one's affections, be- 
 stow excessive fondness, ( up)on. Hence do't- 
 ingLY 2 adv. [cf. MDu. doten, OF redoter] 
 doth. See do K 
 
 do'tt(e)rel, n. Kind of plover, [dote + -rel, 
 named from the ease with which it is caught] 
 do'ttle, -tel, n. Plug of tobacco left un- 
 smoked in pipe, [dot 1 , -le] 
 do'tty, a. Dotted about, sporadic, marked 
 with dots ; (colloq.) shaky of gait (d. on h is legs), 
 feeble-minded, half idiotic, [dot i + -Y 2 ] 
 clouane (doo'ahn), n. Foreign custom-house. 
 [F, f. Arab, diicati divan] 
 dou'ble 1 (du-), a. & adv. 1. Adj. : consisting of 
 two members, things, layers, &c, forming a. 
 pair, twofold ; folded, bent, stooping much ; 
 with some partd. (d. axe, with two edges, eagle, 
 with two heads) ; (of flowers) with petals mul- 
 tiplied by conversion of stamens &c. ; having 
 twofold relation, dual, ambiguous (d. meaning 
 = double entendre) ; twice as much or many 
 (of, or, with prep, omitted, seeming to govern 
 following wd) ; of twofold or extra size, strength, 
 value, &c. (d. ale, d. florin)', (Mus.) lower in pitch 
 by an octave (d. bassoon &c); (Mil. ) d. time (also 
 formerly, & still in general use, d.-quick time), 
 regulation running pace ; deceitful, hypocriti- 
 cal ; d. entry ; d. first, (person who has taken) 
 first-class University honours in two subjects ; 
 d. star, two stars so close as to seem one, esp. 
 when forming connected pair ; work d. tides ; 
 hencedou*bleNESsn.,dou*bLY 2 adv. 2. Adv.: 
 to twice the amount &c. (d. as bright; see d., 
 two things when there is only one, esp. of 
 drunken man) ; two together {ride d., two on 
 horse; sleep d., two in bed). 3. Double-, a. or 
 adv., is freely used in new or obvious com- 
 pounds, as well as in the f olio wing : d. -acting, 
 in two ways, directions. &c, esp. of engine in 
 which steam acts on both sides of piston ; d.- 
 barrel, = d. -barrelled, or d. -barrelled gun; d.- 
 barrelled, with two barrels (also fig. = ambigu- 
 ous, of compliment &c. ; & of compound sur- 
 name) ; d.-bass, deepest-toned instrument of 
 violin kind ; d.-bedded, with two beds or double 
 bed ;'d.-bitt v.t. (naut.), pass (cable) twice round 
 bitts or round two pairs of bitts ; d.-breasted of 
 coat or waistcoat, made to button on either side; 
 d.-dealer, -ling n. & a., deceiver, deceit(ful) ; 
 d.-dyed usu. fig., deeply stained with guilt 
 (d.-d. scoundrel); d. -edged, with two cutting 
 edges, (of argument, sarcasm, &c.) telling a- 
 gainst as well as for one; d.-faced, insincere; 
 d.-gdnger (-ng-), wraith [L G doppel-ganger 
 double-goer] ; d. -leaded (-led-), of printed matter 
 with wide spaces between lines to draw atten- 
 tion ; d. -lock v. t. , turn key of (some locks) twice ; 
 d.-quick, (see d. time above; also) adv., very 
 quickly; d. -reef v.t. (naut.), contract spread of 
 (sail) by two reefs ; d.-refine, refine twice over. 
 [OF, f. L duplus (duo two, -plus f. pie- fill)] 
 dou'ble 2 , n. D. quantity, twice as much or 
 many (d. or quits, game, throw, toss, deciding 
 whether person shall pay twice his loss or debt 
 or nothing) ; counterpart of thing or person ; 
 wraith ; (Mil.) at the d., running ; score (short 
 whist) of five to less than three, (long whist) of 
 ten to nothing, (stake being doubled) ; (Lawn- 
 tennis &c.)game between two pairs ^ Guernsey 
 copper coin, Id. ; sharp turn of hunted animal, 
 or of river, [f. prec. & foil.] 
 dou'ble 3 (du-), v.t. & i. Make d., increase or 
 multiply (t & i.) by two ; amount to twice as 
 
 much as; (Mus.) add same note in higher or 
 lower octave to ; (of actor) d. part(s), play two 
 in same piece ; (Mil.) move ind. time, run ; put 
 (passenger &c.) in same quarters with another 
 (also d. up) ; bend, turn, (paper, cloth) over 
 upon itself (often ^lp) ; d. up, bend one's body 
 into stooping or curled-up position, cause (an- 
 other) to do this by blow, (of paper, leaf, &c.) 
 becomefolded; clench (fist); (Billiards) rebound, 
 make to rebound ; (Naut.) get round (headland); 
 turn sharply in flight, pursue tortuous course, 
 [f. OF doubter f. L duplare (duplus double !)'] 
 double entendre (F), n. Ambiguous ex- 
 pression, phrase with two meanings, one usu. 
 indecent ; use of such phrases, [from 1673 ; obs. 
 F (now d. entente, which is often needlessly 
 substituted in E for the established d. entendre)] 
 dou'blet (du-), n. (Hist.) close-fitting body- 
 garment worn by men with or without sleeves 
 & short skirts (d. &hose, masculine attire, also 
 light attire without cloak) ; one of a pair, esp. 
 one of two words of same derivation but differ- 
 ent sense (fashion Refaction) ; (pi.) same num- 
 ber on two dice thrown at once ; two birds killed 
 with double-barrel ; (Microscope &c.) combina- 
 tion of two simple lenses. [F (double \ -et)] 
 doubloo'n (du-), n. Spanish gold coin, double 
 pistole (formerly 33-36s., now slightly over £1). 
 [f. F doublon or Sp. *doblon (double 1 , -oon)] 
 
 doublure (F), n. Ornamental usu. leather 
 lining inside book-cover. 
 
 doubt 1 (dowt), n. Feeling of uncertainty, 
 undecided frame of mind, inclination to disbe- 
 lieve, hesitation ; uncertain state of things, 
 want of full proof (give one the benefit of the d., 
 assume his innocence rather than guiit) or of 
 clear signs of the future ; make no d., feel sure ; 
 no d., certainly, admittedly; without d., cer- 
 tainly, [f. OF doute f. douter doubt 2 ] 
 
 doubt 2 (dowt), v.i. & t. Feel uncertain ; 
 waver ;. be undecided about, hesitate to believe 
 or trust, call in question, (person, fact expressed 
 by noun or by clause with whether, if, or, in 
 negative or interrog. sentences, that, but, but 
 that ; I d. whether, I don't d. that, can you d. 
 that, he will win) ; (archaic & dial.) be afraid, 
 rather think, suspect, that (2" d. we are late). 
 [f. OF douter f. L dubitare (dubius dubious) ; 
 -6- inserted f. the L as correction] 
 
 dou'btful, a. Of uncertain meaning, charac- 
 ter, truth, or issue, undecided, ambiguous, 
 questionable, (d. syllable, letter, that can be 
 either long or short) ; unsettled in opinion, un- 
 certain, hesitating. Hence dou*btfulLY 2 adv., 
 dou'btfulNESS n. [ful] 
 
 dou'btless, adv. Certainly, no doubt, I ad- 
 mit, (usu. concess., cf. undoubtedly), [-less] 
 
 douce (doos), a. (Sc). Sober, gentle, sedate. 
 [ME, f. OF doxix fern, douce f. L dxdeis sweet] 
 
 douceur (dooserT), n. Gratuity ; bribe. [F] 
 
 douche (doosh), n., & v.t. & i. Jet of water 
 applied to body externally or internally as form 
 of bathing or for medicinal purpose ; (vb) ad- 
 minister d. to, take d. [F, f. It. doccia pipe ult. 
 f. L ductus conduit (ducere lead)] 
 
 dough (do), n. Kneaded flour, bread-paste ; 
 soft pasty mass ; d.-boy, boiled flour dumpling ; 
 doughnitt, cake made of d. sweetened &c. & 
 fried. Hence dough* y 2 a., dough'iNESS n. 
 [com.-Teut. ; OE dah cf. G teig, also Skr. dih- 
 besmear, L fig- shape, Gk teikhos wall] 
 
 dough 'ty (dow-), a. (archaic or facet.). "Vali- 
 ant, stout, formidable. Hence dough 'tiLY a 
 adv., dough'tiNESS n. [OE dohtig var. of 
 dyhtig (cf. dugan be^trong, & G tiichtig)] 
 
 Dou'khobops (doo-), n. pi. Religious sect, 
 with some likeness in doctrines to Quakers, of 
 which large numbers migrated from Russia to 
 
DOUM 
 
 248 
 
 DOYLEY 
 
 Canada after persecutions for refusing military 
 service, [f. Russ. = spirit-fighters] 
 
 doum (dowm, doom), n. (Also d.-palm) Egyp- 
 tian palm-tree. [f. Arab, claum, dian] 
 
 doup (-oor), a. (Sc.). Severe, stern, obstinate. 
 Hence doup'LY 2 adv., doup'NESS n. [prob. 
 f. L durus hard] 
 
 douse (-ows), dowse, v.t, (Naut.) lower 
 (sail), close (port-hole) ; extinguish (light ; d. the 
 glim slang, put out the light) ; throw water 
 over, drench. [?] 
 
 dove (duv), n. Kinds of pigeon (cushat, 
 ground, ring, rock, stock, turtle, wood, -d.) ; 
 the Holy Spirit; type of gentleness or inno- 
 cence (so d.-eyed) ; messenger of good news or 
 peace (Gen. viii) ; darling (esp. my d.) ; d.- 
 colour(ed), (of) warm grey; d.'s-foot, kinds of 
 crane's-bill ; d.-hawk, hen-harrier (from its col- 
 our) ; d.-cot(e), pigeon-house (flutter the d.-cc, 
 alarm quiet people). Hence do'veLiKE a. [cf. 
 G taube ; perh. cogn. w. OE dufan dive] 
 
 do'vetail, n., & v.t. & i. Tenon shaped like 
 dove's spread tail or reversed wedge, fitting 
 into corresponding mortise & forming joint ; 
 such a joint. (Vb) put together with dd. ; (fig.) 
 fit together (t. & i.) compactly, [from 16th c.J 
 
 dow. See d(h)ow. 
 
 dowagep, n. Woman with title or property 
 derived from her late husband (often in comb, 
 as Queen-d., d.-duchess). [f. OF douagere f. 
 douage dower, -er' 2 (2)] 
 
 dowdy, n. & a. (Woman) shabbily, badly, 
 or unfashionably dressed; (of dress &c.) un- 
 attractive, unfashionable. Hence dowdiLY 2 
 adv.,dowdixESS, dowdyis>i(2), nn., dow- 
 dyiSH J a. [f. obs. doivd slut, etym. dub.] 
 
 dowel, n. , & v. t. Headless pin of wood, metal, 
 &c, for keeping two pieces of wood, stone, &c 
 in their relative position ; (vb) fasten with d. 
 [cf. G dobel plug, OF doelle barrel-stave] 
 
 dower, n., & v.t. AVidow's share for life of 
 husband's estate : property or money brought 
 by wife to husband, dowry ; endowment, gift 
 of nature, talent. Hence dowePLESSa. (Vb) 
 give dowry to ; endow with talent &c. [vb f. n. , 
 OF douuire f. LL dotarium (L dos dotis, -ary 1 )] 
 
 dowlas, n. Kind of strong calico. [Doulas 
 in Brittany] 
 
 down l , n. Open high land, esp. (pi.) treeless 
 undulating chalk uplands of S. England used 
 for pasture ; = dune ; The Dd., part of sea (op- 
 posite North Dd.) within Goodwin Sands. [OE 
 dun hill cf. ODu. duna whence F dune] 
 
 down 2 , n. First covering of young birds ; 
 bird's under plumage, \ised in cushions &c. ; fine 
 short hair, esp. first hair on face, also on fruit 
 &c; fluffy substance, [f. OX dun, cf. G claune] 
 
 down 3 , adv. (superl., a. or adv., downmost). 
 1. (Motion) : from above, tolower place, to ground 
 (come d., from bedroom; knock, fall, d.; sun, 
 ship, goes d., sets, sinks ; food goes d., is swal- 
 lowed ; get d., swallow, alight; booA; &c. goes 
 d., finds acceptance ; get, set, d., from carriage 
 &c; b?'onght d. by river; money d., pay d., at 
 once, as though on counter; write, set, put, take. 
 Sec, d., on to paper ; so Bill d. for second read- 
 ing today) ; to place regarded as lower, into 
 helpless position, with current or wind, south- 
 wards,from capital or university, (Lord's amend- 
 ments sent d. to Commons ; bear or beat d., sail 
 to leeward ; run, ride, hunt, d., bring to bay ; 
 shout, hiss, d., silence ; d. to Norfolk from Scot- 
 land, to Scotland or the country from London ; 
 go d., for vacation or at end of university life ; 
 send d., university punishment ; up & d., to & 
 fro) ; (ellipt. for imperat. of) lie, get, put, &c, d. 
 (d., Ponto! ; d. helm, put the helm d.; & with 
 with, d. with tlie aristocrats!). 2. (Station): in 
 
 lower place (blinds were d. ; is not d. yet, i. e. 
 out of his bedroom) ; not up in capital or uni- 
 versity ; in fallen posture, prostrate, at low 
 level, in depression, humiliation, &c, (hitman 
 ivho is d. ; many d. with fever ; sun, tide, are 
 d.;down in the mouth or d. or d.-hearted, di- 
 spirited ; bread is d., cheaper). 3. (Order, time, 
 quality) : inclusively of lower limit in series 
 (from King d. to cobble}') ; from earlier to later 
 time (custom handed d.); to finer consistency 
 (boil, grind, wear, thin, d.) ; into quiescence 
 (calm d.). L (Phrases) : be d. on, pounce upon, 
 treat severely ; d. to the ground, completely ; 
 d. at heel ; d. on one's luck. [OE dune for 
 adune adown] 
 
 down 4 , prep. Downwards along, through, 
 or into ; from top to bottom of ; at a lower part 
 of (situated d. the Thames) ; up & d., to & fro 
 along ; d. town, into the to wn from higher part ; 
 d. the wind, with it (let go d. the w., abandon, 
 discard), [f. prec] 
 
 down 5 , a. (not compared). Directed down- 
 wards (d. leap, look ; d. grade, descending slope 
 in railroad, fig. deterioration) ; d. train, going, 
 coming, from London, d. platjorm, for such 
 train's departure or arrival, [f. down 3 ] 
 
 down 6 , v.t. (colloq.). Put, throw, knock, (usu. 
 person) d. [f. down 3 ] 
 
 down",n. Reverse of fortune (usu. ups&dd.); 
 (Dominoes) = pose 1 ; have a d. on, dislike, tend 
 to be d. upon, (colloq. ). [f . down 3 ] 
 
 downcast *, n. (Also d.-shaft) shaft for in- 
 troducing fresh airinto mine, [down 3 + cast 2 ] 
 
 downcast 2 , a. (Of looks) directed down- 
 wards ; dejected. 
 
 downfall, n. Great fall of rain &c. ; fall from 
 prosperity, ruin. 
 
 downhill, n., adj., & adv. (N., downhil) 
 downward slope, decline, (d. of life, later half); 
 (adj., dow-) sloping down, declining ; (adv., -I'l) 
 in descending direction, on a decline. 
 
 Downing stpeet, n. Street in London con- 
 taining some government offices, (home of) the 
 Government of the day (does not find favour in 
 D. s. ; D. s. disapproves). 
 
 downpour, n. Heavy fall of rain &c. 
 
 downright (downri't if placed late), a. & 
 adv. (Archaic) vertical ; plain, definite, straight- 
 forward, blunt, whence downpigh'tNESS n. ; 
 not short of, out-&-out, (a d. lie, atheist ; d. non- 
 sense) ; (adv.) thoroughly, positively, quite, (d. 
 scared, insolent), [down 3 + right a. & adv.] 
 
 downstaip's, adv., downstaip(s), a. 
 Down the stairs ; to, on, of, a lower floor. 
 
 downthrow, n.(geol). Depression of strata 
 on one side of fault. 
 
 downtrodden, a. Oppressed, kept under. 
 
 downwapd,a.&adv., downwards, adv. 
 (Moving, pointing, leading) towards what is 
 lower, inferior, or later. [OE adunweard 
 
 (DOWN 3 , -WARD)] 
 
 downy \ a. Like, of, downs, [down *, -y 2 ] 
 
 downy 2 , a. Of, like, covered with, soft as, 
 down ; (slang) wide awake, knowing. Hence 
 do wniLY 2 adv. , downiNESS n. [down 2 , - y 2 ] 
 
 dowp*y,n. Portion woman brings to her hus- 
 band ; talent, natural gift. [f. OF as dower] 
 
 dowse, v. i. Use divining (or doivsing) rod to 
 find water-supply or mineral veins. [?] 
 
 doxo'logy, n. Liturgical formula of praise 
 to God, as Glory be to the Father &c. [f. med. 
 L f. Gk doxologia (doxa glory, -logy)] 
 
 do'xy 1 , n. Beggar's wench ; paramour. [?] 
 
 do'xy 2 , n. Opinion,, esp. on theology, [facet, 
 use of end of orthodoxy, heterodoxy] 
 
 doyen (F), n. Senior member of a body, esp. 
 senior ambassador at a court. [F, f . L as dean a ] 
 
 doyley. See doily. 
 
DOZE 
 
 249 
 
 DRAMATIST 
 
 doze, v.L, & n. Sleep drowsily, be half asleep ; 
 d. off, fall lightly asleep ; (n.) short slumber, 
 [cf. Da. dose make drowsy] 
 
 do'zen (du-), n. (PI. dozen, used adjectivally 
 or as noun, when with numeral or equivalent 
 except some) twelve, as a, three, several, how 
 many, d. Jigs or of the best Jigs, of these, but 
 some dd. of people, cf. some (about a) d. (of) 
 people, dd. of (= many) times; (pi. dozens) set 
 of twelve, as pack them in dd. ; baker's, devil's, 
 long, printer's, d., thirteen ; talk nineteen to 
 the d., incessantly, [f. OF dozeine (L duodecim 
 twelve)] 
 
 drab l , n., & v.i. Slut, slattern ; prostitute ; 
 (vb) whore, [cf. Irish drabog, Gael, drabag] 
 
 drab 2 , a. & n. (Of) dull light brown colour ; 
 dull, monotonous ; monotony, [prob. f. obs. & 
 F drap cloth] 
 
 dra'bbet, n. Drab twilled linen used for 
 smock-frocks. [preCj-ET 1 ] 
 
 dra'bble, v.i. & t. Go splashing through, 
 make dirty and wet with water or mud. [= 
 EFris. drabbeln paddle] 
 
 drachm (-am), n. Ancient Greek silver coin, 
 drachma, (9^d.) ; (Apoth. wt) 60 grains, ^ oz. ; 
 (Avoird.) 27i grains, 1/ 16 oz.; small quantity, [f. 
 F drachme f. L as foil.] 
 
 dra'ehma (-k-), n. (pi. -mas, -mae). Ancient 
 Greek coin (see prec); modern Greek franc. 
 [L, f. Gk drakhme (drassomai grasp)] 
 
 Dpaco'nian, Draeo'nie, a. (Of laws) rigor- 
 ous, harsh, cruel. [Drakon Athenian legislator 
 621 B. c. + -IAN, -ic] 
 
 draff, n. Dregs, lees ; hog's- wash ; refuse of 
 malt after brewing, [from 1205 ; ME, MDu., 
 Icel., Sw., draf, cf. G trdber husks] 
 
 draft 1 , n. (Selection of) detachment of men 
 from larger body for special duty, contingent, 
 reinforcement ; drawing of money by written 
 order {make a d. on fund &c, also fig. on per- 
 son's confidence, friendship, &c), bill or cheque 
 drawn, esp. by one branch of bank on another; 
 sketch of work to be executed ; rough copy of 
 document; (Masonry) chisel-dressing along 
 margin of stone's surface, [var. of draught *] 
 
 draft 2 , v. t. Draw ofF(part of larger body, esp. 
 of troops) for special purpose ; prepare, make 
 rough copy of, (document, esp. Parliamentary 
 Bill), whence dra'ftER 1 n.; (Masonry) cut d. 
 on (stone), [f. prec] 
 
 draftsman, n. One who makes drawings 
 or designs ; one who drafts documents or Par- 
 liamentary Bills. [= DRAUGHTSMAN] 
 
 drag" 1 , v.t. & i. Pull along with force, diffi- 
 culty, or friction ; allow (feet, tail, &c.) to trail; 
 ship drags her anchor, anchor drags, anchor 
 fails to hold ; d. in, introduce (subject) needless- 
 ly (also d. in by the head & shoulders) ; (Mus.) 
 go too slowly, be wanting in life ; trail, go 
 heavily; d. on, continue (t. & i.) tediously ; d. 
 out, protract ; use grapnel or d. (often/or drown- 
 ed person or lost object), dredge, search bottom 
 of, (river &c.) with grapnels, nets, &c; harrow 
 (land) ; apply d. to (wheel, vehicle) ; (colloq.) d. 
 up (child), rear roughly, [perh. var. of draw] 
 
 drag 2 , n. Heavy harrow; rough sledge ; four- 
 horsed private vehicle like stage coach ; (also 
 d.-net) net drawn over bottom of river &c. or 
 surface of field to enclose all fish or game ; ap- 
 paratus for dredging or recovering drowned 
 persons &c. ; muckrake ; iron shoe for retarding 
 vehicle downhill ; obstruction to progress ; 
 strong-smelling thing for hounds to follow in- 
 stead of fox, club for pursuing this sport ; slow 
 motion, impeded progress ; d.-anchor, floating 
 frame on hawser to check lee-way of drifting 
 ship ; d.-chain, used to retard vehicle by fixing 
 wheel, (fig.) impediment, [f. prec] 
 
 dpa'g-gle, v.t. & i. Make wet, limp, & dirty, 
 by trailing; hang trailing ; lag, straggle in rear; 
 d.-tail(ed), (woman) with draggled or untidily- 
 trailing skirts, [prob. f. drag » + -le(3)J 
 
 dpa'g-oman, n. (pi. -ans, -en). Interpreter, esp. 
 in Arabic, Turkish, or Persian. [F, f. OArab. 
 targuman, cf. targum] 
 
 dra'gon, n. Mythical monster like crocodile 
 or snake with wings & claws & often breathing 
 fire ; (with allusion to legends) guardian of trea- 
 sure &c or of female chastity, watchful person, 
 duenna; (bibl.) whale or shark, serpent, croco- 
 dile, jackal ; the old D., Satan ; kinds of lizard 
 & pigeon ; d.-Jly, neuropterous insect with long 
 slender body & two pairs of large wings ; d.'s- 
 blood, bright red gum exuding from kind of 
 palm fruit. [F, f. L draconem nom. -o f. Gk 
 drakon serpent perh. f. derkomai see, st. drak-] 
 
 dragonna'de, n., & v.t. (PI.) persecutions 
 of Protestants under Louis XIV by quartering 
 dragoons on them ; persecution carried on by 
 means of troops ; (vb) persecute thus. [F (dra- 
 gon DRAGOON, -ADE)] 
 
 dpag-oo'n, n., & v.t. Cavalry-man (orig. 
 mounted infantry-man armed with carbine 
 called d. ; now of certain cavalry regiments 
 that were formerly mounted infantry) ; rough 
 fierce fellow; kind of pigeon (also dragon); (vb) 
 set dd. upon, persecute (see prec), force into a 
 course by persecution, [f. F dragon carbine, 
 so named as breathing fire (dragon)] 
 
 dpail, n. Fish-hook & line weighted with 
 lead for dragging atdepth through water, [perh. 
 a mixture of draw, trail] 
 
 dpain \ v.t. & i. Draw (liquid) off or away by 
 conduit, d.-pipes, &c. (also fig., d. the wealth of 
 England) ; drink (liquid), empty (vessel), to the 
 dregs ; dry (land &c)by withdrawing moisture ; 
 (of river) carry off superfluous water of (dis- 
 trict), deprive (person, thing) of property, 
 strength, &c ; trickle through, flow o^or away ; 
 (of wet cloth, vessel, &c) get rid of moisture by 
 its flowing away [set it there to d. ). [OE dr&ah- 
 nian cogn. w. dry] 
 
 drain 2 , n. Channel carrying off liquid, arti- 
 ficial conduit for water, sewage, &c, (Surg.) 
 tube for drawing off discharge from abscess 
 &c ; constant outlet, withdrawal, demand, or 
 expenditure (a great d. on my resources); (slang) 
 small draught, drink, [f. prec] 
 
 drai'nagre (-ij), n. Draining ; system of drains, 
 artificial or natural ; d.-basin, district drained 
 by river ; what is drained off, sewage, [-age] 
 
 drai'ner, n. In vbl senses ; esp., vessel in 
 which things are put to drain, [-er ] ] 
 
 drake \ n. Kinds of ephemeral fly used in 
 fishing (green d., common day-fly). [OE draca 
 f. L draco dragon] 
 
 drake 2 , n. Male duck (play ducks & dd.). 
 [cf. G dial, draak, perh. seen in G enterich earlier 
 endtrich, of which end- is perh. = ente duck] 
 
 dram, n. A weight (see drachm) ; small 
 draught of spirit &c (d.-drinker, -ing, tippler, 
 -ing ; d.-shop, public-house), [for drachm] 
 
 dra'ma (-ah-), n. Stage-play ; the d., the dra- 
 matic art, composition & presentation of plays ; 
 set of events having the unity & progress of a 
 play & leading to catastrophe or consummation. 
 [LL f. Gk (gen. -atos), f. drao do, -m] 
 
 drama'tie, a. Of drama ; as of a play-actor, 
 theatrical ; fit for theatrical representation, 
 sudden, striking, impressive; (of utterances 
 &c) not to be taken as one's own, representing 
 another person's thoughts. Hence drama'tic- 
 ally adv. [f. LL f. Gk dramatikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 dra'matis perso'nae, n. pi. (often with 
 sing, constr.). (List of) characters in a play. [L] 
 
 dra'matist, n. Play-wright. [drama, -ist] 
 
DRAMATIZE 
 
 250 
 
 DRAWING 
 
 dra'matize, v.t. & i. Convert (novel &c.) 
 into a play, admit of sueh conversion. Hence 
 dpamatizA'TioN n. [drama, -ize] 
 
 dpa'matupge, n. Play-wright. So dra- 
 maturgic a..dra*maturgisT(l), dra'ma- 
 turgY 1 , nn. [F, f. Gk dramatourgos (drama, 
 -crgos -working)] 
 
 drank. See drink '. 
 
 drape, v.t. Cover, hang, adorn, with cloth 
 &c. ; arrange (clothes, hangings) in graceful 
 folds, [f. F draper (drap cloth)] 
 
 dra'per, n. Dealer in cloth, linen, &c. [f. F 
 drapier (prec, -ier)] 
 
 dra'pery, n. Cloth & linen & cotton fabrics ; 
 draper's trade ; arrangement of clothing in 
 sculpture &c. ; clothing or hangings disposed 
 in folds, whence dra'periED 2 a. [f. OF dra- 
 perie {drap cloth, -ery)] 
 
 dra'stie, a. Acting strongly, vigorous, vio- 
 lent, esp. (Med.) strongly purgative. Hence 
 dra'stiCALLY adv. [f. Gk drastikos (drastos 
 vbl adj. of drao do, -ic)] 
 
 drat, v.t. 3 sing, subjunct. (vulg.). Confound, 
 curse, bother, (as woman's imprecation'). Hence 
 dra'ttEDia. [for 'orf (God) rot] 
 
 draught 1 (-ahft), n. (also draft in some senses, 
 as stated). Drawing, traction, {beast of d., d.- 
 horse, &c, for drawing cart, plough, &c. ) : draw- 
 ing of net for fish &c, take of fish at one draw- 
 ing ; single act of drinking, amount so drunk, 
 (also fig. of joy, love, pain, &c.) ; dose of liquid 
 medicine {black d., a purgative) ; (Xaut.) depth 
 of water ship draws or requires to float her ; 
 (pi.) game with 24 similar pieces on d. (same as 
 chess) -board ; current of air in room, chimney, 
 &c. {forced d., of furnace, made by rarefying 
 air above or compressing it below), whence 
 drau*ghtY 2 a., drau'ghtixESS n. ; outline, 
 preliminary drawing for work of art ; plan of 
 something to be constructed (also -ft) ; rough 
 copy, first conception, of document (usu. -ft) ; 
 (selection of) military detachment, party, rein- 
 forcement, (usu. -ft) ; (written order for) with- 
 drawing of money from fund in bank &c, 
 cheque, bill of exchange, (now -ft) ; drawing of 
 liquor from vessel {beer on d., in tapped cask ; 
 so d.-beer, opp. bottled). [ME drahtci. G tracht 
 vbl n. f. com.-Teut. dragan draw] 
 
 draught 2 (-ahft), v.t. Draw off (party for 
 military service &c.) from larger body (now 
 draft); make pla- or sketch of (also -ft), [f. prec] 
 
 draughtsman (-ahft-), n. (pi. -men). One 
 who makes drawings, plans, or sketches {good, 
 bad, no, d., one who draws well &c), whence 
 drau*ghtsmansHip(3) n., draughtswo- 
 man n. fern. ; (usu. draftsman) person who 
 drafts document, esp. Parliamentary Bill : piece 
 in game of draughts, [draught's + man) 
 
 draw 1 , v.t. & i. (drew, drawn). 1. Pull (boat 
 up from water, hat over face, belt tighter, pen 
 across paper, friend aside) ; pull after one 
 (plough, cart, cartload, &c); drag (criminal) on 
 hurdle &c. to execution ; contract, distort, {with 
 drawn face) ; haul in (net) ; bend (bow ; d. a 
 bead i on) ; pull at (d. bit, bridle, rein, check 
 horse, & fig. oneself) ; pull (curtain, veil) open or 
 shut ; d. cloth, clear table after meal ; (Cricket) 
 divert (ball) to on side with bat ; (Golf) drive 
 (ball) too much to left, 2. Attract, bring to one, 
 take in, {drew a deep breath ; & abs., chimney, 
 pipe, draws well, promotes, allows, draught ; 
 I felt drawnto him ; drew my attention ; d. him 
 into talk, out of temptation ; draws customers, 
 & abs., attract attention or custom); induce 
 to do ; be attracted, assemble, round or about 
 some centre (dreio round the table) ; bring 
 about, entail, {drew after itgreat consequences ; 
 d. ruin upon oneself). 3. Extract (cork, tooth, 
 
 gun-charge, nail, cricket-stumps from ground, 
 card from pack ; pistol, sword from sheath, also 
 abs. = d. one's sword or pistol ; d. one's sword 
 against, attack ; d. lots, also abs. = d. lots, & 
 trans. = obtain by lot, as dreivthe winner); drag 
 (badger, fox) from hole ; haul up (water) from 
 well ; bring out (liquid, blood) from vessel, body 
 (d. it mild, i.e. orig. beer, now = be moderate, 
 not exaggerate) ; extract essence of (d. the tea, 
 also intr. the tea drawn) ; (of poultice) drain 
 (gathering &c.) ; take, get from a source (d. in- 
 spiration, one's salary ; tax draws well, draws 
 from the rich only) ; (Cards) cause to be played 
 (d. all the trumps) ; bring (person) out, make 
 him reveal information, talent, irritation, &c. ; 
 deduce, infer, (conclusion) ; extract something 
 from, empty, drain {calf draws cow), disembowel 
 (hanged, draicn, & quartered, of criminal ; d. 
 foicl before cooking) ; (Hunt.) search (covert) for 
 game(d. blank, find none). 4. Protract, stretch, 
 elongate, (long-drawn agony ; d. wire, make it 
 by pulling piece of metal through successively 
 smaller holes) ; (Xaut., intr. of sail) swell out 
 with wind. 5. Trace (furrow, figure, line ; d. the 
 line at, refuse to go as far as or beyond) ; de- 
 lineate, make (picture), represent (object), by 
 drawing lines ; describe in words ; practise de- 
 lineation ; frame (document) in due form, com- 
 pose, (often up, out) ; formulate, institute, (com- 
 parisons, distinctions) ; write out (bill, cheque, 
 draft, on banker &c), (abs.) make call on person 
 or his faith, memory, &c, for money or service. 
 6. Make way, move, towards, near, off, back, 
 &c. {d. to an end or close) ; (Racing) get further 
 away to the front, come level, gain on. 7. (Of 
 doubtful origin) : (of ship) require (such a depth 
 of water) to float; d. game or battle, part with- 
 outdecidingit. 8. (With advv. in special senses): 
 d. back, withdraw from undertaking ; d. in, en- 
 tice, persuade to join, (of day) close in, (of suc- 
 cessive days) become shorter ; d. off, withdraw 
 (troops ; or intr. of troops etc.) ; d. on, lead to, 
 bring about, allure, approach, (intr.); d. out, lead 
 out, detach, or array (troops), prolong, elicit, in- 
 duce to talk, write out in proper form, (of days) 
 become longer; d. up, (refl.) assume stiff atti- 
 tude, (intr.) come up with or to= overtake, come 
 to a stand, (t. & i. of troops) bring or come into 
 regular order, (trans.) compose (document &c). 
 [com.-Teut., OE dragan, cf. Gtragcn carry] 
 
 draw 2 , n. Act of DRAwing; esp.: strain, 
 pull; attractive effect, thing that draws custom, 
 attention, &c. ; drawing of lots, raffle ; drawn 
 game ; remark &c. meant to elicit information 
 or set person off on pet subject, [f. prec] 
 
 drawback, n. Amount of excise or import 
 duty paid back or remitted on goods exported ; 
 deduction. from ; thing that qualifies satisfac- 
 tion, disadvantage ; d. lock, with spring bolfc 
 that can be drawn back by inside knob, [draw 1 ] 
 
 drawbridge, n. Bridge hinged at one end 
 for drawing up to prevent passage or to open 
 channel, [draw l ] 
 
 Drawea'nsir, n. & a. (Person) formidable 
 both to friend and foe ; fierce swashbuckler, 
 fname of character in Villiers's Rehearsal] 
 
 drawee*, n. Person on whom draft or bill is 
 drawn, [-ee] 
 
 drawer, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : (ar- 
 chaic) tapster ; receptacle sliding in & out of 
 special frame (dd. or chest of dd.) or of table 
 Sec, for holding clothes, papers, &c, whence 
 drawerFUL(2) n. ; (pi.) two-legged (usu. un- 
 der-) garment suspended from waist, [-er 1 ] 
 
 drawing, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : art of re- 
 presenting by line, delineation without colour 
 or with single colour, (out of d., incorrectly 
 drawn) ; productof this, black-&- white or mono- 
 
DRAWING-ROOM 
 
 251 
 
 DRIBBLE 
 
 chrome sketch ; d. -block, of detachable leaves 
 of d.-paper adhering at edges ; d.-board, for 
 stretching d.-paper on ; d.-compass(es), with 
 pen or pencil substituted for one point ; d.-pin, 
 for fastening d.-paper to d.-board. [-ing J ] 
 
 dpawing-poom, n. Room for reception of 
 company, to which ladies retire after dinner ; 
 levee, formal reception esp. at court, [for ear- 
 lier vnthdratving-] 
 
 drawl, v.i. & t., & n. Speak* utter (often 
 out), with indolent or affected slowness; (of 
 words, esp. in part.) be so uttered : hence 
 draw'lingLY 2 adv. (X.) slow utterance, 
 [prob. intensive f. draw 1 ; cf. Du. dralen, 
 EFris. draulen, loiterj 
 
 drawn, p.p. of draw 1 ; d.-u-ork, fancy work 
 in linen &c. done by drawing out threads. 
 
 draw-well, n. Deep well with rope and 
 bucket, [draw 1 ] 
 
 dray, n. Low esp. brewer's cart without 
 sides for heavy loads (d.-horse, large & power- 
 ful ; drayman, brewer's driver), [f. OE dragon 
 draw 1 , cf. Sw. drog] 
 
 dread 1 (-ed), v.t,, & n. Be in great fear of; 
 shrink from, look forward to with terror ; fear 
 greatly (that, to learn &c), be afraid {to do). 
 (N.) great fear, awe, apprehension ; object of 
 fear or awe. [n. f. vb, ME dreden, draeden, cf. 
 \ OE andrxden, etyiu. dub.] 
 
 dread 2 , a. Dreaded, dreadful; awful, re- 
 vered. [ME p.p. of DREAD 1 ] 
 
 drea'dful, a. Terrible, awe-inspiring (penny 
 d. ellipt., story-book full of horrors) ; trouble- 
 some, disagreeable, boring, very bad or long, 
 horrid. Hence drea'dfulLY 2 adv. [-ful] 
 
 drea'dnought (-ednawt), n. (Cloth used for) 
 thick coat for stormy weather; (D.) type of 
 20th-c. battleship greatly superior in tonnage & 
 power to all predecessors (f . name of first built). 
 
 dream 1 , n. Vision, series of pictures or 
 events, presented to sleeping person ; act, time, 
 of seeing such vision ; waking d., similar ex- 
 perience of one awake ; conscious indulgence of 
 fancy, reverie, castle in the air, (also day-d.) ; 
 thing (ideal, person, dress, dish, &c.) of dream- 
 like goodness, beauty, or refinement; d.-reader, 
 interpreter of dd. ; d.-world, -land, region out- 
 side the laws of nature. Hence drea'mLESS, 
 drea^mLiKE, aa. [cf. G traum, perh. cogn. w. 
 G trugen deceive] 
 
 dream 2 , v.i. & t. {dreamt pr. -emt, or -ed). 
 Have visions in sleep ; see, hear, &c. in sleep 
 (dreamt a d., did you d. it?, d. that . . .) ; 
 imagine as in a dream, think possible ; (with 
 negative &c.) think o/even in a d., so much as 
 contemplate possibility of, have any conception 
 of; fa 1 ' into reverie ; form imaginary visions 
 of; be inactive or unpractical (& trans, d. away 
 one's time). Hence drea'mER 1 n. [as prec] 
 
 drea*m-hole, n. Hole left in wall of tower 
 &c. to admit light, [perh. f. OE dr6am mirth, 
 music (the holes letting sound of bells issue)] 
 
 drea'my, a. Full of dreams (rare or poet.) ; 
 given to reverie, fanciful, unpractical ; dream- 
 like, vague, misty. Hence drea'miLY 2 adv., 
 drea*miNESs n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 drear'y, (poet.) drear, a. Dismal, gloomy, 
 dull. Hencedrear*(i)LV 2 adv., drear*(i)MESS 
 n. [OE dreorig {drior gore) prob. cogn. w. dreo- 
 san to drop & G traurig sad] 
 
 dredge *, n., & v.t. & i. Apparatus for bring- 
 ing up oysters^ specimens, &c, or clearing out 
 mud &c, from river or sea bottom. (Vb) bring 
 up, clear away or out, with d. ; clean out (har- 
 bour, river) with d. ; use d. ; hence dredger l 
 [-ER 1 (1, 2)] n. [earlier dreg perh. f. drag j ] 
 
 dredge 2 , v.t. Sprinkle with flour or other 
 powder ; sprinkle (flour &c.) over ; dredging- 
 
 box, = foil. [f. obs. dredge sweetmeat,f . OFdragee 
 f. L f. Gk tragema (trogo chew)] 
 
 dredger 2 , n. (for dredger* see dredge 1 ). 
 Box with perforated lid for sprinkling flour 
 &c. [prec, -er 1 ] 
 
 dree, v.t. (archaic). Endure (still in d. one's 
 weird, submit to one's lot). [OE driogan] 
 
 dreg, n. (usu. pi.). Sediment, grounds, lees, 
 (drink, drain, to the dd., leaving nothing); 
 worthless part, refuse ; (sing.) small remnant 
 (esp. not a d.). Hence dreggv 2 a. [cf. Icel. 
 dreggjar, Sw. dragg\ 
 
 drench l (-tsh), n. Draught or dose adminis- 
 tered to animal ; (archaic) large, medicinal, or 
 poisonous draught ; a soaking or downpour. 
 [OE drenc cogn. w. drink] 
 
 dreneh 2 (-tsh), v.t. Make to drink largely ; 
 force (animal) to take draught of medicine ; 
 (Sheep-washing, Tanning) steep, soak; wet all 
 over with falling liquid (or of the liquid). [OE 
 drencan cf. G trdnken, causative of drink] 
 
 drencher, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : drench- 
 ing shower; apparatus for giving drench to 
 beast. [-ER ] ] 
 
 dress l , v.t, & i. (Mil.) correct the alignment 
 of (companies &c. in relation to each other, or 
 men in line), (intr.) come into correct place in 
 line &c. (up, i.e. forward, back, or abs.); array, 
 clothe, (dressed in black, serge, &c.) ; provide 
 oneself with clothes (d. well &c.) ; put on one's 
 clothes ; put on evening d. (esp. d.for dinner); 
 d. up, attire oneself, attire (another), elaborate- 
 ly or in masquerade ; d. out, attire conspic- 
 uously; deck, adorn, (ship with flags, shop- 
 window with tempting wares) ; provide (play) 
 with costumes ; treat (wound, wounded man) 
 with remedies, apply dressing to ; subject to 
 cleansing, trimming, smoothing, &c. ; brush, 
 comb, do up, (hair) ; curry (horse, leather ; & 
 fig., often a. clown, thrash, scold) ; finish sur- 
 face of (textile fabrics, building-stone) ; prepare, 
 cook, (food); prune (plant); manure, [f. OF 
 dresser cf. It. dirizzare f. L directus direct] 
 
 dress 2 , n. Clothing, esp. the visible part of 
 it, costume (full d., that worn on great occa- 
 sions ; evening cl., or d., that worn at dinners or 
 evening parties; morning cl., ordinary; a d., 
 lady's gown, frock) ; external covering, outward 
 form, (birds in their winter d., French book ap- 
 pearing in English d.) ; d.-circle, first gallery 
 in theatres, in which evening-d. was once re- 
 quired ; d.-coat, swallow- tailed for evening d. ; 
 d.-guard, on bicycle &c. to protect d. ; d.-im- 
 prover, = bustle 3 ; dressmaker, -king, (woman) 
 making women's dd. [f. prec] 
 
 dre'sser 1 , n. Kitchen side-board with 
 shelves for dishes &c. [f. OF dresseur (dresser 
 dress ] ) cf. med.L directorium] 
 
 dresser 2 , n. In vbl senses ; esp., surgeon's 
 assistantin hospital operations, whence dres- 
 sersHip(l) n. [-er '] 
 
 dressing, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : scolding 
 or thrashing ; sauce, stuffing, &c. ; manure ; 
 bandages, ointments, &c, for wound; stiffen- 
 ing used in finishing fabrics; d.-bell &c, signal 
 to dress for dinner ; d.-case, of toilet necessaries; 
 d.-gown, worn while making toilet or in dis- 
 habille ; d.-room, attached to bedroom for 
 toilet ; d.-table, for looking-glass &c. [-ing ] ] 
 
 dressy, a. Fond of, smart in, dress ; (of 
 
 clothes) stylish. Hence dressiNESS n. [-t 2 ] 
 
 drew. See draw *. 
 
 dri'bble, v.t, & i.. & n. Flow, let flow, in 
 drops or trickling stream (n., such flow) ; (of 
 child, idiot, &c.) run at the mouth; (Football) 
 work (ball) forward with slight touches of alter- 
 nate or different players' feet (n., piece of drib- 
 bling) ; (Billiards) make (ball) just roll (or intr. 
 
DRIBBLET 
 
 252 
 
 DROLLERY 
 
 of ball) into pocket. Hence dri'bblER l n. [fre- 
 quent, of obs. drib v. var. of drip] 
 
 dri*b(b)let, n. Small quantity, petty sum, 
 (esp. by dd.). [f. drib see prec. 4- -let] 
 
 dried, drier. See dry 2 > K 
 
 drift 1 , n. Being driven by current; slow 
 course or current ; ship's deviation due to cur- 
 rents ; projectile's deviation due to rotation ; 
 (Forest Law) driving of cattle to one place on 
 appointed day to determine ownership &c. ; na- 
 tural or unperceived progress, tendency ; pur- 
 pose, meaning, tenor, or scope, of person or his 
 words ; shower, driving mass ; snow, sand, &c, 
 accumulated by wind ; (also d.-ice, -icood, &c.) 
 matter driven by water ; (Geol.) superficial de- 
 posit made by current of water or air (D., pleis- 
 tocene ice detritus, boulder clay) ; (also d.-net) 
 large net for herrings &c. allowed to d. with 
 tide ; (Mining) horizontal passage following 
 mineral vein ; S.-Afr. ford ; tool for enlarging 
 or shaping hole in metal: d. -anchor, = drag 2 - 
 anchor. [f. OE drifan drive 1 ] 
 
 drift 2 , v.i. & t. Be carried (as) by current of 
 air or water, (of current) carry ; go passively or 
 aimlessly ; pile, be piled, by wind into dd. ; cover 
 (field, road) with dd. ; form or enlarge hole (see 
 prec). Hence dPi'ftAGE(l) n. [f. prec] 
 
 drill i, n., & v.t. & i. Pointed steel &c. tool, 
 or machine, for boring holes ( vb, bore, of person 
 or tool, with metal &c, or hole &c, as obj. ; also 
 intr., d. through, perforate) ; boring shell-fish ; 
 instruction or exercise in military evolutions 
 (d.-sergeant, instructor ind., also fig.), rigorous 
 discipline, exact routine, (vb, subject to, or 
 undergo, such discipline : B Company will d. at 
 10.0 a.m.; d. him in what he is to say, in Latin 
 Cframmar). [n. in sense tool f. Du. dril f. dril- 
 lenv.; vb in sense bore f. n. ; other n. senses f. vb] 
 
 drill 2 , n., & v.t. Small furrow for sowing 
 seed in, ridge with such furrow on top, row of 
 plants so sown ; machine lor furrowing, sowing, 
 & covering seed; (vb) sow (seed) thus, plant 
 (ground) in dd. [perh. = prec] 
 
 drill 3 , n. Kind of baboon, [perh. W.-Afr.] 
 
 drill 4 , n. Coarsetwilled linen or cotton fabric, 
 [earlier drilling f. G drillich f. L trilicem nom. 
 -ix (tri- three-, licium thread)] 
 
 drily. See dry K 
 
 drink 1 , v.t. & i. (drank ; drunk & poet, drun- 
 ken). Swallow (liquid) ; take (the waters at a 
 spa) medicinally ; d. off, xip, d. the whole of at 
 once; (of olants, porous things, &c) absorb 
 (moisture ; often up or in) ; (fig.) d. in, contem- 
 plate, listen to, with delight ; empty (vessel, 
 the cup of pain or joy) ; spend (wages &c) on d. ; 
 swallow liquid, take draught, (often o/a source; 
 d. deep, take large draught, or be great drinker 
 as in next sense) ; take spirituous liquor esp. to 
 excess, tipple, be a drunkard, (d. hard, heavily, 
 like a fish; drinking-BOUT ; d. oneself drunk, 
 to death, out of a situation ; d. down or under 
 the table, outlast in retaining control of oneself 
 while drinking); d. to, pledge, toast ; wish good 
 &c to in drinking (d. one's health, d. success or 
 confusion to). Hence (-)dri'nkER 1 n. [conx- 
 Teut ; OE drvncan cf . G trinken] 
 
 drink 2 , n. Liquid swallowed or absorbed : 
 beverage ; intoxicating liquor (also strong d.). 
 excessive indulgence in it, intemperance (on the 
 d., giving way to this ; in d., drunk) ; glass &c 
 or portion of liquor (stand dd. round) ; d.-offer- 
 ing, libation. Hence dri'nkLESS a. [OE drinc 
 & drinca f. drincan = prec] 
 
 dri'nkable, a. & n. Good to drink ; (n., esp. 
 in pi.) thing(s) to drink, [-able] 
 
 drip \ v.i. & t, Fall, let fall, in drops ; let 
 drops fall, be so wet (with blood &c) as to shed 
 drops. [OErlryppan cf. G triefen] 
 
 drip 2 , n. Act of dripping ; dripping liquid ; 
 (Arch.) projection keeping rain from parts be- 
 low (so d.-moulding, dripstone) ; d.-drop, per- 
 sistent dripping. Hence dri'ppv 2 a. [f. prec] 
 
 dropping, n. In vbl senses ; also : fat melt- 
 ed from roasting meat, & used for frying or as 
 food ; dd., water, grease, &c dripping from 
 anything, [-ixg a ] 
 
 drive \ v.t. & i. (drove, driven). Urge in some 
 direction by blows, threats, violence, &c (usu. 
 with adv. or prep, as away, back, in, out, from, 
 to, through ; d. out, oust, take place of) ; chase 
 or frighten (game, wild beasts, enemy esp. in 
 guerilla warfare) from over large area into 
 small in order to kill or capture ; scour (dis- 
 trict), (Forest Law) hold a drift 1 ; (urge &) 
 direct course of (animal drawing vehicle or 
 plough, vehicle &c, or locomotive) ; convey in 
 vehicle ; act as driver of vehicle ; travel, go, in 
 carriage at one's disposal (cT. ride in omnibus, 
 tram, train) ; impel forcibly, constrain, compel, 
 (to, into, to do; d. mad, out of one's senses) ; 
 overwork (was very hard driven) ; impel, carry 
 along (of wind, water), throw, propel, send in 
 some direction, (inanimate things) ; (Cricket) 
 return (ball) from freely swung bat to or past 
 bowler ; (Golf) strike (ball, or abs. ) with driver ; 
 force (stake, nail, &c) into ground &c. with 
 blows ; bore (tunnel, horizontal cavity) ; (also 
 let d.) aim blow or missile (at) ; (of steam or 
 other power) set or keep (machinery) going (also 
 of person, d. a quill, pen, write) ; carry on, 
 effect, conclude, (drove a roaring trade, good, 
 i argain) ; defer (d. it to the last minute) ; dash, 
 rush, hasten ; work hard at ; float along, drift, 
 tend (d. at, seek, intend, mean ; xchat is he driv- 
 ing at?); driving-iron, -putter, golf clubs, [com,- 
 Teut., OE drifan cf. G treiben] 
 
 drive 2 , n. Excursion in vehicle (see prec) ; 
 driving of game or enemy (see prec.) ; stroke at 
 cricket, golf, &c (see prec) ; energy, push ; ten- 
 dency ; carriage-road, esp. private road to house; 
 whist 3 d. [f. prec] 
 
 dri'vel, v.i. & t. (-11-), & n. Run at mouth or 
 nose like child ; talk childishly or idiotically ; 
 fritter away ; hence dri'vellER l n. (N.) silly 
 nonsense, twaddle. [ME drevelen, dravelen, 
 OE drefiian, prob. cogn. w. draff] 
 
 dri'ver, n. One who drives (drive 1 ), coach- 
 man (also cab-d., engine-d., &c; slavc-d., over- 
 seer of slave gang); (Golf) supple wooden-headed 
 club for driving long distance ; (Mech.) driving- 
 wheel or otherpart thatreceivespowerdirectly; 
 front, rear, -d., bicycle in which power is ap- 
 plied to front, rear, wheel; QUiLL-d. Hence 
 dri'verLESS a. [-er x ] 
 
 dri'ving- wheel, n. Wheel commur icating 
 motion to other parts of machine; large wheel of 
 locomotive ; cycle wheel that is directly worked. 
 
 dri'zzle, v.i., & n. (Fall in, be wet with) fine 
 dense drops of rain (subj., the day, rain, it). 
 Hence dri'zzlv 2 a. [cf. OE dreosan fall, -le(3)] 
 
 dro'gner (-ger), n. ■ W.-Ind. coasting vessel ; 
 slow heavy craft, [thr. F f. 16th-c Du. drogher 
 (droogen to dry) named from drying herrings] 
 
 drogue (-6g), n. Buoy at end of harpoon line, 
 [perh. var. of drag 2 ] 
 
 droit (-oit, or as F), n. Right, due, legal per- 
 quisite, (esp. dd. of Admiralty, proceeds of ene- 
 my's ships, wrecks, &c). [F, f. lAjdrictumi. L 
 directum neut. adj. =in LLlegal right (direct 2 )] 
 
 droll, a., n., & v.i. Facetious, amusing; queer, 
 odd, surprising; hence dro'lLY 2 (-61-15) adv., 
 dro'llNESS n. (N., now rare) jester, wag. (Vb, 
 now rare) play the buffoon, jest with, at, on. 
 [f. F drole(r) etym. dub.] 
 
 dro'llery, n. Jesting ; a facetious composi- 
 tion ; quaint humour, [-ery] 
 
DROMEDARY 
 
 253 
 
 DRUID 
 
 di»6*medapy {also -urn-), n. Light fleet usu. 
 Arabian or one-humped camel bred for riding, 
 [f. OF dromedaire f. LL dromedarnus f. L f . Gk 
 dromas -ados runner, -ary 1 ] 
 
 drd'mond, n. (hist.). Large medieval ship 
 for war or commerce, [f. OF dromon f. LL f. 
 Bvz. Gk dromon (dromos race)] 
 
 drone 1 , n., & v.i. & t. Male of honey-bee, 
 which does not work ; idler ; deep humming 
 sound ; monotonous speech or speaker ; bass- 
 pipe of bagpipe ; fixed continuous note emitted 
 by this. ( Vb) buzz like bee or bagpipe, talk or 
 uttermonotonously, whence dPO*ning , LY 2 adv. ; 
 idle ; idle away (life &c). [OE dran, drxn, 
 (sense bee) ; cf. G drohne] 
 
 droop, v.i. & t., & n. Hang down, slope, in- 
 cline,as in weariness ; (of eyes) look downwards ; 
 (poet., of sun &c.) sink; languish, decline, flag, 
 lose heart ; let (head, face, eyes) fall forward or 
 down ; hence droo'ping-LY 2 adv. (N.) droop- 
 ing attitude, loss of spirit, fall of tone. [f. OX 
 drupa vb cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 drop 1 , n. 1. Round, pear-shaped, or hemi- 
 spherical portion of liquid such as hangs or falls 
 separately or adheres to surface (of water, tears, 
 sweat, dew, rain, blood, or abs. in these senses); 
 (Med.) smallest separable quantity of a liquid 
 (in pi., liquid medicine to be measured by dd.); 
 minute quantity (d. in bucket or ocean, infini- 
 tesimal factor) ; glass &c. of intoxicating liquor 
 (take a d.; has taken a d. too much, is drunk ; 
 have a d. in one's eye, show signs of having 
 drunk) ; pendant, hanging ornament, (ear-dd., 
 ear-rings ; dd. of glass chandelier) ; sugarplum 
 {acid, chocolate, dd.) ; hence dro'pLET n. 2. 
 Act of dropping, fall, social come-down, descent 
 in prices, temperature, &c. ; thing that drops or 
 is dropped, as (Theatr. ) painted curtain let down 
 between acts (also d.-curtain), (in gallows) plat- 
 form withdrawn from under feet of condemned 
 (also, distance he is allowed to fall, as d. of 3 ft)', 
 abrupt fall in level of surface, amount of this ; 
 (also d.-kick)Mck at football made by dropping 
 ball and kicking it as it rises (d.-off, -out, such 
 kick to start play after goal, try, or touch-down); 
 d.-shutter, appliance for giving instantaneous 
 exposure in photography; d.-sulphur, -tin, 
 granulated by being dropped molten into water; 
 dropxeort, kinds of plant with tuberous root 
 fibres, [sense 1 f. OE dropa cf. G tropfen, cogn. 
 w. drip, droop ; sense 2 f. foil.] 
 
 drop 2 , v.i. & t. Fall in dd. ; give off moisture 
 in dd. ; fall by force of gravity from not being 
 held &c, (fig.) be uttered casually (the remark 
 dropped from him), disappear (a letter has 
 dropped oid) ; sink to ground exhausted, 
 wounded, &c. (d. on one's knee, kneel), (of setter) 
 crouch at sight of game ; fall naturally asleep, 
 {back) into habit &c. ; die ; cease, lapse, (affair 
 ■teas allowedtod. ; the correspondence dropped) ; 
 fail in direction, condition, amount, degree, 
 pitch, (prices, voice, d.) ; go dourn stream ; fall 
 behind, to the rear, &c; come or go casually in 
 as visitor, into place, across person ; d. on or 
 across, reprimand or punish ; let fall (liquid, 
 tears) in dd., shed ; let go, relinquish, cease to 
 hold, (d. anchor, anchor ship) ; give birth to 
 (esp. lambs) ; utter casually as if unconsciously 
 (esp. d. a hint ; so d. a iiostcard or note) ; lose 
 < money, esp. in gaming) ; fell with axe, blow of 
 fist, or bullet ; set down (passenger, parcel) ; 
 omit (letter, one's hs, syllable) in speech ; let 
 (eyes) droop ; lower (voice) ; d. curtsy ; (Foot- 
 ball) send (ball), make (goal), by d.-kick (see 
 prec. ; also intr. = take d.-kick) ; cease to asso- 
 ciate with, have done with (d. it !, stop that); d. 
 <tway, in, depart, enter, one by one ; d. off,=&. 
 away, also fall asleep. [OE dropian, see prec] 
 
 dro'ppings, n. pi. What falls or has fallen 
 in drops, e.g. wax from candles ; dung of beasts 
 or birds, [-ing l ] 
 
 dro'p-scene, n. = drop-curtain (drop 1 ); 
 final scene, finale, of drama in real life. 
 
 dro'psy, n. Disease in which watery fluid 
 collects in cavities or tissue of body, (fig.) over- 
 swollen state. Hence dPO'psiCAL »., dro'p- 
 sicalLY 2 adv. [f . OF ydropisie f . L hydropisis 
 f. Gk hudrops -opos (hxidor, hudr-, water)] 
 
 dPO*s(h)ky, n. Russian low four-wheeled 
 carriage ; cab in German towns, [f. Russ. 
 drozhki dim. of drogi wagon (droga perch)] 
 
 dross, n. Scum thrown off from metals in 
 melting ; foreign matter mixed with anything, 
 impurities ; refuse, rubbish. Hence dpo'ss Y 2 
 a. [OE dros cf. G drusen husks, dregs] 
 
 dpoug-ht (-owt), (poet.) drouth (-ow-), n. 
 (Archaic) dryness, lack of moisture, also thirst ; 
 continuous dry weather, want of rain. Hence 
 dpoug-h'tY 2 , dPOU'thY 2 , a. [OE drugad 
 (dryge dry \ -th l )] 
 
 drove * f n. Herd, flock, being driven or mov- 
 ing together ; crowd, multitude, shoal, large 
 number, esp. as moving together ; mason's 
 broad chisel. [OE drdf 0rifan drive *)] 
 
 drove 2 . See drive 1 . 
 
 dro'ver, n. Driver of droves to market, 
 cattle-dealer. Hence drove 3 v.t., dro'VENG 1 
 n. [prec. + -er *] 
 
 drown, v.i. & t. Suffer death by suffocation 
 in liquid (now usu. be drowned ; but drowning 
 man &c); suffocate (person, animal) by sub- 
 mersion (subj., person &c. or the liquid) ; sub- 
 merge, flood, drench, (esp. fig. drowned in tears, 
 sleep, wine ; like drowned rat, in soaked condi- 
 tion ; m d. oid, drive out by flood) ; overpower 
 (esp. of louder sound making voice &c. inaud- 
 ible), [perh. f. drunken p.p. of drink, cf. MDa. 
 drukne drown f. drucken p.p. of drikke drink] 
 
 drowse (-z), v.i. & t., & n. Be dull & sleepy, 
 half asleep ; be sluggish ; make drowsy ; pass 
 away (time) in drowsing; (n.) half -asleep con- 
 dition, [perh. = OE driisian sink, become slow, 
 cogn. w. driosan fall ; but not found in 11th- 
 15th cc. ; prob. back-formation from foil.] 
 
 drowsy (-zi), a. Sleepy, half asleep, dozing ; 
 lulling, soporific ; sluggish ; d.-head, sleepy per- 
 son. Hence dPowsiHEAD (archaic), drow- 
 siNESS, nn., dPOWsiLY 2 adv. [prob. cogn. w. 
 OE drusian see prec; found earlier than prec] 
 
 drub, v.t. Cudgel, thump, belabour ; beat in 
 fight ; beat (notion) into, oid of, person. Hence 
 dPU'bbiNG 1 n. [earlier sense bastinado ; perh. 
 f. Arab, darb beating] 
 
 drudge, n., & v.i. Servile worker, slave, 
 hack ; hence dPU , dg'ERY(2, 5) n. (Vb) work 
 slavishly at distasteful work ; hence dPU'dg"- 
 ingXY 2 adv. [perh. cogn. w. dree] 
 
 drug", n., & v.t. Original simple medicinal 
 substance, organic or inorganic, used alone 
 or as ingredient ; unsalable commodity, thing 
 no longer in demand (usu. d. in the market) ; 
 hence clpu'g'g'Y 2 a. (Vb) adulterate with d., 
 esp. with narcotic or poison ; administer dd., 
 esp. narcotics, to ; nauseate, cloy. [f. F drogue 
 cf. Pr. drogua, Sp., It., droga, etym. dub.] 
 
 dpu'g'g'et (-g-), n. (Over-carpet or floor-cloth 
 of) coarse woollen stuff used for floor or table 
 coverings, [f. F droguet etym. dub.] 
 
 dpu'grgrist, n. Dealer in drugs, pharmaceuti- 
 cal chemist, [-ist] 
 
 Dpu'id, n. Priest, magician, soothsayer, 
 among Celts of ancient Gaul & Britain ; officer 
 of Welsh Gorsedd or national assembly. Hence 
 Dpu'idEss *, Dpu*idiSM(3), nn., Dpui'dic(AL) 
 aa. [f . F druide f. L pi. drxiidae, -des, f. OCelt. 
 druid- magician] 
 
DRUM 
 
 254 
 
 DUBITATIVE 
 
 drum *, n. Musical instrument sounded by 
 striking & made of hollow cylinder or hemi- 
 sphere with parchment stretched over open- 
 ing^) (bass, tenor, big, kettle, &c, d.) ; (Zool.) 
 natural organ giving resonance, as howling 
 monkey's hyoid bone ; sound (as) of d., esp. bit- 
 tern's cry ; player of d., drummer ; cylindrical 
 structure (d. of ear, hollow part of middle ear) 
 or object, cylinder or barrel in machinery on 
 which something is wound or for other pur- 
 poses ; solid part oi Corinthian or composite 
 capital ; stone block forming section of shaft ; 
 cylindrical receptacle for packing dried fruit, 
 holding oil, &c. ; evening or afternoon-tea 
 party ; (also d.-Jish) kinds of American fish able 
 to make drumming noise ; d.-head, skin or 
 membrane of d. (d.-h. court ^martial), mem- 
 brane across d. of ear, circular top of capstan ; 
 d.-major, N.C.O. commanding drummers of 
 regiment ; drumstick, stick with knob or pad 
 for beating d., lower joint of cooked fowl's leg. 
 [cf. Du. trom, & MHG trumme orig. trumpet] 
 drum 2 , v.i. & t. Play the d., whence 
 dPU'mmER 1 n. ; beat, tap, or thump, continu- 
 ously on something (on piano, at door ; feet d. 
 on flow ; a drumming in the ears) ; (of birds, 
 insects) make loud hollow noise with quivering 
 wings ; summon, beat up, as by drumming ; d. 
 out, cashier by beat of d. ; drive (person) into 
 apathy &c, (lesson) into person, by persistence ; 
 strike (hands &c. ) repeatedly (up)on something ; 
 play (tune &c.) on or as on d. [f. prec] 
 drum 3 , dpu'mlin, nn. (geol. ). Long narrow 
 hill of drift or diluvial formation, [f. Gael. & 
 Ir. druim ridge ; -tin perh. for -ling l ] 
 Dpu'mmond lig"ht, n. Lime-light or oxy- 
 hydrogen light. [Capt. T. Z>., inventor <*. 1825] 
 dpunk, pred. a. & n. (also p.p. of drink 1 ). 
 Intoxicated, overcome with liquor, (beastly, 
 blind, dead, hal f , &c, d. ; d. as a fiddler or 
 lord ; also fig., d. with joy, success, rage) ; hence 
 dPU'nkARD n. (X., slang) drinking-bout, drun- 
 ken fit ; (from police charge-sheets) case of 
 drunkenness, (hence gen.) man charged with 
 drunkenness, drunken man. [p.p. of drink 1 ] 
 dru'nken, a. (rarely pred., cf. prec). Intoxi- 
 cated ; given to drinking, often drunk ; caused 
 by or exhibiting drunkenness (d. frolic, brawl). 
 Hence dpirnkenLV 2 adv., dru'nkenNESs n. 
 [as prec, see -en 1 ] 
 drupe, n. Stone-fruit, fleshy or pulpy fruit 
 enclosing stone or nut with kernel, as olive, 
 plum, cherry. Hence dpupA'CEOUS a. [f. L 
 f. Gk druppa over-ripe (olive)] 
 dru'pel, dru'pelet (-plit), nn. Small drupe 
 in compound fruit, as blackberry, [-el, -let] 
 druse 1 , n. Crust of crystals lining rock- 
 cavity, cavity so lined. [G, f. Boh. druza] 
 
 Druse- (-z), n. Member of political & reli- 
 gious sect of Mohammedan origin about Mt 
 Lebanon. [Ismail al-Darazi, founder 1040] 
 dry 1 , a. (drier, -est). Without moisture (d. 
 eyes, free from tears) ; not rainv, with deficient 
 rainfall ; parched, dried up, (colloq.) thirstv, (of 
 liquid) having disappeared by evaporation, 
 draining, wiping, &c ; not yielding water, milk, 
 &c (cow, well, isd.); not submerged (d. land, 
 tide leaves it d.) ; without butter (d. bread, 
 toast) ; solid, not liquid, (d. goods, see below ; 
 d. measure, measure of capacitv for these) ; (of 
 wine) free from sweetness & fruity flavour ; 
 unconnected with liquid (die a d. death, not bv 
 drowning or bloodshed ; d. cough, without 
 phlegm; d.-BOB 5 ); impassive, unsympathetic, 
 stiff", hard, cold, (d. jest, sarcasm, humour, ex- 
 pressed in matter-of-fact tone with show of 
 unconsciousness) ; meagre, plain, bare, not en- 
 larged upon, (d. facts, thanks) ; uninteresting, 
 
 dull, unprofitable; untinged by prejudice or 
 interest (d. light) ; d.-bulb thermometer, one of 
 pair in hygrometer with wet & d. bulbs ; d. 
 cooper, maker of casks for d. goods ; d.-cure, 
 cure (meat &c) without pickling in liquid ; d.- 
 dock*; d.-flya. & V.i., (fish) with fly dangled 
 just over water ; d. goods, non-liquid goods, as 
 corn, also (esp. U.S.) drapery, mercery, haber- 
 dashery ; d. lodging, without board ; d.-nurse, 
 tending but not suckling child, (v.t.) bring up 
 by hand ; d. pile, electric pile or battery in 
 which no liquid is used ; d.-piate, photographic 
 plate with sensitized film hard & d. for c©n- 
 venience of keeping, developing at leisure, &c ; 
 d.-point, needle for engraving without acid on 
 bare copper plate (also v.i., use this process, 
 &n., engraving produced so); d.-rot, decayed 
 state of wood not exposed to air caused, by 
 fungi, also the fungi, (fig.) unsuspected moral 
 or social decay; d.-salt v.t., = d. -cure ; dry- 
 saltery), dealer, dealing or shop that deals, in 
 drugs, dyes, gums, oils, pickles, tinned meats, 
 &c. ; d.-shod a. or adv., without wetting the 
 feet. Hence dpyiSH 1 (2) a., dpi'LY 2 (or dpy- 
 ly) adv. (esp. in fig. senses), dpy'NESS n. [OE 
 drygc cf. Du. droog, G trocken] 
 
 dry 2 , v. t. & i. Make or become d. by wiping, 
 evaporation, draining, &c ; cause (cow) to 
 cease giving milk ; d. up, make utterly d., (of 
 moisture) disappear utterly, (of well &c) cease 
 to yield water, (colloq., esp. in imperat.) cease 
 talking or doing something. Hence dpi'ER 1 
 (1,2) (also dpy*ep)n. [OEd?-ygean (drygeDRY 1 )] 
 
 dpy'ad, n. Nymph inhabiting tree, wood- 
 nymph, [f. L f. Gk druas -ados (drus tree)] 
 
 Dryasdust, n., d-, a. Dull laborious anti- 
 quary or historian ; (adj.) very dry, uninterest- 
 ing. [Dr D., fictitious person (dry as dust) to 
 whom Scott dedicated] 
 
 du'ad, n. (Incorrect for) dyad. 
 
 du'al, a. & n. Of two, twofold, divided in two, 
 double, (d. ownership, skirt); (Gram.) d. num- 
 ber or d., inflected form proper to two persons 
 or things (additional to singular & plural). So 
 dua'liTY n., du*alizE(3) v.t, du'alLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L dualis (duo two, -al)] 
 
 du'alin, n. Powerful explosive of nitre, nitro- 
 glycerin, & sawdust, [prec. (dual nitre) + -in] 
 
 du'alism, n. Duality ; use of dual number ; 
 theory recognizing two independent principles 
 (mind & matter, cf. idealism & materialism; 
 good & evil in the universe ; two personalities 
 in Christ), so du*aliST(2) n., duali'stic a., 
 duali'stiCALLY adv. [dual + -ism] 
 
 dub \ n. Deep pool in northern streams. [?] 
 
 dub 2 , v.t. Make (person) into a knight by 
 striking shoulders with sword ; invest with 
 (new title), name, nickname, (person or thing, 
 with complement ; dubbed me Doctor, quack, a 
 scribbler) ; dress (artificial fishing-fly) ; smear 
 (leather) with grease, [perh. f. OF aduber,com.- 
 Rom. cf. It. addobbare, etym. dub.] 
 
 du'bbing", n. In vbl senses ; esp., prepared 
 grease for leather (also dubbin), [-ing l ] 
 
 dubrety, n. Feeling of doubt; doubtful 
 matter, [f. LL dubietas (dubiu-s doubtful, -ty)] 
 
 du'Tbious, a. Indistinct (d. light), vague, un- 
 reliable (d. friend), of questionable value or 
 truth (a d. compliment) ; of doubtful issue (d. 
 undertaking, struggle) ; of suspected charac- 
 ter (d. gains, company) ; hesitating, doubting. 
 Hence du'biousLY 2 adv., du'biousNESS n. 
 [f. L dubiosus (dubius doubtful, -ose 1 )] 
 
 dubita'tion, n. Doubt, hesitation. [F, f. L 
 dubitationem (dubitare doubt 2 , -ation)] 
 
 du'bitative, a. Of, expressing, inclined to, 
 doubt or hesitation. Hence duMbitativeLY 8 
 adv. [f. L dubitativus as prec + -ive] 
 
DUCAL 
 
 255 
 
 DULCIMER 
 
 du'cal, a. Of, like, bearing title of, duke. [F, 
 f. LL ducalis (dux duke, -al)] 
 
 du'cat, n. Gold coin about 9s., formerly cur- 
 rent in most European countries; coin, (pi.) 
 money. [F, f. It. ducato f. LL ducatus duchy 
 (prob. named from Duke of Apulia 1140)] 
 
 du'chess (-tsh-), n. Duke's wife or widow ; 
 imposing woman ; (slang) costermonger's wife 
 (abbr. d utch). [F (-e), f . Lhducissa (duke, -ess 2 )] 
 
 du'chy (-tshi), n. Territory of reigning duke 
 or duchess ; royal dukedom of Cornwall or 
 Lancaster, each with certain courts of its own. 
 [f. OF duche f. LL ducatus (dux duke, -ate *)] 
 
 duck. 1 , n. (pi. often duck collective ; also -s). 
 Kinds of swiinining-bird, esp. the domesticated 
 form of the mallard or wild-d. (like d. in thun- 
 derstorm, with upturned eyes, looking flabber- 
 gasted, faint. &c. ; like water off d.'s back, pro- 
 ducing no effect ; take to anything like d. to 
 water ; fine day for young dd., rainy weather ; 
 latne cl., disabled person, defaulter on Stock Ex- 
 change ; in two shakes of d.'s tail, in an in- 
 stant); female of this (cf. drake-); its flesh; 
 darling (esp. in voc), whence du*ck.Y 3 n. ; 
 (Cricket; also d.'s-egg) batsman's score of 0; 
 Bombay d., bummalo; d. & drake, game of 
 making flat stone skip along water (make dd. & 
 drakes of, play dd. &c. with, squander) ; d.-bill, 
 red wheat, also =d. -billed platypus or ornitho- 
 rhynchus ; d.-hawk, marsh harrier; d.-shot, of 
 size for shooting wild d. ; duckweed, plant that 
 carpets surface of still water. Hence du'ek- 
 LiXG a (2) n. [OE duce cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 duck 2 , v.i. & t. , & n. Plunge, dive, dip head, 
 under water & emerge ; bend quickly, bob, to 
 avoid blow &c. or by way of bow or curtsy ; 
 plunge (person &c.) momentarily in water, or 
 abs., whence du*ckiNG 1 (l) n. ; lower (head) 
 suddenly ; (n.) quick dip below water in bathing, 
 or lowering of head. [ME d(o)uke f . OE *ducan 
 com.-WG cf. G tauchen] 
 
 duck 3 , n. Strong untwilled linen or cotton 
 fabric for small sails & outer clothing esp. of 
 sailors ; (pi.) trousers of this. [prob. f. Du. doeck 
 = G tuch cloth] 
 
 du'eker \ n. Kinds of diving-bird, esp. dab- 
 chick & water-ouzel, [duck 2 , -er j ] 
 
 du'ckep 2 , n. Breeder of ducks, [duck 1 , -er 1 ] 
 
 duct, n. Conduit, tube, for conveying liquid ; 
 tube or canal in body conveying chyle, lymph, 
 or secretions (named from function, as biliary 
 d., or from discoverer, as Eustachian d., dd. of 
 Bellini) ; vessel of plant's vascular tissue hold- 
 ing air, water, &c. Hence du'etLESS a. [f. L 
 d uctus leading, aqueduct (ducere duct- lead)] 
 
 du'ctile, a. (Of metals) malleable, flexible, 
 not brittle, (in technical use) capable of being 
 drawn out into wire, tough ; plastic (of clay &c, 
 or of person or character), pliable, tractable, do- 
 cile. Hence duetrliTY n. [F, f. L ductilis (du- 
 cere see prec, -il)] 
 
 dude, n. (U.S. slang; fern, dudi'ne pr. -en). 
 Fastidious aesthetic person, often imitating 
 English speech, dress, & manners ; dandy, 
 swell. Hence du'diSH 1 a. [?] 
 
 dudgeon (du'jn), n. Resentment, feeling of 
 offence, (usu. ind.). [etym. dub. ; obs. dudgeon 
 hilt may be same word or notl 
 
 dud(h)ee*n (dob), n. dr.). Short clay pipe. [?] 
 
 duds, n. pi. (slang). Clothes. [?] 
 
 due 1 , a. & adv. Owing, payable, as a debt 
 or obligation (fall, become, d., as bill reaching 
 maturity) ; that ought to be given to person 
 (first place is d. to Milton, it is d. to him to say), 
 merited, appropriate, (has his d. reward), right- 
 ful, proper, adequate (after d. consideration), 
 to be looked for, calculated or foreseen (in d. 
 time) ; to be ascribed to cause, agent, &c. (the 
 
 difficulty is d. to our ignorance ; the discovery 
 xs d. to Newton ; the advl use for owing, as / 
 came late d. to an accident, is incorrect) ; under 
 engagement to do something (is d. to speak to- 
 night) or to arrive at certain time (train d. at 
 7.30, already d. & over-d.) ; (adv., of points of 
 compass) exactly, directly, (went d. east, a d. 
 N. wind), [f. OF deii (p.p. of devoir owe) f. LL 
 dcbutus for L debitus (debere owe)] 
 
 due 2 , n. Person's right, what is owed him, 
 (give one, esp. the devil, his d., not be unjust to 
 him, even though he deserves little or is no 
 friend) ; what one owes (pay one's dd.) ; (usu. 
 pi.) toll, fee, legally demandable (harbour, light, 
 tonnage, dd.) ; (Xaut.) for a full d., for good, 
 thoroughly, completely, [f. prec] 
 
 du-el, n., & v.i. (-11-). Fight with deadly 
 weapons between two persons, in presence of 
 two seconds, to settle quarrel (the d., duelling 
 & its code of rules) ; any contest between two 
 persons, animals, parties, causes ; hence du*el- 
 1ist(1) n. (Vb) fight d. [F, f. med.L sense of 
 archaic L duellum (duo two) orig. form of bel- 
 lum war ; for duel- bel- cf. bis] 
 
 due'nna, n. Elderly woman acting as gover- 
 ness & companion in charge of girls (orig. & 
 esp. in Spanish family); chaperon, [f. Sp. duciia 
 f. L domina mistress] 
 
 due't, -tt, n. Musical composition for two 
 voices or instruments ; (fig.) dialogue, scolding- 
 match ; pair, couple. Hence due'ttiST(l) m 
 [f. It. duetto dim. cf duo duet f. ~Lduo two] 
 
 duff 1 , n. (Dial. &c. for) dough ; PLUM-d. 
 
 duff 2 , v.t. (slang). Fake up (goods), give look 
 of newness &c. to, (duffing, counterfeit) ; (Aus- 
 tral.) steal & alter brands on (cattle), [perh. 
 back-formation f. duffer] 
 
 du'ffel, du'ffie, n. Coarse woollen cloth with 
 thick nap ; sportsman's, camper-out's, change of 
 clothes. [Duffel in Brabant] 
 
 du'ffep, n. One who sells trash as valuable, 
 pretending it to be smuggled, stolen, &c. ; ped- 
 lar, hawker ; faker of sham articles ; counter- 
 feit coin, picture, &c. ; unproductive mine ; 
 thing of which no use can be made ; inefficient, 
 useless, or stupid person, [etym. dub. ; first 
 sense a century older than last, & than duff 2 ] 
 
 dug* 1 , n. Udder of female mammals, also 
 teat, nipple, (not now used of women exc. con- 
 tempt.), [cf. Sw. dxgga suckle] 
 
 dug- 2 . See dig 1 . 
 
 du*g"ong , ,n.(pl. often dugong). Large herbivo- 
 rous mammal of Indian seas. [f. Malay duyong] 
 
 du*g*-out, n. Canoe made by hollowing tree- 
 trunk ; rough dwelling, excavation in bank 
 roofed with canvas or turf, [dig J ] 
 
 duke, n. (Hist.) provincial military com- 
 mander under later Roman emperors; (bibl.) 
 chief of tribe ; (in some parts of Europe) sove- 
 reign prince ruling duchy or small State ; (Gt 
 Britain & some other countries) person holding 
 highest hereditary title of nobility outside 
 royal family (also royal d., d. who is also royal 
 prince, with precedence) ; dine with D. Hum- 
 phrey ; kind of cherry ; (slang) hand, fist. [f. F 
 due f. L dux duels leader] 
 
 du'kedom, n. Territory ruled by, dignity of, 
 duke, [-dom] 
 
 Du'kepies, n. pi. District in Notts, contain- 
 ing several ducal estates, [-ery] 
 
 du'leet, a. Sweet, soothing, (esp. of sounds), 
 [f. F doucet dim. of doux f. L dulcis sweet] 
 
 du'leiftr, v.t. Sweeten, make gentle. Hence 
 dulciFiCATiox n. [f. L dulcificare (dulcis 
 sweet, -fy) 
 
 du'leimep, n. Musical instrument with 
 strings of graduated length over sounding 
 board or box struck with hammers, prototype 
 
DULCINEA 
 
 256 
 
 DUPE 
 
 of piano, [f. OF doulcimer perh. f. L dulce 
 
 melos (not found in required sense) sweet tune] 
 Duleine'a (or -si *ma ), n. Idolized & idealized 
 mistress, [name of Don Quixote's mistress] 
 
 dull, a., & v.t. & i. Slow of understanding, 
 obtuse, stupid, whence du'llARD n. ; (of ears, 
 eyes, &c.) without keen perception; (of inani- 
 mate things) insensible; (of pain &c.) indis- 
 tinctly felt ; sluggish, slow-moving, stagnant, 
 <of person, animal, trade) ; (of goods, stocks) 
 not easily salable, not in demand ; listless, de- 
 pressed ; tedious, monotonous ; blunt (esp. of 
 edge) ; (of colour, light, sound, taste) not bright, 
 vivid, or keen ; (of weather) overcast, gloomy ; 
 hence du'lliSH 1 a., du*l(l)NESS n., du'lLY 2 
 <dul-li) adv. (Vb) make d. (d. the edge of, blunt, 
 make less sensitive, interesting, effective) ; lose 
 force, intensity, clearness, or keenness. [ME, 
 cf. OE dot, also G toll mad] 
 
 dulse, n. Edible kind of sea- weed. [f. Ir. & 
 Gael, duileasg] 
 
 du'ly, adv. Rightly, properly, fitly ; suffi- 
 ciently ; punctually, [due 1 + -ly 2 ] 
 
 du'ma (doo-), n. Russian parliament, first 
 summoned 1906. [previously name of elective 
 municipal councils] 
 
 dumb 1 (-m), a. (compar. & superl., pron. 
 •mer, -mist). Unable to speak, abnormally 
 <of human beings; the d., the deaf & d., as 
 nouns) or normally (d. animals, used in pity or 
 contempt) ; inarticulate, having no voice in 
 government &c, {the d. millions) ; silenced by 
 surprise, shyness, &c. (esp. strike d. ; d. in 
 mixed company) ; taciturn, reticent, {Nature is 
 d. on the point; English a d. people) ; without 
 speech (d. crambo ; d. show, significant gestures, 
 part of play given in early drama without 
 words) ; unheard, giving no sound ; without 
 the voice, sound, or other property, usual in 
 things of the name (d. piano, set of keys for 
 exercising fingers; d.-waiter, an upright with 
 revolving shelves enabling waiter to be dis- 
 pensed with in dining-room; d. barge, craft, 
 without sails or motive power ; d.-bcll, short 
 bar with weight at each end used in pairs for 
 exercising muscles, v.i., use these; d. well, 
 sunk merely to carry off surface water). Hence 
 du'mbLY 2 (-mli) adv., du'mtaxEss n. [com.- 
 Teut. ; OE dumb, cf. Du. dom, G dumm, stupid] 
 
 dumb 2 , v.t, Maked. [f. prec] 
 
 dumbfou'nd (-nif-), v.t. Strike dumb, con- 
 found, nonplus, [dumb, confound] 
 
 du'mdum (bullet), n. Kind of soft-nosed 
 bullet that expands & inflicts laceration. [D. 
 in India, with cantonment & arsenal] 
 
 du'mmy, n. & a. (Whist) imaginary fourth 
 player whose hand is turned up & played by 
 partner (d. whist or d., game so played ; double 
 d., game with two such hands) ; person taking 
 no real part, or present only for show, figure- 
 head, mere tool, man of straw ; dolt, block- 
 head ; counterfeit object, sham package &c, 
 elothes-block, lay figure, man's figure for rifle 
 practice, &c. ; (adj.) sham, [dumb 1 + -y 3 ] 
 
 dump 1 , n. Short thick object of various 
 kinds: leaden counter used in games; obs. 
 Australian coin, (slang) small coin (not xcorth a 
 d.) ; kind of bolt in ship-building ; rope quoit 
 for game on board ship ; kind of skittle ; kind 
 of sweetmeat ; short stout person, [prob. back- 
 formation f. dumpy] 
 
 dump 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Shoot, deposit, tilt 
 down, (rubbish) ; let fall with a bump ; (Com- 
 merc.) send (goods unsalable at high price in 
 liome market) to foreign market for sale at low 
 price, to avoid lowering home price & capture 
 new market ; drop down (t, & i.) with a thud ; 
 laud (superfluous immigrants) in foreign coun- 
 
 try; hence du'mpER 1 n. (N.) dull blow, 
 thud ; (U.S.) heap of refuse, place for shooting 
 this. [cf. Da. dumpe, Norw. dumpa, fall plump] 
 
 du'mpling-, n. Mass of dough boiled or 
 baked either plain or enclosing apple &c. [cf. 
 LG dump damp, moist, heavy, & see -ling j ] 
 
 dumps, n. pi. Depression, melancholy, (usu. 
 in the d.). [f. 1523 ; etyrn. dub.] 
 
 du'mpy, a. & n. Short & stout (d. level, 
 kind used in surveying) ; hence du'mpiNESS 
 n. (X.) short-legged Scotch breed of fowls; (pi.) 
 19th Hussars, [etym. dub. ; earlier than dump 1 ] 
 
 dun 2 , a. & n. (Of) dull greyish-brown colour 
 as of ass or mouse (d.-bird, pochard ; d.-diver, 
 female or young male of goosander) ; (poet.) 
 dark, dusky ; d. horse ; kinds of artificial fish- 
 ing-fly. [OE, cf. Ir. & Gael, donn, W dwn\ 
 
 dun 2 , n., & v.t. Importunate creditor ; debt- 
 collector ; demand for payment. (Vb) impor- 
 tune for payment of debt ; pester, [perh. var. 
 of din] 
 
 dunce, n. One slow at learning, dullard, 
 (d. 's cap, paper cone put on head of d. at school), 
 [f. John Duns Scotus, schoolman, d. 1308, whose 
 followers were ridiculed by 16th-c. humanists 
 and reformers as enemies of learning] 
 
 du'ndephead, n., du'nder-headed, a. 
 Blockhead, stupid (person). [?] 
 
 dune, n. Mound or ridge of loose sand on 
 coast. [F, f. ODu. dtina = OE dim down j ] 
 
 dung, n., & v.t. Manure ; excrement of ani- 
 mals (rarely of man ; d.-beetle, whose larvae 
 develop in d. ; d.-fly, feeding in it ; d.-worm, 
 found in cow-d. & used as bait; d.-caH, -fork, 
 for conveying, loading & spreading, manure) ; 
 moral filth ; (vb) manure (land ; of farmer, 
 grazing animals, or the manure). [OE, cf. G 
 dung, diinger, manure, & Sw. dynga dung] 
 
 dung-eon (du'njn), n., & v.t, (Now usu. don- 
 jon) great tower of castle in innermost court or 
 bailey ; strong subterranean cell for prisoners ; 
 (vb) shut up, imprison in d. [f. F donjon f. LL 
 domnionem nom. -o f. domnus for L dominus 
 lord ; doublet of dominion] 
 
 du'ng'hill, n. Heap of dung or refuse in 
 farmyard (cock on his own d., household, parish, 
 •Sec., tyrant or bully ; d. cock &c, barn-door not 
 game, whence d. as adj., craven). 
 
 du'niwa'ssal (doo-), n. (Sc). Highland 
 gentleman of secondary rank. [Gael, duine 
 man, vasal noble] 
 
 du'nlin, n. Red-backed sand-piper, [-ling l ] 
 
 du'nnage, n. Mats, brushwood, gratings, 
 &c, stowed under or among cargo to prevent 
 moisture & chafing, [earlier din-, etym. dub. ] 
 
 du'nnock, n. Hedge-sparrow, [dun 1 , -ock] 
 
 duodecimal, a. & n. Of twelve or twelfths, 
 proceeding by twelves ; (n. pi.) cross-multipli- 
 cation, method used for lengths given in feet, 
 inches, & twelfths of inch, used by painters &c. 
 [f. L duodecimus twelfth + -al] 
 
 duodecimo, n. (usu. 12mo). Book-size in 
 which each leaf is 1/12 of printing-sheet ; book 
 of this size ; diminutive thing or person. [L (in) 
 duodecimo abl. see prec] 
 
 duode'napy, a. Proceeding by twelves, in 
 sets of twelve, [f. L dxiodenarius (chiodeni 
 twelve at once, -ary l )] 
 
 duode'num, n. (anat.). First portion of 
 small intestine immediately below stomach. 
 Hence duode'nAL a., duodeniTis n. [med. 
 L (duodeni see prec, from its length of 12 in.)] 
 
 du'olog'ue (-6g), n. Conversation between 
 two persons, dramatic piece with two actors, 
 [irreg. f. Gk duo two, after monologue} 
 
 duo' mo (dwo-), n. -Italian cathedral. [It.) 
 
 dupe, n., & v.t. Victim of deception, gull ; 
 hence du*pERY(2) n. (Vb) cheat, make a fool 
 
DUPLEX 
 
 257 
 
 DUTY 
 
 of; hence du'pABLE a.,dupaBi*LiTY, du*p- 
 
 er 1 , nn. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 du'plex, a. Of two elements, twofold, (d. 
 gas-burner, with two jets combining into one 
 flame; d. lamp, with two wicks). [L, gen. 
 -plicis (duo two, plic- fold)] 
 
 du'plicate x (-at), a. & n. With two corre- 
 sponding parts, existing in two examples ; 
 doubled, twice as large or many ; d. proportion, 
 ratio, proportion of squares in relation to that 
 of their radicals ; exactly like a thing already 
 existing (of any number of copies or specimens). 
 (N.) one of two things exactly alike, esp. that 
 made after the other ; second copy, with equal 
 legal force, of letter or document ; second copy 
 of bill drawn in two parts, second of exchange ; 
 pawnbroker's ticket ; one of two or more speci- 
 mens of thing exactly or virtually alike ; 
 synonym ; exact correspondence between two 
 things (made in d.). [f. L as foil., -ate 2 ] 
 
 du'plicate 2 , v.t. Double, multiply by two ; 
 make in d., make exact copy of, produce copies 
 of, whence du'plicatoR 2 (2) n. Hence dupli- 
 ca'tion n. [f. L duplicare (duplex, -ate 3 )] 
 
 dupli'city, n. Double-dealing, deceitfulness ; 
 doubleness. [f. F duplicite" f. L duplicitatem 
 
 (DUPLEX, -TV)] 
 
 dup'able, a. Lasting, not transitory ; re- 
 sisting wear, decay, &c. Hence dupaBi'LiT y, 
 dup'ableNESs, nn., dup'abLY 2 adv. [F, f. 
 L durabi!is_(durare f. durus hard, -able)] 
 
 dur'a ma'ter, n. (anat.). Tough outer mem- 
 brane enveloping brain & spinal cord. [med.L, 
 =hard mother, transl. of Arab, phrase] 
 
 dup'ance, n. Imprisonment (usu. in d. vile). 
 [earlier sense endurance ; F (durer last f. L 
 durare see durable, -ance)] 
 
 dupa'tion, n. Continuance in, length of, 
 time ; time for which thing continues, [obs. F, 
 f. LL durationem (prec, -ation)] 
 
 dup'bap, n. Indian ruler's court; public 
 levee of Indian prince or Anglo-Ind. governor 
 or viceroy, [f. Pers^ & Hind, darbar court] 
 
 dup'ess(e) (or dure's), n. Forcible restraint, 
 imprisonment ; compulsion, esp. imprisonment, 
 threats, or violence, illegally used to force per- 
 son to do something (under d. ; plea of d., for 
 voiding contract so made), [obs. F (-e), f. L 
 durjJtia (durus hard, -ESS 2 )] 
 
 dup'ingr, prep. Throughout, at some point 
 in, the continuance of. [part, of obs. dure last, 
 used in abs. construction after F f. L ; L vita 
 durante, OF vie durant, E life d. or d. life] 
 
 dup'mast, n. Kind of oak. [etym. dub. ; cf. 
 mast fruit of forest tree] 
 
 durn, v.t. = darn 2 . 
 
 du*ppa,dh-,(ddb-), n. Indian millet, [f. Arab. 
 durah] 
 
 dupst. See dare. 
 
 dusk, n., a., & v.i. & t. Shade, gloom ; darker 
 stage of twilight. (Adj., poet.) shadowy, dim, 
 dark-coloured, whence du'skiSH 1 a., & (in 
 ordinary use) du'skv 2 a., du'skiLv 2 adv., 
 du'skiNESS n. ( Vb, poet. ) become, look, make, 
 dim or dark or shadowy, [n. f. much earlier adj. 
 ME dose f. OE dox, cf. Norw. dusk mist] 
 
 dust 1 , n. Finely powdered earth or other 
 matter 1 yingon ground or on surfaces or carried 
 about in clouds by wind (shake off the d. of 
 one's feet, depart indignantly ; throw d. in one's 
 eyes, mislead him by misrepresentation or 
 diverting attention from point ; bite the d., fall 
 wounded or slain) ; household refuse (dustbin, 
 d.-hole, receptacles for this ; dustman, scaven- 
 ger who empties these) ; pollen ; (with a) cloud 
 of d. (what a d. !, a great d., make or raise ad.); 
 dead person's remains (honoured d. ; also in the 
 d., dead) ; the human body, man ; humiliation 
 
 F.D. 
 
 (humbled in, to, the d.); confusion, turmoil, 
 excitement, row, contest, (make, raise, a d. ; 
 d. & heat, the burden of a struggle) ; (slang) 
 cash ; d.-brand, disease of corn, smut ; d.-cloak, 
 -coat, -gown, -wrap, -cloth, worn or put over 
 objects to keep off d. ; d.-colour, dull light 
 brown ; d.-guard, in machine, or on bicycle to 
 protect dress ; dustman, =sandotow; dustpan, 
 into which d. is brushed from floor ; d.-shot, 
 smallest-sized shot. Hence du'stLESS a. [OE 
 dust, cf. MDu. donst, & G dunst vapour] 
 
 dust 2 , v.t. & i. Sprinkle with d. or powder 
 (intr., of birds, take d.-bath ; d. the eyes of, de- 
 ceive, take in); make dusty; sprinkle (d., 
 powder) ; clear of d. by brushing, wiping, or 
 beating (d. one's jacket, beat him); clear away 
 (d. &c.T, clear furniture of d. [f. prec] 
 
 du'step, n. Cloth for dusting furniture &c. ; 
 person who does this, [-er *] 
 
 du'sting", n. In vbl senses ; esp. (slang), 
 thrashing, tossing in storm at sea. [-ing *] 
 
 du'sty, a. Full of, strewn with, finely pow- 
 dered like, dust ; dry as dust, uninteresting ; 
 (slang) not so d., fairly good ; d. miller, plant 
 auricula, artificial fishing-fly. Hence du'sti- 
 ly 2 adv., du'stiNESS n. [-Y 2] 
 
 Dutch, a. & n. (Hist. ) of Germany including 
 Netherlands (High D., of Southern Germans, 
 LowD., of Germans of sea-coast, Netherlands, 
 & Flanders) ; of the language or people of Hol- 
 land & Netherlands (D. school, of painters dis- 
 tinguished by artistic treatment of everyday 
 subjects ; the D., people of Holland & Nether- 
 lands) ; coming from Holland, made or invented 
 by the D., (D. clock, chair, cheese, oven) ; 
 characteristic of or attributed to the D. (D. 
 auction, courage). (N.) : (Hist) the German 
 language in any of its forms (High D., German ; 
 Low I)., Low German including language ol 
 Holland & other northern varieties) ; language 
 of Holland & Netherlands (double D. , gibberish); 
 [f. MDu. dutsch Hollandish, Netherlandish, 
 German, = G deutsch German, f. OHG diutisc 
 popular, vulgar, national, (diota people cf. OE 
 thiod) : in E the sense has narrowed f. Teutonic 
 to Hollandish ; in G & Du., from Teutonic to- 
 German] 
 
 Du'tchman, n. (pi. -men, fern, -ivomanf- 
 Hollander or Netherlander (or I'm a D., Tni a 
 D. if — , forms of positive & negative assevera- 
 tion) ; Dutch ship (Flying D., spectral ship, also 
 certain express train on G. W.R.). 
 
 duteous, a. Dutiful, obedient, (of person or 
 conduct). Hence du'teousLY 2 adv., du'te- 
 ousness n. [duty + -ous, cf. beatdeous] 
 
 du'tiable, a. Liable to customs or other 
 duties, [-able] 
 
 du'tiful, a. Regular or willing in obedience 
 & service. Hence du'tifulLY 2 adv., du*ti- 
 fulNESS n. [foil. + -ful] 
 
 du'ty, n. Behaviour due to superior, defer- 
 ence, expression of respect ; payment to public 
 revenue levied on import, export, manufacture, 
 or sale, of goods (customs, excise, dd.), trans- 
 fer of property (death, probate, succession, 
 stamp, dd. ), licences, legal recognition of docu- 
 ments, &c. (d. is levied on article or transaction, 
 tax usu. on persons) ; moral or legal obligation, 
 what one is bound or ought to do (d. call, visit 
 one would rather not but feels bound to pay) ; 
 binding force of what is right ; business, office, 
 function, performance of or engagement in 
 these (on, off, d., actually so engaged or not), 
 (Eccl.) performance of church services (tookmy 
 d. for me) ; (Mech.) measure of engine's effec- 
 tiveness in units of work done per unit of fuel; 
 do d. for, serve or pass for (something else) ; 
 d.-paid, -free, of goods on which customs or 
 
 9 
 
DUUMVIR 
 
 258 
 
 EACH 
 
 excise d. has been paid or is not leviable. [AF 
 duett (no corresp. F) see due l , -ty] 
 
 duu'mvip, n. (pi. -s, -i). Member of board of 
 two equal officials. Hence duirmvirATE 1 n. 
 [L, lit. man of the two] 
 
 du'vet (F), n. Eider-down quilt. 
 
 dux, n. (no pi.). Top boy in class (chiefly Sc). 
 
 dwarf (-awf), n., a., & v.t. Person, animal, 
 or plant, much below ordinary size of species, 
 whence dwarf ish 1 a., dwar*fishLY 2 adv., 
 dwap'fishNESS n.; small supernatural being 
 in esp. Scandinavian mythology skilled in me- 
 tal-working. (Adj.) undersized (in many plant 
 names) ; puny, stunted. (Vb) stunt in growth, 
 or in intellect &c. ; make look small by con- 
 trast or distance. (com.-Teut. ; OE dweorh, cf. 
 Du. dwerg, G zwerg] 
 
 dwell, v.i. (dwelt), & n. Keep one's attention 
 fixed, write or speak at length, (up)on subject 
 (d. xipon note, syllable, &c, prolong it) ; make 
 one's abode, spend one's time, live, in, at, near, 
 on, &c. (now usu. live in talk) ; (of horse) be 
 slow in raising feet, pause before taking fence ; 
 (n., mech.) slight regular pause for some pur- 
 pose in motion of machine. [OE divellan]ea,d a- 
 stray, delay, be delayed, cf.OHG twellan retard, 
 MDu. dwellen stun ; also Skr. dhur mislead] 
 
 dwe'ller, n. Inhabitant, resident in, on, &c. ; 
 horse that dwells at fence, [-er 1 ] 
 
 dwelling 1 , n. In vbl senses ; also : place of 
 residence, house ; d.-house, used as residence, 
 not as office, warehouse, &c. ; d.-place, - d. [-ing *] 
 
 dwi'ndle, v.i. Become smaller, shrink, waste 
 away; lose importance, decline, degenerate, 
 [obs. dwine, OE dwinan, cf. OX dvina, Du. ver- 
 dwijnen, vanish, + -le(3)] 
 
 dyad (-ad), n. The number two ; group of 
 two, couple; (Chem.) atom, radical, or ele- 
 ment, with combining-power of two atoms of 
 hydrogen. Hence dya'dic a. [f. L f. Gk duas 
 ■ad- (duo two, -ad)] 
 
 dye 1 (dl), n. Colour produced by or as by 
 dyeing, tinge, hue, (also fig., crime, scoundrel, of 
 blackest, deepest, d.) ; matter used for dyeing, 
 colouring-matter in solution ; d.-stujf, -ware, 
 •wood, yielding d.; d.-house, -works, where dye- 
 ing is done. lOE diag] 
 
 dye 2 , v.t. & i. (dyed ; part, dyeing). Colour, 
 stain, tinge ; impregnate (tissue) with colouring- 
 matter (d. in the xvool, in grain, while material 
 is in raw state, giving more permanent result); 
 make (thing) such a colour (d. cloth red, a rose 
 colour, &c); (of material) take colour well, 
 badly, &c. [OE deagian (prec.)] 
 
 dyer, n. One who dyes cloth &c. (dyer's in 
 many names of plants yielding dye, as d.'s bu- 
 gloss, broom, oak), [-er 1 ] 
 
 dying-, n. In vbl senses of die 2 ; esp. (attrib.) 
 connected with, at time of, death (d. bed, de- 
 claration, wish), [-ing 1 ] 
 
 dyke. See dike. 
 
 dyna'mie, a. & n. Of motive force (cf . static) ; 
 of force in actual operation (cf. potential) ; ac- 
 tive, potent, energetic; of dynamics; (Med.) 
 functional (cf. organic); (Philos.) accounting 
 for matter or mind as being merely the action 
 of forces, so dynamisM(3), dynamist 1 
 [-IST(2)] (& see dynamics), nn. ; (n.) energizing 
 or motive force, [f. F dynamique f. Gk dunami- 
 kos (dunamis power, -ic)] 
 
 dyna'mieal, a. Of dynamics; of force or 
 mechanical power actively operative ; (Theol., 
 of inspiration) endowing with divine power, 
 not impelling mechanically ; of dvnamism (see 
 prec). Hence dyna*miealLv2adv. [-al] 
 
 dyna*mies, n. pi. used as sing. Branch of 
 physics treating of the action of force (now in- 
 
 cluding statics, which deals with equilibrium 
 under action of force, & kinetics formerly called 
 d., which deals with force as producing or af- 
 fecting motion), whence dynamist 2 [-ist(3)] 
 (& see dynamic) n. ; branch (of any science) in 
 which forces are considered ; moving forces, 
 physical or moral, in any sphere, [-ics] 
 
 dynamite, n., & v.t. High explosive of 
 nitro-glycerine mixed with inert absorbent; 
 (vb) shatter with d. [Gk dunamis force, -ite] 
 
 dynamiter, -ard, nn. User of explosive 
 esp. for revolutionary purposes. So dynamr- 
 tica,, dynamitiSM(l), dynamitiST(l), nn. 
 [prec, -er 1 ; -ard after F communard (-ard)] 
 
 dynamo-, comb, form of Gk dunamis power, 
 as in d.-electric=oi current (formerly dynamic) 
 electricity, also = converting mechanical into 
 electric energy. 
 
 dynamo, n. (pi. -os). Machine converting 
 mechanical into electric energy by rotating coils 
 of copper wire in magnetic field, [short for 
 d.-electric machine, see prec] 
 
 dynamo'meter, n. Kinds of instrument 
 measuring energy expended by animal, engine, 
 or mechanical force ; gauge for telescope's 
 magnifying-power. [dynamo-, -meter] 
 
 dy'nast, n. Ruler, member of a dynasty, 
 [f. LL f. Gk dunastes (dunamai be able)] 
 
 dynasty, n. Line of hereditary rulers. So 
 dyna'stic a., dyna'stiCALLY adv. [f. F dy- 
 nastie f. LL f. Gk dunasteia lordship (prec)] 
 
 dyne, n. (physics). Unit of force (the amount 
 that.acting for one second on one-gramme mass, 
 gives it velocity of one centimetre per second). 
 [F, f. st. of Gk dunamis force] 
 
 dys-, pref. = Gk dus- bad-, opp. eu- good-, 
 chiefly in medical or other scientific words taken 
 f. Gk or made with Gk elements. 
 
 dysentery, n. Disease with inflamed mu- 
 cous membrane & intestinal glands, griping 
 pains, & mucous & bloody evacuations. So 
 dysente'ric a. [f. OF dissenterie f. L f. Gk 
 dusenteria (dys-, entera bowels)] 
 
 dyslogi'stie (-j-), a. Disapproving, oppro- 
 brious, (of sense in which term is used). Hence 
 dyslogi'stiCALLY adv. [dys- + (eu)logistic)] 
 
 dyspepsia, -sy, n. Indigestion, [f. L f. Gk 
 dyspepsia (duspeptos see foil.)] 
 
 dyspeptic, a. & n. (Person) subject to or 
 suffering from dyspepsia ; of or for dyspepsia ; 
 depressed, gloomy, (as) with dyspepsia, [f. Gk 
 duspeptos hard to digest (dys-, pesso cook, 
 digest) + -ic] 
 
 E 
 
 E, e, (e), letter (pi. Es, E's). (Mus.) note, & cor- 
 resp. scale ; second-class ship in Lloyd's register. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : east, as E.N.E., E. by N., 
 (north), E.S.E., E. by S., (south), E., E.C. 
 (central), London postal districts ; E.R. (et I.), 
 Edvardus Rex (et Imperator), Edward King 
 (& Emperor); English, as E.C.U. (Church 
 Union) ; E. (& O.) E., errors (& omissions) ex- 
 cepted ; e.g., exempli gratia, for example. 
 
 Abbreviations (2): Ebor., Abp of York; 
 Eccl(es)., Ecclesiastes ; Ecclus, Ecclesias- 
 ticus ; Eph.(esians) ; Esth.(er) ; ete.(etera) ; 
 exe.(ept) ; Exod.(us) ; Exon., Bp of Exeter ; 
 exor, exrx, executor, -trix ; Ezek.(iel). 
 
 e-, pref. Shortened form of ex-(1). 
 
 each, a. & pron. (Of two or more) every (one) 
 taken separately, as e. man has two votes, e. of 
 us has two votes, we have two votes e., they cost 
 a penny e., e. is worse than the one before ; they 
 hate e. other, e. hates the other ; sides of two 
 triangles are equal e. to e. (a side of one to the 
 
EAGER 
 
 259 
 
 EAST 
 
 corresponding side of the other). [OE has (1) xlc 
 (cf. OHG eogilih,G jeglich) perh. i.*aiwon galiko 
 ever alike, (2) gehwilc (cf. OHG gihwelih, & see 
 y- & which), (3) xghwilc (cf. OHG eogihwelih, 
 & see aye)] 
 
 ea'gep, a. Full of keen desire ; strongly de- 
 sirous (to do, for, after, about, &c); (of passions 
 &c.) keen, impatient ; (archaic) e. (cold) air. 
 Hence ea'g-ePLY 2 adv., ea'g-ePNESS n. [f. OF 
 aigre keen, f. L acrem (norn. acer)] 
 
 ea'gle, n. Large bird of prey, with keen vision 
 & powerful flight ; figure of this, esp. as ensign 
 of Roman or French arrny,or as lectern inchurch; 
 (U.S.) double-e., coin worth twenty dollars ; e.- 
 e yed, keen-sighted; e. -o wl, largest European owl. 
 [f. OF aiglc f. L aquila] 
 
 ea*g*let, n. Young eagle, [f. F aiglettc (as 
 prec, see -et 1 )] 
 
 eagre (a'ge?*, e-), n. Large tidal wave, esp. 
 in the Humber, Trent, and Severn. [?] 
 
 -ean, suf. of adjj. & nn.(also -aean,-cian), with 
 sense 'of, belonging to, like'; = -an w. end of 
 stem, usu. Gk -ai(os), h-ae(us), or Gk -ei(os), L 
 -ei{us) ; -aean chiefly in unfamiliar wds as As- 
 craean, Achaean ; -eian (apart from Gk & L as 
 Pompeian Sec.) is used w. E names in -cy, -y, as 
 Bodleian, Rugbeian ; -ean is pron. with e (Taci- 
 tean, empyrean), exc. in familiar adjj. as Pro'- 
 tean, Hercu'lean, (-Ian), but &.%)ygmean ; some 
 have -ean incorrectly for -ian {antipodean), & 
 some vary betw. the two (Aristotelean, -ian). 
 
 ear J , n. Organ of hearing, esp. external part 
 of this ; faculty of discriminating sound, as an 
 e. for music ; ear-shaped thing, esp. handle of 
 pitcher; bring (storm, hornet's nest, &c.) about 
 one's ee.; prick up one's ee., assume expectant 
 attitude ; I would, give my ee., make any sacri- 
 fice {for a. thing, to do); over head and ee., deeply 
 immersed in (lit. & fig.): set (persons), be, by the ee. 
 (at variance) ; a word in your e. (in private) ; be 
 all ee. (deeply attentive) ; it goes in at one e. & 
 out at the other, it leaves no impression ; give e., 
 listen to ; have a person's e. (favourable atten- 
 tion) ; were your ee. burning last night ? (we 
 were talking about you) ; sent him away with 
 a flea in his e., told him some home truths &c; 
 e.-ache, pain in drum of e. ; e.-mark, (n.) mark 
 on e. of sheep &c. as sign of ownership, (fig.) 
 mark of ownership, (v.t.) mark (sheep &c.) with 
 this, (fig.) assign (fund &c.)to definite purpose; 
 e.-ring (worn in lobe of ear for ornament) ; e.- 
 shot, hearing-distance, as within, o ut of, e.-shot ; 
 e. -trumpet, tube used by persons partly deaf ; 
 e.-wax, viscid secretion in e. Hence (-)eaPED 2 , 
 eap # LESS,aa. [com.-Teut.: OEeare.Go^?-; cogn. 
 w. L auris, Gk ous] 
 
 ear 2 , n. Spike, head, of corn, containing its 
 flowers or seeds. [OE ear (cf . G dhre, Du. aar), 
 cogn. w. L acus -eris husk] 
 
 eap'ing", n. (naut.). Small rope (one of several) 
 fastening upper corner of sail to yard, [ear 1 + 
 -ing 1 ; ov—ear-ring\ 
 
 earl (erl), n. (fern, countess). Nobleman rank- 
 ing between marquis & viscount (cf. count 3 ) ; 
 E. Marshal, officer presiding over Herald's 
 College &c. Hence eap'lDOM n. [OE eorl, cf. 
 OX earl, jarl] 
 
 eap*ly(er-),a. &adv. Absolutely or relatively 
 near to the beginning of a portion of time, as an 
 e. visit, e. risers, rise e.,keep e. hours (rise & go 
 to bed e.), e. peaches (maturing e. in the year), 
 E. English style.^x an e. date (not long hence), 
 at your earliest convenience, (as soon as j x ou 
 conveniently can), the e.part (beginning) of the 
 century. Hence eap'liNESS n. [(adj. f. adv.) 
 OE drlice (ar posit, degree of xr ere, -ly 2 )] 
 
 earn (ern), v.t. (Of person, action, conduct. 
 &c.) obtain as reward of labour or merit. [OE 
 
 (ge-)earnian f. OTeut. aznojan (aznd field- 
 labour, cf. G ernte harvest)] 
 
 earnest 1 (ern-), a. & n. Serious, zealous, 
 not trifling; ardent (desire &c); in e., seri- 
 ously), not jesting(ly). Hence eap'nestLY- 
 adv., eap # nestNESS n. [OE eorncste a. f. eor- 
 nust n. (cf. G ernst) perh. f. root ers seen in obs. 
 erre anger] 
 
 eap'nest 2 (ern-), n. Money paid as instal- 
 ment, esp. to confirm contract &c. [prob. conn, 
 w. erles, arles(-penny) f. L *arrhula dim of 
 arrha] 
 
 eap-ning-, n. In vbl senses, esp. (pi.) money 
 earned, [-ing l ] 
 
 earth* (er-), n. (pi. only as below). The 
 ground, as it fell to e. ; (w. pi.) hole of badger, 
 fox, &c. ; the dry land ; land & sea opp. the 
 (material) heaven ; this world opp. heaven or 
 hell (why &c. on e. ? why ever?) ; (w. pi.) soil, 
 mould ; (Chem., w. pi.) any of certain metallic 
 oxides, uninflammable, & having little taste or 
 smell ; (Electr., w. pi.) communication with e. 
 as completion of circuit; e.-born, of mortal 
 race, (Myth.) emerging from e. at birth ; e.- (sub- 
 stitute for water i-) closet; e.-light, -shine, par- 
 tial illumination of dark part of moon bv 
 light from e.; e.-nut, pig-nut & other plants"; 
 earthwork, bank of e. used in fortification ; 
 earthworm, worm living in ground, (fig.) gro- 
 velling person. Hence eap'thwARD(s) adv. 
 [com.-Teut. : OE eorthe, Du. aarde, G erde] 
 
 earth 2 , v.t. & i. Cover (roots of plants) with 
 heaped-up earth ; drive (fox) to earth ; (intr., of 
 fox) run to earth, [f. prec] 
 
 eap'then, a. Made of earth ; made of baked 
 clay, [-en 5] 
 
 earthenware, n. (often attrib.). Vessels 
 &c. made of baked clay ; baked clay, [ware] 
 
 eap'thly, a. Of the earth, terrestrial ; (col- 
 loq.) no e. use, no use at all. Hence eap'tnli- 
 ness n. [-LY 1 ] 
 
 earthquake, n. Volcanic convulsion of 
 earth's surface ; (fig.) social or other disturbance. 
 
 eap'thy, a. Like, of, earth or soil; (fig.) grossly 
 material. Hence eap'thiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 eap'wig 1 , n., & v.t. (-gg-). Insect once held 
 to get into the head through the ear ; (v.t.) influ- 
 ence (person) by secret communications, [(vb f. 
 n.) OE earwicga, (eare ear 1 + wicga earwig)] 
 
 ease 1 (ez), n. Freedom from pain or trouble ; 
 freedom from constraint, as at one's e. ; (Mil.) 
 stand at e. (in informal attitude, with right foot 
 drawn back & taking most of body's weight) ; 
 relief from pain ; chapel of e. ; facility, esp. 
 with e. Hence ea'seLESS a. [f. OF aise (cf. It. 
 agio etym. dub.] 
 
 ease L \ v.t. & i. Relieve from pain &c. ; give 
 mental ease to (person, oneself, one's mind) ; 
 (facet.) rob (person o/his purse &c.) ; relax, ad- 
 just, (what is too tight) ; (Xaut.) slacken (rope, 
 sail, away, down, off), e. her, reduce speed of en- 
 gine ; (intr. ) e. off, become less burdensome, [f. 
 prec. ; F had aaisier = It. AD(agiare, see prec.)] 
 
 ea'seful, a. Comfortable, soothing ; at rest ; 
 slothful. Hence ea*sefulLY 2 adv., ea'seful- 
 ness n. [-FUL] 
 
 ea'sel (-zl), n. Wooden frame to support pic- 
 ture, blackboard, &c. [f. Du. e^eZ^GcseZass] 
 
 ea'semeat, n. (Law) right of way or similar 
 right over another's ground ; supplementary 
 building, shed, &c. ; (archaic) relief from pain 
 or burden, [f. OF aisement (as ease 2 , -ment)] 
 
 east, adv.-, n. , a. (To wards, at, near) the point 
 of the horizon where the sun rises (90° to right 
 of North) ; to the e. (of), in an eastward direc- 
 tion (from) ; e. (wind), wind blowing from the 
 e. ; eastern part of the world, orient ; far E., 
 China, Japan, &c; near E., Turkey ; E. indies; 
 
EASTER 
 
 260 
 
 ECLECTIC 
 
 E. End, eastern part of London. Hence ea'st- 
 WARDa. &n., ea'stWARD(s) ad v. [OE(l) eastern 
 (cf. Du. oost, G osten) t OTeut. austono from the 
 east {aus- seen in L aurora dawn), (2) east perh. 
 shortened f. *easter eastwards] 
 
 Ea'step, n. Festival of Christ's resurrection, 
 corresponding to Passover, & observed on 1st 
 Sunday (E.-day, -Sunday) after calendar full 
 moon on or after March 21 ; (also E.-week) week 
 commencing with E.-day; E.-eggs (painted & 
 presented to friends at E.); E.-eve, day before 
 E.-day. [OE iastre perh. f. Eostre, dawn- 
 goddess (aus-, see prec.)] 
 
 ea'steply, a. &adv. In an eastern position or 
 direction ; (coming) from the east, as e. wind. 
 [f. obs. easter (perh. compar. of east) + -ly *] 
 
 ea'stern, a. & n. Of, dwelling in, the east 
 part of the world ; E. Church (Greek) ; E. ques- 
 tion, political problem relating to E. Europe, 
 esp. Turkey; lying towards the east; (n.) in- 
 habitant of the East, member of E. Church. 
 Hence ea'stern.MOST a. [OE easterne (see 
 
 EAST & -ERN)] 
 
 ea'sting-, n. (naut). Course gained to the 
 eastward; easterly direction, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 ea'sy (-zi), a., adv., n. Free from pain, discom- 
 fort, annoyance, anxiety, &c; e. circumstances, 
 affluence ; freefromembarrassment or stiffness, 
 as e. manners, free & e. (not stiff, not strict) ; 
 not difficult (to do, or abs.) ; easily persuaded, 
 compliant; (Commerc, of commodity) not 
 much in demand, (of market) not showing 
 eager demand, (cf. tight) ; (adv.) in an e. man- 
 ner, as take it e., proceed comfortably ; (as com- 
 mand) e. /, move gently, e. all !, stop (prop, row- 
 ing), whence ane., a short rest ; e.-chair, one de- 
 signed for comfort, usu. with arms ; e.-going, (of 
 horse) having an e. gait, (of person) fond of com- 
 fort, indolent. Hence ea'siLY 2 adv., ea'si- 
 ness n. [f. OF aisle p.p. of aisier ease 2 J 
 
 eat, v.t. & i. (past ate, eat, pron. et ; p.p. eaten, 
 pron. etn). Masticate & swallow (solid food) ; 
 swallow (soup) ; e. one's words, retract them in 
 humiliating manner ; e. one's terms, be study- 
 ing for the bar; e. humble pie ; e. (person) out 
 of house & home, ruin him by eating (lit. & fig.) 
 all he has; horse &c. eats its head off, costs 
 more to feed than it is worth ; (intr. as pass.) the 
 cakes e. crisp ; destroy, consume, as e. one's 
 heart out, suffer silently; e. away, destroy 
 gradually (lit. & fig.); e. up, consume com- 
 pletely, waste, (lit. & fig.), absorb, as eaten up 
 with pride. Hence ea'tABLE a. & n. (usu. pi.). 
 [com.-Teut. : OE etan, Du. eten, G essen] 
 
 ea'tingr, n. In vbl senses; e.-house, restau- 
 rant. [-ING 1 ] 
 
 eau (6), n. E.-de-Cologne, perfume made at 
 Cologne ; e.-de-Luce, an antidote to snake-bites ; 
 e. -de-vie, brandy. [F, = water] 
 
 eaves, n. (now pi.). Overhanging edge of roof 
 or thatch ; eavesdrop, stand under this to listen 
 to secrets ; eavesdropper, one who does this 
 (usu. fig.). [OE efes (cf. dial. G obsen), prob. f. 
 same root as over ; -s being now taken as pi. 
 eave is sometimes used for sing.] 
 
 ebb, n. Reflux of tide, as e. & flow, e.-tide ; 
 decline, decay, as at a low e. ; (v.i.) flow back, 
 recede, decline, decay. [OE (ebbian vb f.) ebba 
 (cf. Du. eb, ebbe), etym. dub.] 
 
 e'bon, a. (poet.). Made of, black as, ebony. 
 [f. L f. Gk ebenos, perh. of oriental orig.] 
 
 e'bonite, n. = vulcanite, [f. foil. + -ite 1 ] 
 
 e'bony, n. & a. Kinds of hard black wood ; 
 (adj.) made of, black as, this. sHence e'bon- 
 ize(3) v.t. [ME hebenyf f. L hebeninus (perh. 
 misread -ivus) f. Gk ebeninos ebon] 
 
 ebprety, n. Drunkenness, [f. F ebriete f. L 
 ebrietatem (as foil., see -ty)J 
 
 e'bpious, a. Drunk ; given to, suggestive of, 
 drunkenness, [f. L ebrius + -ous] 
 
 ebu'llient, a. Boiling; exuberant. So ebu'l- 
 Hence, -ency, nn. [f. L K(bullire -it- boil), -ent] 
 
 ebulli'tion, n. Boiling ; effervescence ; (fig.) 
 sudden outburst (of passion, war, &c). [f. L 
 ebullitio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 ecapte^ (akarta), n. Card-game for two per- 
 sons. [F (ecarter discard)] 
 
 Ecce Ho'mo (e - ksi), n. Picture of Christ 
 wearing crown of thorns. [L, = behold the man 
 (John xix. 5)] 
 
 eeee'ntpie (iks-), a. & n. Not concentric (to 
 another circle) ; not placed, not having its axis 
 &c. placed, centrally ; (of orbit) not circular ; 
 (of heavenly body) moving in an e. orbit ; ir- 
 regular ; odd, whimsical ; (n., Mech.) e. contriv- 
 ance for changing rotatory into backward-&- 
 forward motion, esp. for slide-valve of steam- 
 engine ; e. strap, rod, parts of this. Hence ee- 
 ce'ntPiCALLY adv., eeeentpi'eiTY n. [f. LL 
 eccentricus f. Gk ekkentros (ek out of + kentron 
 centre), see -ic] 
 
 eccle'sia (-z-), n.(Gk Ant.). Regular assembly 
 (esp. of Athenian citizens). [med.L, f. Gk ek- 
 klesia (ekkaleo call out) ; in later Gk- church] 
 
 eccle'siast, n. Member of Athenian eccle- 
 sia ; ' the Preacher ', Solomon, regarded as au- 
 thor of Eccles.). [f. Gk ekklesiastes (as prec.)] 
 
 ecclesia'stic, n. & a. Clergyman ; (adj. . now 
 rare) = foil. [f. Gk ekklesiastikos (as prec.)] 
 
 ecclesia'stical, a. Of the church or the 
 clergy; E. Commission(ers),body administering 
 part of Church of England revenues. Hence 
 or cogn. eeclesia'stiealLY 2 adv., ecelesi- 
 a'stieiSM n. [-al] 
 
 eeclesio'logy, n. Science of churches, esp. 
 of church building & decoration. Hence ee- 
 elesiolo*gric(AL) aa., ecclesio'logiST n. [f. 
 ECCLESIA + -o- + -logy] 
 
 e'edysis, n. Casting off (esp. of slough in 
 serpents &c. ; also fig.) ; slough, [f. Gk ekdusis 
 (ckduo put off)] 
 
 echelon (e'shelon, or as F), n., & v.t. Forma- 
 tion of troops in parallel divisions, each with 
 its front clear of that in advance ; in e. (or F en 
 L), so drawn up ; (v.t.) draw up thus, [(vb f. n.) 
 f. F Echelon (echelle ladder f. L scala, see -oon)| 
 
 echi'dna (ek-), n. Australian toothless bur- 
 rowing animal like hedgehog, [f. Gk ekhidna 
 viper] 
 
 e'ehinite (ek-), n. Fossil echinoderm or sea- 
 urchin, [f. ECHINUS + -ITE 1 ] 
 
 echinoderm (iki*-, e'ki-), n. Class of animals 
 including sea-urchins, [as foil. + derm] 
 
 echi'nus (-k-), n. Sea-urchin, animal inhabit- 
 ing spheroidal prickly shell, [f. L f. Gk ekhinos 
 hedgehog, sea-urchin] 
 
 echo 1 (e'ko), n. Repetition of sound by re- 
 flexion of sound-waves ; E. , cause of this person- 
 ified ; close imitation; obsequiousimitator or ad- 
 herent ; artifice by which last syllables of one 
 verse are taken up by next. Hence e'eho- 
 less a. [f. L f. Gk ekho, conn. w. ekhe sound] 
 
 e'eho 2 , v.i. & t. (Of places) resound with an 
 echo; (of sounds) be repeated, resound ; (trans.) 
 repeat (sound) by echo ; repeat (another's 
 words), imitate the words or opinions of (per- 
 son), [f. prec] 
 
 e'ehoism, n. = onomatopoeia, [-ism] 
 
 eclaircissement (F), n. Clearing up, ex- 
 planation, (of conduct &c), as come to an e. 
 
 eelat(eklah'),n. Conspicuous success, general 
 applause, as with great e. ; social distinction. [F] 
 
 eele'etie, a. & n. (Ancient philosopher) se- 
 lecting such doctrines as pleased him in every 
 school ; (person) borrowing freely from various 
 sources, not exclusive in opinion, taste, &c). 
 
ECLIPSE 
 
 261 
 
 EDIFICE 
 
 Hence eele'etiCALLY adv., eele'ctieiSM(3) n. 
 [f. Gk eklektikos (eklego pick out, see -ic)] 
 
 eoli'pse l , n. Interception of the light of a 
 luminous body (sun, moon, &c), by intervention 
 of another body between it & the eye or be- 
 tween, the luminous body and what it illumin- 
 ates ; annular, partial, total, e. ; depriva- 
 tion of light ; loss of brilliance or splendour ; 
 periodical obscuration of light-house light. 
 [OF, f. L f. Gk ekleipsis vbl n. f. ekleipo fail to 
 appear, be eclipsed (leipo leave)] 
 
 eeli'pse 2 , v.t. (Of a heavenly body) obscure 
 another by passing between it & spectator or 
 between it and the source of its light ; intercept 
 (light, esp. of light-house) ; (fig.) deprive of lus- 
 tre, outshine, surpass, [f. prec] 
 
 ecli'ptic, a. & n. Of eclipse ; (n.) sun's appar- 
 ent orbit, [f. Lf. Gk ekleiptikos (eclipse 1 , -ic)] 
 
 eclogue (-6g), n. Short poem, esp. pastoral 
 dialogue, such as Virgil's Bucolies. [f. L f. Gk 
 ekloge selection (eklego pick out)] 
 
 econd'mic, a. & n. Of economics ; main- 
 tained for profit; connected with industrial 
 arts ; (n. pi.) practical science of the production 
 & distribution of wealth, (also) condition of a 
 country as to material prosperity, [f. L f. Gk 
 oikonomikos (see economy & -ic)] 
 
 econo'mical, a. Saving, thrifty ; relating to 
 economics or to political economy, [-al] 
 
 economically, adv. Thriftily ; from an 
 economic point of view, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 eco'nomist, n. Manager (of money &c.) ; 
 thrifty person ; writer on economics or political 
 economy, [as economy + -ist] 
 
 economize, v.t. & i. Use sparingly ; turn 
 to the best account ; (intr.) practise economy, 
 cut down expenses. Hence eeonomizA # TiON 
 n. [as foil. + -ize] 
 
 eco'nomy, n. Administration of concerns & 
 resources of a community ; Political E., theory 
 of production & distribution of wealth ; frugal- 
 ity ; (w. pi.) instance of this ; (Theol.) judicious 
 handlingof doctrine, whence (with play on sense 
 frugality) e. of truth ; organization ; organized 
 body, society, &c. [f. L f. Gk oikonomia f. 
 oikonomos steward (oikos house + -nomos I. 
 nemo manage)] 
 
 ecru* (-00, or as F icru), n. Colour of un- 
 bleached linen. [F,= unbleached] 
 
 ecstasize, v.t. & i. Throw, go, into ecstasies, 
 [f. foil. + -ize] 
 
 ecstasy, n. Exalted state of feeling, rap- 
 ture, (esp. of delight) ; (Med.) morbid state of 
 nerves in which mind is occupied solely by one 
 idea ; trance ; poetic frenzy, [f. OF extasie f. 
 med.Lf. Gk ekstasis vbl n. f. existemi put (per- 
 son) out of (his senses)] 
 
 ecsta'tic, a. Of, subject to, producing, ecsta- 
 sies (esp. of joy). Hence eesta'tiCALLY adv. 
 [f. Gk ekstatikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 eeto- in comb. =Gk ektos outside, as -plasm, 
 outer layer of protoplasm, -zoon, external 
 parasite. 
 
 ecumenical. See oecumenical. 
 
 e'ezema, n. Inflammation of the skin, of 
 several kinds, [f. Gk ekzema (ek out + zeo boil, 
 see -m)] 
 
 -ed !, suf. forming p.p. of weak vbs (also -rf, 
 -t, as in sold, bought); -ed (now reduced in sound 
 to -d or -t except in -ded, -ted, in some bibl. 
 wds, as blessed, & in learned) was in OE -ed, 
 -ad, -od, ace. to vb class, -d alone being the par- 
 ticipial element, f. OTeut. -do- f. Aryan -to- (cf. 
 Gk vbl adj. -tos, L p.p. -tus) ; -t is used in vbs 
 that shorten in p.p. a long vowel of stem, as 
 crept, dreamt (dreamed if pronounced with e), 
 and in some ending in -d after I, n, r, as gilt, 
 sent, girt. (2) p. pp. in -erf (and -en) are used 
 
 (rarely f. intr., commonly from trans, vbs) as 
 adjj., meaning when intr. 'that has done so-&- 
 so' (vanished hand, fallen idol, escaped con- 
 vict) ; a special use, w. resultant force, is seen 
 in outspoken, well-read ; sometimes it is doubt- 
 ful whether adjj. in -ed are trans, (or intr.) p.p. 
 or belong to foil. : decayed may be that has 
 been decayed, that has decayed, or that is af- 
 fected with decay ; reference to -ED l (2) is made 
 only for the rare intr. p.p. adjj. 
 
 -ed 2 (as prec), suf., distinct f. prec in OE 
 (-erfe), though perh. a form of the p.p. suf. in 
 OTeut. (cf. caudatus tailed in L), appended to 
 nn. to form adjj. meaning possessed of, affected 
 with, &c, as talented, tvooded, diseased; esp. 
 used to make adj. out of adj. & n., usu. stressed 
 (apart from demands of context) in attrib. use 
 on first component (a qui'ek-witted lad, me'tal- 
 cornered chest), in pred. use on second (he seems 
 quick-wi'tted enough) exc where this is more or 
 less otiose (ru'by, coffee, &c, -coloured, attrib. 
 & pred.) ; sometimes = ' having the ways of ' in- 
 stead of simply ' having \ aj? bigoted, crabbed, 
 dogged ; sometimes indisting. f. prec (2). 
 
 eda'cious, a. Of eating ; greedy. So edl'- 
 cit y n. [f. L edax -acis (edere eat, see -acious)] 
 
 E'dda, n. (Older, Poetic, E.) collection of 
 ancient Icelandic poems ; (Younger, Prose, E.) 
 miscellaneous handbook (c 1230) to Icelandic 
 poetry, [perh. f. a name in an ON poem] 
 
 eddy, n., & v.t. & i. Small whirlpool ; wind, 
 fog, smoke, moving like this ; (v.t. & i.) whirl 
 round in ee. [?] 
 
 edelweiss (a'dlvis), n. Alpine plant with 
 white flower, growing in rocky places, [f. G 
 edel noble + xoeiss white] 
 
 E'den (e), n. Abode of Adam & Eve at their 
 creation ; delightful abode ; state of supreme 
 happiness, [f. Heb. *erfe?i orig. - delight] 
 
 ede'ntate, a. & n. (Animal) without incisor 
 & canine teeth ; toothless (animal), [f. LE(rfe?i- 
 tatus f. dens -ntis tooth, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 edge J , n. Sharpened side of blade of cutting 
 instrument or weapon ; sharpness of this, as 
 the knife has no e. ; (fig.) eff ectiYenessJo i lan- 
 guage &c), as this took the e. offTiis argument ; 
 set (person's) teeth on e., cause unpleasant ting- 
 ling in them (usu. fig.) ; e. -shaped thing, esp. 
 crest of a ridge; (fig.) critical position or mo- 
 ment ; meeting-line of two surfaces of a solid ; 
 (Skating) do the inside, outside, e., skate On the 
 inner, outer, e. of skates; boundary -line of sur- 
 face ; brink (of precipice) ; e.-bone, see aitch- 
 bone; e.-tool, cutting-tool (in fig. sense also 
 edged tool). Hence edgeLESs a. [OE ecg (cf. 
 Du. egge edge, corner, G ecke, eck, corner) f. 
 root ak- whence L acies, Gk akis, point] 
 
 edge 2 , v.t. & i. Sharpen (tool &c, also fig.) ; 
 e. on, = egg 2 on ; furnish with border, form bor- 
 der to ; insinuate (thing, oneself) into, in, out, 
 off, &c; (intr.) advance obliquely, [f. prec] 
 
 edgeways, -wise, adv. With edge upper- 
 most or foremost; (fig.) get a word in e. (in 
 talkative person's silent interval) ; (of two 
 things) edge to edge, [-ways, -wise] 
 
 edging", n. In vbl senses, esp. border, 
 fringe ; e.-shears (for trimming edges of lawn). 
 
 [-INGl] 
 
 edgy, a. Sharp-edged ; (of painting) of too 
 sharp outline. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 edible, a. &n. (Thing) fit to be eaten. Hence 
 ediBi'LiTY n. [f. LL edibilis (edere eat, see -ble)J 
 
 edict, n. Order proclaimed by authority. 
 Hence edi'ctAL a. [f. L edictum i. ^(dicere 
 diet- say) proclaim] 
 
 edifice, n. Building (esp. large one ; also 
 fig.), [f. F edifice f. L aedificium (aedis temple 
 + -jicium f . fdcere make)] 
 
EDIFY 
 
 262 
 
 EFFLUVIUM 
 
 edify, v.t. Benefit spiritually; improve 
 morally (often iron.). So ediFiCA-TiON n. [f. 
 F tdifier f. L aedifieare (as prec, see -fy)] 
 edit, v.t. Prepare an edition of (another's 
 work) ; set in order for publication (material 
 chiefly provided by others) ; garble, cook, (dis- 
 patches &c. in newspaper) ; act as editor of 
 (paper &c). [(1) f. L E(dere dit- = dare give) 
 put out ; (2) back-formation f. editor] 
 edi'tion, n. Form in which a literary work 
 is published (library, cabinet, popular, e.); 
 whole number of copies of book, newspaper, 
 &c, issued from same types & at same time, 
 [f. F edition f. L editionem (as edit, see -ion)] 
 edition de luxe (F), n. Handsome edition. 
 Gdi'tio pri'nceps, n. First printed edition 
 of a book. [L] 
 
 editor, n. One who prepares the work of 
 others for publication ; one who conducts a 
 newspaper or periodical. Hence e'ditopsmp, 
 e'ditPESs *, nn. [L (as edit, see -or 2 )] 
 editop'ial, a. & n. Of an editor ; (n.) news- 
 paper article written by or under responsibility 
 of the editor. Hence editoP'ialLY 2 adv. [-1 al] 
 e'ducate, v.t. Bring up (young persons) ; 
 give intellectual & moral training to ; provide 
 schooling for ; train (person, oneself, a faculty, 
 to do) ; train (animals). Hence edueani'LiTV, 
 e'ducatOR 2 , nn., e'dueABLE, edueativE, 
 aa. [f. hedncarc conn. w. educe, see -ate 3 ] 
 educa'tion, n. Bringing up (of the young) ; 
 systematic instruction ; course of this, as 
 classical, commercial, art, e. ; development of 
 character or mental powers; training (of ani- 
 mals). Hence educa'tion al a., eduea*- 
 tion(al)iST(3) nn., educational ly 2 adv. 
 [f. L educatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 edu'ce, v.t. Bring out, develop, from latent 
 or potential existence ; (Chem.) disengage (sub- 
 stance) from a compound ; infer (number, prin- 
 ciple, from data). Hence edu'eiBLE a. [f. L 
 Eiducere duct- lead)] 
 
 e'duet, n. (Chem.) body disengaged from 
 another in which it previously existed ; in- 
 ference, [as prec] 
 edu'ction, n. Educing ; (in steam-engine) 
 e.-pipe, -valve, &c, exhaust J -pipe &c [f. L 
 eductio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 edu'leopate, v.t. Free from acrid proper- 
 ties or from soluble particles, purify. Hence 
 edulcoPATiON n. [f. L E(dulcorarc f. dulcor 
 sweetness f. didcis), see -ate 3 ] 
 -ee, suf. forming nn. expr. the person affected 
 by the vbl action, corresp. to agent nn. in -or, 
 prop, in legal terms {lessee, vendee) on anal, of 
 A.Y(apelour, apcU, summoner, summoned), but 
 extended to the indirect obj. ; now also in non- 
 techn. wds, & without corresp. -or, as employ- 
 ee, payee ; & without consciousness of its mean- 
 ing, as bargee, absentee ; a few wds are adop- 
 tions f. mod. F -^, -ie, as debauchee, refugee. In 
 committee (orig. a person), accent has changed 
 with meaning. {Epopee is not an instance ; in 
 coatee, -ee perh. =-y 3 ; in settee, goatee, -ee is un- 
 explained). [AF -i of p.n. f. L -atus] 
 eel, n. A snake-like fish ; (fig.) slippery crea- 
 ture ; (pop.) minute animal found in vinegar & 
 in sour paste ; c-buck 4 ; e.-spear (for transfix- 
 ing ee.). Hence ee'lv 2 a. [com.-Teut. : OF xl, 
 Du. & G aal] 
 e'en. See even 1 ' 3 . 
 
 -eep, suf. expr. person concerned with, f. L 
 -iarius or -arius -ary 1 ; F -ier is retained in 
 the less familiar wds (muleteer but bombar- 
 dier) ; -eer is freely used for new nn. , as auction- 
 eer, mountaineer, often contempt., as sonnet- 
 eer. Vbs are also formed (electioneer) by back- 
 formation on auctioneering &c. 
 
 e'ep. See ever. 
 
 eer'ie, -y, a, Superstitiously timid; strange, 
 weird. Hence eep'iLY 2 adv., eeP'iNESS n. [ME 
 eri, etym. dub.] 
 ef-, pref. = ex-(1) before/. 
 effa'ee, v.t. Rub out ; (fig.) obliterate, wipe 
 out ; utterly surpass, eclipse ; treat, regard, one- 
 self as unimportant. Hence effa'eeABLE a., 
 effa'eeMENT n. [f. F effacer f. L ex out +facies 
 face] 
 
 effect 1 , n. Result, consequence; efficacy, 
 as of no e. ; combination of colour or form in 
 picture &c, as a pretty e. ; (pi.) property, as 
 personal ee., no ee. (written by banker on dis- 
 honoured cheque) ; give e. to, take e., make, be- 
 come, operative ; impression produced on spec- 
 tator, hearer, &c, as calculated for e.; bring 
 to, carry into, e., accomplish ; in e., for practi- 
 cal purposes. Hence effeetLESS n. [OF, f. L 
 effectus -us f. EF(ficere feet- =facere make)] 
 effe'et 2 , v.t. Bring about, accomplish ; 
 e. (take out) a policy (of insurance), [f. prec] 
 effective, a. & n. Having an effect ; e. 
 range (of weapon), range within which it is c; 
 powerful in effect ; st riking ; (of soldiers or 
 sailors) fit for service ; actual, existing ; (n.) e. 
 soldier, e. part of army. Hence effeetiveLY 2 
 adv., effe'etiveNESS n. [F (-if, -ive), f. L 
 effectivus (as effect 1 , see -ive)] 
 effectual, a. Answering its purpose ; valid. 
 Hence effe*etualLY 2 adv., effeetualNESs n. 
 [f. OF (-el) f. LL effectualis (effect *, -al)] 
 effectuate, v.t. Bring to pass, accomplish. 
 Hence effeetUATiON n. [f. F effectuer (as 
 effect 1 ), on anal, of actuate] 
 effeminate (-at), a. Womanish, unmanly ; 
 voluptuous. Hence effeminACY n., effe'mi- 
 nateuY 2 adv. [f. L EF(fcminare f. femina 
 woman), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 effendi, n. Turkish title of respect applied 
 to government officials & members of learned 
 professions, [f. Turk, efendi lord, corrupt, of 
 Gk atdhentes (see authentic)] 
 e'fferent, a. (physiol.). Conveying outwards, 
 discharging, [f. L EF(ferre carry), see -ent] 
 effervesce (-es), v.i. Give off bubbles of gas, 
 bubble, (often fig. of persons) ; (of gas) issue in 
 bubbles. Hence effepve'scENCE, -ency, nn., 
 effepve'seENT a. [f. L ef (fervescere incept. 
 otfervere be hot)] 
 
 effete, a. Exhausted, worn out ; feeble, 
 incapable. Hence effeteNESS n. [f. L EFfetus 
 worn out by breeding (fetus)] 
 efnea'cious, a. (Of thing) producing, sureto 
 produce, desired effect. Hence or cogn. effi- 
 ea'eiousLY 2 adv., effiea'eiousNESs, e*fn- 
 cacy, nn. [f. L eMcax (as foil., -acious)] 
 efficient, a. Productive of effect ; (of per- 
 sons) competent, capable ; e. cause, that which 
 makes a thing what it is. Hence or cogn. 
 effi'eiENCY n., efll'eientLY " adv. [F, f. L, as 
 effect 1 , see -ent] 
 
 effigy, n. Portrait, image ; hang, burn, (per- 
 son) in e., hang, burn, his image, [f. F effigie f. 
 L effigies (EFfingere fashion)] 
 effloresce (-es), v.i. Bui'st out into flower 
 (lit. & fig.); (Chem., of crystalline substance) 
 turn to fine powder on exposure to air, (of salts) 
 come to the surface & there crystallize, (of 
 ground or wall) become covered with saline 
 particles. So efflopeseENCE n., efflope's- 
 cent a. [f. L ef -(fiorescere flourish)] 
 effluence, n. Flowing out (of light, electri- 
 city, &c, or fig.) ; what flows out. [foil., -ence] 
 e'ffluent, a. & n. Flowingforth ; (n.) stream 
 flowing from larger stream, lake, sewage tank, 
 &c [f. L EF(Jiuere flux- flow), see -ent] 
 efflu*vium (-oo), n. (pi. -ia). Exhalation 
 
EFFLUX 
 
 263 
 
 ELABORATE 
 
 affecting lungs or sense of smell ; (supposed) 
 stream of minute particles emitted by magnet 
 &c [LL, as prec. ] 
 
 e'fflux, n. Flowing out (of liquid, air, gas ; 
 also fig.); that which flows out. Hence ef- 
 Hu'xion n. [f. L effiuxus -us (as prec.)] 
 
 effort, n. Strenuous exertion ; (of oratory 
 &c.) display of power. [F, f. efforcer f. med.L 
 EXifprtiare f. foriis strong)] 
 
 effortless, a. Making no effort, passive ; 
 without effort, easy, [-less] 
 
 effro'ntery (-unt-), n. Shameless audacity, 
 [f. F effronterie f. effronti, f. L 'ex( fronted us f. 
 frons -ntis forehead) shameless] 
 
 effu'lgent, a. Radiant. Hence eftirlgEXCE 
 n., effu'lgentLY - adv. [f. L ef( fulgere shine), 
 see -ent] 
 
 effu'se * (-s), a. (Bot., of inflorescence) spread- 
 ing loosely; (Conch.) with lips separated by 
 groove, [as foil.] 
 
 effu'se- (-'/,), v.t. Pour forth (liquid, air, light, 
 smell ; also fig.), [f. L ef( fundere fus- pour)] 
 
 effu'sion (-zhn), n. Pouring forth (lit. & fig.) ; 
 unrestrained utterance (often contempt., of 
 literary work), [f. L effusio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 effu'sive (-s-), a. (Of speech or emotions) ex- 
 uberant, demonstrative. Hence effu'sive- 
 ly 2 adv., effu'sivexESS n. las effuse 2 , see 
 -ive] 
 
 eft, n. Xewt. [OE efeta etym. dub.] 
 
 eftsoo'n(s), adv. (archaic). Soon afterwards. 
 [OE eftsona (see aft & soox) ; -s = -es] 
 
 ega'd, int. By God. [prob. orig. a ah + God] 
 
 egg *» n. Spheroidal body produced by female 
 of birds &c. esp. of domestic fowl, containing 
 germ of a new individual ; addle, wixd \ e. ; 
 (fig.) in thee., in an early stage ; bad e., person, 
 scheme, that comes to no good ; as sure as ee. is 
 ee., undoubtedly ; teach your grandmother to 
 suck ee., offer advice to persons more experi- 
 enced than yourself ; have all your ee. in one 
 basket, risk all on a single venture ; e. <£• anchor, 
 dart, tongue, (Arch.) kinds of moulding; e.-&- 
 spoon race (in which runners carry e. in spoon) ; 
 
 e. cleavage, process of cleavage in fertilized c- 
 shell ; e.-cup (for holding e. boiled in shell) ; c- 
 dance, dance blindfold among ee. , (fig.) intricate 
 task; e.-Jlip, -nog, hot beer, cider, wine, &c, 
 with ee. stirred in; e.-shell, shell of e., fragile 
 thing ; e. -slice, utensil for taking omelette from 
 pan ; e. -spoon, small spoon for eating boiled ee. ; 
 e.-tooth, protuberance on bill-sheath of embryo 
 bird for cracking shell; e.-ichisk, utensil for 
 beating ee. [com.-Teut. : OE seg, Du. & G ei] 
 
 Ggg% v.t. Urge (person) on {to an act, to 
 do), [f. ON" eggja = edge v.] 
 eglantine, n. Sweet-briar, [f. F eglantine 
 
 f. OF aiglent prob. f. L acus needle see -lent] 
 e*go, n. (metaphys.). The conscious thinking 
 
 subject, opp. to the non-ego or object. [L, = I] 
 
 e'goism, n. (Ethics) theory that treats self- 
 interest as foundation of morality ; systematic 
 selfishness; self -opinionatedness; =foll. Hence 
 e'goisT n., egoi'stic(AL) aa., egoi'sticali. \ 2 
 adv. [f. F igoisme (as prec, see -ism)] 
 
 e'gotism, n. Too frequent use of ' I ' & ' me ' ; 
 practice of talking about oneself ; self-conceit ; 
 selfishness. Hence e'gotiST n., egoti'sticUD 
 aa., egoti'stiealLY 2 adv., e'gotizE v.i. [f. 
 ego + -ism ; -t- perh. on F idiotisme &c] 
 
 egre'gious, a. Distinguished, excellent ; 
 notable, as e. folly, blunder, ass. Hence egre*- 
 giousLY 2 adv., egpe'giousxESS n. [f. L 
 E(gregius f. grex gregis flock) lit. towering 
 above the flock] 
 
 e'gpess, n. (Right of) going out ; (Astr.) end 
 of eclipse or transit ; way out (lit. & fig.), [f. L 
 egressus -us f. L E(gredi gress- = gradi step)] 
 
 egression, n. Going out or forth, [f. L 
 egressio (as prec, see -iox)] 
 
 e'gpet (eg- or eg-), n. Lesser White Heron ; 
 feathery down on seeds of dandelion, thistle, 
 &c [var. of aigrette] 
 
 Egyptian, a. & n. (Native) of Egypt ; E. 
 printing-type (thick-stemmed) ; =gipsv. [-lSn] 
 
 Egy pto'logy, n. Study of Egyptian antiqui- 
 ties. So Egypto'LOGiST n. l-o-, -logy] 
 
 eh (a), int. expr. inquiry or surprise, or inviting 
 assent. [ME ey] 
 
 ei'dep (I-), n. An Arctic species of duck ; e. 
 (-down), small soft feathers from breast of this, 
 [ult. f. Icel. xdar] 
 
 ei'dograph (I-), n. Instrument for enlarging 
 or reducing drawings, [f. Gk eidos form + 
 graph 6 write] 
 
 eido'lon (i-), n. (pi. -ons, -a). Spectre, phan- 
 tom. [Gk, see idol] 
 
 eight (at), a. & n. One more than seven (8, 
 viii) ; crew of e. in rowing-boat; the Ee., boat- 
 races at Oxford & Cambridge between such 
 crews. Hence eighTH 2 (atth) a. & n., eigh'th- 
 ly 2 adv. [com.-Teut. (OE ahta. Du. & G acht) 
 & Aryan (L & Gk okto, Skr. ashtdu)] 
 
 eightee'n, a. & n. One more than seventeen 
 (18, xviii) ; eighteenmo, - octodecimo. Hence 
 eightee'nTH 2 a. & n. [OE e(a)htatyne, -tene 
 (as prec, see -teen)] 
 
 eighty (ati), a. & n. Eight times ten (80 r 
 lxxx). Hence eigh'tiETH a. & n. [OE eahta- 
 tig (as eight +jtig decade)] 
 
 eirenicon (n>), n. Proposal tending to make 
 peace. [Gk, neut. adj. (eirene peace, see -ic)] 
 
 eisteddfod (aste'dhvod), n. Congress of 
 Welsh bards. [W, lit. = session f. eistedd sk] 
 
 ei'thep (Idh-,e-),ad j. .pron. ,ad v. (conj. ). Each of 
 two, as ate. end was a lamp, e. view is tenable, 
 e. is tenable ; one or other of two, as put the 
 lamp at e. end, there is no lamp at e. end, e. of 
 you can go ; (adv. or conj.) on one or other sup- 
 position, which way you will, as he is e. drunk 
 or mad, e. come in or go out ; (w. neg. or inter- 
 rog.) any more than the other, as if you do not 
 go, I shall not e. [OE seghxexdher f ,\VG *aiwon 
 always + gihwatharoz each of two (see Y- & 
 
 WHETHER)] 
 
 eja'eulate, v.t. Utter suddenly (words or 
 abs.) ; eject (fluids &c) from the body. Hence 
 ejaeulA'Tiox n., eja'eulatORY a. [f. Le(j«cu 
 lari f. jacidum iavelin) dart] 
 
 eje'et \ v.t. Expel (from place, office, proper- 
 ty) ; dart forth, emit. Hence or cogn. eje'e- 
 tiox, eje'etMEXT, eje'etOR 2 , nn. [f. L ejectare 
 frequent, of *E.(jicere ject- =jacere throw)] 
 
 e'jeet 2 , n. Something inferred, not an actual 
 nor a conceivable object of our owm conscious- 
 ness, [f. L ejecttim neut. p.p. of ejicere (see prec)] 
 
 eje'etive, a. Tending to eject ; pertaining to 
 an eject. Hence eje'etiveLY 2 adv. [-ive] 
 
 eke 1 , v.t. E. out: supplement (defective 
 means &c with); (improp.) contrive to make 
 (livelihood) or support (existence), [dial, form 
 of obs. eche (OE ecan) f. OTeut. aukan cogn. w. 
 L augere increase ; partly also f. obs. n. eke 
 (same root)] 
 
 eke 2 , adv. (archaic). Also. [com.-Teut. : OE 
 eac, Du. ook, G auch] 
 
 -el. See -le(2). 
 
 elaborate a (-at), a. Carefully or minutely 
 worked out; highly finished. Hence ela'bc- 
 pateLY 2 adv.,ela'bopatexESsn. [f. Le(?o bo- 
 rare f. labor work), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 ela'bopate 2 , v.t. Produce by labour ; work 
 out (invention, theory, &c) in detail ; (of natural 
 agencies) produce (substance &c) from its ele- 
 ments or sources. Hence or cogn. elaboPA'- 
 tion n., ela'boratiVE a. [as prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
ELAEO- 
 
 264 
 
 ELECTRON 
 
 elaeo- in comb. = Gk elaion oil, as -meter, 
 instrument for determining purity of oils. 
 
 elan (F), n. Vivacity ; impetuous rush. 
 
 e'land, n. S.- African antelope of heavy build. 
 !Du.. = elk] 
 
 ela'pse, v.i. (Of time) pass away. [f. L E(labi 
 laps- glide)] 
 
 ela'stic, a. & n. Spontaneously resuming its 
 normal bulk or shape after contraction, dilata- 
 tion, or distortion, (of solids, liquids, & gases) ; 
 springy ; (of feelings or persons) buoyant ; flexi- 
 ble, adaptable, as e. conscience ; (n.) e. cord or 
 string, usu. woven with india-rubber. Hence 
 ela'stiCALLY adv., elastieiTY n. [f. Gk ela- 
 stikos impulsive (elauno drive, st. ela-)] 
 
 ela'te, v.t. Inspirit, stimulate ; make proud ; 
 (adj.) in high spirits, exultant, proud. So ela'- 
 tiON n. [f. L EFferre Elat- bring out, raise] 
 
 e'lbow x , n. Outer part of joint between fore 
 & upper arm ; e.-shaped bend or corner ; at one's 
 e., close at hand ; up to the ee., busily engaged 
 m ; out at ee., (of coat) worn-out, (of person) 
 poor ; e.-grease, vigorous polishing, hard work ; 
 e.-room, plenty of room. [com.-Teut. : OE eln- 
 boga, Du. elleboog, G ell(en)bogen, f. OTeut. 
 alino-bogon (see ell & bow j )] 
 
 e'lbow 2 , v.t. & i. Thrust, jostle, (person, 
 oneself, into, in, &c. ; also intr.). [f. prec] 
 
 e'lchee (-tshi), n. Ambassador, [f. Turk. 
 ilchi representative of a tribe (il)] 
 
 eld, n. (archaic, poet., dial.). Old age; the 
 olden time. [OE eldo (aid old)] 
 
 e'ldep 1 , a. & n. (The) senior (of relations, or 
 of two indicated persons), as his e. brother, 
 which is the e. ?; (Cards) e. hand, first player ; (n. 
 pi.) persons of greater age, as respect your ee. ; 
 person advanced in life ; member of a senate ; 
 official in early Christian Church ( = Gkpres6w- 
 teros), & in some Protestant (esp. Presbyterian) 
 churches, whence e'ldepsmp n. [OE elclra 
 (aid old)] 
 
 e'ldep 2 , n. Low white-flowered tree: e.(-berry) 
 wine (made from fruit of this). [OE ellxrn, cf. 
 MLG ellern, alhorn] 
 
 elderly, a. Getting old. [elder 1 + -ly 1 ] 
 
 e'ldest, a. First-born or oldest surviving 
 (member of family, son, daughter, &c). [OE 
 eldest(a) superl. of aid old] 
 
 El Dora'do (-ah-), n. Fictitious country or 
 ,-eitf abounding in gold. [Sp., = the gilded] 
 
 e'ldpiteh, a. (Sc). Weird, hideous. [?] 
 
 elecampa'ne, n. Plant with bitter aromatic 
 leaves & root ; sweetmeat flavoured with this, 
 [corrupt, of med.L enula (L in-) campana; cam- 
 pana may = of Campania, or of the fields] 
 
 ele'et 1 , a. Chosen; select, choice; (Theol.) 
 - chosen by God, as the e. ; chosen to office &c, as 
 hriAe e. [f. L E(ligere led- = legere pick)] 
 
 -ele'et 2 , v.t. Choose (thing, to do) ; choose 
 •(person) by vote, as e. a magistrate, e. him to 
 ihe magistracy, e. him (to be) magistrate; 
 (Theol., of God) choose (persons) in preference 
 to others for salvation, [as prec] 
 
 election, n. Choosing, esp. by vote ; general 
 
 e. (of representatives, esp. members of House 
 of Commons, throughout the country), by-e. 
 (of M.P. to fill vacancy) ; (Theol.) see prec. [OF, 
 
 f. L electionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 electioneer", v.i. Busy oneself in political 
 
 elections, [prec. -f -eer] 
 
 ele'etive, a. (Of official, office, authority) 
 appointed by, filled up by, derived from, elec- 
 tion ; having power to elect ; (Chem.) e. affinity, 
 tendency to combine with some substances 
 rather than others. Hence ele'etiveLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F ilectif, -ive, (as elect 1 , -ive)] 
 
 ele'etop, n. One who has right of election 
 (esp. of M.P.) ; (Hist. ) German Prince entitled to 
 
 share in election of Emperor. Hence ele'ctor- 
 al a., elee'tOPSHip n. [L (as elect 1 , -or 2 )] 
 
 electorate (-at), n. Dignity, dominions, 
 of German Elector*; body of electors, [-ate j ] 
 
 ele'etpess, n. Female elector ; wife of Ger- 
 man Elector, [as prec. + -ess j ] 
 
 electric, a. Of, charged with, capable of 
 developing, electricity; e. charge, accumula- 
 tion of electricity in Leyden jar &c. ; e. eel, one 
 able to give e. shock ; e. light (produced by 
 electricity) ; e. shock, effect of sudden discharge 
 from Leyden jar &c. ; e. blue, steely-blue ; (n.) 
 substance in which e. force can be excited by 
 friction. Hence ele'etriCALLY adv., elec- 
 trrciAN n. [f. L f. Gk elektron amber, see -ic] 
 
 ele'ctpieal, a. Relating to electricity (rare 
 in other senses of prec). [-al] 
 
 eleetpi'city, n. Peculiar condition of the 
 molecules of a body or of the ether surrounding 
 them, developed by friction (frictional e.), 
 chemical action (galvanic e.), heat (thermal e.), 
 or magnetism (magnetic e.); positive or vitre- 
 ous, negative or resinous, e., two kinds now 
 held to differ only in potential; science of 
 this, [-ity] 
 
 electpifiea'tion, n. Electrifying; conver- 
 sion of steam railway into electric, [as foil., 
 see -fication] 
 
 ele'ctPify, v.t. Charge (body with electri- 
 city; subject (person &c.) to electric shock; 
 (fig.) startle, excite, [f. electric + -fv] 
 
 ele'etpize, v.t. =prec. Hence electPizA'- 
 tion n. [as prec. + -ize] 
 
 ele'ctpo, n. & v.t. (colloq.). = ELECTRO-pZaie, 
 type, [abbr.] 
 
 electpo- in comb. Of, pertaining to, caused 
 by, electricity, as: -bath, liquid holding metal 
 in solution for e. -plating; -biology, science of 
 the electrical phenomena of living beings ; 
 -chemistry, electricity as applied to chemistry ; 
 •dynamics, dynami«s of electricity ; -engraving 
 (done by electricity) ; -graph, instrument for 
 registering electrical conditions ; -logy, electri- 
 city ; -lysis, chemicaldecomposition by galvanic 
 action, science of this, (Surg.) breaking up of 
 tumours or calculi by electric agency; -lyte, 
 body decomposed by this ; -lyse, decompose 
 thus ; -magnet, piece of soft iron surrounded 
 by wire coil through which electricityispassed ; 
 -magnetism, production of magnetism by elec- 
 tric current ; -meter, instrument measuring 
 electricity ; -motion, motion of galvanic cur- 
 rent, mechanical motion produced by electri- 
 city; -motor, machine for using electricity as 
 motive power ; -negative, -positive, of negative, 
 positive, electricity ; -pathy, electrical treat- 
 ment of disease ; -phore, -phorus, instrument 
 for generating statical electricity by induction ; 
 -plate, v.t., coat with silver by electrolysis, (n.) 
 ware thus produced ; -scope, instrument indi- 
 cating presence or quality of electricity ; -sta- 
 tics, science of statical electricity ; -tonus, con- 
 dition of motor nerve under galvanic current ; 
 -type, (n.) model, copy, formed by deposition of 
 copper on a mould by galvanic action, (v.t.) 
 copy thus. [f. Gk elektron amber] 
 
 electpoeu'tion, n. Killing by electricity 
 (as capital punishment). Hence ele'etpoeute 
 v.t. [f. prec, suggested by execution] 
 
 ele'etpode, n. Either pole (anode, cathode) 
 of galvanic battery, fas foil. + hodos way] 
 
 electpoliep* (-lef), n. Cluster of electric 
 lamps, [f. electro- on chandelier] 
 
 ele'efepon, -um, n. Alloy of silver & gold 
 in use among the ancients; (Mineral., -um) 
 native argentiferous gold ; (-on, pi. -ons) atom 
 of negative electricity, electric charge of an 
 atom. [f. Gk elektron electrum, amber] 
 
ELECTUARY 
 
 265 
 
 ELOCUTION 
 
 electuary, n. Medicinal powder &c. mixed 
 with honey or syrup, [f. LL elcctuarium perh. 
 corrupt, of Gk ekleikton (ekleikho lick out)] 
 
 eleemo'synary (elie-), a. Of, dependent on, 
 alms ; charitable ; gratuitous, [f. rued.Leteemo- 
 synarius (as alms, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 elegant, a. (Of movements, style, author, 
 manners) graceful; tasteful ; refined ; (of modes 
 of life &c) of refined luxury ; (vulg.) excellent. 
 Hence or cogn. eleg"ANCE n., e'legrantLY 2 
 adv. [f. F Elegant f. L elegantem, cf. elect 1 \ 
 
 elegrac, a. & n. (Of metre) suited to elegies, 
 esp. e. couplet, (usu. Gk or Lat.) dactylic hexa- 
 meter & pentameter ; mournful ;(n. pl.)e. verses, 
 [f. L f. Gk elegeiakos (as elegy, see -AC)] 
 
 e'legize, v.i. & t. Write an elegy (upon); 
 write in mournful strain ; write an »legy upon. 
 
 [-IZE] 
 
 e'legy, n. Song of lamentation, esp. for the 
 dead (often vaguely used of other poems) ; 
 poem in elegiac metre, [f. F ttegie I. L f. Gk 
 elegeia (elcgos mournful poem)] 
 
 e'lement, n. Component part, as reduced 
 to its ee., analysed, the ee. of national wealth, 
 there was an e. of cant, cant was a notable e., 
 in his style; (Chem.) any of the many sub- 
 stances that defy analysis ; the four ee., earth, 
 water, air, fire ; one of these as a being's abode 
 or sphere, as (usu. fig.) in, out of, his e.; atmo- 
 spheric agencies, as war of the ee. ; rudiments 
 of learning (i.e. the A B C) or of an art or 
 science ; Euclid's Ee. (of Geometry). [OF, f. L 
 elementum, etym. dub.] 
 
 elemental, a. Of the four elements ; of the 
 powers of nature, as e. worship ; comparable to 
 these, asc grandeur, tumult; uncompounded ; 
 essential, [prec + -al] 
 
 eleme'ntary, a. Rudimentary, introduc- 
 tory ; (Chem.) not decomposable. Hence ele- 
 mentarily v 2 adv., elementariNESs n. [f. 
 L elementarius (as element, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 elemi, n. A stimulant resin used in oint- 
 ments, varnish, &c [?] 
 
 elenehus (-k-), n. Logical refutation ; 
 Socratic e., mode of eliciting truth by short 
 question & answer. [L, f. Gk elegkhos] 
 
 elenctic, a. Of, given to, refutation or 
 cross-examination, [f. Gk elegktikos (elegkho 
 refute, as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 elephant, n. Huge four-footed pachyderm 
 with proboscis & long curved ivory tusks; 
 white e., burdensome possession (from cost of 
 maintenance); size of paper (28x23 in. ; double 
 e., A0x26h). Hence elepha'ntoro a. [ME oli- 
 faunt f. OF olifant corrupt, f. L elephantum 
 (nom. -tus), -ntem (norn. -phas), f. Gk elephas 
 -antos, etym. dub.] 
 
 elephanti'asis, n. Skin disease causing 
 part affected to resemble elephant's hide. [L f. 
 Gk (as prec, see -asis)] 
 
 elepha'ntine, a, Of elephants; e. epoch 
 (when large pachydermata abounded) ; clumsy, 
 unwieldy, as e. movements, humour, task. [f. 
 L f. Gk elephantinos (as prec, -ine 2 )] 
 
 Eleusi'nian, a. E. mysteries (of Demeter, 
 celebrated at Eleusis in Attica), [f. L f. Gk 
 Eleusinios (Eleusis -inos) + -an)] 
 
 eleu'thero- (ilu-) in comb. = Gk eleutheros 
 free, as -mania, madzealforfreedom, -phyllous, 
 with distinct leaves. 
 
 e'levate, v. t. Lift up ; hold up (the Host) for 
 adoration ; raise (one's eyes, voice, hopes); raise 
 axis of (gun) ; exalt in rank &c ; raise morally 
 or intellectually (aims, style ; esp. in p.p.) ; (p.p., 
 collpq.) slightly drunk. Hence elevatORY a. 
 [f. L K(levare lift f. levis light), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 eleva'tion, n. Elevating, being elevated, (in 
 all senses) ; angle (esp. of gun) with horizon ; 
 
 height above given (esp. sea) level; drawing 
 made in projection on vertical plane, flat draw- 
 ing of front, side, back, of house &c. ; grandeur, 
 dignity, [f. L elevatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 elevator, n. Person, thing, that elevates ; 
 muscle that raises limb &c. ; machine for hoist- 
 ing corn &c ; lift. [L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 ele'ven, a. & n. One more than ten (11, xi) ; 
 an e.,e. persons forming side at cricket &c ; the 
 E. (disciples, without Judas). So elevenTH 2 
 a. & n. [com.-Teut. : OE endleofon, Du. & G elf, 
 f. OTeut. ainlif- (ain one + -lif- etym. dub.)] 
 
 elf, n. (pi. elves). (Teut. Myth.) a supernatural 
 being ; mischievous creature ; dwarf ; little 
 creature ; e.-bolt, flint arrow-head ; e.-lock, tan- 
 gled mass of hair ; e. -struck, bewitched. Hence 
 e'lfiSHi, elv-,aa. [OE xlf, cf.G alp nightmare] 
 
 elfin, a. & n. Of elves, elfish ; (n.) dwarf, child, 
 [f. prec, -in unexpl.] 
 
 eli'cit, v.t. Draw forth (what is latent, usu. 
 fig.) ; educe (truths/ro?*i data), draw out, evoke, 
 (admission, answev, from person), [f. L E(licere 
 licit- for lacere entice)] 
 
 eli'de, v.t. Omit (vowel, syllable) in pronun- 
 ciation, [f. L E(lidere lis- = laedere dash)] 
 
 e'liglble, a. Fit to be chosen (for office &c ) ; 
 desirable, suitable. Hence e'ligiBi'LiTY n., 
 e'ligibLY 2 adv. [f. F Eligible (elect i, -ble)] 
 
 eliminate, v.t. Remove, get rid of; (Phy- 
 siol., Chem.) expel (waste matter from tissues, 
 substance from a compound) ; ignore (part of 
 question &c) ; (Alg.) get rid of (quantities) from 
 equation; (improp.) extract (desired element 
 from compound, also fig.). So eli'minABLE'a., 
 eJiminA'TJON n. [f. L K(liminare f. limen 
 -minis threshold), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 eli'sion, n. Suppression of vowel or syllable 
 in pronouncing, of passage in book &c. [f. L 
 elisio (as elide, see -ion)] 
 
 elite (ele't), n. The choice part, the best, (of). 
 [F, = cboice] 
 
 eli'xir (-er), n. Alchemist's preparation de- 
 signed to change metals into gold or (also e. of 
 life) to prolong life indefinitely; sovereign 
 remedy; paregoric e. [med.L, f. Arab, aliksir 
 the elixir (iksir prob. f. late Gk xerion desic- 
 cative powder)] 
 
 Elizabethan, a. & n. (Person, writer) of 
 the time of Queen Elizabeth, [-an] 
 
 elk, n. Large animal of the deer kind found 
 in N. Europe and (also vwose) N. America ; 
 species of deer & antelope, [etym. dub. ; OE 
 elch ; also alke, influenced by L dices, Gk alke] 
 
 ell, n. Measure of length (English e. — 45 in. ; 
 now obs. as measure); give him aninch(a little) 
 & he'll take ane. (much). [com.-Teut.: OEeln, 
 Du. el, G elle, f. OTeut. alina forearm (cogn. w. 
 Gk 6lene,Liulna), whence med.LaZena, F aune] 
 
 elli'pse \ n. Regular oval ; figure produced 
 when a cone is cut by a plane making smaller 
 angle with the base than the side of the cone 
 makes, whence ellipti'eiTY n.* = foil. Hence 
 or cogn. elli'ptic(AL) aa., elli'ptiealLY 2 adv. 
 [f. Gk elleipsis f. elleipo come short (en in -f 
 leipo leave)] 
 
 elli'psis, -pse 2 , n. (pi. -pses). Omission from 
 sentence of words needed to complete construc- 
 tion or sense, [as prec] 
 
 elli*psoid,n. Solid of which all plane sections 
 through one axis are ellipses & through the 
 other ellipses or circles, [-oid] 
 
 elm, n. Tree with rough doubly-serrated 
 leaves. Hence elmY 2 a. [OE elm (cf. Swed. 
 & Da. aim), = L tdmus] 
 
 elocu'tion (e- or e-), n. Manner, style, art, 
 of oral delivery. Hence elocu'tion ary l a.. 
 eloeu'tiomsT(3) n. [f. L elocutio f. E(loqui 
 locut- speak), see -ion] 
 
 9* 
 
ELOGE 
 
 266 
 
 EMBLEM 
 
 e/oge (F), n. Discourse in honour of deceased 
 person (esp. niember of French Academy, pro- 
 nounced by his successor). [FJ 
 
 Elo'hist, n. Author(s) of the elohistic parts 
 of the Hexateuch, marked by use of Elohim for 
 Yahveh (Jehovah), [f. Heb. elohim God + -ist] 
 
 e'longate (-ngg-), v.t. & i., & a. Lengthen, 
 prolong; (Bot.) be of slender or tapering form; 
 (adj., Bot., Zool.) long, slender, tapering, [f. LL 
 E(longare f. longus long), see -ate 3 > 2 ] 
 
 elongpa'tion, n. Lengthening ; the part (of 
 line &c.) produced ; (Astr.) angular distance of 
 planet from sun. [f. LL elongatio (as prec, see 
 
 -ATION)] 
 
 elo'pe, v.i. (Of woman) run away from hus- 
 band or home (with paramour, lover) ; abscond. 
 Hence elo'peMEXT n. [AF aloper perh. f. ME 
 ~alope p.p. of *aleapen (a- = and- against + 
 leap), cf. G entlaufen run away] 
 e'loquence, n. Fluent, forcible, & apt, use 
 of language ; rhetoric, as Professor of E. So 
 e'loquENT a., e'loquentLV 2 adv. [f. F (e-) 
 f. L eloquentia f. E(loqui speak), see -exce] 
 else, adv. (Following indef. or interrog. pron. ) 
 besides, in addition, as any one, anybody, any- 
 thing, e. , who e. ? who else's ?, wh ose else ?; (same 
 constr.) instead, as what e. could I say ? ; other- 
 wise, if not, as run, (or) e. you loill be late ; else- 
 where, in, to, some other place. [OE elles f. 
 OTeut. aljo- other = L alius, -esJ 
 elu'cidate '.-oo-, -u-), v.t. Throw light on, ex- 
 plain. Hence elueid.VTiox, elireidatOR 2 , 
 hn., elu'eidativE, elu'eidatORV, aa. [f. LL 
 'E(hicidare f. lucidus bright f. lux lucis light)] 
 elu'de (-ood, -ud), v.t. Escape adroitly from 
 (blow, danger, difficulty, person's grasp, person, 
 inquiry, observation) ; avoid compliance with 
 Haw, request) or fulfilment of (obligation); es- 
 cape from, baffle, (the understanding). So elu'- 
 ■siox, elu'sivexEss, nn., elirsiVE, elirsoFtv. 
 aa., elu'siveLY 2 adv. [f. L E(luderelus- play)] 
 e'lvan, n. Hard rock of igneous origin ; broad 
 vein or dyke of this. [perh. f. Corn, elvcn spark] 
 elvish. See elf. 
 
 Ely-slum (-z-), n. (Gk Myth.) abode of the 
 blessed after death; place, state, of ideal happi- 
 ness. Hence ElysiAX a. [f. L f. Gk Elusion 
 (e-) (pedion plain)] 
 
 e'ly tron, n. (pi. -ra). Outer hard wing-case of 
 coleopterous insect ; the vagina, [f. Gk elutron 
 sheath (eluo roll round)] 
 
 E'lzevip (-er), a. & n. (Book) printed by "El- 
 zivier family at Amsterdam, the Hague, &c. 
 em, n. The letter M ; (Typog.) unit for mea- 
 suring amount of printed matter in line, 
 em-, pref. = en- before b, p, and (often) m. 
 ema'ciate (-shi-), v.t. Make lean, waste, (esp. 
 in p.p.); impoverish (soil). SoemaeiA'Tiox(-si-) 
 n. [f. L E(maciare f. macies leanness), see -ate 3 ] 
 e'manate, v.i. Issue, originate, (from source 
 person, &c. ) ; (of gases, light, &c. ) proceed, issue, 
 (from), [f. L E(manare flow), see -ate 3 ] 
 emana'tion, n. Issuing (from) ; thing pro- 
 ceedingirom a source (esp. fig., of virtues, quali- 
 ties, moral powers) ; person, thing, proceeding 
 from the Divine Essence. So e'manatrvE a. 
 [f. L emanatio (as prec, see -atiox)] 
 ema'ncipate, v. t. (Rom. Law) release (child, 
 wife) from power of paterfamilias ; free from 
 legal, social, political, intellectual, or moral re- 
 straint. Hence ema'neipatoR 2 n., ema'n- 
 eipatORv a. [f. L E(mancipare f. manceps pur- 
 chaser f. manus hand + capere take), -ate 3 ] 
 emancipation, n. Setting free, esp. from 
 slavery or from legal disabilities, whence 
 emancipa'tioniST n. ; setting free, freedom, 
 from intellectual or moral fetters, [f. F Eman- 
 cipation f. L emancipationem (prec, -atiox)] 
 
 ema'ncipist, n. Ex-convict who has served 
 his term. [f. emancipate + -ist] 
 ema'seulate 1 (-at), a. Castrated ; effemin- 
 ate, [f. L E(masculare f. masculus dim. of mas 
 male), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 ema'seulate 2 , v.t. Castrate; weaken, make 
 effeminate ; impoverish (language) ; weaken 
 (literary composition) by excisions. Hence 
 emaseulA'Tiox n., ema'sculati ve, ema's- 
 eulatORY, aa. [as prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 embal'm (-ahm), v.t. Preserve (corpse) from 
 decay with spices ; preserve from oblivion ; en- 
 due with balmy fragrance. Hence embal'm- 
 mext (-ahm-m-)n. [f. F EM(bau?ner, as balm)] 
 emba'nk, v.t. Shut in, confine, (river &c) by 
 banks, raised stone structure, &c Hence em- 
 ba'nkMEXT n. [em-] 
 
 embar'go, n., & v.t. Order forbidding ships 
 of a foreign power to enter, or any ships to leave, 
 the country's ports ; suspension of (a branch of) 
 commerce, as be under, lay on, an e. ; impedi- 
 ment; (v.t.) lay (ships, trade) under e.; seize 
 (ship, goods) for State service. [Sp., f. embar- 
 gar f. LL *iMbarricare (barra bar)] 
 embap'k, v.t. & i. Put, go, on board ship, 
 whence embark a 'Tiox n.; engage (in, upon, 
 undertaking, war, &c). [f. F embarquer i. LL 
 iM(barcaref. barca bark 3 )] 
 embarras de richesse (F), n. More than 
 one knows what to do with, 
 emua'prass, v.t. Encumber, impede ; (p.p.} 
 encumbered with debts ; complicate (question 
 &c); perplex. Hence embaTrassingLY 2 
 adv., emba'rrassMEXT n. [f. F einbarrasser 
 f. embarras n. conn. w. em (barrer bar 2 )] 
 e'mbassy, n. Ambassador's function or of- 
 fice ; his residence ; deputation to a sovereign 
 &c. [f. OF ambassee f.L *ambactiata(ambactia, 
 see ambassador, & cf. -ade)] 
 emba'ttle l , v.t. Set (army) in battle array, 
 [f. OF EM(bataillier f. bataille battle)] 
 emba'ttle 2 , v.t. Furnish (building, wall) 
 with battlements, [em- + obs. vb battle f. OF 
 bataillier, see battlemext] 
 embay, v.t. Lay (vessel) within a bay; (of 
 wind) force (vessel) into a bay ; enclose as in a 
 bay, shut in. Hence embay'MENT n. [em-] 
 embe'd, im-, v.t. (-dd-). . Fix firmly in sur- 
 rounding mass (esp. in p.p.) ; (of the mass) sur- 
 round thus, [em-] 
 
 embe'llish, v.t, Beautify, adorn ; heighten 
 (narrative) with fictitious additions. Hence 
 embe'llishMENT n. [f. OF EU(bellir f. bel i. 
 L bellus handsome), see -ish 2 ] 
 e'mber 1 , n. (usu. pi.). Small piece of live 
 coal or wood in dying fire (& fig.). [OE demerge, 
 cf. Da. emmer, Sw. morja ; -b- phonetic] 
 e*mbep 2 ,a. E. days, days of fasting and pray- 
 er, Wed., Fri., & Sat., after 1st Sun. in Lent, 
 Whitsunday, Holy Cross Day (Sep. 11), and St 
 Lucia's day (Dec 13). [OE ymbren n. perh. f. 
 ymbryne period (ymb about + ryne course)] 
 e'mbep 3 , n. (Usu. e. -goose, -diver) an Orkney 
 sea-fowl, the Loon. [f. Korw. emmer] 
 embe'zzle, v.t. Divert (money &c, also abs.) 
 fraudulently to one's own use. Hence embe'z- 
 zleMEXT n. [f. AF E~s(besiler = OF besillier 
 maltreat, ravage, perh. f. L bis- used in LL as 
 pejorative pref.)] 
 
 embi'ttep, v.t. Make bitter (fig.) ; aggravate 
 (evil) ; exasperate (person, feeling). Hence em- 
 bi'ttePMENT n. [em-] 
 
 embla'zon, v.t, Portray conspicuously, as 
 
 on heraldicshield ; adorn (shield) with heraldic 
 
 devices (also fig.) ; celebrate, extol. Hence em- 
 
 bla'zonMEXT n. [em] 
 
 embla'zonpy, n. = blazonry, [em-] 
 
 e'mblem, n., & v.t. Symbol, typical repre- 
 
EMBLEMATIC 
 
 267 
 
 EMOTIONAL 
 
 sentation ; (of person) type (of a quality) ; her- 
 aldic device ; (v.t.) symbolize, show forth by e. 
 [(vb f. n.) f. L f. Gk emblema -matos insertion f. 
 EM(ballo throw)] 
 
 emblema*tic(al) 2 aa. Serving as a type (of). 
 Hence emblema'ticaliv 2 a d v , [prec, -ic] 
 
 emble'matist, n. Maker of emblems or of 
 allegories, [as prec. + -istJ 
 
 emblematize, v.t. Serve as emblem of ; re- 
 present by an emblem, [as prec. + -ize] 
 
 emblement, n. (usu. pi.). Profits of sown 
 land ; natural products of soil. [f. OF emblae- 
 ment f. emblaer f. med.L iMblaclare sow with 
 wheat (bladum), see -ment] 
 
 embo'dy, v.t. Clothe (spirit) with body ; give 
 concrete form to (ideas &c), express tangibly 
 (principles in actions &c.) ; (of things) be an ex- 
 pressionof (ideas &c); form intoa body; include, 
 comprise. Hence embo'diM ent n. [em-] 
 
 embo'g, v.t. (-gg-). Plunge into, hamper in, 
 a bog (lit. & fig.), [em-] 
 
 embolden, v.t. Make bold, encourage (often 
 
 to do). [EM- + BOLD + -EN 6 ] 
 
 embonpoint (F), n. Plumpness (chiefly of 
 women ; usu. euphem.). [F, f. phr. en bon point 
 in good condition] 
 
 embo'som, v.t. Embrace ; (p.p.) enclosed in, 
 surrounded with, (trees, hills, &c). [em-] 
 
 embo'ss, v.t. Carve, mould, in relief ; cause 
 figures &c. to stand out on (surface) ; make pro- 
 tuberant. Hence embo'ssMENT n. [prob. f. 
 OF *EUbocer (see boss *)] 
 
 embouchure (F), n. Mouth of river ; open- 
 ing of valley ; (Mus.) part of musical instrument 
 applied to mouth, mode of applying this. 
 
 embowel.v.t. (-11-). Remove the bowels from 
 (body), [f. OF EXboiveler for esboueler (es- =ex- 
 -j- bouel bowel)] 
 
 embower, v.t. Enclose as in bower, [em-] 
 
 embra'ee, v. t. , & n. Fold (person &c. ; in pi. 
 abs. = e. one another) in the arms, usu. as sign of 
 affection ; clasp, enclose ; accept eagerly (offer, 
 opportunity, &c.) ; adopt (course of action, doc- 
 trine, party, cause) ; (of things) include, com- 
 prise ; (of persons) comprise (thing in a formula, 
 report, &c.) ; take in with eye or mind ; (n.) fold- 
 ing in the arms, (euphem.) sexual intercourse. 
 Hence embra'eeABLE a., embra'eeMENT n. 
 [(n. f. vb) f. OF EM(&racer f. L bracchium arm)] 
 
 embpa'nchment, n. Branching out (of 
 arm of river &c). [em- + branch n. + -ment] 
 
 embra'ngle, im-, v.t. Entangle, confuse. 
 Hence embra'ngleMENT n. [em- + obs. bran- 
 gle perh. suggested by braiol, icrangle] 
 
 embra*sure (-zhe?'), n. Bevelling off of wall 
 at sides of door or window, splaying ; opening 
 in parapet for gun, widening from within. [F 
 (EMbraser splay, mod. F ibraser ; see -ure)] 
 
 e'mbpocate, v.t. Bathe, foment, (limb &c.) 
 to mitigate disease, [f. med.L embrocare f. em- 
 brocha f. Gk embrokhe f. EM(brekho wet)] 
 
 embroea'tion, n. Liquid used for rubbing 
 diseased part. [f. prec, see -ation] 
 
 embroi'dep, v.t. Ornament (cloth &c, or 
 abs.) with needlework; embellish (narrative) 
 with fictitious additions, [em- + broider f. F. 
 broder, orig. = work on the edge (bord); -erperh. 
 f. wrong division of foil.] 
 
 embroi'depy, n. Embroidering ; embroid- 
 ered work ; adventitious ornament, [-ery] 
 
 embpoi'l, v.t. Bring (affairs, narrative, &c.) 
 into state of confusion ; involve (person) in hos- 
 tility (with another). Hence embPOi'lMENT n. 
 [f. F EM(brouille?\ see broil 1 )] 
 
 embpo wn, v.t. Make brown, [em-] 
 
 e'mbpyo, n. &a. (pi. -as). Offspring of animal 
 before birth (or emergence from egg) ; thing in 
 rudimentary stage; in e., undeveloped; (adj.) 
 
 undeveloped. Hence embpyo'nic a. [med.L 
 embryo -onis corrupt, of Gk EM(bruon perh. f. 
 brad swell, grow)] 
 
 embryo- in comb. = prec, as -cio?i?/,destruc- 
 tion of foetus in womb, -genesis, formation of 
 c, -logy, science of the c, -tomy, cutting up of 
 foetus in womb. 
 
 emend, v.t. Remove errors from (text of 
 book &c). Hence emendA'TioN, emenda- 
 tOR 2 , nn., eme'ndatORV a. [f. L E(mendare 
 f.menda fault)] 
 
 emerald, n. Bright-green precious stone ; 
 colour of this ; size of type ; E. Isle, Ireland. 
 Hence e'meraldiNE 1 a. [f. OF emeraude f. 
 com. -Rom. *smaralda f. L f. Gk smaragdos] 
 
 emer'ge, v.i. Come up out of a liquid ; come 
 into view (from enclosed space &c); issue (from 
 state of suffering &c) j (of facts &c.) come out 
 as result of inquiry ; (of question, difficulty, &c) 
 crop up. So emer'gENCE n., emep'gENT a. 
 [f. L E(mergere mers- dip)] 
 
 emergency, n. Sudden juncture demand- 
 ing immediate action, [f. LL emergentia (as 
 prec, see -ency)] 
 
 emeritus, a. Honourably discharged from 
 service, as e. professor (retired). [L, p.p. of 
 E(mereri earn)] 
 
 e-mepods, n. pi. (bibl.). = hemorrhoids. 
 
 emep'sion, n. Emerging ; reappearance of 
 sun, moon, star, after eclipse or occultation. 
 [as emerge, see -ion] 
 
 e'mepy, n. Coarse corundum used for polish- 
 ing metal, stones, &c ; e.-cloth, -paper, -wheel, 
 (covered with e. powder), [f. F imeri(l) f. LL 
 smericidum f. Gk smeris polishing powder] 
 
 eme'tie, a. & n. (Medicine) that causes vo- 
 miting (also fig.), [f. Gk emetikos (emeo vomit, 
 see -etic)] 
 
 emeute (F), n. Popular rising. 
 
 e'migpate, v.i. & t. Leave one country to 
 settle in another ; (colloq.) change one's place of 
 abode ; (trans.) assist (person) to emigrate. So 
 e'mig-PANT a. & n., emigPA'TioN n., e*mi- 
 gratORY a. [f. L E(migrare migrate)] 
 
 emigre (F), n. French emigrant, esp. Royalist 
 who fled at French Revolution. 
 
 eminence, n. Rising ground ; distinguished 
 superiority (social, intellectual, &c); cardinal's 
 title. m [f. L eminentia (as foil., see -ence)] 
 
 e'minent, a. Exalted, distinguished ; e. do- 
 main ; (of qualities) remarkable in degree, 
 whence e'minent ly 2 adv. [f. L E(minere j ut, 
 cf. mmae jprojecting points, threats), -ent] 
 
 emip* (-er), n. Saracen or Arab prince or go- 
 vernor ; descendant of Mohammed. [= ameer] 
 
 e'missapy, n. Person sent on (usu.) an odious 
 or underhand mission, [f. L emissarius (as 
 emit, see -ary *)] 
 
 emi'ssion, n. Giving off or out (of light, heat, 
 smell, &c.) ; thing thus given out ; e. theory 
 (that light is e. of streams of imponderable par- 
 ticles from luminous bodies). So emi'ssiVE a. 
 [f. L emissio (as foil., see -ion)] 
 
 emi't, v.t. (-tt-). Give out, send forth, (stream, 
 light, heat, sound, opinion, paper currency, &c). 
 [f. L E(mittere ?niss- send)] 
 
 e*mmet, n. Ant. [see ant] 
 
 emo'llient, a. & n. (Application) that softens 
 living animal textures (also fig.), [f. L E(mollire 
 f. mollis soft), see -ent] 
 
 emolument, n. Profit from office or em- 
 ployment, salary, [f. L emolumentum, emoli-, f. 
 E(molere grind or moliri work out), -ment] 
 
 emo'tion, n. Agitation of mind, feeling ; ex- 
 cited mental state. Hence emo'tionLESS a. [f. 
 L emotio f. E(movere mot- move), see -ion] 
 
 emo'tional, a. Of the emotions ; liable to 
 emotion, whence emo'tionaliSM(l), emo*- 
 
EMOTIVE 
 
 268 
 
 ENAMEL 
 
 tionalisT(2), emotiona*liTY,nn., emo'tion- 
 
 alL y 2 adv. [prec. + -al] 
 
 emo'tive, a. Of, tending to excite, emotion. 
 Hence emo'tiveLY 2 adv. [f. L emovere, see 
 emotion & -ive] 
 
 empa'nel, im-, v.t. (-11-). Enter on panel, 
 enrol, (jury), [f. AF em( paneller panel)] 
 
 e'mpepor, n. (fern, empress). Sovereign of 
 Roman, Western, or Eastern Empire ; head of 
 Holy Roman Empire ; sovereign (title superior 
 in dignity to king) ; Purple E. , kind of but terfly . 
 Hence e'mperorsHiP n. [f. OF eniperere, -pe- 
 reor, f.himperator, -orem, f. iy\(pe rare =parare 
 prepare, order) command, see -or 2 ] 
 
 emphasis, n. Stress laid on word(s) to indi- 
 cate special significance ; vigour, intensity, of 
 expression, feeling, action, &c. ; importance as- 
 signed to a thing; prominency, sharpness of 
 contour. [L f. Gk, f. -E>i(phaino show)] 
 
 emphasize, v.t. Lay stress upon (word in 
 speaking) ; bring (fact &c.) into special promin- 
 ence, [f. prec. + -ize] 
 
 empha'tic, a. (Of language, tone, gesture) 
 forcibly expressive ; (of words) bearing the 
 stress ; (of person) expressing himself with em- 
 phasis ; (of actions) forcible, significant. Hence 
 empha'tiCALLY adv. [f. Gk emphatikos (as 
 emphasis, see -ic)] 
 
 e'mpire, n. Supreme & wide (political) do- 
 minion ; absolute control (over) ; government in 
 which sovereign is called emperor ; territory of 
 an emperor; (Hist.) the E., (usu.) Holy Roman 
 E.; (U.S.)^. City, New York. [F, f. himperium 
 conn. w. imperare, see emperor] 
 
 empi'Pie, a. & n. Based, acting, on observa- 
 tion & experiment, not on theory, whence em- 
 pi*rieiST(2) n. ; (person) relying solely on experi- 
 ment ; quack. Hence empi'PicAi, a., empi'- 
 piealLY 2 adv., empi'rieiSM n. [f. L f. Gk em- 
 (peirikos f. peira trial, see -ic)] 
 
 emplacement, n. Situation; placing; plat- 
 form for guns. [F (em- + place + -ment)] 
 
 employ*, v.t., & n. Use (thing, one's power, 
 Sec, for, in, on, about, an object) ; use services 
 of (person) ; keep (person) in one's service ; (n.) 
 in the e. of, employed by. Hence employ - 
 able a., employ er 1 n. [(n. f. F emploi) f. F 
 employer f v L iM(plicare fold), cf. imply] 
 
 employe (omploi'a, orasF), n. (fern. -ee). Per- 
 son employed for wages. [F, p.p. as prec] 
 
 employee*, n. = prec. [-ee] 
 
 employment, n. In vbl senses ; esp., one's 
 regular trade or profession, [-ment] 
 
 empoi'son, v.t. Put poison into ; taint ; cor- 
 rupt (fig.); embitter (person's mind against). 
 [f. F em( poisonner poison)] 
 
 emporium, n. Centre of commerce, mart ; 
 (vulg.) shop. [f. L f. Gk emporion f. ~E.y\poros 
 merchant (por- journey)] 
 
 empower,v.t. Authorize, license, (person 
 to do) ; enable, [em-] 
 
 e'mpress, n. Wife of emperor ; woman go- 
 verning an empire or (fig.) having absolute 
 power, [f. OF emperesse fern, of einperere em- 
 peror, see -ess 1 ] 
 
 empressement (F),r\. Display of cordiality. 
 
 empprse(-z), n. (archaic). (Chivalrous) enter- 
 prise. [OF, fern. p.p. as n. of emprendre f. LL 
 *im( pre(he)ndere take)] 
 
 e'mpty 1 , a. & n. Containing nothing ; devoid 
 of (qualities); (colloq.) hungry; (of house) de- 
 void of furniture or inmates ; (of van, ship, &c.) 
 without load ; (of persons, plans, &c) lacking 
 sense ; meaningless ; (n.) e. truck, box, &c. ; e.- 
 handed, bringing no gift, carrying nothing 
 away; e.-headed, witless. Hence e'mptiNESS 
 
 n. IOE xmetig at leisure (xmetta, see -y 2 )] 
 
 e'mpty 2 , v.t. & i. Remove contents of (vessel 
 
 &c. upon Sec.) ; transfer (contents of one thing 
 into Sec. another) ; (of river) discharge itself 
 (into) ; (intr.) become empty, [f. prec] 
 
 empup'ple, v.t. Make purple, redden, [em-] 
 
 empyre'an, a. & n. (Of) the highest heaven, 
 as the sphere of fire or as the abode of God ; (of) 
 the visible heavens. Soempy'peALa. [f. med. 
 L empyreus f. Gk EM(p«ros f. pur fire) + -an] 
 
 e*mu, e'meu (-u), n. Large Australian bird 
 allied to the Cassowary, [perh. f. Port, ema 
 crane, ostrich] 
 
 e'mulate, v.t. Try to equal or excel ; rival ; 
 imitate zealously. So emuLvTiON, e'mulat- 
 or 2 , nn., e'mulatiVE a. [f. L aemulari (as 
 foil.), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 e'mulous, a. Zealously, jealously, imitative 
 (of); desirous (of renown &c); actuated by 
 spirit of rivalry. Hence e'mulousLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L aemulus + -ous] 
 
 emu'lsify, v.t. Convert into an emulsion, 
 [f. L T£.(midgere muls- milk) + -fy] 
 
 emu'lsion, n. Milky liquid got by bruising 
 almonds &c. in water. Hence or cogn. emu'l- 
 sioniZE(3)v.t.,emu*lsiVEa. [as prec, see -ion] 
 
 emu'netopy, a. & n. Of nose-blowing ; (or- 
 gan, duct) conveying waste matter from the 
 body. [f. L ~E(mungere munct-), see -ory] 
 
 en-, pref. (1) en-, em-, f. F en-, em-, f. L IN-, 
 im-, (enamour, embarrass, engage); now used 
 to form E vbs (a) on nouns, with sense ' put (the 
 object) into or on something' (embed, engulf, 
 entrust) or 'put something into or on (the ob- 
 ject) ' (enjewel) ; (b) on nn. or adjj., w. sense 
 'bring into such condition' (englad, enslave); 
 often with suf. -en 6 (embolden, enlighten); (c) 
 on vbs with sense 'in ', 'into ', 'upon ', (enfold) 
 or w. intensive force (encamalize). (2) en-, em-, 
 f. Gk en- (em- before b, m, p, ph ; el-, er-, before I, 
 r), w. sense 'in ' (energy, enthusiasm, emphasis). 
 
 -en 1 , -n, suf. forming p.p. of strong vbs 
 (spoken, sworn) ; often obs. or archaic (gotten, 
 graven) ; in some not recorded (flung) ; also dis- 
 placed by -ed (shaped for shapen) ; or surviving 
 only in adj. sense (drunken, lorn). For adj. 
 sense see -ed ] (2). 
 
 -en 2 , suf. forming dimm., as chicken, maiden. 
 [f. OTeut. -inom] 
 
 -en 3 , suf. forming femm. (now only in vixen). 
 and found in some nouns, as burden, [f. WG 
 -innja f. OTeut. -ini] 
 
 -eh 4 , suf. seen in oxen ; orig. part of stem in 
 weak-decl. nouns, but retained only in pi., & 
 added to other old plurals, as in brethren, child- 
 ren, kine, (earlier -ther, -der, ky). [OE -an] 
 
 -en 5 , -n, suf. forming adjj. f. nn., usu. expr. 
 material ; mostly obs. or archaic (silvern) or 
 only in metaph. senses (golden), the noun being 
 used as adj. ; but wooden, woollen, & a few 
 others, remain, [f. OTeut. -ino-, cf. Gk & L -ino-] 
 
 -en 6 , suf. forming v v.t. & i. from adjj. (deep- 
 en, moisten) on anal, of a few in OE (fasten), & 
 f. nouns as listen (OE), happen (11 th c), height- 
 en, hearten, Sec, (mod.). 
 
 ena'ble, v. t. Authorize, empower, (person to 
 do); supply (person &c) with means to (do), [en-] 
 
 ena'ct, v.t. Ordain, decree, (thing, that), 
 whence ena , etiON,ena , ct.MEXT,iin.,ena , et- 
 ive, ena'etORY, aa. ; enacting clauses (con- 
 taining new provisions) ; play (scene, part, on 
 stage or in life), [en- + act n. & v.] 
 
 ena'mel^n. Glass-like opaque or semi-trans- 
 parent coating of metallic surfaces for orna- 
 ment or as preservative lining (also fig.); any 
 smooth hard coating ; coating of teeth ; paint- 
 ing done on e. ; (poet.) smooth bright surface 
 colouring, verdure, &c [f. foil.] 
 
 ena'mel 2 , v.t. (-11-). Inlay, encrust, (metal 
 &c.) with enamel; portray (figures &c) with 
 
ENAMOUR 
 
 289 
 
 ENDEAR 
 
 enamel ; adorn with varied colours, [f. AF 
 KS(a?nayller f. OF esmal f. med.L smalt am of 
 Teut. orig., cf. OE smaltan smelt)] 
 
 ena'moup, v.t. Inspire with love (of, esp. 
 in p.p.); charm, delight, [f. OF Es(amourcr 
 f. amour love f. L amorem, nom. -or)} 
 
 enapthpo'sis, n. (anat.). Ball-&-socket joint. 
 [Gk, f. EN(arth? % os f. arthron joint), -osis] 
 
 en bloc (F), adv. In a lump, wholesale. 
 
 encae'nia (-se-), n. Dedication festival ; 
 (Oxf.) = commemoration. IL, f. Gk egkainia 
 (EN- + kainos new)] 
 
 enca'ge, in-, v.t. Confine (as) in cage, [en-] 
 
 enca'mp, v.t. & i. (Of troops) settle (t. & i.) 
 in camp ; lodge (t. & i.) in the open in tents. 
 
 [EN-] 
 
 enca'mpment, n. In vol senses; also, place 
 where troops are encamped, [-ment] 
 
 enca'se, in-, v.t. Put into a case ; surround 
 as with a case. Hence enea*sei»iENT n. [en-] 
 
 enca'sh, v.t. Convert (bills &c.) into cash ; 
 receive in form of cash, realize. Hence en- 
 ca'shMENT n. [en-] 
 
 encau'stic, a. & n. (Painting, art of paint- 
 ing) by burning in ; e. brick, tile, (inlaid with 
 coloured clays burnt in), [f. Gk egkaiistikos f. 
 cgkaid (en- + kaio burn)] 
 
 -ence, suf. forming nn. of quality or action f. 
 F -ence or direct f. L -entia f. L pres. part, in 
 -enti- (nom. -ens) ; rarely repr. L -entia f. adjj. 
 in -lentus (corpulence) ; see -ance, -ency. 
 
 enceinte (F), a. & n. (Of women) pregnant ; 
 (n.) enclosure (in fortification). 
 
 eneepha'lie, a. Of the brain, [f. Gk egke- 
 phalon brain (en- + kephale head) + -ic] 
 
 enchai'n, v.t. Chain up, fetter; hold fast 
 (attention, emotions)." Hence enchai'nMENT 
 n. [f. OF EN(chainer chain)] 
 
 eneha'nt (-tsh-), v.t. Bewitch (lit. & fig.); 
 charm, delight. Hence or cogn. eneha'ntER 1 , 
 eneha'ntMENT, encha'ntPESs l , nn., en- 
 cha'ntingLY 2 adv. [f. F enchanter f. L IN- 
 {cantare sing, frequent, of canere cant-)} 
 
 eneir'ele, v.t. Surround, encompass, (with) ; 
 form a circle round, [en-] 
 
 encla'sp, v. t. Hold in clasp or embrace, [en-] 
 
 enela've (or as F), n. Territory surrounded 
 by foreign dominion. [F, f. enclaver f. LL in- 
 (clavare f. clavis key or claims nail)] 
 
 encli'tic, a. & n. (gram.). (Word) so unem- 
 phatic as to be pronounced as part of preceding 
 word, esp. (Gk) throwing its accent back on 
 preceding word. Hence eneli'tic ally adv. [f. 
 L f. Gk egklitikos (en- + klino lean), see -ic] 
 
 enclo'se, in-, v.t. Surround, fence in, (land 
 &c. with, in, walls &c.) ; shut up in receptacle 
 (esp. something besides letter in envelope) ; 
 bound on all sides, contain, (esp. Math.) ; hem in 
 on all sides, [en-] 
 
 enelo'sure (-zher), n. Enclosing (esp. com- 
 mon land, to make it private property, as E. 
 Act) ; enclosing fence &c. ; enclosed place ; pa- 
 per &c. enclosed with letter in envelope. [F 
 (OF ENcZore p.p. -clos, see close v. and -ure] 
 
 enclo'the, v.t. Clothe, [en-] 
 
 enclou'd, v.t. Envelop in cloud, [en-] 
 
 enoo'miast, n. Composer of an encomium ; 
 flatterer. Hence encomia'stic a. [f. Gk eg- 
 komiastes (egkomiazo, as foil., see -ast)] 
 
 enco'mium, n. Formal or high-flown praise. 
 [L, f. Gk egkomion (en- + komos revelry)] 
 
 enco'mpass (-um-), v.t. Surround (esp. with 
 friendly or hostile intention) ; contain. Hence 
 eneo'mpassMENT n. [en- -f compass n.] 
 
 encore (ongkor*. or as F), int., n., & v.t. 
 (Spectator's or auditor's demand for song &c. to 
 be sung &c.) again, once more ; (v.t.) demand 
 repetition of (song &c), summon (performer) 
 
 for this, [(vb f. n.) F, = still, again, (cf. It. an- 
 cora) perh. f. L (in) hanc horam to this hour] 
 
 eneoirntep (-ow-), v.t., & n. Meet hostilely ; 
 fall in with; (n.) meeting in conflict, falling in, 
 (with), [(n. f. OF encontre) f. OF encontrer f. 
 LL TN(contrare f. contra against)] 
 
 eneou'page (-ku-), v.t. Embolden; incite, 
 advise, (person to do) ; promote, cherish, (com- 
 merce, opinion, &c). Hence or cogn. encou'P- 
 ageniENT a., eneou-pag-ing-LY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 E$(co?'agier, as courage)] 
 
 enepi'mson, v.t. Make crimson, [en-] 
 
 enepoa'eh, v.i. Intrude usurpingly (on 
 others' territory, rights, &c, or abs.). Hence 
 eneroa'chMENT n. [f. OF ES(crochier£. croc 
 hook)] 
 
 encpu'st, in-, v.t. & i. Cover with a crust ; 
 overlay (surface) with ornamental crust of pre- 
 cious material ; (intr. ) form into a crust. Hence 
 encpu'stMENT n. [f. F incruster f. L iN(crus- 
 tare, as crust) ; also f. en- + crust] 
 
 encu'mbep, v.t. Hamper (person, move- 
 ment, action, with burden, difficulty, &c.) ; 
 burden (person, estate, ivith debts) ; fill, block, 
 (place with lumber &c, lit. & fig.). Hence en- 
 eirmbePMENT n. [f. F EN(combrer cumber j )] 
 
 eneu'mbranee, n. Burden ; annoyance ; 
 impediment; without e., having no children; 
 claim, mortgage, &c, on property, [f. OF en- 
 combrance (as prec, see -ance)] 
 
 eneu'mbpaneer, n. One who has an en- 
 cumbrance on another's estate, [-er 1 ] 
 
 -eney, suf., mod. E different, of -ence (-y 1 ), 
 usu. denoting quality or state, not action. 
 
 eney'elie(al), aa. & nn. (Pope's letter) for ex- 
 tensive circulation, [f. LL encyclicus, for -ius, 
 f. Gk egkuklios (en- + kuklos circle)] 
 
 encyclop(a)e*dia, n. Book giving infor- 
 mation on all branches of knowledge or of one 
 subject, usu. arranged alphabetically ; esp. the 
 French e. of Diderot, D'Alembert, and others ; 
 general course of instruction. Hence encyclo- 
 pae'dic(AL) aa., encyclopae*diSM(3), en- 
 eyelopae*drsT(3), nn. [LL, f. false Gk cgku- 
 klopaideia for egkuklios paideia all-round edu- 
 cation (as prec. ; paideia f. paideuo educate f. 
 pais x>aidos boy)] 
 
 eney'st, v. t. Enclose in a cyst or bag. Hence 
 encystATioN, encystMENT, nn. [en] 
 
 end 1 , n. Limit, as there is no e. to it; ex- 
 tremity (of line &c); East, West, E. (part of 
 London) ; surface bounding a thing at either 
 extremity, head of cask &c. ; remnant, as candle 
 ee., odds & ee. ; rope's e., short piece bound at 
 ends with thread for flogging ; shoemaker's e., 
 length of thread armed with bristle; conclu- 
 sion (of period, action, state, book, &c.) ; latter 
 part ; destruction ; death ; result ; purpose, as 
 to gain his ee., to what e ? ; object for which a 
 thing exists, final cause ; place on e. (upright) ; 
 turn e. for e., reverse; world without e., for 
 ever ; placed e. to e. (lengthwise, continuously) ; 
 e. on, with its e. fronting one ; no c, much, 
 many, of; be at, come to, an e., be, become, ex- 
 hausted or completed ; in the e., finally, after 
 all ; at one's wits' e., quite perplexed ; put ane. 
 to, stop, abolish ; make an e. of, put a stop to ; 
 at a loose e., unoccupied ; make both ee. meet, 
 live within one's income ; is at the e. of his 
 tether, knows, can do, no more ; e.-iron, mov- 
 able plate changing size of grate in range, [com.- 
 Teut. : OE ende, Du. einde, G ende} 
 
 end 2 , v.t. & i. Bring (action, speech, life, &c.) 
 to an end ; put an end to, destroy ; come to an 
 end ; result in. [OE endian (as prec.)] 
 
 enda'mage, v.t. = damage. [en-J 
 
 enda'nger, v.t. Cause danger to. [en-] 
 
 endear', v.t. Render (person, thing, oneself) 
 
ENDEAVOUR 
 
 270 
 
 ENGINE 
 
 dear (to). Hence endear'ingLY 2 adv., en- 
 dearwiENT n. [en-] 
 
 endea'voup (-de-), v.t. & i., & n. Try (to do) ; 
 strive after ; (n.) attempt (to do, at doing), [(n. 
 f. vb) f. en- + devoir] 
 
 ende'mic, a. & n. Regularly found among 
 (specified) people, in (specified) country; (n.) e. 
 disease. Hence ende'miCALLY adv., ende- 
 mi'eiTY n. [f. Gk en- + demos people + -ic] 
 endep'mie, a. Acting on the skin. Hence 
 endeirmiCALLY adv. [en- + derm + -ic] 
 e'nding, n. In vbl senses, esp. latter part (of 
 word, story, &c). [-ing 1 ] , 
 
 e'ndive, n. Species of chicory, with curled 
 leaves, used as salad. [F, f. L intibus] 
 endless, a. Infinite ; eternal ; incessant ; 
 (Mech.) e. band, cable, chain, (with ends joined 
 for continuous action over wheels &c). Hence 
 e'ndlessLY 2 adv., e'ndlessNESS n. [OE en- 
 deUas, see end l and -less] 
 endo- in comb. = Gk endon within, as: -car'- 
 dium, lining membrane of heart ; -carp, inner 
 layer of pericarp ; -crane, inner surface of skull ; 
 -derm, inner layer of blastoderm ; -gamous, 
 -gamy, (of) marrying within the tribe ; -gen, 
 plant that develops wood in interior of stem ; 
 -genoits, growing from within ; -lymph, fluid in 
 membranous labyrinth of ear ; -mctri'tis, -me- 
 trium, (inflammation of) lining membrane of 
 womb ; -inorph, mineral enclosed in another ; 
 -pa'rasite, internal parasite ; -plasm, _ -sarc, 
 inner soft layer of protoplasm ; -scope, instru- 
 ment for viewing internal parts of body ; -skel- 
 eton, internal framework of vertebrates ; end- 
 o'smose, -osmo'sis, passage of a fluid inwards 
 through a porous septum; -sperm, albumen en- 
 closed with embryo in seeds ; -spore, inner coat 
 of spore, spore formed in a case ; -the'lium, 
 layer of cells lining blood-vessels &c. 
 endop'se, in-, v.t. Write on back of (docu- 
 ment), esp. sign one's name on back of (bill, 
 cheque, &c.) ; write (explanation, comment, on 
 back of document) ; e. over, make over one's 
 rights in (bill &c. to another person, also fig.) ; 
 confirm (statement,opinion). Hence endop'se- 
 ment n. [refash. on L ; ME endosse f. OF en- 
 dosser f. med.L is(dorsare f. dorsum back)] 
 endow", v.t. Bequeath, give, permanent in- 
 come to (person, institution); invest (person) 
 with (privileges &c); furnish (person) with 
 (ability &c. ; esp. in p.p.). Hence endoWMEXT 
 n. [f. en- + F doner f. L dotare (as dower)] 
 endue*, in-, v.t. Put on (clothes &c, also 
 fig.); clothe (person) with ; (usu. pass.) furnish 
 (person with qualities &c). [f. OF encluireL L 
 ix(ducere lead, draw), associated in sense w. 
 induere put on (clothes)] 
 
 end ap'anee, n. Habit, power, of enduring ; 
 enduring, [-ance] 
 
 endure*, v.t. & i. Undergo (pain &c.) ; sub- 
 mit toj bear (to do, esp. w. neg.) ; last. Hence 
 endup'ABLE a., endup'ingLV 2 adv., en- 
 dup'ingNESS n. [f. OF endurer f. L is(durare 
 make hard f. durus)] 
 
 e'ndways, -wise, adv. With the end turn- 
 ed towards the spectator or uppermost or fore- 
 most ; end to end. [-ways, -wise] 
 -ene, suf. forming names of hydrocarbons, 
 as benzene, camphene. 
 ene'ma (or e'-), n. Injection of liquid or gas- 
 eous substance into the rectum. [Gk enema i. 
 ~ES(hiemi send), see -m] 
 
 e'nemy, n. Hostile person ; opponent (of, to, 
 another) ; the E., the Devil ; member of hostile 
 army or nation ; hostile force or ship ; (colloq.) 
 how goes the e. ?, what is the time ? [f. OF enemi 
 t. L ia(imicus = amicus friend)] 
 enepge'tic a. & n. Strenuously active; 
 
 forcible, vigorous ; powerfully operative ; (n. pi.) 
 science of energy. Hence enepge'tic ally 
 adv. [f. Gk energetikos f. Eti(ergeo L ergon 
 work), see -ic] 
 
 enep'gie, a. (rare). =prec. [f. energy + -ic] 
 e'nepgize, v.t. & i. Infuse energy into (per- 
 son, work) ; be in active operation, [-ize] 
 enepgu'men, n. Demoniac ; enthusiast, 
 fanatic, [f. LL f. Gk energoumenos (pass, part., 
 
 See ENERGETIC)] 
 
 e'nepgy, n. Force, vigour, (of speech, action, 
 person, &c.) ; active operation; (pi.) individual 
 powers in exercise, as devote your ee. to this ; 
 (latent) ability ; (Physics) actual, kinetic, motive, 
 e. y a body's power of doing work by virtue of 
 its motion (half product of mass into square 
 of velocity), potential, static, latent, e., body's 
 power of doing work by virtue of stresses re- 
 sulting from its relation to other bodies ; con- 
 servation of e. [f. LL f. Gk energeia f. en- 
 (erges f. ergon work)] 
 
 enep'vate 1 (-at), a. Wanting in (physical, 
 moral, literary, artistic) vigour, [f. ~L%(nervare 
 f. nervus sinew), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 e'nepvate 2 , v.t. Weaken (physically &c. as 
 prec). So enepvATiON n. [as prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 enfa'ee, v.t. Write, print, stamp, (form of 
 words) on bill &c; do this to (bill &c). Hence 
 enfa'ee.MENT n. [en-] 
 
 enfant terrible (F), n. Child who asks awk- 
 ward questions, repeats what he has heard, &c. 
 
 enfee'ble, v.t. Make feeble. Hence en- 
 fee'ble.MENT n. [f. OF EX(feblir as feeble)] 
 
 enfeo'ff (-ef), v.t. Invest (person) with fief ; 
 (fig.) hand over. [f. OF EN/ejfer (fief)] 
 
 enfeo'ffment (-ef-), n. Enfeoffing ; docu- 
 ment effecting this ; fief* [-ment] 
 
 enfe'ttep, v.t. Bind in fetters (lit. & fig.); 
 enslave (person to), [en-] 
 
 enfila'de, n., & v.t. Fire from artillery 
 sweeping line of works or men from end to end ; 
 (v.t.) subject (troops, road, &c.) to e. [(vb f. n.) 
 F, f. EN(j?ter f. fil thread), see -ade] 
 
 enfo'ld, in-, v.t. Wrap up (person &c. in, 
 with) ; clasp, embrace ; shape into folds, [en-] 
 
 enfop'ee, v.t. Urge, press home, (argument, 
 demand) ; impose (action, conduct, upon per- 
 son &c); compel observance of (law &c). 
 Hence or cogn. enfop'eeABLE a., enfop'eed- 
 ly 2 adv., enfop*ee>iENT n. [f. OF enforcer f. 
 LL is(fortiare i.fortis strong)] 
 
 enfpa'me, v.t. Set (picture &c.) in frame; 
 serve as frame to. [en-] 
 
 enfpa'nehlse (-z), v.t. Set free ; invest (town) 
 with municipal rights, esp. that of representa- 
 tion in parliament ; admit (person) to electoral 
 franchise. Hence enfpa'nehiseMENT n. [f. 
 OF ny;(franchir f. franc frank a.), see -ish 2 ] 
 
 enga'ge, v.t. &i. Bind by contract or pro- 
 mise (esp. of marriage, as engaged couple) ; 
 hire (servant) ; bespeak (seats, cab, &c.) ; pledge 
 oneself (to do, that) ; e. for, guarantee, promise ; 
 induce ; attract, charm, (esp. in part.), whence 
 eng-a'g-ingTL y 2 adv.; (Arch.) fasten (pillar) 
 into wall ; interlock (thing with another) ; 
 hold fast (attention) ; employ (usu. pass.) ; em- 
 bark in (politics &c); bring (troops) into con- 
 flict ; enter into conflict with (also xcith). 
 Hence enga'geMENT n. [f7FEN(gragrerf.GAGE)] 
 
 engap'land, v.t. Put a garland upon ; 
 w r reathe (with flowers &c). [en-] 
 
 engender, v.t. Beget (now only fig.) ; (of 
 situation, condition, &c.) bring about, [f. F 
 engendrer f. L iN(generare generate)] 
 
 engine, n., & v.t. Mechanical contrivance 
 consisting of several parts; =steam-c; fire- 
 e. ; machine, instrument, used in war ; instru- 
 ment, means; e.-driver (of steam-e., esp. loco- 
 
ENGINEER 
 
 271 
 
 ENOUGH 
 
 motive) ; e.-lathe (worked by machinery) ; e.- 
 sized paper (sized by machine) ; e. -turning, en- 
 graving of symmetrical patterns on metals by 
 machine ; (v.t.) fit (ship) with steam-ee. [(vb f. 
 n.) f. OF engin f. L ingenium (see ingenious)] 
 
 engineer* 1 ^. One who designs & constructs 
 military work; soldier of division of army 
 called Ee., trained to engineering; (also civil e.) 
 one who designs works of public utility, bridges, 
 canals, gasworks, &c. ; maker of engines ; one 
 who has charge of steam-engine (only in U.S. 
 of locomotive). Hence engineep'smp n. [f. 
 OF engigneor f. LL ingeniatorem (ingeniare, as 
 engine, see -OR 2 )] 
 
 engineer* 2 , v.i. & t. Act as engineer ; con- 
 struct, manage, (bridge, work, &c. ) as engineer ; 
 (colloq.) arrange, contrive, [f. prec] 
 
 enginery, n. Engines ; machinery (often 
 fig.). [-ERV] 
 
 engip'd(le), v v. t. Surround with or as with 
 girdle, [en-] 
 
 E'nglandep, n. Little E., one opposed to 
 imperial policy, [-er 1 ] 
 
 E'nglish i (I-), a. & n. Of England ; the E. 
 (people, soldiers, &c); Englishman, -woman, 
 one who is E. by birth, descent, or naturaliza- 
 tion ; of, written or spoken in, the E. language ; 
 (n.) the E. language (also the king's, queen's, E., 
 as mishandle the king's E.); Old E. (ending 
 about 1150), Middle E. (ending 1500) ; in plain 
 E.,in plain words ; size of type ; Early E. style. 
 [OE englisc, xnglisc f. OTeut. anglisko (angli- 
 angle 3 )] 
 
 e'nglish 2 , v.t. (archaic, affected). Render 
 into English, [f. prec] 
 
 engop'ge, v.t. Devour greedily ; (pass.) 
 be crammed, (Path.) be congested with blood. 
 Hence engop'geMENT n. [f. F EN(gorger 
 
 GORGE)] 
 
 engpa'ft, in-, v.t. Insert (scion of one tree 
 into, upon, another) ; implant (principles &c. 
 in the mind &c); incorporate (thing into 
 another)} add (adventitious thing upon), [en-] 
 
 engparl, v.t. Indent the edge of, give ser- 
 rated appearance to, (esp. Herald.), [f. OF en- 
 gresler perh. f. gresle hail] 
 
 engpai'n, in-, v.t. Cause (dye &c.) to sink 
 deeply into a thing (usu. fig.); (p.p.,cf. ingrain- 
 ed) inveterate, as an engrained rogue, [ex-] 
 
 engpa've, v.t. Inscribe, ornament, (hard 
 surface with incised marks) ; carve (figures &c. 
 upon surface); (fig.) impress deeply (upon 
 memory &c.) ; cut (figures &c.) in lines on metal 
 plates for printing, [en- + grave 2 ] 
 
 engpa'ving, n. In vbl senses, esp. copy of 
 picture &c. from engraved plate, [-ing ] ] 
 
 engpo'ss, v.t. Write (document) in large 
 letters; express in legal form; (Hist.) buy whole 
 stock of (corn &c.) so as to get monopoly; mono- 
 polize (conversation &c.) ; absorb (person, his 
 attention, time,&c). Hence engPO'ssMENTn. 
 [1. f. AF Engrosser (grosse f. med.L grossa 
 large writing) ; 2. f. phr. in gross wholesale] 
 
 engu'lf, in-, v.t. Plunge into, swallow up 
 (as) in, a gulf. Hence engU'lfMENT n. [en-] 
 
 enha'nee, v.t. Heighten, intensify, (quali- 
 ties, powers, &c.) ; exaggerate ; raise (price). 
 Hence enha'nceMEXT n. [f. AF enhauncer 
 prob. corrupt, of OF enhancer f. Uj*in{aitiare 
 f, altus high)] 
 
 enhapmo'nie, a. (mus.). Of, having, inter- 
 vals smaller than semitone (esp. such intervals 
 as that between G sharp & A flat). Hence 
 enhapmo'niCALLY adv. [f. Lf. Gk Enarmoni- 
 kos (harmonia harmony, see -ic)] 
 
 eni'gma, n. Riddle ; puzzling person or 
 thing. Hence or cogn. enigma*tic(AL) aa., 
 enigma* tiealLY 2 adv., eni'gmatizE(3) v.t. 
 
 [f. L f. Gk ainigma -matos f. ainissomai speak 
 allusively (ainos fable)] 
 
 enis*le,in-, v.t. Make into an isle ; place on 
 an isle ; isolate, [en-] 
 
 enja'mbment (-m-m-), n. (pros.). Continua- 
 tion of sentence beyond second line of couplet, 
 [f. F eniambe?nent f. EN(jamber f. jambe leg) K 
 see -ment] 
 
 enjoi'n, v.t. Prescribe, impose, (action, con- 
 duct, on person) ; command (person to do); issue 
 instructions (that), [f. F eujoindre (st. -joign-) 
 f. L ixijungere join)] 
 
 enjoy, v.t. E. oneself, experience pleasure ; 
 take delight in, whence enjoy'ABLE a., en- 
 joyableNESs n., enjoyabLY 2 adv.; have 
 the use of (advantages &c); experience, as e. 
 poor health. Hence enjoyiviENT n. [f. OF 
 EN(joier f. joie joy) give joy to, (refl.) enjoy; 
 or f. OF EN(joir f. L gaudere rejoice)] 
 
 enki'ndle, v.t. Cause (flame, passions, war, 
 &c. ) to blaze up ; in flame with passion, [e n-] 
 
 enla'ce, v.t. Encircle tightly; enfold; en- 
 twine. Hence enla'ceMENT n. [f. F enlacer 
 f. LL m(laciare f. lacius = laqueus noose)] 
 
 enlap'ge, v.t. & i. Increase, extend ; widen, 
 expand, (mind, heart, ideas) ; (archaic) release ; 
 grow larger ; expatiate upon. Hence en- 
 lap'geMENT n. [f. OF EXlarger (large)] 
 
 enligh'ten, v.t. Instruct, inform, (person on 
 subject) ; (poet. ) shed light on (object), give light 
 to (person) ; free (person) from prejudice or su- 
 perstition (esp. in p.p.). Hence enligh'ten- 
 
 MENT n. [EN- -f LIGHT n. + -EN 6 ] 
 
 enli'nk, v. t. Link together, connect closely, 
 (with, to ; lit, & fig.), [en-] 
 
 enli'st, v.t. & i. Engage (t. & i.) for military 
 service ; secure the co-operation or support of 
 (persons, feelings, natural forces, sciences, &c, 
 in enterprise &c). Hence enli'stMENT n. [en-] 
 
 enlrven, v.t. Animate, inspirit, (persons, 
 feelings, trade, &c); brighten (picture, scene). 
 
 [EN- + LIFE -f- -EN 6] 
 
 en masse (F), adv. In amass ; all together. 
 
 enmesh, emm-, imm-, v.t. Entangle in 
 or as in a net. Hence enme'snMENT n. [en-] 
 
 e'nmity,n. Hatred; state of hostility, [f. OF 
 enemistie f. lAuinimicitatem (as enemy, see -ty)] 
 
 e'nnead, n. Set of nine (discourses, books, 
 points), [f. Gkeimeas (ennea nine, see -ad)] 
 
 enno'ble, v.t. Make (person) a noble ; make 
 noble, elevate. Hence enno'bleMENT n. [f. 
 F Ennoblir (noble)] 
 
 ennui (6'nwe, or as F), n. Mental weariness 
 from lack of occupation or interest. Hence 
 en'nuiED 2 (-wed) a. [F, f. L in odio, cf. annoy*] 
 
 enop'mity,n. Monstrous wickedness; crime, 
 [f . F inormite' f . L enormitatem (as foil. , see -ty)] 
 
 enop'mous, a. Huge, very large, as e. beast, 
 difference. Hence enop'mousLY 2 ad v. ,enop*- 
 mousNESS n. [f. L E(normis f . nprma pattern, 
 standard) + -ous] 
 
 enou'gh (-uf ), (poet. ) enow, a. , n. , ad v. Not 
 less than the required number, quantity, degree, 
 as: (adj.) tee have apples e„ e. apples, beer e., 
 e. beer, he made e. noise (to justify supposition 
 &c), e. noise to wakethe dead, for his purpose ; 
 (n.) we have e. of everything except beer, e. of 
 (stop) this folly, e. ! (say no more), e. is as good 
 as a feast, cry ' e.' (acknowledge defeat), I have 
 had e. (am tired) of him, I hade, to do (my work 
 cut out) to catch the tram, you have done more 
 than e., e. and to spare ; (pred. ; adj. or n.)five 
 men are e.,five quarts is not e.\ (oA\.)itis boiled 
 (just) e., he does not advertise e., are you warm 
 e. ?, he does not e. (usu. sufficiently) realize the 
 difficulties, she sings well e. (tolerably), you know 
 well e. (quite well) what I mean ; oddly e. (to 
 justify the term oddly), he had lost his purse ; 
 
ENOUNCE 
 
 272 
 
 ENTHRONIZATION 
 
 sure e. (to satisfy rational doubt), there it was. 
 [OE genog (Du. genoeg, G genug) f. geneah it 
 suffices f. OTeut. ga- pref. + nah f. Aryan nak 
 seen in L nancisci nact- obtain] 
 
 enou'noe (-ow-), v.t. Enunciate; pronounce 
 (words). Hence enou'nce.MEXT n. [f.Ftnon- 
 cer (as enuntiate)] 
 
 en passant (F), adv. By the way ; (Chess) 
 take (pawn that advances two squares at once) 
 e.p. (with your own pawn by which it could 
 have been taken if it had advanced only one). 
 
 enquire, enquiry. See inquire, inquiry. 
 
 enra*ge,v.t. Make furious, [f. OF surager 
 (rage)] 
 
 enra'pture, v.t. Delight intensely, [en-] 
 
 enre'giment, v.t. Form (men) into a regi- 
 ment; discipline, [f. F ex (regime liter f. regi- 
 ment regiment)] 
 
 en regie (F), adv. In due form. 
 
 enpi'eh, v.t. Make rich; add to contents of 
 (collection, museum, book) ; make richer in 
 quality, flavour, &c. Hence enpi'chiiENT n. 
 [f. F EN(richir f. riche rich)] 
 
 enpo'be, v.t. Put a robe upon. Ten-] 
 
 enpd*l,-ll, v.t. (-11-). Write name of (person on 
 list, esp. of army ; incorporate (person) as mem- 
 ber (in society &c); enter (deed &c.) among 
 rollsof court of justice; record, celebrate. Hence 
 enro'lMENT n. [f. OF Etirollerf. rolle roll n.] 
 
 en route (F), adv. On the way (to, for, place 
 &c. or abs.). 
 
 ensa'mple, n. (archaic), ^example, [earlier 
 aiaumple f. OF essample example] 
 
 ensa*nguined, a. Blood-stained, bloody, (lit. 
 & fig. ) [en- 4- L sanguis -inis blood + -ed l ] 
 
 enseo'nee, v.t. Establish (oneself &c. in 
 secret, safe, snug, &c, place), [en-] 
 
 ensemble (F), n. (Also tout e.) thing viewed 
 as a whole; general effect. 
 
 enshpi'ne, v.t. Enclose (relic &c.) in shrine ; 
 serve as shrine for (precious thing ; lit. & fig.). 
 Hence enshri'neMENT n. [en-] 
 
 enshroud, v.t. Cover completely, hide from 
 view, [en-] 
 
 e'nsigrn (-In), n. Badge (of office &c); banner, 
 flag, esp. (Brit, naut.) white, blue, or red, flag 
 with union in corner (white e„ of Royal Navy 
 & Royal Yacht Squadron, blue e., of naval 
 reserve &c, rede., of merchant service) ; stand- 
 ard-bearer (formerly, commissioned officer of 
 lowest grade in infantry, cf. ancient 2 ), whence 
 e'nsigncv n. [f. OF enscigne f. L insignia 
 neut. pi. of iKsignis (signum sign)] 
 
 e*nsilag:e(-ij), n.,& v.t. Preservation of green 
 fodder in silo or pit without drying ; fodder thus 
 preserved; (v.t.) treat (fodder) by e. [(vb f. n.) 
 F (as foil., see -age)] 
 
 ensi'le, v.t. Put (fodder) into a silo. [f. F 
 ensiler f. Sp. Exsilar (silo)] 
 
 ensla've, v.t. Make (person &c.) a slave (lit., 
 or fig. to habit, superstition, &c). Hence en- 
 sla'veMENT n. [en-] 
 
 ensla'vep, n. In vbl senses, esp. woman by 
 whose charms a man is enslaved, [-er ] ] 
 
 ensnare', v.t. Entrap (lit. & fig.), [en-] 
 
 ensou'l, in-, v.t. Infuse a soul into, [en-] 
 
 ensphere*, v.t. Encircle, enclose, [en-] 
 
 ensue*, v.i. Happen afterwards; result (from, 
 on) ; (bibl.) seek after, [f. OF ensuivre f. LL in- 
 (sequere = L sequi follow)] 
 
 ensure' (-shoor), v.t. Make (person, thing) 
 safe (against, from, risks); make certain (thing, 
 that it shall happen) ; secure (thing to, for, per- 
 son &c); (formerly) = insure, [f. AF ES(seurer 
 f. OF seur sure)] 
 
 enswa'the, v.t. Bind, wrap, in bandage (lit. 
 & fig.). Hence enswatheMEXT n. [en-] 
 
 -ent, suf. forming adjj. & nn., repr. L -ent- 
 
 (nom. -ens) of pres. part, in 2nd, 3rd, & 4th conjj. 
 See -ant. For noun meanings (1, 2) see -ant. 
 
 enta'blatupe, n. (archit.) The part of an 
 order above the column, including architrave, 
 frieze, & cornice, [f. It. intavolatura f. is(ta- 
 vola?'e f. tavola table), see -ure] 
 
 enta'blenient, n. Horizontal platform(s) 
 supporting statue, above dado & base. [F, f. 
 EKtabler (table), see -mentJ 
 
 entai'l^n. Settlement of succession of landed 
 estate so that it cannot be bequeathed at plea- 
 sure ; estate so secured ; (fig.) inalienable inher- 
 itance (of qualities, beliefs, &c). [f. foil.] 
 
 entai'l 2 , v.t. Settle (land &c.) as in prec. ; 
 bestow (thing) as inalienable possession (on per- 
 son) ; impose (expense, labour, on person) ; ne- 
 cessitate. Hence entai'lMENTn. [EN-+TAiLa.] 
 
 enta'ng'le, v.t. Catch in snare or among ob- 
 stacles; involve (person &c.) indifficulties; make 
 (thing) tangled or intricate (lit. & fig.). Hence 
 enta'ngle.MENT n. [en-] 
 
 entente cordiale (F), n. Friendly under- 
 standing between two countries, as that estab- 
 lished between England & France in 1905. 
 
 e'ntep, v.i. "c t, 1. (intr.). Go, come, in, (into 
 place, room, &c, or abs.) ; (3rd pers. imperat. as 
 stage direction) come upon stage, as E. Mac- 
 beth ; e. into, engage in (conversation, relations, 
 agreement, inquiry, &c), sympathize with (per- 
 son's feelings &c), form part of (calculations, 
 plans, &c), bind oneself by (recognizances, 
 treaty, contract); e. (up)on, assume possession 
 of (property), begin (process &c), begin to deal 
 with (subject). 2. (trans.). Go, come, into (place 
 &c.) ; penetrate (flesh &c.) ; become member of 
 (army, church, &c.) ; give initial training to 
 (dog), break in (horse); write (name, details, &c, 
 in list, book, &c); record name of (person) as 
 competitor for (contest, race, &c. ; also intr., 
 announce oneself as competitor) ; (of minority 
 in deliberative body, esp. House of Lords) e. a 
 protest, record it in journals or minutes, make 
 it ; admit, procure admission for, (pupil, mem- 
 ber of a society) ; e. up, complete series of en- 
 tries in (account books &c). Hence e*ntep- 
 ablh a. [f. F entrer f. L intrare (intra within)] 
 
 ente'pie, a. Of the intestines; e. fever, ty- 
 phoid. So en ten 'tis n. [f. Gk enterikos (en- 
 teron intestine, see -ic)J 
 
 entepo- in comb. = Gk enteron intestine, as 
 -lite, stony concretion of stomach &c, -tomy, 
 cutting open intestine. 
 
 enterprise (-'/.), n. Undertaking, esp. bold or 
 difficult one ; courage, readiness, to engage in 
 ee., as he has no e. [f. OF entreprise f. entre- 
 prendre (entre between + prendre take f. ~Lpre- 
 (he)ndere)] 
 
 e'ntepppising 1 , a. Ready to undertake enter- 
 prises. Hence e*ntepppising"LY 2 adv. [part, 
 of archaic vb enterprise (f. prec.)] 
 
 entertai'n, v.t. Maintain (correspondence, 
 discourse) ; amuse, occupy agreeably, (person 
 &c, often iron.), whence entePtai'niNG 2 a., 
 enteptai'ningrLY 2 adv.; receive hospitably 
 (also abs., as they e. a great deal) ; harbour, 
 cherish, (idea, feeling), [f. F entretenir f. LL 
 iXTER(tenere hold)] 
 
 enteptai'nment, n. In vbl senses, esp.: a- 
 musement, as much to mye.; public performance 
 or show, [-ment] 
 
 enthpa*l(l) (-awl), v.t. (-11-). Enslave (usu. 
 fig.); captivate. Hence enthpa'lMENTn. [en-] 
 
 enthro'ne, v.t. Place (king, bishop, &c.) on 
 throne, esp. as formal induction (also fig.). 
 Hence enthPO'neMENT n. [en-] 
 
 enthroniza'tion, n. Enthronement (lit. & 
 fig.), [f. obs. vb enthronize f. OF introniser f. 
 LL (in-) t Gk ES(thronizo as throne, -ize)] 
 
ENTHUSE 
 
 •273 
 
 ENVIRON 
 
 enthu'se (z), v.i. (colloq.). Show enthusiasm, 
 gush, [back-formation on foil.] 
 
 enthu'siasm (-zl-), n. Ardent zeaM/or, 
 about, an object, cause, &c). [f. LL f. Gk en- 
 thousiasmos f. enthousiazo f. enthousia f. en- 
 (theos god) possessed by a god] 
 
 enthu*siast,n. One who is full of enthusiasm 
 ( for cause &c. ), whence enthusiastic a. , en- 
 thusia'stiCALLvadv. ; visionary, self-deluded 
 person, [f. Gk enthousiastes (as prec.)] 
 
 e'nthymeme, n. (logic). Syllogism in which 
 one premiss is suppressed, [f. L f. Gk enthume- 
 ina f. ENthioneomai consider (thumos mind)] 
 
 entree, v.t. Allure (person 8cc. front place, 
 course of conduct, &c, into another ; to do). So 
 enti'ee.MENT n. [f. OF KStid&r prob. lit. set 
 on fire (L titio firebrand)] 
 
 entire*, a. & n. A V hole, complete ; not broken 
 or decayed ; not castrated ; unreserved, unquali- 
 fied, as e. affection ; mere, as an e. delusion ; all 
 of one piece, continuous ; pure, unmixed; (n.) 
 drink like porter, as Smith's e. Hence en- 
 tire'NESS n. [f. OF entier f. L integrum, 
 n om. -ger, f. tag- root of t anger e touch)] 
 
 entirely, adv. Wholly ; solely, [ly 2 ] 
 
 entirety (-irti), n. Completeness, esp., in its 
 e.; sum total {of) ; (Law) possession by ee. (un- 
 divided), [f. OF entiereU f. L integritatcm (as 
 
 ENTIRE, See-TY)] 
 
 enti'tle, v. t. Give (book &c. ) the title of (A dam 
 Bede &c.) ; give (person) the title of (sultan &c); 
 (of circumstances, qualities, &c.) give (person 
 &c.) a claim (to a thing, to do), [f. OF entiteler 
 f. LL m(titulare, as title)] 
 
 e'ntity, n. A thing's existence, as opp. to its 
 qualities or relations ; thing that has real exis- 
 tence. So e'ntitATiVE a. [f. LL entitas (ens LL 
 part, of esse be, suggested by absens ; see -ty)] 
 
 ento-in comb. -Gk entos within, as -pa'rasite, 
 -"o'on, internal parasite, -phyte, plant growing 
 inside a plant or animal. 
 
 ento'mb (-bom), v.t. Place in tomb (lit. & fig.); 
 serve as tomb for. Hence ento'mbMENT 
 (oom-m-) n. [f. OF Eatoumber (as tomb)] 
 
 ento'mie, a. Of insects, [as foil. + -ic] 
 
 entomo- in comb. Insect, as : -lite, fossil in- 
 sect, -phagous, insect-eating, -philous (Bot.),fer- 
 tilized by means of insects, -tomy, insect ana- 
 tomy, [f. Gk EN(tomos f. temno cut) cut up, in 
 neut. pi. = insects] 
 
 entomo'logy, n. Study of insects. Hence 
 entomolo'glcAL a., entomo'logisrn., en- 
 tomo'logizE v.i. [f. F ENTO.MO(?o#ze -logy)] 
 
 entourage (F), n. Surroundings ; attendant 
 persons. 
 
 en-tout-cas (F), n. Umbrella-sunshade. 
 
 entr'acte (F), n. (Performance in) interval 
 between acts of play. 
 
 e'ntrails, n. pi. Bowels, intestines ; (fig.) (in- 
 ner parts (of the earth &c). [f. OF entraille f. 
 LL intralia (neut. pi. taken in F as fern, sing.) 
 f. inter among] 
 
 entrai'n, v.t, & i. Put, get, (esp. of troops) 
 into a train, [en] 
 
 entra'mmel, v.t. Entangle, hamper, [en-] 
 
 e'ntranee l , n. Coming or going in ; coming 
 of actor upon stage ; entering into, upon, (office 
 &c.) ; right of admission ; (in full e.fee) fee paid 
 on admission to club, school, &c; door, passage, 
 &c, one enters by. [OF (as enter, -ance)] 
 
 entra'nee 2 , v. t. Throw into a trance ; over- 
 whelm (loith joy, fear) ; carry away as in trance 
 (from, to). Hence entra'neeMENT n. [en-] 
 
 e'ntrant, n. One who enters room, profes- 
 sion, &c, or for (race &c). [F, part, as enter] 
 
 entra'p, v.t. (-pp-). Catch in or as in trap ; 
 beguile (person to destruction &c, into doing). 
 [f. OF EU(traper trap)] 
 
 entrea't, v.t. (Alsoe. of) ask (person) earnest- 
 ly (to do, that), whence entrea*ting-LY 2 adv. ; 
 (bibl.) evil e., treat ill. [f. OF EN(traiter treat)] 
 
 entrea'ty, n. Earnest request, [prec-f-v 4 ] 
 
 entrechat (F), n. Striking together of the 
 heels several times during leap from ground, 
 in dancing. 
 
 entree (6"ntra, or as F), n. Right, privilege, 
 of admission ; made dish served between fish& 
 joint. [F,= entry] 
 
 entremets (F), n. pi. Side dishes. 
 
 entre'neh, in-, v.t. Surround (post, armv, 
 town) with trench (also fig. , esp. oneself); (rarely) 
 encroach, trespass, upon. Hence entrenen- 
 ment n. [en-] 
 
 entre nous (F), adv. Between you & me. < 
 
 entrepot (F), n. Storehouse for temporary - 
 deposit of goods ; commercial centre. 
 
 entrepreneur (F), n. Organizer of (esp. mu- 
 sical) entertainments. 
 
 entresol (F), n. Low storey between first & 
 ground floor. 
 
 e'ntropy, n. (physics). Measure of the un- 
 availability of a system's thermal energy for 
 conversion into mechanical work. [f. en- + Gk 
 trope transformation (trepo turn), on energy] 
 
 entru'st, in-, v.t. Charge (person) with (duty, 
 object of care) ; confide (duty, person, thing, its 
 safety, to person), [en-] 
 
 e'ntry, n. Coming or going in ; ceremonial 
 entrance ; (Law) taking possession ; place of en- 
 trance, door, gate, lobby, mouth of river ; regis- 
 tration in records, account-books, &c; item so 
 entered ; bookkeeping by double, single, e. (in 
 which each item is entered twice, once, in led- 
 ger) ; list of competitors for race &c. [f. F entree ' 
 f. LL intrata (as enter, cf. -ade)] 
 
 entwi'ne, in-, v.t. Interweave (lit. & fig.) ; 
 wreathe (thing with, about, round, another) ; 
 embrace, [en-] 
 
 entwi'st, in-, v.t. Clasp with, form into, a 
 twist ; twist (thing) in with (another), [en-] 
 
 enu'eleate, v.t. Explain, clear up ; (Surg.) 
 extract (tumour &c.) from shell &c. Hence 
 enueleA'TioN n. [f. L E(nucleare f. nucleus)] 
 
 enu'merate, v.t. Count; specify (items). 
 Hence or cogn. enumerATioN, envrmerat- 
 or 2 ,. nn., enu'meratiVE a. [f. L E(numerare 
 number)] 
 
 enu'neiate (-shi-), v.t. Express definitely 
 (proposition, theory); proclaim*; pronounce 
 (words). So enuneiA - TiON (-si-), enu'nei- 
 atOR 2 (-shi-), nn., enu'neiatiVE (-sha-) a. [f. L 
 E(nuntiare announce f. nuntius messenger), 
 -ate 3 ] 
 
 enure, v.i. (& t.). See inure. 
 
 envelop, v.t. Wrap up (person, thing, sub- 
 ject, &c, in garment, flames, clouds, mystery, 
 or w. flame &c. as subject). Hence enve'lop- 
 ment n. [f. OF Exveloper (as develop)] 
 
 e'nvelope (or on-), n. Wrapper, covering, (lit. 
 & fig.), esp. folded & gummed cover of letter, 
 [f. F enveloppe (as prec.)] 
 
 enve*nom,v.t. Put poison on or into (weapon, 
 air, &c.) ; infuse venom into (feelings, words, 
 actions) ; corrupt (mind &c). [f. OF EK(venimer 
 
 as VENOM)] 
 
 e*n viable, a. Calculated to excite envy (said 
 of desirable thing or its possessor). Hence e*n- 
 viabLY 2 adv. [f. envy v. + -able] 
 
 e'nvious, a, Full of envy ; feeling envy of 
 (person, thing). Hence e'nviousLY 2 ad v. [f. 
 OF envieus f. L invidiosus (as envy 1 , see -ous)] 
 
 envir'on, v.t. (Of persons or things') form a 
 ring, be stationed, round ; surround (person, 
 place,&c.) hostilely, protectively, as attendants, 
 &c. ; surround (person, thing, with others). [£. 
 F environner f. adv. as environs] 
 
ENVIRONMENT 
 
 274 
 
 EPILEPTIC 
 
 en wreathe, v.t. 
 
 wreath ; intertwine. 
 
 e'oeene, a. (geol.). 
 
 environment, n. Surrounding; surround- 
 ing objects, region, or circumstances, [-ment] 
 
 enviP'ons (or e'nvi-), n. pi. Districts sur- 
 rounding town &c. [f. OF Environ (n. f. adv.) 
 f. *viron circuit, cf. virer ^er] 
 
 envi'sage, v.t. Look in the face of; face 
 (danger, facts) ; contemplate, esp. under par- 
 ticular aspect. Hence envi'sage.ME.\T n. [f. 
 F wxvisager (visage)] 
 
 e'nvoy^n. (archaic). (Author's parting words, 
 esp.) short stanza concluding certain archaic 
 forms of poem. [OF, f. envoiier send (en voie on 
 the way f. L via)] 
 
 e'nvoy 2 , n. Messenger, representative ; esp. 
 minister plenipotentiary, ranking below am- 
 bassador & above charge d'affaires. Hence e*n- 
 voysHiP n. [prob. f. F envoyi, p.p. as prec] 
 
 e'nvy l , n. Grudging contemplation (of more 
 fortunate persons, of, at, their advantages, or 
 abs. ; often playfully) ; object, ground, of this, 
 as she, her poodle, is the e. of Bath. [f. F envie 
 f. L invidia f. invidxis f. ix(videre see) envy] 
 
 e'nvy 2 , v.t. Feel envy of, as I e. him, e. his 
 impudence, e. him his impudence, [f. F envier 
 I. med.L invidiare (invidia envy *)] 
 
 enwrnd, v.t, (Of thing) wind itself round 
 (another), [ex-] 
 
 enwo'mta, v.t. Enclose (as) in womb, [ex-] 
 
 enwra'p, in-, v.t. (-pp-). Wrap, enfold, (in ; 
 lit. & fig.), [ex-] 
 
 Surround as or (as) with 
 [ex] 
 
 Of the lowest division of 
 Tertiary strata, [f. Gk eos dawn + ka inos new] 
 
 eon. See aeox. 
 
 -eous, suf. = L -eus + -ous, forming adjj. 
 meaning 'of the nature of, as ligneous like 
 wood ; a few are f. L nn. direct (aqueous f. 
 aqua) ; some add -ous to -te (now -ty) as duteous, 
 or are changed f. -tivous (bounteous f. F bontif) ; 
 righteous, courteous, are by false anal. 
 
 ep- in comb. =epi- before unaspirated vowels. 
 
 e'paet, n. Age of moon on Jan. 1 ; excess of 
 solar over lunar year. [f. F epacte f. L f. Gk 
 epakte f. EP(ago bring) intercalate] 
 
 e'papeh (-k), n. Governor, bishop, of an 
 eparchy, [f. Gk EP(arkhos ruler)] 
 
 e'parehy, n. Subdivision of modern king- 
 dom of Greece; diocese in Russian (Greek) 
 Church, [f. Gk eparkhia (as prec, see -v 2 )] 
 
 e*paulet(te), n. Ornamental shoulder-piece 
 of uniform ; (of private soldier) winhis ee., earn 
 promotion to rank of officer, [f. F epaulette 
 dim.of <^,pa ?/Ze_shoulder f. L spatida] 
 
 epepg'ne (-arn), n. Centre ornament (esp. in 
 branched form) for dinner table. [?] 
 
 epexege'sis (-j-), n. Additional, addition of, 
 words to make meaning clear (e.g. 'difficult to 
 do '). So epexegetic(AL) aa,, epexegetie- 
 alLY 2 adv. [Gk (ep- + exegesis)] 
 
 eph-, pref. = epi- before h. 
 
 ephe-be, n. (Gk Ant, ). Citizen aged 18 to 20. 
 [f. L f.Gk EPHibos (hebe early manhood)] 
 
 ephe'mera (pi. -ras), -pon (pi. -rons, -ra), 
 nn. Insect living only a day ; genus of insects 
 including May-fly ; short-lived thing, [f. Gk 
 EPuemeros lasting only a day (hemera)] 
 
 ephe'meral, a, (Of diseases) lasting only a 
 day; (of insects, flowers, &c.) lasting a day or 
 a few days; short-lived, transitory. Hence 
 ephemepa'liTY n. [f. Gk as prec. + -al] 
 
 ephe'mepis, n. (pi. -ides). Astronomical al- 
 manac or table. [Gk (-em-), = calendar (as prec.)] 
 
 e'phod, n. Jewish priestly vestment. [Heb., 
 f. aphad put on] 
 
 e*phop, n. One of five Spartan magistrates 
 controlling the kings ; (in mod. Greece) over- 
 seer, [f. Gk EPHoros (horao see)] 
 
 epi-,pref. = Gk epi upon, at, on the ground 
 of, in addition. 
 
 e'piblast, n. (biol.). Outermost layer of 
 blastoderm, [f. epi- + Gk blastos sprout, germ] 
 
 e*pie, a, & n. (Poem) narrating continuously 
 achievements of one or more heroes, as the 
 Iliad & Odyssey; E. dialect, form of Gk in 
 which the e. poems were written ; national e., 
 poem, of any form, embodying nation's concep- 
 tion of its past history. Hence e'picAL a.. 
 e*piealLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk epikos (epos, -ic)j 
 
 epiee'dium, n. Funeral ode. [f. L f. Gk epi- 
 (kedeion f. kedos care)] 
 
 e'picene, a, & n. (Lat, & Gk Gram. ) denoting 
 either sex without change of gender ; for, used 
 by, both sexes; (person) with characteristics of 
 both sexes, [f. L f. Gk npi(koinos common)] 
 
 epiee*ntpum,-tpe, nn. Point at which earth- 
 quake breaks out. [f. Gk EPi(kentros a, as 
 
 CEXTRE)] 
 
 e'pieupe, n. One who is choice & dainty in 
 eating & drinking. Hence e*pieupiSM(2)n. If. 
 L f. Gk Epikouros Epicurus, or LL epicurius a.] 
 
 epieupe'an, a, & n. (Follower) of Epicurus, 
 Athenian philosopher (B.C. 300) who taught that 
 highest good was pleasure (i. e. practice of vir- 
 tue) ; (person) devoted to pleasure, esp. refined 
 sensuous enjoyment. Hence epieupe*aniSM(3) 
 n. [f. L (-eus) f. Gk Epikoureios (prec.)] 
 
 e'pieyele, n. Small circle having its centre 
 on circumference of a greater. Hence epi- 
 ey'elic a. [f. L f. Gk ~EPi(kuklos circle)] 
 
 epiey'eloid, n. Curve traced by point in cir- 
 cumference of a circle rolling on exterior of 
 another. Henceepieyeloi'dALa. [prec. + -oid] 
 
 epidei'etie (-di-), a. Meant for display, [f. 
 Gk epideiktikos f. ~EPi(deiknumi show), see -ic] 
 
 epide'mie, a, & n. (Disease, lit, & fig.) preva- 
 lent among community at special time, cf. en- 
 demic. Hence epide'mieAL a,, epide'mie- 
 alLY 2 adv. [f. F ipidemique f. bpide'mie f. LL 
 f. Gk epidemia f. epidemios a. (demos people)] 
 
 epidemiology, n. Science of epidemics, [f. 
 Gk as prec, -logy] 
 
 epidep'mis, n. Outer layer of skin of ani- 
 mals, cuticle ; outer animal integument of 
 shell ; true skin of plant below cuticle. Hence 
 epidep'niAL, epidep'mic, epidep'moiD, 
 epidepmordAL, aa. [Gk Epidermis (derm)] 
 
 epigastrium, n. Part of abdomen imme- 
 diately over stomach. Hence epiga'stpic a. 
 [f. Gk EPigastrion (gaster stomach)] 
 
 epigone (-j-), a. (Geol.) produced on surface 
 of earth ; (of crystal) chemically altered since its 
 formation, [f. F epigene f. Gk EPi(genes born)] 
 
 epige'nesis, n. Formation of organic germ 
 as a new product ; theory of e. (that the germ 
 is brought into existence, not merely deve- 
 loped, in process of reproduction), [epi-] 
 
 epiglo'ttis, n. Erect cartilage at root of 
 tongue, depressed during swallowing to cover 
 glottis. Hence epiglottic a, [Gk EPi(glottis 
 f. glotta tongue)] 
 
 e'pigpam, n. Short poem ending in witty 
 turn of thought ; pointed saying or mode of ex- 
 pression. So epigrammatic a., epigram- 
 matic ally adv., epigpa*mmatisT(3) n., 
 epigpa*mmatiZE(l, 2) v.t. & i. [f. F epi- 
 gramme f. L f. Gk EPi(gramma -gram)] 
 "e'pigpaph, n. Inscription on stone, statue, 
 coin, &c, whence epigpa'phic a., epi*- 
 gpaphiST(3), epi'gpaphY l , nn. ; motto, [f. 
 Gk EPi(graphe f. grapho write)] 
 
 e'pilepsy, n. Nervous disease in which 
 patient falls to ground unconscious, with 
 spasms & foaming at mouth, [f. OF epilepsia 
 f. L f. Gk epilepsia f. EPi(lambano take)] 
 
 epileptic, a. & n. Of epilepsy ; (person) sub- 
 
EPILOGIST 
 
 275 
 
 EQUIDISTANT 
 
 ject to epilepsy, [f. F ipileptique f. L f. Gk epi- 
 leptikos (as prec.)] 
 
 epi'log-ist (-j-), n. Writer, speaker, of epi- 
 logue, [t foil. + -1ST] 
 
 e*pil6g"ue (-g), n. Concluding part of literary- 
 work ; speech, short poem, addressed to specta- 
 tors by actor at end of play. [F, f. L f. Gk epi- 
 (logos speech)] 
 
 epi'phany, n. Manifestation of Christ to the 
 Magi ; manifestation of a superhuman being, 
 [f. OF epiphanie f. LL (neut. pi. used as fem. 
 sing.) f. late Gk epiphania (neut. pi. adj.) f. epi- 
 (phaino show) ; partly also f. Gk epiphaneia 
 (epiphanes manifest)] 
 
 e'piphyte, n. Plant growing on (usu. not 
 fed by) another ; vegetable parasite on animal 
 body. Hence epiphy'tAL, epiphy'tic, aa. 
 [f. epi- + Gk phuton plant] 
 
 epi'scopacy, n. Government of church by 
 bishops ; the bishops, [as episcopate, -acv] 
 
 epi'scopal, a. Of bishop(s) ; e. church, con- 
 stituted on principle of prec. Hence epi'seo- 
 paliSM(3) n., epi*seopalLY 2 adv. [f. F Episco- 
 pal f. LL episcopalis (as bishop, see -al)] 
 
 episcopalian, a. & n. (Adherent) of episco- 
 pacy ; (member) of episcopalian church. Hence 
 episeopa*lianiSM(3) n. [f. L as prec. + -an] 
 
 epi'seopate (-at), n. Office, see, tenure, of 
 bishop; the e., the bishops, [f. L episcopaUis 
 (episcopus bishop, see -ate *)] 
 
 episode, n. Part between two choric songs 
 in Gk tragedy (orig. interpolation) ; incidental 
 narrative or series of events. Hence episo'd- 
 ic(al) aa., episo'dicalLY 2 ad v. [f. Gk EPeis- 
 odionf. eisodos entry (eis into + hodos way)] 
 
 epispa'stic, a. & n. Blistering; (n.) blister, 
 [f. Gk epispastikos f. EPi(.9joao draw), see -ic] 
 
 epistemo'logy, n. Theory of the method or 
 grounds of knowledge, [f. Gk episteme know- 
 ledge + -o- + -logy] 
 
 epi'stle (-si), n. Letter (now only facet, of 
 ordinary modern letters), esp. one of an apostle, 
 part of the canon of Scripture ; the E., extract 
 from apostolical e. read in Communion service ; 
 literary work, usu. verse, in form of letter. [OF, 
 f. L f. Gk epistole f. KPi(stello send)] 
 
 epi'stolapy, a. Of, carried on by, suited to, 
 letters, [f. F ipistolaire f. L epistolaris (as 
 prec. , see - art 2 )] 
 
 epi'strophe (-fi), n. Ending of several sen- 
 tences or clauses with same word. [Gk epi- 
 (strophe turning f. strepho)] 
 
 e*pistyle,n. (archit.). = architrave, [f. Lf. 
 Gk EPi(sttdion f. stidos pillar)] 
 
 epitaph, n. Words (supposed to be) inscrib- 
 ed on tomb. [f. L f. Gk EPi(taphion f. taphos 
 tomb), neu.t. adj. as n.] 
 
 epithala'mium, n. (pi. -iums, 4a). Nuptial 
 song or poem. Hence epithala'miAL, epi- 
 thala/mic, aa. [f. L f. Gk EPidhalamion f. 
 thalamos bride chamber), neut. adj. as n.] 
 
 epithelium, n. Tissue forming outer layer 
 of mucous membrane ; (Bot. ) epidermis formed 
 of young cells. Hence epitheliAL a. [mod. L, 
 f. epi- + Gk thele teat] 
 
 e'pithet, n. Adjective expressing quality or 
 attribute ; significant appellation. Hence epi- 
 the'tic(AL) aa., epithe'tiealLY 2 adv. [f. L f. 
 Gk epitheton f. EPi(tithemi place)] 
 
 epi'tome (-mi), n. Summary, abstract, of 
 book ; condensed account ; (fig.) thing that re- 
 presents another in miniature, as man, the 
 world's e. Hence epi*tomiST(l) n., epi'to- 
 mizE(3) v.t. [Gk epitome f. EPi(temno cut) 
 abridge] 
 
 epoch (-k), n. Beginning of era in history, 
 science, life, &c, as this made an e., an e. -mak- 
 ing event ; date ; period in history or life marked 
 
 by special events. Hence e'poehAL a. [f. LL 
 f. Gk epokhe stoppage f. EP(ekho hold)] 
 
 epode, n. Form of lyric poem, used by 
 Horace ; third division of lyric ode. [OF, f. L f. 
 Gk epodos f. EP(ado sing)] 
 
 e'ponym, n. One who gives his name to a 
 people, place, or institution. So epoTiymous 
 a. [f. L f. Gk EP(6numos f. onoma name)] 
 
 epopee, n. Epic poem or poetry, [f. F bpope'e 
 f. Gk epopoiia f. epopoios (foil. +poieo make)] 
 
 epos, n. Early unwritten epic poetry ; epic 
 poem. [L f. Gk epos word, song] 
 
 E'psom, n. Town in Surrey ; E. salt, mag- 
 nesium sulphate. 
 
 equable, a. Uniform, even, not easily dis- 
 turbed. Hence equaBi'LiTY n., equabLY 2 
 adv. [f. L aequabilis (as equate, -ble)] 
 
 equal \ a. & n. The same in number, size, 
 value, degree, &c. (to, with, or abs.), as twice 
 three is e. to six, the totals are e., talks French 
 & Didch with e. ease, the tico are e. in ability ; 
 having strength, courage, ability, &c, adequate 
 to (the occasion, a cup of tea, doing, &c.) ; uni- 
 form in operation &c, as e. laws ; evenly 
 balanced (fight &c.) ; (n.) person e. to another 
 in rank &c, as mix xcith your ee., or in power 
 &c, as he has no e. ; (n. pl.)e. things, usifee. be 
 added to ee. [f. L aequalis (aeqmis, see -al)] 
 
 e*qual 2 , v.t. (-11-). Be equal to (person, thing, 
 in quality, number, &c). [f. prec] 
 
 equa'lity (-61-), n. Condition of being equal 
 (between two or more ; with person &c. in quality 
 &c. ; usu. abs.); is on an e. with, is on equal 
 terms with. [f. OF bqtialite' f. L aequalitatcm 
 (as equal 1 , see -ty)] 
 
 e'qualize, v.t. Make (thing &c.) equal (to, 
 with). Hence equalizATiON n. [-ize] 
 
 equally, adv. In an equal degree ; in equal 
 shares ; uniformly. [-L y 2 ] 
 
 equani'mity, n. Evenness of mind or tem- 
 per ; composure ; resignation, [f. F equanimite 
 f. L aequanimitatem f. aequanimis (aequas 
 even + animus mind), see -ty] 
 
 equa'te, v.t. State equality of (thing to, xvith, 
 another) ; treat as equivalent, [f. L aequare 
 (aequus equal), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 equa'tion, n. Making equal, balancing, (of 
 demand & supply &c.) ; (amount or process of) 
 compensation for inaccuracy, as (Astr.) per- 
 sonal e., allowance for individual slowness in 
 noting phenomena (also fig.), e. (difference be- 
 tween mean & apparent places) of the equi- 
 noxes; (Math.) formula affirming equivalence 
 of two expressions connected by the sign =. 
 Hence equa'tionALa., equa'tionalLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L aequatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 equa'top, n. A great circle of the earth, equi- 
 distant from the poles ; = equinoctial ; mag- 
 'netic e., aclinic line. [LL (as prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 equatop'ial, a. Of, near, the equator ; c. 
 telescope (attached to axle revolving in direc- 
 tion parallel to plane of equator). Hence equa- 
 top'ialLY 2 adv. [-ial] 
 
 e'queppy (or ikwe'ri), n. Officer of prince or 
 noble charged with care of horses ; officer of 
 British royal household, [f. F icurie f. med.L 
 scuria stable f. OHG scur shed ; confused in E 
 with L equus horse] 
 
 eque'stpian, a. & n. Of horse-riding; e. 
 statue (of person on horse) ; (Rom. Ant.) of the 
 order of Equites or Knights; (n.) rider, per- 
 former, on horseback, [f. L equestris (equcs 
 horseman f. equus horse) + -an] 
 
 equi- in comb. =L aequus equal, as -angular, 
 having equal angles. 
 
 equidi'stant, a. Separated by equal dis- 
 tance^), [f. F Equidistant f. LL aequidistantem 
 
 (see equi- & distant)] 
 
EQUILATERAL 
 
 276 ERECTILE 
 
 cquila'tepal, a. Having all the sides equal. 
 [f. LL aequilateralis (see equi- & lateral] 
 
 equili'bpate, v.t. & i. Cause (two things) 
 to balance; balance (t. & i.) ; counterpoise. 
 Hence equilibPATiON n. [f. equi- + L libra 
 balance -f- -ate 3 ] 
 
 equi'librist, n. Rope-walker, acrobat, [f. F 
 equilibriste (equilibre equilibrium)] 
 
 equilibrium, n. State of balance (lit. & 
 fig.) ; a body in stable e. (tending to recover e. 
 after disturbance) ; neutrality of judgment &c. 
 [L (equi-, libra balance)] 
 
 equimultiple, n. (usu. pi.). Number having 
 a common factor with another, [equi-] 
 
 e'quine, a. Of, like, a horse, [f. L equinus 
 (eguus horse, see -ine *)] 
 
 equino'etial, a. & n. Of equal day & night ; 
 
 e. line, circle of celestial sphere whose plane is 
 perpendicular to earth's axis ; happening at or 
 near time of equinox, as e. gales ; at, near, the 
 (terrestrial) equator; (n.) e. line, (pi.) e. gales, 
 [f. L aequinoctialis (as foil., see -al)] 
 
 e'quinox, n. Time at which sun crosses equa- 
 tor & day & night are equal (vernal e., March 20 ; 
 autumnal e., Sep. 22 or 23) ; (pi.) two points at 
 which sun crosses equator; precession of ee. 
 [f. L aequinoctium (nox -ctis night, equi-)] 
 
 equi'p, v.t. (-pp-). Furnish (ship, army, person, 
 with requisites); dress (oneself Sec.) for journey. 
 Hence equi'pMENT n. [f. F equipcr, esq-, prob. 
 
 f. ON skipa man (ship) f. skip ship] 
 o'quipag'e, n. Requisites for an undertak- 
 ing; outfit for journey &c. ; carriage & horses 
 with attendants, [f. F equipage (as prec, -age)] 
 
 e'quipoise, n., & v.t. Equilibrium (often 
 fig.); counterbalancing thing; (v.t.) counter- 
 balance, hold (mind) in suspense, [equi-] 
 
 equipo'llent, a. & n. Equal in power, force, 
 &e. ; practically equivalent ; (n.) e. thing. So 
 equipo*llE.\*CE, -excv, nn. [f. OF equipolcnt 
 f. L aequipollentem (equi-, pollere be strong)] 
 
 equipo'ndepate, v.t. Counterbalance. So 
 equipo'ndePANT a. & n. [f. med.L aequi- 
 (ponderare weigh f. pondus -eris weight), see 
 
 EQUI- & -ATE 3 ] 
 
 equipote'ntial, a. (physics). In which the 
 potential of a force is the same or constant at 
 all points, [equi-] 
 
 e'quitable, a. Fair, just, whence equit- 
 ableNESS n., e'quitabLY 2 adv.; (of claims 
 &c.) valid in equity as opposed to law. [f. F 
 equitable (as equity" + -able)] 
 
 equita'tion, n. (usu. facet.). Riding on 
 horse; horsemanship, [f. Lequitatiof. equitare 
 f. eques -itis horseman f. equus horse, see -ation] 
 
 e'quity, n. Fairness ; recourse to principles 
 of justice to correct or supplement law ; system 
 of law coexisting with and superseding com- 
 mon and statute law. [f. OF equite f. L aequi- 
 ta-teni (aequus fair, see -ty)] 
 
 equivalent, a. & n. Equal in value (to) ; (of 
 words) meaning the same ; (Chem.) equal in com- 
 bining value (to) ; having the same result ; cor- 
 responding ; (n.) e. thing, amount, word, &c. So 
 equi "valE mce, -encv, nn. [f. LL aequi(valere 
 be worth), see equi- & -ent] 
 
 equi*voeal, a. Of double meaning, ambigu- 
 ous ; of uncertain nature ; e. generation (spon- 
 taneous); undecided; (of persons, character, &c.) 
 questionable, suspicious. Hence equivoea'l- 
 ity, equi'voealNESs, nn., equi'voealLY 2 
 adv. [f.LL aequivocus (equi-, vocare call), see-AL] 
 
 equi'voeate, v.i. Use ambiguous words to 
 conceal the truth, prevaricate. Hence equi- 
 vocation, equi'voeatOR 2 , nn. [f. hhaequi- 
 vocare (as prec, see -ate 3 )] 
 
 e'quivoque (-k), -oke, n. Pun ; ambiguity. 
 [f. LL aequivocus equivocal] 
 
 -ep 1 , suf. forming esp. agent nn. f. nn. & vbs. 
 Orig. = ' one who has to do with ', f. OTeut. -arjoz 
 (cf . L -arixis -ary 1 ); so E wds as hatter & (after 
 -w) bowyer, sawyer, lawyer, & perh. on their 
 anal, collier, grazier, &c. ; also colloq. wds of 
 action, as header, out-&-outer, and of number, 
 as fiver, tenner; add Londoner, foreigner, &c. 
 As many wds so formed correspond to vbs, -er 
 took agent sense (clothier one connected with 
 cloth, one who clothes), & can now be added to 
 any vb not otherwise provided (correspondent, 
 translator); -or (-our, -ier) & -er may coexist, 
 with or without differentiation (saviour, -er ; 
 assertor, -er) ; some wds seem to double -er 
 (caterer, fruiterer, poulterer) ; -eris sometimes 
 used to anglicize L- us (astronomer, geographer, 
 pern, philosopher). Meanings : (1) person, ani- 
 mal, that does something ; (2) instrument, ma- 
 chine, occurrence, &c. ( poker, paper-cidter, deo- 
 dorizer, eye-opener) ; (3) person concerned with 
 thing (hatter, geographer) ; (4) person belonging 
 to place &c. (Londoner, Britisher). 
 -ep 2 , suf. in nn. & adjj. f. OF, of various orig., 
 esp. : (1) OF -er f. L -arem -ar 1 as sampler. 
 (2) AF -er f. OF -ier f. L -arius -ary \ as butler, 
 carpenter, danger. (3) OF -cure f. L -aturam- 
 -ure, as border. (4) see -or 2 . 
 -6P 3 , suf. forming comparatives ; now (exc. in 
 poetry and mannered prose) only in adjj. of one 
 syllable, or of two ending in -y, -ly, -le, -er, -ow, 
 & a few others (esp. w. accent on last syllable ; 
 see -est), & in advv., chiefly those identical 
 with adjj., as hard; the vowel change seen in 
 German &c. now remains only in elder, better. 
 [OE : (adj.) -ra f. OTeut. -izon- & -ozon- ; (adv.) 
 -or f. OTeut. -6z] 
 
 -eP 4 , suf. esp. in Law terms, as cesser, dis- 
 claimer, misnomer, user; also dinner, supper. 
 Meaning: (single instance of) the vbl action, 
 document effecting this. [F infin.] 
 -6P 5 ,suf. forming frequent, vbsf. others (wan- 
 der, waver, f. wend, wave) or on sound imita- 
 tions (£irifter); batter, flicker, shimmer, slumber. 
 ep*a, n. System of chronology starting from 
 some particular point of time, as Christian e., 
 e. of the hegira ; historical or other period ; 
 date forming commencement of this. [f. LL 
 aera number expressed in figures (pi. of aes 
 acris money, treated as fern, sing.)] 
 epadia'tion, n. Emission of rays, [e-] 
 era'dieate, v.t. Tear up by roots ; extirpate, 
 get rid of. So epa'dieABLE a., epadieA'TioN 
 n. [f. L K(radicare f. radix -icis root), -ate 3 ] 
 epa'se (-z), v.t. Rub out; obliterate. Hence 
 epa'SABLE a., epa*SER 1 (2), epa'suRE (-zher), 
 nn. [f. L K(radere ras- scrape)] 
 Epa'stian, a. & n. (Adherent) of the sup 
 posed doctrines of Erastus, subordinating ec- 
 clesiastical to secular power. Hence Epa*- 
 stianiSM(3) n., Epa'stian ize(3) v.t. & i. [f. 
 Erastus, Heidelberg physician of 16th c., + -ian] 
 ere (ar), prep. & conj. (poet., archaic). Be- 
 fore (of time) ; e. long, before long ; erewhile, 
 formerly. [OE xr (Du. eer, G eher, ehe) f. OTeut. 
 airiz compar. of air adv. early] 
 E'pebus(e-),n. (Gkmyth.). Place of darkness 
 between earth & Hades. [L, f. Gk Erebos] 
 epe'et 1 , a. Upright, not stooping, (lit. & fig.); 
 vertical ; (of hair &c.) set up, bristling. Hence 
 epe*etLY 2 adv., ere'etNESS n. [f. L Y.(rigere 
 rect- = regere direct) set up] 
 epe'et 2 , v.t. Raise, set upright, (onese?/,body, 
 &c); build (lit. &fig.); form (persons, principles, 
 &c.) into (class, system, &c). [as prec.] 
 epe'etile, a. That can be erected ; e. tissue in 
 animals (capable of being distended & becom- 
 ing rigid under excitement), [f. F Erectile (as 
 erect >, see -IL)J 
 
ERECTION 
 
 277 
 
 ESCAPE 
 
 ere'etion, n. Erecting ; building, structure, 
 (lit. & fig.), [f. LL erectio (as prec, see -ion)J 
 
 ere'ctop, n. Person, thing, that erects, as 
 e.-muscle. [-or 2 ] 
 
 e'remite, n. Hermit (esp. of Christian soli- 
 taries from 3rd c. onwards). Hence eremi*- 
 tic(AL) aa. [f. LL as hermit] 
 
 e'pethism, n. (path.). Abnormal excitement 
 (of organ or tissue, fig. of mind), [f. F brtthisme 
 f. Gk erethismos (erethizo irritate, see -ism)] 
 
 erg", ep*g"on, n. (physics). Work done by a 
 force that acting for one second on mass of one 
 gramme produces velocity of one centimetre 
 per second, [f. Gk ergon work] 
 
 ergo, adv. (usu. facet.). Therefore. [L] 
 
 er*g?ot(-ot), n. Disease of rye &c. caused by 
 fungus ; diseased rye seed as medicine. [F, f. 
 OF argot cock's spur, f. appearance produced] 
 
 er'grotism, n. = prec; disease produced by 
 bread made from flour affected by this, [-ism] 
 
 E'Pin (e-), n. (Ancient name of) Ireland. 
 
 eri'stic, a. & n. • (Art) of disputation, [f. Gk 
 eristikos (erizo f. eris strife, see -ic)] 
 
 ep'mine, n. Animal of weasel tribe, whose 
 fur is brown in summer & white (except black 
 tail-tip) in winter; its fur, used in robes of 
 judges & peers (often poet, as emblem of purity), 
 whence ep'minED 2 (-ind)a.; (Herald.) white 
 marked with black spots, [f. OF (h)erminc (Pro v. 
 ermini), etym. dub.] 
 
 -era, suf. in northern &c. f. OTeut. -ronjo- 
 (-ro- + -onjo- = L -aneus). 
 
 epne, n. Golden Eagle ; Sea-Eagle. [OE earn 
 (Du. arend) f. OTeut. arnuz, cf. Gk ornis bird] 
 
 epo'de, v.t. (Of acids, currents, &c.) gnaw 
 away, destroy gradually, wear out. So epo*- 
 sio.v (-zhn) n., epO'siVE (-s-) a. [f. F eroder f. L 
 E(roclere ros- gnaw)] 
 
 epo'tie, a. & n. Of love, amatory ; (n. ) e. poem, 
 [f. Gk erotikos (eros -otos sexual love, see -ic)] 
 
 ePO'toma'nia, n. (path.). Melancholy, mad- 
 ness, arising from love. [f. Gk eros (as prec.) 
 -t- -mania] 
 
 epp (er), v.i. (part. & vbl n. pron. er"ing). Make 
 mistakes ; (of statements &c.) be incorrect ; sin. 
 [f. F errer f. L errare] 
 
 e'PPand, n. Short journey on which an in- 
 ferior is sent to carry message &c, as run, go, 
 (on) ee., e.-boy, object of journey; purpose. 
 [OE xrende, cf. Da. xrinde, etym. dub.] 
 
 e'ppant, a. & n. Roaming in quest of adven- 
 ture, esp. knight-e. ; itinerant ; erring, deviating 
 from correct standard, whence cppanc y n. ; (n. ) 
 knight-e. [F(l) f. OF errer, esrer, edrer, f. vulg. 
 L iterare (iter journey), (2) as err; see -ant] 
 
 e'ppantpy, n. Condition, conduct, notions, 
 of a knight-errant, [-ry] 
 
 eppa'tie, a. Uncertain in movement ; (of dis- 
 eases) moving from one part to another ; ir- 
 regular in conduct, habit, opinion; (Geol.) e. 
 blocks, stray masses foreign to surrounding 
 strata. Hence eppa*tiCALLY adv. [f. L erra- 
 ticus (as err, see -atic] 
 
 eppa'tum, n. (pi. -ta). Error in printing or 
 writing, esp. (pi.) errors noted in list attached 
 to book. [L, neut. p.p. as prec] 
 
 eppo'neous, a. Mistaken, incorrect. Hence 
 eppo'neousL y 2 ad v. , eppo'neousxEss n. [f . 
 L erronens(erro-onis vagabond, as err) + -ous] 
 
 e'PPOP, n. Mistake, as make, commit, an e., 
 clerical e. ; condition of erring in opinion ; 
 wrong opinion ; e. of a planet, difference be- 
 tween its observed & calculated positions; 
 (Law) writ of e. (to procure reversal of judg- 
 ment on ground of e.); transgression. Hence 
 
 Cppopless n. [OF, f. L errorem (as err, -or l )] 
 
 Erse, a. & n. Highland Gaelic (dialect); (vulg.) 
 
 Irish, [early Sc form of Irish] 
 
 erst, adv. (archaic). (Also erstwhile) formerly, 
 of old. [OE serest superl. of zer, see ereJ 
 
 erubescent, a. Reddening, blushing, [f. L 
 E(rubescere incept, of rubere), see -ent] 
 
 erueta'tion, n. Belching (lit. & fig., esp. of 
 volcano), [f. L eructatio (Eructare, see -ation)| 
 
 e'pudite, a. (Of persons & writings) learned. 
 Hence or cogn. e'PuditeLY 2 adv., epudi'tiox 
 n. [f. L Ent dire -it- train (rudis rude)] 
 
 epu'pt, v.i. (Of teeth) break through gums ; 
 (of volcano) break out. [f. L E(mmpere rvpt 
 break)] 
 
 epu'ption, n. Outbreak (of volcano, whence 
 eru'ptionAL a. ; also of geyser, disease, war, 
 passion, mii-th, wit) ; (Path.) breaking out (of 
 rash, pimples, &c); (of teeth) breaking through 
 gums. [f. L eruptio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 epu'ptive, a. Bursting forth; tending to 
 burst forth ; of, formed by, forced up by, vol- 
 canic eruption. Hence ePU'ptiveLY 2 * adv., 
 epu'ptiveNESS, epupti"viTY, nn. [f. F trup- 
 tif, -ive (as erupt, see -i\e)] 
 
 -epy, -py, suf. forming nouns, orig. in wds f. 
 -erie. (a) f. com. -Rom. -aria = h-ario- (F -icr, 
 -er) + -ia -Y l ; F wds in -ier usu. denote person 
 having some occupation, wds in -erie the class 
 of goods he deals in, as draperie, his employ- 
 ment, as archerie, his place of work, as bov.l- 
 angerie ; -erie was also used without exist- 
 ing wd in -icr, as soierie (soie) silk goods, 
 niaiserie (niais) foolishness, (b) f. OF -ere, -eor 
 (mod. F -eur) f. L -ator + -ie. On anal, of wds 
 thus formed, -erie was added to vb stems direct, 
 w. sense class of actions (tromperie deceit), 
 occupation (confiserie confectioner's business), 
 place of this (brasserie brewery). Many E wds 
 are f. F ; others are formed on nn. in -er (bakery, 
 fishery, pottery), or on others (knavery, slavery, 
 popery). Meanings: (1 ) class of goods (drapery); 
 
 (2) employment or condition (archery, dupery) ; 
 
 (3) place of work or cultivation or breeding 
 (bretcery, vinery, \riggery) ; (i) conduct (foolery) ; 
 (5) all that has to do with (popery), things of 
 the nature of. 
 
 epysi'pelas, n. (Also St Anthony's fire, 
 the rose) local febrile disease producing deep 
 red colour on skin. [Gk erusipelas, etym. 
 dub.] 
 
 epythe'ma, n. Superficial inflammation of 
 the skin in patches, [f. Gk eruthema f. eruth- 
 aino be red (eruthros)] 
 
 -es, old genit. termination used to give adv. 
 force; appearing as -s (needs), -ce (once), & (by 
 confus. w. superl.) -st (against) ; also in the 
 emphatic absolute forms ours, yours, hers, &c 
 Often on false anal., as betimes, besides, nowa- 
 days. 
 
 escala'de, n. Scaling of walls with ladders. 
 [F, f. Sp. escalada f. med.L scalare (scala 
 ladder), see -ade] 
 
 escallo'nia, n. S.-Amer. genus of flowering 
 shrubs. [Escallon, discoverer, -ia 1 ] 
 
 esea'llop. See scallop. 
 
 escapa'de, n. Breaking loose from restraint ; 
 flighty piece of conduct. [F, f. Sp. escapada (as 
 escape 2 , see -ade)] 
 
 esea'pe l 3 n. Act of escaping ; fact of having 
 escaped; leakage (of gas &c); garden plant 
 growing wild ; =fire-c ; e.-pipe, -valve, (for e. 
 of steam or water) ; e. -shaft (for e. of miners 
 when other shaft is blocked), [f. foil.] 
 
 esea'pe 2 , v.i. & t. Get free (from prison, 
 person, &c.) ; (of steam, fluids, &c) find a way 
 out ; get off safely, go unpunished ; (trans.) get 
 clear away from (person, his.grasp, &c), avoid 
 (unpleasant thing, doing) ; elude notice or re- 
 collection of, as his name had escaped me ; (of 
 words) issue unawares from (person, his lips). 
 
ESCAPEMENT 
 
 278 
 
 ESSENTIAL 
 
 [f. OF eschaper, ONF cscaper (Sp. escapar), f. 
 LL EX(cappare f. cappa cloak)] 
 esca'pement, n. Outlet ; (of watch or clock) 
 mechanism connecting motive power & regula- 
 tor. [-MENT] 
 
 escar'p, n., & v.t. Steep hank immediately 
 in front of & below rampart ; similar natural 
 formation; (v.t.) cut into form of e., so es- 
 eap'pMENT n. [(vb f. F escarper) f. F escarpe 
 f. It. Scarpa scarp] 
 
 -eseent, suf. forming adjj. f. L part, of in- 
 ceptive vbs (-escens -ntis), as effervescent, & 
 thence in wds usu. describing play of colour, 
 as iridescent, opalescent, or merely adjectival, 
 as alkalescent. 
 
 esehalo't (esh-). See shallot. 
 esehato'logy (esk-), n. Doctrine of death, 
 judgment, heaven, & hell. Hence eschato- 
 lo'gicAL a. [f. Gk eskhutos last + -logy] 
 eschea't 1 (estsh-), n. Lapsing of property 
 to crown or lord of manor on owner's dying in- 
 testate without heirs ; property so lapsing, [f. 
 OF eschete f. escheoir f. LL EX(cadere fall)] 
 eschea't 2 , v.t. & i. Confiscate; hand over 
 (property) as an escheat (to person, into his 
 hands); revert by escheat (to or abs.). [prec] 
 eschew (estshoo'h v.t. Avoid, abstain from, 
 (action, conduct, kind of food, &c). [f, OF 
 eschiveri. com.-Rom. skivare, cf. G scheuen] 
 esclandre (F), n. Scandal ; disturbance. 
 e'SCOPt 1 , n. Body of armed men acting as 
 guard to persons, baggage, &c. ; person(s) ac- 
 companying another on journey for protection 
 or guidance, or for courtesy's sake. [f. Fescorte 
 f. It. scorta f. scorgere conduct f. LL *ex(cor- 
 rigere f. regere direct)] 
 eseop't 2 , v.t. Act as escort to. [f. prec] 
 esepi'be, v.t. (math.). Describe (circle) so as 
 to touch one side of triangle exteriorly & the 
 other two produced, [f. e- + L scribere write] 
 escritoire (-twar'r), n. Writing-desk with 
 drawers &c. for stationery. [F (now e"c-), f. LL 
 scriptorium (as prec, see -Orv)] 
 e'sculent, a. & n. (Thing) fit for food. [f. L 
 cscidentus (esca food, see -lent)] 
 escu'tcheon (-tshn), n. Shield with armorial 
 bearings ; a blot on his e. (stain on reputation) ; 
 middle of ship's stern where name is placed, 
 [f. ONF escuchon f. LL *scutionem (L scutum 
 shield, see -ion)] 
 
 -ese, suf. forming adjj. (& nn.), f. OF-ei'.s=It. 
 -ese f. L -ensis local suf. (usu. now -ian, as 
 A theniensis Athenian); applied to some foreign 
 countries & towns (Japanese, Milanese), either 
 as adj. or meaning 'inhabitant' (pi. -ese) or 
 ' language ' ; also used spec (adj. or n. ) of diction 
 of mannered writers (Carlylese), as though a 
 non-English language. 
 
 e'skap, n. (geol.). Mound of post-glacial 
 gravel in Irish river valleys, [f. Ir. eiscir] 
 Eskimo*, -quimau* (-kinio), n. (pi. -oes, 
 -aux, pr. -mozli. Member of a race in N. America. 
 esote'Pie, a. (Of philosophical doctrines &c.) 
 meant only for the initiated ; (of disciples) ini- 
 tiated ; private, confidential. Hence esote'pi- 
 cal a., esote'PiealLY 2 adv. If. Gk esoterikos 
 (esotero compar. of eso within, see -ic)] 
 espag-nole'tte (-anyolet), n. Fastening of 
 French window. [F, dim. olespagnol Spanish] 
 espa'liep, n. Lattice-work on which trees 
 or shrubs are trained ; tree so trained. [F, f. It. 
 spalliera (spalla shoulder)] 
 espap'to, n. (Also e. grass) kind of rush im- 
 ported from Spain for paper-making. [Sp., f. 
 L f. Gk sparton rope of the plant spartos] 
 espe'cial (-shl), a. Pre-eminent, exceptional, 
 as my e. friend, thing of e. importance ; parti- 
 cular (opp. to ordinary, cf. special) ; belonging 
 
 chiefly to particular case. Hence espe'cial- 
 ly 2 adv. (OF, f. L as special] 
 
 Espera'nto, n. An artificial language de- 
 signed as a medium for persons of all nations. 
 
 espi'al, n. Acting as a spy ; watching ; 
 espying, [f. OF espiaille, as espy, see -al(2)] 
 
 espieglepie (F), n. Roguishness. 
 
 espionage (-Ij, -ahzh), n. Practice of spying 
 or using spies, [f . F espionnage f . espion spy f . 
 It. spione (of Teut. orig., cf. espy), see -age] 
 
 esplana'de, n. Level piece of ground, esp. 
 one used for public promenade ; level space 
 separating citadel of fortress from town. [F, 
 f. Sp. esplanada f. esplanar f. L Explanare 
 make level ( planus), see -ade] 
 
 espou'sal (-zl), n. (archaic). (Usu. pi.) mar- 
 riage or betrothal ; (fig.) espousing of (a cause 
 &c). [f. OF espousailles f. L sponsali a neut. 
 pi. (sponsus p.p. as foil., see -al)] 
 
 espou'se (-owz), v.t. (Usu. of man) marry; 
 give (woman) in marriage (to) ; adopt, support, 
 (doctrine, cause, &c). [f. OF espouser f. L 
 sponsare (sponsus p.p. of spondere betroth)] 
 
 espressi'vo (-evo), adv. (mus.). With ex- 
 pression. [It.] 
 
 esprit (espre - ), n. Sprightliness ; wit ; e. de 
 corps (de kor), regard for honour & interests of 
 body one belongs to ; e. fort (pron. for), strong- 
 minded person, freethinker. [F, f. L as spirit] 
 
 espy, v.t. Catch sight of ; detect (flaw &c). 
 [f. OF espier ult. f. OHG spehon spy] 
 
 -esque, suf. forming adjj., = F -esque f. It. 
 -esco f. med.L -iscus in Teut. wds ; cf. OHG -isc 
 (mod. -isch) =-ish 1 ; meaning 'after the manner 
 of, as arabesque, Dantesque, burlesque. 
 
 Esquimau. See eskimo. 
 
 esquipe*, n. Title appended to name of one 
 regarded as gentleman by birth, position, or 
 education, esp. in address of letter (abbr. Esq.) ; 
 (archaic) = squire, [f. OF esquierl. L scutarius 
 shield-bearer (scutum shield, -ary ] )] 
 
 ess, n. S(-shaped thing) ; collar 1 ofee. 
 
 -ess *, suf. forming female nn. f. F (countess, 
 lioness) or on E wds (goddess) ; in 15th c. the OE 
 fem. -ster (now only in spinster) came to be 
 regarded as masculine, & could take fem. -ess 
 (seamstress) ; agent nn. in -ter, -tor, regularly 
 have -tress (chantress) ; other exx. are author- 
 ess &c (author &c now preferred), giantess, 
 Quakeress; governess (formed on vb) is irreg., 
 perh. on anal, of sorceress (formed on old sorcer 
 not on sorcerer, which has double agent suf.) ; 
 euphony leads to same clipping in adventuress, 
 murderess ; -tress is now recognized angliciz. 
 of F -trice (L -trix -tricis), though of difE, orig. 
 [f. F -esse f. LL f. Gk -issa] 
 
 -ess 2 , suf. in abstr. nn. f. adjj., as duress, 
 largess ; riches, laches, are exx., mistaken for 
 pi. [ME & OF -esse = It. -ezza f. L -itia -ice] 
 
 e'ssay 1 , n. Attempt (at); a literary com- 
 position (usu. prose & short) on any subject, 
 whence e'ssayiST(.S) n. [f. OF essai = assay *] 
 
 essay* 2 , v.t. & i. Try, test, (person, thing) ; 
 attempt (task, to do, or abs.h [refash. f. assay 2 
 on F essayer] 
 
 essence, n. An existence or entity (spiritual 
 or immaterial) ; absolute being, reality under- 
 lying phenomena ; all that makes a thing what 
 it is ; objective character ; indispensable quali- 
 ty or element ; extract obtained by distillation 
 &c (lit. & fig.); perfume, scent, whence e*s- 
 seneED 2 a. [F, f. L essentia f. *essens -ntis fic- 
 titious part, of esse be, repr. Gk ousia] 
 
 Esse'ne, n. Member of an ancient Jewish 
 sect, of mystical tenets & cenobitical life. [f. 
 L f. Gk Essenos, etym. dub.] 
 
 essential (-shl), a. & n. Of, constituting, a 
 thing's essence ; indispensable (to) ; e. proposi- 
 
-EST 
 
 279 
 
 ETHIC 
 
 tion, one that predicates of a subject what is 
 implied in its definition ; e. character (of 
 species, genus, &c), marks that distinguish it 
 from others included with it in next superior 
 division ; e. harmony (belonging to one particu- 
 lar key) ; e. oil, volatile oil, marked by charac- 
 teristic odour &c. : (n.) indispensable element. 
 Hence essentia'liTY n., esse'ntialLY 2 adv. 
 [f. LL essentialis (as essence, -al)] 
 
 -est, suf. forming superl. adjj. & advv. (& 
 first, last); for limits of use see -er 3 , but 
 many adjj. can bear -est though not -er, as awk- 
 ward, barren, fragile, loyal, legible, & many in 
 -id, as limpid ; in poetry & mannered prose -est 
 is used w. almost any adj., & appended to advv. 
 in -ly, as quickliest. [OE -ost, -ust, -ast, f. OTeut. 
 -osto*, & OE -est, -st, f. OTeut. -isto- (compar. -6z-, 
 ■iz-, + Aryan -to-), cf. Gk -isto- ; -iz- required 
 vowel change, now only in eldest, bestJ 
 
 esta'blish, v.t. Set up (government, house 
 of business, &c.) on permanent basis ; settle 
 (person, oneself, -in office &c); secure perma- 
 nent acceptance foe (custom, precedent, belief, 
 &c.) ; place beyond dispute (fact, that) ; make 
 (church) national, [f. OF establir (st. -iss-) f. L 
 stabilire (as stable a.)] 
 
 establishment, n. Establishing ; Church 
 E., the E., church system established by law; 
 organized body of men maintained for a pur- 
 pose, as army, navy, civil service ; peace, tear, 
 e., reduced, increased, army in time of peace, 
 war ; staff of servants &c. ; public institution, 
 house of business; household, as separate e. (of 
 man maintaining paramour), [-ment] 
 
 establishmentap'ian, a. & n. (Person) 
 adhering to, advocating the principle of, an 
 established church, [-arian] 
 
 estaminet (F), n. Cafe in which smoking is 
 allowed. 
 
 esta'te, n. Order, class, forming part of body 
 politic & sharing in government ; the Three Ee. 
 (in England), Lords Spiritual, Lords Temporal, 
 Commons; third e., (usu.) French bourgeoisie 
 before Revolution ; (facet.) fourth e., the press ; 
 person's interest in landed property (real e.) or 
 movables (jiersonal e.), whence esta'tED 2 a. ; 
 a landed property ; one's collective assets & 
 liabilities ; (archaic) condition, as the holy e. of 
 matrimony, [f. OF estat f. L as state] 
 
 estee'm, v.t,, &n. Think highly of ; consider, 
 as I shall e. it (as) a favour; (n.) favourable 
 opinion, regard, respect, [(n. f. vb) f. OF estimer 
 
 f. Las ESTIMATE 2 ] 
 
 e'stimabie, a. Worthy of esteem. [F, f. L 
 aestimabilis (as prec, see -ble)] 
 
 e'stimate l (-at), n. Approximate judgment 
 (of number, amount, &c.) ; quantity assigned 
 by this ; the Ee., forecasts of national expendi- 
 ture, presented annually to parliament; con- 
 tractor's statement of sum for which he will 
 undertake specified work; judgment of char- 
 acter or qualities, [f. L aestimaUis -us (as 
 foil.)] 
 
 e'stimate 2 , v.t. Form an estimate of; fix 
 (number &c.) by estimate at (so much) ; form 
 an opinion of. So e'stimativE a., e'stima- 
 tOR 2 n. [f . L aestimare, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 estimation, n. Judgment, as in my e. ; 
 esteem, as hold in e., be in e. [f. OF estimacion 
 f. L aestimationem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 estival &c. See aest-. 
 
 esto*p,v.t. (law) (-pp-). Bar, preclude, (from 
 thing, from Aoing). Hence esto'ppAGE n. [f . 
 OF estoper (estoupe f. L stuppa tow)] 
 
 estra'de (-ahd), n. Raised platform, dais. [F, 
 f. Sp. estrado f. L straftim neut. p.p. of sternere 
 spread (with carpets)] 
 
 estra'nge, v.t. Alienate (person) in feeling 
 
 (from another). Hence estpa'ngeMENT n. 
 [f. OF estranger f. L extraneare (as strange)] 
 
 estrea't, v.t, (law). Take out record of (fine, 
 bail, &c.) & return it to Court of Exchequer to 
 be prosecuted, [f. estreat n. record f. OF es- 
 traite fern. p.p. of estraire extract f. L Ex(tra- 
 here tract- draw)] 
 
 e'stuary, n. Tidal mouth of large river. 
 Hence e'stuaPiNE 1 a. [f. L aestuarium neut. 
 adj. as n. (aestus -us tide, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 esup'ient, a. (facet.). Hungry; needy and 
 greedy. So esup'iENCE, -ency, nn. [f. L esur- 
 ire, desiderative f. edere es- eat] 
 
 -et 1 ,suf. forming (orig.)dimm., many not now 
 realized as such ; mostly in ME adoptions f. F 
 (bullet, hatchet, sonnet) ; double dim. -let (F -el 
 + -et) is living suf. [OF -et & -ette (dist. only in 
 mod. E = It. -etto, -etta, etym. dub.] 
 
 -et 2 , -ete, suf. in agent nn. f. Gk, -et in older 
 or familiar wds, as poet, comet, anchoret, -ete 
 in newer or learned ones, as athlete, aesthete, 
 exegete. [f. Gk -etes (-tes of agent n. as appended 
 esp. to vbs in -co, -ad) ; epithet, paraclete, are 
 not exx. ; diabetes retains full form] 
 
 e'tacism (a-), n. Prominciation of Gk e as 
 English a (cf. itactsm). [f. Gk eta letter e, -ism] 
 
 eiat-major (F), n. (mil.). Staff, staff-office. 
 
 et ee'tepa, etee'tera, phr. & n. (pi. -as). 
 (Abbr. etc., &c.) & the rest, & so on, as Iremain 
 yours etc. ; (n. pi.) extras, sundries. [L] 
 
 eteh, v.t. &i. Reproduce (pictures &c), por- 
 tray (subject), by engraving metal-plate &c. by 
 means of acids or corrosives, esp. for purpose 
 of printing copies ; (intr.) practise this art. [f. 
 Du. ctsen f. G dtzen etch f. OHG ezjan cause to 
 eat or be eaten f. OTeut. atjan make eat] 
 
 etching, n. In vbl senses, esp. copy from 
 etched plate ; e.-needle, used in e. [-ing l ] 
 
 etep'nal, a. That always (has existed &) will 
 exist, as e. life, punishment; e. city; (colloq.) 
 incessant, too frequent, as these e. bickerings. 
 Hence or cogn. etep*n(al)iZE(3) v.t., etep*- 
 nalLY 2 adv. [OF, f. LL aetemalis (aeternus 
 for aeviternus f. aevum age, see -al)] 
 
 etep'nity, n. Being eternal ; immortal fame ; 
 (pi.) eternal truths ; infinite time, esp. future ; 
 the future life. [f. F etetmite f. L aeternitatem 
 (aetermis, see prec. & -ty)] 
 
 Ete'sian, a. E. winds (blowing annually in 
 Mediterranean from N. W. for about 40 days in 
 summer), [f. L f. Gk etesios (etos year) + -an] 
 
 -eth, suf. See -th 2 . 
 
 e'thep, n. Clear sky, upper regions beyond 
 clouds ; (Physics) subtle elastic fluid permeat- 
 ing space & filling interstices between particles 
 of air & other matter, medium through which 
 light- waves are propagated, whence e'thepic 
 a. ; (Chem.) colourless light volatile liquid pro- 
 duced by action of sulphuric acid & other acids 
 on alcohol, an anaesthetic, [f. L f. Gk aither f. 
 root otaitho burn, shine] 
 
 ethep'eal, -ial, a. Light, airy; heavenly; 
 of unearthly delicacy of substance, character, 
 or appearance, whence ethepea'liTY, ethe- 
 pealizA'TioN, nn., ethep*ealizE(3) v. t., eth- 
 ep'ealLY 2 adv. ; (Physics, Chem.) of, like, eth- 
 er, so e'theriFiCA'TioN n., e'thepiFY v.t. ; e. 
 oil, essential or volatile oil. [f. L (-ens, -ius) f. 
 Gkaitherios (as prec.)] 
 
 e'thepize, v.t. Put (patient) under influence 
 of ether. Hence etherizA'TiON n. [-ize] 
 
 e'thie, a. & n. (Now usu. ethical) relating to 
 morals, treating of moral questions ; e. dative 
 (of person indirectly interested in fact stated) ; 
 (n. pi.) science of morals, treatise on this, moral 
 principles, rules of conduct, whole field of moral 
 science. Hence e'thie al a., e'thiealLY 2 adv., 
 e'thieiZE(3) v.t. [f. L f. Gk ethikos (ethos, -ic)j 
 
ETHIOPIAN 
 
 280 
 
 EUTERPE 
 
 Ethio'pian (e-), a. & n. (Native) of Ethiopia, 
 esp. (Anthropol.) as epithet of one of the races 
 into which human species is divided, [-an] 
 
 e'thnie, -ioal, aa. Pertaining to race, ethno- 
 logical, whence e'thniealLY 2 adv. ; (-ic) gen- 
 tile, heathen, whence e*thniciSM(2) n. [f. Gk 
 etfanikos (ethnos nation, see -ic)J 
 
 ethno'graphy, n. Scientific description of 
 races of men. So ethno'GRAPHER n., ethno- 
 g , pa , phic(AL)aa.,ethnog'Pa , phicalLY 2 adv. 
 [f. Gk ethnos nation + -graphvJ 
 
 ethno'logy, n. Science of races & their re- 
 lations to one another & characteristics. So 
 ethnolo , g , ic(AL)aa.,ethnolo*giealLY-adv., 
 ethno'LOGiST n. [as prec. + -logy] 
 
 etho*log"y, n. Science of character-forma- 
 tion. Hence etholo'gicAL a. [f. L f. Gk etho- 
 logia (ethos, see -logy)] 
 
 e*thos,n. Characteristic spiritof community, 
 people, or system. [Gk, = character, nature, dis- 
 position] 
 
 e'tiiyl, n. (chem.). Base of ordinary alcohol, 
 common ether, & acetic acid. [f. ether, -yl] 
 
 -etic, suf. of adjj. & nn. = Gk agent suf. -et-ov 
 •et- + -io, in wds f. Gk or on Gk models, as emetic 
 (Gk emetikos), ascetic (Gk asketikos). 
 
 e'tiolate, v. t. Make (plant) pale by excluding 
 light ; give sickly hue to (person). Hence etio- 
 LATION n. [f. F etioler f. Norm, bticuler grow 
 into haulm (iteule f. L stipula straw)] 
 
 etiology. See aetiology. 
 
 etique'tte (-ket), n. Conventional rules of 
 personal behaviour in polite society ;ceremonial 
 of court; unwritten code restricting professional 
 men in whatconcernsinterests of their brethren 
 ordignityof theirprofession,esp. medical, legal, 
 e. [f. F itiquette ticket, etiquette] 
 
 e'tna, n. Vessel for heating small quantity 
 of liquid by burning spirit, [f. the volcano] 
 
 E'ton (e-), n. E. jacket, boy's short coat reach- 
 ing to hips. [f. Eton College] 
 
 Etru'sean, a. & n. (Native) of ancient 
 Etruria. [f. L Etruscus + -an] 
 
 etseqq., sequentes, -tia, (in reference to 
 books &c). And the words, pages, &c, that 
 follow. [L] 
 
 -ette, suf. forming dim. nn. (rarely adjj.),repr. 
 OF -ette, the fern, corresp. to -et. Older adop- 
 tions f. F now have -et ; -ette appearing chiefly 
 in wds introduced since 17th c, as cigarette, 
 etiquette. (2) A mod. commerc. use, = ' sham ', 
 is seen in leatherette, Brusselette (carpet). 
 
 etui* (-we), etwee*, n. Small case for needles, 
 tooth-picks, &c. [f. F 6tui, etyni. dub.] 
 
 etymo'logrize, v.t & i. Give, trace, the 
 etymology of ; suggest etymology for ; study 
 etymology, [f. Lhetymologizare (as foil., -ize)] 
 
 etymo'logy, n. Account of, facts relating to, 
 formation & meaning of word ; branch of lin- 
 guistic science concerned with this; part of 
 f;rammar treating of individual words & their 
 ormation & inflexions. Hence or cogn. ety- 
 mo'LOGER, etymo'LOGiST, nn., etymolo'gri- 
 c(al) aa., etymolo'glealLY 2 adv. [f. OF ethi- 
 mologie f. L f. Gk etumologia, (as foil., -logy)] 
 
 e'tymon, n. Primary word that gives rise to 
 a derivative. [L, f. Gk etunwn (neut. of etumos 
 true) literal sense, original form, of a word] 
 
 eu- in comb. = Gk eu well, cf. dys-. 
 
 eucalyptus, n. Genus of plants including 
 Australian Gum tree. [f. EU-+Gk kaluptos 
 covered(A:aZi*ȣ6),flowerbeingprotectedbycap] 
 
 eu'eharis (uk-), n. (Also e. lily) S.-Amer. 
 bulbous plant with white bell-shaped flowers. 
 [Gk EV(kharis grace) pleasing] 
 
 eu'chapist (uk-), n. Lord's Supper ; conse- 
 crated elements, esp. the bread, as give, re- 
 ceive, the E. Hence euehapi , stic(AL) aa. Lf. 
 
 OF eucariste f. LL f. Gk eukharistia f. EU(kha- 
 ristos f. kharizomai offer willingly) grateful] 
 
 euehlop'ine, n. A gaseous mixture of chlor- 
 ine and oxide of chlorine, [eu- + Gk khloros on 
 anal, of chlorine] 
 
 eu'ehpe (-ker), n. , & v. t. American card game 
 for 2, 3, or 4 persons ; (v. t.) gain advantage over 
 (opponent) by his failure to take three tricks at 
 euchre (also fig.). [?] 
 
 eud(a)e*monism, n. System of ethics bas- 
 ing moral obligation on tendency of actions to 
 produce happiness. So eude*moniST(2) n. [f. 
 Gk EV(daimon guardian genius) happy, -ism] 
 
 eudio'metep, n. Instrument showing quan- 
 tity of oxygen in air. So eudiome'tPic(AL) 
 aa., eudiome'tpiealLY 2 adv., eudio'METRY 
 n. [f. Gk KU{dios, st. of Zeus, gen. Dios, god of 
 the sky) clear + -meter] 
 
 euge'nic (-j-), a. & n. Of the production of 
 fine (esp. human) offspring; (n. pi.) science of 
 this. Jf. EC- + Gk gen- produce + -ic] 
 
 euhe'mepism, n. Reference of myths to 
 historical basis. So euhe*mepiST(2) n., eu- 
 hemepi'stic a., euhe*mepiZE(4) v.t. & i. [f. 
 Euhemerus, Sicilian author c. 316 B.C..+ -ism] 
 
 eu'logize, v.t. Extol, praise, in speech or 
 writing. So eu'log'iST(l) n., eulogi'stic a., 
 eulogi'stiCALLY adv. [f. foil. + -ize] 
 
 eu'logy, n. Speech, writing, in praise of per- 
 son &c, as pro nounce his e., pronounce a e. on 
 him; praise, [prob. f. med.L (also used as E) 
 eulogium irreg. f. Gk E\j(logia -logy)] 
 
 eu'nuch {-uk), n. Castrated male person, esp. 
 one employed in harem, or (in Oriental courts 
 & under Roman empire) employed in state 
 affairs, [f. L f. Gk eunoukhos lit. bedchamber 
 attendant (eune bed + okh- st. of ekho hold)] 
 
 eud'nymus, n. Genus of shrubs, [f. L f. Gk 
 KV(6numos f. onoma name) of lucky name] 
 
 eupe'ptie, a. Of, having, good digestion, 
 [f. Gk ~EU(peptos f. pesso, pepto, digest) + -ic] 
 
 eu'phemism j(-fl-), n. Substitution of mild 
 or vague expression for harsh or blunt one ; ex- 
 pression thus substituted, as * queer ' is a e. for 
 4 viad '. So euphemi'stic a. , euphemi'stic- 
 ally adv., eu*phemizE(l, 2) v.t. & i. [f. Gk 
 euphemisinos f. EV(phe)7ios f. pheme speaking, 
 fame), see -ism] 
 
 euphd'nium, n. (mus.). Bass instrument of 
 saxhorn family. [mod.L, f. Gkeuphonos see foil. 1 
 
 eu'phony,n. Pleasing sound; quality of hav- 
 ing this (usu. of words, phrases, &c); tendency 
 to phonetic change for ease of pronunciation. 
 So euphd'nic, eupho'nious, aa., euphd'n- 
 ically, eupho'niousLY 2 , advv., eu'phon- 
 ize(3) v.t. [f. F euphonic f. Gk euphonia f. EU- 
 phonos (phone sound)] 
 
 eu'phpasy, n. - EYEbright. [f. med.L f. Gk 
 euphrasia cheerfulness f. EVphraiyw gladden 
 (phren mind)] 
 
 eu'phuism, n. Artificial or affected style of 
 writing (prop., in imitation of Lyly's Euphues, 
 1580); high-flown style. Soeu*phuiSTn.,eu- 
 phui'stic a., euphui'stiCALLY adv. [-ism] 
 
 Eura'sian (-shan), a,. & n. (Person) of mixed 
 European & Asiatic parentage ; of Europe & 
 Asia, [t Europe + Asia + -A1S] 
 
 eure'ka, int. & n. (The exulting exclama- 
 tion) 'I have (found) it!' (also as trade name), 
 [f. Gk heureka 1st pers. perf. of heurisko find] 
 
 Eupope'an, a. & n. (Native) of Europe ; hap- 
 pening in, extending over, Europe, as a E. re- 
 putation. Hence Eupope*aniSM(2, 3,4), Eu- 
 popeanizA'TioN, nn., Eupope # anizE(3) v.t. 
 [f. F europien f. L Europaeus (L f. Gk Europe 
 Europe) + -an] 
 
 Eutep'pe, n. A Muse, goddess of music, 
 whence Eutep'peAN a.; genus of palms. [Gk] 
 
EUTHANASIA 
 
 281 
 
 EVERY 
 
 euthana'sia f-z-, -s-~), n. Gentle & easy death; 
 bringing about of this, esp. in case of incurable 
 & painful disease. [Gk (eu- + thanatos death)] 
 
 eva*cuate,v.t. Empty (esp. stomach or bodily 
 organ of contents), whence eva*euANT(2) a. & 
 n. ; withdraw from (place ; esp. of troops) ; dis- 
 charge (excrement &c. ; also fig.). So evaeu- 
 a'tion n. [f. L E(vacuare f. vacuus empty)] 
 
 eva'de, v.t. Escape from, avoid, (attack, pur- 
 suit, designs, adversary, blow, obstacle, &c); 
 avoid doing (duty &c), answering (question), 
 yielding to (argument &c.) ; defeat intention of 
 (law &c, esp. while complying with its letter) ; 
 (of things) elude, baffle. Hence eva'dABLE a. 
 [f. F Evader f. L E(vadere vas- go)] 
 
 eva'g-inate, v.t. (physiol.). Turn (tubular 
 organ) inside out. So evaginA"TiON n. [f. L 
 E(vaginare f. vagina sheath), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 eva'luate, v.t. Ascertain amount of ; find 
 numerical expression for. So evaluA'TiON n. 
 [f. F ^valuer {e- ex-, value)] 
 
 evane'sce (s), v.i. Fade out of sight; become 
 effaced ; disappear, [f. L E(vanescere vanish)] 
 
 evanescent, a. (Of impression, appearance, 
 &c) quickly fading; (Math.) infinitesimal. 
 Hence evane'scENCE n., evane'seentLY 2 
 adv. [f. F evanescent (as prec, see -ent)] 
 
 eva'ngel (-J-), n. (archaic). The Gospel ; any 
 of the Four Gospels; doctrine, principle, (of 
 politics &c). [f. OF evangi(l)le f. eccl. L f. Gk 
 EV(aggelion cf. angel) fee for good news] 
 
 ivang-e'lieCal), a a. & nn. Of, according to, 
 the teaching of the Gospel or the Christian re- 
 ligion ; esp. (usu. -ical) of the Protestant school 
 maintaining that the essence of the Gospel con- 
 sists in doctrine of salvation by faith, good 
 works & sacraments having no saving efficacy, 
 whence evange*liealiSM(3) n. ; (n.) member of 
 this school. Hence evange'liealLY 2 adv. [f. 
 LL f. eccl. Gk euaggelikos (as prec, see -ic, -al)J 
 
 eva'ngelism, n. Preaching of the Gospel ; 
 
 = EVANGELICALISM. [-ISM.] 
 
 eva'ngelist, n. One of the writers of the Four 
 Gospels ; preacher of the Gospel ; layman doing 
 home missionary work. [f. F evangeliste f. L 
 (-ta) f. Gk euaggelistes (as evangelize, -ist)] 
 
 evangeli'stic, a. Of the Four Evangelists ; 
 of preachers of the Gospel; =evangelical. [-ic] 
 
 eva'ng-elize, v.t. Preach the Gospel to (per- 
 sons, also abs. ); win over (person) to Christianity. 
 Hence evangelizA'TiON n. [f. eccl. L evange- 
 lizare f. Gk euaggelizomai (as evangel)] 
 
 eva'nish, v.i. Vanish ; die away. Hence 
 eva'nishMENT n. [f. OF evanir (-ish 2 ) f. pop. 
 L *exvanire = L evanescere evanesce] 
 
 eva'popate, v.t. & i. Turn (t. & i.) from solid 
 or liquid into vapour (also fig.; esp. colloq., dis- 
 appear, die) ; remove the liquid part of; (intr.) 
 exhale moisture. Soeva'poPABLE, eva'por- 
 atiVE, aa., evapoPA'TioN, eva*popatOR 2 , 
 nn. [f. LL Evaporare (as vapour), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 eva'sion (-zhn), n. Act, means, of evading ; 
 shuffling excuse. So eva'sivE (-s-) a., eva*- 
 siveLY 2 adv., eva'siveNESS n. [f. F evasion 
 f. LL evasionem (as evade, see -ion)] 
 
 Eve 1 ,!). The first woman ; daughter of ^-K, wo- 
 man (often w.allusion to feminine curiosity &c). 
 [f. Heb. Havvah orig. = life, living] 
 
 eve 2 , n. Evening or day before (of) a church 
 festival or any date or event ; time just before 
 anything, as on the e. of an election ; (archaic) 
 evening. [ = even l ; for loss of -n cf. morrow] 
 
 eve'etion, n. Inequality in moon's longitude, 
 [f. L eveetio f. E(vehere vect- carry), -ion] 
 
 e'ven \ n. (poet.). Evening ; evensong, even- 
 ing prayer in Church of England ;eventide,even- 
 ing. [OE xfen, efen ; Du avond, G abend] 
 
 e'ven 2 , a. (-er, -est). Level ; smooth ; uniform 
 
 in quality ; in same plane or line (with) ; equally 
 balanced, as e. -handed justice ; equal in number 
 or amount ; (Law, Commerc.) of e. (same) date ; 
 (of temper &c.) equable, unruffled ; (of numbers) 
 integrally divisible by two, opp. to odd ; odd & 
 e. ; be e. with, have one's revenge on. Hence 
 e'venLY 2 adv., e'venNESS n. [com.-Teut. : 
 OE efen, Du. even, ejfen, G eben] 
 
 e'ven 3 , adv. inviting comparison of the asser- 
 tion, negation, &c, made with a less strong one 
 that might have been made, as He disputes e. 
 the facts (not merely the inferences from them), 
 I never e. opened (much less read) it, does he e. 
 suspect (not to say realize) the danger ?, e. if my 
 watch is right we shall be late (later if it is slow), 
 this applies e. more (not merely equally) to 
 French (than to English); (archaic) neither 
 more nor less than, just, simply, as e. (quite) so, 
 (emphasizing identity) that is, as God, e. our 
 own God. [OE cfne, as prec] 
 
 e'ven 4 , v.t. Make even; treat as equal or 
 comparable (to). [OE efnan, as prec] 
 
 evening (evn-), n. Close of day, esp. sunset 
 to bedtime ; this time spent in particular way, 
 as musical ee.; (fig.) decline of life, closing pe- 
 riod ; e. dress, that prescribed by fashion to be 
 worn in the c; e.-star, Jupiter, Mercury, or 
 (the e.-star) Venus, when seen in West after 
 sunset. [OE xfnung vbl n. f. sefnian (as even 1 )] 
 
 eve'nt, n. Fact of a thing's happening, as in 
 the e. of his death, his coming, if he dies, comes ; 
 thing that happens, esp. important thing, as 
 quite an e., whence eve'ntFUL, eve'ntLESS, 
 aa.; (in doctrine of chances) any of several 
 possible but mutually exclusive occurrences ; 
 double e., combined occurrence of two ec; 
 (Sport.) something on the issue of whichinoney 
 is staked ; result, outcome ; at all ee., in any 
 case. [OF, f. L eventus -its f. E(venire come)] 
 
 eve'ntual, a. That will happen under certain 
 circumstances ; ultimately resulting, whence 
 eve'ntualLY 2 adv. [f. F tventuel (prec, -al)] 
 
 eventuality, n. Possible event, [-itv] 
 
 eve'ntuate, v.i. Turn out (well, ill, &c) ; 
 result (in or abs.). [f. L as event, -ate 3 ] 
 
 e'vep, adv. Always, at all times, (archaic 
 exc as foil.) ; for ever (& e.,& a day), for all 
 future time, incessantly ; evermore, always ; e. 
 after, e. since ; (archaic) e. & anon, now & then; 
 (w. negative, question, condition, comparison) 
 at any time, as nothing e. happens, did you e. 
 hear such stuff ?, ifle. catch him, the best thing 
 Ie. heard, as good as e., better thane.; strength- 
 ening as) be as quick as e. you can ; (emphasiz- 
 ing question, colloq.) what e. (vulg. whatever) 
 does he want ?, who e. can it be ?, whiche. Brown 
 do you mean ?, when, where, how, e. did I drop 
 it ?, why e. didn't you say so ? ; e. so (earlier 
 never so), very, as it is e. so much easier. [OE 
 xfre, etym. dub., perh. conn. w. aye] 
 
 e'vepglade, n. (U.S.). Marshy tract of land, 
 esp. (pi.) swamp in S. Florida, [prec. + glade] 
 
 e'vepgreen, a. & n. Always green or fresh 
 (lit. & fig.) ; (tree, shrub) having green leaves 
 all the year round (cf. deciduous). 
 
 evepla'sting"* a. & n. Lasting for ever ; last- 
 ing long ; lasting too long, repeated too often ; 
 (of plants) keeping shape and colour when dried; 
 (n.) eternity, as from e„ e. flower, strong twilled 
 woollen stuff. Hence evepla'stingfLY 2 adv., 
 evepla'stingNESS n. 
 
 evep't, v. t. ( Physiol. ) turn (organ &c ) inside 
 out; (archaic) overthrow (government «fec). So 
 evep'siox n. [f. L E(vertere vers- turn)] 
 
 every (e'vri), a. Each, all (w. sing, vb), as e. 
 word of it is false, (w. possess, pron.) it engaged 
 his e. thoxight, (of succession or alternation) he 
 comes e. day, e. other (i. e. second) day, e. three 
 
EVICT 
 
 282 
 
 EXAMPLE 
 
 days, e. third day ; e. now <£■ then, e. noxo & 
 again, from time to time ; e. bit (quite) as much', 
 everybody (else), every (other) person ; everyday 
 (adj.), occurring daily, worn or used on ordinary 
 days, commonplace ; e. one, each, as e. one of 
 them is wrong; everyone (also e. one), every- 
 body, as everyone likes to have his way ; every- 
 thing, all things, as everything depends on 
 that, thing of first importance, as pace is every- 
 thing ; everyway, in e. way, in e. respect ; every- 
 where, in e. place. [OE xfre xlc ever each] 
 
 evi'et, v.t. Expel (person ; esp. tenant from 
 land &c); recover (property, title to it, of, 
 from, person) by legal process. So evi'etiON, 
 evi'ctOR 2 , nn. [f. L E(vincere vict- conquer)] 
 
 e'videnee, n., &v.t. Clearness, obviousness, 
 esp. ine., conspicuous ; indication, sign, (of qua- 
 lity, treatment, &c); testimony, facts, making 
 for (also of) a conclusion, esp. (pi.) the Ee. of 
 Christianity; internal, external, e.; (Law) 
 information (given personally or drawn from 
 documents &c. ) tending to establish fact, as call 
 (person) in e. (as a witness), circumstantial, 
 presumptive, verbal, e.; turn King's, Queen's, 
 e., (of accomplice in crime) give e. against one's 
 accomplices ; statements, proofs, admissible as 
 testimony in court ; (v.t.) serve to indicate, at- 
 test. So evide'ntiAL (-shl), evide'ntiARY 1 
 (-sha-), aa., evide'ntialLV 2 adv. [(vb f. n.) f. 
 F e'videnee f. L evidentia (as foil., see -ence)] 
 
 e'vident, a. Obvious (to eyes or mind). Hence 
 e'videntLY 2 adv. [f. L e( videre see), see tent] 
 
 evil (e'vl), a., n., adv. Bad, harmful ; the E. 
 One, the Devil ; of e. (bad) repute, an e. (slan- 
 derous) tongue; e. eye, malicious look, pop. be- 
 lieved to do material harm; (n.) e. thing, sin, 
 harm ; e.-doer ; Aleppo e., a disease of boils ; = 
 king's e.; (adv.) in e. manner, as speak e. of, 
 (bibl.) e. entreat, e.-disposed. Hence e'vilLY 2 
 adv. [ME uvel, OE yfel, Du. euvel, G ilbel ; perh 
 f. root of up, w. sense ' excessive '] 
 
 evi'nee, v.t. Show, indicate, (quality &c, 
 that &c.) ; show that one has (quality). Hence 
 evi'ncivE a. [as evict] 
 
 e'vipate, v.t. Castrate (male) ; (fig.) deprive 
 of manly qualities. So eviPA'TiON n. [f. L 
 E(virare f. vir man), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 evi'scerate, v.t, Disembowel ; (fig.) empty 
 (thing) of vital contents. Hence eviseePA- 
 tion n. [f. L Eviscerare (viscera), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 evo'ke, v.t. Call up (spirit from the dead, 
 feelings, memories, energies) ; summon (cause) 
 to higher court. So evocA'TiON n., e'voea- 
 tiVE a. [f. F evoquer f. L E(vocare call)] 
 
 e'volute, a. & n. E. (curve), locus of centres 
 of curvature of another curve that is its invo- 
 lute, [f. L p.p. as evolve] 
 
 evolirtion, n. Opening out (of roll, bud, &c; 
 usu. tig.) ; appearance (of events &c.)in due suc- 
 cession ; evolving, giving off, (of gas, heat, &c); 
 unfolding of curve ; (Math.) extraction of root 
 from any given power (cf. involution) ; deve- 
 lopment (of organism, design, argument, &c.) ; 
 Theory of E. (that the embryo is not created by 
 fecundation, but developed from a pre-existing 
 form) ; origination of species by development 
 from earlier forms, not by special creation (cf. 
 creationism), whence evolu'tioniSM, evo- 
 lirtioniST, nn., evolutioni'stic a.; forma- 
 tion of heavenly bodies by concentration of cos- 
 mic matter ; change in disposition of troops or 
 ships ; wheeling about, movement, in dancing 
 &c Hence evolutionAL, evolu'tionARY *, 
 aa. [f. L cvolutio (as foil., see -ion)] 
 
 evolirtive, a. Tending to evolution, [-ive] 
 
 evo'lve, v.t. & i. Unfold, open out, (fig.); set 
 forth in due sequence ; give off (heat &c.) ; de- 
 velop, deduce, (theory, facts, &c); develop (t. & 
 
 i.) by natural process. Hence evo'lveMENTn. 
 [f. L E(volvere volut- roll)] 
 
 evirlsion, n. Forcible extraction. [fLevul- 
 sio f. E(vellere vuls- pluck), see -ion] 
 
 ewe (u), n. Female sheep. [com.-Aryan : OE 
 eowu, Du. ooi, L ovis, Gk ois, Skr. avi] 
 
 ewep (u-), n. Pitcher; (Commerc.) bedroom 
 water-j ug. [f. OF aiguiere f. L * aquaria, fern, 
 adj. as n. (aqua water, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 ex, prep, (commerc). (Of goods) out of, sold 
 from, (ship, store, &c.) ; (of stocks or shares) ex 
 dividend (abbr. ex div. or x.d.), not including 
 next dividend. [L] 
 
 ex-, pref. (1) i = L ex before h, c, p, q, s (which is 
 often dropped), and t ; becoming ef- before/, e- 
 before other consonants; forming vbs with 
 sense ' out', 'forth', (exclude, exit), 'thoroughly ' 
 (excruciate), ' make so-&-so ' (exasperate), ' re- 
 move, expel, free, from' (expatriate, -onerate, 
 -coriate), and adjj. w. sense 'not having', esp. 
 in form e- (ecaudate tailless). (2) = Gk ex (=ek 
 before vowels) out, as exodus. (3) L ex is pre- 
 fixed to nn. and rarely adjj. (orig. to titles of 
 office &c.) in sense 'formerly', 'quondam', as 
 ex-chancellor, cx-Prime-Minlster. 
 
 exa'eepbate, v.t. Aggravate (pain, disease, 
 anger); irritate (person &c). So exacerbA- 
 tion n. [f. L KX(acerbare f. acerbus bitter)] 
 
 exa'et 1 , a. Precise, rigorous, (rules, order, 
 &c.) ; (of person, judgment, description, report, 
 answer, &c.) accurate, strictly correct; e. 
 sciences (admitting of absolute precision). 
 Hence or cogn. exa'etiTUDE, exa'etNESs, nn. 
 [f. L p.p. as foil.] 
 
 exa'et 2 , v.t. Demand & enforce payment 
 of (money, fees, &c, from, of, person), insist 
 upon (act, conduct, from, of), whence exa'et- 
 ing 2 a, ; (of circumstances) require urgently. 
 Hence or cogn. exa'etABLE a., exa'etOR 2 h. 
 [f. L EX(igere act- = agere drive)] 
 
 exa'etion, n. Exacting (of money &c.) ; sum, 
 thing, thus exacted ; illegal or exorbitant de- 
 mand, extortion ; arbitrary & excessive impost. 
 [F, f. L exactionem (as prec., see -ion)] 
 
 exa'etly, adv. In adj. senses, esp. (as answer 
 or confirmation) quite so, justas you say. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 exaggerate (-aj-), v.t. Magnify (thing de- 
 scribed, or abs. ) beyond limits of truth ; intensify, 
 aggravate ; make (physical features &c.) of ab- 
 normal size. Hence or cogn. exa'g-g-epated- 
 ly 2 , exa'g'gepativeLY 2 , advv., exagger- 
 a'tion, exa'g'g'epatOR 2 , nn., exa'ggepa- 
 tiVE a. [f. L EX(aggerare heap up, f. agger 
 heap), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 exa'lt (-aw-), v.t. Raise, place high in rank, 
 power, &c. ; praise, extol ; dignify, ennoble, 
 (esp. in p.p.) ; intensify (colours &c). [f. L ex- 
 (altare f. altus high)] 
 
 exalta'tion, n. Raising, lifting up, (usu. 
 fig.); elation, rapturous emotion ; intensifica- 
 tion. [F, f. L exaltationem (prec, -ation)] 
 
 examina'tion, n. Minute inspection (of, 
 into); post-mortem e.;"(colloq.abbr. exam) test- 
 ing of knowledge or ability (of pupils, candi- 
 dates) by questions oral or written ; e.-paper, 
 series of such questions or of examinee's an- 
 swers to them. Hence examina'tion al a. 
 [F, f. L examinationem (as foil., see -ation)] 
 
 exa'mine, v.t. & i. Investigate, scrutinize, 
 (accounts, person in or on subject, organ, bag- 
 gage for contraband goods, theory, statement, 
 one's own conscience, whether) ; (intr.) inquire 
 into. Hence exa'minANT, exa'minEE', ex- 
 a'minER 1 , nn., examinatop'iAL a. [f. F ex- 
 aminer f. L examinare (examen, for exagmen, 
 tongue of balance, examination, as exact 2 )] 
 
 exa'mple, n., & v.t. Fact, thing, illustrating 
 general rule ; problem, exercise, designed to do 
 
EXANIMATE 
 
 283 
 
 EXCITE 
 
 this ; specimen of workmanship, picture &c. ; 
 ■warning to others, as make an e. of (punish) 
 him ; precedent, as beyond, without, e. ; con- 
 duct as object of imitation, as give, set, a good e. ; 
 take e. by, copy; (v.t,) furnish an e. of (usu. in 
 p.p.). [(vbf. n.) OF, f. L exemplum (as EXEiMPT 1 )] 
 
 exa'nimate (-at), a. Dead ; lacking anima- 
 tion, spiritless, [f. L EXanimare deprive of life 
 (anima), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 e'xapch (-k), n. (Under Byzantine emperors) 
 governor of distant province ; (in Eastern 
 Church) patriarch, bishop, patriarch's deputy. 
 So e'xarehATE 1 n. [f. L f. Gk exarkhos f. 
 EX(arkho rule)] 
 
 exa'spepate, v.t. Make worse (ill feeling, 
 disease, pain) ; irritate (person) ; provoke (per- 
 son ro'ill, to do). Hence or cogn. exa'sperat- 
 ing-Lv 2 adv., exaspePA'TioN n. [f. L ex(«s- 
 perare f. aspcr rough), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ex cath&dra, adv. & a. Authoritative(ly). 
 [L, =from the (teacher's) chair] 
 
 excavate, v.t. Make hollow ; make (hole, 
 channel) by digging ; dig out (soil) leaving a 
 hole ; unearth, get out, by digging. Hence or 
 cogn. exeavA'TiON, e'xeavatOR 2 , nn. [f. L 
 EX(cavare f. cavus hollow), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 exceed, v.t. & i. Do more than is warranted 
 by (one's commission, rights, &c.) ; be greater 
 than (quantity, thing, by so much) ; surpass 
 (person &c. in) ; be pre-eminent, whence ex- 
 eee'dixG' 2 a. & (archaic) adv., exeeedingxY 2 
 adv. ; be immoderate in feeding &c. ; exagger- 
 ate, [f. F exceder f. L EX(cedere cess- go)] 
 
 excel, v.t. & i. (-11-). Surpass (others in 
 quality, Undoing); be pre-eminent (in, at, thing, 
 in quality, in doing), [f. F exceller f. L EX(eel- 
 lere, cf. celsus lofty)] 
 
 e'xeellence, n. Surpassing merit ; thing in 
 which person &c. excels. [F, f. L excellentia 
 (as prec, see -exce)] 
 
 e'xeelleney, n. Title (Your, His, Her, E.) 
 of ambassadors, governors & their wives, & 
 some other officers, [as prec, see -ency] 
 
 e'xeellent, a, Pre-eminent; very good. Hence 
 e'XeellentLY 2 adv. [F (as prec, see -ent)] 
 
 execlsiop, int. & n. Higher (as trade mark 
 &c) ; (U.S.) soft shavings of wood for stuffing. 
 [L, compar. of Excelsus lofty] 
 
 exee'pt \ v.t. & i. Exclude (thing) from enu- 
 meration, statement, &c, as present company 
 excepted, e. him, from the general pardon; 
 make objection against. So exee'ptiVE a. [f. 
 F excepter f. EX(cipere cept- = capere take)] 
 
 except 2 , exee'pting', prep. & conj. (-ingris 
 required only after not, without, as we are all 
 fallible, except the pope, but not excepting the 
 pope). Not including, but, as we all failed e. 
 nim, he is everywhere e. in the right place, 
 never to be found e. in the wrong place, it is 
 right e. that the accents are omitted, e. for the 
 omission of accents ; (conj., archaic) unless, as 
 
 e. he be born again, [except orig. p.p. (f. L as 
 prec) in abs. constr. (e. you = you being excepted) ; 
 -ing, abs. use of part, of prec] 
 
 exeep'tion, n. Excepting ; thing excepted, 
 thing that does not follow the rule ; the e. 
 proves the rule, (prop.) the excepting of some 
 cases shows that the rule exists, or that it ap- 
 plies to those not excepted, (pop.) the weaker 
 my case, the stronger my conviction ; take e., 
 object to ; subject, liable, to e. (objection), 
 whence exee'ptionABLE a. [f. AF excepcioun 
 
 f. L exceptionem (except \ -ion)] 
 exceptional, a. Forming an exception ; un- 
 usual, as e. advantages. Hence exeeption- 
 a'liTY n., exee'ptionalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 e'xeerpt * (or Ikser - -), n. Extract from book 
 &c. article from learned society's Trans- 
 
 actions &c printed off separately for private 
 circulation, [as foil.] 
 
 exeep'pt 2 , v.t, Extract, quote, (passage 
 from book &c, or abs.). Hence or cogn. ex- 
 eer'ptiBLE a., exeer'ptiox n. [f. L Ex(ce?-- 
 pere cerpt- = carpere pluck)] 
 
 exce'ss, n. (Usu. pi.) outrage ; intemperance 
 in eating or drinking ; overstepping of due 
 limits; fact of exceeding, esp. in e. of, more 
 than ; amount by which one exceeds another ; 
 e.fare on railway, payment due for travelling 
 further or in higher class than ticket warrants ; 
 e. luggage (over the weight for free carriage) ; 
 superabundance, extreme degree, (of cruelty 
 &c ) ; exceeding of the proper amount or degree, 
 esp. in, to, e. So exeessiYE a., excess! ve- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. F execs f. L excessus -us(as exceed)] 
 
 exeha'nge \ n. Act, process, of exchanging 
 (0/ goods, prisoners of war, blows, words, &c.) ; 
 exchanging of coin for its equivalent in coin 
 of same or another country; money-changer's 
 trade ; par ofe., standard value of coinage of 
 one country in terms of that of another ; (rate, 
 course, of) e,, price at which bills drawn in a 
 foreign currency may be bought, also, difference 
 between this & par ; system of settling debts 
 between persons (esp. in different countries) 
 without money, by bills of e. (first, second, 
 third, ofe., separate bills of even tenor & date 
 as security against miscarriage) ; thing ex- 
 changed for another ; building where mer- 
 chants assemble to transact business, assTOCK- 
 e. [f. OF eschange f. LL excambium (as foil.)] 
 
 exchange 2 , v.t. & i. Give, receive, (thing) 
 in place of (for) another ; interchange (blows, 
 words, glances, &c) ; (intr., esp. of coin) be re- 
 ceived as equivalent/o?' ; pass (from one regi- 
 ment or ship into another) by exchange with 
 another officer, [f. OF eschangiert LLEX(car?i- 
 biare change)] 
 
 excha'ng-eable, a. That may be exchanged 
 (for) ; e. valve (estimated by that of the goods 
 for which a thing may be exchanged). Hence 
 exehangreaBi'LiTY n. [-able] 
 
 exchequer (-tsheke?-), n. Department 'of 
 public service charged with receipt & custody 
 of revenue ; Chancellor of the E., finance min- 
 ister of United Kingdom; royal or national 
 treasury ; money of private person &c ; (also 
 Court of E.) court of law, now merged in 
 Queen's Bench Division (orig. using table with 
 chequered cloth for accounts) ; e.-bill (issued by 
 authority of Parliament, bearing interest at 
 current rate), [f. OF eschequier f. med.Lscocca- 
 rium chess-board (scacchi chess, see -arium)] 
 
 exci'se 1 (-z), n., & v.t. Duty charged on home 
 goods during manufacture or before sale to 
 home consumers ; government office collecting 
 e. (now Department of Inland Revenue) ; ex- 
 ciseman, officer collecting e. & preventing in- 
 fringement of e. laws; (v.t.) force (person) to 
 pay e., overcharge (also fig.). Hence exei's- 
 abtle a. [(vb f. n.) prob. f. MDu. excijs f. LL 
 *accensus f. Accensare tax (census)] 
 
 exci'se 2 (-z), v.t, Cut out (passage of book, 
 limb, organ, &c) ; (Bot,, Zool.) cut out, notch. 
 So exei'siON (-zhn) n. [f. L EX(cidere cis- = 
 caedere cut)] 
 
 exei'te, v.t. Set in motion, rouse up, (feelings, 
 faculties, &c) ; provoke, bring about, (action, 
 active condition) ; promote activity of (bodily 
 organs &c) by stimulus; move (person) to 
 strong emotion ; (Electr., Magnet.) induce ac- 
 tivity in (substance), set (current) in motion, 
 whence exeitA'TiON n. ; (Photog. sensitize 
 (plate). Hence or cogn. exeitaBixiTY, ex- 
 ei'teMENT, nn., e'xcitANTa, & n., exel'tABLE. 
 exei'tATivE, exci'tatORY, aa., exci*tedLY3 
 
EXCLAIM 
 
 281 
 
 EXBNTERATE 
 
 adv. [f. F exciter f. L excitare frequent, of ex- 
 (ciere set in motion)] 
 
 exclai'm, v.i. & t. Cry out, esp. from pain, 
 anger, &c. ; utter (words quoted direct or with 
 that) thus ; e. against, accuse loudly, [f. F ex- 
 clamer f. L EX(clamare shout)] 
 
 exclama'tion, n. Exclaiming; words ex- 
 claimed ; note of e., (!). So exela'matORY a. 
 [F, f. L exclamationem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 exelu'de, v.t. Shut out (person, thing, from 
 place, society, privilege, &c); prevent the oc- 
 currence of, make impossible, (doubt &c.) ; ex- 
 pel & shut out. So exelirsiON (-zhn) n. [f. 
 L EX(cludere clus- = claudere shut)] 
 
 exelu'sive (-s-), a. Shutting out ; not admit- 
 ting of; desirous of excluding others, whence 
 exclu*sivis.\i(2) n. ; (of terms &c.) excluding 
 all but what is specified ; employed, followed, 
 to the exclusion of all else, as his e. occupa- 
 tion ; (quasi-adv.) not counting, as 20 men, e. of 
 our own. Hence exelu'siveLY 2 adv., exelir- 
 siveNESS n. [f. med. L exclusivus (prec, -i ve)] 
 
 exed'gltate (-j-), v.t. Think out, contrive. 
 So exeogitA'TioN n., exeo'gitatiYE a. [f. L 
 EX(cogitare cogitate)] 
 
 excommu'nicate, v.t. (Eccl.) cut off (per- 
 son) from participation in sacraments or from 
 all communication with the Church. So ex- 
 communieATiox, exeommu'nieatOR 2 , 
 nn., exeommirnieativE, exeommu'ni- 
 eatORY, aa. [f. LL EX(communicarc f. com- 
 munis common), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 excd'riate, v.t. Remove part of skin of (per- 
 son &c.) by abrasion &c. ; strip, peel ofF, (skin). 
 So exeoriATiON n. [f. L Excoriare (corium 
 hide), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 excrement, n. Waste matter discharged 
 from bowels, dung, (also fig.). Hence or cogn. 
 excreme'ntAL, excpementrTious 1 , aa. [f. 
 F excrement f. L excrement um (as excrete, see 
 -ment)] 
 
 excre'scence, n. Abnormal or morbid out- 
 growth on animal or vegetable body (also fig.). 
 So exepesee'ntiAL a. [f. L excrescentia (as 
 foil., see -ence)] 
 
 excrescent, a. Growing abnormally; re- 
 dundant ; (Gram., of sound in word) due merely 
 to euphony, [f. L EX(crescere cret- grow), -ent] 
 
 excreta, n. pi. Waste expelled from body, 
 esp. faeces & urine. [L, neut. pi. p.p. as foil.] 
 
 exepe'te, v.t. (Of animals or plants) separate 
 & expel (waste matters, also abs.) from system. 
 Hence or cogn. exere'tiox n., exere'tivE, 
 excre'tORY, aa. [f. L EX(cernere cret- sift)] 
 
 exepu'eiate (-shi-), v.t. Torment acutely 
 (person's senses) ; torture mentally. Hence or 
 cogn. excpu'eiatingLY 2 adv., excPUciA*- 
 tio.v (-si-) n. [f. L EX(cruciare torment f. crux 
 crucis cross), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 e'xculpate, v.t. Free from blame; clear 
 (person from charge &c). Hence exeulpA - - 
 tion n., excu'lpatORV a. [f. ex- + L culpa 
 blame + -ate 3 ] 
 
 exeu'ppent, a. Running out ; (of arterial 
 blood) flowing from heart ; affording an exit ; 
 (Bot.) projecting, [as foil., see -ent] 
 
 exeur'se, v.i. (rare). Wander, digress (usu. 
 fig.); make an excursion. Hence exeup'siVE 
 a., exeup'siveLY 2 adv., exeup'siveNESS n. 
 [f. L EX(currere curs- run)] 
 
 exeup'sion, n. Journey, ramble, with inten- 
 tion of returning (also fig.); pleasure trip of 
 number of persons, whence exeur'sionism.; 
 e. train (for excursionists, usu. at reduced 
 rates); (Astr.) deviation from regular path. 
 Hence exeup'sionAL, exeup'sionARY 1 , aa. 
 [f. L excursio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 excup'sus, n. (pi. -uses). Detailed discussion 
 
 of special point in book, usu. in appendix at 
 end. [L, vbl n. as excurse] 
 excu'se 1 (-z), v.t. Attempt to lessen the 
 blame attaching to (person, act) ; obtain ex- 
 emption for (person, oneself, from duty &c) ; 
 (of things) serve as exculpation for (person, 
 act) ; accept the exculpation of (person, act) ; 
 release (person from a duty; also double obj., 
 as we e. him the fee) ; dispense with, as we will 
 
 e. your presence; e. me (as apology for lack of 
 ceremony, interruption, &c ; also as form of 
 dissent). So exeu'SABLE, exeirsatoRY, aa., 
 exeu'sabLY 2 adv. [f. OF excuser f. L excu- 
 sare (causa cause)] 
 
 excu'se 2 (-s), n. Apology offered, exculpa- 
 tion (usu. in e.of); ground of this ; plea for re- 
 lease from duty &c [OF (as prec)] 
 
 exeat, n. (In schools, colleges, &c.) per- 
 mission for temporary absence. [L, 3rd sing, 
 subj. of ExU're go)] 
 
 e'xeepable, a. Abominable. Hence e'xe- 
 erabLY 2 adv. [f. L execrabilis (foil., -ble)] 
 
 execrate, v.t. & i. Express, feel, abhorrence 
 for ; (intr.) utter curses. Hence or cogn. exe- 
 cpa'tion n., e'xecpativE, exeepatORY, aa. 
 [f. L EX(s)ecrari (sacrare devote f. sacer sacred, 
 accursed), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 executant, n. One who executes, perform- 
 er, {of, esp. music), [f. F executant, part, as foil.] 
 
 execute, v.t. Carry (plan, command, law, 
 judicial sentence, will) into effect; perform 
 (action, operation, &c); make (legal instru- 
 ment) valid by signing, sealing, &c ; convey 
 (estate) in property ; discharge (office, func- 
 tion) ; perform (musical composition) ; inflict 
 capital punishment on. Hence e'xecutABLE 
 a. [f. F executer f. med.L exsecutare f. L EX- 
 (sequi secut- follow)] 
 
 execution, n. Carrying out, performance ; 
 dexterity in performing music ; (of weapons) de- 
 structive effect, as do e. (also fig. of personal 
 charms &c) ; seizure of goods or debtor in de- 
 fault of payment ; infliction of capital punish- 
 ment, whence exeeu'tionER 1 n. [f. F execu- 
 tion f. L executionem (as prec, -ion)] 
 
 executive, a. & n. Pertaining to, having 
 the function of, executing ; (branch of govern- 
 ment) concerned with executing laws, decrees, 
 & sentences (cf. judicial, legislative), [-ive] 
 
 executor, n. (Pron. e'ks-) one who carries 
 out or performs ; (ikze"k-) person appointed by 
 testator to execute his will, literary e., person 
 charged with writer's unpublished works &c 
 Hence exe'eutop'iAL a., exe'cutopsHip, 
 exe'cuTRix (pi. -trices), nn. [f. AF executour 
 I. L executorem (execute, -or 2 )] 
 
 exegesis (-j-), n. Exposition esp. of Scrip- 
 ture. So exegetic(AL) aa., exegetiealiA 2 
 adv. [Gk exegesis f. KX(hegeomai lead)] 
 
 exemplar, n. Model, pattern ; type (of a 
 class) ; parallel instance, [f. OF exemplaire f. 
 LL exemplar ium (as example, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 exe'mplapy, a. Fit to be imitated ; typical ; 
 illustrative ; serving as a warning. Hence ex- 
 e'mplariLY 2 adv., exemplapiNESS n. [f. 
 L exemplaris (as example, see -ary 2 )] 
 
 exemplify, v.t. Illustrate by example ; be 
 an example of ; make attested copy of (docu- 
 ment) under official seal. So exe'mpliFiCA'- 
 tion n. [f. med.L exemplificare (example, -fy)] 
 
 exe'mpt 1 , a. & n. Free (from taxation, con- 
 trol, failings, &c); (n.) person exempted, esp. 
 from tax ; one of four officers sometimes com- 
 manding Yeomen of Guard (now usu. exon). [F, 
 
 f. L ~EX(imere empt- = emcre take)] 
 exe'mpt 2 , v.t. Free/rowi(asprec). Soex- 
 
 e'mptiON n. [f; F exempter (prec)] 
 exe*ntepate,v.t. Disembowel (only fig.). So 
 
EXEQUATUR 
 
 285 
 
 EXO- 
 
 exentePATiON n. [f. L Exenterare (Gk en- 
 teron intestine), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 exequa'tur, n. Recognition of a country's 
 consul by a foreign government ; temporal 
 sovereign's authorization of bishop under Papal 
 authority, or of publication of Papal bulls. [L, 
 =he may perform] 
 
 e'xequies (-kwlz), n. pi. Funeral rites. [OF, 
 f. L exsequiae f. EX(sequi follow)] 
 
 exercise 1 (-z), n. Employment (of organ, 
 faculty, power, right) ; practice (of virtues, pro- 
 fession, functions, religious rites) ; exertion of 
 muscles, limbs, &c, esp. for health's sake; 
 bodily, mental, or spiritual training ; task set 
 for this purpose; (pi.) military drill, athletics, 
 &c. ; academical declamation &c. required for 
 degree ; composition set to pupils ; act of wor- 
 ship, [f. OF exercice f. L exercitium f. EX(er- 
 cerc -cit- = arcere restrain) keep at work)] 
 
 e'xereise 2 (-z), v.t. & i. Employ (faculty, 
 right, &c.) ; train (person &c) ; tax the powers 
 of ; perplex, worry ; discharge (functions) ; take 
 exercise. Hence e'xereiSABLE a. [f. prec] 
 
 exepcitation, n. Practice, training ; liter- 
 ary or oratorical exercise, [f. L exe.rcitatio f. 
 exercitare frequent, as exercise 1 , -ation] 
 
 exergue (e'kserg, ekzer"g), n. Small space 
 usu.on reverse of coin or medal, below principal 
 device ; inscription there. Hence exep'gUAL 
 (-gl) a. [F, prob. f. Gk ex- + ergon work] 
 
 exert, v.t. Exercise, bring to bear, (quality, 
 force, influence) ; e. oneself, strive (to do, for 
 object). So exer'tiON n. [f . L KX{serere sert- 
 bind) put forth] 
 
 e'xeunt, v.i. (Stage direction) they (two or 
 more actors) leave the stage ; e. omnes, all leave 
 the stage. [L, = they go out] 
 
 exfo'liate, v.i. (Of bone, skin, minerals, &c.) 
 come off in scales or layers ; (of tree) throw off 
 layers of bark. So exfoli ation n. [f. LL ex- 
 (foliare f. folium leaf), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 exhalation (ekza-j, n. Evaporation ; puff of 
 breath; short burst (of anger &c.) ; mist, vap- 
 our ; effluvium, [f. L exhalatio (foil., -ation)] 
 
 exha'le, v.t. & i. Give off (fumes &c, also 
 fig.) in vapour; be thus given off, evaporate, 
 (from, out of) ; (Path., of animal fluids) pass off 
 in minute quantities through blood-vessel &c. ; 
 breathe out (life, soul, words, &c.) ; get rid of 
 (anger &c.) as if by blowing, (f. F exhaler f. L 
 KX(halare breathe)] 
 
 exhau'st 1 (ikzaw-), n. (In steam-engine) 
 exit of steam from cylinder when its work is 
 done ; e.-pipe &c. (for this) ; process of exhaust- 
 ing vessel of air ; (apparatus for) production 
 of outward current of air by creating partial 
 vacuum. \f. foil.] 
 
 exhau'st 2 (Ikzaw-), v.t. Draw off (air, also 
 fig.) ; consume entirely ; use, account for, the 
 whole of ; empty (vessel) of contents ; say, find 
 out, all that is worth knowing of (subject) ; 
 drain (person, kingdom, &c.) of strength, re- 
 sources, &c. (esp. in p.p.) ; tire out. Hence 
 exhaustiBixiTV n., exhairstiBLE a. [f. L 
 EX(haurire haust- draw)] 
 
 exhau'stion (-tshn), n. Exhausting (in all 
 senses) ; total loss of strength ; arrival at a con- 
 clusion by eliminating alternatives. [-ion] 
 
 exhau'stive, a. Tending to exhaust esp. 
 a subject ; comprehensive. Hence exhau's- 
 tiver.v 2 adv.. exhairstiveNESS n. [-ive] 
 
 exhi'bit ] (lkzi-), n. Document or thing pro- 
 duced in law court & referred to in written 
 evidence; thing, collection of things, sent by 
 person, firm. &c, to an exhibition ; showing, 
 display, [f. L neut. p.p. as foil.] 
 
 exhi'bit 2 (lkzi-), v.t. Show, display ; submit 
 for consideration ; manifest (quality) ; show 
 
 publicly (for amusement, in competition, Sec). 
 So exhi'bitOR 2 n., exhi'bitORY a. If. L ex- 
 (hibere hibit- = habere hold)] 
 
 exhibition, n. Showing, display, (of thing) ; 
 make an e. of oneself, behave so as to excite 
 contempt ; public display of works of art &c. ; 
 the Great E., first e. on large scale, London, 
 1851 ; [f. obs. sense of prec. provide mainten- 
 ance] fixed sum given to student for term of 
 years from funds of school, college, &c, whence 
 exhibitionER l n. [f. OF exhibicion f. LL ex- 
 hibitionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 exhi'larate (lkzi-), v.t. Enliven, gladden, 
 (person, spirits). So exhi'laPANT(2) a. & n., 
 exhilaPATioN n., exhi'lapatiVE a. [f. L 
 &x(hilarare f. hilaris cheerful), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 exhort (ikzor't), v.t. Admonish earnestly ; 
 urge (person to do, to a course) ; advocate (re- 
 form &c. ). So exhoptativE, exhoptatOR v, 
 aa. [f. L EX(hortari see hortatory)] 
 
 exhortation, n. Exhorting ; formal, litur- 
 gical, address, [f. L exhortatio (prec, -ation) j 
 
 exhu'me, v.t. Dig out, unearth, (lit. & fig.). 
 So exhumATiON n. [f. F exhumer f. L ex- 
 (humare f. humus ground)] 
 
 e'xigenee, -ey, nn. Urgent need ; emer- 
 gency. [F (-ce), f. L exigentia (foil., -ency)] 
 
 exigent (-j-), a. Urgent, pressing ; requiring 
 much, exacting ; e. of, demanding, [f. L ex- 
 (igere-agere drive), see -ent] 
 
 exigible (-j-), a. That may be demanded or 
 exacted (against, from, person), [as prec, -ble] 
 
 exi'guous, ;>. Scanty, small. Hence or cogn. 
 exigu'iTY, exi'guous.NESS, nn. [f. L exiguus 
 (as prec) + -ous] 
 
 e'xile i, n. Penal banishment ; long absence 
 from one's country (also fig.), [f. OF exit f. L 
 Exsilium (satire leap)] 
 
 e'xile 2 , n. Banished person (lit. & fig.), [perh. 
 f. prec. ; L has exsul (as prec)] 
 
 e'xile 3 , v.t. Banish (person from ; lit. & fig.), 
 [f. OF exilier f. LL exsiliare (as exile ] )] 
 
 exi'lian, a. Of the Jews' exile in Babylon. 
 So exi'lic a. [f. L as exile 1 + -ian] 
 
 exi'lity, n. Thinness ; subtlety, [f. L exili- 
 tas (exilis thin, etym. dub., see -ty)] 
 
 exi'st, v.i. Have place in the domain of 
 reality ; have being under specified conditions ; 
 e. as (in the form of) ; (of circumstances &c) 
 occur, be found ; live ; continue in being, [f. F 
 exister f. L EX(sistere redupl. f. stare stand)] 
 
 existence, n. Being, existing, esp. in e. : 
 life, as a wretched, precarious, e. ; mode of 
 existing ; existing thing ; all that exists. So 
 existe'ritiAL a. [OF, f. med.L existentia (as 
 prec, see -ence)] 
 
 exi'stent, a. Existing, actual, current, [-ent] 
 
 e'xit 1 , n. Departure of player from stage 
 (also fig.) ; death ; going out or forth ; liberty to 
 do this ; passage to go out by. [f. L exitus -Us 
 going out (as foil.) ; partly also from foil.] 
 
 exit 2 , v.i. (Stage direction) — goes offstage, 
 as E. Macbeth (also fig.). [3rd sing. pres. of L 
 Ex(i?*e it- go)] 
 
 ex-li'bris, n. Book-plate, label with arms, 
 crest, &c, & owner's name pasted into book. 
 [L ex libris from the library (of so-&-so)] 
 
 exo- in comb. = Gk exo outside as: -derm, 
 o\iter layer of blastoderm ; -gamous, -gamy, (of. 
 following) custom compelling man to marry 
 outside his own tribe ; -gen, plant whose stem 
 grows by deposit on outside ; -genous, growing 
 thus ; -pa'thic, (of disease) originating outside 
 the body ;-phagous, -phagy, noteatingmembers 
 of one's own tribe ; -plasm, outermost layer of 
 protoplasm ; -ske'leton, external integument, 
 bony or leathery ; exosvw'sis, passage of a fluid 
 outwards through a porous septum. 
 
EXODUS 
 
 286 
 
 EXPERIMENT 
 
 e'xodus, n. Departure, going forth, (esp. of 
 body of emigrants) ; departure of Israelites 
 from Egypt ; book of O.T. relating this. [L, f. 
 Gk Exodos (hodos way)] 
 
 ex offi'cio (-shio), adv. & a. In virtue of 
 one's office, as e.-o. members of committee. [Lj 
 
 e'xon, n. See exempt 1 , [repr. F pron.] 
 
 exo'nepate, v.t. Exculpate ; free (person) 
 from (blame &c); release (person from duty 
 &c). Hence or cogn. exonePA'xiON n., ex- 
 o'neratiVE a. [f. L EX(onerare f. onus -eris 
 burden), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 exophtha'lmus, -6s, n. Protrusion of eye- 
 ball. Hence exophthalmic a. [f. Gk ex- 
 (ophthalmos eye) adj.] 
 
 exop'foitant, a. Grossly excessive (of price, 
 demand, ambition, person). Hence exop'bi- 
 tAXCE n., exopbitantLV 2 adv. [f. L Exorbi- 
 tare go out of the wheel-track (orbit), -ant] 
 
 e'xopcize, v.t. Expel (evil spirit from, out 
 of, person or place) by invocation or use of 
 holy name ; clear (person, place, of evil spirits). 
 SoexopeiSM, e'xopeiST, nn. [f. lAjexorcizare 
 f. Gk Exorkizo (horkos oath)] 
 
 exop'dium, n. (pi. -iums, -id). Beginning, 
 introductory part, esp. of discourse or treatise. 
 Hence exop'diAL a. [L, f. EX{07xliri begin)] 
 
 exoteric, a. & n. (Of doctrines, modes of 
 speech, &c.) intelligible to outsiders (cf. eso- 
 teric) ; (of disciples) not admitted to esoteric 
 teaching ; commonplace, ordinary, popular ; 
 (n. pi. )e. doctrines or treatises. Hence exo- 
 te'PicAL a., exote'picalLY 2 adv. If. LL f. 
 Gk exoterikos (exotero compar., see exo-, -ic)] 
 
 exo'tic, a. & n. (Of plants, words, fashions) 
 introduced from abroad ; (n.) e. plant (also fig.), 
 [f. L f. Gk exotikos {exo outside, see -ic)l 
 
 expa'nd, v.t. & i. Spread out flat (t. & i.) ; 
 expound, write out, in full (what is condensed 
 or abbreviated, algebraical expression, &c); 
 develop (t. & i.) into ; swell, dilate, increase in 
 bulk, (t. & i.). So expansiBixi'rv n., ex- 
 pa'nsiBLE a. [f. L EX(}Jandere pans- spread)] 
 
 expa'nse, n. Wide area or extent ; expan- 
 sion, [as prec] 
 
 expa'nslle, a. (Capable) of expansion, [-il] 
 
 expa'nsion, n. Expanding ; (Commerc.) ex- 
 tension of transactions ; e. (increase) of the cur- 
 rency, whence expa*nsionisT(2) n.; increase 
 in bulk of steam in cylinder of engine ; triple- 
 c. engine (in which steam passes through 3 cy- 
 linders), [f. LL expansio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 expa'nsive, a. Able, tending, to expand (t. 
 & i.) ; extensive ; comprehensive ; (of persons, 
 feelings, speech) effusive. Hence expa'nsive- 
 LY 2 adv., expa'nsivexESS, expansi'vrrv, 
 nn. [as prec, see-iVE] 
 
 ex pap'te, adv. & a. (law). On, in the inter- 
 ests of, one side only ; (adj., ex-p.) made or said 
 thus, as an ex-p. statement. [L] 
 
 expa'tiate (-shi-), v.t. Speak, write, copious- 
 ly (on subject) ; wander unrestrained (usu. fig.). 
 Hence expatiA-Tiox n. ; expa'tiatORV a. \t. 
 L EX(spatiari walk about, as space), -ate 3 ] 
 
 expa'tpiate, v.t. Banish ; (refl.) emigrate ; 
 (Law of Nations, refl.) renounce citizenship. 
 Hence expatpLvriON n. [f. LL EX(patriare 
 i. patria native land), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 expect, v.t. Look forward to, regard as like- 
 ly, as Ie. a storm, e. to see him, e. him to come, 
 e. {that) he xuill come, e. him next week, don't e. 
 me, e. payment today, not so bad as I expected 
 {it to be), just what I expected of him ; look for 
 as due, as Ie. you to be punctual, that you will 
 be punctual, do you e. payment for this ? ; (col- 
 loq.) think, suppose, {that), [f. L Ex(spectare 
 look, frequent, of specere see)] 
 
 expectancy, n. State of expectation ; pro- 
 
 spect, esp. of future possession ; prospective 
 chance (of), [f. L expectantia (prec, -ancy)] 
 
 expectant, a. & n. Expecting (of or abs.) ; 
 having the prospect, in normal course, of pos- 
 session, office, &c; characterized by waiting for 
 events, esp. (Med.) e. method ; (Law) reversion- 
 ary ; (n.) one who expects, candidate for office 
 &c Hence expe'etantLY 2 adv. [-ant] 
 
 expectation, n. Awaiting; anticipation, 
 as beyond, contrary to, e.; ground for expecting 
 (of) ; (pi.) prospects of inheritance ; thing ex- 
 pected ; e. o/life ; probability of a thing's hap- 
 pening, [f. L expectatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 expeetative, a. Of reversion of benefices, 
 reversionary, [f. Lhexpectativus (prec, -ative)] 
 
 expectorant, a. & n. (Medicine) that pro- 
 motes expectoration, [as foil., see -ant] 
 
 expectorate, v.t. (chiefly U.S.). Eject 
 (phlegm &c) from chest or lungs by coughing 
 or spitting; (abs.) spit. Hence expectoPATiON 
 n. [f. L Expectorare relieve the mind (pectus 
 -oris breast), -ate 3 ] 
 
 expedient, a. & n. (Usu. predic) advanta- 
 geous, suitable, as do ivhatever is e., it is e. that 
 he should go ; politic rather than just ; (n.) con- 
 trivance, device. Hence or cogn. expedi- 
 ence, -ENCY,nn., expedie'ntiAi.a., expedi- 
 entLY 2 adv. [f. F expedient (as foil., see -ent)] 
 
 expedite, v.t. Assist the progress of (mea- 
 sure, process, &c) ; dispatch (business), [f. L ex- 
 pedire -dit- lit. free feet of (pes pedis foot)] 
 
 expedition, n. Warlikeenterprise ; journey, 
 voyage, for definite purpose ; men, fleet, sent on 
 this ; promptness, speed. Hence expedi'tion- 
 ary 1 a., expedi*tioniST(3) n. [f. hexpeditio 
 (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 expedi'tious, a. Doing or done speedily ; 
 suited for speedy performance. Hence expe- 
 ditiously y 2 adv., expedi'tiousxESS n. [f. 
 prec, see -ious(2)] 
 
 expel, v.t. (-11-). Eject (person from place, 
 bullet from gun, &c) by force ; turn out (per- 
 son from a community, school, &c). Hence 
 expellENT a. [f. L EX(pellere puis- drive)] 
 
 expend, v.t. Spend (money, care, time, on ob- 
 ject, in doing); use up ; (Xaut.) wind (spare rope) 
 round spar &c. [f. L EX(pendere pens- weigh)] 
 
 expe'nditupe (tshe?*), n. Laying out (of 
 money &c); consuming; amount expended, 
 [as prec (irreg. p.p. penditus), see -ure] 
 
 expe'nse, n. Expenditure ; cost ; (pi.) outlay 
 in execution of commission &c, reimbursement 
 of this, as he paid my ee., offered me £10 & ee.\ 
 at the e. (cost) of, esp. (fig.) by bringing discredit 
 &c on, as you defend his veracity at the e. of 
 his understanding, if what he says is true he is 
 a fool ; a laugh at his e. (at him). [AF, f. LL 
 expensa orig. fern. p.p. (as expend)] 
 
 expensive, a. Costly. Hence expensive- . 
 ly 2 ady., expensivexEss n. [expend, -i ve] 
 
 expep'ienee 1 ,n. Actual observation of facts 
 or events ; knowledge resulting from this, 
 whence expep'ieneED 2 a.; event that affects 
 one, as an unpleasant e.; fact, process, of being 
 so affected, as i" learnt by e.\ (usu. pi.) state, 
 phase, of religious emotion, [f. F experience L 
 L experientia f. EX(periri pert- go through), 
 see -ence] 
 
 expep'ienee 2 , v.t. Meet with, feel, undergo, 
 (pleasure, treatment, fate, &c) ; learn, find, 
 (that, how, &c). [f. prec] 
 
 experiential, a. Of experience '^.philoso- 
 phy (treating all knowledge as based on experi- 
 ence), whence expepientialiSM, expepi- 
 entialiST, nn. Hence expepientialLY 2 
 adv. [f. L as experience *, see -at.] 
 
 experiment 1 (-ment), n. Test, trial, (of) \ 
 procedure adopted on chance of its succeeding,- 
 
EXPERIMENT 
 
 or for testing hypothesis &c. [OF, f. L experi- 
 mentum (as prec, see -ment)] 
 
 expe'Piment-, v.i. Make experiment (on, 
 with). Hence experimentA'xioN n. [prec.] 
 
 experime'ntal, a. Based on experience, not 
 authority or conjecture ; based on experiment, 
 ase. philosophy, whence experime'ntaliSM, 
 experime'ntalisr, nn. ; tentative ; used in 
 experiments. Hence expepimentalizE(2) 
 v.i., experimental ly 2 adv. [alJ 
 
 exper't l , a. Trained by practice, skilful, (at, 
 in). Hence expep'tL y 2 adv. , experttNESs n. 
 [OF, f. L as experience l ] 
 
 e'xpept 2 , n. Person having special skill or 
 knowledge (at, in), as mining e., (attrib.) e. evi- 
 dence. [F (prec. as n.)] 
 
 expiate, v.t. Pay the penalty of, make a- 
 mends for, (sin). So expiABLE, expiatORY, 
 aa., expiA'TiON, expiatoR 2 , nn. [f. L EX(pi- 
 are seek to appease f. pius devout), -ate 3 ] 
 
 expira'tion (-pe?*-), n. Breathing out {of air 
 &c); termination (of period, truce, &c). [f. L 
 expiratio (as foil., see -ation)] 
 
 expire*, v.t. & i. Breathe out air (from lungs 
 or abs.), whence expiP'atORY a.; die ; (of fire 
 &c.) die out; (of period) come to an end; (of law, 
 patent, truce, &c.) become void, reach its term ; 
 (of title &c.) become extinct, [f. F expirer f. L 
 EX(spirare breathe)] 
 
 expiP'y, n. Termination (of period, truce, 
 &c). [f. prec. +-\' 4 \ 
 
 explai'n, v.t. Make known in detail (thing, 
 that, hoio, &c); make intelligible (meaning, 
 difficulty, &c, also abs.) ; account for (conduct 
 &c.) ; e. away, rnodif y, do away with, (esp. of- 
 fensive language) by explanation ; e. oneself, 
 make one's meaning clear, (also) give an account 
 of one's motives or conduct. Hence explai'n- 
 able a. [f. L EX(planare f. planus flat)] 
 
 explanation, n. Explaining, esp. with 
 vie w tomutual understandi ng or reconciliation ; 
 statement, circumstance, that explains, [f. L 
 explanatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 expla'natopy, a. Serving, meant, to ex- 
 plain. Hence expla'natopiLV 2 adv. [as ex- 
 plain, see -orv] 
 
 expletive (or e'kspll-), a. & n. Serving to fill 
 out (esp. sentence, metrical line, &c); (n.) e. 
 thing, word, &c, esp. oath or meaningless ex- 
 clamation, [f. L expletivus f. Ex(plere fill), -ive] 
 
 explicate, v.t. Develop (notion, principle, 
 &c), whence explicA'Tiox n. ; (archaic) ex- 
 plain, whence e'xplieABLE, e'xplieativE, 
 e'xplieatORY, aa. [f. L Ex(plicare plicat- or 
 plicit- fold) unfold, see -ate 3 ]' 
 
 explicit 1 , v.i. Here ends (formerly written 
 at end of book). [med.L ; prob. abbr. of p.p. as 
 prec, but treated as 3rd sing.] 
 
 expli'eit 2 , a. Stated in detail, leaving no- 
 thing merely implied ; definite ; (of persons) 
 outspoken ; e. faith, acceptance of doctrine with 
 clear understanding of all it involves (cf. im- 
 plicit). Hence expli'eitLY 2 adv., expli'eit- 
 ness n. [f. F explicite (as explicate)] 
 
 explo'de, v.t. & i. Expose, bring into disre- 
 pute, (theory, fallacy, &c) ; (of gas, gunpowder, 
 boiler, &c.) go offw T ith loud noise ; cause (these) 
 to do this. [f. L ~E.x(plodere plos- — plaudere 
 clap) hiss off stage] 
 
 exploit \ n. Brilliant achievement, [f. OF 
 esploit(e) f. L neut. & fern. p.p. as explicate] 
 
 exploi't 2 , v.t. Work, turn to account, (mine 
 &c); utilize (person &c) for one's own ends. 
 Hence or cogn. exploi'tABLE a., exploi'tAGE, 
 exploitA'TiON, nn. [f. OF exploiter f. L *ex- 
 plicitare frequent, as prec] 
 
 explore', v.t. Inquireinto; examine (wound) 
 by touch; examine (country &c.) by going 
 
 287 EXPRESSION 
 
 through it. Hence or cogn. exploPA*TioN, ex- 
 plop'ER 1 , nn.,explop*ativE, explop'atORY, 
 
 aa. [f. F explorer f. L EX(plorare perh. -make 
 flow f. pluere flow)] 
 
 explo'sion (-zhn), n. Going off with loud 
 noise ; such noise ; outbreak (of anger &c). [f. 
 L explosio (as explode, see -ion)] 
 
 explo'sive (s), a. & n. Tending to eject some- 
 thing with loud noise ; (of consonant sound) 
 produced by explosion of breath, stopped ; tend- 
 ing to explode or cause explosion (lit. & fig.); 
 (n.) e. agent or material, e. letter. Hence ex- 
 plo'siveLY 2 adv., explo'sivexEss n. [as 
 explode, see -ive] 
 
 expo'nent, a. & n. (Person, thing) that sets 
 forth or interprets; executant (of music &c); 
 type, representative; (Alg.) index, symbol indi- 
 cating what power of a factor is to be taken, 
 whence expone'ntiAL a. [f. L EX(poncre 
 jjosit- put), see -ent] 
 
 expop't 1 , v.t. Send out (goods) to another 
 country. Hence or cogn. expop'tABLE a., ex- 
 port a 'tion n. [f. L KX(portare carry)] 
 
 export 2 , n. Exported article; (usu. pi.) 
 amount exported ; exportation ; e. duty (paid 
 on e.). [f. prec] 
 
 expo'se(-z), v.t. Leave (person, thing) unpro- 
 tected (esp. from weather) ; subject to (risk 
 &c.) ; (Photog.) subject (plate) to light; turn 
 (child) out of doors to perish ; (p.p.) open to (the 
 East &c); exhibit, display; put up for sale; 
 disclose (secret, project, &c) ; unmask (villain, 
 villany). [f. F Ex(poser, see compose)] 
 
 expo*se(-za),n. Statement of facts; showing 
 up (of discreditable thing). [F, p.p. as prec] 
 
 exposi'tion, n. Setting forth, description ; 
 explanation; commentary; = exposure; ex- 
 hibition of goods &c [F, f. L expositionem (as 
 exponent, see -ion)] 
 
 expo'sitive, a. Descriptive ; explanatory. 
 So expo'sitOR 2 n. ; expo'sitORY a. [f. L 
 expositions (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 ex post fa'ctOf a. Acting retrospectivelj', 
 as e. p. f. law. [L, = from what is done (i.e. en- 
 acted) afterwards] 
 
 expostulate, v.i. Make friendly remon- 
 strance; remonstrate (with person about, for, 
 on). Hence or cogn. expostuLviTON n., ex- 
 po'stulatoRY a. [f. L ~E.x(x>ostidare postu- 
 late)] 
 
 expo'supe (-zher),n. Exposing,beingexposed, 
 (to air, cold, danger, &c); abandoning (of child); 
 display, esp. of goods for sale ; unmasking of 
 imposture &c. ; aspect, as southern e. [-ureJ 
 
 expou'nd (ow-), v.t. Set forth in detail (doc» 
 trine &c); explain, interpret, (esp. Scripture). 
 [ME expounen f. OF espondre (as exponent)] 
 
 exppe'ss 1 , a., adv., n. (Of likeness) exact ; 
 definitely stated, not merely implied ; done, 
 made, sent, for special purpose ; e. train (fast, 
 stopping at few intermediate stations) ; e. rifle 
 (discharging bullet with high initial velocity & 
 low trajectory); e. b ullet (expanding, for e. rifle); 
 e. delivery (by special postal messenger); (adv.) 
 with speed, bye. messenger or train ; (n.)e. train, 
 messenger, rifle. Hence exppe'SSLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F expires, -esse (as foil.)] 
 
 express 2 , v.t. Squeeze oxit (juice, air, from, 
 out of) ; emit, exude ; represent by symbols, as 
 (Math.) e. (quantity) in terms of (another) ; re- 
 veal, betoken, (feelings, qualities); put (thought) 
 into words; e. oneself, say what one means 
 (strongly &c on subject, well, aptly, &c ). Hence 
 exppe'ssiBLE a. [f. OF EX(presser press 2 )] 
 
 expression, n. Expressing (in all senses) ; 
 wording, diction, word, phrase ; (Alg.) collection 
 of symbols expressing a quantity; aspect (of 
 face), intonation (of voice), whence exppes- 
 
EXPRESSIONAL 
 
 288 
 
 EXTORTION 
 
 sion [.ess a. ; (Art) mode of expressing character 
 &c, whence expressioniST(2) n.; (Mus.) exe- 
 cution that expresses the feeling of a passage, 
 as e.-mark, sign, word, indicating e. required, 
 e.-stop (in harmonium, producing e. by varied 
 air-pressure). [F, f. L expressionem f. EX(pri- 
 mere=premere press 2 , -ion)] 
 
 exppe'ssional, a. Of verbal, facial, or artis- 
 tic expression, [-al] 
 
 expre'ssive,a. Serving to express; (of word, 
 gesture, &c.) significant. Hence expressive- 
 ly Y 2 adv., expre'ssivexESS n. [F (-if, -ive), as 
 expression, see -ive] 
 
 exprobra*tion, n. Reproachful language, 
 [f. L exprobratio f. ~Ex(probrare f. probrum 
 shameful deed), see -ation] 
 
 exprd'priate, v.t. Dispossess {from estate 
 &c.) ; take away (property). So expropri- 
 ation n. [f. LL ex( propriare f. proprium pro- 
 perty), see proper & -ate 3 ] 
 
 expu'lsion, n. Expelling. So expu'IsivE 
 a. & n. (med.). [f. Liexpulsio (as expel, see -ion)] 
 
 expu'nge, v.t. Erase, omit, (name front list, 
 
 f>assage/ro??i book, &c). So expu'netiON n. 
 f. L EX(pungere punct- prick)] 
 expurgate, v.t. Purify (book &c.) by re- 
 moving objectionable matter ; clear away (such 
 matter). Hence or cogn. expurgATiox, ex- 
 purgatOR 2 ,nn., expurgator'iAL, expur*- 
 gatOR v, aa. [f. L KX(purgare cleanse), -ate 3 ] 
 exquisite (-zit), a. Sc n. Of consummate ex- 
 cellence or beauty ; acute (pain, pleasure); keen 
 (sensibility Sac); (n.) coxcomb, fop. Hence e*x- 
 quisiteLY 2 adv., exquisiteNESS n. [f. L ex- 
 (quirere quisit- = quaerere seek)] 
 exsa'nguinate, v.t. Drain of blood, [f. L 
 EX(sanguinare f . sanguis -inis blood), see -ate 3 ] 
 exsa'nguine, a. Lacking blood, [ex-] 
 exsci'nd, v.t. Cut out, excise, (lit. & fig.). 
 [f. L EX(scindcre cut)] 
 exser't, v.t. (biol.). Put forth. [= exert] 
 exsiccate, v.t. Dry up; drain dry. [f. L 
 EX(siccare f. siccus dry)] 
 
 extant (or -a'nt), a. Still existing (esp. of 
 documents &c). [f. L EX(stare stand), see -ant] 
 extasy. See ecstasy. 
 
 extempore, adv. & a. (Spoken, done) with- 
 out preparation ; off-hand ; speak e. (without 
 notes). Hence or cogn. extemporA'NEOUS, 
 exte'mpoPARY 1 , aa., extempora'neous- 
 ly 2 , extemporariLY 2 , advv., extempor- 
 a'neousNESS n. [L ex tempore from the time] 
 exte'mporize, v.t. & i. Compose, produce, 
 extempore; (intr.) speak extempore. Hence 
 extemporiz ation n. [f. prec. + -ize] 
 extend, v.t. & i. Lay out (esp. body, limbs, 
 &c.) at full length ; write out (shorthand &c.)at 
 full length ; e. an invoice, write in the columns 
 the total of items in each line; (intr. &refl.) 
 reach (to point, over, across, &c, space) ; cause 
 to do this ; prolong (period) ; enlarge (scope, 
 meaning of word &c. ); (Sport, slang) tax powers 
 of (horse, athlete) to the utmost (usu. pass.); 
 stretch forth (hand, arm) ; accord (kindness, 
 patronage, to) ; (Law) value (land &c), seize 
 (land &c.) for debt. Hence or cogn. extensi- 
 bi'lity n., exte'ndiBLE, extensiBLE, aa. 
 [f. L EX(teiidere tens- or tent- stretch)] 
 extensile, a. Capable of being stretched 
 out or protruded, [as prec, see -ile] 
 extension, n. Extending (in all senses exc. 
 Law) ; extent, range ; prolongation ; enlarge- 
 ment ; additional part (of railway, plan, theory, 
 &c.) ; word(s) amplifying subject or predicate ; 
 University E., admission of non-resident stu- 
 dents to some forms of Univ. teaching & exami- 
 nation, [f. L extentio, -sio, (as prec, see -ion)] 
 extensive, a. (Of space, purchase,operation, 
 
 &c) large; far-reaching, comprehensive; (of 
 agricultural production &c) depending on ex- 
 tension of area (cf. intensive). Hence exten- 
 siveLY 2 adv., exte'nsiveNESS n. [f. LL ex- 
 tensivus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 extensor, n. E. (-muscle), one that straight- 
 ens out part of the body. [LL, as prec, -or*-] 
 extent, n. Space over which a thing extends; 
 width of application, scope, as to a great e., to 
 the full e. of his power; large space, as a vaste. 
 of marsh; (Law) valuation (of land &c ); seizure, 
 writ for, seizure, (of land &c). [f. AF estente 
 p.p. of entendre (as extend)] 
 extenuate, v.t. Lessen seeming magnitude 
 of (guilt, offence) by partial excuse, as we must 
 not e., nothing can e., his baseness, whence ex- 
 tenuatORY a.; (improp.) lessen seeming guilt 
 of, as do not e. yourself, his conduct ; (archaic) 
 make thin or weak. Hence extenuATiox n. 
 [f. L EX(tenuare f. tenuis thin), -ate 3 ] 
 exter'ior, a. & n. Outer; situated or coming 
 from without; e. angle, that between side of 
 rectilineal figure &adjacentside produced ; (n.) 
 outward aspect or demeanour. Hence exte- 
 rio'riTY n., exter'iorLY 2 adv. [L, compar. 
 of extents outside] 
 
 exter'iorize, v.t. Realize (conception) in 
 outward form ; attribute external existence to. 
 Hence exterioriz ation n. [-ize] 
 exterminate, v.t. Root out (species, race, 
 sect, opinion). Hence or cogn. exterminA- 
 tion, exter'minatOR 2 , nn., exter'mina- 
 tORY a. [f. L Exterminare (terminus), -ate 3 ] 
 exter*nal, a. & n. Situated outside ; of reme- 
 dies &c) applied to the outside of the body; 
 (Theol. ) consisting in outward acts, whence ex- 
 ter*naliSM(2) n. ; belonging to the world of 
 phenomena (e. world), outside the conscious 
 subject ; e. evidence (derived from source inde- 
 pendent of the thing discussed); (n. pi.) outward 
 features or aspect, e. circumstances, non-essen- 
 tials. Hence externa'liTY n., exter'nalLY 2 
 adv. [f. L externus outward + -al] 
 exter'nalize, v.t. Give, attribute, external 
 existence to. Hence externalizATioxn. [-ize] 
 exterritorial, a. (Of ambassadors &c) free 
 from jurisdiction of the territory in which one 
 resides. So exterritorla'liTY n. [ex-] 
 exti'net, a. (Of fire &c) no longer burning ; 
 (of volcano) that has ceased eruption ; (of life, 
 hope, &c) quenched ; (of family, class, species) 
 that has died out ; (of office &c) obsolete ; (of 
 title of nobility) having no qualified claimant, 
 [f. L EX(stinguere stinct- quench)] 
 extinction, n. Extinguishing ; making, be- 
 ing, becoming, extinct; wiping out (of debt) ; 
 annihilation. So exti'netiVE a. [f. L extinctio 
 (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 extinguish, v.t. Put out, quench, (light, 
 hope, life, faculties) ; eclipse, obscure, (person) 
 by superior brilliancy ; reduce (opponent) to 
 silence; destroy; wipe out (debt) ; annihilate. 
 Hence extinguish able a., extinguish - 
 ment n. [as extinct, see -ISH 2 ] 
 exti'nguisher, n. In vbl senses, esp. hollow 
 conical cap for putting out candle, [-er 2 ] 
 extirpate, v.t. Root out. destroy, (tree, 
 weed, species, nation, tumour, heresy, &c). So 
 extirpATioN, e'xtirpatOR 2 , nn. [f. L ex- 
 (s)tirpare (stirps stem), see -ate 3 ] 
 exto'l, v.t. (-11-). Praise enthusiastically (c. 
 him to the skies), [f. L ~EX(tollere raise)] 
 extor't, v.t. Obtain (money, promise, &c) 
 by violence, intimidation, importunity, &c 
 (from) ; extract forcibly (meaning, inference, 
 from words, data). Hence extor'tiVE a. [f. 
 L ~EX(torquere tort- twist)] 
 extor'tion, n. Extorting, esp. of money; 
 
EXTORTIONATE 
 
 289 
 
 EYAS 
 
 illegal exaction. Hence extor'tionER l n. 
 [f. L extortio (as prec., see -ion)] 
 
 extor'tionate (at), a. Using, given to, 
 extortion ; (of prices &c.) exorbitant, [-ate 2 ] 
 
 e'xtra, a., adv., n. Additional ; linger than 
 its name indicates, as e. foolscap octavo ; of 
 superior quality, as e. binding ; (adv.) more 
 than usually, as e. strong; additionally; e.- 
 special (latest) edition (of evening paper) ; (n.) 
 e. thing, one for which e. charge is made, as 
 dancing is an e., (Crick.) run not scored off bat. 
 [prob. for extraordinary, perh. f. F] 
 
 extra- in comb. = L extra in senses ' situated 
 outside of a thing', 'not coming within its 
 scope ' ; chiefly in wds f. med.L or mod. (L has 
 only extraordinarius), as : -atmospheric, of the 
 space beyond the atmosphere ; -cosmical, act- 
 ing outside the universe ; -cranial, outside the 
 skull ; -essentvtd, not included in the essence of 
 a thing ; -judicial, not belonging to the case be- 
 fore the court, not legally authorized, (of con- 
 fession) not made in court ; -mundane, outside 
 of our world or of the universe ; -mural, out- 
 side the walls or boundaries (of town or city) ; 
 -official, not pertaining to an office ; -physical, 
 not subject to physical laws ; -spectral, lying 
 outside the visible spectrum ; -terrestrial, out- 
 side the earth or its atmosphere; -territoria- 
 
 Uity), =EXTERRlTORIAL(lTY). 
 
 e'xtraet 1 , n. The tough or viscid matter 
 got by treating a substance with solvents & 
 then evaporating them ; preparation containing 
 the active principle of a substance in concen- 
 trated form ; passage from book &c. [as foil.] 
 
 extra'et 2 , v.t. Copy out (passage in book 
 &c.) ; make extracts from (book &c.) ; take out 
 by force (teeth, anything firmly fixed) ; draw 
 forth (money, admission, &c.) against person's 
 will; obtain (juices &c.) by suction, pressure, 
 &c. ; derive (pleasure &c. from) ; deduce (prin- 
 ciple &c. from) ; (Math.) find (root of a number). 
 Hence extra'et able a., extra'etOR 2 n. [f. 
 L KX(trahere tract- draw)] 
 
 extraction, n. Extracting ; lineage (of In- 
 dian e.). [F, f. med.L extractionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 extractive, a. & n. (Thing) of the nature 
 of an extract; e. industries (concerned with 
 obtaining natural productions), [-ive] 
 
 extradi'table, a. Liable to, (of crime) 
 warranting, extradition, [f. foil. + -able] 
 
 e*xtradite, v.t. Give up (fugitive foreign 
 criminal) to the proper authorities ; obtain the 
 extradition of. [back-formation f. foil.] 
 
 extradi'tion, n. Delivery of fugitive crimi- 
 nal to proper authorities ; (Psychol.) localizing 
 of sensation at distance from the centre of 
 sensation. [F (ex-, see tradition)] 
 
 extra'dos, n. Upper or outer curve of arch. 
 [F EXTRA(d*os back f. L dorsum)} 
 
 extra'neous, a. Of external origin ; foreign 
 to (object to which it is attached &c.) ; not be- 
 longing (to matter in hand, class). Hence ex- 
 tra'neousLY 2 adv., extra'neousNESS n. 
 [f. L extranevs (extra outside) + -ous] 
 
 extraordinary (-tror-, -traor-), a. & n. 
 Out of the usual course ; (of officials &c.) addi- 
 tional, specially employed ; envoy e., diplomatic 
 minister of second class, ranking next to am- 
 bassador ; exceptional, surprising ; unusually 
 great; (n. pi.) extra allowances to troops. Hence 
 extraor , dinariLY 2 adv.,extraor*dinari- 
 ness n. [f. L extraordinarius (extra ordincm 
 outside the usual order, -ary *)] 
 
 extravagance, n. Being extravagant ; 
 absurd statement or action. [F (foil., -ance)] 
 
 extra*vag:ant, a. Immoderate; exceed- 
 ing the bounds of reason ; profuse, "wasteful ; 
 (of price &c.) exorbitant. Hence extra'va- 
 
 F.D. 
 
 grantLY 2 adv. [f. L extra (vagari wander), 
 see -ant] 
 
 extravaga-nza, n. Fantastic composition 
 (literary, musical, dramatic), language, or be- 
 haviour, [f. It. estravaganza (prec, -ance)] 
 
 extra* vagate, v.i. (rare). Wander away 
 (from right course, into error &c); exceed 
 due bounds, [as extravagant, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 extra* vasate, v.t. & i. Force out (fluid) 
 from its proper vessel ; flow out. Hence ex- 
 tra vas a -tion n. [extra-, L vas vessel, -ate 3 ] 
 
 extreme, a. & n. Outermost, farthest from 
 centre, situated at either end ; divided in e. & 
 mean ratio (the whole being to one part as 
 that part to the other) ; utmost ; last, as (R.-C. 
 Ch.) e. unction, anointing by priest of dying 
 person ; reaching a high degree, as e. old age, 
 in e. danger ; an e. case (having some charac- 
 teristic in the utmost degree); (of actions, 
 measures) severe, stringent ; (of opinions, per- 
 sons, &c.) going to great lengths, opp. to mode- 
 rate, whence extre'miSM, extre'misT, nn. ; 
 in the e., extremely ; (n.) thing at either end of 
 anything, esp. (pi.) things as remote or as differ- 
 ent as possible, as ee. meet ; (Logic) subject or 
 predicate in proposition, major or minor term 
 in syllogism ; (Math.) first, last, term of ratio or 
 series ; run to an e., go toee., take an e. course. 
 Hence extre'meLY 2 adv., extre'meNESS n. 
 [OF, f. L extremus superl. of exterus outward] 
 
 extremity* n. Extreme point, very end ; 
 the ee., hands & feet; extreme adversity, em- 
 barrassment, &c, as driven to e., what can we 
 do in this e ? ; (usu. pi.) extreme measure(s) 
 [f. F extremite f. L extremitatem (prec, -ty)] 
 
 extricate, v.t. Disentangle, release, (person, 
 thing, from confinement, difficulty) ; (Chem.) 
 liberate (gas &c) from state of combination. 
 Hence e'xtriCABLE a., extrieA'TiON n. [f.. L 
 EX(tricare f . tricae perplexities), -ate 3 J 
 
 extri'nsic, a. Lying outside, pot belonging, 
 (to) ; operating from without ; not inherent or 
 essential. Hence extri'nsiCALLY adv. [f. F 
 cxtrinseque f. LL (adj.) f. L (adv.) extrinsecus 
 (exter outside + -in local suf. + secus beside)] 
 
 extror'se, a. (bot.). (Of anthers) turned out- 
 wards. [F, f. L extrorsus outwards (extra- 4- 
 versus towards)] 
 
 extru'de, v.t. Thrust out (person, thing, 
 from). Hence extru'sioN (-zhn) n., extru*- 
 siVE_(-s-) a. [f. L EX(trudere trus- thrust)] 
 
 exu'berant, a. Luxuriantly prolific (lit. 
 & fig.) ; growing luxuriantly ; (of health, emo- 
 tions, &c ) overflowing, abounding ; (of persons, 
 actions, &c) effusive, overflowing with spirits ; 
 (of language) copious, lavish in ornament ; 
 abundant. Hence or cogn. exu'berANCE n., 
 exu'berantLY 2 adv. [f.hEX(uberare be fruit- 
 ful f._ uber fertile, cf. uber udder), -ant] 
 
 exu'berate, v.i. Abound, overflow; indulge 
 freely in. [as prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 exu'de, v.i. & t. Ooze out, give off (moisture 
 &c), like sweat. Hence or cogn. exudATiON 
 n., exu'datiVE a. [f. L Ex(sudare sweat)] 
 
 exu'lt, v.i. Rejoice exceedingly (at, in, thing, 
 to find &c) ; triumph (over person). Hence or 
 cogn. exu'ltANCY, exultA*TiON, nn., exu'lt- 
 ant a., exu*ltantLY 2 adv. [f. F exulter f. Lex- 
 (sultare=saltare frequent, of satire salt- leap)] 
 
 exu'viae, n. pi. Animal's cast skin, shell, or 
 covering, (recent or fossil, also fig.). Hence 
 exu'viAL a. [L, = animal's skin, spoils of 
 enemy, f. wxuere divest oneself of] 
 
 exu'viate, v.t. & i. Shed (exuviae, also fig.), 
 slough. Hence exuvi a *tion n. [prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 ex vd'to, adv. & n. (Offering made) in pur- 
 suance of a vow. [L (as adv. phr.)] 
 
 eyas (Vas), n. Young hawk taken from nest 
 
 10 
 
BYE 
 
 290 
 
 FACE 
 
 for training, or not yet completely trained, 
 [orig. nyasf. F *niais f. L *nidiacem (nom. -ax) 
 I. nidus nest ; for loss of n- cf. adder] 
 
 eye 1 (I), n. Organ of sight; iris of this, as 
 blue, brown, ee. ; region of the ee., as black e.; 
 e. of day, sun ; evil e. ; in the wind's e. (direc- 
 tion of the wind); (Mil.) ee. right, left, front, 
 (turn them thus) ; mind your e., take care ; 
 (contempt.) pipe, put one's finger in, one's e., 
 weep ; beam, mote, in one's e. (Matt. vii. 3) ; e. 
 for e., retaliation (Exod. xxi. 24) ; clap, set, ee. 
 on, behold ; be all ee., watch intently ; up to the 
 ee., deeply (engaged), as up to the ee. in work, 
 mortgaged up to the ee. ; made him open his 
 ee. (stare with astonishment) ; wipe the e. of 
 (shooter), kill game he has missed ; all my e. (& 
 Betty Martin), humbug, nonsense ; my eye(s) !, 
 int. expr. astonishment ; lose an e., (often) lose 
 the sight of it ; if you had half an e. (were not 
 wholly blind or dull) ; saio with half an e. (at a 
 glance) ; the naked e. ; have an e. to, have as 
 one's object ; with an e. (a view) to ; keep an e. 
 on, keep watch on (lit. & fig.) ; have an e. for (a 
 due sense of) proportion &c. ; in the ee. (judg- 
 ment) of; in the e. (from the point of view) of 
 the law, in the mind's c., in anticipation or 
 imagination ; see e. to e., agree entirely (with) ; 
 view with a friendly, jealous, e. (with such 
 feelings); throw dust in the ee. of; make ee. 
 (look amorously) at ; cast sheep's ee. ; thing 
 like an e., as spot on peacock's tail, e. of needle 
 &c. (hole for thread &c), hook & e. (kind of 
 fastening for dress), loop of cord or rope, leaf- 
 bud of potato; BULL r s-e. ; glass e. (artificial, 
 of glass) ; apple of the e. ; eyeball, pupil of the 
 e., e. within lids & socket; e.-bolt, bolt, bar, 
 with e. at end for hook &c. ; eyebright (also 
 euphrasy), plant formerly used to cure weak 
 eyes ; eyebrow, fringe of hair over e. ; e. -glass, 
 lens for assisting defective sight, (pi.) pair of 
 these held in position by hand or by spring on 
 nose (cf. spectacle) ; eyehole, hole containing 
 e., hole to look through ; eyelash, hair, row of 
 hairs, on edge of eyelid ; eyelid, upper or lower 
 cover of e., (fig.) hang on by the eyelids, have 
 only slight hold ; e.-opener, enlightening or sur- 
 prising circumstance ; eyepiece, lens(es) at e.- 
 end of telescope &c ; e.-servant (working pro- 
 perly only under employer's e.); e.-service (per- 
 formed only thus) ; eyeshot, seeing distance, as 
 beyond, in, out of, eyeshot (of) ; eyesight, power, 
 faculty, of seeing; eyesore, ugly mark, (fig.) 
 cause of annoyance or disgust; e.-splice (made 
 by turning up end of rope & interlacing its 
 Btrands with those of upper part) ; eyestrings, 
 muscles, nerves, tendons, of e. ; e.-tooth (canine, 
 just under or next to e., in upper or lower jaw) ; 
 eyewater, tears, lotion fore. , aqueous or vitreous 
 humours of e. ; eyewitness, one who can bear 
 witness from his own observation. Hence 
 (-)eyED 2 , eye'LESS, aa. [OE eage, Du. oog, G 
 auge, f. OTeut. augon, etym. dub.] 
 
 eye 2 , v.t. Observe, watch, (jealously, narrow- 
 ly, with disgust, askance, &c). [f. prec] 
 
 eyelet (I-), n. Small hole in cloth, sail, &c, 
 for lace, ring, rope, &c. ; loophole ; e.-hole, small 
 hole to look or shoot through ; small eye. [ME 
 oilet f. F ozillet dim. of osil eye f. L oculus] 
 
 eyot. _See ait. 
 
 eyre (ar), n. (hist.). Circuit, circuit court, as 
 Justices in E. [f. OF eire f. errer (errant 1)] 
 
 eyrie. See aerie. 
 
 F 
 
 F (ef), letter (pi. Fs, F's). (Mus. ; also fa) 
 fourth note in diatonic scale of C major. 
 Abbreviations (1) : (F.) Fahrenheit, as 45° F. ; 
 
 Fellow, as F.B.A. (British Academy), F.G.S. 
 (Geological Society), F.R.A.S. (Royal Astro- 
 nomical Soc), F.R.C.P. (Royal College of Phy- 
 sicians), F.R.C.S. (ditto Surgeons), F.R.G.S. 
 (Royal Geographical Soc), F.R.S. (Royal Soc), 
 F.S.A. (Soc. of Antiquaries) ; Fidei, F.D. (de- 
 fens or = Defender of the Faith) ; Field, F.M. 
 (Marshal), (f.) falsa, f A, (lectio = false reading) ; 
 feet, as 5f. ; feminine ; filly ; francs ; free, as 
 f.a.a. (of all average), f.o.b. (on board). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Fahn.(enheit) ; fep, fools- 
 cap ; fee.(# or -erunt) ; fig-.(ure, as fig. e, or 
 -uratively) ; fl.(orins) ; Fla, Florida ; follow- 
 ing, as pp. 76 foil.) ; fp.(ancs) ; Fi»l., Fraulein ; 
 ft, feet, as 60ft. 
 
 fa (fah), n. Fourth note of octave in solmiza- 
 tion. [first syl. of fanudi, see gamut] 
 
 Fa'bian, a. Employing cautious & dilatory 
 strategy to wear out an enemy ™sp. F. policy). 
 [f. L. Fabianus (Q. Fabius commander against 
 Hannibal, -an)] 
 
 fa'ble 1 , n. Story, esp, of supernatural char- 
 acter, not founded on fact; (collect.) myths, 
 legendary tales ; idle talk (old wives' ff.) ; false 
 statement, lie ; thing only supposed to exist ; 
 short story, esp. with animals for characters, 
 conveying a moral, apologue ; plot of play &c. 
 [F, f. Jjfabida (fari speak)] 
 
 fa'ble 2 , v.i. & t. (archaic & poet.). Romance, 
 tell fictitious tales, whence fa'blER 1 n. ; state 
 fictitiously; (p.p.) celebrated in f., legendary, 
 fictitious, [f. OF fabler f. hfabidari see prec] 
 
 fa'bliau (-16), n. (pi. -x, pr. -z). Metrical tale 
 of early French poetry. [F] 
 
 fa'brie, n. Thing put together; edifice, 
 building ; frame, structure, (lit. & fig.) ; (often 
 textile f.) woven material; construction, tex- 
 ture, tissue, [f. F fabrique f. Lfabrica (faber 
 artificer)] 
 
 fa'brieate, v.t. Construct, manufacture, 
 (rare) ; invent (lie, &c), forge (document). So 
 fabriCA # tion, fa'brieatOR 2 , nn. [f. L fabri- 
 care as prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 fa'bulist, n. Composer of fables or apo- 
 logues ; liar. [f. F fabidiste (fable 1 , -ist)] 
 
 fa'bulous, a. Given to legend (/. historians); 
 celebrated in fable ; unhistorical, legendary ; in- 
 credible, absurd, exaggerated. Hence or cogn. 
 fabulS'siTY, fa'bulousNESS, nn., fa'bu- 
 Iously 2 adv. [f. L fabidosus (fable 1 , -ous)} 
 
 faea'de (-sahd), n. Face of building towards 
 street or open space. [F (foil., -ade a )] 
 
 face 1 , n. Front of head from forehead to 
 chin (look one in the /., confront him steadily ; 
 show one's/., appear ; /. tof., confronted ; /. to 
 f. with, confronting ; set one's /. against, op- 
 pose; with wind, sun, in one's /.. straight 
 against one ; fly in thef. of, openly disobey ; in 
 f. of, opposite to ; in the f. of, or in f. of, de- 
 spite ; to one's/., openly in his sight or hearing ; 
 in the f. of day, openly) ; expression of counte- 
 nance ; grimace (make, pull, a f. or- ff.); com- 
 posure, coolness, effrontery, (have the /., be 
 shameless enough ; save one's/., forbear from 
 or evade shaming him or oneself openly) ; out- 
 ward show, aspect, (on the f. of it, to judge by 
 appearance ; put a new /. on, alter aspect of ; 
 pxd a good f. on matter, make it look well, 
 show courage in facing it) ; surface (from the 
 f. of the earth) ; front, facade, right side, ob- 
 verse, dial-plate of clock &c, working surface 
 of implement &c ; f.-ache, neuralgia ; /. value, 
 nominal value as stated on coin, note, &c 
 Hence -facED 2 a. [F, f. pop. L facia- facies 
 (facere make, or fa- shine)] 
 
 face 2 , v.t. & L Meet confidently or defiantly 
 (/. matter out, carry it through ; /. opponent 
 down, browbeat him), not shrink from, stand 
 
PACER 
 
 291 
 
 FAHRENHEIT 
 
 fronting, (/. the music, not quail at moment of 
 trial) ; present itself to (the problem that faces 
 its) ; turn (card) f. upwards ; (of persons &c.) 
 look, (of things) be situated, in a certain direc- 
 tion (on, to, or North, Eastwards, &c.) ; front 
 towards, be opposite to, (to f. page 20) ; (Golf) 
 strike (ball) full with middle of club-f. in driv- 
 ing from tee; (Mil.) turn in certain direction 
 on one's ground {left, about, f. ; also trans., he 
 faced his men about); supply (garment) with 
 facings; cover (surface) with layer of other 
 material; dress surface of; coat (tea) with 
 colouring matter, [f. prec] 
 fa*eer, n. Blow in the face ; great & sudden 
 
 difficulty. [FACEi-f-ER 1 ] 
 
 fa'cet, n. One side of a many-sided body, esp. 
 •f a cut gem ; one segment of a compound eye. 
 Hence fa*cetED 2 a. [f. Ffacette (face l , -ette)] 
 faee'tiae (-shie), n. pi. Pleasantries, witti- 
 cisms; (book catalogues) books of humorous 
 or obscene character. [L (facetus urbane)] 
 facetious (-shus), a. Addicted to or marked 
 by pleasantry, waggish. Hence face'tiousLV 2 
 adv., faee'tiousxESS n. [f. F facetieux (face- 
 tie f. L facet ia sing, of prec.)] 
 fa'cia (-sha), n. Plate over shop-front with 
 occupier's name &c. [var. of fascia] 
 fa'cial (-shl), a. Of the face (esp. in Anat., as 
 /. artery) ; f. angle, that formed by two lines 
 from nostril to (1) ear & (2) forehead. [F, f. 
 med.L facialis (face 1 , -al)] 
 -facient (-shnt), suf . forming adj j. represent- 
 ing L -facient- (facere make, -ent) added to 
 infin. in -e, as calefacere, liquefacere, w. sense 
 producing the action of the vb. E forms, on 
 strict anal. w. L, absorbefacient Sec, &, loosely. 
 aborti facient, calori facient, &c. , where L would 
 have vbs in -jicare, adjj. in -Jicus -fic. 
 fa'cile, a. Easily done or won ; working 
 easily, ready, fluent; of easy temper, gentle, 
 flexible, yielding. [F, f. L facilis (facere do)] 
 fa'cile pri'neeps, pred. a. Easily first. [L] 
 facilitate, v.t. Make easy, promote, help 
 forward, (action or result). Hence faei'litA'- 
 tion n. [f. Ffaciliter as prec] 
 faei'lity, n. Being easy, absence of difficulty, 
 unimpeded opportunity (giveff. for, of doing); 
 ease or readiness of speech &c, aptitude, dex- 
 terity, fluency ; pliancy, [f. Ffacilite f . hfacili- 
 tatem (facile, -ty)] 
 
 fa'eingr, n. In vbl senses of face 2 ; esp. : 
 (pi.) cuffs, collar, &c, of soldier's jacket, differ- 
 ently coloured from rest ; coating of different 
 material, esp. of stone &c. on wall, [-ing 1 ] 
 facsimile, n., & v.t. Exact copy, esp. of 
 writing, printing, picture, &c. (reproduced in 
 /., exactly) ; (vb) make f. of. [L fac imperat. of 
 facere make + neut. of similis like] 
 fact, n. Perpetration of act, occurrence of 
 event, (now only in before, after, thef, confess 
 the /.) ; thing certainly known to have occurred 
 or be true, datum of experience, (often with ex- 
 planatory clause or phrase, as the f that fire 
 burns, of my having seen him) ; thing assumed 
 as basis for inference {his ff. are dispxdable) ; 
 (sing, without a) the true or existent, reality, 
 (so matter of /., independent of inference ; 
 matter 1 -of-f. ; inf. ; in point off. ; thef. of the 
 matter is), [f. L factum neut. p.p. of facere do] 
 fa'etion, n. Self-interested, turbulent, or un- 
 scrupulous party, esp. in politics ; prevalence 
 of party spirit. Hence or cogn. fa'etionAL, 
 fa'etious, aa. , fa'etiousLY 2 adv. , fa'ctious- 
 ness n. [F, f . L f actionem (facere fact- do, -ion) 
 way of making (fashion), class, clique] 
 -faction, suf. repr. L -f actio, forming nn. of 
 action related to vv. in -FY, prop, only when -fy 
 represents L -facere, F -faire, as in satisfaction, 
 
 but also used when -fy represents L -Jicare, F 
 -Jier, as in petrifaction. 
 
 factitious, a. Designedly got up, not na- 
 tural, artificial. Hence facti'tiousLY - adv.. 
 faeti'tiousNESS n. [f. L facticius (facere 
 fact- make) + -ous] 
 
 fa'etitive, a. (gram.). F. verb, one with sense 
 make, call, or think, that takes obj. & compl. (he 
 thought her mad). Hence fa'etitiveLY 2 adv. 
 [irreg. f. L facere fact- make, -ive] 
 
 fa'etop, n. Agent, deputy ; merchant buying 
 & selling on commission, whence fa*etoPAGE(4) 
 n. ; (Sc.) land agent, steward ; (Math.) one of the 
 components that make up a number or expres- 
 sion by multiplication ; circumstance, fact, or 
 influence, contributing to a result, [f. Ffacteitr 
 f. L factor (prec, -or-)] 
 
 factorial, a. & n. (math.). Product of series 
 of factors in arithmetical progression ; product 
 of an integer & all lower integers (adj., /. U, 
 symbol |fc=4 x 3 x 2 x 1). [-ial] 
 
 fa'etopy, n. Merchant company's foreign 
 trading station ; manufactory, workshop, (F. 
 Acts, regulating management in interest of the 
 hands), [ult. f. med.L factoria (factor, -y 1 )] 
 faeto*tum, n. Man of all work; servant 
 managing his master's affairs. [med.L, as fac- 
 simile + neut. of L tot us whole] 
 fa'ctual, a. Concerned with, of the nature 
 of, fact. Hence fa'ctualLY 2 adv. [f . fact on 
 false anal, of actual] 
 
 fa'ctum, n. Statement of facts or points in 
 controversy, memorial. [L, see fact] 
 fa'cula, n. (astron. ; pi. -ae). Bright spot or 
 streak on sun. Hence fa'eulAR 1 , fa'culous, 
 aa. [L, dim. of fax fac- torch] 
 fa'eultative, a. Permissive ; optional ; con- 
 tingent ; of a faculty. [F (-if, -ive) ; foil., -ive] 
 fa'eulty, n. Aptitude for any special kind of 
 action ; executive ability (chiefly U.S.) ; power 
 inherent in the body or an organ ; a mental 
 power, e. g. the will, reason ; branch of art or 
 science, department of University teaching 
 (the four ff.. Theology, Law, Medicine, Arts), 
 Masters & Doctors in any of these (pop., The F., 
 members of medical profession) ; liberty of 
 doing something given by law or a superior, 
 authorization, licence, (esp. eccl.). ff. Ffaculte 
 f. ljfacultatem (facilis easy)] 
 fad, n. Pet notion or rule of action, craze, 
 piece of fancied enlightenment. Hence fa*d- 
 diSH 1 , fa'ddY 2 , aa., fa'ddiNESS, fa'ddish' 
 ness, fa*ddiSM(3), fa*ddiST(2), nn. [?] 
 fade, v.i. & t. Droop, wither, lose freshness 
 & vigour; (of colour &c) grow dim or pale; 
 cause to lose colour ; disappear gradually. 
 Hence fa'deLESS a., fa'delessLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 fader (fade dull, insipid, perh. f. L vapidus)) 
 faeces (fe-), n. pi. Sediment ; excrement of 
 the bowels. Hence fae'CAL a. [L, pi. oifaex} 
 Fa'epie, -y, n. & a. Fairyland, the fairies, 
 esp. as represented by Spenser ; (attrib.) vision* 
 ary, fancied, [var. of fairy] 
 fag, v.i. & t., & n. Toil painfully ; (of occu- 
 pation) tire, make weary ; (at schools, of seniors) 
 use the service of (juniors), (of juniors) do ser« 
 vice for seniors ; (Cricket) /. out, field ; f.-end^ 
 inferior or useless remnant. (N. ) drudgery, un- 
 welcome task (what af. !), exhaustion (brain- 
 f.) ; (at schools) junior who has to f. [perh. 
 corrupt, of flag v.] 
 
 fa'g-grot, fa'g-ot, n., & v.t. & i. Bundle of 
 sticks or twigs bound together as fuel ; bundle 
 of steel rods ; f.-vote, manufactured by trans- 
 ferring sufficient property to unqualified per- 
 son, so /. -voter; (vb) bind in ff, make ff. [F 
 (fagot), etym. dub.] 
 Fahrenheit (-it), a. (abbr. F.). F. th&rmo* 
 
FAIENCE 
 
 292 
 
 FALCONER 
 
 meter, with 32° & 212° for freezing & boiling 
 points (used esp. in giving temperatures, as5(r 
 F.). (Prussian inventor d. 1736J 
 faience (F), n. Earthenware & porcelain of 
 all kinds, [f. F faience f. Faenza Italian town] 
 f ail K n. Witho ut f. , for certain, irrespective 
 of hindrances, (emphasizing injunction or pro- 
 mise), [f. OF faile (faillir fail 2 )] 
 fail 2 , v.L & t. (strictly, intr. with ind. obj.). 
 Be missing (see failing 2 ) or insufficient, not 
 suffice for needs of (person), run short, {time 
 would f. me to tell ; his heart failed him) ; be- 
 come extinct, die away ; flag, break down ; 
 prove misleading, disappoint hopes of, (the 
 prophecy failed ; the xcind failed us) ; be in- 
 sufficiently equipped in, not succeed in the 
 attainment of; not succeed (in doing or to do) ; 
 miscarry, come to nothing ; suspend payment, 
 go bankrupt ; be rejected as candidate, [f. OF 
 faillir f. pop. L *fallire = hfallere deceive] 
 fai'lingr 1 , n. In vbl senses; also, foible, 
 shortcoming, weakness, [-ing 1 ] 
 fai'lingr 2 , prep. In default of (/. this, if this 
 does not happen ; whomf. or/, whom in proxy 
 appointments). [-ING 2 ] 
 
 fai'lupe (-yer), n. Non-occurrence, non-per- 
 formance ; running short, breaking down ; ill 
 success; unsuccessful person, thing, or attempt ; 
 insolvency, [earlier failer for F faillir fail 2 , 
 cf. -er 4 , -ure] 
 
 fain 1 , pred. a., & adv. "Willing under the 
 circumstances to ; left with no alternative but 
 to ; (adv.) would /., would be glad to. [OE 
 fxgen cogn. w. OHG (gi)fehan rejoice] 
 fain 2 , fains, fen(s), child's formula (usu. 
 fains /as v.t.) stipulating for exemption from 
 unwelcome office &c. (/. 1 wicket-keeping !). [?] 
 faineant (F), n. & a. Idle(r), inactive (offi- 
 cial). [F, perversion on / aire do, niant nothing, 
 of OF faignant sluggard (faindre skulk)] 
 faint K a. Sluggish ; timid (f. -heart, coward ; 
 so faint-heaptED 2 a., faint-hear'tedi.v 2 
 adv., faint-heap*tedNESs n.) ; feeble (a f. 
 show of resistance) ; dim, indistinct, pale (/. or 
 feint lines, ruled f or feint, of paper with lines 
 to guide writing ; af. idea, inadequate) ; giddy 
 or languid with fear, hunger, &c, inclined to 
 swoon ; (of air, scents, &c.) sickly, oppressive. 
 Hence fal , ntisH 1 (2) a., fai'ntLY 2 adv., 
 fai*ntNESS n. [OF, p.p. of faindre feign] 
 faint 2 , v.i., & n. Lose courage, give way, 
 (archaic) ; swoon (v. & n. ; fainted away ; in a 
 deadf, utterly insensible), [f. prec] 
 faints, n. pi. Impure spirit coming over at 
 beginning & end of distillation, [f. faint 1 ] 
 fair 1 , n. Periodical gathering for sale of 
 goods, often with shows & entertainments, at 
 place & time fixed by charter, statute, or cus- 
 tom (a day after thef. too late) ; fancy-/. If. 
 OF feire (now foire) f. L/eria holiday] 
 faiP 2 , a. & n. Beautiful (the f. sex, the /., 
 women; also archaic as n., a f. =a woman); 
 satisfactory, abundant, (af. heritage) ; specious 
 If. speeches) ; blond, not dark, (af. man, com- 
 plexion,hair, whence faip-haiPED 2 a.) ; clean, 
 clear, unblemished, (/. water-, /. copy 1 ; /. 
 fame) ; just, unbiased, equitable, legitimate, 
 tf. & square a. & adv., without finesse, above- 
 board ; /. trade, principle that reciprocity 
 should be thecondition of free trade; af. field 1 
 & no favour ; all \s /. in love & war ; /. play, 
 equal conditions for all) ; of moderate quality, 
 not bad, pretty good, whence faip*iSH 1 (2) a. ; 
 favourable, promising, gentle, unobstructed. 
 If. or foul weather ; /. -weather friends, not 
 good at need ; in a f. way to succeed ; by f. 
 means, without violence or fraud ; fairway, 
 navigable channel) ;/. -maid, - fumade; Febru- 
 
 ary Fair-maids, snowdrops. Hence faip*NES8 
 n. [com.-Teut. ; OE fxger cf. OHG fagar] 
 
 faiP 3 , adv. Speak one /., address him cour- 
 teously ;f. -spoken (of person), courteous, bland ; 
 write outf, as fair 2 copy ; hit, fight, /., accord- 
 ing to the rules ; bid 1 /. ; (with strike, fall, &c.) 
 straight, plump, clean. [OEfxgre (prec.)] 
 
 faii»*ingr, n. Present bought at a fair. 1-ing 1 ] 
 
 faip'ly, adv. In adj. senses ; (also) utterly, 
 completely, (/. beside himself ; there is some- 
 times doubt between this sense & that of 
 rather, tolerably, as in/, good), [-ly 2 ] 
 
 faip'y, n. & a. Small supernatural being 
 with magical powers ; Fairyland, home of ff., 
 enchanted region ; f.-ring, circular band of 
 darker grass caused by fungi & attributed to 
 f. dancing ; f.-tale, about fF., also account of 
 strange incident, coincidence, marvellous pro- 
 
 fress, &c. ; hence faip'yDOM, faip*yHOOD, 
 aip'yiSM, nn. (Adj.) of ff. ; imaginary, ficti- 
 tious; f.-like, beautiful & delicate or small, 
 whence faip'iLY 2 adv. [f. OF faerie (now 
 f eerie) f. OF/ae fay] 
 
 fait accompli (F), n. Thing done & no 
 longer worth arguing against. 
 
 faith, n. Reliance, trust, in ; belief founded 
 on authority (pin one's/, to or upon, believe 
 implicitly) ; (Theol. ) belief in religious doctrines, 
 esp. such as affects character & conduct, spiri- 
 tual apprehension of divine truth apart from 
 proof ; system of religious belief (the Christian. 
 Jewish, f. ; defender of the F. ; the f. , the true 
 religion) ; things (to be) believed ; warrant (on 
 thef. of); promise, engagement, (give, pledge, 
 plight, keep, break, violate, one's/.); loyalty, 
 fidelity, (goodf, honesty of intention ; badf., 
 intent to deceive ; Punic f. treachery) ;f.-cure, 
 -curer, -healing, -healer, acting by prayer, not 
 drugs &c. [f. OF feid f. L fides] 
 
 farthful, a. Loyal, constant, (to person, one's 
 word), conscientious ; trustwortby ; true to fact, 
 the original, &c, accurate; thef. (pi.), true be- 
 lievers, esp. Mohammedans (Father of the /., 
 Caliph). Hence fai'thfulNESS n. [-ful] 
 
 fai'thfully, adv. In adj. senses ; esp. : yours 
 /., formula of rather distant tone for closing 
 letter ; dealf. with, speak home truths to or of ; 
 promise f, emphatically (colloq. ). [-ly 2 ] 
 
 fai'thless, a. Unbelieving ; perfidious, false 
 to promises ; unreliable. Hence fai'thlessLY- 
 adv., fai'thlessNESS n. [-less] 
 
 fake 1 , v.t., & n. (naut.). Coil (rope) ; (n.) one 
 round of a coil. [?] 
 
 fake 2 , v.t., & n. (slang). Do up, make pre- 
 sentable or specious, contrive out of poor mate- 
 rial ; (n. ) piece of faking, thing faked up, dodge, 
 cooked report, [perh. f. Gfegen sweep] 
 
 fakir* (-er), n. Mohammedan (or Hindu) re- 
 ligious mendicant, devotee, [f. Arab, faqir 
 poor man] 
 
 fa'lbala, n. Flounce, trimming. [?] 
 
 fa*lcate,a. (anat.,bot.,zool.). Hooked, sickle- 
 shaped, [f. \j falcatus i. falx sickle, -ate 2 (2)] 
 
 fa'lcated, a. (astron.). = prec. (of moon &c). 
 [as prec, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 falchion (fawltshn), n. Broad curved con- 
 vex-edged sword, [f. OF fauchon f. pop. L 
 *falcionem nom. -o (hfalx sickle)] 
 
 fa'leifopm, a. (anat). Sickle-shaped, [f. L 
 falx -cis sickle -f -form] 
 
 falcon (fawkn, fawlkn), n. Small diurnal 
 bird of prev, esp. as trained to hawk for sport 
 (in falconry the female only, cf. tiercel). So 
 fal*conRY(2, 5) n. [f. OF faucon f. LL fal- 
 conem perh. f. hfalx sickle] 
 
 fal'conep (fawk-), n. Keeper and trainer of 
 hawks ; one who hunts with hawks, [f. OF 
 faulconnier, see prec, -er 2 (2)J 
 
FALCONET 
 
 293 
 
 FAMILIARIZE 
 
 fal'conet (fawk-), n. (Hist.) light cannon ; 
 species of shrike, [first sense f. It. falconetto 
 dim. of falcone falcon ; last f. falcon + -et *] 
 
 faldera'l, n. Gewgaw, trifle, [earlier as 
 meaningless refrain in songsj 
 
 fa'ldstool (faw-), n. Bishop's armless chair ; 
 movable desk for kneeling at ; desk for litany 
 to be said from. [f. med.L faldistolium f. OHG 
 faldstuol (faldan to fold, stool)] 
 
 Faler'nian, n. A famous wine of ancient 
 Campania, [f. L (vinum) Falernum Falernian 
 (wine) + -1AN] 
 
 fall ! (fawl), v.i. (fell ; fallen often conjugated 
 with be, see -ed ] (2), & used as adj.). Descend 
 freely {falling star, meteor), drop, (the remark 
 fell from him ; lambs f., are born), come down, 
 lose high position (statesmen /.), swoop (ven- 
 geance fell) ; become detached, hang down ; sink 
 to lower level (barometer, prices, f.), decline, 
 slope ; disembogue into ; subside, ebb, abate ; 
 show dismay (faces f), droop (eyesf.) ; cease to 
 stand (falling sickness archaic, epilepsy), be- 
 come prostrate, come to ground, sin, be over- 
 thrown, perish, (/. prostrate, flat ; plans f. to 
 the ground, are abandoned, fail; /. on one's 
 sword, in suicide ; wicket falls, batsman is out ; 
 fortress falls, is taken ; woman falls, loses 
 chastity ; many fell, were killed in battle ; seven 
 lions fell to his rifle ; /. a prey or sacrifice to ; 
 f. into error ; houses f., tumble in fragments ;/. 
 to pieces, intwo, asunder) ; take such adirection 
 (his eye fell upon me), have such a place (accent 
 falls on first syllable), alight, come by chance 
 *&c, (the lot fell upon me ; cost falls to you ; it 
 fell in my way; f. among thieves, uponacorrupt 
 age ; subject falls into three divisions) ; pass into 
 such a state (fell into a rage, in love), become 
 so-&-so (/. dumb, due) ; lapse, revert, (revenues 
 f. to the Croum) ; occur, have date, (Easter falls 
 early), find place (what now falls to be de- 
 scribed). With prepp. : /. a — ing, begin ; /. be- 
 hind, be passed by ;/. into, (line) take one's place 
 in the ranks, combine with others, (conversation 
 with) begin talking to, (habit &c) adopt it ; /. 
 (up)on, assault, come across, (one's feet or legs) 
 get well out of difficulty ; /. to — ing, take to, be- 
 gin, (also/, to work) ;f. under, be classed among, 
 be subjected to (observation &c.);/. within, be 
 included in. With advv. : /. astern, (of ship) 
 drop behind ;/. away, desert, revolt, apostatize, 
 decay, vanish ; /. back, retreat ; /. back upon, 
 have recourse to ;/. behind, lag ; f.fotdof, come 
 into collision with, quarrel with, attack ;/. in, 
 (Mil.) take or cause to take places in line, (of 
 buildings &c.) give way inwards, (of debt &c.) 
 become due, (of land &c.) become available, (of 
 lease) run out ; /. in with, happen to meet, ac- 
 cede to (views), agree with (person), coincide 
 with, humour ; /. off, withdraw, decrease, de- 
 generate (so falling off, n.), (of ship) refuse to 
 answer helm, (of subjects) revolt ; /. on, join 
 battle, begin feeding ; /. out, quarrel, come to 
 pass, result well &c, (Mil.) leave the ranks ; /. 
 out of, give up (habit &c.) ; /. short, become in- 
 sufficient, (of missile) not go far enough;/, short 
 of, fail to obtain ;/. through, miscarry, fail ; /. 
 to, begin eating or fighting. [com.-Teut. ; OE 
 feallan cf. G fallen ; also L fallere deceive] 
 
 fall 2 , n. Act of falling (see prec. ) ; also or esp. : 
 amount of rain &c. that falls; (now chiefly U.S.; 
 also/, of the year or leaf) autumn ; number of 
 lambs born ; cataract, cascade, (of ten pi. ) ; down- 
 ward trend, amount of descent ; wrestling-bout, 
 throw in this, (try af, lit. & fig.) ; amount of 
 timber cut down ; succumbing to temptation 
 (theF.,f. of man, Adam's sin and its results); 
 kind of woman's veil. [f. prec] 
 
 fallacy, n. Misleading argument, sophism, 
 
 (Log.) flaw that vitiates syllogism, one of the 
 types of such flaws ; delusion, error, (pathetic 
 /.); unsoundness, delusiveness, disappointing 
 character, (of arguments or beliefs). So fallA •- 
 cious a., falla'ciousLYSadv., falla'cious- 
 ness n. [f. L fallacia (fallax deceiving f. fal- 
 lere deceive) see -acy] 
 
 fal-la*l, n. Piece of finery. Hence falla*l- 
 ery(5) n. [contemptuous reduplication, cf. gew- 
 gaw, perh. f. falbala] 
 
 fa'llible, a. Liable to err or be erroneous. 
 Hence falliBrLlTY n. [f. lAjfallibilis (fallere 
 deceive, -ble)J 
 
 fa-llow i, n., a., & v.t. (Ground) ploughed and 
 harrowed but left uncropped for a year ; uncul- 
 tivated (land) ; (vb) break up (land) for sowing 
 or to destroy weeds. [ME f alive ploughed land, 
 cf. OE fealga harrows] 
 
 fa'llow 2 , a. Of pale brownish or reddish 
 yellow (now only inf. -deer, species smaller than 
 red deer). [OE falu cf . Gfahl, prob. cogn. w. L 
 pallidus pale & Gk polios grey] 
 
 false (fawls), a. & adv. Erroneous, wrong, 
 incorrect, (/. idea, verdict ;/. concord, breach of 
 agreement rules in grammar ; /. quantity, in- 
 correct length of*Vowel in verse or pronuncia- 
 tion ; /. note in music ;/. drawing ;/. imprison- 
 ment, illegal ; /. weights &c. ; f. pride, shame, 
 based on wrong notions ; /. position, one that 
 forces person to act against his principles ; /. 
 step, stumble, transgression ; /. start, wrong 
 start in racing) ; lying, deceitful, treacherous, 
 unfaithful to ; deceptive (/. mirror, medium) ; 
 spurious, sham, artificial, (/. coin, god, prophet, 
 hair, teeth ;/. colours, flag one has no right to. 
 lit. & fig.); improperly so called, pseudo-, (/. 
 acacia ; /. bottom, horizontal partition in ves- 
 sel ; /. keel) ; hence or cogn. fa'lseLY 2 adv., 
 fa'lseNESS, fa'lsiTY, nn. ( Ad v. ) play person 
 /., cheat, betray. [OE/aZs f. lifalsus p.p. of 
 fallere deceive] 
 
 falsehood, n. Falsity ; something untrue, 
 contrariety to fact ; lying, lie(s). [-hood] 
 
 falsetto (fawl-), n. Forced shrill voioe above 
 one's natural range (inf., af. tone, &c, often 
 of sham indignation). [It., dim. off also false] 
 
 fa'lsify (fawl-), v.t. Fraudulently alter (docu- 
 ment) ; misrepresent; make wrong, pervert; 
 disappoint (hope, fear, &c). So falsincA"TiON 
 n. [f. F falsifier f. ISLfalsificare (false, -fy)] 
 
 fa'ltep (fawl-), v.i. & t. Stumble, stagger, go 
 unsteadily ; stammer, speak hesitatingly, (/. 
 out, utter, say, thus) ; waver, lose courage, 
 flinch. Hence fa'ltening'LY 2 adv. [?] 
 
 fame 1 , n. Public report, rumour; reputa- 
 tion (house of illf., bawdy-house), good repu- 
 tation ; renown, celebrity. [F, f. hfama = Gk 
 pheme (fa- speak)] 
 
 fame 2 , v.t. (Pass. ) be currently reported as, 
 for, to be or do; (p.p.) famous, much spoken 
 of, (for valour &c). [f. OF famer (prec.)] 
 
 fami'liar (-jar), a. & n. Of one's family 
 (archaic for family attrib.) ; intimate (with), in 
 close friendship (/. spirit, or /. as n., demon 
 attending & obeying witch &c); closely ac- 
 quainted with (some subject) ; well-known, no 
 longer novel, (to) ; common, current, usual ; un- 
 ceremonious, free, over-free. (N.): (R.-C. Ch.) 
 person rendering certain services in Pope's or 
 bishop's household ; intimate friend or associ- 
 ate; f. spirit. Hence fami*liaPLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 familieri. hfamiliaris (family, -ar 1 )] 
 
 fami'lia'Pity, n. Close intercourse, intimacy 
 with person or some subject ; unceremonious- 
 ness, treatingof inferiors or superiors as equals, 
 (/. breeds contempt), [f. F familiarite f. L 
 familiaritatem (prec, -ty)] 
 
 fami'liarize (-ya-), v.t. Make (thing) well 
 
FAMILY 
 
 294 
 
 PAR 
 
 known ; make (person, person's mind &c, one- 
 self) well acquainted or at home with. Hence 
 fami'liapiZATiON n. [ize] 
 
 fainily, n. Members of a household, parents, 
 children, servants, &c. (happy /., animals of 
 different kinds in one cage) ; set of parents & 
 children, or of relations, living together or not 
 (Holy F„ The Virgin, Jesus, St Joseph, & often 
 SI John Baptist & St Elizabeth, as grouped in 
 pictures) ; person's children ; all descendants of 
 common ancestor, house, lineage, (of f., nobly 
 born) ; race, group of peoples from common 
 stock ; brotherhood of persons or nations united 
 by political or religious ties ; group of objects 
 distinguished by common features ; group of 
 allied genera, usu. subdivision of order ; /. 
 butcher &c, supplying ff. as opp. to the army 
 &c. ; /. hotel, with special terms for ff. ; in af. 
 way, without ceremony ; in the f. way, with 
 child ; /. Bible, large Bible with fly-leaves for 
 registering births &c. ; /. coach, large closed 
 carriage, a game of forfeits; Fr Compact, in 
 18th c. between Bourbons of France, Spain, & 
 Two Sicilies, esp. against England & Austria ; 
 /. likeness, that between relations, vague re- 
 semblance ; /. living, benefice in gift of head of 
 f. ; /. man, one with f., domestic person ; /. tree, 
 genealogical chart, [f. L familia household 
 (famulus servant, -ia j )] 
 
 fa'mine, n. Extreme scarcity of food in a 
 district &c. ; dearth of something specified, as 
 water f. (f. prices, raised by scarcitv) ; hunger, 
 starvation, (die of /.). [F, f. LL *famina f. L 
 fames hunger, -ixe 4 ] 
 
 fa'mish, v.t. & i. Reduce, be reduced, to ex- 
 treme hunger; (colloq.) be famishing, feel hun- 
 gry, [obs. fame v. f. L fames hunger, -ish 2 ] 
 
 fa'mous, a. Celebrated, well known ; (colloq.) 
 capital, excellent, whence fa'mousLY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF fameus f. hfaynosus (fame, -ose 1 )] 
 
 fa'mulus, n. (pi. -li). Attendant on magician. 
 [L,= servant] 
 
 fan 1 , n. Winnowing-machine ; instrument, 
 usu. folding & sector-shaped when spread out, 
 on radiating ribs, for agitating air to cool face; 
 anything so spread out, as bird s tail, wing, leaf, 
 kind of ornamental vaulting (/. tracery) ; rotat- 
 ing apparatus giving current of air for ventila- 
 tion &c; (Naut.) (blade of) screw, propeller ; (in 
 windmill) small sail for keeping head towards 
 wind ; /. -light, f. -shaped Avindow over door ;/.- 
 tail, f. -shaped tail or end, kind of pigeon, coal- 
 heaver's hat or sou'- wester. [OE fann f. L van- 
 nus winnowing-basket] 
 
 fan 2 , v.t. & i. Winnow (corn), whence fa*n- 
 nER J (2) n.; winnow away (chaff), sweep away 
 (as) by wind from f.; move (air) with f.; drive 
 current of air (as) with f. upon, to cool (face &c.) 
 or to kindle (flame ; /. the flame, increase ex- 
 citement &c.) ; (of breeze) blow gently on, cool ; 
 spread out (t. & i.) in f. shape, [f. prec] 
 
 fana'tic, a. & n. (Person) filled with exces- 
 sive & mistaken enthusiasm, esp. in religion. 
 Hence fana'tieAL a., fana'tiealLY 2 adv., 
 fana'tieiSM n., fana*tieiZE(2, 3) v.i. & t. [f. 
 \jfanaticus (fanum temple, -atic)] 
 
 fa'neiep, n. Connoisseur in some article or 
 animal (of which the name is usu. prefixed, as 
 dog, rose, -f). [fancy 2 , -er l ] 
 
 fa'neiful, a. Indulging in fancies, whimsical, 
 capricious; fantastically designed, ornamented, 
 &c, odd-looking; imaginary, unreal. Hence 
 fa'neifalLv 2 adv., fa'neifulNESs n. [ful] 
 
 fa'ney \ n. & a. Delusion, unfounded belief ; 
 faculty of calling up things not present, of in- 
 venting imagery; mental image; arbitrary 
 supposition ; caprice, a whim ; individual taste, 
 inclination, (take a f. to, for; catch thef. of, 
 
 please) ; thef, those who have a certain hobby, 
 = -fanciers, esp. the patrons of boxing ; art of 
 breeding animals with certain points of excel- 
 lence ; f.-free, not in love. (Adj.; not pred.) or- 
 namental, not plain, (/. bread ; /. dress, mas- 
 querade costume, so f.-d. or/, ball ; /. work, or- 
 namental sewing &c. ; /. fair, bazaar for sale of 
 f. goods) ; (of flowers &c.) particoloured ; capri- 
 cious, whimsical, extravagant, (at af. price ;/. 
 franchise, based on complicated or arbitrary 
 qualifications ; /. dog, pigeon, &c, bred for par- 
 ticular points of beauty &c.) ; based on imagina- 
 tion, not fact (/. picture) ; f. man, sweetheart, 
 (slang) man living on earnings of a prostitute, 
 [contraction of fantasy] 
 
 fa'ney 2 , v.t. Picture to oneself, conceive, 
 imagine, (/. oneself dead ; /. a blue dahlia ; /. 
 him to be here, that he is here ; imperat. as excl. 
 of surprise, fancy !,f. his believing it!); be in- 
 clined to suppose, rather think ; (colloq.) have 
 good conceit of (oneself, one's game &c.) ; take 
 a f. to, like ; breed, grow, (animals, plants) with 
 attention to certain points, [f. prec] 
 
 fanda'ngle, n. Fantastic ornament, tom- 
 foolery, [perh. f. foil.] 
 
 fanda'ngro, n. Lively Spanish dance ; tune 
 for this. [Sp.] 
 
 fane, n. (poet.). Temple, [f. hfanum] 
 
 fa'nfape (or as F), n. Flourish of trumpets, 
 bugles, &c. [F] 
 
 fanfapona'de (or as F), n. Arrogant talk, 
 brag ; = prec. [f. F fanfaronnade f. fanfaron 
 (prec, -oon), -ade] 
 
 fang" 1 , n. Canine tooth, esp. of dogs & wolves; 
 serpent's venom-tooth ; spike of tool held in the 
 stock ; (prong of) root of tooth. Hence (-)fang*- 
 ed 2 , fa*ng"LESS, aa. [OE, cf. Gfangen seize] 
 
 fang 2 , v. t. Prime (pump) by pouring in water 
 to start it. [f. prec] 
 
 fantasia (-aze'a, -ah'zla), n. Musical compo- 
 sition in which form is subservient to fancy. 
 [It.,= fantasy] 
 
 fa'ntast, ph-, n. Visionary, dreamer, [f. 
 med.L f. Gk phantastes (phantazomai make 
 a show f. phaxno show)] 
 
 fanta'stic, a. Fancied (rare) ; extravagantly 
 fanciful, capricious, eccentric ; grotesque or 
 quaint in design &c Hence (thr. obs. -i'ca?)fan- 
 tastiea'IiTV, fanta'sticalNESS, fanta's- 
 tieisivi, nn., fanta'stiealLY 2 adv. [f. med.L 
 fantasticus f. LLf. Gk phantastikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 fa'ntasy, ph-, n. Image-making faculty, 
 esp. when extravagant or visionary ; mental 
 image ; fantastic design ; = fantasia ; whim- 
 sical speculation, [f. OF fantasie f. L f. Gk 
 phantasia (see fantast)] 
 
 fantocci'ni (-tshene), n. pi. Mechanically 
 worked puppets ; marionette show. [It.] 
 
 faquir. See fakir. 
 
 fapi.adv. (farther, -thest, further, -thest), 
 & n. At a great distance, a long way off, (often 
 with away, off, out ; also fig., as /., so f, 
 from doi?ig, f. from it ; f. be it from me to, I 
 would on no account) ; to a great distance or 
 advanced point (driven f. into the ground ; f. 
 gone, advanced in some progress ; he will gof, 
 do much ; gof to effect &c, nearly do so ; by a 
 great interval, by much, (/. different, better, the 
 best ; also/. & away) ;sof, to such a distance, 
 (also) up to now ; howf, to what extent; asf. 
 as, right to, not short of, (place) ; as or sof. as, 
 in sof as, to whatever extent ;f.-aicay, remote, 
 long-past, (of look &c) absent, dreamy ;/.-6e- 
 tween, infrequent ;/. -famed, widely known ; /.- 
 fetched, of simile, illustration &c) studiously 
 sought out, strained ; /. forth ; /. off, remote; 
 f.-reaching, widely applicable, carrying many 
 consequences ; f. -seeing, -sighted, prescient, 
 
PAR 
 
 295 
 
 FAST 
 
 prudent, (of vision) seeing distant things more 
 clearly than near ones. (N.) a distance (do you 
 come from/. ?) ; large amount (by/., -with com- 
 
 Ear. & superl., prefer, surpass, &c). [OE/eor(r) 
 OTeut./er-f. Aryan per- cf. Glapcran beyond] 
 
 far 2 , a. (farther, -est, further, -est). Distant, 
 remote, (af. cry 2 ). [OE feorr f. prec] 
 
 fa'rad, n. (electr.). Electro-magnetic unit of 
 capacitj*. [f. Faraday, electrician, d. 1867] 
 
 faracia'ie, a. (electr.). Inductive, induced, 
 (of current), [as prec, -icj 
 
 farce \ n. Dramatic work merely to excite 
 laughter; this species of drama ; absurdly futile 
 px*oceeding, pretence, mockery. Hence far*ei- 
 cal a., fap'eicalLY 2 adv., fareiea'liTY n. 
 [F, orig. = stuffing, f. L farcire to stuff, used 
 metaph. of interludes &c] 
 
 faree 2 , v.t. (archaic). Season, spice, stuff, (in 
 cookery, & fig. of literary compositions), [f. OF 
 farsir f. L as prec] 
 
 farceur' (-ser), n. Joker, wag. [F] 
 
 far'ey, n. Disease, esp. of horses, allied to 
 glanders ; /. bud. button, small tumour in this, 
 [f. F farcin f. Lifarciminum {farcire stuff)] 
 
 far'del (-dl), n. (archaic). Bundle, burden. 
 [OF, dim. of farde burden perh. f . Arab, fardah ] 
 
 fare a , n. 1. Cost of passenger's conveyance, 
 passage-money ; passenger in hired vehicle. 2. 
 Food provided (usu. good, bad, plentiful, &c, 
 /*.; bill 4 off). [OE/ser (sense 1), Scfaru (sense 
 2), f. st. of foil.] 
 
 fare 2 , v.i. Journey, go, travel, (poet.; so/. 
 forth, start) ; happen, turn out, (how fares it?) ; 
 get on well, ill, &c, have such luck; be enter- 
 tained, be fed or feed oneself, well &c [com.- 
 Teut.; OE & OHG faran f. Aryan por- pass 
 through cf. Gk poros ford, L portare carry] 
 
 farewell, int. & n. Good-bye !, Adieu !, (/. to, 
 no more of) ; (n.) leave-taking, parting good 
 wishes, [imperat. of prec. + well] 
 
 fappna, n. Flour or meal of corn, nuts, or 
 starchy roots; powdery substance ; (Bot.) pol- 
 len ; (Chem.) starch. Hence farlnA'CEOUS a. 
 [L (far corn, -ine 4 )] 
 
 fa'Pinose (-s), a. Mealy, sprinkled with pow- 
 der, [prec, -ose 1 ] 
 
 farl, n.(Sc). Thin cake,orig. quadrant-shaped, 
 of oatmeal or flour, [for obs. fardel quarter 
 
 (FOURTH, DEAL), Cf. FARTHING] 
 
 farm \ n. Tract of land used under one man- 
 agement for cultivation (orig. only of leased 
 land ; home-f, reserved & worked by owner of 
 estate containing other ff.) ; (also f. -house) 
 dwelling-place attached to f. ; place where 
 children are farmed (see foil.) ; f. -stead, f. with 
 buildings on it ; f.-yard, enclosure attached to 
 f. -house, [f. F ferme f. med.L/irma fixed pay- 
 ment ( firmare fix f. firmms)] 
 
 farm 2 , v.t. & i. Take proceeds of (tax, office, 
 &c.) on payment of fixed sum ; (also/, out) let 
 out proceeds of (tax &c) to person for fixed 
 sum ; let the labour of (persons) for hire ; con- 
 tract to maintain and care for (persons, esp. 
 children) for fixed sum ; cultivate, till ; till the 
 soil, be a farmer. Heuce far'mER 1 , far'm- 
 ingJ, nn. [f. prec] 
 
 far*o, n. Gambling card-game. [f. Pharaoh 
 (significance doubtful)] 
 
 farou'ehe (-oosh), a. Sullen, shy. [F] 
 
 farra'go (-ah-, -a-), n. Medley, hotchpotch. 
 Hence farraginous a. [L (genit. -inls),= 
 mixed fodder (far corn)] 
 
 fa'rrier, n. Shoeing-smith ; horse-doctor ; 
 N.C.O. in charge of cavalry regiment's horses. 
 Hence fa*rriERY(2) n. [f. OF ferrier f. L fer- 
 rarius f. ferritin iron, -er 2 (2)] 
 
 fa'ppow, n., & v.t. & i. Giving birth to, litter 
 of, pigs (20 at one f.) ; (vb) produce (pigs), pro- 
 
 duce pigs, [vb f. n., OE fearh f. OTeut. farhoa 
 cf. L porcus] 
 
 fart, n., & v.i. (indecent). Emission of, emit, 
 wind from the anus. [Aryan, cf. Gk perdomai] 
 
 far'ther (-dh-), adv. & a. (used as comp. of 
 far 1 . 2 , see etym.), & v. t. To or at a more ad- 
 vanced point or greater extent or distance (I'll 
 see youf. or further /ms£) ; in addition, also, 
 besides, moreover, (now usu. further). (Adj.) 
 more extended, additional, more ; niore distant 
 or advanced, whence far'therMOST a. (Vb, 
 rare) = further, [var. of further ; both 
 used as comp. of far, but with tendency to re- 
 strict/, to lit. & further to secondary senses] 
 
 farthest (-dh-), a. & adv. Most distant (at 
 the, at,f, at the greatest distance, at latest, at 
 most); (adv.) to or at the greatest distance, 
 [var., now more usu., of furthest] 
 
 far'thing (-dh-), n. Quarter of a penny ; least 
 possible amount (doesn't matter a /.). [OE 
 feorthing (feortha fourth, -ing 3 )] 
 
 far'thing-ale, n. (hist.). Hooped petticoat, 
 [f. OF verdugale f. Sp. -ado (verdugo rod, -ado)] 
 
 fa'sees, n. pi. (Rom. hist.). Bundle of rods 
 with axe in the middle carried by lictor before 
 high magistrate ; ensigns of authority. [L (pi. 
 olfascis bundle)] 
 
 fascia (fa'shia), n. (Arch.) long flat surface 
 of wood or stone ; (Anat.) thin sheath of fibrous 
 tissue ; stripe, band, fillet, belt. [LJ 
 
 fa'sciated (fashl-), a. (Bot.; of contiguous 
 parts) compressed, growing, into one (so fa*- 
 seiATiON n.); striped, [f. obs. fasciate f. L 
 fasciare (prec), -ate 2 ] 
 
 fa'scicle, -ieule, -i'eulus, (fasi), n. (Bot. 
 &c) bunch, bundle, whence fa'seielED 2 , fas- 
 ei'eulAR i, fasei'eulATE 2 , -a ted, aa., fasei- 
 cuIa-tion n.; one part of book published by in- 
 stalments, [f. L fasciculus (fasces, -cule)] 
 
 fa'scinate, v. t. Deprive (victim) of power of 
 escape or resistance by one's look or presence 
 (esp. of serpents) ; attract irresistibly, enchant, 
 charm, whence fa*seinatiNG 2 a., fa'scinat- 
 ingLY 2 adv. Hence or cogn. fa'seinA'TioN, 
 fa'seinatOR 2 (esp., = opera-hood), nn. [f. L 
 fascinare (fascinum spell), -ate 3 ] 
 
 fasci'ne (-sen), n. Long faggot used for en- 
 gineering purposes & esp. in war for filling 
 trenches, making batteries, &c. ;/. dwelling, pre- 
 historic lake dwelling supported by cross layers 
 of sticks sunk below surface. [F, f. hfascina 
 (fascis bundle, -ine 4 )] 
 
 fash, v.t., & n. (Sc). Bother, trouble, incon- 
 venience, [n. f. vb, f. OF fascher (now fdcher)] 
 
 fa'shion (shn), n.,&v.t. Make, shape, style, 
 pattern, manner, (after the f. of, like ; so -/. = 
 -wise, as walk crab-f); after, in, a f., not satis- 
 factorily, but somehow or other; prevailing 
 custom, esp. in dress (f. -plate, picture showing 
 style of dress) ; conventional usages of upper- 
 class society, (thef., whatever is in accord with 
 these for the time being ; set thef, give the ex- 
 ample in changing them; the /., also, admired 
 & discussed person or thing; in, out of,f. or 
 thef, agreeing or not with current usage ; man 
 &c off, of social standing, moving in & con- 
 forming with upper-class society) ; hence -fa- 
 shionED 2 a. ( Vb) give shape to, form, mould, 
 (into, to, or abs.). [f. OF/aco?i, OXF fachon, 
 f. L f actionem (facerefact- make, -ion)] 
 
 fa'shionable, a. & n. Following, suited to, 
 the fashion ; characteristic of, treating of, or 
 patronized by, persons of fashion. Hence fa # - 
 shionableNESsn., fa'shionabLY 2 adv. (N.) 
 f. person, [prec. n., -able] 
 
 fast !, v.i. 1. Abstain from all or some kinds 
 of food as religious observance or in sign of 
 mourning (fasting-day, = FAST^cfoy). 2. Go 
 
FAST 
 
 296 
 
 PATTY 
 
 without food. [com. -Teut. ; OBfaestan cf . Goth. 
 fastan = orig. keep, observe, f. OTeut. fasteja] 
 
 fast 2 ,n. Act of fasting (prec, 1); season or 
 (also/. -day, fasting-day) day appointed for fast- 
 ing ; going without food (break one's/. = break- 
 fast v.). [prob. f. ONfasta f. OTeut. as prec] 
 
 fast 3 , a. Firmly fixed or attached (stake/, in 
 the ground ; /. friend or friendship, steady, 
 close ; ship f. aground ; f. asleep ; af. prisoner ; 
 /. colour, unfading, not washing out; make/., 
 fasten ; play f. & loose, ignore obligations, be 
 unreliable; door is f, locked &c; takef. hold 
 of, tight ; /. with gout, confined) ; rapid, quick- 
 moving, producing quick motion, (/. train ; f. 
 cricket-ground,racquet-court,billiard-table,on 
 which ball bounds smartly ; watch is/., shows 
 too advanced time ; /. person, dissipated, see 
 foil.). Hencefa-stiSH 1 (2)a. [com. -Teut. ; OE 
 fxst cf . G fest cogn. w. Goth, fastan fast i] 
 
 fast-*, adv. (-er,-est). Firmly, fixedly, tightly, 
 securely, (stand, sit, stick, /.; /. bind, /. find, 
 lock up" what you would not lose ; eyes f. shut ; 
 sleep f., soundly); (poet. & archaic) close beside, 
 by, upon, &c; quickly, in quick succession ; live 
 /., live in a dissipated way, expend much energy 
 in short time. [OEfxste (prec.)] 
 
 fa'sten (-sn), v.t. & i. Make fast, attach, fix, 
 secure by some tie or bond, (to, tipon, on adv. or 
 prep., together, up, in adv. or prep. ; or abs. ; 
 f. parcel, garment, door, &c, or string, bolt, &c. ; 
 f. off thread &c, secure with knot or otherwise), 
 whence fa'steniNGMl) (-sn-) n. ; direct (look, 
 thoughts, &c.) keenly (up)on; fix (nickname, 
 imputation, &c.) (up)on;f. quarrel upon, pick 
 quarrel with ; become fast (door will not f) ;/. 
 (up)on, lav hold of, single out for attack, seize 
 \ipon (pretext). Hence fa*stenER 1 (2) n. [OE 
 fxstnian cf. Gfestnen (fast 3 , -en 6 )] 
 
 fa'sti, n. pi. Chronological register of events, 
 annals. [L, = calendar] 
 
 fasti'dious, a. Easily disgusted, squeamish, 
 'hard to please. Hence fasti'diousLY 2 adv., 
 fasti'diousN'ESS n. [f. L fastidiosus (fasti- 
 dium loathing, -ose 1 )] 
 
 fa'stness, n. In adj. senses (fast 3 ) ; also, 
 stronghold, fortress, [-ness] 
 
 fat, a., n., & v.t. & i. Fed up for slaxighter, 
 fatted; well-fed, plump, (cut upf., leave much 
 money), corpulent ; thick, substantial, (esp. of 
 printing- type) ; greasy, oily, unctuous, (cut itfi, 
 make a display); (of coal) bituminous ; (of clay 
 &c.) sticky ; fertile, rich, yielding abundantly, 
 (/. lands, benefice, job) ; slow-witted, indolent, 
 (f.-head, dolt ;f.-witted, stupid) ; f.-guts, corpu- 
 lent person ; f.-hen, kinds of goose-/oo£ ; hence 
 fa , ttiSH 1 (2) a., fa'tXESS n. (N.) the f. part of 
 anything (live on the f. of the land, have the 
 best of everything) ; oily substance composing 
 f. parts of animal bodies (the f. is in the fire, 
 there will be an explosion); (Theatr.) part of 
 r61e that enables actor to show off; (Chem.) or- 
 
 fanic compound of glycerin with acid ; hence 
 a'tLESS a. (Vb) = fatten ; kill the fatted calf 
 for, receive (returned prodigal) with joy. [OE 
 faett(ian) cf. Du. vet f. OTeut. faitido- p.p. of 
 faitjan fatten (faito- adj. fat)] 
 fa'tal, a. Like fate, inevitable, necessary ; of, 
 appointed by, destiny (/. sisters, the Fates ; /. 
 thread, allotted length of life; /. shears, death), 
 fateful, important, decisive ; destructive, ruin- 
 ous, ending in death, (to) ; deadly, sure to kill; 
 (by exag?.) mischievous, ill-advised. Hence 
 fa*talLV 2 adv. [f. hfatalis (fate, -al)] 
 fa'talism, n. Belief that all events are pre- 
 determined by arbitrary decree ; submission to 
 all that happens as inevitable. So fa*taliST(2) n. 
 &a.,fatali*stica.,fatali , stiCALLYadv. [-ism] 
 fata'lity, n. Subjection to, supremacy of, 
 
 fate ; predestined liability to disaster ; fatal in- 
 fluence ; misfortune, calamity ; death by acci- 
 dent, in war, &c. [f. FfataliU f. hhfatalitatem 
 (as fatal, see -ity)] 
 
 fa'talize, v.i. & t. Incline to fatalism ; sub- 
 ject to government by fate, [-ize] 
 
 fa'ta morga'na (fah-, -gah-), n. Kind of 
 mirage seen esp. in strait of Messina. [It. (fata 
 fay, Morgana female name)] 
 
 fate, n., & v.t. Power predetermining events 
 unalterably from eternity; (Mythol.) goddess, 
 one of the three Greek goddesses, of destiny ; 
 what is destined to happen ; appointed lot of 
 person &c; person's ultimate condition (decide, 
 fix, seal, one's/.); death, destruction. (Vb, usu, 
 pass. ) preordain (he was fated to&o or be ; it was 
 fated that) ; (p.p.) doomed to destruction, [f. L 
 fatum neut. p.p. oifari speak] 
 
 fa'teful, a. Prophetic ; fraught with destiny, 
 important, decisive ; controlled by, showing 
 power of, fate. Hence fa'tefulLY 2 adv. [-ful] 
 
 fa'ther l (fahdh-), n. Male parent (also fig.; 
 the wish is f. to the thought, one believes be- 
 cause one wishes to ; the child is f. to the man, 
 lays down the lines of his development; =f.-in- 
 law ; = step-f. ; (also adoptive /.), one who has 
 adopted a child ; progenitor, forefather ; origi- 
 nator, designer, early leader, (/. of English 
 poetry ; F. of lies, the devil ; F. of the faith- 
 ful; Ff. of the ChurchorFf., Christian writers 
 of first five centuries) ; one who deserves filial 
 reverence (/. of his country) ; religious teacher ; 
 God ; First Person of the Trinity ; confessor : 
 priest belonging to religious order, superior of 
 monastic house ; Right, Most, Reverend F. in 
 God, title of bishop, archbishop ; The Holy F., 
 the Pope ; = priest as prefixed title ; venerable 
 person, god (F. Thames) ; oldestmember, doyen, 
 (F. of House of Commons, member with longest 
 continuous service); (pi.) leading men, elders, 
 (Ff. of the City, Conscript Ff, Roman sena- 
 tors) ; f. -in-law, father of one's wife or husband ; 
 fatherland, native country (the FA., Germany). 
 Hence fa*therHOOD,fa*thepsHiP, nn., fa'tn- 
 ePLESS a., fa'thePLiKE, fa'thePLV 1 ' 2 , aa. & 
 advv., fa'thepliNESS n. [Aryan; OE fxder 
 cf. G rater, L pater, Gk pater] 
 
 fa'ther 2 , v.t. Beget ; be the f. of ; originate 
 (statement &c); pass as, confess oneself, thef., 
 author, of (child, book) ; govern paternally ; fix 
 paternity of (child, book) upon. [I. prec] 
 
 fa'thom 1 (-dh-), n. (pi., with numbers, often 
 fathom). Measure of six feet, chiefly used in 
 soundings; quantity of wood 6ft square in 
 section, whatever the length. [OE fsethm the 
 outstretched arms, cf. Gfaden 6ft cogn. w. Gk 
 petannumi spread] 
 
 fa'thom 2 , v.t. Encircle with the arms (ar- 
 chaic) ; measure with f.-line, sound, (depth of 
 water), (fig.) get to the bottom of, comprehend, 
 whence fa'thoiriLESs a., fa'thomlessLY * 
 adv. [OE faethmian (prec. )] 
 
 fati'dieal, a. Gifted with prophetic power, 
 [f. L fatidicus (fate, -dicus -saying) + -al] 
 
 fati'g'ue (-eg), n., & v.t. Weariness after 
 
 exertion ; weakness in metals after repeated 
 
 blows or long strain ; task &c. that wearies ; 
 
 iier's non-military duty (f. -party or/., party 
 
 told off for this ; so f -dress). ( Vb) tire, exhaust, 
 whence fati'grueLESS, fati'g-iiiNG 2 , aa. ; 
 weaken (metal ; see above), [f. Ffatigue(r) I. h 
 fatigare prob. cogn. w. fatiscere gape] 
 
 fa*tlingr» n. Young fatted animal, [-ling 1 ] 
 
 fa'tten, v.t. & i. Make fat (esp. animals for 
 slaughter) ; grow fat ; enrich (soil), [-en 6 ] 
 
 fa'tty J ,a. Like fat, unctuous, greasy ; consist- 
 ing of fat, adipose ; with morbid deposition of 
 fat (/. degeneration of heart or kidney). [- y 2 ] 
 
FATTY 
 
 297 
 
 FEATHER 
 
 fa'tty 2 , n. Fat child &c. (usu. voc. ). [- Y 3] 
 
 fatuous, a. Vacantly silly, purposeless, idi- 
 otic. Hence or cogn. fatu'iTV n., fa'tuous- 
 ly 2 adv., fa'tuousNESS n. [f. Lfatuus + -ousj 
 
 faubourg (fo'boorg, or as F), n. Suburb, 
 esp. of Paris. [F] 
 
 fau'cal, a. & n. (phonol. ). Of the throat, deep- 
 lv guttural (sound). If. L fauces throat + -al] 
 
 faireet, n. (dial. & U.S.). Tap for barrel. 
 If. F fa usset vent-peg etyni. dub.J 
 
 faug-h (faw), int. of disgust. 
 
 fault, n., & v. (geol.) i. & t. Defect, imper- 
 fection, blemish, of character or of structure, 
 appearance, &c. (generous &c. to af, excessive- 
 ly ; with all JT., at buyer's risk) ; transgression, 
 offence, thing wrongly done, (Racquets &c.) ball 
 wrongly served ; find f. {with), complain (of), 
 whence fau'ltfindER l n., fau'ltfindiNG 1 ' 2 
 n. & a. ; responsibility for something wrong (the 
 f. was mine ; it will be our ownf.), defect that 
 causes something (the f. is in the patient) ; 
 (Hunt.) loss of the scent, check so caused, (be at 
 /., also fig. = be puzzled, not know what to do) ; 
 (Geol.) break in continuity of strata or vein (vb, 
 break continuity of, show such break) ; (Telegr.) 
 imperfect insulation, leakage. Hence fau'lt- 
 less a., fau\ltlessLY 2 adv., fau'ltlessNESS 
 n., fau'ltY 2 a., fau'ltiLY 2 adv., fau'ltiNESS 
 n. [ME & OF faut(e) f. pop. L *fallita fern, 
 p.p. of fallere fail 2 ] 
 
 faun, n. One of a class of Latin rural deities 
 with horns & tail. [f. L Faunus Latin god 
 identified w. Gk Pan] 
 
 fau'na, n. (pi. -ae). The animals of a region 
 or epoch ; treatise upon these. Hence fau'nAL 
 a., fau'niST(3) n., fauni'stic(AL) aa. |mod.L, 
 f. name of Goddess sister of Faunus see prec] 
 
 fauteuil (F), n. Arm-chair; theatre stall. 
 
 faux pas (lb pah), n. Act that compromises 
 one's, esp. a woman's, reputation. [F] 
 
 fa'voup \ n. Friendly regard, goodwill, (find 
 f. in the eyes of, be liked by ; curr y ' 2 f. ), appro val- 
 (look withf. on), good graces (be, stand high &c, 
 in person's /.) ; kindness beyond what is due 
 (should esteem it af. ; by f. of — , written on let- 
 ter conveyed by friend ;domethef. of—ing\have 
 received your f. of yesterday, letter ; woman 
 bestows herff. on lover, yields) ; leave, pardon, 
 (archaic ; byyourf. ; under f., if one may venture 
 to say so) ; partiality, over-lenient or over-gen- 
 erous treatment; aid, furtherance, (under f. of 
 night) ; inf. of, on behalf or in support of, on the 
 side of, to the advantage or account of, (am in 
 f. of woman's suffrage ; cheques to be drawn in 
 f. of the treasurer); thing given or worn -as 
 mark of f., knot of ribbons, rosette, cockade, 
 badge ; (archaic) looks, countenance, whence 
 well, ill, hard, Sec, -favouPED 2 a. [OF, f. L 
 favorem (J'avere show kindness to, -OR 1 )] 
 
 fa'voup 2 , v.t. Look kindly upon, approve ; 
 treat kindly, countenance ; oblige with ; treat 
 with partiality, be unjust on behalf of; aid, 
 support ; serve as confirmation of (theory &c.) ; 
 prove advantageous to (person), facilitate (pro- 
 cess &c), whence fa*voupiNG 2 a. ; resemble in 
 features (/. one's father) ; (p.p.) having unusual 
 advantages; favoured by' (of letter), by f. of. 
 [f. OF javorer f. med.L J avorare as prec] t (^ , 
 
 fa'voupafole, a. Well disposed, propitious ^j 
 commendatory, approving; giving consent (J\ 
 answer) ; promising, auspicious, (/. aspect) ; 
 helpful, suitable, (to). Hence fa'voupable- 
 ness n., fa'vourabLY 2 ad v. [f. ¥ favorable 
 f. ~Lfavorabilis (favour 1 , -able)] 
 
 fa'vounite, n. & a. (Person) preferred above 
 others (thef. of, af. with or of) ; (Racing) thef., 
 competitor generally expected to win ; person 
 chosen as intimate by king or superior & un- 
 
 duly favoured, whence fa*voupitiSM(3) n. [f. 
 OF favoHt, -ri, p.p. of favorir favour] 
 
 fawn 1 , n., a., & v.i. & t. Young fallow deer, 
 buck or doe of first year (inf., pregnant) ; f. or 
 f.-colour(ed), (of) light yellowish brown ; (vb ; 
 of deer) bring forth (young, or abs.). [f. OF faon 
 I. med.L Jetonem nom. -o (foetus)] 
 
 fawn 2 , v.i. (Of animals, esp. dog) show af- 
 fection by tail-wagging, grovelling, &c. (/. on, 
 upon, lavish caresses on) ; (of persons) behave 
 servilely, cringe (upon patron, or abs. ), whence 
 fawniNG 2 a., fawningxY 2 adv. [OE fah- 
 nian cogn. w. fain 1 ] 
 
 fay, n. Fairy, [f. OF fae f. Rom. fata sing, 
 f. hjata pi. the fates] 
 
 fe'alty, n. Feudal tenant's or vassal's (ac- 
 knowledgment of obligation of) fidelity to his 
 lord (do, make, receive, swear, J.). [I. OF './ eaulte 
 f. L fidelitatem (fidelis f. fides faith, -ty)] 
 
 feap 1 , n. Painful emotion caused by im- 
 pending danger or evil, state of alarm (was in 
 /.), dread of, that, or lest; forf. of, (that), lest, 
 in order that so-&-so may not occur ; dread & 
 reverence (thef. of God) ; anxiety for the safety 
 of (inf. of his life) ; no /., it is not likely. Hence 
 feap'LESs a., feap'lessLY 2 adv., feap'less- 
 ness n. [OEfxr cf. G gefahr danger] 
 
 fear 2 , v.i. & t. Be afraid (also as archaic 
 refl. in parenthesis, //. me ; never J., there is no 
 danger of that) ; be afraid of ; hesitate to do, 
 shrink from doing ; revere (God) ; apprehend, 
 have uneasy anticipation of ; be afraid that (or 
 with that omitted ; also need not &c. J. but or 
 but that). [OKfxran f. prec] 
 
 feap'ful, a. Terrible, awful; (by exagg.) 
 annoying &c (in af. mess); frightened, timid; 
 apprehensive of, lest, (that) ; wanting resolution 
 to; reverential. Hence feap'fulLY 2 adv., 
 feap'fulNESS n. [-ful] 
 
 fear'nought (-awt), n. Stout woollen cloth 
 used at sea for clothing & for protecting port- 
 holes &c [fear 2 , nought] 
 
 feap'some, a. Appalling, esp. in appear- 
 ance (usu. joe). Hence feap'someLY 2 adv., 
 feap'someNESS n. [-some] 
 
 fea'sible (-z-), a. Practicable, possible ; (loose- 
 ly) manageable, convenient, serviceable, plau- 
 sible. Hence feasiBixiTY n. [OF (fais- im- 
 perf. st. off aire f. L facere do -f -ible)] 
 
 feast, n., & v.i. & t. Joyful religious anni- 
 versary (movable, immovable, /., recurring on 
 different, same, date) ; annual village festival ; 
 sumptuous meal, esp. one given to number of 
 guests and of public nature, (fig.) gratification 
 to the senses or mind (/. oj reason, intellectual 
 talk). (Vb) partake of f., fare sumptuously, 
 whence fea'stER l n. ; pass (night &c. ) away in 
 feasting ; regale (guests), [f. OF Jeste(r) f. L 
 fsta neut. pi. of Jestus festal] 
 
 feat 1 , n. Noteworthy act, esp. deed of valour 
 (often/, of arms) ; action showing dexterity or 
 strength, surprising trick, [f. OF fait fact] 
 
 fe t, 2 a. (ai-chaic). Adroit, smart, dextrous, 
 neat, fence fea'tLY 2 adv. [f. OF fait made 
 f. hfn us p.p. of facere make] 
 
 fea'thep l (fedh-), n. One of the appendages 
 growing from bird's skin, consisting of quill, 
 shaft, & two vanes of barbs (show the ivhitef., 
 betray cowardice — white f. in game-bird's tail 
 being mark of bad breeding — ; crop one's ff., 
 humiliate him) ; (collect.) plumage (in high &c. 
 /., in good spirits &c; birds of a f, people of one 
 sort) ; feathered game (fur &f, game beasts & 
 birds) ; piece(s) of f. attached to arrow ; plume 
 worn in hat &c. (af. in one's cap, something one 
 may be proud of) ; very light object (could have 
 knocked me down xoith af.); ridge of upright 
 hair ; f.-like flaw in gem ; (Rowing) action of 
 
 10* 
 
FEATHER 
 
 298 
 
 FEELING 
 
 feathering (see foil.); f.-bed, mattress stuffed 
 with ff.; /.-edge, (n.) fine edge of wedge-shaped 
 board, (v.t.) bring (board) to this; f.-head(ed), 
 -brain(ed), -pate(d), silly (person );/. -stitch, orna- 
 mental zigzag sewing; /.-weight, very light 
 thing or person, esp. jockey not over 4 st. 7 lb., 
 boxer 9 st. Hence (-)feathePED 2 , fea'ther- 
 less, fea'thepv 2 , aa., fea'thepiNESS, fea*- 
 thePLET, nn. [com.-Teut. ; OE f ether cf. G 
 feder, also Gk pteron wing, petomai fly] 
 
 fea'theP 2 , v.t. & i. Furnish, adorn, line, coat, 
 with ff. (/. an arroxo ; /. one's nest, enrich one- 
 self ; TXR&f.) ; form f.-like covering or adorn- 
 ment for; float, move, or wave, like ff.; turn 
 (oar), turn oar, so as to pass through the air 
 edgeways; (Shoot.) knock fF. from (bird) with- 
 out killing ; (Hunt. ; of hound) make quivering 
 motion of body & tail while seeking scent. [OE 
 gefithrian f. prec] 
 
 feathering, n. In vbl senses; esp.: plumage; 
 feathers of arrow ; feathery structure in ani- 
 mal's coat; (Arch.) cusps in tracery; feather- 
 like marking in flower, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 feature (fetsher), n., & v.t. (Usu. pi.) part(s) 
 of the face, esp. with regard to shape & visible 
 effect; distinctive or characteristic part of a 
 thing, part that arrests attention. ( Vb) stand 
 as distinctive mark upon ; portray, sketch the 
 prominent points of. Hence -featuPED 2 , fea*- 
 tUPGLESS, aa. [f. OF faiture f. L factura (fa- 
 cere fact- make, -ure)] 
 
 fg'bpifuge, n. Medicine to reduce fever, 
 cooling drink. Hence febPi'fugAL a. [f. F 
 febrifuge (hfebris fever, fitga re drive away)] 
 
 fe'bpile, a. Of fever, feverish. [F, f. hfebri- 
 lis (prec, -il] 
 
 Fe'bpuapy, n. Second month of year (F. fill- 
 dike, name referring to its rain & snow), [f. L 
 Februarius (februa purification)] 
 
 fe'citf fecer"unt, (abbr. fee), v. sing. & pi. 
 3rd pers. (So-&-so) made this picture &c. (used 
 with artist's signature). [L,perf.of/aceremake] 
 
 fe'ckless, a. Feeble, futile, inefficient. Hence 
 fe'eklessLY 2 adv., fe'cklessxESS n. [So. feck 
 perh. for effect + -less] 
 
 fe'eulent, a. Turbid, fetid. So fe'eulEXCE 
 n. JF (fe-) f. L faeculentus (faeces, -ulent)] 
 
 fe'eund, a. Prolific, fertile ; fertilizing. So 
 fepu'ndiTY n. [f. Yfecond f. Jjfecundus] 
 
 fe*eundate,v.t. Make fruitful ; impregnate. 
 Hence feeundA"TiONn. [L FECUNDare, -ate 3 ] 
 
 fed. See feed K 
 
 fe'deral, a. (Theol.) based on doctrine of Co- 
 venants; (Pol.) of the polity in which several 
 States form a unity but remain independent in 
 internal affairs, concerning this whole & not the 
 separate parts; (U.S. Hist.) favouring central 
 government, of Northern party in Civil War. 
 Hence fe*depaliSM(3), fe*depaliST(2), nn., 
 f e*depalrzE(3) v.t. , f ederaliz a tio nt n. , fed*- 
 epalLY 2 adv. [f. F federal (L foedus -eris 
 covenant, cogn. w. fides faith, + -al)] 
 
 fe'depate, v.t. & i. Band together (t, & i.) 
 in league for some common object ; organize 
 (t. & i. of States) on a federal basis. So fe*- 
 dePATE 2 (-at), fe'dePATivE, aa,, fe'depa- 
 tiveLY 2 adv. [Iifoederare (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 f edera'tion, n. Federating, whence fedep- 
 a'tioniST(2) n. ; federated society, esp. federal 
 empire or group of States ; imperial/, [f. F 
 fe'de'ration f. nfoederationem (prec, -ation)] 
 
 fee, n., & v.t. (feed). Fief, feudal benefice, 
 (hist.); inherited estate (f. -simple, without limi- 
 tation to particular class of heirs ; f.-tail, with 
 such limitation ; hold in f. -simple or/., have as 
 absolute property); sum payable to public officer 
 for performing his function ; remuneration of 
 lawyer, physician, or any professional man (re- 
 
 TAiNi'ngr/.); entrance money for examination, 
 society, &c; terminal school-monev ; gratuity ; 
 (vb) pay f. to, engage for a f. [f. OF ft, fief, fiii, 
 med.L feodum, feudum, etym. dub.] 
 
 fee'ble, a. & n. Weak, infirm ; deficient in 
 character or intelligence ; wanting in energy, 
 force, or effect; dim, indistinct; hence fee'ble- 
 ness n., fee*bliSH ] (2) a., fee'bLY 2 adv. (N., 
 Fenc) = FoiBLE. [f. OF feble, foible, (now faible) 
 f. L flebilis lamentable (fiere weep)] 
 
 feed 1 , v.t. & i. (fed). Supply with food ; put 
 food into mouth of (cannot f. himself); graze 
 (cattle); gratify (vanity Sec, also eyes Sec), com- 
 fort (person) with hope &c; take food, eat, (at 
 the high table ; well, high, Sec; often/, on, con- 
 sume) ; serve as food for ; nourish, make grow, 
 (/. up, fatten, also satiate) ; keep (reservoir, 
 fire, &c.) supplied ; supply (machine) with ma- 
 terial ; use (land) as pasture (often /. down, 
 close); deal out (fodder) to animals; supply 
 (material) (in)to machine ; (of cattle) eat, eat 
 down, (pasture); feeding-bottle, for hand-fed in- 
 fants. [OEfe'dan cf. OHG fuotan, & see food] 
 
 feed 2 , n. Act of feeding, giving of food, (two 
 biscuits at one f. ; out at/., turned out to graze ; 
 ozone's/., with no appetite; on the f. of fish, 
 feeding or looking out for food) ; pasturage, 
 green crops ; horse's allowance of oats &c ; fod- 
 der ; (colloq.) meal, feast; feeding of machine, 
 material supplied, charge of gun ; /-tank, 
 -tro ugh, holding water for locomotive, [f. prec] 
 
 feed 3 . See fee. 
 
 fee'dep, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: large, quick, 
 gross, &c /., one who eats much &c; child's 
 feeding-bottle; tributary stream (also fig.); 
 (Rounders &c ) player who tosses ball to striker; 
 hopper or feeding apparatus in machine, [-er j ] 
 
 feeding-, a. In vbl senses ; also,/, storm, one 
 that constantly increases, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 fee-faw-fum, int. & n. Ogreish exclama- 
 tion ; (n.) nonsense fit only to terrify child, [in 
 Jack the Giant-Killer] 
 
 feel, v.t. & i. (felt), & n. Explore by touch 
 (/. the pulse o/, lit., & fig. = cautiously ascertain 
 sentiments of ; /.one's way, grope it out, pro- 
 ceed carefully) ; search (about) with hand a/ter, 
 /or ; try to ascertain by touch whether, if, hoiv ; 
 (Mil.) reconnoitre (ground, enemy); perceive by 
 touch [/ a hard substance, heat, pain, a blow ; 
 I /elt him, move, moving, that he was cold; / 
 one's legs, realize one's power of walking, also 
 fig., be at ease) ; have sensation of touch ; be 
 conscious of (sensation, emotion, conviction) ; 
 be consciously (/. well, warm, angry ; /. quite 
 oneself, be fit, self-possessed, &c; /. wtoxoork 
 Sic; / like doing, have inclination to do) ; ex- 
 perience, undergo, (he shall /. my vengeance ; 
 felt the stor7n severely), be affected by, behave 
 as if conscious of, (ship feels her helm) ; be emo- 
 tionally affected by, have sympathy with or 
 compassion for, (/. the censure keenly) ; have 
 vague or emotional conviction (that) ; (quasi- 
 pass.) be realized as, seem, produce impression 
 of being, (air /eels chilly; feels like velvet). (N.) 
 sense of touch (firm to the/) ; testingby touch ; 
 sensation characterizing something, [com.- 
 WG ; OE Man, cf. G /uhlen, f. Aryan pal- 
 whence Gk palame, L palma, palm of hand] 
 
 f ee'lep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : organ in cer- 
 tain animals for testing things by touch or 
 searching for food ; (Mil.) scout ; tentative pro- 
 posal or hint, ballon d'essai, [-er !] 
 
 fee'ling" J , n. In vbl senses; esp.: sense of 
 touch ; physical sensation ; emotion (often 0/ 
 hope, fear, &c); (pi.) susceptibilities, sympa- 
 thies, (hurts my ff., offends me) ; readiness to 
 feel, tenderness for others' sufferings, (good/, 
 avoidance of unkindness &c); consciousness 
 
FEELING 
 
 299 
 
 FEMININE 
 
 of (had a f. of safety), conviction not based 
 solely on reason ; sentiment (the general f. was 
 against it) ; (Psychol. ; differently used by vari- 
 ous writers) state of consciousness, sensation 
 or desire or emotion (notperception or thought), 
 element of pleasure orpain in any mental state, 
 intuitive belief ; (Art) general emotional effect 
 produced, [-ing l ] 
 
 feeling 1 2 ? a. In vbl senses ; esp. : sensitive ; 
 sympathetic ; showing emotion ; heart-felt (af. 
 pleasure). Hence fee'lingL Y 2 adv. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 feet. See foot. 
 
 feign (fan), v.t. & i. Invent (excuse, story, ac- 
 cusation), forge (document), representin fiction, 
 imagine, (archaic) ; simulate, pretend, (/. that 
 one is mad, oneself mad, madness) ; practise 
 simulation, [f. OF feindre f. L fingere] 
 
 feint 1 (fa-), n., & v.i. Sham attack (blow, cut, 
 thrust, or military assault) to divert attention 
 or deceive opponent; pretence (make a f. of 
 doing) ; (vb) make f. (at, upon, against), [f. F 
 feinte n. (feindre feign)] 
 
 feint 2 , a. & adv. F. lines, ruled /.,= faint 1 . 
 fold spelling often kept in this use] 
 
 fe*l(d)spar, n. Kinds of crystalline white or 
 flesh-red mineral. So fel(d)spa*thic a. [f. G 
 feldspat(h) f. feld field, spat(h) spar ; spelling 
 fels-, commoner but incorrect, due to false 
 deriv. f. G fels rock] 
 
 fe*lieide,n. Cat-killing. [f.L/e7escat + -CTDE] 
 
 feliei'fie, a. (eth.). Tending to happiness, [f. 
 L felicificus (felix happy, -fic)] 
 
 feli'eitate, v.t. Make happy (rare) ; con- 
 gratulate (usu. on), whence (usu. pi.) feliei- 
 tA'TiON n. [f. L felicitare (felix happy), -ate 3 ] 
 
 feli'citous, a. Blissful (rare) ; (of expression, 
 quotation, civilities, or person in these con- 
 nexions) strikingly apt, pleasantly ingenious. 
 Hence feli'eitousLY 2 adv. [foil., -ous] 
 
 feli'eity, n. Being happy, intense happiness ; 
 a blessing ; fortunate trait ; happy faculty in ex- 
 
 f>ression, appropriateness ; well chosen phrase, 
 f. OF felicity f. Lfelicitatem (felix happy, -tv)] 
 
 fe'lid, n. One of the Felidae or cat-tribe, [f. 
 Jjfeles cat, -id 3 ] 
 
 fe'line, a. & n. Of cats; catlike (/. ameni- 
 ties, veiled spite, women's innocent-seeming 
 thrusts), whence felrniTY n. ; (n.) = prec. [f. 
 L felinus (prec, -ine j )] 
 
 fell ] , n. Animal's hide or skin with the hair 
 (also transf. of human skin) ; thick or matted 
 hair or wool, fleece, (/. of hair, unkempt hair 
 of head). [com.-Teut., cf. G fell, cogn. w. Gk 
 pella, L pellis ; also w. film] 
 
 fell 2 , n. Mountain (in names, as Sea F.); 
 stretch of N.-English moorland, [f. ON fiall 
 perh. cogn. w. G fels rock] 
 
 fell 3 , a. (poet.). Fierce, ruthless, terrible, de- 
 structive, [f. OF fel f. pop.L/eZfo felon] 
 
 fell 4 , v.t., & n. Strike (person, animal) down 
 by blow or cut ; cut down (tree ; n., amount of 
 timber cut) ; stitch down (projection of seam), 
 [causative of fall 1 , cf . G fallen] 
 
 fell 5 . See fall 1 . 
 
 fe'llah, n. (pi. fellaheen, fellahs). Egyptian 
 peasant. [Arab.] 
 
 fe'lloe, fe'lly, (usu. spelt -oe & pronounced -1), 
 n. Outer circle (or one piece of it) of wheel, at- 
 tached by spokes. [OE felg, cf . G felge] 
 
 fe'llow, n. One associated with another, 
 comrade, (usu. in pi., as separated from his ff.; 
 good /., boon companion ; hail 3 -/. -well-met ; /.- 
 feeling, sympathy) ; counterpart, match, other 
 of pair, equal, one of same class, contemporary, 
 (stone dead hath nof, no keeper of secrets like 
 a dead man ; shall never find hisf. ; passed all 
 his ff.) ; co-opted graduate incorporated mem- 
 ber of college (/. commoner, undergraduate I 
 
 privileged to dine at fellows' table) ; elected 
 graduate holding stipend for certain years on 
 condition of research ; member of governing 
 body in some Universities ; member of various 
 learned Societies; man, boy, (poor ff, my 
 dear or good f. , old f. ; af, sometimes = one, I, 
 as a f. can't xcork all day long ; the /., con- 
 temptuously) ; (in comb, with nn. ; /. or /.-) be- 
 longing to same class (/. -creature, person or 
 animal also created by God), associated in joint 
 action (/. soldier), in same relation to same ob- 
 ject (/. citizen, whence fellow-ei'tizensHip 
 n. ; f.-countryman). [OE fiolaga (fee, lay) 
 one who lays down money in partnership] 
 
 fellowship, n. Participation, sharing, com- 
 munity of interest; companionship, intercourse, 
 friendliness (often good f.) ; body of associates, 
 company, (right hand off, sign of admission) ; 
 guild, corporation ; brotherhood, fraternity ; 
 dignity or income of college fellow, [-ship] 
 
 felly. See felloe. 
 
 fe'lo de se* (dl), n. (pi. felones, felos). Self- 
 murderer, (no pi.) self-murder. [Anglo-L, = 
 felon about himself] 
 
 fe'lon 1 , a. (poet.), & n. Cruel, wicked, mur- 
 derous; (n.)onewhohas committed felony. [OF, 
 f. LL fellonem nom. -o perh. f. L fel gall] 
 
 fe'lon 2 , n. Small abscess esp. under or near 
 nail, whitlow, [perh. as prec] 
 
 felo'nious, a. Criminal ; (Law) of, involving, 
 felony; who has committed felony. Hence 
 felo'niousLY 2 adv. [felony + ous] 
 
 fe*lonpy,n. The class or body of felons, [-ry] 
 
 fe'lony, n. Crime of kind legally graver than 
 misdemeanour, [f. Ffelonie (felon, -y 1 )] 
 
 felspar. See feldspar. 
 
 fe'lstone (-on), n. Compact felspar occurring 
 in amorphous rock masses, [f. G felsstein (fels 
 rock, stein stone)] 
 
 felt 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Kind of cloth riiade by 
 rolling & pressing wool with lees or size ; (attrib.) 
 made of this (esp. /. hat) ; hence fe'ltv 2 a. ( Vb) 
 make into f., mat together ; become matted ; 
 cover with f. [cf. Du. vilt, G filz] 
 
 felt 2 . See feel. 
 
 fe'lterie, n. A horse-disease. [?] 
 
 felu'eea, n. Small Mediterranean coasting 
 vessel with oars or lateen sails or both. [It., 
 perh. f. Arab.] 
 
 fe'male, a. & n. Of the offspring-bearing sex 
 (/. child, slave, dog) ; (of plants or their parts) 
 fruit-bearing, having pistil & no stamens, (also 
 used of some plants by mere metaphor sug- 
 gested by their colour &c, as /. fern, bamboo, 
 myrtle) ; of women (/. sex, education, suffrage, 
 weakness) ; of inferior vigour &c (/. sapphire, 
 pale variety) ; (in instruments &c.) fitted to re- 
 ceive corresponding male part (/. screw, as in 
 nuts). (N.) f. person (the law is harsh to allff.) 
 or animal ; (vulg.) woman, girl, (a young f. 
 has called). [ME & OF femelle n. f. 'Lfemella 
 dim. of femina woman, w. assim. to male] 
 
 feme eo'vert (fern ku), feme sole, nn. 
 (legal). (Covert) married woman; (sole) spinster, 
 widow, or married woman entirely independent 
 of her husband as regards property. [AF (soul)] 
 
 femina'lity, n. Female nature ; female pe- 
 culiarity ; woman's knick-knack &c. [obs./e?n- 
 inal f. OFj(L femina woman, -al) + -ity] 
 
 femine'ity, n. Womanliness ; womanish- 
 ness. [f. _L femineus (femina woman) + -ity] 
 
 f e'minine, a. Of female sex (rare) ; of women ; 
 womanly ; (Gram. ) having the gender proper to 
 women's names ; (Pros.)/, rhyme, of two sylla- 
 bles, the second being unstressed (orig. in F 
 verse, of words ending in mute -e),f. ending, of 
 line with last accent on penult,/, caesura, not 
 immediately following stress. Hence fe'mi- 
 
FEMINITY 
 
 300 
 
 FERRIC 
 
 nineLY 2 adv., fe'minineNESS, femini'ni- 
 
 tv, nn. [f. OF feminin f. Lfemininus (femina 
 woman, -ine 1 )] 
 
 femrnity, n. = femininity (prec). [f. OF 
 fetniniU (L femina woman, -ity)] 
 ' feminize, v.t.&i. Make or become feminine. 
 Hence feminizATiON n. [f. L as prec. + -ize] 
 femme de chambre (F), n. Lady's maid ; 
 chambermaid. 
 
 femup, n. (pi. -s, femora). Thigh-bone ; cor- 
 responding part of insect. So femoPAL a. [L] 
 fen K n. Low marshy or flooded tract of land 
 (the ff., low-lying districts in Cambs. &c. ; /.- 
 berry, cranberry; f.-fire, will-o'-the-wisp; /.- 
 man, inhabitant of ff. ; f.-pole, for use in jump- 
 ing ditches; f. -reeve, officer in charge of f. 
 lands ; f. -runners, kind of skates. Hence fen- 
 nr 2 a. [cf. Du. ven, Gfenne] 
 fen 2 , fens. See fain 2 . 
 fence 1 , n. Art of fencing, use of the sword, 
 {master of /., skilled swordsman, often fig. = 
 good debater) ; (archaic) bulwark ; hedge, wall, 
 railing, &c, keeping out intruders from field 
 &c. (sunk /., placed along bottom of ditch ; sit 
 on the /., remain neutral in contest, not take 
 sides; come Sec. clown on right side off., join 
 winner ; put horse at f.) ; guard, guide, gauge, 
 in various machines ; receiver, receiving-house, 
 of stolen goods ; f. -month, -season, -time, close 
 time for game or fish, [for defence] 
 fence 2 , v.i. & t. Practise sword-play, use the 
 sword scientifically, (/. with question or ques- 
 tioner, parry, evade answering) ; screen, shield, 
 protect, (from, against) ; repel, keep off or out ; 
 surround (as) with f., enclose, fortify, (fenced 
 cities in O.T. ; often about, in, round, up) ; (of 
 horse) leap ff. ; deal in stolen goods. Hence 
 fe'neER 1 ^ [f. prec] 
 
 fe'neeless, a. Unenclosed; (poet.) unforti- 
 fied, defenceless, [fence l + -less] 
 feneible, n. (hist.). Soldier liable only for 
 defensive service at home, [for defensible] 
 fencing", n. In vbl senses ; also : railing ; 
 fences ; material for fences ; f. -cully, -ken, 
 storer, store, of stolen goods, [-ing ] ] 
 fend, v.t. & i. Ward off, keep away, repel 
 from ; provide for (usu. oneself), [for defend] 
 ' fe'nder, n. Thing used to keep something 
 off, prevent collision, &c, guard, esp. metal 
 frame for fire to keep coals from rolling into 
 room ; f. -stool, long footstool before f. Hence 
 fe'ndePLEss a. [-er 1 ] 
 
 fenestella, n. (archit.). Niche in wall S. of 
 altar holding piscina & often credence. [L, dim. 
 of fenestra window] 
 
 fenestrate, a. (bot,, zool.). With small 
 window-like perforations, [f, L fenestrate 
 (prec), -ate 2 ] 
 
 fenestration, n. (Arch.) arrangement of 
 windows in a building ; (Bot. & Zool.) being 
 fenestrate, [prec, -ation] 
 Fenian, n. & a. One of a league among the 
 Irish in U.S. for promoting revolution & over- 
 throwing English government in Ireland ; 
 hence Fe*nianiSM(3) n. (Adj.)ofFf. or Fenian- 
 ism, [f. Olr. fene name of ancient Irish people 
 confused w.fiann guard of legendary kings] 
 fenks, n. pi. Fibrous parts of whale's blubber, 
 refuse of blubber when melted. I?] 
 Se'nnei, n. Yellow-flowered fragrant um- 
 belliferous herb used in sauces. [OEjinugli. 
 L faeniculum (faenum hay, -cule)] 
 fenugreek, n. Leguminous plant with 
 seeds used in farriery, [f. L faenugraecum 
 ( faenum hay, Graecus Greek)] 
 feoff. See fief. 
 
 feoffee* (fef-), n. Person to whom freehold 
 estate in land is conveyed by a feoffment ; /. in 
 
 or of trust, trustee invested with such estate, 
 [f. AF feoffe p.p. f. OF fieffer (fee), see -ee] 
 feo'ffment (fef), n. Particular mode of con- 
 veying freehold estate, [as prec, -ment] 
 feo'ifop, -ep, (fef-), n. One who makes feoff- 
 ment to another, [as feoffee, -or 2 ] 
 fep'ae natup'ae, a. (pred. or placed after 
 noun). Not domesticated, living in a wild 
 state, (hares are, the hare is, f. n. ; animals f. 
 ».)._ [L,=of a wild nature] 
 fep'al, a. Wild, untamed, uncultivated ; 
 brutal, [f. hfera wild beast + -al] 
 fe'petopy, n. Shrine for saint's relics, tomb ; 
 bier ; chapel in which shrines were deposited. 
 [ME/ertre f. hferetrum f. Gk pheretron (phero 
 bear), w. assim. to -ory] 
 
 fep'ial, a. (eccl.). (Of day) ordinary, not ap- 
 pointed for festival or fast (/. service See., for 
 use on f. day), [f. F ferial I. liferialis (feria 
 holiday + -al)] 
 
 fep'ine, a. = feral, [f. hferinus (fera wild 
 beast, -ine 1 )] 
 
 Fepi'nghee (-inggi), n. (Indian term for) 
 European, esp. Indian-born Portuguese, [cor- 
 rupt, of frank 1 ] 
 
 fep'ment \ n. Leaven, f ermenting-agent ; 
 fermenting, fermentation ; agitation, excite- 
 ment, tumult. [F, f. Lifermentum (fervere boil, 
 -ment)] 
 
 ferment 2 , v.i. & t. Suffer, subject to, fer- 
 mentation ; (make) effervesce ; excite, stir up, 
 foment. Hence fepme'nt able a. [f. F.fer-, 
 menter f. ~Lfermentare (prec)] 
 fermenta'tion, n. Process like that in- 
 duced by leaven in dough, with effervescence, 
 heat, & change of properties ; agitation, excite- 
 ment. Hence fepme'ntATiVE a. [f. lifermen- 
 tatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 fern, n. One of a large group of vascular 
 cryptogamous plants with feathery fronds (also 
 collect., go through heath &f.) ; f.-owl, Night- 
 jar. Hence fep'nLESS, fep'nv 2 , aa., fep'n- 
 ery(3) n. [OE fearn cf. G fam cogn. w. Skr. 
 parna wing, feather, leaf] 
 fepo'eious, a. Fierce, savage, cruel. Hence 
 fepO'eiousLY 2 adv. [f. liferox -ocis + -ous] 
 fepo'city, n. Ferocious character or act. [f. 
 FfdrociU f. L ferocitatem (prec, -ty)] 
 -fepous, suf. (in actual use -iferous, see -i-) 
 forming adjj., f. L -fer -producing (ferre bear) 
 +-OUS ; in adjj. taken direct or thr. F -fere f. L, 
 as auriferous, & now a living suf., esp. in Nat. 
 Hist.,= -bearing, -having. 
 fe'pox, n. Great lake trout. [L name Salmo 
 ferox fierce salmon] 
 feppate, n. A salt of ferric acid. [f. L/e?*- 
 rum iron + -ate 1 (3)] 
 
 fe'PPeous, a. Of, containing, iron. [f. L/er- 
 reus (prec.) + -ous] 
 
 feppet 1 , n. Half-tamed variety of pole-cat 
 kept for driving rabbits from burrows, killing 
 rats,&c ; searcher. detective. Hencefeppetv 2 
 a. [f. OF furet dim. olfuron f. LL furonem 
 nom. -o robber (L/«r)] 
 
 feppet 2 , v. i. & t. Hunt with ff. (go ferreting) ; 
 clear out (holes, ground), take or drive away 
 (rabbits &c), with ff. (about, away, out, &c) : 
 rummage, search about, (for) ; search out 
 (secrets, criminals, &c). [f. prec] 
 fe'ppet 3 , n. Stout cotton or silk tape. [f. It. 
 fioretti floss-silk pi. of fioretto dim. olfiore f. L 
 jlos -oris flower] 
 fePPi-, comb, form used to indicate presence 
 of iron in the ferric state (cf. ferro-). [f. L 
 ferrum iron] 
 fe'PPiage (ej), n. Conveyance by, charge 
 for using, ferry, [-age] 
 fe'PPic, a. Of iron ; (Chem.) containing iron 
 
FERRIFEROUS 
 
 301 
 
 FEVER 
 
 in its highest combining-power (cf. ferrous). 
 [as ferri- + -ic] 
 ferri'fepous, n. Iron-yielding, [as prec. + 
 
 -FEROUS] 
 
 feppo-, comb, form of L ferritin iron, as 
 ferro-calcite ; (Chem.) containing iron in the 
 ferrous state (cf. ferri-). 
 
 feppo-mag-ne'tie, a. Magnetic as opp. to 
 diamagnetic [prec] 
 
 fe'ppotype, n. Positive photograph taken 
 on thin iron plate ; this process, [ferro-, type] 
 
 fe'ppous, a. (chem.). Containing iron as a 
 divalent (cf. ferric), [as ferro- + -ous] 
 
 feppu'ginous (-00-), a. Of, containing, iron- 
 rust or iron as a chemical constituent ; rust- 
 coloured, reddish-brown, [f. L feri'ugo -ginis 
 rust {ferritin iron) + -ous] 
 
 fe'ppule, -pel, n. Metal ring or cap 
 strengthening end of stick or tube ; band 
 strengthening or forming joint. Hence fe*p- 
 puI^D 2 a. [earlier verrel f. OF virelle f. med.L 
 virola f. L viriola dim. of viriae bracelets, 
 altered as though dim. of L ferritin iron] 
 
 fe'ppy, v.t. & i. , & n. Convey or pass in boat, 
 work (boat), (of boat) pass to & fro, over river, 
 canal, or strait. (N.) Place, provision, for ferry- 
 ing ; (Law) right of ferrying & levying toll for 
 it ; f.-boat ; ferryman ; f. -bridge, large f.-boat 
 transporting railway train entire, [n. f. vb, OE 
 ferian cogn. w. fare] 
 
 fep'tile (-A, -II), a. Bearing abundantly, fruit- 
 ful, (lit. & fig. ; /. of, in). So feptl'liTY n. [f. 
 OF fertil f. ~Lfertilis (ferre bear)] 
 
 fep'tilize, v.t. Make fertile or productive 
 (esp. soil); (Bot. &c.) fecundate (individual, 
 organ). Hence fep'tilizABLE a., fertilizA - 
 tion, fep'tilizERMl, 2), nn. [-ize] 
 
 fe'pula, fe'pule, nn. (Bot.) giant fennel 
 (-ula) ; flat ruler with widened pierced end for 
 punishing boys, whence fe'pule v.t. [L (-a)] 
 
 feP'vent, a. Hot, glowing ; ardent, intense, 
 (/'. soul, lover, hatred), so fep'VENC v n. Hence 
 f ep* ventLY 2 adv. [F, f. Lfervere boil, -ent] 
 
 fep'vid, a. = prec. (poet, in first sense). 
 Hence fep*vidLY r 2 adv. [f. ljfervidus (prec.)] 
 
 fep'voup, n. Glowing condition, intense 
 heat; vehemence, passion, zeal. [f. OF fervor 
 f. lifervorem nom. -or (fervent, -or 1 )] 
 
 Fe'seennine, a. F. verses, scurrilous lam- 
 poons, [f. L Fescenninus {Fescennia town in 
 Etruria, -ine 1 )] 
 
 fe'seue, n. Small stick, teacher's pointer ; 
 kinds of grass, [f. OF festu f. Lfestuca] 
 
 fesse (fes), n. (herald.). Two horizontal lines 
 as bar across middle of field. [OF, f. fascia] 
 
 fe'stal, a. Of a feast ; keeping holiday ; gay. 
 Hence fe'stalL y 2 ad v. [OF (feast, -al)] 
 
 fe'step, v.i. & t., & n. (Of wound or sore) 
 generate matter, ulcerate ; (of poison, disease, 
 grief) cause suppuration, rankle ; putrefy, rot ; 
 cause festering in ; (n.) festering condition, [f. 
 obs. n. fester f. OF festre f. L fistula] 
 
 fe'stival, a. (not pred.), & n. Festal day, 
 celebration, merry-making ; periodic musical 
 performance(s) ; (adj.) of a feast(-day). [adj. 
 use earlier; OF, f. med.L festivalis (foil., -al)] 
 
 festive, a. Of a feast ; joyous ; fond of 
 feasting, jovial. Hence fe'stiveLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L festimts (festum feast, -ive)] • 
 
 festi'vity, n. Gaiety, rejoicing ; festive cele- 
 bration, (pi.) festive proceedings, [f. OF festi- 
 vity f. Lifestivitatem (prec, -ty)] 
 
 festoo'n, n. , & v. t. Chain of flowers or leaves, 
 or ribbons &c, hung in curve between two 
 points ; (vb) adorn (as) with, form into, fF. 
 Hence festoo*nERY(5) n. [f. Ffeston f. It. fes- 
 tone perh. f.festa feast + -oon] 
 
 fetch 1 , v.t. & i., & n. Go for & bring back 
 
 (person or thing ; YAU^-f etched ;f. & carry, run 
 backwards & forwards with things, be a ser- 
 vant) ; cause to come, draw forth, (blood, tears ; 
 f.up, vomit) ; bring in, realize, sell for, (a price); 
 move the feelingsof, delight( whence fe'tehiNG- 
 a.) or irritate ; heave (sigh), draw (breath) ; deal 
 (blow ; usu. with ind. obj., /. him a box on the 
 ears) ; /. a compass 1 ; f. up, come to a stand. 
 (N.) far-reaching effort (archaic) ; dodge, trick. 
 [OE fecc(e)an perh. var. of fetian etym. dub. 
 whence obs. fet in same sense] 
 
 fetch 2 , n. Person's wraith or double. [?] 
 
 fete (fat), n., & v.t. Festival, great entertain- 
 ment, (f.-day, appointed for f.j; day of saint 
 after whom child is named, observed in R.-C. 
 countries like birthday ; (vb) entertain, make 
 much of, (person), [f. F fete(r) feast] 
 
 fete-champetre (F), n. Outdoor f£te. 
 
 fe'tial (-shl), a. &n. (Rom. ant.). F. law, of 
 declarations of war & treaties of peace ; (n.) 
 one of Roman college of priests who served as 
 heralds, [f. hfetialis etym. dub.] 
 
 f e'tid, foe-, a. Stinking. Hence fe'tidLY 2 
 ad v., fe'tidNESS n. [f. Itfetidus (fctere stink) | 
 
 fe'tish, -ch(e), (-sh), n. Inanimate object 
 worshipped by savages for its magical powers 
 or as being inhabited by a spirit ; principle &c. 
 irrationally reverenced. Hence or cogn. fet- 
 ishEER - , fe'tishER 1 , fe*tishisM(3), fe'tish- 
 ist(2), nn., fetishi'stic a. [f. Ffttichef. Port. 
 feitico charm = factitious] 
 
 fe'^loek, n. Part of horse's leg where tuft of 
 hair grows behind pastern-joint (f.-deep, so as 
 to cover ft". ). [MFfytlok cf . Gjiszloch etym. dub. [ 
 
 fe'top, n. Stench. [L, see fetid, -or l ] 
 
 fe'ttep, n., & v.t. Shackle for the feet ; bond, 
 (pi.) captivity ; check, restraint ; fetterlock, 
 (heraldic representation of) D-shaped fetter for 
 tethering horse by leg ; (vb) bind (as) with ff., 
 impede, restrain. Hence fe'ttePLESS a. [OE 
 feter cf. Gfesser f. OTeut./e£-cogn. w. fot foot; 
 also w. L pedica, Gk pede, fetter] 
 
 fe'ttle, n. Condition, trim, (in goodf. &c). 
 [f. dial, vb fettle put right cf. OFfetel bond] 
 
 fetus. See foetus. 
 
 fe'twa, n. Decision given by Moslem judicial 
 authority. [Arab.] 
 
 feu, n. (Sc). Perpetual lease at fixed rent; 
 piece of land so held. [var. of fee] 
 
 feud 1 , n. Lasting mutual hostility (be at f. 
 with), esp. (often deadly f) between two tribes, 
 families, &c, with murderous assaults in re- 
 venge for previous injury. [ME & OF fede f. 
 OHG fehida -OFfxhthu enmity ; cogn. w. foe] 
 
 feud 2 , n. Fief, feudal benefice ; territory held 
 in fee. [f. med.L as fee] 
 
 feu'dal, a. Of a feud or fief ; /. system, me- 
 dieval Eluropean polity based on relation of 
 vassal & superior arising from holding of lands 
 in feud ; of, resembling, according to, this sys- 
 tem. Hence feu'dalLY 2 adv., feu*daliSM(3), 
 feu*daliST(2), nn., feudali'stic a.,feu*dal- 
 ize(3) v.t., feudalizA'TiON n. [f. med.L feu- 
 dalis (prec, -al)] 
 
 feudality, n. Feudal system or prin- 
 ciples; feudal holding, fief. [f. F feudal ite 
 (prec,-TY)] 
 
 feu'datopy, a. & n. Feudally subject to, un- 
 der overlordship ; (n.) feudal vassal, [f. med.L 
 feudare enfeoff (feud 2 ), -ory] 
 
 feu de Jo/e (F), n. Gun-firing on occasion of 
 public rejoicing. 
 
 feuilleton (F), n. Ruled-off portion at foot of 
 (esp. French) newspapers, devoted to fiction, 
 criticism, light literature, &c. [F, = leaflet] 
 
 fe'vep, n., & v.t. Morbid condition with high 
 temperature & excessive change & destruction 
 of tissues ; any of a group of diseases so charao- 
 
FEVERFEW 
 
 an 
 
 FIDIBUS 
 
 terized. each with distinctive name, as $ca?'let. 
 typhoid. f: nervous excitement, agitation ; /.- 
 heat, high temperature of body in f. : f.-trap, 
 place that collect* f. -germs ; (vb) throw into f. 
 
 ■:for f. Efebris] 
 fe'verfe w. n. A herb formerly used in medi- 
 cine. [OE f eft rfugc i. Lfebrifugia (prec./u- I 
 gare drive away)] 
 
 'fe'verish. a. Having symptoms of fever; 
 bed, fitful, i -: - -- s) infested by 
 
 fever. Hence fe'verishLV -adv.. fe*verish- 
 NK8S n. [-ISH : ] 
 
 fe* venous, a, Ex -: less; infested with 
 
 or apt to cause fever, [-oos] 
 few, a, 5: n. Not many [f. is opp. to many, a 
 f. to none, only af.=f: a man off. mortis 
 spoke af. words ; /. have- such at a f. 
 
 of his friends were there : a /. know the truth.: 
 a faithful f. remained : visitors are fJ: sc 
 no great number ; thef. the minority, the t 
 
 tat a /.. many; (colloq.) a goodf. a fair 
 
 number <o/l ; every f. days x .. nee in every 
 
 group of a f. days : - - i /.. very much, be- 
 
 _ a doubt. Hence fevv.VES.sn. [com.-Teut.; 
 
 cf. OHG fao : cogn. w. L paucus ic 
 
 paullus. Gk pauros. In the use with a (cf. 
 
 hundred ice. \f. forms with the n. a collective. 
 
 r is followed by pL vb] 
 
 fey :.. S fated to die. at point of death: 
 
 disordered in mind < often with over-confidence 
 
 •erson about to die. [conx-Teut.: OE 
 
 ily] 
 
 fez, n. Turkish cap. a "tasselled dull-red trun- 
 
 rh. f. i-Y-. town] 
 fiance, -ee I ,n. One's betrothed, (-e) male, 
 
 . . 
 ria'sco. n. Failure or break-down (orig. in 
 dramatic Sc, performance I. ignominious result. 
 [1:..= bottle -- ;e doubtful)] 
 
 fi'at X -■'.. A :;orization ; de- 
 
 ft r-arely vb). [L. = be it done] 
 fib '-. :.. . ft "■".•;, i ell) trivial or venial lie. Hence 
 li'bbzp. : . fi'bsTER.. nn. [perh. f. obs. jihle-fable 
 nonsense. redupL of fable] 
 fib-, ::.. ft v.t. a blow (vb, strike, hit about! 
 in pugilism ice. [?] 
 
 frbre -her), n. Thread-like filament forming 
 with others animal x; vegetable tissue or textile 
 substance ; snbsl —ting of ff.; fibrous 
 
 structure ; structure, grain, character, {man of 
 coarse f.) ; substance that can be spun, woven, 
 orfed: drootortwig. Her.e - fPbPED 2 . 
 
 fi'bpei^~s. fi'briFORM. frbpors. aa.. fi*b- 
 pously - adv,. fi'bPousxEss n.. fibro- comb, 
 form. JF. f. L fibra etym. dub] 
 fi'bpil. n. Small fibre ; subdivision of fibre : 
 ultimate subdivision of root. Hence fibprl- 
 1ar<ti. fibpi'llATE -. -ated. fibprlliFORM. 
 fi'bpill'SE-. aa.. fibpiUATioxn. [also nbrilla 
 mod. L dim. of prec] 
 
 frbpin. n. C : -.-.gulable lymph found in animal 
 ft vegetable matter. Hence frbpino- comb, 
 form, frbpin us a. [fibre — -ix] 
 fi'bpoid, a. *: n. Of fibrous structure or ap- 
 pearance ; <n.t f. uterine tumour. r-oro] 
 frbpoin, n. Chemical substance of which silk 
 
 ft Bobweb mainly consist, [fibp.o ix] 
 
 fibpo'ma. pL -tau Fibrous tumour, [mod. 
 
 L wbb k, x b£ bain : ha)] 
 
 fi'bula. :.. (nL -ae. -o>i. Snlint bone on outer 
 
 side of leg. Hence fi'bulAR - a. [L.= brooch 
 
 - fix)] 
 
 -fie, boC fin actual use aee -i-i repr. L -fi- 
 
 cus t. weakened root of fac-e re make, do, forin- 
 
 - adjj. f. nn. as pacifcus peace-making, f. 
 
 adjj. as tnagnificus, f. vv. as horrificus, Szf. the 
 
 adw. male, bene. E adopted many L adjj. of 
 
 this type thr. F ; & later formations, arising in 
 
 various langg., are usu. of international cur- 
 rency, as acidijic. morbific. 
 -fication, suf. (in actual use -ification, see -I-) 
 repr. L -fication- (com. -tio). which formed nn. 
 of action f. vv. in -ficarc -FT. E adopted many 
 pairs of words, n. ft vb. f. L thr. F or of F for- 
 mation, &spurify. purification ; hence -fication 
 has become the recognized meansof forming nn. 
 corresp. to vv. in -Jy exc. when these repr. L vv. 
 in -fa-cere (see -factioxi: as a rule the formation 
 is based only on possible L types ; exceptions 
 are b:autif. Fr<inchif.. transmogrif. 
 f iee'Ue, a. String<-oloured. IF. = string] 
 f i'ehu (-shoo), n. Woman's small triangular 
 shawl of lace &c. for shoulders .Sc neck. [F] 
 frekde, a. Inconstant, changeable. Hence 
 Byfc lesKas a [OB jGeoi cf. bejician deceive] 
 fi'ctlle, a. Made of earth or clay by potter; 
 of pottery, [f. Efictilis (jingcre net- fashion, -IL)] 
 fi'etion, n. Feigning.in vention ; thing feigned 
 or imagined, invented statement or narrative; 
 literature consisting of such narra: 
 novels, whence fvetioniSTio* n.; convention- 
 ally accepted falsehood - :I f). Hence 
 fi^etionaL a. [F. f. Lnctionem <prec, -iox>] 
 fieti'tious <-sh?/s'. a. Counterfeit, not genu- 
 ine ; (of name or character) assumed. ; imagin- 
 ary, unreal ; of. in, novels ; regarded as what it 
 lied by legal or conventional fiction. Hence 
 fieti*tious:-Y - adv.. fieti*tiousxi:?s n, [f. L 
 ncticius <prec.l — ous] 
 
 fi'etive, a. Creating, created, by imagination. 
 [F<-.;~. - see fictiox. -:ve] 
 fid, n. (N'aut.) conical wooden pia used in 
 splicing : square wooden or iron bar for sup- 
 porting topmast. Small thick piece or wedge 
 of anything. [/] 
 
 frddle, n.. int.. & v.L ic t. <Fam. or contempt, 
 for) violin (ft as a /.. in good condition & 
 spirits ; hang up one's f. when one comes home, 
 be witty abroad Sc dull at home : play frst, 
 1. f. , take leading, subordinate, position ; 
 face as long as a /.. dismal) ; (Xaut.) contriv- 
 ance for stopping things from rolling off table ; 
 /.-BOW 1 ; f.-case. for holding t : nddkdedee, 
 int. & n., nonsense ;f.-f addle, (n.) trivial mat- 
 idler, (adj.) petty, fussy, (int.) nonsense, 
 (v.L) fuss, trifle; f.-head, carving at ship's 
 bows ; /. pattern, of spoons &z forks with f.- 
 shaped heads; nddlestiek. (n.) = f.-bow, (also 
 jidd! 7 i mere nothing, nonsense (also 
 
 as int.). (Int. ) = fiddlestick. (Vb) play the f., 
 play (tune &zc. ) on f. ; be idle or frivolous, make 
 aimless movements, (about, at, with, <Scc.) ; frit- 
 ter away. [ME fithele, cf. MDu. vedel, G fiedel, 
 etym. dub. ; there ismecLL ritula, whence viol] 
 fi'ddlep, n. Player on fiddle, esp. for hire ; 
 kind of small crab. [OEfUhelere (prec, -ER 1 )] 
 fiddley (fTdl-I). n. mant). Iron framework 
 round opening of stokehold. [?] 
 A'ddling", a In vbl senses ; esp. , petty, futile, 
 contemptible, inconsiderable. [-ixg-J 
 fide'lity, n. Faithfulness, loyalty, (to): strict 
 conformity to truth or fact, exact correspon- 
 dence to the original, [f. F lid-elite f, L jidelita- 
 tem (fidelis faithful f. fides faith, -tvi]" 
 frdget 1 (-J-), n. 1. Bodily uneasiness seeking 
 relief in spasmodic movements (often the jf.\ ; 
 restless mood. 2. One who fidgets or c. 
 others to : act of bustling &zc. rustle of dress 
 fee. Hence fi'dgetr-^a.. fi'dgetixEss n. 
 [sense 1 f. obs. Jidge to twitch, cf. G ficken ; 
 sense 2 f. folL] 
 
 frdget 2 , v.i. & t. Move restlessly (often 
 about) ; be uneasy, worry ; make uncomfort- 
 able, worry, (person), [f. prec] 
 f i'dibus, n. Paper spill for lighting candles, 
 pipes, &c. [?J 
 
FIDUCIAL 
 
 303 
 
 FIGHT 
 
 fidu-cial, a. (butt., — tiOU.. &c). -F. Hne, 
 
 point, ice. one assumed as fixed ba-is of com- 
 parison, [f. L fiduciali* (fiduciu tnx-t, -ad] 
 
 fidirciary i -ha i, a. ka Of trustor tr<. 
 (ship) ; held or given in trast ; (of paper cur- 
 rency) depending for its value on public confi- 
 dence or securities ; (n.) trustee, [f. LJUfucia- 
 riui (prec, -ARV ] )J 
 
 fi'dus Acha'tes (-k-), n. Devoted foil 
 henchman. IL, = faithful A., follower of 
 Aeneas In Aeneid] 
 
 fie ifil, int. expr. sense of outraged propriety, 
 USU. iron, or to children (often f. upon you!) 
 (f. OF f. L H excL of disgust a*, -tench] 
 
 fief ifef;, feoff ifef ), n, = FEUD 8. 
 
 fle*-fie, a. Improper, scandalous, [kil] 
 
 field, n., cc v.L &: t. < Piece of) ground, esp. one 
 tor pasture or tillage, & usu. bounded by 
 hedges &c. ; tract abounding En Some natural ; 
 product id.io.mond, cool, &.<:., -f.) ; ground on 
 which battle is fought (often battle-j. ; also fig., j 
 left his rival in pc of the f.; fair 2 /. I 
 
 <£• no favour ; ftoW £/«e /., not be superseded) ; 
 sceneof campaign C/i thef., campaigning; ta&e, 
 keep, ^/i« /., begin, continue, campaign) ; battle 
 (hard-fought, stricken, /,) ; ground for playing 
 
 set, football, &c. ; players, partakers, in : 
 outdoor contest or sport ; all competitors or all , 
 
 pt the favourite <a .700c/, /., many ft _ 
 competitors) ; (Cricket) side not batting, one of j 
 
 side (see also long 1 /.); large stretch, ex- 
 panse, of - . &c, also fig. <£Ae 
 whole/, oj lo.-d.ory\; (Herald.) .surface of es- 
 cutcheon or of one of its division -. ; ground work 
 of picture, coin, flag, tee. ; area or sphere of 
 operation Don, Sec. (eoeft supreme to 
 hlioomf. ; jQZed £Ae/. 0/ f7/.e telescope ; wide/. 
 of vision; outside fjte magnetic f, not near 
 epough to be attracted) ; (attrib. in nan. 
 animals 6:0 found in the open country (/.- 
 mumtte, f.-ash) ; f.-aU.ou:o.nce, to officer on cam- 
 paign to meet increased expenditure ; f. -artil- 
 lery, -b at t ery , -gun or -piece, light & mobile for 
 use on campaign & in battle ; /.-cornet, magis- 
 trate of town-hip in Cape Colony ice; f.-doy. 
 (Mil.i man o e u v rin g- exercise or review, (fig.) 
 great occasion, important debate ; f.-dre . 
 appliances for wound in battle ; f.-gUus\ bin- 
 ocular telescope for outdoor use, one of the 
 Gnomical telescope or co m po u nd 
 microscope ; /.-hospital, ambulance, temporary 
 .tal near battlefield ; F.-mo.r^ho.l, general 
 officer of highest rank; f. -night, = f.-doy (fig, 
 sense) ;/. -officer, above captain <5c belo w general ; 
 f, -preacher, -ing, in open air ; fieldsman, fielder 
 at cricket; /.-Sports, outdoor, esp. hunting, 
 •.ing, fishing; /.-telegraph, movable for 
 use on campaign; f.-v:ork, temporary fortifica- 
 tion ; hence ne*ldwARD<8) adv. (Vb) act as 
 fieldsman in cricket, base-ball, or rounders ; 
 stop i<5c return) bfcril ; hence fie'ldhK ! n. [corru- 
 
 \VO : OE &: G /e&fj 
 
 fieldfare, n. - of thrush visiting 
 
 fiery (firl), a. Consisting of, flaming with, 
 
 fire ; <of arrows fee.) fire-bearing ; looking like 
 fire, blazing-red ; (of eyes; flashing, ardent ; hot 
 as fire; acting like fire, inflaming, (/. caate 
 fee,); eager, pugnacious, spirited, irritable: (of 
 horse) mettlesome; (of gas, mine, 6:0 inflam- 
 mable, liable to explosions ; /. cross 1 . Heru-e 
 fier'iLV 2 adv., fler*i.sf>;s n. [fire i + -ri] 
 
 fife, n., & v.L & t. Kind of small shrill flute 
 used with drum in military music ; =fifer. < Vb) 
 play the f. ; play (air &c.) on the f. ; hence tVlER 1 
 n. [f. O pfeife PIPE, or f. F fifre fife(r) f. OHO 
 pfijo.ri piper 1 p/l/an to pipe)] 
 
 fi*fe-rail, n. (naut.). Kail round mainmast 
 with belaying-pins. [perh. f. prec. because fifer 
 sat on it while anchor was weighing] 
 
 fiftee'n kUso fi - -», a. & n. One more than four- 
 teen. 15, XV; (Rugby football) side of LSplayei •-. ; 
 £/>.<; /■'., Jacobite rising of 17lo. Hence fif- 
 teernTH 2 a. & n. [OF fi/tene, 4{fne t (five, 
 
 •JKK.V)] 
 
 fifth, a. & n. Xext after fourth (#jn#e *//"/<: r 
 */^ /. rib, kill ; /. foAeel 0/ coach Sec, something 
 superfluous); /. part, one of five equal parts 
 into which thing is or might be divided. (N.)= 
 f. part ; (Mus.) interval of three tones 6c a - 
 
 sord of two tones so geparated; <pl.) 
 f.-rate material; /. -monarchy, last of the five 
 great empire- (ifon. ii. 41; f-m.-mo.n, 17th-c. 
 zealot expecting immediate second corning of 
 Christ & repudiating all other government). 
 [OF Atfa (still //* in dial].) cogn. w. G funfte, 
 Ok '[jc.in.jjt.o-, L quin.">t :'■■;, -th on anal, of 
 FOURTH Bee -JH-) 
 
 fi'fthlv, ad v. In the fifth place (in enumera- 
 tions). [-J-V-J 
 
 fi'fty, a. & n. Five times ten, .%, L, If.-ont, 
 <. dx'c. ; /.-first, -third, &c); large indefi- 
 nite number (fcroe /*. things to teu you) ; hence 
 fi'ftyi-OLL. a. <5c adv., frftiETH a. & n. (X.) 
 set of f. persons or things (hid them by ff. in a 
 core ; ?/«e fT.. rears between 90 & M in life or 
 century). (OF fijtig cf. O f&n/zig (five, -tv 2 )] 
 
 fig- 1 , n. (Broad -leaved tree, USU. /.-tree, bear* 
 
 jft pear-shaped many-seeded fruit eaten 
 
 fresh <grt.znjf.) ordried (esp. Turkey or Smyrna 
 
 Britain in autumn. [ME /clde/art perh. =field- 
 goer (fark 2 )] 
 
 fiend I fend f, n. Tlie devil ; evil spirit, demon ; 
 person of superhuman wickedness, esp. cruelty 
 (often jocular, a- the interviewer-/.). Hence 
 fleTidi.SH 1 a.,fle , ndlshLY 2 adv.,fie , ndish- 
 n., fie'nduKi: a. [conx-Teut. ; OE ftond 
 cf. (j ftind enemy, f. OTeut. vb = hate, -nxj-J 
 
 fierce (fer-i, a. Violent in hostility, angrily 
 combative; raging, vehement; ardent, c 
 Hence fiep'eeny 2 'adv., fier**eeNES3 n. [f. OF 
 /ler« norn. of ^r (F = proudi f. L /ems savage] 
 
 fi*epi fa*cias, n. (legal ; abbr. /?. /«.). ^S rit 
 to sheriff for executing judgment. [L, = see 
 that (the sum) is madej 
 
 #. ; nulled ff., superior hand-picked Turkey ff.) ; 
 under ones vine & f.-tree, tale at home; any- 
 thing valueless (don't core a f. /or ; also a f. 
 for — !, as excl.); f.-ho.f, device for concealing 
 what is indecorous (O'en. iii. 7) ;f.-v;ort, brown- 
 flowered herb. [f. F fj.gue f. pop. L ^fctt f. Lficus] 
 
 fig 2 , n. Dress, equipment, tin full f); condi- 
 tion, form, "><. good J.), [prob. f. foil.] 
 
 fig', v.t. /'. Mrf or t</; (horse), make lively ; /. 
 O'y.i (person), dress up, bedizen. [=obs. feague 
 perh. f. (} feyn furbish] 
 
 fight^fit), v.i. & t.( fought, \jr. fawt). Contend 
 in battle or single combat {against, vsith ; /or, 
 on behalf of person or to secure thing) ; main- 
 tain (cause, suit at law, quarrel) by fighting, 
 contend over (question), win one's v;ay by 
 fighting; contend with in battle or duel, or 
 with the fists ; seton (cocks, dogs) to £ (fighting- 
 cock 1 ); manoeuvre (troops, ship) in battle;/. 
 o^T. repel with effort ; /. (dispute &c, or ft) ouf, 
 settle by fighting: /. */iy 0/, keep aloof from 
 (person, undertaking, &c). Hence flghtER 1 
 n. [com. -WO ; OF Jeohtan, cf. 6 ftchtcn] 
 
 fight 2 , n. Act of fighting (give, make a,f. ; 
 valiant in f.); battle; combat, esp. pugilistic 
 or unpremeditated, between two or more per- 
 sons, animals, or parties (running f, kept trp 
 while one party flies ic one pursues ; xham-f., 
 between troops for practice or display ; stand- 
 up /., open & formal); (fig.) strife, conflict; 
 appetite or ability for fighting (hax f. in him 
 yet ; 8hov;f., not yield tamely), [f. prec J 
 
FIGMENT 
 
 304 
 
 FILLET 
 
 fi'grment, n. Invented statement; thing 
 that has no existence except in imagination, 
 [f. Lfigmentum {Jig- see figure *, -ment)] 
 
 fi-gurant masc, -ante fern., (or as F), 
 figura'nt& (pi. -ti, pr. -te), nn. Ballet-dancer. 
 [F (first two forms) & It, (third)] 
 
 figupa'tion {also -ger-), n. Determination 
 to a certain form ; the resulting form ; shape, 
 outline ; allegorical representation ; ornamen- 
 tation by designs ; (Mus.) use of florid counter- 
 point. [F, f. L 1igurationem{FiGVKE.' 2 , -ation)] 
 
 fi'gupative (-ger-, -gur-), a. Emblematic, 
 typical ; pictorial or plastic ; metaphorical, not 
 literal ; metaphorically so called ; abounding 
 in, addicted to, figures of speech. Hence 
 fi'g-urativeLY 2 adv., fi*g"UPativeNESS n. 
 [F {-if, -ive), f. LL figurativus (as prec, -ative)] 
 
 fi'gfupe x {-ger), n. External form, shape ; 
 (Geom.) superficial space enclosed by line(s), or 
 three-dimensional space enclosed by surface(s), 
 any of the classes of these, as triangle, sphere ; 
 bodily shape {has a well-developed f.) ; a person 
 as seen {saw a f. leaning against the door ; /. 
 of fun, grotesque person) ; a person as contem- 
 plated mentally (the most terrible f. in our his- 
 tory) ; conspicuous appearance (make or cut a 
 brilliant, poor, f., produce such impression ; 
 person of f., distinguished) ; image, likeness ; 
 representation of human form, statue, person 
 in picture ; emblem, type, simile ; diagram, 
 illustrative drawing, (abbr. for ref., fig.) ; horo- 
 scope ; decorative pattern ; evolution in danc- 
 ing, division of set dance ; (Skating) movement, 
 series of movements, beginning & ending at 
 centre ; numerical symbol, esp. one of the ten 
 in Arabic notation (double ff., number between 
 9 & 100; income of five ff., between £10,000 & 
 £100,000 ; reach three ff., in cricket, get century ; 
 got it at a low, high, f., cheap, dear; (Rhet.; 
 also/, of speech) recognized form of abnormal 
 expression giving variety, force, &c, e.g. 
 aposiopesis, hyperbole, metaphor ; (Gram.) per- 
 mitted deviation from rules of construction, 
 e.g. ellipse ; (Log.) particular form of syllogism 
 according to position of middle term; (Mus.) 
 short succession of notes producing single im- 
 pression ; f. -dance, dance or dancing exhibi- 
 tion with distinct divisions, f.-dancer, per- 
 former in this ; f.-head, carving, usu. bust or 
 full-length f., over ship's cutwater, nominal 
 leader or president without real authority, (joe.) 
 person's face. Hence fi'gupeLESS a. [F, f. L 
 figura (fig- st. otfingere fashion, -ure)] 
 
 n'g'upe 2 , v.t. & i. Represent in diagram or 
 picture ; picture mentally, imagine, (often to 
 oneself) ; be symbol of, represent typically ; 
 embellish with pattern (figured satin) ; mark 
 with numbers or prices, do arithmetic, cipher 
 (/. itp, reckon amount of) ; /. out, give result 
 in ff. (figures out at £U5) ; make appearance, 
 appear, (/. as, pass for, assume character of), be 
 conspicuous, [f. prec] 
 
 figupi'ne (-gure'n, -gere'n), n. Statuette. 
 [F, f. It. fig urina dim. ol figura FIGURE 1 ] 
 
 frlament, n. Slender thread-like body, fibre, 
 (esp. in animal or vegetable structure) ; non- 
 fusible conductor in incandescent electric lamp, 
 raised to incandescence by current ; (of air, 
 light, &c.) imaginary portion of stream, row of 
 particles following each other; (Bot.) part of 
 stamen that supports anther. Hence fila- 
 me'ntARY 1 , fi'lamentED 2 , filamentous, 
 aa. [f. LL filare spin f. Lifilum thread, -ment] 
 
 fi'latupe (-tsher), n. (Establishment for) 
 reeling silk from cocoons. [F, as prec, -ure] 
 
 fl'lbept, n. (Nut of) cultivated hazel, [short 
 for/.-nttt=dial. F noix de filbert, ripe about St 
 JPhUibert's day (Aug. 22)] 
 
 filch (-tsh), v.t, SteaJ, pilfer. [?] 
 
 file l ,n., & v.t. Instrument usu. of steel with 
 roughened surface(s) for reducing or smoothing 
 objects (bite, gnaw, /'., attempt vain task) ; 
 (slang) artful person, dodger, (usu. old, deep, 
 &c.,/.), person. (Vb) smooth, reduce surface of, 
 with f. ; elaboi'ate to perfection (esp. literary 
 work) ;/. away (roughnesses &c), remove with 
 f. [OE ftol cf. Du. vijl, Gfeile) 
 
 file 2 , n., & v.t. Stiff pointed wire on which 
 documents &c. are run for keeping ; kinds of 
 appliance for holding papers arranged for refer- 
 ence ; set of papers so kept, esp. in court of law 
 referring to a cause ; series of issues of a news- 
 paper in order ; (vb) place (papers) on f. or 
 among public records, [t Fjili. hfilum thread] 
 
 file 3 , n., & v.i. & t. (Mil.) a front-rank man 
 & the man or men straight behind him (inf., 
 marching with the men of a double line faced 
 towards one of its ends; single, Indian, /., 
 similar formation of single line ; rank 1 & f. ; 
 af. of men, two told off for some purpose) ; row 
 of persons or things one behind another; (Chess) 
 line of squares from player to player (cf. rank 1 ). 
 (Vb) march in f. ; /. off, away, go off by ff. ; 
 (trans.) order (soldiers) to move off by ff. [F (L 
 filare vb f. filum thread)] 
 
 fi'lemot, a. & n. Dead-leaf colour(ed), brown- 
 ish yellow. Tf. F feuille morte dead leaf] 
 
 fl'lial, a. Of, due from, son or daughter. 
 Hence fi'lialLY 2 adv. [f. LL filialis (L filius, 
 -a,_son, daughter, -al)] 
 
 f j'liate, v.t, (Rare for) affiliate. 
 
 f llia'tion, n. Being some one's child ; descent 
 (from) ; formation of offshoots, branch of a 
 society or language ; genealogical relation or 
 arrangement. [F, f. med.L filiationem (filiare 
 give birth to f. L filius son, -ation)] 
 
 fi'libeg", n. (Sc). Kilt. [f. Gael, feileadh -be aa 
 little fold] 
 
 frlibustep, n., & v.i. One who engages in 
 unauthorized warfare against foreign State ; 
 ( vb) act as f. [ult. f. Du. vrijbuiter freebooter 
 affected by F fiibustier, Sp. filibustero, f. same] 
 
 fi'ligrpee, fila-, n. Ornamental work of fine 
 gold or silver or copper wire formed into deli- 
 cate tracery, fine metal openwork ; anything 
 delicate, light, showy, & frail. Hence fi'li- 
 greED 2 a. [f. F filigrane f. It. filigrana (L 
 filum thread, granum grain)] 
 
 fi'ling*, n. In vbl senses of file ' ; also, (usu. 
 pi.) particle(s) rubbed off by file, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 fill, v.t. & i., & n. Make or become full {with : 
 sails f, are distended with wind) ; stock abun- 
 dantly ; occupy whole capacity or extent of, 
 spread over, pervade, (/. the bill, be the only 
 conspicuous item, also in U.S., do all that is re- 
 quired, suffice) ; (of dentist) block up (hollow 
 tooth, cavity) with gold &c, whence fi'lliNG l (i) 
 n. ; satisfy, satiate, (esp. in part., of kinds of 
 food) ;hold (position), discharge duties of (office) : 
 occupy (vacant time) ; appoint holder of (vacant 
 post) ; adulterate (esp. cotton fabrics ; usu. in 
 p.p.) ; /. in, complete (outline), add what is 
 wanted to complete (unfinished document, 
 blank cheque, &c.);/. oid, enlarge, become en- 
 larged, to the proper limit ; /. up, f. completely, 
 supply vacant parts or places or deficiencies in. 
 do away with (pond &c.) by filling, grow full ; 
 FEBRUARY/.-dtae; hence fi'llER^l, 2) n. (X.) 
 full supply of drink or food (drink, have, &c, 
 one's /. ; also with intr. vbs as fret her f.) ; 
 enough to f. something (af. of tobacco). [OE 
 fyllan cf. G fallen, cogn. w. full 1 ] 
 
 title (F), n. F. de chambre, chambermaid ; 
 /. dejoie, prostitute. [F, = daughter] 
 
 fi'llet, n., & v.t. Head-band, ribbon, string, 
 or narrow band, for binding the hair or worn 
 
FILLIP 
 
 305 
 
 PINE 
 
 round head ; band, bandage ; thin narrow 
 strip of anything; (pi.) animal's loins; fleshy 
 detachable piece of meat near loins or ribs, 
 undercut of sirloin ; one of the thick slices into 
 which a fish may be divided ; middle part of leg 
 of veal boned, rolled, & tied up ; piece of beef, 
 fish, &c, similarly prepared; (Arch.) narrow 
 flat band separating two mouldings, small 
 band between flutes of column ; (Herald.) hori- 
 zontal division of shield, quarter of chief 1 in 
 depth ; raised rim or ridge on any surface ; 
 (Book-bind.) plain line impressed on cover. 
 (Vb) bind (hair, person as to hair) with f. ; en- 
 circle with ornamental band ; divide (fish) into 
 ff. [f. F filet f. Lfilum thread + -et i] 
 fi'llip, n. , & v. t. & i. Sudden release of finger 
 or thumb when it has been bent & checked by 
 thumb or finger ; slight smart stroke thus given ; 
 stimulus, incentive ; mere trifle {not worth a/.). 
 (Vb) propel (coin, marble, &c.) with a f. ; stimu- 
 late (/. orue's memory or tints) ; strike slightly & 
 smartly ; make a f. [prob. imit., cf. flip] 
 fi'llistep, n. Rabbeting-plane for window- 
 sashes &c. I?] 
 
 fi'lly, n. Female foal (cf. colt) ; young lively 
 girl. [perh. f. ON Jylja cogn. w. foal] 
 film, n., & v.t, & i. Thin skin, plate, coating, 
 or layer ; (Photog. ) coating of collodion, gelatin, 
 &c, spread on photographic paper or plate, or 
 used instead of plate ; dimness over eyes ; slight 
 veil of haze &c; fine thread or filament ; hence 
 fi'lm Y 2 a. , fi'lmiLY 2 ad v. , fi'lmiNESS n. ( Vb) 
 cover, become covered, (as) with f . [OE ftlmen 
 membrane cf. OFris. filmene skin, & fell l ] 
 fi'loselle, n. Floss silk. [F, f. It. filosello 
 perh. f. pop. L *follicellus cocoon, dim. of Lfol- 
 lis bag, influenced by It. Jilo thread] 
 fi/s (fes), n. The son, junior, (appended to 
 name to distinguish between father & son of 
 same names, cf. pere). [F] 
 fi'ltep, n. , & v.t. & i. Contrivance for freeing 
 liquids from suspended impurities, esp. by pass- 
 ing them through stratum of sand, charcoal, 
 &c; f.-bed, tank or pond with false bottom 
 covered with sand &c. for filtering large quan- 
 tities. (Vb) pass (liquid), flow, through f.; (of 
 f.) purify (liquid) ; make way through, into, &c, 
 percolate; obtain by filtering, [vb f. n., f. OF 
 filtre f. med.L filtrum f. Teut. st. whence felt l 
 (earliest filter being of felt)] 
 filth, n. Loathsome dirt ; vileness, pollution, 
 obscenity; foul language. Hence fi'lthY 2 a. 
 {filthy lucre, dishonourable gain, also facet., 
 money), fi'lthiLY 2 adv., fi'lthiNESS n. [OE 
 
 fylth (FOUL 1 , -TH 1 )] 
 
 fi'ltrate 1 , n. Filtered liquor, [filter v., 
 -ate 1 (2)] 
 
 fi'ltrate 2 , v.t. & i. = filter v. So filtPA*- 
 tion n. [f. mod. hfiltrare (as prec, -ate 3 )] 
 
 fi*mbriate(d), aa. (bot,, zool.). Fringed, bor- 
 dered with hairs &c. [f. L fimbria fringe + 
 -ate 2 ] 
 
 fin, n. Organ for propelling & steering attach- 
 ed to fish & cetaceans at various parts of body 
 (anal, caudal, dorsal, pectoral, ventral, &c.) ; 
 (slang) hand (tip us your f., shake hands). Hence 
 (-)finnED 2 , fi'nLESS, aa. [OE finn, cf. MDu. 
 vinne, & L pinna] 
 
 fi'nal, a. & n. At the end, coming last, ulti- 
 mate ; putting an end to doubt, conclusive, de- 
 finite ve,unalterable; concerned with the purpose 
 or end aimed at (/. cause l ; f. clause in Gram., 
 introduced by in order that, lest, &c.) ; hence 
 fi'nalLY 2 adv. (N.) last or deciding heat or 
 game in athletics ; (sing, or pi.) last of a series 
 of examinations. [F, f. 1j finalis (finis end, -al)] 
 
 fina'le (-ahli), n. (Mus.) last movement of in- 
 strumental composition, piece of music closing 
 
 act in opera ; close of drama &c. ; conclusion, 
 final catastrophe. [It., as prec] 
 
 fina'lity, n. Principle of final cause viewed 
 as operative in theiiniverse ; being final ; belief 
 that something is final ; final act, state, or utter- 
 ance. [F (-te) f. LL finalitatem (final, -ty)| 
 
 fina'nee, n., & v.t. & i. (PI.) pecuniary re- 
 sources of sovereign, state, company, or person; 
 management of (esp. public) money, science of 
 revenue. (Vb) furnish with ff., find capital for ; 
 engage in financial operations. [OF (finer settle 
 debt f. fin end ; -ance)] 
 
 fina'ncial (-shl), a. Of revenue or money 
 matters (/. year, annual period for which pub- 
 lic accounts are made up). Hence fina'ncial - 
 ly 2 adv. [prec. + -ial] 
 
 fina'neier J (-si-), n. One skilled in levying & 
 managing public money; capitalist. [F (fi- 
 nance, -ier)] 
 
 financier* 2 (-ser), v.i. & t. Conduct financial 
 operations (usu. contempt.); (U.S.) cheat, swin- 
 dle, (/. money away ; /. one oirt oj ). [f. prec] 
 
 finch, n. Kinds of small bird (usu. with dis- 
 tinctive epithet or prefix, as?noMn£am/.,BULL 1 - 
 fX [OF fined. Gfink] 
 
 find, v.t, (found), & n. Come across, fall in 
 with, light upon, (was found dead ; we f. St 
 John saying ; administer the law as youf. it ; 
 found a treasure) ; obtain, receive, (/. favour, 
 mercy, one's account 2 in ; /. one's feet, get the 
 use of them, develop one's powers) ; recognize 
 as present, acknowledge or discover to be so-&- 
 so, (//. no sense in it,f. the terms reasonable ; 
 how do youf. yourself?) ; discover by trial to 
 be or do or (that) or to (has been found wanting; 
 finds rest agreeable ; isjound to pay ; I find it 
 pays, pay, or to pay, or that it pays ; /. it im- 
 possible, necessary, to — ) ; discoA r er by search ; 
 discover (game), discover game, in hunting ; /. 
 oneselj, discover one's vocation ; succeed in ob- 
 taining (money, bail, sureties ; can't f. time to 
 read ; found courage to — ; could f. it in my 
 heart to — , am inclined ; /. expression, place, 
 vent) ; come home to, reach the conscience of ; 
 ascertain by study or calculation or inquiry (/. 
 one's way to, contrive to reach, arrive at); (Law) 
 determine & declare (it, i.e. the offence, murder; 
 person gxiilty &c. ; that — ; find true bill 4 ), 
 whence fi , ndiNG 1 (2) n.; supply, provide, fur- 
 nish, (they found him in clothes; hotel does not 
 f. tea; all found, with all necessaries provided, 
 of servants' wages ; /. oneself, provide for one's 
 own needs) ;f.out, discover, devise, solve, detect 
 in offence ; hence fi'ndABLE a, (N.) finding of 
 fox ; discovery of treasure, minerals, &c. ; sure 
 /., place where something (esp. fox) is sure to be 
 found. [com.-Teut.; OEfindan cf. Du. vindcn, 
 Gfinden ; perh. cogn. w. L petere seek] 
 
 fi'ndep, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: small telescope 
 attached to large one to find object; contrivance 
 for same purpose in microscope & in photo- 
 graphic camera, [-er 2 ] 
 
 fin ete siecle (F), a. Characteristic of end of 
 nineteenth century, advanced, modern. 
 
 fineVn., & v.i. & t, End (now only in inf., 
 to sum up, finally, in short); sum of money paid 
 by in-coming tenant in consideration of small 
 rent ; sum of money fixed as penalty for offence. 
 (Vb) pay consideration for privilege or appoint- 
 ment ; punish by a f., whence fi'nABLE a. [ME 
 & OF fin settlement of dispute f. L finis end] 
 
 fine 2 , a., n., adv., & v.t. &i. Of high quality; 
 clear, pure, refined, (of gold or silver) containing 
 specified proportion of pure metal, as gold 22 
 carats f, silver 11 oz. /.; delicate, subtle, ex- 
 quisitely fashioned, (of feelings) elevated ; of 
 slender thread, in small particles, thin (/. pen- 
 cil, of hard lead for making f. lines) ; sharp (/. 
 
FINERY 
 
 306 
 
 FIRE 
 
 pen, narrow-pointed), (Athlet.) reduced to per- 
 fect condition ; capable of delicate perception 
 or discrimination, perceptible only with diffi- 
 culty (a f. distinction) ; excellent, of striking 
 merit, good, satisfactory, fortunate, of good 
 effect, (hadf. sport; has been af. thing for him; 
 often iron., as a f. friend you have been!); well 
 conceived or expressed ; of handsome appear- 
 ance or size, dignified, (/. potatoes ; a man of f. 
 presence) ; bright, cloudless, free from rain, (/. 
 weather ; onef. day, once upon a time ; one of 
 these f. days, some day, in prophecies) ; ornate, 
 showy, smart ; fastidious, dainty, affecting re- 
 finement, (of speech or writing) affectedly or- 
 nate ; complimentary, euphemistic, (say f. 
 things about person, call things by f. names) ; 
 f. arts, those appealing to sense of beauty, as 
 poetry, music, & esp. painting, sculpture, archi- 
 tecture ; f.-draw, sew together (two pieces of 
 cloth, rent, garment) so that the join is im- 
 perceptible ; \ f .-drawn, subtle, extremely thin, 
 (Athlet.) trained down in weight ;/. gentleman, 
 lady, person of fashion, person who thinks him- 
 self above working ; f.-spun, delicate, flimsy, 
 (of theories &c.) excessively subtle, unpractical; 
 hence f I'nisH *(2) a., fl'neLv 2 adv., frnexEss 
 n. (N.) f. weather (inrain orf.). (Adv.) finely 
 (talkf.). ( Vb) make (beer) clear (often doicn) ; 
 (of liquid) become clear; /. away, down, off, 
 make or become finer, thinner, less coarse, 
 (make) dwindle, taper, [f. F fin f. Rom. fino 
 prob. back-formation f. finito FiNiSHed] 
 
 fi'nery \ n. Smartness, stylishness (rare) ; 
 showy dress or decoration, [prec. adj., -ery] 
 
 f i'nepy 2 , n. Hearth where cast iron is made 
 malleable or steel made from pig-iron. [F (-ie) 
 f. finer' refine f. Rom. finare (L/tm\send), -ery] 
 
 fine'sse, n., & v.i. & t. Delicate manipula- 
 tion, subtle discrimination ; artfulness, cunning 
 strategy ; (Whist) attempt to take trick by in- 
 ferior card, with higher one in reserve. ( Vb) use 
 f. ; wheedle into, trick away, manage by f. ; 
 (Whist) make a f., play (card) by way of f. [F 
 (Rom. fino fine 2 , -ess 2 )] 
 
 fi'nger (-ngg-), n., & v.t. One of five terminal 
 members of hand (thumb, & index, middle, ring, 
 & little, ff.), or four excluding thumb (usu. now 
 numbered thus, but cf. fourth f, i.e. ring f., in 
 marriage service), (donebythef., i. e. agency, of 
 God ; more wit in his little f. tha n in your whole 
 body; lay, put, af. upon, touch however slight- 
 ly ; lay, put, one's/, on ailing part or cause of 
 evil, point with precision to ; look through one's 
 ff. at, pretend not to see; stir a /., make the 
 least effort ; turn or twist person round one's 
 {little) f, cajole him ; my ff. itch, I long, am im- 
 patient, to do ; his ff. are all thumbs, he is 
 clumsy ; with a wetf., with ease ; burn 2 one's 
 ff. ; have a f. in the pie, take part in a matter ; 
 let slip through one's ff., lose hold of ; have at 
 one's f.-tips ovf.-ends, be versed in, know fami- 
 liarly ; to the f. -nails, completely) ; part of glove 
 that holds f. ; f.-like object, esp. such part of a 
 fruit &c, & in various machines ; f. -alphabet, 
 -language, conventional signs for talking with 
 the deaf ; f.-bowl, -glass, for rinsing ff. after 
 dessert ;f.-fern, kind of spleen wort ;f.-fish, star- 
 fish ; f. -plate, fastened on door to prevent f. 
 marks; f.-post, giving directions at parting of 
 roads ; f. -print, impression of person's ff, used 
 for identifying criminals &c. ; f. -stall, cover of 
 leather or rubber to protect f. in dissections &c. 
 or when wounded; hence fi'ng'ePLESS, (-)fi'n- 
 g-ePED 2 , aa. (Vb) touch with, turn about in, 
 the ff. ; take (bribes &c. ) ; play upon (instrument) 
 with the ff, play (passage) with ff. used in par- 
 ticular way, mark (music) with signs showing 
 which ff. are to be used, whence fi'ng'ering" 1 
 
 [-iNG^n. [com.-Teut, ; OE, OFris., Sw., Da., 
 finger ; perh. cogn. w. five] 
 
 fi'ng-eping' 2 , n. (for fingering i see prec). 
 Wool for stockings, [earlier fingram, -im, &c, 
 perh. f. ¥ fin grain fine grain, cf. grogram] 
 
 fi'nial, n. (archit.). Ornament finishing off 
 apex of roof, pediment, gable, tower-corner, 
 canopy, &c. [var. of final] 
 
 fi'nical, a. Over-nice, precise, fastidious ; 
 too much finished in details. Hence fi'nieal- 
 ly 2 adv., fi'nicalNESS, finiea'liTY, nn. [perh. 
 f. fine 2 , or var. of foil.] 
 
 frnieking\ fi'nikin, a. = prec. [etym. dub. ; 
 cf. MDu. fijnkens accurately, neatly] 
 
 frnis, n. (no pi.). (At end of book) the end; 
 end of anything, esp. of life. [L] 
 
 fi'nish, v.t. & i., & n. Bring to an end, come 
 to the end of (often/, doing ;/. off, provide with 
 an ending), complete ; consume, get through, 
 the whole or remainder of (food, book) ; kill, 
 dispatch, overcome completely ; perfect, put 
 final or finishing touches to, (finished manners, 
 gentleman; also with off, up); complete educa,- 
 tion of; (intr.) reach the end, cease, leave off; 
 end in something or by doing. (N.) last scage, 
 termination, esp. of a fox-hunt (be in at the /., 
 often fig.) ; fight to af., till one party is com- 
 pletely worsted ; what serves to give complete- 
 ness ; accomplished or completed state, [f. OF 
 fenir f. ~Lfinire (finis end), -ish 2 ] 
 
 fl'nishep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. workman or 
 machine doing last operation in manufacture ; 
 discomfiting thing, crushing blow, &c. [-er *] 
 
 frnlte, a. Bounded, limited, not infinite; 
 (Gram.) limited by number and person, not 
 infinitive. Hence fi'niteNESS n. [f. hfinitus 
 p.p. oifinire finish] 
 
 Fin(n), n. One of N. -Eastern European peo- 
 ple who call themselves Suom i. [OE Finnas 
 pi., etym. dub.] 
 
 fi'nnan, n. (Also f. -haddock) haddock cured 
 with smoke of green wood, turf, or peat. [perh. 
 f . river Findhorn] 
 
 fi'nnep, n. Kinds of whale, esp. rorqual, 
 having dorsal fin. [-er 1 ] 
 
 Fi'nnic, a. Of the group of peoples allied to 
 the Finns ; Finnish, [-icj 
 
 Fi'nnish, a. & n. (Language) of the Finns ; 
 Finnic, [-ish 1 ] 
 
 fi'nny, a. Having fins ; like a fin ; of, teeming 
 with, fish. [FIN + -Y 2 ] 
 
 fiopd, fjopd, (fyord), n. Long narrow arm of - 
 sea between high cliffs as in Norway. [Norw.] 
 
 f I'OPin, n. Kind of grass, [f. Ir. fiorthdn] 
 
 fip, n. (Also f.-tree) kinds of coniferous tree 
 (Scotch, Silver, Spruce, F.); their wood* /.- 
 apple, -ball, -cone, fruit of f. ;/. -needle, its leaf. 
 Hence Sp*py 2 a. [cf. Da. fyr, G fohre, prob. 
 cogn. w. L quercus oak] 
 
 fire !, n. Active principle operative in com- 
 bustion, flame, incandescence, (setf. to, kindle ; 
 strike f., elicit sparks by friction or blow ; no 
 smoke icithout /., always some ground for 
 rumour) ; state of combustion (onf., burning, 
 fig. excited ; set onf., ignite, excite ; set Thames 
 onf., do something remarkable ; catch, take,f., 
 be ignited) ; burning fuel in grate, furnace, &c. 
 (heap coals off. ; burnt child dreads thef. ; out 
 of FRYing-pan intof.; fat is in thef.), whence 
 fip*iNG 1 (3) n. ; conflagration, destructive burn- 
 ing, (lire !, call for aid at a f. ; pour oil onf., add 
 to excitement while deprecating it ; go through 
 f. & water, face all perils) ; Greekf., combustible 
 composition for igniting enemy's ships &c. ; lu- 
 minosity, glow, (St Elmo's f., corposant) ; burn- 
 ing heat, fever, (St Anthony's /., erysipelas); 
 vehement emotion, fervour, spirit, lively imagi- 
 nation, vivacity, poetic inspiration ; firing of 
 
FIRK 
 
 307 
 
 PISH 
 
 guns (open, cease, /.; running /., successive 
 shots from line of troops &c, esp. fig. of criti- 
 cism, objections, &c. ; between tico ff., shot at 
 from two directions; line off., path of bullet 
 about to be shot ; under f, being shot at ; hang, 
 MISS-,/.) ;/. -alarm, automatic arrangement for 
 giving notice of f. ;f.-arm (usu. pi.), rifle, gun, 
 pistol, &c. ; fircback, Sumatran pheasant ; /.- 
 ball, large meteor, globular lightning, (Mil.) 
 ball filled with combustibles ; f.-balloon, made 
 buoyant by heat of combustible burning at its 
 mouth ; f.-bird, kind of bee-eater ; f. -blast, 
 disease of plants; f. -blight, disease of hops; 
 f.-box, fuel-chamber of steam-boiler ; f.-brand, 
 piece of burning wood, person or thing kindling 
 strife ; f. -brick, proof against f., used in grates 
 &c. ; f. -brigade, organized body of firemen ; 
 f. -cross, = fiery cross x ; f.-damp, miner's name 
 for carburetted hydrogen, explosive when 
 mixed in certain proportion with air; f.-dog, 
 andiron ; f. -eater, juggler who eats fire, great 
 fighter, duellist ; f. -engine, machine for throw- 
 ing water to extinguish ft*. ;J '.-escape, apparatus 
 for saving people in burning house; f.-eyed 
 (poet.), with glowing eyes; f. -flair, a fish, the 
 sting-ray ; f.-fiy, winged insect emitting phos- 
 phorescent light ; f. -guard, wire frame or 
 grating to keep children, coals, from falling 
 into f., room; f. -hose, hose-pipe for extinguish- 
 ing ft". ; f.-insurance, against losses by f. ; /.- 
 irons, tongs, poker, & shovel ; f. -light, light 
 from f. -place ; f. -lighter, prepared kindling- 
 fuel ; firelock, antiquated musket in which 
 priming was ignited by sparks ; fireman, tender 
 of furnace or steam-engine f., man employed to 
 extinguish ff. ; f.-new (archaic), = brand-new; 
 /. office, insuring against f. ; f.-pan, brazier ; /.- 
 place, grate or hearth for room-f. ;f.-plug (abbr. 
 F.P.), connexion in water-main for f.-hose ; /.- 
 policy, f.-insurance office's certificate guaran- 
 teeing compensation in case of f. ; f. -raising, 
 arson ; f. -screen, to keep off heat of f. ; f.-ship, 
 freighted with combustibles and sent adrift to 
 ignite enemy's ships &c. ; fireside, space round 
 f. -place, home life ; f. -stone, kind that resists f., 
 used for furnaces &c ;f.-teazer, stoker \f.-trap, 
 building without proper exits in case of f. ; /.- 
 xcater, ardent spirits ; firewood, wood prepared 
 for fuel ; firexcork, kinds of apparatus giving 
 spectacular effects by use of combustibles &c, 
 squib, rocket, &c. ; f.-worship, treatment of f. 
 as a deity. Hence Apcproof, fipe'LESS, aa. 
 fcom.-WG; OKfyrct Gfeuer; also Gk pur] 
 
 fipe 2 , v.t. & i. Set f. to with intention of de- 
 stroying ; kindle (explosives) ; (of explosives, 
 mines) catch f . ; become heated or excited (/. up, 
 show sudden anger) ; redden (t. & i.) ; bake (pot- 
 tery, bricks), cure (tea, tobacco) by artificial 
 heat ; (Farriery) cauterize ; supply (furnace, 
 engine) with fuel ; cause (explosive, gun) to 
 explode (often off',f. salute, discharge number 
 of guns as salute ; /. broadside, discharge all 
 guns on one side of ship), (abs.) shoot, discharge 
 gun &c, (fig.)/, away, begin, go ahead ; (of gun 
 &c.) go off; propel (missile) from gun &c. (fig./. 
 off a postcard, a remark) ; (U.S.) /. out or/., 
 expel, dismiss, reject, (person), [f. prec] 
 
 fip'ep, n. In vbl senses; esp., single Sec. -/., 
 gun that fires once &c. without reloading, [-er 1 ] 
 
 fip'kin, n. Small cask for liquids, butter, fish, 
 &c. ; (as measure) half of kilderkin, [earlier fer- 
 dekyn prob. f. MDu. (vierde fourth, -kin)] 
 
 fipm i, n. Partners carrying on business (long 
 /., set of swindlers who obtain goods & do not 
 P.ay). [earlier senses signature, style, f. Rom. 
 firma (hfirmare confirm) ; doublet of farm l ] 
 
 firm 2 , a., adv., & v.t. & i. Of solid or compact 
 structure ; fixed, stable ; steady, not shaking ; 
 
 established, immutable ; steadfast, unflinching, 
 resolute; constant to; (Commerc, of prices, 
 goods) maintaining their level or value ; hence 
 fip'mLY 2 adv., fip'mNESS n. (Adv.) firmly 
 (stand f, holdf. to). (Vb) solidify (t. & i.), com- 
 pact, (soil after planting &c, cheese); fix firmly 
 (plants in soil), [f. OF ferme f. hfirmus] 
 
 fip'mament, n. Vault of heaven with its 
 clouds & stars. Hence firmame'ntAL a. [f. L 
 firmamentum (firmare as prec, -mext)] 
 
 fip'man, n. Oriental sovereign's edict, grant, 
 licence, passport, [f. Pers. ferman] 
 
 fipst, a., n., & adv. Earliest in time or order 
 (at f. sight, view, or blush, prima facie; F. 
 cause 1 ; come inf. , win race ; sh all do itf. thing 
 colloq., before anything else ; in thef. place, to 
 begin with; thef. two &c, lit., or = the f. & 
 second &c ; often further denned, as thef. man 
 youmeet, teas thef. to do it) ; foremost in posi- 
 tion, rank, or importance (head Scc.f, with the 
 head in f rout ; thef. men in the country ; F. Lord 
 of the treasury); coming next after a specified 
 or implied time (shall take the f. train ; the f. 
 cuckoo); unsupported by others, sufficient by 
 itself, (obeyed at herf. word) ; f. aid, help given 
 to wounded man before doctor comes ; f.-born, 
 eldest (child) ; /.-chop 6 ; /. class, set of persons 
 or things grouped together as better than others, 
 best accommodation in railway train &c, high- 
 est division in examination list, place in this ; 
 f.-class, (adj.) belonging to the f. class, of best 
 quality, very good, (adv.) by the f. class (travels 
 f.-c); f. coat, f. layer of paint ; /. cost, cost not 
 including profit ;f.-day, Sunday ;/. floor, above 
 ground-floor ; /. form, lowest class in schools ; 
 f. -fruit (usu. pi.), f. products of agriculture for 
 the season esp. as offered to God, f. results of 
 work Scc.f (Hist.) payment to some superior by 
 new holder of office; f.-hand, direct, without 
 intermediate agency (at f. hand, directly) ; /.- 
 night(er), (habitual frequenter of) f . performance 
 of play; f.-rate, of the highest class (the f.-r. 
 Poxcers, great states of f.-rate importance), ex- 
 cellent, very well, (a f.-r. machine, feeling f.-r.). 
 (X.) thef, person or thing f. mentioned ; from 
 thef., from the beginning; from f. to last, 
 throughout ; atfi, at the beginning ; = f. day of 
 June &c; (Commerc.)/. of exchange, f. of set of 
 bills of even tenor & date ; place in f. class in 
 examination, person who takes this ; f. place in 
 race, winner of it; (pi.) best quality of flour, 
 butter, &c. (Adv. ) before anyone or anything 
 else (often/, of all, f. & foremost; f. come, f. 
 served; f. & last, taking one thing with another, 
 on the whole ; /. or last, sooner or later) ; before 
 some specified or implied event, time, &c. (must 
 get this donef.) ; in preference, rather, (will see 
 him damned f.) ; for the f. time (xchen did you 
 see himfJ). [com.-Teut.; OE fyrst cf. Gfiirst 
 prince, superl. f. st. of for, cf. (with different 
 superl. suf.) former] 
 
 fip'stling", n. (usu. pi.). First result of any- 
 thing, first-fruits ; first offspring, first born of 
 season, [-ling l ] 
 
 fip'stly, adv. In the first place, first, (only in 
 enumerating topics ; & many writers still pre- 
 fer first). [-LY 2 ] 
 
 fipth, fpith, n. Arm of sea ; estuary. [Sc. 
 wd prob. f. OX = fiord] 
 
 fisc, fisk, n. Treasury of ancient Rome, 
 Roman emperor's privy-purse ; (rare) State trea- 
 sury, exchequer, [f. Lfiscus]' 
 
 fl'scal, a. & n. Of public revenue ; (n.) legal 
 official in some foreign countries. Hence fi's- 
 calLY 2 adv. [F, f. LLfiscalis (prec, -al)] 
 
 fish 1 , n. (pi. often fish). (Pop.) animal living 
 in the water, (strictly) vertebrate cold-blooded 
 animal having gills throughout life & limbs (if 
 
FISH 
 
 308 
 
 FIX 
 
 any) modified into fins, {pretty kettle off., con- 
 fusion, muddle ; /. out of water, person out of 
 his element ; drunk, dull, mute, as af.; drink 
 like a J., excessively; feed theff., be drowned, 
 be sea-sick ; all's J. that comestohisnet, he takes 
 all he can get ; there 's as goodf. in the sea as 
 ever came out of it, no fear of scarcity ; flat, 
 
 FLY Hng, GOLD, JELLY, SHELL 1 , SUN, SWORD, 
 
 &c, -/.); person who is angled for ; (colloq.) per- 
 son of specified kind (cool, loose, queer, &c.,/.) ; 
 the flesh of f. {f., flesh, &fowl ; neither /., flesh, 
 nor good red herring, thing of indefinite charac- 
 ter ; other f. to fry, more important business to 
 attend to) ; the F. or Ff., zodiac constellation; 
 f. -carver, knife for serving f.;/. -globe, for keep- 
 ing gold-f. &c. in; J. -glue, isinglass ;f.-hook, used 
 for catching f., (Naut.) part of anchor-raising 
 tackle ; f. -kettle, oval pan for boiling f.;f.-knije, 
 of silver &c. for eating f.; f.-pond, in which f. 
 are kept, (joe.) the sea, ; f. -pot, wicker trap for 
 eels, lobsters, &c; f. -slice, carving-knife for f., 
 cook's implement for turning or taking out f . ; 
 f. -sound, f.'s swimming-bladder ;f.-tail, shaped 
 like f.'s tail (of jet of gas, whence /.-£. burner), 
 f.-tail wind in rifle shooting, one blowing down 
 range & varying in direction ; f. -torpedo, tor- 
 pedo shaped like f. & with automatic propul- 
 sion ;fishunfe, woman selling f. Hence fi'sh- 
 let, fi'sh.MONGER, nn. [com.-Teut. ; OE fisc 
 cf . G fisch, cogn. w. L piscis] 
 
 fish 2 , v.i. & t, Try to catch f. (/. in troubled 
 waters, make one's profit out of disturbances), 
 whence fi*shERY(2, 3) n.; search./or something 
 in or under water ; seek by indirect means for 
 (secrets, compliments, &c), whence fi'shiNG 2 
 a.; (rare) try to catch (f.) or get (coral &c.) from 
 below water; draw out of water, pocket, &c, 
 draw out ; (Xaut.)/^ the anchor, draw flukes up 
 to gunwale ; try to catch f. in (pool &c; /. out, 
 exhaust the f. in), whence fi'shABLE a. ; get 
 (fact, opinion, secret) out ; fishing-rod, long 
 tapering usu. jointed rod to which fishing-line is 
 attached. [OE fiscian cf. G fischen & see prec] 
 
 fish 3 ,n., & v.t. (Naut.) piece of wood, convex 
 & concave, used to strengthen mast &c. ; flat 
 plate of iron, wood, &c, strengthening beam or 
 joint (so f. -plate, one of two holding rails to- 
 gether) ; (vb) mend or strengthen (spar &c), 
 join (rails), with f. [perh. = fish * or foil.] 
 
 fish 4 , n. Piece of ivory &c. used as counter 
 in games, [f. Ffiche in same sense, also = peg 
 (flcher fix perh. ult. f. Lflgere)] 
 
 fi'sher, n. Fisherman (archaic) ; fishing ani- 
 mal ; fisherman, man who lives by fishing, (rare) 
 angler, fishing-boat. [OE fiscere (fish 1 , -er 1 )] 
 
 fi'shy, a. Abounding in fish ; like fish's (/. eye, 
 dull, vacant-looking) ; smelling or tasting like 
 fish ; consisting of fish (af. repast) ; (slang) of 
 dubious character, questionable. Hence fi'sh- 
 iLY 2 adv., fi'shiNESS n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 fisk. See fisc. 
 
 fissi-, fisso-, comb, forms of L fssus see fis- 
 sure, as flssida'ctyl with digits divided, fissi'- 
 parous reproducing by fission. 
 
 fi'ssile, a. Cleavable, tending to split. Hence 
 fissrliTY n. [f. ~Lfissilis (fissure, -il)] 
 
 fi'ssion (-shn), n. (biol.). Division of cell &c. 
 into new cells &c. as mode of reproduction. If. 
 Lfissio (foil., -ion)] 
 
 fi'ssure (-sher), n., & v.t. & i. Cleft made bv 
 splitting or separation of parts; (Bot., Anat.) 
 narrow opening in organ &c, esp. depression 
 between convolutions of brain ; cleavage ; (vb) 
 split (t. & i.). [F, f. L fissura (flnderc fiss-, 
 cleave, -ure)] 
 
 fist, n., & v.t. Clenched hand, esp. as used in 
 boxing (f.-law, the right of the strongest) ; ( joe. ) 
 hand (give us yourf., shake hands), hand- writ- 
 
 ing (writes a goodf; I know his f.). (Vb) strike 
 with f.; (Naut.) handle (sail, oar, &c). Hence 
 -fistED 2 a. [OE fyst cf. Gfaust) 
 
 fi'stic(al), aa. (jocular). Pugilistic, [-ical] 
 
 fi'stieuffs, n. pi. Fighting with the fists. 
 [fist + cuff ; cf. handiwork] 
 
 frstula, n. Long pipe-like ulcer with narrow 
 mouth ; natural pipe or spout in whales, in- 
 sects, &c. Hence fi'stulAR 1 , fvstulous, aa. 
 [earlier fyctel, fistle, &c, f. L fistula pipe, flute] 
 
 fit 1 , fytte, n. (archaic). Section Of a poem. 
 [OE fitt cf. OHG fiza list of cloth] 
 
 fit 2 , n. Paroxysm of periodic ailment, sudden 
 transitory attack of some illness ; sudden seiz- 
 ure, with loss of consciousness or convulsions, 
 of hysteria, apoplexy, fainting, paralysis, or 
 epilepsy (give one af., surprise or outrage him ; 
 beat one into, give one, ff., defeat him easily) ; 
 sudden transitory state (a f. of energy, idle- 
 ness, devotion, indifference, &c, whence fi't- 
 ful a., fi'tfulLV 2 adv., fi'tfulNESS n. ; by ff. 
 (& starts), spasmodically) ; caprice, mood, (when 
 the f. ivas on him). [OKfltt, perh. =prec] 
 
 fit 3 , a. Well adapted or suited (for some pur- 
 pose or to do or be ; survival of the fittest) ; 
 becoming, proper, right, (it is f. that ; see or 
 think f. to, decide to) ; qualified, competent, 
 worthy, to do (not f. to hold a candle to) ; in 
 suitable condition, ready, to do or for ; angry, 
 troubled, or exhausted enough to (do some- 
 thing violent, sink to the ground, &c.) ; in good 
 athletic condition or health ( /. as a fiddle). 
 Hence fi'tLY 2 adv. [from 1440 ; etym. dub.] 
 
 fit 4 , v.t. & i., & n. Be in harmony with, be- 
 come, befit ; be of right measure, shape, & size 
 for (esp. of dress ; often abs., as the cap 1 fits) ; 
 fill up, exactly correspond to, (receptacle, fel- 
 low, &c, or abs. ; often in, into, in with), make 
 to do this ; make suitable, adapt, for, to with n. 
 or inf. ; make competent/or or to ; /. on, try on 
 (garment); supply, furnish, (ship &c, rarely 
 person) with ; f. out, up, equip ; hence (-)fittER 1 
 n. (N.) adaptation, adjustment, style in which 
 garment fits (« tight, bad, excellent, /.) ; f.-out. 
 equipment, [from 16th c, prob. f. prec] 
 
 fitch, n. (Brush made of) polecat's hair. [f. 
 MDu. fisse polecat] 
 
 frtehew, n. Foumart, polecat. It OF fissel 
 dim. of MDu. fisse (prec.)] 
 
 fi'tment, n. Piece of furniture, [fit 4 , -ment] 
 
 fi'tness, n. Being'fit ; moral worthiness ; pro- 
 priety (the f. of things, what is right or appro- 
 priate), [-ness] 
 
 fi'tting 11 , n. In vbl senses ; esp. : (usu. pi.) fix- 
 ture^), apparatus, furniture ; (Engin.) f.-shojJ, 
 place where parts are put together, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 fi'tting' 2 , a. In vbl senses; esp., becoming, 
 proper, right, whence fi'tting-LY 2 adv. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 five, a. & n. One more than four, 5, V, (twenty- 
 f.,f.-&-twenty ; /. o'clock ; How old are you ? — 
 F.); the number f. (twice f. is ten); set of f. 
 things ; card, die, or domino with f. pips ; (also 
 fi'VER 1 n.) hit at cricket for f. runs, £5 note : 
 bunch of ff., hand ; (pi.) gloves, shoes, &c, of 
 fifth size; (pi.) the f.-per-cents; f. -finger exer- 
 cise, on piano forpractising all fingers ; f. -finger, 
 kinds of plant, also star-fish; f.-line(d) whip, 
 urgent summons to attend in House of Parlia- 
 ment (now disused) ; f. -o'clock tea, light after- 
 noon meal ; fivepenny (also pr. fip-), costing, 
 rated at, 5d., (Guernsey &c.) half-franc ; f.-per- 
 cents, stock or shares paying 5 °/ . Hence fi*ve- 
 fold a. & adv. [Aryan ; OE fif cf. G fiinf Gk 
 pente, L quinque] 
 
 fives, n. Ball-game played with hands or bat 
 in court with two, three, or four walls, [pi. of 
 five used as sing. ; significance unknown] 
 
 fix 1 , v.t. & i. Make firm or stable, fasten, 
 
FIX 
 
 309 
 
 FLAKE 
 
 secure, implant (principles, memory, &c), (in, 
 on, to, Sec.) ; direct steadily, set, (eyes, gaze, af- 
 fection, attention) on or upon; (of object) at- 
 tract & hold (attention, eyes, &c.) ; make (eyes, 
 features), or become, rigid ; deprive of, lose, 
 volatility or fluidity, congeal (t. & i.); make 
 (colour, photographic image) fast, whence fi'x- 
 er 1 (2) n. ; single out (person) with one's eyes 
 &c. ; place definitely or permanently, station, 
 establish ; take up one's position; settle one's 
 "choice, decide, (up)on\ assign precise position 
 of ; refer (thing, person) to definite place or 
 time; determine incidence of (liability &c); 
 settle, determine, specify, (price, date, place) ; 
 arrest changes or development in (language, 
 literature) ; (U.S. ; often up) arrange, organize, 
 prepare, [ult. f. Lfixusi>.\\ of figere fix ; perh. 
 thr. obs. fix a., or F fixer or med. L fixarc] 
 
 fix 2 , n. Dilemma, position hard to escape 
 from. [f. prec] 
 
 fixa'tion, n. Fixing, being fixed : process of 
 rendering solid, coagulation ; process of com- 
 bining a gas with a solid, [f. med.L fixatio 
 (fixare see fix 1 , -ation)] 
 
 fi'xative, a. & n. Tending to fix; (n.) sub- 
 stance used to fix colours or drawings, [-ative] 
 
 fi'xature (-tsher), n. Gummy preparation for 
 fixing the hair, [as prec, -ure] 
 
 fixed, a. In vbl senses; esp.: /. idea, one 
 tending to become a monomania ; /. acid or 
 oil, one not evaporable without decomposition ; 
 /. point, where policeman is permanently sta- 
 tioned ; /. star, one seeming to keep same rela- 
 tive position to others (opp. planet) ; /. capi- 
 tal 2 ; /. property, land & houses, [-ed ] ] 
 
 fi'xedly, adv. In fixed manner ; esp. (of look- 
 ing) intently. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 fi'xedness, n. Fixed state, immobility, per- 
 manence, steadfastness, [-ness] 
 
 rVxings, n. pi. (U.S.). Apparatus, equipment; 
 trimming of dress or dish, adjuncts, [-ing l ] 
 
 fi'xity, n. Fixed state ; (Physics) property of 
 enduring heat without being volatilized or los- 
 ing weight ; stability, permanence, [f. ~Lfixus 
 see fix 1 + -ity] 
 
 fi'x'ture (-tsher), n. Thing fixed or fastened 
 in position; (Law; pi.) articles of a personal 
 nature affixed to the freehold ; person or thing 
 confined to or established in one place (chiefly 
 in pred., as seems to be a/.); (Athlet. &c.) (date 
 appointed for) meet, race, &c. [changed f. obs. 
 fixure f. LL fixura (figere fix-, -ure)] 
 
 fizz, v.i., & n. (Make) hissing or spluttering 
 sound, whence fi'zzv 2 a. ; champagne, [imit.] 
 
 fi'zzle, v.i., & n. Hiss or splutter feebly (n., 
 this sound) ; /. out, come to lame conclusion, 
 [f. obs. fise break wind + -le(3)] 
 
 fla'bbepg'ast, v.t. Dumbfound, so astonish 
 as to incapacitate, [from 1772 ; etyin. dub.] 
 
 fla'bby, a. Hanging down, flaccid, limp, 
 (usu, of flesh) ; nerveless, feeble, (of language 
 or character). Hence fla'bbiNESS n. [earlier 
 flappy (flap, -v 2 )] 
 
 flabe*llate,flabe*llifopm,aa. (bot. & zool.). 
 Fan-shaped, [f. L flabellum fan (flare blow) + 
 -ate 2 , -form] 
 
 fla'eeid (-ks-), a. Hanging loose or wrinkled, 
 limp, flabby, (usu. of flesh) ; relaxed, drooping ; 
 wanting vigour, feeble. Hence flacci'diTY n. 
 [f. Fflaccide f. L flaccidus (flaccus flabby)] 
 
 flag 1 , n. Kinds of plant with bladed leaf 
 growing on moist ground, esp. various species 
 of iris ; ff. or /. collect., kind of coarse grass ; 
 long slender blade of a plant. Hence fla*g*g*v 2 
 u. [cf. Du.fiag] 
 
 flag- 2 , n., & v.t. (Also flagstone) flat slab of 
 rock for paving, (pi.) pavement made of these, 
 also fla'g-griNG M6) n. ; (vb) pave with ff. [earlier 
 
 sense sod, cf. Icel. flag spot whence sod has been 
 cut, & flake 2 ] 
 
 flag- 3, n . (Also f. -feather) quill -feather of 
 bird's wing. [perh. f. obs. flag drooping f. OF 
 flac f. L flaccus flabby] 
 
 flag* 4 , n., & v.t. Piece of bunting or other stuff, 
 usu. oblong or square, attached by one edge to 
 staff or halyard & used as standard, ensign, or 
 signal (black/., pirate's ensign.alsof. hoisted out- 
 side prison to announce execution of criminal ; 
 2?7«cA;i<y.,irregular Chinese soldiers.orig. rebels, 
 in Tonquin ; white/., f. of truce, f. disclaiming 
 hostile intention ; yellow/., displayed by ship 
 with infectious disease on board, hospital ship, 
 or ship in quarantine ;/. o/ truce, white, indicat- 
 ing desire to parley; dip 1 /. ; lower or strike 
 one's /., take it down as salute or sign of sur- 
 render) ; (Naut.) f. carried by flagship as em- 
 blem of admiral's rank afloat (hoist, strike, 
 one's /., assume, relinquish, command) ; tail of 
 setter or Newfoundland dog ; /.-boat,. serving 
 as mark in aquatic matches ; /.-captain, cap- 
 tain of flagship ; /.-lieutenant, admiral's A. D.C.; 
 /.-list, roll ol /.-officers, i. e. admirals, vice-admi- 
 rals, or rear-admirals ; flagman, signaller at 
 races &c. ; flagship, having admiral on board ; 
 flagstaff, pole on which f. is hung; f. -station, 
 where trains stop only if signalled ; f. -wagging 
 (mil. slang), signalling; f. -leaver, agitator. (Vb) 
 place f. on or over ; mark out with ff. ; inform 
 (person), communicate (information, that), by 
 f.-signals. [perh. imit. of flapping sound ; in all 
 mod. Teut. langg., earliest in E (loth c.)] 
 
 flag" 5 , v.i. Hang down, flap loosely; droop, 
 fade, become limp ; lag, lose vigour, grow lan- 
 guid ; fall off in interest, [perh. as flag 3 ] 
 
 flag-e'llant (-j- ; also fla'j-), n. & a. (One) 
 who scourges himself ; given to flogging, [f. L 
 flagellare (flagellum), -ant] 
 
 flagellate 1 , v.t. Scoui'ge. Hence or cogn. 
 flag-ellATiox, fla-gellatoR 2 , nn., fla'g-ella- 
 tORV a. [as prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 flag-e'llum (-j-), n. (pi. -lla). (Bot.) runner, 
 creeping shoot ; (Zool., Biol.) lashlike append- 
 age. Hence fla'g-ellate 2 (-at; see -ate 2 ), 
 flag-e'lliFORM, aa. [L, = whipJ 
 
 flag-eole't 1 (-jo- ; also fla"-), n. Small wind-in- 
 strument with mouth-piece at end, six holes, & 
 sometimes keys. [F, dim. of OF flajol etym. dub.] 
 
 flag*eole*t 2 (-jo- ; also -la), n. Kind of kidney- 
 bean. [F, = flageolet dim. ol/ageol f. L/aseolus] 
 
 flagitious (-jishws), a. Deeply criminal, 
 atrocious, heinous, villanous. Hence flagl*- 
 tiousLV 2 adv., flagl'tiousNESS n. [f. hflagi- 
 tiosus {flagititim crime, -ose 1 )] 
 
 fla'gon, n. Large vessel usu. with handle, 
 spout, & lid, to hold liquor for table ; similar 
 vessel for Eucharist ; (Wine-trade) flattened 
 globular glass bottle holding nearly two bottles. 
 [ME flakon f. OF flacon (flask, -oox)] 
 
 fla'grant, a. Glaring, notorious, scandalous, 
 (of offence or offender). Hence or cogn. fla'g"- 
 pancy n., fla'g-pantLV 2 adv. [f. L flagrare 
 blaze (Aryan bhleg-), -ant] 
 
 flail, n. Hand threshing-implement, wooden 
 staff at end of Avhich a short heavy stick hangs 
 swinging. [OE fligel cf. Du vlegel, G flegel, 
 prob. f. L flagellum] 
 
 flaip, n. Selective instinct for what is excel- 
 lent, paying, &c. [F (flairer to smell f. pop. L 
 flagrare =fragrare see fragrant)] 
 
 flake *, n. B.ack for storing oatcake &c. ; 
 stage for drying fish &c. [perh. f. ON flake 
 hurdle cf. L plectere, Gk pleko, weave] 
 
 flake 2 , n., & v.i. & t. Light fleecy tuft, esp. 
 of snow ; portion of ignited matter thrown off; 
 thin broad piece peeled off; natural division of 
 fish's flesh ; layer ; carnation with striped petals; 
 
FLAM 
 
 310 
 
 FLAT 
 
 f. -white, pigment made from white-lead in ff. ; 
 hence fla'kv 2 a. (Vb) fall like, sprinkle as 
 with, snow ; take, come, away or off in ff. 
 [perh. ult. f. Aryan plag- cf. Gk plegnumi beat] 
 flam, n. Sham story, trick, deception. [?] 
 fla-mbeau (-bo), n. (pi. -s or-x,pr. -z). Torch, 
 esp. of several thick waxed wicks. [F, I. Jlambe 
 flame 1 ( = med.L Jlambellum)] 
 flamboyant, a. & n. Marked by wavy 
 flamelike lines (of French loth & 16th c. archit. ) ; 
 floridly decorated ; gorgeously coloured ; (n.) 
 kinds of flame-coloured flower. [F, part, of 
 flamboyer (Jlambe flame 1 )] 
 flame 1 , n. (Portion of) ignited gas (the ff., 
 fire, esp. as consuming) ; visible combustion 
 (inff.; burst into/, or if.) ; bright light, brilliant 
 colouring; passion, esp. of love (fanthef.,m&ke 
 it more intense) ; (joe.) sweetheart (an old/, of 
 mine) ; kinds of moth. Hence fla'meLESS 
 (poet.), fla-mv 2 , aa. [f. OF Jlambe f. L flamma 
 (flagrare blaze or flare blow)] 
 'flame 2 , v.i. Emit ff., blaze, (often away, 
 forth, out, up) ; (of passion) burst out ; (of per- 
 sons) break out, blaze up, into anger ; shine, 
 gleam, (/. up, blush violently) ; move like f. ; 
 send (signal) by flaming ; subject to action of f. 
 (sterilized by flaming), [f. OF flamber as prec] 
 fla'men, n. (Rom. ant.). A god's priest. [L] 
 fla'ming, a. In vbl senses ; esp. : very hot 
 (af. sun) ; bright-coloured ; exaggerated, over- 
 laudatory, (a f. description), [-ing 2 ] 
 flami'ng-o, n. Large long-legged long-necked 
 heavy- billed scarlet -feathered bird. [Port. 
 (-enqo) perh. f. Rom. Hama flame + -enc = -ing] 
 ffanerie, flaneur, (F), nn. Idling, idler, 
 flange (-j), n., & v.t. Projecting flat rim, 
 collar, or rib ; (vb) provide with f. [perh. f. OF 
 flanche flank] 
 flank, n., & v.t. Fleshy part of side between 
 ribs & hip ; side of building, mountain, &c. ; 
 right or left side of army or body of troops (in, 
 /., at the side ; turn /. of). (Vb) guard or 
 strengthen on the f., menace f. of, take in f., 
 enfilade, rake ; be posted or situated at f. of ; 
 march past f. of. [f. F flanc etym. dub.] 
 fla'nker, n. Fortification guarding or men- 
 acing flank ; (Mil., usu. pi.) flank skirmisher(s) ; 
 thing that flanks anything, [-er l \ 
 fla'nnel (-nl), n. & a. Open woollen stuff, 
 usu. without nap (pi., kinds of this, f. goods) ; 
 (pi.) underclothing of f., f. bandages, garments 
 esp. trousers of f. for games, whence fla'nnel- 
 lED 2 a. ; piece of f. used in washing person or 
 scrubbing floor, whence fla'nnel (-11-) v.t. ; 
 hence flannelE'TTE(2)n.,fla*nnellv 2 a. (Adj.) 
 made of f. [perh. f. W gwlanen {gwldn wool)] 
 flap, v.t. & L, & n. Strike with something 
 broad, drive (flies &c.) away or off; (of birds) 
 strike (something) with flat of wing ; swing or 
 sway about, flutter, oscillate ; move (t. & i. of 
 wings) up & down ; beat the Avings. (N.) light 
 blow with something broad ; motion of wing 
 &c. ; broad hanging piece hinged or attached 
 by one side only, e. g. trapdoor, pocket-cover, 
 hat-brim, table-leaf, valve, fish's gill-cover, 
 piece of skin left in amputations ; open mush- 
 room-top (cf. button), [irnit.] 
 flapdoo'dle, n. Nonsense, bunkum. [?] 
 fla'ppep, n. Flat fly-killing instrument; 
 bird-scaring clapper ; young wild-duck or par- 
 tridge, (slang) girl not yet out ; hinged or hang- 
 ing piece, flap; broad fin; crustacean's tail; 
 (slang) hand ; ( w. ref. to Laputans) person, thing, 
 that jogs one's memory or wits, [-er 1 ] 
 flare, v.t. & i., & n. (Cause to) bulge gradu- 
 ally upwards (of ship's sides) ; blaze with bright 
 unsteady flame, glow as with flame, (often 
 about, away, out ; part., gaudy, over-conspicu- 
 
 ous) ; /. up, burst into sudden blaze or anger. 
 (N.) dazzling irregular light, unshaded flame in 
 open air ; sudden outburst of flame ; ostenta- 
 tion ; upward bulge in ship's sides ; f.-up, sud- 
 den breaking into flame, short brilliant popu- 
 larity or display, burst of anger, uproarious 
 merrymaking. [?] 
 
 flash l 9 v.i. & t. Break suddenly into flame, 
 give out flame or sparks, (/. in the pan, fail 
 after showy start, like priming of old guns) ; 
 emit orreflect light, gleam ; send, reflect, (some- 
 thing) like a f. or in ff. (eyesf. fire,f. back defi- 
 ance) ; burst suddenly into view or perception 
 (flashed upon me that — -); move swiftly ; /. up 
 or out, show sudden passion ; cause to gleam 
 (flashed hts sword ; had a lantern flashed in 
 my face) ; send by telegraph (news was flashed 
 over England) ; (Glass-making) spread out (t. & 
 i.) into a sheet, cover (plain glass) with colour- 
 ed film ; (of water) rush along, rise & flow, fill 
 or flood (stream &c.) with water; f. -board, for 
 sending more water from mill-dam into mill- 
 race ; J. -pipe, extra pipe with line of holes for 
 lighting high gas-lamp ;flashing-point, temper- 
 ature at which vapour from oil &c. ignites, 
 [prob. imit. in sense flood &c. (the earliest)] 
 flash 2 , n. Sudden transitory blaze (/. in pan, 
 abortive effort ; see prec), time occupied by it, 
 instant, (in a f.) ; ostentation ; sudden short 
 access of feeling (a f. of hope) ; preparation for 
 colouring spirits ; rush of water let down -weir 
 to take boat over shallows, contrivance for 
 producing this ; f. -light, used for signals & in 
 lighthouses, also for photographing by night 
 &c. ; f. -point, (now more usu. for) flash : ing- 
 point. [f. prec.J 
 
 flash 3 , a. Gaudy, showy, counterfeit (f. 
 notes, money) ; cant, slang ; connected with 
 thieves, tramps, &c. [f. pre'e] 
 fla'shy, a. Brilliant but shallow or transi- 
 tory, cheaply attractive ; showy, gaudy ; given 
 to display. Hence fla'shiLY 2 adv., fla'shi- 
 ness n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 flask, n. (Usu. powder-f.) leather or metal 
 case for carrying sportsman's supply of gun- 
 powder ; Italian narrow-necked wickered wine 
 or oil bottle ; traveller's pocket bottle of metal 
 or (usu. leather-covered) glass for wine, spirit, 
 &c. [cf. It. fiasco, Gflasche ; perh. ult. f. L vas- 
 culum dim. of vas vessel] 
 fla'sket, n. Long shallow basket (archaic) ; 
 small flask, [f. OF flasquet(flasque flask, -et 1 )] 
 flat 1 , n. Storey ; suite of rooms on one floor 
 as residence. [OE flet floor cogn. w. foil.] 
 flat 2 , a. & adv., n., & v.t. Horizontal, level ; 
 spread out, lying at full length, (fell f. ; /. 
 against the wall', with the f. hand); even, 
 smooth, unbroken, without projection, (/. tint, 
 uniform) ; with broad level surface & little 
 depth ; unqualified, plain, downright, (/. denial, 
 refusal ; /. nonsense, blasphemy ; that's f, let 
 there be no doubt about it) ; dull, lifeless, mono- 
 tonous, (fall /., prove a failure, not win ap- 
 plause ; market is, prices are,f, inactive, slug- 
 gish) ; slow-witted ; dejected, without energy, 
 (/. beer, that has lost its effervescence) ; (Mus.) 
 below the true pitch (B, D, &c.,/., a semitone 
 lower than B, D, &c. ; sings f.) ;f.-boat, with f. 
 bottom for transport in shallow water ;/. can- 
 dlestick, with broad base & short stem for 
 carrying about ; f.-fish, family including sole, 
 turbot, plaice, &c. ;f.-foot(ed), (having) foot not 
 normally arched ;f.-iron, for ironing linen &c; 
 /. race, over level ground (opp. hurdle-race or 
 steeplechase) ; hence fla'tLY 2 adv., fla*tN«ESS 
 n., fla'ttENS v.t. & i., fla'ttiSHM2) a., fla't- 
 ways, fla'twiSE, advv. (N.) what is f. (on, 
 from, the /., of drawings &c. as opposed to 
 
FLATTER 
 
 311 
 
 FLESH 
 
 sculpture), f. part of anything (the f. of the 
 hand, with the f. of his sword) ; level ground, 
 plain, low land, swamp ; f. -bottomed boat ; 
 shallow basket ; (Theatr.)part of scene mounted 
 on frame & pushed in ; (slang) duffer, dupe ; 
 (Mus.) note lowered a semitone below natural 
 pitch, sign indicating this lowering, sharps & 
 ff., black notes on piano. (Vb) make f. (chiefly 
 in manufacturing processes ; elsewhere./7atten). 
 [f. ON flair etyrn. dub.] 
 
 fla'ttep, v.t. Court, fawn upon ; compliment 
 unduly, overpraise ; gi'atify vanity of, make 
 feel honoured ; inspire with (esp. unfounded) 
 hope ; please oneself with the belief (that) ; 
 gratify (eye, ear, &c.) ; (of portrait, painter, &c.) 
 exaggerate good looks of. Hence fla'ttePER x , 
 fla'ttER v(4, 5), nn. , fla'ttepin gLY 2 adv. [perh. 
 irreg. f. OF flater (to smooth)] 
 
 fla'tulent, a. Generating gas in the alimen- 
 tary canal ; caused by, attended with, troubled 
 with, accumulation of such gas ; inflated, puffed 
 up, windy, pretentious. Hence or cogn. fla'tu- 
 Ience, fla'tulExcv, nn., fla'tulentLY 2 adv. 
 
 [F (foil., -ULENT)] 
 
 fla'tus, n. Wind in stomach or bowels. [L, 
 vbl n. (flare blow)] 
 
 flaunt, v.i. & t,, & n. Wave (t. & i.) proudly; 
 display oneself or one's finery ; show off, parade, 
 (oneself, finery, &c.) ; hence flau*nting"LV - 
 adv., flau'ntY 2 a. (N.) flaunting motion. [?] 
 
 flau'tist (-aw-), n. Flute-player, [f. lt.fl.au- 
 tista (flaido flute)] 
 
 flave'scent, a. Turning yellow, yellowish. 
 [f. hflavescere (flavus yellow, -escent)] 
 
 fla'voup, n., & v.t. Aroma, mingled sensa- 
 tion of smell & taste, distinctive taste ; unde- 
 finable characteristic quality ; hence fla'vop- 
 ous, fla'voupLESS, fla'voupso.ME, aa. (Vb) 
 give f. to, season; hence fla'voupiNG 1 ^) n. 
 [prob. f. OF flaur, fraor, smell, perh. f. L fra- 
 grare be fragrant] 
 
 flaw *, n., & v.t. & i. Crack, breach, rent ; im- 
 perfection, blemish ; (Law) invalidating defect 
 m document, procedure, evidence, &c; hence 
 flaw'LESS a., flawlessLY 2 adv., flawless- 
 NESSn. (Vb) crack (t.&i.),damage,'mar. [perh. 
 f. OXflaga slab cf. flake 2 ] 
 
 flaw 2 , n. Squall of wind ; short storm, [cf. 
 Du. vlaag, Sw.flaga ; perh. cogn. w. flay] 
 
 flawn, n. (archaic). Kind of custard, [f. OF 
 ilaon (now flan) f. med.L fladonem nom. -o f. 
 'OB.G flado flat cake] 
 
 flax, n. Blue-flowered plant cultivated for 
 its textile fibre & its seeds called linseed ; (with 
 qualifying word prefixed or suffixed) kinds of 
 similar plant, as dwarf, toad, -f.,f.-lily, -dodder; 
 fibres of f., dressed or undressed; cloth of f., 
 linen ;f.-seed, linseed. [com.-WG ; OE fleax cf. 
 G flachs, perh. cogn. w. G flechten, L plectere, 
 Gk pleko, weave] 
 
 fla'xen, a. Of flax; (of hair) coloured like 
 dressed flax, pale yellowish-brown, [-en 5] 
 
 flay, v.t. Strip off skin or hide of ; (fig.) criti- 
 cize severely; pillage, plunder, (person) ; peel 
 off (skin, bark, peel); pare off (turf) ; f -flint, ex- 
 tortioner, miser. [com.-Teut.; OE v /?ea?icf.MDu. 
 vlaen, Gk plesso strike, flake 2 , flaw] 
 
 flea (-e), n. Small wingless jumping insect 
 feeding on human & other blood (send oneaway 
 tvith a f. in his ear, discomfited by a reproof 
 or repulse); sand-f., water-f., small jumping 
 crustaceans; = f.-beetle; small or contemptible 
 creature ; f.-bane, f.-wort, kinds of plant ; /.- 
 beetle, jumping beetle infesting hops ; f.-bite, 
 lit., & fig. slight inconvenience or expense, mere 
 trifle, also small reddish spot in animal's colour- 
 ation (f. -bitten, sprinkled with these on lighter 
 ground ; also lit.) ; f.-dock, butter-bur ; /. -louse, 
 
 jumping plant-louse. [com.-Teut.; OEfteahcf. 
 Gfloh, prob. cogn. w. flee] 
 
 fleam, n. Lancet for bleeding horses, [f. OF 
 flicme f. med.L fledomum f. LL flebotomxim f. 
 Gk phlebotomon see phlebotomy] 
 
 Heche (-ash), n. Slender spire, esp. at inter- 
 section of nave & transept. [F, orig. = arrow] 
 
 fleck, n.,& v.t. Spot in the skin, freckle; patch 
 of colour or light; small particle, speck ; hence 
 fle'ekLESS a. (Vb) mark with ff., dapple, varie- 
 gate, [f. or cogn. w. ON flekkr blow, spot, cf. 
 G fleck spot Scflicken to patch] 
 
 fle'ekep, v.t. Dapple, variegate ; scatter in 
 patches, [prec. + -er 5 ] 
 
 fled. See flee. 
 
 fledge, v.t. Provide with feathers or plumage, 
 wing for flight, deck with feathers or down. 
 Hence fle'dgeLESS a, [f. obs. adj. fledge fea- 
 thered cf. OE unfligge unfledged, & G fliigge, 
 cogn. w. FLY 2 ] 
 
 fle , dg , (e)ling', n. Youngbird ; inexperienced 
 person, [as prec. -f -ling l ] 
 
 flee, v.i. & t. (fled ; fly, flying, are nowusu. sub- 
 stituted for flee, fleeing ; is fled, see -edM'2), or 
 has fled). Run away, seek safety in flight ; van- 
 ish, cease, pass away ; run away from, leave 
 abruptly; eschew, shun. [com.-Teut.; OE fleon 
 cf. Gfliehen, Goth, thliuhan] 
 
 fleece, n., & v.t. Woolly covering of sheep or 
 similar animal (GoldenF., Austrian & Spanish 
 order of Knighthood) ; quantity of wool shorn 
 from a sheep at once ; rough, abundant, or 
 woolly head of hair ; thing like a f., white cloud, 
 falling snow, &c.; (Carding) thin sheet of cotton 
 or wool fibre; hence (-)fleeeED 2 , flee'ev 2 , aa. 
 (Vb) shear (sheep ; rare) ; strip of money, pro- 
 perty, &c. (also of), whence flee'eeABLE a.; 
 overspread as with f. (sky fleeced xcith clouds). 
 [com.-WG ; OE fleos cf. Du. vlies, Gfliess, perh. 
 cogn. w. L pluma feather] 
 
 fleer, v.i., & n. Laugh impudently or mock- 
 ingly, gibe, jeer, sneer; (n.) mocking look or 
 speech, [cf . Norw. & Sw. dial, flira to grin] 
 
 fleet *, n. Naval armament, number of war- 
 ships under one command-in-chief (the /., the 
 navy); number of ships or boats sailing in com- 
 pany. [OE fleot ship, shipping (fleotan fleet 5 )] 
 
 fleet 2 , n. Creek, inlet; The F., stream, now 
 covered sewer, running into Thames E. of F. 
 Street, also the prison that stood near it (F. mar- 
 riage, performed by a F. parson or disreputable 
 clergyman in & about the F. ready to marry 
 clandestinely). [OE fleot cf. Du. vliet, Gfliess, 
 cogn. w. FLEET 5 ] 
 
 fleet 3 , a. (poet, or literary). Swift, nimble. 
 Hence flee'tLY 2 adv., flee'tNESS n. [cf. ON 
 flidtr, cogn. w. fleet 5 ] 
 
 fleet 4 , a. & adv. Shallow (of water) ; at or to 
 no great depth (plough or soivf.). [cf. Du. vloot, 
 cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 fleet 5 , v.i. Glide away, vanish, be transitory ; 
 pass rapidly, slip a icay; move swiftly, fly. Hence 
 flee* ti ng 2 a. , flee'tingx y 2 adv. [earl ier senses, 
 float, swim, flow ; com.-Teut.; OEi fleotan cf. G 
 fliessen, cogn. w. Gk pled sail, L pluere rain] 
 
 Fle*ming',n. Inhabitant of Flanders. [f.MDu. 
 Vlaminq (Flam-, whence Flanders, + -ing 3 )] 
 
 Fle'mish l , a. & n. (Language) of Flanders; 
 .F. bond 1 . [f.MDu. Vlaemisch (prec, -ish 1 )] 
 
 fle'mish 2 , v.i. (Of hound) make quivering 
 movement of tail & body while searching for 
 trail, feather. [?] 
 
 flench, flinch, flense, v.t. Cut up (whale) ; 
 flay (seal), [f. Du. flense, cf. Novw.flinsa flay] 
 
 flesh \ n. Soft substance between the skin & 
 the bones, esp. the muscular part of animal 
 bodies (/. & blood, the body or its material, man- 
 kind, human nature with its emotions & in- 
 
FLESH 
 
 312 
 
 FLINT 
 
 flrmities ; as adj., actually living, not super- 
 natural or imaginary: one's own f. & b., near 
 relations; descendants: /. & fell, the whole 
 body; as adv., entirely : one /., united as one 
 personality, see Gen, ii. 24: proud f., over- 
 growth of granulations springing on wound : 
 make hisf. creep, frighten or horrify him esp. 
 with dread of the supernatural); pulpy sub- 
 stance of fruit or plant; plumpness, fat, (lose/., 
 grow thin ; inf., fat) ; tissue of animal bodies 
 (excluding fish & sometimes fowls) as food, 
 meat, (f. -feeding, f. -eater, &c. ; neither fish 1 , 
 f., nor &c) ; visible surface of human body (/.- 
 colour, -ed, yellowish pink); =/. & blood above 
 [all /., whatever has bodily life; in the /., in 
 bodily form, in life ; after thef, corporeally) ; 
 the sensual appetites {sins of thef, unchastity); 
 f.-brush, -glove, for stimulating circulation by 
 rubbing ; f.-fly, depositing eggs or larvae in 
 dead f. ; f.-pots (w. ref. to Exod. xvi. 3), high 
 living; /. side or/., side of a hide that adjoined 
 the f. ; /. tints, esp. painter's rendering of f.- 
 colour; f. tights, fleshings; f.-ivound, one not 
 reaching bone or vital organ. Hence fle'sh- 
 less a. [com.-WG & Scancl. ; OE flxsc cf. G 
 jleisch, Da. flesk pork] 
 
 " flesh 2 , v.t. Incite (hound &c.) by taste of 
 blood ; initiate in bloodshed ; inflame by fore- 
 taste of success ; use sword &c. for first time 
 on f. (or fig. pen, wit, &c). [f. prec] 
 
 fle'shings, n. pi. Close flesh-coloured gar- 
 ment usu. of silk worn on stage &c. to represent 
 natural skin, [flesh \ -ing l ] 
 
 fle'shly, a. Carnal, lascivious, sensual, (esp. 
 of appetites &c, rarely of persons); mortal, ma- 
 terial, not divine or spiritual ; worldly. Hence 
 fle'shliNESS n. [OE flxsclic (flesh \ -like)] 
 
 fle'shy, a. Plump, fat; of flesh, without bone ; 
 (of plant or fruit tissue) pulpy; like flesh. Hence 
 fle'shiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 fleur-de-lis (flerdele-, pL ./fours- pr. as sing.), 
 flowep-de-liree (archaic & U.S.), n. Iris 
 flower ; heraldic lily ; (sing, or pi.) royal arms 
 of France, French royal family, France. [F (first 
 form),= lily flower (lis lily); the archaic E forin 
 is corrupt, of F] 
 
 fleup*et(-oor-),n. Ornament like small flower, 
 [f. F fleur ette (fleur flower, -ette)] 
 
 neuron (F), n. Flower-shaped ornament in 
 architecture, on coins, &c. 
 
 fleup'y (-oori), flop'y, a. (herald. ). Decorated 
 with fleurs-de-lis. [f. F figure, OF flore (fleur 
 
 FLOWER, -Y 4 )] 
 
 flew. See fly 2 . 
 
 flews, n. pi. Hanginglips of bloodhound &c. [?] 
 
 flex, v.t. Bend (in scientific use of bending 
 limb &c. by flexor, or in Geol. of distorted 
 strata), [f. It ftectere flex-] 
 
 fle'xible, a. That will bend without breaking, 
 pliable, pliant ; easily led, manageable ; adapt- 
 able, versatile ; supple, complaisant. Hence or 
 cogn. flexiBi'LiTY n.. fle'xibLY 2 adv. [F, f. L 
 flexibilis (prec, -ible)] 
 
 fle'xlle, a. Supple, mobile ; tractable ; versa- 
 tile. Hence flexi'liTY n. [f. L FLEXilis (-il)] 
 
 fle'xion, n. Bending, curvature, bent state, 
 (esp. of limborjoint) ; bent part, curve; (Gram.) 
 = inflexion, whence fle'xionAL, fle'xionLESS, 
 aa. ; (Math.) = flexure, [f. L ./foxi'o (flex, -ion)] 
 
 fle'xop, n. (Also/, muscle, tendon) muscle 
 thatbendsapart(opp. extensor), [flex, -or 2 ] 
 
 fle'xuose, a. (bot.). Serpentine, undulating. 
 Hence flexuo'so- comb. form. [f. Ijflexuosus 
 (flexus -us a bend see flex, -ose 1 )] 
 
 fle'xuous, a. Full of bends, winding. Hence 
 or cogn. flexuo'SiTY n., fle'xuousLY 2 adv. 
 [as prec, -ous] 
 
 fle'xure(-ksher), n. Bending, curvature, bent 
 
 state; bend, curve, turn; (Math.) curving of 
 line or surface or, in theory of elasticity, of sur- 
 face or solid,/, of a curve, its bending to or from 
 a straight line ; (Geol.) bending of strata under 
 pressure, [f. hflexura (flex, -ure)] 
 fli'bbertigi'bbet (-j-), n. Gossiping, flighty, 
 frivolous, or restless person, [imit. of chatter] 
 flick, n., & v.t. Light sharp blow with whip- 
 lash &c shot out and withdrawn, or with finger- 
 nail ; sudden movement, jerk ; slight sharp 
 cracking sound. ( Vb) strike with a f. ; dash or 
 jerk (dust &c) away, off; give a f. with (whip, 
 towel, &c). [imit.] 
 
 fli'ekep, v.i., & n. Quiver, vibrate, wave to 
 and fro, blow lightly & unsteadily, (of flags, 
 leaves, serpents/ tongues, wind, &c) ; (of flame 
 &c, & fig. of hope &c) flash and die away by 
 turns ; hence fli'ckepingLY 2 adv. (N.) flick- 
 ering movement or light. IOE flicorian imit.] 
 fliep. See flyer. 
 
 flight 1 (-it), n., & v.t. Act or manner of flying 
 through air (take one's or a, wing one's, /., fly), 
 pursuit of game by hawk ; migration, migrat- 
 ing body, flock, of birds or insects ; swift 
 movement of projectiles &c. ; (of time) swift 
 passage; soaring, excursion, sally, (of wit, fancy, 
 ambition, &c) ; distance that bird, airship, or 
 missile, can fly; series (o/ stairs &c. mounting 
 without change of direction, or of hurdles or 
 rails for racing over); volley (of arrows &c); 
 in the first f. , taking a leading place ; oat-chaff; 
 f. feather, muscle, used in flying. (Vb) shoot 
 (wildfowl ; also abs.) in f. IOE flyht (OTeut, 
 fieugan fly 2 )] 
 flight 2 (-it), n. Running away, hasty retreat, 
 absconding, (take, take to, betake oneself to, /., 
 run away ; put tof., rout). [ME fluht (OTeut. 
 thleuhan flee)] 
 
 fligh'ty, a. Guided by whim or fancy, fickle ; 
 half-witted, crazy. Hence fligh'tiLY 2 adv., 
 flig-h'tiNESS n. [flight ] + -y 2 ] 
 flrm-flam, n. Trifle, nonsense, idle talk ; 
 piece of humbug, deception. [?] 
 fli'msy (-zi), a. & n. Easily destroyed, frail, 
 slightly put together; paltry, trivial; frivolous, 
 superficial ; hence fli'msiLY 2 adv., fli'msi- 
 ness n. (N.) banknote (slang); thin paper, re- 
 porter's copy, [from 18th c ; prob. imit.] 
 flinch, v. i. Give way, draw back, (from duty, 
 course, &c); wince, [f. OF fienchir etym. dub.] 
 fli'ndeps, n. pi. Fragments, splinters, (break, 
 fly, inf.). [cf. Norw. flindra, Du. flenter] 
 fling, v.i. & t. (flung), & n. Rush, go angrily 
 or violently (/. out of the room ; flung away in 
 a rage) ; (of horse &c) kick and plunge (often 
 out), (of person ; usu. out) break into invective ; 
 throw, hurl, (often about, aside, away, by, out, 
 up, at ; rejected thing, missile, flotsam, dice) ; 
 throw oneself into person's arms, a boat, &c, 
 on person's compassion &c, or into an enter- 
 prise (i. e. take it up with all one's might) ; 
 suddenly spread out (arms), kick up (heels) ; 
 cast (one's eyes) carelessly (up)'on ; send, emit, 
 (sound, smell, light) ; put person suddenly or 
 violently into prison ; launch (troops &c) on 
 enemy or against fortress or enemy ; (of wrest- 
 ler or ridden horse) throw to the ground ; /. 
 (fact &c) in one's teeth, reproach him with it ; 
 /. (door Sec.) open or to, open or shut violently. 
 (N.) throw, cast, (have af. at, make an attempt 
 at, jeer at); impetuous dance (esp. Highland f); 
 violent movement, plunge; spell of indulgence 
 in impulse (have one's/.), [cf. ON flengja] 
 flint, n. Hard stone of nearly pure silica found 
 in pebbly lumps steel-grey within & encrusted 
 with white ; anything hard and unyielding ; 
 piece of f. used with steel to produce fire (f..& 
 steel) esp. in f.-lock gun ; pebble of f. ; ivring 
 
FLIP 
 
 313 
 
 FLOOD 
 
 water from a /., work miracles ; skin af, be 
 miserly or avaricious; set one's face like af, 
 be determined ; f. -glass, pure lustrous kind 
 orig. made with f. ; f.-lock, (lock of) gun dis- 
 charged by spark from f. Hence fli'ntY 2 a., 
 fli'ntiNESS n. [OE, cf. Da. flint, perh. cogn. w. 
 Gk plinthos brick] 
 
 flip 1 , v.t. & i., & n. Put (pellet, coin) in mo- 
 tion with a fillip ; fillip (person's ear, cheek, &c), 
 strike lightly ; make a fillip with fingers ; move 
 (fan, whip, fishing-fly) about with sudden jerk (s) ; 
 strike smartly at with whip &c. ; (n.) smart light 
 blow, fillip, flick, [imit.] 
 
 flip 2 , n. Beer and spirit mixed, sweetened, 
 & heated with hot iron ; egg 1 -/, [perh. f. prec. 
 in sense ichip up] ■ 
 
 fli*p-flap, n. Kind of somersault ; kind of 
 firework, cracker, [imit.] 
 
 fli'ppant, a. Lacking in gravity, treating 
 serious things lightly, disrespectful. Hence 
 fli'ppANCY n., fli'ppantLY 2 adv. [from 1605, 
 orig. = nimble, voluble, perh. f. flips -ant] 
 
 fli'pper, n. Limb used to swim with, as in 
 turtle & penguin ; (slang) hand, [flip 1 + -ER 1 ] 
 
 fli'pperty-flo'pperty, a. Loose, dangling. 
 
 flirt, v.t. & i., & n. Fillip, send with a jerk ; 
 wave or move briskly (fan, bird's tail) ; play at 
 courtship (with), pretend to make love, whence 
 flirtATiONn., flirtatious a. (X.) sudden jerk, 
 quick motion quickly checked ; man who pays, 
 or usu. woman who invites or accepts, atten- 
 tions merely for amusement, whence flirt- 
 ish 1 , flirt y 2 , aa. [imit.] 
 
 flit,v.i.,&n. Migrate, be gone, depart; change 
 one's abode, move, (n., change of abode) ; pass 
 lightly, softly, rapidly, (often about, by, to & 
 fro) ; fly lightly, make short flights, (of birds & 
 esp. bats), [f. ONflytja cogn. w. fleet 5 ] 
 
 flitch, n., & v.t. Side of hog salted and cured 
 (/. ofDunmow, there given yearly to any couple 
 proving conjugal harmony for year and day) ; 
 Bquare of blubber ; steak of halibut ; slice (usu. 
 outside one) of timber from tree trunk ; (vb) cut 
 (log or halibut) into ff. [OE flicce cf. MLG vlike] 
 
 flrtter, v.i. Flit about, flutter ; f. -mouse, bat. 
 
 [FLIT + -ER 5 ] 
 
 flix, n. Kinds of fur ; beaver's down, [r/ 
 
 float 1 , n. Floating (rare; on the f., afloat); 
 mass of floating weeds, ice, &c. ; raft ; cork or 
 quill used on fishing-line as indicator ; cork sup- 
 porting edge of fishing-net; inflated part sup- 
 porting fish &c. ; hollow ball regulating cistern 
 tap; (Theatr. ; sing, or pi.) footlights; (also/.- 
 board) one of the boards of water-wheel or 
 paddle-wheel; kind of low-bodied cart; platform 
 on wheels with show used in processions ; tool 
 for smoothing plaster (f. -stone, for smoothing 
 curved bricks, cf. foil. ) ; single-cut file ; passing 
 of weft-threads over part of warp without being 
 interwoven, thread so passed \ f. -bridge, of rafts; 
 f. -grass, kinds of sedge, [mixture of OF flot float- 
 ing state, OF flota ship, fleet, float 2 , ScFflottc] 
 
 float 2 , v.i. &, t. Rest on surface of liquid ; (of 
 stranded ship) get afloat ; move with moving 
 liquid, drift; be suspended freely in liquid; 
 move or be suspended in air as if buoyed up ; 
 hover before eye or mind ; (Commerc. , of accept- 
 ance) be in circulation, awaiting maturity ; 
 (Commerc.) bring (company, scheme) into fa- 
 vour, launch, (of scheme &c. ) be launched; cover 
 with liquid, inundate; (of water &c.) support, 
 bear along, (buoyant object); set afloat; circu- 
 late (rumour); waft through air; f. -stone, kinds 
 of light stone that f. (& see prec). [OE flotian 
 cf. OS flota, cogn. w. fleet 5 ] 
 
 floatable, a. Capable of floating ; (of stream) 
 in which rafts &c. can float, [-able] 
 
 floatage (-Ij), n. Floating ; (right of appro- 
 
 priating) flotsam ; ships &c. afloat on river ; 
 floating masses ; buoyancy ; part of ship above 
 water-line. 1-age] 
 
 floatation, flot-, n. Floating (centre off., 
 of gravity in floating body); starting of com- 
 pany or enterprise, [flot- is attempt to disguise 
 hybrid formation; float 2 , -ation] 
 
 floater, n. In vbl senses; esp. (St. Exch.) 
 government stock certificate, railway bond, 
 &c, recognized as security, [-er 1 ] 
 
 floating*, a. In vbl senses; esp. (Commerc; 
 of cargo) at sea (/. trade, rates, &c., concerned 
 with cargoes at sea) ; /. capital 2 , debt, rib ; 
 fluctuating, variable, (thef. population); f. an- 
 chor = drag ^-anchor ; /. dock 4 ;/. bridge, kinds 
 of bridge & ferry, also part of bridge that can 
 be swung away on pontoon ; /. light, light-ship, 
 life-buoy with lantern, [-ing 2] 
 
 flocei-nauci-nihili-pili-fication(-oks-). 
 n. Estimating as worthless (the f. oj wealth). 
 [four L wds = at little or nothing + -fic ation] 
 
 flocco'se, a. (bot.). Tufted, [f. Lljfloccosus 
 (Lfloccus flock 1 , -ose 1 )] 
 
 flo'ccule, n. Small portion of matter like 
 flock of wool. [f. flocculus] 
 
 flo'cculent, -lose, -lous, aa. Like tufts of 
 wool ; in, showing, tufts. Hence flo'eeulENCE 
 
 n. [folL, -ULENT, -OSE 1 , -OUS] 
 
 flo*cculus, n. (pi. -li). =floccule; (Anat.) 
 small lobe in under surface of cerebellum. 
 [mod.L, dim. of foil.] 
 
 flo'ccus, n. (pi. -ci, pr. -oksi). Tuft of woolly 
 hairs or filaments. [L, = foil. ] 
 
 flock 1 , n. Lock, tuft, of wool, cotton, &c; 
 (pi.) material for quilting & stuffing made of 
 wool-refuse or torn-up cloth ; (pi. or collect, 
 sing.) powdered wool or cloth for making f.- 
 paper; (Chem.; pi.) light loose masses precipi- 
 tated ; f.-bed, stuffed with ff.; f. -paper, wall- 
 paper sized & then powdered with f. either all 
 over or in patterns. Hence flo'cky 2 a. [prob. 
 f. OF floe i. Jjfloccus] 
 
 flock 2 , n., & v.i. Large number of people 
 (chiefly in such phrr. as come inff.); number of 
 animals of one kind, esp. birds, feeding or tra- 
 velling together ; number of domestic animals, 
 usu. sheep, goats, or geese, kept together ( ff. <£• 
 herds, sheep & cattle) ; the Christian body ; a 
 congregation esp. in relation to its pastor; 
 family of children, number of pupils, &c. ; /.- 
 master, sheep-farmer ; (vb) congregate, go in 
 great numbers, troop, (often about, after, into, 
 to, in, out, together). [OE flocc cf. ON flokkr 
 perh. cogn. w. folk] 
 
 floe (-6), n. Sheet of floating ice. [perh. f. 
 Norse flo layer] 
 
 flog", v.t. Beat with birch, whip, cat, &c, 
 whence flo'g-giNG^l) n.; drive (learning, lazi- 
 ness, &c.) into or out of person ; urge (horse &c. ) 
 on with whip (/. dead horse, waste energy) ; 
 (slang) defeat, excel ; cast fishing-line repeat- 
 edly over (stream), [perh. imit., or school slang 
 f. liflagellare to whip] 
 
 flong, n. Prepared paper for stereotyping, 
 [f. Fflan flawn] 
 
 flood (-ud), n., & v.t. & i. (Also f -tide) inflow 
 of tide (opp. ebb); (poet.) river, stream, sea, 
 (/. & field, 6ea & land); irruption of water over 
 land, inundation, (the F., Noah's F., that in 
 Genesis), whence floodd'METER n. ; outpouring 
 of water, torrent, downpour, (ff. of rain, af. of 
 tears or words)', f.-gate, opened & closed to ad- 
 mit or exclude water, esp. lower gate of lock, 
 also sluice. ( Vb) inundate, cover with a f . (also 
 fig., was flooded with letters)', irrigate ; deluge 
 (burning house, mine) with water ; (of rain) fill 
 (river) to overflowing ; come in great quantities 
 (usu. in) ; have uterine hemorrhage, [com.- 
 
FLOOR 
 
 314 
 
 FLOWER 
 
 Tent; OE flod cf. G flut, Du. vloed, cogn. w. 
 
 FLOW 1 ] 
 
 floor (-or), n., & v.t. Lower surface of room, 
 (also flooring) boards &c. of which it is made ; 
 bottom of sea, cave, &c. ; part of House of Par- 
 liament where members sit and speak (take the 
 /., esp. U.S., speak in debate); set of rooms &c. 
 on same level in house (ground/., on ground 
 level, first /., above this), storey; level area ; 
 /.-lamp, mounted on metal &c. pillar standing 
 on f.; /.-cloth, substitute for carpet; hence 
 floop'LESS a. (Vb) furnish with f., pave ; serve 
 as f. of ; bring to the f. or ground, knock down ; 
 confound, nonplus ; (at school) tell (boy) to sit 
 down as not knowing lesson ; overcome, get the 
 better of, (/. the paper, answer every qtiestion 
 in it). [OE flor cf. Du. vloer, Gflur] 
 
 floop'ep (-or-), n. Knock-down blow ; discon- 
 certing news or argument ; paper or question 
 too hard to answer, [-er 1 ] 
 
 flop, v.i. & t., n., int., & adv. Sway (intr.) 
 about heavily ; walk &c. in ungainly way ; sit, 
 kneel, lie, down awkwardly ; throw down ne- 
 gligently or noisily ; make dull sound of soft 
 body falling or of flat thing slapping water; 
 henceflo'ppY 2 a. (X.) flopping motion, sound 
 made by it. (Int. & adv.) with a f . [= flap] 
 
 flop'a, n. (List of) plants of particular region 
 or epoch (cf. fauna). [L goddess of flowers 
 (flos_-oris flower), used in L titles of bot. bks] 
 
 flop'al, a. Of flora(s) (/. zone, tract of earth 
 with special vegetable characteristics); of flow- 
 er(s). [f. hfloralis of Flora (prec.)] 
 
 Florentine, a. &n. (Inhabitant) of Florence 
 in Tuscany (F. iris, white or pale blue one) ; 
 kind of twilled silk. ff. L Florentinus (Floren- 
 tia Florence, -ine j )] 
 
 flore'scenee, n. Flowering time or state. 
 [f. L florescere (florere bloom, -escent, -ence)] 
 
 flop'et, n. (Bot.) one of small flowers making 
 up a composite flower (/. of the disk, the ray, 
 of the flower's centre or circumference) ; small 
 flower, floweret, [f. OF floretc (flower, -ette)] 
 
 flop'iate, v.t. Decorate with flower-designs 
 &c. [as foil., -ATE 3 ] 
 
 flop'ieultupe, n. Cultivation of flowers. 
 Hence flopieirltuPAL a., flopieu*ltupiST(3) 
 n. [t. hflos -oris flower + culture] 
 
 fld'Pid, a. Profusely adorned as with flowers, 
 elaborately ornate, (of literary, artistic, or mu- 
 sicalstyle); ostentatious, showy; ruddy, flushed, 
 high-coloured. Hence nopi'diTY, flo'PidxEss, 
 nn.,flo*pidLY 2 adv. [thfloridus (flos flower)] 
 
 Flo'pida, n. State in U.S. (F. water, a per- 
 fume ; F. icood, kind used for inlaying). 
 
 flopi'fepous, a. (Of seeds or plants) produc- 
 ing many flowers, [f. hflorifer (flos flower, 
 -ferous)] 
 
 flopile'gium, n. (pi. -ia). Anthology, [transl. 
 into mod.L (hflos flower, legere gather) of Gk 
 anthologion anthology] 
 
 fldTin, n. Foreign coin of gold or silver cur- 
 rent at different times; (Hist.) English gold 
 coin (6 8) of Edw. Ill ; current English coin (2 -). 
 [F, f. It.jftormodim. otfiore f. Lflo?*emnom.flos 
 flower (stamped with lily)] 
 
 flop'ist (also flo - -), n. One who deals in, raises, 
 or studies flowers. [L flos -oris flower, -ist] 
 
 flop'uit (-obit), n. Period (failing exact birth 
 and death dates) at which a person was alive. 
 [L, = he flourished] 
 
 flopy. See fleury. 
 
 flo'sculap, -lous, aa. Having florets, com- 
 posite-flowered. [LL flOSCldus(FLOWRR, -CULE)] 
 
 floss, n. Rough silk enveloping silkworm's 
 cocoon ( f. silk, this used in cheap silk goods). 
 Hence flo'ssY 2 a. [perh. f. OF flosche down] 
 
 flotation. See floatation. 
 
 floti*lla,n. Small fleet; fleet of boats or small 
 ships. [Sp., dim. of flota fleet] 
 
 flo'tsam, n. Wreckage found floating (cf. 
 jetsam) ; oyster-spawn. [AF fioteson (OF Jioter 
 
 = FLOAT 2 , -SON] 
 
 flounce 1 (-ow-), v.i.,& n. Go with agitated or 
 violent motion, flop, plunge, throw the body 
 about, (away, out, about, down, up); (n.) fling, 
 jerk, of body or limb. [cf. Norw.flunsa hurry 
 (found later)] 
 
 flounce 2 (-ow-), n., & v.t. Strip gathered & 
 sewn by upper edge round woman's skirt, & 
 with lower edge hanging, as ornament; (vb) 
 trim with f. or ff. [earlier/rounce f. OF fronce, 
 froncir, wrinkle, perh. f. L,/rons -tis brow] 
 flou'ndepM-ow), n. A small flat-fish. [prob. 
 f. OF flondre cf. Novvr. flundra, Da. flynder] 
 flou'ndep 2 (-ow-), v.i., & n. Struggle & 
 plunge (as) in mud or wading ; make mistakes, 
 manage business badly or with difficulty; (n.) 
 piece of floundering, staggering attempts to 
 get on. [cf. Du. flodderen\ 
 floup (-owr), n., & v.t. Finer part of meal ob- 
 tained by bolting; wheat meal ; fine soft pow- 
 der ; /.-box, tin box for dredging- f. ; hence 
 floup'Y 2 a. (Vb) sprinkle with f. ; (U.S.) grind 
 into f. [form of flower; orig. sense finest part) 
 flouTish l (flu-), v.i. & t. Grow vigorously ; 
 thrive, prosper, be successful ; be in one's 
 prime ; spend one's life, be active, in, at, about, 
 &c. , a certain time (cf. floruit) ; use ff. in hand- 
 writing or literary work or speech ; show osten- 
 tatiously; wave (weapon) about ; throw (limbs) 
 about ; prelude fancifully in music &c. [f. OF 
 florir (-ish 2 ) f. L florere (flos flower)] 
 
 flou'pish 2 , n. Prosperity, vigour, (rare ; in 
 /ull /.) Ornament of flowing curves about let- 
 ter or word in hand-writing ; rhetorical embel- 
 lishment, florid expression ; ostentatious wav- 
 ing of weapon, hand, &c. ; (Mus.) fanfare of 
 horns &c. for person's arrival, florid passage, ex- 
 temporized addition or prelude ; hence flou'p- 
 ish y 2 a. [f. prec] 
 
 flout (-owt), v.t. & i., & n. Mock, insult, ex- 
 press contempt for by word or act ; scoff at ; 
 (n.) mocking speech or action, [from 16th c. ; 
 perh. var. of flute v.] 
 
 flow (-6), v.i., & n. Glide along as a stream ; 
 (of blood) circulate ; (of persons or things) come, 
 go, in numbers ; (of talk, literary style, &c.) 
 move easily; (of garment, hair, &c.) hang 
 easily, undulate ; (Math. ; of numbers) increase 
 or diminish continuously by infinitesimal quan- 
 tities ; gush out, spring ; (of blood) be spilt; re- 
 sult /rom ; run full, be in flood (ebb & /. ; flow' 
 ing tide, progressive tendency) ; (of wine) be 
 poured out without stint ; be plentifully sup- 
 plied xoith (archaic ; land flouring with milk & 
 honey). (X.) flowing movement in stream ; 
 amount that flows ; flowing liquid ; (of dress, 
 figure, &c.) undulation; outpouring, stream, 
 copious supply ; rise of tide (ebb &/.) ; overflow- 
 ing of Nile &c. ; /. o/ spirits, habitual cheerful- 
 ness. [OE flowan, cf. ON floa ; cogn. w. flood ; 
 unconnected with L fluere\ 
 flowep (-ow-; also flowr), n., & v.i. & t. 
 (Bot.) reproductive organ in plant containing 
 one or more pistils or stamens or both, & usu. a 
 corolla & calyx, (pop.) coloured (i. e. not green) 
 part of plant from which fruit or seed is later 
 developed, whence flowePAGE(l) n. ; (Old 
 Chem. ; pi.) powder left after sublimation (ff. 
 o/ sulphur &c.) ; scum formed by fermenta- 
 tion (ff. o/ tan) ; a blossom apart from the 
 plant; flowering plant; (pi.) ornamental 
 phrases (usu. ff. o/ speech often iron.) ; the pick 
 or choice o/; the best part, essence ; the choicest 
 embodiment o/; state of blooming (in/.), prime 
 
FLOWERER 
 
 315 
 
 FLUTE 
 
 (in thef. of his age) ; f. -de-luce, see fleur-de- 
 lis ; f.-girl, who sells ff. ; f. -piece, picture of ff.; 
 flowerpot, usu. of red earthenware holding soil 
 in which plant may be set ; flower-show, compe- 
 titive or other exhibition of ff.; hence (-)flow- 
 ePED 2 ,"flower'LESS, aa., flowep'ET 1 n. (Vb) 
 produce ff., bloom or blossom, whence flow- 
 ep*iNG 2 a. ; (Gardening) cause or allow (plant) 
 to f. ; embellish with worked ff. or floral de- 
 sign. [MB] & OF flour f. L florem nom. flos, 
 cogn. W. BLOW 3 ] 
 
 flower'er, n. Plant that flowers at specified 
 time &c. (late, abundant, /.). [-er ] ] 
 
 flowepy, a. Abounding in flowers ; full of 
 fine words, compliments, figures of speech, &c, 
 whence flowep*i.\Ess (-owr-) n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 flowing", a. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : (of 
 style) fluent, easy ; (of lines, curves, contour) 
 smoothly continuous, not abrupt; (Naut.) with 
 f. sheet or sail, sailing with lee clews eased off 
 when wind is nearly across course. Hence. 
 flowing-LY 2 adv. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 flown l (-on), a. (archaic). Swollen, puffed up, 
 (/. with insolence &wine). [obs. p.p. of flow] 
 
 flown 2 . See fl v 2 . 
 
 flu'etuate, v.i. Move up & down like waves 
 (rare) ; vary irregularly, rise & fall, be unstable ; 
 vacillate, waver. Sofluetu.vrioxn. [f.Lifluc- 
 tuare (fluctus -us wave f. fluere flow), -ate 3 ] 
 
 flue 1 , n. Kind of fishing-net. [from 11th c. ; 
 cf. MDu. vluxce] 
 
 flue 2 , n. Substance formed by loose particles 
 of cotton &c, fluff. Hence flue'Y 2 a. [cf. 
 Flem. vhiwe perh. f. F velu hairy] 
 
 flue 3 , n. Smoke-duct in chimney; channel 
 for conveying heat, esp. hot-air passage in wall, 
 tube for heating water in some kinds of boiler ; 
 fissure in organ mouth-pipes (also called /.- 
 pipes), [perh. cogn. w. flue 5 ] 
 
 flu(e) 4 , n. (colloq.). (Short for) influenza. 
 
 flue 5 , v.i. &t. Splay, make (opening) widen 
 inwards or outwards, [f. obs. adj. flue shallow 
 perh. cogn. w. flow] 
 
 flu'eney, n. Smooth easy flow, esp. in speech ; 
 ready utterance, [f. ~Lfluentia (foil., -ence)] 
 
 flu'ent, a. & n. Flowing (rare in lit. sense) ; 
 ready to flow, liquid, (rare) ; fluid, not settled, 
 liable to change, (rare) ; (of motion, curves, &c.) 
 graceful, easy ; (of speech or style) copious, com- 
 ing easily, ready ; expi*essing oneself quickly & 
 easily; (Math., in fluxions) that flows (n., the 
 variable quantity that flows). Hence flu'ent- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L fluere flow, see -ent] 
 
 fluff, n., & v.t. Light feathery stuff given off 
 by blankets &c. ; soft fur ; soft downy mass or 
 bunch ; soft short hair on lip or cheek ; (slang) 
 theatrical part imperfectly known ; hence 
 flu'ffY 2 a., flu'fflNESS n. ( Vb) put soft surface 
 on (flesh side of leather) ; make into f. ; shake 
 (oneself, one's feathers &c.) up or out into 
 fluffy mass ; (slang) blunder in theatrical part, 
 [perh. modification of flue 2 ] 
 
 flu'id, a. & n. (Substance) consisting of par- 
 ticles that move freely among themselves & 
 yield to the slightest pressure (including gases, 
 liquids, & the assumed pervasive imponderable 
 media of electricity &c.) ; moving readily, not 
 solid or rigid, not stable ; liquid constituent or 
 secretion. Hence flui'diFY v.t, flui'diTYn. 
 [f. F fluide f. ~Lfluidus (fluere flow, -id 1 )] 
 
 fluke 1 , n. Kinds of flat-fish, the flounder, 
 (now rare) ; kinds of parasitic worm found in 
 sheep's liver ; kind of kidney potato. [OE floe 
 cf. ON floke, cogn. w. G flach flat] 
 
 fluke 2 , n. Broad triangular plate on arm of 
 anchor ; barbed head of lance, harpoon, &c. ; 
 (pi.) whale's tail. [perh. f. prec] 
 
 fluke 3 ,*n., & v.i. &t. (Make) lucky accidental 
 
 stroke ; get, hit, &c, by f. Hence flu'kv 2 a., 
 flu'kiLY 2 adv., flu'kiNESS n. [etym. dub.; 
 first in billiards] 
 
 flume, n., & v.i. & t. (chiefly U.S.). Artificial 
 channel conveying water for industrial use ; 
 ravine with stream ; (vb) build ff., convey down 
 a f. [in early use = stream ; f. OF flum i. L flu- 
 men river (fluere flow)] 
 
 flu'mmepy, n. Food made by boiling oat- 
 meal down to a jelly (archaic or dial.); kinds 
 of sweet dish made with milk, flour, eggs, &c. ; 
 empty compliments, trifles, nonsense, [f. W 
 llymru etym. dub.] 
 
 flu'mmox, v.t. (slang). Confound, bewilder, 
 disconcert, [prob. imit.] 
 
 flump, v.i. & t., & n. Fall or move heavily, 
 set or throw down, with a dull noise (n., the 
 action or sound), [imit.] 
 
 flung". See fling v. 
 
 fiu'nkey, n. Liveried servant, footman, (usu. 
 contempt. ) ; toady, snob. Hence fl u'nkeyDOM, 
 flu'nkeyiSM, nn. [orig. Sc. ; perh. f. flank, 
 with sense sidesman] 
 
 fluo(p)-, fluopo-, comb, forms of fluorine, 
 asfluoboric, fluorhydric; fluoroscopy, instru- 
 ment with fluorescent screen used instead of 
 dark room to show Rdntgen-ray effects, [foil.] 
 
 flu'op, n. Kinds of gemlike readily fusible 
 mineral containing fluorine ; f.-spar, calcium 
 fluoride. [L, = flow (fluere flow, -or ] )] 
 
 fluope'seenee, n. Coloured luminosity pro- 
 duced in some transparent bodies by direct ac- 
 tion of light, esp. of violet & ultra-violet rays ; 
 property of rendering ultra-violet rays visible. 
 Hence fluore'see v. i. , Auope 'scent a. [prec. , 
 
 -ESCENT, -ENCE] 
 
 flu'opine, n. Non-metallic element grouped 
 with bromine, chlorine, & iodine. Hence flu*- 
 
 OPIDE n. [FLUOR, -INE 5 ] 
 
 flu'ppy, n., & v.t. Gust, squall ; commotion, 
 excitement, nervous hurry, agitation ; whale's 
 death-throes ; (vb) confuse by haste or noise, 
 agitate, [imit. ; cf. flaw, hurry] 
 
 flush \ v.i. & t, & n. Take wing & fly away ; 
 cause to do this, put up, (birds) ; (n.) number of 
 birds put up at once. [perh. imit. ; cf. fly, rush] 
 
 flush 2 , v.i. & t. Spurt, rush out; cleanse 
 (drain &c.) by flow of water ; flood (meadow) ; 
 (of plant) throw out fresh shoots (also causative, 
 rain flushes the plants) ; glow with warm col- 
 our ; (of blood) rush into & redden face ; (of face) 
 become red or hot, blush ; cause to glow or 
 blush, suffuse with warm colour ; inflame with 
 pride or passion, encourage, [perh. = prec. in- 
 fluenced by flash & blush] 
 
 flush 3 , n. Rush of water; sudden abun- 
 dance ; stream from mill-wheel ; rush of emo- 
 tion, elation produced by it or by victory &c. ; 
 fresh growth of grass &c. ; cleansing of drain 
 by flushing ; glow of light or colour ; rush of 
 blood to face, reddening caused by it ; hot fit in 
 fever ; freshness, vigour, [f. prec] 
 
 flush 4 , a., & v.t. Full to overflowing, in 
 flood ; (usu. pred.) having plentiful supply of or 
 of money &c, (of money) abundant; even, in 
 same plane, level with, without projections or 
 raised edges. (Vb) level ; fill in (joint) level 
 with surface, [prob. f. flush 2 ] 
 
 flush 5 , n. Set of cards all of one suit. [cf. F 
 & Sp. flux prob. f . L fluxi/s] 
 
 flu'step, v.t. & i., & n. Confuse with drink, 
 half-intoxicate ; flurry, make nervous ; be agi- 
 tated, bustle ; (n.) flurry, flutter, agitation, [cf. 
 Icel. flaustr n.,flatistra v.] 
 
 flu'stpa, n. (pi. -ae, -as). Sea-mat, polyzoic 
 species resembling sea- weed, [arbitrary mod.L 
 coinage by Linnaeus] 
 
 flute, n., & v.i. & t. Musical wind-instrument, 
 
FLUTTER 
 
 316 
 
 FOCUS 
 
 long wooden pipe with holes along it stopped 
 by fingers or keys, & bl*w-hole in side near 
 upper end, whence flu*tiST(3) n. ; f. -player ; 
 organ stop with f.-like tone; semicylindrical 
 vertical groove in pillar, similar groove else- 
 where, e.g. in frills, whence flu'tiNG 1 ^) n. 
 (Vb) play f. ; whistle, sing, or speak, in f.-like 
 tones ; play (air &c. ) on f . ; make fF. or grooves 
 in. [f. OF Jleiite, flaute, flahute, etym. dub.] 
 flu'ttep, v.i. & t., & n. Flap wings, flap 
 (wings), without flying or in short flights ; come 
 or go with quivering motion (usu. to the 
 ground) ; go about restlessly, flit, hover; quiver, 
 vibrate, (of pulse) beat feebly & irregularly ; 
 tremble with excitement, be agitated; move 
 (flag &c.) irregularly, agitate, ruffle ; throw 
 (person) into confusion or agitation. (N.) flut- 
 tering ; tremulous excitement (be, put, inaf.) ; 
 stir, sensation, (make a/.); (slang) gambling 
 venture, speculation. [OE flotorian frequent. 
 ci.jU.otan fleet 5 ] 
 
 flirty, a. Like flute in tone, soft & clear, [-v 2 ] 
 flu'vial, a. Of, found in, river(s). [F, f. L 
 fluvialis (fluvius river, -al)] 
 flu'viatlle, a. Of, found in, produced by, 
 river(s). [F, f. hfluviatilis (prec, -atile)] 
 flvrvio-, comb, form of L Jluvius river, as 
 fluvio-marine, fiuviometer. 
 flux, n., & v.i. & t. Morbid or excessive dis- 
 charge of blood, excrement, &c, (formerly) 
 dysentery ; flowing out, issue ; flowing ; inflow 
 of tide (usu. /. & reflux, often fig.) ; flood of 
 talk &c. ; continuous succession of changes (in 
 a state off.) ; (Math.) continued motion (line is 
 thef. of a point) ; (Physics) rate of flow of any 
 fluid across given area, amount crossing area 
 in given time ; substance mixed with metal &c. 
 to promote fusion. ( Vb) issue in a f., flow copi- 
 ously ; make fluid, fuse, treat with a fusing f. 
 [F, f. hfluxus (fluereflux- flow)] 
 fiu'xion, n. Flowing (rare) ; continuous 
 change (rare) ; (Math.) rate or proportion at 
 which a flowing or varying quantity increases 
 its magnitude (method of ff., the Newtonian 
 calculus). Hence flu'xionAL, flu'xionARV 1 , 
 aa. [F, f. lifluxionem (fluereflux- flow, -ion)] 
 fly*, n. Two- winged insect (/. in amber, 
 curious relic ; /. on wheel, person who over- 
 estimates his own influence ; break f. on wheel, 
 expend disproportionate energy ; hessian, 
 Spanish, tsetse, /.); kinds of plant-disease 
 caused by various fF. (a good deal off. exists) ; 
 natural or artificial f. used as fishing-bait ; /.- 
 bane, kinds of plant, esp. catch !-f. & Plough- 
 man's spikenard ; f.-blow, (n.) f.'s egg in meat 
 &c, (v.t.) deposit eggs in, taint, (f.-bloum, 
 tainted, lit. & fig.); f.-book, case for keeping 
 fishing-ff. in ; f. -catcher, trap for fF., kinds of 
 bird ; f.-fish (v.i.), fish with f.; f.-flap, for driv- 
 ing away ff. ; f.-net, net or fringe protecting 
 horse from ff.; f. -paper, for catching or poison- 
 ing fF. ; f.-trap, for catching ff., also kinds of 
 plant esp. Venus' 1 s f.-t., Dionaea ; f. -whisk, for 
 driving away fF. [OE flioge, flyge, cf. Du. vlieg, 
 Gflirge, cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 fly 2 , v.i. & t. (fiew,floum pr. -on ; is, has flown, 
 see -ed!(2) ; fly is preferred in talk & ordinary 
 
 Srose for flee, but not flew or flown for fled). 
 love through air with wings (/. high, be am- 
 bitious ; high-floion, exalted, turgid, bombastic ; 
 as the crow i flies ; the bird is flown, person 
 wanted has escaped ; often about, away, forth, 
 off, out) or in airship ; make (pigeon, hawk) f.; 
 (Hawk.) soar by way of attack at (fig.,/, at 
 higher game, have nobler ambitions) ; pass or 
 rise quickly through air ; jump clear over or 
 over fence &c. ; make (kite) rise & stay aloft (/. 
 a kite, raise money by accommodation bill, also 
 
 try how the wind blows, feel one's way by 
 ballon d'essai) ; (of flag, hair, garment, Sec.) 
 flutter, wave ; set or keep (flag) flying ; travel 
 swiftly, rush along, pass rapidly ; spring, start, 
 hasten, (/. to arms, take up arms eagerly ;/. in 
 the face 1 of;f. at, upon, attack violently ; /. 
 into a passion, raptures, &c. ; /. out, burst into 
 violent language or action) ; be driven or forced 
 off suddenly (made sparks /. ; send flying ; 
 make the money /., spend quickly ; door flew 
 open ; glass &c. flies, breaks in pieces) ; let f., 
 discharge (missile), (abs.) shoot, hit, or use 
 strong language, at ; run away, flee, flee from 
 (must f. the country) ; f.-away (of garments) 
 streaming, loose, neglige\ (of persons) flighty ; 
 f.-by-night, one who makes night excursions or 
 decamps by night; f.-the-garter, kind of leap- 
 frog. [com.-Teut. ; OE fieogan, cf. G fliegen ; 
 unconnected with ./fee] 
 
 fly 3 , n. Flying, distance flown, (on thef., on 
 the wing, in motion) ; one-horse hackney-car- 
 riage ; lap on garment to contain or cover but- 
 tonholes, flap at entrance of tent ; part of flag 
 furthest from stafF, also its breadth from staff 
 to end ; (Theat. ; pi.) space over proscenium; 
 speed-regulating device in clockwork & machi- 
 nery ; f.-leaf, blank leaf at beginning or end of 
 book, blank leaf of circular &c. ; flyman, driver 
 of f. = carriage, man stationed in fF. of theatre to 
 work ropes &c; f. -wheel, heavy-rimmed on re- 
 volving shaft to regulate machinery or accumu- 
 late power, [f. prec] 
 
 fly 4 , a. (slang). Knowing, wide-awake. [?] 
 
 flyer, fli'ep, n. Bird &c. that flies (usu. 
 high, poor, &c.,/.); animal, vehicle, &c, going 
 with exceptional speed ; flying jump, [-er 1 ] 
 
 flying, a. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : mak- 
 ing movements like flight (f.-dog, kind of vam- 
 pire-bat ;/. Dutchman ;/. fish, kinds rising in- 
 to air by wing-like pectoral fins ; /. fox, kinds 
 of fruit-eating bat ; /. man, airship navigator ; 
 f. squirrel, kinds floating in air by skin connect- 
 ing fore & hind legs) ; hanging loose, fluttering, 
 (/. jib, light sail set before jib on f. jib-boom ; 
 with f. colour l s) ; done or taken in passing 
 (/. jump, with running start ;/. handicap, mile., 
 start, in which starting-post is passed at full 
 speed) ; passing, hasty, (f. visit) ; temporary 
 (/. bridge) ; designed for rapid movement (f. 
 squadron, column) ; /. buttress, slanting from 
 pier &c. to wall & usu. carried on arch, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 foal, n., & v.t. & i. Young of horse, ass, &c, 
 colt or filly, (in, with,f., pregnant) ; give birth 
 to (f.), give birth to f. [com.-Teut. ; OE fola, 
 cf. Gfohlen, cogn. w. Gk. polos, Lpullus] 
 
 foam, n., & v.i. Collection of small bubbles 
 formed in liquid by agitation, fermentation, 
 &c. ; froth of saliva or perspiration ; (poet.) the 
 sea. (Vb) emit f., froth at the mouth ; (of water 
 &c) froth, gather f., run foaming along, down, 
 over, &c, pass off or away in f. ; (of cup &c.) be 
 filled with foaming liquor. Hence foa'mLESS, 
 foa'mY 2 , aa. [vb f. n., OE/om cf. Gfeim] 
 
 fob 1 , n., & v.t. Small pocket for watch &c. 
 formerly made in waistband of breeches ; (vb) 
 put in one's f., pocket. [?] 
 
 fob 2 , v.t. Cheat, take in ; palm (something 
 inferior) off upon (person) ; put (person) off 
 with (something inferior), [from 16th c. ; cf. G 
 foppen befool] 
 
 fo'cal, a. Of, situated or collected at, a focus ; 
 (Opt.)/, distance or length, distance between 
 centre of mirror or lens & its focus, [focus, -al] 
 
 fo'calize, v.t. = focus v.t. Hence focaliz- 
 a - tion n. [prec, -ize] 
 
 fo'cus, n. (pi. -ci pr. -si, -uses), & v.t. & i. (-s-, 
 -ss-). (Plane geom.) one of points froni which 
 distances to any point of given curve are con- 
 
FODDER 
 
 317 
 
 FOLK 
 
 nected by linear relation ; (Opt., Heat, &c.) 
 point at which rays meet after reflection or re- 
 fraction, point from which rays appear to pro- 
 ceed, point at which object must be situated for 
 image given by lens to be well defined (in, out 
 of, bring into,/.), focal length of lens, adjust- 
 ment or. eye or eyeglass necessary to produce 
 clear image; point to which sound-waves con- 
 verge ; principal seat (of disease, activity, &c). 
 (Vb) converge, make converge, to af.; adjust 
 f. of (lens, eye); bring into f. [L,= hearth] 
 
 fo'dder, n., & v.t. Dried food, hay, straw, 
 &c, for stall-feeding cattle ; hence fo'dder- 
 less a. (Vb) give f. to. [OE fodor, cf. Du. voe- 
 der, Gfutter,f. Aryan pat- feed] 
 
 foe (fo), n. (poet. Sec). Enemy, adversary, op- 
 ponent, ill-wisher ; foeman (archaic), enemy in 
 war. [OE f ah adj. & gefd noun f . OTeut. faiho-, 
 gafaiho-, cogn. w. Gk pikros bitter] 
 
 foetus (fe-), fe'tus, n. Fully developed em- 
 bryo in womb or egg. Hence f(o)e*tAL a., 
 f(o)e*ticiDE(2) n. [L fetus -us offspring] 
 
 tog 1 , n., & v.t. Aftermath; long grass left 
 standing in water. (Vb) leave (land) under f.; 
 feed (cattle) on f. [from 14th c.; etym. dub.l 
 
 fogf 2 , n., & v.t. & i. Vapour suspended in at- 
 mosphere at or near earth's surface, obscurity 
 caused by this (in a /., puzzled, at a loss) ; ab- 
 normal darkened state of atmosphere*; (Photog.) 
 cloud on developed plate ; f.-bow, like rainbow 
 produced by light on f.; f.-horn, sounding in- 
 strument for warning ships in f .; f .-signal, de- 
 tonator placed on railway line in f. to guide 
 driver. ( Vb) envelop (as) with f . ; bewilder, per- 
 plex ; (Gardening) die off from damp ; (Photog.) 
 make (negative) obscure or cloudy ; (Railway) 
 
 f)lace f.-signals on line, whence fo•fi^g^ER , n. 
 prob. back-formation f. foggy ; from 16th c] 
 
 fo'ggy, a. Thick, murky ; of, like, infested 
 with, fog 2 ; obscure, dull, confused, (has only 
 a f. idea of it) ; beclouded, indistinct. Hence 
 fo'ggihY 2 adv., fo'g'giNESS n. [earlier senses, 
 covered with coarse grass, boggy, flabby ; prob. 
 f . fog *, fog 2 being formed f . foggy] 
 
 fo'grle, n. (thieves'slang). Silk handkerchief. [?] 
 
 fo'g-y, -gey(-g-), n. (Usu. oldf.) old-fashioned 
 fellow, old man behind the times. Hence fo*- 
 g(e)yDOM, fo'gryiSM, nn., fo'gyiSH 1 a. [perh. 
 var. of foggy in obs. sense moss-groum] 
 
 Fohn (G), n. Hot southerly wind in the Alps. 
 [G, perh. f. L Favonius] 
 
 foi'ble, n. Weak point, weakness of character, 
 quality on which one mistakenly prides oneself; 
 (Fenc. )part of sword-blade from middle to point. 
 [F, obs. form otfaible feeble] 
 
 foil 1 , n., & v.t. (Arch.) arc or space between 
 cusps of window (vb, ornament with fF., as foil- 
 ed arch) ; metal hammered or rolled into thin 
 sheet (usu. gold, tin, &c, -/.) ; sheet of this, or 
 now amalgam of tin & quicksilver, placed be- 
 hind mirror-glass, backing ; leaf of it placed 
 under precious stone &c. to brighten or colour 
 it or enhance its brightness by contrast (vb, 
 supply with this); anything that sets something 
 off by contrast ( vb, set offthus). [OF, f. Lfolium 
 leaf cogn. w. Gk phullon] 
 
 foil 2 , v.t. & i., & n. (Hunt.) run overor cross 
 (scent, ground) so as to baffle hounds (also abs. 
 of deer &c, spoil the scent thus) ; beat off, re- 
 pulse, frustrate, parry, baffle. (N.) Track of 
 hunted animal (run, run upon, thef, over same 
 track a second time) ; (archaic) repulse, defeat, 
 check, [f. OFfoulerixdl cloth, trample, (Lfullo 
 fuller)] 
 
 foil 3 , n. Blunt-edged sword with button on 
 point used in fencing, [etym. dub.; perh. f. 
 prec. in sense parry ; orf. ohs.foin thrust (&= 
 foil in 17th c.) f. OF/or"?ie f. L/uscma fish-spear] 
 
 foi'son (-zn), n. (archaic). Plenty. [OF, f. L 
 fusionem (fundcrefus- pour, -ion, -son)] 
 
 foist, v.t. Introduce surreptitiously or unwar- 
 rantably into or in (adv.) ; palm (off) on or upon, 
 father (composition) upon. [orig. of palming 
 false die ; prob. f. Du. dial, vuisten take in the 
 hand (vuist fist)] 
 
 fold 1, n., & v.t. (Usu. sheep-f.) enclosure for 
 sheep ; (fig.) church, body of believers. (Vb) 
 shut up (sheep &c.) in f.; place sheep in f. or ff. 
 on (land) to manure it. [OE fald, cf. Du. vaalt; 
 unconnected w. foil.] 
 
 fold 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Double (flexible thing) 
 over upon itself (also in, over, together ; /. up, 
 make more compact by folding) ; bend portion 
 of (thing) back, down ; become, be capable of 
 being, folded (folding door or doors, of two 
 valves hung on opposite jambs) ; wind, clasp, 
 (arms &c.) about, round ; lay together & inter- 
 lace (arms), clasp (one's hands) ; swathe, enve- 
 lop, (/. it in paper ; hills folded in mist) ; em- 
 brace in arms or to breast. (N.) doubling of 
 folded object ; hollow between two thicknesses 
 (carried it in af. of her dress), hollow or nook 
 in mountain &c; coil of serpent, string, &c; 
 folding (another f. gives S2mo): line made by 
 folding. [com.-Teut.; n. f. vb, OE fealdan, cf. 
 G fatten, also Gk (di)plasios double, & Gkpleko, 
 L plicare, plait] 
 
 -fold, suf. (OE feald ; cf. Du. -voud, G -fait) 
 cogn. w. fold 2 , Gk -paltos, -plasios, & -plo- in 
 haplos single, & prob. L -plex (simplex &c.) ; 
 added to cardinals to form adjj. w. sense mul- 
 tiplied by (orig. sense folded in — , plaited in 
 — strands). Now largely superseded by wds 
 f. L in -We, -pie, (treble, quadruple), but retain- 
 ed in the advl use (repaid tenfold), & in adjj. 
 when there is a plurality of things more or less 
 different (a twofold charm). 
 
 fd'ldep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : paper-folding 
 instrument ; (pi.) folding eyeglasses, [er J ] 
 
 folia'ceous(-shus), a. Leaf -like ; with organs 
 like leaves ; of leaves ; laminated, [f. L folia- 
 ceus (folium leaf, -aceous)] 
 
 fd'liage (-ej), n. Leaves, leafage, (lit., or as 
 represented in art ;/. leaf, excluding petals &c. ; 
 /. plant, cultivated for f., not for flowers). 
 Hence (-)foliagTED 2 a. [f. F feuillage (feuillt 
 leaf f. L folia leaves, -age) corrected on L] 
 
 fd'liar, a. Of leaves, [f. ~L folium leaf, -ar 1 ] 
 
 fo'liate l (-at), a. Leaflike ; having leaves ; 
 having specified number of leaflets (1, 6, &c, -/.). 
 [f. Lifoliatus (folium leaf, -ate 2 )] 
 
 fo'liate 2 , v.i. & t. Split (intr.) into laminae; 
 decorate (arch, door-head) with foils ; number 
 leaves (not pages) of (volume) consecutively. 
 So folLvxiON n. [f. L folium leaf, -ate 3 ] 
 
 fo'lio, n. (pi. -os). Leaf of paper, parchment, 
 &c, numbered only on front ; (Bookkeep.) two 
 opposite pages of ledger &c. used concurrently, 
 page of ledger &c.used for both sides of account; 
 page-number of printed book ; number of words 
 (72 or 90) taken as unit in reckoning length of 
 document ; sheet of paper folded once (inf., of 
 books on such paper), volume made of such 
 sheets, largest-sized volume, (also attrib., a f. 
 book, in six volumes f). [L, abl. of folium leaf 
 (abl. f. use in reff., = on leaf 50 &c.)] 
 
 fd'liole, n. Division of compound leaf, leaflet. 
 [F, f. hfoliolum dim. of folium leaf] 
 
 folk (fok), n. (Archaic) a people, nation, race ; 
 (pi., the sing, being archaic or dial.) people in 
 general, people of specified class, (now being 
 ousted by people) ; folk-, of the people (chiefly 
 in compounds imitated f. German, asf.-custom, 
 -song ; f. -etymology, perversion of word's form 
 to make it significant \f.-lore, traditional be- 
 liefs &c, study of these). [OE folc, cf. G voVc\ 
 
FOLLICLE 
 
 318 
 
 FOOT 
 
 fo'lliele, n. Small sac or vesicle ; cocoon. So 
 folli'culAR i, folli'culated [-ate 2 ], aa. [f. L 
 folliculus (follis bellows, -culk)] 
 
 fo'llo w, v. t. & i. , & n. Go or come after (mov- 
 ing thing or person ; /. the hounds, hunt ; /. my 
 leader, game in which each player must do as 
 leader does ; /. one's nose, leave one's route to 
 chance ;/. the plough, be ploughman) ; go along 
 (path); come after in order or time ; accompany, 
 serve ; go after as admirer ; result from, be the 
 necessary consequence of, be involved in, {trade 
 follows the flag) ; strive after, aim at ; treat or 
 take as guide or master, obey, espouse opinions 
 or cause of ; conform to (/. suit), act upon, take 
 as rule ; practise (profession &c. ; f. the sea, be 
 sailor) ; keep up with mentally, grasp the mean- 
 ing of, (argument, speaker) ; go or come after 
 person or thing (/. in his steps ; f. in the tuake 
 of) ; come next in order, as his arguments are 
 as follows (not follow); happen after something 
 else, ensue ; result, be deducible,(i£ follows that 
 he was not there) ; (Cricket, of side)/, on, go in 
 again out of turn after getting less than oppo- 
 nents by certain number (n., doing of this) ; /. 
 out, pursue to the end ; /. tip, pursue steadily, 
 add another blow &c. to (previous blow &c), 
 (Footb. &c.) keep near (player with) ball to 
 support ; (n., Billiards) stroke causing player's 
 ball to roll on after o*bject-ball, motion so given. 
 \0~Etfolgian, cf. G folgen perh. cogn. w. full 1 ] 
 
 fo'llower, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : adherent, 
 disciple; man courting maidservant, [-er 1 ] 
 
 following' 1 , n. In vbl senses ; also, body of 
 adherents, followers, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 f o'llowing* 2 , a. In vbl senses ; esp., now to 
 be mentioned (also as pron. sing, or pi., the f. 
 are noteworthy), [-ing 2 ] 
 
 fo'lly, n. Being foolish, want of good sense, 
 unwise conduct ; foolish act, idea, or practice, 
 ridiculous thing ; costly structure (considered) 
 useless (usu. with originator's name, — 's F.). 
 [f. OF folie (fol mad, see fool 1 ); last sense 
 perh. starts f. F use of folie = favourite abode] 
 
 fome'nt, v.t. Bathe with warm or medicated 
 lotions, apply warmth to ; foster, stimulate, or 
 instigate (sentiment, conduct, sedition, &c), 
 whence fome'ntER 1 n. [f. Ffomenter f. LL/o- 
 mentare f. Jjf omentum (fovere cherish, -ment)] 
 
 fomentation, n. In vbl senses ; esp., (appli- 
 cation of) warm flannels &c. for fomenting 
 purposes, [f. LL fomentatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 fond, a. Foolishly credulous or sanguine ; 
 over-affectionate, doting ; tender, loving ; /. of, 
 full of love for, much inclined to. Hence fo*nd- 
 ly 2 adv., fcrndNESS n. [p.p. of obs. fon be- 
 come insipid] 
 
 fo'ndant, n. Kind of sweetmeat. [F (fondre 
 melt f. hftindere pour, -ant)] 
 
 fo'ndle, v.t. & i. Caress; toy amorously (with, 
 together), [f. obs. fond vb (fond), -le(3)] 
 
 font, n. Receptacle for baptismal water ; re- 
 ceptacle for holy water ; oil-reservoir of lamp, 
 [f. L. fons -tis fountain in eccl.L sense] 
 
 fo'ntal, a. Primary, original, of the fountain- 
 head; baptismal, [f. med.L. fontalis (prec.,-AL)] 
 
 fontane'l(ie), n. Membranous space in in- 
 fant's head at adjacent anglesof parietal bones. 
 [F (4le), dim. of fontaine fountain] 
 
 food, n. Victuals, nourishment, provisions, 
 (be f. for worms, dead; bef. for fishes, drowned; 
 /. for powder, soldiers) ; edibles (/. & drink) ; 
 particular kind of f. ; nutriment of plants ; ma- 
 terial for the mind (mental, intellectual, f. ; f. 
 for thought or meditation) ; f. -stuff, thing used 
 asf. Hencefoo'dLESSa. [OE fodai. Tent, fad-, 
 fod-, f. Aryan pat- whence Gk pateomai feed] 
 
 fool \ n., & v.i. & t. Silly person, simpleton, 
 person whose conduct one disapproves of, (be 
 
 af. to, be nothing in comparison with ; play 
 thef, blunder, trifle ; f.'s bolt is soon shot, his 
 stock of argument is soon exhausted ; man is 
 f. or physician at thirty, sensible man needs no 
 doctor) ; jester, clown, in medieval great house 
 (play thef, indulge in buffoonery) ; dupe (make 
 a f of; be af.for one's pains, take trouble to 
 no end; All Fools' day, 1st April; April /., 
 person taken in or sent on f.'s errand on that 
 day ; send, go, on f.'s errand, fruitless one;/.'s 
 mate 1 ; f.'s paradise, illusory happiness) ; f's- 
 cap, foolscap, cap with bells worn by medieval 
 jester, dunce's conical paper cap, watermark of 
 some 17th-c. paper, long folio writing or printing 
 paper 15-17 x 12-132 in. ; hence foo*lERY(4, 5), 
 foolo'CRAcr, nn„ foo'liSH 1 a., foo'lishLY 2 
 adv., foo'lishNESS n. (Vb) play the f., idle, 
 trifle, (also about &, U.S., around) ; cheat (per- 
 son) out of money &c. or into doing, get (money 
 &c.) by cajolery out of person ; throw (time, 
 money) away foolishly ; make a f. of, dupe, 
 play tricks on. [f. OF fol f . L follis bellows in 
 pop. LL sense windbag, empty-headed person] 
 
 fool 2 , n. Creamy liquid of fruit stewed, 
 crushed, & mixed with milk, cream, &c. (esp. 
 gooseberry f). [prob. f. prec] 
 
 foo'lhapdy, a. Foolishly venturesome, de- 
 lighting in needless risks. Hence foo'lhapdi- 
 ness n. [f. OF fol hardi (fool 1 , hardy)] 
 
 foot \ n. (pi. feet). Termination of leg begin- 
 ning at ankle (find x one's feet) ; step, pace, 
 tread, (sivift of f. ; has a light f.) ; infantry 
 (the hth f. or regiment off. ; f. -soldier ; a cap- 
 tain off. ; /. & horse) ; lower end of bed, grave, 
 couch, &c. (opp. head), part of stocking &c. 
 covering f. ; metrical unit with varying number 
 of syllables one of which is accented ; lineal 
 measure of 12in. (IQfeet long; a ten-f. pole ; sixf. 
 or feet three ; see also square a., cubic) ; lower 
 usu. projecting part, base ; (Zool.) kinds of loco- 
 motive or adhesive organ in invertebrates; 
 (Bot.) part by which petal is attached, root of 
 hair ; lowest part, bottom, of hill, ladder, wall, 
 list, page, class, &c. ; dregs, oil refuse, coarse 
 sugar, (pi. foots). Phrr. : have onef. in grave, 
 be near death ; (ivith one's) feet foremost, being 
 carried to burial ; find, know, length of one's f, 
 learn his weaknesses, be able to manage him ; 
 measure another's /. by one's own last, judge 
 others by oneself ; on one's feet, standing, in 
 health, with a livelihood ; carry one off his feet, 
 make him enthusiastic, greatly excite ; fall l 
 on one's feet ; keep one's feet, not fall ; put one's 
 /. down, take up firm position (fig.) ; put one's 
 /. in it, blunder; best 1 /.; f.'s pace, walk; 
 change 1 /, or feet ; at one's feet, as his disciple, 
 subject, or suppliant ; ^areBALL 1 at one's feet; 
 with foal at /., of mare that has foaled ; onf., 
 walking, not riding &c, also in motion (set 
 agitation, movement, &c. on f, start it), busy, 
 projected, proceeding ; tread under f, oppress ; 
 wet &c. under f, on the ground. F.-&-mouth 
 (disease), kind of fever esp. in horned cattle; 
 football, large round or elliptical inflated ball, 
 game played with it, footballer, player at this ; 
 f.-bath, washing of feet, small bath used for this; 
 footboard, footman's platform at carriage-back, 
 board for getting in or out of carriage by, sloped 
 board for driver's feet ; footboy, page, boy ser- 
 vant in livery; f. -bridge, -path, -road, -way, &c, 
 for f. -passengers only ; /. -drill, -pump, &c, 
 worked by or with help of f. ; footfall, sound 
 of footstep; footguards, Coldstream, Grena- 
 dier, & Scots Fusilier Guards ; f.-hill, lying at 
 base of mountain ; foothold, support for feet, 
 surface for standing on ; footlights, row of 
 lights in front of stage screened from audience; 
 footman, infantry-man, liveried servant for 
 
FOOT 
 
 319 
 
 FORBIDDING 
 
 carriage, door, & table ; /.-mark, footprint ; 
 /.-muff, for keeping feet warm ;f.-note, inserted 
 at f. of page ; f.-pace, walking pace, dais ; foot- 
 pad, unmounted highwayman ; f.-page, boy 
 servant; f.-pan, for washing feet ;/. -passenger, 
 one who walks, not rides or drives ; f. -plate, 
 driver's and fireman's platform in locomotive ; 
 f. -pound, quantity of energy that will raise 1 lb. 
 to height of 1 ft; footprint, impression left by f . ; 
 /.-race, running-match between persons;/. -rot, 
 disease of f. in sheep & cattle ; f.-nde, rigid 
 measure 1ft long; footsore, having sore feet, 
 esp. with walking; footstalk, (Bot.) stalk of 
 leaf or peduncle of flower, (Zool.) attachment 
 of barnacle &c. ; footstep, tread, footprint, {fol- 
 low in one's footsteps, do as he did) ; f. -stone, 
 foundation stone, stone at foot of grave ; foot- 
 stool, for resting feet on ; footicarmer, thing to 
 warm feet, esp. flat hot- water tin used in rail- 
 way carriages. Hence (-)footED 2 , foo't- 
 less, aa. [Aryan ; OE fot, cf. Gfuss, Skr. pad, 
 Gkjpous podos, hpes pedis] 
 foot 2 , v.i. & t. F. it, dance, (rare) pace, go ; 
 set f. on, traverse on f., (rare); put new f. to 
 (stocking) ; add up or up (account) ; pay (bill) ; 
 (of bill, items, &c.) mount up to. [f. prec] 
 fdb'tep, n. (slang). The game football. [-ER l ] 
 fdb'ting", n. Placing of feet, foothold ; sur- 
 face for standing on, secure position, (lit. & fig. ); 
 conditions, relations, position, status, in which 
 person is towards others, degree of intimacy 
 &c. ; entrance on new position, admittance to 
 trade, society, &c, (only in pay for or pay 
 one's /., i. e. a customary fee for it) ; projecting 
 course at foot of wall &c. ; (reckoning of) sum 
 total of column of figures &c. [foot 2 + -ing *] 
 foo'tle, v.i., & n. (slang). Trifle, play the fool ; 
 hencefdb-tliNG 2 a. (X.) twaddle, folly. [?] 
 foo'zle, v.t., & n. (slang, esp. golf). Do clum- 
 sily, bungle, make a mess of; (n. ) clumsy failure, 
 [cf. G dial, fuseln work badly or slowly] 
 fop, n. Dandy, exquisite, vain man. Hence 
 fo'pLiNG J (2), fo*ppERY(4, 5), nn., fo'ppiSH 1 a., 
 fo'ppishLY 2 adv., fo'ppishNESS n. [?] 
 fop (for, fo-r, ier, according to position or 
 emphasis required), prep. & conj. 1. Prep. : 
 Representing, in place of, in exchange against, 
 as price or penalty of, in requital of, (sits /., 
 member /., Liverpool ; once f. all, instead of 
 many repetitions, finally ; substituted f. ; agent 
 f. ; got it f. 2d. ; thrashed f. his pairis) ; in de- 
 fence or support or favour of, on side of, (take 
 my word f. it, be assured ; hurrah f. person or 
 thing ; amf. tariff-reform) ; with a view to, in 
 order to be, conducive(ly) to, (go f. a walk ; 
 went/, a soldier ; is, did it, f. her good ;f. sale, 
 to be sold) ; to get, win, or save (send, go, f. a 
 cab ; would not do it f. the icorld ; not paid f. ; 
 play f. penny points ; was tried f. his life ; 
 cannot do it f. the life of me ; run f. it) ; to 
 reach, arrive at, be received by, or belong to 
 [left, sailed, f. India ; made f. shelter ; go f. 
 slang, attack ; getting on f. two o'clock ; bought 
 gowns f. the maids ; icon a namef. himself) ; 
 (after vbs, adjj., nn., & interjections, of emotion, 
 faculty, or fitness ; after adjj. & advv. with too, 
 enough ; after expressions implying fitness &c.) 
 as regards, in the direction of, (don't care f. 
 games ; a longing f. praise ; Jit f. nothing ; 
 ready f. dinner ; ohf. wings ! ; now f. it! ; too 
 beautiful f. words; good enough f. me; timef. 
 school ; is not longf. this world, will soon die ; 
 nothing f. it but to submit, submission the only 
 course, open ; is the manf. the job ; it is f. you 
 to make the move ; the motive f. retreating) ; 
 with the result, at the cost, to the amount, of 
 (all out for UU ; 150 f. 6 toiekets ; drew on himf. 
 £100) ; to affect, as affecting, beneficially or the 
 
 reverse (they live f. each other; can shift f. 
 myself; things look badf you ; it is badf. him 
 to s?noke ; & hence /. with noun or pron. & 
 infin. as neutral noun-phrase = Latin ace. & 
 inf., it is wicked f. him to smoke, it is usual f. 
 hats to be warn = that hats should be worn) ; in 
 the character of, as, as being, (hold itf. certain ; 
 mistaken f. him; be hanged f. a pirate; takef. 
 granted ; If. one do not believe it; did itf. the 
 second time ; f. good) ; by reason, under "influ- 
 ence, because, on account, of (did it f. pure 
 wantonness ; avoid it f. fear of accidents ; I 
 tremble f. him; notorious f. parsimony ; do it 
 f. my sake ; fie f. shame ! ; alas f. him !) ; in 
 spite of (/. all that,/, all you say, f. all he seems 
 to dislike me, I still like him) ; on account of 
 the hindrance of (were it not, but, except, f. one 
 thing I might be happy) ; corresponding to, in 
 contrast w ith, (/. one enemy he has a hundred 
 friends ; bulk/, bidk, taking equal bulk of each; 
 word f. word, literally, verbatim); so far as 
 concerns, regarding, (/. the rest ; f. my part ; 
 f. all, aught, I know; hard up f. money; icants 
 f. nothing) ; considering, making the allowance 
 required by, the usual nature of (ahumaneman 
 f. an executioner ; very binghtf. a winter day); 
 during, over, to the extent of, (has been so f. 
 months ; walkf. two miles; made comfortable 
 f. life,f. the present; left him alone f. once) ; /. 
 all the world, exactly (looked f. a. t. w. like a 
 porpoise). 2. Conj. (introducing new sentence 
 or series of sentences containing proof of or 
 reason for believing what has been previously 
 stated) seeing that, since, in order to be con- 
 vinced of this observe or remember that . . . 
 [prob. shortened f . fore 2 ] 
 
 fop-,pref. formerly very common, but remain- 
 ing only in some dozen common words. Mean- 
 ings : (1) away, off, apart, (/or&j/, forget, forgive); 
 (2) prohibition (forbid,forfend); (3) abstention, 
 neglect, (forbear, forgo, forsake, forsicear) ; 
 (1) bad effect (fordo) ; (5) excess, intensity, (for- 
 lorn, f orpine, forworn). [OE/or-,/ser-, cf . G ver-, 
 cogn. w. Gk peri, pro, para, & L per, pro] 
 
 fo'page (-ij), n., & v.t. & i. Food for horses 
 & cattle, esp. for horses in army ; foraging (on 
 thef. Sec.) ; f. -cap, infantry undress cap. (Vb) 
 collect f. from, ravage ; search for f. or (fig.)/or 
 anything, rummage ; supply with f . ; get by for- 
 aging ; so fo'pagep [-ier] n. [f. OF fourrage(v) 
 (feurre f. Rom. *fodro f. Teut. see fodder)] 
 
 fopa'men, n. (pi. -mina). Orifice, hole, pass- 
 age, (esp. in Anat., Zool., Bot.). Hence fopa*- 
 minATE 2 , -ated, aa. [L (forare bore, -men)] 
 
 forasmu'eh as, conj. Seeing that, since. 
 [-for as much as] 
 
 f6*pay, n., & v.i. (Go on, make) incursion, 
 raid, inroad. [f^Rom. *fodj'o (forage)] 
 
 fop'beap x (bar ; also -bar"), n. (usu. pi.). An- 
 cestors). [fore 2 + obs. beer (be, -er 1 )] 
 
 forbear* 2 (-bar), v.t. & i. (-bore, -borne). Ab- 
 stain or refrain from or from ; not use or men- 
 tion ; be patient. Hence fopbeap'ANXE n.. 
 fopbeap'ing'LY 2 adv. [for-(3), bear 2 ] 
 
 fopbi'd, v.t. (-bad or -bade ; -bidden). Com- 
 mand (person &c.) not to do, (person etc.) not to 
 go to (place), not allow (person &c. something ; 
 person or thing to exist or happen), (/. him to go, 
 him the court, him wine ; f. gladiators, bull- 
 fights; teas forbidden wine); (of circumstances, 
 hindrance, &c.) exclude, prevent, make unde- 
 sirable, (Godf.!, may it not happen !) ; forbidden- 
 or prohibited degrees ; forbidden fruit, thing 
 desired because not allowed. [OE forbiodan 
 see for-(2), bid] 
 
 fopbi'dding 1 , a. Repellent, of uninviting ap- 
 
 Searance. Hence fopbi'ddingTA' 2 adv., fop- 
 li'ddingNESS n. [-ing 2 ] 
 
FORBY 
 
 320 
 
 FOREGATHER 
 
 fopby(e)*, prep. & adv. (Sc. & archaic). Be- 
 sides ; not to mention ; in addition. [for-(1) + 
 by; cf. G vorbei] 
 
 force ^n. Strength, power, impetus, violence, 
 intense effort; military strength ; body of armed 
 men, army, (pi.) troops; body of police (the /., 
 the police) ; strength exerted on an object, coer- 
 cion, (by f., by compulsion) ; mental or moral 
 strength ; influence, controlling power, efficacy, 
 power to convince, vividness of effect, (the/, of 
 circumstances brought it about ; there is /. in 
 tchat you say ; described with much/.) ; (loose 
 use) desirability, good sense, (cant see the /. of 
 doing what one dislikes ); binding power, vali- 
 dity, (law remains in, comes into,/. ; put in/., 
 enforce) ; real import, precise meaning ; (Phy- 
 sics) measurable and determinable influence 
 inclining body to motion, intensity of this, (for- 
 merly) kinetic energy (conservation o/ f. or 
 energy), (formerly) cause of any class of phy- 
 sical phenomena, e.g. of heat or motion, con- 
 ceived as inherent in matter, (fig.) agency 
 likened to these (considers himself a /. in the 
 world) ; by /. of. by means of ; (Mil.) in /., in 
 large numbers ; in great/., vigorous, fit, lively ; 
 /.-pump, that forces water beyond range of at- 
 mospheric pressure. Hence fbP'ceLESS a. [F, 
 f. pop. L */ortia (Lifortis strong)] 
 
 force 2 , v.t. Use violence to, ravish; con- 
 strain, compel, (/. one's hand, compel him to 
 act prematurely or adopt policy unwillingly), 
 put strained sense upon (words), (Whist) com- 
 pel (player) to trump or reveal his strength, com- 
 pel player to play (certain card); compel (person) 
 to do, into doing, or into specified action ; strain 
 to the utmost, urge, (/. the pace or running, 
 adopt high speed in race to tire adversary out 
 quickly ; so/, the bidding at auction ; /. one's 
 voice, strain to get notes beyond usual compass ; 
 forced march, requiring special effort ; /orced 
 draught 1 ; /. the game, run risks to score 
 quickly; /. an analogy, simile, &c, apply it too 
 closely, run it to death) ; overpower, capture, 
 make way through, break open, (stronghold, 
 defences, pass, lock, door) by f. ; drive, propel ; 
 impose, press, (thing) upon person (/. a card, 
 in conjuring, make one choose a particular card 
 unconsciously) ; effect, produce, by effort (/. a 
 smile, make oneself smile ; /. one's way, a pass- 
 age) ; take by f., extort, wring, (/. it out o/ his 
 hands; /orced loan; /. tears from his eyes, the 
 /acts out of him) ; artificially hasten the ma- 
 turity of (plant, scholar). Hence fop'eedLY 2 
 adv. [f. ¥ forcer (prec.)l 
 
 force 3 , n. (northern). Waterfall, [f. ON/ors] 
 
 fOP*ceful,a. (Archaic or literary or affected 
 for) forcible. Hence foP'cefulLY 2 adv., fop'ce- 
 
 fulNESS n. [-FUL] 
 
 force majeure (mahzher"), n. Irresistible 
 compulsion, coercion diplomatically recognized 
 as irresistible. [F] 
 
 fop'ee-meat, n. Meat chopped, spiced, & 
 seasoned for stuffing, [f. obs. force corruption 
 of farce 2 ] 
 
 fop'eeps, n. sing. & pi. Surgical pincers; 
 (Anat., Entom., Zool.) organ resembling f., 
 whence foP'cipATE 2 a. [L (genit. -ipis)] 
 
 fop'cible, a. Done by, involving, force ; tell- 
 ing, vivid, convincing, (of acts, words, style. 
 artist, &c.) ;/.-/eeble, disguising feebleness un- 
 der show of force. Hence fop'eibleNESS n., 
 fop'cibL y 2 adv. [OF (force 1 , -ible)] 
 
 fop'eite, n. An explosive, [force 1 , -ite 1 (2)] 
 
 f OPd, n. , & v. t. & i. Shallow place where river 
 &c.may be crossed by wading ; ( vb) cross (water), 
 cross water, by wading. Hence fop'dABLE, 
 
 fOP'dLESS, aa. [cf. G/urt ; cogn. w. fare, also 
 w. L portus port J ] 
 
 fordo* (-00), v.t. (archaic ; -did, -done pr. dun). 
 Kill, destroy, spoil ; (p.p.) exhausted, tired out. 
 [OE/ordon see for-(4), do 1 ] 
 
 fore 1 , a. & n. Situated in front (opp. hind, 
 back, aft). (N.) f. part, bow of ship ; (Naut.) 
 at the/., on the f. -royal mast-head ; to the/., on 
 the spot, ready to hand, available, alive, (re- 
 cently) conspicuous (come to the/, take leading 
 part), [developed f. compounds w. fore-] 
 
 fope 2 , adv. & prep. (Adv.) in front (still in/. 
 & aft, at bow & stern, all over ship,backwards.& 
 forwards or lengthwise in ship ;f.-&-aft rigged, 
 having f.-&-aft sails, i.e. sails set lengthwise, 
 not to yards, as chief sails; f.-dt-aft cap, with 
 peak at each end); (prep.) in presence of (in 
 adjurations) as /. George=by George, [com.- 
 Teut.; OE fore, cf. G vor, cogn. w. L pro, prae, 
 per, Gk pro, para, peri ; prep, often mistakenly 
 fore as though short for before] 
 
 fore 3 , int. (golf), warning people in front of 
 stroke, [prob. for before| 
 
 fope-, pref. freely used with vbs, their par- 
 ticipial adjectives, vblnouns, & nouns of action; 
 also with other nouns. Meanings with vbs &c: 
 (1) in front (forerunner) ; (2) beforehand, in ad- 
 vance, (foreordain). Meanings with nouns 
 other than verbal or of action : (3) in front, 
 front-, (forequarter); (i) front part of (forearm); 
 (5) of, near, or towards stem of ship or con- 
 nected w. foremast (forecastle) ; (6) anticipatory, 
 precedent, (foreknoivledge). [see fore 2 ] 
 
 fope'apm 1 , n. Arm from elbow to wrist or 
 finger-tips; corresponding part in foreleg or 
 wing. [fore-(4)] 
 
 fopeap'm 2 , v.t. Arm beforehand. [fore-(2)] 
 
 fopebo'de (ter-), v.t. Predict (rare) ; betoken, 
 portend ; have presentiment of (usu. evil) or 
 that. Hence fopebo'dingLY 2 adv. [fore-(2)] 
 
 fopebo'ding', n. Prediction (rare), presage 
 or omen, presentiment, (esp. of evil), [-ing x ] 
 
 fope*-ea*bin, n. Cabin in forepart of ship, 
 usu. for second-class passengers. [fore-(5)] 
 
 fopeca'st \ v.t. (forecast or -ed, see in etym.). 
 Estimate, conjecture, beforehand. [fore-(2)4- 
 cast 1 '^forecasted depends on mistaken assump- 
 tion that the vb is derived f. foil.] 
 
 forecast-, n. Foresight, prudence, (rare); 
 conjectural estimate of something future, esp. 
 of coming weather, [f. prec] 
 
 forecastle (fo'ksl), fo'c'sle, n. (Hist.) short 
 raised deck at bow ; (in war-ship) part of upper 
 deck forward of after-shroud ; (in merchant- 
 ship) forward part under deck where sailors 
 live, [fore-(o)] 
 
 fopeelo'se (-z), v.t. & i. Bar, preclude, pre- 
 vent, shut out from enjoyment of; (Mortgage 
 Law) bar (person entitled to redeem) upon non- 
 payment of money due, bar (right of redemp- 
 tion), take away power of redeeming (mort- 
 gage), whence fopeelo'SURE n. ; settle (argu- 
 able point &c.) by anticipation, [f. Fforclore 
 (OF for out f. L forts, close 3 )] 
 
 fope'eoupt, n. Enclosed space before build- 
 ing, outer court. [fore-(3)] 
 
 fope'fathep, n. Ancestor (0 ur &c. ff. , earlier 
 generations). [fore-(6)] 
 
 forefinger, n. Finger next thumb (also 
 called first or index finger). [fore-(3)] 
 
 fope'foot, n. One of beast's front feet: 
 (Naut.) foremost piece of keel, course in front 
 of this (crossing our/). [fore-(3, 5)] 
 
 fope'fpont, n. Very front, foremost part, 
 van, (in the/ o/the battle). [fore-(3)J 
 
 foregather. See forgather. 
 
 For words in /ore- not given see fore-. 
 
FOREOIFT 
 
 321 
 
 FOREWOMAN 
 
 fopegift, n. (law). Premium for lease. 
 
 [FORE-(t))] 
 
 forego* 1 , v.t. & i. (-went, -gone pr. -gawn). 
 Precede in place or time (foregoing, previously 
 mentioned) ; foregone conclusion, decision or 
 opinion come to in advance of the evidence or 
 necessary facts, prejudice, result that can be or 
 could have been foreseen. [fore-(2)J 
 
 fopego 2 . See forgo. 
 
 forego'ep, n. Predecessor. [fore-(1)j 
 
 foreground, n. Part of view, esp. in pic- 
 ture, nearest observer; most conspicuous 
 position. [fore-(3)] 
 
 forehand, n. & a. Part of horse before 
 rider ; (adj., of stroke at tennis &c.) not back- 
 handed. [fore-(3)J 
 
 forehead (fo'red), n. Part of face above eye- 
 brows & between temples. [OE forMafod see 
 
 FORE-(i), HEAD *] 
 
 fo'peign (-rin), a. Belonging to, proceeding 
 from, other persons or things ; alien from or to, 
 irrelevant, dissimilar, or inappropriate, to ; in- 
 troduced from outside (esp. /. body or substance 
 in the tissues &c); situated outside, coming 
 from another district, parish, society, &c; out- 
 side the country, not in one's own land ; of, in, 
 characteristic of, coming from, dealing with, 
 some country not in the United Kingdom or 
 English-speaking colonies (/., colonial, & home 
 trade ; /. parts, countries ; F. Office, depart- 
 ment for r. affairs or its building ; /. letter- 
 paper, thin to reduce postage). Hence 
 fo*peigniSM(2, 4) n., fo*peigniZE(3) v.t. & i. 
 If. OF forain (hforis outside, -an)] 
 
 fo'peignep, n. Person born in foreign coun- 
 try or speaking foreign language ; foreign ship, 
 imported animal or article, [-er *] 
 
 fopeju'dge, v.t. Judge or determine before 
 hearing the evidence. [fore-(2)] 
 
 foreknow (forno"), v.t. (-knew, -known). 
 Know beforehand, have prescience of. So 
 fOPeKNOW r 'ledge n. [fore-(2)] 
 
 fd'pel, fo'ppel, n. Vellum-like parchment 
 fortovering account-books. [OF forrel dim. of 
 forre sheath] 
 
 fope'land (-and), n. Cape, promontory ; strip 
 of land in front of something. [fore-(3)] 
 
 foreleg, n. Beast's front leg. [fore- (3)] 
 
 fopeloek 1 , n. Lock of hair growing just 
 above forehead (take time, occasion, &c, by the 
 f., not let chance slip). [fore-(3)] 
 
 fopeloek 2 » n., & v.t. Wedge put through 
 hole in bolt to keep it in place ; (vb) secure thus. 
 [fore-(3), lock 2 J 
 
 fope'man, n. President & spokesman of 
 jury ; principal workman superintending 
 others (working /., one who both works & 
 supervises). [fore-(3)] 
 
 foremast (-ma-), n. Forward lower mast of 
 ship (/. man, seaman, hand, sailor below rank 
 of petty officer), [fore-(o)] 
 
 foremost (-ost, -ost), a. & adv. superl. Most 
 advanced in position, front, (head, end, &c.,/., 
 with head &c. in front); most notable, best, 
 chief ; (adv.) before anything else in position, in 
 the first place (usu. first & /.). [OE formest 
 double superl. with -m- (cf. L primus) & -est f . 
 st. of fore 2 , assimilated to most] 
 
 fope'noon, n. The day till noon, morning. 
 [fore 2 + noon] 
 
 forensic, a. Of, used in, courts of law (/. 
 medicine, medical jurisprudence). Hence 
 fope'nsiCALLY adv. [f. Lforensis (forum) 
 + -ic] 
 
 fopeopdai'n, v.t. Predestinate, ' appoint 
 beforehand. So fopeoRDiNA*TiON n. [fore-(2)] 
 
 fore-peak, n. (naut). End of forehold in 
 angle of bows, [fore-(o)] 
 f.d. 
 
 fore'plane, n. First plane used after saw or 
 axe. [fore-(6)] 
 
 fope-pea'en, v.i. & t. Shoot ahead ; gain 
 upon, pass. [fore-(I)] 
 
 fope-Ptrn, v.t. (-nn- ; -ran, -run). Be pre- 
 cursor of, foreshadow. Hence fopepvrnnER l 
 (l,2)n. [FORE-(l)] 
 
 foresail (-si, -sal), n. Principal sail on fore- 
 mast (lowest square sail, or triangular before 
 mast). [fore-(5)J 
 
 foresee*, v.t. (-saw, -seen). See beforehand, 
 have prescience of, (noun, or that) ; exereise 
 foresight (obs. exc. in fopesee'iNG 2 a., fope- 
 see'ingLY 2 adv.). [fore-(2)] 
 
 foresha'dow, v.t. Prefigure, serve as type 
 or presage of. [fore-(2)] 
 
 fore-sheets, n. pi. Inner part of bows of 
 boat with gratings for bowman, [fore-(o)] 
 
 fope'shore, n. Part of shore between high 
 & low water marks, or between water & land 
 cultivated or built on. [fore-(4)] 
 
 fopeshop'ten, v.t. Cause, show in drawing 
 &c, the apparent shortening due to visual per- 
 spective. [fore-(D] 
 
 foreshow, v.t. (p.p. -shoic-n). Foretell ; fore- 
 shadow, portend, prefigure. [OE foresctawian 
 see fore-(I), show] 
 
 foresight, n. Foreseeing, prevision ; care 
 for the future ; front sight of gun. [fore-(2, 3) J 
 
 fopeskin, n. Prepuce. [fore-(3)] 
 
 fd'pest, n., & v.t. Large tract covered with 
 trees & undergrowth sometimes mixed with 
 pasture, trees growing in it (lit, & fig. as af. of 
 masts) ; (with proper name prefixed) district 
 formerly f . but now cultivated, as Sherwood F. ; 
 (Law) unenclosed woodland district kept for 
 hunting usu. owned by sovereign; f.-tree, of 
 large growth fitted for f. ; (vb) plant with trees, 
 convert into f. [OF, f. med.L forestis (silva 
 wood) outside (walls of park) f. hforis outside] 
 
 forestall (-awl), v.t. (Hist.) buy up (goods) 
 in order to profit by enhanced price ; be before- 
 hand with in action, anticipate and so baffle ; 
 deal with before the regular time, anticipate, 
 [f. OE foresteall n. ambush, see fore-(6), stall] 
 
 fopestay, n. Stay from foremast-head to 
 bowsprit-end ; sail hoisted on this, [fore-(o)] 
 
 fo'pestep, n. Officer in charge of forest, or 
 of growing timber ; dweller in forest ; bird or 
 beast of forest, e. g. New-Forest pony ; kinds of 
 moth. [f. OF forestier (forest, -ier)] 
 
 fd'pestpy, n. Wooded country, forests % 
 science & art of managing forests, [f. OF" 
 foresterie (forest, -ery)] 
 
 fopetaste 1 , n. Partial enjoyment or suffer- 
 ing of in advance, anticipation. [fore-(2)] 
 
 fopeta'ste 2 , v.t. Taste beforehand, antici- 
 pate enjoyment &c. of. [fore-(2)] 
 
 foretell, v.t. (-^old). Predict, prophesy ; pre- 
 sage, be precursor of. [fore-(2)j 
 
 forethought, n. Previous contriving, de- 
 liberate intention ; provident care. Ifore-(6)] 
 
 foretime, n. The past, early days, old 
 times. [fore-(6)] 
 
 fope*token l , n. Sign of something to come, 
 prognostic. [fore-(6)] 
 
 fopeto'ken 2 , v.t. Portend, point to. [fore-(2)] 
 
 fope'top, n. top of foremast ; (short for) f ore- 
 topgallant-masthead, i. e. head of mast above 
 fore-topmast, i. e. mast above foremast ; fore- 
 topgallant-sail, sail above fore-topsail, i. e. sail 
 above foresail, [fore-(o)] 
 
 fope'type, n. Type of coming thing. [fore-(6)] 
 
 forewap'n (-awn), v.t. Warn beforenand 
 (esp. in forewarned is forearmed). [fore-(2)] 
 
 fope'woman, n. President & spokeswoman, 
 of jury of matrons ; chief workwoman super- 
 vising others. [fop.e-(3)j 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 322 
 
 FORMALITY 
 
 fope'wopd (-erd), n. Preface, introductory 
 remarks, [from 1842; mod. formation of the 
 anti-Latinists, cf. G vorwort ; fore-(3)] 
 
 fope'yapd, n. Lowest yard on foremast. 
 
 fop'faps, n. Coarse linen cloth of unbleached 
 flax. [Forfar in Scotland] 
 
 lop'feit (-fit), n. & a., & v.t. (Thing) lost ow- 
 ing to crime or fault (his life was thef. or was 
 /., hisf. life) ; penalty for breach of contract or 
 neglect, fine ; trivial fine for breach of rules in 
 clubs &c. or in games (play ff.), article sur- 
 rendered by player in game of ff. to be redeemed 
 by performing ludicrous task ; forfeiture. ( Vb) 
 lose right to, be deprived of, have to pay, as 
 penalty of crime, neglect, &c, or as necessary 
 consequence of something ; hence fop'feit- 
 able a., for'feitURE n. [f. OF forfait p.p. of 
 forfaire f. med.L foris facere transgress (L 
 foris outside, facere do)] 
 
 fopfe'nd, v.t. Avert, keep off, (usu. in God 
 
 /./). jFOR-(2)] 
 
 fop'fieate, a. (zool.). Scissor-shaped. [f. L 
 forfex -ids scissors + -ate 2 ] 
 
 fopga*thep, v.i. Assemble, meet together, 
 associate, converse. [for-(5)J 
 
 fopgave. See forgive. 
 
 forge l , n. Smithy ; blacksmith's hearth or 
 fireplace with bellows ; furnaee or hearth for 
 melting or refining metal, workshop containing 
 it. [OF, f. hfabrica fabric] 
 
 forge 2 , v.t. & i. Shape by heating in fire and 
 hammering ; fabricate, invent, (tale, lie), make 
 in fraudulent imitation, esp. write (document, 
 signature) in order to pass off as written by an- 
 other, whence fop'gER 1 n. Hence fop'geABLE 
 a. [f. OF forgierf. L fabricare fabricate] 
 
 fopge 3 , v.i. Make way, advance, gradually 
 or with difficulty, esp. /. ahead, take lead in 
 race, get started. [?] 
 
 fop'gepy, n. Forging, counterfeiting, or 
 falsifying, of document ; spurious thing esp. 
 document or signature, [forge 2 , -ery] 
 
 fopge't (-g-), v.t. (-got, -gotten & poet, -got; 
 -tt-). Lose remembrance of (noun, that, how to, 
 orabs.) ; neglect (usu. to do), inadvertently omit 
 to bring or mention or attend to ; put but oc 
 mind, cease to think of, (esp. forgive &f); dis- 
 regard, slight; /. oneself, neglect one's own 
 interests, act unbecomingly or unworthily, lose 
 consciousness ;f.-me-not, kinds of myosotis, esp. 
 one with small yellow-eyed blue flowers (f.-m.- 
 n. blue as name of colour). Hence fopge'tFUL 
 a., fopgs'tfulLY 2 adv., fopge'tfulNESS n., 
 fopg-e'ttABLE a. [OEforgietan cf. Gvergessen 
 see for-(1), get] 
 
 fopgrve, v.t. (-gave, -given). Remit, let off, 
 (debt, person debt) ; pardon (offence, offender, 
 offender offence, or abs.). Hence fopgl'VABLE 
 a., fopgi'vensss [forgiven + -xessju., fop- 
 gi*viNG 2 a., fopgi*vingLY 2 adv., fopgi'v- 
 ingXESS n. [OE forgiefan see for-(1), give] 
 
 fOPgo\ v.t. (-went, -gone). Abstain from, go 
 without, let go, omit to take or use, relinquish. 
 [OE/ organ see for-(3), go] 
 
 fopk, n., & v.i. & t. Pronged agricultural 
 implement for digging, lifting, carrying, or 
 throwing ; two, three, or four, -pronged instru- 
 ment used in eating at table of cooking ; (also 
 tunin-g-f.) steel instrument giving when struck 
 a fixed musical note ; stake with forked end 
 used as prop for vines &c. ; forking, bifurcation, 
 
 e. g. that of human legs, of diverging roads, or 
 of branches ; flash of forked lightning ; hence 
 fOP'kv 2 a. (poet.). (Vb) Form f., have or de- 
 velop branches ; lift, carry, dig, or throw with 
 
 f. ; (slang) /. out or over, hand over, pay. [OE 
 forca f. L J urea] 
 
 forked, a. With fork or fork-like end, 
 
 branching, divergent, cleft, (three-f. &c, with 
 three &c. prongs); two-legged, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 foplop'n, a. Desperate, hopeless, (cf. foil.) ; 
 abandoned, forsaken, (poet.) deprived of; in 
 pitiful condition, of wretched appearance, [p.p. 
 of obs. forlese, OEforleosan see for-(1), lose] 
 
 foplop'n hope, n. Storming-party ; desper- 
 ate enterprise, [f. Du. verloren hoop lost troop 
 (hoop = HEAP)] 
 
 form 1 , n. Shape, arrangement of parts, 
 visible aspect (esp. apart from colour), shape of 
 body (face & f) ; person or animal as visible 
 or tangible (saw af, thef. of — , before me) ; 
 (Fhilos.) that which makes anything (matter) a 
 determinate species (Scholastic), conditions of 
 thing's existence by knowing which we can pro- 
 duce it (Baconian), formative principle holding 
 together the elements of thing (Kantian) ; mode 
 in which thing exists or manifests itself (in, 
 under, take, the f. of), species, kind, variety ; 
 (Gram.) one of the shapes taken by a word in 
 spelling, pronunciation, or inflexion, external 
 characteristics of words apart from meaning ; 
 class in some (esp. the Public) schools (usu. 
 numbered from sixth down to first) ; arrange- 
 ment & style in literary or musical composi- 
 tion ; customary method (in duef), set order of 
 words, formula, regularly drawn document, 
 document with blanks to be filled up ; for- 
 mality, mere piece of ceremony ; behaviour 
 according to rule or custom (good, bad, /., 
 satisfying or offending current ideals) ; con- 
 dition of health & training (in, out of, /., fit or 
 not for racing &c, of horses or athletes; lose 
 one's/.), good spirits (teas in great f.) ; long seat 
 without back, bench ; (Print. ; also forme) body 
 of type secured in chase for printing at one 
 impression ; hare's lair. [f. OF forme f . L forma] 
 
 form 2 , v.t. & i. Fashion, mould, (into certain 
 shape ; after, by, from, upon, pattern ; orabs.); 
 assume shape, become solid ; mould by disci- 
 pline, train, instruct, (person, or faculty &c.) ; 
 embody, organize, into a company See. ; frame, 
 make, produce ; articulate (word) ; conceive 
 (idea, judgment) ; develop (habit) ; contract 
 (alliance) : be material of, make up, make one or 
 part of; (Gram.) construct (new word) by deri- 
 vation, inflexion, &c.;(Mil. &c.) draw up (t. &i.; 
 often up) in order, assume specified formation 
 (/. fours, line, column), [f. OF fourmer f. L 
 formare (prec.)] 
 
 form-, comb, form of formic or formyl, as 
 /ormALDEHYDE, a disinfectant «Sc antiseptic, 
 formalin a solution of this. 
 
 -fopm, suf. (in actual use -iform, see -I-) f. F 
 -forme f. F -formis (form *) giving adjj. (1) w. 
 sense having the form of (cruciform, cunei- 
 form), (2) referring to number of forms (uni- 
 form, multiform, diversiform). Chloroform 
 does not contain this suf. 
 
 fop'mal, a. (Metaphys.) of the essence of a 
 thing (/. cause !), essential not material ; of the 
 outward form, shape, appearance, arrange- 
 ment, or external qualities, (Log.) concerned 
 with the form, not the matter, of reasoning ; 
 valid in virtue of its form, explicit and definite, 
 not merely tacit ; ceremonial, required by con- 
 vention (af. call), perfunctory, having the form 
 without the spirit ; observant of forms, precise, 
 prim, excessively regular or symmetrical, stiff, 
 methodical, whence fop*maliSM(2), fOP*mal- 
 ist(2), nn„ fopmali*stic a. Hence fop*mal- 
 l\" 2 adv. [f. Itforrnalis (form 1 , -al)] 
 
 fopma'lity, n. Conformity to rules, pro- 
 priety ; ceremony, elaborate procedure ; formal 
 or ceremonial act, requirement of etiquette or 
 custom ; being formal, precision of manners, 
 stiffness of design, [f. hformalitas (prec, -ty)] 
 
FORMALIZED 
 
 323 
 
 fortune: 
 
 fop'malize, v.t. Give definite shape or legal 
 formality to ; make ceremonious, precise, or 
 rigid, imbue with formalism. Hence for-mal- 
 
 iZA"TION n. [-1ZE] 
 
 for'mat (ah), n. Shape & size of book. [F] 
 forma'tion, n. Forming, being formed ; 
 
 thing formed ; arrangement of parts, structure, 
 
 (Mil.) disposition of troops ; (Geol.) assemblage 
 
 of rocks or series of strata having some common 
 
 characteristic, [f. l^formatio (form 2 , -ation)] 
 fop'mative (-a-), a. & n. Serving to fashion, 
 
 of formation ; (Gram., of flexional & derivative 
 
 suffixes and prefixes) used in forming words, 
 
 (n.) f. element. [OF {-if, -ive) see form 2 , -ative] 
 forme, n. (print). See form 1 . 
 fop'mer, a. & pron. Of the past or an earlier 
 
 period (inf. times ; mora like her f. self; ourf. 
 
 haunts), whence for'mePLY 2 adv.; thef. (with 
 
 noun, or oftener as pron. with possessive the 
 f.'s), the first or first-mentioned of two (opp. 
 latter), [back-formation f. formcst fore- 
 most ; from 12th c] 
 
 for»*mie,a. (chem.) F. acid, colourless irritant 
 volatile acid contained in fluid emitted by ants. 
 Hence for'mATE 1 ^), fop'mENE, fop'mi'L, 
 mi. [for/ormrct'c f. ~L formica ant + -ic] 
 ' formidable, a. To be dreaded ; likely to be 
 hard to overcome, resist, or deal with. Hence 
 fop"midableNESS n., fop'midabLY 2 adv. 
 [F, f. hformidabilis (formidare fear, -able)] 
 
 fop'mless, a. Shapeless, without determin- 
 ate or regular form. Hence fop'mlessLY 2 
 adv., fop'mlessNESs n. [-less] 
 
 fop'mula, n. (pi. -ae, -as). Set form of words, 
 definition, enunciation of principle, statement 
 prescribed for use on some occasion ; rule un- 
 intelligently followed, conventional usage or 
 belief, whence fop*muliSM(3), fop*muliST(2), 
 nn., fopmuli'stic a. ; recipe ; (Math.) rule or 
 principle in algebraic symbols ; (Chem.) expres- 
 sion by symbols of substance's constituents ; 
 tabulation of certain facts by symbols & fig- 
 ures. Hence fop # mulapiZE(3) [through obs. 
 formvlar a.], fop*muliZE(3), vv.t. = formu- 
 late, fopmulapizA'TK>N, fopmulizA'Tiox, 
 nn. [L, dim. of forma form 2 ] 
 
 fop'mulapy, n. & a. Collection of formulas ; 
 document or book of set forms esp. for belief or 
 ritual ; (adj.) in or of formulas, [f. Fformulaire 
 f. neut. of L formularius (prec, -ary 1 )] 
 
 fop'mulate, v.t. Reduce to, express in, a 
 formula ; set forth systematically. Hence fop- 
 mulATioN n. [formula + -ate 3 ] 
 
 fop'nicate, v.i. Commit fornication. So 
 fop'nieatoR 2 n. [f. L fornieari (fornix -icis 
 brothel), -ate 3 ] 
 
 fopniea'tion, n. Voluntary sexual inter- 
 course between man (sometimes restricted to 
 unmarried man) & unmarried woman (cf. adul- 
 tery). [OF, f. LL fornicationem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 foppi'ned, a. (archaic). Wasted by hunger, 
 torture, &c. [p.p. of obs. forpine see for-(5)] 
 
 foppadep. See forward K 
 
 foppel. See forel. 
 
 fopsa'ke, v.t. (-sobk, -saken). Give up, break 
 off from, renounce ; withdraw one's help, friend- 
 ship, or companionship from, desert, abandon, 
 "[earlier senses deny, repudiate, refuse ; OE/or- 
 sacan f. for-(3) + sacan contend] 
 
 fopsotrth (-th), adv. Truly, in truth, no 
 doubt, (used parenthet. always in irony). [OE 
 forsoth (for, sooth n.)] 
 
 fopspe'nt, a. Tired out. [p.p. of obs. for- 
 spend see for-(5),_8pend] 
 
 ropsweap* (-war), v.t, (-swore, -sworn). Ab- 
 jure, renounce on oath ; /. oneself, swear false- 
 ly, perjure oneself; (p.p.) perjured. [OE for- 
 swerian, see for-(3, 1), swear] 
 
 fopt, n. Fortified place (usu. single building 
 or set of connected military buildings, cf. fort- 
 ress) ; trading-station, orig. fortified, in N. 
 America. [F, abs. use olfort strong f. h fortis] 
 fop'talice, n. (Archaic & poet.) fortress ; 
 (mod.) small outwork of fortification, small fort 
 [f. med.L fortalitia (hfor-tis strong)] 
 fopte 1 , n. Person's strong point; (Fenc.) 
 sword-blade from hilt to middle (cf. foible). 
 [f. F fort abs. use of adj. = strong ; fern, form 
 ignorantly adopted for masc, cf. morale, locale] 
 fop't.6 2 , mus. direction (abbr. /.). Loud; 
 forte forte (abbr. Jf.), very loud ; forte piano 
 (abbr. fp.), loud & then immediately soft. [It] 
 fopth, adv. & prep. Forwards (now only in 
 back & /., to & fro) ; onwards in time (now only 
 in from this timef., & in comb, as hencef.) ; for- 
 ward, into view, (bring, come, show, &c, /.); 
 out from home &c. (sail, issue, f.) ; out of doors 
 (cast f.) ; & so /., & so on, & the like ; so far /., 
 to that extent ; so far f. as, to whatever ex- 
 tent ; (prep. ; archaic) from out of. [cf. G fort 
 (root of fore 2 + suf. -to-)] 
 foptheo'ming- (-ku-), a. About or likely to 
 come forth; approaching; ready to be pro- 
 duced when wanted, [prec, come, -ing 2 ] 
 fopthpig-h't, adv., fop'thpig-ht, a. & n., (ar- 
 chaic). (Adv.) straight forward ; straightway. 
 (Adj.) going straight ; outspoken, unswerving ; 
 decisive, dextrous. (N.) straight course (Jf. d> 
 meanders), [forth + right a. & adv.] 
 forthwith (-th, -dh), adv. Immediately, 
 without delay, [for forth with used abs.] 
 foptifica'tion, n. Fortifying ; strengthening 
 of wine with alcohol ; (Mil.) providing, art or 
 science of providing, with defensive works, 
 (usu. pi.) defensive work(s), wall(s), earth- 
 work^), tower(s), &c [F, f. L fortificationem 
 act of strengthening (foil., -ation)] 
 foptify, v.t. & i. Strengthen structure of ; 
 impart vigour or physical strength or endur- 
 ance to, strengthen mentally or morally, en- 
 courage ; strengthen (liquors) with alcohol ; 
 corroborate, confirm, (statement) ; provide 
 (town, army, oneself) with defensive works ; 
 erect fortifications. Hence foP'tifiABLE a. [f. 
 F fortifier f. L fortificare (fortis strong, -FY)] 
 forti'sslmo, mus. direction (abbr. Jf., ffor. f 
 fo?-tiss.). Very loud. [It] 
 fop'titude, n. Courage in pain or adversity. 
 [F, f. L fortitudo (fortis strong, -tude)] 
 fop'tnig-ht (-it), n. Period of two weeks (to- 
 day, this day, Monday, &c,/., a f. from today 
 &c (OE fiomvertyne niht fourteen nights] 
 fop'tnig'htly, a. &adv. (Happening, appear- 
 ing) once every fortnight. [-LY ^ 2 ] 
 fop'tpess, n., & v.t. Military stronghold, esp. 
 strongly fortified town fit for large garrison ; 
 (vb, poet.) serve as f. to, protect, [f. OF forte- 
 resse strength, strong place, f. fort see fort] 
 foptu'itism, foptiritist, nn. Belief, believ- 
 er, in chance & natural causes, not design, as 
 causing adaptations in nature (cf. teleology, 
 ■ist). [foil., -ISM, -1ST] 
 
 foptu'itous, a. Due to or characterized by 
 chance, accidental, casual. Hence foptu'it- 
 ously 2 adv., foptiritousNESS n. [f. L/or- 
 tuitus (fors -tis chance) + -ous] 
 foptu'ity, n. Fortuitousness ; a chance oc- 
 currence ; accident ; unstudied or unintended 
 character, [f. L as prec (for fortuitiiy)] 
 fop'tunate (-tshdb-), a. Favoured by fortune, 
 lucky, prosperous ; auspicious, favourable, [f. 
 L fortunatus (fortune 2 , -ate 2 )] 
 fop*tunately, adv. Luckily, successfully* 
 (esp. as parenthesis qualifying whole sentenoe 
 = it is a fortunate thing that), [-ly 2 ] 
 fop'tune 1 (-tshdbn, -tun), n. Chance, hap, 
 
FORTUNE 
 
 324 
 
 FOUND 
 
 luck, as a power in men's affairs (F., this power 
 personified as goddess ; try the f. of war, see 
 what it will bring, risk it ; soldier off.) ; luck 
 good or bad that falls to any one or to an enter- 
 prise &c. (in sing, or pi. ; try one's /., take some 
 risky step), coming lot (tell person his /., tell ff., 
 of gipsies &c, whence foP'tune-tellER 2 n.) ; 
 good luck; prosperity, prosperous condition, 
 wealth, (make one's/., prosper ; make 'a f., be- 
 come rich ; spent a small f. on it, large sum ; 
 marry a /., heiress), whence fop'tuneLESS a.; 
 f. -hunter, man seeking rich wife. [F, f. L/or- 
 tuna cogn. w.fors -tis chance Scferre bring] 
 fop'tune 2 , v.i. (archaic & poet.). Chance, oc- 
 cur, (esp. impers., it fortumd that) ; come by 
 chance upon. [f. OF fortuner f. L fortunare 
 make fortunate (prec)] 
 
 fop'ty, a. & n. Four times ten, 40, XL, (f.-one, 
 f.-first, &c. ; /. winks, short nap esp. after din- 
 ner) ; hence fop'tlETH a. & n. (X.) age of f. 
 years (after f, over f. ; the ff., years of life or 
 century between 39 & 50) ; roaring ff., stormy 
 part of Atlantic between 39° & 50° X. lat.; /.- 
 penny nail', the F.-five, Jacobite rebellion of 
 1745. [OE fiowertig cf. G vierzig (four, -ty 2 )] 
 fop'um, n. (Rom. Ant. ) public place, market- 
 place, place of assembly for judicial & other 
 business, esp. at Rome ; place of public discus- 
 sion ; court, the law courts, (fig. the f. of con- 
 science &c). [LJ 
 
 fop'wapd 1 (-ard), a. & n. (Xaut.) belonging 
 to fore part of ship ; lying in one's line of mo- 
 tion (the f. horizon), onward or towards the 
 front (the f. path ; /. play in cricket, see foil. ; 
 /. movement, special effort at political &c. pro- 
 gress ; /. school, party, opinions, advanced or 
 extreme); (Commerc.) relating to future pro- 
 duce (/. contract). Advanced, progressing to 
 maturity or completion, (of plant, crop, season) 
 well advanced or early ; ready, prompt, eager, 
 (often to do) ; precocious ; presumptuous, pert, 
 whence fop* wapdL y 2 adv. ; hence fop'ward- 
 ness n. (X.) one of the first-line players in foot- 
 ball. [OE foreweard (fore 2 , -ward), a.] 
 fop'wapd ^s), adv. (-d is added below to 
 senses in which the -s form is rare or not used). 
 Towards the future, continuously onwards, 
 (-d ; from this time /. ; look f, ahead; car- 
 riage/.; date f, of commercial orders, post- 
 date) ; towards the front in the direction one is 
 facing, (Cricket; -d) play f, reach f. to play 
 short-pitched ball ; with continuous f. motion 
 (rushing f), (Mil., as word of command, -d,= 
 
 fo f., advance) ; in advance, ahead, (-d ; send 
 im /.) ; backward(s) & /., to & fro; to the 
 front, into prominence, (-d ; bring /., draw at- 
 tention to ; come /., offer oneself for task, post, 
 &c. ; put or set /., allege, make oneself too con- 
 spicuous) ; (Xaut. ; -d) to, at, in, fore part of 
 ship ; onward so as to make progress (-d ; go /., 
 be going on, progress ; can't get any forwarder, 
 or usu. colloq. forrader, make no progress). 
 [OE foreweard, prob. neut. ace. of prec] 
 
 fop'wapd 3 , v.t. Help f., promote ; accelerate 
 growth of ; send (letter &c.) on to further desti- 
 nation, (loosely) dispatch (goods &c). [f. prec] 
 
 fopweap'ied, fopwop'n, aa. (archaic). 
 Tired out. [for-(5), weary, wear, vv.] 
 
 fosse, n. Long narrow excavation, canal, 
 ditch, trench, esp. in fortification ; (Anat.) 
 groove, depression, also fossE'TTE n. [F, f. L 
 fossa orig. fern. p.p. of fodere dig] 
 
 fo'ssick, v.i. (slang). Rummage, search a- 
 bout. [dial, wd current in Austral, gold-mining 
 = search in crevices or abandoned workings] 
 
 fossil (fo'sl), a. & n. Found buried, dug up, 
 (/. fuel &c ; now rare) ; (thing) preserved in 
 strata of earth with more or less chemical or 
 
 other change of texture & recognizable as re- 
 mains of plant or animal of past (usu. prehis- 
 toric) ages (/. bones, shells, ivory ; hunting for 
 ff. ; also fig., as words are f. thoughts); (person 
 or thing) belonging to the past, antiquated, in- 
 capable of further development. Hence fo*s- 
 
 SilATE 3 V.t., fOSSilATlON 11., fOSSili'FEROUS 
 
 a., fo*ssiliZE(3) v.t. & i., fossilizATiON n. [f. 
 F fossile f. L fossilis (fodere foss- dig, -il)] 
 fossop'ial, a. (zool.). . Burrowing; used in 
 burrowing, [f. L fossorius (fossor digger f. 
 fodere see prec, -OR 2 ) + -al] 
 fo'step 1 , n. Food (obs. exc in comb.,as/.- 
 child, -father, -mother, -parent, -son, -daughter, 
 -brother, -sister, — having the specified relation- 
 ship not by blood, but in virtue of nursing or 
 bringing up ; acting or treated as — ). [OE 
 fdstor (food, suf. -tro-)] 
 fo'step 2 , v.t. (Archaic) tend affectionately, 
 cherish, keep warm (in bosom), promote growth 
 of ; encourage, harbour, cherish, nurse, (feel- 
 ing) ; (of circumstances) be favourable to. 
 Hence fo'stePER 1 , fo'stPESS 1 , nn. [f. prec] 
 fo*stepag , e (-ij), n. Fostering; custom of 
 employing foster-mothers, [-age] 
 fo'stepling', n. Foster-child, nursling, pro- 
 tege. [OE fostorling (foster \ -ling l )\ 
 fought. See fight K 
 
 foul (fowl), a., n., adv., & v.i. & t. Offensive 
 to the senses, loathsome, stinking ; dirty, soiled 
 (/. linen), filthy; defaced with corrections (/. 
 copy) ; charged with noxious matter (f. air, 
 water) ; clogged, choked, (/. gun-barrel) ; (of 
 ship's bottomjovergrown with weed, barnacles, 
 &c ; morally polluted, obscene, disgustingly 
 abusive, (thef. fiend, the devil ; /. deed, motive, 
 talk ; f .-mouthed, -tongued) ; (of fish at or after 
 spawning) in bad condition ; ugly (now dial, exc 
 in fair or f) ; unfair, against rules of game &c, 
 (/. blow, stroke, riding ;/. play, in games, & fig. 
 treachery) ; (of weather) wet, rough, stormy ; 
 (of wind) contrary; in collision (fall 1 /. of); 
 entangled (rope isf). (X.) something f. (through 
 f. & fair, through everything) ; collision, en- 
 tanglement, esp. in riding, rowing, or running, 
 irregular stroke or piece of play. (Adv.) in 
 irregular way (hit him /. ; play one /., deal 
 treacherously with him). (Vb) become f., get 
 clogged ; make f. or dirty ; pollute with guilt, 
 dishonour ; cause (anchor, cable) to become 
 entangled, jam or block (crossing, railway line, 
 traffic) ; become entangled ; run f. of, collide 
 with. [OE ful cf. G faul f. Aryan pu- stink, 
 rot, cf. Gk puon, L PUS ; the v.i. f. OE fulian] 
 fou'lapd (foo'lahr), n. Thin flexible material 
 of silk or silk & cotton ; handkerchief of it. [F] 
 foully (fowl-li), adv. Abominably, cruelly, 
 wickedly, (was f. murdered) ; with unmerited 
 insult (/. slandered), [-ly 2 ] 
 fou'lness, n. Foul condition ; foul matter ; 
 disgusting wickedness, [-ness] 
 fou'mapt (foo-), n. Polecat. [ME ful mard 
 (foul, mearth marten)] 
 
 found 1 (fow-), v.t. & i. Lay base of (build- 
 ing &c) ; be original builder, begin building, of 
 (town, edifice) ; set up, establish (esp. with en- 
 dowment), originate, initiate, (institution) ; 
 construct, base, (tale, one's fortunes, classifica- 
 tion, rule, &c.) (up)on some ground, support, 
 principle, &c (also is founded in justice Sec; 
 well, ill, &c, founded, reasonable, justified, 
 baseless, &c) ; rely, base oneself, (of argument 
 &c) be based, (up)on. [f. F fonder f. hfundare 
 (fundus bottom)] 
 
 found 2 (fow-), v.t. Melt & mould (metal), 
 fuse (materials forglass) ; make (thing of molten 
 metal, glass) by melting. So fou'ndRY^) n. 
 [f. Ffondre f. Lfunderefus- pour] 
 
POUND 
 
 325 
 
 PRACTIONIZE 
 
 found 3 . See find. 
 
 foundation (fow-), n. Establishing, con- 
 stituting on permanent basis, esp. of an en- 
 dowed institution ; such institution, e.g. monas- 
 tery, college, or hospital (on the /., entitled to 
 benefit by its funds, whence founda'tion- 
 ER 1 n.), or its revenues ; solid ground or base x 
 natural or artificial, on which building rests, 
 lowest part of building usu. below ground- 
 level ; basis, ground- work, underlyingprinciple, 
 (report has nof. ; base religion on a moral f.) ; 
 body or ground on which other parts are over- 
 laid, e.g. under-skirt, first set of stitches in 
 crochet or knitting; /.-muslin, -net, gummed 
 fabrics for stiffening dresses & bonnets ; /.- 
 school, endowed ; /. -stone, esp. one laid with 
 ceremony to celebrate founding of edifice, [f. 
 L fundatio (found \ -ation)] 
 
 fou'nder l , n. In vbl senses of found l ; 
 esp., one who founds institution (f.'s kin, re- 
 latives of f. entitled to election or preference) ; 
 f.'s shares, shares issued to ff. of public com- 
 pany as part-consideration for business taken 
 over, & separate from ordinary capital. Hence 
 fmrndersHip, fou'ndPESs 1 , nn. [-er 1 ] 
 
 fou'nder 2 , n. In vbl senses of found 2 , [-er 1 ] 
 
 fou*ndep3 (fow-), v.i. & t., & n. (Of earth, 
 building, Sec), fall down or in, give way ; (of 
 horse ; or with rider substituted as subject) 
 fall from overwork, collapse, fall lame, stick 
 fast in bog &c. ; cause (horse) to break down by 
 overwork ; (of ship) fill with water & sink, 
 cause (ship) to do this; (Golf) hit (ball) into 
 ground. (N.) inflammation of horse's foot from 
 overwork ; (also chest, body, -/.) rheumatism of 
 chest-muscles in horses, [f. OF fondrer sub- 
 merge, collapse, (L fundus bottom)] 
 
 fou'ndling- jfow-), n. Deserted infant of 
 unknown parents, [p.p. of find + -ling x ] 
 
 fount 1 (fow-), n. (poet, or rhet.). Spring, 
 source, fountain, [f. L fons -tis on anal, of 
 mount ; from late 16th c] 
 
 fount 2 (fow-), n. (print.). Set of type of same 
 face & size. [f. Ffonte (fondre found 2 )] 
 
 fountain (fowntin), n. Water-spring ; source 
 of river &c. (also fig., Croionis thef. of honour ; 
 poison the ff of trust) ; jet of water made to 
 spout, structure provided for it, (also drinking- 
 f.) public erection with constant supply of 
 drinking-water ; reservoir in lamp, printing- 
 press, &c, for oil, ink, &c. (f.-pen, having this) ; 
 /.-head, original source. Hence (-)fountain- 
 ed 2 a. [f. OF fontaine f. LL font ana orig. 
 fern, of h_fontanus adj. (fount 1 , -an)] 
 
 four (for), a. & n. One more than three, 4, 
 IV, (/. corners of earth Sec, remotest parts ;/. 
 corners of document Sec, its scope ; xoithin the 
 f. seas, in Gt Britain ; /. figures, some number 
 from 1000 to 9999 ; twenty Sec -/. or f.-&-twenty 
 Sec ; f.-&-twentieth See.); (ellipt.) f. hours (/. 
 o'clock), f. horses {carriage Sec &/.) ; f.-ale, sold 
 at id. a quart; f. -coupled, with f. coupled 
 wheels; f. -course, with fourfold rotation (of 
 crops) ; /.-dimension^ ; f. -footed, quadruped 
 (adj.) ; f.-foot way, space (4 ft 8£ in.) between 
 pair of rails ; f. -handed, (of monkeys) quadru- 
 manous, (of games) for f. persons, (of piece of 
 music) for two players ', f.-horse(d), drawn by 
 f. horses ; f. -in-hand, vehicle with f. horses & 
 no outrider (also adv., drive Sec. f.-i.-h.) ;f.-oar, 
 (boat) with f. oars ; /. o'clock, the plant Marvel 
 of Peru \f.-part, arranged for f. voices to sing ; 
 fourpence, sum or coin = id. ; fourpenny, cost- 
 ing or worth id., silver coin=4d. ;f.-post (of bed), 
 having f. posts to support canopy & curtains, 
 f. -poster, such bed ; f. -pounder, gun throwing 
 4 lb. shot ; f. -rowed barley, with f. rows of 
 awns ; fourscore, eighty, age of 80 years ; /.- 
 
 square, square-shaped, solidly based or steady; 
 f. -wheel, f. -wheeled carriage; /. -wheeler, f.- 
 wheeled hackney carriage ; hence foup'FOLD 
 a. & adv., fouPTEE # N a., fouptee'nra 2 a. &n. 
 (N.) the number f. ; set of f. persons or things', 
 esp. f. -pipped card, domino, or side of die f - 
 oared boat & crew {ff., races for these), hit Sec 
 at cricket for f. runs ; on all fours (earlier four 
 = f. limbs), crawling on hands & knees ; (Mil. ; 
 pi.) formation f. deep usu. faced flankwards 
 (ff right or left) for marching (form 2 /.); f.- 
 pennyworth of spirits ; (pi.) f.-per-cent. stock. 
 [Aryan ; OE Jeoiocr, cf. Du. & G vier, Gk tes- 
 sares, L quatuor] 
 
 fourgon (F), n. Luggage van. 
 
 Fou'piepism (fob-), n. Fourier's system for 
 reorganization of society (phalanstery). 
 [Charles F., French socialist, 1772-1837] 
 
 four-some (for-), n. Game of golf between 
 two pairs, [four, -some ; orig. adj.] 
 
 fourth (for-), a. Se n. Next after third (the, 
 a, /., ellipt. as n., esp. = 4th day of month ; /. 
 part, quarter). (N.) quarter, f. part; (Mus.) 
 tone four diatonic degrees above or below given 
 tone, this interval, harmonic combination of 
 tone & its f. ; (pi.) articles of f. quality. [OE 
 fiortha cf. G vierte, Gk tetartos, L quartus] 
 
 foup'thly, adv. In the fourth place (in enu- 
 merations). [-LY 2 ] 
 
 fowl, n., & v.i. Bird (rare), birds (rare exc 
 in unld-f), their flesh as food (only in fish, flesh, 
 &f.); domestic cock or hen (often qualified, as 
 barndoor, game, guinea, -/. ; f.-run, place 
 where fF. may run, breeding establishment for 
 ff.), its flesh as food. (Vb) catch, hunt, shoot, or 
 snare, wild-f., whence fowlER 1 , fowliNG 1 , 
 nn. ; fowling-piece, light gun used in fowling. 
 [com.-Teut. ; OE fugel cf. G vogel perh. by 
 dissim. f. "fltiglo- (flug- fly 2 )] 
 
 fox 1 , n. (fern, vixen, also bitch-f). Red-furred 
 sharp-snouted bushy-tailed quadruped preserv- 
 ed in England as beast of chase & proverbial 
 for cunning ; crafty person ; northern constella- 
 tion ; FLY'^'ngr/.; /. & geese, game played on 
 board ;/. -brush, tail of f.; /.-earth 1 ; foxglove, 
 tall purple or white flowered plant ; foxhound, 
 kind bred & trained to hunt ff.; f.-hunt n. & 
 v.t., chasing of, chase, f. with hounds, whence 
 fo'xhuntER 1 n. ; fox-hunting a. & n., (given 
 to) this sport ; foxtail, f.'s tail, kinds of grass ; 
 f. -terrier, short-haired for unearthing ff, but 
 kept chiefly as pets. [com.-Teut.; cf. Gfuchs] 
 
 fox 2 , v.i. & t. Act craftily, dissemble ; dis- 
 colour (leaves of book, engraving, &c.) with 
 brownish spots (esp. in p.p.). [f. prec] 
 
 fo'xy, a. Fox-like, crafty(-looking) ; reddish- 
 brown, (Paint.) over-hot in colour; damaged 
 with mildew &c. Hence fo'xiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 foyer (fwah'ya), n. Large room in theatre 
 &c. for audience's use during interval. [F] 
 
 fra (-ah), n. = frate as prefixed title. [It] 
 
 fpa'eas (-ah), n. Noisy quarrel, row. [F, f. 
 It. fracasso uproar] 
 
 fpa'etion (-shn), n. Dividing of Eucharistic 
 bread ; (Arith.) numerical quantity that is not 
 an integer, one or more aliquot parts, (vulgar f., 
 expressed by numerator above & denominator 
 below a line ; decimal/.; proper, improper, /., 
 with numerator less, greater, than denomina- 
 tor) ; small piece or amount, scrap, (esp. not a 
 /.). Hence fpa'etion al, fpa'etion ar y 1 , aa. 
 [f. OF fraccion f. eccl.L fractionem (L fran- 
 gerefract- break, -ion)] 
 
 fpa'ctionate, v.t. Separate (mixture) into 
 portions of different properties by distillation 
 &c. [prec. + -ate 3 ] 
 
 fpa'etionize, v.t. Break up into fractions 
 (Math.), or portions, [-ize] 
 
FRACTIOUS 
 
 326 
 
 FRAUD 
 
 fpa'etious (-sh?*s), a. Unruly, cross, peevish. 
 Hence fpa'etiousLY 2 adv., fpa'etiousNESS 
 
 n. [f. fraction in obs. sense brawling + -ous, 
 after captious &c] 
 
 fpa'etupe (-tsher), n., & v.t. & i. Breaking, 
 breakage, esp. of bone or cartilage (compound 2 
 /.) ; surface shown by mineral when broken 
 with hammer; substitution of diphthong, diph- 
 thong substituted, for simple vowel owing to 
 influence of following consonant ; (vb) cause f. 
 in, break continuity of, crack (t. & L). [F, f. L 
 fractura (fraction, -ure)] 
 fpae'num, fpe-, n. (pi. -na). Small ligament 
 checking motion of organ. [L, = bridle] 
 fpa'gTle (-J-), a. Easily snapped or shattered, 
 weak, perishable, of delicate frame or constitu- 
 tion. So fpagi'liTY n. [F, f. Lfragilis (frag- 
 root of frangere break)] 
 
 fpa'gment, n. Part broken off, detached 
 piece ; isolated or incomplete part, remainder 
 of lost or destroyed whole, esp. extant remains 
 or unfinished portion of a writing or work of 
 art. Hence fpa'grnentARY * a. [f. L frag- 
 mentum (as prec, -ment)] 
 fpa'gfpant, a. Sweet-smelling. So fpa'g- 
 "pance n. [f. hfragrare smell sweet (-ant)] 
 fpail 1 , n. Rush basket for packing figs, 
 raisins, &c. [f. OF fray el etym. dub.] 
 fpail 2 , a. Fragile; transient (/. life, bliss, 
 &c.) ; in weak health ; morally weak, unable to 
 resist temptation, (euphem., of women) un- 
 chaste, [f. OF fraile fragile] 
 fpai'lty, n. Liability to err or yield to temp- 
 tation ; fault, weakness, foible, [f. OF frailete 
 f. ~Lfragilitatem (fragile, -ty)] 
 fpaise * (-z), n. (fortif.). Horizontal or down- 
 sloping palisade round berm. [F, orig. — me- 
 sentery of calf] 
 
 fpaise 2 (-z), n. Tool for enlarging circular 
 hole or cutting teeth in watch wheels. [F (/'rai- 
 ser enlarge hole f. f raise as prec.)] 
 fpamboe'sia (-bez-), n. Chronic contagious 
 negro disease with raspberry-like swellings, 
 the yaws. [mod. L, f. F framboise raspberry 
 perh. f. Du. braambezie (bramble, berry)] 
 fpame 1 , v.t. & i. Shape, direct, dispose, 
 (thoughts, acts, another person) to a purpose 
 (for, to, to do, or with adv.) ; give promise of 
 being skilful &c. (usu. well); adapt, fit, to or in- 
 to ; construct by combination of parts or adap- 
 tation to design, contrive, devise, invent, com- 
 pose, express, (complex article, plot, rule, story, 
 theory); articulate (words) ; conceive, imagine; 
 [f. foil.] set in a f., serve as f. for (landscape 
 framed in anarchicay), whence fpa*miNG 1 (3) 
 n. Hence fpa'itiABLE a., fpa'inER 1 n. [OE 
 framian be helpful (fram forward cf. from)] 
 frame 2 , n. Construction, constitution, build; 
 established order, plan, system, (thef. of society 
 or government); temporary state (of mind); 
 framed work or structure (the f. of heaven or 
 earth), human or animal body (sobs shook her 
 /., man of gigantic f.) ; skeleton of building, 
 underlying support or essential substructure of 
 anything; case or border enclosing picture, 
 pane of glass, &c, whence fpa'meLESS a.; 
 (Gardening) glazed structure protecting plants 
 from cold ; (Mining) inclined board for washing 
 ore ; f. -house, of wooden skeleton covered with 
 boards ;f.-saw, stretched in f. to make it rigid ; 
 framework, t, substructure, upon or into which 
 casing or contents can be put (lit, , fig. ). [f. prec. ] 
 fpane, n. French silver coin of about 9kZ., the 
 unit of coinage. [F, perh. f. Francorum Rex 
 king of the frank 1 s, legend on earliest coin so 
 called (gold = 10/6)] 
 
 fpa'nchise (-z), n. (Chiefly hist.) legal im- 
 munity or exemption from some burden or 
 
 jurisdiction, privilege or exceptional right, 
 granted to person, corporation, &c; full mem- 
 bership of corporation or State, citizenship ; 
 right of voting at public elections esp. for mem- 
 ber of Parliament, principle of qualification for 
 this (fancy i /. ). [OF (franc frank 2 , -ise)] 
 
 Fpanei'sean, a. & n. (Friar) of the order 
 founded 1209 by St Francis of Assisi ; of the Ff. 
 [f. med.L Franciscus Francis + -an] 
 
 Fra'nco-, comb, form of med.L Franci the 
 Franks, now used = French-&-, as F.-German. 
 Hence Fpa'neoPHiL(E), Fpa'neo-PHOBE, nn. 
 & aa. [frank } t -o-] 
 
 f pa'neolin, n. Kind of partridge resembling 
 pheasant, [F, f. It. francolino] 
 
 franc-tireur (F), n. (pi. -cs -rs). Man of ir- 
 regular light-infantry corps. 
 
 fpa*ngipane(-j-), n. Perfume of red jasmine; 
 kind of pastry. [F, perh. f. inventor's name] 
 
 Frank l , n. One of the Germanic nation or 
 coalition that conquered France in 6th c; (in 
 Levantine use) person of Western nationality. 
 Hence Fpa'nkiSH * a. [f. L Francus f. OHG 
 Franko perh. f. weapon (QE franca javelin)] 
 
 fpank 2 , a. Ingenuous, open, sincere, candid, 
 outspoken ; undisguised, avowed. Hence 
 fpa'nkLY 2 adv., fpa'nkNESS n. [f. OF franc 
 f. med.lifrancus freef. prec. (full freedom being 
 confined to the Franks)] 
 
 fpank 3 , v.t. & n. (Hist.) superscribe (letter 
 &c. ) with signature ensuring gratis conveyance; 
 facilitate coming & going of (person), give so- 
 cial passport to ; convey (person) gratuitously ; 
 (n. ; hist.) franking signature, franked cover, 
 [f. prec. in obs. sense free of charge] 
 
 Frankfort black, n. Fine black pigment 
 used in copperplate engraving. [German town] 
 
 fpa'nkineense, n. Aromatic gum resin 
 (prop, from trees of genus Boswellia) used for 
 burning as incense, [f. OF franc encens (frank 2 
 in obs. sense luxuriant, incense 1 )] 
 
 fpa'nklin, n. (hist.). Land-owner of free but 
 not noble birth in 14th & loth cc. [frank 2 , 
 perh. -ling 1 ] 
 
 fpa'nk-pledg-e, n. (hist). System by which 
 each member of tithing was responsible for 
 every other (also rarely fig., e. g. of relation be- 
 tween members of a Government). [AF franc 
 plege (frank 2 , pledge), perh. mistransl. of ON 
 frith-borh peace-pledge (not free-pledge)] 
 
 fpa'ntie, a. Wildly excited, beside oneself 
 with rage, pain, grief, &c; showing frenzy, un- 
 controlled. Hence fpa'ntiCALLY, fpa'ntieLY 2 , 
 advv. [f. OF frenetique f. LL phreneticus f. Gk 
 jihrenitikos (jihreniTis f. phren -enos brain)] 
 
 fpap, v.t. (naut.). Bind tightly, [f. OF fraper 
 bind, strike] 
 
 f pass, n. Excrement of larvae ; refuse left by 
 boring insects, [f. G frass (fressen devour)] 
 
 fpa'te (-ahta), n. (pi. -ti pr. -te). Friar. [It.] 
 
 fpatep'nal, a. (As) of brother(s), brotherly, 
 [f. L fraternus (f rater brother) + -al] 
 
 fpatep'nity, n. Being fraternal, brotherli- 
 ness; religious body ; guild, company with com- 
 mon interests, set of men of same class &c. 
 [f. OF fraternity f. L fraternitatem (prec, -ty)] 
 
 fpa'tepnize, v.i. Associate, make friends, 
 behave as intimates, (with, together, or abs.). 
 So fpa'tepniz action n. [f. F fraterniser (L 
 fraternus fraternal, -ize)] 
 
 fpa'tPicide, n. Killing of one's, one who 
 kills his, brother or sister. Hence fpa'tPieidAL 
 a. [F, f. L fratricidium, -cida, (frater -tris 
 brother, -cide)] 
 
 frau (-ow), n. (Of German wife or widow) 
 Mrs ; German woman. [G] 
 
 fraud, n. Deceitfulness (rare) ; criminal de- 
 ception, use of false representations, (in Law, 
 
FRAUDULENT 
 
 327 
 
 FREEZE 
 
 inf., to the/., of, so as to defraud) ; dishonest 
 artifice or trick {pious /., deception intended 
 to benefit deceived, & esp. to strengthen re- 
 ligious belief); person or thing not fulfilling 
 expectation or description, [f. OF fraude f. L 
 fraudem nom.fraus] 
 
 frau'dulent, a. Guilty of, of the nature of, 
 characterized or effected by, fraud. Hence or 
 cogn. frairdulENCE n., frairdulentr.Y 2 
 adv. [OF, f. hfraudulentus (prec, -ulent)] 
 
 fraught (-awt), a. Stored, equipped, with 
 (poet.) ; (fig.)/, with, involving, attended with, 
 full of, threatening or promising, destined to 
 produce, (woe, danger, meaning, &c). [p.p. of 
 obs. fraught v. load with cargo (obs. fraught 
 cargo prob. f. MDu vracht freight)] 
 
 f raw lei n (-oilin), n. (Of German spinster) 
 Miss (with surname ; also alone as voc.) ; Ger- 
 man spinster ; German governess. [GJ 
 
 fraxine'lla, n. Kinds of garden dittany, 
 [mod. L, dim. of Tufraxinus ash] 
 
 fray 1, n. Noisy quarrel, brawl ; fight, con- 
 flict, (lit. or fig. ; eager for thef). [for affray] 
 
 fray 2 , v.t. & i. (Of deer) /. head, or /., rub 
 velvet off new horns ; wear through by rub- 
 bing, ravel out edge or end of, (usu. woven 
 material) ; become ragged at edge. [f. Ffrayer 
 f. L fricare rub] 
 
 frazi'l, n. (Canad. & U.S.). Anchor-ice, ice at 
 bottom of stream, [perh. f. Ffraisil cinders] 
 
 freak, (-ek), n. Caprice, vagary ; capricious- 
 ness (out of mere f.) ; product of sportive fan- 
 cy ; (also /. of nature) monstrosity, abnormally 
 developed specimen. Hence frea'kiSH 1 a., 
 frea*kishLY 2 adv., frea'kishNESS n. [from 
 16th c. ; etym. dub. ; cf. OE frician to dance] 
 
 freaked, a. Oddly flecked or streaked, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 fre'ekle, n., & v.t. & i. Light brown spot on 
 skin, (pi. ) sporadic sunburn; ( vb) spot, be spotted, 
 with ff. [earlier frecken f. ON freknur pi.] 
 
 free \ a. (freer, freest, pr. -eer, -eist). 1. Not 
 in bondage to another, having personal rights 
 & social & political liberty, (f. labour, of f. men 
 not slaves, & see 2) ; (of State, its citizens or in- 
 stitutions) subject neither to foreign dominion 
 nor to despotic government, having national & 
 civil liberty ; f.-born, inheriting citizen rights 
 & liberty ; freehold, (estate held by) tenure in 
 fee-simple or fee-tail or for term of life (also of 
 corresponding tenure of office), (adj.) held by 
 freehold ; freeholder, possessor of freehold es- 
 tate ; freeman, person not slave or serf, citizen 
 of f. State (& see 4) ; freemason, member of 
 fraternity for mutual help & brotherly feeling 
 called F. & Accepted Masons having elaborate 
 ritual & system of secret signs (the orig. f. 
 masons were pYob. skilled masons emancipated 
 & allowed to move from place to place in & 
 after 14th c, & the accepted may have been 
 honorary members of the f. masons' societies) ; 
 freemasonry, system & institutions of the free- 
 masons, secret understanding between like 
 characters, instinctive sympathy. 2. Loose (/. 
 wheel in bicycle, driving-wheel able to revolve 
 while pedals are at rest), unrestricted (/. love, 
 sexual relations irrespective of marriage), at 
 liberty, not confined, released from ties or 
 duties, unimpeded (/. trade, left to its natural 
 course without customs duties to restrict im- 
 ports or protect home industries, this principle ; 
 f. -trader, believer in it), unfettered in action 
 (have or give af. hand, right of acting at discre- 
 tion), permitted to do, independent (F. Church, 
 unconnected with State ; the F. Cc, noncon- 
 formists ; F. C. of Scotland, seceders of 1843 
 from Presbyterian establishment; /. lance, 
 medieval mercenary, modern politician or con- 
 troversialist with no party allegiance, un- 
 
 attached journalist ; /. labour, of workmen not 
 belonging to trade unions, & see 1 ; f. -thinker, 
 •thinking n. & a., -thought, rejector &c. of au- 
 thority in religious belief, rationalist &c), un- 
 constrained (f. step, gestures) ; (of literary style) 
 not observing strict laws of form, (of transla- 
 tion) not literal ; allowable (it isf. for or to him 
 to do so) ; open to all comers (/. fight, in which 
 any one present joins) ; clear of obstructions, 
 clear of or from something undesirable, (of 
 wind) not adverse ; not fixed, not in contact, 
 (Chem.) not combined, (of power or energy) dis- 
 engaged or available ; f. -board, part of ship's 
 side between line of flotation & deck-level ; /.- 
 hand (of drawing), done without artificial aid 
 to the hand ; f. -stone, kind of peach of which 
 when ripe the stone is loose (& see 3) ; f.-will, 
 power of directing our own actions without 
 constraint by necessity or fate (& see 3). 3. 
 Spontaneous, unforced, unearned, gratuitous, 
 willing, (/. grace, unmerited favour of God ; /. 
 gift, not in requital ; did it of my ovmf. will, 
 & so/.-im'ZZadj., voluntary ;/. quarters, gratui- 
 tous entertainment ; am f to confess, not un- 
 willing) ; lavish, profuse, unstinted, copious, 
 (/. of his money, open-handed ; so f. -handed, 
 liberal ; /. flow of water ; f. liver, living, in- 
 dulger, indulgence, in pleasures esp. of the 
 table) ; frank, unreserved, (f. -spoken, not con- 
 cealing one's opinions, blunt; /. & easy, un- 
 ceremonious, also as n., smoking-concert &c), 
 forward, familiar, impudent, (make or be f. T 
 take liberties with), (of talk, stories &c.) broad, 
 not quite decent ; freestone, fine-grained easily 
 sawn sandstone or limestone (& see 2). 4. Re- 
 leased or exempt from (f. from the ordinary 
 rules, disease, difficulty, &c.) ; having burgess 
 rights (madef. of the city), having the entree & 
 use of(f. of the house) ; not subject to tax, toll, 
 duty, trade-restrictions, or fees (/ port, open 
 to all traders alike ; /. school, with no fees 
 charged; /. pass, not paid for; also adv., as 
 the gallery is openf, & in comb, as carriage- f., 
 without charge for conveyance) ; freeman, one 
 who has the freedom of a city, company, &c. (& 
 see 1). Hence free'LY 2 adv. [com.-Teut. ; OE 
 freo cf. G frei f. Aryan pri to love] 
 
 free 2 , v.t. (freed). Make f., set at liberty, 
 (freedman, emancipated slave, esp. in Rom. 
 Hist.) ; relieve from, rid or ease of; clear, dis- 
 engage, disentangle. [OE/r^on (prec.)] 
 
 freebooter, n. Pirate, piratical adventurer. 
 Hence by back-formation free'boot v.i., 
 free'bootiNGb 2 n. & a. [f. Du. vrijbuiter 
 
 (FREE \ BOOTY, -ER !)] 
 
 free'dom, n. Personal liberty, non-slavery ; 
 civil liberty, independence ; liberty of action, 
 right to do ; power of self-determination, inde- 
 pendence of fate or necessity ; frankness, out- 
 spokenness, undue familiarity (take ff. with); 
 facility, ease, in action ; boldness of concep- 
 tion ; (Physics) capability of motion ; exemp- 
 tion from defect, disadvantage, burden, duty, 
 &c. ; privilege possessed by city or corporation ; 
 participation in privileges of membership of 
 company &c. or citizenship o/city (often given 
 honoris causa to distinguished persons) ; un- 
 restricted use of (has thef. of the library). [OE 
 freodom (free 1 , -dom)] 
 
 free'martin, n. Hermaphrodite or imper- 
 fect female of ox kind. [?] 
 
 free'sia (-z-), n. Kinds of iridaceous bulbous 
 plant from Cape of Good'Hope. [?] 
 
 freeze, v.i. & t. (froze, frozen), & n. (Impers.) 
 it freezes &c, there is &c. frost; be converted 
 into or covered with ice ; become rigid as result 
 of cold ; become fastened to or together by 
 frost, (slang) /. on to, take or keep tight hold of ; 
 
FREEZING 
 
 328 
 
 FRIAR 
 
 feel very cold (/. to death, die by frost) ; be 
 chilled by fear ; cause to congeal, form ice up- 
 on, (fluid or moist thing ; often in, over, up), 
 preserve (meat &c. ) by refrigeration ; (by exagg. ) 
 /. one's blood, terrify him ; chill (feelings), para- 
 lyse (powers) ; stiffen, harden, injure, kill, by 
 chilling (frozen to death) ; (slang) /. out, ex- 
 clude from business, society, &c, by competi- 
 tion or boycotting &c. ; freezing-mixture, salt 
 & snow or other mixture used to f. liquids ; 
 freezing-point, temperature at which liquid, 
 esp. water, freezes; (n.) state, coming, period, 
 of frost. [com.-Teut. ; OE freosan cf. G 
 Jrieren, also L pruina hoarfrost] 
 
 fpee'zing", a. In vbl senses ; esp. : (by exagg.) 
 very cold ; (of manners) chilling, distant. Hence 
 fpee'zing-LY 2 adv. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 freight (-at), n., & v.t. Hire of ship for trans- 
 porting goods ; transport of goods by water (in 
 U.S. by land also), charge for this; cargo, ship- 
 load ; load, burden. (Vb) load (ship) with cargo ; 
 hire or let out (ship) for carriage of goods & 
 passengers, [prob. f. MDu. vrecht var. of vracht 
 see fraught] 
 
 freightage (-Ij), n. Hire of ship for, cost 
 of, conveyance of goods ; freighting or hiring of 
 ship ; cargo, [-age] 
 
 freig"h , tei» (-at-), n. One who (charters &) 
 loads ship ; one who consigns goods for carriage 
 inland ; one whose business is to receive & for- 
 ward freight ; cargo ship, [-er l ] 
 
 French, a. & n. Of France or its people ; 
 having the qualities attributed to F. people ; 
 F. bean, kidney or haricot bean used as vege- 
 table both in unripe sliced pods & in ripe seeds ; 
 F. bread, kind of fancy bread ; F. chalk, kind 
 of steatite used for marking cloth & removing 
 grease & as dry lubricant ; F. grey, tint com- 
 posed of white with ivory black, Indian red, & 
 Chinese blue ; F. horn * ; take F. leave, depart, 
 act, without asking leave or giving notice; 
 Frenchman, man of F. birth or nationality, 
 (good &c.) F. -speaker, F. ship ; F. polish, kind 
 of polish for wood; F.-polish v.t., polish with 
 this, whence Freneh-po'lishER 1 n.; F. roof, 
 mansard ; F, window, glaeed folding-door serv- 
 ing as window & door ; Frenchwoman, woman 
 of France. (N.) the F. language (F. lesson, mas- 
 ter, &c, concerned with this); the F. (pi.), the F. 
 people. Hence Fre'nehNESsn., Fpe*nehv 2 > 3 
 a. & n. [OEfrencisc (frank 1 , -ish l )] 
 
 Fre'nehify, f-, v.t. Make French in form, 
 character, or manners (usu. in p.p.). Hence 
 FpenchiFiCA'TiON n. [-fv] 
 
 SFpb'nehless, a. Knowing no French, [-less] 
 
 frenum. See fraenum. 
 
 fpe'nzy, n., & v.t. Mental derangement, tem- 
 porary insanity, paroxysm of mania, (rare) ; de- 
 lirious fury or agitation, wild folly ; (vb, usu. in 
 3».p.) drive to f., infuriate, (frenzied rage, that 
 of a frenzied person), [f. OF frenesie f. LL 
 phrenesis (Gk phrenitikos frantic)] 
 
 fpe'queney, n. Frequent occurrence, being 
 repeated at short intervals, (of pulse) rapidity ; 
 (Physics) rate of recurrence (of vibration &c), 
 number of repetitions in given time. [f. Lfre- 
 
 quentia (foil., -ency)] 
 
 fpe'quent l , a. Found near together, numer- 
 ous, abundant ; often occurring, common, hap- 
 pening in close succession, (of pulse) rapid, (it is 
 af. practice to), whence fpe'quentLY 2 adv. ; 
 
 (with agent-noun) habitual, constant, (a f. 
 caller), [f. L frequens -entis crowded cogn. w. 
 farcire farce 2 ] 
 
 fpeque'nt 2 , v.t. Go often or habitually to 
 
 (place, meetings, company, house). Hence or 
 
 cogn. fp^quentA'TiON, fpeque'ntER \ nn. 
 
 [f. Lfrequentare (prec.)] 
 
 frequentative, a. & n. (gram.). (Verb or 
 verbal form or conjugation) expressing fre- 
 quent repetition or intensity of action, [f. L 
 frequentativus (prec, -ative)] 
 
 fpe'sco, n. (pi. -6s, -oes), & v.t. Method of 
 painting (esp. in /.), picture, in water-colour 
 laid on wall or ceiling before plaster is dry ; 
 (vb) paint (wall &c, picture or subject) thus. 
 [It., orig. adj. = foil.] 
 
 fresh, a., adv., & n. New, novel, not pre- 
 viously known, used, met with, or introduced, 
 (break f. ground, try something unhackneyed) ; 
 additional, other, different, further, (begin af. 
 chapter) ; recent, lately made or arrived, just 
 come from; raw, inexperienced, (freshman, 
 first-year man at University) ; not preserved by 
 salting, pickling, smoking, tinning, &c. (/. her- 
 rings, meat, fruit, & see below ; /. butter, & see 
 next sense) ; not salt (/. water; freshwater a., 
 of f. water, not of the sea, as freshwater fish, 
 fishing, sailor ; f. butter, not flavoured with 
 salt, & see prec. sense), not salt or bitter, drink- 
 able, (/. water) ; pure, untainted, invigorating, 
 refreshing, cool, (of air, wind, water) ; not stale, 
 musty, or vapid (/. fish, meat, fruit, & see above; 
 /. egg) ; not faded (/. flowers, memories) ; un- 
 sullied.bright & pure in colour (af. complexion), 
 looking healthy or young; not weary, brisk, 
 vigorous, fit, (never felt fresher ; as f. as paint, 
 quite brisk, prob. apun on the warning ' f . paint'; 
 a f. wind, of some strength). (Adv.) freshly, 
 newly, esp. in comb. as/. -caught, -coined ;f. -run 
 (of salmon), lately come up from the sea. (N.) 
 f. part of day, year, &c. (in the f. of the morn- 
 ing) ; rush of water in river, flood. Hence 
 fpe'shEN 6 v.t. & i., fpe'shNESS n. [OE/ersc 
 cf. G frisch affected by OF freis fern, fresche 
 from same Teut. origin] 
 
 fpe'shep, n. (slang). = FREsmnan. [-er ] ] 
 
 fpe'shet, n. Rush of fresh water flowing into 
 sea ; flood of river from heavy rain or melted 
 snow, [fresh n. + -et 1 ] 
 
 fpe'shly, adv. Recently (only with partici- 
 ples, =fresha,dv.); afresh (rare); with unabated 
 vigour; withfreshappearance, odour, &c. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 fpet 1 , n., & v.t. Ornamental pattern made of 
 continuous combinationsofstraightlines joined 
 usu. at right angles (also Greek f). (Vb) varie- 
 gate, chequer ; adorn (esp. ceiling) with carved 
 or embossed work. F.-saw, very narrow saw 
 stretched on frame for cutting thin wood in 
 ornamental patterns ; fretwork, carved work in 
 decorative patterns esp. of straight lines, also 
 wood cut with f.-saw. [prob. f. OF frete trellis- 
 work & freter vb] 
 
 fpet 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Gnaw, wear or consume 
 or torment by gnawing, (of moths &c, horses 
 champing bit, action of frost, rust, corrosives, 
 friction, &c, or the passions) ; make (passage 
 &c.) by wearing away; chafe, irritate, annoy, 
 worry, distress ; distress oneself with regret or 
 discontent (/. away or out one's life &c); (of 
 stream &c.) flow or rise in little waves, chafe ; 
 ruffle (water). (N.) irritation, vexation, queru- 
 lousness, (in af. ; /. & fume ; on thefi); hence 
 fpe'tFUL a., fpe'tfulLY 2 adv., fpe'tfulNESS 
 n., fpe'ttv 2 a. [OE fretan cf. Gfressen (fra- 
 cogn. w. for-, eat)] 
 
 fpet 3 , n. Bar or ridge on fingerboard of 
 stringed instrument to regulate fingering. 
 Hence fpe'ttED 2 a. [perh. f. OF frete ferrule] 
 
 fpl'able, a. Easily crumbled. Hence or cogn. 
 fpiaBrLiTY, fpi'ableNESS, nn. [F, f. Lfriabi- 
 lis (friare crumble)] 
 
 fpi'ap, n. Member of certain religious orders 
 esp. the four mendicant orders of Franciscans 
 (Grey Ff. ),Augustmes ( Austin Ff.), Dominicans 
 (Black Ff), & Carmelites (White Ff.) ; f.'s bal- 
 
FRIARY 
 
 329 
 
 FRITTER 
 
 sain, tincture of benzoin. Hence fpi'aPLY * a. 
 [ME & OF frere f. Lfratrem nom. -ter brother] 
 
 fpi'apy, n. Convent of friars, [f. obs. frary 
 i. OF frairie, frerie (frere see prec.) w. assim. 
 to prec. ; or f. prec. w. -y for -ry(3) by mistake 
 of -ar for -er j ] 
 
 fpi'bble, v.i., & n. Trifle, be frivolous ; (n.) 
 trifler. [iniit. ; earlier senses stammer, totter] 
 
 frreandeau (-do), n. (pi. -x pr. -z), & v.t. Slice 
 of fried or stewed meat, esp. veal, served with 
 sauce ; (vb) make into ft [FJ 
 
 fricassee*, n., & v.t. Meat cut up, fried or 
 stewed, & served with sauce, esp., ragout of 
 birds or small animals cut up ; (vb) make f. of. 
 [f. F fricassee (fricasser vb etyin. dub.)] 
 
 fri'eative (-a-), a. & n. (Consonant) made by 
 friction of breath in narrow opening, as /, th, 
 Scotch ch. [f. hfricare rub + -ative] 
 
 fri'etion, n. Medical chafing ; rubbing of two 
 bodies, attrition; (Physics, Mech.) resistance 
 body meets with in moving over another {angle 
 off, maximum angle at which one will remain 
 on another without sliding) ;f.-ball, used in bear- 
 ings to lessen f. ; f. -clutch, -cone, -coupling, -disk, 
 -gear(ing), contrivances for transmitting mo- 
 tion by f. Hence fpi'etionAL, fri'etionLEss, 
 aa. [F, f. L frictionem {fricare rub, -ion)] 
 
 Fri'day, n. Sixth day of week (Good F., F. 
 before Easter-day,commemorating Crucifixion ; 
 BlackF., used as namef or various disasters that 
 fell on F.). [OE frigedseg; com.-WG transl. of 
 LL dies Veneris day of planet Venus, cf. G 
 Freitag ; = day of Frig wife of Odin] 
 
 friend (frend), n., & v.t. One joined to an- 
 other in intimacy & mutual benevolence inde- 
 pendently of sexual or family love ; person who 
 acts for one, e.g. as second in duel ; (loosely) ac- 
 quaintance, stranger that one comes across or 
 has occasion to mention anew, (my f. in the 
 brown hat now left me ; used in voc. as polite 
 form or in irony, & by Quakers as ordinary ad- 
 dress ; my honourable f, of another M.P. in 
 House of Commons ; my learned f, of another 
 lawyer in court) ; (pi.) one's near relations, those 
 responsible for one; sympathizer,helper, patron, 
 (no f. of or to order, virtue, &c; af. at court, 
 one whose influence maybe made use of); help- 
 ful thing (my shyness icas here my bestf); one 
 who is not an enemy, who is on the same side ; 
 be, keep, make, ff., be or get on good terms ; F., 
 Quaker (Society ofFf, the Quakers as a com- 
 munion); hencefpie'ndLESsa., fpie'ndless- 
 NESSn. (Vb, poet.) befriend, help. [com.-Teut.; 
 OEfriond, cf. Gfreund; p.p. of OTeut. frijo- 
 gan love (OE/reo?t see free *> 2 ), -nd 2 ] 
 
 fpie'ndly, a., n., & adv. Acting, disposed to 
 act, as friend ; characteristic of friends, express- 
 ing, showing, or prompted by, kindness (/. lead 
 among London poor, entertainment to raise 
 funds for distressed person); not hostile, on 
 amicable terms, (a f. nation ; f. action at law, 
 brought merely to get a point decided ; /. match, 
 played for honour merely, not in competition 
 for cup &c); favourably disposed, ready to ap- 
 proveorhelp,(of things) serviceable, convenient, 
 opportune ; F. Society, for mutual insurance 
 against distress in sickness or old age ; hence 
 fpie'ndliLY 2 (rare) adv., fpie'ndliNESS n. 
 (N., w. pi.) native of f. tribe. (Adv., rare) in 
 f. manner (used, received, usf). [OE fr&ondlic 
 3i.,fr6ondlice adv., see -ly 2 ] 
 
 friendship, n. Being friends, relation be- 
 tween friends; friendly disposition felt or 
 shown, [-ship] 
 
 fpieze 1 , n. Coarse woollen cloth with nap 
 usu. on one side only. [f. F frise (friser curl)] 
 
 fpieze 2 , n. Member of entablature coming 
 between architrave & cornice ; horizontal 
 
 broad band of sculpture filling this ; band of 
 decoration elsewhere, [f. F frise prob. con- 
 nected w. It. fregio fringe f. 'LPhrygium (opus 
 work) of Phrygia] 
 
 fpi'gfate (-at), n. (Hist.) warship next in size 
 & equipment to ships of the line, with 28-60 
 guns on main deck & raised quarter-deck & 
 forecastle ; (mod., loosely for) cruiser ; (also/.- 
 bird) large swift. tropical bird of prey. [f. F 
 frigate f. It. fregata etym. dub.] 
 
 fright (-it), n., & v.t. Sudden fear, violent 
 terror, alarm ; grotesque-looking person ; (vb, 
 poet.) frighten. [OE fryhto metathetic form of 
 fyrhto cf. OE forht, G furcht] 
 
 fpig-h'ten, v.t. Throw into a fright, terrify, 
 (often oiit of, into, doing) ; drive away, out of 
 (place &c), into (submission &c), by fright; 
 frightened at or of. [prec. (n.) + -en <>] 
 
 fpigli'tful, a. Frightening (archaic) ; dread- 
 ful, shocking, revolting ; ugly, hideous, whence 
 fpig-h'tfulNESS n. ; (slang) very great, awful. 
 Hence fpiglvtfulLY 2 ad v. [-ful] 
 
 fpi'gld (-j-), a. Cold (esp. of climate or air ; /. 
 zone, region enclosed by either polar circle) ; 
 without ardour, apathetic, formal, forced; 
 chilling, depressing ; dull, flat, insipid. Hence 
 or cogn. fpig-i'diTY, fpi'gidNESS, nn., fpi'- 
 gldLY 2 adv. [f . L frigidus (frigere be cold f . 
 frigus n. cold)] 
 
 fpill, n. Ornamental edging of woven mate- 
 rial, one side of strip being gathered & the 
 other left loose with fluted appearance ; similar 
 paper ornament on ham-knuckle &c. ; natural 
 fringe of feathers, hair, &c, on bird, animal, or 
 plant ; (pi.) airs, affectation, (puts on ff.) ; me- 
 sentery of animal ; (Photog.) puckered gelatine 
 film at edge of plate. Hence f pHIed 2 a. , f pi'll- 
 ery(5), fpi-lliNG J (3, 6), nn. [?] 
 
 fringe (-j-), n., & v.t. Ornamental bordering 
 of threads left loose or formed into tassels or 
 twists ; such bordering made separately ; bor- 
 der, edging, (Neicgatef, beard allowed to grow 
 below shaven chin) ; front hair cut short & al- 
 lowed to hang over forehead ; natural border 
 of hair &c. in animal or plant ; hence fpin*g"e- 
 less, fpi'ng-Y 2 , aa. ( Vb) adorn or encircle with 
 f., serve as f. to ; hence fpi'ng-iNGMS) n. [ME 
 & OF frenge f . L JimbiHa] 
 
 fpi'ppepy, n. Finery, needless or tawdry 
 adornment esp. in dress ; empty display esp. in 
 literary style ; knick-knacks, trifles, [f. OF/re- 
 perie (frepe rag, -ery")] 
 
 fpise'tte (-z-), n. Band of small artificial 
 curls on forehead. [F (friser frizz)] 
 
 fpiseup (frezer'), n. Hairdresser, [as prec] 
 
 Fpi'sian (-z-), a. & n. (Native, language) of 
 Friesland. [f. L Frisii pi. f. OFris. Frise + -an] 
 
 frisk, v.i., & n. Move sportively, gambol (v. 
 & n.). Hence fpi'skY 2 a., fpi'skiLY 2 adv., 
 fpi'skiNESS n. [f. obs. frisk a. f. OF frisque, 
 lively perh. cogn. w. fresh] 
 
 fpi'sket, n. (print.). Thin iron frame with 
 tapes across it keeping sheet in position while 
 printing, [f. F frisquette etym. dub.] 
 
 fpit, n., & v.t. Calcined mixture of sand & 
 fluxes as material for glass-making; vitreous 
 composition from w r hich soft porcelain is made ; 
 (vb) make into f., partially fuse, calcine, [f. It. 
 fritta fern. p.p. of friggere fry 2 ] 
 
 fpi*t-fly,n. Smail fly destructive to wheat. [?] 
 
 fpith. See firth. 
 
 fpi'tillapy (or -ti"-), n. Kinds of liliaceous 
 plant, esp. Snakeshead ; kinds of butterfly, [f. 
 L fritillus dice-box + -ary a ] 
 
 fpi'ttep \ n. Piece of fried batter often con- 
 taining slices of fruit &c. (apple, oyster, &c.,/.); 
 (pi.) = fenks. [f. F fHture (L frigere frict- 
 fry 2 , -ure), see -er 2 (3)] 
 
 11* 
 
FRITTER 
 
 330 
 
 FRONTISPIECE 
 
 fpi'ttep 2 , v.t. Subdivide minutely; throw 
 (time, money, energy, &c.) away on divided 
 aims. [f. obs. n. fritter(s) = obs. Jitters n. pi. f. 
 obs. fitter v. perh. cogn. w. G fetzen rag, scrap ; 
 or f. OF freture f. L fractura fracture] 
 
 fpi'vol (-vl), v.i. & t. Be a trifler, trifle ; throw 
 (money, time) away foolishly, [back-formation 
 f. foil.] 
 
 fpi'volous, a. Paltry, trumpery, trifling, fu- 
 tile ; given to trifling, not serious, silly. Hence 
 or cogn. fpivd'liTV, fpi'volousNESS, nn., 
 fpi'volousLV 2 adv. [f. L frivohis (perh. f. 
 fricare rub) + -ous] 
 
 fpiz(z) i, v.t., & n. Curl, crisp, form into mass 
 of small curls, (hair, or person &c. in regard to 
 it) ; dress (wash-leather &c.) with pumice or 
 scraping-knife. (N.) frizzed state, frizzed hair, 
 row of curls ; hence fpi'zzv 2 a. [f. F f riser] 
 
 fpi'zz 2 , v.i. Make sputtering noise in frying, 
 [f. fry 2 w. imit. terrain.] 
 
 fpi'zzle \ v.t. & i., & n. Curl (t., & i. esp. with 
 ii2), of hair &c.) in small crisp curls. (X.) friz- 
 zled hair ; hence fpi'zzlv 2 a. [etym. dub.; old- 
 er than frizz l ; cf. OFris. frisle head of hair] 
 
 fpi'zzle 2 , v.i. & t. Fry, toast, or grill, with 
 sputtering noise, [frizz 2 + -le(3)] 
 
 fpo, adv. Away (only in to & f, backwards 
 & forwards, or of repeated journeys between 
 two places), [f. ON f'rd prep. =OE from] 
 
 fpock, n., & v.t. Monk's long gown with 
 loose sleeves, (fig.) priestly character (v.t., in- 
 vest with priestly office, cf. unfrock) ; = 
 smock-/. ; sailor's woollen jersey ; child's skirt 
 (c bodice as outer dress for indoor use, (in re- 
 cent fashionable use) woman's dress ; (also /.- 
 coat) man's long-skirted coat not cut away in 
 Jfront ; military coat of like shape, [f. Ffroc cf. 
 med.L froccus, floecus ; pern. = flock 1 as 
 "woollen, or f. OHG hroch (G rock) coat] 
 
 fpog" 1 , n. Tailless amphibious animal deve- 
 loped from tadpole ; (contempt, for) Frenchman 
 (as eating ff.), whence Fpo'g-gv 3 n. ; /. -eater, 
 Frenchman ; f.-fish, kinds of fish esp. the Ang- 
 ler ; f.'s, /., -march, carrying of prisoner face 
 downwards by four men holding a limb each ; 
 /. -spawn, lit., & as name for kinds of freshwater 
 algae. Hence fpo'ggv 2 a. (esp. = cold as a f.). 
 [OE frogga, also frox cf. G frosch] 
 
 fvog 2 , n. Elastic horny substance in middle 
 of sole of horse's foot. [?] 
 
 fpog" 3 , n. Attachment to waistbelt to support 
 sword, bayonet, &c. ; militar y coat-fastening of 
 spindle-shaped button & loop, whence fvogg- 
 ed 2 a. [perh. f. Port, froco f. L floecus flock 1 ] 
 
 fpogr 4 , n. Grooved piece of iron at place in 
 railway where tracks cross. [?] 
 
 fpo'lie, a. (archaic), v.i., & n. Joyous, mirth- 
 ful, sportive, full of pranks ; (vb) play pranks, 
 gambol ; (n.) outburst of gaiety, prank, merri- 
 ment, merry-making, gay party. Hence fpo*- 
 liesoME a., fpo'liesomeLY 2 adv., fpo'lie- 
 somexEss n. [f. Du. vrolijk adj. cf. Gfrohlich 
 (MDu. vrb glad, -like)] 
 
 fpom, prep, expressing separation & intro- 
 ducing :— person, place, &c, whence motion 
 takes place (comes f. the clouds ; repeated f. 
 mouth to moxdh) ; starting-point (/. title to colo- 
 phon, throughout book ; /. 2nd July ; /. day to 
 day, daily ; /. time to time, occasionally ; /. a 
 child, since childhood) ; inferior limit (saw f. 
 10 to 20 beats) ; object &c. whence distance or 
 remoteness is reckoned or stated (ten miles f. 
 Rome ; am far f. saying : /. home, out, away ; 
 absent, away, f. home ; apart f. its moral as- 
 pect) ; thing or person got rid • of, escaped, 
 avoided, of which one is deprived &c, person 
 or thing deprived, (took his sword f. him ; re- 
 leased him f. prison ; cannot refrain f. laugh- 
 
 ing ; appeal f. lower court , dissuade f. folly) ; 
 state changed for another (/. being attacked 
 became the aggressor; raise penalty f. banish- 
 ment to death) ; thing distinguished (doesn't 
 know black f. white) ; source (dig gravel f. pit ; 
 draw conclusion f. 2>remisses ; quotations f, the 
 fathers) ; place of vantage &c. (saw it f. the 
 poop ; f. his point of view, as he sees things) ; 
 giver, sender, &c. (gifts f. Providence ; frocks 
 f. Worth's ; things not required f. me) ; model 
 (painted f. nature) ; reason, cause, motive, 
 (died f. fatigue ; suffering f. dementia ; /. his 
 looks you might suppose) ; advbs or advl phrr. 
 of place or time (/. long ago, of old, above, &c), 
 or prepositions (/. under her spectacles ; /. out 
 the bed). [OE fram, from, forward cf. fro] 
 
 fpond, n. (Bot.) leaflike organ formed by 
 union of stem & foliage in certain flowerless 
 plants, esp. ferns, & differing from leaf in usu. 
 bearing fructification ; (Zool.) leaflike expan- 
 sion in some animal organisms. Hence fpo'nd- 
 age(1) n., fpondosE l a. [f. Ijfrons -dis leaf] 
 
 Fponde (-awnd), n. Party that rebelled 
 against Mazarin & Court during minority of 
 Louis XIV; malcontent party ; violent political 
 opposition. [F, orig. = sling] 
 
 front (-U-), n. & a., & v.i. & t. Forehead 
 (poet. ; head &f., chief part or item) ; face (/. 
 tof. ; have the f., be impudent enough usu. to 
 do ; present, show, a bold /.) ; (Mil.) foremost 
 line or part of army &c, line of battle, part of 
 ground towards real or imaginary enemy, scene 
 of actual fighting (go to the /., join troops on 
 campaign), direction in which formed line faces 
 (change f); (Arch.) any face of building, esp. 
 that of main entrance ; fore part of anything 
 (opp. back) ; band of false hair, set of false 
 curls, worn over woman's forehead ; breast'of 
 man's shirt, also dicky; (with prep.) forward 
 position (in f. of, before, in advance of, con- 
 fronting ; inf. ; come to the f, become conspicu- 
 ous) ; (ellipt.) = in f. as adv. or adj. (were beset 
 f. & rear ; two-pair f., second-floor room in f.) ; 
 frontsman, salesman stationed on pavement 
 in f. of shop; hence fpo'ntWARD a. & adv., 
 fpo'nt wards adv. (Adj.) of the, situated in, 
 f. (/. bench, reserved for ministers or ex-minis- 
 ters in Parliament houses ; /. door, chief en- 
 trance of house). (Vb) face, look, to, towards, 
 up(on) ; face, stand opposite to ; have f. on side 
 of (street &c.) ; confront, meet, oppose ; furnish 
 with f. (fronted with stone); (Mil.) turn (i. & t.) 
 to the f . (often as word of command), [n. OF, f. 
 L frons frontis ; vb f. OF fr outer] 
 
 fpentage (-vl-, -ij), n. Land abutting on 
 street or water, land between front of building 
 & road, whence fpo'ntag-ER^l) n. ; extent of 
 front ; front of building ; ground occupied by 
 troops in camp or on parade ; facing a certain 
 way, exposure, outlook, [-age] 
 
 fpo'ntal 1 (-u-), n. Covering fpr front of 
 altar ; facade, [f. OF frontel f. LL frontale 
 
 (FRONT, -AL)] 
 
 fpo'ntal 2 (-G-), a. Of forehead (/. bone, 
 artery) ; of, on, front (/. attack, delivered direct, 
 not on flank or rear), [-al] 
 
 fpo'ntiep (-u-, -6-), n. Part of a country that 
 borders on another ; (attrib.) of, on, the f. [OF 
 (front, -aria -arv ] )] 
 
 Fpo*ntig , nae (-inyak), n. A muscat wine, 
 [erron. for -nan, name of French town] 
 
 fpo'ntispieee (-u-), n., & v.t. (Arch.) princi- 
 pal face of building, decorated entrance, pedi- 
 ment over door &c. ; illustration facing title- 
 page of book or one of its divisions (vb, supply 
 with as f.) ; face (esp. in boxing slang), [f. F 
 frontispice f. med.L frontispicium counten- 
 ance (front, specere look) w. assim. to piece] 
 
FRONTLESS 331 
 
 fpo'ntless (-u-), a. Unblushing (rare) ; with- 
 out front, [-less] 
 
 fpo'ntlet (-u-), n. Band worn on forehead ; = 
 phylactery ; animal's forehead ; cloth hang- 
 ing over upper part of altar frontal, [f. OF 
 frontelet (frontal 1 , -let)] 
 
 fponto-, comb, form of L frons -its = of the 
 forehead & — , as f. -nasal, [for fronti- (-I-, -o-)J 
 
 fpo'nton (fru-), n. Pediment. [F, f. It. 
 front one (front, -oon)] 
 
 fpope, a. (poet.). Frozen, frosty, [archaic 
 p.p. of freeze] 
 
 fpost (-aw-, -o-), n., & v.t. Freezing, pre- 
 valence of temperature below freezing-point 
 of water (ten &c. degrees off. ; hard, sharp, f. ; 
 white or hoar, black, /., with, without, rime; 
 Jack F., f. personified), frozen state or con- 
 sistency (there is still f. in the ground), frozen 
 dew or vapour (windows covered tvithf.) ; influ- 
 ence that chills, makes grey, &c. ; (slang) fail- 
 ure ;f.-bite, inflammation or gangrene of & be- 
 low skin from severe cold, f. -bitten, affected 
 with this ; f.-work, tracery made by f. on glass 
 &c. ; hence fpo'stLESS a. (Vb) nip, injure, 
 (plants &c.) with f. ; cover (as) with rime, pow- 
 der with coating of sugar &c, whence fpo'st- 
 ing ! (3) n.; give roughened or finely granulated 
 surface to (glass, metal) ; turn (hair) white ; 
 arm (horse's shoes) against slipping by nails &c. 
 [com.-Teut.; cf. G frost; cogn. w. freeze] 
 
 fpo'sty, a. Cold with frost ; cold, chilling, 
 frigid, lacking in warmth of feeling ; covered, 
 seeming to be covered, with hoar-frost. Hence 
 f po'stiL y 2 adv. , fpo'stixEss n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 fpoth (-aw-, -6-), n., & v.i. & t. Collection of 
 small bubbles, foam ; impure matter on liquid, 
 scum ; worthless matter, idle talk, &c. ; hence 
 fpo'thv 2 a., fpo'thiLY 2 adv., fpo'thiNESS n. 
 (Vb) emit, gather, f.; cause (beer &c.) to foam, 
 [perh. f. ON frotha cf.OE d-freothan to f.] 
 
 fpou*-fpou (-00-, -oo), n. Rustling, esp. of 
 dresses. [F, iniit.] 
 
 fpow (-ow), n. Dutchwoman, [f. Du. vrouw 
 = G fro. u woman] 
 
 fpowapd (fro # ard), a. (archaic). Perverse, 
 refractory. Hence fpowardLY 2 adv., fpo- 
 wardxESS n. [fro, -ward] 
 
 fpown, v.i. & t., & n. Knit brows esp. to ex- 
 press displeasure or concentrate attention ; (of 
 things) present gloomy aspect ; express dis- 
 approbation (at, on, tipon) ; put (interrupter, 
 interruption, &c.) down with f. ; express (defi- 
 ance &c.) with f. ; hence fpowningLY 2 adv. 
 (N.) vertically furrowed state of brow ; look ex- 
 pressing severity, disapproval, or deep thought, 
 [f. OF froignier perh. f. Teut. cf. Sw. dial. fi*yna, 
 Norw. froyna, make wry face] 
 
 frowst, n., & v.i. Fusty heat in room (vb, 
 stay in, enjoy, this'). Hence fpowstv 2 a. [?] 
 
 frowzy, a. Ill-smelling, fusty, musty, close ; 
 slatternly, unkempt, dingy. Hence fpow'zi- 
 ness n. [?] 
 
 fpoze(n). See freeze. 
 
 fpucti'fepous, a. Bearing fruit, [f. L 
 fructifer (fruit, -ferous)] 
 
 fpuetifiea'tion, n. (hot). Fructifying ; re- 
 productive parts of plant, esp. of ferns & mosses, 
 [f. hfructificatio (foil., -fication)] 
 
 fpiretify, v.i. & t. Bear fruit (lit. & fig.) ; 
 make fruitful, impregnate, [f. F fructifieri. L 
 fructificare (fruit, -fy)] 
 
 fpu'ctose, n. Fruit sugar, [f. L fructus 
 fruit + -OSE 2 ] 
 
 fpu'ctuous, a. Full of, producing, fruit (lit. 
 & fig.). [OF z f. L fructuosus (fruit, -ous)] 
 
 fpu'gal (-00-), a. Careful, sparing, economi- 
 cal, esp. as regards food ; sparingly used or sup- 
 plied, costing little. Hence or cogn. fpug'a'liTY 
 
 FUCUS 
 
 n., fpirg-alLY 2 adv. [f. L frugalis (frugi in- 
 decl. adj. ovig. dat. of frux profit + -al] 
 
 fpuit (-oot), n., & v.i. & t. (Usu. pi.) vegetable 
 products fit for food (usu. ff. of the ear'th), so 
 fpui'tAGEd) n.; plant's or tree's edible product 
 of seed with its envelope (also collect, in sing., 
 as feeds onf); vegetable seed with envelope as 
 means of reproduction ; (bibl.) offspring (usu. 
 /. of the body, loins, xcomb) ; produce of action, 
 (pi.) revenues produced (the ff. of industry) ; 
 (sing, or pi.) result, issue, consequence ; f.-cake, 
 containing currants &c. ; /. clipper, fast ship 
 carrying f. ; f.-knife, with silver &c. blade 
 against acid ; f. -piece, picture of f. ; f. -sugar, 
 glucose, levulose, or fructose ; f.-tree, grown for 
 its f . ; hence (-)fpuitED 2 a. (Vb) bear, make 
 bear, f. _[OF, f. L fructus -us (frui enjoy)] 
 
 fpuitap'ian, n. Feeder on fruit, [-arian] 
 
 fpui'tep, n. Fruit-ship ; tree producing fruit 
 (a suref); fruit-grower, [fruit n. & v., -er 1 ] 
 
 fpui'tepep, n. Dealer in fruit, [-er * doubled] 
 
 fpui'tful, a. Productive, fertile, causing fer- 
 tility ; productive of offspring, prolific, (lit. & 
 fig. ; a session f. in great measures) ; benefi- 
 cial, remunerative, whence fpui'tfulLY 2 adv. 
 Hence fpui'tfulNESS n. [-ful] 
 
 fpuition (frooi'shn), n. Enjoyment, attain- 
 ment of thing desired, realization of hopes &c. 
 [OF, f. Lfruitionem (frui fruit-, enjoy, -ion)] 
 
 fpui'tless, a. Not bearing fruit ; yielding no 
 profit, ineffectual, useless, empty, vain. Hence 
 fpui'tlessLY 2 adv., fpui'tlessNESS n. [-less] 
 
 fpui'tlet, n. (bot. ). =drupel. [-let] 
 
 fpui'ty, a. Of fruit ; (of wine) tasting of the 
 grape, whence fpui'tiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 fpirmenty (oo), fup'mety, n. Hulled 
 wheat boiled in milk & seasoned with cinna- 
 mon, sugar, &c. [f. OF frumentee (frument I. L 
 frumentum corn), -y 4 ] 
 
 fpump, n. Old-fashioned dowdily-dressed 
 woman. Hence fpirmpiSH 1 , fpirmpy 2 , aa. [?] 
 
 fpu'stpate, a. (archaic). Frustrated, [f. L 
 frustratus (foil., -ate 2 )] 
 
 fpustpa'te (also fru'-), v.t. Balk, baffle, neu- 
 tralize, counteract, disappoint. So fpustPA'- 
 tion n. [f. L frustrari (frustra in vain), -ate 3 ] 
 
 fpu'stule, n. Two-valved shell of diatom. 
 [F, f. LL f rust ulum (foil., -ule)] 
 
 fpirstum, n. (pi. -ta, -turns). Remainder of 
 regular solid whose upper part has been cut off 
 by plane parallel to base, or part intercepted 
 between two planes. [L, = piece broken off] 
 
 fpute'seent, a. (bot.). Of the nature of a 
 frutex. [for fridicescent (foil., -escent)] 
 
 fpu*tex, n. (bot.). Woody-stemmed plant 
 smaller than tree, shrub. [L (genit. -ids)] 
 
 fpu'ticoss, a. (Bot.) shrubby; (of minerals, 
 zoophytes, &c.) looking like shrub, [prec, -ose 1 ] 
 
 fpy l , n. Young fishes fresh from the spawn ; 
 young of salmon in second year ; young of other 
 creatures produced in large numbers, e.g. bees 
 or frogs ; sviall f. , young or insignificant beings, 
 children &c. [f. ON /Wo seed] 
 
 fpy 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Cook (t. & i.) in boiling 
 fat (other fish 1 to /.; frying-pan, shallow pan 
 used ; out of frying-pan into fire, from bad to 
 worse). (N.) fried meat ; various internal parts 
 of animals usu. eaten fried, esp. lamb's f. [f. F 
 frire f. \ifmgere cf. Gk phrugo] 
 
 fpyep, fpi'ep, n. Vessel for frying fish, [-er 1 ] 
 
 fu'bsy (-zi), a. Fat or squat, [f. obs. fubs 
 small fat person] 
 
 fuehsia(fu'sha), n. Drooping-flowered shrub. 
 [mod.L (Bhtchs 16th-c. German botanist, -ia 1 )] 
 
 fu'chsine (fook-), n. Salt of rosaniline form- 
 ing deep red dye. [prec. (f. resemblance of 
 colour to flower) + -ine 4 ] 
 
 fu'cus, n.(pl.-ci pr.-si). Kinds of seaweed with 
 
FUDDLE 
 
 332 
 
 FULLNESS 
 
 flat leathery fronds. Hence fu'com a. [L, = 
 rock-lichen, cf. Gk phokos] 
 
 fu'ddle, v.i. & t., & n. Tipple, booze ; intoxi- 
 cate ; stupefy, confuse ; (n.) spell of drinking (on 
 the /.), intoxication, confusion, [cf. Du. vod 
 slack, G dial, fuddeln swindle] 
 
 fudge !, int. & n. Nonsense!; nonsense. [I] 
 
 fudgre 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Fit together, patch, 
 make up, in a makeshift or dishonest way, cook, 
 fake ; practise such methods ; (n.) piece of fudg- 
 ing, [perh. f. obs. fadge v.i., fit] 
 
 fu'cl, n., & v.t. & i. (-11-). Material for fires, 
 firing, coal, wood, &c; something that feeds or 
 inflames passion &c. (Vb) supply (fire) with f. ; 
 get f. [f. OF fowaille f. pop. ~Lfocalia neut. pi. 
 olfocalis (focus hearth, -al)] 
 
 fug", n. Fustiness of air in room ; fluff & dust 
 collected in corners &c. Hence fu'grgfY 2 a. [?] 
 
 fugra'cious, a. Fleeting, evanescent, hard to 
 capture or keep. So fugrA'ciTY n. [f. Lfugax 
 (fugere flee, -acious)] 
 
 fui'gral, a. Of the nature of a fugue. Hence 
 f u'g-alLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 -fug:e, suf. in adjj. & nn. f. mod.L in -fugus. 
 Ace. to L anal, the sense should be fleeing from 
 (fugere) as in L lucifugxes, erifuga ; but in the 
 mod. formations it is putting to flight (fugare) 
 as in febrifuge, vermifuge. 
 
 fu'gritive, a. & n. Flying, running away, that 
 has taken flight ; flitting, shifting; evanescent, 
 of short duration, quickly fading ; (of literature) 
 of passing interest, ephemeral, occasional. (N.) 
 one who flees esp. from danger, enemy, justice, 
 or owner ; exile, refugee. [F (-if, -ive), f. L fugi- 
 tives (fugere fugit- flee, -ive)] 
 
 fu'gleman, n. (pi. -men). Soldier formerly 
 placed before regiment &c. while drilling to 
 show the motions & time ; leader, organizer, 
 spokesman, whence by back-formation fu'grle 
 v.i. [f. Gflugelmann (fliigel wing, mann man)] 
 
 fugrue (fug), n., & v.i. & t. Polyphonic com- 
 position on one or more short themes contra- 
 pun tally harmonized & re-introduced from time 
 to time ; hence fu*g:uiST(l) n. (Vb) compose or 
 perform f. ( fuguing or fugued, in the form of 
 a f . ). [ F, f . It. & L fuga fl ight] 
 
 -ful, suf. orig. = full a. (1) forming adjj. f. nn., 
 vr. sense full of (beautiful), & sometimes having 
 qualities of (masterful); also adjj. f. adjj. or f. L 
 adj. stems (direful, grateful, tristfid), perh. on 
 anal, of older synonyms in -ful ; also f. vv. (for- 
 getful), arising perh. f. cases in which first com- 
 ponent might in form be either n. or v. (helpful, 
 & esp. thankful where the sing. n. being disused 
 thank would naturally be taken for verb); a pass, 
 sense is seen in bashful = abashable. (2) form- 
 ing nn., w. sense amount required to fill (hand- 
 ful). Handful is a differentiation f . hand full, 
 which in the Teut. langg. had orig. besides its 
 literal sense that of quantity that fills a hand. 
 The differentiation is not carried out equally in 
 all langg., Ghandvoll &c. taking their gender f. 
 first component, though written as single wds. 
 In mod. E -ful is a living suf. freely added to nn. 
 (boxful, houseful, churchful); a reminiscence of 
 its orig. is seen in spoonsful, cupsful, which are 
 ambiguous & contrary to good mod. usage. 
 
 fu'lerum, n. (pi. -ra). (Mech.) point against 
 which lever is placed to get purchase or on which 
 it turns or is supported ; means by which influ- 
 ence &c. is brought to bear ; (Bot.; usu. pi.) ac- 
 cessory organs, appendages, e.g. bracts, tendrils. 
 [L, = post of couch (fulcire to prop)] 
 
 fulfi'l (fob-), v.t. (-11-). Bring to consumma- 
 tion, carry out, (prophecy, promise), satisfy (de- 
 sire, prayer) ; perform, execute, do, (command, 
 law) ; answer (purpose), comply with (condi- 
 tions) ; bring to an end, finish, complete, (period, 
 
 work). Hence fulfi'lMENTn. [OE fullfyllan 
 
 (FULL 1 , FILL)] 
 
 fu'lgrent, a. (poet. & rhet.). Shining, brilliant, 
 [f. ~Lfulgere shine, -ent] 
 
 fu*lg:urite, n. (Geol.) rocky substance fused 
 or vitrified Dy lightning, tube made by passage 
 of lightning into sandy soil ; an explosive, [f. L 
 fulgur lightning -f- -ite 1 (2)] 
 
 fuli'grinous, a. Sooty, dusky, [f. hfuligino- 
 sus (fuligo -inis soot, -ous)] 
 
 full* (fdbl), a., v.t., & adv. Filled to utmost 
 capacity, holding all (of, or abs.) its limits will 
 allow, replete, (/. to the brim, to overflowing, & 
 colloq. up), (of heart &c.) overcharged with emo- 
 tion (f.-hearted, stirred with deep feeling, also 
 zealous, confident, courageous) ; holding or hav- 
 ing abundance of, crowded (in af. house, with 
 a good proportion of members present^ show- 
 ing marked signs of(f. of vitality) ; engrossed 
 with the thought of (f. of himself, of his sub- 
 ject; f. of the news &c, unable to keep from 
 talking of it) ; replete with food (archaic of per- 
 sons ; af. stomach) ; (chiefly bibl.) having had 
 one's fill of (f. of years & honours); abundant, 
 sufficient, copious, satisfactory, (a f. meal; 
 turned it to f. account ; give f. details ; he is 
 very f. on this point) ; complete, entire, perfect, 
 answering completely to its name, reaching the 
 specified or usual limit, entirely visible, (f. point 
 ovstop, period in punctuation ; /. daylight, mem- 
 bership ; f. brother, sister, born of same father 
 and mother; of the f. blood, of pure descent, not 
 hybrid, sof.-blooded, & see below ; /. pay, that 
 allowed on active service ; /. age, after minority; 
 f. dress 2 , & so f. -dress rehearsal; f. -dress de- 
 bate in Parliament, prearranged on important 
 question, notarising casually; /. swing n.; atf. 
 length, lying stretched out, also -inf. below; 
 f. -length portrait &c, of whole figure; /. moon, 
 with whole disk illuminated, also the time when 
 this comes ; /. face, turned straight to spectator ; 
 waited af. hour ; it wasf. summer) ; (of light) 
 intense, (of colour) deep, (of motion &c.) vigor- 
 ous (af. pulse ; /. gallop, speed, &c, used adv. 
 with come &c.); swelling, plump, protuberant, 
 (of dress) containing superfluous material ar- 
 ranged in folds &c. (vb, make f., gather, pleat) ; 
 f.-back, football player stationed behind ; /.- 
 blooded, vigorous, hearty, sensual, & see above ; 
 /. -bodied, esp. of wine with much body; f.-bot- 
 to?nedolvfig,\ongbehind,o-pp.BOB l ;f. -mouthed, 
 (of cattle) with f. complement of teeth, (of dogs) 
 baying loudly, (of oratory, style, &c.) sonorous, 
 vigorous ; f. -timer, child who attends during all 
 school-hours (opp. half-timer); (used abs. as n.) 
 whole (cannot tell you thef. of it ; inf., without 
 abridgment ; to the /., to the utmost extent, 
 quite) ; height, acme, (season, moon, is past 
 thef.); hencefu*lliSH 1 (2)a. (Adv.) very (chiefly 
 poet. ; /. fain ; f. many a ; knoiv itf. well); quite, 
 fully, (/. six miles ; f. as useful as ; often in 
 comb., as f.-blown, of flowers, quite open, also 
 fig. as f.-b. dignity ; f.-grown, having reached 
 maturity) ; exactly (hit him f. on the nose). 
 [Aryan ; cf. G voll, Skr. puma, L plenus, Gk 
 pleres] 
 
 full 2 (fdbl), v.t. Cleanse & thicken (cloth), [f. 
 OF fouler see foil 2 ] 
 
 fu'ller 1 (fo"b-), n. One who fulls cloth; /.'s 
 earth, hydrous silicate of alumina. [-ER *] 
 
 fu*lleP 2 (fdb-), n., & v.t. Grooved tool on which 
 iron is shaped ; groove made by this esp. in 
 horse-shoes ; (vb) stamp with f. [?] 
 
 ful(l)ness, n. Being full l ; esp.: (bibl.) the 
 f. of the heart, emotion, genuine feelings, thef. 
 of time, the destined time, the f. of the world 
 &c, all that fills it ; (of sound, colour, &c.) rich- 
 ness, volume, body, [-ness] 
 
FULLY 
 
 333 
 
 FUNNEL 
 
 fully (fob 'ID, adv. Completely, without defi- 
 ciency ; quite (esp. with numbers). [-L Y 2 ] 
 
 firlmap (fob-), n. Sea-bird of petrel kind & 
 gull's size. [perh. f. ON fit 1 1 foul x + mar mew] 
 
 fu'lminant, a. Fulminating ; (Path., of dis- 
 eases) developing suddenly, [f. L as foil., -ant] 
 
 fu'lminate, v.i. & t. Flash like lightning, 
 explode, detonate, (fulminating gold, mercury, 
 &C various fulminates, see fulminic); thunder 
 forth, utter or publish, (censure) ; issue (usu. 
 official) censures aga inst (esp. of Pope). Hence 
 or cogn. fulmiriA'TiON n., firlminatORY a. 
 If. L, fulminare {fit I men lightning), -ate 3 ] 
 
 fu'lmine, v.t. & i. (poet.). Send forth (light- 
 ning, thunder) ; thunder (lit. & fig.), [as prec] 
 
 fulmrnie, a. (chem.). F. acid, nitro-acetoni- 
 tril, an acid forming explosive salts with some 
 metals. Hence fu'lminATE 1 ^) n. [f. Lfulmen 
 -inis lightning + -ic] 
 
 fu'lness. See fullness. 
 
 fu'lsome (fa-, fob-), a. Cloying, excessive, 
 disgusting by excess, (of flattery, servility, ex- 
 aggerated affection). Hence fu*lsomeLY 2 adv., 
 fu'lsomeNESs n. [full l , -some] 
 
 fu'lvous, a. (nat. hist.). Reddish-yellow, taw- 
 ny. So fulVE'SCENTa. [f. Lifulvu8 + -oiJ&\ 
 
 fuma'de, n. Smoked pilchard, [f. Sp.fumado 
 smoked, f. L fumare fume, -ado 1 ] 
 
 fu'mapole, n. Crevice in cone of volcano 
 through which vapour issues, [f. F fumerolle f. 
 ljfumariolum dim. of fumarium smoke-cham- 
 ber {fu?nus smoke, -ary 1 )] 
 
 fu'inble, v.i. & t., & n. Use the hands awk- 
 wardly, grope about, (at, with, fastening &c; 
 for, after, thing sought) ; handle or deal with 
 awkwardly or nervously (f. the ball, not stop it 
 cleanly); hence ftrmblERin. (X.) bungling 
 attempt, [perh. f. OE folm palm of hand ; cf. 
 Du. fommelen] 
 
 fume, n., & v.t. & i. Odorous smoke, vapour, 
 or exhalation ; watery vapour ; noxious vapour 
 supposed to rise from stomach to brain (the ff. 
 of wine &c; also fig. of excitement, enthusiasm, 
 &c.) ; fit of anger (in a f.) ; hence fu'mv 2 a. 
 ( Vb) perfume with incense ; subject to chemical 
 fumes esp. those of ammonia (photographic 
 film, oak, to darken tints) ; emit ff.; (of vapour 
 &c. ) rise, be emitted ; be pettish, chafe, [n. f . OF 
 fum, vbf. Ffumer, f. L fumus, fumare, smoke] 
 
 furmig-ate, v.t. Apply fumes to ; disinfect 
 or purify with fumes ; perfume. Hence fumi- 
 g , A-TiON,fu , mig , atOR 2 (l, 2), nn. [f. hfumigare 
 (fumus smoke), -a.te 3 ] 
 
 fu'mitopy, n. Herb formerly used in medi- 
 cine, [f. OF fumeterre f. med.L fumus terrae 
 earth-smoke, w. assim. to -ory] 
 
 fun, n., & v.i. Sport, amusement, jocularity, 
 drollery, (makef. of, poke f. at, ridicule ; for /., 
 as a joke ; is good, great, /., very amusing ; like 
 /., vigorously, quickly, much; what f. !, how 
 amusing !) ; (vb; rare) indulge in f., joke. [perh. 
 f. qbs. fon befool, etym. dub.] 
 
 funa'mbulist, n. Rope-walker, [f. L/wnam- 
 bultts( funis rope, ambulare walk), -ist] 
 
 fu'nction, n., & v.i. Activity proper to any- 
 thing, mode of action by which it fulfils its pur- 
 pose ; office-holder's duty, employment, profes- 
 sion, calling ; religious or other public ceremony 
 or occasion, social meeting of formal or impor- 
 tant kind ; (Math.) variable quantity in relation 
 to other(s) in terms of which it may be expressed 
 or on which its value depends ; hence fu'ne- 
 tionLESS a. (Vb) fulfil a f., operate, act. [OF, 
 f. L functionem (fungi funct- perform, -ion)] 
 
 functional, a. Official, merely formal, (rare); 
 (Physiol.) of, affecting, the functions of an or- 
 gan &c. only, not structural or organic (esp. of 
 diseases), (of organ) having a function, not 
 
 f unctionless or rudimentarv ; (Math.) of a func- 
 tion. Hence fu'netionalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 functionary, n. & a. (X.) official ; (adj.) = 
 prec. (not in math, sense), [-ary 1 ] 
 
 fu'nctionate, v.i. = function v. [-ate 3 ] 
 
 fund, n., & v.t. Permanent stock of some- 
 thing ready to be drawn upon (af of common 
 sense, tenderness, labour, knowledge) ; stock of 
 money, esp. one set apart for a purpose (sink l - 
 ingf)', (pi.) pecuniary resources (inff., having 
 money, flush) ; theff., stock of national debt as 
 mode of investment (has £10,000 in the ff.', f.- 
 holder, such investor). (Vb) convert (floating 
 debt) into more or less permanent debt at fixed 
 interest ; put into a f., collect, store, (rare) ; in- 
 vest (money) in the ff. [f. L fundus bottom] 
 
 fu'ndament, n. The buttocks, [f. "Lfunda- 
 mention (found l , -ment) foundation)] 
 
 fundamental, a. & n. Of the groundwork, 
 going to the root of the matter, serving as base 
 or foundation, essential, primary, original, from 
 which others are derived, (a f change ; the f. 
 rules ; the f. form) ; (Mus.) /. note, lowest note 
 of chord, /. tone, produced by vibration of 
 whole sonorous body (opp. harmonics produced 
 by that of its parts) ; hence fundamenta'liTY 
 n., fundame'ntalLY 2 adv. (X.) principle, 
 rule, article, serving as groundwork of system 
 (usu. pi.) ; (Mus.) f. note or tone, [-al] 
 
 fune'bpial, a. (rare). Of funeral (custom isf. 
 in origin), [f. hfunebris (funus see foll.)+ -al] 
 
 fu'nepal, a. & n. Of, used &c. at, burial or 
 cremation of the dead (/. pile, pyre, pile of wood 
 &c. on which corpse is burnt ; /. urn, holding 
 ashes of cremated dead ;/. oration). (X.) burial 
 of the dead with its observances, obsequies ; 
 burial procession, [adj. OF, f. med.L funeralis 
 (h funus -eris funeral -f- -al); n. f. OF funeraille 
 f. med.L funeralia neut. pi. of funeralis, -al(2)] 
 
 fu'nepapy, a. = funebrial. [f. LL fune- 
 rariusjepvee, -ary l )] 
 
 funep'eal, a. Appropriate to funeral, gloomy, 
 dismal, dark. Hence funep'ealLY 2 adv. [f. 
 ~Lfunereus (funeral) -f -al] 
 
 fungible <-j-), a. (legal). That can serve for, 
 orbe replaced by, anotheranswering to thesame 
 definition (of goods &c. contracted for, when an 
 individual specimen is not meant), [f. med.L 
 fungibilis f. fungi (vice) serve (turn), -ible] 
 
 fu'ngieide (-j-), n. Fungus-destroying sub- 
 stance, [fungus, -i-, -cide] 
 
 fu'ngin (-j-), n. Substance forming cell- walls 
 of fungus, [-in] 
 
 fu'ngous, a. Of fungi, having nature of a 
 fungus ; springing up like a mushroom, transi- 
 tory, [f. L fungosus (foil., -ose l )] 
 
 fu'ngus, n. (pi. -gi pr. -ji, -uses). Mushroom, 
 toadstool, or allied plant including moulds ; 
 (Bot.) cryptogamous plant without chlorophyll 
 feeding on organic matter ; thing of sudden 
 growth ; (Path.) spongy morbid growth or ex- 
 crescence ; skin-disease of fish. Hence fu*n- 
 fTAL, fu'ngiFORM (-j-), fungi'voRous (-j-), 
 u'ngoiD, fu'ngus y 2 , aa. [L, perh. cogn. w. 
 Gk sphoggos sponge] 
 
 funi'culap, a. Of a rope or its tension (/. 
 railway, worked by cable & stationary engine), 
 [f. L funiculus (funis cord, -cule) + -ar 1 ] 
 
 funk, n., & v.i. & t., (slang). Fear, panic, (blue 
 /., terror); coward; hence fu'nkv 2 a. (Vb) 
 flinch, shrink, show cowardice ; (try to) evade 
 (undertaking), shirk ; be afraid of, intimidate, 
 [called Oxford slang in 1743 ; etym. dub.] 
 
 fu'nnel, n. Diminishing tube, or truncated 
 cone & tube, for conducting liquid, powder, &c, 
 into small opening ; ventilating or lighting shaft; 
 metal chimney of steam, engine or ship ; f.- 
 shaped lower part of chimney. Hence (-)fun- 
 
FUNNIMENT 
 
 334 
 
 FUSIL. 
 
 nellED 2 a. [ME f oriel perh. thr. OF (cf. Breton 
 founil) f. L infundibulum f. \xi(furidere pour)] 
 fu'nniment, n. Joke, drollery, [foil., -ment] 
 fu'nny ] , a. Affording fun, comical ; curious, 
 queer, perplexing, hard to account for ; f.-bone, 
 part of elbow over which ulnar nerve passes ; 
 f.-man, prof essional jester. Hence fu'nniLY - 
 adv., fu*nniNESs n. [-y 2 ] 
 fu'nny 2 , n. Narrow clinker-built boat for 
 one sculler, [perh. f. prec.J 
 fup, n., & v.t. & i. Trimming or lining made 
 of dressed coat of certain animals, e. g. ermine, 
 beaver; coat of such animals as material for 
 trimming &c. ; (usu. pi.) garment(s) of or having 
 f. ; short fine soft hair of certain animals dis- 
 tinguished from the longer hair, (pi.) skins of 
 such animals with the f. ; (collect.) furred ani- 
 mals (esp. /. & feather; hunt/., hares); crust 
 adhering to surface, e. g. deposit of wine ; coat- 
 ing formed on tongue in sickness ; crust of car- 
 bonate of lime in kettle &c; hence fup'PY 2 a. 
 (Vb; esp. in p.p.) provide (garment, animal), 
 clothe (person), coat (tongue, inside of kettle ; 
 also intr., become coated), with f. ; clean f. from 
 (boiler); (Carpent.) level (floor-timbers) by in- 
 serting strips of wood. [n. f. vb, OF forrcr 
 (now fourrer) f. Rom. foderare sheathe, line, f. 
 Teut. (OE fdddor cf. Gf utter lining)] 
 fup'below, n., & v.t. Flounce, pleated bor- 
 der of skirt or petticoat ; (pi., contempt.) showy 
 ornaments ; kind of wrinkled seaweed ; (vb) 
 adorn with ff. [corrupt, of falbala] 
 fup'bish, v.t. Remove rust from, polish up, 
 burnish ; give new look to, renovate, revive, 
 (something antiquated ; usu. tip), [f. GFforbir 
 (-iSH 2 )f. OHG forban] 
 
 fup'eate 1 (-at, -at), a. Forked, branched. 
 Hence fupea'to- comb. form. [f. med.L fur- 
 catus (Lfurea fork, -ate 2 )] 
 fupea'te 2 , v.i. Form a fork, divide. So fup- 
 CA~tion n. [f. Lfurea fork + -ate 3 ] 
 fup'ious, a. Full of fury, raging, frantic, 
 violent; fast & /., (of mirth &c.) eager, up- 
 roarious. Hence fup'iousLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 furieusf. Jjfuriosus (fury, -ous)] 
 fupl, v.t. & i. Roll up & bind (sail) on yard 
 or boom ; close, fold up, draw away, relinquish, 
 (fan, umbrella, wings, curtain, hopes) ; become 
 furled, roll away like clouds, [prob. f. obs. 
 furdle furl var. of obs. fardel vb (fardel)] 
 fup'long 1 , n. Eighth of mile. [01E> furlann 
 (furh furrow, long adj.) ; orig. = length of 
 furrow in common field, regarded as square 
 containing ten acres] 
 
 fup'loug'h (-16), n., & v.t. Leave of absence, 
 esp. to soldier ; (vb) grant f. to. [f. Du. verlof 
 cf. G verlaub (for-, leave 1 )] 
 fup'mety. See frumenty. 
 fup'naee (-is), n., & v.t. Apparatus includ- 
 ing chamber for combustibles in which mine- 
 rals, metals, &c, may be subjected to continu- 
 ous intense heat ; hot place ; severe test (esp. 
 tried in the f.) ; closed fireplace for heating 
 building by hot pipes ; (vb) heat in f. [f. OF for- 
 nais f. L fornaccm nom. -ax (formes oven)] 
 fup'nish, v.t. Provide with (furnished with, 
 having) ; fit up (house, room) with all necessary 
 appliances, esp. movable furniture (furnished 
 house, rooms, &c, esp. let with furniture) ; 
 provide, afford, yield, [f. OF furnir (-ish 2 ) f. 
 Rom. fornire f. Teut. (OHG fruminen promote 
 f. root of from)] 
 
 f UP'nitupe (-tsher), n. Contents of receptacle 
 if. of his pocket, money ;/. of my shelves, books ; 
 f. of one's mind, knowledge & intelligence) ; 
 harness &c. of horse &c. (archaic) ; movable 
 contents of house or room, tables, chairs, &c. 
 [f. F foumiture (fournir furnish)] 
 
 fupop'e, n. Enthusiastic admiration, rage, 
 
 craze. [It., f. L furorem (furere be mad, -or 1 )] 
 
 fu'ppiep, n. Dealer in, dresser of , furs, [-ier] 
 
 fup'ping 1 , n. In vbl senses ; also (Ship-build.), 
 
 doubling of planks on ship's side, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 fu'ppow (-6), n., & v.t. Narrow trench made 
 
 by plough ; ship's track ; rut, track, groove, 
 
 long indentation, deep wrinkle, hollow between 
 
 ridges; /. -slice, slice of earth turned up by 
 
 mould-board of plough ; hence fu'PPOWLESS, 
 
 f u'ppowy 2 , aa. ( Vb) plough ; make ff. , grooves, 
 
 &c, in ; mark with wrinkles, [com. -Teut. ; OE 
 
 furh cf. Du. voor, G furche] 
 
 fup'thep (-dh-), adv. & a. (for usage of fur-, 
 far-, see farther etym.), & v.t. To or at more 
 advanced point in space or time (unsafe to 
 proceed f. ; & then to lapse unless f. continued) ; 
 to greater extent, more, (inquire'f.) ; (also fur- 
 thermore) in addition, moreover, also (esp. in- 
 troducing fresh consideration in argument) ; 
 at greater distance (III see you f. first, euphem. 
 for in hell, as strong refusal of request). (Adj.) 
 going beyond what exists or has been dealt 
 with, additional, (threats of f. punishment; 
 till f. notice, in announcing arrangement to 
 continue during pleasure) ; more distant (on 
 the f. side), whence fup'thePMOST a. (Yb) 
 help on, promote, favour, (undertaking, move- 
 ment, cause) ; hence fup'thePAXCE n., fuF*- 
 thepsoME a. [OEfurthor adv., furthra adj., 
 (fore 2 , -ther), fyHhrian vb] 
 furthest (-dh-), a. & adv. = farthest. 
 [superl. formed f. prec] 
 
 fup'tive, a. Done by stealth, clandestine, 
 meant to escape notice ; sly, stealthy; stolen, 
 taken secretly ; thievish, pilfering. Hence 
 fup'tiveLY 2 adv., fup'tivexESS n. [F (-if, 
 -ive), f. Lifurtivus (furtum theft, -ive)] 
 fup*unele,_n. Boil, tumour. Hence fup- 
 u'nculAR, fupu'neulous, aa. [f. Lfuruncu- 
 lus_(fur thief, -uncle)] 
 
 fup'y, n. Fierce passion, wild anger, rage, 
 (in a /., fit of rage) ; impetuosity in battle &c. 
 (the Spanish F., massacre by Spaniards at 
 Antwerp 1576) ; violence of weather, disease, 
 &c. (like f, furiously, hard); (usu. pi.) snake- 
 haired goddess(es) of Gk myth sent from Tar- 
 tarus to punisb crime, (fig.) avenging spirits, 
 remorseful pangs, (haunted by the jf. of her 
 father's blood) ; virago, angry or malignant 
 woman, [f. F furie f. Lifuria (furere be mad)] 
 fupze, n. Spiny yellow-flowered evergreen 
 shrub growing on European waste lands, gorse, 
 whin. Hence fup'ZY 2 a. [OE/yrs etym. dub.] 
 f u'scous, a. (nat. hist. ). Sombre, dark, in col- 
 our. So fu'seo- comb. form, [hfw scus, -ous] 
 fuse i (-z), v.t. & i. Melt (t. & i. ) with intense 
 heat; blend, amalgamate, (t. & i.) into one 
 whole (as) by melting (of metals, living bones, 
 institutions, motives, &c). Hence fu'siBLE 
 a., fusiBiLiTY n. [f. L fundere fus- pour] 
 fuse 2 (-z), n., & v.t. Tube, casing, cord, &c, 
 filled or saturated with combustible matter for 
 igniting bomb, blasting-charge, &c. ; (vb) fit 
 f . to. [f . It. fuso f. L fusus spindle] 
 fusee* (-z-), n. Conical pulley or wheel esp. in 
 watch or clock ; exostosis or bony tumour on 
 horse's cannon-bone ; large-headed match for 
 lighting cigar or pine in wind. [f. F fusie f. 
 jned.Li fxisata spindleful (Lfusus spindle)] 
 fu'sel oil (-z-), n. Mixture of several alco- 
 hols, chiefly amylic, formed in making some 
 spirits, [f. G fusel bad spirit, cLfuseln foozle] 
 fu'sifopm (-S-), a. (nat. hist.). Shaped like 
 spindle or cigar, tapering at both ends. [f. L 
 fusus spindle, -r-, -form] 
 
 fu'sil (-z-), n. Obsolete light musket. [F,=It. 
 focile (L focus hearth, fire, -il)] 
 
FUSILIER 
 
 335 
 
 OADHELIC 
 
 fusilier* (-z-), n. (usu. pi.). (Man of) certain 
 (now ten) British regiments formerly armed 
 with fusils. [F (prec., -ier)] 
 
 fusilla'de, n., & v.t. (Wholesale execution 
 hy) continuous discharge of fire-arms ; (vb) 
 assault (place), shoot down (persons), by f. [F 
 (fusilier shoot f. fusil, -ade)] 
 
 fu'sion (-zhn), n. Fusing ; fused mass ; 
 blending of different things into one ; coalition, 
 whence fu*sionisx(2) n. [f. L fusio (fuse \ 
 -ion) ; cf. foison] 
 
 fuss, n., & v.i. & t. Bustle, excessive com- 
 motion, ostentatious or nervous activity ; 
 treatment of trifles as important ; abundance 
 of petty detail ; hence fu'ssY 2 a., fu'ssiLY 2 
 adv., fu'ssiNESS n. (Vb) make f. ; busy one- 
 self restlessly with trifles ; move fussily abotit, 
 up & down, &c. ; agitate, worry, (person), 
 [perh. imit. of sputtering or bubbling] 
 
 fustane'lla, n. Man's white petticoat in 
 modern Greece. [It. , dim. of mod. Gk phoustani 
 perh. f. It. fustagno fustian] 
 
 fu'stian (-t-), n. Thick twilled short-napped 
 cotton cloth usu. dyed dark ; turgid speech or 
 writing, bombast; (attrib.) made of f., (fig.) 
 bombastic, worthless, sorry, pretentious, [f . OF 
 fustaigne (med.L fustaneus adj. perh. = from 
 Fostat suburb of Cairo)] 
 
 fu'stie, n. Two kinds of wood yielding yel- 
 low dye (young /., Venetian sumach ; /. or old 
 /., Amer. & W.-Ind.) ; dye from these, [f. F f. 
 Sp. fustoc f. Arab, fusing f. Gk as pistachio] 
 
 ftrstigate, v.t. (joe). Cudgel. SofustigA'- 
 tion n. [L fustigare (fustis cudgel), -ate 3] 
 
 fu'sty, a. Stale-smelling, musty, mouldy; 
 close, stuffy ; antiquated, old-fashioned. Hence 
 fu'stiNESS n. [f. obs. fust (smell of) wine- 
 cask f. OF fust cask f. L ftistis cudgel] 
 
 fu'tehel(l), n. One of timbers supporting 
 shafts, pole, or axle-bar, of carriage. [?] 
 
 fu'thore (foo-), n. Runic alphabet, [its first 
 six letters (th being one)] 
 
 fu'tile (-I-, -I-), a. Useless, ineffectual, vain, 
 frivolous. Hence or cogn. futl'liTY n., (rare) 
 fu'tileLY 2 adv. [f. L futilis leaky, futile, 
 perh. f.fud- st. oifundere pour] 
 
 fu'ttoek, n. One of ship's middle timbers be- 
 tween floor & top timbers, [perh. = foot-hook] 
 
 fu'tupe (-tsher), a. & n. About to happen, 
 that will be hereafter (/. life, state, existence 
 after death), that will be something specified 
 (myf. wife) ; of time to come, (Gram., of tense) 
 describing event yet to happen. (N.) time to 
 come (for the /., inf., from now onwards ; past, 
 present, &f) ; what will happen in the f. ; per- 
 son's, country's, &c, prospective condition; 
 (Gram.) f. tense ; one's betrothed ; (Commerc.; 
 pi. ) goods & stocks sold for f. delivery, contracts 
 for these ; hence fu'tupeLESSa. [OF (-ur, -ure), 
 f. L ftiturus f ut. part, of esse be f. st. fu- be] 
 
 fu*turist, n. & a. (theol.). (One) believing 
 that the prophecies of the Apocalypse &c. are 
 still to_be fulfilled, [-ist] 
 
 futup'ity, n. Future time ; (sing, or pi.) 
 future events; future condition, existence 
 after death, [-ity] 
 
 fuzz, n. Loose volatile matter, fluff; fluffy 
 or frizzed hair; f-ball, a fungus, the puff-ball, 
 [perh. imit. of blowing] 
 
 fu'zzy, a. Frayed, fluffy; blurred, indis- 
 tinct ; frizzed ; F.-wuzzy, Soudanese warrior. 
 Hence fu'zziLY 2 adv., fu'zziNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 fy, fye. =fie. 
 
 -fy, suf. forming vv. In the older E vv. -fy 
 represented F -fier, L -ficare. F formed vv. in 
 -ficare (with or without intervention of adjj. 
 in -ficus) f. nn., w. sense make, produce, (paci- 
 fieare, orig. intr., make peace) or make into 
 
 (deificare deify) ; f. adjj. w. sense bring into a 
 state (sanctificare) ; & f. vb stems w. causative 
 sense (horrificare horrify). In med.L -ficare 
 was often substituted for -facere ; hence F & E 
 vv. in -fier, -fy, sometimes repr. L v v. in -facere 
 (F stupifier, but p.p. shipe'fait&s well as stupe"- 
 M, stupefy ; OF satxsfier, but mod.F satis fair e ^ 
 F liquefier liquefy, rubefier rubefy). Apart f. 
 these in -efy E has always -ify (-I-), which is. 
 freely added to E adjj. & nn. to form vv. chiefly 
 jocular or colloq. (speechify, Frenchify; also, 
 on vb, the irreg. argufy). Vbs formed on adjj. 
 have often intr. as well as trans, sense (solidify 
 make or become solid). Vv. in -ify have nn. in 
 -ification, those representing L vv. in -facere 
 have nn. in -faction ; but E has petrifaction 
 where F has the correct petrification. 
 fy'lfot, n. Equal-armed cross of which each 
 arm is continued rectangularly, all clockwise 
 or all counterclockwise, [name based on an- 
 cient direction for design of painted window, 
 in which /. may mean either the particular 
 pattern or something to fill the foot of the win- 
 dow; cf. celt 2 ] 
 
 G 
 
 G (je), letter (pi. Gs, G's). (Mus.) fifth note of 
 diatonic scale of C major ; corresponding scale 
 or key ; G clef. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : General, G.P.O. (Post 
 Office); Grand, as G.CB. (Cross of Bath), 
 G.C.M.G. (Cross of St Michael & St George), 
 G.C.V.O. (Cross of Victorian Order), G.C.I.E. 
 (Commander of Indian Empire), G.C.S.I. (Com- 
 mander of Star of India) ; greatest, G.C.F. or 
 M. (common factor or measure). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Ga, Georgia; Gal.(atians); 
 Gen.(eral ; mil. title) ; Gen.(esis) ; Glam.- 
 (organshire) ; >Glos., Gloucestershire ; grm., 
 gramme(s) ; gs, guineas. 
 
 gab, n. (fam.). Talk, prattle, twaddle, (stop 
 your g., hold your tongue ; gift of the g., talent 
 for speaking, also loquacity. [?] 
 
 ga'bble, v.i. & t., & n. Talk volubly or in- 
 articulately, read aloud (t., often over, & i.) too 
 fast; utter too fast; (n.) voluble confused un- 
 intelligible talk, [imit.] 
 
 gabe'lle, n. Tax (usu. foreign tax), esp. the 
 French pre-Revolution salt-tax. [F, f. med.L 
 gabella (gabulum - OE gafol see gavelkind)] 
 
 ga'bepdine (-en), n. Loose long upper gar- 
 ment esp. of Jews & almsmen, [f. OF gauvar- 
 dine perh. f. MHG wallevart pilgrimage] 
 
 ga'bion, n. Wicker cylinder to be filled with 
 earth for use in fortification or engineering. [F, 
 f. It. qabbione (gabbia cage, -oon)] 
 
 gabiona'de, n. Line of gabions. [-ade(I)] 
 
 ga'ble, n. Triangular upper part of wall at 
 end of ridged roof ; (also g.-end) g.-topped wall; 
 g.-shaped canopy over window or door, whence 
 g-a-blET 1 n. Hence (-)ga*blED 2 a. [OF, f. ON 
 gafl ; cf. G gabel fork ; prob. cogn. w. OHG ge- 
 bal, Gk kephale, head] 
 
 ga'by, n. Simpleton. [?] 
 
 gad *, int. of surprise, asseveration, &c. (also 
 by g., begad). [ = god] 
 
 gad 2 , v.i. Go about idly, rove, wander, (usu. 
 about, abroad, out); (of plants, esp. in part.) 
 straggle ; gadabout, (person) given to gadding, 
 [perh. back-formation f. obs. gadling com- 
 panion, OE gaedling (gsed fellowship, -ling 1 )] 
 
 ga*d-fly, n. Breeze, cattle-biting fly ; irri- 
 tating or worrying person ; violent impulse, 
 oestrum, [f. obs. gad spike f. ON gaddr cogn. 
 w. yard & L hasta spear] 
 
 Gadhe'lic (-de-), a. & n. = Gaelic in its wider 
 sense, [literary f. Ir. Gaedheal Gael + ic] 
 
GADROON 
 
 336 
 
 GALLANT 
 
 gadpoo'n, n. (usu. pi. or attrib.). Convex 
 curve(s) in series forming ornamental edge like 
 inverted fluting, [f. F godron etym. dub.] 
 
 "Gael (gal), n. Scottish Celt ; (rarely) Irish Celt, 
 [f. Sc.-Gael. Gaidheal] 
 
 Gae'lic (ga-), a. & n. (Language) of Scottish 
 Celts, of Scottish & Irish & Manx Celts, [-ic] 
 
 gaff 1 , n., & v.t. Barbed fishing-spear; stick 
 with iron hook for landing large fish ; spar ex- 
 tending top of fore-&-aft sail not set on stays ; 
 (vb) seize (fish) with g. [f. F gaffe boat-hook] 
 
 gaff 2 , n. (slang). Blow the g., let out plot. [?] 
 
 gaff 3 , n. (slang). Public place of amusement, 
 esp. (usu. penny g. ) low theatre or music-hall. [?] 
 
 ga'ffep, n. Elderly rustic, old fellow, (also as 
 prefix to name) ; foreman of gang, [contr. of 
 godfather or grandfather ; cf. gammer] 
 
 gag, n., & v.t. & i. Thing thrust into mouth 
 to prevent speech or outcry or (Surg.) hold it 
 open for operation, (Pari.) closure or guillo- 
 tine, (vb, apply g. to, silence, deprive of free 
 speech) ; actor's interpolations in dramatic dia- 
 logue (vb, make these) ; g.-bit, specially power- 
 fulfor horse-breaking, g.-rein, arranged to make 
 bit more powerful, (gag, v.t.) apply g.-bit to 
 (horse); (slang) imposture, lie, (v.t., deceive; 
 v.i., practise deceit), [n. f. vb, perh. imit. of 
 choking sound ; slang sense perh. unrelated] 
 
 gage 1 , n., & v.t. Pledge, thing deposited as 
 security ; (glove thrown down as, any symbol 
 of) challenge to fight ; (vb) stake, pledge, offer 
 as guarantee, [n. f. OF guage f. Teut. (wed) ; 
 vb f. F gager of same orig., or for engage] 
 
 gage 2 . See gauge. 
 
 ga'ggle, v.i. (Of geese) cackle, [imit.] 
 
 gai'ety, n. Beinggay, mirth; (usu. pl.)merry- 
 making.f estive occasion(s), amusements ; bright 
 appearance, [f. F gaieti (GAY, -TV)] 
 
 gaiiy. See gay. 
 
 gain 1 , n. Increase of possessions &c, profit, 
 advance, improvement; acquisition of wealth, 
 lucre, pelf; (pi.) sums acquired by trade &c, 
 emoluments, winnings ; increase in amount. 
 [OF (gaaignier gain 2 )] 
 
 gain 2 , v.t. & i. Obtain, secure, (desired or 
 desirable thing ; g. time, obtain delay by pre- 
 texts or slow methods ; g. the car of, get favour- 
 able hearing from) ; win (sum) as profits or as 
 result of changed conditions, earn, whence 
 gainings [-ing 1 (2)] n. pi. ; make a profit, be 
 benefited, improve or advance in some respect, 
 be enhanced by comparison or contrast; win 
 (land from sea, battle, victory; g. the upper 
 hand, be victorious) ; bring over to one's interest 
 or views, win over, persuade, prevail upon ; 
 reach, arrive at, (desired place) ; g. ground, 
 progress, advance, encroach (up)on; g. {ground) 
 (up)on, get closer to (person or thing pursued) ; 
 (of sea) encroach (up)on (land) ; g. (up)on, win 
 the favour of. Hence gai'nABLE a., gai'nER 1 
 n. [f. F gagner f. OF gaaignier cf. It. gua- 
 dagnare f. OHG (xoeidenen v. pasture, forage, cf. 
 G weide pasturage, OE wdth hunting)] 
 
 gai'nful, a. Lucrative, remunerative ; bent 
 on gain, [-ful] 
 
 gainsay*, v.t. (said, pr. -ad or -ed). Denv, 
 contradict. Hence gainsay 'er 1 n. [f. obs. 
 gain prep, against f. ON gegn cf. G gegen + say] 
 
 gainst, 'gainst. (Poet, for) against. 
 
 gait, n. Manner of walking, bearing or car- 
 riage as one walks, [var. of gate 2 ] 
 
 gai'ter, n. Covering of cloth, leather, &c, 
 for leg below knee or for ankle. Hence gai*- 
 tePED 2 a. [f. F guetre etym. dub.] 
 
 ga*la,n. Festive occasion, fete, (often attrib., 
 its g. day, dress, &c). [F f. It.] 
 
 gala-etie, a. (astron.). Of the Galaxy, [f. Gk 
 galaktikos (foil., -ic)] 
 
 gala'eto-, comb, form of Gk gala -aktos milk 
 used in scientific terms as galactogogue, (sub- 
 stance) inducing a flow of milk. 
 
 ga'lantine (-en), n. White meat boned, 
 spiced, tied, boiled, & served cold. [F, altered 
 f. galatine a fish sauce] 
 
 gala'nty show, n. Pantomime on screen 
 made by shadows of puppets, [perh. f. It. ga- 
 lanti pi. of galante gallant] 
 
 ga'laxy (-la-), n. Irregular luminous band 
 of stars indistinguishable to naked eye encir- 
 cling the heavens, Milky Way ; brilliant com- 
 pany (of beauties, talent, &c). [f. F galaxie f. 
 Li f. Gk galaxias (gala -aktos milk)] 
 
 ga'lbanum, n. Gum resin from some Per- 
 sian species of ferula. [L, f. Gk khalbane prob. 
 
 f. Oriental wd] 
 
 gale 1 , n. (Also Siceet-g.) bog-myrtle. [OE 
 (also Du. & G) gagel] 
 
 gale 2 , n. Rather strong wind, (Naut.) storm, 
 (poet.) gentle breeze, [perh. cogn. w. Da. gal, 
 Xorw. galen, mad, furious] 
 
 gale 3 , n. Periodical payment of rent (hang- 
 ing g., arrears of rent), [perh. =obs. gavel see 
 gavelkind] 
 
 ga'lea, n. (bot, zool.). Structure like helmet 
 in shape, function, or position. So ga'leATE 2 , 
 -ated, aa. [L,= helmet] 
 
 galee'ny, n. Guinea-fowl. [f. Sp. gallina 
 (morisca Moorish) hen] 
 
 Ga'len, n. (facet.). Physician, [f. L f. Gk 
 Galenos, Pergamene 2nd-c. physician] 
 
 gale'nie, a., galenical, a. & n. Of, accord- 
 ing to, Galen ; esp. (remedy) made of vegetable, 
 not chemical, components, [prec. + -ic(al)] 
 
 Ga'lilee, g-, n. Porch or chapel at entrance 
 of church, [perh. as less sacred than church w. 
 ref . to Galilee as opp. Judea, or esp. to Matt, i v. 
 15 (G. of the Gentiles)} 
 
 galima'tias (-asiah, or as F), n. Confused or 
 meaningless talk, rigmarole. [F (formerly half 
 naturalized, now only as foreign word)] 
 
 ga'lingale (-ngg-), n. Aromatic root of E.- 
 Ind. plants used in cookery & medicine ; (also 
 English g.) kind of sedge, [f. OF galingal f. 
 Arab, khalanjan perh. f. Chin, ko-liang-kiang 
 mild ginger from Ko] 
 
 ga'lipot, n. Kind of hardened turpentine. 
 [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 gall 1 (gawl), n. Secretion of liver, bile, (now 
 only of lower animals) ; typical bitter sub- 
 stance, bitterness, (g. & wormwood) ; g.-bladder 
 & its contents ; asperity, rancour, whence 
 ga*ll-LESS a. ; g.-bladder, vessel containing the 
 
 g. ; g. -stone, calculous formation in g.-bladder. 
 [OE gealla cf. G galle, also Gk khole, L fel ; 
 perh. also cogn. w. yellow] 
 
 gall 2 (gawl), n. Painful swelling, pustule, 
 blister, esp. in horse ; sore produced by chafing ; 
 mental soreness or its cause ; place rubbed bare, 
 flaw ; bare spot in field or coppice. [OE gealla 
 sore on horse, perh. = prec] 
 
 gall 3 (gawl), v.t. & i. Rub sore, injure by 
 rubbing ; vex, annoy, harass, humiliate, whence 
 ga'lliNG 2 a. [f. prec, perh. orig. as back- 
 formation f. gallET> 2 ] 
 
 gall 4 (gawl), n. Excrescence produced by in- 
 sect on trees, esp. on oak (also oak-g., used in 
 making ink & tannin, & in dyeing & medicine) ; 
 g.-fly, insect producing gg. ; g.-nut,=g. [t. F 
 galle f. L galla] 
 
 ga'llant (also, in senses indicated below, 
 sometimes -a'nt), a., n., & v.t. & i. Showy, finely 
 dressed, (archaic) ; grand, fine, stately, (of ship, 
 horse, &c.) ; brave, chivalrous, (also Pari., as 
 conventional epithet of military or naval mem- 
 ber, as the honourable & g. member) ; markedly 
 attentive to women (-a*nt) ; concerned with 
 
GALLANTRY 
 
 love, amatory, (-a'nt) ; hence gra'llantLY 2 (or 
 as above galla'ntly) adv. (N.) man of fashion, 
 fine gentleman ; ladies' man, lover, paramour, 
 (-a'nt). (Vb ; -a'nt) play the g., flirt with, flirt 
 with ; escort, act as cavalier to, (lady), [f. F 
 galant part, of OF galer make merry cf. gala 
 perh. f. OHG wallon wander] 
 
 ga'llantpy, n. Bravery, dashing courage ; 
 courtliness, devotion to •women ; a polite or 
 amorous act or speech ; conduct of a gallant ; 
 amorous intercourse or intrigue, sexual im- 
 morality, [f. F galanterie (prec, -ery)] 
 
 g&'lleon, n. (hist.). Vessel shorter & higher 
 than galley ; ship of war (usu. Spanish) ; large 
 Spanish ship used in American trade, [f. Sp. 
 galeon f. med.L galeonem nom. -o (galley)] 
 
 gfa'llepy, n., & v.t. Covered space for walk- 
 ing in partly open at side, portico, colonnade ; 
 balcony ; long narrow passage in thickness of 
 wall or supported on corbels, open towards in- 
 terior of building ; platform projecting from 
 inner wall of church, hall, &c, providing extra 
 room for audience or reserved for musicians, 
 reporters, strangers, &c. ; (Theatr.) highest such 
 balcony, persons there seated, least refined 
 part of audience (play to the g., appeal to lower 
 taste, use claptrap) ; long narrow room.'passage, 
 corridor; room or building used for showing 
 works of art ; (Mil., Mining) horizontal under- 
 ground passage; g.-hit (Cricket, & fig., from 
 theatre) piece of showy play, so g.-shot, -stroke; 
 hence g , a*llepyFUL(2)n. (Vb) provide, pierce, 
 &c, with g. or gg. [f. F galerie etym. dub.] 
 
 ga'lley, n. (Chiefly hist.) low flat single- 
 decked vessel using sails & oars, & usu. rowed 
 by slaves or criminals ; ancient Greek or Roman 
 war-ship with one or more banks of oars ; large 
 open row-boat, e.g. that used by captain of 
 man-of-war; ship's kitchen; (Print.) oblong 
 tray to which type is transferred from compos- 
 ing stick (g.-proof, in slip form, not in sheets or 
 pages) ; g.-slave, person condemned to row in 
 g., (fig.) drudge; galleyworm, kind of many- 
 footed insect (from likeness of its legs to oars). 
 [f. OF galie, med.L galea, etym. dub.] 
 
 g-allia'mbie, a. & n. In the metre of Catul- 
 lus's Attis (imitated in Tennyson's Boadicea) ; 
 (n. usu. pi.) such verse(s). [f. L galliAMBUS 
 song of Galli or priests of Cybele + -ic] 
 
 Ga'llic, a. Of the Gauls, Gaulish ; (usu. facet.) 
 French, whence g , a*llieiSM(4) n., ga'llieizE 
 (2, 3) v.t. & i. [f. L Gallicus (Gallus Gaul, -ic)] 
 
 Ga'llican, a. & n. Of the ancient church of 
 Gaul or France; (adherent) of the school of 
 French Roman Catholics following Bossuet & 
 claiming partial autonomy (opp. ultramon- 
 tane), whence g , a*llieaniSM(3), Ga'llican - 
 IST(2), nn. [f. L Gallicanus (prec, -an)] 
 
 g'a'llice, adv. In French (used in giving F 
 for English phrase &c). [L, = in Gaulish] 
 
 g'allig'a'skins, n. pi. (facet.). Breeches, 
 trousers, [orig. wide hose of 16th & 17th cc, f. 
 F garguesque for greguesque f. It. grechesca 
 fern, of grechesco Greek (-esque)] 
 
 gfallimau'fpy, n. Heterogeneous mixture, 
 jumble, medley, [f. F galimafrie etym. dub.] 
 
 gallina'eeous, a. Of the order Gallinea in- 
 cludingdomesticpoultry,pheasants, partridges, 
 &c. So g-allinA'CEAN a. &n. [f. L gallinaceus 
 (gallina hen, -aceous)] 
 
 gallina'zo, n. An American vulture, [f. 
 Sp. gallinaza (L gallina hen, -aza augment.)] 
 
 Ga'llio, n. Person, esp. official, refusing to 
 meddle outside his province. [Acts xviii] 
 
 gallipot, n. Small earthen glazed pot used 
 for ointments &c. fprob. f. galley, as brought 
 in galleys from the Mediterranean] 
 
 ga'llium, n. Soft bluish- white metal, [f. L 
 
 337 GAMBADE 
 
 gallus cock, transl. of Lecoq de Boisbaudran 
 the discoverer 1875, + -ium] 
 
 g-a'lliva'nt, v.i. Gad about (usu. in part, 
 or vbl n.). [perh. perversion of gallant v.] 
 
 Gallo-, comb, f orm= French-, as -Briton,- Ger- 
 man. Hence GallOMA'NiA n., GalloMA'NiAO 
 a. & n., Ga'lloPHiL, Ga'lloPHOBE, nn. & aa., 
 GalloPHO'BiA n. [Gallus gaul, -o-] 
 
 g-a'llon, n. A measure of capacity (imperial 
 g., 2774 cubic inches ; wine g., 231) for liquids or 
 corn &c. [f. ONF galon cf. F jale bowlj 
 
 g-alloo'n, n. Narrow close-woven braid for 
 binding dresses &c, of gold, silver, silk, or 
 cotton, [f. F galon f. 12th-c. galonner tie the 
 hair with bands, perh. cogn. w. gallant] 
 
 gallop, n., & v.i. & t. Horse's or other 
 quadruped's fastest pace, with all feet off 
 ground together in each stride (full g., at a g., 
 going thus), a ride at this pace. (Vb) go at a g. 
 (of horse, or with its rider as subj., or of other 
 quadruped) ; make (horse &c. ) g. ; read, recite, or 
 talk, fast (often through, over) ; move or pro- 
 gress rapidly (in a galloping consumption), [f. 
 F galop(er) jprob. earlier walop(er) etym. dub.] 
 
 g-allopa'de, n. Lively, orig. Hungarian, 
 dance. [F, see galop, -ade(1)] 
 
 g-a'llopep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., (Mil.) aide- 
 de-camp, light field gun. [-er l ] 
 
 Gallovrdian, a. & n. (Native) of Galloway, 
 [f. med.L Gallovidia + -an] 
 
 gfa'lloway, n. Horse of small strong breed 
 from Galloway ; small-sized horse. 
 
 g-a'llows, n. pi. (usu. treated as sing.). Struc- 
 ture, usu. of two uprights & crosspiece, on 
 which criminals are hanged; punishment of 
 hanging (a g. look, have the g. in one's face, of 
 sinister appearance) ; similar structure used for 
 cookery, gymnastics, &c. ; g.-bircl, person fit to 
 be hanged ; g.-ripe, fit to be hanged ; g.-tree,= 
 g. [OE galga cf. G galgen] 
 
 g"a*lop, n., & v.i. Lively dance in 2-1 time ; 
 (vb) dance a g. [vb f. n., F, see gallop] 
 
 galore*, adv. & n. (In) abundance (with beef 
 & ale g.; g. of alcohol ; also in g.). [f. Ir. go leor 
 to sufficiency] 
 
 galo'sh, g"ol-, n. Over-shoe usu. of rubber 
 to keep shoes clean or dry ; piece of leather &c. 
 round lower part of boot or shoe uppers, whence 
 g-alo'shED 2, g-ol-, a. [f. F galoche perh. ult. 
 
 f. Gk kalopous (kala pi. logs, pous foot)] 
 g-alu'mph, v.i. Go prancing in triumph. 
 
 [made by L. Carroll perh. on gallop, triumph] 
 g"alva*nie, a. Of, produced by, as of, galvan- 
 ism (g. battery, pile, producing g. electricity ; 
 
 g. belt, for applying it to the body ; g. electricity, 
 - foil.); (fig., of smile &c.) sudden & forced. 
 Hence g-alva'niCALLY adv. [foil., -ic] 
 
 ga'lvanism, n. Electricity produced by 
 chemical action ; use of this for medical pur- 
 poses. Hence g"a*lvaniST(3)n. [f. F galvanisme 
 (L. Galvani discoverer 1792, -ism)] 
 
 g*a*lvanize, v.t. Apply galvanism to, stimu- 
 late thus (also fig., g. into life, rouse by shock 
 or excitement) ; coat with metal by galvanism 
 (incorrectly of galvanized iron, which is cover- 
 ed with zinc usu. without galvanism). Hence 
 galvanizA'TioN, g-a'lvanizER 1 , nn. [f. F 
 galvaniser (prec, -ize)] 
 
 ga'lvano-, comb, form of galvanic, gal- 
 vanism, as -graphy, method of producing cop- 
 perplate engravings by -plasty, metal-coating 
 by galvanism, -meter, -scope. 
 
 Galwe'gian, a. & n. = gallovidian. [f. 
 Galloway on anal, of Norwegian] 
 
 ga'triba, n. (Also g. stop) organ stop with 
 violin or 'cello tone, [earlier =, & short for, 
 
 VIOLA DA GAMBA] 
 
 g-amba'de, gamba'do (pi. -oes), n. Horse's 
 
GAMBIER 
 
 338 
 
 GANGWAY 
 
 leap or bound ; fantastic movement, freak, es- 
 capade, [-ade F, readopted (cf. gambol) by 
 Scott ; -ado f. Sp. gambada of same orig.] 
 
 ga'mbier, n. Astringent extract of oriental 
 plant used in tanning &c. [f. Malay gambir the 
 plant] 
 
 ga'mbit, n. Kinds of opening in chess in 
 which player sacrifices pawn or piece to secure 
 certain ends, many gg. having special names, 
 as King's, Queen's, Cunningham's, g. [ult. f. 
 It. gambetto tripping up (gamba leg)] 
 
 ga'mble, v.i. & t, & n. Playgames of chance 
 for money, esp. for high stakes (g. away, lose 
 thus) ; take great risks to secure great results 
 in war, finance, &c. ; hence ga'mblER 1 n., 
 ga'mblesoME a. (N.) gambling (esp. on the 
 g.) ; risky undertaking or attempt, [prob. f. 
 OE gamenian to sport (gamen game ] )] 
 
 gambo'ge (-oozh), n. Gum-resin from Cam- 
 bodian & Siamese trees used as yellow pigment, 
 [f. mod.L gambogium f. Cambodia] 
 
 ga'mbol (-bl), n., & v.i. (-11-). Caper, frisk, [f. 
 F gambade leap f. It. gambata (gamba leg)] 
 
 game *, n. Jest (make g. of, ridicule) ; diver- 
 sion ; amusing incident (ichat a g.!); contest 
 played according to rules & decided by skill, 
 strength, or luck (round, square, g. ; have the 
 g. in your hands, be sure to win or able to 
 direct it; play the g. lit. & fig., observe the 
 rules, behave honourably ; play a good, poor, 
 g., be skilful or not) ; (Gk & Rom. Ant. ; pi.) 
 athletic, dramatic, & musical contests, gladia- 
 torial &c. shows; scheme, undertaking, &c, 
 followed up like a g. (was playing a deep, 
 double, winning, losing, &c, g. ; the g. is rip, 
 success now impossible ; so that's your little g.\ 
 spoilt my g.; play one's g., advance his schemes 
 unintentionally; g. not worth candle); (pi.) 
 dodges, tricks, (none of your gg. !) ; single round 
 in some contests, e.g. whist or tennis (g. & g., 
 one g. scored to each side); (Commerc.) appa- 
 ratus for a g. ; winning score in g. ; state of g. 
 (the g. is four all, love three, &c.) ; hunted ani- 
 mal, quarry, object of pursuit, (fair g., legiti- 
 mately to be pursued or attacked ; so forbidden 
 g.); (collect.) wild animals, birds, &c, hunted 
 for sport or food, flesh of these ; kept flock of 
 swans ; g.-act, -law (usu. pi.), regulating the 
 killing & preservation of g. ; g.-bag, for holding 
 g. killed by sportsman ; g.-ball, state of g. in 
 tennis &c. at which one point may win ; g.- 
 c.hicken, -cock, -egg, -fowl, of kind bred for cock- 
 fighting ; gamekeeper, man employed to breed 
 g., prevent poaching, &c. ; g. -licence, to kill or 
 deal in g. ; g. -preserver, landowner &c. who 
 breeds g. & applies g.-laws strictly ; g. -tenant, 
 lessee of shooting or fishing. [com.-Teut. ; OE 
 gamen cf. OHG gaman joy] 
 
 game 2 ,a. Like agame-cock, spirited,(DiE 2 #.); 
 having the spirit to do, for. Hence ga'me- 
 ly 2 adv., ga'meNESS n. [f. game *-cock] 
 
 game 3 , v.i. & t. Play at gg. of chance for 
 money, gamble ; throw aivay in gambling ; 
 gaming-house, -table, frequented for gambling. 
 Hence ga'mesTER n. [f. game *] 
 
 game 4 , a. (Of leg, arm, &c.) lame, crippled. [?] 
 
 ga'mesome, a. Sportive. Hence ga'me- 
 someLY 2 adv., ga'mesomeNESS n. [some] 
 
 game'te, n. (biol.). Sexual protoplasmic 
 body, which unites with another for reproduc- 
 tion, [f. Gk gamete wife, gametes husband, 
 (gameo marry)] 
 
 gamin (F), n. Street Arab, neglected boy. 
 
 ga'mma, n. Third letter (r, y , = G) of Greek 
 alphabet, used sometimes in enumerations to 
 supplement 3 & c ; kind of moth. [Gk] 
 
 gamma'dion, n. = fylfot, [late Gk, dim. 
 of prec, fylfot consisting of four gammas (I')J 
 
 ga'mmep, n. (Rustic name for) old woman, 
 [f. godmother or grandmother, cf. gaffer] 
 
 ga'mmon ] , n., & v.t. Bottom piece of flitch 
 of bacon including hind leg (usu. g. of bacon) ; 
 smoked or cured ham ; (vb) cure (bacon), [f. 
 ONF gambon (gambe leg, -oon)] 
 
 ga'mmon 2 , n., & v.t. Complete victory scor- 
 ing two games at backgammon ; (vb) defeat (ad- 
 versary) thus. [perh. =ME gamen game l \ 
 
 ga'mmon 3 , n., int., & v.i. & t. Humbug, de- 
 ception ; (int.) nonsense ! (Vb) talk plausibly ; 
 feign (intr.) ; hoax, deceive, [perh. as prec] 
 
 ga'mmon 4 , v.t., & n., (naut.). Lash (bow- 
 sprit) to stem ; (n., also -ing) the lashing. [?] 
 
 gamo-, comb, form of Gk gamos marriage, 
 used esp. in Bot. describing plants with speci- 
 fied parts united as gamope'talous with petals 
 united; also gamoge 'nesis sexual reproduction. 
 
 gamp, n. (facet.). Umbrella, esp. large untidy 
 one. [f. Mrs G. in Martin Chuzzlewit] 
 
 ga'mut, n. (Hist.) lowest note in medieval 
 scale=modern G on lowest line of bass stave; 
 the Great Scale consisting of all notes used in 
 medieval music (G as above to E in highest 
 space of treble). (Mod.) whole series of recog- 
 nized n^tes ; major diatonic scale ; people's or 
 period's recognized scale ; voice's or instru- 
 ment's compass ; whole range or scope of any- 
 thing (the whole g. of crime ; run up & down 
 the g.). [f. med.L gamma ut (gamma taken as 
 name for note one tone lower than A of classical 
 scale + ut first of six arbitrary names of notes 
 forming hexachord, being the italicized sylla- 
 bles of a Sapphic stanza, Ut queant laxis reso- 
 narefibrisJlfiragestorum/amulituorum, Solve 
 polluti labii reatum, Sancte Johannes] 
 
 ga'ray, a. Abounding in game; =game 2 
 (rare) ; having flavour or scent of game kept 
 till it is high. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 ga'nder, n. Male goose (sauce for the goose 
 is sauce for the g., used in retorting an argu- 
 ment &c. on its first user) ; fool, simpleton. 
 [OE gan(d)ra, -d- being prob. euphonic as in 
 thunder, cf. Du. gander ; perh. f. same st. as 
 goose, perh. orig. the name of another bird] 
 
 gang, n. Company of workmen, or of slaves 
 or px*isoners ; band of persons acting or going 
 about together esp. for criminal purpose or one 
 disapproved by speaker; set of tools &c. ar- 
 ranged to work simultaneously; g. -board, 
 plank usu. with cleats nailed on it for walking 
 into or out of boat, [earlier senses mode of 
 going, way, cf. G & Du. gang, & obs. & Sc. vb 
 gang walk, go, f. OE gangan, also OHG] 
 
 gange (-j), v.t. Protect (fish-hook, part of 
 fishing-line) with fine wire. Hence ga'ng- 
 iNGM-J-)n. [?] 
 
 ga'nger (-ng-), n. Foreman of gang, [-er 1 ] 
 
 Gange'tic (-j-), a. Of the Ganges, [f. L 
 Gangeticus (L f. Gk Gagges, -ic)] 
 
 ga'nglion (-ngg-), n. (pi. -Ha). Enlargement 
 or knot on nerve, from which nerve-fibres radi- 
 ate ; mass of grey matter in central nervous 
 system forming a nerve-nucleus (g.-cell, -cor- 
 puscule, -globule, nerve-cell in this) ; (fig.) cen- 
 tre of force, activity, orinterest. Hence ga'ng- 
 liatedjga'nglionated.t-ATEVED^ga/ng- 
 Hform, ganglid'nic, aa. [f. Gk gagglion] 
 
 ga'ngrene (-ngg-), p., & v.i. & t. Necrosis, 
 usu. Avith decomposition, of part of the body 
 (often fig.); hence ga'ngrenous a. (Vb) be- 
 come affected, affect, with mortification, [f. 
 L f. Gk gaggraina] 
 
 gangue (-ng). n. Earth &c. , matrix, in which 
 ore is found . [F, f. G gang lode = gang] 
 
 ga'ngway (-ng-), n. Passage esp. between 
 rows of seats (in House of Commons, cross- 
 passage half-way down giving access to back 
 
GANNET 
 
 339 
 
 GARNITURE 
 
 benches; members above, below, g. are more, 
 less, closely associated with official policy of 
 their party) ; opening in bulwarks by -which 
 ship is entered or left, bridge laid across from 
 this to shore &c. [OE gangiccg (gang, way)] 
 
 ga'nnet, n. A sea-bird, the Solan goose. [OE 
 ganot cogn. w. Du. gent gander] 
 
 ga'noid, a. & n. (Of fish-scale) enamelled, 
 smooth & bright : (fish) having g. scales, [f. F 
 ganoid e t. Gk ganos brightness -f -oidJ 
 
 ga'ntpy, gau'n-, n. Four-footed wooden 
 stand for barrels ; platform to carry travelling 
 crane &C. [perh. f. obs. gaum contr. of gallon 
 + tree ; or f. OF gantier var. of chant ier] 
 
 G-a'nymede, n. (Facet.) waiter, potboy; 
 (Astron.) largest satellite of planet Jupiter, [f. 
 L f. Gk Ganu nudes cupbearer of Zeus] 
 
 gaol (jal), jail, n., & v.t. {g- in official, g- S:j- 
 indifl'erently in literary use). Public prison for 
 detention of persons committed by process of 
 law, (without article) confinement in this ; g., 
 j., -bird, prisoner, habitual criminal, rogue ; g., 
 ./.. -delivery, clearing of g. by trial of prisoners ; 
 Q-i J-> fever, virulent typhus formerly endemic 
 in gg. ; (vb) put in g. [f. OSF gaiole, OF jaiole, 
 (now geole) f. Rom. dim. of L cavea cage] 
 
 gao'lep (jal-), gai'lep, jai'lop, n. (see prec). 
 Man in charge of gaol or prisoners in it. Hence 
 g-ao'lePESs 1 , also jarleress, jai'lopess, n. 
 [as prec. + -er-cJ>] 
 
 gap, n. Breach in hedge or wall ; gorge, pass ; 
 unfilled space or interval, blank, break in con- 
 tinuity, (stop, Jill, supply, a g.. make up de- 
 ficiency); wide divergence in views, sympathies, 
 &c. Hence gappED-, ga'ppv-, aa. [OX,= 
 chasm, cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 grape, v.i., & n. Open mouth wide, (of mouth, 
 oysters, wounds, chasm, &c.) open or be open 
 wide, split, part asunder ; stare, gaze curiously, 
 at ; yawn. (N. | yawn ; open-mouthed stare ; the 
 gg., poultry disease with gaping as symptom, 
 (facet. ) fit of yawning ; expanse of open mouth or 
 beak, part of beak that opens; rent, opening ; 
 g.-seed (facet.), staring, occasion for staring, 
 thing stared at. [f. OX gapa vb cf. G gaffe n] 
 
 gra'pep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., kinds of bird, 
 kind of mollusc, [-er 1 ] 
 
 ga'page (-ij, or as F), n. Building or shed for 
 storing or repair of horseless vehicles, esp. 
 motor-cars. [F (garer shunt f. Teut., cf. OE 
 werian defend, -age)] 
 
 garb, n., & v.t. Dress, costume, esp. of dis- 
 tinctive kind, way one is dressed ; (vb) attire, 
 put (esp. distinctive) clothes upon (person ; usu. 
 pass, or refl.). [f. It. garbo elegance, f. Teut. cf. 
 OHG garawi preparation cogn. w. gear] 
 
 gap'bage (-ij), n. Offal used for food, refuse, 
 filth ; foul or worthless reading, [perh. f. OF 
 garbe sheaf, bundle, + -age] 
 
 gap'ble, v.t. Select best in, take pick of, 
 (rare) ; make (usu. unfair or malicious) selections 
 from (facts, statements, &c), mutilate in order 
 to misrepresent, [f. It. garbellare f. Arab. 
 gharbala sift cf. kirbal sieve] 
 
 gar'board (stpake), n. First range of 
 planks laid on ship's bottom next keel ; corre- 
 sponding plates in iron ship. [f. Du. gaarboord 
 
 (GATHER, BOARD)] 
 
 garcort (F), n. Waiter in French hotel &c 
 gap'den (-dn), n., & v.i. Piece of ground 
 devoted to growing flowers, fruit, or vegetables 
 (kitchen, market, g.) ; (pi.) ornamental 
 grounds for public resort (usu. botanical, zoo- 
 logical, &c, gg.); specially fertile region [the g. 
 of England, Kent, Worcestershire, Sec); (pi. 
 with name prefixed as Onsloic, Spring. Gg.) set 
 of houses in street, square, &c: the G., philo- 
 sophy or school of Epicurus (cf. porch, aca- 
 
 demy) ; (attrib. ; with or without hyphen) culti* 
 vated, not wild, [g. plants, g.-cress ; co/nmo7i or 
 g. slang, ordinary), living in gg. (g.-spider; g.- 
 ichite, kind of butterfly; g.-warbler, kind of 
 bird) ; g. -engine, portable forcepump for water- 
 ing ; g. -frame, forcing-frameforplants ; g.-glass, 
 bell-glass for covering plant ; g.-part}/, social 
 meeting on lawn or in g.; g.-plot, piece of ground 
 used asg.; g.-seat. bench Sfcc. for use in g., simi- 
 lar seat for one or two on top of omnibus ; g.- 
 stujf, vegetables & fruit ; hence gap'denED -, 
 gapdenESQUE, aa.. gap'deniNGMD n. (Vb) 
 cultivate a g. [f. ONF gardin ult. f. Teut., cf. 
 G gotten, also garth, yard] 
 
 gardener (-dn-), n. Person who gardens, 
 esp. servant employed to tend a garden, [as 
 prec. +-er-(-2), cf. Fjardinier] 
 
 gapde'nia, n. Genus of trees & shrubs with 
 large white or yellow flowers & usu. fragrant 
 scent. [mod.L (Dr A. Garden d. 1701, -ia 1 )] 
 
 gape'fowl, n. The great auk. Lf- OX geir- 
 fugl (geir of doubtful meaning)] 
 
 gap'fish, n. Fish with long spearlike snout 
 & green bones, [perh. f. OE gar spear cogn. 
 w. Gk gaison] 
 
 gapga*ntuan,a. Enormous, gigantic. [Gar- 
 ganttta giant in Kabelais +-AN] 
 
 gap'get (-g-), n. Inflamed state of head or 
 throat in cattle, pigs, or poultry ; inflammation 
 of cow's or ewe's udder, [perh. f. obs. garget 
 throat f. OF gar gate etyni. dub.] 
 
 gap'gle, v.t. & i., & n. Wash (throat), wash 
 throat, with liquid kept in motion by breath ; 
 (n.) liquid \ised thus. [f. F gargouiller (foil.)] 
 
 g-ap'goyle, gup-, n. Grotesque spout usu. 
 with human or animal mouth, head, or body, 
 projecting from gutter of (esp. Gothic) building 
 to carry water clear of wall. [f. OF gargouille 
 throat, gargoyle] 
 
 gapiba'ldi, n. Kind of woman's or child's 
 blouse, orig. of bright red. [f. red shirts of 
 G. (Italian patriot 1807-82) & his followers] 
 
 gap'ish, a. Obtrusively bright, showy, 
 gawdy, over-decorated. Hence gap'ishi.v - 
 adv., gap'ishNESS n. [perh. f. obs. gaurc to 
 stare, etym. dub.] 
 
 gap'land, n., & v.t. Wreath of flowers, 
 leaves. &c, worn on head or hung on something 
 as decoration ; distinction, palm, prize, for 
 victory &c. ; (archaic) anthology, miscellany ; 
 metal &c. imitation of g. ; (vb) crown with g.. 
 deck with gg., act as g. to. [OF (-e), etym. dub.] 
 
 gap'Iie, n. Plant with bulbous strong-smell- 
 ing pungent-tasting root used as flavouring in 
 cookery. Hence (esp. of smell) gap'liekY - a. 
 [OE garleae (gar spear, leek)] 
 
 garment, n., & v.t. Article of dress, esp. 
 gown or cloak, (pi.) clothes : outward and visible 
 covering of anything; (vb ; poet., usu. in p.p.) 
 attire, [f. OF garniment (garnish, -ment)] 
 
 gar'ner, n., & v.t. (poet. & rhet.). Storehouse 
 for corn, granary, (also fig.) ; (vb) store, deposit, 
 collect. [LOF gerner t.lj grana riu in granary] 
 
 gap'net, n. Vitreous mineral, of which a deep 
 transparent red kind is used as gem. [f. OF 
 grc natf. med. L gra n a turn pomeg ran ate (from 
 resemblance to its seeds)] 
 
 gap'nish, v.t., & n. Decorate, embellish, 
 (esp. dish for table) ; (Law) serve notice on 
 (person, called gapnishEE* n.) for purpose of 
 attaching money belonging to debtor, summon 
 (person) as party to litigation started between 
 others ; hence gap'nisliER 1 , gar'nishMEXT, 
 nn. (X. ; also gap'nishiNG 1 n.) things used to 
 decorate dish for table (also fig. of literary em- 
 bellishments), [f. OF garnir (-ish 2 ) fortify, 
 prob. f. Teut. cogn. w. warn] 
 
 gap'nitupe (-tsher), n. Appurtenances, ac- 
 
GAMBIER 
 
 338 
 
 GANGWAY 
 
 leap or bound ; fantastic movement, freak, es- 
 capade, [-ade F, readopted (cf. gambol) by 
 Scott ; -ado f. Sp. gambada of same orig.] 
 
 ga'mbier, n. Astringent extract of oriental 
 plant used in tanning &c. [f. Malay gambir the 
 plant] 
 
 ga'mbit, n. Kinds of opening in chess in 
 which player sacrifices pawn or piece to secure 
 certain ends, many gg. having special names, 
 as King's, Queen's, Cunningham's, g. [ult. f. 
 It. gambetto tripping up (gamba leg)] 
 
 ga'mble, v.i. & t., & n. Playgames of chance 
 for money, esp. for high stakes (g. axoay, lose 
 thus) ; take great risks to secure great results 
 in war, finance, &c. ; hence ga'mblER 1 n., 
 ga'mblesoME a. (N.) gambling (esp. on the 
 g.) ; risky undertaking or attempt, [prob. f. 
 OE gamenian to sport (gamen game l )] 
 
 gambo'ge (-oozh), n. Gum-resin from Cam- 
 bodian & Siamese trees used as yellow pigment, 
 [f. mod. L gambogium f. Cambodia] 
 
 ga'mbol (-bl), n., & v.i. (-11-). Caper, frisk, [f. 
 F gambade leap f. It. gambata (gamba leg)] 
 
 game \ n. Jest (make g. of, ridicule) ; diver- 
 sion ; amusing incident (ivhat a g. .') ; contest 
 played according to rules & decided by skill, 
 strength, or luck (round, square, g. ; have the 
 g. in your hands, be sure to win or able to 
 direct it ; play the g. lit. & fig., observe the 
 rules, behave honourably ; play a good, poor, 
 g., be skilful or not) ; (Gk & Rom. Ant. ; pi.) 
 athletic, dramatic, & musical contests, gladia- 
 torial &c. shows; scheme, undertaking, &c, 
 followed up like a g. (was playing a deep, 
 double, winning, losing, &c, g. ; the g. is up, 
 success now impossible ; so that's your little g.; 
 spoilt my g. ; play one's g., advance his schemes 
 unintentionally; g. not worth candle); (pi.) 
 dodges, tricks, (none of your gg. !) ; single round 
 in some contests, e.g. whist or tennis (g. & g., 
 one g. scored to each side) ; (Commerc.) appa- 
 ratus for a g. ; winning score in g. ; state of g. 
 (the g. is four all, love three, &c.) ; hunted ani- 
 mal, quarry, object of pursuit, (fair g., legiti- 
 mately to be pursued or attacked ; so forbidden 
 g.); (collect.) wild animals, birds, &c, hunted 
 for sport or food, flesh of these ; kept flock of 
 siva?is ; g.-act, -law (usu. pi.), regulating the 
 killing & preservation of g. ; g.-bag, for holding 
 g. killed by sportsman ; g.-ball, state of g. in 
 tennis &c. at which one point may win ; g.- 
 c.hicken, -cock, -egg, -fowl, of kind bred for cock- 
 fighting ; gamekeeper, man employed to breed 
 g., prevent poaching, &c. ; g. -licence, to kill or 
 deal in g. ; g.-preserver, landowner &c. who 
 breeds g. & applies g.-laws strictly; g.-tenant, 
 lessee of shooting or fishing. [com.-Teut. ; OE 
 gamen cf. OHG gaman joy] 
 
 game 2 ,a. Like agame-cock, spirited,(DiE 2 ^.); 
 having the spirit to do, for. Hence ga'me- 
 ly 2 adv., g-a'mexESS n. [f. game 1 -cock] 
 
 game 3 , v.i. & t. Play at gg. of chance for 
 money, gamble ; throw away in gambling ; 
 gaming-house, -table, frequented for gambling. 
 Hence ga'mesTER n. [f. game J] 
 
 garnet a. (Of leg, arm, &c.) lame, crippled. [?] 
 
 ga'mesome, a. Sportive. Hence ga'me- 
 someLY 2 adv., ga'mesome.VESS n. [some] 
 
 game'te, n. (biol.). Sexual protoplasmic 
 body, which unites with another for reproduc- 
 tion, [f. Gk gamete wife, gametes husband, 
 {gamed marry)] 
 
 gamin (F), n. Street Arab, neglected boy. 
 
 ga'mma, n. Third letter (r, y , = G) of Greek 
 alphabet, used sometimes in enumerations to 
 supplement 3 & c ; kind of moth. [Gk] 
 
 gamma'dion, n. = fylfot, [late Gk, dim. 
 of prec, fylfot consisting of four gammas (T)J 
 
 ga'mmep, n. (Rustic name for) old woman, 
 [f. godmother or grandmother, cf. gaffer] 
 
 ga'mmon J , n., & v.t. Bottom piece of flitch 
 of bacon including hind leg (usu. g. of bacon) ; 
 smoked or cured ham ; (vb) cure (bacon), [f. 
 ONF gambon (gambe leg, -oon)] 
 
 ga'mmon 2 , n., & v.t. Complete victory scor- 
 ing two games at backgammon ; (vb) defeat (ad- 
 versary) thus. [perh. =ME gamen game *] 
 
 ga'mmon 3 , n., int., & v.i. & t. Humbug, de- 
 ception ; (int.) nonsense ! (Vb) talk plausibly ; 
 feign (intr.) ; hoax, deceive, [perh. as prec] 
 
 ga'mmon 4 , v.t., & n., (naut.). Lash (bow- 
 sprit) to stem ; (n., also -ing) the lashing. [?] 
 
 gamo-, comb, form of Gk gamos marriage, 
 used esp. in Bot. describing plants with speci- 
 fied parts united as gamope'talous with petals 
 united ; also gamoge'nesis sexual reproduction. 
 
 gamp, n. (facet.). Umbrella, esp. large untidy 
 one. [f. Mrs G. in Martin Chuzzlewit] 
 
 ga'mut, n. (Hist.) lowest note in medieval 
 scale = modern G on lowest line of bass stave; 
 the Great Scale consisting of all notes used in 
 medieval music (G as above to E in highest 
 space of treble). (Mod.) whole series of recog- 
 nized n^tes ; major diatonic scale ; people's or 
 period's recognized scale ; voice's or instru- 
 ment's compass ; whole range or scope of any- 
 thing (the whole g. of crime ; run up & dow^i 
 the g.). [f. med.L gamma xd (gamma taken as 
 name for note one tone lower than A of classical 
 scale + ut first of six arbitrary names of notes 
 forming hexachord, being the italicized sylla- 
 bles of a Sapphic stanza, Ut queant laxis reso- 
 nare fibrisitfira gestorum/amuli tuorum, Solxe 
 polluti labii reatum, Sancte Johannes] 
 
 ga'my, a. Abounding in game; =GAMB a 
 (rare) ; having flavour or scent of game kept 
 till it is high. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 ga'nder, n. Male goose (sauce for the goose 
 is sauce for the g., used in retorting an argu- 
 ment &c. on its first user) ; fool, simpleton. 
 [OE gan(d)ra, -d- being prob. euphonic as in 
 thunder, cf. Du. gander; perh. f. same st. as 
 goose, perh. orig. the name of another bird] 
 
 gang, n. Company of workmen, or of slaves 
 or prisoners ; band of persons acting or going 
 about together esp. for criminal purpose or one 
 disapproved by speaker ; set of tools &c. ar- 
 ranged to work simultaneously; g. -board, 
 plank usu. with cleats nailed on it for walking 
 into or out of boat, [earlier senses mode of 
 going, way, cf. G & Du. gang, & obs. & Sc. vb 
 gang walk, go, f. OE gangan, also OHG] 
 
 gange (-j), v.t. Protect (fish-hook, part of 
 fishing-line) with fine wire. Hence ga'ng- 
 iNGM-J-)n. [?] 
 
 ga'nger (-ng-), n. Foreman of gang, [-er 1 ] 
 
 Gange'tie (-j-), a. Of the Ganges, [f. L 
 Gangeticus (L f. Gk Gagges, -ic)] 
 
 ga'nglion (-ngg-), n. (pi. -Ha). Enlargement 
 or knot on nerve, from which nerve-fibres radi- 
 ate ; mass of grey matter in central nervous 
 system forming a nerve-nucleus (g.-cell, -cor- 
 puscule, -globule, nerve-cell in this) ; (fig.) cen- 
 tre of force, activity, or interest. Hence ga'ng- 
 liatedjga'nglionatedJ-ATEVED^ga'ng- 
 Hform, ganglio'nic, aa. [f. Gk gagglion] 
 
 ga'ngrene (-ngg-), n., & v.i. & t. Necrosis, 
 usu. Avith decomposition, of part of the body 
 (often fig.) ; hence ga'ngrenous a. (Vb) be- 
 come affected, affect, with mortification, [f. 
 L f. Gk gaggraina] 
 
 gangiie (-ng). n. Earth &c. , matrix, in which 
 ore is found . [F, f. G gang lode = gang] 
 
 ga'ngway (-ng-), n. Passage esp. between 
 rows of seats (in House of Commons, cross- 
 passage half-way down giving access to back 
 
GANNET 
 
 339 
 
 GARNITURE 
 
 benches ; members above, below, g. are more, 
 less, closely associated with official policy of 
 their party) ; opening in bulwarks by which 
 ship is entered or left, bridge laid across from 
 this to shore &c. [OE gangweg (gang, way)] 
 
 ga'nnet, n. A sea-bird, the Solan goose. [OE 
 ganot cogn. w. Du. gent gander] 
 
 ga/noid, a. & n. (Of fish-scale) enamelled, 
 smooth & bright ; (fish) having g. scales, [f. F 
 ganoide f. Gk ganos brightness + -oid] 
 
 gentry, gau'n-, n. Four-footed wooden 
 stand for barrels ; platform to carry travelling 
 crane &c. [perh. f. obs. gavm contr. of gallon 
 + tree ; or f. OF gantier var. of chantier] 
 
 Ga'nymede, n. (Facet.) waiter, potboy; 
 (Astron.) largest satellite of planet Jupiter. *[f. 
 L f. Gk Ganumedes cupbearer of Zeus] 
 
 gaol (jal), jail, n., & v.t. (g- in official, g- & j- 
 indifferently in literary use). Public prison for 
 detention of persons committed by process of 
 law, (without article) confinement in this ; g., 
 j., -bird, prisoner, habitual criminal, rogue ; g., 
 j., -delivery, clearing of g. by trial of prisoners ; 
 Q-, J-, fever, virulent typhus formerly endemic 
 in gg. ; (vb) put in g. [f. ONF gaiole, OF jaiole, 
 (now geole) f. Rom. dim. of L cavea cage] 
 
 gao'lep (jal), jai'lep, jai'lop, n. (see prec). 
 Man in charge of gaol or prisoners in it. Hence 
 gao*lePESs\ also jai'leress, jarioress, n. 
 [as prec. + -er 2 (2)] 
 
 gap, n. Breach in hedge or wall ; gorge, pass ; 
 unfilled space or interval, blank, break in con- 
 tinuity, (stop, fill, supply, a g., make up de- 
 ficiency); wide divergence i n views, sympathies, 
 &c. Hence gappED 2 , ga'ppY 2 , aa. [ON,= 
 chasm, cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 gape, v.i., & n. Open mouth wide, (of mouth, 
 oysters, wounds, chasm, &c.) open or be open 
 wide, split, part asunder ; stare, gaze curiously, 
 at ; yawn. (N. ) yawn ; open-mouthed stare ; the 
 gg., poultry disease with gaping as symptom, 
 (facet. ) fit of yawning ; expanse of open mouth or 
 beak, part of beak that opens ; rent, opening ; 
 g.-seed (facet.), staring, occasion for staring, 
 thing stared at. [f. ON gapa vb cf. G gaffen] 
 
 ga*pep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., kinds of bird, 
 kind of mollusc, [-er 1 ] 
 
 ga'rage (-ij, or as F), n. Building or shed for 
 storing or repair of horseless vehicles, esp. 
 motor-cars. [F (garer shunt f. Teut., cf. OE 
 werian defend, -age)] 
 
 garb, n., & v.t. Dress, costume, esp. of dis- 
 tinctive kind, way one is dressed ; (vb) attire, 
 put (esp. distinctive) clothes upon (person ; usu. 
 pass, or refl.). [f. It. garbo elegance, f. Teut. cf. 
 OHG garaxoi preparation cogn. w. gear] 
 
 garbage (-ij), n. OfFal used for food, refuse, 
 filth ; foul or worthless reading, [perh. f. OF 
 garbe sheaf, bundle, + -age] 
 
 gar'ble, v.t. Select best in, take pick of, 
 (rare) ;make (usu. unfair or malicious) selections 
 from (facts, statements, &c), mutilate in order 
 to misrepresent, [f. It. garbellare f. Arab. 
 gharbala sift cf. kirbal sieve] 
 
 gar'board (stpake), n. First range of 
 planks laid on ship's bottom next keel ; corre- 
 sponding plates in iron ship. [f. Du. gaarboord 
 
 (GATHER, BOARD)] 
 
 garco.n (F), n. Waiter in French hotel &c. 
 
 garden (-dn), n., & v.i. Piece of ground 
 devoted to growing flowers, fruit, or vegetables 
 (kitchen, market, g.) ; (pi.) ornamental 
 grounds for public resort (usu. botanical, zoo- 
 logical, &c, gg.); specially fertile region (the g. 
 of England, Kent, Worcestershire, &c.) ; (pi. 
 with name prefixed as Onslow, Spring, Gg.) set 
 of houses in street, square, &c: the G., philo- 
 sophy or school of Epicurus (cf. porch, aca- 
 
 demy) ; (attrib. ; with or without hyphen) culti< 
 vated, not wild, (g. plants, g.-cress ; common or 
 g. slang, ordinary), living in gg. (g.-spider; g.- 
 white, kind of butterfly ; g. -warbler, kind of 
 bird) ; g.-engine, portable forcepump for water- 
 ing ; g.-frame, forcing-frame for plants ; g.-glass, 
 bell-glass for covering plant; g.-party, social 
 meeting on lawn or in g. ; g. -plot, piece of ground 
 used as g.; g.-seat, bench &c. for use in g., simi- 
 lar seat for one or two on top of omnibus ; g.- 
 stuff, vegetables & fruit ; hence gap'denED 2 , 
 gardenE'SQUE, aa., gap'deniNG^l) n. (Vb) 
 cultivate a g. [f. ONF gardin ult. f. Teut., cf. 
 G garten, also garth, yard] 
 
 gap'denep (-dn-), n. Person who gardens, 
 esp. servant employed to tend a garden, [as 
 prec. +-er 2 (2), cf. Fjardinier] 
 
 gapde'nia, n. Genus of trees & shrubs with 
 large white or yellow flowers & usu. fragrant 
 scent. [mod.L (Dr A. Garden d. 1791, -ia 1 )] 
 
 gape'fowl, n. The great auk. [f. ON geir- 
 fugl (geir of doubtful meaning)] 
 
 gap'fish, n. Fish with long spearlike snout 
 & green bones, [perh. f. OE gar spear cogn. 
 w. Gk gaison] 
 
 gapga*ntuan,a. Enormous, gigantic. [Gar- 
 gantua giant in Rabelais -f-AN] 
 
 gap'get (-g-), n. Inflamed state of head or 
 throat in cattle, pigs, or poultry ; inflammation 
 of cow's or ewe's udder, [perh. f. obs. garget 
 throat f. OF gargate etyni. dub.] 
 
 gap'gle, v.t. & i., & n. Wash (throat), wash 
 throat, with liquid kept in motion by breath ; 
 (n.) liquid used thus. [f. F gargouiller (foil.)] 
 
 gap'goyle, gup-, n. Grotesque spout usu. 
 with human or animal mouth, head, or body, 
 projecting from gutter of (esp. Gothic) building 
 to carry water clear of wall. [f. OF gargouille 
 throat, gargoyle] 
 
 gapiba'ldi, n. Kind of woman's or child's 
 blouse, orig. of bright red. [f. red shirts of 
 G. (Italian patriot 1807-82) & his followers] 
 
 gap'ish, a. Obtrusively bright, showy, 
 gawdy, over-decorated. Hence gap'ishLY 2 
 adv., gap'ishNESS n. [perh. f. obs. ganre to 
 stare, etym. dub.] 
 
 garland, n., & v.t. Wreath of floAvers, 
 leaves, &c. , worn on head or hung on something 
 as decoration ; distinction, palm, prize, for 
 victory &c. ; (archaic) anthology, miscellany ; 
 metal &c. imitation of g. ; (vb) crown with g., 
 deck with gg., act as g. to. [OF (-e), etym. dub.] 
 
 gap'lie, n. Plant with bulbous strong-smell- 
 ing pungent-tasting root used as flavouring in 
 cookery. Hence (esp. of smell) gap'liekY' 2 a. 
 [OE garleac (gar spear, leek)] 
 
 gap'ment, n., & v.t. Article of dress, esp. 
 gown or cloak, (pi.) clothes; outward and visible 
 covering of anything; (vb ; poet., usu. in p.p.) 
 attire, [f. OF garniment (garnish, -ment)] 
 
 gar'ner, n., & v.t. (poet. &rhet.). Storehouse 
 for corn, granary, (also fig.) ; (vb) store, deposit, 
 collect. [f.OF gerner f. L granarium granary] 
 
 gap'net, n. Vitreous mineral, of which a deep 
 transparent red kind is used as gem. [f. OF 
 grenat f. med.L granatum pomegranate (from 
 resemblance to its seeds)] 
 
 gap'nish, v.t., & n. Decorate, embellish, 
 (esp. dish for table) ; (Law) serve notice on 
 (person, called gapnishEE* n.) for purpose of 
 attaching money belonging to debtor, summon 
 (person) as party to litigation started between 
 others ; hence gap'nishER 1 , gap'nishMENT, 
 nn. (N. ; also gap'nishiNG 1 n.) things used to 
 decorate dish for table (also fig. of literary em- 
 bellishments), [f. OF garnir (-ish 2 ) fortify, 
 prob. f. Teut. cogn. w. warn] 
 
 gap'nitupe (-tsher), n. Appurtenances, ac- 
 
GAROTTE 
 
 340 
 
 GATE 
 
 cessories ; adornment, trimming esp. of dish ; 
 costume. [F (garnish, -ure)J 
 
 garotte. See garrotte. 
 
 ga'ppet !, n. Room on top floor, room partly 
 or entirely in roof, attic ; (slang) head (be wrong 
 in the g.,have one's g. unfurnished, Sec), [f. OF 
 garite watch-tower (garir defend, f. Teut. cf. 
 OE iverian defend)] 
 
 ga'ppet 2 , v.t. (archit.). Insert small pieces 
 of stone in joints of (coarse masonry). [?] 
 
 garreteer*, n. Dweller in garret, esp. poor 
 literary hack, [-eer] 
 
 ga'ppison, n., & v.t. Troops stationed in 
 fortress, town, &c, to defend it (g. town, having 
 g.). (Vb) furnish with, occupy as, g. ; place 
 (troops, soldier) on g. duty. [f. OF garison 
 (garir see garret \ -son) defence, w. sense of 
 F & obs. E gamison (garnish)] 
 
 ga'ppon, n. Small inferior horse bred in 
 Scotland & Ireland, [f. Gael. gea?~rari] 
 
 ga'ppot, n. Kind of sea duck. [F] 
 
 g-ap(p)o*tte, n., & v.t. Spanish method of 
 capital punishment by strangulation, apparatus 
 used in it ; highway robbery performed by 
 throttling victim. (Vb) execute by strangula- 
 tion ; throttle in order to rob, whence gap- 
 (p)o'ttER 1 n. [f. Sp. garrote(ar), the n. (etym. 
 dub. ) meaning stick (used in twisting cord tight)] 
 
 ga'ppulous (-rob-), a. Given to talk, loqua- 
 cious, wordy ; (of bird, stream, &c.) chattering, 
 babbling. Hence or cogn. gappu'liTY (-roo-), 
 ga'PPulousxESS, nn., ga'ppulousLY 2 adv. 
 jr. L garrulus (garrire chatter) + -ous] 
 
 gap'tep, n., & v.t. Band worn above or be- 
 low knee to keep stocking up ; the G., (badge of) 
 highest order of English knighthood, member- 
 ship of this ; (short for) G. King of Arms ; (vb) 
 fasten (stocking), encircle (leg), with g. [f. OF 
 gartier (garget, now jarret, bend of knee, perh. 
 f. Celt., cf. Breton gar, W gar, leg-bone)] 
 
 garth, n. (archaic & dial). Close, yard, gar- 
 den, paddock, open space within cloisters, [f. 
 OX garthr = OE geard yard] 
 
 gas, n. (pi. gases), & v.t. & i. Any aeriform or 
 completely elastic fluid (used chiefly of those 
 that do not become liquid or solid at ordinary 
 temperatures, other gg. being usu. called va- 
 pours) ; such fluid, esp. C0AL-f/. or various mix- 
 tures with carburetted hydrogen, used for light- 
 ing or heating ; (Mining) explosive mixture of 
 firedamp with air; hydrogen &c. used to fill 
 balloon ; nitrous oxide g. as anaesthetic (often 
 laughing-g.) ; jet of g. used for lighting ; empty 
 talk, boasting, humbug, windbag eloquence ; 
 g.-bag, bag for holding gas, empty talker; g.- 
 bracket, pipe with burner(s) projecting from 
 wall ; g.-coal, bituminous from which g. can be 
 made; g.-coke, residuum of coal when g. has been 
 made from it ; g.-engine, -motor, with power ob- 
 tained by production or rhythmical combustion 
 & explosion of g. in closed cylinder; g. -fitter, 
 tradesman or workman providing house with 
 g.-fittings, apparatus for heating or lighting 
 with g.; g.-light, light given by esp. coal g., jet 
 of burning g.; g.-main, main pipe supplying g.; 
 g.-nian, manufacturer of g., collector of sums 
 due for g. -supply ; g.-meter, apparatus register- 
 ing amount of g. consumed (he lies like a g.-m., 
 Erodigiously) ; g.-ring, perforated with small 
 oles & fed with g. for cooking &c. ; g.-tar, coal- 
 tar produced in making g.; g.-works, manufac- 
 tory of g.; hence ga'SEOUS a., gase'iTY n., 
 ga'siFORM, ga'SLESs, aa., ga*siFY v.t., ga*s- 
 ifiABLEa.,gasiFiCA'TiONn. (Yb) supply (room, 
 railway-carriage, &c.) with g. ; pass (thread, 
 lace) through g. -flame to remove loose fibres ; 
 talk emptily, vaguely, or boastfully, [wd in- 
 vented by Van Helmont on Gk khaos chaos] 
 
 Ga*scon,n. Native of Gascony; braggart. [F] 
 
 gaseona'de, n., & v.i. Boast(ing). [f. F gas- 
 connade (prec, -ade)] 
 
 gaselier*, n. Gas-lamp, usu. suspended from 
 ceiling, with several burners often on branches, 
 [f. gas after chandelier] 
 
 gash, n., & v.t. Long & deep slash, cut, or 
 wound ; cleft such as might be made by slashing 
 cut ; act of making such cut ; (vb) make g. in, 
 cut. [earlier garse v. & n. f. OF garser perh. f. 
 LL caraxare f. Gk kharasso incise] 
 
 ga'sket, n. Small cord for securing furled 
 sail to yard ; strip of tow &c. for packing piston 
 or caulking joint. [?] 
 
 gasogene. See gazogene. 
 
 ga'solene, -ine (-en), n. Volatile inflam- 
 mable liquid got in distilling petroleum & used 
 for heating & lighting, [gas, -ol, -ene, -ine 5 J 
 
 gaso'metep, n. (Chem.) vessel for holding 
 gas ; large reservoir in which gas is stored for 
 distribution by pipes, [f. F gazometre (gaz gas, 
 metre f. Gk metron measure)] 
 
 gasp, v.i. & t., & n. Catch breath with open 
 mouth as in exhaustion or astonishment ; g. life 
 Sec. away or out, expire ; g. out, utter with gg.; 
 hence ga'spingLY 2 adv. (N.) convulsive catch- 
 ing of breath (at one's last g., at point of death), 
 [f . ON geispa to yawn cf . geip idle talk] 
 
 ga'ssy, a. Of, full of, like, gas ; (of talk &c.) 
 empty, verbose. Hence ga'ssiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 ga*st(e)popod, n. Mollusc (e.g. snail) with 
 locomotive organ placed ventrally. So gas- 
 tepd'podousa. [gastro-, Gk pouspodos foot] 
 
 gastpae'a, n. (Assumed) primitive sac-like 
 animal consisting of two layers (ectoderm & 
 encloderm) of cells. [mod.L (gastro-)] 
 
 ga'stpie, a. Of the stomach (g. fever, enteric ; 
 g. juice, thin clear acid nearly colourless fluid 
 secreted by stomach glands & effecting diges- 
 tion), [f. Gk as foil. +-ic] 
 
 gastp(o)-, comb, form of Gk gaster -(e)ros 
 stomach, as gastro-enteric, of stomach & in- 
 testines, -cele, -tomy, gastri 'TIS. 
 
 gastpo'logy, n. Science of cookery. Sogas- 
 tPO'LOGER, gastPO'LOGiST, nn. [f. Gk gastro- 
 logia (prec, -logy)] 
 
 ga'stponome, n. Judge of cookery. [F.back- 
 formation f. gastronomie see foil.] 
 
 gastPO'ndmy, n. Art & science of good eat- 
 ing. So gastPO'noinER 1 n., gastpond'm- 
 ic(al) aa., gastPono'miealL y 2 adv.. gas- 
 tPO*nomiST(3) n. [f. F gastronomie f. Gk gas- 
 TROnomia on anal, of astronomia astronomy] 
 
 gate 1 , n., & v.t. Opening in wall of city or 
 enclosure made for entrance & exit & capable 
 of being closed with barrier; (bibl.) place of judi- 
 cial assembly in city ; mountain-pass ; means of 
 entrance or exit(gr. of ivory, horn, by which false, 
 true, dreams come ; Bosphorus & Hellespont 
 are the two gg. of Constantinople) ; barrier clos- 
 ing the opening of a wall, wooden or iron frame- 
 work, solid or of bars or gratings,hung on h inges, 
 turning on pivots, or sliding, single or double ; 
 contrivance regulating passage of water ; num- 
 ber entering by payment at gg. to see football 
 match &c, amount of money thus taken (also 
 g.-money) ; g.-bill (Oxf. & Camb.), record of un- 
 dergraduate's returns to college after hours, 
 fines imposed for these ; gatehouse, lodge of 
 park &c, room over city gate often used as 
 prison ; g.-keeper, attendant at g., kind of but- 
 terfly ; g.-meeting, at which money is taken for 
 admission ; g.-post, on which g. is hung or 
 against which it shuts ; gateway, = g. (first sense), 
 frame of or structure built over g., means of 
 entrance or exit ; hence ga*teLESS a. ( Vb ; Oxf. 
 & Camb.) confine to college entirely or after 
 certain hours. [OE geat = OFris. gat, jet, hole] 
 
GATE 
 
 341 
 
 GEAR 
 
 gate'-', n. (With prefixed name in North &c.) 
 street, [f. ON gata cf. G gasse lane] 
 
 ga'thep (gadh-), v.t. & i. Bring together, 
 cause to assemble, (be gathered to one's fathers, 
 die) ; acquire by collecting, amass ; cull, pluck ; 
 collect (grain &c.) as harvest ; receive addition 
 of (rolling stone gathers no moss, change of 
 calling does not pay; connexion gathers co- 
 lour; invalid gathers strength ; g. head, acquire 
 strength, swell as a festering sore ; g. way, be- 
 gin to move, of ship) ; summon up (energies), 
 gain or recover (breath) ; infer, deduce, (that) ; 
 draw (garment, brow) together in folds or wrin- 
 kles, esp. pucker (part of dress) by running 
 thread through ; pick up from ground ; draw 
 up (limbs, person) into smaller compass ; sum 
 up (scattered facts) ; summon up (thoughts, 
 strength, &c.) for an effort ; come together, con- 
 gregate, form a mass ; receive additions (the tale 
 gathered like a snowball); come to a head, de- 
 velop purulent swelling. [OE gaderian, cf. Du. 
 gaderen gather & OE geador together] 
 
 ga'theping, n. In vbl senses; esp.: puru- 
 lent swelling ; assembly, meeting ; g.-coal, large 
 piece laid on to keep fire alight during night 
 &c. [-ING*] 
 
 ga'thers, n. pi. Part of dress that is gathered 
 or drawn in. [f. gather] 
 
 Ga'tling, n. (Also G. gun) machine gun 
 with clustered barrels automatically loaded at 
 breech, [inventor's name] 
 
 gauche (gosh), a. Tactless, without ease or 
 grace, socially awkward. [F] 
 
 gaueherie (goshere'), n. Gauche manners ; 
 a gauche action. [F] 
 
 gaucho (gowtsho, gaw-), n. One of a mixed 
 European & Indian race of mounted herdsmen. 
 [Sp., prob. f. native S.-Amer. lang.] 
 
 gaud, n. Something gaudy, showy ornament, 
 gewgaw; (pi.) showy ceremonies, gaieties, [f. 
 OF gaudir make merry f. L gaudere rejoice] 
 
 gau'dy \ n. Grand entertainment, esp. an- 
 nual college dinner to old members &c. ; g.-day, 
 day of rejoicing, day on which college g. is held. 
 [f. L gaudium joy] 
 
 gau'dy 2 , a. Tastelessly or inappropriately 
 fine, showy, or brilliant (of dress, decoration, 
 literary style, &c). Hence gairdiLY 2 adv., 
 gau'diNESS n. [earliest sense luxxirious, of 
 food &c; perh. orig. attrib. use of prec, later 
 taken as gaud + -y 2 ] 
 
 gauffer. See goffer. 
 
 gauge 1 (gaj), gage (in naut. sense), n. Stan- 
 dard measure to which things must conform, 
 esp. measure of capacity or contents of barrel, 
 diameter of bullet, or thickness of sheet iron ; 
 capacity, extent, scope, (take the g. of, estimate); 
 distance between rails or opposite wheels (broad, 
 narroxo, #., of more, less, than 4ft 8£im); (Naut.; 
 gage) relative position in respect to wind (have 
 the weather g. of, be to windward of, fig. have 
 advantage of; also rarely lee, southerly, &c, g.)\ 
 graduated instrument measuring force or quan- 
 tity of rainfall, stream, tide, wind, &c. ; contriv- 
 ance attached to vessel to show height of its 
 contents ; instrument for testing and verifying 
 dimensions of tools, wire, &c; adjustable car- 
 penter's tool for marking parallel lines ; (Print.) 
 strip regulating depth of margin &c. ; means of 
 estimating, criterion, test. [ONF, etym. dub.] 
 
 gauge 2 (gaj), v.t. Measure exactly (esp. ob- 
 jects of standard size, as wire, bolts ; fluctuating 
 quantities or forces, as rainfall, wind ; depth of 
 liquid content); find capacity or content of (cask 
 &c.) by measurement & calculation (gauging- 
 rod, exciseman's instrument for this); estimate, 
 take measure of, (person, character); make uni- 
 form, bring to standard size or shape. Hence 
 
 gau'geABLE a., gau*gERi(l, 2) n. [f. ONF 
 ganger etym. dub. J 
 
 Gaul, n. Inhabitant of ancient Gaul ■ (facet ) 
 Frenchman, [f. Gaid the country f. F Gaule f. 
 L Gallia (Gallus a Gaul)] 
 
 Gau'Hsh, a. & n. (Language) of ancient 
 Gauls ; (facet.) French (adj.). [prec. + -ishI] 
 
 gault, n. (geol.). Series of clay and marl beds 
 between upper & lower greensand. [?] 
 
 gaunt, a. Lean, haggard ; grim or desolate 
 looking. Hence gau'ntNEss n. [etym. dub. ; 
 from 1440 ; cf. Norw. gand thin stick or man] 
 
 gau'ntlet 1 , n. (Hist.) armoured glove (fling, 
 throw, down the g., issue challenge ; ^t'cfc, take, 
 up the g., accept challenge) ; stout glove with 
 long wrist f or driving, fencing, wicket-keeping, 
 &c. Hencegau-ntletED 2 a. [f.F gantelet (gant 
 glove f. OSw. wante, -let)] 
 
 gau'ntlet 2 , n. Run the g. , pass between rows 
 of men who strike one with sticks, cords, &c, 
 as military, naval, or school punishment (also 
 fig. of being subjected to criticism), [earlier 
 gantlope f. Sw. gatlopp (gate 2 , lopp course, cf. 
 G gassenlaufcn) w. assim. to prec] 
 
 gauntry, -tree. See gantry. 
 
 gauze, n. Thin transparent fabric of silk, 
 cotton, wire, &c. ; slight haze. Hence gau'z Y 2 
 a., gau'ziNESS n. [f. F gaze etym. dub.] 
 
 ga'velkind, n. (legal). Land-tenure, esp. in 
 Kent & Wales, involving equal division of in- 
 testate's property among all his sons. [f. obs. 
 gavel, OE gafol, tribute, cf. med.L gabulum, 
 cogn. w. give, + kind] 
 
 gavo'tte, n. Minuet-like but more lively 
 dance ; music for it ; piece of music in common 
 time, moderately quick, with two parts each re- 
 peated. [F, f. Pr. gavoto (Gavot native of Alps)] 
 
 gawk, n. Awkward or bashful person. [?] 
 
 gawky, a. & n. Awkward, ungainly, bash- 
 ful, (person). Hence gawkiNESS n. [perh. f. 
 prec, but found earlier] 
 
 gay, a. (gayer, -est). Full of or disposed to or 
 indicating mirth, light-hearted, sportive ; airy, 
 off-hand; (euphem.) dissolute, immoral, living 
 by prostitution ; showy, brilliant, bright-co- 
 loured, finely dressed. Hence gai'LY 2 adv. [f. 
 F gai perh. f. OHG wdhi pretty] 
 
 gaze, v.i., & n. Look fixedly (at, on, upon) ; 
 hence ga'ZER 1 n. (N.) intent look (stand at g., 
 looking thus). [?] 
 
 gaze'bo, n. Structure whence a view may 
 be had, belvedere, lantern, turret, balcony, &c 
 [perh. facet, formation f. prec. on L future (cf. 
 lavabo), or f. some Oriental word] 
 
 gazelle, n. Small graceful soft-eyed kinds of 
 antelope. [F, f. Arab, ghazal] 
 
 gaze'tte, n., & v.t. (Hist.) news-sheet, peri- 
 odical publication giving current events ; one 
 of three official journals (London, Edinburgh, 
 Dublin, G.) issued by authority twice a week 
 with lists of government appointments & bank- 
 rupts & other public notices ; (in newspaper 
 titles as Westminster, PallMall, G.) newspaper; 
 (vb) publish in official g. (esp. in pass, of officials 
 so announced). [F, f. It. gazzetta perh. f. Vene- 
 tian small coin so called] 
 
 gazetteer*, n. Geographical dictionary, [so 
 called as first provided for gazette-writers, 
 earlier sense of g.] 
 
 ga'zogene, gas-, n. Apparatus making 
 aei^ated waters, [f. F gazogene (gas, -gen)] 
 
 gear (g-), n., & v.t. & i. Equipment, apparel, 
 &c (archaic) ; harness of draught animals ; ap- 
 paratus, appliances, tackle, tools ; combination 
 of wheels, levers, &c ; wheels working on one 
 another by teeth &c; arrangements connecting 
 motor with its work (in, out of, g., connected 
 or working, with connexion interrupted or not 
 
GECKO 
 
 342 
 
 GENERAL. 
 
 working; high, low, g„ by which driving-wheel 
 of bicycle makes many, few, revolutions rela- 
 tively to pedals), whence gear'iNG l (6) n, ; rig- 
 ging ; goods, household utensils ; g.-box, -case, 
 enclosing gearing of bicycle &c. ; g.-wheel, cog- 
 wheel, esp. that in bicycle which transmits mo- 
 tion of pedals to axle ; hence gear'LESS a. 
 (Vb) harness (draught animal ; often up) ; put 
 (machinery) in g., provide withg. (g. up, down, 
 provide with high, low, g.) ; (of cog-wheel) fit 
 exactly into, be ing. with. [prob. f. ON gervi = 
 OHG garawi f. OTeut. garwn ready] 
 
 ge'eko (g-), n. House lizard found in warm 
 climates, [f. Malay gekoq, imit. of its cry] 
 
 gee 1 , gee'-gee, (je), n. (colloq.). Horse, 
 [orig. child's wd, f. foil.] 
 
 gee 2 , gee'-ho*, gee*-(h)u*p, gee'-wo', 
 ( je), intt. (Words of command to horse &c.) go 
 on, go faster, (sometimes) turn to right. 
 
 geese. See goose. 
 ehe'nna (g-), n. Hell ; place of burning, 
 torment, or misery. [eccl.L, f. Hellenistic Gk 
 geenna f. Heb. gehinnom hell, orig. valley of 
 Hinnom where children were sacrificed] 
 gei'sha (ga-), n. Japanese dancing-girl. [Jap.] 
 ge'latln(e) (j-; also -en), n. Amorphous brit- 
 tle transparent tasteless slightly yellow sub- 
 stance, basis of the jellies resulting from stewing 
 skin, tendons, ligaments, bone-matrix, &c. (vege- 
 table g., constituent of gluten identical with 
 animal g.; blasting-g., an explosive nitro-gly- 
 cerine compound ; g. paper, coated with sensi- 
 tized g. for photography). Hence gelati'ni- 
 form a., gela'tino- comb. form. [f. F gelatine 
 f. It. geiatina (gelata jelly, -in)] 
 
 fela'tinous, a. Jelly-like in consistency &c. ; 
 gelatin. So gela*tinizE(3) v.t. & i., gela*- 
 tinoiD a. & n. [f. F gilatineux (prec, -ous)] 
 
 gela'tion ( j-), n. Solidification by freezing, 
 [f. L gelatio (gelare freeze, -ation)] 
 
 geld (g-), v.t. Deprive (usu. male animal) of 
 generative power, castrate, excise testicles or 
 ovaries of. Hence (-)ge'ldER 1 n. [f. ON gelda] 
 
 ge'lding, n. Gelded horse or other animal, 
 [f. ON geldingr (prec, -ing 3 )] 
 
 ge'lid (j-), a. Icy, ice-cold ; chilly, cool. [f. L 
 gelidus (gelu frost) cogn. w. cold] 
 
 gem ( j-), n., & v.t. Precious stone, esp. when 
 cut and polished; object of great beauty or 
 worth, choicest part of, prized thing ; precious 
 or semi-precious stone with engraved design ; 
 hence ge'mmv 2 a. (Vb) adorn (as) with gg. 
 [f. L gemma bud, jewel] 
 
 Gemar'a (g-), n. Later part of Talmud, com- 
 mentary on mishna. [Aram., = completion] 
 
 ge'minate 1 ( j-, -at), a. (nat. hist.). Combined 
 in pairs, [f. ligeminare (geminus twin), -ate 2 ] 
 
 ge'minate 2 , v.t. Double, repeat, arrange in 
 pairs. SogeminA'TiON" n. [as prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 Ge'mim (j-), n. & (-1) int. Constellation Cas- 
 tor and Pollux or the Twins, third sign of 
 Zodiac, (also as archaic or vulg. exclamation of 
 surprise). [L, = twins] 
 
 ge'mma (j-), n. (bot., zool. ; pi. -ae). Leaf- 
 bud ; (in mosses &c) small cellular body that 
 separates from mother-plant & starts fresh one; 
 (Zool.) bud-like growth on animal of low organi- 
 zation becoming detached & developing into 
 individual. [L, see gem] 
 
 ge'mmate 1 , a. Having buds, reproducing 
 by gemmation, [f. L gemmatus (prec, -ate 2 )] 
 
 gemma'te 2 , v.i. Put forth buds, propagate 
 
 by gemmation, [f. L gemmare (gemma), -ate 3 ] 
 
 gemma'tion, n. Act, manner, of budding ; 
 
 arrangement of buds; reproduction by gemmae, 
 
 formation of new individual by protrusion & 
 
 separation of part of the parent. So ge'm- 
 
 mATiVE a. [F, f. L as prec, -ationJ 
 
 gemmi'fepous, a. Producing precious 
 stones ; bearing buds ; = foil. [f. L gemmifer 
 
 (GEMMA, -I-, -FEROUS)] 
 
 gemmi'parous, a. Of, propagating by, gem- 
 mation. Hence gemmi'parous ly 2 adv. 
 [gemma, L -x>arus (parere bring forth)] 
 
 ge'mmule, n. Growing point of plant em- 
 bryo ; reproductive cell of cryptogam; (Zool.) 
 small gemma. [F, f. L gemmula (gemma, -ule)] 
 
 -gen ( j-), suf. forming nn. in scientific use f. 
 F -gene f. Gk -genes -born, of such a kind, {gen-, 
 gn-, seen in gi-gn-omai be born, become). (1) in 
 oxygen & later chem. formations -gen has the 
 sense (not Gk) that which produces (hydrogen, 
 nitrogen, cyanogen) ; (2) in endogen, exogen, &c. 
 (bot.) -gen = growth (acrogen, thallogen). 
 
 gena'ppe (j-), n. Smooth kind of worsted, 
 [f. Genappe in Belgium] 
 
 gendar'me (F), n. (pi. -s). Soldier, mounted 
 or on foot, employed in police duties esp. in 
 France ; (Mountaineering) rock-tower occupy- 
 ing & blocking arete. 
 
 gendarmerie (F), n. Force of gendarmes. 
 
 ge'nder • (j-), n. Grammatical classification 
 (or one of the two, or three, classes) of objects 
 roughly corresponding to the two sexes & sex- 
 lessness (masculine, feminine, & neuter; 
 see also common *, epicene), (of nouns & pro- 
 nouns) property of belonging to such class, (of 
 adjj.) appropriate form for accompanying a 
 noun of any such class; (joe) sex. Hence 
 ge'ndePLESS a. [f. OF gen(d)re f. L genus] 
 
 ge'nder 2 (j-), v.t. (poet.). =engender. [f. 
 OFjjen(d)rer f. L generare (prec)] 
 
 genealo'gieal, a. Of genealogy; tracing 
 family descent ; g. tree, table showing descent 
 of family or of animal species in shape of tree 
 with branches. Hence genealo'giealLY 2 
 adv. [f. F ghiialogique f. med.L f. Gk genea- 
 
 logikOS (GENEALOGY, -IC) + -AL] 
 
 genea'logize (-j-), v.t. & i. Trace genealogy 
 of ; draw up genealogies. Hence genea'lo- 
 giST(l) n. [foil., -ize] 
 
 genea'logy, n. Account of descent from 
 ancestor by enumeration of intermediate per- 
 sons, pedigree ; investigation of pedigrees ; 
 plant's or animal's line of development from 
 earlier forms. [OF (-gie) f. LL f. Gk genealogia 
 (genea race, -logv)] 
 genera. See genus. 
 
 ge'neral (j-), a. & n. Completely or approxi- 
 mately universal, including or affecting all or 
 nearly all parts, not partial, particular, local, or 
 sectional, (g. confession, to be made by whole 
 congregation ; g. council, summoned by invita- 
 tion to the Church at large ; g. election ; G. 
 Post Office, head office in London ; G. Post, 
 first morning delivery, also name of indoor 
 game) ; prevalent, widespread, usual, (in a g. 
 way, ordinarily) ; not limited in application, 
 relating to whole class of objects, occasions, 
 &c, true of all or (opp. universal) nearly all 
 cases (as a g. rule, in most cases), including 
 points common to individuals of a class & 
 neglecting differences (g. uwd, term, notion) ; 
 not restricted to one department, not special- 
 ized, (g. dealer, trader in many articles ; g. prac- 
 titioner, doctor treating cases of all kinds ; g. 
 servant, maid-of -all- work ; g. reader, of miscel- 
 laneous literature) ; roughly corresponding or 
 adequate, sufficient for practical purposes, (g. 
 resemblance, idea) ; vague, indefinite, (spoke 
 only in g. terms) ; (Mil., of officer) above rank 
 of colonel ; (appended to titles, as adjutant-.?., 
 attorney-?., posrmaster-g.) chief, head, w r ith 
 unrestricted authority or sphere, (also joe w r ith 
 other nn., as lover-g., one who makes love to all 
 women) ; in g„ generally, in all ordinary cases, 
 
GENERALISSIMO 
 
 343 
 
 GENTEEL 
 
 barring special exceptions, for the most part. 
 (N.) the g. (archaic), the public ; (pi. ; now rare) 
 g. principles, notions, or rules ; chief of religious 
 order, e. g. of Jesuits, Dominicans ; (Mil.) officer 
 next below Field-Marshal (also by courtesy of 
 lieutenant-g. Scma^'or-g.) ; commander of army ; 
 tactician, strategist, of specified merit (a good, 
 bad, great, g. ; nog.); = g. servant above (col- 
 loq.). [OF, f. L generalis (genus, -al)] 
 
 genepali'ssimo, n. Commander of com- 
 bined military & naval force, or of several 
 armies. [It., super!, of generate general] 
 
 genepa/lity, n. Being general, applicability 
 to whole class of instances ; vagueness ; general 
 point, principle, law, or statement ; main body, 
 bulk, majority, of, [f. F g6n£ralite f. L genera- 
 litatem (general, -ty)] 
 
 genepaliza'tion, n. (Forming of) general 
 notion or proposition obtained by induction 
 (often used disparagingly, esp. hasty g., one 
 based on too few instances), [foil., -ation] 
 
 generalize, v. t. & i. Reduce to general laws, 
 form into a general notion, give a general char- 
 acter to, call by a general name ; infer (law, con- 
 clusion) by induction ; base general statement 
 upon (facts &c); (Math., Philos.) throw into 
 general form, extend application of; form 
 general notions by abstraction ; (Paint.) render 
 only the typical characteristics of; make vague, 
 usegeneralities, speak vaguely; bring into gene- 
 ral use. Hence ge'nepalizER 1 n. [-ize] 
 
 generally, adv. For the most part, exten- 
 sively ; in a general sense, without regard to 
 particulars, not specially, (g. speaking, in 
 general) ; as a general rule, commonly, [-LY 2 ] 
 
 ge'nepalship, n. Office of a general ; 
 strategy, military skill ; skilful management, 
 tact, diplomacy, [-ship] 
 
 ge'nerate, v.t. Bring into existence, pro- 
 duce, evolve, (plants, animals, &c. , usu. in pass. ; 
 heat, force, light, friction, electricity, &c. ; re- 
 sult, state of things, state of mind, &c); (Math. ; 
 of point, line, surface, conceived as moving) 
 make (line, surface, solid), [f. L generare beget 
 (genus), -ATE 3 ] 
 
 generation, n. Procreation, propagation of 
 species, begetting or being begotten, (equivocal 
 or spontaneous g.) ; production by natural or 
 artificial process; single step in descent or 
 pedigree (have known them for three gg. ; his 
 descendant in the tenth g.) ; whole body of per- 
 sons born about same time, average time in 
 which children are ready to replace parents 
 (reckoned at 4 of a century or at 30 years as a 
 time-measure), [f. L generatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 generative (-at-, -at-), a. Of procreation ; 
 able to produce, productive, [prec, -ative] 
 
 ge'nepatop, n. Begetter ; apparatus for 
 producing gases, steam, electricity, &c. [L 
 
 (GENERATE, -OR 2 )] 
 
 gene'Pie, a. Characteristic of a genus or 
 class ; applied to (any individual of) a large 
 group or class ; general, not specific or special. 
 Hence gene'PiCALLY adv. [f. L genus + -ic] 
 
 ge'nerous, a. Magnanimous, noble-minded, 
 not mean or prejudiced, free in giving, munifi- 
 cent, so genepo'siTY n. ; (of soil) fertile; 
 ample, abundant, copious ; (of diet, colour, 
 wine) rich & full. Hence ge'nePOUSLY 2 adv. 
 [f . F g&nercux f . L generosus (genus, -ous) well- 
 born, generous] 
 
 ge'nesis, n. First book of O. T. , with account 
 of the Creation (G-) ; origin, mode of formation 
 or generation, (also in comb, as abiog., parthe- 
 nog.). [L f. Gk (root of gignomai become)] 
 
 ge'net (je-), n. (Fur of) "kind of civet-cat. [f. 
 OF genete f. Arab, jarnait] 
 
 gene'tic (ji-), a. Of, in, concerning, origin. 
 
 Hence gene'tiCALLY adv. [f. genesis on anal, 
 of antithesis -etic] 
 
 gene'va 1 , n. Spirit distilled from grain & 
 flavoured with juniper berries, Hollands, [f. 
 Du. gcnever f. OF genevre f. Ljunipei-us juni- 
 per w. assim. to foil.] 
 
 Gene'va 2 , a. (attrib.). Of, from, Geneva (G. 
 bands, clerical band^s like those of Swiss Cal- 
 vinists ; G. Convention, of 1864-5 neutralizing 
 ambulances &c. in war ; G. cross, red Greek 
 cross on white ground distinguishing ambu- 
 lances &c. in war; G. goicn, black, worn by 
 Calvinists & low-churchmen in pulpit). Hence 
 Gene'VAN, GenevE'SE, aa. & nn. 
 
 ge'nial *, a. Nuptial, generative, (g. bed, in- 
 stinct ; rare) ; conducive to growth, mild, warm, 
 (of air, climate, &c); cheering, enlivening; 
 jovial, kindly, sociable, whence genia'liTY n., 
 ge*nialiZE(3) v.t. ; of genius (rare). Hence 
 ge'nialLY 2 adv. [f. L genialis (genius, -al)] 
 
 genral 2 , a. (anat.). Of the chin. [f. Gk 
 geneion chin (gemis jaw cf. L gena) + -al] 
 
 geni'culate (at), geni'culated, aa. (nat. 
 hist.). Having knee-like joints, [f. L genicu- 
 latus (geniculum f. genu knee, -cule, -ate 2 )] 
 
 ge'nie (-i), n. (pi. usu. genii see genius). Jin- 
 nee, sprite or goblin of Arabian tales, [f. F 
 genie f. L genius] 
 
 genro-, comb, form of Gk geneion chin, as 
 -hy'oid of chin & hyoid bone. 
 
 geni'sta (j-), n. Genus of yellow-flowered 
 shrubs (including in some classifications the 
 common broom). [L] 
 
 ge'nital (j-), a., & n. (pi.). Of animal genera- 
 tion ; (n. pi.) external organs of generation, 
 [f. L genitalis (gignere genit- beget, -AL)] 
 
 ge'nitlve, a. & n. G. case or g., grammatical 
 form of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, & parti- 
 ciples, corresponding in inflected langg. to of, 
 from, & other prepositions with the noun re- 
 presenting the source, possessor, &c. Hence 
 geniti'VAL a. [f. L genitivus (casus case) of 
 generation, mistransl. of Gk genike (ptosis 
 case) of class ; genitivus as prec. + -ive] 
 
 ge'nito-, comb, form of genital, as -urinary 
 of the genital & urinary organs. 
 
 ge'nius, n. (pi. -iuses, -ii). Tutelary spirit of 
 person, place, or institution (good, evil, g., two 
 opposed spirits or angels working for person's 
 salvation or damnation, also person who power- 
 fully influences one for good or ill); (usu. pi., 
 genii, w. sing, genie) demon(s), supernatural 
 being(s) ; nation's, age's, &c, prevalent feeling, 
 opinions, or taste ; character, spirit, drift, 
 method, of a language, law, &c. ; associations 
 or inspirations of a place ; natural ability, 
 special mental endowments; (no pi.) exalted 
 intellectual power, instinctive & extraordinary 
 imaginative, creative, or inventive capacity, 
 (pi. -iuses) person having this ; g. loci (L), pre- 
 siding deity, associations &c, of the place. [L, 
 in first sense, f. root of gignere beget] 
 
 Ge'noa ( j-), n. Italian city (G. cake, rich with 
 almonds on top). Hence GenoE'SE a. & n. 
 
 genre (F), n. Kind, style ; (also g. -painting) 
 portrayal of scenes &c. from ordinary life. 
 
 gens (j-), n. (Rom. ant. ; pi. gentes). Clan, 
 sept, among Greeks or Romans. [L, genit. gen- 
 tis (gignere beget)] 
 
 gent, n. Gentleman (vulg.) ; person pretend- 
 ing to status of gentleman (joe), [short for 
 gentleman] 
 
 gentee'l, a. (usu. iron. ; vulg. in serious use). 
 Appropriate to, characteristic of, belonging to, 
 the upper classes, stylish, fashionable, well- 
 dressed, elegant. Hence gentee'lLY 2 (-1-li) 
 adv. [16th-c. adoption of gentil (cf. 13th-c. gen- 
 tle) see gentile] 
 
GENTIAN 
 
 344 
 
 GEOMETER 
 
 gentian (-shn, -tian), n. Kinds of usu. blue- 
 flowered plant found esp. in mountain regions ; 
 g.-bitter, tonic extracted from its root. [f. L 
 gentiana (Gentius king of Illyria, -an)] 
 gentile, a. & n. (Person) not of Jewish race, 
 (in Mormon use) non-Mormon, whence g-e*n- 
 tileDOM n. ; of a nation or tribe, (a. & n. in 
 Gram.) (word) indicating nationality ; heathen, 
 pagan, [f. F gentil f. L gentilis (gens, -il)J 
 
 gentilrtial (-shl), a. Of a nation, gens, or 
 family (g. noun, name, insignia), [f. L gentili- 
 tius (gentilis gentile) + -al] 
 genti'lity, n. Gentle birth, status of gentle- 
 man or lady, (now rare) ; (usu. iron.) being gen- 
 teel, social superiority, good manners, upper- 
 class habits, {shabby g., endeavour to keep up 
 genteel appearances), [f. OF gentilite f. L gen- 
 tilitatem (gentile, -ty)] 
 
 ge*ntle,a. (-er, -est), & n. Well-born, (Herald.) 
 having right to bear arms, (now only in g. & 
 simple, & in comb, as gentlefolks, gentleman) ; 
 (of birth, blood, family, pursuits, &c.) honour- 
 able, belonging to or fit for the class of gentle- 
 men ; (archaic) generous, noble, courteous (still 
 playfully in g. reader, author's apostrophe) ; 
 tame, quiet (the g. craft, angling), easily man- 
 aged ; not stormy, rough, or violent ; (of medi- 
 cine) mild, not drastic ; (of rule &c.) not severe ; 
 moderate (a g. heat), gradual (a g. slope) ; kind, 
 mild, tender, (the g. sex, women) ; gentlefolk(s), 
 people of good position & family. (X.): (pi.; 
 vulg.) gentlefolks ; maggot, larva of flesh-fly or 
 bluebottle, used as fishing-bait (f. obs. sense 
 soft of adj.). [f. OF gentil see gentile] 
 ge'ntlehood, n. Position or character at- 
 taching to gentle birth, [from 1860 ; -hood] 
 
 ge'ntleman, n. Man entitled to bear arms 
 but not included in the nobility (chiefly hist.) ; 
 member of certain professions &c. (archaic) ; 
 man of gentle birth attached to household of 
 sovereign or great person (g. in waiting &c. ; 
 g.-at-arms, one of sovereign's bodyguard on 
 state occasions) ; man of chivalrous instincts, 
 fine feelings, & good breeding ; man of good 
 social position, man of wealth & leisure ; (cour- 
 teous synonym for) man, (pi., in voc.) male 
 members of audience ; (Law) man who has no 
 occupation ; (facet.) old g., the devil, my g., the 
 fellow I was speaking of, g.'s g., valet ; g.-com- 
 77io ner (hist.), privileged undergraduate at Oxf. 
 & Camb.; g.-farmer, country g. who farms ; g.- 
 itsher, g. acting as usher to great person. Hence 
 ge'ntlemanHooD, gentlemansHrp(l), nn. 
 [gentle + man after OF gentilz horn] 
 
 gentlemanlike, a. Appropriate to, resem- 
 bling, a gentleman, [-like] 
 
 gentlemanly, a. Feeling, behaving, or 
 looking, like a gentleman ; befitting a gentle- 
 man. Hence gentlemanliNESS n. [-ly l ] 
 
 gentleness, n. Kindliness, mildness ; free- 
 dom from severity, suddenness, violence, steep- 
 ness, &c. [-NESS] 
 
 gemtlewoman, n. Woman of good birth 
 or breeding, lady. Hence gentlewoman- 
 hood n., gcntlewomanLiKE, gentle- 
 womanLY 1 , aa., gentlewomanliNESS n. 
 [gentle + woman after OF gentil femme] 
 
 gently, adv. As gentleman or gentlewoman 
 (only in g. born, of gentle birth) ; quietly, mode- 
 rately, softly, slowly, (as remonstrance) not so 
 fast &c. ; mildly, tenderly, kindly, [-lv 2 ] 
 
 ge'ntpy, n. People next belo'w the nobility 
 in position & birth ; (contempt., esp. these g.) 
 people, [prob. f. obs. gentrice f. OF genterise 
 var. otgervtelise (gentil gentile)] 
 
 ge*nual(j-),a. Of the knee. [Lfirermknee, -al] 
 
 ge'nufleet, v.i. Bend the knee, esp. in wor- 
 ship. Hence or cogn. ge'nuflectOR 2 , genu- 
 
 flexioN, nn., genufleetORY a. [f. med.L 
 genufiectere -flex- (prec, ftectere bend)] 
 
 genuine, a. Of the original stock, pure-bred ; 
 really proceeding from its reputed source or 
 author ; having the supposed character, not 
 counterfeit, properly so called. Hence ge*nu- 
 ineLY - adv., ge'nuineNESS n. [f. L genuinus 
 (cf. ingenuus ingenuous) f. Aryan gen- beget] 
 
 genus, n. (pi. ge'nera). (Logic) kind of things 
 including subordinate kinds or species (highest 
 gr., not itself subordinated as species to higher 
 g.; subaltern g., so subordinated) ; (Zool., Bot.) 
 group of animals or plants having common 
 structural characteristics distinct from those 
 of all other groups, & usu. containing several 
 species (see class ; the generic & specific 
 names, the former with capital initial, form 
 the proper name ; the genus Homo, mankind) ; 
 (loosely) kind, class, order, tribe. [L, genit. 
 -eris race f. Aryan as prec] 
 
 -geny (j-), suf. forming nn. indicating mode 
 of production f. F -genie (-gen), as anthropo- 
 geny history of human evolution, often with 
 corresp. nn. in -genesis < adjj. in -genetic. 
 
 geo- ( j-), comb, form of Gk ge earth (Gk geo-), 
 as -dyna'mic of the latent forces of the earth, 
 -sele'nic of earth & moon. 
 
 geoee'ntpie, a. Considered as viewed from 
 the earth's centre (g. latitude of planet, in 
 which it would appear to observer at earth's 
 centre) ; having or representing the earth as 
 centre, [prec, centric (centre \ -ic)] 
 
 geode ( j-), n. (Concretionary stone contain- 
 ing) cavity lined with crystals or other mineral 
 matter. Hence ged'dic a. [f. F geode f. L f. 
 Gk geodes earthy (ge earth, -ode)] 
 
 geo'desy, n. Branch of mathematics dealing 
 with figure & area of the earth or large por- 
 tions of it. So geode'sic, geode'tic, aa. 
 (-sic, -tic, line, shortest possible on surface be- 
 tween two points), geode tic al a., geode*- 
 tiealLY 2 adv., geo*desisT(3) n. [f. F geodesic 
 f. mod.L f. Gk GEO(daisia f. daio divide)] 
 
 geo'gnosy, n. = geology ; geology of a 
 district ; knowledge of the mineral character, 
 grouping, & distribution, of particular rocks. 
 So geogno'stic(AL) aa. [f. F geognosie (geo-, 
 Gk gnosis knowledge, gnostos known} 
 
 geogra*phie(al), aa. Of geography (-ic lati- 
 tude, angle made with plane of equator by per- 
 pendicular to earth's surface at any point ; -al 
 mile, = 1' of longitude on equator or about 
 2000 yds). Hence geogpa'phiealLY 2 adv. 
 [f. Gk GEO(graphikos graphic) + -al] 
 
 geo'gpaphy, n. Science of the earth's sur- 
 face, form, physical features, natural & politi- 
 cal divisions, climate, productions, population, 
 «fec (mathematical, physical, & political, g., 
 the science in these aspects) ; subject-matter of 
 g. ; features, arrangement, of place ; treatise or 
 manual of g. So geo'GRAPHER n. [f. F fireo- 
 graphie f. L f. Gk GEO(graphia -graph y)] 
 
 geo'logize, v.i. & t. Devote time to examin- 
 ing places geologically, collecting specimens, 
 &c ; examine (place) thus. [foil. + -ize] 
 
 geo'logy, n. Science of the earth's crust, its 
 strata, & their relations & changes ; geological 
 features of district. Hence geolo'gic(AL) aa. 
 (-ic now only of things forming part of subject- 
 matter of g.), geo*lo # giealLY 2 adv., geo'LO- 
 gist n. [f. med.L f. Gk GKodogia -logy)] 
 
 geomaney, n. Divination from figure given 
 by handful of earth thrown down, & hence from 
 figures given by dots made at random. Hence 
 or cogn. geomaneER 1 n., geoma'ntic a. 
 [f. Ygeomancie f. L f. Gk GKO(manteia -mancy)] 
 
 geo'metep, n. Person skilled in geometry ; 
 
 kinds of caterpillar & corresp. moth (from cater- 
 
GEOMETRIC 
 
 345 
 
 GESTICULATE 
 
 pillar's seeming to measure ground by its mode 
 of walking), [f. L f. Gk GEO(metres measurer)] 
 
 greome'tpic(al), aa. Of, according to, geo- 
 metry (-al tracery, with openings of g. form, as 
 circles, trefoils, &c; -al proportion, involving 
 equal ratios in its two parts, as 1 : 3 : : 4 : 12 ; -al 
 progression, with constant ratio between suc- 
 cessive quantities, as 1 : 3 : 9 : 27 : 81 ; g. spider, 
 constructing web of g. pattern). Hence geo- 
 me'triealLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk geometrikos 
 (prec, -ic) + -al] 
 
 geo'metpize, v.i. & t. Work, form, by geo- 
 metrical methods, [foil. + -ize] 
 
 geo'metpy, n. Science of properties & re- 
 lations of magnitudes (as lines, surfaces, solids) 
 in space. So geometprciAN n. [f. F gbomb- 
 trie f. L f. Gk GEO(metria measuring)] 
 
 geo'phagy (-jl), n. =dirt-<? ating. Sogeo'- 
 phagis'f(l) n. [geo-, Gk -phagia -eating] 
 
 geopd'nic, a. (pedantic or facet.). Agricul- 
 tural, [f. Gk GKO{ponikos f. ponos toil + -ic)] 
 
 George (jorj), n. St G., patron saint of 
 England from time of Edw. Ill who chose him 
 as patron of Order of the Garter (St G.'s day, 
 23rd April j St G.'s cross, vertical & horizontal 
 red bars crossing in centre) ; G., jewel forming 
 part of Garter insignia ;byG., oath or exclama- 
 tion, [f. L f. Gk Georgios supposed prince of 
 Cappadocia martyred under Diocletian] 
 
 Geop'gian 1 (jorji-), a. Of the time of the 
 Georges Kings of England, [-ian] 
 
 Geop'gian 2 (jorji-), a. & n. (Inhabitant, 
 language) of Georgia in the Caucasus ; (inhabi- 
 tant) of Georgia in U.S. [-an] 
 
 Geop'gic(jor-), n. One book (first, fourth, G.) 
 of the Gg., Virgil's poem on husbandry, [f. L 
 f. Gk georgika pi. neut. adj. (georgos husband- 
 man f. geo-, erg- work, -ic)] 
 
 geo'tpopism, n. Plant-growth in relation 
 to gravity (positive g., tendency of roots to 
 grow towards, negative g., of stems to grow 
 away from, centre of earth). So geotrd'pic a. , 
 geotPO'piCALLY adv. [geo-, Gk tropikos 
 (trojie a turning f. trepo turn + -ic, -ism)] 
 
 gera'nium, n. Kinds of wild herbaceous 
 plant bearing fruit like crane's bill, Crane's-bill; 
 kinds of cultivated pelargonium ; colour of the 
 scarlet g. [L, f. Gk geranion (geranos crane)] 
 
 gerfalcon (j-),n. Any large northern falcon, 
 esp. the Icelandic, [f. OF gerfaucon prob. f. 
 OHG gir vulture cf. G geier, falcon] 
 
 germ, n., & v.i. Portion of organism capable 
 of developing into a new one (germ-, usu. of 
 female reproductive element, opp. sperm-), 
 rudiment of animal or plant ; micro-organism 
 or microbe, esp. one of those supposed to cause 
 disease ; (fig.) that from which something may 
 spring, elementary principle (in g., not yet de- 
 veloped) ; (vb) germinate, sprout, (fig. only). 
 [f. F germe f. L germen etym. dub.] 
 
 gep'man 1 , a. (Now only as appended to 
 brother, sister, cousin) in the fullest sense 
 of relationship ; = germane, [f. OF germain f. 
 L gennanus of same parents cogn. w. prec] 
 
 Gep'man 2 , a. & n. Of, characterizing, Ger- 
 many or its inhabitants or language (G. measles, 
 contagious disease like mild measles ; G. Ocean, 
 North Sea ; G. sausage, large kind stuffed with 
 spiced partly cooked meat ; G. text, black letter ; 
 G. silver, white alloy of nickel, zinc, & copper). 
 (N.) native, language, of Germany (High G., 
 form of G orig. spoken in South, but now in 
 literary use throughout Germany; Low G., 
 dialects of Germany that are not High G., also, 
 all forms of WG, including English & Dutch, 
 except High G. Hence Ger'maniSH 1 a., 
 Gsp , maniSM(2, 3, 4), Gep*maniST(l, 3), nn., 
 Gep*manizE(2, 3, 4) v.t. & i., GepmanizA*- 
 
 tion, Gep'manizER i, nn. , Gepma'no- comb, 
 form., Gepma'noMA'NiA n., Germa'no- 
 phil, Gepma'noPHOBE, aa. & nn., Ger- 
 mano'philisr, Germa'noPHO'BiA, nn. [f. L 
 Germanus a. & n. of related peoples of central 
 & N. Europe, nameperh. given by Celts to their 
 neighbours (cf. Olr. gair neighbour)] 
 
 germa'ndep ( j-), n. Kinds of plant esp. the 
 blue-flowered G. speedwell, [f. med.L german- 
 dra f. late Gk khamandrua (khamaidrus f. 
 khamai on the ground, drus oak)] 
 
 gepma'ne, a. Relevant, pertinent, to the 
 matter or subject, [var. of German l ] 
 
 Gepma'nic, a. & n. Of the Germans (chiefly 
 hist, in G. Confederation, G. Empire) ; of the 
 Teutonic race or any Teutonic people (of lan- 
 guage, =primitive Teutonic ; also with limiting 
 word : East G., Gothic & some almost lost lan- 
 guages as Burgundian & Vandal ; North G., 
 Scandinavian ; West G., High & Low German, 
 English, Frisian, Dutch, &c. ; see also indo-(?.). 
 [f. L Germanicus (German 2 , -ic)] 
 
 Gepma'nity, n. Characteristic German 
 qualities, [-ity] 
 
 ger'men, n. (bot.). Rudiment of seed-vessel, 
 ovary. [L, genit. -inis, = germ] 
 
 gep'mieide, n. & a. (Substance) having 
 power to destroy (esp. disease-)germs. Hence 
 gepmiei'dAL a. [-I-, -cide] 
 
 gep'minal, a. Of germs, of the nature of a 
 germ; in the earliest stage of development. 
 Hence gep'minalLY 2 adv. [germen, -al] 
 
 gep'minate, v.i. & t. Sprout, bud, put forth 
 shoots, (lit. & fig.) ; cause to shoot, develop 
 (trans.), produce. Hence or cogn. gep'min- 
 ANTa. (intr., usu. fig.), germiriATiON, gep*- 
 minat0R 2 (2), nn., gep'minATiVE a. [f. L 
 germinare (germen), -ate 3 ] 
 
 ger'mon (j-), n. Long-finned tunny. [F] 
 
 geponto'epaey (g-, j-), n. Government by, 
 governing body of, old men. [f. Gk geron -ontos 
 old man, -cracv] 
 
 -gerous, suf. (in use -igerous, see -I-) f. L 
 -ger bearing (gerere bear)+-ous ; in some words 
 taken f. L, & freely added to L stems, as in 
 frondigerous leaf -bearing. 
 
 geppyma'ndep, v. t. , & n. Man ipulate (con 
 stituency &c. ) unfairly so as to secure dispro- 
 portionate influence at election for some party 
 or class; hence geppyma'ndePER 1 n. (N.) 
 such manipulation, [vb f. n., orig. U.S.; anec- 
 dotic ; substitution of name of governor Gerry 
 of Massachusetts for sala- in salamander] 
 
 ge'pund, n. Forms of Latin verb (-ndum, 
 -ndi, -ndo) serving as cases of the infinitive in 
 its noun use, constructed as nouns but able to 
 govern like their verb ; English verbal noun in 
 -ing 1 when used distinctly as part of verb (his 
 doing this is doubtfid) ; g.-grinder, teacher of 
 Latin. So gepu'ndiAL a. [f. L gerundium 
 prob. f. gerundum neut. gerundive & gerund 
 of gerere do = thing to be done, doing] 
 
 gepu'ndive, a. & n. Of, like, the gerund ; 
 (n. ; in L Gram.) verbal adjective from gerund 
 stem having sense that shoxdd be done &c 
 Hence gepundr v al a. , gerirndi veL y 2 adv. 
 [f. LL gerundivus (prec, -ive)] 
 
 ge'sso (j-), n. Plaster of Paris, gypsum, 
 prepared for use in painting & in sculpture. 
 [It., f. L gypsum] 
 
 gesta'tion, n. Carrying or being carried 
 in the womb between conception & birth, 
 this period, [f. L gestatio (gestare frequent, 
 of gerere carry, -ation)] 
 
 gestatop'ial, a. G. chair, for carrying the 
 Pope on certain occasions, [f. L gestatorius 
 (gestator carrier as prec. + -or 2 , -ory)] 
 
 gesticulate, v.i. & t. Use expressive mo- 
 
GESTURE 
 
 346 
 
 GHEE 
 
 tion of limbs or body with or instead of speech ; 
 express thus. So gesti'eulA'TioN, gesti*- 
 culatOR 2 , n n., gesti*eulATivE, gesti^eula- 
 
 tORY, aa. [f. L gesticulari (gesticulus dim. of 
 
 gesttlS GESTURE, -ATE 3 ] 
 
 gesture (-tshcr), n., & v.i. & t. Significant 
 movement of limb or body ; use of such move- 
 ments as expression of feeling or rhetorical de- 
 vice ; (vb) = gesticulate, [f. med.L gestura 
 (L gerere gest- wield, -ure)] 
 
 get 1 (g-), v.t. & i. (got; also p.p. -gotten in 
 comb., as ill-gotten). Obtain, procure, by effort 
 or contrivance, earn (cannot g. a living), gain 
 (got little by it), win (g. the upper hand, start, 
 advantage, sun, wind, better, of a person ; g. 
 the best of it, be victorious ; g. fame, credit, 
 glory, &c; g. knowledge ovwind of, learn, hear 
 rumours of) ; learn by heart or rote ; obtain as 
 result of calculation (we g. 9-5 as the average) ; 
 receive as gift, wages, &c. ; extract by prayer, 
 demand, inquiry, &c. (from, out of; coidd not 
 g. leave, any supper) ; come to have (desired 
 thing, as rest, one's way, speech o/some one, a 
 sight of, possession of; g. religion, be con- 
 verted) ; contract (idea &c; also g. it into one's 
 head, be convinced ; g. measles &c. ; g. person 
 or thing on the brain, think of him exclusively, 
 on one's nerves, be irritably affected by him) ; 
 (of story &c.) g. wind, become known ; have in- 
 flicted on one, suffer, receive as one's lot or 
 penalty, (fall, blow, the worst of it, six months ; 
 g. it, be punished, scolded, &c. ; g. the boot l , 
 sack 1 , mitten) ; (with for or ind. obj.) procure, 
 provide, (got him a place ; we can g. it for- you) ; 
 catch (fish &c.) ; bring in, carry home, (crop) ; 
 what has got him?, become of him; (colloq.) 
 corner, puzzle, catch in argument, (esp. in perf. 
 &past) ; (colloq.) take, eat, (dinner &c.) ; (colloq., 
 in perf.) have (have not got a penny ; it has got 
 to be done, must) ; (of animals) beget ; (with 
 compl.) succeed in bringing, placing, &c. (got it 
 overboard, through the custom-house, into the 
 room, &c), bring into some state (g. with child, 
 make pregnant ; g. them ready ; g. person upon 
 a subject, make him talk of it ; g. ship under 
 way, start her ; esp. with p.p. as g. it done, got 
 the laws obeyed), suffer injury &c. to some part 
 of one (got my wrist dislocated ; shall g. my 
 feet tvet) ; induce, prevail upon, (person) to do. 
 (Intr.): succeed in coming or going to, from, 
 into, out of, through, over, here, there, as far 
 as, &c. (where has it got to ?, what has become 
 of it ; gr. there slang, succeed) ; (slang) be off, 
 clear out ; (with infln.) acquire habit (one soon 
 gets to like it) ; come to be doing (they got talk- 
 ing) ; become (g. tired, hot, excited, drunk ; g. 
 well, better, recover from illness ; g. clear, rid, 
 or quit, of; g. under way, begin to sail ; g. done 
 with, bring to an end ; g. married, used to it, 
 shelved). (With prepp.) : g. at, reach (whence 
 g*et-a't-ABLE a.), get hold of, ascertain, (slang) 
 tamper with, bribe, &c, (slang) attack, banter, 
 (icho are you getting at ?, often = trying to im- 
 pose upon— expressing incredulity) ; g. into, 
 (colloq.) put on (boots, clothes), (of liquor) affect, 
 confuse, (one's head) ; g. off, dismount from, 
 obtain release from (engagement &c), not re- 
 main on (the grass &c. ) ; g. on, mount (horse &c. ), 
 rise on one's feet or legs to speak in public ; g. 
 over, surmount (difficulty), show (evidence, 
 argument) to be unconvincing, recover from 
 (illness) or from surprise at, accomplish (dis- 
 tance, task, &c), (slang) circumvent ; g. round, 
 cajole, evade ; g. through, bring to an end, (of 
 Bill «&c.) be passed by (Lords, Commons, &c), 
 while away (time &c.) ; g. to, begin (business 
 &c); g. upon, = g. on. (With advv.): gr. about, go 
 from place to place, begin walking after illness 
 
 &c, (of rumours) be circulated ;#. abroad, (of ru- 
 mours) —g. about ; g. along, advance, meet with 
 success, fare ill or well Sec, manage without 
 something, live harmoniously together or with, 
 (colloq.) g. along with you!, be off, nonsense ; 
 g. away, escape, start, (imperat.) be off! ; g. 
 back, come home &c, recover (lost thing); g. 
 down, dismount ; g. in, be elected as M.P., 
 enter (carriage), bring home (crop), collect 
 (debts &c), fit (work &c.) into given time, suc- 
 ceed in placing (blow), g. one's hand in, become 
 at home with some operation, can't g. in a 
 ivord edgeways ; fir. off, escape (t. & i.), start, 
 go to sleep, be acquitted or pardoned, be let off 
 with or for specified penalty, procure acquittal 
 or slight penalty for (person) ; fir. on, don, dis- 
 play (pace), advance, make progress, prosper, 
 rare, manage toithout something, agree or live 
 sociably with, be getting on for, approaching 
 (an age &c); g. out, (imperat.) be off*!, non- 
 sense !, transpire, elicit, succeed in uttering, 
 publishing, &c. : g. out of, issue or escape from 
 (got out of bed on wrong side, is in bad temper ; 
 g. out of sight, one's depth, disappear, be in too 
 deep water to stand ; g. out of hand, break 
 from control, also finish Work &c), abandon 
 (habit) gradually, evade doingr, elicit (informa- 
 tion) or obtain (money) from (person) ; fir. over, 
 bring (troublesome task) to an end ; fir. through, 
 bring to or reach destination, (of Bill) be passed 
 in Parliament, succeed in an examination ; g. 
 through with, succeed in doing or enduring ; 
 fir. together, collect (t. & i.); fir. tinder, subdue 
 (fire) ; g. up, rise esp. from bed, mount esp. on 
 horseback, (of fire, wind, sea) begin to be vio- 
 lent, (of game) rise from cover, (of cricket-ball) 
 rise sharply from pitch, organize, set on foot, 
 (of laundress) dress (linen), make presentable, 
 arrange the appearanee of, (hair, the person, 
 mounting of play, binding & print of book), 
 make rise (I got my, his, backup, became, made 
 him, angry or stubborn), produce (fir. up steam, 
 enough to work engine, also fig. of working one- 
 self into anger or energy), work up (factitious 
 emotion ; subject for examination &c). Hence 
 g"e*ttABLE a. [f. ON geta — OE -gietan cf. G 
 (ver)gessen, f. Aryan ghed- seize, whence L 
 praeda = prae-heda & Gk ekhadon] 
 
 get 2 , n. Begetting, offspring, (of animals, esp. 
 in sporting talk), [f. prec] 
 
 get-up, n. Style of equipment or costume ; 
 style of production of book &c. [get 1 ] 
 
 ge'um (j-), n. Kinds of rosaceous plant, 
 A vens, as HERB-bennet. [L, prob. - herb-bennet] 
 
 gewgaw (g-), n. Gaudy plaything or orna- 
 ment, bauble ; paltry showy trifle, [from 13th c. ; 
 ME giuegoue etym. dub.] 
 
 fey (ga), adv. (Sc). Very, considerably, (also 
 j. g. & — , in same sense), [var. of gay] 
 
 geysep(gaz-,glz-), n. Intermittent hotspring 
 throwing up column of water ; apparatus for 
 heating water, [f . Icel. Geysir name of a parti- 
 cular specimen in Iceland (geysa to gush)] 
 
 gha'stly (gah-, ga-), a.&adv. Horrible, fright- 
 ful, shocking; (exagg.) objectionable; deathlike, 
 pale, wan, lurid; (of smile &c.) painfully forced; 
 (adv., chiefly with adj. as fir. pale) ghastlily. 
 Hence gha'stliLY 2 adv., gha'stliNESS n. [f. 
 obs. gast , OE gxstan terrify cogn. w. ghost] 
 
 gha(u)t (gawt), n. (Anglo-Ind.). Eastern, 
 Western, Gg., two mountain chains along E. & 
 W. sides of Southern Hindostan ; mountain 
 pass, defile ; flight of steps leading to river, 
 landing-place. [Hind, ghat] 
 
 Ghazi (gah-), n. Mohammedan anti-infidel 
 fanatic. [Arab. p.p. of ghaza fight] 
 
 ghee (ge), n. Indian buffalo-milk butter clari= 
 fied to resemble oil. [f. hind, ghi] 
 
GHERKIN 
 
 347 
 
 GILL 
 
 gher'kin (ger-), n. Young green, or small 
 kind of, cucumber used for pickling, [f. Du. 
 *gurkkijn (now gurkje) f. Slavonic cf. late Gk 
 aggourion etym. dub.] 
 
 ghe'tto (ge-), n. Jews' quarter in city. [It, 
 perh. abbr. of borghetto (borgo borough)] 
 
 Ghi'belline (gi-), n. & a. One of emperor's 
 faction (opp. guklph) in medieval Italian states; 
 hence Ghi*belliniSM(3) n. (Adj.) adhering to 
 Gg. [f. It. Ghibellino perh. f. G Waiblingen 
 estate belonging to Hohenstaufen emperors] 
 
 ghost (go-), n. Principle of life (now only in 
 give up the g., die) ; Spirit of God (now only in 
 Holy G., Third Person of Trinity) ; soul of dead 
 person in Hades &c. ; dead person appearing to 
 the living (raise, lay, g., cause it to appear or 
 cease appearing), apparition, spectre ; emaci- 
 ated person ; shadowy outline or semblance 
 (not the g. of a chance, none at all) ; (Opt.) bright 
 spot or secondary image in field of telescope 
 due to defect of lens ; artistic or literary hack 
 doing the work for which his employer takes 
 credit. Hence gho'stHOOD n., gho'stLiKE a. 
 [com.-WG ; OE gast cf. G geist; prob. cogn. w. 
 ON geisa rage & Goth, usgaisjan terrify] 
 
 gho'stly, a. (Archaic) spiritual, incorporeal, 
 concerned with sacred or ecclesiastical matters, 
 (our g. enemy, the Devil; g. father, adviser, di- 
 rector, &c, confessor; g. comfort, counsel, &c, 
 administered by priest ; g. weapons, religious 
 arguments, ecclesiastical penalties, &c.) ; (as) 
 of a ghost, spectral. Hence gho'stliNESS n. 
 [OE gdstlic(vYec, -ly 1 )] 
 
 ghoul (gool), n. Spirit preying on corpses in 
 Eastern tales. Hence ghoirliSH 1 a., ghou'I- 
 ishLY 2 adv. [f. Arab, ghul f. vb = seize] 
 
 gia'l/o antf'co (jah-, -te-), n. Rich yellow 
 marble found in Italian ruins. [It.] 
 
 gi'ant, n. & a. Being of human form but 
 superhuman stature, (Gk mythol.) one of the 
 sons of Gaea (Earth) & Uranus (Heaven) or 
 Tartarus (Hell) who warred against the Gods ; 
 agency of enormous power; abnormally tali 
 person, animal, or plant; person of extra- 
 ordinary ability, courage, strength, &c. (there 
 were gg. in those days, our fathers were superior 
 to us) ; g. cement, specially tenacious kind ; g.- 
 powder, kind of dynamite; g.^sYstride, gym- 
 nastic apparatus of pole with revolving head & 
 hanging ropes enabling user to take huge 
 strides round pole; hence gi'antESS 1 n., 
 gi'antLiKE a. (Adj.) of extraordinary size or 
 force, gigantic, monstrous, (often in plant 
 names). [ME geant (afterwards affected by L) f. 
 OF giant f. Lf.Gk gigant- nom. -gas etym. dub.] 
 
 giaour (jowr), n. (Turkish contemptuous 
 name for) infidel, esp. Christian, [f. Pers. gaur] 
 
 gi'bber (j-, g-), v.i., & n. Speak fast & in- 
 articulately, chatter like an ape ; (n.) such 
 speech or sound, [imit.] 
 
 gi'bberish (g-), n. Unintelligible speech, 
 meaningless sounds, jargon, blundering or un- 
 grammatical talk. [perh. f. prec. (but found 
 earlier) + -ish * as used in names of langg.] 
 
 gi'bbet (j-), n., & v.t. (Orig.) gallows ; (later) 
 upright post with arm on which bodies of exe- 
 cuted criminals were hung up; death by hang- 
 ing. ( Vb) put to death by hanging ; expose on 
 g. ; hang up as on g. ; hold up to infamy or con- 
 tempt, [f. OF gibet gallows dim. of gibe club] 
 
 gi'bbon (g-), n. Kinds of long-armed ape esp. 
 of Indian archipelago. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 gi'bbous (g-), a. Convex, protuberant ; (of 
 moon or planet) having bright part greater 
 than semicircle & less than circle ; humped, 
 hunchbacked. Hence or cogn. gibbo'siTY n., 
 
 fibbo'so- comb, form, gi'bbousLY 2 adv. [f. 
 gibbus hump + -ous, cf. L gibbosus] 
 
 gibe (j-), jibe, v.i. & t., & n. Flout, jeer, 
 mock, (as vb, with at, or trans., or abs.). Hence 
 gi'bER 1 n., gi'bingLY 2 adv. [perh. f. OF 
 giber handle roughly, use horseplay, or cogn. 
 w. ON geip idle talk] 
 
 grblets (j-), n. pi. Parts of goose taken out 
 or cut off before cooking, as liver, gizzard, 
 pinions, feet ; giblet soup, made with these, [f. 
 OF gibelet ragout etym. dub.] 
 
 grbus(j-), n. Opera or crush hat. [G., maker] 
 
 gi'ddy (g-), a., & v.t. & i. Dizzy, disposed to 
 fall, stagger, or spin round ; making dizzy (a g. 
 precipice, maze, success) ; circling with be- 
 wildering speed ; mentally intoxicated, incap- 
 able of attention, excitable, frivolous (play the 
 g. goat, fool), inconstant, flighty ; g.-go-round, 
 merry 2 -go- round ; hence gi'ddiLY 2 adv., 
 gi'ddiNESS n. (Vb) make or become g. [O 
 gydig insane perh. cogn. w. god cf. Gk entheo 
 
 gift (g-), n., & v.t. Giving (would not have it 
 at a g., even gratis ; the living is in the g. of — , 
 is his to bestow ; came to me by free g.) ; (Law) 
 voluntary transference of property without 
 consideration ; thing given, present, donation ; 
 faculty miraculously bestowed, virtue looked 
 upon as emanation from heaven &c, (g. of 
 tongues) ; natural endowment (g. of the gab), 
 talent, whence gi'ftED 2 a.; g.-book, one given 
 or suitable forgiving as present ; g. -horse, one 
 given. (Vb) endow with gg., present tuith as 
 g. ; bestow as g. (to person ; away), [prob. f. 
 ON gift; com.-Teut., cf. OE gift payment for 
 bride, Du. & G gift gift, f. OTeut, giftiz (give)] 
 
 gig x (g-), "• Light two-wheeled one-horsed 
 carriage (g.-lamps slang, spectacles ; gigman, 
 person who keeps g., member of gigmanity) ; 
 light narrow clinker-built ship's-boat for oars 
 or sails ; rowing-boat chiefly used for racing, 
 [f. obs. gig whipping-top, etym. dub.] 
 
 gig 2 (g-h n. Kind of fish-spear, [short for 
 fizgig f. Sp. fisga harpoon (corrupted to fishgig 
 & mistaken for compd] 
 
 giga'ntie (j-), a. Giant-like in size, stature, 
 &c. ; abnormally large, huge. Hence or cogn. 
 gigantE'SQUE a., giga'ntiCALLY adv. [f. L 
 gigas -antis giant, -ic] 
 
 gi'ggle (g-), v.i., & n. Laugh like an affected, 
 ill-bred, or undisciplined girl, titter, have small 
 bursts of half suppressed laughter; (n.) such 
 laugh, [imit. ; cf. Du. giggelen, G gichelen] 
 
 gi'glet, -ot, (g-), n. Giggling girl. [orig. = 
 lewd woman, from 14th c, etym. dub. ; now 
 associated with prec] 
 
 gigma'nity (g-), n. The respectable un- 
 imaginative middle classes, Philistines, [gig- 
 man (gig 1 ) + -ity (Carlylese wds)] 
 
 gig-mill (g-), n. Machine for raising nap on 
 cloth ; building in which these stand, [f. obs. 
 gig whipping-top] 
 
 gild 1 (g-), v.t. (p.p. usu. gilded in the fully 
 verbal use & in fig. use as adj., gilt as adj. in 
 lit. sense). Cover with thin layer of gold laid 
 on as gold leaf or otherwise (g. pill, soften down 
 unpleasant necessity), whence giidER 1 , giid- 
 ing l (2, 4), nn. ; make (condition &c.) tolerable 
 or reputable by money (or with money &c. as 
 subj.); tinge, adorn, with golden colour or light; 
 give specious brilliance to by fair words; Gilded 
 Chamber, House of Lords ; gilded or gilt spurs, 
 emblem of knighthood ; gilded youth, the 
 young men of fashion & wealth ; gilt-cup, but- 
 tercup, [f. OE (be)gyldan (gold)] 
 
 gild 2 . See guild. 
 
 gill 1 (g-), n. (usu. pi.), & v.t. Respiration 
 organ(s) in fishes & other water-breathing ani- 
 mals ; wattles or dewlap of fowls ; vertical 
 radiating plates on under side of mushrooms 
 &c. ; flesh below person's jaws & ears (rosy 
 
GLACIS 
 
 350 
 
 CLEAN 
 
 gla'eis (or as F), n. Bank sloping down from 
 fort, on which attackers are exposed to tire. 
 [F, orig. = slippery place (OF glacier to slip)] 
 glad, a., & v.t. Pleased (pred. only ; lam g., 
 g. of it, g. to hear it, g. that it is so, g. it is so, 
 shall be g. to come &c ; iron., should be g. to 
 know) ; (of looks, feelings, &c.) marked by, filled 
 with, expressing, joy ; (of news or events) giv- 
 ing joy ; (of nature &c.) bright, beautiful ; hence 
 gla'ddENS v.t., gla # dLY 2 adv., gla'dNESS n., 
 <poet.) g-la'dsoME a., gla'dsomeLV 2 adv., 
 gla'dsomeNESS n. (Vb ; archaic) make g. 
 (OE glaed cf. Da. & Sw. glad, & G glatt smooth 
 (the orig. sense cf. L glaber)] 
 glade, n. Clear open space or passage be- 
 tween forest trees, [peril, cogn. w. prec] 
 gla'diator, n. Man trained to fight with 
 sword or other weapon at ancient Roman 
 shows; political &c. champion in argument, 
 controversialist. So gladiator'iAL a. [L 
 {gladius sword)] 
 
 gla'diolus (or gladi'-), n. (pi. -luses, -li). Iri- 
 daceous plant with sword-shaped leaves & 
 bright flower-spikes. [L, dim. of gladius sword] 
 Gla'dstone, n. & a. G. (bag), kind of light 
 portmanteau ; G. claret, of cheap kinds that 
 became common by Gladstone's reduction of 
 duty 1860. [W. E. G., statesman d. 1898] 
 glair, n., & v.t. White of egg ; kinds of ad- 
 hesive preparation made from it ; any similar 
 viscid substance ; hence glair'EO us, glair'v 2 , 
 aa.; (vb) smear with g. [f. 13th-c. F^Zaireperh. 
 f. L clara fem. of clariis clear] 
 glaive, n. (archaic & poet.). Broadsword, 
 sword. [OF, perh. f. L gladius sword] 
 
 gla'mour, n., & v.t. Magic enchantment, 
 (cast a g. over, enchant) ; delusive or alluring 
 beauty or charm ; hence gla'morous a. (Vb) 
 affect with g., bewitch, enchant, [corruption 
 of grammar, cf. for sense gramarye] 
 
 glance, v.i. & t., & n. (Of weapon) glide off 
 object instead of striking it full (often aside, 
 off) ; (of talk or talker) pass quickly over, glide 
 off or from, subject ; g. at, make passing & usu. 
 sarcastic allusion to ; (of bright object or light) 
 flash, dart, gleam ; (of eye) cast momentary 
 look, flash, (g. at, give brief look at; g. over, 
 read cursorily ; g. down, up, Sec. ; g. one's eye, 
 direct it at, over, &c. ; hence gla'neingLY 2 
 adv. (X.) swift oblique movement or impact, 
 (Cricket) stroke \\ith bat's face turned slant- 
 wise to ball ; (sudden movement producing) 
 flash or gleam; brief look (at, into, over, &c). 
 [perh. nasalized form of OF glaichier to slip] 
 
 gland, n. (Physiol.) simple or complex organ 
 composed of nucleated cells secreting consti- 
 tuents of the blood for use or ejection; (Bot.) 
 secreting cell or group of cells on surface of 
 plant-structure. So (see -ul-) gla'nduLE n., 
 gla'ndulAR 1 , glanduli'FEROus, gla*ndu- 
 Iose 1 (bot.), gla'ndulous. gla'ndLESS, aa. 
 [f. F glande f. OF glandre f. h"glandula (glans 
 -dis acorn, -ule)] 
 
 gla'nders, n. pi. Contagious horse-disease 
 with swellings below jaw & mucous discharge 
 from nostrils; the same communicated to man. 
 Hence gla'nderED 2 , gla'nderous, aa. [f. 
 OF glandre see prec] 
 
 glandi'ferous, a. Bearing acorns, [f. L 
 glandifer (gland, -ferous)] 
 
 gla'ndiform, a. Acorn-shaped ; like gland. 
 
 [GLAND, -FORM] 
 
 glare, v.i. & t., & n. Shine dazzlingly or dis- 
 agreeably ; _be over-conspicuous_or obtrusive, 
 whence glar'ingLY 2 adv., glar'ingNESS n. ; 
 look fixedly or fiercely ; express (hate, defiance) 
 by look. (N.) strong fierce light, oppressive un- 
 relieved sunshine ; tawdry brilliance ; fierce or 
 
 fixed look ; hence glar* y 2 a. [ME, also MDu. 
 & MLG, glaren perh. cogn. w. glass] 
 glass l t n. Substance, usu. transparent, lust- 
 rous, hard, & brittle, made by fusing sand with 
 soda oi* potash or both & other ingredients 
 
 (CROWN 1 , FLINT, PLATE, WATER 1 , -g.) \ 8Ub- 
 
 stances of similar properties or composition, as 
 g. of antimony, vitreous oxy-sulphide fused ; 
 g. utensils, ornaments, windows, greenhouses : 
 g. vessel esp. for drinking, amount of liquid 
 contained in this, drink ; sand-g., hour-g. ; car- 
 riage-window ; plate of g. covering picture ; 
 glazed frame for plants; looking-g.; eye-g., (pi.) 
 pair of spectacles ; lens ; g. disk covering watch- 
 face ; telescope, spy-g., field-g., opera-g., micro- 
 scope ; barometer, weather-g. ; g.-blower, one 
 who blows & shapes g.; g.-case, chiefly of g. for 
 exhibiting or protecting objects; g.-cloth, linen 
 cloth for drying gg., cloth covered with pow- 
 dered g. like g.-paper ; g. cloth, woven fabric of 
 fine-spun g.; g. -cutter, workman, tool, cutting 
 g. ; g. -culture, of plants under g. ; g.-dust, 
 powdered g. for polishing ; g. eye, false eye of g., 
 kind of blindness in horses ; g.-house, building 
 where g. is made, greenhouse, g. -roofed photo- 
 graphing-room ; g.-paper, covered with g.- 
 dust; g.-ware, articles made of g.; glassivort, 
 kinds of plant formerly used in g. -making. 
 Hence gla'S9FUL(2) n., gla'ssLESS a. [OE 
 glaes cf. G glas perh. f. OTeut. gla-, glse-, shine] 
 glass 2 , v.t. Fit with g., glaze, (rare) ; enclose 
 in g. (rare) ; make (the eye) glassy (rare) ; mirror, 
 occasion reflection of (often refl., as trees g. 
 themselves in the lake) ; glassing-jack, machine 
 used in dressing leather, [f. prec, cf. earlier 
 glaze] 
 
 gla'ssy, a. Having properties of, resembling, 
 glass; (of eye &c.) lacking Are, dull, fixed ; (of 
 water) lustrous & transparent, or smooth, as 
 glass (so g. calm, surface, &c). Hence gla*s- 
 siLY 2 adv., gla'ssiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 Glauber's sal t(s) (-aw-, -ow-), n. Sulphate 
 of sodium. [J. R. Glauber, German chemist.] 
 glauco'ma, n. An eye-disease with tension 
 of the globe & gradual loss of sight. Hence 
 glauco'matous a. [f. Gk glaukoma -atos 
 (glaukoo as foil., -m)] 
 
 glau'cous, a. (esp. nat. hist.). Of dull greyish 
 green or blue ; (Bot.) covered with bloom as of 
 grapes, [f. L f. Gk glaukos + -ous] 
 glaze, v.t. & i., & n. Fit (window, picture) 
 with glass, furnish (building) with glass win- 
 dows (g. in, enclose with g.); cover (pottery 
 &c.) with vitreous substance fixed by fusion 
 (n., this substance, smooth surface resulting); 
 fix (paint) on pottery thus ; overlay (cloth, 
 leather, pastry, &c) with smooth lustrous coat- 
 ing (n., this coating, surface produced); cover 
 (eye) with a film (n., filmy look) ; cover (painted 
 surface) with thin coat of different transparent 
 colour to modify tone (n., this coat); give glassy 
 surface to, e. g. by rubbing (n., polished look) ; 
 become glassy (esp. of eyes). Hence gla'z- 
 ER 1 (1, 2) n., gla'zv 2 a. [ME glasen (glass 1 )] 
 gla'zier (-zher, -vler), n. One whose trade is 
 to glaze windows &c Hence gla*ziERY(2) n. 
 [glass 1 + -er 1 w. assim. to Rom. wds in -ier] 
 gla*zing, n. In vbl senses ; also : windows ; 
 material used to produce glaze, [-ing 1 ] 
 gleam, n., & v.i. Subdued or transient light ; 
 faint, temporary, or intermittent show o/some 
 quality &c (an occasional g. of humour ; not a 
 g. of hope) ; hence glea'm v 2 a. ( Vb) emit gg., 
 shine with subdued or interrupted brightness. 
 [OE glsem cf. OHG glimo glow-worm ; cogn. w. 
 glimmer, glimpse] 
 
 glean, v.i. & t. Gather ears of corn left by 
 reaper's, gather (such remains) ; strip (field &e.) 
 
GLEBE 
 
 351 
 
 GLOSS 
 
 thus ; collect in small quantities, scrape to- 
 gether, (news, facts, &c). Hence glea'nER 1 , 
 glea'niNG ] (L 2), nn. [f. OF glener etym. dub. J 
 
 glebe, n. (Poet.) earth, land, a field ; portion 
 of land going with clergyman's benefice, [f. L 
 gleba clod, soil] 
 
 glee, n. Musical composition for three or 
 more voices, one to each part, set to words 
 grave or gay, often with contrasted movements 
 &c prop, without accompaniment ; mirth, lively 
 & manifest delight, whence glee'FUL, glee*- 
 some, aa., glee'fulLY 2 adv. [OE gliw, gUo] 
 
 gleet, n. Thin morbid discharge from wound, 
 ulcer, &c (rare), or from the urethra. Hence 
 glee'tY 2 a. [f. OF glette slime] 
 
 glen, n. Narrow valley, [f. Gael, gleann] 
 •le'ndoveep, n. Beautiful sprite of kind re- 
 presented by Southey as occurring in Hindu 
 myths, [altered f. grandouver in F travel-book 
 perh. f. Skr. gandharva semi-divine spirit] 
 
 Glenga'ppy, n. Kind of Highland cap. [place] 
 
 Glenli*vet,n. Kind of Scotch whisky, [place] 
 
 gle'noid, a. (anat. ). G. cavity, fossa, surface, 
 shallowcavity on bone (esp. scapula & temporal 
 bone) receiving projection of other bone to form 
 joint, [f. Gk glenoeules (glene socket, -oid)] 
 
 glib, a. & adv. (Of surface &c.) smooth, offer- 
 ing no resistance, (of movement) unimpeded, 
 easy, (rare); (of speaker, speech, &c.) fluent, 
 ready, more voluble than sincere or thoughtful ; 
 hence gli'bLY 2 adv., gli'bNESSn. (Adv.) volu- 
 bly (now rare), [perh. imit. ; cf. glide] 
 
 glide, v.i. & t., & n. Pass, change place, by 
 smooth continuous movement (of liquid, ship, 
 bird, carriage, snake, person skating, &c.) ; go 
 Quietly or stealthily ; (of time &c) pass gently 
 8c imperceptibly ; pass gradually, shade off in- 
 sensibly, into \, cause to g. (light airs glided Tier 
 on her course) ; hence gli'dingLY 2 adv. (X.) 
 act of gliding; (Mus.) succession of sounds 
 made in passing from one tone to another 
 without silencing voice or instrument ; (Phon.) 
 gradually changing sound made in passing 
 from one position of speech organs to another. 
 {com.-WG ; OE glidan cf. G gleiten] 
 
 glim, n. (slang). Light, candle, lantern, (douse 
 the g.). [prob. cogn. w. gleam, glimpse] 
 
 glrmmer, v.i., & n. Shine faintly or inter- 
 mittently ; (n. ; also gli'mmeriNG 1 n.) feeble 
 or wavering light, faint gleam of hope &c, 
 glimpse, half view, [as prec; cf. G glimniern] 
 
 glimpse, n., & v.t. & i. Faint & transient ap- 
 pearance, momentary or imperfect view of, (the 
 gg. of the moon, the earth by night, sublunary 
 affairs). (Vb) catch g. of, see faintly or partly ; 
 (poet.) appear faintly, dawn. [n. f. vb, ME 
 glymsen cf. MHG glimsen & see prec] 
 
 glint, v.i. & t., & n. Flash, glitter, sparkle, 
 <r. & n.) ; make flash, reflect, (light), [n. f. vb, 
 earlier glent cogn. w. G gldnzen] 
 
 glissa'de (-ahd), n., & v.i., (mountaineering). 
 Slide (n. & v.) down steep slope esp. of ice or 
 snow usu. on the feet with support of ice-axe 
 &c. [vb f. n., F (glisser slip, -ade)] 
 
 gli'sten (-isn), v.i., & n. Shine fitfully ; glit- 
 ter, sparkle, (v. & n.). [n. f. vb, OE glisnian 
 iglisian shine, -en 6 )1 
 
 gli'ster, v.i., &n., (archaic). Sparkle, glitter. 
 [f . OE glisian see prec. -f -t- sh -er 5 ] 
 
 gli*ttep, v.i., & n. (Shine with) brilliant 
 tremulous light, gleam, sparkle ; be showy or 
 splendid, [prob. f. ON glitra cf. G glitzern f. 
 Teut. glit- shine + -er 5 ] 
 
 gloa'ming, n. Evening twilight [OE glo- 
 mitng (glom twilight cogn. w. glow, -ing 1 )} 
 
 gloat, v.i. Feast eyes or mind lustfully., 
 ^avariciously, malignantly, &c, (up) on or over. 
 Hence gloa'tingLY 2 adv. [cf. G glotzen stare] 
 
 globe, n., & v.t. & i. Spherical body; the 
 earth ; planet, star, sun ; spherical chart of 
 (terrestrial g.) the earth or (celestial g.) the con- 
 stellations (use of the gg. archaic, teaching of 
 geography & astronomy by these) ; golden orb 
 as emblem of sovereignty ; (Anat.) eyeball ; ap- 
 proximately spherical glass vessel, esp. lamp- 
 shade or fishbowl ; g.-fish, able to inflate itself 
 into globular form ; g.-flower, ranunculaceous 
 plant with round yellow flowers ; g.-lightning, 
 = fire ^-ball ; g.-trotter, -ting, hurried traveller' 
 -ling, through foreign countries for sight-see- 
 ing ; so glo'boiD a. & n., globosE 1 a,, glo- 
 bo'siTY n. (Vb) make (usu. in pass.), or be- 
 come, globular. [F, f. L globus] 
 
 glo'bular, a. Globe-shaped, spherical ; com- 
 posed of globules. Hence globula'PiTY n., 
 glo'bulapLY 2 adv. [foil., -ari, & see -ul-] 
 
 glo'bule, n. Small globe, e. g. blood corpus- 
 cle, drop, pill. [F, f. L globulus (globe, -ule)] 
 
 glo'bulin, n. Proteid found in blood, con- 
 stituent of haemoglobin, [prec, -in] 
 
 gloehrdiate (k), a. (bot.). Barbed at tip. [f. 
 Gk glokhidion (glokhis arrowhead), -ate 2 ] 
 
 gld'merate, a. (bot., anat.). Compactly clus- 
 tered. [L glomerare (glomus -eris ball), -ate 2 ] 
 
 gld'merule, n. Clustered flower-head ; clus- 
 ter of small organisms, tissues, blood-vessels, 
 &c. [f. F glomerule (L glomus see prec, -ule)] 
 
 gloom !, n. Darkness, obscurity ; melancholy, 
 despondency, [perh. back-formation f. gloomy] 
 
 gloom 2 , v.i. & t. Look sullen, frown, be 
 melancholy ; (of sky &c) lom\ be dull or threat- 
 ening ; appear darkly or obscurely ; cover with 
 g., make dark or dismal. [ME gloume cf. MG 
 glumen be savage ; cogn. w. glum] 
 
 gloo'my, a. Dark, unlighted ; depressed, 
 sullen ; dismal, depressing. Hence gloo'mi- 
 ly 2 adv., gloo*mixESS n. [perh. f. prec. + -y 2 ] 
 
 glop'ia, n. (Short for) G. Patri, doxology 
 Glory be to the Father Sec, G. tibi, response 
 Glory be to thee &c, or G. in excelsis, hymn 
 Glory be to God on high ; aureole. [L, = glory] 
 
 glorify, v.t. Make glorious, exalt to the 
 glory of heaven ; invest with radiance; trans- 
 form into something more splendid, invest 
 (common or inferior thing) with charm or 
 beauty (nothing more than a glorified, or glori- 
 fication of a, cottage) • extol, laud. Hence 
 glopiFlCA'Tiox n. [f. F glorifier f. LL gl<yrifi- 
 care (glorificiis f. L gloria glory, -fic)] 
 
 glop'iole, n. Aureole, halo. [F, f. L gloriola 
 dim. of gloria glory] 
 
 glop'ious, a. Possessing glory, illustrious ; 
 conferring glory, honourable ; splendid, mag- 
 nificent, intensely delightful, (a g. view, day ; 
 also joe, as g. fun; 8c iron., as the g. uncer- 
 tainty of cricket) ; ecstatically happy with 
 drink. Hence glop'iousLY 2 adv. [AF, f. L 
 gloriosus (foil., -OSE 1 )] 
 
 glop'y 1 , n. Exalted renown, honourable 
 fame ; subject for boasting, special distinction, 
 ornament, pride ; adoring praise & thanks- 
 giving (g. be I or g. !, vulgar excl. of surprise or 
 delight) ; resplendent majesty, beauty, or mag- 
 nificence,effulgenceof heavenly light, imagined 
 unearthly beauty ; bliss & splendour of heaven 
 (go to g., die ; send to g. facet., kill) ; state of 
 exaltation, prosperity, &c. (is in his g.) ; circle 
 of light round head or figure of deity or saint, 
 aureole, halo ; g.-hole (slang), untidy room, 
 drawer, or receptacle, [f. OF glorie f. L gloria) 
 
 glop*y 2 , v.i. Exult, pride oneself, in thing 
 or doing, to do. Hence glop'yingLY a adv. 
 [f. L gloriaH boast (gloria glory)] 
 
 gloss J , n., 8c v.t. &i. Word inserted between 
 lines or in margin to explain word in text ; 
 comment, explanation, interpretation, para- 
 
GLOSS 
 
 352 
 
 ONASH 
 
 phrase ; misrepresentation of another's words ; 
 glossary, interlinear translation, or set of notes. 
 (Vb) insert gg. in (text &c.) ; write gg.; make 
 comments esp. of unfavourable sort ; read dif- 
 ferent sense into, explain away. [vbf. n., earlier 
 gloze f. OF glose f. med.L glosa f. L f. Gk glossa 
 (foreign) tongue, obscure or foreign word] 
 gloss 2 , n., & v.t. Superficial lustre ; decep- 
 tive appearance, fair outside ; hence glo'SSY 2 
 a., glo'ssiLY 2 adv., glo'ssiNESS n. (Vb) make 
 glossy ; give specious appearance to (often over). 
 [vb f. n. ; from 16th c, cf. obs. Du. gloos, Icel. 
 glossi, nn., glow, blaze] 
 
 glo'ssal, a. (anat). Of the tongue, lingual. 
 [f. Gk glossa tongue + -al] 
 glo'ssapy, n. Collection of glosses ; list & 
 explanations of abstruse, obsolete, dialectal, or 
 technical terms, partial dictionary. Hence 
 glossaP'iAL a., glo'ssapiST(l) n. [f. L glos- 
 sarium (glossa gloss 1 , -ary l )} 
 glossa'top, n. Commentator, esp. medieval 
 commentator on Civil & Canon Law. [med.L 
 (glossare f. glossa gloss 1 , -or 2 ] 
 gld*ss(o)-, comb, form of Gk glossa tongue, 
 as gloss(o)-epiglottic of tongue & epiglottis, 
 glossiTis; also of gloss 1 , as glosso'grapher 
 commentator, glossology terminology. 
 glo'ttis, n. Opening at upper part of wind- 
 pipe & between vocal chords, affecting modu- 
 lation of voice by contracting or dilating. 
 Hence glo'ttAL, glo'ttic, aa, [Gkglottis (glotta 
 var. of glossa tongue)] 
 
 Gloucester (glo - st€r), n. Kind of cheese 
 (usu. single, double, -G., the latter of richer 
 milk) made in Gloucestershire. 
 glove (-uv), n., & v.t. Covering of leather, 
 cotton, silk, wool, or formerly steel, for the 
 hand, usu. with separated fingers (throw down, 
 take up, the g., make, accept? challenge; fit 
 like a g., exactly ; hand l & or in g.) ; (also box- 
 ing-g.) padded g. for boxing (take off, without, 
 &c. , the gg. , of arguing or contending in earnest, 
 mercilessly, &c.) ; g.-sponge, in shape of g.; g.- 
 stretcher, instrument for enlarging g. -fingers ; 
 hence glo'veLESS a., glo'VER^S) n. (Vb) 
 provide with gg. [OE glof pern, f. OTeut. 
 galofd (ga- = Y-, lof- cogn. w. Sc. loof hand] 
 glow (-6), v.i., & n. Be heated to incande- 
 scence, throw out light & heat without flame ; 
 shine like thing intensely heated ; show warm 
 colour; burn with bodily heat or emotional 
 fervour;gr.-u;orm,coleopterous insect with wing- 
 ed male & wingless female, the latter emitting 
 green light at tail ; hence glowingLY 2 adv. 
 (N.) glowing state (in a g., all of a g., hot or 
 flushed) ; brightness & warmth of colour, e. g. 
 red of cheeks ; ardour, passion ; g.-lamp, with 
 carbon &c. incandescent under electric cur- 
 rent. [OE glowan cf. G gliihen ; cogn. w. 
 gloaming & obs. or dial, gleed ember] 
 glowep (-owr), v.i. Stare, scowl, (usu. at). 
 Hence glowep'ingLY 2 adv. [?] 
 gloxi'nia, n. American tropical plant with 
 large bell flowers of various colours. [B. P. 
 Gloxin botanist c. 1785 + -ia J ] 
 gloze, v.i. & t. Comment (up)on (archaic) ; 
 palliate, explain away, extenuate, (usu. over) ; 
 talk speciously, use fair words, fawn. Hence 
 glo'zingLY 2 adv. [f. F qloser (glose gloss a )] 
 gluernum (-oos-), n. White metal obtained 
 from beryl, beryllium, [f. Gk glukus sweet] 
 gluco'se (-oo-), n. (chem.). Grape-sugar or 
 dextrose ; any member of group of sugars 
 including dextrose, laevulose, mannitose, &c. 
 Hence glueo'sic a., glu'eosiDE n. [f. Gk 
 gleukos, see -ose 2 ] 
 
 glue (-oo), n., & v.t. Hard brittle brownish 
 gelatin made by boiling hides & hoofs & used 
 
 warm as cement ; g.-like cement or sticky sub- 
 stance ; g.-pot, with outer coat holding water 
 to heat g. ; hence glue'v 2 a. (Vb ; part. 
 gluing) fasten or join (as) with g. ; attach 
 tightly or closely (eye, ear, glued to the key- 
 hole), [f. OF glu f. LL glus glutis] 
 glum, a. Sullen, looking dejected or dis- 
 pleased. Hence glu'mLY 2 adv., glu'mNESS n. 
 Icogn. w. gloom 2 ; cf. LG glum turbid] 
 glume, n. (bot.). Chaff like bract in calyx 
 of grasses &c. ; husk of grain. Hence glum- 
 a'ceous, glumo'SE 1 , aa. [f. L gluma] 
 glut, v.t., & n. Feed (person, stomach) or in- 
 dulge (appetite, desire) to the full, overload 
 with food (lit. or fig.), satiate, cloy ; choke up, 
 fill to excess ; overstock (market) with goods. 
 (S.) full indulgence, one's fill, surfeit; supply 
 exceeding demand (a g. in the market), [n. f. 
 vb, prob. f. obs. & OF glut gluttonj 
 glu'ten (-oo-), n. Sticky substance, whence 
 glu'tinizE(3) v.i., glu'tinous a., glu'tin- 
 ously 2 adv., glutinosiTV n. ; viscid animal 
 secretion ; nitrogenous part of flour remaining 
 as viscid substance when starch is washed out. 
 [L, genit. -inis, glue] 
 
 glu'tton (-tn), n. Excessive eater, gorman- 
 dizer ; greedy reader of books, person with great 
 appetite for work ; voracious animal of weasel 
 kind but larger, wolverene. Hence or cogn. 
 glu*ttonizE(2) v.i. ; glu'ttonous a., glu't- 
 tonousLY 2 adv., glu'ttonY 1 n. [f. OF glu- 
 tun f. LL glutonem nom. -o (glutire swallow)] 
 gly'cepinate, v. t. Treat with glycerine (esp. 
 vaccine lymph), [-ate 3 ] 
 
 glycerine, -in, n. Colourless sweet syrupy 
 liquid got from animal & vegetable oils by 
 saponification, used as ointment, as vehicle for 
 drugs, &c. Hence glyee'Pic a.lchem.), gly- 
 eePATE^S), glyeepiDE, glyeePYL, nn., 
 glyeepo- comb. form. [Gk glukeros sweet, -in] 
 glycerol, n. (chem.). (Name preferred in 
 scientific use for) glycerine, [prec, -ol(1)] 
 glyeo-, comb, form, irreg. for glycy-, of Gk 
 glukus sweet, also used in names of chem. com- 
 pounds containing glycerol or other substance 
 in gljic-. 
 
 glycogen, n. , glycogenic, a. , (j-),(chem.). 
 (Substance) producing sugar in animal tissues. 
 So glycoGE - NESis n. [prec, -gen(1)] 
 glycol, n. Any of the fatty diatomic alco- 
 hols. Hence glyeo*l(l)ic a. [glyco-, -ol(1)] 
 glyed'nie, a. & n. (Gk & L pros.). (Line, 
 metre) consisting of three trochees & dactyl, 
 the dactyl variously placed, esp. of the cata- 
 lectic form (-i^- w -vu ) used by Horace & 
 Catullus. [GlukoiiGk poet, -ic] 
 glycosuria, n. (path.). Diseased condition 
 with sugar in the urine. Hence glyeosup'ic 
 a. [F glycose glucose, Gk our on urine, -IA l ] 
 gly'phogpaph, glypho'gpaphy, nn. 
 (Plate or copy, -ph, made by) electrotype pro- 
 cess giving raised copy of engraved plate for 
 use in letter-press printing (-?/). So gly'pho- 
 gpaph v.t. & i., glypho'GRAPHER n., gly- 
 phoGRA'PHic a. [f. Gk gluphe carving (glupho 
 carve), -graphy] 
 
 gly'ptic, a. Of carving esp. on precious 
 stones, [f. Gk gluptikos (glupho carve, -ic)] 
 glyptodon, n. Extinct S.-Amer. quadruped 
 allied to armadillos with fluted teeth, [f. Gk 
 gluptos carved as prec. + odous -ontos tooth] 
 glypto'gpaphy, n. Art & science of gem- 
 engraving, [as prec, -graphy] 
 gnapled, gnap*ly, (n-), aa. (Of tree ; & fig.) 
 covered with protuberances, twisted, rugged* 
 [var. of obs. knurled (knurl knob) ; -ed 2 , -Y 2 ] 
 gnash (n-), v.i. & t. (Of teeth) strike together ; 
 
GNAT 
 
 353 
 
 GO 
 
 grind the teeth, grind (the teeth), [earlier 
 gnast cf. ON gnastan prob. imit.] 
 
 gnat (n-), n. Small two-winged fly of which 
 female has blood-sucking proboscis ; (as type) 
 insignificant annoyance, tiny thing, (strain at 
 g., be scrupulous about trifles). [OE gnxt\ 
 
 gna'thic, a. Of jaws. [Gk gnathos jaw, -ic] 
 
 gnaw (n-), v.t. & i. (p.p. gnawed, gnawn). 
 Bite persistently, wear away thus (often away, 
 off, in tico, Sec. ; also intr. with at, into) ; (of 
 destructive agents, pain, &c.) corrode, waste 
 away, consume, torture. Hence gnawing- 
 L.Y 2 adv. [OE gnagan cf. G nagen] 
 
 gneiss (gins, ms), n. (geol.). Laminated rock 
 of quartz, feldspar, & mica. Hence gnei'ssic, 
 gnei'ssoiD, gnei'ssosE 1 , gnei'ssY 2 , aa. [G 
 (OHG gneistan sparkle)] 
 
 gnome 1 (n-), n. Maxim, aphorism, [f. Gk 
 gnome (gignosko know)] 
 
 gnome- (n-), n. Diminutive spirit of sub- 
 terranean race guarding treasures of earth (cf. 
 
 SYLPH, SALAMANDER, NYMPH), goblin, dwarf. 
 
 Hence gno'miSH 1 a. [used by Paracelsus; 
 perh. for genomos (Gk ge earth, -nomos -dwell- 
 ing, or spec, use of prec] 
 
 gno*mie,a. Of, consisting of, using, gnome J s, 
 sententious; (Gram.) g. aorist, used without 
 past sense to express a general truth, [f. Gk 
 gnomikos (gnome 1 , -ic)] 
 
 gnd'mon (n-), n. Pillar, rod, pin or plate of 
 sundial, showing time by its shadow on marked 
 surface ; column &c. used in observing sun's 
 meridian altitude; (Geom.) part of parallelo- 
 gram left when similar one has been taken from 
 its corner. Hence gnomd'nic a. [Gk (gno- 
 9non), = inspector, g. of dial, (gignosko know)] 
 
 gno'sis (n-), n. Knowledge of spiritual myste- 
 ries; Gnosticism. [Gk(-o-),=knowledge,asprec] 
 
 gnd'stic (n-), a. & n. Relating to knowledge, 
 cognitive ; having esoteric spiritual knowledge; 
 of the Gnostics, occult, mystic; (n., usu. pi.; 
 G-) early Christian heretic(s) claiming gnosis, 
 whence gno*stieiSM(3) n., gno*stieizE(2, 3, 4) 
 v.i. & t. [f. Gk gnostikos (as prec, -ic)] 
 
 gnu (nu), n. Oxlike antelope. [Hottentot] 
 
 go \ v.i. {went, gone, pr. gawn, gqn ; 2nd sing. 
 goest, 3rd goes pr. goz & archaic goeth). Start, 
 depart, move, continue moving, with self- 
 originated or imparted motion, from some 
 place, position, time, &c. (often not specified 
 because obvious, whereas the goal &c. is al- 
 ways specified if it matters ; cf. come) ; journey, 
 travel, proceed, progress, (going strong, with 
 vigour ; he will go far, reach distinction ; go 
 easy, straight ; go the pace ; went miles round ; 
 go a walk, journey, voyage ; go the same, the 
 shortest, way)', (of line &c.) lie, point, in cer- 
 tain direction ; be guided by, act in harmony 
 with, judge or act upon, (a good ride to go by ; 
 have nothing to go upon ; always goes with his 
 party ; promotion goes by favour ; go with tide 
 or times, do as others do); be habitually in 
 specified state (go hungry, armed, in rags, in 
 fear of one's life ; six months &c. gone vjith 
 child, having spent that time in gestation) ; be 
 moving, acting, working, &c. ( Who goes there ?, 
 sentry's challenge ; a going concern, prosperous 
 business ; clock does not go, goes well ; tongue 
 goes nineteen to the dozen) ; (of bell, striking 
 clock or hour, gun, &c. ; also with interjections 
 of sound as go bang, crack) sound ; (of time) 
 pass, elapse ; be current (the sovereign goes 
 anywhere ; the story goes, it is said), be known 
 by, or under, the name of, be on the average 
 {is a good actor as actors go nowadays) ; (of 
 document &c.) run, have specified tenor; (of 
 verse, song) be rhythmical, be adaptable to a 
 tune; (of events) turn out well, ill, hard, &c, 
 
 .RV.D. 
 
 (of election &c.) issue for or against, (of con- 
 stituency, politician, voter) take certain course 
 or views, (Liverpool went Tory-, case goes by 
 default, takes its course against absent party 
 dinner, play, went well, succeeded; goes without 
 SAYin#); begin motion (Go!, starter's word in 
 race ; here goes .'); get away free, unpunished, 
 &c. ; be sold (go cheap, for 2/6, &c. ; going t 
 gone !, auctioneer's announcement that bidding 
 is almost, quite, closed ; (of money) be spent 
 (often in books &c.) ; be relinquished, abolished, 
 or lost (Greek, the carriage, must go \ my sight, 
 our trade, is going ; next wicket went for no- 
 thing); die (esp. in p.p. ; & in many phrr., as go 
 the way of all the earth or pop. of all flesh, to a 
 better world, to one's account or own place, 
 aloft, off the hooks, &c); fail, give way, suc- 
 cumb, break down, crack ; make way to, to- 
 wards, into, &c. (go to Jericho, Bath, &c, be 
 off out of speaker's presence ; go to Canossa, 
 humble oneself after recalcitrance, w. ref. to 
 Emperor Henry IV in 1077 ; go to the devil 1 ; 
 which way goes to Bristol; go to a ball, to 
 church, market, &c, attend it ; go to school, get 
 instruction ; go to the bar, to sea, become bar- 
 rister, sailor ; go on the stage, the streets, be- 
 come actor, prostitute ; go to stool) ; proceed 
 to do (went to find him), and do (esp. colloq. = 
 be so foolish as to do ; also vulg. have been & 
 gone & done it, made a blunder &c), (a-)doing, 
 on pilgrimage, an errand, the spree, &c, act as 
 bail (for persoir-; also abs. in parenthesis III 
 go bail, I assure you) ; have recourse, refer, ap- 
 peal, to (go to the country, test opinion by 
 general election ; go to war, work, &c. ; vulg., 
 would not go to or for to do it, be so incon- 
 siderate &c. as to) ; carry action to certain 
 point (went all lengths; will go so far as to 
 say; ivill go as high as £100, in bidding or 
 offering price ; go halves or shares, share 
 equally with, or abs. ; went to great expense, 
 trouble, &c. ; go the whole hog ; go better or 
 one better, outbid or outdo adversary) ; pene- 
 trate, sink, (ship went to the bottom; goes to 
 one's heart, grieves him), find room, (of num- 
 ber) be capable of being contained in another 
 either without remainder or simply, (will not 
 go into or in the basket; 6 into 12 goes twice, 
 into 5 will not go, into 13 goes twice and one 
 over; thread too thick to go through needle); 
 belong in receptacle, on shelf &c. ; pass, be al- 
 lotted, &c, to person (of prize, victory, inherit- 
 ance, office, &c), be applied to purpose, contri- 
 bute to or towards result, amount together to 
 (12 inches go to the foot), tend to show &c. ; 
 reach, extend, (the difference goes deep ; as, so, 
 far as it goes, caution against taking state- 
 ment too widely; goes a long &c. way, has 
 great &c. effect towards, also of food, money, 
 &c, lasts long &c, buys much &c.) ; pass into 
 certain condition (go brown, blind, mad, to 
 seed ; go hot & cold, have accesses of fever or 
 shame ; go to pieces, break up) ; (slang) go it, 
 act vigorously, furiously, &c, indulge in dissi- 
 pation ; going fifteen &c, in one's fifteenth &c. 
 year ; going to, about to, intending to, (used as 
 hit. part.); be gone, take oneself off; gone, 
 dead (often dead & gone) ; gone on (slang), in- 
 fatuated with; far gone, very ill, deeply en- 
 tangled. With prepp. : go about, set to work 
 at ; go at, attack, take in hand energetically ; 
 go behind (decision &c), re-examine grounds 
 of ; go for, go to fetch, pass or be accounted as 
 nothing, little, &c, strive to attain, (slang) at- 
 tack; go into, enter (profession, Parliament), 
 frequent (society), take part in, allow oneself 
 to pass into (hysterics &c), dress oneself in 
 (mourning &c), investigate ; go off one's head 1 ; 
 
 12 
 
GO 
 
 354 
 
 GOD 
 
 go on, become chargeable to (parish, relief fund, 
 &c); go over, inspect details of, rehearse, re- 
 touch ; go through, discuss in detail, scrutinize, 
 perform, (ceremony, recitation, &c), undergo, 
 (of book) be sold out in (so many editions) ; go 
 with, be concomitant of, take same view as, 
 match, follow the drift of ; go without, not 
 have, put up with want of. With advv. : go 
 about, move from place to place, endeavour to 
 do ; go ahead, proceed without hesitation ; go 
 along with, = go with ; go back from or upon 
 one's word &c, fail to keep it; go by, pass ; go 
 down, sink (of ship), be continued to specified 
 point, fall before conqueror, be recorded in 
 writing, be swallowed, find acceptance with ; 
 go in, enter as competitor, (Cricket) take or 
 begin innings, (of sun &c.) be obscured ; go in 
 for, take as one's object, pursuit, style, princi- 
 ple, &c. ; go off, leave the stage, begin, explode, 
 die, gradually cease to be felt, deteriorate, be- 
 come unconscious in sleep, faint, &c, be got 
 rid of by sale, succeed well, badly, &c. ; go on, 
 continue, persevere, (doing, with, in, or abs.), 
 proceed as next step to do, conduct oneself 
 shameftdly &c, rail at (colloq.), appear on 
 stage, "begin bowling, take one's turn to do 
 something, (colloq. in imperat.) don't talk non- 
 sense, going on for, approaching (a time, age, 
 &c); go out, leave room or house, be extin- 
 guished, leave office (of Government), cease to 
 be fashionable, depart to colony &c, (csp. of 
 girls) leave home for employment usu. as 
 governess &c, mix in society, (of workmen) 
 strike, (of heart &c.) expand with love &c. to 
 person ; go over, change one's party or religion ; 
 go round, pay informal visit to, be long enough 
 to encompass, (of food &c.) suffice for whole 
 party; go through with, complete, not leave 
 unfinished ; go to (imperat. ; archaic) interjec- 
 tion of remonstrance, incredulity, impatience, 
 &c. ; go togetlier, be concomitant, match ; go 
 under, sink, fail, succumb. Go-ahead, enter- 
 prising; go-as-you-please, unfettered by regu- 
 lations ; go-between, intermediary, negotiator ; 
 go-by, passing (usu. in give the go-by to, outstrip, 
 leave behind, elude, disregard, cut, slight) ; go'- 
 cart, wheeled frame for teaching child to walk, 
 kind of perambulator, Utter, palankeen, hand- 
 cart ; go-o'ff, start (usu. at the first go-off) ; go- 
 to-meeting, (of hat, clothes, &c.) fit or kept for 
 going to church in. [com.-Teut. ; OE gan cf. G 
 gehen ; past supplied f. wend] 
 
 go 2 , n. (pi. goes). Act of going (come-<£-go, 
 traffic, movement to & fro) ; mettle, spirit, dash, 
 animation; (colloq.) embarrassing turn of af- 
 fairs (here 's, what, a go! ; a rum go) ; turn at 
 doing something (have a go at) ; portion of 
 liquor or food served; (Cribbage) player's inabil- 
 ity to play, counting one to opponent; (colloq.) 
 it's no go, nothing can be done ; (colloq.) all or 
 quite the go, in fashion ; (colloq.) near go, close 
 shave ; (colloq.) on the go, in motion, also in a 
 state of decline ; little-#o. [f. prec] 
 
 goad, n., & v.t. Spiked stick used for urging 
 cattle ; thing that torments, incites, or stimu- 
 lates. (Vb) urge with g. ; irritate ; instigate, 
 drive, by annoyance (often on ; also to do, into 
 doing, to or into fury &c). [OE gad cf. Lom- 
 bard gaida arrowhead ; not related to obs. gad 
 in same sense] 
 
 goal, n. Point marking end of race ; object 
 of effort or ambition ; destination ; posts be- 
 tween which ball is to be driven in football &c, 
 points so won (drop 2 , make, place 2 , score, ag.); 
 (Rom. Ant.) pillar at turning-point in chariot 
 race ; g. -keeper, player stationed to protect g.; 
 (). -line, line between each pair of g.-posts pro- 
 duced as end-boundary of field of play (cf. 
 
 Toucu-line). [etym. dub.; once in 1315= limit, 
 then not till 1531 ; prob. not f. F gaule rod] 
 
 goat, n. Hardy lively wanton strong-smelling 
 usu. horned & bearded ruminant quadruped 
 (sheep & gg., the good & the wicked, see Matt. 
 xxv. 32, 33); fpl.) sub-family to which g. belongs; 
 zodiacal sign Capricorn (G-); licentious person; 
 play the giddv g.\ g.-god. Pan ; goatherd, one 
 who tends gg. ; goat's-beard, meadowsweet, also 
 salsify ; goatskin, (garment, bottle, made of) 
 skin of g.; goatsucker, nightjar; goat's wool, 
 non-existentthing. Hence goa'tiSH 1 , goa'tY 2 , 
 aa.,goa*tishLY 2 adv.,goa'tishNESSn. [com.- 
 Teut.; OE gat cf. G geiss, cogn. w. L haedus kid] 
 
 goatee*, n. Chin-tuft like goat's beard, [-ee] 
 
 goa'tling, n. Goat 1-2 years old. [-ling 1 ] 
 
 gob, n. , & v. i. , ( vulg. ). Clot of slimy substance, 
 e.g. spittle ; (vb) spit. [f. OF gobe mouthful] 
 
 goba'ng, n. Game played on chequer-board, 
 [f. Jap. goban f. Chin, k'i pan chessboard, w. 
 assim. to go, bang] 
 
 go'bbet, n. (archaic). Piece, lump, esp. of raw 
 flesh or food. [f. OF gobet (prec, -et 1 )] 
 
 go'bble 1 , v.t. & i. Eat hurriedly & noisily; 
 g.-stitch, one made too long from hurry. Hence 
 go'bblER i n. [perh. f. gob + -le(3)] 
 
 go'bble 2 , n. (golf). Rapid straight putt into 
 the hole. [perh. f. prec] 
 
 go'bble a , v.i. (Of turkeycock) make charac- 
 teristic sound in throat; make such sound when 
 speaking, from rage &c. [imit.] 
 
 gd'belin, a. G. tapestry, made, or imitated 
 from that made, at the state-factory in Paris 
 called Gobelins after its founders. 
 
 gobemouehe (go'bmoosh), n. (pi. -es pr. like 
 sing.). Credulous newsmonger, [f. F gobe- 
 mouchesMt. fly-catcher (gober swallow, mouches 
 flies) mistaken by E writers for pi.] 
 
 gd'blet, n. (Archaic) metal or glass drinking- 
 cup, bowl-shaped & without handles, sometimes 
 with foot &cover; (Poet.)drinking-cup ; (Com- 
 merc) glass with foot & stem. [f. OF gobelet 
 (gobel cup etym. dub. + -et 1 )] 
 
 go'blin, n. Mischievous ugly demon, [f. F 
 gobelin perh. f. med.L f. Gk kobalos rogue, ko- 
 baloi sprites invoked by rogues] 
 
 go'by, n. Small fish with ventral fins joined 
 into a disk or sucker, [f. L gobius, co-, i. Gk 
 kobios gudgeon] 
 
 god 1 , n. Superhuman being worshipped as 
 having power over nature & human fortunes, 
 deity, (usu. g- ; g. of day, sun ; g. of war, Mars ; 
 g. of love, blind g., Cupid ; g. of wine, Bacchus; 
 g. of this world, the Devil ; Ye gg.!. Ye gg. & 
 little fishes ! , mock-heroic exclamations; feast, 
 sight, for the gg., something exquisite &c); im- 
 age, animal, or other object, worshipped as sym- 
 bolizing, being the visible habitation of, or itself 
 possessing, divine power, an idol, (g-); adored, 
 admired, or influential person (g-Y, (Theat.; pl.> 
 occupants of gallery. Supreme being, Creator 
 & Ruler of universe, (G-; often the Lord G., 
 Almighty G., G. Almighty; G. the Father, Son, 
 Holy Ghost, Persons of Trinity; act 1 of G.\ 
 with G., dead & in heaven; God's truth, the 
 absolute truth ; God's earth, the whole earth ; 
 oh, my, good, &c, G.!, exclamations of pain, 
 grief, or anger; G. bless, damn, help, you!, him!, 
 &c, G. forbid!, grant — /, prayers or impreca- 
 tions; G. bless me!, my life!, my soxd!, you!. 
 Sec, exclamations of surprise; G. willing, if 
 circumstances allow; under 67., used to qualify 
 attribution of full agency to man; thank G.!, 
 parenthetic expression of pleasure at turn of 
 events &c; G. knows, I do not know ; for God's 
 sake, with urgent petitions; by G~, confirma- 
 tory oath ; so help 1 me G.!). Godfather, god- 
 mother, g. -parent, g.-papa, g.-mamma, sponsor 
 
GOD 
 
 355 
 
 GONDOLA 
 
 at baptism, & so of the con verse"relation p.-cTiiZd, 
 godson, g. -daughter; godfather (fig.), person 
 after whom person or thing is named, (vb) be 
 responsible for. give one's name to ; g.-f earing, 
 sincerely religious; go'dma'n, Christ; God's- 
 acre (imit. of German), churchyard ; God 1 shook, 
 bible ; go'dsend (-S-), unexpected welcome event 
 or acquisition ; God's image, human body ; g.- 
 speed, utterance of words G. speed you .', usu. 
 in bid person g.-s., wish him success in under- 
 taking, journey, &c. Hence go'dHOOD, go*d- 
 ship, nn., go'dwARD adv. & a., go'dwARDS 
 adv. [com.-Teut.; cf. Du. god, G gott; perh. f. 
 Aryan gheu invoke or gheu sacrifice] 
 
 god 2 , v.t. Deify ; g. it, play the g. [f. prec] 
 
 go'ddess, n. Female deity in polytheism 
 (g. of love, Venus) ; woman one adores, [-ess 1 ] 
 
 gode'tia (sho), n. Free-flowering hardy an- 
 nual plant. [Godct Swiss botanist, -ia 1 ] 
 
 go'dhead (-ed), n. Being God or a god, divine 
 nature, deity ; the G., God. [-head] 
 
 go'dless, a. Without a god ; not recognizing 
 God ; impious, wicked. Hence go'dlessNESS 
 n. [-less] 
 
 go'dlike, a. Resembling God or agodin some 
 quality; fit for, like that of, a god. [-like] 
 
 go'dly, a. Religious, pious, devout. Hence 
 
 gO'dliNESSn. [-LY 1 ] 
 
 godown, n. (Anglo-Ind.). Warehouse in 
 parts of Asia, esp. India, [f. Malay godong w. 
 assim. to go, down] 
 
 go'dwit, n. Marsh bird like curlew but with 
 upward-curved bill. [?] 
 
 go'er, n. Person, thing, that goes (good, sloiv, 
 &c. g.; comers & gg.). [-er 1 ] 
 
 Goethian (ger'tian), a. & n. (Follower) of 
 Goethe, like Goethe, his writings, views, &c. 
 [J. W. von Goethe, German poet 1749-1832, -ian] 
 
 go'fer, n. Thin batter-cake stamped with 
 honeycomb pattern by the irons it is baked in. 
 [f. F gaufre honeycomb, gofer, see wafer] 
 
 gd*f(f)er, go'pher, gairffer (go), v.t., & n. 
 Make wavy, flute, crimp, (lace edge, trimming, 
 &c.) with heated irons ; goffered edges of book, 
 embossed. (X.) iron used for goffering; orna- 
 mental plaiting used for frills &c. [f. F gaufre 
 see prec, gavfrer stamp with patterned tool] 
 
 go'ggle, v.i. & t., a., & n. Squint, roll eyes 
 about (or with eyes as subj.), (of eyes) project ; 
 turn (eyes) sideways or from side to side. ( Adj. ; 
 of eyes) protuberant, full & rolling ; so go'ggle- 
 eyED 2 a. (N.; pi.) kind of spectacles for pro- 
 tecting eyes from glare, dust, &c, usu. with 
 coloured glasses, wire gauze, &c. ; (slang) round- 
 lensed spectacles ; sheep disease, staggers, [a. 
 & n. f. vb; f. 11th c. ; etym. dub., cf. W gogi 
 shake, Gael, gog nodding of head] 
 
 go'glet, gu'gglet, n. (Anglo-Ind.). Long- 
 necked vessel usu. of porous ware for keeping 
 water cool. [f. Port, gorgoleta] 
 
 Goi'del, n. MemberofGADHELicraces. Hence 
 (=gadhelic) Goide'lica. & n. [f. Olr. Goidel] 
 
 go'ing, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : condition of 
 ground for walking, riding, &c. ; (for a-going, 
 & now regarded as part.) in action (set the clock 
 g.) y existing, to be had, (one of the best fellows 
 g. ; there is cold beef g. ) ; goings-on, (usu. strange 
 Sec.) behaviour, [-ing ] ] 
 
 goi'tre \-ter), n. Morbid enlargement of 
 thyroidgland, often showingas large pendulous 
 swelling in neck, bronchocele, dewlap. Hence 
 goi'tPED 2 (-terd) a. [F, back-formation f. goi- 
 treux (L guttur throat, -ous)] 
 
 g-oi'tpous, a. Affected with, like, of, (of 
 places) characterized by prevalence of, goitre, 
 [f. F goitreux see prec] 
 
 Golco'nda, n. Mine of wealth (lit. or fig.), 
 [old name of Hyderabad] 
 
 gold, n. & a. Precious yellow non-rusting 
 malleable ductile metal of high specific gravity 
 (as good as g.) ; coins made of this, money in 
 large sums, wealth ; (fig.) brilliant, beautiful, or 
 precious things, stuff, &c. (a heart, voice, of g.; 
 aye of g.,= golden age; she is pure g.; all that 
 glisters or glitters is not g.) ; the metal used for 
 coating surface or as pigment, gilding ; the 
 colour of the metal (old g. n., dull brownish- 
 golden yellow; old-g. adj., thus coloured); 
 g. -amalgam, g. combined with mercury in 
 plastic state ; g. -beater, one who beats g. out 
 into g.-leaf, g.-beater's skin, membrane used to 
 separate leaves of g. during beating, also as 
 covering for slight wounds ; fir. -digger ; g.-dust, 
 g. in fine particles as often found ; g.-fever, rage 
 for going in search of g. ; g.-field, district in 
 which g. is found ; goldfinch, bright-coloured 
 song-bird with patch of yellow on wings, (slang) 
 gold coin, sovereign ; g.-fish, small red Chinese 
 carp kept for ornament ; g.-f oil, g.-leaf, g. beaten 
 into thin sheet, -foil being the thicker ; g.-mine, 
 lit., & fig. source of wealth; g. plate, vessels 
 made of g. ; g.-rush, a rush to some new g.-field ; 
 goldsmith, worker in g. (g.-s. beetle, with g.- 
 coloured wing-covers); G. -stick, (bearer of ) gilt 
 rod borne on State occasions by colonel of Life- 
 guards or captain of Gentlemen-at-arms. (Adj.) 
 wholly or chiefly of, coloured like, g. [com.- 
 Teut.; cf.G gold; cogn. w. yellow] 
 
 go'lden, a. Made, consisting, of gold (G. 
 fleece ; g. key, money used to remove obstacle) ; 
 abounding in, yielding, gold ; coloured, shining, 
 like gold ; precious, excellent, important, (g. 
 opinions, high respect; g.-mouthed, eloquent ; 
 a g. remedy, opportunity, saying ; the g. rule, 
 that in Matt. vii. 12 ; g. mean, neither too mxich 
 nor too little, principle of moderation ;g. number 
 named as important in fixing Easter, year's 
 number in Metonic lunar cycle of 19 years ; g. 
 age, first of four ages, see brazen *, when men 
 were happy & innocent, also most prosperous 
 period of nation's condition or literature) ; g. 
 balls, = three ball 1 .* ; g.-eye, kind of sea-duck ; 
 g.-knop, ladybird ; g. rain, kind of firework ; g.- 
 rod, plant with rod -like stem & spike of bright 
 yellow flowers ; g. syrup ; g. wedding, fiftieth 
 anniversary, [-en 5 ; earlier gilden] 
 
 go'ldi locks, n. Kinds of plant, esp. a species 
 of buttercup, [f. obs. goldY 2 , lock x ] 
 
 golf (also got), n., & v.i. Game for two per- 
 sons or couples played with small hard ball 
 & clubs on links or moorland provided with 
 smooth greens each having small cylindrical 
 hole ; g.-club, society for playing g., also one 
 of the implements used; (vb) play g., whence 
 go'lfER 1 n. [perh. f. Du. kolfcf. G kolbe club] 
 
 Golrath, n. Giant. [1 Sain, xvii] 
 
 go'lliwog, n. Grotesque doll ; bugbear. [?] 
 
 go'lly, int. (Used, esp. by negroes, for) God, 
 by God. [deformation of god] 
 
 golosh. See galosh. 
 
 golirptiouSjgolop-, a. (joe). Luscious, de- 
 lightful, [perh. facet, for voluptuous] 
 
 gombee'n, n. (Anglo-Ir.). Usury (g.-man, 
 money-lender), [f. Ir. gaimbin perh. f. same 
 OCelt. as med.L cambium change] 
 
 gom(b)poo*n, n. Persian pottery, imitated 
 in Chelsea ware, [town on Persian gulf] 
 
 Gomo'ppah, n. (Type of) wicked town. 
 [Gen. xviii, xix] 
 
 -gon, suf. f. Gk -gonos -angled, forming 'nn. 
 as hexagon, polygon, n-gon, figure with siXj 
 several, n, angles. 
 
 go'ndola (-do-), n. Light flat-bottomed boat 
 with cabin amidships & high point at each end 
 worked by one oar at stern, used on Venetian 
 canals. lit., etym. dub.l 
 
OONDOLIER 
 
 356 
 
 goose: 
 
 gondolier*, n. Rower of gondola. [F, f. It. 
 gondoliere (prec, -ier)] 
 
 gone (gawn, gon), a. In vbl senses ; esp. : lost, 
 hopeless, (a g. man, also go'nER ' n.; ag. case) ; 
 past, bygone, (usu. past & g.). [p.p. of GO] 
 go'nfalon, n. Banner, often with streamers, 
 hung from cross-bar, esp. as standard of some 
 Italian republics, [f. It. gon/ alone f. OHG gund- 
 fano f. OTeut. gunthja war, fano bannerj 
 gonfalonier', n. Standard-bearer; chief 
 magistrate in some Italian republics, [f. It. 
 gonfaloniere (prec, -ier)] 
 gong, n. Metal disk with turned rim giving 
 resonant note when hung & struck with soft 
 mallet, used esp. as signal for meals ; saucer- 
 shaped bell. [imit. of its sound] 
 gonio'metep, n. Instrument for measuring 
 angles. So gonio'METRV n., goniome'tPic- 
 (al) aa. [F (-metre), f. Gk gonia angle, -meter] 
 gdnopphoe'a (-orea), n. Inflammatory dis- 
 charge of mucus from urethra or vagina. Hence 
 gonopphoe'AL a. [med.L, f. Gk gonorrhoia 
 (gonos seed, rhoia flux)] 
 
 good, a. (better, best), & n. Having the right 
 qualities, satisfactory, adequate, (a g. fire, not 
 too small or dull ; meat keeps g., untainted ; g. 
 soil, fertile; not g. enough colloq., not worth 
 doing, accepting, &c. ; g. money, genuine ; as 
 conventional epithet in the g. ship — , the g. town 
 of — ; g. law, valid, sound; is g. eating &c, 
 attractive to eat &c.) ; commendable (esp. in g. 
 men&true ; g. old — .', colloq. form of approval ; 
 also in courteous, patronizing, ironically polite, 
 or indignant address, as my g. friend, man, 
 sir, or in polite or indulgently contemptuous 
 description, as your g. lady, the g. man ; the g. 
 people, fairies ; of g. family, well-born ; in g. 
 spirits, not depressed ; a g. leg, well shaped) ; 
 right, proper, expedient, (it is g. to be here; I 
 thought, it seemed, g. to do something ; also abs. 
 as excl. of approval or consent) ; morally ex- 
 cellent, virtuous ; kind, benevolent, (so of God 
 &c, esp. in prayers & exclamations, etsg. God.', 
 g. heavens !, g. gracious! ; be so g. as, g. enough, 
 to, = please to ; how g. of you ! ; did me a g. turn 
 or office ; has always been g. to me ; say a g. 
 word for, commend, defend) ; (esp. of child) well 
 behaved, not giving trouble, (often as g. as 
 gold) ; gratifying, agreeable, favourable, ad- 
 vantageous, beneficial, wholesome, (g. news ; 
 things are in g. train, going well ; so in forms of 
 greeting or parting, as g.-morning, g. day, good- 
 night ; have a g. time, enjoy oneself ; have a g. 
 night, sleep well; a g. saying or story, as g. as 
 a, play, amusing ; oil is g. for burns ; beer is not 
 g. for him or his health ; take ing. part, not be 
 annoyed at) ; adapted to an end, efficient, suit- 
 able, competent, (esp. with agent-nouns, as a g. 
 driver; g. at describing &c. ; has been a g. wife 
 to him) ; reliable, sate, sure, (a g. man, finan- 
 cially sound, able to meet liabilities ; g. debts, 
 sure to be paid ; a g. life, likely to last long, such 
 as insurance office Willaccept; g. for an amount, 
 safely to be trusted to pay it, also of draft &c, 
 drawn for so much) ; valid, sound, thorough, 
 ample, considerable, (gave her a g. beating; did 
 it for g. reasons ; rule holds g.; a g. excuse; a 
 f/. deal l , few, many ; have a g. mind, be much 
 inclined to do ; often as intensive before adj., as 
 went a g. round pace, will take a g. long time) ; 
 not less than (played for a g. hour ; it is three 
 miles g. from the station) ; as g. as, practically 
 {he as g. as told me so ; as g. as dead ; it is as g. 
 as done); ?nake g., compensate for, pay (expense), 
 fulfil (promise), effect (purpose), demonstrate 
 (statement), substantiate (charge), gain & hold 
 (position), replace or restore (thing lost or 
 damaged); g. breeding, correct or courteous 
 
 manners ; g. fellow, sociable person, agreeable 
 companion, g.- fellowship, conviviality, socia- 
 bility ; g.-for-nothing, g.-for-nought, aa. & nn., 
 worthless (person) ; G. Friday ; g. humour, 
 cheerfulmood or disposition.amiability, whence 
 good-hu*mouPED 2 a..good-hu*mouped- 
 LY 2 (-merdli)adv.; g.-loo'king, handsome ;goo'd- 
 looking, of virtuous appearance ; g. looks, per- 
 sonal beauty; g. luck, being fortunate, happy 
 chance, (often g. I. to you!, as wish) ; goodman 
 (archaic), head of household, husband, father, 
 &c. ; g.-morrow (archaic), = g.-morning ; g. 
 nature, kindly disposition, willingness to post- 
 pone one's own interests, whence good-na*- 
 tuPED 2 a., good-na*tupedLY * adv. ; g.- 
 neighbourhood, -neighbourliness, -neighbour- 
 ship, friendly conduct ; g. sense, soundness of 
 judgment, practical wisdom ;g. temper,f vee&om 
 from irritability, whence good-te'mpePED 2 
 a., good-te'mpepedLY 2 adv.; g. thing, ad- 
 vantageous bargain or speculation, witty say- 
 ing, (pi.) dainties ; goodwife, mistress of house 
 (esp. Sc). (X.): (adj. used as pi. n.) virtuous 
 persons (the g. ; g. & bad alike respect him) ; 
 what is g. or beneficial, well-being, profit, 
 benefit, advantage, (is a power for g. ; deceive 
 him for his g. ; what g. will it do ? ; much g. may 
 it do you !, often iron.; do g., show kindness to, 
 act philanthropically, be beneficial to or benefit ; 
 to the g., as balance on right side, net profit, 
 something extra, &c. ; come to g., yield g. result ; 
 for g., for g. & all, permanently, finally, defi- 
 nitively ; be any, some, no, much, g., be of any 
 &c. use) ; desirable end or object, thing worth 
 attaining ; no g., some mischief (is up to, 
 after, no g.); (pi.) movable property ; (pi.) mer- 
 chandise, wares, (piece of gg. facet., person) ; 
 (pi.) things for transmission by rail &c. (opp. 
 passengers ; so gg. agent, station, train, &c). 
 Hence goo*diSH 1 (2) a. [com.-Teut. ; OE god 
 cf. G gut ; orig. sense perh. fitting, f. same root 
 as gather] 
 
 gdbd-bye\ int. & n. (Saying of) farewell, 
 [contr. of God be with you!, with good substi- 
 tuted on anal, of good-night &c] 
 goo'dly, a. Comely, handsome; of consider- 
 able size &c; (iron.) trifling, worthless. Hence 
 goo'dliNESS n. [OE godlic (good, -ly j )] 
 goo'dness, n. Virtue ; positive or compara- 
 tive excellence ; benevolence, kindness, gene- 
 rosity, (have the, g., be kind enough to) ; what 
 is good in thing, its essence or strength ; (in 
 exclamations, substituted for) God (fir. gra- 
 cious!, excl. of surprise or indignation; g. 
 knoxvs, I do not know ; I wish to g. ; thank g. ! ; 
 for goodness' sake). [OE godnes (good, -ness)1 
 goodwi'll, n. Kindly feeling to person, fa- 
 vour ; cheerful acquiescence or consent, hearti- 
 ness, zeal ; privilege granted by seller of busi- 
 ness, of trading as recognized successor. 
 gdb'dy ] ,n- (archaic). Elderly woman of lower 
 class (often as prefix to surname), [for good- 
 wife cf. hussy] 
 
 gdb'dy' 2 , n. A sweetmeat, bonbon. [-Y 3 ] 
 goo'dy 3 , goo'dy-goody, a. Primly, pre- 
 tentiously, inopportunely, obtrusively, weakly, 
 or sentimentally virtuous (talk fir., in g. manner). 
 Hence goo'dlNESS n. [-Y 3 ] 
 goo'gly, n. (cricket). Ball so bowled as to 
 swerve one way & break the other. [?] 
 goosa'ndep, n. Bird allied to duck but with 
 sharp serrated bill. [?] 
 
 goose, n. (pi. geese pr. g-). Kinds of web-footed 
 bird between duck & swan in size, female of 
 this (opp. gander), its flesh, (all his geese are 
 swans, he over-estimates; cook 2 person's g.; 
 say bo to gr.; sauce for g. is sauce for gander); 
 simpleton, whence goo'se y 3 n. ; tailor's smooth- 
 
GOOSEBERRY 
 
 357 
 
 GOURD 
 
 ing-iron (with handle like g.'s neck); fox 1 «£• 
 geese ; g.-club, for providing poor people with 
 Christmas goose paid for by small instalments ; 
 g.-Jiesh, rough bristling state of skin produced 
 by cold or fright ; g.-foot, kinds of plant named 
 from shape of leaves; g.-grass, silverweed, 
 cleavers ; gooseherd, one who tends geese ; g.- 
 quill, quill-feather of g. esp. used as pen; g.- 
 skin,=g. -flesh; g.-step, balancing-drill taught 
 to army recruits. [Aryan ; OE gos, cf. G gans, 
 L anser, Gk khen ; gander perh. unrelated] 
 
 gdb'seberry (-z-j, n. (Edible berry of) any 
 thorny species of Ribes ; wine made of gg. ; play 
 a., act as chaperon, play propriety, for pair of 
 lovers; fir. -fool 3 , [perh. f. prec] 
 
 gopher. See goffer. 
 
 Gor'dian, a. G. knot, intricate knot, difficult 
 problem or task, (cut the G. k., solve problem by 
 force or by evading the conditions, [f. Gordius, 
 tier of knot cut by Alexander the Great, + -an] 
 
 gore 1 , n^ Blood shed & thickened or clotted. 
 Hence gor'Y 2 a., gor'iLY 2 adv. [OE gov dung, 
 dirt, cf. Du. goor mud] 
 
 . gore 2 ,n.,& v.t. Wedge-shaped piece of cloth 
 inserted to narrowgarment ; triangular or lune- 
 shaped piece in umbrella, balloon, dome, globe, 
 &c. ; (vb) shape, narrow, with g. [OE gdra tri- 
 angular piece of land cogn. w. gar spear, w. ref. 
 to shape of spear-head] 
 
 gore 3 , v.t. Pierce with the horn or (rarely) 
 tusk (also transf. of rocks piercing ship), [perh. 
 
 f. OE gar a spear] 
 
 gorge 1 , n. (Rhet.) internal throat; what has 
 been swallowed, contents of stomach, (cast the 
 
 g. at, reject with loathing ; one's g. rises at, one 
 is sickened or disgusted by); (Fortif.) neck of 
 bastion or other outwork, rear entrance to a 
 work ; narrow opening, usu. with stream, be- 
 tween hills ; solid object meant to be swallowed 
 as bait for fish. [OF, etym. dub.] 
 
 gorge 2 , v.i. & t., & n. Feed greedily'; satiate, 
 glut ; swallow, devour greedily ; fill full, dis- 
 tend, choke up ; (n.) act of gorging, surfeit, [f. 
 OF gorger (prec.)] 
 
 gor'geous (-jws), a. Richly coloured, sump- 
 tuous, magnificent; (of diction) ornate, dazzling. 
 Hence gor'geousLV 2 adv., gor'geousxEss 
 n. [f. OF gorgias finely dressed, etym. dub.] 
 
 gor'get^n. (Hist.) piece of armour for throat, 
 woman's wimple ; necklace ; patch of colour on 
 throat of bird &c. [f. OF gorgete (gorge K -et l )] 
 
 gor'get 2 , n. (surg.). Channel-shaped steel 
 instrument used in operations for stone &c. 
 [f. F gorgeret (gorge l , as tubular)] 
 
 Gor'gio, n. (Gipsy for) non-gipsy. [Romany] 
 
 gor'gon, n. (Gk mythol.) one of three snake- 
 haired women whose looks turned any beholder 
 to stone ; terrible or ugly person, repulsive wo- 
 man. Hence gorgo'niAN a. [f. L Gorgo -onis 
 f. Gk Gorgo -ous (gorgos terrible)] 
 
 gorgo'nia, n. (pi. -iae, -ias). Sea-fan, kind 
 of polyp, [prec. , as hardening in air, + -i a j ] 
 
 gor'gonize, v.t. Stare at like gorgon. [-ize] 
 
 Gorgonzo'la, n. A rich cheese. [G., Italy] 
 
 gorrlla, n. Large powerful ferocious arbo- 
 real anthropoid ape. [Afr. for wild man in Gk 
 account of Hanno's voyage 5th or 6th c. B.C.] 
 
 gor'mandize, n., & v.i. & t., gourman- 
 cfise (F), n. Habits of a gourmand, indulgence 
 in good eating, gluttony ; (vb) eat, devour, vo- 
 raciously, whence goP'mandizER 1 n. [vb f. 
 n.. f. F gourmandise (gourmand, -ise)] 
 
 gorse, n. Prickly yellow-flowered shrub, 
 whin, furze. Hence gor'sv 2 a. [OE gorst 
 cogn. w. G gerst, L hordeum, barley] 
 
 gosh, int. (Xlsoby fir.) by God. [for God] 
 
 gd'shawk (-s-h-), n. Kinds of large short- 
 winged hawk. [OE gos-hafoc (goose, hawk)] 
 
 Go'shen^n. Place of light or plenty. [Gen. 
 xlv. 10 &c, Exod. x. 23J 
 
 gd'sling (z), n. Young goose, [-ling 1 ] 
 
 go'spel, n. Glad tidings preached by Christ ; 
 religious doctrine of Christ & his apostles, Chris- 
 tian revelation ; protestant or evangelical doc- 
 trine (opp. mass); record of Christ's life in books 
 of four evangelists ; any of those books ; portion 
 from one of them read at Communion service ; 
 thing that may safely be believed (takes his 
 dreams for g.) ; principle that one acts upon, 
 believes in, or preaches (the g. of efficiency, lais- 
 sezfaire, soap & water); g.-book, containing gg. 
 read at Communion ; g. oath, sworn on the gg.: 
 g.-shop, Methodist chapel; g. side, N. side of 
 altar, at which g. is read ; g. truth, truths con- 
 tained in g., something as true as g- [OE god- 
 spel corrupted by confusion w. God f. god spel 
 good tidings (good, spell)] 
 
 go'speller, n. Reader of gospel in Commu- 
 nion service, [-er j ] 
 
 go'ssamer, n. & a. Light filmy substance, 
 the webs of small spiders, floating in calm air 
 or spread over grass ; a thread of this ; some- 
 thing flimsy ; delicate gauze ; hence go'ssam- 
 erED 2 , go'ssamerv 2 , aa. (Adj.) light & 
 flimsy as g. [ME gossomer perh. = goose-sum- 
 mer or St Martin's summer, i.e. early November 
 when geese were eaten, g. being most seen then ] 
 
 go'ssip, n., & v.i. (Archaic) familiar ac- 
 quaintance, friend, (esp. of women); idle talker, 
 newsmonger, tattler, (esp. of women); idle talk, 
 groundless rumours, tittle-tattle ; easy uncon- 
 strained talk or writing esp. about persons or 
 social incidents ; hence go*ssipRY(I, 5) n., 
 go'ssip Y 2 a. ( Vb) Talk idly or lightly, tattle ; 
 write in gossipy style; hence go'ssipERin. 
 [earlier senses, sponsor, felloxc-sponsor, one's 
 child's sponsor, atbaptism ; OK.godsibb person 
 related to one in God (sibb, sib, akin)] 
 
 gossoo'n, n. (Anglo-Ir.). Lad. [f. F garcon] 
 
 got, past & p.p. of get. G.-up, factitious, arti- 
 ficially produced, adorned, &c, with a view to 
 effect or deception. 
 
 Goth, n. One of a Germanic tribe who invaded 
 Eastern & Western Empires in 3rd-5th cc. & 
 founded kingdoms in Italy, France, & Spain ; 
 rude, uncivilized, or ignorant person, esp. one 
 who destroys works of art (cf. vandal), whence 
 Go'thiSH i a. [OE Got an pi. f. LL f. Gk Gothoi] 
 
 Go'tham (-t-h-), n. Typical foolish town (wise 
 man of G., fool). Hence Go'thamiTE l (\) n. 
 [perh. f. the village in Notts.] 
 
 Gd'thie, a. & n. Of the Goths or their lan- 
 guage ; (Arch.) in the pointed-arch style preva- 
 lent in Western Europe in 12th-16th cc, includ- 
 ing in England the Early English, Decorated, 
 & Perpendicular (orig. sense not classical) ; bar- 
 barous, rude, uncouth ; (Print., a. &n.) German, 
 also black-letter, (type) ; hence Go'thiCALLY 
 adv., Go*thieiSM(2,3,4)n., Go*thieizE(2,3) v.i. 
 & t. (N.) G. language, G. architecture, [f. L 
 Gothicus (GOTH, -ic)] 
 
 gotten. See get 1 . 
 
 gouache (goo'ahsh), n. Way of painting in 
 opaque colours ground in water & thickened 
 with gum & honey. [F, f. It. guazzo] 
 
 gouge (gowj, gooj), n., & v.t. Concave-bladed 
 chisel used in carpentry & surgery. (Vb) cut 
 with g.; cut oid (a cork, a channel) (as) with g.; 
 force (out, esp. person's eye with thumb) (as) with 
 g.; force out eye of. [F, f. LL gubia] 
 
 Goular'd (goo-), n. Lotion of sub-acetate of 
 lead in solution. [T. G., French surgeon] 
 
 gourd, (gord, goord), n. (Large flesh y fruit of) 
 kinds of trailing or climbing plants; rind of the 
 fruit emptied, dried, & used as bottle &c. Hence 
 gour*dFUL(2) n. [f. F gourde f. L cucurbita] 
 
OOURMAND 
 
 358 
 
 GRACIOUS 
 
 gourmand (goor'mand, or as F), a. & n. 
 Gluttonous, fond of eating; (n.; usu. as F) lover 
 of delicate fare, judge of good eating. Hence 
 goup'mandiSM(2) n. [F, etym. dub.] 
 gourmandise. See gormandize. 
 gourmet (F), n. Connoisseur of table deli- 
 cacies, esp. of wine. [F] 
 
 gout (gowt), n. Paroxysmal disease with in- 
 flammation of smaller joints, esp. that of great 
 toe, & chalk-stones ; wheat-disease caused by 
 g.-fly ; drop, splash, of liquid, esp. blood ; spot 
 of colour. Hence gou'tY 2 a., gou'tiLY 2 adv., 
 gou'tiNESS n. [f. OF goute f. L gutta drop w. 
 ref . to medieval theory of defluxion of humours] 
 go'vern (gu-), v.t. & i. Rule with authority, 
 conduct the policy, actions, & affairs, of (State, 
 subject) despotically or constitutionally, regu- 
 late proceedings of (corporation &c; governing 
 body, managers of hospital, school, &c); be in 
 military command of (fort, town); exercise func- 
 tion of government in person (king reigns but 
 does not g., merely selects those who are to g.); 
 sway, rule, influence, regulate, determine, (per- 
 son, his acts, course or issue of events) ; be the 
 predominating influence ; conduct oneself in 
 some way ; curb,bridle, (one'spassions.onese?/); 
 constitute a law, rule, standard, or principle, 
 for, serve in determining ; (Gram., esp. of vb or 
 prep.) have (noun, case) depending on it, require 
 (such a case). Hence go'veraABLE a., go- 
 vernaBi'LiTY n. [f. OF governer f. L guber- 
 nare steer, govern, f. Gk kubernao steer] 
 go'vernance, n. Act, manner, fact, or func- 
 tion, of governing, sway, control, [f. OF gou- 
 vernance (prec, -ance)] 
 
 go'verness, n. Female teacher, instructress, 
 esp. of children in private household ; g.-car(t), 
 light two- wheeled vehicle with side seats face 
 to face, [earlier governeress f. OF gouverne- 
 resse (gouverneur governor, -ess 1 )] 
 go'vernment, n. (More modern word for) 
 governance; portion of country ruled by a 
 governor, province ; system of governing, form 
 of polity ; body or successive bodies of persons 
 governing a State, the State as an agent, an 
 administration or ministry (form a g., of Prime 
 Minister selecting colleagues) ; (Gram.) relation 
 between GOVERNing & other word ; g.-house, 
 official residence of governor ; g.-paper, -securi- 
 ties, bonds, exchequer bills, &c, issued by g. 
 Hence governme'ntAL a., governme'nt- 
 alLY 2 adv. [OF (-ement), see govern, -me.nt] 
 go'vernop, n. One who governs, ruler ; 
 official appointed to govern province, country, 
 town, &c, representative of Crown in colony 
 or dependency, executive head of each of U.S. ; 
 officer commanding fortress or garrison ; head, 
 or one of governing body, of institution ; (slang) 
 one's employer, one's father, sir ; (Mech.) auto- 
 matic regulator of supply of gas, steam, water, 
 &c, to machine, ensuring even motion ; kind of 
 fishing-fly ; g.-general, g. with deputy gg. under 
 him, whence go'vepnop-ge'nepalsmp n. 
 Hence go*vepnoPSHip(l, 2) n. [f. OF gover- 
 neiirf. L gubernatorem (govern, -OR 2 )] 
 gowan, n. (Sc). Daisy, [prob. var. of obs. 
 golland & connected w. obs. gold, OE golde, 
 marigold, perh. f. gold] 
 
 gowk, n. (Dial.) cuckoo ; awkward or half- 
 witted person, foot ff. ON gaukr cf. G gauch] 
 gown, n., & v.t. Loose flowing upper gar- 
 ment, esp. woman's dress (usu. of dress with 
 pretensions to elegance, or in comb, as tea, 
 dinner, -g.), frock ; ancient Roman toga (arms, 
 gown, war & peace) ; official or uniform robe of 
 various shapes worn by alderman, judge, law- 
 yer, clergyman, member of university, college, 
 or school, &c. (toivn & g., non-members & mem- 
 
 bers of university at Oxf. & Camb.) ; gownsman, 
 civilian, member of university ; (vb, chiefly in 
 p.p.) attire in g. [f. OF goune f. med.L gunna 
 fur garment (in LL=fur)J 
 Graa'fian (-rahf-), a. G. follicle, vesicle, 
 one of small sacs in mammal ovary in which 
 ova are matured. IR. de Graaf, Dutch anato- 
 mist d. 1673, -ian] 
 
 grab, v.t. & L, & n. Seize suddenly ; appro- 
 priate rapaciously ; capture, arrest ; make 
 snatch at; hence (-Jgpa'bbER 1 n. (N.) sud- 
 den clutch, grasp, seizure, or attempt to seize ; 
 practice of grabbing, rapacious proceedings 
 esp. in politics or commerce ; (Mech.) device or 
 implement for clutching ; children's card game, 
 [n. f. vb; cf. MDu. & MLG grabben, perh. 
 modification of grip] 
 
 gra'bble, v.i. Grope about, feel for some- 
 thing ; sprawl on all fours (of ten for something), 
 [prec. + -le(2)] 
 
 grace, n., & v.t. Pleasing quality, attractive- 
 ness, charm, esp. that belonging to elegant pro- 
 portions or ease & refinement of movement, 
 action, expression, or manner, whence gpa'ee-. 
 ful a., gra'eefulLY 2 adv., gpa'eefulNESS 
 n. ; becomingness, air with which something 
 is done, (cannot icith any g. ask him ; have the 
 g. to, do something that decency requires ; with 
 a good g., as if willing; with a bad g., reluc- 
 tantly, ungraciously) ; attractive feature, ac- 
 complishment, ornament ; (airs & gg., behavi- 
 our put on with a view to effect or attraction) ; 
 (Mus.; also g.-note, -notes) embellishment of ex- 
 tra note(s) not essential to harmony or melody ; 
 (Gk Myth.) the Gg., three beautiful goddess 
 sisters, the bestowers of beauty & charm ; 
 favour, benignant regard or its manifestation, 
 on part of superior (be in one's good gg., enjoy 
 his favour or liking) ; unconstrained goodwill 
 as ground of concession (act of g., privilege, 
 concession, that cannot be claimed as right, & 
 see below ; by the g. of God, appended to royal 
 titles) ; boon ; (Univv.) permission of Congrega- 
 tion, also of College or Hall, to take degree, 
 dispensation from statutes ; (Theol.) unmerited 
 favour of God, divine regenerating, inspiring, 
 & strengthening influence, condition (also state 
 of g.) of being so influenced, individual divinely 
 given excellence, (year of g., with date = A. D. ; 
 in this y. of g. usu. iron., when Christianity 
 has been so long established) ; favour shown by 
 granting delay (give a day's, year's, &c, g. • 
 days of g., time allowed by law for payment of 
 bill of exchange after it falls due, in England 
 three days) ; mercy, clemency, (Act ofg., formal, 
 esp. general, pardon by Act of Parliament ; & 
 see above) ; short thanksgiving before or after 
 meal (g.-cup, cup of wine &c. passed round 
 after g., parting draught) ; his, her, yonr, g., 
 forms of address or description for duke, 
 duchess, or archbishop. ( Vb) add g. to, adorn, 
 set off with ; confer honovtr or dignity on, hon- 
 our with title &c. ; do credit to. [f. F grace f. 
 L gratia (gratus pleasing, grateful)] 
 
 gpa'eeless, a. Unregenerate, depraved, 
 (archaic or facet.) ; wanting sense of decency, 
 unabashed ; without charm or elegance (rare). 
 Hence gpa'eelessLY 2 adv., gpa'eeless- 
 ness n. [-less] 
 
 gpa'eious (-shws), a. & int. Agreeable, 
 pleasing, (archaic) ; kindly, benevolent, cour- 
 teous, (chiefly poet.) ; condescending, indulgent 
 & beneficentto inferiors, (of exalted persons, or 
 sarcastic or facet. ; esp. as polite epithet of 
 royal or ducal persons or their acts) ; (of God) 
 dispensing grace, merciful, benignant; hence 
 gpa*eiousLY 2 adv., gpa'ciousNESsn. (Int. ; 
 ellipt. for g. God, as) good g. !, my g. !, excll. of 
 
CRACKLE 
 
 359 
 
 -ORAM 
 
 surprise (also in g. me !, g. goodness .'). [OF, f. L 
 gratiosus (grace, -ose 1 )] 
 
 gra'ckle, n. Kinds of bird allied to jackdaw, 
 [ult. f. L graculus jackdaw] 
 
 grada'te, v.i. & t. (Cause to) pass by im- 
 perceptible degrees from one shade of colour 
 to another ; arrange in steps or grades, [back- 
 formation f. foil.] 
 
 grada'tion, n. (Usu. pi.) stage(s) of transi- 
 tion or advance; series of degrees in rank, 
 merit, intensity, divergence, &c, (pi.) such de- 
 grees ; arrangement in such degrees ; (Fine arts) 
 insensible passing from one shade, tone, &c, 
 to another; (Philol.) ablaut. Hence grada'- 
 tionAL a., grada'tionalLY 2 adv. [t L gra- 
 datio (gradus step, -ation)] 
 
 grade, n., & v.t. (Math.) hundredth part of 
 right angle ; degree in rank, proficiency, quali- 
 ty, value, &c, class of persons or things alike in 
 these ; (Cattle-breeding) variety produced by 
 crossing native stock with superior breed ; 
 (Zool.) group supposed to have branched from 
 parent stock at same stage of development ; 
 (Philol.) relative position in ablaut-series ; (esp. 
 U.S.) gradient, slope, rate of ascent or descent, 
 {on the up, down, g., rising or falling, lit. & fig.). 
 (Vb) arrange in gg., class, sort ; blend so as to 
 affect g. of ; colour with tints passing into each 
 other; reduce (road, canal, &c.) to easy gradi- 
 ents ; (Cattle-breeding) cross with better breed 
 (g. t/#,improvethus);(Philol., in pass.)be changed 
 by ablaut, [vb fi, n., F, f. L gradus step) 
 
 gra'dient, n. Amount of slope, inclination 
 to the horizontal, in road, railway, &c; propor- 
 tional rise or fall of thermometer or barometer 
 in passing from one region to another, [perh. 
 formed on prec. after quotient] 
 
 gra'din(e) (also -ade'n), n. One of series of 
 low steps or tier of seats ; ledge at back of altar, 
 [f. F gradin f. It. gradino (grado grade)] 
 
 gra'dual 1 , n. Antiphon sung between 
 Epistle & Gospel, [so called as sung at steps 
 of altar or while deacon mounted ambo ; f. 
 med.L graduale neut. adj. as n., see foil.] 
 
 gra'dual 2 , a. Taking place by degrees, 
 slowly progressive, not rapid, steep, or abrupt ; 
 g. psalm, = song o/degrees. Hence gra'du- 
 alLY 2 adv., gra'dualNESS n. [f. med.L gra- 
 dualis (L gradus -us step, -al)] 
 
 gra'duate 1 (-at), n. One who holds acade- 
 mic degree ; chemist's graduated measuring- 
 glass, [f. med.L graduatus (foil., -ate 2 )] 
 
 gpa'duate 2 , v.i. & t. Take, admit to (chiefly 
 U.S.), academic degree, (transf. qualify or per- 
 fect oneself as; marK out in degrees or por- 
 tions ; arrange in gradations, apportion inci- 
 dence of (tax) according to a scale ; pass away 
 by degrees, change (intr.) gradually into ; con- 
 centrate (solution) by evaporation. Hence 
 gradUA'TioN, gra*duatOR 2 (l, 2), nn. [f. 
 med.L graduare (gradus -us step), -ate 3 ] 
 
 gpa'dus, n. Dictionary of Latin prosody 
 used in schools to help in writing Latin verse, 
 [for g. ad Parnassum step to Parnassus] 
 
 Gria^'eism, n. A Greek idiom, esp. as 
 imitated in another language; Greek spirit, 
 style, mode of expression, &c, imitation of 
 these, [f. F gricisme f. med.L graecismus 
 (Graecvs greek, -ism)] 
 
 GrCa)e'eize, v.t. & i. Give a Greek cast, 
 character, or form, to ; favour, imitate, the 
 Greeks, [f, L graecizare (prec, -ize)] 
 
 Gi»(a)e , eo-, comb, form of L Graecus greek, 
 as -Roman. Hence Gr(a)eeoMA'NiA(c) nn., 
 Gp(a)e*eoPHiL a. & n. 
 
 gpaffl'to (-fe-), n. (pi. -ti pr. -te). Drawing or 
 writing scratched on wall &c, esp. on ancient 
 wall as at Pompeii ; decoration by scratches 
 
 through plaster showing different-coloured 
 under-surface. [It.] 
 
 graft 1 , n., & v.t. Shoot or scion inserted in 
 slit of another stock, from which it receives 
 sap ; (Surg.) piece of transplanted living tissue ; 
 process of grafting ; place where g. is inserted. 
 (Vb) insert (scion) as g. (in, into, on, upon, to- 
 gether), (fig.) insert or fix in or upon so as to 
 produce vital or indissoluble union ; insert 
 graft(s); insert graft(s) upon (stock); (Surg.) 
 transplant (living tissue); (Naut.) cover (ring- 
 bolt &c.) with weaving of small cord; grafting 
 clay, wax, composition for covering united 
 parts of g. & stock, [for earlier graffrx. & v. f. 
 OF gra/e f. LL f. Gk graphion stylus (grapho 
 write), named f. similarity of shape ; t perh. due 
 to use of g. as p.p. of graff, cf. hoist, baste 3 ] 
 
 graft 2 , n. Depth of earth that may be thrown 
 up at once with spade, [cogn. w. grave 2 ] 
 
 graft 3 , n., & v.i., (U.S. colloq.). Illicit spoils 
 in connexion with politics or municipal busi- 
 ness, practices intended to secure these ; (vb) 
 seek, make, g., whence gra'ftER 1 n. [?] 
 
 grail i, n. = gradual \ [f. OF grael f. eccl. 
 L gradate var. of graduate] 
 
 grail 2 , n. (Also holy or saint g., or sangreal) 
 platter used by Christ at Last Supper, & in 
 which Joseph of Arimathea received his blood 
 at the Cross, [f. OF graal f. med.L gradalis 
 cup or platter, etym. dub.] 
 
 grail 3 , n. Comb-maker's file. [f. F grele (gre- 
 ler make slender f. grele slender f. L gracilis)] 
 
 grain, n., & v.t. & i. A fruit or corn of a 
 cereal ; (collect, sing.) wheat or the allied food- 
 grasses or their fruit, corn, a particular species 
 of corn ; (pi. ; also gg. of Paradise or Gatinea gg.) 
 capsules of W.-Afr. plant used as spice & drug ; 
 (pi.) refuse malt after brewing or distilling; 
 small hard particle of sand, gold, salt, gun- 
 powder (large, small, -g. poxcder), incense, &c. ; 
 smallest unitof weight, 1/5760 of lb. Troy, 1/7000 
 of lb. av., smallest possible quantity (without a 
 g. of vanity, love, &c.) ; (Hist.) kermes, cochi- 
 neal, or dye made from either of these (dye in 
 g., dye in kermes, dye in any fast colour, dye in 
 the fibre or thoroughly; in g., thorough, 
 genuine, by nature, downright, indelible) ; 
 (Poet.) dye, colour; granular texture, rough- 
 ness of surface, mottling ; texture, arrangement 
 & size of constituent particles, in flesh, skin, 
 wood, stone, &c. ; lines of fibre in wood giving 
 a pattern, lamination or planes of cleavage in 
 coal, stone. &c, (fig.) nature, temper, tendency, 
 (against the g., contrary to inclination) ; g.- 
 leather, dressed with the g.-side (on which the 
 hair was) out; g.-sick, cattle-disease, disten- 
 sion of rumen ; hence grai'nLESS, grai'ny 2 , 
 (-)grainED 2 , aa. (Vb) form (t. & i.) into gg.; 
 dye in g. ; give granular surface to ; remove 
 hair from (hides) ; paint in imitation of g. of 
 wood or marble ; hence grai'nERMl, 2) n. [OF, 
 f. L granum, & f. OF graine f. pop. L grana 
 collect, fem., orig. neut. pi. of L granum] 
 
 grains, n. Forked fish-spear or harpoon, 
 [orig. pi. of obs. grain fork, prong, f. ON grein 
 division ; now used as sing.] 
 
 grallator'ial, a. (zool.). Of the grallatores 
 or long-legged wading birds, [f. L grallator 
 stilt- walker (grallae sti'ts)] 
 
 gra*lloeh(-ch),n., & v.t. Dead deer's viscera; 
 (vb) disembowel (deer &c). [f. Gael, grealach 
 intestines] 
 
 gram *, n. Chick-pea ; any pulse used as 
 horse-fodder, [f. Port, grdo f. L granum grain] 
 
 gram 2 . See gramme. 
 
 -gram, suf. (chiefly) f. Gk gramma -atos 
 (grapho write, -m) thing written, letter of al- 
 phabet, forming nn. (1) prepositional compds f. 
 
GRAMA 
 
 360 
 
 GRANDISONIAN 
 
 Gk {anagram, diagram, epigram), (2) n. compds 
 (chronogram, logogram), (3) compds of numeral 
 with gramma or with gramme line, where Gk 
 would have -grammon neut. adj., (4) the im- 
 proper compd telegram f. adv. tele, suggested 
 by which are (5) the hybrids cablegram, pistol- 
 gram, & the correctly formed phonogram. 
 
 gpa'ma, gpa'mma, n. (Also g. grass) kinds 
 of low pasture grass in W. & S.W. parts of 
 U.S. [f. Sp. grama] 
 
 gpa'mapye, n. (archaic). Magic, necro- 
 mancy, [f. OF gramaire learning, grammar] 
 
 gpamer'cy, int. (archaic). Thank you. [f. 
 OF grant merci (God give you) great reward 
 
 (GRAND, MERCY)] 
 
 gpamina'ceous, gpami'neous, aa. Of, 
 like, grass, grassy. So gramini'voROUS a. 
 [f. L gramen -inis grass, -aceous, & L gra- 
 mineus (-eous)] 
 
 gpa'mmalogue (-og), n. (shorthand). Word 
 represented by single sign ; letter or character 
 standing for word, logogram, [irreg. f. Gk 
 gramma (-gram), logos word] 
 
 gpa'mmap, n. Art & science dealing with 
 a language's inflexions or other means of show- 
 ing relation between words as used in speech 
 or writing, & its phonetic system (usu. divided 
 into phonology, accidence, & syntax ; general, 
 philosophical, or universal g., science of the 
 distinctions of thought recognized & variously 
 expressed in the grammatical systems of actual 
 languages ; historical g., study of the develop- 
 ment of a language's inflexions & syntax ; com- 
 parative g., study of the relation between two 
 or more gg.) ; treatise or book on g. ; person's 
 manner of using grammatical forms, speech or 
 writing regarded as good or bad by the rules of 
 g., what is correct according to those rules ; 
 body of forms & usages in a language ; elements, 
 rudiments, of an art or science ; g. -school, school 
 founded about 16th c. for teaching Latin, of 
 which many are now of the public-school type. 
 Hence gpa'mmaPLESS a. [f. OF gramaire 
 irreg. f. L f. Gk grammatike (tekhne art) of 
 letters (gramma see -gram)] 
 
 gpammap'ian, n. One versed in grammar, 
 philologist, [f. OF gramarien (prec, -ian)] 
 
 gpamma'tieal, a. Of grammar (g. gender, 
 not determined by sex ; g. sense, literal, irre- 
 spective of other considerations than the rules 
 of grammar) ; conforming to the rules of gram- 
 mar, or to the formal principles of an art, so (f. 
 earlier grammatic) gpamma*tieiZE(3) v.t. 
 Hence gpamma'ticalLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk 
 grammatikos, see grammar, + -al] 
 
 gpamme,gpam,n. Unit of weight inmetric 
 system, weight of cubic centimetre of distilled 
 water at maximum density weighed in vacuo, 
 15*432 Troy grains; g. -centimetre, unit = work 
 done in raising one g. vertically one centimetre ; 
 similarly gramme'tre. [F, f. LL f. Gk gramma 
 small weight, see -gram] 
 
 gpa'mophone, n. Instrument for perma- 
 nently recording & reproducing sounds, [irreg. 
 form perh. made by inverting phonogram] 
 
 gpa'mpus, n. Kinds of blowing spouting 
 blunt-headed delphinoid cetacean ; person who 
 breathes loud. [f. 16th-c. graundepose prob. f. 
 earlier grapcys f. OF g'rapois f. L crassus 
 %)iscis fat fish] 
 
 gpanadi'lla, gPe-, n. Kinds of passion- 
 flower. [Sp., dim. of granada pomegranate] 
 
 gra'napy, n. Storehouse for threshed grain ; 
 region producing, & esp. exporting, much corn. 
 [f. L granarium (gramim grain, -ary 1 )] 
 
 grand, a. & n. (In official titles) chief over 
 others, of highest rank, (G. Almoner, Falconer, 
 &c, holders of old offices still existing; G. 
 
 cross 1 ; G. Duke, Duchess, ruler of some 
 European States called G. Duchy, also child of 
 Tsar, whence Gpand-du'CAL a. ; g. duke, also 
 Great Horned Owl ; G. Master, head of military 
 order of knighthood, head of Freemasons or of 
 one of their provinces, & of Odd Fellows &c. ; 
 G. Signior, pr. sen-, G. Turk, Sultan of Turkey ; 
 G. Vizier, chief minister of Turkey) ; (Law) 
 great, principal, (opp. petty, common ; g. assize, 
 inquest, jury) ; of most or great importance 
 (that is the g. question ; made a g. mistake) ; 
 final, summing up minor constituents, (g. total ; 
 g. finale; the g. sum or result of his achieve- 
 ments) ; (distinguishing parts of large building) 
 main (the g. staircase, entrance, &c); (in F 
 phrases or imitations) great (g. army, G. Canal, 
 G. Hotel) ; (Mus.) full, of full dimensions, for 
 full orchestra, in full classical form, (g. sonata, 
 chorus, concerto) ; conducted with solemnity, 
 splendour, &c. ; fine, splendid, gorgeous ; be- 
 longing to high society, distinguished ; impos- 
 ing, impressive, great & handsome ; dignified, 
 lofty, in conception, treatment, or expression 
 (g. style, fitted for great subjects) ; morally im- 
 posing, noble, admirable, (the Grand Old Man 
 or G.O.M., W. E. Gladstone); (colloq.) very 
 satisfactory (had a g. run ; ground was in g. 
 condition)', (in names of relationships) in the 
 second degree of ascent or descent (grandson, 
 g.-nephew, one's child's son or nephew ; grand- 
 .mother, g.-aunt, one's parent's mother or aunt; 
 so grandchild: g.-daughter; grandfather, 
 grandfather's clock, worked by weights in tall 
 wooden case ; grandmamma ; grandmother, 
 •whence gpa'ndmothepiA' 1 a., esp. of legis- 
 lation &c. = excessively paternal; teach your 
 grandmother to suck eggs ; g.-niece ; grand- 
 papa; grandparent ; grandsire, esp. of animal's 
 sire's sire, also = ancestor, old man, & a method 
 of ringing changes on bells; g. -uncle); g. air, 
 distinguished appearance ; g. committee, one of 
 two standing committees of House of Commons 
 sessionally appointed to consider Law & Trade 
 Bills; gr. lodge; g. piano{ forte), large harp- 
 shaped horizontal piano ; g. stand, principal 
 stand for spectators at races &c. ; g. tour 
 (archaic), tour of chief towns &c. of Europe 
 completing young man's education. Hence 
 gpa'ndLY 2 adv., gpa'ndNESS n. [OF, f. L 
 grandis f nil-grown] 
 
 gpa'ndam(e), n. (archaic). Grandmother; 
 (-m only) animal's dam's dam ; ancestress ; old 
 woman, [f. AF gi'aund dame (prec, dam 2 )] 
 
 gpa*n(d-)dad, n. (Childish or affectionate 
 for) grandfather, [grand, dad] 
 
 grande (F), fern, of grand (g. toilette ceremo- 
 nial costume ; g. passion engrossing love affair). 
 
 grandee*, n. Spanish or Portuguese noble- 
 man of highest rank ; person of high rank or 
 eminence, [f. Sp. & Port, grande grand] 
 
 gra'ndeup (-jer, -dur), n. Great power, 
 rank, or eminence ; great nobility of character ; 
 sublimity, majesty, of appearance or effect; 
 conscious dignity; splendour of living, sur- 
 roundings, &c. [F (grand)] 
 
 gpandl'loquent, a. Pompous in language ; 
 given to tall talk. Hence gpandi'loquENCE 
 n., gpandi'loquentLY 2 adv. [after eloquent 
 f. L grandiloquus (grand, -loquus -speaking f. 
 loqui speak)] 
 
 gpa*ndio*se, a. Producing, intended or try- 
 ing to produce, an impression of greatness, 
 planned on a ^magnificent scale, pompous. 
 Hence gpandio "sit vn.,gpandio*seLY 2 adv. 
 [F, f. It. grandioso (grand, -ose 1 )] 
 
 Grandiso'nian, a. Marked by stately 
 courtesy & chivalric magnanimity. [Sir C. 
 Grandison in Richardson's novel, -ian] 
 
ORANGE 
 
 361 
 
 GRASS 
 
 grange, n. Barn (archaic) ; country-house 
 with farm-buildings attached, [f. AF graunge 
 I. nied.L granea (granum grain)] 
 
 gpa'ngepize, v.t. Extra-illustrate (book) 
 by inserting prints &c. often cut from other 
 books. HencegpangepizA'TiON, gra'nger- 
 izER 1 , gpa'ngePiSM(l), gpa*ngepiTE(l), nn. 
 (J. Granger published 1769 a Hist, of England 
 with blank leaves for illustrations] 
 
 grani'ferous, a. Producing grain or grain- 
 like seed. So gra'niFORM, gpani'voROUS, 
 aa. [f. L granifer (grain, -ferous)] 
 
 gpa'nite, n. Granular crystalline rock of 
 quartz, orthoclase feldspar, & mica, used for 
 building; g.-ware, speckled pottery imitating 
 g., kind of enamelled ironware. Hence gpa- 
 ni'tica., gpa'nitoiDa. &n., gpanrtiFORMa. 
 [f. It. granito orig. grained (grano f. L granum)] 
 
 gpa'nnom, gra'nam, n. Kind of water- 
 fly ; imitation of it for fly-fishing. [?] 
 
 gpa*nny,n. (Fam., affectionate, or contempt, 
 for) grandmother ; (also g.'s bend or knot) reef- 
 knot crossed the wrong way. [prob. f. obs. 
 grannam for grandam + -y 3 ] 
 
 granolithic, a. Of a kind of concrete. [L 
 granum grain, Gk lithos stone, -ic] 
 
 grant, v.t., & n. Consent to fulfil (request 
 &c.) ; concede as indulgence, allow (person) to 
 have (thing ; noun, that, or to do) ; bestow (pos- 
 session, right) formally, transfer (property) 
 legally, whence gpantEE", gpantOR' 2 , nn. ; 
 concede (proposition) as basis for argument 
 (noun, this Sec, that-c\a.use, or something to 
 be something; I g. you, I admit; take for 
 granted, assume) ; hence gpa'ntABLE a. (N.) 
 granting (the g. or refusal of) ; formal confer- 
 ment, legal assignment ; thing, esp. sum, 
 granted (often capitation g., g.-in-aid) ; con- 
 veyance by written instrument, [f. OF greanter 
 f. pop.L *credentare f. part, of credere entrust] 
 
 gpa'nulap, a. Of, like, grains, with granu- 
 lated surface or structure. Hence granu- 
 la'PiTY n., gpa'nulaPLY 2 adv., gpa'nulo- 
 comb. form, gpa'nulous a. [f. LL granulum 
 small grain (granum, -ule), -ul-, -ar] 
 
 gpa'nulate, v.t. & i. Form (t. & i.) into 
 grains; roughen surface of; (of wound &c.) 
 form small prominences as beginning of heal- 
 ing or junction, heal, join. Hence or cogn. 
 gpa'nulATE 2 (at) a,, gpanulATioN, gpa*n- 
 ulatOR 2 (2), nn. [as prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 gra'nule, n. Small grain, [as prec] 
 
 grape, n. Green or purple berry growing in 
 clusters on vine, eaten as fruit or used in mak- 
 ing wine (the g., the juice of the g., wine ; the 
 gg. are sour, sour gg., said when person dis- 
 parages what he vainly desires) ; g.-shot ; dis- 
 eased growth like bunch of gg. on pastern of 
 horse &c, or on pleura; g.-brandy, distilled 
 from gg., or wine, alone; fir. -cure 1 ; g. -house, 
 vinery ; g.-scissors, for thinning g. -bunches at 
 early stage of growth, also for dividing bunches 
 at table ; g.-shot, small balls put several to- 
 gether in bag &c. to make scattering charge 
 for cannon ; g.-stone, one of seeds inside g.; g.- 
 sugar, dextrose or glucose : g.-vine, vine, also 
 skating figure in which both feet are on ice to- 
 gether & form interlacing lines. Hence gra'p- 
 ery(3) n., gpa'pv 2 a. [OF, bunch of gg., prob. 
 f. graper gather with vine-hook (grape hook 
 ult. f. Teut, cf. OHG krapfo)} 
 
 graph 1 , n. Symbolic diagram expressing 
 system of mathematical or chemical connexion, 
 [abbr. of graphic formula] 
 
 gpaph 2 , n., & v.t. Gelatine copying appara- 
 tus ; copy, multiply, with this, [colloq. abbr. 
 of chromograph, hectograph, &c] 
 
 -graph, suf. f. Gk -graphos, -written, -writ- 
 
 ing, -writer, denoting (1) thing written in such 
 a way (f. Gk, as autograph, chirograph, holo- 
 graph ; on Gk st., as lithograph, photograph ; 
 & in hybrids, as pictograph) ; (2) instrument 
 that records something or by some means 
 (heliograph, seismograph, telegraphy, (3) write 
 in such a way (calligraph, hectograph). 
 
 -gpaphep, suf. repr. Gk -graphos & forming 
 nn. denoting one versed in -graph y. [-er J ] 
 
 gpa*phic(al rare), aa. Of drawing, painting, 
 engraving, etching, &c. ; vividly descriptive, 
 lifelike ; of writing ; (of minerals) showing 
 marks like writing on surface or in fracture ; 
 of diagrams or symbolic curves, [f. L f. Gk 
 graphikos (graphe writing, -ic)] 
 
 -gpaphie(al), suff. = of or by -graphy. 
 
 gpa*phically, adv. As in a picture, vivid- 
 ly ; by writing ; by diagrams or graph j s. [-ly 2 ] 
 
 gpa'phite, n. plumbago. Hence gpaphi*- 
 tic, gpa'phitoiD, aa. [f. G graphit (Gk grapho 
 write, -ite *)] 
 
 gpa'phiupe, n. S.-Afr. rodent with tail 
 ending in pencil of hairs, [f. Gk grapheion 
 pencil, oura tail] 
 
 gpapho'logy, n. Study of, art of inferring 
 character from, handwriting; system of graphic 
 formulae, notation for graph *s. [f. Gk graphe 
 writing, -logy] 
 
 gpa'phdtype, n. (Process for making) re- 
 lief block for surface-printing, [as prec. + type] 
 
 -gpaphy, suf. f. Gk -graphia forming nn. 
 denoting (1) styles of writing, drawing, &c. 
 (litho-, brachy-, steno-, calli-), (2) descriptive 
 science (geo-, biblio-, seleno-). 
 
 gpa'pnel, n. Iron-clawed instrument thrown 
 with rope to seize object, esp. enemy's ship ; 
 small anchor with several flukes used for boats 
 & balloons, [dim. of OF grapin (grape)] 
 
 gpa'pple, n., & v.t. & i. Clutching-instru- 
 merjt, grapnel ; hold or grip (as) of wrestlers, 
 close contest. (Vb) seize, fasten, (as) with 
 grapnel ; take hold of, grip, with the hands, 
 come to close quarters with ; contend with, to- 
 gether, or abs., in close fight, battle with; g. 
 with, try to overcome, accomplish, or deal 
 with, [vb f. n. in first sense; second sense of 
 n. f. vb ; n. f. OF dim. of grape hook] 
 
 gpa'ppling, n. In vbl senses ; also, g.-iron, 
 grapnel, [-ing l ] 
 
 grasp, v.t, & i., & n. G. at, try to seize, 
 accept with avidity ; clutch at, seize greedily, 
 (part. ) avaricious, whence gpa'spingr. y 2 adv. , 
 gpa'spingNESS n. ; hold firmly (g. nettle, tackle 
 difficulty or danger boldly), grip ; get mental 
 hold of, comprehend ; hsnee gpa'spABLE a. 
 (N.) fast hold, grip, (within, beyond one's g., 
 close, not close, enough to be grasped) ; control, 
 mastery; mental hold, comprehensiveness of 
 mind, [by metath. for grapsen cogn. w. grope, 
 cf. clean cleanse, & hasp] 
 
 grass, n., & v.t. Herbage of which blades 
 or leaves & stalks are eaten by cattle, horses, 
 sheep, &c. (not let g. grow, g. does not grow, 
 under one's feet, of person who wastes no 
 time in doing something) ; any species of this 
 (including in bot. use, excluding in pop. use, 
 the cereals, reeds, & bamboos ; usu. with de- 
 fining words, as bunch, spear, -g., g. of Par- 
 nassus) ; grazing, pasture, (be at, go, put, send, 
 turn out, to, g.; at g. fig., out of work, making 
 holiday, &c. ; so perh. g. icidoiv, wife whose 
 husband is absent) ; pasture land ; grass-cover- 
 ed ground (keep off the g.) ; (Mining) earth's sur- 
 face, pit-head ; send, go, to g., knock (person), 
 be knocked or fall, down ; gra'sshopper, kinds 
 of jumping & chirping insect (grasshopper- 
 beam, working-beam in engine pivoted at end 
 instead of in middle) ; g.-snake, common ringed 
 
 12* 
 
ORATE 
 
 362 
 
 GREASE 
 
 snake ; g.-tree, kinds of Australasian tree ; 
 hence gpa'ssLESS, gpa'ssY 2 , aa. (Vb) cover 
 with turf ; lay (flax &c.) on g. to bleach ; knock 
 down, fell, (opponent) ; bring (fish) to bank, 
 (bird by shot) to ground ; (p.p., of golf-club) 
 with face slightly sloped backwai'd. [com.- 
 Teut. ; OE graes cf. G gras, cogn. w. green, 
 GROW, & w. L gramen grass] 
 
 grate l , n. = grating i (rare), whence gpa't- 
 ed 2 a. ; (frame of metal bars for confining fuel 
 in) fireplace or furnace. Hence gpa'teLESS a. 
 [f. med.L f. It. grata f. L cratis hurdle] 
 
 grate 2 , v.t. & i. Reduce to small particles by 
 rubbing on rough surface, whence (-)gpa*t- 
 er j (2) n. ; have irritating effect (up)on ; grind 
 (teeth) ; rub (i. & t.) with harsh scraping noise 
 against or (up)on something else ; sound harsh- 
 ly or discordantly (a grating laugh, voice) ; (of 
 hinge &c.) creak. Hence gpa'tingLY 2 adv. 
 If. OF grater f. Teut., cf. G kratzen scratch] 
 
 gpa'teful, a. Acceptable, comforting, re- 
 freshing; thankful, feeling or showing grati- 
 tude. Hence gra'tefulLY 2 adv., gra'te- 
 fulNESS n. [f. obs. grate adj. f. L gratus +-f\jl] 
 
 gra'tify, v.t. Remunerate, fee, make pre- 
 sent usu. of money to ; bribe ; please, satisfy, 
 oblige, delight, whence gra'tifyiNG 2 a., 
 gpa'tifyingLY 2 adv. ; please by compliance, 
 assent to wish of, give free course to or indulge 
 (desire, feeling, impulse). So gratiFiCATiON n. 
 [f. L gratificari (gratus pleasing, -fv)] 
 
 gratin (F), n. Way of cooking, dish cooked, 
 by bread-crumbing & cooking between two 
 fires to produce light crust. 
 
 grafting, n. Framework of parallel or 
 crossed wooden or metal bars; (Opt.) set of 
 parallel wires, or surface of glass &c. ruled 
 with parallel lines, for producing spectra by 
 diffraction, [grate 1 + -ing 1 ] 
 
 gra'tis, adv. & a. Gratuitous(ly), (given, 
 done) for nothing, without charge, free. [L, 
 contracted abl. pi. of gratia favour] 
 
 gra'titude, n. Being thankful, appreciation 
 of kindness received & inclination to return it. 
 [f. LL gratitudo (gratus thankful, -tude)] 
 
 gratuitous, a. Got or given free, notearned 
 or paid for; uncalled for, unwarranted, motive- 
 less, done or acting without good or assignable 
 reason (a g. lie or liar). Hence gratu'itous- 
 LY 2 adv.,gpatu'itousNESSn. [f. hgratuitus 
 spontaneous, cogn. w. gratia favour, + -ous] 
 
 gratu'ity, n. Money present of amount 
 fixed by giver in recognition of an inferior's 
 good offices, tip ; bounty to soldiers on retire- 
 ment or some other occasions, [f. med.L gra- 
 tuitous gift (gratus grateful, -ty)] 
 
 gra'tulate, -a'tion. (Archaic for) eongp-. 
 
 gra'tulatory, a. Expressingjoy atanother's 
 success &c, complimentary, congratulatory, 
 [f. L gratulari congratulate + -ory] 
 
 grava'men, n. (pi. -mina, rare). Grievance ; 
 memorial from Lower House of Convocation to 
 Upper on disorders or grievances of Church ; 
 essence, worst part, of accusation. [LL, incon- 
 venience (gravare to load f. grari'sheavy,-MEN)] 
 
 grave 1 , n. Excavation to receive corpse, 
 mound or monument over it, (secret as the g., 
 quite ; make one turn in his g., of act &c. that 
 he would have been pained by while alive ; some 
 one walking onmyg., said when one shivers un- 
 accountably ; one foot in g. ), whence gra've- 
 less a. ; being dead, death, Hades, whence 
 gra'vewARD adv. & a. ; receptacle of or for 
 what is dead (g. of reputations, place where 
 many reputations have been lost) ; trench for 
 earthing up potatoes &c. ; g. -clothes, wrappings 
 in which corpse is buried ; g.-digger, lit., also 
 kinds of insect that bury bodies of insects &c. 
 
 as food for their larvae ; gravestone, stone over 
 g., inscribed stone at head or foot of g. ; grave- 
 yard, burial ground. [OE grxf(graj an grave 2 )] 
 
 grave 2 , v.t. (p.p. -en, -ed, as stated). (Archaic) 
 bury (-ed) ; (archaic) carve, sculpture, engrave, 
 (material, representation, inscription ; -en, -ed; 
 graven image, idol) ; (fig.) fix indelibly (on, in, 
 mind &c. ; -en, -ed). [com. -Teut. ; OE grafan, 
 cf. Du. graven, G graben, dig ; cogn. w. groove) 
 
 grave 3 , a. & n. Important, weighty, needing 
 serious thought ; (of faults, difficulties, respon- 
 sibilities, symptoms) formidable, threatening, 
 serious ; dignified, solemn, slow-moving, not 
 gay ; sombre, plain, not showy ; hence gra've- 
 l y 2 adv. (Of accent) low-pitched, not acute, (g. 
 accent 1 ; n., g. accent). [F, f. L gravis heavy] 
 
 grave 4 , v. t. Clean (ship's bottom) by burning 
 off accretions & tarring while aground or in 
 graving-dock. [perh. f. OF grave = greve shore] 
 
 gra'vel (-vl), n., & v.t. Coarse sand & small 
 water- worn or pounded stones, much used for 
 laying paths & roads; (Geol., Mining) stratum 
 of this, esp. one containing gold (pay g., con- 
 taining enough gold to yield profit); (Path.) (dis- 
 ease with) aggregations of visible urinary crys- 
 tals ; g.-blind, more than SAND-blind (Shksp., 
 M. of V., II. ii. 38); hence gra*vellY 2 a. (Vb) 
 lay, strew, with g. ; perplex, puzzle, non-plus, 
 (f. obs. sense run aground). [1. OF (& F in path, 
 sense) gravelle dim, of OF grave gravel, shore, 
 f. Celt. cf. W gro] 
 
 gra'ver, n. In vbl senses ; esp., burin, [-er 1 ] 
 
 gra*vid,a. Pregnant. [thgravidus(GRAVK 3 )] 
 
 gra'vitate, v.i. & t. Move or tend by force 
 of gravity towards a body ; sink (as) by gravity, 
 tend to low level, settle down ; (Diamond-dig- 
 ging) manipulate (gravel) so that heavy stones 
 sink to bottom ; (transf.) be strongly attracted 
 to(wards) some centre of influence. Hence 
 gravitA'TiON n., gravita'tionAL, gra'vit- 
 ative, aa. [f. mod. L gravitare (grave 3 ), -ate 3 ] 
 
 gra'vity, n. Being grave, solemnity ; im- 
 portance, seriousness ; staidness, sobriety, seri- 
 ous demeanour; weight (centre l of g.; specific 
 g., relative weight of any kind of matter, ex- 
 pressed by ratio of given vol ume to same volume 
 of a standard— usu. water for liquid or solid, & 
 air for gas) ; attractive force by which bodies 
 tend to centre of earth, degree of intensity of 
 this measured by acceleration, degree of in- 
 tensity with which any body is similarly at- 
 tracted by any other. [I. Lgravitas(GRA\E s ,-TY)] 
 
 gravure', n. (Short for) photogravure. 
 
 gra'vy, n. Juices that exude from flesh dur- 
 ing & after cooking ; dressing for food made 
 from these with other materials ; g.-boat, boat- 
 shaped vessel for g. ; g. beef, part of leg of beef 
 cooked for its g. [etym. dub. ; perh. a misread- 
 ing as grave of grane in OF cookery books, cf. 
 OF grain anything used in cookery] 
 
 gray. See grey. 
 
 grayling, n. Silver-grey freshwater fish 
 with long high dorsal fin ; butterfly with grey 
 under-side to wings, [grey + -ling j ] 
 
 graze *, v.i. & t. Feed (esp. cattle, or intr. of 
 cattle) on growing grass &c. or gra'ziNG ] (3) n. ; 
 feed (t. & i.) on (grass &c); tend grazing cattle ; 
 pasture cattle. [OE grasian (grass n.)] 
 
 graze 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Touch lightly in pass- 
 ing ; abrade (skin &c.) in rubbing past ; suffer 
 slight abrasion of (part of body) ; go with pass- 
 ing contact against, along, through, by, past, 
 &c; (n.) grazing, abrasion, [etym. dub.; perh. 
 by transf. f. prec. cf. shave] 
 
 gra'zier (-zher), n. One who feeds cattle for 
 market. Hence gra'ziERY(2) n. [grass+-ierJ 
 
 grease l (s), n. Fat of deer or other game 
 (ing., in pride or prime of g., fit for killing, fat); 
 
GREASE 
 
 363 
 
 GREEN 
 
 melted fat of dead animals, esp. when soft ; oily 
 or fatty matter, esp. as lubricant ; oily matter 
 in wool, uncleansed wool, (icool in the g., in 
 fleeces); disease in horses' heels ; g.-box, attached 
 to train-wheel for lubrication; g.-paint, com- 
 position for painting actors' faces ; g.-trap, ap- 
 pliance for catching g. in drains, [f. OF graisse 
 (L crassus a. fat)] 
 
 grease 2 (-z), v.t. Anoint, soil, or lubricate, 
 with g. {g. the wheels, make affairs go smoothly, 
 esp. by money ; g. palm of, bribe) ; affect (horse) 
 with g. [f. prec] 
 
 gpea'serl-z), n. In vbl senses; (U.S. slang) 
 native Mexican or Spanish- American, [-er j ] 
 
 grea'sy (-zi), a. Smeared or covered with, 
 containing, made of, like, with too much, grease; 
 (of wool) uncleansed ; (of horse) affected with 
 the grease ; slimy with mud or moisture; (of 
 manners or expression) disagreeably unctuous ; 
 g. fritillary, kind of butterfly ; g. pole, greased 
 for climbing or walking on in village sports. 
 Hence grea*siLY 2 adv., grea'siNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 great (grat), a. & n. Large, big, (usu. with 
 implied surprise, contempt, indignation, &c, 
 as made a g. blot, look at that g. wasp ; often 
 colloq. preceding other adj., a g. big loaf or 
 thick stick ; as distinctive epithet of the larger 
 species or individual, as g. A, Z, the capital 
 letters, G. St John's wort, also Greater Celan- 
 dine &c, G. Titmouse, G. bear 1 , G. Malvern 
 &c, G. Portland Street ; also in a few phrases, 
 as a g. deal 1 , many, the g. majority, much the 
 larger part, greatest common measure, lived to 
 a g. age, a g. while ago ; g. with child archaic, 
 pregnant); beyond the ordinary {take g. care ; of 
 g. popularity ; shows g. ignorance) ; important, 
 elevated, distinguished, critical, the chief, pre- 
 eminent, (it is a g. thing to have — ; a g. occa- 
 sion', the g. attraction ; the G. Powers of Europe, 
 chief States ;theg. world, high society ; in excll. , 
 as G. God!, Caesar!, Scott!; the G., appended 
 in sense the best known of the name, as Alex- 
 ander the G. , or prefixed in titles, as the G. King, 
 of ancient Persia, the G. Mogul, &c, & bur- 
 lesqued in the G. unpaid, unwashed) ; of re- 
 markable ability, genius, intellectual or prac- 
 tical qualities,loftiness or integrity of character, 
 (a g. judge, painter, &c; thetndy g. man; g. 
 thoughts), whence great-heartED 2 a. ; (pred.) 
 having much skill at or information on ; highly 
 satisfactory (woiddn't it be g. if — ?); fully de- 
 serving the name of, (with agent-nouns) doing 
 the act much or on a large scale, (a g. scoundrel, 
 fiasco ; g. friends ; is a g. dancer, landowner) ; 
 (prefixed once or more t© uncle, aunt, nephew; 
 niece,Sc kinship words compounded with grand) 
 one degree further removed upwards or down- 
 wards; G. Assize, Day, or Inquest, Day of 
 Judgment ; G. Bible, Coverdale's version 1539 ; 
 
 G. BRITAIN, CHARTER, CIRCLE 1 ; grreafcOAT 1 , 
 
 whence greateoatED 2 , greateoa'tLESS, 
 
 aa. ; theg. commoner; greater Britain ; great- 
 est happiness of the greatest number, test prin- 
 ciple of Benthamism; g. go, final examination 
 for B.A. at Cambridge, cf. greats below; g. 
 house, chief house in village &c. ; g. organ, 
 seal; g. primer; g. toe, now usu. big toe. 
 Hence grea'tEN 6 v.t. & i. (archaic), grea't- 
 NESSn. (N.): (abs. use of adj.) the g., (pi.) g. 
 persons (also without the in g. & small), (sing.) 
 what is g.; greats, Oxford B.A. final examina- 
 tion, esp. that for honours in Lit. Hum. [com.- 
 WG ; OE great cf. G gross, Du. groot] 
 
 grea'tly, adv. Much, by much, (usu. with 
 vbs, participles, or comparatives ; g. esteemed, 
 superior ; shoidd g. prefer); nobly, loftily. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 greave. n. (usu. pi.). Piece(s) of armour for 
 shin(s). [r. OF grew shin, greave, etym. dub.] 
 
 greaves, n. pi. Fibrous tallow refuse, used as 
 food of dog &c. or fish-bait. [f. LG areven pi.] 
 
 grebe, n. Kinds of short-bodied lobe-footed 
 almost tailless diving bird ; its plumage as trim- 
 ming, [f. F grebe etym. dub.] 
 
 Gre'eian (-shn), a. & n. Greek (rare except 
 of architecture & facial outline ; also in G. 
 bend, affected attitude in walking prevalent 
 c. 1870, G. knot, way of dressing woman's hair 
 at back of head, G. slippers, trade name for 
 oriental shape). (X.) Greek scholar; boy of 
 highest class at Christ's Hospital, [f. L Graecia 
 Greece + -an} 
 
 Greeism, Grecize, Greco-. See grae-. 
 
 greed, n. Insatiate longing esp. for wealth, 
 [back-formation f. foil.] 
 
 gree'dy.a. Ravenous, voracious, gluttonous, 
 avaricious, covetous, rapacious, (often of) ; 
 eager, keen, intensely desirous. Hence gree'd- 
 iLY 2 adv., gree'diNESs n. [OE grxdig cf. 
 OHG grdtag, cogn. w. Skr. grdh be greedy] 
 
 Greek, n. & a. Native of Greece, member of 
 Greek race, (when G. meets G., then comes the 
 tug of war, orig. Gg. joined Gg., then was, said 
 of equal encounter) ; member of G. Church ; 
 cunning person, sharper ; the G. language (G. 
 to me, beyond my comprehension), whence 
 Gree'kLESS a. (Adj.) of Greece or its people, 
 Hellenic ; of, according to, written or spoken in, 
 G. (G. Fathers, father 1 *' of the Church who 
 wrote in Gk) ; G. Church, also Orthodox or 
 Eastern, Church acknowledging Patriarch of 
 Constantinople, divided from Rome ir 9th c, & 
 including esp. Christians of Greece, Russia, & 
 Turkish Empire ; G. calends, fire *, fret l or 
 key ; G. cross x ; G. gift, one given with intent 
 to harm (Virg. Aen. ii. 49). [adj. f. n.; OE Cri- 
 cas, pi. f. L Graecus f. Gk Graikoi prehistoric 
 name of Hellenes] 
 
 green l 3 a. & n. Of the colour between blue 
 & yellow in the spectrum, coloured like grass, 
 sea- water, emerald, olive, &c; covered with 
 herbage, verdant, in leaf, (a g. Christmas, sea- 
 son, Yide, mild, without snow) ; (of complexion) 
 pale, sickly-hued, (g. eye, jealousy, whence 
 green-eyED 2 a. ; g. jaundice, kind in which 
 patient's skin is g.) ; vegetable (g. food, meat) ; 
 (of fruit &c.) unripe, young & tender, flourish- 
 ing, not dried ; full of vitality, not withered or 
 worn out, (in the g., dry, tree, under good, bad, 
 conditions ; a g. old age) ; immature, undeve- 
 loped, inexperienced, gullible ; not dried, sea- 
 soned, or tanned ; fresh, not healed,(a g.icottnd); 
 greenback, U.S. legal-tender note, note issued 
 by any U.S. national bank ; g. -blind, having re- 
 tina insensitive to g. rays ; g.-book, official pub- 
 lication of Indian Government ; g. cheese, un- 
 ripened cheese, whey cheese, cheese coloured g. 
 with sage ; (Board of) G. Cloth, Lord Steward's 
 department of Royal Household ; g. crop, used 
 for food in g. state (opp. hay &c.) ; g. drake, 
 mayfly ; g. eorrth, hydrous silicate of potassium, 
 iron, & other bases ; g. fat, of turtle, esteemed 
 by epicures ; greenfinch or g. linnet, bird with 
 gold & g. plumage ; g.-fly, kind of aphis ; green- 
 gage, roundish g. fine-flavoured plum (Sir W. 
 Gage c. 1725); gree'ngrocer(y), (business of, 
 things sold by) retail dealer in fruit & vege- 
 tables ; greenheart, kinds of W.-Ind. timber 
 tree ; greenhorn, ignoramus, raw hand, simple- 
 ton ; greenhouse, of glass for rearing delicate 
 plants ; g. manure, growing plants ploughed 
 into soil ; g.-peak, G. Woodpecker (transl. of It. 
 picchio verde) ; g.-room, accommodating actors 
 & actresses when off stage ; greensand, = g. 
 earth, kind of sandstone largely of this earth, 
 stratum largely of this sandstone ; greenshank, 
 large kind of sandpiper ; greensick(ness),(a,Sect- 
 
GREEN 
 
 364 
 
 GRILL 
 
 ed with) chlorosis ; g. -stick, bone-fracture, 
 esp. in children, in which one side of bone is 
 broken & one only bent ; greenstone, kinds of 
 g. eruptive rock containing feldspar & horn- 
 blende, also kind of jade ; g. stuff, vegetation, 
 g. vegetables ; greensward, turf ; g. table, gam- 
 ing table ; greentail, grannom ; g. tea, made 
 from steam-dried leaves ; greenweed, kind of 
 genista used for dyeing ; greenwood, woodlands 
 in summer, esp. as scene of outlaw life ; green- 
 yard, enclosure for stray beasts, pound ; hence 
 gpee'niSH^), & (in comb, as greeny -yellow) 
 gpee'nY 2 , aa., gpee*nLY 2 adv., gpee'nNESS 
 n. (N.) what isg., g. part of anything, g. colour, 
 (do you see any g., i. e. sign of gullibility, in my 
 eye ?) ; g. dye (usu. with epithet, as mineral, 
 Paris, g.) ; vigour, youth, virility, (usu. in the 
 a.); verdure, vegetation, also gpee'nERY n.; 
 (pi.) g. vegetables before or after cooking ; piece 
 of public or common grassy land, grass-plot 
 used for special purpose (esp. in comb, as bleach- 
 ing, bowling, putting, -g.). [OE grtne cf. Du. 
 groen, G. griin, cogn. w. grow] 
 
 green 2 , v.i. & t. Become g., esp. with ver- 
 dure ; dye g., soil &c. with g.; (slang) hoax, take 
 in. [OE gr&nian (prec.)] 
 
 gpee'nep, n. (slang). Raw hand, esp. newly 
 arrived foreigner seeking work, [-er 1 ] 
 
 gpee'ning, n. Kind of apple, green when 
 ripe, [-ing 3 ] 
 
 gpeenth, n. (rare). Verdure, ^-th '] 
 
 Greenwich (gri'nij), n. Town in Kent with 
 State observatory (G. time, mean time for meri- 
 dian of G., standard time in England & some 
 other countries). 
 
 greet 1 , v.t. Accost with salutation; salute 
 with words or gestures, receive on meeting or 
 arrival xcith speech or action (friendly or not) ; 
 (of cheers &c.) hail; (of sight &c.) meet (eye, 
 ear). Hence gpee'tiNG 1 n. [com.-WG ; OE 
 grdetan, cf. Du. groetcn, G griissen, etym. dub.] 
 
 greet 2 , v.i.(Sc). Weep. [O^gretan&cgriotan] 
 
 gpe'ffier, n. Registrar, notary, (esp. in foreign 
 countries & Channel Islands). [F (greffe = OF 
 grafe graft 1 , -ier)] 
 
 gpegap'ious, a. Living in flocks or com- 
 munities ; fond of company; (Bot.) growing in 
 clusters; of flocks, of crowds. Hence gpegap*- 
 iousLY 2 adv., gpegap'iousxEss n. [f. L 
 gregarius (grex -egis flock, -arv 1 ) + -ous] 
 
 Gpegop'ian, a. & n. Of, according to, the 
 plain-chant or plain-song ritual music named 
 after Pope Gregory I (n., a G. chant) ; establish- 
 ed by Pope Gregory XIII (G. calendar, cor- 
 rection 1582 of the Julian ; G. style = new style ; 
 G. epoch, from 1532). [f. LL f. Gk GregoHos 
 Gregory + -an] 
 
 gpe'gopy-powdep, n. Compound powder 
 ot rhubarb, used as aperient. [J. Gregory, 
 Scottish physician d. 1822] 
 
 gpe'mial, n. Silk apron placed on bishop's 
 lap at some ceremonies, [f. LL gremialis (L 
 gremium lap, -al)] 
 
 gpena'de, n. Small explosive shell thrown 
 by hand ; glass receptacle thrown to disperse 
 chemicals for testing drains, extinguishing 
 fires &c. [F, f. Sp. granada pomegranate] 
 
 gpenadiep*, n. (Orig.) soldier who threw 
 grenades; (now) Gg. or G. Guards, first regi- 
 ment of household infantry; S.-Afr. weaver- 
 bird with red & black plumage. IF (prec, -ier)] 
 
 gpe'nadine \ n. Dish of veal or poultry fil- 
 lets trimmed, larded, & glazed, [f. F grenadin 
 perh. f. grain see gravy] 
 
 gpe'nadine 2 , n. Dress-fabric of open silk or 
 silk & wool. [F, perh. f. Granada Spanish city] 
 
 gpessop'ial, a. (zool.). Walking, adapted for 
 walking, [f. L gradi gress- walk, -or 2 , -ial] 
 
 gpew. See grow. 
 
 gpey (-a), gpay, a. & n., & v.i. & t. Inter- 
 mediate between black & white, coloured like 
 ashes or lead, (g. monk, Cistercian ; g. friar, 
 Franciscan ; g. sister, of third order of St Fran- 
 cis ; g. eye, with g. iris ; g. mare is better horse, 
 wife rules husband) ; between light & dark, 
 dull, clouded, depressing, dismal ; (of person or 
 his hair) turning white with age &c; ancient, 
 immemorial ; belonging to old age, experienced, 
 mature ; g. crow or g.-back, hooded crow ; grey- 
 beard, old man, large stoneware jug for spirit, 
 kind of lichen ; g.-coat, Cumberland yeoman ; 
 g.-drake, kind of ephemera ; g. goose, greylag ; 
 g.-headed, old, of long service in, ancient, time- 
 worn ; g.-hen, female of black grouse (cf. black 1 - 
 cocA;) ; g. matter, material of active part of brain; 
 greystone, g. volcanic rock ; hence gpey*iSH 1 (2) 
 a., gpey'LY 2 adv.,gpey*NESs n. (N.)g. clothes ; 
 cold sunless light ; g. colour ; g. pigment ; g. 
 horse (the Gg. or Scots Gg., 2nd Dragoons). 
 (Vb) become, make, g.;(Photog.) dull surface of 
 (glass), give mezzotint effect to (photograph) by 
 covering negative with such glass. [OE grxg, 
 cf. Du. grauw, G grau] 
 
 greyhound, n. Slender long-legged keen- 
 sighted swift dog used in coursing hares &c. 
 (ocean g., swift ship). [OE grighund (grig- etym. 
 dub., not connected w. grey)] 
 gpey'lag (goose), n. Common European 
 wild goose, [lag said to refer to its staying long 
 in England for a migrant] 
 grid, n. Frame of spaced parallel bars, grat- 
 ing; gridiron (for cooking, & docking), [back- 
 formation f. gridiron] 
 
 gpi'ddle, n., & v.t. Circular iron plate for 
 baking cakes on ; miner's wire-bottomed screen 
 (vb, screen with g.). [prob. f. OF gredil (cf. 16th- 
 c. Norman gredil gridiron) perh. f. L craticula 
 (cratis hurdle, -cule)] 
 
 gride, v.i., & n. Cut, scrape, along, through, 
 &c, with strident or grating sound (also grides 
 its ivay) ; (n. ) grating sound, [orig. sense pierce, 
 prob. by metath. f. gird 2 ] 
 gpi'dipon (-irn), n. Barred metal cooking 
 utensil for broiling; (Naut.) frame of parallel 
 beams for supporting ship in dock; (Theatr.) 
 plank structure over stage supporting mechan- 
 ism for drop-scenes &c. ; a naval evolution ; 
 (also g.-pendulum) compensation pendulum 
 with parallel rods of different metals, [earlier 
 gredire prob. = griddle, later confused w. iron, 
 cf. andironI 
 
 gpief, n. Deep or violent sorrow, keen regret, 
 (come to g., meet with disaster, fail, fall). [OF 
 (grever grieve)] 
 
 grievance, n. Real or fancied ground of 
 complaint, [f. OF grevance (prec, -ance)] 
 grieve, v.t. & i. Give deep sorrow to ; feel 
 grief, [f. F grever f. L gravare (gravis heavy)] 
 gpie'vous, a. Bringing serious trouble, in- 
 jurious; (of pain &c) severe; flagrant, heinous; 
 exciting grief. Hence gpie'vousLY 2 adv. [f. 
 OF grevos (prec, -ous)] 
 
 gpi'ffXin 1 ), n. (Anglo-Ind.). Newly arrived 
 European, novice, greenhorn. Hence gpi'f- 
 finAGE(2), gpi'ffinHOOD, gpi'ffinsHiP, nn., 
 gpi'ffiniSH 1 a. [?] 
 
 gpi'ffin 2 , gpi'ffon *, gpy'phon, n. Fabu- 
 lous creature with eagle's head & wings & lion's 
 body; (-fon) kind of vulture (also g.-vulture). 
 [f. OF grifoun (L gryphus f. Gk grups, -oon)] 
 gpi'ffbn 2 , n. Kind of foreign coarse-haired 
 terrier-like dog. [F, perh. =prec] 
 gpig, n. Small eel ; grasshopper or cricket 
 (merry, lively, as a g. ; sense cricket doubtful, 
 perh. invented to account for phrase). [?] 
 gpill \ v.t. & i., & n. Broil (t. & L) on gridiron 
 
GRILL 
 
 365 
 
 GROCER 
 
 (also fig. of torture or great heat), whence 
 gpi'llERMl. 2) n. ; scallop (oysters &c). (X.) 
 grilled food ; (also g.-room) room where steaks 
 &c are grilled & served, [f. F griller (foil.)] 
 grill 2 , n. Gridiron, [f. F gril (OF grail perh. 
 
 as GRIDDLE)] 
 
 gri'llage, n. Heavy framework of cross-tim- 
 beringas foundation for building in treacherous 
 soil. [F (foil.. -AGE)] 
 
 grille, grill 3 , n. Grating, latticed screen, 
 esp. in door for observing callers, in convent 
 separating nuns from visitors, in front of ladies' 
 gallery in House of Commons, &c. ; (Tennis) 
 square opening in wall ; spawn-hatching frame. 
 Hence grillED 2 a. [F (-e), as griddle] 
 
 grilse, n. Young salmon that has been only 
 once to the sea. [from 15th c; etym. dub.] 
 
 grim, a. Stern, unrelenting, merciless, se- 
 vere ; of forbidding or harsh aspect (often of 
 death ; hold on like g. death, tight) ; sinister, 
 ghastly, unmirthful, (has a g. truth in it ; a 
 g. smile; g. laughter, pastime, &c). Hence 
 gri'mLY 2 adv., gri'mNESS n. [cf. G grimm, 
 also obs. grame angry] 
 
 gpima'ce, n., & v.i. Wry face expressing 
 annoyance &c or meant to raise a laugh ; af- 
 fected look ; use of such looks, affectation ; (vb) 
 make wry face. Hence or cogn. gpima'CER 1 , 
 grima'eiER, rin. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 grima'lkin (-awl-, -al-), n. Old she-cat; 
 spiteful old woman, [prob. f. grey + Malkin 
 (Matilda, -kin)] 
 
 grime, n., & v.t. Soot, dirt, ingrained in 
 some surface, esp. the skin ; hence gri'mY 2 a., 
 gri'miNESS n. (Vb) blacken, befoul, [cf. Flem. 
 grijm(en)] 
 
 Grimm's law. See law. 
 
 grin, v.i. & t., & n. Show teeth in sign of 
 pain or in forced or unrestrained or stupid 
 smile (often at; g. & hear it, take pain &c 
 stoically; g. like Cheshire dat, constantly & 
 meaninglessly ; g. through norse-collar, in 
 grimacing-match at rustic sports) ; express 
 (contempt, satisfaction) by grinning ; (n.) act of 
 grinning (often on the g. or broad g.). [OE 
 grennian cf. OHG grennan mutter] 
 
 grind, v.t. & i. (ground, pr. -ow-), & n. Re- 
 duce to small particles or powder by crushing 
 between mill-stones, teeth, &c. (often down, 
 small, to pieces, into dust, &c.) ; (quasi-pass.) 
 admit of being ground (will not g. fine) ; op- 
 press, harass with exactions, (often down; a 
 grinding tyranny ; also g. the faces of the poor 
 &c.) ; produce (flour) by grinding ; sharpen or 
 smooth by friction (has an axe to g. ; g. lenses, 
 diamonds, Sec); work (hand-mill) ; turn handle 
 of (hurdy-gurdy ; also abs.) ; produce, bring out, 
 (music) from hurdy-gurdy ; toil monotonously, 
 study hard ; teach (subject, pupil in it) labori- 
 ously ; rub (t. & i. ) gratingly on, into, or against 
 (ground his heel into it; ship was grinding on 
 rocks), rub (teeth) hard together (g. oxd an 
 oath, utter while grinding teeth) ; grindstone, 
 thick revolving stone disk for grinding, sharp- 
 ening, & polishing (hold, keep, one's nose to the 
 grindstone, make him work incessantly), kind 
 of stone used for these. (N.) grinding; hard 
 monotonous work or task ; walk for exercise, 
 [only in E & in Du. grenden ; perh. cogn. w. L 
 frendere gnash teeth] 
 
 gri*nder,n. Molar tooth; grinding-machine ; 
 upper mill-stone ; person who grinds (esp. in 
 comb, as organ, knife, -g.) ; crammer, [-er 1 ] 
 
 grip i, n. Firm hold, tight grasp or clasp (at, 
 come to, gg., close combat), grasping power ; 
 way of clasping hands ; control, mastery, in- 
 tellectual hold ; power of arresting attention ; 
 part in machinery &c. that clips, part of weapon 
 
 &c. that is held ; g. -brake, worked by gripping 
 with hand. [f. OE gripe grasp & gripa handful, 
 both f. root of gripe] 
 
 grip 2 , v.t. & i. Seize, grasp, or hold, tightly ; 
 take firm hold ; compel attention of ; gripsack 
 (U.S.), handbag. Hence grrppER 1 ^) n. [cf. 
 MHG gripfen ; cogn. w. gripe] 
 
 grip 3 , n. Small open ditch. [OE grype cogn. 
 w. greop burrow] 
 
 gripe, v.t. & i., & n. Clutch, grip ; oppress, 
 pinch ; affect with colic pains ; (Xaut.) secure 
 with gg., (of ship) come up into wind in spite of 
 helm. (X.) act of griping, clutch ; hold, control, 
 [in the g. of); (pi.) colic pains; handle of im- 
 plement or weapon ; (Xaut., pi.) lashings secur- 
 ing boat in its place. [com.-Teut. ; OE gripan, 
 cf. Du. grijpen, G greifen] 
 
 grippe, n. Influenza. [F] 
 
 grisai'lle (-zal, or as F), n. Method of decora- 
 tive painting, stained-glass window &c.,in grey 
 monochrome representing objects in relief. [F 
 (gris grey f. OHG gris)] 
 
 gri'seous (-zi-), a. (bot., zool.). Bluish or 
 pearl grey. [f. med.L griseiis (prec), -ous] 
 
 grise'tte (-z-), n. French working-class girl 
 (formerly dressed in grey). [F {gris see gris- 
 aille, -ette)] 
 
 gri'skin, n. Lean part of loin of bacon pig. 
 [perh. f. obs. grice f. OX gfiss young pig + -kin] 
 
 gri'sly (-z-), a. Causing horror, terror, or 
 superstitious dread. [OE grislic ; cf . obs. grise 
 to shudder] 
 
 grist 1 , n. Corn for grinding (brings g. to the 
 mill, is profitable ; all is g. that comes to his 
 mill, he utilizes everything) ; malt crushed for 
 brewing. [OE grist (grind, cf. blast f. blow)] 
 
 grist 2 , n. Size or thickness of yarn or rope, 
 [perh. cogn. w. gird 1 ] 
 
 gri'stle (-si), n. Whitish tough flexible tissue 
 in vertebrates, cartilage, (in the g., immature- 
 infants having g. for bone). Hence gri*stlY 2 a. 
 [OE, cf. OFris. & MLG gristel, etym. dub.] 
 
 grit 1 , n. Small particles of stone or sand, 
 esp. as causing discomfort or clogging machin- 
 ery &c, whence gri'ttY 2 a., grrttiNESS n. ; 
 (also gritstone) coarse sandstone ; grain or tex- 
 ture of stone; (colloq.) strength of character, 
 pluck, endurance. [OE greot, cf. G griess] 
 
 grit 2 , v.i. & t. Produce, move with, grating 
 sound ; grind (teeth), [f. prec] 
 
 grits, n. pi. Husked but unground oats ; 
 coarse oatmeal. [OE grytt(e), cf. G griitze, cogn. 
 w. groats] 
 
 gri'zzled, a. Grey(-haired). [f. obs. grizzle 
 grey, grey hair, + -ed 2 ] 
 
 gri'zzly, a. & n. Grey, greyish, grey-haired, 
 (g. bear, large fierce X.-Amer. kind) ; g. king, 
 queen, fishing-flies ; (n.) g. bear, [prec, -Y 2 ] 
 
 groan, v.i. & t., & n. (Make) deep inarticu- 
 late sound expressing pain, grief, or disapproval 
 (g. inwardly, be distressed) ; utter with gg. 
 (often out); be oppressed or loaded under, be- 
 neath, icith, (g. under injustice ; shelf groans 
 with books ; groaning board, well-loaded table) ; 
 long for ; g. down, silence (speaker) with gg. 
 Hence groa'ningLY 2 adv. [OE grdnian cogn. 
 w. grin] 
 
 groat, n. (hist.). Silver coin = 4c7. issued 1351- 
 1662 (occasionally used of the fourpenny piece 
 1836-56) ; small sum (don't care a g.). [f. MDu. 
 groot orig. great, in sense thick (penny)] 
 
 groats, n. pi. Hulled (sometimes also crush- 
 ed) grain, esp. oats. [cogn. w. obs. OE grot frag- 
 ment & grits] 
 
 Gro'bian, n. Clownish slovenly person. [G, 
 f. med.L Grobianus used as typical name] 
 
 gro'eer, n. Dealer in spices, dried fruits, 
 sugar, & miscellaneous domestic stores (g.'s 
 
GROG 
 
 366 
 
 GROUNDLING 
 
 itch, eczema caused by handling sugar). Hence 
 gpo*CERy(2, &, usu. pi., 1) n. [orig. one who 
 sells in the gross, f. OF grossier f. ined.L. gros- 
 sarius (gross, -ary l )] 
 
 grog, n., & v.i. & t. Drink of spirit & water ; 
 social meeting with g. ; g.-blossom, pimple or 
 redness on nose from intemperance. ( Vb) drink 
 g.; extract spirit from (empty cask) by pouring 
 in hot water, [perh. short for grogram, nick- 
 name (from his cloak) of Adm. Vernon, who 
 first had g. served out instead of neat rum] 
 
 gPO'ggy, a. Drunk(en) ; bibulous ; (of horse) 
 weak in forelegs, tottering ; unsteady, shaky. 
 Hence gPO'ggiNESS n. [v 2 ] 
 
 gpo'gpam, n. Coarse fabric of silk, mohair 
 & wool, or these mixed, often stiffened with 
 gum. [f. F gros grain large grain] 
 
 groin, n., & v.t. Depression between belly & 
 thigh ; (Arch.) edge formed by intersecting 
 vaults, fillet covering this, (vb, build with gg.), 
 whence gpoi'niNG M6) n. [earlier grynde etym. 
 dub. ; cf. OE grynde abyss cogn. w. ground] 
 
 gpo'mweli, n. Kinds of plant with stony 
 seeds formerly used in medicine, [f. OF gromil 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 gpoom, n., & v.t. One of certain officers of 
 Royal Household (G. of the stole, in waiting, 
 &c.) ; servant having care of horses (vb, curry, 
 feed, tend, Sec; also in p.p. of persons, as well 
 groomed, neatly got up, esp. with well-trimmed 
 hair, beard, &c); bridegroom (rare); grooms- 
 man, unmarried friend officially attending 
 bridegroom at wedding, [perh. shortened f. OF 
 gromet (also gourmet) servant, etym. dub.] 
 
 groove, n., & v.t. Channel or hollow, esp. 
 one made to direct motion or receive corre- 
 sponding ridge (vb, make g. or gg. in) ; piece 
 of routine, undeviating course, rut, whence 
 gPOO'VY 2 a., gpoo'viXESS n. [f. Du. groeve 
 furrow, cf. G grube pit, cogn. w. grave 1 ] 
 
 gpope, v.i. Feel about as in dark {for, after, 
 or abs.), search blindly (lit. & fig.) ; g. one's ivay, 
 find it by feeling, proceed tentatively. Hence 
 gPO'pingLY 2 adv. [OE grapian {grdp a grasp) 
 cogn. w. grip] 
 
 gpo'sbeak, n. Kinds of small bird with large 
 strong beak, esp. the hawfinch, [f. F grosbec 
 
 (GROSS 2 , BEAK)] 
 
 gpo'schen (-oshn), n. Small obsolete silver 
 German coin. [G] 
 
 gpos de Naples (gr6*denah*pl), n. Heavy 
 silk fabric. [F {gros gross 2 , Naples)] 
 
 gross x , n. (pi. gross). Twelve dozen, [f. F 
 grosse orig. fern, of gros gross 2 ] 
 
 gross 2 , a. Luxuriant, rank ; overfed, bloat- 
 ed, repulsively fat ; flagrant, glaring ; total, 
 without deductions, not net ; dense, thick, solid, 
 not ethereal, transparent, or impalpable ; (of 
 food) coarse, greasy, uncleanly, repulsive, {g. 
 feeder, one who likes such food) ; (of senses &c.) 
 not delicate, dull ; coarse in manners or morals, 
 unrefined, indecent ; (abs. ) in {the) g. , in ageneral 
 way, apart from detail, on the whole. Hence 
 gpo'ssLY 2 adv., gpo'ssNESS n. [f. F gros 
 grosse big f. LL grossus etym. dub.] 
 
 gpot, n. (poet.). Grotto, [f. F grotte grotto] 
 
 gpote'sque (-k), n. & a. Decorative painting 
 or sculpture with fantastic interweaving of 
 human & animal forms with foliage ; (pop.) 
 comically distorted figure or design. (Adj.) : 
 (Arch.) in the above style; distorted, bizarre ; 
 ludicrous from incongruity, absurd ; hence 
 gpote'squeLY 2 adv., gpote*sque.\ T Ess, 
 
 fpote'squepie [-ery(5>], nn. [f. F Grotesque 
 It. grottesca antique work (grotto, -esque) 
 perh. because grotta was used of excavated 
 chambers with mural paintings] 
 gpo'tto, n. (pi. -oes, -os). Picturesque cave ; 
 
 artificial ornamental cave, room &c. adorned 
 with shells &c. in imitation of cave, as cool re- 
 treat. Hence gPOttoED 2 a. [f. It. grotta f. L 
 
 f. Gk krupte vault (krupto hide) cf. crypt] 
 ground 1 (-ow-), n. Bottom of sea (now chief- 
 ly fig., as touch g., come to something solid after 
 vague talk Sec; of ship, take g., strand), (pi.) 
 dregs, esp. of coffee, whence gPOU'ndY 2 a. ; 
 base, foundation, motive, valid reason, {on the 
 
 g. of, by reason or under pretext of ; on public 
 &c. gg.), whence gpou'ndLESS a., gpovrnd- 
 lessLY 2 adv., gPou'ndlessNESS n.; substra- 
 tum, underlying part, surface worked upon in 
 embroidery, painting, &c, undecorated part, 
 prevailing colour or tone, (Etching) composition 
 spread on metal & cut through with needle 
 where acid is to act ; surface of earth {fall, be 
 dashed, to the g., be abandoned, fail, of scheme, 
 hope ; break * g. ; down to the g. colloq., in all 
 respects, thoroughly ; above g., alive ; cut the g. 
 from under one's feet, anticipate & stultify his 
 arguments or plans) ; (pi.) enclosed land for or- 
 nament or recreation attached to house ; posi- 
 tion, area, or distance, on earth's surface {cover 
 much g., of inquiry, report, &c, be far-reaching; 
 stand, shift, one's g., maintain, change, one's 
 argument or intention ; gain g., advance; lose, 
 give, g., retreat, decline) ; area of special kind or 
 use {fishing-gg. ; forbidden g. , sub j ect that must 
 be avoided ; classic g., historic place ; cricket Sec. 
 -g.) ; person's property in land ; (Cricket) his Sic. 
 g., behind popping-crease {in, out of, his g.), paid 
 staff" of players attached to club ; (in names of 
 birds) terrestrial, (of beasts) burrowing or lying 
 on g., (of plants) dwarfish or trailing; g.-ash, 
 ash sapling, walking-stick of this ; g.-bait n. & 
 v.t., (prepare Avith) bait thrown to bottom of 
 intended fishing-g. to attract fish ; g.-box, small 
 BOX x used to edge garden beds ; g. -colour, first 
 coat of paint, prevailing colour on which design 
 is done; g.-fish, living at bottom; g. -fishing, 
 with bait near4jottom ; g. -floor, rooms &c. on 
 level of outsit e g. {get in on the g.-f. , be admitted 
 to company &c. on same terms as promoters) ; 
 g. game, hares, rabbits, &c; g. -gudgeon, loach; 
 g.-hog, Amer. marmot; g.-ice, formed at bottom 
 of water, anchor-ice ; g.-ivy, ale-hoof, creeping 
 herb with bluish-purple flower& kidney-shaped 
 leaf ; g.-landlord, owner of g. leased for build- 
 ing ; g.-note, on which a common chord is built, 
 fundamental bass ; g.-nid, (edible tuber of) N.- 
 Amer. wild bean, also W.-Ind. & W.-Afr. pea 
 with pod ripening under g.; g.-pine, herb with 
 resinous smell, also clubmoss ; g.-plan, plane 
 drawing of divisions of building at g. level, also 
 outline or general design of anything ; g.-rent, 
 that paid to g.-landlord ; g.-sea, heavy sea with- 
 out apparent cause ; g.-swell, heavy sea caused 
 by distant or past storm or earthquake; g.- 
 torpedo, fixed to bottom of sea; groundwork, 
 foundation or basis (usu. fig.), chief ingredient, 
 general surface of thing showing where not 
 overlaid with embroidery or other ornament. 
 [com.-Teut. ; OE & G grund, cf. Du. grond] 
 
 ground 2 , v.t. & i. Base, establish, (institu- 
 tion, principle, belief) on some fact or authority 
 (in pass, also in; p.p., well, ill, &c, founded, also 
 abs. = well founded, whence gPOU'ndedLY 2 
 adv.) ; instructthoroughly (melements), whence 
 gPOU'ndiNG 1 n. ; prepare g. of (embroidery 
 &c. ) ; lay (esp. arms) on g., (Electr.) connect with 
 earth as conductor; alight on g.; run (t. & i.) 
 ashore, strand, [f. prec] 
 
 gpound 3 , p.p. of grind. G. glass, made non- 
 transparent by grinding. 
 
 gpou'ndage (-Ij), n. Duty on ship lying on 
 beach or entering port, [-age] 
 
 gpou'ndling, n. Kinds of ground 1 -./^; 
 
GROUNDSEL 
 
 367 
 
 GRYSBOK 
 
 creeping or dwarf plant ; spectator or reader of 
 inferior taste (ref. to Hamlet III. ii. 12). [-ling 1 ] 
 
 grou'ndsel 1 (-ow-), n. Kinds of weed, of 
 which the commonest is used as food for cage- 
 birds. [OE gundxswelgix perh. f. gund pus, 
 swa llow 2 , = pus-absorber, as being used for 
 poultices, later assimilated to ground} 
 
 gPOU*ndsel 2 ,n. (archaic). Timber serving as 
 foundation, lowest part of wooden framework ; 
 threshold, [sill] 
 
 group (-oop), n., & v.t. & i. (Fine arts) two or 
 more figures or objects formingcomplete design 
 or distinct part of one ; number of persons or 
 things standing near together, knot, cluster; 
 number of persons or things belonging or 
 classed together (in Pol., used of smaller unit 
 than the party, & esp. in assemblies where the 
 two-party system does not prevail ; in scientific 
 classification, used vaguely of cross-divisions 
 outside the regular hierarchy of class-terms). 
 (Vb) form (t. & rarely i.) into a g., place in a g. 
 with ; form (t. & i. of colours, figures, &c.) into 
 well-arranged & harmonious whole ; classify. 
 Hence gPOU*pAGE(3)- n. [f. F groupe f. It. 
 gruppo prob. f. JTeut. (crop 1 )] 
 
 gpou'pep (-00-), n. Kinds of "VV.-Ind. & 
 Austral, fish. [f. Port, garupa (prob. S.-Amer.)] 
 
 grouse 1 (-ows), n. (pi. grouse). (Prop.) any 
 gallinaceous bird with feathered feet; (pop.) 
 Moor Fowl or Game or Red G., reddish game- 
 bird of British Isles (Black G., black 1 game ; 
 Wood or Great G., capercailye ; White G., 
 ptarmigan), its flesh. [?] 
 
 grouse 2 (-ows), v.i. (slang). Grumble. [?] 
 
 grout 1 (-owt), n., & v.t. Thin fluid mortar for 
 filling interstices ; (vb) finish with this. [cf. 
 16th-c. F grouter] 
 
 gpout 2 (-owt), v.i. & t. (Of pigs) turn up 
 earth, turn up (earth &c), with snout, [perh. 
 f. obs. groot mud cogn. w. OE grdot grit] 
 
 grove, n. Small wood, group of trees, (in 
 Bible, mistransl. of Hebrew word = pillar used 
 as idol, or name of goddess). Hence grovED 2 , 
 gPO'veLESS, gro'VY 2 , aa. [excl. E, OE graf] 
 
 gpo'vel, v.i. (-11-). Lie prone, humble oneself, 
 (often in the dirt or dust) ; (part.) abject, low, 
 base, whence gpo'vellingLY 2 adv. Hence 
 gpO'vellER 1 n. [back-formation f. obs. gro- 
 velling adv. (obs. on grufe f. ON d grufu on one's 
 face, -ling 2 ) taken as part, in lay grovelling &c. ] 
 
 grow (-6), v.i. & t. (grew, grown p.p. often as 
 act. intr. with is, cf. -ed 1 (2). & as adj. ). Develop 
 orexistaslivingplant(alsojoc. of lifeless things 
 &c, be found in some place ;g. into one, together, 
 &c, coalesce), germinate, sprout, spring up, be 
 produced, come naturally into existence, arise ; 
 increase in size, height (growiNG 1 pains, neu- 
 ralgic pains in limbs of the young), quantity, 
 degree, power, &c. (g. downward, diminish ; 
 habit, person, picture, &c, grows on one, be- 
 comes more influential with or admired by him), 
 whence gpowingL y 2 adv. ; become gradually 
 (g. rich) ; g. up, advance to maturity (arown-up 
 a. & n., adult), emerge from soil, reach, full size, 
 (of custom) arise, become common ; produce by 
 cultivation, bring forth, let (beard &c.) g., 
 whence gPOWABLE a. ; (pass. ) be covered (often 
 up or over) with some growth. [OE growanci. 
 Du. groeien f. OTeut. gro- cogn. w. grass] 
 
 grower, n. Plant that grows in specified 
 way (fast, free, &c, g.) ; person growing pro- 
 duce (often in comb., a,sfruit-g.). [-er 1 ] 
 
 growl (-owl), v.i. & t, & n. (Make) guttural 
 sound of anger ; rumble ; murmur angrily, 
 angry murmur, complain(t) ; utter with a g. 
 (out). Hence grow'lingLY 2 adv. [prob. imit.] 
 
 growler; n. In vbl senses; also : four-wheel- 
 ed cab ; kinds of fish, [-er 1 ] 
 
 growlery, n. Growling ; place to growl in, 
 private room, den. [-ery ; cf. boudoir] 
 grown, p.p. of grow. G. man &c, mature. 
 growth, n. Growing, development, increase, 
 (of foreign &c. g„ grown abroad &c; full g. f 
 size ultimately attained) ; cultivation of pro- 
 duce ; what has grown or is growing, (Path.) 
 morbid formation, [-th j ] 
 groyne, n. , & v. t. Timber framework or low 
 broad wall run out to stop encroachment of sea; 
 (vb) supply (beach) with gg. [perh. f. obs. groin 
 snout f. OF groign (L grunnire grunt)] 
 grub K n. Larva of insect, caterpillar, mag- 
 got ; dull drudge, literary hack, sloven, smug ; 
 ball bowled along ground at cricket; (slang) 
 food, a feed. [perh. f. foil.] 
 
 grub 2 , v.i. & t. Dig (t.'& i.) superficially; 
 clear (ground) of roots & stumps, clear away 
 (roots &c), (often iip) ; fetch up or out by dig- 
 ging (fig., discover in books &c); search, rum- 
 mage,(intr.) ; plod, toil, on, along, away ; (slang) 
 feed, provide (boarder &c.) with food, [prob. f. 
 prec.]; g.-axe, -hoe, -hook, for grubbing up 
 stumps. Hence (-Jgru'bbERMl, 2) n. [prob. 
 cogn. w. grave 2 ; cf . ON gryfja pit] 
 
 gru'bby, a. Of, infested with, grubs ; dirty, 
 grimy, slovenly, whence gru'bbiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 Gru'b-street, n. & a. (Region inhabited by) 
 the tribe of needy authors & literary hacks ; 
 (adj.) of these, [a London street (now Milton St) 
 so inhabited in 17th c] 
 
 grudge, v.t. ,& n. Be unwilling to give, grant, 
 or allow (thing, person thing, thing to person), 
 or to do ; (part. ) reluctant, whence gru'dging- 
 LY 2 adv.; (n.) feeling of resentment or ill will 
 (have a g. against ; bear, owe, one a g.). [earlier 
 grutch f. OF groucier etym. dub.] 
 
 gru'el, n., & v.t. (-11-). Liquid food chiefly for 
 invalids of oatmeal &c. boiled in milk or water 
 (have, get, one's g., be punished, severely de- 
 feated, or killed ; so give one his g., & g. vb 
 slang in same sense, whence gru'elliNG 1 n.). 
 [OF, f. med.L *grutellum dim. of grutum f. 
 Teut. cf. OE grut coarse meal, & groats] 
 
 gruesome, a. Grisly, disgusting. Hence 
 grue'someLY 2 adv., grue'somexESSn. [f. 
 obs. grue to shudder cf. G grauen + -some] 
 
 gruff, a. Surly, laconic, rough-mannered, 
 rough-voiced. Hence gru'ffLY 2 adv., gru'ff- 
 ness n., gru*ffiSH 1 (2) a. [cf. G. grob] 
 
 gru'mble, v.i. & t., & n. (Utter) dull inar- 
 ticulate sound, murmur, growl faintly ; rumble ; 
 complain(t)(a£, about, over); utter complaining- 
 ly (often out). Hence gpU'mblER 1 ^, gru*m- 
 blingL y 2 adv. [cf. F grommeler, Du. gromme- 
 len, G grummeln\ 
 
 grume, n. (med.). Clot of blood, viscous fluid. 
 So gru'mous a. [f. LL grumus small heap] 
 
 gpu'mmet, n. (naut.). Ring usu. of twisted 
 rope as fastening, rowlock, wad, &c. [f. 15th-c. 
 F gromette curb (gourmer to curb, etym. dub.)] 
 
 gpu'mpy, gru'mpish, a. Ill-tempered, 
 surly. Hence gru'mpiLY 2 adv., gru'mpi- 
 ness n. [f. obs. grump offence, snub, etym. dub.] 
 
 Gru'ndyism, n. Conventional propriety, 
 prudery, [f. ' What will Mrs Grundy (a neigh- 
 bour) say ? ' in Morton's Speed the Plough 1798] 
 
 grunt, v.i. & t, & n. (Utter) low gruff sound 
 characteristic of hogs ; express discontent, dis- 
 sent, fatigue, &c, by this; utter withg. (often 
 out). Hence gru'ntingLY 2 adv. [OE griinet- 
 tan (cf. G grnnzen) frequent, of grunian imit.] 
 
 gru'nter, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: pig ; kinds 
 offish. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 gru'yere (-yar), n. Swiss pale cows'-milk 
 cheese with many cavities. [G. Swiss town] 
 
 gry'sbok, n. Small grey S.-Afr. antelope, 
 [f . Du. grijsbok (grijs grey, buck *)] 
 
GUACHO 
 
 368 
 
 GUEST-ROPE 
 
 guacho, incorrect for gaucho. 
 guai*ac(um) (gwi-), n. Genus of W.-Ind. 
 trees & shrubs (-um only); brownish-green wood 
 of two kinds of these used in medicine, lignum 
 vitae ; resin from these, drug made from it. 
 [-wminod.L f. Sp. guayaco of Haytian orig.] 
 guan (gwahn), n. Kinds of S.-Amer. gallina- 
 ceous bird allied to curassow. [prob. native] 
 guana (gwah'na), n. Iguana ; any large liz- 
 ard, [var. of iguana] 
 guana'co (gwanah-), n. Wild llama with 
 reddish-brown wool, [native S.-Amer. huanaco] 
 gua'no (gwah-), n., & v.t. Excrement of 
 sea-fowl found esp. in islands about Peru 
 used as manure ; artificial manure esp. that 
 made from fish ; (vb) fertilize with g. [Sp., f. 
 native huanu] 
 
 guarantee' (ga-), n., & v.t. Person making 
 guaranty or giving security ; guaranty ; thing 
 given or existing as security for fulfilment of 
 conditions or permanence &c. of something; 
 person to whom guaranty is given (correl. to 
 guarantor ; prop, a separate formation with 
 -ee) ; gr. fund, sum pledged as contingent in- 
 demnity for loss. (Vb) be g. for, answer for due 
 fulfilment of (contract &c.) or genuineness &c. 
 of (article), assure permanence &c. of ; engage 
 that something has happened or will happen ; 
 secure possession of to person ; secure against 
 or from (risk &c), or in (possession &c.) ; hence 
 gua'pantOR 2 n. [in first sense, earlier gar- 
 ante, prob. f. Sp. garante = F garant war- 
 rant 1 ; other senses of n. by confusion w. 
 guaranty or misuse of -ee] 
 guaranty (ga-), n., & v.t. Undertaking 
 written or other to answer for payment of debt 
 or performance of obligation by another person 
 liable in first instance ; ground or basis of se- 
 curity ; (vb) guarantee (now rare), [f. AF guar- 
 antie (guarant warrant)] 
 guard 1 (gard), n. Defensive posture or mo- 
 tion in fencing, boxing, &c. (in cricket, position 
 of bat to defend wicket ; take, give, gr., of bats- 
 man, umpire, ascertaining correct spot on 
 ground for this) ; watch, vigilant state, (keepg., 
 be ong., act as sentry &c; on, off, one's fir., pre- 
 pared, unprepared, against attack, surprise, or 
 one's own impulses &c.) ; protector, defender, 
 sentry, official in charge of stage-coach or train, 
 (pi.) 'household troops (including Foot-gg., 
 Horse-gg., Life-gg., & by extension seven regi- 
 ments of I>ragoon Gg.); body of soldiers &c. 
 serving as protectors of place or person, escort, 
 separate portion of army, &c. (advance, rear, 
 -gr.; g. of honour ; mount, relieve, fir., earlier the 
 fir., take up, take others' place in, sentry duty); 
 contrivance to prevent iniury or accident(of ten 
 in comb., as fire, trigger, -fir.) ; g.-boat, boat go- 
 ing rounds of fleet in harbour to see that good 
 watch is kept, also official harbour boat enforc- 
 ing quarantine or customs regulations; g.- 
 chain, securing watch, brooch, &c; g.-house, 
 accommodating military g. or securing prison- 
 ers ; g.-rail, hand or other rail to prevent falling 
 &c; g.-ring, preventing other ring from slip- 
 ping off finger, keeper; g.-room, as g.-house 
 above ; g.-ship, warship protecting harbour & 
 ■ receiving seamen till they can join their ships ; 
 guardsman, soldier, esp. officer, of Gg.; g.-tent, 
 as g.-house above. Hence guar'dLESS a. [f. 
 F garde f. Teut. see ward] 
 guard 2 , v.t. & i. Keep safe, stand g. over, 
 keep (door &c. ) so as to control passage, protect, 
 defend (from, against) ; secure by explanations 
 or stipulations &c. from misunderstanding or 
 abuse, (Med.) administer correctives with 
 (drug) ; keep (thoughts, speech) in check (guard- 
 ed language &c, cautious, measured), whence 
 
 guar'dedLY 2 adv., guar'dedNESS n.; use a 
 
 fencing g.; take precautions against; (Curling, 
 Bowling) protect (stone, bowl) by placing one s 
 own between it & later player, (Chess) protect 
 (piece, pawn) with another, [f. prec] 
 guar'dian (gar-), n. Keeper, defender, pro- 
 tector, (G. of thepoor, or G., member of Board 
 elected to administer poor-laws in parish or dis- 
 trict) ; (Law) one having custody of person or 
 property or both of infant, idiot, &c. (cf. ward); 
 superior of Franciscan convent ; g. angel, spirit 
 watching over person or place, [f. OF g(u)arden 
 (garde guard 1 )] 
 
 guar'dianship, n. Office of guardian, legal 
 tutelage ; keeping, guard, (under the g. of the 
 laws), [-ship] 
 
 gua'va (gwah-), n. (Tropical myrtaceous tree 
 yielding) acid fruit used for making jelly, [f. 
 Sp. guayaba prob. f. S.-Amer. or W.-Ind. name] 
 gubernatorial, a. Of a governor, [f. L 
 gubernator governor + -ial] 
 gudgeon 1 (gu'jn), n. Small freshwater fish 
 used as bait ; credulous person, [f. F goujon I. 
 L gobionem nom. -o goby] 
 gudgeon 2 (gii'jn), n. Pivot at end of beam, 
 axle, &c, on which bell, wheel, &c, works ; 
 ring of gate fitting on hook of post ; socket in 
 which rudder works ; pin holding two blocks 
 of stone &c. together, [f. OF gojon perh. =prec] 
 Guebre (ge'ber, ga"-), n. Zoroastrian, fire- 
 worshipper, Parsee. [f. F guebre f. Pers. gabr] 
 gue'lder rose (ge-), n. Plant with round 
 bunches of white flowers, snowball tree. [Guel- 
 ders in Prussia] 
 
 Guelph, -If, (gw-), n. Member of medieval 
 Italian party supporting Pope against Emperor 
 (cf. ghibelline). Hence Gue'lphic a. [f. It. 
 Guelfo f. MHG Welf name (of founder of 
 princely family of Guelphs to which present 
 British dynasty belongs) used as war-cry at 
 battle of Weinsberg 1140 against Conrad III] 
 guerdon (ger"dn), n., & v.t., (poet.). Re- 
 ward, recompense. Hence guer'donLESS a. 
 [OF, f. med.L widerdonum f. OHG widarlbn 
 (wider again, loan) w. assim. to L donum gift] 
 Guernsey (-z-), n. One of Channel Islands ; 
 (also G. shirt, coat, frock) thick knitted woollen 
 usu. blue outer tunic or jersey worn by sailors, 
 workmen, & children ; G. cow ; G. lily, kind of 
 amaryllis orig. from Japan. 
 guer(r)i'lla (ge-), n. (Usu. now g. tear) ir- 
 regular war waged by small bodies acting in- 
 dependently ; man engaged in this. [Sp. (-rr-) 
 dim. of guerra war] 
 
 guess (ges), v.t. & i., & n. Estimate without 
 measurement or detailed calculation ; think 
 likely, think one divines nature of, form hypo- 
 thesis as to, conjecture, hazard opinion about, 
 (noun, that, how, when, whether, &c, thing to 
 be ; also intr. with at ; often abs. in parenthe- 
 sis ; I g., chiefl3 r U.S., I feel sure or know well); 
 conjecture (answer to riddle, solution of prob- 
 lem) rightly, divine. (N.) rough estimate, con- 
 jecture, hypothesis, (by g., at haphazard) ; g.- 
 work, (procedure based on) guessing, [n. f. vb, 
 ME gessen cf. Du. gissen ; f. root of get] 
 guest (ge-), n. Person entertained at another's 
 house or table (paying g., boarder); person 
 lodging at hotel, boarding-house, &c; animal 
 or vegetable parasite (cf. host 2 ); g.-chamber t 
 kept for gg. ; g. -night, on which gg. are enter- 
 tained at club, college, &c. Hence gue'stsmp 
 n. [W Aryan ; OE giest cf. ON gestr, G gast, & 
 L hostis enemy, orig. stranger] 
 gue'st-rope, gue'ss-, n. Second rope fas- 
 tened to boat in tow to steady it ; rope slung 
 outside ship to give hold for bOats coming 
 alongside. [?] 
 
GUFFAW 
 
 369 
 
 GUM 
 
 guffaw", n., & v.i. & t. Coarse or boisterous 
 
 laugh ; (vb) make, say with, g. [orig. Sc. ; imit.] 
 
 guggle. = GURGLE. 
 
 guide 1 (gid), n. One who shows the way; 
 
 hired conductor of traveller or tourist ; (Mil.) 
 
 one of company formed for reconnoitring &c. ; 
 
 (Mil.) right & left g., subalterns of company 
 superintending & acting as pivots &c. in evolu- 
 tions ; (Naut.) ship on which rest of fleet regu- 
 late their movements ; adviser ; directing prin- 
 ciple or standard (the feelings are a bad g. ; 
 Scripture is our g.) ; book of rudiments, 
 manual, (also g.-book) book of information on 
 a city, cathedral, museum, &c. ; (Mech.) bar, 
 rod, &c, directing motion of something, gauge 
 &c. controlling tool ; thing marking a position 
 or guiding the eye ; g.-post, FiKGKK-post ; g.- 
 rope, guy », also small rope attached to load of 
 crane to guide it ; guideway, groove, track. 
 Hence gui'deLESS a. [F, orig. fem., f. OF girie 
 (by assim. to Pr. or It. guida) f. guier to guide 
 prob. f. Teut. cogn. w. OE witan know] 
 
 guide 2 , v.t. Act as g. to, go before, lead, 
 direct course of ; arrange course of (events) ; 
 be the principle, motive, or ground, of (action, 
 judgment, &c.) ; conduct affairs of (State &c.) ; 
 guiding-stick, mahlstick. Hence gui'dABLE a. , 
 gui'dANCE n. [f. F guider f. OF guier as prec.] 
 
 guidon (gi'dn), n. Pennant narrowing to 
 point at free end (used as standard of dragoons). 
 [F, f. It. guidone perh. f. guida guide 1 ] 
 
 g(u)ild (gi-), n. Society for mutual aid or 
 prosecution of common object; G.-hall, in 
 which a medieval g. met, (often, from being 
 used as meeting-place of Corporation) town- 
 hall. [OE gild guild, payment, sacrifice, cf. Du. 
 & G geld money] 
 
 gui'ldep (gi-), n. Obsolete gold coin of 
 Netherlands &c. ; Dutch silver coin = 1/8. [cor- 
 ruption of Du. gulden] 
 
 guile (gil), n. Treachery, deceit, cunning de- 
 vices. Hence gui'leFUL a., gui'lefulLY 2 
 adv. , gui'lef uIness n. , gui'leLESS a. , gui'le- 
 lessLY 2 adv., gui'lelessNESS n. [OF, prob. 
 f. Teut. ; cf. wile] 
 
 gui'llemot (gi-), n. Kinds of sea-bird. [F, 
 prob. f. Guillaume William] 
 
 guilloche (gilo - sh, or as F), n. Architec- 
 tural ornament imitating braided ribbons, [f. 
 F guillochis, or f. F guilloche the tool used] 
 
 guillotine (gl'loten, or -te"n), n., & v.t. Ma- 
 chine with knife-blade sliding in grooves for 
 beheading; surgical instrument for excising 
 uvula &c, kinds of machine for cutting paper 
 &c. ; (Pari.) method of preventing obstruction 
 by fixing times at which parts of Bill must be 
 voted on ; (vb) use the g. upon. [F (Guillotin 
 inventor 1789)] 
 
 guilt (gi-), n. The having committed a speci- 
 fied or implied offence ; criminality, culpability, 
 [excl. E ; OE gylt] 
 
 gui'ltless, a. Innocent (often of offence) ; 
 not having knowledge or possession of (g. of 
 Greek, soap, moustache, &c). Hence gui'lt- 
 lessLY 2 adv. T gui'ltlessNESs n. [-less] 
 
 gui'lty, a. Criminal, culpable ; conscious of, 
 prompted by, guilt (g. conscience, behaviour, 
 look) ; having committed a particular offence 
 (of; g.,notg., verdicts in criminal trials). Hence 
 gui'ltiLY 2 adv., gui'ltiNESS n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 guimp. =gimp. 
 
 Guinea, g-, (gi'ni), n. Part of W. coast of 
 Africa ; (g-) former gold coin named as first 
 coined for the African trade (1663-1717 nomi- 
 nally 20/- but of fluctuating value ; from 1717 
 fixed at 21/- ; last coined 1813), & now money of 
 account 21/ - used in stating professional fees, 
 . amount of subscriptions, & prices of pictures, 
 
 horses, estates, &c. ; g.-fowl, -lien, gallinaceous 
 bird with slate-coloured white-spotted plumage 
 domesticated in Europe; G. grains; g.-pig, 
 S.-Ainer. rodent now half -domesticated in 
 Europe &c. as pet (origin of name doubtful), 
 person receiving g. fees, esp. company director 
 or deputy clergyman, whence gurnea-pig- 
 giNG 1 n. ; G. worm, tropical parasite in human 
 skin. [f. Port. Guin£] 
 
 guipure (ge*poor, or as F), n. Kind of lace ; 
 kind of gimp. [F] 
 
 guise (giz), n. Style of attire, garb, (archaic) ; 
 external appearance ; semblance, assumed ap- 
 pearance, pretence, (under, in, the g. of). [F, 
 f. Teut. (wise 1 )] 
 
 guitar (gi-), n., & v.i. (-rr-). Six-stringed lute 
 played with hand with fretted finger-board ; 
 hence guitar*iST(3) n. (Vb) play g. [f. Sp. 
 guitarra f. Gk kithara ; cf. cither, gittern] 
 gulch (-tsh), n. (U.S.). Ravine, esp. one with 
 gold deposit, [perh. f. obs. gulch to swallow] 
 gu'lden (goo-), n. Dutch & Austro-Hung. 
 silver coin 1/8. [Du. & G,= golden (orig. name 
 of various gold coins)] 
 
 gules, n., & a. (usu. after noun), (herald.). 
 Red. [f. OF goules pi. ermine dyed red] 
 gulf, n., & v.t. (Geog.) portion of sea, pro- 
 portionally narrower at mouth than bay, partly 
 surrounded by coast; deep hollow, chasm, 
 abyss, (poet.) profound depth or the sea ; whirl- 
 pool, what swallows up anything ; impassable 
 dividing line (Luke xvi. 26) ; (Univ. slang) de- 
 gree allowed to honour-candidate who fails 
 but deserves pass ; G.-stream, oceanic warm 
 current issuing from G. of Mexico. (Vb) en- 
 gulf, swallow up ; (Univ.) give g. to. [f. F golfe 
 f. Pr. golfo f. late Gk kolphos (Gk kolpos)] 
 gull 1 , n. Kinds of long-winged web-footed 
 mostly marine bird, usu. white with mantle 
 varying from pearl-grey to black, & bright bill. 
 Hence gu*llERY(3) n. [perh. f. W gibylan] 
 gull 2 , n., & v.t. Dupe, fool. So gu'lliBLEa., 
 gulliBi'LiTY n., gu'lliSH 1 a. [perh. vb f. n. in 
 fig. sense of prec. ; perh. n. f. vb in fig. sense of 
 obs. gull to gorge, cf. cram & stuff =Xdte.Q in] 
 gu'ilet, n. Food-passage from mouth to 
 stomach, oesophagus ; throat ; water-channel, 
 strait, defile, (archaic & dial '). [f. OF dim. of 
 gole (now gueule) f. L gtda] 
 gu'lly 1 , n., & v.t. Water- worn ravine ; deep 
 artificial channel, gutter, drain, sink ; g.-drain, 
 to sewer from g.-hole, opening in street for 
 drainage ; (vb) make gg. in, form (channels) by 
 water action, [prob. f. prec] 
 gu'lly 2 , n. Large knife, [perh. orig. butcher's 
 for cutting gullet] 
 
 gu'losity, n. (rare). Gluttony, [f. LL gidosi- 
 tas (L gulosus gluttonous f. gula gullet)] 
 gulp, v.t. & i., & n. Swallow (usu. down) 
 hastily, greedily, or with effort (g. down sobs, 
 tears, suppress them) ; perform act of swallow- 
 ing with difficulty, gasp, choke ; hence gu'lp- 
 ingLY 2 adv. (N.) act of gulping (drained it at 
 one g.); effort to swallow; large mouthful; 
 hence gU'lpY 2 a. [imit., cf. Du. gxdpen] 
 gum 1 , n. (usu. pi.). Firm flesh in which the 
 teeth stand ; gumboil, small abscess on gg. [OE 
 goma cf. G gaumen] 
 
 gum 2 , n. , & v. t. & i. Viscid secretion of some 
 trees & shrubs that hardens in drying but is 
 soluble in water (cf. resin), used to stick paper 
 &c. together & stiffen linen &c. ; secretion col- 
 lecting in inner corner of eye ; (also g.-tree) any 
 tree exuding g., esp. kinds of eucalyptus (up a 
 g.-L, in a fix, at end of one's resources) ; morbid 
 secretion of g. as disease of fruit-trees ; g. Ara- 
 bic ; g.-dragon, tragacanth ; g.-juniper, sanda- 
 rac ; g.-resin, vegetable secretion of resin mixed 
 
GUM 
 
 370 
 
 GUTTURAL 
 
 with g., as gamboge ; g.-senegal, kind of g. ara- 
 bic from Senegal. (Vb) stiffen, smear, with g.; 
 fasten down, together, up, rra,&c.,withg. ; exude 
 g. [f. OF gomme f. L gummi f. Gk kommi\ 
 gum 3 , n. (vulg.). God (in oaths, as my, by,g.!). 
 [deformation of God] 
 
 gu'mma, n. (path. ; pi. -s, -ta). Syphilitic tu- 
 mour. Hence gu'mmatous a. Imod.L, f. L 
 gummi gum 2 , from nature of contents] 
 gu'mmy, a. Viscid, sticky ; abounding in, 
 exuding, gum; (of ankles & legs) puffy, swollen. 
 Hence gu'mmiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 gu'mption (-shn), n. (colloq.). Resource, 
 enterprising spirit, go, ready practical sense ; 
 (Painting) vehicle for colour. [Sc., etym. dub.] 
 gun, n. Metal tube for throwing missiles with 
 gunpowder or some explosive force, piece of ord- 
 nance, cannon, musket, fowling-piece, rifle, car- 
 bine, (sure as a g., certainly, beyond question ; 
 stand, stick, to one's gg., maintain position ; son 
 of a g., contemptible fellow ; great g., eminent 
 person; blow great gg., violently, a gale); mem- 
 ber of shooting-party ; gunboat, small warship 
 carrying heavy gun(s); ^.carriage ; g.-case, 
 case for sporting g., also judge's tippet; g.-cot- 
 ton, explosive made by steeping cotton in nitric 
 & sulphuric acids formerly used for blasting ; 
 g.-fire, firing of g., esp. (Mil., Naut.) of morning 
 or evening g. to show time ; g.-harpoon, pro- 
 pelled from g., not by hand ; g.-house, shelter 
 f or g. & gunner in action; g.-lock, mechanism 
 by which charge of g. is exploded; g.-metal, 
 alloy of copper Sc tin or zinc (formerly used for 
 gg.)"» g--pit, to protect gg. from enemy's fire; 
 gunpowder, explosive of saltpetre, sulphur, & 
 charcoal, for use in guns & blasting (gunpowder 
 plot, 5th Nov. 1605 to blow up Parliament), fine 
 green tea of granular appearance, white gun- 
 powder, kinds of modern explosive ; g.-room, 
 compartment in warship fitted up for junior 
 officers or as lieutenants' mess-room (orig. for 
 gunner & his mates) ; g.-runner, -ning, (person 
 engaged in) illegal introduction of fire-arms into 
 dependent country ; gu'nshot, range of g. (oid 
 of, within, gunshot); g.-shy, frightened at re- 
 port of g. (esp. of sporting dog); gunsmith, maker 
 and repairer of small fire-arms; g. -stock, wooden 
 mounting of g. -barrel. Hence (heavily &c.) 
 gunnED 2 , gu'nLESS, aa. [perh. f. Gunna pet- 
 form of ON Gunnhildr woman's name used as 
 personal name (as with ships, & cf. Mons Meg 
 cannon kept at Edinburgh) for ballistae & can- 
 non (una magna balista de cornu quae vocatur 
 Domina Gunilda, 1330)] 
 
 gu'nnel 1 , n. A small eel-shaped sea-fish, the 
 butter-fish. [?] 
 gunnel 2 . See gunwale. 
 gu'nnep, n. Officer or man of artillery (as 
 official term, private other than driver); (Naut.) 
 warrant officer in charge of battery, magazine, 
 &c. (g.'s daughter, gun to which sailors were 
 lashed for flogging ; kiss, marry, the g.'s d., be 
 flogged); game-shooter. [-er 2 (2)] 
 gu'nnery, n. Construction & management 
 of large guns (g. -lieutenant, with warrant cf 
 competence to supervise g. from g.-ship, for 
 training in g.) ; firing of guns, [-ery] 
 gu'nning, n. Shooting, esp. of game (usu. 
 gog.). [-ingI] 
 gu'nny, n. Coarse sacking, sack, usu. of 
 jute fibre, [f. Hind, gonil. Skr. goni sack] 
 gu'ntep, n. (Also G.'s scale) flat 2-f t rule with 
 scales, logarithmic lines, &c, used for solving 
 mechanically problems in surveying & naviga- 
 tion ; topmast, or its sail, sliding up & down 
 lower mast on rings (from resemblance to slid- 
 ing G.'s scale). [E. G., mathematician d. 1626] 
 gunwale (gu'nl), gu'nnel, n. Upper edge 
 
 of ship's or boat's side (g. to, under, level with, 
 below, water), [gun + wale (formerly used to 
 support guns) ; cf. channel 2 ] 
 gu'nyah, n. Native Australian hut. [native] 
 gupgita'tion (-JI-), n. Surging, bubbling 
 motion or sound, [f. hgurgitare to surge (gur- 
 ges -itis whirlpool) + -ation] 
 gup'gle, v. i. & t. , & n. (Make) bubbling sound 
 as of water from bottle or among stones ; utter 
 with such sounds, [imit.; or f. Du. gorgelen, 
 G gurgeln, or It. gorgogliare, f. L (gurgulio gul- 
 let) ; cf. gargle, guggle] 
 gup'jun, n. E.-Ind. tree yielding g. balsam 
 or oil, used medicinally, [native] 
 gup'napd, gup'net, n. Kinds of sea-fish 
 with large head, mailed cheeks, & three free 
 pectoral rays. [prob. f. F grognard grumbler 
 (grogner grunt, -ard)] 
 
 gush, v.i. & t., & n. (Issue in, send forth) sud- 
 den or copious stream (often fig. of speech, ten- 
 derness, &c.) ; emit (water) copiously ; (speak, 
 behave, with) effusiveness, sentimental affecta- 
 tion, whence gu'shER l n. , gu'shingLY 2 adv., 
 gu*sh\ r 2 a. [ME gosshe perh. imit.] 
 gu*sset,n. Triangular piece let into garment 
 to strengthen or enlarge some part ; iron bracket 
 strengthening angle of structure. Hence gu*s- 
 setED 2 a. [f. OF gousset (gousse nut-sheli) flex- 
 ible piece filling up joint in mail-coat] 
 gust *, n. Sudden violent rush of wind ; burst 
 of rain, fire, smoke, sound, or passion. Hence 
 gu*stY 2 a. , gu'stiLY 2 adv. [prob. f. ON gustr, 
 cf. giosa gush] 
 
 gust 2 , n. (archaic&poet.). Senseof taste; keen 
 relish (have a g. of, appreciate) ; flavour, [f. L 
 gustus taste] 
 
 gusta'tion, n. Tasting. So gu'stATiVE, 
 gu'statORY, aa. [f. L gust at io (gust are f. gus- 
 tus taste, -ation)] 
 
 gu'sto, n. Special flavour (archaic ; enjoy the 
 full g. of) ; zest, enjoyment with which some- 
 thing is done. [It. , as gust 2 ] 
 gut, n., & v.t. & i. (PI.) bowels or entrails (esp. 
 of animals), contents of anything (has no gg. in 
 it, is of no real value or force); particular part 
 of lower alimentary canal, intestine, (blind g., 
 caecum); (usu. pi.) belly as seat of appetite 
 (vulg.); material for violin strings made from 
 intestines of animals ; material for fishing-lines 
 made from intestines of silk- worm ; narrow 
 water-passage, sound, strait, (Oxf. & Camb.) 
 bend of river in racing-course ; defile, narrow 
 lane or part of street. ( Vb) take out gg. of, clean, 
 (fish) ; remove or destroy internal fittings of 
 (house &c.) ; extract essence of (book &c.) ; eat 
 greedily (vulg.). [OE guttas pi., prob. cogn. w. 
 geotan pour] 
 
 gutta-pep'eha(-tsha),n. Greyishhornysub- 
 stance flexible when thin, of inspissated juice of 
 various Malayan trees, [f. Malay getah gum, 
 percha name of tree] 
 
 gu'ttate, a. (nat. hist.). Speckled, [f. Lgut- 
 tatus (gutta drop, -ate 2 )] 
 gu'ttep, n., & v.t. & i. Track made by run- 
 ning water (rare); shallow trough below eaves, 
 or channel at side of street, carrying off rain- 
 water (g. -child, street-arab ; take child &c. out 
 of g., remove from poor surroundings); open 
 conduit for out-flow of fluid ; groove ; g.-man, 
 cheap street-vendor of trifles ; g.-snipe, street- 
 arab. (Vb) furrow, channel ; flow in streams ; 
 (of candle) melt away by becoming channelled 
 so that wax &c. runs down. [f. OF gutiere 
 (goutte drop f. L gutta)] 
 
 gu*ttle, v.i. & t. Eat gluttonously. Hence 
 gu'ttlER l n. [prob. f. gut after guzzle] 
 gu'ttupal (-er-), a. & n. Of the throat ; (of 
 sounds) produced in throat or by back of tongue 
 
GUTTURO- 
 
 371 
 
 HABIT 
 
 & palate (n., g. sound or letter, as k, g). Hence 
 gu*ttupalizE(3) v.t., gu*ttupaliSM(l) n., 
 
 gu'tturalLY 2 adv. [f. L guttur throat + -al] 
 
 gu'ttupo-, comb, form of L guttur throat 
 (see -o-), as -maxillary of throat & jaws. 
 
 gu'tty, n. (golf). Gutta-percha ball. [-Y 3 ] 
 
 guy l (gi), n., & v.t. Rope, chain, &c, to steady 
 load of crane &c. or hold tent &c. in place ; (vb) 
 secure with guy(s). [f. OF guis cf. guide] 
 
 guy 2 (gi), n. (pi. -*), & v.t. & i. Effigy of Guy 
 Fawkes burnt on 5th Nov. ; grotesquely dressed 
 person, fright ; (slang) act of decamping (give 
 the g. to, escape from ; do a g., disappear), (vb) 
 exhibit in effigy ; ridicule ; (slang) run away. 
 
 gu'zzle, v.i. &t. Drink, eat. greedily (i. &t.); 
 consume (money &c.) in guzzling (often axcay). 
 Hence gu'zzlER 1 n. [perh. f. OF gosiller vomit 
 (gosier throat)] 
 
 gwyniad, n. White-fleshed lake fish of sal- 
 mon kind. [W (gwyn white)] 
 
 gybe (j-), v.i. & t., & n. (Of fore-&-aft sail or 
 boom) swing from one side to other, make (sail) 
 do this; (of ship, crew, &c.) change course so 
 that this happens, [prob. f. Du. gijben] 
 
 gyl© (g-K n. Quantity of beer brewed at once ; 
 fermenting wort ; fermenting-tun. [f. Du. gijl 
 (gijlen to ferment)] 
 
 gymkha'na (jimkah-), n. (Anglo-Ind.). Pub- 
 lic place with facilities for athletics ; athletic- 
 sports display, [mixture of gym{nastics) 8c Hind. 
 (gend-)khana ball-house, racquet court] 
 
 gymna'sium (j-), n. (pi. -urns, -a). Place, 
 room, or building, with appliances for practice 
 ingymnastics; Continental, esp. German, school 
 of high estgradepreparingf or universities (often 
 pr. gimnah - -; pi. sometimes -ien), whence gym- 
 na'siAL a. [L, f. Gk gumnasion (gumnazo ex- 
 ercise f. gumnos naked)] 
 
 gymnast, n. Expert in gymnastics, [f. Gk 
 gumnastes (gumnazo see prec.)] 
 
 gymna'stie, a. & n. Of gymnastics, involv- 
 ing bodily or (rarely) mentalexercise, discipline, 
 effort, or activity; hence gymna'stiCALLY 
 adv. (X.) course of instruction regarded as 
 discipline (grammar is a good g.) ; (pi.) exer- 
 cises developing the muscles, esp. such as are 
 performed in gymnasium (also in same sense 
 as sing.), [f. L f. Gk gumnastikos (prec, -ic)j 
 
 gymno- (jl-), comb, form of Gk gumnos 
 naked, bare, used in many hot., zool., & biol. 
 terms, as -spermous having seeds unprotected 
 by seed-vessels. 
 
 gymncrsophist, n. One of ancient Hindu 
 philosophic sect going nearly naked & given 
 up to contemplation ; mystic, ascetic. So 
 gymno'sophY l n. [f. Lf. Gkgumnosophistai 
 pi. (prec, sophist)] 
 
 gynaece'um (g-, j-), n. (Gk & Rom. Ant.) 
 women's apartments in house ; (Bot. ; often in- 
 correctly -oe'cium) female organs of flower. [L, 
 f. Gk gunaikeion(gune -aikos woman) ; -oecium 
 frorq. confusion with Gk oikion house] 
 
 gynae'co- (g-, j-), comb, form of Gk gune 
 -aikos woman, as -logy, science of diseases of 
 women. Hence gynaeeo'CRACY n. 
 
 gyna'ndpous (g-, j-), a, (bot.). With sta- 
 mens & pistil united in one columnas in orchids, 
 (f. Gk gunandros (gune woman, aner andros 
 map) of doubtful sex + -ous] 
 
 gyn(o)- (g-, j-), shortened form of gynaeco-, 
 esp. in Bot. = pistil-, ovary-, as gy'nobase, en- 
 largement of receptacle supporting gy naeceum, 
 gynophore, pedicel supporting ovary, also 
 (Zool. )f emale gonophore; also = woman-, whence 
 gyno'CRACY n. 
 
 -gynous (g-, j-), suf. f. Gk -gunos (gune 
 woman)+-ous, forming adjj. =having — female 
 organs or pistils, as mono'g., tetra'g., andro'g. 
 
 gyp ( j-), n. College servant at Cambridge & 
 Durham (cf. scout) ; g.-room, g. 's pantry, [perh. 
 for obs. gippo scullion, orig. man's short tunic, 
 f. obs. Fjupeau] 
 
 gy-ps(um) ( j-), n. Hydrous calcium sulphate, 
 mineral from which plaster of Paris is made, 
 whence gypso'GRAPHY n.; this used as man- 
 ure, whence gypsum v.t. Hence gyps- 
 eous, gypsi'FEROus, gypsous, aa. [L, f. 
 Gk gupsos] 
 
 gypsy. See gipsy. 
 
 gyp'ate (jir-), a. (bot.). Arranged in rings or 
 convolutions^ [f. L gyratus (gyre, -ate 2 )] 
 
 gyra'te ( jir-), v.i. Go in circle or spiral, re- 
 volve, whirl. Hence gypATiox n., gyp'at- 
 ory a. [f. L gyrare (foil.), -ate 3 ] 
 
 gype, v.i., & n., (poet.). =prec; (n.) gyration, 
 [vb as prec; n. f. L f. Gk guros ring] 
 
 gypo-, comb, form of Gk guros ring, as 
 -graph, instrument recording revolutions ; gy- 
 roidal, spirally arranged ; -scope, -stat, instru- 
 ments illustrating dynamics of rotating bodies, 
 also (-scope) rapidly spinning wheel fixed in 
 something, e.g. car on single rail, to keep it in 
 equilibrium. 
 
 gypo'se, a. (bot.). Folded & waved, marked 
 with wavy lines, [gyre, -ose a ] 
 
 gyve ( j-), n. (usu. pi.), & v.t., (poet.). Shackle, 
 fetter. [ME give (pr. g-), etym, dub.] 
 
 H 
 
 H, h, (atsh), letter. drop 2 one's hs. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : Her or His, as H.B.M. 
 (Britannic Majesty), H.E.(Excellence),H.I.H., 
 H.R.H., H.S.H., (Imperial, Roval, Serene, 
 Highness), H.M. (Majesty), H.M.S. (Majesty's 
 Ship). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Hab.(akkuk) ; Hag.(gai); 
 Hants., Hampshire ; Heb.(rews) ; Herts., 
 Hertfordshire ; Hon.(ourable) ; Hon.(orary) 
 See.(retary) ; Hos.(ea) ; h.(orse) p.(ower) ; 
 Hunts., Huntingdonshire. 
 
 ha 1 (hah), int. expr. surprise, joy, suspicion, 
 triumph, &c [com.-Teut., Gk, L] 
 
 ha 2 . See hum v. 
 
 haaf (hahf), n. (In Shetland & Orkney) deep- 
 sea fishing ground, [f. ON h af high sea] 
 
 ha'beas cop'pus, n. Writ requiring body 
 of person to be brought before judge or into 
 court, esp. to investigate lawfulness of his re- 
 straint; B.C. Act (of Charles II, 1679, facilitat- 
 ing use of this). [L, =you must have the body] 
 
 ha'berdashep, n. Dealer in small articles 
 of dress &c Hence ha'bepdashERY(l) n. 
 [conn. w. obs. haberdash small wares, prob. f. 
 AF hapertas, etym. dub. J 
 
 ha'bepgeon (-jn), n. (hist.). Sleeveless coat 
 of mail. [f. F haxibergeon (hauberk, -oon)] 
 
 ha'bile, a. Skilful, dexterous, [var. of able] 
 
 habi'liment, n. (PI.) dress suited to any 
 office or occasion (facet, of ordinary clothes) ; 
 (sing.) equipment, attire, [f. OF habillement 
 (habiller fit out f. habile able, see -ment)] 
 
 habi'litate, v.t & i. Furnish (mine) with 
 working capital-; (intr.) qualify for office (esp. 
 in German Univ.). So habilitA'TiON n. [f. L 
 habilitare (as ability), see -ate 3 ]' 
 
 ha'bit 1 , n. Settled tendency or practice, as 
 he is in, has (fallen into), the or a h. of contra- 
 diction; mental constitution, esp. h. of mind; 
 bodily constitution, as a man of corpulent h. ; 
 (Bot., Zool.) mode of growth; (archaic) dress, 
 esp. of religious order ; (also riding-h.) lady's 
 riding-dress. [OF, f. L habitus -us f. habere 
 habit- have, (refl.) be] 
 
 ha'bit 2 , v.t. Clothe ; (archaic) inhabit, [f . F 
 habiter f. L habitare inhabit, as prec] 
 
habitable: 
 
 372 
 
 HAIR 
 
 ha'bitable, a. That can be inhabited. 
 Hence habitaBULiTY, ha'bitableNESs, nn., 
 ha'bitabLY 2 adv. [F, f. L habitabilis (as 
 prec, see -able)] 
 
 ha'bitant, n. Inhabitant ; (pron. as F) Cana- 
 dian of French descent. [F (habit 2 , -ant)] 
 
 ha'bitat, n. Natural home of plant or ani- 
 mal ; habitation. [L, 3rd sing. pres. as habit 2 ] 
 
 habita'tion, n. Inhabiting, as Jit for human 
 h. ; place of abode ; branch of Primrose League. 
 [F, f. L habit ationem (as habit 2 , -ation)] 
 
 habi'tual, a. Customary; constant, con- 
 tinual ; given to (specified) habit, as ah. drunk- 
 ard. Hence habi'tualLY 2 adv., habi'tual- 
 ness n. [f. med.L habitualis (as habit 1 , -al)] 
 
 habi'tuate, v.t. Accustom (to thing, to do- 
 ing). So habitUA'TiON n. [f. L habituare (as 
 
 HABIT 1 ), See -ATE 3 ] 
 
 ha'bitude, n. Mental or bodily constitution ; 
 custom, tendency. [F, f. L habitudo (habere 
 have, see -tude)] 
 
 habi'tue (-a, or as F), n. Habitual visitor or 
 resident. [F, p.p. of habituer (as habituate)] 
 
 hachures (F), n. pi. Lines used in hill-shad- 
 ing to indicate slope. 
 
 haci&nda (a-, ah-), n. Estate, plantation, 
 with dwelling-house (in Spain or Sp. colonies). 
 [Sp., f. hfacienda neut. pi. gerund. of facere do] 
 
 hack l , n. Mattock ; miner's pick ; gash, 
 wound, esp. from kick with toe of boot. [prob. 
 cogn. w. G hacke, Da. hakke, mattock] 
 
 hack 2 , v.t. & i. Cut, notch, mangle; kick 
 shin of (opponent at football) ; deal cutting 
 blows at; emit short dry coughs; a hacking 
 (short dry frequent) cough. [ME hacken f. 
 com.-AVG hakk&n, cf. G hacken, Du. hakken; 
 conn. w. prec] 
 
 hack 3 , n. Board on which hawk's meat is 
 laid ; (of eyas hawk) be at h. (not allowed to 
 prey for itself) ; frame for drying bricks, [var. 
 of hatch x ] 
 
 hack 4 , n. Horse let out for hire; jade; 
 horse for ordinary riding ; common drudge (also 
 attrib., as h. writer), [abbr. of hackney] 
 
 hack 5 , v.t. & i. Make common, hackney; 
 ride (horse), ride on horseback, on road at ordin- 
 ary pace. [f. prec] 
 
 ha'ekery, n. Indian bullock-cart. [?] 
 
 ha'ckle 1 , n., & v.t. Steel flax-comb; long 
 feathers on neck of domestic cock & other 
 birds ; with his hh. up, (of cock, dog, man) 
 angry, ready to fight ; artificial fly dressed with 
 h. ; (v.t.) dress (flax, fly) with h. [(vb f. n.) 
 MHG has hachele, perh. f. hak- root of OHG 
 *hakjan prick] 
 
 ha'ckle 2 , v.t. Hack, mangle, [hack 2 + 
 -le(3)] 
 
 ha'ekly, a. Rough, jagged, [f. prec + -Y 2 ] 
 
 ha'ckmatack, n. Amer. Larch, [native] 
 
 ha'ekney, n., & v.t. Horse of middle size & 
 quality for ordinary riding ; drudge, hireling ; 
 h.-carriage, -coach, (kept for hire); (v.t,, esp. 
 in p.p. -eyed) make common or trite, [(vb f. n.) 
 f. OF haquenee ambling horse, etym. dub.] 
 
 had. See have. 
 
 ha'ddock, n. Fish allied to cod. [?] 
 
 hade, v.i. (Geol., Mining). Incline from the 
 vertical. [?] 
 
 Ha'des, n. (Gk Myth.). Lower world, abode 
 of departed spirits. [Gk, orig. a name of Pluto] 
 
 Ha'dji, Ha'jji, n. (Title of) Mohammedan 
 pilgrim to Mecca, [f. Arab, haji] 
 
 haeeeeity (heks-), n. (philos.). Thisness ; in- 
 dividuality, [f. med.L haecceitas (haec fern, of 
 hie this, see -ty)] 
 
 hae'mal, a. (anat.). Of the blood ; situated 
 on same side of body as the heart & great 
 blood-vessels, [f. Gk haima blood + -al] 
 
 haema'tie, a. & n. Of or containing blood ; 
 (n.) medicine acting on the blood, [f. Gk hai- 
 matikos (as foil., see -ic)] 
 
 hae'matin, n. (chem.). A bluish-black amor- 
 phous substance, a constituent of haemoglobin, 
 [f. Gk haima -matos blood + -in] 
 
 haematite, n. A red, brown, or blackish, 
 iron ore. [f. L f. Gk haimatites (lithos) blood- 
 like stone (as prec, see -ite)] 
 
 haemato-, hemato-, in comb. = Gk haima 
 -matos blood, as -cele, tumour containing ex- 
 tra vasated blood. 
 
 haemogio'bin, n. Colouring matter of the 
 red corpuscles of the blood, [f. haematin + 
 globulin] 
 
 haemorrhage, he'm-, (he), n. Escape 
 of blood from blood-vessels, bleeding, [f. F 
 emorogie f. L f. Gk haimorrhagia (haima blood 
 +rhag- st. of rhegnumi break)] 
 
 haemorrhoids, hcm-,(hem-), n. pi. Piles, 
 [f. OF emoroyde (cf. emerods) f. L f. Gk hai- 
 morrhoides (phlebes) bleeding (veins) (haima 
 blood + -rhoos -flowing)] 
 
 ha'fix (hah-), n. Mohammedan who knows 
 Koran by heart (used as title). [Pers.] 
 
 haft, n., & v. t. Handle (of dagger, knife, &c ) ; 
 (v.t.) furnish (knife &c) with h. [(vb f. n.) OE 
 haeft(e) f. OTeut. haftjom f. root haf- heave] 
 
 hag* J , n. Ugly old woman ; witch ; (formerly) 
 evil spirit in female form ; h.-ridden, afflicted 
 by nightmare. Hence ha'gg-iSH 1 a. [?] 
 
 hag 1 2 , n. Soft place in bog ; Arm place in bog. 
 [cf. ON hogg ravine] 
 
 hagga'dah (-gah-), n. Legendary part of the 
 Talmud. [Heb., = tale, f. higgid tell] 
 
 ha'ggard, a. & n. Wild-looking (esp. as a 
 result of fatigue, privation, worry, &c); (of 
 hawk) caught in her adult plumage, untamed ; 
 (n.) such a hawk. Hence ha'ggardNESS n. 
 [cf. F hagard, etym. dub.] 
 
 ha'ggls, n. Heart, lungs, & liver, of sheep 
 &c, boiled in maw with suet, oatmeal, &c [?] 
 
 ha'ggle, v.i., & n. Dispute, wrangle, (about, 
 over), [f. dial, hag chop f. ON hoggva + -le(3)] 
 
 ha'giarehy (-g-), n. Rule, order, of saints, 
 [f. foil. + Gk arkhe rule] 
 
 hagio- (-g-) in comb. = Gk hagios saint(ly), as : 
 -cracy, government of holy persons ; -grapha, 
 books of the Hebrew Scriptures not included 
 under Law & Prophets; -grapher, -gra'phic, 
 (writer) of any of these, or of saints' lives ; 
 -latry, worship of saints ; -logy, literature 
 treating of lives & legends of saints. 
 
 hah, int. & v.i. =ha 1 > 2 . 
 
 ha ha (hah hah), int. repr. laughter. 
 
 ha-ha (hah "hah), n. Sunk fence bounding 
 garden. [F, perh. f. ha expr. surprise] 
 
 hai(c)k (hah'ik, hak), n. Arabian outer 
 wrapper for head & body. [Arab, hayk f. hak 
 weave] 
 
 hail 1 , n. Pellets of frozen vapour falling in 
 shower, as h.-storm ; h.-stone, pellet of h. Hence 
 hai'l y 2 a. [com.-Teut. : OE hagol,T>u. & G hagel] 
 
 hail 2 , v.i. & t. It hails, hail falls ; (fig.) pour 
 down (blows, words, &c), come down, violently. 
 [OE hagalian f. OTeut. hagalojan (cf. prec)] 
 
 hail 3 , int. of greeting ; h.-fellow, h. fellow well 
 met, intimate, too intimate, with, [ellipt. use 
 of obs. adj. hail f. ON heill sound, hale] 
 
 hail 4 , v.t. &i., & n. Salute ; greet (person 
 •fee as king &c, also h. him king) ; call to (ship, 
 person) to attract attention ; (of ship, person) 
 be come from (place) ; (n.) salutation, esp. with- 
 in h., near enough to be hailed, [f. prec] 
 
 hair, n. One or (collect, pi. ) all of the fine fila- 
 ments growing from skin of animals, esp. from 
 human head (pi. hairs in collect, sense is ar- 
 chaic) ; (of plants) elongated eell growing from 
 
HAKE 
 
 373 
 
 HALM 
 
 epidermis ; h.-like thing ; jot, tittle ; against 
 the h., against the grain ; to a h., exactly ; a h. 
 of the dog that bit you; (slang) keep your h. on, 
 keep cool ; (of girl) put 2ip, turnup, herh., dress 
 it in woman's fashion ; do or put up, let down, 
 her h. (in the toilet) ; not turn a h., show no sign 
 of exhaustion or discomposure ; hairbreadth 
 or hair's breadth, minute distance ; hairbrush, 
 toilet brush for h.; haircloth (made of h., for 
 various purposes) ; hairdresser, one whose 
 business is to dress and cut h.;h.-line, line, rope, 
 made of h., (also) up-stroke in writing ; -net, 
 ■oil, (used for the h.) ; hairpin (for fastening the 
 h.) ; h.-powder, scented powder for hair, now 
 used by men-servants ; h.-shirt (of haircloth, 
 for ascetics) ; h.-splitting a. & n.,over-subtle(ty); 
 h.-spring, fine spring in watch, regulating bal- 
 ance wheel ; h.-stroke, fine up-stroke in writing ; 
 h.-trigger, secondary trigger releasing main one 
 by slight pressure. Hence hair'iNESS n. 
 (-)haiPED 2 , hair'LESS, hair'LiKE, hair* y 2 , 
 aa. [com.-Teut.: OE hder, her, Du. & G haar] 
 
 hake \ n. Fish like cod. [?] 
 
 hake-, haik, n. Wooden framework for 
 drying bricks & other purposes, [prob. =hack 3 ] 
 
 hakee'm, -ki*m l (-em), n. (In India & Mo- 
 hammedan countries) physician. [Arab, kakim 
 wise, physician] 
 
 ha'kirh- (hah-), n. (As prec.) judge, ruler, 
 governor. [Arab, hakim] 
 
 ha'lberd, -rt, h. (hist.). Combined spear & 
 battle-axe. [f. OF halebarde f. MHG hehnbarde 
 (helm helmet or helm handle + barta broad-axe 
 f. OTeut. bardoz beard)] 
 
 halberdier* (-er), n. Man armed with hal- 
 berd, [f. OF hallebardier (as prec, see -ier)] 
 
 ha'leyon, n. & a. Bird fabled by the ancients 
 to breed in floating nest on sea at winter sol- 
 stice, and to charm wind & waves into calm 
 for the purpose ; (Zool.) Australasian kingfisher; 
 (adj.) calm, esp. h. days (orig. 14 days about 
 winter solstice), [f. L halcyon f. Gk alkuon 
 kingfisher] 
 
 hale !, a. Robust, vigorous, (esp. of old per- 
 sons). Hence ha'lexESS n. [north, repr. of 
 OE hdl whole] 
 
 hale 2 , v.t. (archaic). Drag, draw, forcibly (lit. 
 & fig.). [f.OF haler f. OHG halon (G holen fetch)] 
 
 half (hahf ), n. (pi. halves), a., adv. One of two 
 equal or corresponding parts into which a thing 
 is divided, as the h. of 10 is 5, cut it in h. (into 
 hh.), yourh. is bigger than mine, two pounds & 
 a half (pound) or two & a half pounds, h. of it 
 is (but of them are) rotten; (colloq.) = h.-pint, 
 -mile, -back, -holiday ; better h., wife ; do a thing 
 by hh. (imperfectly) ; too clever by h. (far) ; go 
 hh., share equally (ivith person in thing) ; cry 
 hh., claim equal share; (adj.) forming ah., as a 
 h. length, a h. share ; (adj. now viewed as n. 
 w. o/om.) h. the men, h. your time, h. a pound ; 
 (adv.) to the extent of h., (loosely) to a consider- 
 able extent, as it is h. cooked, a h.-cooked pota- 
 to, h. dead, I h. wish, not h. (nearly) long 
 enough, (colloq.) not h. (not at all) bad, not h. a 
 bad felloio ; (adv., prob. orig. adj.) h. (an hour) 
 past two (o'clock) ; (Xaut.) h. three, 3^ (fathoms), 
 east h. -south (5j° south of east) ; h.-&-h., (what 
 is) h. one thing & h. another, esp. mixture of 
 ale & porter; h.-back, (Footb.) position, player, 
 immediately behind forwards ; h.-baked, (fig.) 
 not thorough, not earnest ; h.-binding of book, 
 leather back & corners, cloth or paper sides ; h.- 
 blood, person having one parent in common 
 with another, this relationship, (also) person of 
 mixed nationality; h. -blooded, born of different 
 races ; h.-boot (reaching far above ankle) ; h.- 
 bred, of mixed breed, mongrel ; h.-breed, h.- 
 blooded person ; h.-brother, -sister, (by one 
 
 parent only) ; h.-butt, cue of length between 
 ordinary cue & long butt; h.-caste a. & n., h.- 
 bre(e)d, esp.(child) of European father & Indian 
 mother ; h.-cock, h.-way position of cock of fire- 
 arm, from which trigger will not move it ; h.~ 
 ci^oicn, coin worth 2,6 ; h.-hearted, lacking cour- 
 age or zeal, so h.-heartedly, -ness ; A.-hitch ; 
 h.-holiday, day of which (the latter) h. is taken 
 as holiday; h.-length, portrait of upper h. of 
 person ; h.-mast high, (of flag) lowered to h. 
 height of mast as mark of respect for the dead ; 
 h.-moon, moon of which only h. is illuminated, 
 crescent, crescent-shaped thing; h. -mourning, 
 black relieved by grey &c; h.-pay, reduced 
 allowance to army or navy officer when retired 
 or not in actual service ; h.-seas-over, h. drunk ; 
 h.-timer, child who attends school for h. usual 
 time, earning money in other h.; h.-truth, 
 statement that conveys only part of the truth ; 
 h.-way house, inn midway between two towns 
 &c; h.-witted, imbecile; h.-yearly a. & adv., 
 (occurring) every h. year. [com.-Teut.: OE 
 h(e)alf, G halb] 
 
 halfpenny, n. (pi. as penny). Bronze coin 
 worth half a penny ; three halfpence, (usu. for) 
 a penny h., \%d.; halfpennyworth (usu. pron. 
 hapath), ha'p'orth, as much as a h. will buy. 
 
 ha'libut, ho*l-, n. Large flat fish used for 
 food. [prob. f. haly holy + butt flat fish, be- 
 cause eaten on holy-days] 
 
 ha'lidom, n. (archaic). Holy thing, esp. (as 
 oath) by my h. [OE hdligdom (holy, -dom)] 
 
 halieu'tie, a. & n. Of fishing ; (n. pi.) art of 
 fishing, [f. L f. Gk halieidikos (halieuo fish f. 
 hals sea, see ic)] 
 
 hall (hawl), n. Large public room in palace 
 &c; servants' h., room in which servants dine ; 
 residence of landed proprietor ; (Univv.) institu- 
 tion governed by a head without fellows, (also) 
 building for students having or not having Univ. 
 privileges ; (in Eng. colleges &c.) common din- 
 ing-room, dinner in this ; building of guild, as 
 Saddlers' H. ; large room for public business ; 
 entrance-passage of house ; Liberty H., place 
 where one may do as one likes ; h.-mark, mark 
 used at Goldsmiths' H. (& by Government assay 
 offices) for marking standard of gold & silver, 
 (v.t.) stamp with this (often fig.). [com.-Teut.: 
 OE heall, Du. & Da. hal] 
 
 hallelujah, -luiah. See alleluia. 
 
 halliard. See halyard. 
 
 hallo*, -loa* (-10), int., n., & v.i. Int. calling 
 attention or expr. surprise ; (n., & v.i.) (the) cry 
 h. [perh. var. of hollo] 
 
 halloo* \ int. inciting dogs to the chase, call- 
 ing attention, or expressing surprise (also asn., 
 the cry h.). [perh. var. of hollo] 
 
 halloo* 2 , v.i. & t. Cry ■ halloo ! ', esp. to dogs ; 
 urge on (dogs &c.) with shouts ; shout (t. & i.) 
 to attract attention ; (prov.) do not h. until you, 
 are out of the wood. [f. prec; or = hallow 3 ] 
 
 ha'llow 1 (-6), n. Holy person, saint, (now 
 only in all hallows, hallowmas, feast of All- 
 hallows). [OE hdlga, form of hdlig holy] 
 
 ha'llow 2 , v.t. Make holy; honour as holy. 
 [com.-Teut.: OE hdlgian, G heiligen, f. hailag- 
 holy] 
 
 ha'llow 3 , v.t. & i. Chase with shouts ; incite 
 with shouts ; shout to incite dogs &c [ME 
 halowen prob. f. OF halloer] 
 
 hallu'cinate, v.t. Produce false impressions 
 in the mind of (person), [f. L (h)allucinari 
 wander in mind, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 hallucination, n. Illusion ; apparent per- 
 ception of external object not actually present. 
 So hallu'einatORY a. [f. LL (h)allucinatio 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 halm. See haulm. 
 
HALMA 
 
 11 
 
 HAND 
 
 ha'lma, m. Game played on board of 2.56 
 squares. [Gk.= leap, f. hailomai leap, see -m] 
 ha'lo, ■ Circle of light round lumin- 
 
 ous body. esp. snn or moon ; circle, ring 
 of light surrounding head of saint, nimbus : 
 (fig.) ideal glory in vesting persor. 
 round with h. [<~ :.i. Lf. Gk halos 
 
 - k of sun or moon] 
 haloid. \-.r--„ . - - -■::.- 
 
 posi.. ! .ninxm salt. [f. Gk hals 
 
 salt — -oed] 
 
 halt L (hawH Temporary stop- 
 
 pageon max :.\ :: n /.take ah.; (v.t.. 
 
 .nd. f(vb f. n.) orig. in phr. 
 naie A/iZf f. G Aatt nw^'ii iAa# hold)] 
 halt- hawlt), a. tarchaio. Lame; crippled, 
 [com. . ft I>a. halt] 
 
 halt . -: hesitatingly: hesitate. 
 
 - - betweentwo opinions :»of argument, verse. 
 be defective : larchaiobelame : tn., archaic) 
 -g. limp. Hoi se ha'ltingir' 2 adv. [in. f. 
 E ftaffacrn. f. p 
 ha'ltep fts* with 
 
 noose or headstall for horses or cattle : rope 
 with noose for hanging person ; death by hang- 
 \.-b-reak v.t.. accustom ban 
 
 . h., hang (person) with 
 h. [»vb f. n.) OE hsdfirt L root halb, whence 
 
 halve hah* . r.t Divi le into halves : share 
 
 reduce U - rifj A. a Aote irif A, 
 
 m same number of strokes as (other 
 
 - erby cut- 
 
 :. .-j -". r.'.;: :;.-:-- ;: each [MS baimm] 
 
 ha'lyapd, ha'lliard, hau'lyand hnw-fc 
 
 r. ;:- V . -;. . - _• 
 
 [orig. holly* r . -vepj] 
 
 ham : . m. Back of thigh, thigh sc buttock : 
 
 Cformerlv - _• \ of hog salted 
 
 :r otherwise for food, [OE, 
 
 ham- be crooked] 
 
 ham-, a. hist.). Town, village. [OE In 
 
 7i in Oakham 
 haTnadryad. : nymph living 
 
 .ngwith" :ed; venomous 
 
 Indian serper.: tian baboon. ff. L 
 
 hamadruas thama with — dru.* I 
 
 Ha'mbupgr. k variety 
 
 of grape : small variety of domestic fowL 
 harries, m. pi Two curved pieces of wood 
 etal forming tpart of) collar of draught 
 horse, [cf. Du. haam] 
 
 Hami te . - . : 1 descendant of Ham. 
 
 member of Eg ::lan or other African race. 
 Hence Ha mi tic a. [ite] 
 
 ha*mite : , u. Fossil cephalopod with hook- 
 shaped sheE. [f. L ham us hook, see -ite] 
 
 ha # mlet. - mH village, es p. one without 
 church, [t OF hamelet dim. of hamel Him, .f. 
 . ham HOME'] 
 ha-mmen . :.. Instrument for beatiner. 
 breaking, driving nails. &c. with solid (usu. 
 -A at right angles to handle : machine 
 with metal block serving same purpose : simi- 
 lar contrivance, as for exploding charge ingun 
 (whence hammep:.- he -king string of 
 
 piano, Sec ; auctioneer's mallet indicating by 
 rap that article is sold : come under the h. be 
 sold by auction : knight of the h, blacksmith ; 
 throwing the A., athletic contest with heavy h. : 
 A. & tongs, with might & main : h.-beam (pro- 
 jecting from wall at foot of principal r* 
 h.-cloth (covering driver's seat in eoa 
 unexpL); h-head. head of h., kind of shark, 
 African bird: ha mm erman, hammersmith. 
 smith who works with h. [conx-Teut.: OE s: 
 Du. hamer, G hammer] 
 haTnmeP : ,v-i:-'.v.:. '.:.-:. \- 
 
 with hammer: A. out. dev. rce) idea 
 
 into person's head ; work hard at. [f. prec. ] 
 
 ha*mmock, a. Hanging bed of canvas or 
 
 netting suspended by cords at ends, used esp. on 
 
 board ship: A.-cAair(made of canvas suspended 
 
 framework t. [f. Sp. hamaca of 
 
 Carih. orig.] 
 
 ha'mper •. r.. Basketwork packing-case. [f. 
 -.ana Tier i. OF hanapier case for goblet 
 than . hnappt] 
 
 ha'mper-, \ ■■.:.. ic a. CM -truct movement of 
 •person izo with material obstacles ; tfig.t im- 
 pede, hir. 1 a ecessary but eum- 
 part of eouipment of vessel. [?J 
 
 ha-mshackle, v.t. Shackle (horse ic. i with 
 rope connecting head and foreleg. [?] 
 
 haTnster, r:. Rodent like large rat. with 
 cheek-pouches for carrying grain to . 
 [G] 
 
 haTnstring. t. (i ngtd or -ungy 
 
 man) one of five tendons at back of knee; (in 
 quadrupeds) great tendon at back of knee in 
 hind leg : <v.l» cripple (person, animal) by cut- 
 ting the hh. [ham*] 
 
 ha-mulus, r..<anat..zooL,bot.itp!.-Zn. Small 
 hook or hook-like process. [L. dim. of hamus] 
 
 hand , n. Terminal part of human arm be- 
 yond wrist ; similar member of all four limbs of 
 monkey : forefoot of quadruped : authority, dis- 
 posal, as in the AA. of; agency, as by the h. I 
 share in action, as hare a A. m it ; pledge of 
 marriage, as ^ire one's A. to : person who does 
 something with his hh.. as a picture by the same 
 h.. all A A., the whole crew, a good A. (skilful) 
 at singlestick ; person, source, from which thing 
 comes, as \jir*' h.\ cool ft.; skill as a 
 
 - of workmanship: tur- 
 nings, at cricket, billiar: ie of writing. 
 as a legible ft. : signature, as witness the ft, of 
 A.B.: h.-like thing, esp. pointer of clock or 
 watch : fixed quantity of various commodities, 
 e.g.. bundle of tobacco leaves : a lineal measure 
 of horse's height. =4 in. : ards dealt to 
 a player, player holding these, as first . third, ft. : 
 at A., close by. about to happen soon : by A., by 
 manual labour : for one's own h,. on one's own 
 account : llireifrom ft. to mouth, improvidently; 
 in A., held in the hand, at one's disposal, h. 
 control; of h.. without preparation, then & 
 there : on h.. in one's possession ; on one's AA., 
 resting on one as a responsibility ; on all hh., 
 to. from, all quarters : on the one A., on the other 
 
 rd points of view &c.»: out 
 at once, extempore, (also) out of control : * 
 
 d reach : to one's h.. ready for one without 
 ;on on one's own part : beara A., take part 
 in ; come to A., turn up. be received : hare a A., 
 be concerned in (action i: layhh. on. touch. - 
 take in A., undertake : change hh.. (of property) 
 pass from one person to another: clean hh,, 
 • fig.) innocence : with a heavy h.. oppressively ; 
 with a high A., boldly, arrogantly : Aare. : 
 
 - ft. in. be in practice ; his his out. he is out 
 of practice : ( win* hh down, eas: ".'. do 
 
 not touch ; hh. up! idirection to persons to hold 
 up their hands as a sign of assent sec, or to pre- 
 clude resistance): A. in h. with hh. mutually 
 duped : go h in A. with, ke 
 
 er A., with each h. successively passing 
 over the other, as in climbing rope, (fig.) with 
 stead v or rapid progress (in overtaking I 
 h. to h. tot corr erve 
 
 (pers- ;Ot (assiduously) : be h in • 
 
 intimatei with : h-bag Ismail, for carrying 
 
 about* ; h-ball. ball for throwing with h.. game 
 
 . = between two goals : h.-barroto 
 
 learned by h.»; handbell, bell rung by h. 
 
 oneof a set for magical performance ; handbill. 
 
HAND 
 
 375 
 
 HAPPEN 
 
 printed notice circulated byh.; handbook, short 
 treatise, manual, guide-book ; h. ■canter, gentle 
 canter; h.-cart (pushed or drawn by h.); hand- 
 cujf'v.l., secure With handcuff* (pair of metal 
 
 rings joined by Bhort chain, tor securing pri- 
 soner's hh.); h.-gallap, easy gallop; h.-j/tass, 
 magnifying glass held in h., small mirror with 
 handle; handgrip, grasp, seizure with the h. 
 (friendly or hostile); handhold, something for 
 the hh. to grip on (in climbing <fcc.) ; h.-liyie, lish- 
 ing-line worked without rod ; h.-made, made by 
 h. (esp. op|i. to machint -ina<lt)\ ha nil ma i<t(< n), 
 female servant (archaic, exc. fig.); h.-organ, 
 portable barrel-organ with crank t urned by h. ; 
 h.-7'ail, railing along edge of stairs &c; hand- 
 shake, shake of person's h. with one's own, as 
 greeting; handspike, wooden lever shod with 
 iron, used on shipboard & by artillery; hand- 
 writing, writing with the h., esp. of particular 
 fterson. Hence (-)handKD-, ha'nai.KSS, aa. 
 eom.-Teut. : OK hand, *©-. OHG hant] 
 hand 2 , v.t. Help (person) with the hand (into, 
 oid of, carriage &e.) ; (Naut.) take in (sail) ; de- 
 liver, transfer, by hand or otherwise (over to 
 person, down to succeeding generations, on, up, 
 Sec). |f. prec] 
 ha'ndful, n. (pL -fnls). Quantity that fills 
 the hand; small number (of men &c); (colloq.) 
 troublesome person or task. 10E hand/nil 
 (HAND 1 , see -FUL)] 
 
 ha'ndicap, n., & v.t. (-pp-). Race, competi- 
 tion, in which chances of competitors are equal- 
 ized by start, difference in weight to be carried 
 (in horse races), &c. ; extra weight or other con- 
 dition imposed on superior competitor; (v.t.) im- 
 pose h. on (competitor), (fig., or circumstances) 
 place (person) at disadvantage. Hence ka'ndi- 
 cappi.n 1 n. [?J 
 handicraft, n. Manual skill ; manual art 
 or trade; handicraftsman, man who exercises 
 a h. [earlier handcraft] 
 
 ha'ndlwork, n. "Work done, thing nmde, by 
 the hands or by any one's personal agency. [OK 
 handgeweorc (hand 1 + collect, form of wcorc 
 
 WOKK)| 
 
 handkerchief (ha'ngkertshif), n. Square 
 of linen, silk, &c, carried in pocket (pocket-h.) 
 for wiping nose &c. or worn about neck (also 
 neck h., neckerchief) ; throw the h. to (person, in 
 certain games, to invite him to pursue), also, 
 express condescending preference for (person). 
 [hand' + kerchief) 
 
 ha'ndle ', n. That pcirt of a thing which is 
 made to hold it by; h. of the face, (facet.) nose ; 
 h. to one's name, title ; fact that may be taken 
 advantage of. [OK (HAND 1 -f -LE)1 
 
 ha'ndle 2 , v.t. Touch, feel, with the hands; 
 manipulate; manage (thing, person); treat 
 (person roughly, kindly, &c); treat of (subject); 
 deal in (goods). [OK handlian (hand 1 ), cf. G 
 ha ndeln) 
 
 ha*n(d)sel, n., & v.t. (-11-). Gift at beginning 
 of New Year, or on entering on new circum- 
 stances ; earnest money ; foretaste; (v.t.) give 
 h. to, inaugurate, be the first to try. [(vb f. n.) 
 OE has handselen giving into a person's hands ; 
 Da. has handsel earnest money] 
 
 ha'ndsome, a. Of fine form or figure; (of 
 conduct &c.) generous, as a h. present, h. treat- 
 ment ; (prow) h. is that h. does ; (of price, for- 
 tune, &c.) considerable. Hence ha'ndsome- 
 Lv-adv., ha'ndsome.MKSS n. [HAND 1 , -80ME] 
 
 ha'ndy, a. Ready to hand; convenient to 
 handle ; clever with the hands ; h. -dandy, child's 
 game in which one player guesses which of 
 other player's hands conceals some object ; h.- 
 man (useful for odd jobs, often of sailors). 
 Hence ha'ndii.v 2 adv., ha'ndiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 hang- 1 , V.t. & i. {hung, exc. as below). Sus- 
 pend, attach loosely, (from, to, hook or other 
 object above) ; suspend (meat, game) to dry or 
 
 become high ; attach (wall-paper) ; lit up (bells 
 
 in house) ; suspend floating in space ; rest (door 
 on hinges, coach on springs) in free swinging 
 
 position ; (past ..v p.p. hanged) suspend on gibbet 
 
 as capital punishment, (as Imprecal ion) hang!, 
 h. it, h. you, I'll be hanged if— ; let droop, as 
 h. l/i,' head (from shame &c.) ; remain, be, sus- 
 pended, lit. &fig., as sword, punishment, hangs 
 Over his head, rogue shall h. for it, hangs in the 
 balance, is undecided; decorate with, (things 
 suspended); h. (loiter) about; h.Jire,(ui firearm) 
 be slow in going olf (alsollg.); /;. heart/, (of time) 
 pass slowly ; h. on, depend, rely, on, attend care- 
 fully to ; h. back, show reluctance to act or 
 move ; h. (lag) behind ; h. off, h. back ; h. on, 
 stick closely (to) ; h. out, suspend from window 
 &c, (intr.) protrude down wards, (slang) reside ■ 
 //. together, be coherent, be associated ; h. up, 
 suspend, (Jig.) put aside, postpone indefinitely; 
 h.-dog n. & a., base & sneaking (fellow) ; hang- 
 man, executioner; h.nail, = agnail. [(]) OK 
 hon trans., ef. OHG hdhan, MDu. hacn ; (2) OE 
 hangianintv., cf.OFris. hangia ; (.'!) ON hengjan 
 causal, cf. MDu hengen) 
 
 hang'-, n. Downward droop or bend ; the way 
 a thing hangs; get the h. of, get the knack of, 
 understand ;(eolloo.)?io£ ah., notatall. [f. prec] 
 
 ha'ng-er 1 , n. Wood on side of steep hill. 
 [OK hangra f. HANG 1 ] 
 
 ha'nger", n. In vbl senses, esp.: bell, paper, 
 •h. ; loop&c. by which thing is hung .chain, rod, 
 to which pot is hung in fireplace by pot-hook ; 
 stroke with double curve in writing (2) cf. pot- 
 hook ; short sword, orig. hung from belt ; h.-on, 
 follower, dependant. J-kk 1 ] 
 
 ha'nging-, n. In vbl senses, esp.: drapery 
 with which walls &c. are hung ; h. committee 
 (deciding on h. of pictures in exhibition) ; a h. 
 maMer (resulting in capital punishment), [-ing 1 ] 
 
 hank, n. Circular loop or coil, esp. as definite 
 length of cotton yarn (810 yds), worsted (560 yds), 
 &c; (Naut.) ring of rope, iron, &c, for fixing 
 staysails to stays. flltn c, cf. ON honk hank, 
 Swed. hank string. Da. hank handle) 
 
 ha'nker, v.i. Crave, long, after. Hence 
 ha'nkeriNG 1 n. [etym. dub.; Du. has 
 hunkeren] 
 
 ha'nky-pa'nky, n. Jugglery ; underhand 
 dealing, [arbitrary, perh. on hocus-pocus] 
 
 Ha'nsardize, v.t. Confront (M.P.) with his 
 former utterances recorded in Hansard (official 
 report of proceedings in Parliament). [-IZE] 
 
 Hanso (-s), n. (hist.). Guild of merchants ; 
 political and commercial league of Germanic 
 towns, whence HanseA'Tic a.; entrance-fee of 
 guild. [OF, f. OHG hansa company] 
 
 ha'nsom (cab), n. Two-wheeled cabriolet 
 for two inside, with driver mounted behind and 
 reins going over roof. [Hansom, patentee, 18341 
 
 hap 1 , n. (archaic). Chance, luck, lot; (w. pi.) 
 chance occurrence. [ME, f. ON happ] 
 
 hap 2 , v.i. (archaic). Come about Dy chance ; 
 happen (to do). [ME happc(n), f. prec] 
 
 ha'pha'zard (-p-h-), n., a. , adv. Mere chance, 
 esp. at, by, h. ; casual(ly). [HAP l + HAZARD] 
 
 ha*pless,a. Unlucky. Hence ha'plessLY 2 
 adv. [-less] 
 
 haplo'graphy, n. The mistake of writing 
 once what should be written twice (e.K.philogy 
 fov philology), cf. dittogkaphv. [f Gkhairfous 
 single + -GRAPH Y] 
 
 ha'ply, adv. (archaic). By chance ; perhaps. 
 
 [HAP 1 +-LY 52 ] 
 
 ha'ppen, v.i. Come to pass (by chance or 
 otherwise), whence ha'ppeniNG 1 n. (usu. pi.); 
 
HAPPY 
 
 376 
 
 HARMONICA 
 
 chance, have the fortune, co (do) ; come upon 
 (thing) by chance. [ME (HAP 1 + -en 6 )] 
 na'ppy, a. (Of person or circumstance) 
 lucky, fortunate ; contented with one's lot ; I 
 shall be h. (pleased) to assist ; h. dispatch, = 
 foil.; h. FAiMiLY ; apt, felicitous, (of language or 
 conduct) ; h.-go-lucky, haphazard (adj.). Hence 
 ha'ppiLY 2 adv., ha'ppiNESsn. [f. hap 1 + -y 2 ] 
 hapa-ki'pi (hah-), n. Suicide by disembowel- 
 ment, as practised by higher classes in Japan 
 when in disgrace or sentenced to death, happy 
 dispatch. [Jap. (vulg.), f. hara belly + kiri cut] 
 hara'ngue (-ng), n., & v.i. & t. Speech to an 
 assembly; loud or vehement address; (v.i.) 
 make h. ; (v.t.) make h. to. l(vb f. F haranguer) 
 f. OF arenge f. med.L harenga (It. aringa, cf. 
 aringo arena)] 
 
 ha'pas (or ahrah"). Breeding station for 
 horses, [f. OF haraz, etym. dub. ; now usu. 
 treated as F] 
 
 ha'rass, v.t. Vex by repeated attacks ; 
 trouble, worry. Hence ha'rassMEXT n. [f. F 
 harasser, perh. f. OF harer set a dog on] 
 hap'bing-er (-j-), n., & v.t. One who an- 
 nounces another's approach, forerunner; (for- 
 merly) one sent to purvey lodgings for army, 
 royal train, &c. ; (v.t.) announce approach of. 
 [(vb f. n.) f. OF herbergere f. herberge lodging f. 
 OHG heriberga (hari army + -berga shelter f. 
 bergan protect)] 
 
 hap'bour, n., & v.t. & i. Place of shelter for 
 ships ; shelter ; h.-master, officer in charge of 
 harbour; (v.t.) give shelter to (esp. vermin, 
 criminal, evil thoughts) ; (v.i.) come to anchor 
 in h. Hence har'bouPLESS a. [(vb f. n.) ME 
 hereberge (here army + beorg shelter)] 
 hap'boupagfe, n. (Place of) shelter, [-age] 
 hard, a., n., adv. Firm, unyielding to touch, 
 solid ; h. cash, specie, as opp. to paper currency ; 
 difficult (to do) ; h. of hearing, somewhat deaf; 
 difficult to understand or explain, as h. words, 
 question ; (of person or conduct) unfeeling, 
 harsh ; stingy ; difficult to bear, as h. life, times, 
 lines ; h. (severe) winter ; a h. bargain (without 
 concession) ; harsh, unpleasant, to eye or ear ; 
 h. water (unfit for washing owing to its mineral 
 salts) ; (of markets and prices) high, unyielding ; 
 (Phonetics) k, t, and p, are h. as opposed to g, 
 d, &b,c is h. in cat, g is h. in go ; strenuous, 
 as h. fight, h. labour (imposed on some crimin- 
 als), h. worker; (n.) firm beach or jetty for land- 
 ing ; (adv. ) strenuously, severely, as try h. , rain- 
 ing h., freezing h., h. pressed (closely pursued); 
 with difficulty, as h.-earned (cf. hardly), h.- 
 baked, -boiled, (so as to be h.) ; be h. put to it, be 
 in difficulties ; die h. (only after h. struggle) ; it 
 will go h. with him (prove to his disadvantage) ; 
 it shall go h. but (short of overpowering diffi- 
 culties) I icill find them ; h. by, close by ; h. 
 upon, close to; run (person) h., pursue him 
 closely; h. & fast, (of rules) strict; h.-bake, 
 almond toffee ; h.-bitten, tough in fight ; h.- 
 favoured, -featured, of harsh or ugly features ; 
 h.-fisted, stingy ; h.-headed, practical, not senti- 
 mental; h.-hearted, unfeeling, so h.-heartedly, 
 -ness; h.-mouthed, (of horse) not easily con- 
 trolled by bit (also fig.) ; h.-set, set so as to be h., 
 (of egg) that has been subjected to incubation ; 
 hardshell, having a h. shell, (fig.) rigid, uncom- 
 promising, esp. (U.S.) Hardshell Bajotists ; h.- 
 tack, ship-biscuit ; h.-up, in want (esp. of 
 money), at a loss for, (Naut, adv., of tiller) as 
 far as possible to windward ; hardware, iron- 
 mongery ; hardwareman, dealer in this ; hard- 
 wood, wood of deciduous trees as opposed to 
 pines and firs. Hence hap'dNESS n. [com.- 
 Teut. adj.: OE heard, Du. hard, G hart, cf. Gk 
 kratus strong ; OE adv. hearde] 
 
 hap'den, v.t. & i. Make or become hard, 
 callous (esp. in p.p.), or robust, [-en 6 ] 
 hap'dihood, n. Boldness, audacity, [f. 
 
 HARDY a. + -HOOD] 
 
 hap'dly, adv. In a hard manner ; with diffi- 
 culty ; harshly ; scarcely ; h.-earned, earned with 
 difficulty or (facet.) ease, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 har'dship, n. Hardness of fate or circum- 
 stance ; severe suffering or privation, [-ship] 
 
 hap'dy \ a. Bold, audacious, whence hap'd- 
 iLY 2 adv.; robust, capable of endurance; (Hort., 
 of plants) able to grow in the open air all 
 the year, half h., requiring shelter in winter 
 only, h. annual, one that may be sown, or sows 
 itself, in the open, (fig.) subject that comes up 
 yearly. Hence hap'diNESS n. [f. F hardi p.p. 
 of hardir f. WG 'hardjan make hard] 
 
 hap'dy 2 , n. Blacksmith's bar of hard iron 
 for cutting metal on &c. [prob. f. prec or hard] 
 
 hare, n. Rodent quadruped with long ears, 
 short tail & divided upper lip ; mad as a March 
 h. (h. in breeding season) ; (prow) first catch 
 your h. (then cook him) ; hold (or run) with the 
 h. & run (or hunt) with the hounds, keep in 
 with both sides ; h. <& hounds, paper-chase ; 
 harebell, round -leaved bell-flower, also (see 
 BLVE l -bell) Avild hyacinth; h.-brained, rash, 
 wild; h.-lip, fissure of upper lip; h.'s-foot, 
 species of clover, (also) corkwood tree, [com.- 
 Teut_. : OE hara, Du. haas, G hase] 
 
 hap'em, -am, n. Women's part of Moham- 
 medan dwelling-house ; its occupants ; (usu. 
 -am) Mohammedan sacred place, [f. Arab. 
 haram, -im, prohibited f. harama prohibit; 
 also haree'm, -im (-em)] 
 
 ha'rieot (-ko), n. Ragout (usu. of mutton) ; 
 h. (bean), French-bean. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 hark, v.i. & t. Listen (usu. to, rarely trans. ; 
 also abs. in imper.) ; (as call to hounds) go for- 
 ward, away, off, &c. ; h. back, (of hounds) re- 
 trace course to find scent, (fig.) revert (to sub- 
 ject), (trans.) recall (hounds). [ME herkien, cf. 
 MDu. horken, G horchen] 
 
 hapl(e), n. Barb, fibre, of feather, [prob. = 
 MLG herle, harle, fibre of flax or hemp] 
 
 Haplei'an (-le-), a. Of (the library of) Robert 
 Harley Earl of Oxford, d. 1724. [-ean] 
 
 hap'lequin,n. Character in Italian comedy; 
 mute character in English pantomime, invisi- 
 ble to clown & pantaloon, usu. wearing parti- 
 coloured tights ; buffoon ; (also/i. duck) northern 
 duck with variegated plumage. [F, f. It. arlec- 
 chino, etym. dub.] 
 
 harlequina'de, n. Part of pantomime in 
 which harlequin plays chief part. [f. F arte- 
 quinade (as prec, see -ade)] 
 
 hap'lot, n., & v.i. Prostitute ; (v.i.) play the 
 h. Hence hap'lotRY(i) n. [(vb f. n.) orig. 
 masc. = vagabond, knave, f. OF (h)arlot, lad, 
 knave, vagabond, = It. arlotto hedge-priest ; 
 etym. dub.j 
 
 harm, n., & v.t. Damage, hurt. Hence 
 hap'mFUL, hap'mLESs, aa., hap'mfulLY 2 , 
 hap'mlessLY 2 , advv., hap'mfulNESS, 
 hap'mlessNESS, nn. [(vb f. OE hearmian f. 
 n.) com.-Teut. : OE hearm, G harm, Da. harme] 
 
 harma'ttan, n. Parching land-wind on 
 coast of Upper Guinea in Dec, Jan., & Feb. 
 [f. W.-Afric haramata] 
 
 hapmd'nic, a. & n. Harmonious, concord- 
 ant; relating to harmony; h. tones (produced 
 by vibration of aliquot parts of strings &c.) ; h. 
 quantities (whose reciprocals are in arithmeti- 
 cal progression, as k, ^, |, or as 12, 15, 20), h. pro- 
 gression, series of these; (n.) h. tone. Hence 
 hapmo'niCALLY adv. [f. L f. Gk harmonikos 
 (as harmony, see -ic)] 
 
 hapmo'nica, -con, nn. Names of several 
 
HARMONIOUS 
 
 377 
 
 HAT 
 
 musical instruments, [(-ca) L fern., {-con) Gk 
 neut., adj. as prec.] 
 
 hapmo'nious, a. Concordant, forming a 
 consistent or agreeable whole ; free from dis- 
 sent; sweet-sounding ;_ singing, playing, tune- 
 fully. Hence harmo'niousLY 2 adv. [f. F 
 harmonieux (as harmony)] 
 
 hap'monist, n. Person skilled in harmony ; 
 musician ; collator of parallel narratives, 
 whence hapmoni'stic a. ; harmonizer. [f. 
 
 HARMONIZE, See -1ST] 
 
 hapmo'nium, n. Keyboard instrument in 
 which tones are produced by metal reeds. [F, 
 as harmony] 
 
 hap'monize, v.t. & i. Bring into, be in, har- 
 mony (with) ; make, be, agreeable in artistic 
 effect ; add notes to (melody) to form chords. 
 Hence harmonizATiON n. [f. F harmoniser 
 (as harmony, see -ize)] 
 
 harmono'metep, n. Instrument measur- 
 ing harmonic relations of notes, [f. F har- 
 monometre (as foil., see -meter)] 
 
 hap'mony, n. Agreement ; pre-established 
 h. (between body & soul before their creation) ; 
 agreeable effect of apt arrangement of parts ; 
 combination of simultaneous notes to form 
 chords (cf. melody) ; sweet or melodious 
 sound ; collation of parallel narratives &c, 
 esp. of the four Gospels, [f. F harmonie f. L f. 
 Gk hamnonia (harmo- join)] 
 
 harness, n., & v.t. Gear of draught horse 
 or other animal ; (fig.) working equipments ; in 
 h., in the routine of daily work; apparatus in 
 loom for shifting warp-threads ; (Hist.) defen- 
 sive armour; h.-cask (with rimmed cover, for 
 keeping salt meat on board ship) ; (v.t.) put h. 
 on (horse &c). [(vb f. OF harneschier) f. OF 
 harneis (It. arnese), etym. dub.] 
 
 harp 1 , n. Stringed musical instrument, 
 roughly triangular, played with the fingers. 
 [com.-Teut. : OE hearpe, Du. harp, G harfe] 
 
 harp 2 , v.i. Play on harp, whence har'pER 1 , 
 hap'piST, nn. ; dwell tediously on (subject). 
 [OE hearpian (as prec.)] 
 
 happoo'n, n., & v.t. Spear-like missile with 
 rope attached, for catching whales &c. ; h.-gun 
 (for firing this); (v.t.) strike, spear, with h. 
 [(vb f. n.) f . F harpon (harpe clamp f. L f. Gk 
 harpe sickle)] 
 
 hap'psiehopd(-k-), n. Keyboard instrument 
 with strings plucked by quill or leather points, 
 used 16th-18th c. [f. obs. F harpechorde (L 
 harpa harp + chorda string)] 
 
 hap'py, n. (Gk & L Myth.) rapacious mon- 
 ster with woman's face & body & bird's wings 
 & claws ; rapacious person ; h.-eagle, S.-Amer. 
 bird of prey. [f. L f. Gk harpuiai pi. (cf. har- 
 pazo snatch)] 
 
 hap'quebus, ap-, n. (hist.). Early type of 
 portable gun, supported on tripod by hook or 
 on forked rest. So hapquebusiER* n. [f. F 
 harquebuse f. It. arcobugio corrupt, (as if= 
 arco bow 4- bugio hollow) of MHG hakenbiihse 
 (haken hook + buhse gun)] 
 
 ha'PPidan, n. Haggard old woman, vixen, 
 [perh. f. F haridelle old jade] 
 
 ha'ppiep 1 , n. One who harries, [-er 1 ] 
 
 ha'ppiep 2 , n. Hound used for hunting hare ; 
 (pi.) pack of these with huntsmen (also as name 
 of hare-&-hounds club) ; kind of falcon, [perh. 
 = prec] 
 
 ha'ppow \ n. Heavy frame with iron teeth 
 for breaking clods on ploughed land, covering 
 seed, &c. ; under the h., in distress. [ME harwe, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 ha'ppow 2 , v.t. Draw harrow over (land) ; 
 lacerate, wound, (lit. & fig. of feelings &c), 
 whence ha*ppowiNG 2 a. [f. prec] 
 
 ha'ppow 3 , v.t. Harry, spoil, (chiefly in phr. 
 h. hell, of Christ), [var. of foil.] 
 
 ha'ppy, v.t. Ravage, waste, spoil, (land, or 
 abs.) ; despoil (person) ; harass, worry. [OE 
 hergian f. OTeut. harjojan (harjo- army)] 
 
 harsh, a. Rough to the touch, taste, eye, or 
 car ; repugnant to feelings or judgment ; cruel, 
 unfeeling. Hence har'shLY 2 adv., hap'sh- 
 ness n. [ME harsk, cf. Swed. harsk, Da. harsk, 
 rank, G harsch harsh] 
 
 hart, n. Male of (esp. red) deer, esp. after 
 fifth year ; h. of ten (branches on horns) ; /?.'.<?- 
 tongue, fern with long fronds. [OE heort f. 
 OTeut. herut- perh. conn. w. Gk kerat- horn] 
 
 har't(e)beest, n. S. -African kind of ante- 
 lope. [S.-Afr. Du.] 
 
 hap'tshorn (-s-h-), n. Substance got from 
 horns of hart, formerly chief source of ammo- 
 nia ; (spirit of) h., aqueous solution of ammo- 
 niaj_saZ£ o//*.,_smelling salts. 
 
 hap'um-seap'um, a. & n. Reckless (per- 
 son, conduct), [arbitrary] 
 
 hap'vest, n., & v.t. (Season for) reaping & 
 gathering in of grain or other products ; corn- 
 crop ; season's yield of any natural product ; 
 (fig.) product of any action; h.-bug, mite 
 troublesome during h. ; h. festival, thanks- 
 giving service for h.; h. home, close of harvest- 
 ing, festival of this ; h. moon (full within fort- 
 night of Sep. 22 or 23) ; h. mouse, small species, 
 nesting in stalks of growing grain ; (v.t.) reap 
 & gather in (crop, or abs.), lay up, husband, 
 [(vb f. n.) OE hxrfest f. OTeut. harbistoz (harb- 
 = L carpere pluck)] 
 
 hap'vestep, n. Reaper; reaping-machine 
 (esp. sheaf-binding one) ; harvest-bug. [-er 1 ] 
 
 has. See have. 
 
 hash 1 , v.t. (Also h. up) cut (meat, also fig.) 
 in small pieces, [f. F hacher (hache hatchet)] 
 
 hash 2 , n. Dish of hashed meat ; old matter 
 served up in new form ; medley; make a h. of, 
 spoil in dealing with ; settle a person's h., make 
 an end of, do for, him. [f. prec] 
 
 ha'shish, -eesh, n. Top leaves & tender 
 parts of hemp, dried for smoking or chewing, 
 in Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, &c. (cf. bhang). 
 [Arab, hashish dry herb] 
 
 ha'slet, hap'slet, n. Piece of meat to be 
 roasted, esp. pig's fry. [f. OF hastelet (haste 
 spit f. L hasta spear, -let)] 
 
 hasp, n., & v.t. Fastening contrivance, esp. 
 clasp passing over staple & secured by padlock ; 
 hank, skein, of yarn ; (v.t.) fasten with h. [(vb 
 f. OE hxpsian f.) OE hxpse, cf. OHG haspa 
 reelful of yarn, MHG haspe hinge] 
 
 ha'ssock, n. Cushion for kneeling ; tuft of 
 matted grass &c. ; (in Kent) soft calcareous 
 sandstone. [OE hassuc, etym. dub.] 
 
 ha'state, a. Spear-shaped, [f. L hastatus 
 (hasta spear, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 haste,n., & v.i. Urgencyof movement; hurry, 
 precipitancy, as more h., less speed ; make h., be 
 quick (Zo do, cfrdo); (v.i.) make h. (to do, or abs.). 
 [(vb f. OF haster) f. OF haste f. WG *haisti- vio- 
 lence] 
 
 ha'sten (-sn), v.t. & i. Cause (person) to make 
 haste; accelerate(work&c); make haste, [-en 6 ] 
 
 ha'sty, a. Hurried ; speedy ; rash, inconsider- 
 ate; quick-tempered; h. pudding (of flour 
 stirred to thick batter in boiling milk or water). 
 Hence ha'stiLY 2 adv., ha'stiNESS n. [f. OF 
 hasti, for -if (as haste 1 , see -ive)] 
 
 hat, n., & v.t. Man's, woman's, outdoor head- 
 covering, usu. with brim (cf. bonnet, cap) ; top, 
 high, chimney-pot, h., cylindrical silk h.; opera 
 h. (cylindrical compressible) ; cardinal's or red 
 h., (fig.) office of cardinal; h. in hand, servile- 
 ly); send round the h., solicit contributions; 
 
HATCH 
 
 378 
 
 HAWK 
 
 as black as my h., quite black ; hatband (put 
 round h.) ; h.-block (for moulding h. on); h. trick, 
 (Cricket) taking 3 wickets by successive balls ; 
 (v.t.) cover, furnish, with h. Hence ha'tFUL, 
 ha'ttER ^ (3), nn. , ha'tLESS a. [(vb f . n. ) OE hxt, 
 f. OTeut. hattuz {had-, hod-, whence hood)] 
 hatch J ,n. Lower half of divided door; (Naut.) 
 hatchway, trap-door covering this ; tinder hh., 
 below deck, (fig. ) down outof sight,brought low ; 
 flood-gate ; hatchway, opening in ship's deck for 
 lowering cargo. [OE hxc, hec, cf. Du. hek, Da. 
 
 hatch 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Bring forth (young 
 birds &c, or abs.) from egg; incubate (egg); 
 emerge from egg ; (of egg) produce young ; con- 
 trive & develop (plot &c.) ; (n.) hatching, brood 
 hatched, [(n. f. vb) ME hacchen, etym. dub.] 
 hatch 3 , v.t., & n. Engrave (usu. parallel) lines 
 on (surface) ; Arch. ) hatched moulding (with two 
 crossing sets of parallel lines ; (n.) engraved line, 
 [(n. f. vb) f. F hacher (as hatchet)] 
 ha'tehery, n. Place for hatching fish, [-ery] 
 ha'tchet, n. Light short-handled axe ; h.- 
 (narrow, sharp) face; bury the h., cease from 
 hostilities; throw the h., exaggerate; throw the 
 helve after the h., add new loss to that already 
 incurred, [f. F hachette dim. of hache f. OHG 
 *happja sickle] 
 
 ha'tchment, n. Escutcheon; tablet with 
 
 deceased person's armorial bearings, affixed to 
 
 front of his house, [corrupt, of achievement] 
 
 hate 1 , n. (chiefly poet.). Hatred. [OE hete 
 
 f. OTeut. hatoz] 
 
 hate 2 , v.t. Have strong dislike of ; bear ma- 
 lice to. Hence ha'tABLE a. [OE hatian (root 
 hat-, whence prec. )] 
 
 ha'teful, a. Exciting hatred. Hence ha'te- 
 fulLY 2 adv., ha'tefulNESS n. [-ful] 
 ha'tred, n. Active dislike ; enmity, ill-will. 
 [ME (hate l + -red = OE raeden condition)] 
 hct'tti, n. Turkish edict made irrevocable by 
 Sultan's mark, [in full hattisherif (-el), hatti- 
 humayun (-hdbmah'un), f. Pers. khattisherif, 
 -humayun, sacred writing] 
 hau'bepk, n. Coat of mail. [f. OF hauberc 
 f. OHG halsberg (hals neck + -bergan cover)] 
 haugh (hahch, hahf), n. Piece of flat allu- 
 vial land by river, [perh. f. OE healh corner] 
 haugh'ty (haw-), a. Proud, arrogant ; dig- 
 nified. Hence haugh'tiL y 2 adv. , haugh'ti- 
 ness n. [extension of older haught a. f. F haut 
 f. L alius high, -Y 2 ] 
 
 haul, v.t. & i. Pull, drag, forcibly; pull at, 
 upon, (rope &c); (Naut.) turn ship's course; 
 h. upon the wind, bring ship round to sail closer 
 to wind; (of wind) shift; (n.) hauling, (fig.) a- 
 mount gained, acquisition. Hence hau*lAGE(3) 
 n. [(n. f. vb) var. of hale v.] 
 havrlier, n. One who hauls (esp. tubs in coal 
 mine to bottom of shaft), [f. prec, see -yer] 
 ha(u)lm (hawm, hahm), n. Stalk, stem ; (col- 
 lect, sing. ) stems, stalks, of peas, beans, &c. , used 
 for thatching &c. [OE healm, cf. G & Da. halm, 
 Gk kalamos reed] 
 
 haunch (haw-, hah-), n. Part of body (of men 
 & quadrupeds) between last ribs & thigh ; leg 
 & loin of deer &c. as food ; side of arch between 
 crown & piers, [f. OF hanche = med.L hancha 
 prob. of G orig., cf. OHG ancha joint, leg] 
 haunt (haw-), v.t. & i., & n. Frequent (place); 
 frequent company of (person); (of thoughts &c) 
 visit (person) frequently; (p. p.) visited, frequent- 
 ed, by ghosts ; stay habitually (in, about, place, 
 with person); (n.) place of frequent resort, usual 
 feeding-place of animals, den frequented by 
 criminals, [(n. f. vb) f. F hanter, etym. dub.j 
 haut'boy (ho), ho'boy, o'boe (-oi), n. High- 
 pitched wooden wind instrument ; reed -stop on 
 
 organ ; tall species of strawberry, [f. F haut- 
 bois (haut high + bois wood)] 
 
 hauteur (hoter), _n. Loftiness of mariner. [F] 
 
 haut-gout (hogoo*), n. Taint, high flavour. 
 [F, = seasoning, lit. high flavour] 
 
 Hava'na, n. Cigar made at Havana or in 
 Cuba. 
 
 have 1 , v.t. & i. & auxil. (Pres. ; / have, ar- 
 chaic thou hast, he has, we, you, they, have; 
 past had, archaic 2nd sing, hadst ; p.p. had). 
 Hold in possession ; experience the existence of 
 (persons &c. in various relations), as J h. two 
 sons, no uncle, no equals ; possess, contain, as 
 appendage, part, quality, &c, as June has 
 30 days, trees h. leaves, it has its advantages ; 
 enjoy, suffer, as / had that pleasure, a tooth- 
 ache, no fear ; know, as he has no Greek ; be 
 burdened with, as / had my work to do ; be 
 obliged, as I had to do my tvork ; retain, as h. 
 this in mind ; entertain, as h. no doubt ; show 
 by action &c. that one possesses, as h. the im- 
 pudence to say; engage in, carry on, as had 
 some conversation, h. a game, h. a try (make an 
 attempt); he will h. it (maintains) that; as Plato 
 has (expresses) it ; obtain, receive, take (food), 
 as we had neivs, h. an egg ; the Ayes h. it (h. the 
 advantage) ; let him h. it, punish or reprimand 
 him ; / had him there (gained advantage over 
 him); (slang) you h. been had (cheated); h. him 
 (cause him to be) shot ; h. him up, cause him to 
 be brought before court of justice ; / had my 
 leg broken (experienced such breakage) ; h. at, 
 make attack upon ; h. done, stop ; h. on, be 
 wearing (clothes); h. it out, settle dispute (with 
 person) by discussion &c. ; (in past subj. , = would 
 h.) had rather (would prefer to) go, had better 
 go, would act more wisely in going ; (auxiliary) 
 I have, had, shall have, packed, my packing is, 
 was, will be. complete, had I (if I had) known 
 &c. [com.-Teut. : OE habban, Du. hebben, G 
 haben, perh. conn. w. L habere] 
 
 have 2 , n. (slang). Swindle, take-in. [f. prec] 
 
 ha'ven, n. Harbour, port; (fig.) refuge. [OE 
 haefen, cf. Du. haven, G hafen ; perh. f. root of 
 have or heave] 
 
 ha'vepsack, n. (Soldier's) stout canvas bag 
 for provisions, [f. F havresac f. G habersack 
 (haber oats + sack)] 
 
 ha'vildap, n. Sepoy officer corresponding to 
 sergeant, [f. Pers. hawalar (Arab, hawalah 
 charge + Pers. dar holder)] 
 
 ha'ving, n. In vbl senses ; also, property, 
 belongings, (often pi.), [-ing 1 ] 
 
 ha'voc, n., & v.t. (-ocking, -ocked). Devasta- 
 tion, destruction, as make h. of, play h. among; 
 cry h., give signal to army to seize spoil (now 
 fig.); (v.t.) devastate (often abs.). [(vb f. n.) f. 
 AF havok f. OF havot, prob. of Teut. orig.] 
 
 haw 1 , n. (Fruit of) hawthorn ; (Hist.) hedge, 
 enclosure; hawbuck, country bumpkin ; haw- 
 finch, common grosbeak. [OE haga, cf. Du. haag 
 hedge, G hag hedge, bush] 
 
 haw 2 , n. Third eyelid of horse, dog, &c, 
 cartilage within inner corner of eye. [?] 
 
 haw-haw,int. &n. Boisterous laugh. Hence 
 haw-haw v.i. [imit.] 
 
 hawk 1 , n., & v.i. & t. Bird of prey used in fal- 
 conry, with rounded wings shorter than falcon's; 
 rapacious person ; h. -eyed, keen-sigh ted ; h. -moth, 
 sphinx-moth; h.-nosed,with aquiline nose; h.'s- 
 bill, kind of turtle ; (v.i.) hunt game with h.; (v.i. 
 & t.) h. (at), attack as h. does. Hence hawk- 
 ish 1 , haw*k-LiKE, aa. [(vb f. n.) OE habuc, cf. 
 Du. havik, G habicht, perh. f. root haf- seize] 
 
 hawk 2 , v.t. Carry (goods) about for sale 
 
 (often fig.), [prob. f. hawker] 
 
 hawk 3 , v.i. & t. Clear the throat noisily: 
 bring (phlegm &c) up from throat, [prob. unit. J 
 
 
HAWK 
 
 379 
 
 HEAD 
 
 hawk 4 , n. Plasterer's square board with 
 handle. [?] 
 
 hawker, n. One who hawks goods about, 
 [prob. f. MLG hoker (G hoker, Du. heuker) perh. 
 f. hocken carry on one's back] 
 
 hawse (-z), n. Part of ship's bows in which 
 h.-holes are cut for cables ; space between head 
 of anchored vessel & anchors; situation of cables 
 before ship's stem when moored with two an- 
 chors out from forward, one on starboard, other 
 on port bow. [16th c. ha{n)lse, prob. f. ON hals 
 neck] 
 
 hawser (-z-), n. (naut.). Large rope, small 
 cable, now often of steel, [prob. f. OF haiwier 
 hoist f. LL *altiare (altus high)] 
 
 hawthorn, n. Thorny shrub, with white, 
 red, or pink blossom & small dark red berry, the 
 haw i. [OE hagathom (as haw l , see thorn)] 
 
 hay, n., & v.t. &c i. Grass mown & dried for 
 fodder; Burgundian h., Lucerne; look for a 
 needle in a bottle 3 (or bundle) of h.; make h., 
 turn it over for exposure to sun ; make h. of, 
 throw into confusion ; make h. while the sun 
 shines, seize opportunities ; haycock, conical 
 heap of h.; h.-fever, summer disorder usu. with 
 asthmatic symptoms, caused by pollen or dust ; 
 h. -fork (for turning over or loading h.); hay- 
 maker, one who lifts, tosses, & spreads h. after 
 mowing, instrument for shaking & drying h. ; 
 hayrick, haystack, regular pile of h. with point- 
 ed or ridged top ; (v.t.) put (land) under h., make 
 into h. ; (v.i.) make h. [(vb f. n.) com.-Teut. : 
 OE hieg, Du. hooi, G heu, f. st. of hew] 
 
 hayward (-ord), n. Officer of parish &c. in 
 charge of fences & enclosures, [obs. hay hedge 
 (as haw 1 ) + ward] 
 
 ha'zard (-e?*d), n., & v.t. Game at dice, with 
 complicated chances ; chance ; danger ; at all 
 hh. (risks); each of winning openings in tennis- 
 court; (Billiards) winning h., striking object 
 ball into pocket, losing h., pocketing own ball 
 off another ; (Golf) any kind of bad ground ; (in 
 Ireland) cab-stand ; (v.t.) expose to h., run the 
 h. of, venture on (action, statement, guess), [(vb 
 f. F hasarder) f . OF hasard, prob. of Arab, orig.] 
 
 hazardous, a. Risky ; dependent on chance. 
 Hence ha'zardousLY 2 adv., ha'zardous- 
 ness n. [-ous] 
 
 haze \ n., & v.t. Obscuration of atmosphere 
 near earth, often arising from heat ; (fig.) men- 
 tal obscurity or confusion ; (v.t.) make hazy. [?] 
 
 haze 2 , v.t. (naut.). Harass with overwork; 
 (U.S.) bully, [cf. OF haser harass, worry] 
 
 ha'zel, n. Bush whose fruit is the h.-nvt; 
 (stick of) its wood ; reddish-brown colour (esp. 
 of eyes); wych-A. Hence ha'zellY 2 a. [OE 
 hxsel, cf. Du. hazel, G hasel] 
 
 ha'zy, a. Misty ; vague, indistinct ; slightly 
 drunk. Hence ha'ziLY 2 adv., ha'ziNESS n. 
 [etym. dub.; known earlier than haze 1 ] 
 
 he l t pron. (obj. him, poss. his, pi. they, obj. 
 them, poss. their) & n. (pi. hes). (Pron.) the male 
 person in question; (n.) male; (attrib. esp. of 
 animals) he-goat &c. [OE, cogn. w. OFris. hi, 
 he ; other Teut. langg. use st. i-] 
 
 he 2 , int. expr. amusement or derision (often 
 repeated, h. h.). [in many langg.] 
 
 head 1 (hed), n. Anterior part of body of 
 animal, upper part of man's body, containing 
 mouth, sense-organs, and brain ; (as measure) 
 taller by a h., (Horse-racing) icon by a h.; can- 
 not make h. or tail of (understand) ; seat of in- 
 tellect or imagination ; life, as it cost him his h. ; 
 image of h., esp. on one side of coin (opp. to tail), 
 as hh. 1 win, tails you lose ; antlers of deer, as 
 deer of the first h. (when antlers are first de- 
 veloped); person, as crowned hh., some hot h. 
 (hasty person); individual, as twopence per head 
 
 (each), esp. of cattle, as every h. of cattle, twenty 
 h. ; large h. (number) of game ; thing like h. in 
 form or position, e.g. cutting or striking part of 
 tool, knobbed end of nail &c; (of plants) com- 
 pact mass of leaves or flowers at top of stem ; 
 foam on top of liquor ; cream on top of milk ; 
 top (of mast, staircase, page, &c); maturated 
 part of boil &c. ; upper end ; end of lake at which 
 river enters it ; end of bed at which one's head 
 rests ; fountain-^. ; body of water kept at 
 height for mill &c; pressure (per unit of area) 
 of confined body of steam &c; front (of proces- 
 sion, army, &c); front part of plough, holding 
 the share ; bows of ship, as by the h., with h. 
 lower in water than stern, (fig.) slightly drunk ; 
 promontory, as Beachy H. ; underground pas- 
 sage for working coal in mine; ruler, chief, 
 (often attrib.); master of college; head-master 
 of school ; position of command, as at the h. of; 
 main division in discourse ; category ; culmina- 
 tion, crisis, as come to ah.; ozone's h., crazy ; 
 07i one's h. (of vengeance falling, guilt resting, 
 on person); out of one's oum head, from one's own 
 invention ; over one's h., above one, esp. fig. of 
 danger impending &c, (also) beyond one's com- 
 prehension, as he talks over our hh., (also) per- 
 son is promoted over another's h. (who has prior 
 claim) ; by the h. & ears, forcibly (esp. of drag- 
 ging in a story) ; over h . & e ars ; from h. to foot, 
 all over the person ; h. of hair, the hair on the 
 h., esp. when copious ; h. over heels, topsy-turvy; 
 by h. & shoulders, = by h. & ears, (also) con- 
 siderably (taller, & fig. of mental or moral sta- 
 ture) ; keep one's h., keep calm; keep one's h. 
 above water, (fig.) keep out of debt ; lose one's h., 
 be beheaded, (also) become confused ; make h., 
 press forward ; make h. against, resist success- 
 fully ; put (thing) into person's h., suggest it to 
 him ; h. first or foremost, with the h. foremost 
 (of plunge &c), (fig.) precipitately; give (horse) 
 his h., let him go freely; lay {our See.) hh. to- 
 gether, consult together ; talk person's h. off, 
 weary him with talk; beat person's h. off, beat 
 him thoroughly; (prov.) two hh. (minds) are 
 better than one ; headache, continuous pain in 
 h. ; headachy, suffering from, producing, this ; 
 headband, band worn round h.; headborough 
 (Hist.), petty constable ; h.-dress, covering (esp. 
 woman's ornamental attire) for the h.; head- 
 fast, rope at h. of vessel to make her fast to 
 wharf &c. ; h.-gear, hat, cap, h.-dress; head- 
 land, promontory, (also) strip left unploughed 
 at end of field ; h.-line, line at top of page con- 
 taining title &c, title or sub-title in newspaper ; 
 headman, chief man, chief of tribe &c. ; h.-mas- 
 ter, -mistress, principal master, mistress, of 
 school; h.-money (paid for or by each person) ; 
 h.-piece, helmet, (also) intellect, man of intellect, 
 (also) ornamental engraving at h. of chapter 
 &c. in book ; h.-quarters, (Mil.) commander-in- 
 chief's residence, (gen.) centre of operations ; 
 headspring, main source of stream (also fig.); 
 h.-stall, part of bridle or halter that fits round 
 h. ; headstock, bearings of revolving parts in 
 machine ; headstone, gravestone ; h. stone, chief 
 stone in foundation (also fig.); h.-voice, one of 
 higher registers of voice in singing or speaking ; 
 headway, progress, (of ship) rate of progress, 
 (Arch.) space overhead ; h. wind (meeting one 
 directly in front); h.-work, mental work. Hence 
 (-)headED 2 , hea'dLESS, aa. [com.-Teut.: OE 
 hkafod, Du. hoofd, G haupt ; oonnexion w. L 
 captit doubtful] 
 
 head 2 (hed), v.t. & i. Furnish with head; 
 (also h. down) lop off head of (plant, tree) ; be, 
 form, the head of ; place name &c, (of name See.) 
 be placed, at the head of (chapter, list, &c. ) ; come 
 to a head, develop ; be, put oneself, at the head 
 
-HEAD 
 
 380 
 
 of (a company &c); lead; excel; oppose; go 
 round the head of (lake 8cc.);h.back, off, get ahead 
 of so as to turn back, aside; (intr.) front (in 
 named direction) ; (of ship) make for (place, 
 point), [f. prec] 
 
 -head, -hood, suff. forming nn. of condition 
 or quality on nn. & aa. An independent noun 
 appearing in Goth, as haiduz manner, way, 
 gives OHG -heit & the E suff. (1) -head, ME 
 -hide, -hid, first joined to aa. but extended to 
 nn. & finally giving place to -hood exc. in a few 
 wds such as godhead, maidenhead, (distinct in 
 meaning f. godhood, maidenhood). (2) -hood, 
 ME -hod, OE -had, orig. noun = person, person- 
 ality, condition, quality ; then as suf. to nn. & 
 later to adjj., both in new formations & to re- 
 place -head. 
 
 hea'der, n. One who puts a head on cask 
 &c; brick, stone, laid with end in face of wall 
 (cf. stretcher) ; plunge head first, [-er J ] 
 
 hea'ding, n. In vbl senses; also or esp.: 
 (Footb.) striking ball with head ; title &c. at 
 head of page &c; horizontal passage in pre- 
 paration for tunnel, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 hea'dlong, adv. & a. Head foremost (in fall- 
 ing Sec); precipitate(ly); impetuous(ly). [earlier 
 headling (head 1 + -ling 2 ), assim. to -long] 
 
 hea'dmost, a. Foremost. 
 
 hea'dsman, n. Executioner ; man in com- 
 mand of whaling boat. Ihead 1 + -es + man] 
 
 hea*dstPong,a. Violentlyself- willed. Hence 
 hea'dstPongNESS n. [= strong in .head] 
 
 hea'dy, a. (Of person, thing, action) impetu- 
 ous, violent; (of liquor &c.)apt to intoxicate. 
 Hence hea'diLY 2 adv., hea'diNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 heal (hel), v.t. & i. Restore (person, wound) 
 to health' (lit. & fig.) ; cure (person of disease) ; 
 (of wound) become sound or whole ; h.-all, uni- 
 versal remedy (pop. name of various plants). 
 Hence hea'lERin. [com.-Teut.: OE h£lan, Du. 
 heelen, G heilen, cogn. w. hale, whole] 
 
 health (he-), n. Soundness of body (also fig.); 
 condition of body, as good, bad, h.; h.-officer, 
 officer of h., (charged with administering h. laws 
 &c); toast drunk in person's honour; BiLL 4 o/7i. 
 [OE h±lth, cogn. w. hale, see -th 1 ] 
 
 hea'lthful, a. Health-giving; conducive to 
 moral or spiritual welfare. Hence hea'lth- 
 fulLY 2 adv., hea'lthfulNESS n. [-ful] 
 
 hea'lthy, a. Having good health (lit. & fig.); 
 conducive to good health. Hence hea'lthiLY 2 
 adv. , hea'lthiNESS n. [health + - y 2 ] 
 
 heap 1 , n. Group of things lying one on an- 
 other ; (colloq.) large number, as a h. of people, 
 hh. of times, (adv.) he is hh. better; (colloq.) 
 struck all of a h., mentally prostrated. [OE 
 hiap, cf. Du. hoop, Da. hob, G haufe ; also L 
 cumbere, cubare] 
 
 heap 2 , v.t. Pile (things up, together, &c.) in 
 aheap ; load (cart, person, &c. with goods, bene- 
 fits, &c.) ; accumulate (insults &c. upon). [OE 
 hiapian, as prec] 
 
 heap (her), v.t. & i. (heard pron. herd). Per- 
 ceive (sound &e. or intr.) with the ear; as / 
 heard a groan, Ih. him groaning, I heard him 
 groan (but lie was heard to groan) ; listen, give 
 audience, to, as 7?.. him out (to the end), h. him his 
 lesson, h. a sermon ; listen judicially to (case, 
 plaintiff, &c.) ; grant (prayer) ; he toill not h. 
 (entertain the notion) of it ; you will h. of this 
 (be reprimanded for it) ; be informed (that, of, 
 about); (as form of cheering, often iron.) h.! h.!. 
 Hence hear'ABLEa., hear'ER J n. [com.-Teut.: 
 OE hieran, Du. hooren, G horen] 
 
 heap'ing, n. In vbl senses, esp.: perception 
 by ear, as hard of h., deaf; within h., near 
 enough to be heard; give him a fair h., listen 
 impartially to him. [-ing ] ] 
 
 HEAT 
 
 [OE 
 
 hearken (har-), hap-, v.i. Listen (to) 
 hercnian (as hark, w. suf. -n-)] 
 
 heap'say, n. What one hears (but does not 
 know to be true), gossip, as h. evidence. 
 
 hearse (hers), n. Car for carrying coffin at 
 funeral ; (formerly) framework supporting pall 
 at funeral, often adapted for carrying tapers, 
 [f. F herse f. L hirpicem (nom. -ex) rake, harrow] 
 
 heart (hart), n. Hollow organ keeping up 
 circulation of blood by contracting & dilating ; 
 right, left, h. (side of h.); smoker's h. (h. disor- 
 der due to smoking) ; breast ; mind ; soul ; after 
 one's (own) h. (desire) ; seat of the emotions, esp. 
 of love, as give, lose, one's h. to, win the h. of, 
 (person); sensibility, as he has no h.; courage, 
 as pluck up or take, lose, h. ; (as term of endear- 
 ment to person) dear, sweet, h.; (Naut.) my hh. 
 (spirited fellows) ; central part, esp. of tree, as 
 (fig.) h. of oak, courageous man ; vital part, es- 
 sence ; (of land) fertility, as out ofh., in poor con- 
 dition ; h.-shaped thing ; (Cards, pi.) suitmarked 
 with hh.; at h., in one's inmost feelings ; by h., 
 in, from, memory, as learn, say, by h. ; from one's 
 h., sincerely ; in one's h., secretly ; in h., in good 
 spirits ; near(est) one's h., dear(est) to one ; out 
 ofh., in low spirits ; with all one's h., sincerely, 
 with the utmost goodwill ; find in one's h., (esp. 
 w. neg.) prevail on oneself (to do) ; have thing 
 at h., be deeply interested in it ; lay thing to h., 
 think it over seriously ; searchings of h., mis- 
 givings ; take thing to ft,, be much affected by 
 it ; break person's h., overwhelm him with sor- 
 row; cry one's h. out, cry violently, eat one's h. 
 out, pine away from vexation &c; have the h., 
 (esp. w. neg.) be hard-hearted enough (to do) ; 
 h. & hand, enthusiastically ; in one's h. of hh. 
 (inmost feelings) ; h. & soid, with all one's 
 energy ; have one's h. in one's mouth, be violent- 
 ly alarmed or startled ; his h. is in the right 
 place, he means well ; take h. (of grace), pluck 
 up courage ; wear one's h. upon one's sleeve, 
 lack proper reserve ; it does my h. good, it re- 
 joices me ; h.-ache, mental anguish : h.-beat, 
 pulsation of h., (fig.) emotion ; h.(\s)-biood, life- 
 blood, life ; h.-break, overwhelming distress ; 
 h.-breaking, -broken, causing, crushed by, this ; 
 heartburn, burning sensation in lower part of 
 chest; h.-burning, jealousy, grudge; h.-disease 
 (of h.); h.-felt, sincere (emotion &c); h.-rend- 
 ing, distressing ; heartsease, pansy ; h.-sick, de- 
 spondent; h.-sore, grieved at h.; h.-strings, 
 (fig.) heart, deepest affections ; h.-whole, undis- 
 mayed, with the h. unengaged, sincere. Hence 
 -heaptED 2 a. [com.-Teut.: OE heorte, Du. 
 hart, G herz ; cf. L cor -dis, Gk kardia] 
 
 heap'ten (har-), v.t. & i. Inspirit, cheer (often 
 on, up); (intr.) cheer up. [f. archaic vb heart 
 (OE hiertan, as prec.) + -en 6 ] 
 
 hearth (har-), n. Floor of fireplace ; h.-rng 
 (laid before fireplace) ; hearthstone, flat stone 
 forming h., (also) stone &c. for whitening hh. 
 [OE heordh, cf. Du. haard, G herd] 
 
 heap'tily, adv. With goodwill, courage, or 
 appetite ; very, as h. sick of it. [hearty, -ly 2 ] 
 
 heap'tless, a. Unfeeling, pitiless, cruel. 
 Hence heap*tlessLY 2 adv., heap'tlessNESS 
 n. [-less] 
 
 heap'ty (har-), a. & n. Cordial, genial ; (of 
 feelings) sincere ; vigorous ; (of meals) abundant; 
 (n. , as address to sailors) myhh. Hence heap'ti- 
 ness n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 heat 1 , n. Hotness; sensation, perception, of 
 this ; red, white, &c. h., at which metals &c. are 
 red, white, &c; (Physics) kinetic & potential 
 energy of the invisible molecules of bodies, cap- 
 able of transmission by conduction or radiation 
 (formerly held an elastic material fluid) ; latent 
 h., h. required to convert a solid into liquid or 
 
HEAT 
 
 381 
 
 HEDDLES 
 
 vapour, or a liquid into vapour; specific h., h. 
 required to raise temperature of a given sub- 
 stance to given extent (usu. one degree), usu. 
 calculated relatively to water; hot weather; 
 inflamed state of body ; pungency of flavour ; 
 prickly h., skin disease common in hot climates; 
 single effort, esp. at a h.; (trial) hh., races, 
 contests, the winners of which compete in final 
 (h.) ; warmth of feeling, anger; violent stage (of 
 debate &c); sexual excitement of animals dur- 
 ing breeding season ; h.-spot, freckle, (also) point 
 of the skin at which heat can be felt ; h.-wavc, 
 wave of radiant h., (also) access of great h. in 
 atmosphere regarded as passing from place to 
 place. [OE hxtu, cf. MDu. hecte ; also G hitze, 
 Du. hitte] 
 
 heat -, v.t. & i. Make hot ; inflame (blood &c); 
 inflame with passion, whence hea*tedLv 2 ad v.; 
 <intr.) become hot (lit. & fig.). Hence hea't- 
 ER l &) n. [com.-Teut.: OE hMan, Du. heten, G 
 heizen ; cogn. w. hot] 
 
 heath, n. Bare flat waste tract of land, esp. 
 if covered with shrubs ; name of such shrubs, 
 esp. of genus Erica ; h.-bell, flower of h. & other 
 plants ; h.-ber?-y, bilberry, crowberry, & other 
 berries; h.-cock, blackcock. Hence hea'thv- 
 a. [OE hxdh, cf. Du. & G heide] 
 
 hea'then (-dh-), a. & n. (One who is) neither 
 Christian, Jewish, nor Mohammedan ;, (n. pi. 
 collect.) the h.; unenlightened person. Hence 
 hea'thenDOM, hea'theniSM(2), hea'then- 
 ishxEss, hea'theiiRY.nn., hea'thenisH J a., 
 hea'thenishLY 2 adv., hea*thenizE(3) v.t. 
 & i. [OE hxdhen, cf. Du. heiden, G Jieide; 
 Goth, has haithno heathen woman, perh. f. 
 haithi heath] 
 
 hea'ther (hedh-), n. Various species of genus 
 Erica (called in the North Ling) ; h.-bell, (flower 
 of) species of Erica; h.-nxixture, (fabric) of mixed 
 hues supposed to resemble h. Hence hea'th- 
 epv 2 a. [?] 
 
 heave 1 , v.t. & i. (past & p.p. heaved or hove). 
 Lift (heavy thing) ; (of vein or stratum) displace 
 (another) ; utter (groan, sigh) with effort; (Naut. 
 & colloq.) throw; (Xaut.) haul up, haul, by rope ; 
 rise, swell up ; rise with alternate falls, as 
 waves; pant; retch; pull (at rope, &c); h. 
 down, turn (ship) over on one side for cleaning 
 £cc.;h. to, bring (ship), bring ship, to a standstill; 
 h. in sight, become visible ; h. ho (cry of sailors 
 inheavinganchorup). [com.-Teut.: OE hebban, 
 Du. heffen, G heben, cf. L capere take] 
 
 heave 2 , n. Heaving ; h. of the sea, force ex- 
 erted by swell of sea on ship's course ; hori- 
 zontal displacement of vein or stratum ; (pi.) 
 disease of horses, broken wind. [f. prec] 
 
 hea'ven (he-), n. Sky, firmament, (in prose 
 now usu. pi. ) ; region of the atmosphere in which 
 clouds float, winds blow, & birds fly ; (formerly) 
 each of several spheres into which space round 
 earth was divided ; habitation of God & his 
 angels, usually placed beyond sky (cf. hell) ; 
 seveiith h., h. of hh., highest of seven hh. re- 
 cognized by Jews, abode of God ; God, Provi- 
 dence, as it is H.'s will ; (in asseverations & ex- 
 clamations) by hh. .', good hh. ! ; place, state, of 
 supreme bliss ; h.-born, of divine origin. Hence 
 hea'ven ward a., hea'ven ward(s) adv. [OE 
 he fen, later heofone, cf. LG heben ; etym. dub.] 
 
 hea*venly, a. Of heaven, divine ; of the sky, 
 as h. bodies ; of superhuman excellence ; (colloq.) 
 what h. (excellent) figs ! ; h.-minded, holy, de- 
 vout. Hence hea'venliNESS n. [OE heofonlic 
 <as prec, see -ly 1 )] 
 
 hea'vy (he-), a., n., adv. Of great weight ; of 
 great specific gravity ; weighty because abun- 
 dant, as a h. crop ; laden with ; (of ordnance of 
 the larger kind) h. guns, metal, artillery, (fig.) 
 
 h. metal, formidable opponent(s) ; (Mil.) carry- 
 ing h. arms; striking, falling, with force, as 
 h. storm, sea ; (of ground) clinging, difficult to 
 travel over; (of bread &c.) dense from not hav- 
 ing risen ; (of food) hard to digest ; (of horse) h. in 
 or on hand, bearing or hanging on bit, (fig.) dull, 
 hard to entertain; (of sky) overcast, gloomy; 
 clumsy in appearance or effect ; (of persons) in- 
 tellectually slow; unwieldy; (of artistic or 
 literary productions) dull, tedious ; (Theatr.) 
 serious, sombre, as h. villain ; oppressive, griev- 
 ous, as a h. fate ; sad, as h. neivs ; despondent ; 
 doleful ; drowsy ; it lies h. (makes its weight 
 felt) ; time hangs h. (passes slowly) ; (n. pi.) the 
 Hh., Dragoon Guards; (adv.) = heavily (now 
 chiefly in compounds; as h.-buying, -laden, 
 -pulling); h. -armed, bearing h. arms or armour ; 
 h. -hearted, melancholy, doleful ; h. spar, bary- 
 tes ; h.-weight, jockey &c. of more than average 
 weight, boxer over 11 stone. Hence hea*vi- 
 ly 2 adv., hea'viNESs n., hea'vyiSH l a. [OE 
 hefig (hefe weight,cogn. w. heave), cf. Du. hevig] 
 
 hebdomad, n. Week (esp. in reference to 
 Dan. ix. 27). [f. L f. Gk hebdomas -ados (hepta 
 seven, see -ad)} 
 
 hebdd'madal, a. Weekly; (Oxf. Univ.) 
 H. Council, board meeting weekly, [f. L heb- 
 domadalis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 He'be, n. (Gk. Myth.) goddess of youth, cup- 
 bearer of Olympus ; (facet.) waitress, barmaid. 
 [Gk] 
 
 he'betate, v.t. & i. Make, become, dull. [f, 
 L hebetare (hebes -etis blunt), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 Hebra'ie, a. Of Hebrew or the Hebrews. 
 Hence Hefora'iCALLY adv. [f. LL f. Gk 
 Hebraikos (as Hebrew, see -ic)] 
 
 He'braism, n. Attribute of the Hebrews ; 
 Hebrew system of thought or religion ; Hebrew 
 idiom or expression, so he*braiZE(3) v.t. & i., 
 hebrai'stic a., hebrarstiCALLY adv. [f. 
 F hebraisme L late Gk Hebraismos (as prec, 
 see : iSM)] 
 
 Hebraist, n. Hebrew scholar ; adherent of 
 Hebrew thought or religion, [as prec, -ist] 
 
 He'brew, n. & a. Israelite, Jew ; Epistle to 
 the Hh., book in N. T.; language of the ancient 
 Hebrews; (colloq.) unintelligible speech (cf. 
 greek) ; (adj.) of Hebrew, of the Jews ; H.-wise, 
 (of writing) from right to left, [f. OF Ebreu f. 
 med.L Ebreus f. L f. Gk Hebraios f. Aram. 
 'ebrai = Heb. Hbri one from the other side 
 ('abar cross over)] 
 
 he'catomb (-6m), n. (Gk ant.). Great public 
 sacrifice (prop. 100 oxen), [f. L f. Gk hekatombe 
 (hekaton hundi*ed + boiis ox)] 
 
 heck, n. Frame obstructing passage of fish 
 in river. [OE hec, see hatch 1 ] 
 
 he'ekle, v.t. (Dress flax, hemp, with) 
 hackle x ; catechize severely. [=hackle j ] 
 
 hectare (he - ktar, ektar'r), n. (In metric 
 system) superficial measure of 100 ares (2*171 
 acres), [f. hecto- + are x ] 
 
 he'etie, a. & n. H. fever, that which accom- 
 panies consumption and similar diseases, at- 
 tended with flushed cheeks and hot skin ; con- 
 sumptive ; morbidly flushed (lit. & fig.) ; (n.) h. 
 fever, patient, flush, [f. LL f. Gk hektikos 
 habitual, hectic, (hexis habit of body, f. ekho 
 hold, be ; see -ic)] 
 
 heeto- in comb. = Gk hekaton hundred, as : 
 -graph, apparatus for multiplying copies ; (Me- 
 tric system) -gram(me), weight of 100 grammes 
 (3'52 oz.), -litre, -liter. Meter), 100 litres (3\531cub. 
 ft), -metre, -meter, 100 metres (328-0S9 ft). 
 
 he'etor, n., & v.t. & i. Bluster(er), bully, 
 [(vb f. n.) f. Gk Hektor, son of Priam and 
 Hecuba, Trojan hero in Iliad] 
 
 he'ddles, n. pi Small cords or wires through, 
 
HEDGE 
 
 382 
 
 HELIUM 
 
 wkich warp is passed in loom after going 
 through the reed. [?] 
 
 hedge 1 , n. Fence of bushes or low trees, 
 living {quickset h.) or dead (dead h.), or of turf, 
 stone, &c. ; line of things or persons forming 
 barrier; (fig.) barrier; (Betting) act, means, of 
 hedging; h.-priest, illiterate priest of low 
 status ; hedgerow; row of bushes forming h. ; 
 h.-school, low-class school, (formerly) open-air 
 school esp. in Ireland ; h.-sparroic, common 
 British and European bird, one of the Warblers. 
 [OE hecg, cf. Du. hegge, G hecke ; cogn. w. haw 1 ] 
 
 hedge 2 , v.t. & i. Surround with hedge (lit. 
 & fig.) ; fence off; hem in ; make, trim, hedges, 
 whence he'dgER 1 n.; secure oneself against 
 loss on (bet, speculation, or abs.) by compen- 
 sating transactions on the otbcr side ; (intr.) 
 avoid committing oneself, [f. prec.J 
 
 he'dgehog, n. Spiny insectivorous quad- 
 ruped, rolling itself up into ball for defence ; 
 name of various animals armed with spines ; 
 prickly seed-vessel of some plants ; person hard 
 to get on with, whence he'dgehoggY 2 a. 
 [hedge (from its habits) + hog (from its snout)] 
 
 hedd'nic, a. & n. Of pleasure ; (n. pi.) doc- 
 trine of pleasure, [f. Gk hedonikos (foil., -ic)] 
 
 he'donism, n. Doctrine that pleasure is the 
 chief good. So he'doniST n., hedonistic a. 
 [f. Gk hedone pleasure + -ism] 
 
 heed, v.t. (Sc. & literary), & n. Concern one- 
 self about, take notice of ; (n.) careful attention, 
 as take h., pay or give h. to. Hence hee'dFUL, 
 hee'dLESs, aa., hee'dfulLY 2 , hee'dlessLY 2 , 
 advv., hee'dfulxESs, hee'dlessxESS, nn. 
 f(n. prob. f. vb) OE hedan, cf. Du. hoeden, G 
 hiiten (hut guard)] 
 
 hee*-haw\ n. Ass's bray; loud laugh, [imit.] 
 
 heel 1 , n. Hinder part of human foot below 
 ankle ; (Anat.) corresponding part of hind limb 
 in quadruped, often raised above ground; (pop., 
 of quadruped) hinder part of hoof, (pi.) hind 
 feet; part of stocking thatcoversh.; partof boot 
 that supports h.; thing like h. in shape or posi- 
 tion, as handle end of violin bow, crook in head 
 of golf club, after end of ship's keel ; at h., at, 
 on, upon, one's hh., close behind one; down at 
 h., (of shoes) with h. part crushed down, (of 
 person) wearing such shoes, slovenly; to h., (of 
 dog) close behind, under control ; h.-&-toe 
 walk Hng; hh. over head, (usu.) head over hh., 
 upside down, in a somersault; kick one's hh., 
 stand waiting ; cool one's hh. ; lay, clap, by the 
 hh., imprison ; show a clean pair of hh., take to 
 one's hh.,' run away; turn on one's h., turn 
 sharply round ; be carried with the hh. foremost 
 (as a corpse) ; h.-ball, shoemaker's polishing 
 mixture of hard wax and lamp black; h.-tap, 
 a thickness of leather in h. , liquor left at bottom 
 of gla^s. [OE hela, cf. Du. hiel. Da. hdel] 
 
 heel 2 , v.i. & t. Touch ground with heel. e.g. 
 in dancing ; furnish (boot &c.) with heel; chase 
 or folio w closely ; (Football) pass ball out at back 
 of scrummage with the heels ; (Golf) strike (ball) 
 with heel of club. [f. prec] 
 
 heel 3 , v.i. & t. (Of ship &c.) lean to one side ; 
 cause (ship) to do this, [corrupt, of obs. heeld, 
 OE hieldan (heald sloping), cf. Du. hellen] 
 
 heel 4 , n. (naut.). Inclination of ship to one 
 side. [f. prec] 
 
 heft, n., & v.t. (dial., U.S.). Weight; (dial.) 
 lift, push, (v.t.) lift, esp. to judge weight, [(vb 
 prob. f. n.)Jate f. heave v., cf. weave weft] 
 
 hegemo'nic (hejl-, hegi-), a. Ruling, su- 
 preme, [f. Gk hegemonikos (as foil., see -ic)] 
 
 he'gemony (-g-, -j- ; also -e'm), n. Leader- 
 ship, esp. of one State of a confederacy, [f. Gk 
 hegemonia (hegemon leader)] 
 
 he'gira (-j-), -jira, n. Mohammed's flight 
 
 from Mecca to Medina ; Mohammedan era 
 reckoned from this (622 a.d.). [med.L, f. Arab. 
 hijrah departure from one's country (hajara 
 separate)] 
 
 hei'fep (hef-), n. Young cow that has not 
 had calf. [OE heahfore, etym. dub. ] 
 
 heigh (ha), int. expr. encouragement or 
 inquiry ; h.-ho, int. expr. boredom, disappoint- 
 ment, &c. 
 
 height (hit), n. Measurement from base to 
 top ; elevation above ground or recognized (esp. 
 sea) level ; considerable elevation, as situated 
 at ah.; high point ; top ; the h. (utmost degree) 
 of folly &c; rising ground; at its h. (highest 
 degree). [OE hiehtho (as high, see -th j )] 
 
 heigh'ten (hi-), v.t. & i. Make high(er) ; in- 
 tensify ; inflate (description, story) ; (intr.) rise 
 (usu. fig.), [prec. + -en 6] 
 
 hei'nous (ha-), a. (Of crime or criminal) 
 odious, atrocious. Hence hei'nousLY 2 adv., 
 hei'nousNESS n. [f. F haineux {haine hatred 
 f. hair hate, cf. Goth, hatjan; sec -ous)] 
 
 help (ar), n. Person receiving or entitled to 
 receive property or rank aslegal representative 
 of former owner ; (fig.) one to whom something 
 (joy. punishment, &c.) is morally due; h. 
 apparent; h.-at-laio (by right of blood) ; h. in 
 tail (to entailed estate) ; h. male, male h. tracing 
 descent wholly through males; h. presump- 
 tive. Hence heir'DOM, hein'ESS 1 , heip'SHip, 
 nn., heiP'LESS a. [OF, L LL herein— Li heredem- 
 (nom. heres)] 
 
 heip'loom (ar-), n. Chattel that follows 
 devolution of real estate ; piece of personal 
 property that has been in family for generations 
 (also fig. of qualities), [prec. + loom l ] 
 
 hejipa. See heglra. 
 
 held. See hold 1 . 
 
 heli'acal, a. H. rising, setting, of star (when 
 it first emerges from sun's rays and becomes 
 visible before sunrise, or is last visible after- 
 sunset before being lost in sun's rays), [f. Gk 
 heliakos (helios sun, see -AC) + -al] 
 
 helia'nthus, n. Genus including common 
 sunflower, [f. Gk helios sun + anthos flower] 
 
 he'lical, a.. Spiral. Hence or cogn. heli- 
 cal ly a adv., he'lieoiD, helicoi'dAL, aa. [as 
 
 HELIX + -AL] 
 
 He'lieon, n. Boeotian mountain, sacred to 
 Muses ; source of poetic inspiration. So Heli- 
 ed'niAN a. [L, f. Gk Helikon] 
 
 helio- in comb. = Gk helios sun, as : -ce'ntric, 
 as viewed from centre of sun, taking sun as 
 centre ; -chromy, photographic representation 
 in natural colours; -gram, message by helio- 
 graph (3) ; -graph, n., (1) engraving obtained by 
 exposure to light, (2) apparatus for photograph- 
 ingsun,(3)signallingapparatusreflectingflashes 
 of sunlight -graph, v.t., send message by helio- 
 graph, photograph by heliography; -gra'phic, of 
 heliography ; -graphy, description of the sun, 
 engraving process, signalling by heliograph; 
 -gravure', photogravure; -vieter, instrument 
 for finding angular distance between two stars 
 (orig. for measuring diameter of sun); -scope, 
 apparatus for observing sun without injury to 
 eye ; -tro'pic, -tropism, (of plants) turning, pro- 
 perty of turning, in particular way under in- 
 fluence of light ; -type, picture obtained from 
 gelatine film exposed to light. 
 
 helio'sis, n. (Bot. ) spots on leaves caused by 
 concentration of sun's rays through glass &c; 
 sunstroke. [Gk heliosis (helios sun, see -osis)] 
 
 he'liotpope, n. Plant with small clustered 
 purple flowers ; colour of these ; bloodstone, 
 [f. L f . Gk heliotropion plant turning flowers to 
 the sun (helios sun +-tropos f. trepo turn)] 
 
 he'lium. n. A transparent sas. inferred as 
 
HELIX 
 
 383 
 
 HENDECA- 
 
 existing in sun's atmosphere in 1868, first ob- 
 tained in 1895. If. Gk helios sun] 
 
 he'lix, n. (pi. -ices). Spiral (like corkscrew, or 
 in one plane like watch-spring); (Arch.) spiral 
 ornament ; rim of external ear ; genus including 
 common snail. [Gk helix] 
 
 hell, n. Abode of the dead ; abode of con- 
 demned spirits ; place, state, of wickedness or 
 misery ; ah. of a (considerable) noise ; den for 
 captives in Prisoner's Base & othergames; gam- 
 ing-house ; (in imprecations) h.!, what the h. do 
 you want ? ; h.-cat, spiteful or furious woman ; 
 h.-hound, fiend; h.-weed, name of various 
 plants. Hence he'lliSH 1 a., he'llishLY 2 adv., 
 he'llishNESS n., he'll ward adv. & a. [OE 
 hel{l), cf. Du. hel, G holle, f. root hei- hide] 
 
 he'llebore, n. Ancient name of various 
 plants supposed to cure madness ; (Bot.) species 
 including Christmas Rose. [f. Lf. Gk helleboros] 
 
 Hellene, n. AncientGreek of genuine Greek 
 race ; subject of modern kingdom of Greece. So 
 Helle'nic a. [f. Gk Hellen] 
 
 Hellenism, n. Greek idiom or construction; 
 imitation of the Greeks ; Grecian culture ; Greek 
 nationality. So He*llenizE(3) v.t. & i. [f. Gk 
 Hellenismos (as prec, see -ism)] 
 
 He'llenist, n. One who used the Greek lan- 
 guage but was not a Greek, whence Hellen- 
 l'stic a. ; Greek scholar, [f. Gk Hellenistes (as 
 prec, see -ist)] 
 
 he'llo, n. & v. = HALLO. 
 
 helm 1 , n. (Archaic) helmet; (also h.-cloud) 
 cloud forming over mountain before or during 
 storm. Hence helmED 2 a. [com.-Teut.: OE, 
 Du., G ; f. kel- cover] 
 
 helm 2 , n., & v-t. Tiller, wheel, by which rud- 
 der is managed ; space through which h. is 
 turned, as more, little, h. ; down (with the) h., up 
 [with the) h., place h. so as to bring rudder to 
 windward, to leeward ; (fig.) government, guid- 
 ance; helmsman, steersman; (v.t.) steer (usu. 
 fig.), [(vb f. n.) OE helma, cf. ON hjdlm] 
 
 he'lmet, n. Defensive head-cover of soldiers, 
 firemen, &c; felt or pith hat for hot climates ; 
 upper part of retort ; (Bot.) arched upper part 
 of corolla in some flowers ; shell of a genus of 
 molluscs. Hence he'lmetED 2 a. [obs. F, dim. 
 of helme helm 1 ] 
 
 helminth, n. Worm (usu. intestinal). Hence 
 helmi'nthic, helmi'nthoiD, aa., helmin- 
 tho'LOGY ii. [f. Gk helmins -inthos maw- worm] 
 
 he'lot, n. (H-) one of a class of serfs in ancient 
 Sparta ; drunken H. (made drunk as warning to 
 Spartan youth); serf. Hence he*lotiSM(2), he'- 
 lotRY(l, 2), nn„ he*lotiZE(3) v.t. [f. L Helotes 
 f. Gk Heilotes (pi. of Heilos) taken as = inhabit- 
 ant of Helos, Laconian town] 
 
 help 1 , v.t. (archaic past holp & p.p. holpen). 
 Aid, assist, as h. me, h. me to lift it, h. me to an 
 answer, h. the work on or forward, h. me over 
 the stile, h. me out (of a, difficulty) ; h. (person) 
 to, serve him with (food) ; distribute (food at 
 meal) ; remedy, prevent, as it can't be helped, 
 .1 cant h. that, don't be longer than you can 
 (cannot) h. ; (in invocation or oath) so h. me God 
 (as I keep my word, as I speak the truth, &c). 
 [com.-Teut.: OE helpan, Du. helpen, G helfen] 
 
 help 2 , n. Assistance, as ice need yourh., she, 
 it, is a great h.; (U.S.) domestic servant ; lady 
 h., assistant & companion to mistress of house ; 
 mother's h., superior nursemaid ; remedy or es- 
 cape, as there is no h. for it ; helping (of food). 
 [OE & MDu., cf. Du. hulp, G hulfe] 
 
 he'lpful, a. (Of person or thing) useful, ser- 
 viceable. Hence he'lpfulLY 2 adv., he'lp- 
 fulNESS n. [-FUL] 
 
 he'lping", n. In vbl senses, esp. portion of 
 food served, [-ing *] 
 
 he'lpless, a. Lacking help ; unable to help 
 oneself. Hence he # lplessLY 2 adv., he'lp- 
 
 lessxESS n. [-less] 
 
 helpmate, n. Helpful companion or partner 
 (usu. husband or wife), [help + mate] 
 
 helpmeet, n. = prec. [formed by misunder- 
 standing of Gen. ii. 18, 20] 
 
 he'lter-ske'lter, adv., a., n. (In) disordered 
 haste, [imit.] 
 
 helve, n. Handle of weapon or tool ; throw 
 the h. after the hatchet. [OE hielfe, cf. MDu. 
 helf, helve ; f. same root as halter] 
 
 Helvetian (-shn),a. & n. Swiss, [f. L Helve- 
 tius + -an] 
 
 hem i, n. Border, edge, of cloth &c, esp. bor- 
 der made by turning in edge & sewing it down. 
 [OE, cf. NFris. heam] 
 
 hem 2 , v.t. Turn down & sew in edge of (cloth 
 &c. or abs.) ; h. in, about, round, enclose, con- 
 fine, [f. prec] 
 
 hem 3 , int., n., & v.i. Int. calling attention or 
 expressing hesitation; (n.) utterance of this; 
 (v.i.) utter sound h., clear throat, hesitate in 
 speech, [imit.] 
 
 hematic &c See haem-. 
 
 hemi-, pref. in wds f. Gk of on Gk elements, 
 = half-, affecting one half, &c, as -ano'psia, 
 half-blindness, -he'dral (cryst.), having half 
 proper number of planes, -meta'bola, insects un- 
 dergoing incomplete metamorphosis, -ple-gia, 
 paralysis of one side. [Gk hemi- = L semi-] 
 
 hemisphere, n. Half sphere ; half the celes- 
 tial sphere, esp. as divided by the equinoctial 
 or by the ecliptic ; half the earth, containing 
 (Eastern h.) Europe, Asia, & Africa, or( Western 
 h.) America; Northern, Soidhern, hh., halves 
 of the earth as divided by equator ; Magdeburg 
 hh., pair of brass hh. exhausted of air to show 
 atmospheric pressure by their cohesion. Hence 
 hemisphe'Pic(AL) aa. [f. OF emispere f. Gk 
 HE*u(sphaira sphere)] 
 
 hemistich (-k), n. Half of line of verse, [f. 
 LL f. Gk UKMi(stikhion f. stikhos verse)] 
 
 hemlock, n. Poisonous umbelliferous plant, 
 used as powerful sedative ; poisonous potion 
 got from this. [OE hymlic(e), etym. dub.] 
 
 hemorrhage &c See haem-. 
 
 hemp, n. Annual herbaceous plant, native 
 of India ; its cortical fibre, used for rope & stout 
 fabrics; (facet.) rope for hanging; = bhang, 
 hashish; name of various otherplants yielding 
 fibre. Hence he*mpEN 5 a. [OE hemp, cf. Du. 
 hennep, G hanf; cogn. w. Gk kannabis] 
 
 he'm-stitch, v.t., & n. (Hem cloth &c with) 
 kind of ornamental stitch. 
 
 hen, n. Female of common domestic fowl (cf. 
 cock) ; second element in name of other female 
 birds, as guinea h., pea-hen ; h. & chickens, name 
 of a compound daisy & other plants ; henbane, 
 narcotic & poisonous plant, drug got from this ; 
 h. -coop (for keeping poultry in) ; h.-harrier, blue 
 hawk, a bird of prey; h.-hearted, pusillanimous ; 
 h.-pecked, domineered over by one's wife ; h.- 
 roost, place where fowls roost at night. [OE 
 henn (fern, of hano cock) cf. Du. hen, G henne] 
 
 hence, adv. (Archaic) from here ; (poet. , rhet. ) 
 h.!, go away, h. tvith, away with, take away, 
 go ft., die; henceforth, henceforward, from this 
 time forward ; five years h., in five years' time 
 from now ; as a result from this ; as an infer- 
 ence from this (h. it appears that), therefore. 
 [ME hennes (henne adv. f. root of he + -es)] 
 
 he'nehman, n. (Hist. ) squire, page of honour; 
 chief attendant of Highland chief ; trusty fol- 
 lower ; political supporter. [14th c ; OE heng- 
 (e)st male horse, cf. Du. & G hengst, + man] 
 
 hendeca- in comb. = Gk hendeka eleven, as 
 hende'eagon, plane rectilineal figure of eleven 
 
HENDIADY9 
 
 384 
 
 HERETIC 
 
 sides, -sylla'bic, a. & n., (verse) of eleven sylla- 
 bles, -syllable, such a verse (esp., in Latin : a- 
 (or -^) -v*-' -v-« -^ - «). 
 
 hendradys, n. Expression of a complex idea 
 by two words connected with & (e.g. in goblets 
 & gold for in golden goblets), [ruedX, f . Gk hen 
 dia duoin one thing by two] 
 
 henna, n. Egyptian privet; its shoots & 
 leaves used as a dye for the body. [Arab, henna*] 
 
 he'nny, a. & n. Hen like ; (n.) hen-like cock. 
 
 [HEN + -V 2 ] 
 
 he'notheism, n. Belief in one God without 
 asserting that he is the only God (cf. monothe- 
 ism), [f. Gk heis henos one 4- theos god 4- -ism] 
 
 hepa'tic, a. Of, good for, the liver ; liver- 
 coloured, [f. L f. Gk hepatikos (hepato-, -ic)] 
 
 he'patize, v.t. Convert (lungs) into liver- 
 substance. Hence hepatizATioN n. [as foil 
 4- -ize] 
 
 hepato- in comb. = Gk hepar -atos liver, as 
 -genous, originating in the liver. 
 
 hepta- in comb. = Gk hepta seven, as : -glot 
 a. & n., (book) in seven languages; gon, plane 
 rectilineal figure of seven sides, so -gonal a.; 
 he'dron, solid of seven faces ; -sylla 'bic, of seven 
 syllables ; -teach, first seven books of Bible. 
 
 he'ptad, n. Set, group, of seven, [f. Gkftep- 
 tas -ados set of seven (hepta)] 
 
 he'ptapehy, n. Government by seven rulers; 
 seven kingdoms of Angles & Saxons in Britain. 
 So heptap'ehic(AL) aa. [f. hepta- 4- Gk -ark- 
 hia government] 
 
 hep 1 , pron. Objective case of she; colloq. 
 also subjective, as Was that her?. [OE hire, 
 dat. of hio, heo, she] 
 
 her 2 , pron. & a. Possessive case of, & adj. 
 corresp. to, she, with absolute form hers, as 
 it is her hat, it is- hers, hers is best, my father 
 & hers suffer(s) for it, her (vulg. hers) & my 
 (common ) father, her (vulg. hers) & my (respec- 
 tive) father(s). [OE hi(e)re, genitive as prec] 
 
 he'pald a , n. Officer who made state procla- 
 mations, bore messages between princes, offi- 
 ciated in the tourney, arranged various state 
 ■ceremonials, regulated use of armorial bear- 
 ings, settled questions of precedence, & record- 
 ed names & pedigrees of those entitled to ar- 
 morial bearings ; Heralds' College, corporation 
 •(now) recording pedigrees & granting bearings ; 
 messenger (often as title of newspaper) ; fore- 
 runner, [f. OF heraut, prob. of Teut. orig.] 
 
 he'pald 2 , v.t. Proclaim the approach of; 
 usher in. [f. OF herauder (as prec.)J 
 
 hera'ldie, a. Of heraldry, [-ic] 
 
 he'Paldpy, n. Science of a herald; cant 3 - 
 ing h. ; armorial bearings ; heraldic pomp. [-R v] 
 
 herb, n. Plant whose stem is not woody or 
 persistent ; plant of which leaves &c. are used 
 for food, medicine, scent, flavour, &c; h. beer, 
 drink made from hh. ; h. bennet, yellow-flowered 
 species of Avens [prob. f. OF herbe beneite — h 
 herba benedicta blessed herb] * h.-tea, -water, 
 medicinal infusion of herbs. So hepbA'CEOUS, 
 hepbi'PERous, hepbi'voROUs, hep'bLESs, 
 aa. [f. OF erbe f. L herba grass] 
 
 hep'bage (-ij), n. Herbs collectively ; succu- 
 lent parts of herbs ; (Law) right of pasture on 
 another's ground. [OF, f. med.L herbaticum 
 (as prec, see -age)] 
 
 hep'bal, a. & n. (Book with descriptions) of 
 herbs, [f. L herbalis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 hep'balist, n. One skilled in herbs (now of 
 early botanical writers) ; dealer in medicinal 
 ber-bs. Jprec 4- -ist] 
 
 hepbap'ium, n. (Book, case, room, for) col- 
 lection of dried plants. [LL .(herb, -arium)] 
 
 hep*bopize, v.i. Gather herbs, botanize. So 
 IhepborizATiON, hep'bopiST, nn. [f. F her- 
 
 boriser (herbe herb, confused w. L arbor tree); 
 correct forms herbalize, -arize, are archaic] 
 
 hep'by, a. Abounding in herbs ; of the na- 
 ture of a herb. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 Hepcu'lean, a. Of Hercules ; strong as Her- 
 cules ; difficult as his labours, [f. L Herculeus 
 (as foil.) 4- -an] 
 
 Hep'eules, n. (Gk & Rom. Myth.) hero of 
 prodigious strength, who performed 12 immense 
 labours; Pillars of H., rocks on either side of 
 Strait of Gibraltar, (fig.) ultimate limit ; strong 
 man ; H. beetle (S.-Amer., 5 in. long); a northern 
 constellation ; H. poiuder, explosive used in 
 mining. [L, f. Gk Herakles] 
 
 herd*, n. Company of animals, esp. cattle, 
 feeding or travelling together ; large number 
 of people (contempt.), esp. the, the common, the 
 vulgar, h.; h.-book, pedigree-book of cattle or 
 pigs; herdsman, keeper of hh. [com.-Teut.: 
 OE heord, G herde, Da. hjord] 
 
 hepd 2 , n. Keeper of herds, herdsman, esp. w. 
 word prefixed, as cowh., swineh. [com.-Teut.; 
 OE hirde, G hirte, Da. hyrde] 
 
 hepd 3 , v.i. & t. Go in a herd (together, with 
 others ; esp. fig. of persons) ; tend (sheep, cattle), 
 [f. herd i>_ 2 ] 
 
 here (her), adv. & n. In this place ; (answering 
 roll-call) ft./, I am present ; (calling attention to 
 person's presence) my son ft. will show you; (in 
 drinking healths) here 's (a health) to ; in this 
 life ; at this point (in discourse &c); in this mat- 
 ter ; to this place ; look ft. (in this direction) ; 
 i" don't belong ft. (to this place); ft. & there, in 
 various places ; ft., there, & everywhere, every- 
 where, all about ; neither ft. nor there, not to 
 the point, of no importance ; (colloq., to an- 
 nounce commencement of bold act) ft. goes!; 
 (n.) this place or point, as from, to, near, ft. ; 
 hereabout(s), somewhere near h.; hereafter, in 
 future, later on, in the world to come, (n.) the 
 future, the world to come ; hereat (archaic), at 
 this ; hereby, by this means, as a result ; herein, 
 in this (place, book, &c); hereinafter, below (in 
 document &c); hereof (archaic) of this; hereto 
 (archaic), to this matter ; heretofore, formerly; 
 hereunder, below (in book Sec); hereupon, after 
 this, in consequence of this ; herewith, with this 
 (esp. of enclosure in letter &c). [com. -Teut.: 
 OE her, cf. Du. & G hier; prob. f. he] 
 
 here'ditable, a. That may be inherited. So 
 hepeditaBi'LiTV n. [f. obs. F hereditable f. L 
 hereditare inherit (heres -edis heir), see -able] 
 
 hereditament (or here*-), n. Property that 
 can be inherited ; real property ; inheritance, 
 [f. med.L hereditamentum (as prec, see-MENT)] 
 
 hepeditap'ian, n. One who holds the doc- 
 trine of heredity, [-arian] 
 
 here'ditapy, a. Descending by inheritance ; 
 (of diseases, instincts, &c.) transmitted from 
 one generation to another ; like, the same as, 
 that one's parents had, as ft. creed, hatred ; of, 
 holding position by, inheritance. Hence hepe*- 
 ditapiLY 2 adv., hepe'ditapiNESS n. [f. L 
 hereditarius (as heredity, see -ary l )] 
 
 hepe'dity, n. Tendency of like to beget like. 
 Hence hepe*ditiSM(3) n. [f. F hirediU i. L 
 hereditatem heirship (as heir, see -TV)] 
 
 hepe'siapeh, n. Leader, founder, of aheresy. 
 Tf. LL (-cha) f. Gk hairesiarkhes (as foil, -{--ark- 
 hes ruler)] 
 
 hepesy, n. Opinion contrary to the orthodox 
 doctrine of the Christian Church, or to the ac- 
 cepted doctrine on any subject. Hence he're- 
 sIo'logist, he*pesio # LOGY, nn. [f. OF eresie 
 f. L *heresia for haeresis f. Gk hairesis choice, 
 sect (haireomai choose)] 
 
 he'petie, n. Holder of an unorthodox opinion 
 (orig. in the matter of religion). So here'ti- 
 
HERIOT 
 
 385 
 
 HETERODOX 
 
 CALa. [f. F htritique f. eccl. L f. Gk hairetikos 
 (asprec., see -ic)J 
 
 he'riot, n. (law). Render of best live beast or 
 dead chattel, or money payment, to lord on de- 
 cease of tenant (now only of manorial tenures). 
 [OE heregeatwa (here ariny+fireatfwatrappings)] 
 
 heritable, a. That can be inherited (esp. as 
 dist. from movable property) ; transmissible 
 from parent to child ; capable of inheriting. 
 Hence he'pitabLY 2 adv. [f. F heritable {Wri- 
 ter, See HEREDITABLE)] 
 
 heritage, n. What is or may be inherited ; 
 (fig.) portion allotted to any one; (bibl.) the 
 ancient Israelites, the Church ; inherited lot. 
 [OF (as prec, see -age)] 
 
 he*pitop,n. One who inherits, [f. OF heritier 
 (as hereditary), assim. to wds in -or] 
 
 herd. See harl. 
 
 herma'phrodite (-it), n. & a. Human being, 
 animal, combining characteristics of both sexes; 
 (Zool.) animal having normally both male & fe- 
 male sexual organs.e.g. earth-worm; (Bot.)plant 
 in which same flower has stamens & pistils ; per- 
 son, thing, combining opposite qualities ; ship 
 having characters of two kinds of craft; (adj.) 
 combining both sexes or opposite characteris- 
 tics. Hence hepmaphpodi*tic(AL)aa., hep- 
 ma'phPodltiSM n. [f. L f. Gk Hermaphro- 
 ditos, who became one with the nymph Sal- 
 macis] 
 
 hermeneu'tie, a. & n. Of interpretation ; 
 (n. pi.) interpretation, esp. of Scripture. So 
 hepmeneu'ticAL a. [f. Gk hermeneutikos 
 (hermeneud interpret, see -ic)] 
 
 Hep'mes, n. (Gk Myth.) son of Zeus &Maia, 
 messenger of the gods, god of science, eloquence, 
 &c; H. Trisniegistus (Thrice-Great), Neo-pla- 
 tonist name of Egyptian god Thoth, as author 
 of mysterious doctrines, secrets of alchemy &c. 
 [L f. Gk Hermes] 
 
 hermetic, a. Of alchemy, as h. art ; h. seal, 
 air-tight closure by fusion &c. (also fig. ), whence 
 hepme*tiCALLY adv. [f. med.L hermeticus 
 irreg. f. hermes Trismegistus] 
 
 hep'mit, n. Early Christian recluse ; person 
 living in solitude ; h.-crab, kind that lives in 
 mollusc's cast-ofF shell to protect its shell-less 
 hinder parts. If. OF ermite f. L {-ta) f. Gk ere- 
 mites (eremia desert, see -ite 2 )] 
 
 hep*mitag*e, n. Hermit's abode ; solitary 
 abode ; French wine from hill near Valence 
 (with ruined h. on top). [OF (as prec. , see -age)] 
 
 hep*nia,n. (path.). Rupture. Hence hep'ni- 
 al, hep'niARY *, aa., hepnio'TOMY n. [L] 
 
 hernshaw. See heron. 
 
 heP'o, n. (pi. -oes). (Gk Ant. ) man of superhu- 
 man qualities favoured by the gods, demigod ; 
 illustrious warrior ; man admired for achieve- 
 ments & noble qualities ; chief man in poem, 
 play, or story ; h.-worship(per), worship(per) of 
 the ancient hh. or of heroic men generally, [f. 
 L f. Gk herds] 
 
 hepo'ie, a. & n. (Of acts or qualities) of, fit 
 for, a hero ; (of persons) having the qualities of 
 a hero ; the h. age (of Greece, before return from 
 Troy) ; (of poetry) dealing with heroes ; h. verse, 
 that used in h. poetry (Gk & L hexameter, E 
 five-foot iambic, F Alexandrine) ; (of language) 
 grand, high-flown ; bold, attempting great 
 things; (n.) h. verse; (n. pi.) high-flown lan- 
 guage or sentiments. Hence hePO'iCALLY adv. 
 [f. L f. Gk heroikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 hep6i-ed*mie,a. Combining the heroic with 
 the comic, [hero + -I- + comic] 
 
 hepo'ify, v.t. Make a hero of. [as prec.-f-FY] 
 
 he'poine (-in), n. Demigoddess ; heroic wo- 
 man ; chief woman in poem, novel, &c. [f. 
 L f. Gk heroine, fern, of herds hero] 
 f.d. 
 
 r, h £' p ? ism ' n ,\ H eroi <5 conduct or qualities, 
 [f. 1 heroisme (h£ros hero, see -ism)] 
 
 he'poize, v.t. & i. Make a hero of; make 
 heroic ; play the hero, [-ize] 
 J*fCIS I1 ». hei * n ' n - Long-legged wading bird. 
 Kw^r*? mm f> pop ' L haffiroiwm (nom. -ro) f. 
 OHG heiger; OF dim. heronceau gives hcron- 
 seiv, -shew, -shaw, hernshaw, now dial.] 
 
 he*Ponry,n. Place where herons breed, [-ry] 
 
 hep'pes, n. Skin disease, with patches of 
 distinct vesicles. Hence herpetic a. [L, f. 
 Gk herpes -etos shingles (herpo creep)] 
 
 heppeto'logy, n. Zoology of reptiles. So 
 heppeto'LOGiST n. [f. Gk herpeton reptile 
 (herpo creep) + -logy] 
 
 Herr (har), n. German equivalent of Mr. 
 
 he'PPing-, n. N orth Atlantic fish, much used 
 for food, coming near coast in large shoals to 
 spawn; kippered h.,= kipper; red h. (cured 
 by smoking) ; neither fish 1 , flesh, nor good red 
 h.; h.-bone, stitch resembling bones of h.,( Arch.) 
 zigzag arrangement of stones or tiles, (v.t.) work 
 with h.-bone stitch, mark with h.-bone pattern ; 
 h.-pond, (facet.) North Atlantic. [OE hxring, 
 cf. Du. haring, G heriny]_ 
 
 Heppnhutep (harnhooter), n. One of the 
 sect of Moravians, [f. Herrnhut, their first 
 German settlement] 
 
 hers. See her. 
 
 hepse'lf, pron. Emphatic & reflexive form 
 corr. to she, as she said it h., she has hurt h,, 
 ask the woman h. ; she is not h. (in her normal 
 state of body or mind). [OE hire self] 
 
 he'sitant, a. Hesitating ; irresolute. So 
 he'sitANCE, -ancy, nn. [as foil., see -ant] 
 
 he'sitate (-z-), v.i. Show, speak with, inde- 
 cision ; scruple, be reluctant, to (do). Hence or 
 cogn. he*sitating"LY 2 adv., hesitA'Tiox n., 
 he'sitatiVE a. [f. L haesitare frequent, of 
 haerere haes- stick fast, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 Hesperian, a. (poet.). Western, [f. L f. Gk 
 Hesperios (as hesperus) + -an] 
 
 he'spepis, n. Genus including Rockets & 
 Dame's Violet, [L, f. Gk Hesperis of evening, 
 of the West (as, foil.)] 
 
 hespepop'nis, n. American genus of fossil 
 birds, [as foil. -1- Gk omis bird] 
 
 He'sperus, n. Evening star. [L, f. Gk hes- 
 peros, a. & n., western, evening (star)] 
 
 He'ssian (shn), a. & n. Of Hesse in Ger- 
 many; H.(boot), high boot first worn by H. troops; 
 H. fly, fly whose larva destroys wheat; (n.) 
 strong coarse cloth of hemp or jute. J-ian] 
 
 hest, n. (archaic). Behest. [OE haes (hatan, 
 see hight), assim. to OE nn._in -t] 
 
 hetaep'a (-tera), -aip*a (-ira), n. Courtesan, 
 harlot. [Gk hetaira, fern, of hetairos com- 
 panion] 
 
 hetaer'ism, -aip'ism, n. Open concubin- 
 age ; communal marriage in a tribe, [f. Gk he- 
 tairismos (as prec, see -ism)] 
 
 hetepo- in comb, (before vowel lieter-) = Gk 
 heteros other, different, as: -chro'mous, of differ- 
 ent colours ; -gamous, irregular as regards sta- 
 mens & pistils ; -graphy, incorrect or inconsis- 
 tent spelling ; -mor'phie, of dissimilar forms ; 
 -mor'phism, diversity of form; -nomous, sub- 
 ject to different laws (of growth &c), subject 
 to an external law (cf. autonomous) ; -noray, 
 presence of a different law, subjection to exter- 
 nal law; -pathic, = allopathic, also, differing 
 in effect ; -phy'llous, bearing leaves of different 
 forms on same plant ; -taxy, abnormal disposi- 
 tion of organs or parts. 
 
 he'tepoclite, a. & n. Irregularly declined ; 
 (n.) h. noun. [f. F MUroclite f. L f. Gk hetero- 
 (klitos f. klino inflect)] 
 
 heterodox, a. (Of person or opinion) not 
 
 13 
 
HETEROGENEOUS 
 
 386 
 
 HIGH 
 
 orthodox. So he'tePodoxY * n. [f. Gk hete- 
 nodoxos (doxa opinion)] 
 
 heterogeneous, a. Diverse in character ; 
 composed of diverse elements ; (Math.) incom- 
 mensurable because of different kinds. Hence 
 or cogn. hetePOgene'iTY, hetepoge'ne- 
 ousness, nn., hetepoge'neousLY 2 adv. [f. 
 scholastic L heterogenous f. Gk HETERO(sre?ies f. 
 genos kind) + -ous)] _.,„,.. 
 
 heteroge'nesis, n. Birth of a living being 
 otherwise than from parent of same kind, esp. 
 spontaneous generation from inorganic matter. 
 So hetePog-enE-Tic a. [hetero-] 
 
 he'tman, n. Polish military commander (re- 
 tained as title among Cossacks). [Polish] 
 
 heupi'stie, a. Serving to discover, [irreg. 
 f. Gk heurisko find, see -ic] 
 
 hew (hu), v.t. & i. (p.p. hewn or hewed). Chop, 
 cut, (thing down, away, off, asunder, to pieces, 
 &c.) with axe, sword, &c; cut into shape; h. 
 one's way, make a way for oneself by hewing ; 
 deal cutting blows at, among, &c. [com.-Teut.: 
 OE hbawan, Du. houwen, G hauen] 
 
 hewep, n. One who hews ; man who cuts 
 coal from seam; hh. of wood & drawers of 
 water, drudges (Joshua ix. 21). [-er j ] 
 
 hexa- in comb, (before vowel, & in some mod. 
 words before consonant, hex-) - Gk hex six, as ; 
 -chord, diatonic series of six notes with semi- 
 tone between third & fourth ; -gon, -gonal, (fig- 
 ure) having six sides ; -gram, figure formed by 
 two intersecting equilateral triangles (the angu- 
 lar points coinciding with those of a hexagon), 
 figure of six lines ; -he'dral a., -he'dron n., (fig- 
 ure) having six faces; -pod, n. & a., (animal) 
 with six feet ; -pody, line of verse of six feet ; 
 ■style, a. & n., (portico) of six columns; -teuch, 
 first six books of Bible. 
 
 hexa'metep, n. Line of six metrical feet, 
 esp. dactylic h. (five dactyls & trochee or spon- 
 dee, any of first four feet, & rarely the fifth, 
 being replaced by spondee). Hence hexame'- 
 tnc a., hexa'metPiST n. [L, f. GkHEXA(??ie- 
 tros f. metron measure)] 
 
 he'xapla, n. Six-fold text in parallel columns, 
 esp. of Old or New Testament. [Gk, neut. pi. of 
 hexa(pZoos -fold)] 
 
 hey (ha), int. calling attention, or of joy, sur- 
 prise, or interrogation ; h.for—! (expr. applause 
 or exultant appreciation) ; h. presto (conjuror's 
 phrase of command, hence used to announce 
 surprising transformation &c). [ME, Du., G] 
 
 hey-day l , int. expr. joy, surprise, &c. [hey 
 prob. = prec; day unexpl.] 
 
 heyday 2 (ha-), n. Full bloom, flush, (of 
 youth, vigour, prosperity, &c. ). [?] 
 
 hi, int. calling attention, [parallel form to hey] 
 
 hia'tus, n. (pi. -uses). Break, gap, esp. in a 
 series, account, &c. ; missing link ; break be- 
 tween word ending, and another beginning, 
 with a vowel. [L, vbl n. f. Mare gape] 
 
 hrbern ate, v. i. Spend the winter ( of animals) 
 in torpid state, (of persons) in mild climate ; (fig.) 
 remain inactive. So hi'bepnANT a., hibep- 
 nATiON n. [f. L hibernare (hibernus wintry), 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 Hlbep'nian, a. & n. (Native) of Ireland, [f. 
 L Hibernia Ireland, corrupt, of Iverna f. Gk 
 Ierne f. OCelt. *Iveriu, whence Erin ; see -an] 
 
 Hibep'nicism, n. Irish idiom, expression, 
 or bull, [as prec, on Anglicism &c] 
 
 hi'eeup, n., & v.i. & t. Involuntary spasm 
 of respiratory organs, with sudden closure of 
 glottis & characteristic sound; (v.i.) make h.; 
 (v.t.) say, bring out, with hh. [(vb f. n.) earlier 
 hicket, irnit.; hiccough due to pop. etym.] 
 
 hie ja'cet, u. Epitaph. [L,= here lies] 
 
 hi'ekopy, n. N.-Amer. tree allied to walnut, 
 
 with tough heavy wood ; wood, stick, of this. 
 [f. native Virginian pohickery] 
 
 hid, hidden. See hide 2 . 
 
 hida'lgo, n. Spanish gentleman. [Sp.,f. hijo 
 dalgo (hfilius de aliquo) son of something] 
 
 hide !, n. , & v.t. Animal's skin, raw or dressed ; 
 (facet. ) human skin, as to save his own h. ; hide- 
 bound, (of cattle) with skin clinging close as 
 result of bad feeding, (fig.) narrow-minded; 
 (v.t., colloq.) flog. Hence(-)hidED 2 a. [OE hyd, 
 cf. Du. huid, G haut, & L cutis, Gk kutos] 
 
 hide 2 , v.t. & i. (past hid, p.p. hidden, hid). 
 Put, keep, out of sight ; keep (fact) secret (from); 
 keep (thing) from view without that intention; 
 h. one's head, keep out of sight from shame &c. ; 
 (intr.) conceal oneself; h.-&-seek, children's 
 game (also fig. of dealings with evasive person 
 or thing). [OE hydan, cf. MDu. huden ; cogn. 
 w. Gk keutho) 
 
 hide 3 , n. (hist.). Measure of land, as much as 
 would support one free family & dependants 
 (perh. about 120 acres). [OE hid, higid (hiw- 
 household)] 
 
 hi'deous, a. Frightful, repulsive, revolting, 
 to senses or mind, as h. crime, noise, pattern. 
 Hence hi'deousLY 2 adv., hi'deousNESS n. 
 [f. OF hidos (hisde fear, etym. dub., -ous)] 
 
 hi'ding K n. Thrashing, [f . hide 1 + -ing x ] 
 
 hi'ding 2 , n. In vbl senses of hide 2 , esp.: be 
 in h., remain hidden ; h.-place, place of conceal- 
 ment. .[-ING 1 ] 
 
 hie, v.i. (poet,). Go quickly (to &c). [OE 
 higian strive, pant, cf. Du. hijgen, G heichen] 
 
 hi'epapeh (-k), n. Chief priest ; archbishop, 
 [f. med.L (-cha) f. Gk hieravkhes (hieros sacred 
 + -arkhes ruler)] 
 
 hrepapehy, n. Each of three divisions of 
 angels; the angels ; priestly government; or- 
 ganized priesthood in successive grades ; any 
 graded organization. Hence hiepap'ehic(AL) 
 aa., hi*epapehiSM(3) n. [f. OF ierarchie f. LL 
 (ier-) f. Gk hierarkhia (as prec.)] 
 
 hiepa'tic, a. Of the priests (esp. of ancient 
 Egyptian writing, & of Egyptian & Greek tra- 
 ditional styles of art) ; priestly, [f . L f. Gk hiera- 
 tikos f, hieraomai be a priest (hiereus), -ic] 
 
 hiepo- in comb. = Gk hieros sacred, holy, as : 
 -cracy, priestly rule ; -gram, -graph, sacred in- 
 scription or symbol ; -latry, worship of saints ; 
 -logy, sacred literature or lore. 
 
 hreroglyph, n. Figure of an object stand- 
 ing for a word, syllable, or sound, as used in 
 ancient Egyptian & other writing ; writing of 
 this kind ; secret symbol ; writing difficult to 
 make out. [f. foil.] 
 
 hiepogly'phie, a. & n. Of, written in, 
 hieroglyphs ; symbolical ; (n. pi. ) hieroglyphs. 
 Hence hiepoglyphieAL a., hiepogly'ph- 
 iealLY 2 adv. [f. LL f. Gk niERO(gluphikos f. 
 gluphe carving, see -ic)] 
 
 hreropharit, n. (Gk Ant.) initiating priest ; 
 expounder of sacred mysteries. Hence hiepo- 
 pha'ntic a. [f. LL f. Gk HiERO(phantes I. 
 phaino show)] 
 
 hi'ggle, v.i. Dispute about terms ; chaffer, 
 [prob. conn. w. haggle] 
 
 hi'ggledy-pi'ggledy (gldi), adv., a., & n. 
 (In) utter confusion. [?] 
 
 high (hi), a., (n.), adv. Of great or specified 
 upward extent, as a h. hill, one inch h. ; situated 
 far above ground, sea level, &c. ; upper, inland, 
 as H. Asia, H. Dutch, German ; (of physical 
 actions) extending to or from, performed at, a 
 height, as h. jump, h. flying ; of exalted rank ; 
 the Most H., God; of exalted quality, as h. art, 
 h. minds ; a h. (very favourable) opinion of; h. 
 life, that of the upper classes ; h. (luxurious) 
 feeding ; (of meat or game) slightly tainted ; 
 
HIGHLY 
 
 387 
 
 H5P 
 
 great, intense, extreme, as in h. favour, h. 
 pressure, h. temperature ; h. latitude (far from 
 equator) ; expensive, as com is h. ; (of time) far 
 advanced, as h. noon, it is h. time to go ; (of 
 sounds) acute in pitch, shrill ; h. (angry) words; 
 extreme in opinion, as a h. Tory ; h. (elated, 
 hilarious) spirits ; h. c& dry, (of ship) out of the 
 water, (fig.) out of the current of events ; (of 
 officers &c.) chief, as H. Admiral, Chancellor; 
 with a h. hand ; on the h. horse; h. & low, 
 (people) of all conditions ; h. & mighty, arro- 
 gant ; on the h. ropes, (colloq.) elated, disdainful, 
 enraged ; on h., in, to, heaven ;from on h., from 
 heaven or a high place ; (adv.) far up, aloft ; in, 
 to, a h. degree ; at a h. price ; (of sounds) at, to, 
 a h. pitch ; play h., play for h. stakes, play card 
 of h. value ; run h., (of sea) have strong current 
 with h. tide (also fig. of feelings) ; h. (chief) 
 altar ; h.-blower, horse that flaps nostrils nois- 
 ily ; h.-born, of noble birth ; H. Church, n. & a., 
 (party, principles) giving a h. place to authority 
 of Episcopate and priesthood, saving grace of 
 sacraments. &c. ; H.-Churchman, holder of these 
 principles; H Court, supreme court (usu. =H. 
 Court of Justice) ; h. day, festal day ; h. falwt- 
 in(g) a. & n. [etym. dub.], bombast(ic); h.-flown, 
 extravagant, bombastic ; h.-flyer, -flier, (fig.) 
 ambitious person, one who has high-flown no- 
 tions ; h.-handed, overbearing, arbitrary ; h. 
 jinks ; highlands, mountainous or elevated 
 country, esp. (Sc. pron. he'lants) N. part of 
 Scotland ; Highlander, inhabitant of (esp. the 
 Scotch) highlands ;^.-Zows(archaic), bootsreach- 
 ingover ankles; h. mass 1 ; h.-minded, of morally 
 lofty character ; h.-mindedness, this quality ; h.- 
 pitched, (of sound) acute in pitch, (of roof &c.) 
 steep, (fig.) of lofty character; h.-priest, chief 
 priest, esp. of the Jews ; h. road, main road ; h. 
 seas ; h.-spirited, of lofty or courageous spirit ; 
 h.-stepper, horse that lifts its feet high in walk- 
 ing & trotting (also fig.) ; H Street (often 
 proper name of principal street in town, at 
 Oxford usu. the H); h.-strung, in h. state of 
 vigour or sensitiveness ; h. table (for the fellows 
 of college, colloq. the h.); h. tea, tea at which 
 meat is served ; h. tide ; h. treason ; h. water, 
 state of tide when water is highest, time when 
 tide is at the full ; {the king's) highway, public 
 (esp. main) road, main route by land or water, 
 (fig.) ordinary direct course (of action &c); 
 high' way man, man (usu. mounted, cf. FOOTpad) 
 who robs passengers on highway. [com.-Teut.: 
 OE heah, Du. hoog, G hoch] 
 
 high'ly , adv. In a high degree, as h. amusing, 
 h. polished, commend, esteem, h.; h. paid (at a 
 high price) ; honourably, favourably, as think, 
 speak, h. of; h. descended (of noble parentage). 
 [OE healice (as prec, see -ly 2 )] 
 
 hig-h'ness, n. Title of various British and 
 other princes &c, as His, Her, (Royal, Serene, 
 Imperial) H; (used where height is not idio- 
 matic) the h. of his character, of the poor-rate, 
 fell from sheer h. o/(but reached the height of 
 his) ambition. [OE hianes (as prec, see -ness)] 
 
 hight(hit),p.p. (archaic, poet., facet.). Called, 
 named, [irreg. p.p. of OE hdtan, com.-Teut., 
 cf. Du. heeten, G heissen] 
 
 hilar'ious, a. Cheerful, joyous. Hence or 
 cogn. hilap'iousLY 2 adv., hilap'iousNESS, 
 hila'piTY, nn. [f. L hilaris + -ous] 
 
 hill, n.', & v.t. Natural elevation of earth's 
 surface, small mountain ; heap, mound, how- 
 ever raised, as ant-, dung-, mole-, h.; (v.t) form 
 into h., bank up (plants) with soil. Hence 
 hi-lly 2 a ., hilliNESS n. [(vb f. n.) OE hyll, cf. 
 MDu. hil, hid ; also L collis hill, celsus high, 
 culmen top] 
 
 hillo', -loa* (-16), (or hi*-), int. used to hail 
 
 distant person or to express surprise at meeting, 
 [cf. hallo] 
 
 hi'llock, n. Small hill or mound, [-ock] 
 
 hilt, n., & v.t. Handle of sword or dagger; 
 prove &c. up to the h., completely ; (v.t.) furnish 
 with h. [(vb f. n.) OE & MDu.] 
 
 hi'lum, n. (bot. ). Point of attachment of seed 
 to seed-vessel. [L, = little thing, trifle] 
 
 him, pron. Objective case of he ; colloq. also 
 subjective, esp. after than, as that's h., you are 
 worse than h. [OE, dat. of he & it] 
 
 himse'lf, pron. Emphatic & reflexive form 
 corr. to he, as he did it h., I saw the man h., he 
 hurt h.; he is not h. (not in normal state of body 
 or mind, [him + self] 
 
 hind l , n. Female of (esp. red) deer, esp. in 
 and after third year. [OE, cf. Du. & G hinde) 
 
 hind 2 , n. Farm servant, esp. (in Scotland & 
 northern England) married & skilled farm- 
 workman, having charge of two horses, & pro- 
 vided with cottage on the farm ; steward ; rus- 
 tic, boor. [ME hine, prob. f. hina, higna, genit. 
 pi. of higan, hiwan, domestics] 
 
 hind 3 , a. Situated at the back, posterior, 
 (less usu. than hinder exc. of things in pairs, 
 front & back, as h. leg, quarters, wheel). [ME, 
 perh. back-formation f. OE hinder adv. = Goth. 
 hindar, G hinter, taken as compar. adj., or a 
 shortening of behindan behind] 
 
 hi'ndep 1 . See prec. 
 
 hi'nder 2 , v.t. Impede, obstruct, prevent, as 
 you will h. him, h. his work, h. its completion, 
 h. him from working (or abs.). [OE hindrian, 
 cf. G hindern ; f. hindar adv., see hind 3 ] 
 
 Hi'ndi (-e), a. & n. (Aryan vernacular lan- 
 guage) of N. India. [Hind, (hind India)] 
 
 hrndmost, a. Furthest behind ; most re- 
 mote, [hind 3 ] 
 
 hi'ndrance, n. Obstruction, prevention ; 
 obstacle, [f., hinder 2 + -ance] 
 
 Hindu* (-doo), -doo% (or hi'-), n. & a. Aryan 
 of N. India who (also, any one who) professes 
 Hinduism ; (adj.) Indian. [Pers., f. hind India 
 = Skr. Sindhu river (esp. the Indus)] 
 
 Hi'nduism, -dooism, n. Polytheistic re- 
 ligion of the Hindus, [-ism] 
 
 Hi'nduize, -dooize, v.t. Render Hindu in 
 religion, customs, &c. [-ize] 
 
 Hindustani, -doosta'nee, ( -dbstahne), a. 
 & n. Of Hindustan ; (n.) Hindu, Mohammedan, 
 of Upper India ; language of Mohammedan con- 
 querors of Hindustan, Urdu (Hindi mixed with 
 Arabic, Persian, &c). [Pers. (-i), =of Hindustan 
 country of the Hindus (hindu + -stan place)] 
 
 hinge (-j), n., & v.t. & i. Movable joint or 
 mechanism like that by which door is hung on 
 side post ; natural joint doing similar work, as 
 that of bivalve shell ; off the hh., in disordered 
 state of body or mind; (fig.) central principle, 
 critical point, on which all turns; (v.t.) attach 
 (as) with h. ; (v.i., of door &c. or fig.) hang & 
 turn on (post, principle, &c). Hence hingED 2 , 
 hi'ngeLESS, aa. [(vb f. n.) ME heng, cf. Du. 
 henghe, conn. w. hang] 
 
 hi'nny 1 , n. Offspring of she-ass by stallion, 
 [f. L hinnus, cf. Gk hinnos, ginnos] 
 
 hi*nny 2 , -nie. See hone v. 
 
 hint, n., & v.t. & i. Slight indication, covert 
 or indirect suggestion ; (v.t.) suggest slightly 
 (thing, that) ; (v.i.) h. at, give a h. of. [(vb f. n.) 
 prob. f. obs. hent lay hold of, etym. dub.] 
 
 hi'nterland, n. District behind coast or 
 river's banks. [G] 
 
 hip i, n. Projection of pelvis & upper part of 
 thigh-bone, in men & quadrupeds ; have (per- 
 son) 071 the h. (at a disadvantage) ; smite h. & 
 thigh (unsparingly) ; (Arch.) projecting inclined 
 edge on roof ; h.-bath (in which one sits im- 
 
HJP 
 
 388 
 
 HOARD 
 
 mersed to the hh.) ; h. -disease (of h.-joint, with 
 fungous growth). Hence (-)hippED 2 a. [OE 
 hype, cf. Du. he up. G hiifte] 
 nip 2 , hep, n. Fruit of (esp. wild) rose. [OE 
 heope, hiope, cf. OHG hiufo, hiafo] 
 hip 3 , hyp, n. Morbid depression, the blues. 
 I - hyp (ochondria)] 
 
 hip 4 , v.t. Make low-spirited, [f. prec] 
 hip 5 , int. introducing united cheer, as h., h., 
 hurrah. 
 
 hipe, v.t., & n. Throw (antagonist in wrest- 
 ling) in a particular manner ; (n.) such throw. [?] 
 hippo- in comb. = Gk hippos horse, as : -cen- 
 taur, = centaur ; -phagy, practice of eating 
 horse-flesh ; -phil ; -phobia. 
 hippoca'mpus, n. (pi. -pi). Genus of small 
 fishes, sea-horse; (Anat.) h. major, minor, 
 eminences on floor of each lateral ventricle of 
 brain, [f. LL f. Gk uiPPO(kampos sea-monster)] 
 hi'ppoepas, n. (hist.). Wine flavoured with 
 spices, [f. OF ipocras f. Hippokrates Gk phy- 
 sician of 5th c. B. c, prob. because strained 
 through filter called Hippocrates' s sleeve] 
 hi'ppodpome, n. (Gk & Rom. Ant.) course 
 for chariot races &c. ; circus. [F, f. L f. Gk hip- 
 ¥0{dromos race, course)] 
 
 hi'ppogrifF, -gryph, n. Fabulous griffin- 
 like creature with body of horse, [f. F hippo- 
 griffe f. It. ippogrifo (hippo- 4- grifo griffin)] 
 hippopo'tamus, n. (pi. -muses, -mi). Large 
 African pachydermatous quadruped inhabiting 
 rivers &c. [f. LL f. Gk hippo( potamos river)] 
 hiP'eine, a. Goat-like. [f. L hircinus (hircxcs 
 goat, see -ine 1 )] 
 
 hire 1 , n. Payment by contract for use of 
 thing or for personal service ; engagement on 
 these terms; (fig.) reward; h.-purchase, h.- 
 system, (by which hired thing becomes hirer's 
 after certain number of payments) ; onh., ready 
 to be hired. [OE hyr, cf. Du. huur, G heuer] 
 . hire 2 , v.t. Employ (person) for wages ; pro- 
 cure, grant (also h. out), temporary use_of 
 (thing) for stipulated payment. Hence hip*- 
 able a. [OE hyrian, cf. Du. huren, G heuern] 
 hire'ling 1 , n. One who serves for hire (usu. 
 contempt.). [OE hyrling (as hire \ see -ling 1 )] 
 hip'sute, a. Hairy, shaggy ; untrimmed. 
 Hence hiP'suteNESS n. [f. L hirsutus, cf. hir- 
 tus shaggy] 
 
 his (-z), a. & pron. Possessive case of, & adj. 
 corr. to, he, also in absolute use, as h. hat, it 
 is h. [OE, genit. of he & it] 
 hi'spid, a. (bot., zool.). Shaggy; bristly, [f. 
 L hispidus] 
 
 hiss, v.i. & t., & n. (Of person, snake, goose, 
 liquid poured on fire, &c)(make) sharp spirant 
 sound of s, esp. as sign of disapproval or derision ; 
 express disapproval of (person &c.) thus ; h. off 
 (the stage), away, down, &c, drive off &c. by 
 hh.; utter (quoted words) with angry h. [imit.] 
 hist, int. used to call attention, enjoin silence, 
 or incite dog &c. 
 
 histo- in comb. = Gk histos web, tissue, in 
 biol. wds, as : -ge'nesis, -geny, production of or- 
 ganic tissues ; -gene'tic, concerned with this ; 
 -logy, science of organic tissues, whence -lo'gi- 
 cal, -logist. 
 
 histop'ian, n. Writer of history (esp. in 
 higher sense, as opp. to mere annalist or com- 
 piler), [f. F historien f. L as history + -an] 
 histop'iated, a. (Of ornamental letters &c.) 
 decorated with figures of men or animals, [f. 
 med.L histoy^iare (as history), see -ate 2 ] 
 histo'pic, a. Noted in history ; (Lat. & Gk 
 Gram.) h. tenses, those normally used of past 
 events (cf. primary), h. present (used for past), 
 h. infinitive (used for indicative) ; =foll. [f. L 
 f. Gk historikos (as history, see -ic)] 
 
 historical, a. Of history, as h. evidence, 
 principles ; belonging to history, not legend ; 
 h. method (of investigation), that based on his- 
 tory; (of novel, picture, &c.) dealing with h. 
 events ;= prec. Hence histo'picalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 histopio'gpaphep, n. Writer of history, 
 esp. official historian of a court &c. [f. LL hi- 
 storiographus (as history, see -grapher)] 
 
 histopio'g-paphy, n. Writing of history. 
 Hence histopiogpa'phicfAL) aa. [f. Gk hi- 
 storiographia (as foil., see -graphy)] 
 
 hi'stopy, n. Continuous methodical record 
 of public events; (no pi.) study of growth of 
 nations ; whole train of events connected with 
 nation, person, thing, &c. ; eventful past career, 
 as this knife has a h. ; (no pi.) aggregate of past 
 events, course of human affairs ; ancient h. (usu. 
 to a.d. 476), (facet.) thing that is out of date ; 
 mediaeval, modern, h. (to, from, 15th c); sys- 
 tematic account of natural phenomena &c, 
 esp. natural 1 A.; historical play. [f. L f. Gk 
 histoHa inquiry, h.,(histor learned f. id- know)] 
 
 hi'stpion, n. Stage-player (usu. contempt.). 
 [F, f. L histrionem (nom. -io)] 
 
 histpid'nie, a. & n. Of actors or acting; 
 stagy, hypocritical, whence hi'strioniSM, 
 histPio'niciSM, nn. ; (n. pi.) theatricals, thea- 
 trical art, pretence. Hence histpio'niCALLY 
 adv. [f. LL histrionicus (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 hit 1 , v.t. & i. (hit). Strike with blow or mis- 
 sile ; direct blow at ; (of moving body) strike ; 
 (intr.) strike against, upon ; deliver (blow, per- 
 son &c. a blow) ; (fig.) affect sensibly, wound, 
 as hard h. (e. g. by money losses) ; (also h. upon) 
 light upon, get at, (thing aimed at) ; (also h. off) 
 imitate to a nicety ; fall in with, suit ; h. it, h. 
 the (right) nail on the head, guess right, express 
 the exact truth ; h. it off, agree (with, together) ; 
 h. out, deal vigorous blows. [OE hyttan, cf. 
 Sw. hitta, Da. hitte] 
 
 hit 2 , n. Blow, stroke ; stroke of sarcasm &c. 
 (at) ; stroke of good luck ; successful attempt, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 hitch 1 , v.t. & i. Move (thing) with jerk; 
 shift ; h. up, lift with jerk ; contrive to bring 
 (thing into story &c) ; fasten with loop, hook, 
 &c; become so fastened (in, on to, Sec). [?J 
 
 hitch 2 , n. Jerk, abrupt pull or push ; (Naut.) 
 noose, knot, of various kinds, as half-h. (formed 
 by passing end of rope round its standing part 
 & then through the bight); temporary stop- 
 page ; impediment, [f. prec] 
 
 hi'thep (dh-), adv. & a. To, towards, this 
 place (now usu. here) ; h. & thither, in various 
 directions, here & there ; (adj.) situated on this 
 side, the nearer (of two) ; hitherto, up to this 
 time ; hitherward (archaic), in this direction. 
 [OE hider, f. stem of he, here,+ suf. seen inL 
 citra on this side] 
 
 hive, n., & v.t. & i. (Also beeh.) artificial habi- 
 tation for bees ; (fig.) busy swarming place ; 
 hiveful of bees ; swarming multitude ; h. -shaped 
 thing; (v.t.) place (bees) in h., house (persons 
 &c) snugly, hoard up; (v.i.) enter h., live to- 
 gether like bees. [OE hyf, prob. conn. w. OX 
 hufr hull & L cupa tub] 
 
 hives, n. pi. Skin eruption ; inflammation of 
 bowels, larynx, &c [?] 
 
 ho, int. expr. surprise, admiration, triumph, 
 derision ; calling attention ; added to other intt. 
 as heigh-ho, what ho, or (Naut.) to name of des- 
 tination &c, as westward ho. [not in OE] 
 
 hoar, a. & n. Grey-haired with age ; greyish 
 white; h.-frost, white frost, frozen dew; (of 
 things) grey with age ; h.-stone, ancient boun- 
 dary stone; (n.) hoariness, h.-frost. [OE hdr, 
 cf. OHG her old, G hehr august] 
 i hoard, n., & v.t. Stock, store, (esp. of money 
 
HOARDING 
 
 389 
 
 HOLD 
 
 laid by ; amassed stock of facts &c; (v.t.) amass 
 (money &c. or abs.) & put away, store iip, trea- 
 sure up in the heart, [(vb OE hordian) OE hord, 
 cf. OS hord, Goth, huzd, treasure] 
 
 hoap'ding*, n. Fence of boards round build- 
 ing during erection or repairs, often used for 
 posting bills, [f. obs. hoard ult. f. OF hurt f. 
 OHG hurt hurdle, + -ing j ] 
 
 hoarhound. See horehound. 
 
 hoarse, a. (Of voice) rough, husky, croak- 
 ing ; having such a voice. Hence hoap'seLY 2 
 adv.,hoar*SEN6v.t. & i., hoar'seNESS n. [OE 
 to, *hdrs, ME hors, cf. MDu. hees] 
 
 hoap'y, a. (Of hair) grey, white, with age ; 
 having such air, venerable; (Bot., Entom.) 
 covered with short white hairs. Hence hoar'i- 
 ness n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 hoax, v.t., & n. Deceive, take in, (person) by 
 way of joke ; (n.) humorous or mischievous de- 
 ception, [f. 18th c; perh. conn. w. hocus] 
 
 hob, n. Side casing of fireplace, having sur- 
 face level with top of grate ; peg, pin, as mark 
 in quoits &c; shoe of sledge ; = hobnail. [?] 
 
 ho'bble 1 , v.i. & t. Walk lamely, limp ; (fig.) 
 proceed haltingly in action or speech ; (of verse) 
 have halting rhythm ; cause to h.; tie together 
 legs of (horse &c.) to prevent it from straying 
 &c. : tie (legs) thus. [14th c. ; prob. cogn. w. Du. 
 hobbclen rock from side to side, stammer] 
 
 ho'bble 2 , n. Uneven or infirm gait; awk- 
 ward situation ; rope, clog, &c, for hobbling 
 horse &c. [f. prec] 
 
 ho'bbledehoy, hobbad-, hobbed-, n. 
 Awkward youth, between boyhood & manhood. 
 Hence hobbledehoy*HOOD,hobbledehoy- 
 ism, nn., hobbledehoy'iSH ! a. [?] 
 
 ho'bby, n. Favourite subject or occupation 
 that is not one's main business ; (archaic) small 
 horse ; (Hist.) early type of velocipede, [f. OF 
 hobin, hobi, prob. var. of name Robin] 
 
 ho'bby-hopse, n. Wicker horse used in 
 morris-dance &c; child's stick with horse's 
 head ; rocking-horse ; horse on merry-go-round; 
 (now rare) = prec. 
 
 ho'bgroblin, n. Mischievous imp ; bogy ; 
 bugbear, [f. hob for Rob(in) + goblin] 
 
 ho*bnail,n. Heavy-headed nail for boot-soles. 
 
 ho'bnailed, a. Furnished, marked, with 
 hobnails; h.-liver (studded with projections like 
 nail-heads), [-ed 2 ] 
 
 ho*b-nob, v.i. (-bb-). Dx-ink together; hold 
 familiar intercourse (ivith). [f. hob or nob = 
 give & take, earlier hah nab, perh. = have or 
 not have] 
 
 hock 1 , n. Joint of quadruped's hind-leg be- 
 tween true knee & fetlock, [southern by-form 
 of hough] 
 
 hock 2 , n. German white wine (prop, that of 
 Hochheim). [earlier hockamore f. G Hochheimer] 
 
 ho'ckey, n. Game played with ball & curved 
 clubs between goals. [?] 
 
 ho'cus, v.t. (-ss-). Take in, hoax ; stupefy 
 (person) with drugs ; drug (liquor), [f. obs. n. 
 hocus = foil.] 
 
 h6*cus-po*cus,n., & v.i. &t. (-ss-). Jugglery, 
 deception; typical conjuring formula; (v.i.) 
 juggle ; (v.t.) play tricks on. [17th-c. sham L] 
 
 hod, n. Builder's light open trough on staff 
 
 forcarrying mortar &c; hodman, labourer who 
 
 carries h., (fig.) mechanical worker, literary 
 
 hack. [prob. = obs. hot f. OF hotte panier, of G 
 
 orig.] 
 
 ho'dden, n. (Sc). Coarse woollen cloth ; h. 
 grey, grey h., typical rustic garb. [?] 
 
 Hodge, n. Typical English agricultural la- 
 bourer, [changed from Roger] 
 
 ho'dge-po'dge, n. = hotch-potch, [assim. 
 to prec] 
 
 hodiep'nal, a. Of the present day. [f. L ho- 
 diernus (hodie to-day) + -al] 
 
 hodd'meter, od-, n. Instrument for mea- 
 suring distance travelled by wheeled vehicle, 
 [f. Gk hodos way, see -meter] 
 
 hoe (ho), n., & v.t. & i. Tool for loosening soil, 
 scraping up weeds, &c; (v.t.) weed (crops), 
 loosen (ground), dig up, cut down, with h.; (v.i.) 
 use h. [(vb f. n.) f. F houe f. OHG houwd (hou- 
 wan hew)] 
 
 hog* x , n. Swine, esp. castrated male reared 
 for slaughter; (dial.) young sheep before first 
 shearing ; (fig.) coarse, gluttonous, or filthy per- 
 son ; go the whole h., do the thing thoroughly ; 
 hogback, h.'s-back, sharply crested hill-ridge; 
 h.-fish, fish with bristles on head ; h. in armour, 
 stiff clumsy person ; h. mane, horse's mane cut 
 short; h.'s pudding, h.'s entrail variously 
 stuffed; h.-wash, kitchen swill &c. forhh. Hence 
 ho'gg'iSH 1 , ho*gLiKE,aa., ho*g , gishLY 2 adv., 
 ho'ggishNESS, ho'gxiNG 1 , nn. [?] 
 
 hog- 2 , v.t. & i. Raise (back &c), rise, arch- 
 wise in the centre ; cut (mane) short, [f. prec] 
 
 ho'gget, n. Yearling sheep, [hog l + -et x ] 
 
 ho'ggln, n. Sifted gravel. [?] 
 
 ho'gshead (-z-h-), n. Large cask ; liquid mea- 
 sure, 52$ imperial gallons (abbr. hhd). [f. hog 1 
 (unexpl.) + head] 
 
 hoick(s), int. used to incite hounds (also 
 yoicks). [?] 
 
 hoist !, v. t. , & n. Raise aloft (esp. flags) ; raise 
 by means of tackle &c; (n.) hoisting, shove up, 
 elevator, lift. [(n. f. vb) corrupt, of obs. hoise, 
 earlier hysse, cf. Da. hisse, Du. hvschen, F his- 
 ser, etym. dub.] 
 
 hoist 2 , p.p. H. with his otvn petard, blown 
 up by his own bomb, ruined by his own devices 
 against others, [p.p. of hoise, see prec.]-^ 
 
 hoi'ty-toi'ty, n., a., int. Riotous or giddy 
 conduct ; (adj.) frolicsome; haughty ; petulant ; 
 (int.) expr. surprised protest at undue assump- 
 tion &c. [prob. f. obs. hoit v. romp, etym. dub.] 
 
 ho'key-po'key, n. = hocus-pocus ; cheap 
 ice-cream sold by street vendors, [f. hocus- 
 pocus ; second sense perh. of diff. orig.] 
 
 hold 1 , v.t. & i. (held ; archaic p.p. also holden 
 in formal reports of meetings &c). Keep fast, 
 grasp ; keep {oneself, one's head, &c.) in par- 
 ticular attitude ; (of vessel) contain ; possess ; 
 (Mil.) keep possession of (place) ; occupy (place, 
 person's thoughts, &c); engross (person, his 
 attention) ; keep (person &c.) in specified place, 
 condition, &c, as h. him at bay, in suspense ; 
 make (person) adhere to (terms, promise) ; ob- 
 serve, celebrate, conduct, (festival, meeting, 
 conversation) ; use (insolent &c. language) ; h. 
 to (bind by) bail; restrain, as h. your noise, 
 tongue ; think, believe, (thing, that, person &c. 
 to be) ; (of jtidge or court) lay down, decide 
 (that) ; entertain specified feeling towards, as 
 h. him in esteem, contempt ; (intr.) remain un- 
 broken, not give way ; h. by, to, adhere to (choice, 
 purpose, &c.) ; h. with, approve of; (of laws &c, 
 also h. good, true) be valid, apply ; keep going, 
 esp. h. ow one's way; (archaic) h.!, stop, wait; 
 h. one's hand, forbear ; h. one's head high, be- 
 have proudly ; h. up one's head, maintain one's 
 dignity or cheerfulness ; h. one's own, not give 
 way, stand one's ground; h. water, (fig.) be 
 sound, bear examination; h. back, (trans.) re* 
 strain, (intr.) hesitate, refrain, from ; h. forth, 
 speak publicly (usu. contempt.) ; h. hard, stop 
 (imperative) ; h. in, confine, keep in check ; 
 h. off, (intr.) delay; h. on, keep one's grasp on 
 something, (colloq. imper.) stop; h. out, (trans.) 
 stretch forth, offer (inducement &c), (intr.) en- 
 dure, persist ; h. over, postpone ; h. together t. 
 & i., (cause to) cohere ; h. up, support, sustain, 
 
HOLD 
 
 390 
 
 HOMERIC 
 
 (lit. & fig.), exhibit, display, (esp. to derision 
 &c), (U.S.) stop & rob on highway, (of horse) 
 keep up, not fall; Ji.-aZZ,portable case for clothes 
 &c; h.-back, hindrance; holdfast, firm grasp, 
 staple or clamp securing object to wall &c. 
 [com. -Teut. : OE haldan.MDxi. ho uden, G halten] 
 
 hold 2 , n. Grasp (lit. & fig. ), esp. take, get, keep 
 h. of; opportunity of holding, thing to hold by ; 
 (fig.) h. (on), influence (over), [f. prec] 
 
 hold 3 , n. Cavity in ship below deck, where 
 cargo is stowed, [corrupt, of hole] 
 
 ho'lder, n. In vbl senses, esp.: contrivance 
 for holding something, as cigar, pen, -h. [-er ] ] 
 
 ho*lding\ n. In vbl senses, esp. : tenure of 
 land ; land held ; stocks &c. held, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 hole *, n. Hollow place in solid body ; deep 
 place in stream &c. ; animal's burrow ; small 
 mean abode ; cavity into which ball &c. must 
 be got in various games ; (Golf) point scored by 
 player who gets ball from one h. to another 
 with fewest strokes ; perforation ; pick hh. in, 
 find fault with ; make a h. in, use large amount 
 of; round (square) peg in square (round) h., 
 person not fitted for his place ; h.-&-corner, 
 secret, underhand. Hence ho'ler 2 a. [OE & 
 Du. hoi ; orig. neut. adj.] 
 
 hole 2 , v.t. & i. Make holes in ; make (shaft, 
 tunnel); (Mining, intr.) dig through from one 
 working to another ; put into hole ; drive (golf- 
 ball or abs.) into hole. [OE holian, as prec] 
 
 hd'liday (-di), n. Day of cessation from work 
 or of recreation ; (usu. pi.) period of this, vaca- 
 tion; bank 3 h. ; blind 2 man's h. ; make h., cease 
 from work ; h. (gay) clothes ; h. task (to be done 
 by schoolboy during hh.); = HOhY-day. [OE 
 hdligdaeg, see holy & day] 
 
 hd'lily, adv. In a holy manner. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 ho'liness, n. Sanctity, sacredness ; H., his 
 H., title of Pope. [OE hdlignes (holy, -ness)] 
 
 ho'lla, int. See hollo, [f. F hold] 
 
 Ho'lland, n. Province of northern Nether- 
 lands, kingdom of the Netherlands, whence 
 Ho'llandER 1 ^) n. ; a linen fabric ; broicn H., 
 this unbleached. [Du.,f. holt wood +-lant land] 
 
 Ho'llands, n. Grain spirit made in Holland. 
 [f. Du. hollandsch genever, Holland gin] 
 
 ho'llo 1 , int. calling attention ; (n.) the cry h. 
 [conn. w. holla] 
 
 ho'llo 2 , -low 1 , -la, -loa, v.i. & t. Shout; 
 call to hounds ; (trans.) shout (words), [as prec] 
 
 ho'llo w 2 , a., n., adv. Having a hole, not 
 solid ; h. square ; empty, hungry ; (of sound) 
 not full-toned; (fig.) empty, insincere, false; 
 (n.) h. place, hole, valley, basin ; (adv.) beaten 
 h. (completely) ; h.-eyed, with eyes deep sunk; 
 h.-hearted, insincere. Hence ho'llowLY 2 adv., 
 
 ho'llo wness n. [ME holg, holch, holu, a., OE 
 
 holh n., prob. =hol hole] 
 
 ho'llow 3 , v.t. (Also h. out) excavate ; bend 
 
 into hollow shape, [f. prec] 
 ho'lly, n. Evergreen shrub with glossy 
 
 leaves, small green flowers, & red berries. [OE 
 
 hole(g)n, cf. Du. & G htrfst] 
 ho'llyhoek, n. Tall plant with large flowers 
 
 of many varieties of colour, [f. holy+ obs. hock 
 
 mallow, OE hoc, etym. dub.j 
 holm x , -me, (horn), n. Islet, esp. in river or 
 
 near mainland ; flatground by river, submerged 
 
 in time of flood, [f. ON holmr] 
 holm 2 (horn), n. (Usu. h.-oak) evergreen 
 
 oak, ilex, [corrupt, of OE holen holly (from 
 
 resemblance in foliage) + oak] 
 holo- in comb. = Gk holos whole, as : -graph 
 
 a. & n-, (document) written wholly by person 
 
 in whose name it appears ; -he'dral, (of crystal) 
 
 having full number of planes for perfect sym- 
 metry; -meta'bola n. pi., insects undergoing 
 
 complete metamorphosis; -phote, apparatus 
 
 for making available all the light of a lamp (in 
 lighthouse Sec). 
 
 ho'locaust, n. Whole burnt-offering ; whole- 
 sale sacrifice (fig.) or destruction, [f. F holocauste 
 f. LL f. Gk_HOi.o(kauston burnt f. kaio)] 
 holothur'ian, a. & n. (Animal) of the genus 
 Holothuria, sea-slug. [f. mod.L Holothuria, 
 n. pi. f. Gk holothourion, a zoophyte] 
 ho'lster, n. Leather case for pistol, fixed to 
 saddle or worn on belt. [I7th-c E & Du., cf. 
 Icel. hulstr case, Sw. holster] 
 holt, n. (Poet.) wood, copse ; wooded hill. 
 [OE, cf. Du. hout timber, G holz wood, a wood] 
 ho'ly, a. & n. Consecrated, sacred ; morally 
 & spiritually perfect ; belonging to, commis- 
 sioned by, devoted to, God ; of high moral ex- 
 cellence; (n.)h. ofhh., inner chamber of sanctu- 
 ary in Jewish temple, separated by veil from h. 
 place or outer chamber, (fig.) innermost shrine ; 
 h. cross (of Christ) ; H. city ; H. Cross day, 
 festival of Exaltation of the Cross, Sep. U ; h.- 
 day, religious festival ; H. family ; H. Ghost, 
 Spirit, third person of the Godhead ; H. grail ; 
 H. Land,W. Palestine, esp. Judaea; H. office ; 
 h. orders ; H. roman Empire ; H. Thursday, 
 (prop.) Ascension Day, (pop.) Thursday in H. 
 Week; H. Saturday(u\ H. Week); h.water, water 
 dedicated to h. uses, or blessed by a priest ; H. 
 Week (before Easter Sunday); H. Writ, h. 
 wri tings collectively, esp. the Bible. [OE hdlig 
 (hdl whole, see -Y 2 ), cf. Du. & G heilig] 
 
 hd'lystone, n., & v.t, (Scour with) soft 
 sandstone used for scouring decks. [?] 
 
 horn, n. Sacred plant of ancient Persians & 
 Parsees ; its juice. [Pers.] 
 
 ho'mage, n. (Feud.) formal public acknow- 
 ledgment of allegiance; acknowledgment of 
 superiority, dutiful reverence, as pay, do, h. 
 to (person, his qualities), [f. OF ommage f. LL 
 hominaticum (homo -minis man, see -age)] 
 
 home 1 , n., a., adv. Dwelling-place; fixed 
 residence of family or household ; native land ; 
 long or last h., the grave ; place where thing is 
 native or most common ; institution of refuge 
 orrestfordestituteor infirm persons; (in games) 
 goal; at h., in one's own house or native land, 
 at one's ease, familiar with or on (subject, &c), 
 accessible to callers (esp. not at h.), (n.) see at- 
 home ; (adj.) of, connected with, h.; carried on 
 ath.; proceeding from h. ; in the neighbourhood 
 of h. ; h. counties, those nearest to London ; 
 carried on, produced, in one's own country, as 
 h. industries, products ; treating of domestic 
 affairs ; H. Office, department of Secretary of 
 State for H. Affairs, building used for this ; 
 that comes h. to one, as h. question, truth, 
 thrust; (adv.) to one's h. or country, as come, 
 go, h. ; arrived at h., as he is h. ; to the point 
 aimed at, as the thrust went h. ; bring charge h. 
 to person, convict him of it ; come h. to, affect 
 intimately ; h.-born, native ; h.-bred, bred at h. ; 
 h.-coming, arrival at home ; h.-felt, felt inti- 
 mately ; h.-made, made ath. or for h. consump- 
 tion ; H. Rule, government of a country (esp. 
 Ireland) by its own citizens ; h.-sick(ness), de- 
 pressed, depression, as result of absence from 
 h. Hence ho'meLESs, ho'meLiKE, aa. [com.- 
 Teut. : OE ham, Du. heem, G heim ; (adv.) accus. 
 case of this] 
 
 home 2 , v.i. & t, Go home (esp. of pigeons) ; 
 furnish (person &c.) with a home. [f. prec] 
 
 ho'mely, a. Simple, plain ; primitive ; un- 
 pretending ; (of persons or features) uncomely, 
 plain. Hence ho'meliNESS n. [-ly j ] 
 
 homeo-. See homoeo-. 
 
 ho'mep, n. Homing pigeon, [-er 1 ] 
 
 Home'rie, a. Of, in the style of, Homer or 
 the poems ascribed to him. [f. L f. Gk homeri- 
 
HOMESPUN 
 
 391 
 
 HONOUR 
 
 kos (Homer os, traditional author of Iliad & 
 Odyssey, see -ic] 
 
 ho'mespun, a. & n. (Cloth made of yarn) 
 spun at home ; (anything) plain, homely. 
 
 no'mestead, n. House with outbuildings ; 
 farm. [OE hdmstcde (home, stead)] 
 
 ho'meward, adv. & a., -wards, adv. (Go- 
 ing, leading) towards home; /i.-bound 5 , (esp. 
 of ship) preparing to go home, [-ward(s)] 
 
 ho'micide, n. 1. One who kills a human 
 being. 2. Killing of a human being. Hence 
 homiei'dAL a. [F, f. L (1) homicida, (2) homi- 
 cidium (homo man, see -cide)] 
 
 homile'tie, a. & n. Of homilies ; (n. pi.) art 
 of preaching, [f. Gk homiletikos (homileo hold 
 converse with, as foil. ; see -etic)] 
 
 hd'mily, n. Sermon ; tedious moralizing 
 discourse, [f. F omelie f. eccl. L f. Gk homilia 
 f. homilos crowd (homou together + He crowd)] 
 
 ho'tning*, a. That goes home ; (of pigeons) 
 trained to fly home. [part, of home 2 ] 
 
 ho'miny, n. Coarsely ground maize boiled 
 with water or milk, [of Amer.-Ind. orig.] 
 
 ho'mo, n. (zool. ). Man. [L] 
 
 ho'mo- in comb. =Gk homos same, as : -ce'n- 
 tric, having same centre ; -(/anions. (Bot.) hav- 
 ing all florets hermaphrodite or of same sex ; 
 -gene'tic, having common descent or origin; 
 -geny, similarity due to common descent; -mor'- 
 phic, -mor'phous, of same or similar form ; 
 -nomous, having same law of growth ; -phone, 
 word having same sound as another, but of 
 different meaning or origin, (also) symbol de- 
 noting same sound as another; -pho'nic, (Mus.) 
 of same pitch, in unison ; -phonous, (of music) 
 in unison, (of symbols) denoting same sound ; 
 •phony, unison ; -pla'stic, similar in structure ; 
 ■type, part, organ, like another in structure. 
 
 hd'moeopath (-mi-), n. One who practises 
 homoeopathy, [f. foil.] 
 
 homoeo'pathy, n. Hahnemann's treat- 
 ment of disease by drugs (usu. in minute doses) 
 that in healthy person would produoe symptoms 
 like those of the disease. So homoeopa'thic 
 a., homoeopa'thicALLY adv., homoeo'- 
 pathiST n. [f. Gk homoios like + -patheia f. 
 pathos suffering ; first used by Hahnemann (G 
 homoopathie)] 
 
 homogeneous, a. Of the same kind ; con- 
 sisting of parts all of the same kind, uniform. 
 Hence or cogn. homogene'iTV, homo- 
 g-e'neousNESS, nn., homoge'neousLY 2 
 adv. [f. schol. L homogeneus f. Gk HOMO(srewes 
 f. genos kind) + -ous] 
 
 hdmoiou'sian (-ow-), a. & n. (One who held 
 that Father & Son in the Godhead were) of like 
 substance (cf.HOMOOUSiAN). [f. Gkhomoiousios 
 (homoios like + ousia essence) + -an] 
 
 homo'log-ate, v.t. (Sc). Acknowledge, ad- 
 mit; confirm. So homology TioNn. [f. med.L 
 homologare f. Gk nouo(logeo f. logos word), 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 homo'log-ize (-j-), v.i. & t. Be homologous, 
 correspond ; make homologous, [as foil. + -ize] 
 
 homologous, a. Having the same relation, 
 relative position, &c; corresponding, [f. med. 
 L f. Gk HOMO(Zogros ratio)l 
 
 hd'molog-ue (og), n. Homologous thing. [F, 
 f. Gk (neut. adj.) as prec] 
 
 homd'logy, n. Correspondence, sameness of 
 relation. Hence homolo'griCAL, a., homo- 
 
 lo'gicalLY 2 adv. [f. LL f. Gk homologia (as 
 
 prec.)] 
 
 ho'monym, n. Word of same sound as an- 
 other but different sense ; namesake. So ho- 
 
 mony'mic, homonymous, aa. [f. LL f. Gk 
 
 homdnumon, neut. adj. (homo- + onoma name)] 
 
 homoou'sian, homou's-, (ow), a. & n. 
 
 (One who held the persons of the Trinity to be) 
 of the same substance (cf. homoiousian). [f. 
 med.Lf. GkHOMO(owsiosf. ous ia essence) + -an] 
 homu'ncule, -cle, n. Little man, mannikin. 
 [f. L homunculus (homo -minis man, see -cule)] 
 ho'my, a. Suggesting home, home-like. [-y 2 ] 
 hone, n., & v.t. Whetstone, esp. for razors ; 
 various stones as material for this ; ( v. t. ) sharpen 
 on h. [(vb f. n.) OE han, cf. ON hein, Da. hcen] 
 ho'nest (6-), a. Fair & upright in speech & 
 act, not lying, cheating, nor stealing ; sincere ; 
 (of act or feeling) showing uprightness ; (of gain 
 &c.) gained by fair means, as turn, earn, an h. 
 penny; (of things) unadulterated, unsophisti- 
 cated ; (archaic, of woman) chaste, virtuous ; 
 make an h. woman of, marry (seduced woman); 
 (patronizing or facet.) good, worthy. Hence 
 ho'nestLY 2 adv. [f. OF honeste f. L honestus 
 honourable, handsome (honos honour)] 
 ho'nesty (6-), n. Uprightness ; truthfulness ; 
 plant with purple flowers & semi-transparent 
 pods. [f. OF onestei. L honestatem (prec, -TY>] 
 ho'ney (hu-), n. Sweet viscid yellow fluid, 
 the nectar of flowers collected by bees & other 
 insects; (fig.) sweetness; (also Sc. & North. 
 hinnie, -ny) sweetheart, darling ; h.-bee, common 
 hive-bee ; h.-buzzard, bird of prey feeding on 
 larvae of bees & wasps; h.-deiv, sweet sticky 
 substance found on leaves & stems, held to be 
 excreted by aphides, ideally sweet substance, 
 tobacco sweetened with molasses ; honeysuckle, 
 woodbine, climbing shrub with fragrant yellow 
 flowers ; h.-sweet, sweet as h. Hence ho'ney - 
 ed 2 , -nied, a. [OE himig, cf. Du., G, honig] 
 honeycomb (-m), n., & v.t. Bees' wax 
 structure of hexagonal cells for honey & eggs ; 
 cavernous flaw in metal, esp. guns ; ornamental 
 or other work hexagonally arranged ; (v.t.) fill 
 with cavities, undermine, mark with h. pattern, 
 [(vb f. n.) OE hunigcamb, see prec. and comb] 
 honeymoon, n., & v.i. Holiday spent to- 
 gether by newly-married couple ; (v.i.) spend h. 
 {in, at, place), [(vb f. n.) honey + moon, refer- 
 ence being orig. to waning affection, not to 
 period of a month] ' 
 
 hong-, n. (In China) set of buildings used as 
 factory &c; foreign trading establishment in 
 China or Japan, [f. Chin, hang row, rank] 
 honopap'ium (ho-, 6-), n. (pi. -urns, -a). Fee 
 for professional services. [LL as foil.] 
 ho'norapy (6-), a. Conferred as an honour 
 (without the usual requirements, functions, 
 &c.) ; holding h. title or position ; h. secretary, 
 treasurer, &c, serving without pay (abbr. 
 hon.) ; (of obligations) depending on honour, 
 not legally enforceable, [f. L honorarius (as 
 honour, see -ary 1 )] . 
 
 honorific (6-), a. & n. (Expression) implying 
 respect (esp. of Oriental forms of speech), [f. L 
 honorificiis (as fell., see -fic)] 
 honour 1 (6*ner), n. High respect; glory; 
 reputation, good name ; nobleness of mind ; 
 allegiance to what is right or to conventional 
 standard of conduct ; (of woman) chastity, repu- 
 tation for this ; exalted position ; thingconf erred 
 as distinction ; (pi.) civilities rendered to guests 
 &c, esp. do the hh. of (the table, a house, the 
 town, &c); last, funeral, hh., observances of 
 respect at funeral ; military hh., marks of re- 
 spect paid by troops at burial of officer, to 
 royalty, &c. ; hh. of icar, privileges granted to 
 capitulating force, as that of marching out with 
 colours flying &c. ; (Univ., pi.) special distinction 
 for proficiency beyond that required to pass 
 examination ; person, thing, that reflects h. on 
 (to) another, as he is an h. to his profession ; (in 
 Whist) ace, king, queen, knave, of trumps; 
 ( Commerc. ) acceptance (of protested bill by tnira 
 
HONOUR 
 
 392 
 
 HOPPER 
 
 party )for the h. of (to save the credit of) drawer 
 or indorser ; in h. (celebration* of; bound in h. 
 1as a moral duty) to (do) ; be on one's h. (under 
 moral obligation) to (do) ; (formsof asseveration) 
 upon my h., (colloq.) h. bright', code, law, of h., 
 rules forming conventional standard of con- 
 duct; AFFAIR, DEBT, LEGIOX, MAID, POINT, 
 
 "word i, of h. [f. OF onor f. L honorem (nom. 
 -Or) repute, office, beauty] 
 
 ho*nouP 2 ,v.t. Respect highly; confer dignity 
 upon ; (Commerc.) accept, pay, (bill) when due. 
 [f. OF honorer f. L honorare (as prec.)] 
 
 honourable, a. Worthy of honour ; bring- 
 ing honour to its possessor ; consistent with 
 honour; upright; title (abbr. Hon.) of children 
 of peers below rank of Marquess, Maids of 
 Honour, Justices of High Court, Lords of 
 Session, members of Government or Executive 
 Councils in India & Colonies; Most H, title 
 of Marquesses, Order of Bath, & Privy Coun- 
 cil ; Right H, title of peers below rank of 
 Marquess, Privy Councillors, & others. Hence 
 ho'nourabLY 3 adv. [f. OF honorable f. L 
 honorabilis (as prec., see -ble)] 
 
 hood, n., & v.t. Covering for head & neck, 
 whether part of cloak &c. or separate ; (Univ.) 
 badge worn over gown &c. to indicate degree ; 
 leather covering for hawk's head ; thing like h. 
 in shape or use; (v.t.) cover with h. Hence 
 hoo'dED 2 a. [(vb f. n.) OE hod, cf. Du. hoed, 
 G hut hat] 
 
 -hdbd. See -head. 
 
 hoo'die, -dy, n. (Also h.-croiv) Hooded or 
 Royston Crow, [hood l + - Y s ] 
 
 hoo*dman-blind, n. Old name for blixd- 
 max's-buff. 
 
 hoo'dwink, v.t. Deceive, humbug; blind- 
 fold^ [hood n. + WINK v.] 
 
 hoof, n.(pl. -fs, -ves), & v.t. & i. Horny casing of 
 foot of horse & other animals jclovex/*.; (facet.) 
 human foot; h.-pad, pad to prevent one foot 
 from striking the other ; h.-pick (for removing 
 stones from h.) ; (v.t.) strike with h., (slang, of 
 person) kick out &c; (v.i.) go on foot. Hence 
 (-)hoofED 2 a. [(vbf. n.)com.-Teut,: OEhof,Du. 
 hoef, G huf] 
 
 hcfok J , n. Piece of metal or other material 
 bent back or having sharp angle, for catching 
 hold or for hanging things upon ; (also fish-h.) 
 bent piece of wire, usu. barbed, for catching 
 fish; (fig.) trap, snare; curved cutting instru- 
 ment, esp. reaping-h.; h. <£• eye, small metal h. 
 & loop as dress-fastening ; sharp bend, e.g. in 
 river; projecting point of land, esp. H. of 
 Holland; = POT-h.; by h. or by crook, by fair 
 means or foul; drop off the hh., (slang) die; 
 (slang) on one's own h. (account); h.-nose(d), 
 (having) aquiline nose. [OE hoc, cf. Du. hoek 
 corner, point of land] 
 
 hook 2 , v.t. & i. Grasp with hook; secure 
 with hook(s); h. on, in, up. &c, attach with 
 hook ; (intr.) join on, fit on ; steal ; catch (fish) 
 with hook (also fig.) ; (Golf) drive (ball) widelv 
 to left ; (Cricket) play (ball) round from off to on 
 sidejwithout hitting it at the pitch, [f. prec] 
 
 hdb'kah (-ka), n. Smoking-pipe with long 
 flexible tube, smoke beingdrawn through water 
 in vase to which tube and bowl are attached. 
 If. Arab, huqqah, casket, hookah-bottle] 
 
 hooked, a, Hook-shaped ; furnished with 
 hook(s). [-f.d1.2J 
 
 hdb'ker, n. Two-masted Dutch fishing- 
 vessel ; one-masted fishing smack, [prob. f. 
 Du.Jioeker (hoek hook)] 
 
 hoo'lee, ho'li (-le), n. Hindu festival in hon- 
 our_of Krishna & the milkmaids. [Hind, (-i)\ 
 
 hoo'ligan, n. One of gang of young street 
 roughs. Hence hoo'ligraniSM(3) n. [name] 
 
 hoop ', n. , & v. t. Circular band of metal, wood, 
 &c. , esp. for binding staves of casks &c. ; wooden 
 or iron circle trundled along by child ; circle of 
 elastic material for expanding woman's skirt ; 
 iron arch used in croquet ; h.-petticoat (expand- 
 ed by hh.) ; (v.t.) bind with hh., surround as h. 
 does, [(vb f. n.) OE hop, cf. Du. hoep] 
 
 hoop 2 , v.i., & n. Utter the cry h. ; hooping- 
 cougti, contagious disease, esp. of children, with 
 short violent cough followed by long sonorous 
 inspiration; (n.) the cry h., sound heard in 
 hooping-cough, [(n. f. vb) f. F houper (houp, 
 imit.); ivhoopis late spelling] 
 
 hoo'poe (-00), n. S.-European bird with 
 variegated plumage & large erectile crest, 
 [earlier hoop f. F huppe tuft, crest, bird, f. pop. 
 L uptlpa = L upupa hoopoe] 
 
 hoot, v.i.& t., & n. Make loud sounds, esp. 
 of disapproval (at or abs.) ; assail (person &c.) 
 with derisive shouts; drive (person) o:it, away, 
 &c. by hooting ; (of owl) utter cry ; (of steam 
 whistle &c. ) sound (intr. ); (n. ) inarticulate shout, 
 esp. of derision or disapprobation ; owl's cry. 
 [(n._fc vb) ME huten, perh. imit.] 
 
 hoot(s), int. (Sc. & north.) expr. dissatisfac- 
 tion or impatience, [cf. Sw. hut begone, W 
 hwt away, Ir. ut out, all in sim. sense 
 
 hoo'tep, n. Invbl senses, esp.: siren, steam 
 whistle, esp. as signal for work to begin or 
 cease, [-er l ] 
 
 hoove, n. Disease of cattle, with inflation of 
 stomach, usu. caused by green fodder, [f. OE 
 hof-, a stem of heave] 
 
 hop !, n.,& v.t. & i. Climbing perennial plant, 
 cultivated for the cones borne by the female ; 
 (pi.) ripe cones of this, used for giving bitter fla- 
 vour to malt liquor &c; h.-bind, -bine, climbing 
 stem of h.; h.-fly, aphis destructive tohh.; h.- 
 garden, field for cultivation of hh.; h.-picker, 
 labourer, machine, employed to pick hh.; h.-pih 
 loxo (stuffed with hh., to produce sleep) ; h. -poc- 
 ket ; h.-pole (on which h. plant is trained) ; (v.t.) 
 flavour with, bear, hh.; (v.i.) gather hh. [(vb f. 
 n.) earlier hoppe, MDu., etym. dub.] 
 
 hop 2 , v.i. & t. Spring (of person) on one foot, 
 (of animals) with all feet at once; (trans.) h. 
 over (ditch &c.) ; (slang) h. (the tivig), depart 
 suddenly, die ; hop-o'-my-thumb, dwarf, pigmy; 
 hopscotch, child's game of hopping on one foot 
 & with it pushing flat stone &c, over scotches 
 (lines) marked on ground. [OE hoppian, cf. 
 Sw. hoppa, Da. hoppe, G hopfen] 
 
 hop 3 , n. Hopping ; spring ; (colloq.) dance ; 
 h., skip (or step), &jump, exercise consisting of 
 these three movements in sequence, [f. prec] 
 
 hope !, n. Expectation & desire combined (of 
 thing, of doing, that) ; feeling of trust ; ground 
 of h.; person, thing, thath. centres in ; forlorx 
 hope. [OE hopa, cf. Du. hoop, G hoffe] 
 
 hope 2 , v.i. & t. Look with expectation & de- 
 sire (for thing or abs.) ; expect & desire (thing, 
 that, to do). [OE hopian, cf. Du. hopen] 
 
 ho'peful, a. & n. Feeling hope ; inspiring 
 hope, promising, often iron, as (n.) young h. (of 
 boy or girl). Hence ho'pefulLY 2 adv., ho*pe- 
 fulxESS n. [hope l + -ful] 
 
 ho'peless, a. Feeling no hope ; admitting no 
 hope, as a h. case. Hence ho'pelessLY 2 adv., 
 ho'pelessxESs n. [-less] 
 
 ho'plite, n. Heavy-armed foot-soldier of an- 
 cient Greece, [f. Gk hoplites (hoplon weapon, 
 see -ite ')] 
 
 ho'pper \ n. One who hops ; hopping insect, 
 esp. flea ; inverted pj'ramid or cone (orig. with 
 hopping motion) through which grain passes in 
 mill ; similar contrivance in various machines; 
 barge carrying away mud &c. from dredging- 
 machine & discharging it. [hop 2 -f- -er 1 ] 
 
HOPPER 
 
 393 
 
 HORSE 
 
 ho'pper 2 , n. Hop-picker, [hop * + -er *] 
 
 ho'pple, v.t., & n. Fasten together legs of 
 (horse &c.); (n.) apparatus for this. [(n. f. vb) 
 etym. dub.; earlier than hobble in this sense] 
 
 hop'ary, a. Of the hours ; occurring every 
 hour, [f. med.L horarhis(hora hour, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 Hora'tian (-shn), a. Of, like, (the poems of) 
 Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus, d. B.c. 8). [f. L 
 Horatianus (Horatius, see -AN)] 
 
 horde, n. Troop of Tartar or other nomads; 
 gang, troop, (usu. in contempt.), [ult. f. Turki 
 orda, see urdu] 
 
 hore'hound, hoar-, n. Herb with bitter 
 aromatic juice used for coughs &c. (also com- 
 mon, white, h.) ; other allied herbs. [OE hare 
 hune (hdr hoar + Mine, a plant)] 
 
 hoprzon, n. Line at which earth & sky ap- 
 pear to meet; apparent, sensible, visible, h., 
 circle of contact with earth's surface of a cone 
 whose vertex is at observer's eye ; celestial, 
 rational, true, h., great circle of the celestial 
 sphere, plane of which passes through centre 
 of earth & is parallel to that of sensible h. of a 
 place ; (fig.) limit of mental perception, experi- 
 ence, interest, &c. [f. OF orizonte f. LL horizon- 
 tern (nom. -on) f. Gk horizon (kuklos) bounding 
 (circle), part, of horizo (horos boundary, -ize)] 
 
 hopizo'ntal, a. & n. Of, at, the horizon ; pa- 
 rallel to the plane of this, at right angles to 
 the vertical; level, flat; (of machinery &c.) 
 having its parts working in h. direction ; (n.) 
 h. line, bar, &c. Hence hopizonta'liTY n., 
 hopizo'ntalLY 2 adv. [f. L as prec. + -al] 
 
 hopn *, n. Non-deciduous excrescence, often 
 curved & pointed, on head of cattle, sheep, 
 goats, & other mammals, found in pairs, single, 
 or one in front of another ; take the bull by the 
 hh.; each of two deciduous branched appen- 
 dages on head of deer ; projection on head of 
 other animals, as snail's tentacles, insect's an- 
 tennae, crest of horned owl ; draw in one's hh., 
 restrain one's ardour, draw back ; substance of 
 which hh. consist ; h.-shavings (used as man- 
 ure) ; thing made of h., as suoE-h.; drinking- 
 vessel, powder-flask, made of h. ; h. of plenty, 
 = cornucopia ; wind instrument (not now 
 made of h.), as hunting-h., French-h, (of trum- 
 pet class), English h. (kind of oboe) ; h. -shaped 
 projection ; extremity of moon or other cres- 
 cent; arm, branch, of bay, river, &c; either 
 alternative of a dilemma ; h.-bar, cross-bar of 
 carriage ; hornbeam, small tough- wooded tree 
 used in hedges ; hornbill, bird with h.-like ex- 
 crescence on bill ; h.-book (hist.), paper contain- 
 ing alphabet, Lord's Prayer, &c, mounted on 
 wooden tablet with handle, & protected by thin 
 plate of h.; h.-mad, (archaic) stark mad (orig. 
 of horned beasts) ; h.-plate, axle-guard of rail- 
 way carriage ; hornstone, brittle siliceous rock. 
 Hence Jioptiful n., hop'nLESS a. [com.- 
 Teut.: OE & ON horn, Goth, hatim, cogn. w. 
 L cornu, Gk keras] 
 
 hopn 2 , v.t. Furnish with horns (esp. in p.p.); 
 gore with the horns ; adjust (frame of ship) at 
 right angles to line of keel. [f. prec] 
 
 hop'nblende (-d), n. Dark brown, black, or 
 green mineral, a constituent of granite & many 
 rocks, composed chiefly of silica, magnesia, & 
 lime. [G (horn horn + blende)] 
 
 hop'ner, n. Maker of horn spoons, combs, 
 &c; one who blows a horn, [horn 1 + -er ] ] 
 
 hop'net, n. Large insect of wasp family, in- 
 flicting serious sting ; bring hornets' nest aboxd 
 one's ears, stir up host of enemies. [OE hyr- 
 net(u), cf. MDu. hornete, LG hornt, G hornisse] 
 
 hop'npipe, n. Obsolete wind instrument ; 
 (music for) lively dance, usu. of single person 
 (esp. associated with merrymaking of sailors). 
 
 hop'ny, a. Of, like, horn ; abounding in horns; 
 hard as horn, callous, as h.-handed. Hence 
 hop'niNESs n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 hd'poldgre(-j), n . Time-piece, dial, clock. So 
 hoPO'log-ER^), hopo , log'iST(3), nn. [f. OF 
 orloge f. L f. Gk h&rologion (horatime + -logos 
 -telling)] 
 
 hopd'logy, n. Art of measuring time or 
 making clocks. So hoPolo'g'ic(AL) aa. [f. Gk 
 hora time + -o- + -logy] 
 
 hopo'ptep, n. Aggregate of points seen sin- 
 gle in any given position of eyes. [f. Gk horos 
 limit + opter one who looks] 
 
 hd'poscope, n. (astrol.). Observation of sky 
 & planets at certain moment, esp. at person's 
 birth ; scheme showing disposition of the hea- 
 vens at particular moment; cast a h., erect 
 such scheme by calculating degree of ecliptic on 
 eastern horizon at person's birth &c. So hopo- 
 seo*pic( al) aa. [F, f. L f . Gk horoscopos (h ora 
 time + skopos observer)] 
 
 h6'ppent,a. (poet.). Bristling, [f. L horrere 
 bristle, shudder at, see -ent] 
 
 hd'ppible, a. Exciting, fit to excite, horror ; 
 hideous, shocking ; (colloq.) excessive, unplea- 
 sant, as h. noise, bore, weather. Hence ho'P- 
 pibleNESS n., ho'ppibLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L h or- 
 ? % ibilis (as prec, see -ble)] 
 
 ho*ppid,a. Terrible, frightful ; (poet., archaic) 
 rough, bristling ; (colloq.) as prec Hence ho'P- 
 pidLY 2 adv., ho'PPidNESS n. [f. L horridus 
 (as prec, see -id 1 )] 
 
 ho'PPify, v.t. Excite horror in ; shock, scan- 
 dalize. So hoppi'Fic a., hoppiFicA'TiON n. 
 (facet.), [f. L horrificare (as horrent, see-FY)] 
 
 ho'PPOP, n. Terrified shuddering ; intense 
 dislike (of) ; (Med.) shuddering, as symptom of 
 disease; the hh., fit of h. or depression, esp. as 
 in delirium tremens ; h.-struck, shocked ; hor- 
 rifying thing ; Chamber of Hh., place full of 
 hh. (orig. room of criminals &c in Tussaud's 
 waxwork exhibition), [f. OF oi*ror f. L horror- 
 em (as prec, see -OR 1 )] 
 
 hops (F), adv. & prep. Outside, as h. concours, 
 (of exhibit) notcompetingforprize; h.decombat 
 pred. a., out of fight, disabled ;h. d'o2?a-re(pl.usu. 
 -s), extra dish served as relish at beginning or in 
 interval of meal. 
 
 horse 1 , n. Solid-hoofed quadruped with 
 flowing mane & tail, used as beast of burden & 
 draught, & for riding on ; (esp.) adult male h., 
 stallion or gelding, (cf. mare, colt); (collect, 
 pi.) cavalry; light h., lightly armed mounted 
 soldiers ; sea-7i. ; vaulting-block in gymnasium; 
 frame (often with legs) on which something is 
 supported, as clothes-h.; (Naut.) rope, bar, in 
 various uses ; (Mining) obstruction in vein ; to 
 ft., (as command) mount your h.; flog a dead h.; 
 grin through a h.-collar, practise elementary 
 humour ; look a gift h. in the mouth, find fault 
 with a gift ; mount, ride, the high h. , put on airs; 
 dark, willing, h.; put the cart before the 
 h. ; eat, ivork, like a h. (much) ; on horseback, 
 mounted on ah.; h. artillery (of mounted 
 soldiers) ; h.-block, small platform of stone or 
 wood for mounting h.; h.-box, closed vehicle for 
 taking h. by rail or for slinging h. into ship, 
 (facet.) large pew ; h.-breaker, one who breaks 
 in hh. ; h.-ehestmd, large tree with conical clus- 
 ters of white or pink flower, fruit of this (like 
 edible chestnut, but of coarse bitter taste) ; h.- 
 cloth (used to cover h., or as part of trappings); 
 /i.-coper; h.-flesh, flesh of h., esp. as food, horses 
 collectively ; h.-fly, insect (of various kinds) 
 troublesome to hh.; H. Guards, cavalry bri- 
 gade of English Household troops, esp. (Royal 
 H. O.) third regiment of it, (also) head-quarters 
 of such cavalry, esp. a building opposite White- 
 
 13* 
 
horse: 
 
 394 
 
 HOTTENTOT 
 
 hall, (also) military authorities at head of army ; 
 horse-hair, hair from mane or tail of h. (often 
 attrib.) ; h. latitudes, belt of calms at northern 
 edge of N.E. trade-winds ; h.-laugh, loud coarse 
 laugh ; h.-leech, large kind of leech, insatiable 
 person, (daughters of the h.-leech, Prov. xxx. 
 15) ; horseman, (skilled) rider on horseback ; 
 horsemanship, art of riding, skill in riding, on 
 horseback ; n.-marines, imaginary corps of 
 mounted marines, as type of men out of their 
 element, (prov.) tell that (nonsense) to the h.- 
 marines; h.-play, boisterous play; h.-pond 
 (for watering & washing horses, prov. as duck- 
 ing-place for obnoxious persons) ; h.-power, 
 machine by which work of h. is made to drive 
 other machinery, (Mech.) unit of work, = 550 
 foot-pounds per second (abbr. h.p.); h.-race 
 (between hh. with riders) ; h.-radish, plant 
 whose pungent root is scraped or grated as con- 
 diment ; horseshoe, iron shoe for h., thing of 
 this shape ; h.-tail, tail of h. (used in Turkey as 
 standard, or as ensign denoting rank of pasha), 
 
 fenus of cryptogamous plants like h.'s tail; 
 orse-whip, whip for h., (v.t.) chastise (person) 
 with this ; horsewoman, woman who rides on 
 horseback. Hence hop'seLESS a. [com.-Teut.: 
 OE hors, OHG hros, Du. ros, G ross] 
 
 horse 2 , v.t. & i. Provide (person, vehicle) with 
 horse(s); carry (person) on one's back; place per- 
 son on man's back to be flogged ; (intr.) mount, 
 go, on horseback, [f. pree.J 
 
 hop'sy, a. Concerned with, addicted to, 
 horses or horse-racing ; affecting dress ^lan- 
 guage of groom or jockey. Hence hop'siLY 2 
 adv., hop'siNESS n. [f. horse 1 + -Y 2 ] 
 
 hop'tative, a. Tending, serving, to exhort. 
 So hop'tatORY a. [f. L hortativus (hortari 
 exhort, see -ive)] 
 
 hop'tieultupe (-tsher), n. Art of garden 
 cultivation. Hence hoptieirltuPAL a., hor- 
 ticu'ltupiST n. [f. L/ioriusgarden+cuLTURE] 
 
 hor'tus si'ccus, n. Arranged collection of 
 dried plants. [L, = dry garden] 
 
 ho'sanna (-z-), n. Cry of h., shout of adora- 
 tion, {Matt. xxi. 9, 15, &c). [LL f. Gk hosanna 
 f. Heb. hosha'na for hoshi'ahnna save, pray !] 
 
 hose (-z), n., & v.t, (Collect, as pi.) stockings, 
 half-h., socks, (now chiefly shop) ; (w. pi. hoses) 
 flexible tube for watering plants &c; (v.t.)pro- 
 vide with h., drench or water with h. [(vb f. n.) 
 OE hosa, cf. Du. hoos, G hose] 
 
 ho'siep (-zher), n. Dealer in hose & frame- 
 knitted or woven underclothing. Hence ho'si- 
 
 ERY(l) n. [f. HOSE 1 + -IER] 
 
 ho'spice, n. House of rest for travellers, 
 esp. one kept by religious order ; home for the 
 destitute or sick. [F, f. L hospitium (as host 2 )J 
 
 hd'spitable, a. Giving, disposed to give, 
 welcome & entertainment to strangers or 
 guests. Hence ho'spitabLY 2 adv. [F, f. 
 med.L hospitare entertain, as prec, -able] 
 
 hd'spital, n. Institution for care of the sick 
 or wounded ; charitable institution (in proper 
 names, as Christ's H., school in London) ; (Hist.) 
 hospice, establishment of Knights Hospitallers; 
 h. fever (typhus arising from exhalations from 
 diseased bodies) ; H. Saturday, Sunday, days 
 on which money is collected in streets &c. 
 (Saturday), in churches (Sunday), for the local 
 hh. [OF, f. med.L hospitale neut. adj. place for 
 guests (as host 2 , see -al)] 
 
 ho'spitalism, n. (Hygienic imperfections 
 of) the hospital system, [-ism] 
 
 hospitality, n. Friendly & liberal recep- 
 tion of guests or strangers, [f. OF hospitalite 
 f. L hospitalitatem (as hospital, see -tv)] 
 
 ho*spital(l)ep, n. Member of charitable 
 religious order ; (in some London hospitals) 
 
 chaplain ; Knights Hh., order of military mem- 
 bers founded c. 1048. [f. OF hospitalier f. 
 med.L hospitalarius (as prec, see -ary x )J 
 
 hd'spodap, n. Lord (formerly title of gover- 
 nors of Wallachia & Moldavia). [Roumanian, 
 of Slav, orig.] 
 
 host !, n. Large number (of) ; (archaic) army ; 
 (bibl.) Lord (God) of hh. (armies), host(s) of 
 heaven, sun, moon, & stars, (also) angels. [OF, 
 f. L hostis stranger, enemy] 
 
 host 2 , n. One who lodges another ; landlord 
 of inn ; reckon xoithout one's h., overlook diffi- 
 culty, opposition, &c. ; (bibl.) animal, plant, 
 having parasite or commensal, [f. OF oste f. L 
 hospitem (nom. -pes) host, guest] 
 
 host 3 ,n. Bread consecrated in the Eucharist, 
 [f. OF oiste f. L hostia victim] 
 
 hd'stage, n. Person given to another as 
 pledge ; pledge, security ; h. to fortune, person, 
 thing, that one may lose. Hence ho*stag*e- 
 ship n. [OF, f. L obses -idis hostage, see -age] 
 
 ho'stel, n. (Archaic) inn ; house of residence 
 for university students &c. [OF (as hospital)] 
 
 hd'stelpy, n. (archaic). Inn. [f. OF ostel- 
 erie (ostelier innkeeper, f. med.L as hospital- 
 ler, see -ery)] 
 
 hd'stess, n. Woman who entertains guests ; 
 mistress of inn. [f. OF ostesse (host 2 , -ess j )] 
 
 hd'stile, a. Of an enemy ; unfriendly ; op- 
 posed. Hence ho'stileLY 2 adv. [f. Lhostilis 
 (as host 1 , see -il)] 
 
 hostl'lity, n. Enmity ; state of warfare ; 
 (pi.) acts of warfare; opposition (in thought 
 &c). [f. LL hostilitas (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 hostler (6'sler), n. = ostler. 
 
 hot 1 i a. & adv. Of a high temperature ; very 
 warm ; communicating or feeling heat ; produc- 
 ing the sensation of heat, as h. fever, blush ; 
 (of pepper &c.) pungent, biting; ardent, pas- 
 sionate ; angry ; excited ; exciting ; (Hunt., of 
 scent) strong ; (fig., of news &c.) fresh, recent ; 
 blow 1 h. & cold', h. & h., (of food) served as 
 soon as cooked ; give it him h., chastise, repri- 
 mand, him severely ; make it or the place too h. 
 (uncomfortable, by persecution &c. ) to hold him; 
 (adv.) hotly, eagerly, angrily; hotbed, bed of 
 earth heated by fermenting manure, (fig. ) place 
 favourable to growth o/(vice &c.) ; h. blast (of 
 heated air forced into furnace); h.-blooded, 
 ardent, passionate ; h.-brained, -headed, excit- 
 able ; hothead, impetuous person ; hothouse, 
 building (usu. with glass roof & sides) for grow- 
 ing plan ts out of season or in colder climate ; h. - 
 pot, mutton, beef, with potatoes &c. cooked in 
 oven in tight-lidded pot; h.-press, press of 
 glazed boards & hot metal plates for smoothing 
 paper or cloth, (v.t.) press (paper &c.) in this ; 
 h.-short, (of iron) brittle in its h. state ; hotspur, 
 rash person (surname of Sir H. Percy, d. 1403) ; 
 h. water, (fig.) trouble, disgrace, scrape ; h. well, 
 spring of naturally h. water, reservoir in con- 
 densing steam-engine. Hence ho'tLY 2 adv., 
 ho'tNESS n. [com.-Teut, : OE hat, Du. heet, 
 G hetss, cf. heat] 
 
 hot 2 , v.t. (vulg.). Heat. [f. prec] 
 
 ho'tehpoteh, -pot, n. Dish of many mixed 
 ingredients, esp. mutton broth with vegetables ; 
 (Law) blending of properties for purpose of 
 securing equal division (esp. of property of in- 
 testate parent) ; mixture, medley, [f. F hoche- 
 pot (hocher shake + pot) ; -potch by assim.] 
 
 hote'l (or 6-), n. House for entertainment of 
 travellers &c, (usu. large) inn. [F, later form 
 of hostel] 
 
 Ho'ttentot, n. Member of S.-African race 
 formerly occupying region near the Cape ; (fig.) 
 person of inferior intellect or culture. [Du., 
 perh. = stammerer] 
 
HOUGH 
 
 395 
 
 HOY 
 
 
 hough (hok), n., & v.t. Joint of quadruped's 
 hind leg between true knee & fetlock; (v.t.) 
 hamstring. Hence hou'ghER 1 n. [(vb f. n.) 
 f. 14th c. ; = OE hoh human heel, cogn. w. heelI 
 
 hound 1 (how-), n. Dog for chase, esp. one 
 hunting by scent; the hh., pack of fox-hh. ; 
 master of hh. ; despicable man ; player who 
 follows scent in hare & hh.; h.'s tongue, genus 
 of boraginaceous plants. Hence hou'ndiSH l a. 
 [com.-Teut. : OE & G hund, Du. hond, perh. 
 cogn. w. Gk kudn kunos, L canis] 
 
 hound 2 , v.t. Chase (as) with hound; set 
 (hound, or fig. person) at (quarry &c); urge 
 (person) on. [f. prec] 
 
 houp (owr), n. Twenty-fourth part of day, 
 60 minutes ; short time ; (pi.) fixed time for daily 
 work &c, as office hh. are 10 to 3; at the eleventh 
 h., at a late stage (Matt, xx) ; small hh., 1, 2, &c, 
 a.m.; good or early, bad or late, regular, hh. 
 (times forgetting up & going to bed) ; the ques- 
 tion of the h. (present time) ; in a good, evil, h., 
 (un)luckily ; (prayers to be said at) seven stated 
 times of day appointed for prayer ; (Astr.) 15° 
 of longitude ; h. -circle, meridian (24 of which 
 are usu. marked on globe) ; h.-glass, sand-glass 
 running for an hour. [f. OF ure f. L f. Gk hora 
 season, hour] 
 
 houri (hoor'i, howr"i), n. Nymph of Moham- 
 medan Paradise ; voluptuously beautiful wo- 
 man. [F, f. Pers. huri f. Arab, haura (hawira 
 have eyes like gazelle's)] 
 
 houp'ly (owr-), a. & adv. (Occurring, done, 
 reckoned) every hour ; continual(ly), frequent- 
 ly). [HOUR + -LY 1 . 2 ] 
 
 house l (hows), n. {pi. pron. -ziz). Building 
 for human habitation or (usu. w. defining pre- 
 fix) occupation, as alms/L, bake^., light l h., 
 summer^. ; h. of God, church, place of wor- 
 ship; inn; ale, coffee, eating, -h.; public-, 
 TiEd, h. ; building for keeping animals or goods, 
 as hen-h., store/i., ware 1 /*.; (place of abode 
 of) religious fraternity ; (Oxf. Univ.) the H., 
 Christ Church ; = (boys in) boarding-A. ; (build- 
 ing used by) an assembly, as H. of com- 
 mons, lords, Hh. of parliament ; make a H., 
 secure presence of 40 members in H. of Com- 
 mons ; (colloq.) the H., Stock Exchange ; clear- 
 ing, custom, -h.; counting-house; (audience 
 in) theatre ; household, family ; (Astrol.) twelfth 
 part of heavens ; (attrib., of animals) kept in, 
 frequenting, infesting, the h., as h. cat, -fly, &c. ; 
 h. of call, h. where carriers call for commissions, 
 where person may be heard of, &c. ; h. of ill 
 fame, brothel : h. & home, (emphatic) home ; 
 h.-to-h., carried on from h. to h. ; bring down 
 the h. ; keep h., maintain, provide for, a house- 
 hold ; keep open h., provide general hospitality ; 
 keep the h., not go outdoors; like a h. on fire, 
 vigorously, fast ; h.-agent (for sale & letting of 
 hh.) ; h.-boat, boat fitted up for living in ; house- 
 breaker, burglar, man employed in demolishing 
 old houses; h.-dog (kept to guard h.) ; house- 
 keeper, woman managing affairs of house- 
 hold, (also) person in charge of h., office, &c. ; 
 housekeeping, (good, bad, liberal, &c.) domestic 
 economy ; houseleek, herb with pink flowers 
 growing on walls & roofs ; housemaid, female 
 servant in charge of reception- & bed-rooms ; 
 housemaid's knee, inflammation of knee-cap 
 due to kneeling ; housemaster (of school board- 
 ing-h.) ; h.-room, accommodation in h. ; h.- 
 surgeon, -physician, residing in hospital; h.- 
 warming, celebration of entrance into new h. 
 Hence hou*seFUL(2) n., hou'seLESS a. [com.- 
 Teut. : OE hits, Du. huis, G haus] 
 
 house 2 (-z), v.t. & i. Receive (person &c), 
 store (goods), in house or as house does ; (Naut.) 
 place (gun &c.) in secure position ; (intr.) take 
 
 shelter (as) in house. [OE husian (as prec), cf. 
 Du. huxzen, G hauseri] 
 
 hou'sehold, n. Inmates of house ; domestic 
 establishment ; (pi.) second quality of flour ; h. 
 troops (employed to guard sovereign's person) : 
 h.-gods, (Rom. Ant.) Lares & Penates, (fig.) es- 
 sentials of home life ; h. word, familiar saying 
 or name, [house 1 + hold] 
 
 hou'seholden, n. One who occupies house 
 as his own dwelling (esp. as hence entitled to 
 franchise) ; head of household. [house l + 
 holder] 
 
 housewife, (n.). Mistress of family, (good, 
 bad) domestic economist, (howswif) ; (hu'zif) 
 case for needles, thread, &c. Hence hou'se- 
 wifeLY i a. [ME hus(e)wif (house *, wife)] 
 
 hou'sewifepy (-wifri), n. Domestic economy, 
 housekeeping, [prec. + -ry] 
 
 hou'sing- (-z-), n. Horse's cloth covering, for 
 protection or ornament, [f. house v. or n. f. OF 
 huche housing, etym. dub., + -ing 1 ] 
 
 Houyhnhnm (hwi'nm), n. Horse with hu- 
 man characteristics (Gulliver's Travels), [imit. 
 of horse's neigh ; made by Swift] 
 
 H6*va, n. One of ruling tribe in Madagascar, 
 [native] 
 
 hove. See heave. 
 
 hovel (ho-vl, hu-), n. Open shed, out-house ; 
 mean dwelling; conical building enclosing 
 kiln. [?] 
 
 hovellep (ho'vler, hu-), n. Unlicensed boat- 
 man, esp. one who goes out to wrecks. [?] 
 
 ho'vep (or hu-), v.i., & n. (Of bird &c.) hang 
 in the air (over, about, spot) ; loiter about (per- 
 son, place); (n.) hovering, state of suspense, 
 [(n. f. vb) perh. f. obs. hove, etym. dub.] 
 
 how, adv. (n.). (In direct or indirect question) 
 in what way, as h. does he do it ?, ask him h. he 
 does it, tell him h. to do it, (with intensive ad- 
 dition) h. the deuce, devil, dickens, h. ever, h. on 
 earth ; h. are you ?, h. do you do ?, what is your 
 state of health?; (colloq.) h.-d'ye-do, embar- 
 rassing situation ; (Crick.) (h.'s that ?, is he out 
 or not?; h. now ?, what is the meaning of this?; 
 h. (can you show that to be) so ? ; h. (at what 
 price) is corn ? ; (in question or exclamation) to 
 what extent, as h. far is it?, h. far it is !, h. many 
 are there?, h. many there are!, h. would you 
 like it?, h. he snores!; (n.) the h., the way in 
 which ; (in relative clause) in whatever way, 
 as, as do it h. you can ; howbe'it, (archaic) never- 
 theless ; however, in whatever way, to what- 
 ever extent, nevertheless, (archaic) in any case ; 
 h. ever; howsoever, how — soever, in whatso- 
 ever manner, to what extent soever. [OE hit, 
 cf. Du. hoe ; f. stem of who] 
 
 howdah (howda), n. Seat for two or more, 
 usu. with canopy, on elephant's back. [f. Pers. 
 haudah f. Arab, haudaj litter] 
 
 howitzer, n. Short gun for high angle firing 
 of shells at low velocities, [earlier howitz f. 
 G haubitze f. Boh. houfnice catapult] 
 
 howl \ v.i. & t. (Of animals) utter long loud 
 doleful cry ; (of persons) utter long cry of pain, 
 derision, &c. ; utter (words) with howling. [ME 
 houlen, cf. Du. huilen, G heulen, also Gk hidao, 
 L ululare ; imit.] 
 
 howl 2 ,n. Long doleful cry of dog, wolf, &c. ; 
 loud cry of pain ; yell of derision, [f. prec] 
 
 how'lep, n. In vbl senses; also or esp.: S.- 
 Amer. monkey ; (slang) glaring blunder; (slang) 
 come a h., come to grief, [-er 1 ] 
 
 howlet, n. (dial.). Owl. [prob. f. F hulotte 
 (as owl)] 
 
 howling, a. That howls; h. dervish; (bibl.) 
 h. (dreary) wilderness; (slang) extreme, glaring, 
 as a h. shame, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 hoy *, n. Small vessel, usu. rigged as sloop, 
 
HOY 
 
 396 
 
 HUMBLE 
 
 carrying passengers & goods esp. for short dis- 
 tances, [prob. f. MDu.Tioei, etym. dub.] 
 hoy 2 , int. used to call attention, drive beasts, 
 & (Naut.) hail or call aloft, [natural cry] 
 hoya, n. Genus of climbing plants with pink, 
 •white, or yellow"flowers, known as xcax-flowers. 
 [T. Hoy, gardener, d. 1821] 
 hoy'den,n. Boisterous girl.Hence hoyden- 
 hood, hoydenisM, nn., hoydeniSH 1 a. [?] 
 hub K n. Central part of wheel, rotating on 
 or with axle, & from which spokes radiate ; 
 nave ; (fig.) central point of interest &c. [?] 
 hub 2 , hu'bby, n. (colloq.). Husband, [abbr.] 
 hu'bble-bubble, n. Rudimentary hookah ; 
 bubbling noise ; confused talk, [imit.] 
 hu*bbub,n. Confused din; disturbance, riot; 
 confused yelling of war-cry. [of Ir. orig.; cf. 
 Gael, ubub int. of contempt., Ir. abu, a war-cry] 
 hu'bbuboo, -aboo, n. = prec. 
 hu'ckaback, n. Stout linen fabric with 
 rough surface, for towels &c. [?] 
 hu'ckle, n. Hip ; haunch ; h.-back(ed), hump- 
 back(ed); h.-bone, hip, haunch, -bone, (also) 
 knuckle-bone of quadruped, [dim. of obs. h uck 
 hip, etym. dub.] 
 
 hu'ekleberry, n. (Fruit of) low berry -bear- 
 ing shrub common in X. Amer. [perh. corrupt, 
 of hurtlebei^ry whortleberry] 
 hu'ekstepi.n. Pedlar, hawker ; mercenary 
 person. Hence hu*ekstERY(2) n. [earlier than 
 obs. hxtck v. higgle ; see -ster] 
 hu'ekster 2 . v.i. & t. Bargain, haggle ; carry 
 on pettytrafficin(lit.& fig.); adulterate. Hence 
 hu'ekstePERMiu'eksterESS 1 , nn. [f. prec] 
 hu'ddle, v.t. & i., & n. Heap together con- 
 fusedly; crowd (things &c.) promiscuously to- 
 gether, up, into, out of, &c; coil oneself up ; 
 hurry over, through, botch up, (work &c); (intr.) 
 nestle closely together, (n.) confused mass ; con- 
 fusion, bustle, [(n. f. vb) perh. f. Teut. root hud- 
 cover + -LE(3)] 
 
 Hudibpa'stie, a. In the metre or manner 
 of Butler's Hudibras, mock-heroic poem 1663- 
 78. [after fa ntastic &c] 
 
 hue 1 (hu), n. Colour, tint ; variety of colour 
 caused by admixture of another. Hence -Iiued- 
 a. [OE hiw, cf. Goth, hiici form, appearance, 
 also Skr. chawi hide, skin, beauty] 
 hue 2 (hu), n. H. & cry. clamour of pursuit 
 or assault ; outcry (against) ; proclamation for 
 capture of criminal ; (formerly) police gazette 
 with particulars of offenders wanted &c. [f. OF 
 hu, hui, outcry, f. huer shout, imit.] 
 huff 1 , v.t. & i. Bully, storm at ; bully (person 
 into, out of, thing or doing); offead; take offence; 
 (Draughts) remove (opponent's man) from board 
 as forfeit (orig. after blowing on the piece), 
 [imit. f. sound of blowing; v. & n. f. 16th c] 
 huff 2 , n. Fit of petulance, esp. in a h., take h. ; 
 (Draughts) act of huffing. Hence hu'ffiSH 1 , 
 hu'ffY 2 , aa., hu'ffiLY 2 , hu'ffishLY 2 , advv., 
 hu'ffiNESs, hu'ffishxESS, nn. [see prec] 
 hug", v.t. & n. Squeeze tightly in one's arms, 
 usu. with affection ; (of bear) squeeze (man 
 &c) between its forelegs ; delight in, cling to, 
 (prejudices &c) ; exhibit fondness for (person) ; 
 congratulate oneself (on, for) ; keep close to 
 (shore, &c); (n.) strong clasp, grip in wrestling, 
 esp. Cornish h. [?] 
 
 huge, a. Very large ; enormous ; (of imma- 
 terial things) great. Hence hu'geNESSn. [prob. 
 f. OF ahuge, etym. dub.] 
 hu'g'ely, adv. Enormously, very much. [prec. 
 
 + -LY 2 ] 
 
 hu'g-eousf-jws), a. (usu. facet). Huge. Hence 
 hu'geousLY 2 adv., hu'geousNESS n. [-ous] 
 
 hu'gger-mu'ggep, n., a., adv., & v.t. & i. 
 Secrecy ; (in) secret ; confusion ; conf used(ly) ; 
 
 (v.t.) conceal, hush up ; (v.i.) proceed in secret 
 or muddled fashion. [?] 
 
 hu'g'g'epy, n. Practice of courting attorney 
 &c for employment, [f. hug 1 + -ery] 
 
 huguenot (hu'genot), n. (hist.). French Pro- 
 testant. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 hulk, n. Body of dismantled ship, used as 
 store- vessel &c or (pi., his.t.) as prison ; un- 
 wieldy vessel ; (fig.) big person or mass. [OE 
 hulc, cf. OF hxdke, Du. hulk, perh. f. Gk holkas 
 towed ship, ship of burden (helko draw)] 
 
 hu'lking", a. Bulky; clumsy, [prec. + -ing 2 ] 
 
 hull \ n., & v.t. Outer covering of fruit, esp. 
 pod of peas & beans; (fig.) covering; (v.t.) re- 
 move h. of. [OE hxdu (helan cover), cf. G hidle 
 covering] 
 
 hull 2 , n., & v.t. Frame of ship ; h. doicn, far 
 away, so that h. is invisible ; (v.t.) strike (ship) 
 in h. with cannon shot. [perh. = prec] 
 
 hu'llabaloo*, n. Uproar, [prob. redupl. f. 
 hullo ; f. 18th c] 
 
 hullo*, -loa (-10), int. used to call attention, 
 [cf. hallo] 
 
 hum \ v.i. & t. Make continuous murmuring 
 sound, as of bee, spinning top, &c ; make low 
 inarticulate vocal sound, esp. (usu. h. & ha) of 
 hesitation ; sing with closed lips ; (colloq.) be in 
 state of activity, as make things h. ; (trans.) 
 utter, sing, with closed lips, [imit.] 
 
 hum 2 , n. Humming sound esp. of hesitation 
 (usu. hh. &ha's), applause, surprise, &c [imit.] 
 
 hum 3 , int. expr. hesitation, dissent, &c. 
 
 hum 4 , n. (slang). Sham, hoax. [=humbug] 
 
 hu'man, a. (n.). Of, belonging to, man, as h. 
 nature ; that is a man or consists of men, as 
 h. race, creature ; of man as opp. to God, as h. 
 affairs ; having, showing, the qualities distinc- 
 tive of man, as more, less, than h. ; (n., facet.) 
 h. being. Hence hu'manxESS n. [f. F humain 
 (12th c) f. L hxunanus (homo man, see -an)] 
 
 huma'ne, a. Benevolent, compassionate ; 
 H. Society (for rescue of drowning persons) ; (of 
 branches of study) tending to refinement, ele- 
 gant. Hence huma'neLY 2 adv., huma'ne- 
 ness n. [differentiated f. prec after 1700] 
 
 hu'manism, n. Devotion to human in- 
 terests ; system concerned with human (not 
 divine) interests, or with the human race (not 
 the individual) ; Religion of Humanity ; lite- 
 rary culture, esp. that of the Humanists, [-ism] 
 
 hu'manist, n. Student of human nature or 
 human affairs; student (esp. in 14th-16th cc) 
 of Roman & Greek literature & antiquities, 
 whence humanrstic a. [f. F humaniste (as 
 human, see ^t)] 
 
 humanitarian, n. & a. One who professes 
 humanism (Religion of Humanity) ; visionary 
 philanthropist ; (adj.) holding, concerned with, 
 the views of hh. Hence humanitarian ism 
 n. [f. foil. + -arian] 
 
 huma'nity, n. Human nature ; (pi.) human 
 attributes ; the human race ; humaneness, be- 
 nevolence ; (pi.) benevolent acts; Religion of 
 H. (rejecting the supernatural, & concerned 
 chiefly or wholly with the advancement of 
 man's welfare) ; the hh., polite scholarship, esp. 
 of Latin & Greek classics, [f. F humanite f. L 
 humanitatem (as human, see -ty)] 
 
 hu'manize, v.t. & i. Make human, give 
 human character to ; make, become, humane. 
 Hence humanizATiON n. [f. F humaniser 
 (as human, see -ize)] 
 
 hu'mankind, n. Mankind. 
 
 hu'manly, adv. In a human manner ; by 
 human means ; from human point of view ; 
 with human feeling, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 hu'mble, a. (comp. & sup. pron. -bier, -blist), 
 & v.t. Having, showing, low estimate of one's 
 
HUMBLE-BEE 
 
 397 
 
 HURDLE 
 
 own importance ; (formally, esp. in subscribing 
 letter) your h. servant ; of lowly condition ; (of 
 things) of modest pretensions, dimensions, &c; 
 eat h. pie, make b. apology, submit to humilia- 
 tion ; h. plant, commozi sensitive plant; (v.t.) 
 make h., bring low, abase {oneself &c). Hence 
 hirmbleNESS n., hirmbLY 2 adv. [(vb f. n.) 
 OF, f. L humilis lowly (humus ground, -il)] 
 
 hu*mble-bee, n. Bumble-bee. [f. loth c. ; 
 cf. G hummel large wild-bee, Du. hommel 
 drone-bee] 
 
 hu'mbug, n., & v.t. & i. (-gg-). Fraud, 
 sham; deception; (as int.) nonsense!; impos- 
 tor; delude (person into, out of, thing or do- 
 ing) ; (v.i.) be, behave like, a h. Hence hum- 
 bu'ggERY n. [(vb f. n.) f. 1750 etym. dub.] 
 
 hu'mdrum, a. & n., & v.i. (-mm-). Common- 
 place(ness), dull(ness) ; (v.i.) proceed in h. way. 
 Hence hu'mdpuniNESS n. [f. 1550 ; prob. re- 
 dupl. f. hum v.] 
 
 hvrmerus, n. (anat.). Bone of the upper arm 
 in man ; corresponding bone in other verte- 
 brates. Hence hu'mePAL a. [L,= shoulder] 
 
 hu'mid, a. Moist, damp. So humi'diFY 
 v.t., humi'diTY n. [f. L (h)umidtis (umere be 
 moist, see -id *)] 
 
 humi'liate, v.t. Lower the dignity or self- 
 respect of ; mortify. Hence or cogn. humi'- 
 liatiNG 2 a., huihiliATiON n. [f. LLhumiliare 
 (as humble 1 , see -ate 3 )] 
 
 hulni'lity, n. Humbleness, meekness ; hum- 
 ble condition, [f. F humility f. L humilitatem 
 (as humble 1 , see -ty)] 
 
 hu'mming, a. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 (colloq.) vigorous, energetic, as a h. knock on 
 the head ; h.-bird (of several species that make 
 h. sound by vibration of wings) ; h.-top (h. when 
 it spins), [f. hum v. + -ing l ] 
 
 hu*mmoek,n. Hillock, knoll ; risingground, 
 esp. in marsh &c. Hence hu'mmockY 2 a. 
 [orig. naut. ; etym. dub.] 
 
 hu'mopal, a. (med.). Of the bodily humours ; 
 h. pathology, doctrine referring all disease to 
 state of the humours, whence hu'mopaliSM, 
 hirmopaliST, nn., humorali'stic a. [F, f. 
 L as humour, see -al] 
 
 hu'mopist, n. Facetious person ; humorous 
 talker, actor, or writer. Hence humori'stic 
 a. [f. F humoriste f. med.L humorista (as prec, 
 see -ist)] 
 
 hu'mopous, a. Full of humour ; facetious, 
 funny. Hence hu'morousLY 2 adv., hu*- 
 mopousNESs n. [-ous] 
 
 hu'mour 1 (oru-), n. State of mind, mood ; 
 inclination, as in the h. for fighting ; facetious- 
 ness, comicality ; faculty of perceiving this ; 
 jocose imagination (less intellectual & more 
 sympathetic than wit), whence. hirmouPLESS 
 a. ; out of h., displeased; good, ill, h. (temper), 
 whence -humouPED 2 a.; cardinalhh., (hist.) 
 four chief fluids of the body (blood, phlegm, 
 choler, melancholy), determining person's phy- 
 sical & mental qualities : aqueous, vitreous, h., 
 -transparent fluid parts of the eye. [AF, f. L 
 (h)umorem moisture (as humid, see -OR 1 )] 
 
 hu'moup 2 , v.t. Gratify, indulge, (person, 
 taste, temper, &c); adapt oneself to, make 
 concessions to. [f. prec] 
 
 hu'moupsome, a. Capricious ; peevish. 
 Hence hu'moupsomexESS n. [humour 1 + 
 -some] 
 
 hump, n., & v.t. Protuberance, esp. on the 
 back, as deformity or (in camel &c.) as normal 
 feature ; rounded boss of earth &c. ; (slang) fit 
 of depression or vexation, as it gives me the h.; 
 humpback, (person having) back with a h. ; h.- 
 backed, having such a back; (v.t.) make h.- 
 shaDed. annoy, depress. Hence humpED 2 , 
 
 hirmpLESS, hirmpv 2 , aa. [f. 1680, h.-backed 
 replacing crump -backed; Du. homp = thick 
 piece (cut off)] 
 
 humph (hmf), int. & v.i. Int. expr. doubt or 
 dissatisfaction ; (v.i.) utter this. 
 
 hu'mpty-du'mpty, n. Short dumpy per- 
 son ; (from nursery rhyme in which H. is taken 
 to mean an egg) person, thing, that once thrown 
 down cannot be restored, [for humpy-dumpy\ 
 
 hu'mus, n. Vegetable mould. [L, ^ground] 
 
 Hun, n. One of an Asiatic nomad race who 
 invaded & ravaged Europe in 4th & 5th cc. 
 Hence Hu'nniSH 1 a. [OE Hune f. med.L 
 Hunni] 
 
 hunch 1 , v.t. Bend, arch, convexly; thrust 
 out, up, to form a hump. [?] 
 
 hunch 2 , n. Hump ; thick piece ; h.-back(ed), 
 hump-back(ed). Hence hu'nehY 2 a. [?] 
 
 hu'ndped, n. & a. (Cardinal number) ten 
 times.ten (100, C), as a, one, six, several, h. men, 
 a, one, six, h. of them or of my friends, hh. of 
 men, hh. of them, some, several, hh. of &c. ; 
 (ordinal, in compds) the h.-&-first, six-h.-&- 
 ninth ; (also h. & one) large number ; h. pounds 
 (of money) ; (chiefly hist.) subdivision of county 
 or shire, having its own court ; chiltern hun- 
 dreds; great, long, h., 120; hundredweight, 
 1121b. avoirdupois (abbr. civt). Hence hu'n- 
 dpedFOLD n., hu'ndpedTH 2 a. & n. [OE 
 (hund hundred + -red = Goth, -rath number)] 
 
 hung-* See hang v. 
 
 hu'ngep 1 (-ngg-), n. Uneasy sensation, ex- 
 hausted condition, caused by want of food ; 
 (fig.) strong desire (for, after, &c). [OE hun- 
 gor, cf. Du. honger, G hunger\ 
 
 hu'ngep 2 (-ngg-), v.i. & t. Feel hunger ; have 
 craving (for, after); (p.p., archaic) hungry; 
 (trans.) starve (into submission, out of place 
 &c). [OE hyngran, f. prec] 
 
 hu'ngpy (-ngg-), a. Feeling hunger ; showing 
 hunger, as a h. look ; inducing hunger, as a h. 
 air ; h. rice, W.-African grain allied to millet ; 
 (fig.) eager, greedy; (of soil) poor, barren. 
 Hence hu'ngpiLY 2 adv., hu'ngpiNESS n. 
 [OE hungrig (as hunger 1 , see -y 2 )] 
 
 hunk, n. Large piece cut off; clumsy piece ; 
 hunch. [19th c. ; cf. WFlem. hxinke] 
 
 hunks, n. Close-fisted man, miser. [?] 
 
 hunt 1 , v.i. & t. Pursue wild animals or 
 game ; (trans.) chase (these) for food or sport; 
 seek after, for ; drive away, out ; scour (dis- 
 trict) in pursuit of game ; use (horse, hounds) 
 in hunting ; h. down, bring to bay ; h. out, track 
 out, find by search; h. up, search for; h. in 
 couples ; h. the hare, slipper, squirrel, games. 
 [OE huntian f. hunta hunter, cogn. w. Goth. 
 hinthan seize] 
 
 hunt 2 , n. Hunting (lit. & fig.) ; persons hunt- 
 ing with hounds ; hunting district, [f. prec] 
 
 hu'ntep, n. One who hunts ; (fig.) fortune, 
 place, &c, -h. ; horse for hunting ; watch with 
 hinged cover protecting glass or (half-h.) outer 
 part of it. Hence hu'ntPESS 1 n. [-er 1 ] 
 
 hu'nting, n. In vbl senses ; h.-box, small 
 house for use during h.-season ; h.-cnop ; h.- 
 ground, place where one hunts (often fig.) ; 
 happy h.-ground(s), the future state (prop, as 
 expected by Amer. Indians), good place for h. 
 (fig.) ; h.-horn, horn used in h., second pommel 
 on near side of side-saddle, [-ing a ] 
 
 hu'ntsman, n. Hunter ; man in charge of 
 (esp. fox-) hounds. 
 
 hup'dle, n., & v.t. Portable rectangular 
 frame strengthened wi:h withes or wooden 
 bars, for temporary fence &c ; wooden frame 
 to be jumped over in h.-race ; (Hist.) frame on 
 which traitors were dragged to execution ; 
 (v.t.) mark off Sec. with hh. [(vbf. n.) OE hyrdei ; 
 
HURDLER 
 
 398 
 
 HYDRANGEA 
 
 cf. Du. horde, G hiirde, also L cratis hurdle, 
 Gk kurtia wicker work] 
 
 hup'dlep, n. One who makes hurdles, or runs 
 in hurdle-races, [-er j ] 
 
 hup'dy-gupdy, n. Musical instrument with 
 droning sound, played by turning handle, orig. 
 one with rosined wheel turned by left hand & 
 played by right, [prob. iniit.] 
 
 hurl, v.t., & n. Throw violently from some 
 position (lit. & fig.); throw (missile &c, also 
 fig.) ; (n.) hurling, violent throw, [cf. LG hur- 
 reln; prob. imit.] 
 
 hup'ley, n. (Ir.). Hockey; hockey-stick, [as 
 prec] 
 
 hup'ly, n. (archaic). Commotion, [as prec] 
 
 hup'ly-bup'ly, n. Commotion, tumult, [f. 
 1540; redupl. f. hurl v.] 
 
 hurrah* (hw-, hob-), -pay*, int., n., & v.i. 
 Int. expr. exultation or approbation ; (n.) this 
 cry ; (v.i.) shout h. [replaces huzza ; cf. Swed. 
 & Da. hurra, Du. hoera] 
 
 hu'ppicane (-kan), n. Storm with violent 
 wind, esp. W.-Indian cyclone (also fig.) ; h.-bird, 
 frigate-bird ; h-deck, light upper deck ; h.-lamp 
 (designed to resist wind), [f. Sp. huracan, of 
 Carib. orig.] 
 
 hu*ppy s n. Undue haste ; eagerness to get 
 a thing done quickly ; eagerness (to do, for 
 thing); (w. neg. or interrog.) need for haste; 
 (colloq.) you will not beat that in a h. (easily) ; 
 h.-scurry, adv., adj., n., (in) disorderly haste, 
 (v.i.) proceed thus. [f. 16th c; imit., cf. hurl] 
 
 hu'ppy 2 , v.t. & i. Carry, drive, (person &c. 
 away, along, into, into doing, &c.) with undue 
 haste ; move, act, with great or undue haste ; 
 h. up, make haste. Hence hu'PPiedLY 2 adv., 
 hirppiedNESS n. [as prec] 
 
 hupst, n. Hillock ; sandbank in sea or river ; 
 wooded eminence ; wood. [OE hyrst, cf. G dial. 
 horst sandbank, MDu. horst thicket] 
 
 hurt 1 , n. Wound, material injury; harm, 
 wrong. Hence hup'tFUL, hup'tLESS, aa., 
 hup*tfulLY 2 adv., huptfulNESS n. [prob. f. 
 OF hurte, as foil.] 
 
 hupt 2 , v.t. & i. (hurt). Cause bodily injury 
 or pain to ; damage ; inflict injury upon ; dis- 
 tress, Wound, (person, his feelings &c); (colloq.) 
 suffer injury or pain. [prob. f. OF hurter (mod. 
 heurter) knock, etym. dub.] 
 
 hup'tle, v.t. & i., & n. (archaic). Strike 
 against ; hurl swiftly ; strike against ; move 
 with clattering sound ; come with a crash ; (n.) 
 hurtling, clashing sound, [(n. f. vb) prob. f. 
 
 HURT V.-f-LE(3)] 
 
 nu'sband l (-z-), n. Man joined to woman by 
 marriage ; (archaic) good, bad, h. (economist). 
 Hence hu'sbandHOOD, hu'sbandsmp, nn., 
 hu'sbandLiKE a. [OE husbonda master of 
 house (hits house + bonda f. ON bondi free- 
 holder f. bua dwell)] 
 
 hu'sband 2 , v.t. Manage thriftily, econo- 
 mize ; (archaic) till (ground), cultivate (plants) ; 
 (poet., facet.) provide with husband ; (rare) 
 marry (woman), [f. prec] 
 
 hu'sbandman, n. Farmer. 
 
 husbandry, n. Farming; (good, bad) 
 economy ; careful management, [-ry] 
 
 hush % n. Stillness ; silence ; h.-money, paid 
 to prevent exposure, [f. foil.] 
 
 hush 2 , v.t. & i. Silence, quiet; h. up, sup- 
 press (affair) : be silent, esp. (as int.) h. ! ; hush- 
 aby, int. used to lull child, [back-formation f. 
 obs. adj. hiisht f. husht, hust, intt. (imit.)] 
 
 husk, n., & v.t. Dry outer covering of some 
 fruits or seeds ; (fig.) worthless outside part of 
 anything; disease of cattle; (v.t.) remove h. 
 from, [late ME huske, etym. dub.] 
 
 hu'sky, a. Of, full of, husks ; dry as a husk ; 
 
 (of voice or person) dry, hoarse, whence hu's- 
 kiLY 2 adv., hu'skiNESS n. [- y 2 ] 
 
 hussar* (-z-), n. Soldier of light cavalry 
 regiment (orig. Hungarian light horseman of 
 15th a), [f. Hung, huszar f. OServ. husar f. It. 
 corsaro corsair] 
 
 Hu'ssite, n. Follower of John Huss, Bohe- 
 mian religious reformer of 15th c [-ite ] ] 
 
 hu'ssy, -zzy, n. Woman of light or worth- 
 less character ; pert girl. [f. housewife] 
 
 hu*sting , s, n. Platform from which (before 
 1872) candidates for Parliament were nomi- 
 nated ; election proceedings ; court (now rarely) 
 held in Guildhall of London. [OE hiisting f. OX 
 husthing house-assembly] 
 
 hu'stle 1 (-si), v.t. & i., & n. Push roughly, 
 jostle; thrust (person &c into, out of, Sec.); 
 impel unceremoniously (into thing or doing) ; 
 (intr.) push roughly against ; push one's way ; 
 hurry, bustle; (n.) hustling, [(n. f. vb) f. Du. 
 husselen shake, toss] 
 
 hut, n., & v.t. & i. Small mean house of rude 
 construction; (Mil.) temporary wooden house 
 for troops ; (v.t.) place (troops &c) in hh.; (v.i.) 
 lodge in h. Hence hu'tMENTn. [(vbf. Yhutter) 
 f. F hutte f. G hutte] 
 
 hutch, n. Box-like pen for rabbits &c ; hut, 
 cabin, small house ; truck used in mining &c. 
 [ME & F huche f. med.L hutica, etym. dub.] 
 
 huzza* (-ah), int., n., & v.i. & t. Int. of ex- 
 ultation, encouragement, or applause ; (make, 
 greet with) the cry h. [imit.] 
 
 hyacinth, n. Genus of bulbous plants with 
 bell-shaped flowers of various colours, esp. 
 purplish blue, so (esp. as Homeric epithet of 
 doubtful sense for locks, hair) hyaei'nthiNE 2 
 a.; this colour ; precious stone, orange variety 
 of zircon, [earlier jacynth, ult. f. L f. Gk 
 huakinthos, flower & gem, also name of youth 
 loved by Apollo] 
 
 Hy'ades, n. pi. Group of stars near Pleiades, 
 [f. Gk Huades (ace to pop. etym., f. hud rain, 
 but perh. f. hus swine)] 
 
 hyaena. See hyena. 
 
 hyaline, a. & n. Glass-like, vitreous (chiefly 
 techn.) ; (n., poet.) smooth sea, clear sky, &c. 
 [f. L f. Gk hualinos (hualos glass, see -ine 2 )] 
 
 hyalite, n. Colourless variety of opal. [f. 
 Gk hualos glass, see -ite] 
 
 hyaloid, a. & n. (anat.). Glassy ; h. (mem- 
 brane), thin transparent membrane enveloping 
 vitreous humour of eye. [f. F hyaloide f. L t 
 Gk hualoeides (as prec, see -oid)] 
 
 hybrid, n. & a. Offspring of two animals 
 or plants of different species or varieties ; per- 
 son of mixed nationality; (fig.) thing, word, 
 composed of incongruous elements ; (adj. ) cross- 
 bred, mongrel ; heterogeneous ; h. bill in Parlia- 
 ment, one combining characteristics of public 
 & private bill, & referred to a h. committee. 
 Hence hybri'diTY n. [f. L hybrida offspring 
 of tame sow & wild boar ; etym. dub.] 
 
 hybridism, n. Fact, condition of being 
 hybrid ; cross-breeding, [prec + -ism] 
 
 hybridize, v.t. & i. Subject (species &c) 
 to cross-breeding ; produce hybrids ; (of animal 
 or plant) interbreed. Hence hybpidizABLE a., 
 hybpidizA'TiON n. [hybrid + -ize] 
 
 hydatid, n. (path. ). Cyst containing watery 
 fluid, morbid formation in animal bodies, esp. 
 that of tape-worm larva, [f. Gk hudatis -idos 
 watery vesicle (hudor -atos water, -id 2 )] 
 
 hydra, n. (Gk Myth.) snake whose many 
 heads grew again when cut off; (fig.) thing 
 hard to extirpate ; water-snake ; a fresh- water 
 polyp. [L, f. Gk hudra water-snake] 
 
 hydr'angea (-jya), n. Genus of shrubs with 
 
HYDRANT 
 
 399 
 
 HYMNODY 
 
 
 globular clusters of white, blue, or pink flowers. 
 If. Gk hudor water+agaos vessel] 
 
 hydrant, n. Pipe (esp. in street) with nozzle 
 to which hose can be attached, for drawing 
 water from main. [U.S. (hydro-, -ant)J 
 
 hydrate 1 (-at), n. (chem.). Compound of 
 water with another compound or an element, 
 [f. Gk hudor water, see -ate *] • 
 
 hydrate 2 , v.t. (chem.). Combine with water. 
 Hence hydPA"TiON n. [f.prec] 
 
 hydpau'lie, a. & n. Of water conveyed 
 through pipes or channels ; operated by water- 
 power, as h. lift; h. ram, automatic pump in 
 which kinetic energy of descending column of 
 water raises some of the waterabove its original 
 level ; hardening under water, as h. cement ; 
 h. press, hydrostatic press ; (n. pi.) science of 
 conveyance of liquids through pipes &c, esp. 
 as motive power. Hence or cogn. hydpau'l- 
 ically adv., hydpaulrciAN n. [f. L f. Gk 
 hudraulikos (hudor water +aulos pipe, see -ic)] 
 
 hy'drie, a. (chem.). Of, containing, hydro- 
 gen. So hydPiDE n. [f. hydrogen + -ic] 
 
 hydro, n. = hydropathic. [colloq. abbr.] 
 
 hydro- in comb. =Gk hudro- comb, form of 
 hudor water, (1) in miscell. terms, w. sense 
 ' having to do with water ', (2) in names of dis- 
 eases, w. sense ' dropsical ' or ' affected with 
 accumulation of serous fluid ', (3) in chem. 
 terms, usu. w. sense ' combined with hydrogen ' ; 
 as : -carbon, compound of hydrogen & carbon ; 
 -ce'phalus, water on the brain; -cepha'lic, 
 -ce'phalous, affected with this; -chlor'ic, con- 
 taining hydrogen & chlorine ; -cya'nic, contain- 
 ing hydrogen & cyanogen, esp. h. acid, prussic 
 acid ; -dyna'mic(al), of the forces acting on 
 or exerted by liquids ; -dyna'mics, science of 
 these forces ; -electric, developing electricity 
 by friction of water or steam ; -grapher, person 
 skilled in, -gra'phic(al) having todo with, hydro- 
 graphy ; -graphy, scientific description of the 
 waters of the earth ; -kin$'tic(s), (science) of the 
 motion of liquids; -logy, science of the properties, 
 laws, &c, of water ; -lysis, decomposition of 
 water in which the two constituents are fixed 
 in distinct compounds ; -md'nia, craving for 
 water ; -mecha'nics (of liquids) ; -meter, instru- 
 ment for finding specific gravity of liquids 
 (sometimes also of solids) ; -me'tric, -metry, 
 concerned with, determination of, specific 
 gravity of liquids ; -phane, opal that absorbs 
 water & becomes transparent on immersion ; 
 -phone, instrument for detection of sound by 
 water ; -phyte, aquatic plant ; -pneuma'tic, in- 
 volving combined action of water & air ; -qui 'n- 
 one, (Phot.) preparation from quinone, used as 
 developer ; -sphere, waters of the earth's sur- 
 face ; -stat, electrical device for detecting pre- 
 sence of water ; -therapeu'tic, -the'rapy, hydro- 
 pathic, hydropathy ; -ther'mal, of the action of 
 heated water on earth's crust ; -thor'ax, dropsy 
 of the chest ; -tropism, (of plants) tendency to 
 turn to or from moisture ; -zo'a n. pi., class of 
 coelenterate animals chiefly marine, including 
 jelly-fish & fresh- water hydra. 
 
 hydrogen, n. Colourless invisible odour- 
 less gas, an element, the lightest substance 
 known, forming two-thirds in volume of water. 
 Hence hydPO'genous a. [f. E HYDRO(firene 
 -gen)1 
 
 hydpo'genate, v.t. Charge, cause to com- 
 bine, with hydrogen. So hydPO'geniZE v.t. 
 [prec. + -ate 3 ] 
 
 hy'dpoid, a. & n. (zool.). (Animal) like, allied 
 to, the hydra (polyp), [-oid] 
 
 hydpomel, n. Mixture of honey & water ; 
 vinous h. (also mead), this fermented. [L, f. Gk 
 hudromeli (meli honey, see hydro-)] 
 
 hydpopa'thie, a. & n. Of, concerned with, 
 hydropathy ; (n.) h. establishment, [f. foll. + -ic] 
 
 hydpo'pathy, n. Medical treatment by ex- 
 ternal & internal application of water. So 
 hydpo'pathiST n. Ihydro- + -pathy] 
 
 hydpopho'foia, n. Aversion to water, esp. 
 as symptom of rabies in man ; rabies, esp. in 
 man ; (facet. ) dread of water. So hydpopho*- 
 bic a. [L, f. Gk hudroPHOBiA, see hydro-] 
 
 hydpo'pie, a. Dropsical. [ME, f. OF ydro- 
 pique f. L f. Gk hudropikos (as foil., see -ic)] 
 
 hydropsy, n. (archaic or med.). Dropsy. 
 [ME, f. OF ydropisie f. med.L hydropisia (for 
 L -sis) f. Gk hudrops (hudor water)] 
 
 hydposta'tie, a. & n. Of the equilibrium of 
 liquids & the pressure exerted by liquids at rest; 
 h. paradox, principle that any quantity of a 
 perfect liquid, however small, may be made to 
 balance any other quantity ; h. press (also hy- 
 draulic, Bramah's, press), machine in which 
 pressure of a body of water is multiplied by 
 transmission from small to larger cylinder ; (n. 
 pi.) science of the pressure & equilibrium of 
 liquids at rest. Hence hydPOsta'ticAL a., 
 hydPOSta'ticalLY 2 adv. [hydro- + static ; 
 Gk had hudrostates hydrostatic balance] 
 
 hy'dpous, a. (chem., mineral.). Containing 
 water, [f. Gk hudor water + -ous] 
 
 hye*na,hyae*na,n. Carnivorous quadruped 
 allied to dog tribe ; striped h., variety whose 
 howl is compared to fiendish laughter ; cruel, 
 treacherous, or rapacious person; Tasmanian 
 tiger ; h.-dog. S. -African canine quadruped like 
 h. [L (-ae-) r. Gk huaina fem. f. hus pig] 
 
 hyeto- in comb. = Gk huetos rain, as -graphy, 
 mapping of rainfall, -meter, rain-gauge. 
 
 Hyg-ei'a i-je'a), n. Goddess of health ; health 
 personified. Hence hygei'AN a. [f. Gk Hu- 
 geia late for Hugieia (hugies healthy)] 
 
 hygiene (-jien), n. Principles of health ; 
 sanitary science. Hence hygie'nic(AL) aa., 
 hyg-ie'nicalLYSadv., hyg-ieTiics, hyg-ien- 
 ist, nn. [f. F hygiene f. Gk hugieine (tekhne 
 art) of health, f. hugies healthy] 
 
 hygpo- in comb. = Gk hugros wet, fluid, as r 
 -deik (dik), form of hygrometer ; -logy, study of 
 the humidity of atmosphere &c. ; -meter, instru- 
 ment for measuring humidity of air or gas; -me '- 
 trie, -metry, concerned with, measurement of, 
 humidity; -scope, instrument indicating but 
 not measuring humidity of air ; -sco'pic, of the 
 hygroscope, (of bodies) sensitive to moisture. 
 
 hylic, a. Of matter, material, [f. med.L f. 
 Gk hulikos (hule matter, see -ic)] 
 
 hylo- in comb. = Gk hu le matter, as : -morph- 
 ism, doctrine that primordial matter is first 
 cause of the universe; -theism, doctrine that 
 God & matter are identical ; -theist, -thei'stic, 
 holderof, concerned with, this doctrine;-£o 'ism, 
 -zoist(ic), -zo'ic, materialism, -ist(ic). 
 
 Hy'men^n. (Gk& Rom. myth.). God of mar- 
 riage. So hymene'AL a. , hy mene'alL y 2 adv. 
 [L, f. Gk Hitmen] 
 
 hymen 2 , n. (anat.). Virginal membrane, 
 stretched across external orifice of vagina, [f. 
 Gk humen membrane] 
 
 hymeno- in comb. = Gk humen membrane, 
 as : -ptera n. pi., large order of insects with four 
 membranous wings, so -pteral, -pterous, aa. 
 
 hymn (-m), n., & v.t. & i. Song of praise to 
 God, esp. metrical composition sung in religious 
 service ; song of praise; h.-book (of hh.); (v.t.) 
 praise (God &c. ) in hh. , express (praise &c. ) in h. ; 
 (v.i.)singhh. Hence hy'mnic(-mn-)a„hy , m- 
 niST (-mn-) n. [(vb f. n.) f. L f. Gk humnos] 
 
 hymnal (-mn-), a. & n. Of hymns; (n.)hymn- 
 book, so hymnARY 1 !). [hymn + -al] 
 
 hymnody (-mn-), n. Singing of hymns ; com- 
 
HYMNOGRAPHER 
 
 400 
 
 HYPOTHESIS 
 
 position of hymns, whence hymnodiST n. ; 
 hymns collectively, [f. L f. Gk huvinodia (hum- 
 no s hymn + ode song, ode] 
 
 hymno'gpapher, n. Composer of hymns, 
 [f. Gk humnographos (as prec, see -grapher)] 
 
 hymno'logy(-mn),ii. Composition, study, of 
 hvmns ; hvmns collectively. So hymnolo'gic 
 a.', hymrio'logiST n. [hymn + -o- + -logy] 
 
 hyoid, a. & n. (anat.). H. bone, tongue-bone 
 between chin & thyroid cartilage ; pertaining 
 to this ; (n.) h. bone. [f. F hyo'ide f. Gk huoeides 
 shaped like letter U] 
 
 hyp. See hip a . 
 
 hypae'thral, -pe'thral.a. Open to the sky, 
 roofless ; open air. [f. L f. Qkhupaithros (aither 
 air, see hypo-)] 
 
 hypa'llage (-ji), n. (gram.). Reversal of na- 
 tural relations of two elements in a proposition 
 (e.g. apply the wound to water for apply water 
 to the wound). [L, f. Gk hupallage (allasso ex- 
 change, see hypo-)] 
 
 hypep-, pref. =Gk huper in senses 'over', 
 ' above ', ' exceeding ', excessive '. 
 
 hyperaesthe'sia, n. (Path.) morbid sensi- 
 tiveness of nerves; excessive sensibility. So 
 hype raesthfi Tic a. [hyper- + Gk -aisthesia 
 f. a isthanomai perceive] 
 
 hypep'baton, n. Inversion of normal order 
 of words, esp. for sake of emphasis. [L, f. Gk 
 huperbaton (baino step, see hyper-)] 
 
 hypep'bola, n. (geom.). Curve produced 
 when cone is cut by plane making larger angle 
 with base than side of cone makes (cf. ellipse). 
 Hence hyperbd'lic a. [f. Gk huperbole f. 
 huperballo exceed (ballo throw, see hyper-)] 
 
 hypep^bolef-H), n.(rhet.). Exaggerated state- 
 ment not meant to be taken literally. Hence 
 hypsrbo'liCAL a., hypenbo'licalLY 2 adv., 
 hyper'bolis.M, hyper'boliST, nn. [as prec] 
 
 hypepbop'ean, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of the ex- 
 treme north of the earth or (colloq. ) of a country; 
 (Gk Myth.) one of a race living in land of sun- 
 shine & plenty beyond north wind. [f. LL 
 hyperboreamts (L -boreus) f. Gk huperboreos 
 (Boreas north wind, see hyper-)] 
 
 hypepcatale'etie, a. (pros.). (Of verse) hav- 
 ing extra syllable after last complete dipody. 
 [f. LL H\'PER(catalecticus catalectic)] 
 
 hypepepi'tieal, a. Too critical, esp. of small 
 faults. Hence hypepeprticalLY 2 adv., hy- 
 pePCPi'tieiSM n., hyperepi'ticizE v.t, & i. 
 [hyper- + critical] 
 
 hypepme*tpie(al), aa. (Of verse) having a 
 redundant syllable ; (of syllable) redundant, [f. 
 Gk hupermetros (metron metre, hyper-)] 
 
 hypepmetPO'pia, n. Morbidly long sight. 
 Hence hypermetropic a. [as prec. +Gk dps 
 eye -\--ia Y 1 ] 
 
 hypepphysieal, a. Supernatural, [hyper-] 
 
 hy'pepsthene (-en), n. Greenish mineral 
 allied to hornblende, [f. F n\'PER(stene f. Gk 
 sthenos strength, from its hardness)] 
 
 hypep'tpophy, n. Enlargement (of organ 
 &c.) due to excessive nutrition. Hence or cogn. 
 hypeptpd'phic, hypep'tPophiED 2 , aa. [hy- 
 per- + Gk -tropkia nourishment f. trcpho] 
 
 hypethpal. See hypaethral. 
 
 hyphen, n. , & v.t. Sign (-) used to join two 
 words together, to join separated syllables of 
 word broken at end of line, or to divide Avord 
 into parts ; short pause between syllables in 
 speaking; (v.t.) join (words) with h., write 
 (compound word) with h. [(vb f. n.) LL, f. Gk 
 huphen together (hupo under + hen one)] 
 
 hypno- in comb, (before vowel hypn-) = Gk 
 h upnos sleep, as ; -genesis, -gene'tic, induction 
 of, inducing, the hypnotic state ; -logy, science 
 
 of the phenomena of sleep. 
 
 hypno'sis, n. Artificially produced sleep ; 
 hypnotic state, [f. Gk hupnoo make sleep, -osis] 
 
 hypno'tie, a. & n. Of, producing, hypno- 
 tism ; thing that produces sleep ; person under 
 influence of hypnotism, [f. F hypnotique f. LL 
 f. Gk hupnotikos (as prec, see -otic)] 
 
 hypnotism, n. (Artificial production of) a 
 state resembling deep sleep, in which the sub- 
 ject acts only on external suggestion. So hyp- 
 notiST n. ; hypnotizE v.t. [f. prec. + -ism] 
 
 hypo- in comb, (before vowel hyp-) = Gk 
 hupo under, below, slightly; (Chem.) forming 
 names of oxygen compounds lower in the series 
 than those with the simple name. Exx. : -blast, 
 inner layer of cells in blastoderm ; -bra'nehial 
 situated under the gills ; -cy'cloid, curve traced 
 by point in circumference of circle rolling round 
 interior circumference of another circle ; -ga's- 
 trium, lowest region of abdomen ; -ge'al, -ge'an, 
 aa., underground ; -gene, (of rocks) formed 
 under the surface; -ge'um, pi. -gea, under- 
 ground chamber ; -glo'ssal (nerve), motor nerve 
 of tongue ; -gynous, (Bot,) situated below pis- 
 tils or ovary ; -na'sty, (Bot.) tendency in plant- 
 organs to grow more rapidly on under side ; 
 -pho'sphite, salt of hypophosphorous acid; -tra- 
 che'liurn (-ke-), lower part of capital of column. 
 
 hypoeaust, n. (Rom. antiq.). Hollow space 
 under floor in which heat from furnace was 
 accumulated for heating house or bath. [f. LL 
 f. Gk hupokauston place heated from below 
 (kaio, kau-, burn, see hypo-)] 
 
 hypocho'ndpia (-k-), n. Morbid state of 
 depression for which there is no real cause. So 
 hypochondriasis n. [f. LL f. Gk (ta) hupo- 
 khondria soft parts of body below costal carti- 
 lages (khojidros cartilage, see hypo-)] 
 
 hypoeho'ndpiae, a. & n. Of, affected bj r , 
 hypochondria; (n.) h. person. Hence hypo- 
 ehondpracAL a., hypochondpi'acalLY - 
 adv. [f. F hypochondriaque f. med.L f. Gk 
 hupokhondriakos (as prec, see -AC)] 
 
 hypo'episy, n. Simulation of virtue or 
 goodness ; dissimulation, pretence, [f. OF ypo- 
 crisie f. eccl. L f. Gk hupokrisis lit. acting of a 
 part f. hupokrinomai (hupo- hypo- + krino 
 decide, judge)] 
 
 hypocrite, n. Person guilty of hypocrisy ; 
 dissembler, pretender. So hypoepitiCAL a., 
 hypocri'ticalLY 2 adv. [f. OF ypocrite f. 
 eccl. L (-ta) f. Gk hupokrites actor (as prec)] 
 
 hy podep'mie, a. (Med. , of drugs &c ) intro- 
 duced beneath the skin, as h. injection ; (Anat.) 
 lying under the skin. Hence hypodep'mic- 
 ally adv. [f. hypo- + Gk derma skin + -ic] 
 
 hypo 'stasis, n. (pi. -ases). (Med.) Excess of 
 blood in organs of body; (Metaphys.) under- 
 lying substance, opp. to attributes or to what 
 is unsubstantial ; (Theol.) personality (of 
 Christ), person (of the Godhead). So hypo- 
 sta*tic(AL) aa., hyposta'ticalLY 2 adv., hy- 
 po*stasiZE(3), hypo*statizE(3), vv.t. (meta- 
 phys.). [f. LL f. Gk hupostasis (hupo- hypo- + 
 stasis standing, state)] 
 
 hypo'tenuse, n. Side opposite right angle 
 of triangle, [f. LL f. Gk hupoteinousa (gramme) 
 subtending line (hupo- hypo- + teino stretch) ; 
 also (improp.) -theyiuse] 
 
 hypothec (-Ic), n. (Rom. & Sc Law). Secu- 
 rity established by law over thing belonging to 
 debtor. So hypo'theeARY 1 a. [f. LL f. Gk 
 hupotheke f. hxtpotithemi place under, deposit 
 as pledge (hupo- hypo- + tithemi place)] 
 
 hypothecate, v.t. Pledge, mortgage. 
 Hence hypothecATiox n. [f. LL hypothc- 
 care (as prec. \ see -ate 3 ] 
 
 hypo'thesis, n. (pi. -theses). Supposition 
 
HYPOTHESIZE 
 
 made as basis for reasoning, without reference 
 to its truth, or as starting-point for investiga- 
 tion ; groundless assumption. So hypothe*- 
 tic(AL) aa., hypothe'ticalLY 2 adv. [f. Gk 
 hupothesis foundation (as hypothec)] 
 
 hypothesize, v.i. & t. Frame a hypothesis ; 
 (trans.) assume, [f. prec. + -ize] 
 
 hypso- in comb. = Gk hupsos height, as : 
 -graphy, department of geography dealing 
 with altitudes; -meter, -me-tric(al), -metry, 
 instrument for, concerned with, science of, 
 measuring altitudes. 
 
 hyp'ax, n. Genus of small rabbit-like quad- 
 rupeds, including Syrian rock-rabbit and S.- 
 Afr. rock-badger, [1. Gk hurax shrew-mouse] 
 
 hy'son (-sn),n. Kind of green tea from China, 
 [f. Chin, hsi-ch'un lit. bright spring] 
 
 hy-spy, I spy, n. Kind of hide-&-seek. 
 
 hyssop, n. Small bushy aromatic herb, 
 formerly used medicinally ; (bibl.) plant whose 
 twigs were used for sprinkling in Jewish rites, 
 bunch of this used in purification, [f. L f. Gk 
 hussopos, prob. of eastern orig.] 
 
 hyster'ia, n. Functional disturbance of 
 nervous system (esp. of women), characterized 
 by anaesthesia, convulsions, &c, & usu. at- 
 tended with disturbance of moral & intellec- 
 tual faculties (formerly thought to be due to 
 disturbance of womb) ; morbid excitement, 
 [mod. medical L, on foil.] 
 
 hyste'Pie, a. & n. =foll. ; (n. pi.) hysterical 
 fits or convulsions, [f. L f. Gk husterikos of 
 the womb (hustera, see -ic)] 
 
 hyste'pieal, a. Of, affected with, hysteria ; 
 morbidly emotional. Hence hyste'PiealLY 2 
 adv. [prec. + -al] 
 
 hystepo- in comb. = Gk hustera womb, as : 
 -ge'nic, -geny, productive, production, of hys- 
 teria ; -logy, treatise on the uterus ; -tomy, 
 operation of cutting into the uterus. 
 
 hy'stepon ppd'tepon, n. (Gram.) figure of 
 speech in which what should come last is put 
 first ; inversion of natural order. [LL, f. Gk 
 husteron proteron latter (put in place of) 
 former] 
 
 I J , i, (I), letter (pi. Is, I's). As Roman numeral 
 I or i = l, as i 1, ii 2, iii 3, iv (rarely iiii) 4, vi 6, 
 viii 8, ix (rarely viiii) 9, xi 11, xiv 14, li 51", cii 102, 
 miv 1,004. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : (I.) : Idaho ; Jesus, I. N.R.I. 
 (Nazarenus Rex Judseorum, of Nazareth King 
 of the Jews), see also ihs ; Imperial, I.S.O. 
 (Service Order) ; Independent, I.L.P. (Labour 
 Party) ; Indian, I.C.S. (Civil Service) ; Island ; 
 Isle, I.W. (of Wight), (i.) : id, i.e. (est) ; idem, 
 i.q. (quod); indicated, i.h.p. (horse power). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : la., Iowa ; ih.(idem), 
 ibid.(em) ; id.(em) ; Ill.(inois) ; in.(ches) ; in- 
 clusive) ; ineog".(nito) ; Ind.(iana) ; Ind.(ian) 
 T.(erritory) ; inf.(ra) ; init.(i'o) ; inst.(ant) ; 
 Is.(aiah). 
 
 I 2 , pron. & n. Subjective case of 1st pers. 
 pron. (objective me, poss. my, pi. tve, obj. us, 
 poss. our) ; (n., Metaphys.) the I, the ego, subject 
 or object of self-consciousness. [OE ic, cf. Du. 
 ik, G ich, also L ego, Gk ego] 
 
 -i, suf. forming pi. of L 1111. in -us & -er of 2nd 
 decl. & of Ital. wds in -o, -e ; retained in E in 
 wds of scientific or learned use, as cirri, foci, 
 dilettanti, literati; also freq. in mod.L names 
 of groups or orders in Nat. Hist., as acantho- 
 pterygii, acrocarpi. 
 
 -i-, connecting vowel in L, being stem vowel, 
 as in omnivorus, weakened representative of 
 this, as in herbivorus (herba), granivorus 
 
 401 -IC 
 
 (grano-), or merely connective, as in gramini- 
 vorus (gramin) ; used in E in compds formed 
 on L models, as hydriform, setiform. Cf. -o-. 
 
 -ia 1 , suf., f . L & Gk -ia, forming abstract nn. 
 &c, as hydrojihobia, mania, militia; freq. in 
 mod.L terms of pathology (cephalalgia, hys- 
 teria) ; of bot. (classes, as Cryptogamia, & per- 
 sonal names, as dahlia, fuchsia) ; in names of 
 countries, as Australia; & in names of alka- 
 loids, as morphia, strychnia, (in more recent 
 nomenclature -ine). F -ie f. -ia gives -y l . 
 
 -ia 2 , suf. forming pi. of Gk nn. in -ion & L nn. 
 in -ium, as paraphernalia, regalia ; freq. in 
 mod.L names of classes &c. in Zool., as mam- 
 malia, reptilia. 
 
 ,-ial, suf. repr. L -ialis, in adjj. f. n.-stems 
 in -io-, -ia-, as curialis, tibialis; much used in 
 med.L, F, & E, to form adjj. f. L adjj. in -is & 
 -ius, as celestial, dictatorial (L -tis, -rius). 
 
 ramb, n. = iambus, [f. F iambe, as iambus] 
 
 ia'mbic, a. & n. (pros.). Of, containing, based 
 on, iambuses; (n.) i. verse, [f. F iambique f. L 
 f. Gk iambikos (as foil., see -ic)] 
 
 ia'mbus, n. (pros. ; pi. -buses). The metrical 
 foot'---. [L, f. Gk iambos iambus, lampoon 
 (iapto assail)] 
 
 -ian, suf. of aa. & nn. = L -anus -ak added to 
 stems in -i-, as Italian, Virgilian, or w. con- 
 nective -i-, as Christian ; esp. forming aa. in 
 proper names, as Addisonian, Bostonian, 
 (varying in place-names with -er, as Londoner, 
 & often added to Latinized stems, as Mancu- 
 nian^Glaswegian, Oxonian, Liverpudlian). 
 
 Ibep'ian(i-),a. &n. Of ancientIberia;of Spain 
 & Portugal as one country; (n.) inhabitant, 
 language, of ancient Iberia, [f. L Iberia f. Gk 
 Iberes Spaniards + -an] 
 
 i'bex, n. (pi. -exes). Wild goat of Alps & 
 Apennines, with large recurved horns. [L] 
 
 ibi'dem, adv. In the same book, chapter, 
 passage, &c. (abbr. ib., ibid,.). [L, = in same 
 place (ibi there + demonstr. suf. -dem)] 
 
 l'bis, n. (pi. ibises). Stork-like bird found in 
 lakes & swamps of warm climates; Sacred I., 
 kind venerated by ancient Egyptians. [L f . Gk] 
 
 -ible, suf. f. L -ibilis, i. e. -bilis -ble as 
 appended to p.p. stems, 3rd conj. vbs, & some 
 2nd conj. (terrible), or f. L -ibilis (-bilis with 4th 
 conj.) ; also in mod. formations, as avertible. 
 Displaced by -able in many wds taken thr. F or 
 formed really or apparently on E vbs. Mean- 
 ing : ' that can be — d '. 
 
 -ie, suf. (1) forming adjj. (often thr. F -ique) i. 
 L -icus, sometimes of L orig., as in classicus, 
 publicus, domesticus, but usu. f. Gk -ikos, as in 
 grammaticus, poeticus. E adjj. in -ic are direct 
 f. Gk, or on Gk elements.or (esp. scientific terms) 
 on wds f . L or other langg. , as carbonic, Byronic. 
 (Chem.) -ic in names of oxygen acids &c. indi- 
 cates higher degree of oxidation than -ous, as in 
 chloric, sulphuric. (2) Gk adjj. in -ikos were 
 used as nn. in 3 ways : in masc. sing., ecskritikos 
 man able to discern, critic; in fern, sing., as 
 mousike (tekhne) art of the muses, music ; in 
 neut, pi., as ta oikonomika things pertaining to 
 management, economics. In L the last two both 
 became -ica, whence much fluctuation in med.L 
 as to grammatical treatment. The Rom. langg. 
 usu. had fern. sing, for names of arts and 
 sciences, but F occas. had pi., as les rnatM- 
 matiques. E wds before loth c. were sing., as 
 still arithmetic, music, magic, logic, rhetoric ; 
 later, -ics became usu. form for names of 
 sciences, as acoustics, conies, dynamics, (treated 
 as sing.), & of practical matters, as athletics, 
 2wlitics, tactics, (pi.). Besides this spec, use, 
 
 other adjj. in -ic become nn., as epic, emetic, 
 
 cosmetic, rustic, mechanic. 
 
-ICAL 
 
 4054 
 
 IDEA 
 
 -ical, suf. (-ic + -al) forming adjj. f. nn., as 
 mxisieal, or more commonly secondary adjj. f. 
 adjj., as comical, historical. Many adjj. have 
 both the -ic & -ical form, often with distinction 
 in meaning (see -al). 
 
 -ically, suf. (-ical + -ly 2 ) forming advv. corr. 
 to adjj. in -ic, -ical, advv. in -icly, as publicly, 
 politicly, being rare. 
 
 iee l , n. Frozen water ; break the t. , (fig. ) make 
 a beginning, break through reserve or stiffness ;■ 
 (w. pi.) frozen confection, i.-cream, water-i. ; 
 i.-age, glacial period; i.-axe (used by Alpine 
 climbers for cutting steps) ; iceblink, luminous 
 appearance on horizon, caused by reflexion from 
 i.; i.-boat, boat mounted on runners for travel- 
 ling on i. , (also) boat used for breaking i. on river 
 &c; i.-cream, flavoured cream or custard con- 
 gealed in freezing mixture; i.-fall, steep part 
 of glacier like frozen waterfall ; i.-field, expanse 
 of i. , esp. in Polar regions ; i.-foot, belt of i. along 
 coast in Arctic regions ; iceman, man skilled in 
 traversing i., (also) maker of ii.; i.-pudding, a 
 frozen confection. [com.-Teut.: OE is, Du. ijs, 
 G eis) 
 
 ice 2 , v.t. Freeze; cover (as) with ice; cool 
 (wine) in ice ; cover (cake &c.) with concretion 
 of sugar, whence i'ciNG 1 n. [f. prec] 
 -ice, suf. f. OF -ice, non-popular representa- 
 tive of L -itia in abstract nn. (justice, avarice, 
 malice, notice, & the F formations cowardice, 
 jaundice) & of L -itius, -itium, (novice, preci- 
 pice, service). But E -ice has freq. difF. orig., as 
 in apprentice, bodice, practice, where -ice is 
 partly due to assim. 
 
 i'cebepg", n. Floating mass of ice, detached 
 portion of Arctic glacier; (fig.) unemotional 
 person, [prob. f. Du. ijsberg (ijs ice + berg hill)] 
 I'celand, n. Large island between Norway 
 and Greenland; I. lichen, moss, edible species; 
 I. poppy, yellow Arctic poppy ; /. spar, trans- 
 parent variety of calcite. Hence I'eeland- 
 er 1 )!) n. [f. OX Island (iss ice + land)] 
 Icela'ndic, a. & n. (Language) of prec. [-ic] 
 ichneu'mon (Iknu-), n. Small brown weasel- 
 like quadruped allied to mongoose, noted for 
 destroying crocodiles' eggs ; (also i.-fly) small 
 parasitic hymenopterous insect depositing eggs 
 in or on larva of another insect. [L, f. Gk 
 ikhneumon spider-hunting wasp f. ikhneud 
 track (ikhnos)) 
 
 ichno- in comb. = Gk ikhnos track, trace, as: 
 -gra'phic(al), -graphy, (of) the drawing of 
 ground-plans ; -lite (also ichnite), fossil foot- 
 print ; -logy, study of fossil footprints. 
 i'ehop (Ik-), n. (Gk Myth.) fluid flowing like 
 blood in veins of gods; (Path.) watery acrid 
 discharge from wounds &c. Hence i'ehorous 
 a. [Gk ikhor] 
 
 iehthyo- (Ik-) in comb, (before vowel ichthy-) 
 = Gk ikhthus fish, as : -grapher, -graphy, writer 
 on, description of, fishes ; -latry, worship of a 
 fish-god ; -lite, fossil fish ; -logy, natural history 
 of fishes, whence -lo'gical, -logist ; -phagi, 
 -phagist, fish-eater(s) ; -phagous, fish-eating; 
 ichthyornis, extinct genus of toothed birds. 
 i'ehthyoid, a. & n. Fish-like ; (n.) vertebrate 
 of fish type, [as prec. + -oid] 
 i'ehthyosaupus, n. Extinct marine animal 
 with huge head, tapering body, four paddles, & 
 long tail, [ichthyo- + Gk sauros lizard] 
 ichthyo'sis, n. Disease in which epidermis 
 becomes dry & horny. So ichthyo 'Tic a. [f. 
 Gk ikhthus fish + -osis] 
 
 -ician, suf. ( = F -icien), spec, form of -ian 
 added to names of arts or sciences in -ic(s) to 
 form personal designations ( = one skilled in or 
 concerned with), as arithmetician, logician, 
 optician, politician % sometimes used when 
 
 there is no corresp. n. (& even no adj.) in -ic, 
 as academician, algebrician, Hebrician. 
 i'cicle, n. Tapering ice-formation, produced 
 by freezing of successive drops trickling from 
 the point of attachment. [OE has ises gical (is 
 ice + gical, cogn. w. ON jokull icicle, glacier)] 
 i'con, n. Image, statue ; (Eastern Church) 
 painting, mosaic, &c. , of sacred personage, itself 
 regarded as sacred. [LL, f. Gk eikon image 
 (^eiko be like)] 
 
 ico'nic, a. Of (the nature of) an image or por- 
 trait; (of statues) following a conventional type, 
 [f. LL f. Gk eikonikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 ieono-incomb. =Gkeifroniniage,as : -graphy, 
 illustration of subject by drawings or figures, 
 so-grapher, -gra'phic; -later, -latry, worshipper, 
 worship, of images ; -logy, study of icons (in any 
 sense) ;-machy, war againstuse of images in con- 
 nexion with worship ; -stasis, (Eastern Church) 
 screen separating sanctuary from main body of 
 church, & on which icons are placed. 
 icd'noclasm, n. Breaking of images (lit. & 
 fig.), [prec. + Gk klasma (klao break, -m)] 
 ieo'noclast, n. Breaker of images, esp. one 
 who took part in movement in 8th & 9th cc. 
 against use of images in religious worship in 
 churches of the East; (fig.) one who assails 
 cherished beliefs. Hence iconoclastic a. [f. 
 LL f. Gk eikonoklastes (eikon icon + klastes f. 
 klao break)] 
 
 reosahe'dpon, n. Solid contained by twenty 
 plane faces, [f. Gk eikosaedron (eikosi twenty 
 + hedra base)] 
 -ics. See -ic(2). 
 
 i'ctus, n. (pros.). Rhythmical or metrical 
 stress. [L, = blow, f. icere strike] 
 i'ey, a. Abounding in, covered with, ice ; very 
 cold (lit. & fig., as i. manners). Hence i'ciLY 2 
 adv., i'eiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 id, n. (biol.). Unit of germ-plasm, [arbitrary, 
 suggested by idioplasm] 
 
 -id J, suf. f. F -ide f. L -idus, which forms adjj. 
 chiefly f. vbs w. -e- stems, as acidus acid f. acere, 
 but also f. vbs w. -i- or consonant stem, asflui- 
 dus fluid f. fluere, & f. nn., as morbidus morbid 
 f. morbus. Earlier E wds come thr. F, others 
 f. L direct. 
 
 -id 2 , suf. of nn. (= F -ide) f. L f. Gk -id- (nom. 
 -is), as chrysalid, pyramid. In bot., amaryllid, 
 orchid, &c, should denote plants amaryllis, 
 orchis, &c, but in fact denote members of the 
 order of which these are typical genera (ama- 
 ryllideae, orchidaceae). 
 
 -id 3 , suf. of nn. & aa. (zool.). 1. Through F f. 
 
 L names of families in -idae pi. of -ides f. Gk 
 
 -ides son of, as Araneid, member of the family 
 
 Araneidae. 2. f. L names of classes in-ida taken 
 
 as neut, pi. of -ides ( = Gk -ides), as Arachnid, 
 
 member of the class Arachnida. 
 
 -id 4 , suf. Early spelling of -ide, now chiefly U. S. 
 
 ide, n. Fish allied to carp. [f. Swed. id] 
 
 -ide, suf. (chem.) forming names of simple 
 
 compounds of an element with another element 
 
 or a radical, the suf. -ide being added to the 
 
 name (usu. abbre v. ) of the more electro-negative 
 
 element, as bromine chloride, sulphur bromide, 
 
 carbon sidphide, boron carbide ; first used in 
 
 oxide from oxygen. 
 
 idea (ide!-), n. Archetype, pattern, as distin- 
 guished from its realization in individuals ; (Pla- 
 tonic) eternally existing pattern of which indi- 
 vidual things in any class are imperfect copies ; 
 conception, plan, of thing to be aimed at,created, 
 &c; plan of action; notion conceived by the 
 mind ; way of thinking ; vague belief, fancy, as 
 the i. of his doing such a thing, I had no i. you 
 werethere ; (Descartes, Locke) immediate object 
 of thought or mental perception ; (Kant) con- 
 
IDEAL 
 
 403 
 
 IGNEOUS 
 
 ception of reason transcending all experience. 
 Hence idea'd, ideaED 2 , (-erd), idea'LESS, 
 aa. [LL f. Gk, = form, kind, f. id- see] 
 
 ideal, a. & n. Answering to one's highest 
 conception ; embodying an idea ; existing only 
 in idea ; visionary ; relating to, consisting of, 
 (Platonic) ideas ; (n.) perfect type ; actual thing 
 as standard for imitation. Hence idealLY 2 
 adv. [f. Fidialf. LLidealis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 idealism, n. Representation of things in 
 ideal form, imaginative treatment, (cf. real- 
 ism), so idealizA'TioN n., idealizE v.t. & i.; 
 (Philos.) system of thought in which the object 
 of external perception is held to consist of ideas. 
 So idealiST n. ; idealistic a. [-ism] 
 
 idea*lity,n. Quality of being ideal; (Phrenol.) 
 imaginative faculty, [-ity] 
 
 ideate, v.t. & i. Imagine, conceive ; form 
 ideas. Hence ideA'TioN n., idea'tionAL a. 
 
 [f. IDEA + -ATE 3 ] 
 
 idee fixe (e'dafeks), n. Idea that dominates 
 the mind, monomania. [F, lit. fixed idea] 
 idem, h. or adv. (abbr. id.). (In) the same au- 
 thor (i) ; the same word (I-) ; I. quod, the same 
 as. [L idem masc, idem neut., same] 
 identic, a. (Diplom.) i. note, simultaneous 
 & uniformly worded expression of opinion from 
 several powers to another ; = foil. [f. schol. L 
 identicus (cf. identity)] 
 
 ide'ntical, a. (Of one thing viewed at differ- 
 ent times) the very same ; (of different things) 
 agreeing in every detail ; (Logic, Math. ) express- 
 ing an identity. Hence ide'nticalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 ide'ntify, v.t. Treat (thing) as identical (with); 
 associate oneseZ/ inseparably twYA (party, policy, 
 &c); establish identity of. Hence ide'ntifi- 
 able a., identiFiCATiox n. [f. LL identificare 
 (as foil., see -fy)] 
 
 identity, n. Absolute sameness ; individu- 
 ality, personality; (Alg.) equality of two ex- 
 pressions for all values of the literal quantities, 
 equation expressing this, e.g. (x + l) 2 = x 2 + 2x 
 + 1. [f. F identity f. LL identitas, irreg. f . idem 
 same (see -ty)] 
 
 ideo- in comb. = idea, as : -gram, -graph, 
 character symbolizing the idea of a thing with- 
 out expressing its name (e.g. Chinese char- 
 acters), whence -gra'phic(al), -graphy; -logy, 
 science of ideas, (also) visionary speculation, 
 whence -lo'gical, -logist. 
 
 ides, n. pi. (Rom. antiq.). Eighth day after 
 nones (15th of March, May, July, October, 13th 
 of other months). [F, f. L Idus] 
 
 id est (abbr. i. e.). That is to say. [L] 
 
 i*dioey,n. Extreme mental imbecility, [f. Gk 
 idioteia (as idiot) or f. idiot + -CY ; idiotcy is 
 irreg. form] 
 
 i'diom, n. Language of a people or country ; 
 specific character of this ; form of expression 
 peculiar to a language, [f. L f. Gk idioma -ma- 
 tos (idioomai make one's own f. idios, see -M)] 
 
 idioma'tie, a. Characteristic of a particular 
 language ; vernacular; colloquial. Hence idio- 
 ma'tic ally adv. [f. Gk idiomatikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 idid'pathy, n. (path. ). Disease not preceded 
 or occasioned by another. Hence idiopathic 
 a., idiopa'thiCALLY adv. [f. Gk idiopatheia 
 (idios own, see -pathy)] 
 
 idiosyncrasy, n. Mental constitution, 
 view, feeling, peculiar to a person ; mode of ex- 
 pression peculiar to an author; (Med.) physical 
 constitution peculiar to a person. So idiosyn- 
 CPa'tic a. [f. Gk idiosugkrasia (idios own + 
 sun together + krasis mixture f. kerannumi 
 mix, whence kratikos adj.) ; theimprop. -cracy 
 is by confus. w. -cracy] 
 
 i'diot, n. Person so deficient in mind as to 
 be permanently incapable of rational conduct ; 
 
 utter fool. So idio*tic a., idio'tiCALLY adv. 
 [F, f. L (-ta) f. Gk idiotes private person, ' lay- 
 man ', ignorant person, f. idios own, private] 
 i'dle, a. (-er, -est), & v.i. & t. (Of action, 
 thought, word) ineffective, worthless, vain ; 
 groundless ; useless ; unoccupied ; lazy, indo- 
 lent ; (v.i.) be i.; (v.t.) pass (time &c.) away in 
 idleness ; i. wheel, safety wheel coming into 
 operation in case of breakdown, (also) inter- 
 mediate wheel between two geared wheels. 
 Hence i'dleNESS, i'dlER 1 , nn.,i*dLY 2 adv. [(vb 
 f. a.) OE idel, cf. Du. ijdel, G eitel ; orig. sense 
 prob. 'empty'] 
 
 l'dlesse, n. Idleness, [sham archaic, -ess 2 ] 
 idol (i'dl), n. Image of deity used as object of 
 worship ; false god ; person, thing, that is the 
 object of excessive devotion ; phantom ; (Logic) 
 false mental conception, ii. of the tribe, cave, 
 market, theatre, (L idola tribus, specus, fori, 
 theatri), four classes of fallacies (Bacon, Nov. 
 Org. I. xxxix), referable respectively to limita- 
 tions of human mind, prejudices of idiosyn- 
 crasy, influence of words, philosophical & logi- 
 cal prepossessions, [f. OF idole f. L f. Gk eidolon 
 phantom (eidos form)] 
 
 ido'latep, n. Worshipper of idols ; devoted 
 admirer (of). So ido'latPESS \ ido'latPY 1 , 
 nn., ido'latpous a., ido'latPOUSLY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF idolatre shortened f. eccl. L f. Gk eidolo- 
 latres ; F had also idolatre by confus. w. suf. 
 -aire -aster, whence earlier E idolatrer] 
 i'dolize, v.t. & i. Make an idol of ; venerate, 
 love, to excess ; practise idolatry. Hence ido- 
 Hzation n. [ize] 
 
 idd'lum, n. (pi. -la). Mental image, idea; 
 (Logic) fallacy (see idol). [L, as idol] 
 i'dyll, -yl, n. Short description in verse or 
 (prose i.) in prose of picturesque scene or inci- 
 dent, esp. in rustic life ; episode suitable for 
 such treatment. Hence idyllic a., idyllic- 
 ally adv., i'dylliST n., i'dyllizE(l) v.t. [f. L 
 f. Gk eidullion (eidos form)] 
 -iep, suf. forming personal nn. denoting occu- 
 pation &c. ; there are two sets, ME wds w. un- 
 accented -ier, as collier (see -er 2 ), & later wds 
 f. 16th c. w. -ier usu. accented, as cavalier (but 
 fina'neier), and often spelt -eer. The latter, & 
 perh. usu. the former, f. F -ier, -eer. 
 if, conj. (n.). On the condition or supposition 
 that, as i. you are (now) tired we will sit down, 
 i. you (hereafter) see him give him the message, 
 i. he hasjound it he will send it, i. he had fair 
 warning he has nothing to complain of, i. he 
 had been warned he has (or had) nothing to 
 complain of, (w. past tense implying that con- 
 dition is not fulfilled) i. I knew what to do I 
 should do it, i. he had been warned he would 
 have (or would have had) nothing to complain 
 of; whenever, as i. I feel any doubt I inquire, 
 i. I felt any doubt I inquired, i. I had been 
 badly treated I complained ; whether, as ask, 
 see, try, i. you can turn the handle ; (when if 
 is omitted, order of verb & subject is inverted, 
 as) were I (if I were) in your place, would, 
 could, shoidd, might, had, he (if he would, 
 could, &c), (poet.) loved I not honoitr more ; 
 (without apodosis) i. I only knew!, I wish I 
 knew, i. I haven't lost my watch ! (I have, to 
 my surprise or disgust); as i., as the case 
 woukl be if, as it seems as i. he meant (vulg. 
 means) to compromise, he talks as (he would) 
 i. he were drunk ; as i. you didn't know, you 
 know quite well; (n.) condition, supposition, 
 as i. ijs & ans were pots & pans. [OE gif, cf. 
 Du. of if, G ob whether ;'perh. cases of a noun 
 (OHG iba) meaning ' doubt '] 
 i'gneous, a. Of fire, fiery ; produced by vol- 
 canic agency, [f . L igneiis (ignis fire) + -ous] 
 
IGNIS FATUUS 
 
 404 
 
 ILLUMINATE 
 
 i'g-nis fa'tuus, n. Will-o'-the-wisp, phos- 
 phorescent light (now rarely) seen on marshy 
 eround, supposed due to spontaneous combus- 
 tion of gas from decaying organic matter ; delu- 
 sive hope or aim. [med. or mod. L, = foolish Are] 
 igrii'te, v.t, & i. Make intensely hot ; (Chern.) 
 heat to the point of combustion or chemical 
 change ; set fire to ; take fire. Hence or cogn. 
 igni'tABLE a., igni'tiON n. [f. L xgmre -it- 
 (ignis fire)] ^„ , , . ,. 
 
 igno-ble, a. (-er, -est). Of low birth, position, 
 or reputation; mean, base, dishonourable. 
 Hence igno'bleNESS n., igno'bLY a adv. [* , 
 f. L ignobilis (in- not + nobilis noble)] 
 i'gnominy, n. Dishonour, infamy ; infam- 
 ous conduct. So ignomi'nious a., ignomi;- 
 niousLY 2 adv. [f. F ignominie f. L ignomima 
 (in- not + (g)nomen name)] 
 ignoramus, n. (pi. -muses). Ignorant per- 
 son. [L, = we do not know, (legal) we take no 
 notice of (bill) ; mod. sense perh. f. Ruggle's 
 Ignoramus (1615) exposing lawyers' ignorance] 
 rgnopance, n. Want of knowledge (of 
 thing, or in general). [F, f. L ignorantia (as 
 foil., see -ance)] 
 
 i'gnorant, a. Lacking knowledge ; unin- 
 formed (of, in, subject, of fact). Hence i*g- 
 norantLY 2 adv. [F, f. L, as foil., see -ant] 
 ignora'tio (-shio) ele'nchi (-ki), n. (logic). 
 Argument that appears to refute opponent 
 while actually disproving something not ad- 
 vanced by him. [L] 
 
 ignore*, v.t. Refuse to take notice of; (of 
 Grand Jury) reject (bill) as unfounded, [f. F 
 ignorer f. L ignorare not know, ignore (in- not 
 + gno- know)] 
 
 igno'tum per igno'tius. (Explanation of) 
 the unknown by the still less known. [L] 
 Igua'na (-wah-), n. Large W.-Ind. & S.-Anier. 
 arboreal lizard. [Sp., f. Carib. iicana] 
 igua'nodon, n. Huge herbivorous lizard, 
 found fossil, [f . prec. + Gk oclous odontos tooth, 
 after mastodon &c] 
 
 IHS, abbr. repr. Gk Iesous Jesus (Gk cap. e 
 being like H) ; often taken to mean Jesus Ho- 
 minum Salvator (Saviour of men), In Hoc Sig- 
 no (vinces) in this sign (thou shalt conquer), In 
 Hac (cruce) Salus in this (cross) is salvation. 
 il-, pref . = in * > 2 before l. 
 -IL -ile, suf. of adjj. & sometimes nn., repr. 
 L -His or when added to -i- stems -His (civilis). 
 In OF -His appeared as -il, but -His lost i, tonic 
 accent falling on prec. syllable (humble L hu- 
 milem,frele Lfragilem). L wds adopted early 
 in OF took -il inasc, -ile fern, (civil, -ile) ; later 
 wds have -ile for both genders (agile, facile). 
 Few E wds have -il (civil, fossil, utensil) ; & 
 the tendency is to pronounce -He of either 
 origin with i. 
 
 I'lex, n. (pi. -exes). Holm-oak; (Bot.) genus 
 including common holly. [L] 
 i'liae, a. Of the fiank(-bone), as i. artery; 
 i. passion, painful affection due to intestinal 
 obstruction, [f. F iliaque f. LL iliacus (ilium, 
 class. L only in pi. ilia flanks ; but orig. the 
 adj. corr. to L ileus f. Gk eileos colic)] 
 I'liad (i-), n. Epic poem attributed to Homer 
 & describing siege of Troy ; (fig.) J. (long series) 
 of woes. [f. L f. Gk Ilias (poiesis) (poem) of 
 Ilium or Troy] 
 
 i'lium, n. (pi. -ia). Hip-bone. {L, see iliac] 
 ilk, a. (Sc). Of that i., of the same, as Guthrie 
 of that i., Guthrie of Guthrie ; (vulg.) that i., 
 that family, class, or set. fOE ilea same, prob. 
 f. pronominal st. i- (cf. Goth, is he) + -lie like] 
 ill, a., n., adv. Out of health, sick, as he is i., 
 was taken i. ; morally bad, as i. fame, disre- 
 pute, i. blood, i. will, animosity, strife, i. nature, 
 
 churlishness, i. (morose) humour, temper; 
 harmful, as (pro v.) i. weeds groiv apace ; do an 
 i. turn to person, harm him or his interests ; 
 wretched, disastrous, as (pro v.) it's an i. wind 
 that blows nobody good ; (archaic) difficult, as 
 i. to please ; faulty, unskilful, as i. manage- 
 ment ; (of manners or conduct) improper ; i. 
 (imperfect) success. (N.) evil, the opposite of 
 good ; harm, injury ; speak i. (something un- 
 favourable) of ; (pi.) misfortunes. (Adv.) badly, 
 as behaved i.; take (thing) i., take offence at 
 it ; unfavourably, as it woidd have gone i. with 
 him ; imperfectly, scarcely, as i. provided, it i. 
 became him to speak ; i. at ease, embarrassed, 
 uneasy ; i.-advised, -visedly, imprudent(ly) ; i.- 
 ajfected, not well disposed; i.-bred, badly 
 brought up, rude ; i. breeding, bad manners ; 
 i.-conditioned, of evil disposition, (also) in bad 
 condition ; i.-disposed, disposed to evil, malevo- 
 lent, (also) unfavourably disposed (toivards) ; 
 i.-fated, destined to, bringing, bad fortune ; i.- 
 favoured, uncomely, (also) displeasing, objec- 
 tionable ; i.-gotten, gained by evil means; i.- 
 humoured, bad-tempered ; i.-judged, unwise ; 
 i. -mannered, unmannerly, rude; i.-natured(ly), 
 churlish(ly) ; i.-omened, attended by bad omens ; 
 i.-starred, born under an evil star, unlucky ; 1- 
 tempered, morose, peevish ; i.-timed, unseason- 
 able ; i.-treat, -use, treat badly, [early ME, f. 
 OX Ulr, etym. dub.] 
 
 illa'tion, n. Deduction, conclusion ; thing 
 deduced, [f. LL illatio (as infer, see -ion)] 
 
 illa'tive, a. (Of words) stating, introducing, 
 an inference, as i. particles ; inferential. Hence 
 illa'tiveLY 2 adv. [f. LL illativus (as prec, 
 see -ive)1 
 
 ille'gal, a. Not legal; contrary to law. 
 Hence or cogn. illega'liT v n. , ille'galL y 2 adv. 
 [f. med.L iL(legalis legal)] 
 
 illegible, a. Not legible. Hence illegi- 
 bi'lity n., ille'g'lbLY 2 adv. [il-] 
 
 illegl'timate l (-at), a. & n. Not authorized 
 by law ; improper ; not born in lawful wedlock, 
 bastard ; wrongly inferred ; abnormal ; (n.) one 
 whose position is i., esp. bastard. Hence ille- 
 g-i'tiniACY n., illegi'timateLY 2 adv. [il] 
 
 illegitimate 2 , v.t. Declare illegitimate. 
 Hence illegitimA'TiON n. [f. prec] 
 
 illi'bepal, a. Not befitting a free man ; with- 
 out liberal culture ; vulgar, sordid ; narrow- 
 minded ; stingv. Hence or cogu. illibepa'liT y 
 
 n., illi'beralLY 2 adv. [f. F illiberal f. L il- 
 
 (liberalis liberal)] 
 
 illreit, a. Unlawful, forbidden. Hence 
 
 illi'eitLY 2 adv. [f. F illicite f. L iL(licitus p.p. 
 
 of licere be allowed)] 
 
 illi'mitable, a. Boundless. Hence illimit- 
 
 aBiLiTY, illi'mitablexESS, nn., illi'mit- 
 
 abLY 2 adv. [il-] 
 
 illi'tepate (-at), a. & n. Ignorant of letters ; 
 
 unlearned; unable to read; (n.) i. person. 
 
 Hence illi'tePACY, illi'tepateNESS, nn. [f. L 
 
 lUlitteratus literate)] 
 
 i'llness, n. Unhealthy condition of body, 
 
 sickness, [-ness] 
 
 illo'gieal, a. Devoid of, contrary to, logic. 
 
 Hence illogiea'liTV n., illo'gicalLY 2 adv. 
 
 [IL-] 
 
 illth, n. (rare). Ill-being, [-th 1 ] 
 illu'me, v.t. (poet.). Light up, make bright, 
 (lit. & fig.), [for illumine, cf. F allumer] 
 illu'mi nate (-oo-, -u-), v. t. Light up, whence 
 illu'minANT a. & n. ; give spiritual or intel- 
 lectual light to ; throw light upon (subject) ; 
 shed lustre upon ; decorate (buildings &c ) pro- 
 fusely with lights as sign of festivity ; decor- 
 ate (initial letter in manuscript &c.) with gold, 
 silver, & brilliant colours. So illirminA'TiON, 
 
ILLUMINATI 
 
 405 
 
 IMMEDIATE 
 
 illu'minatOR 2 , nn., illu'minatiVE a. [f. L 
 
 iL(luminare f. lumen -minis light), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 illumina'ti (or -ahte), n. pi. Secret society 
 founded by Weishaupt in 1776, holding deistic 
 & republican principles, & organized like free- 
 masons ; persons claiming to possess special 
 enlightenment. So illirminiSM(3), illu'min- 
 ist(2), nn. [L (as prec, see -ate 2 ) or It,, whence 
 occasional sing, -ato] 
 
 illu-mine, v.t. Light up ; enlighten spiritu- 
 ally; brighten, [f. Filluminer (as illuminate)] 
 
 illu'sion(-zhn), n. Deception, delusion; sensu- 
 ous perception of an external object involving 
 a false belief ; a transparent tulle. [F, f. L iliu- 
 sionem f. iL(ludere lus- play), see -ion] 
 
 illu'sionist, n. One who disbelieves in ob- 
 jective existence, so illu'sioniSM n. ; one who 
 produces illusions, esp. conjurer, [-ist] 
 
 illu'sive (-S-), a. Deceptive. Hence or cogn. : 
 illirsiveLY 2 , illu'sopiLY2,advv., illirsive- 
 ness, illu'soriNESS, nn., UIu'sory a. [as 
 illusion, see -ive] 
 
 i'llustrate, v.t. Make clear, explain ; make 
 clear by examples ; elucidate (description &c.) 
 by drawings ; ornament (book, newspaper, &c.) 
 with designs. Hence i'llustratOR 2 n. [f. L 
 iL,{lustrare light up, prob. f. st, of lumen light)] 
 
 illustpa'tion, n. Illustrating ; example ; 
 drawing &c. illustrating book or article in 
 paper. [F, f. L illustrationem (prec, -ation)] 
 
 illu'stpative, a. Serving as explanation or 
 example (of). Hence illu'strativeLY 2 adv. 
 [as illustrate, see -ive] 
 
 illvrstrious, a, Distinguished, renowned. 
 Hence illu'striousLY 2 adv., ilUrstpious- 
 ness n. [f. L iL(lust7Hs see illustrate) + -ous] 
 
 im- !> 2 , pref. = in- h 2 before b, in, p. 
 
 i'mage 1 (-ij), n. Artificial imitation of the 
 external form of an object, e. g. statue (esp. of 
 saint &c. as object of veneration) ; optical coun- 
 terpart produced by rays of light reflected from 
 mirror, refracted through lens, &c. ; form, sem- 
 blance ; counterpart, as he is the very i. of his 
 father ; type ; simile, metaphor ; idea, concep- 
 tion. Hence i'mageLESS a. [F, f. L imagi- 
 nem (nom. -go) prob. f. same root as imitate] 
 
 i*mage 2 ,v.t. Make an image of, portray; 
 reflect, mirror ; picture (thing to oneself) ; de- 
 scribe vividly ; typify. Hence i'mageABLE a, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 i'magepy, n. Image ; statuary, carving ; 
 figurative illustration, [f. OF imagerie (as 
 image 1 , see -ery)] 
 
 imaginable, a. That can be imagined, as 
 the greatest difficulty i., took all the trouble i. 
 Hence ima'ginabLY 2 adv. [f. liLimaginabilis 
 (as imagine, see -ble)] 
 ► ima'ginal, a. (entom.). Of an insect imago. 
 
 [f. L as IMAGE ! + -AL] 
 
 ima'ginapy, a. Existing only in imagina- 
 tion ; (Math.) having no real existence, but 
 assumed to exist for a special purpose (e. g. 
 square root of negative quantity). Hence 
 ima'ginapiLY 2 adv. [f. L imaginarius (as 
 prec, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 imagination, n. Imagining ; mental facul- 
 ty forming images of external objects not pre- 
 sent to the senses ; fancy ; creative faculty of 
 the mind. [F, f. L imaginationem (as imagine, 
 see -ation)] 
 
 imaginative, a. Of, given to using, having 
 or showing in a high degree, the faculty of 
 imagination. Hence ima'ginativeLY 2 adv. , 
 ima'ginativeNESS n. [OF (-if, -ive), f. LL 
 imaginativus (as prec, see -ative)] 
 
 ima'gine, v.t. Form mental image of ; con- 
 ceive (thing, thing to be or do, that it is, hoxc, 
 what, &c) ; guess, as cannot i. what he is doing ; 
 
 suppose, be of opinion, (that); take into one's 
 head (idea, that), [i. F imaginer f. L imaginari 
 (as image 1 )] 
 
 ima'go, n. (pi. -gines, -gos). Final & perfect 
 stage of insect after all metamorphoses, e. g. 
 butterfly. [mod.L sense of imago image] 
 ima-m, imau'm, (ahm), n. Officiating 
 priest of Mohammedan mosque ; title of vari- 
 ous Mohammedan leaders. [Arab, [-am) f. 
 amma go before] 
 
 i'mbecile (-el, -II), a, & n. Mentally weak, 
 stupid, idiotic ; physically weak ; (n.) person of 
 weak intellect, Hence or cogn. i'mbeeileLY 2 
 adv., imbeerliTY n. [f. F imbe'cille (now -He) 
 f. L imbecillus, etym. dub.] 
 imbi'be, v.t. Drink in, assimilate, (ideas 
 &c.) ; drink (liquid) ; inhale (air &c) ; absorb 
 (moisture &c). So imbibi'tiON n. [(partly 
 thr. F imbiber) f. L m l (bibere bibit- drink) con- 
 ceive (opinions), drink] 
 
 i'mbrieate, v.t. & i. Arrange (leaves, scales 
 of fish, &c), be arranged, so as to overlap like 
 tiles. So i , mbpicATE 2 (-at),i , mbpieatiVE,aa., 
 imbPicA'TiON n. [f. L imbricare form like a 
 tile (imbrex -ids f. imber shower), -ate 3 ] 
 imbpo'glio (-olyo), n. Confused heap ; com- 
 plicated (esp. political or dramatic) situation. 
 [It,, f. broglio z cf. broil 1 ] 
 imbrue* (-00), v.t. Stain (one's hand, sword, 
 &c, in, with, blood, slaughter, &c). [f. OF 
 embreuver moisten for Eii(beuvrer f.~L*bibera re 
 f. bibere drink)] 
 
 imbpu'te, em-, v.t. Brutalize, [im- l ] 
 imbue*, v.t. Saturate (with) ; dye (with) ; 
 permeate, inspire, (with feelings &c) ; = im- 
 brue, [f. L iyO(buere cogn. w. bibere drink)] 
 i'mitate, v.t. Follow example of; mimic; 
 be (consciously or not) like. So imitaBULiTY, 
 i'mitatOR 2 , nn., i'mitABLE a. [f. himitari, 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 imita'tion, n. Imitating ; copy ; counterfeit 
 (often attrib., as i. leather') ; (Mus.) repetition of 
 melody &c, usu. at different pitch, in another 
 part or voice, [f. L imitatio (prec, -ation)] 
 i'mitative, a. Following model or example 
 (of) ; i. arts, painting & sculpture ; i. word, one 
 that reproduces a natural sound (e. g. fizz) or 
 whose sound is thought to correspond to ap- 
 pearances &c. of object described ; counterfeit. 
 Hence i'mitativeLY 2 adv., i'mitativeNESS 
 n. [f. LL imitativus (as prec, see -ative)] 
 imma'culate (-at), a. Pure, spotless ; fault- 
 less (of ten iron.) ; /. Conception (of Virgin Mary, 
 as born free from taint of original sin) ; (Nat. 
 Hist.) not spotted. Hence imma'eulACY, 
 imma'eulateNESS, nn., imma'eulateLY 2 
 adv. [f. L iM^^nandafais f. macula spot)] 
 i'mmanent, a. Indwelling, inherent, (in); 
 (of God) permanently pervading the universe. 
 Hence i'mmanENCE, -ency, nn. [f. LLim 1 - 
 (manere remain), see -ent] 
 immaterial, a. Not material, incorporeal ; 
 unimportant. Hence immatepia'liTY n., 
 immateP*ialiZE(3) v.t. [f. med.LiM 2 (?na£e?na- 
 
 Hs MATERIAL)] 
 
 immatep'ialism, n. Doctrine that matter 
 does not exist in itself apart from perception. 
 So immateP'ialiST n. [-ism] 
 
 immature', a. Not mature. So imma- 
 tup'iTY n. [f. L im ^(maturus mature)] 
 
 immea'supable, a. Not measurable, im- 
 mense. Hence immeasupaBULiTY, im- 
 mea'supableNESS, nn., immea'supabLY 2 
 adv. [im- 2 ] 
 
 imme'diate (-at), a. (Of person or thing in its 
 relation to another) not separated by any inter- 
 vening medium ; (of relation or action) direct, 
 without intervening medium ; (Logic) i. infer- 
 
IMMEMORIAL 
 
 406 
 
 IMPASSE 
 
 ence (from single premiss, without intervention 
 of middle term) ; nearest, next, as my i. neigh- 
 bour ; occurring at once, without delay, as an 
 t. reply. Hence imme'diACY, imme'diate- 
 ness, nn., imme'diateLY 2 adv. [f. med.L 
 I m 2 ( mediat us mediate)] 
 
 immemop'ial, a. Ancient beyond memory; 
 very old. Hence immemop'ialLY 2 adv. [f. 
 med.L. isi(memorialis memorial)] 
 
 immen-se, a. Vast, huge ; (slang) very good. 
 Hence or cogn. imme'nsexEss, imme'n- 
 sitv, nn. [F, f. L iM 2 (mensus p.p. of metiri 
 measure) immeasurable] 
 
 immensely, adv. In an immense degree ; 
 (colloq.) very much, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 immer'se, v.t. Dip, plunge, (in liquid) ; put 
 overhead in water, esp. baptize thus ; bury, 
 imbed, (in) ; involve deeply, absorb, {in debt, 
 difficulties, thought, &c). [f. L iu(mergere 
 mers- dip)] 
 
 immep'sion, n. Immersing; baptism by 
 plunging whole person in water (cf. affusion); 
 (fig.) absorption (in thought &c); (Astr.) dis- 
 appearance of celestial body behind another or 
 in its shadow, [f. LL iminersio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 i'mmigrate, v.i. & t. Come as settler (into 
 foreign country) ; bring in (person) as settler. 
 So i'mmigPANT a. & n., immig-PA'TiON n. 
 [f. L iM(migrare migrate)] 
 
 i'mminent, a. (Of events, esp. dangers) im- 
 pending, soon to happen. Hence or cogn. i*m- 
 minENCE n., i'mminent ly 2 adv. [f. L im- 
 (minere see eminent) overhang, see -ent] 
 
 immi'scible, a. That cannot be mixed. 
 Hence immiseiBi'LiTY n., immi'seibLY 2 
 adv. [f im- 2 + L miscere mix, see -ble] 
 
 immrtig-able, a. That cannot be softened 
 or toned down. Hence immi'tigabLv 2 adv. 
 [f. L im 2 (mitigabilis mitigable)] 
 
 immixture, n. Mixing up; being involved 
 (in), [f. L im ^(miscere rnixt- mix) + -ure] 
 
 immd'bile, a. Immovable; (loosely) motion- 
 less. So immoBixiTY n. [F, f. L iM 2 (mobilis 
 mobile)] 
 
 immobilize, v.t. Fix immovably; make 
 (troops) incapable of being mobilized; withdraw 
 (specie) from circulation. Hence immobiliz a - 
 tion n. [f. F immobiliser (as prec, see -ize)] 
 
 immo'derate, a. Excessive, wanting in 
 moderation. Hence immo'depateLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L im 2 (moderatus moderate)] 
 
 immo'dest.a. Indecent, indelicate; forward, 
 impudent. Hence immo'destLY 2 adv., im- 
 mo'destY 1 n. [f. L im 2 (modestus modest)] 
 
 i'mmolate, v.t. Kill (victim) as sacrifice ; 
 (fig.) sacrifice (thing &c. to another). So im- 
 molA'TiON, i'mmolatoR 2 , nn. ff. Lw'mo- 
 tare sprinkle with meal (mola), sacrifice, -ate 3 ] 
 
 immo'pal, a. Opposed to morality ; morally 
 evil ; vicious, dissolute. Hence immora'liTY 
 n. , immo'palLY 2 adv. | im- 2 ] 
 
 immop'tal, a. & n. Undying ; divine ; un- 
 fading, incorruptible ; famous for all time ; (col- 
 loq.) constant, long-lasting; (n.) i. being, esp. 
 (pi.) gods of antiquity ; (pi.) royal bodyguard of 
 ancient Persia. So immopta'liTY n. [f. L 
 lbi 2 (mortalis mortal)] 
 
 immop'talize, v.t. Confer enduring fame 
 upon ; endow with endless life ; perpetuate. 
 Hence immoptalizATiON n. [-ize] 
 
 immop'tally, adv. Eternally ; (colloq.) in- 
 finitely, very, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 immopte'lle (-el), n. Composite flower of 
 papery texture retaining colour after being 
 dried, often used to adorn graves. [F, fern, of 
 immortel immortal] 
 
 immovable (-mob-), a. & n. That cannot be 
 moved ; motionless ; not subject to change ; i. 
 
 feast ; steadfast, unyielding ; emotionless ; 
 (Law, of property) permanent (also as n. pi.). 
 Hence immovaBiLiTY, immo'vableNESS, 
 nn., immo'vabLY 2 adv. [im- 2 ] 
 
 immu'ne, a. & n. Having immunity (from 
 poison, contagion, &c.) ; (n.) i. person, [f. L im 2 - 
 munis exempt from public burden (munus)] 
 
 immirnity, n. (Law) exemption (from tax- 
 ation, jurisdiction, &c.) ; freedom (from); se- 
 curity against contagion &c. (from). [I. L im 
 munitas (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 i'mmunize, v.t. Render immune (against 
 contagion). Hence immunizA "tion n. [-ize] 
 
 immure' (-ur), v.t. Imprison ; shut oneself 
 up. Hence immupe'MENT n. [f. med.L im 1 - 
 (murare f. murus wall)] 
 
 immutable, a. Unchangeable ; not subject 
 to variation in different cases. Hence immu- 
 taBixiTY n., immu*tabLY 2 adv. [f. L im 2 - 
 (mutabilis mutable)] 
 
 imp l 9 n. Child of the devil ; little devil ; mis- 
 chievous child. [OE impa young shoot, scion, 
 conn. w. foil.] 
 
 imp 2 , v. t. Imp the wings of (bird), strengthen 
 its flight ; (rare) enlarge, eke out. [OE impian 
 graft, prob. f. Gk emphud, cf. F enter] 
 
 i'mpaet l , n. Striking (on, against), collision, 
 [f. L impingere -pact- impinge] 
 
 impa'ct 2 , v.t. Press, fix, firmly (into, in). So 
 impa'etiON n. [prob. back-formation f. im- 
 pacted f. L p.p. as prec. + -ed 2 ] 
 
 impair*, v.t. Damage; weaken. So im- 
 paip'MENT n. [f. OF empeirer f. L *iuHpejo- 
 rare f. pejor worse) make worse] 
 
 impa'le, v.t. Transfix (body &c. upon, with, 
 stake &c., esp. as form of capital punishment) ; 
 (Herald. ) combine (two coats of arms) by placing 
 side by side on one shield separated by vertical 
 line down middle ; (rare) fence in with stakes. 
 So impa'leMENT n. [f. F empaler f. med.L 
 im l (palare f. palus stake)] 
 
 impalpable, a. Imperceptible to the touch; 
 not easily grasped by the mind, intangible. 
 Hence impalpaBixiTY n., impa'lpabLY 2 
 adv. [f. med.L iM 2 (palpabil is palpable)] 
 
 impa'ludism, n. Morbid state, with ten- 
 dency to intermittent fevers & enlargement of 
 spleen, found in dwellers in marshes, [f. im- l 
 + L palus -udis marsh + -ism] 
 
 impa'nate (or Impa-), a. (Of the body of 
 Christ) contained in the bread after consecra- 
 tion. So impanA'TiON n. [f. med.L iM^i?**- 
 nare f. panis bread), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 impanel. See empanel. 
 
 impa'radise, em-, (-is), v.t. Bring into state 
 of supreme happiness ; ravish ; make a para- 
 dise of (place, state), [im- l ] 
 
 impapisylla'bic, a. & n. (Gk & Lat. Gram.). 
 (Noun) that has more syllables in genitive than 
 in nominative, [f. Lim 2 ( par equal) +syllabic] 
 
 impap'k, v.t. Enclose (beasts) in park ; en- 
 close (land) for park. Hence impark a tion 
 n. [f. OF EM(parquer f. pare park)] 
 
 impart, v.t. Give share of (thim* £o person 
 &c); communicate (news &c. to). Hence im- 
 part a "tion, impaptMENT, nn. [f. OF em- 
 partiri. L im l (partire part)] 
 
 impap'tial (-shl), a. Not partial, unpreju- 
 diced, fair. Hence impartia'liTY (-shl-) n., 
 impap'tialLY 2 adv. [im- 2 ] 
 
 impap'tible, a. (Of estate) not divisible, [f. 
 LL iM 2 (partibilis partible)] 
 
 impa'ssable, a. That cannot be traversed. 
 Hence impassaBi'LiTY, impa'ssableNESS, 
 nn. [im- 2 ] 
 
 impa'sse (also as F). Blind alley ; position 
 from which there is no escape. [F (im- 2 + pas- 
 ser PASS)] 
 
IMPASSIBLE 
 
 407 
 
 IMPERSONAL. 
 
 impossible, a. Incapable of feeling or emo- 
 tion ; incapable of suffering injury ; not subject 
 to suffering. Hence impassiBiLir v, impas- 
 sibleNESS, nn., impa*ssibLY 2 adv. [f. eccl. 
 L im 2 (passibilis passible)] 
 
 impa'ssion, v.t. Stir the passions of, excite 
 strongly, (chiefly in p.p.). [f. It. IM 1 (passionare 
 f. passione passion)] 
 
 ' imp&'ssive, a. Deficient in feeling or emo- 
 tion ; serene ; without sensation ; not subject to 
 suffering. Hence impassiveLY 2 adv., im- 
 pa'ssiveNESS, impassi'viTY, nn. [im- 2 ] 
 
 impa'ste, v.t. Enclose (as) with paste ; make 
 into a paste ; paint by laying on colours thickly, 
 [f. It. im Hpastare f. pasta paste)] 
 
 impa'sto, n. (paint.). Laying on of colour 
 thickly. [It., as prec] 
 
 impa'tient (-shnt), a. Not enduring with 
 composure; intolerant of; restlessly desirous 
 (for thing, to do). Hence or cogn. impa'- 
 tiENCE n. , impa'tientLY 2 adv. [OF, f . L im 2 - 
 (patientem part, olpati suffer)] 
 
 impawn, v.t. Put in pawn ; (fig.) pledge, 
 plight, [im- !] 
 
 impay'able (or as F), a. Beyond price ; (col- 
 loq.) going beyond ordinary limits. [F (im- a )] 
 
 impea'ch, v.t. Call in question, disparage, 
 (character &c); accuse (person) of, chnTge(with); 
 find fault with (thing) ; accuse of treason or 
 other high crime before competent tribunal. 
 Hence impea'ehABLE a. [f. OF empechier 
 impede f. LL iM i (pedicare f. pedica fetter, f. 
 pes pedis foot) entangle] 
 
 impea'chment, n. Calling in question ; 
 accusation, esp. (facet.) the soft i. (Sheridan, 
 Rivals v. 3) ; accusation & prosecution for trea- 
 son &c. [f. OF empechement (sls prec, see -ment)] 
 
 impeccable, a. Not liable to sin ; (of things) 
 faultless. Hence or cogn. impeeeaBi'LiTV n., 
 impe'eeabLY 2 adv., impe*ecANT a. [f. LL 
 im 2 ( peccabilis f. peccare sin, see -ble)] 
 
 impecu'nious, a. Having no money. Hence 
 impecunio'siTY n. [f. im- 2 + obs. pecunious 
 f. L pecuniosus (pecunia money f. pecu cattle, 
 see -ous)] 
 
 impe'dance, n. (electr.). Virtual resistance 
 due to self-induction in electrified body. [f. foil. 
 + -an t ce] 
 
 impede, v.t. Retard, hinder. [f.Jj iu l (pe- 
 dire f. pes foot) lit. shackle the feet of] 
 
 impediment, n. Hindrance, obstruction ; 
 i. (in one's speech), stammer ; (pi., also L impedi- 
 menta) baggage, esp. of army. Hence im pe- 
 diment a l a. [f. L impedimentum (as prec, 
 see -ment)] 
 
 impel, v.t. (-11-). Drive, force, (person &c. to 
 action, to do) ; drive forward, propel. So im- 
 pe'llENT a. & n. [f. L im 1 (pellere puis- drive)] 
 
 impend, v.i. Hang, be suspended, (over) ; 
 (fig., of danger) hang threateningly (over); be 
 imminent. So impendENCE, -ency, nn., im- 
 pe'ndENT a. [f. L im Mpendere hang)] 
 
 impenetrable, a. That cannot be pene- 
 trated ; inscrutable, unfathomable ; impervious 
 (to, by, ideas &c.) ; (Nat. Philos.) having that 
 property in virtue of which two bodies cannot 
 occupy same place at same time. So impene- 
 tpaBiLiTY, impe'netrableNESS, nn., im- 
 pe'netrabLY 2 adv. [f. F imp&ne'trable f. L 
 im 2 ( penetrabilis penetrable)] 
 
 impenetrate, v.t. Penetrate deeply, [im- 1 ] 
 
 impenitent, a. Not penitent. Hence or 
 cogn. impe'nitENCE, -ency, nn., impeni- 
 tentLY 2 adv. [f . L im 2 (paenitens penitent)] 
 
 imperative, a. & n. (Gram.) expressing 
 command ; commanding, peremptory ; urgent ; 
 obligatory: (n.) i. mood, whence imperatr- 
 val a. Hence imperativeLY 2 adv., im- 
 
 pe'pativeNESS n. [f. LL imperativus f. im *- 
 (perare = parare make ready) command, -ive] 
 
 impera'tor, n. (Rom. hist.). Commander 
 (title conferred by salutation of soldiers on vic- 
 torious general, under the Republic) ; emperor. 
 So impepatop'UL a. [L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 imperceptible, a. That cannot be per- 
 ceived ; very slight, gradual, or subtle. Hence 
 imperee'ptibLY 2 adv. [F, f. med.L iM 2 (per- 
 cepdbilis perceptible)] 
 
 imperei'pient, a. Lacking perception, [im-1 
 
 imper'feet, a. & n. Not fully formed or done 
 incomplete ; faulty ; (Gram. ) i. tenses, those that 
 denote action going on but not completed (e. g. 
 he xs, he will be, singing, but usu. of past time, 
 as he was singing); (n.) i. tense. Hence im- 
 pep'feetLY 2 adv. [f. F imparfait f. L im 2 (per- 
 fectus perfect), refash. on L] 
 
 imperfection, n. Incompleteness ; faulti- 
 ness ; fault, blemish, [f. L imperfectio (as prec, 
 see -ion)] 
 
 / * m P©P"ft>pato (-at), a. Not perforated, esp. 
 (A nat. ) lacking the normal opening (also of sheet 
 of postage-stamps or single stamp), [im- 2 ] 
 
 imper'ial, a. & n. Of an empire or sovereign 
 state ranking with an empire ; of Great Britain, 
 as dist. from its constituent kingdoms &c; i. 
 federation, proposed adjustment of British Em- 
 pire, giving colonies share in control & cost of 
 measures taken for joint interest; of an emperor; 
 supreme in authority ; majestic, august ; mag- 
 nificent ; (of weights & measures used by sta- 
 tute in U.K.) i. gallon, acre, &c ; (of paper) 
 22x32 in.; (n.) small part of beard left growing 
 beneath lower lip (from Napoleon III) ; trunk 
 for luggage, adapted for roof of coach ; Russian 
 gold coin worth 15 silver roubles. Hence im- 
 per'ialLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L imperialis (impe- 
 rium, see -AL)] 
 
 imperialism, n. Rule of an emperor ; ex- 
 tension of British Empire where trade requires 
 protection of the flag ; union of different parts 
 of British Empire for purposes of warlike de- 
 fence, internal commerce, &c; belief in value 
 of colonies & dependencies (cf. little England- 
 ism). So imperialistic a., imper*ializE(3) 
 v.t. [-^sm] 
 
 imperialist, n. Adherent of an emperor, 
 esp. (1600-1800) of German Emperor ; advocate 
 of imperial rule, esp. adherent of Bonaparte 
 f amilyj advocate of (British) imperialism, [-ist] 
 
 impe^ril, v.t. (-11-). Bring into danger, [im- 1 ] 
 
 imperious, a. Overbearing, domineering ; 
 urgent, imperative. Hence imper'iousLY 2 
 adv., imper'iousNESS n. [f. L imperiosus (as 
 imperium, see -ous)] 
 
 imperishable, a. That cannot perish. 
 Hence impe'rishaBi *lit Y,impe*rishable- 
 ness, nn., imperishabLY 2 adv. [im- 2 ] 
 
 impe'rium (or -er-), n. Absolute power ; em- 
 pire ; i. in imperio, supreme authority within 
 jurisdiction of another authority. [L, = com- 
 mand, dominion] 
 
 imper'manent, a. Not permanent. Hence 
 imper'manENCE, -ency, nn. [im- 2 ] 
 
 imper'meable, a. That cannot be passed 
 through; (Physics) that does not permit passage 
 of fluids. Hence impermeaBi'LiTY n. [f. LL 
 im 2 (permeabilis permeable)] 
 
 impermi'ssible, a. Not permissible, [im- 2 ] 
 
 imperseri'ptible, a. Not backed by writ- 
 ten authority, [f. im- 2 + L PEB.(scribe?-e script- 
 write) register, see -ble] 
 
 imper'sonal, a. (Gram.) i. verb, one used 
 only in 3rd sing. (e.g. it rains) ; having no per- 
 sonal reference ; having no personality. Hence 
 impersona'liTY n., imper'sonalLY 2 adv. 
 [f. LL im ^(personalis personal)] 
 
IMPERSONATE 
 
 408 
 
 IMPOSTUME 
 
 impep'sonate, v.t. Represent in bodily 
 form, personify ; play the part of, personate ; 
 act (character). Hence impersonATiox, im- 
 per'sonatOR 2 , nn., impep'sonatiVE a. [f. 
 IM- J + L persona person + -ate 3 ] 
 
 impepso'nify, v.t. Personify, [im- 1 ] 
 
 impep'tinent, a. Insolent, saucy; intrusive ; 
 out of place, absurd ; not to the point. Hence 
 or cogn. impep'tinENCE n., impep'tinent- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L m 2 (pertinens pertinent)] 
 
 impeptup'bable, a. Not excitable, calm. 
 Hence impePtupbaBiLiTY, impeptup'b- 
 ableNESS, nn., impeptup*babLY 2 adv. [im- 2 ] 
 
 impervious, a. Not affording passage (to); 
 (fig.) i. (deaf) to argument &c. Hence impep*- 
 viousLY 2 adv., impep'viousNESS n. [f. L 
 iyi 2 (pervius pervious)] 
 
 impetrgo, n. Pustular disease of skin. So 
 impetiginous a. [L, gen. -ginis, f. im Upetere 
 seek) assail, cf. vertigo)] 
 
 i'mpetpate, v.t. (Theol.) obtain by request ; 
 (rare) ask for. So impetPA 'tion n. , i'mpetra- 
 tORY a. [f. L \M l {petrare - patrare bring to 
 pass), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 impe'tuous.a. Moving violently or rapidly ; 
 acting with rash or sudden energy. Hence or 
 cogn. impetuo'siTY, impetuousxEss, nn., 
 impe'tuousLY 2 adv. [f. F impbtueux f. L im- 
 petuosus (as foil., see -ous)] 
 
 i'mpetus, n. Force with which a bod y moves ; 
 (fig.) moving force, impulse. [L, = assault, force, 
 f. in ^(petere seek) assail] 
 
 i'mpeyan, a. /. pheasant, E. -Indian phea- 
 sant, with crested head & brilliant plumage. 
 [Sir Elijah Impey, 1787] 
 
 i'mpi, n. Body of Kafir warriors. [Zulu] 
 
 imprety, n. Ungodliness ; want of dutiful- 
 ness or reverence, [f. L iM 2 (pietas piety)] 
 
 impi'nge (-j),v.i. &t. Strike (t. & i.) on, upon. 
 Hence impi'ngeMENT n. [f. L im ^{pingere = 
 pangere fix, drive) drive (thing) at] 
 • i'mpious, a. Not pious, wicked, profane. 
 Hence i*mpiousLY 2 adv. [f. Lim 2 ( pius pious)] 
 
 i'mpish, a. Of, like, an imp. Hence i'mp- 
 ishLY 2 adv., i'mpishNESS n. [-ish x ] 
 
 impi'teous, a. (poet.). Pitiless, [im- 2 ] 
 
 impla'cable, a. That cannot be appeased. 
 Hence or cogn. implaeaBrLiTY n., impla'e- 
 abLY 2 adv. [F, f. L im 2 (placabilis placable)] 
 
 implace'ntal, a. Having no placenta, [im- 2 ] 
 
 impla'nt, v.t. Insert, infix, (in); instil (prin- 
 ciple, idea, Sec., in mind &c); plant. Hence im- 
 plantATiON n. [f. F im *( planter plant)] 
 
 imple'dge, v.t. Put in pledge, pawn, [im- 1 ] 
 
 i'mplement *, n. Article of furniture, dress, 
 &c; (pi.) equipment of these; tool, instrument, 
 (esp. in pi.); (Sc. Law) full performance, [prob. 
 f. L implementum, in sense 'that which serves 
 to stock a house &c.' f. im l (plere fill), see -ment] 
 
 i'mplement 2 , v.t, (chiefly Sc). Complete 
 (contract &c); fulfil (engagement); fill up, sup- 
 plement, [f. prec] 
 
 imple'tion, n. Filling; fullness, [f. LL im- 
 pletio f. \yO(plere plet- fill), see -ion] 
 
 rmplieate 1 (-at), n. Thing implied, [f. L 
 jyi l (plicar_e plicat- or plicit- fold), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 i'mplieate 2 ,v.t. Entwine, entangle; involve, 
 imply, as inference, so i'mplieatiVE a. ; involve 
 (person mcharge, crime, &c); (pass.) be affected 
 in (a thing's operation). So impliCATiON n. 
 [as prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 implreit, a. Implied though not plainly ex- 
 pressed ; virtually contained (in) ; i. faith (not 
 independently reached by the individual, but 
 
 involved in general belief of Church, absolute, 
 unreserved, cf. explicit). Hence implreitLY- 
 
 adv., impli'citNESS n. [(perh. thr. F) as im- 
 plicate *] 
 
 implore*, v.t. Beg earnestly for; entreat 
 (person to do). Hence implop'ingLY 2 adv., 
 implop'ingXESS n. [f. L im Hplorare weep)] 
 
 implu'vium (-ploo-), n. (Rom. ant.). Square 
 basin in middle of atrium receiving rain-water 
 from open space in roof. [L f. im l (pluere rain)] 
 
 imply*, v.t. Involve the truth of (thing not 
 expressly asserted, that); mean; insinuate, 
 hint. Hence implredL y 2 adv. [f . OF emptier 
 
 (as IMPLICATE, Cf. EMPLOY)] 
 
 impo*liey,n. Bad policy; inexpediency, [im- 2 ] 
 
 i'mpoll'te, a. (-est). Uncivil, rude. Hence 
 
 impoli'teLY 2 adv., impoli'teNESS n. [f. L 
 
 lM 2 (politllS POLITE)] 
 
 impdiitic, a. Not politic ; inexpedient. 
 Hence impo'litiCLY 2 adv. [im- 2 ] 
 
 impo'ndepable, a. & n. (Physics) having 
 no weight; very light ; (n.) i. thing, [im- 2 ] 
 
 impo-nent, a. & n. (Person) that imposes, 
 [f. L im l (ponere place) lay on, see -ent] 
 
 impop't 1 , v.t. Bring, introduce, (thing, esp. 
 goods from foreign country, into), whence im- 
 pop'tABLE a., impoptaBiLiTY, impoptA- 
 tion, impoPtER 1 , nn. ; imply, indicate, mean, 
 (thing, that) ; express, make known, (that) ; be 
 of consequence to, as questions that i. us nearly, 
 itiviports lis to knoic. [f. L \M l (portare carry) 
 bring in, in med.L — be of consequence] 
 
 i'mpopt 2 , n. What is implied, meaning ; im- 
 portance ; (usu. pi.) commodity imported ; im- 
 portation, [f. prec] 
 
 impop'tanee, n. Being important ; weight, 
 significance ; personal consequence, dignity ; 
 pompousness (usu. self-i.). [F, f. med.L impor- 
 tantia (as import *, see -ance)] 
 
 impop'tant, a. Carrying with it great con- 
 sequence, weighty, momentous ; consequential, 
 pompous. Hence impop'tantLY 2 ad v. [F, f. 
 med.L as import 1 , see -ant] 
 
 impop'tunate (-at), a. Persistent, pressing, 
 in solicitation. Hence or cogn. impop'tu- 
 nateLY 2 adv., impoptu'niTY n. [f. L im 2 - 
 ( portunus f . portus port) inconvenient, -ate 2 ] 
 
 impoptu'ne (or import-), v.t. Solicit press- 
 ingly (person or abs.). [f. F importuner I . med.L 
 importunari (as prec)] 
 
 impo'se (-z), v.t. & i. (Archaic) place (thing) 
 upon; (Print.) lay (pages of type) in proper 
 order & secure them in a chase ; lay (tax, duty, 
 charge, obligation, upon) ; palm off (thing upon 
 person) ; exert influence (on person) by striking 
 character or appearance, whence impo'sing 1 - 
 ly 2 adv., impo'singNESs n. ; i. upon, take 
 advantage of (person) ; practise deception (up- 
 on), [f. F im ^(poser, cf. compose)] 
 
 imposition, n. In vbl senses of impose; 
 also or esp. : laying on of hands (in ordination 
 &c.) ; impost, tax, duty ; work set as punish- 
 ment at school (colloq. abbr. impo, impot). [I. 
 L impositio f. im ^(ponere posit- place), -ion] 
 
 impossible, a. Not possible (often w. it as 
 subj., as it is i. to alter them); (loosely) not 
 easy, not convenient ; (colloq.) outrageous, in- 
 tolerable, as an i. hat, person. Hence or cogn. 
 impossi'BULiTY n., impo'ssibLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L iyi 2 (possibilis possible)] 
 
 i'mpost 1 , n. (Hist.) tax, duty, tribute; 
 (Racing slang) weight horse carries in handi- 
 cap. [OF, f. med.L im l (ponere pos(i)t- place)] 
 
 i'mpost 2 , n. Upper course of pillar, bearing 
 arch. [f. F imposte f. It. imposta (as prec)] 
 
 impo'stop, n. One who assumes a false 
 character or passes himself off for some one 
 else ; swindler. Hence impo'strous a. [f. F 
 imposteurl. LL impostor (as impost 1 , see -or 2 )] 
 
 impo'stume, -thume, n. (now rare). Pu- 
 rulent swelling, abscess, (lit. & fig.), [f. OF em- 
 postume f. Gk APO(6-£e?na f. sta- stand, -M)J 
 
IMPOSTURE 
 
 409 
 
 IMPUDICITY 
 
 impo'stupe (-tsher), n. Fraudulent decep- 
 tion. [F, f. LL impost ura (impost l , -ure)] 
 
 i'mpotent, a. Powerless ; helpless, decrepit ; 
 (of males) wholly lacking in sexual power. 
 Hence or cogn. i'mpotENCE, -encv, nn., i*m- 
 potentLY 2 adv. [F, f. L \M 2 (potens potent)] 
 
 impou'nd, v.t. Shut up (cattle) in pound ; 
 shut up (person, thing) as in pound : take legal 
 possession of ; confiscate, [im- 1 ] 
 
 impd'verish, v.t. Make poor; exhaust 
 strength of. So impo'verishMENT n. [f. OF 
 KM(poverir f. povre poor), see -ish 2 ] 
 
 impracticable, a. Impossible in practice; 
 (of persons or things) unmanageable ; (of roads 
 &c) impassable. Hence impraeticaBiL-iTY, 
 impra'etieableNESS, nn., impra'cticab- 
 LY 2 adv. [lM- 2 J 
 
 i'mprecate, v.t. Invoke, call down, (evil 
 upon person &c). So impreeA"riON n., i*m- 
 precatORY a. [f. L im Hprecari pray)] 
 
 impregnable, a. (Of fortress &c.) that 
 cannot be taken by arms ; (fig.) proof against 
 attack. Hence imppegnaBi'LiTY n., im- 
 pregnable 2 adv. [f. F im 2 (prenable f. pren- 
 dre take f. L prehendere) ; -g- in imit. of reign, 
 deign, &c] 
 
 impregnate 1 (-at), a, Pregnant (lit. & fig.) ; 
 permeated (with), [f. LL iM.^(praegnare be 
 pregnant), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 impregnate 2 , v.t. Make (female) preg- 
 nant; (Biol.) fecundate (female reproductive 
 cell or ovum) ; fill, saturate, (with) ; imbue, fill, 
 (with feelings, moral qualities, &c). Hence 
 impregnA'TiON n. [as prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 impresar'io, n. Organizer of public enter- 
 tainments, esp. manager of operatic or concert 
 company. [It. (impresa undertaking, as em- 
 prise, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 imprescriptible, a. Not subject to pre- 
 scription, that cannot be legally taken away, 
 esp. i. right. [F (im- 2 )] 
 
 i'mpress \ n. Stamping ; mark made by 
 seal, stamp, &c. ; (fig.) characteristic mark, 
 [f. foil.] 
 
 impre'ss 2 , v.t. Apply (mark &c.) with pres- 
 sure, imprint, stamp, (on) ; imprint, enforce, 
 (idea &c, that, what, &c, on person, his mind) ; 
 mark (thing with stamp &c. lit. & fig.); affect, 
 influence, deeply, whence impre'ssiBLE a.; 
 affect (person) strongly (with idea &c). [f. L 
 nO(primere = premere press 2 )] 
 
 impre'ss 3 , v.t. Force (men) to serve in army 
 or navy; seize (goods &c.) for public service ; 
 enlist, make use of, (thing) in argument &c. 
 Hence impre'ssMENT n. [im- i + press 3 ] 
 
 impression, n. Impressing (of mark) ; 
 mark impressed ; print taken from type or en- 
 graving ; (printing of) number of copies forming 
 one issue of book, edition, (also, unaltered re- 
 print from standing type or plates, as opp. to 
 edition) ; effect produced (esp. on mind or feel- 
 ings) ; notion, (vague) belief, impressed on the 
 mind, as that is my i., I teas under the i. that. 
 [F, f. L impressio (as impress 2 , see -ion)] 
 
 impressionable, a. Susceptible of im- 
 pressions, easily influenced. Hence impres- 
 sionaBi*LiTY n. [F (impressionne7\ as prec, 
 see -able)] 
 
 impressionism, n. Method of painting or 
 writing so as to give general tone & effect 
 without elaborate detail. So impre'ssion- 
 ARYi,impressioni*stic,aa.,impre*ssion- 
 iSTn. [ism] 
 
 impre'ssive, a. (Of language, scenes, &c.) 
 able to excite deep feeling. Hence impre's- 
 siveLY 2 adv., impre'ssiveNESs n. [-ive] 
 
 i'mprest, n. Money advanced to person to 
 be used in state business, [earlier prest n. & 
 
 v. ; It. has iM^(prestare = L l prae stare be surety 
 for, fulfil) lend, impresto loan] 
 
 imprima'tur, n. Official licence to print 
 (nowusu. of works sanctioned by R.-C. Church)- 
 (fig.) sanction. [mod.L,-=let it be printed] 
 
 imprrmis, adv. In the first place. [==L in 
 primis among the first things] 
 
 rmprint 1 , n. Impression, stamp, (lit. & 
 fig.) ; publisher's, printer's, i. (name, place, &c, 
 on title-page or at end of book*, [f . F empreinte 
 stamp (as foil.)] 
 
 impri'nt 2 , v.t. Stamp (figure &c. on); im- 
 press (idea &c. on, in, mind &c.) ; impress 
 (quality &c. on, in) ; stamp (thing with figure), 
 [f. OF empreinter f. empreindre f. pop. L im 1 - 
 (premere press)] 
 
 impri'son (-zn), v.t. Put into prison ; (fig.) 
 confine, shut up. So impri'sonMENT n. [f. 
 OF em (prisoner f. prison)] 
 
 improvable, a. Not likely to be true or to 
 happen. Hence improbaBi'LiTY n., impro*- 
 babLY 2 adv. [f. L im 2 (probabilis probable)] 
 
 imprd'bity, n. Wickedness ; dishonesty, 
 [f. L imjorobitas f. im 2 (probus honest), see -ty] 
 
 impro'mptu, adv., n., a. Extempore (per- 
 formance, composition) ; musical composition 
 having character of improvisation. [=L in 
 promptu in readiness (promere, see prompt)] 
 
 impro'per, a. Inaccurate, wrong ; i. frac- 
 tion (greater than 1, with numerator greater 
 than denominator) ; unseemly, indecent. Hence 
 impro'perLY 2 adv. [im- 2 ] 
 
 impropriate, v.t. Annex (ecclesiastical 
 benefice) to corporation or person as property ; 
 place (tithes, ecclesiastical property) in lay 
 hands. So impro'priATE 2 (at) a., impro- 
 priA'TiON n. [f. med. or mod.L im ^(propriare 
 f. proprius own), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 impropriator, n. One to whom benefice 
 is impropriated, [as prec, see -or 2 ] 
 
 impropriety, n. Incorrectness; unfitness 1 , 
 indecency, [f. L im 2 ( proprietas propriety)] 
 
 impro'vable, a. That can be improved ; 
 adapted for cultivation. Hence improva- 
 bi"lity, imprq'vableNESS, nn. [-able] i 
 
 impro've (-oov), v.t. & i. Make, become, 
 better ; i. away, get rid of by improvements ; 
 make good use of (the occasion, the opportuni- 
 ty) ; i. upon, produce something better than ; 
 preach on (the occasion) with a view to edifica- 
 tion. So impro'veMENT n. [f. AFEM(prow- 
 er f. OF prou profit, = L pro prep, used as n.)] 
 
 impro'ver, n. In vbl senses; also or esp.: 
 one who works at trade for low wage or none 
 to improve his skill ; =dress-z. [-er 1 ] 
 
 impro'vident, a. Unforeseeing ; heedless ; 
 thriftless. Hence or cogn. impro'vidENCE 
 n., impro'vident ly 2 adv. [im- 2 ] 
 
 impro'visator (-z), improv(v)isator'e 
 (-vezahtore), n. (It. pi. -ori, pron. -ore). One 
 who improvises or composes extempore. So 
 improv(v)isatri'ee (-tretsha) [-trix] n. [It. 
 (-e), as improvise, see -or 2 ] 
 
 improvi'se (-iz), v.t. Compose, utter, (verse, 
 music, &c, or abs.) extempore ; provide, get up, 
 extempore. Hence improvisA'TiON n., im- 
 provisator'iAL, improvi'satORY, aa. [f. F 
 improviser f. It. improv(v)isare f. improv(v)iso 
 f. L im 2 (provisus p.p. as provide)] 
 
 impru'dent, a. Rash, indiscreet. Hence 
 or cogn. impru'dENCE n., impru'dentLY 2 
 adv. [f. L im 2 (prudens prudent)] 
 
 i'mpudent, a. Shamelessly forward ; un- 
 blushing ; insolently disrespectful. Hence or 
 cogn. i'mpudENCE n., i'mpudentLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L \M 2 puden^ (pudere be ashamed, -ent)] 
 
 impudreity, n. Shamelessness, immodesty, 
 [f. F impudiciU f. L iM(pudicus as prec), -ty] 
 
IMPUGN 
 
 410 
 
 INACCESSIBLE 
 
 impug'n, v.t. Assail by word, call in ques- 
 tion, (statement, action). Hence impug'n- 
 able a., impug'nMENT n. [f. F impugner f. 
 L \uHpugnare tight) assail] 
 
 impu'issant, a. Impotent, weak. So im- 
 
 pU'iSSANCE n. [F (lM- 2 + PUISSANT)] 
 
 i'mpulse, n. Impelling, push ; (Dynam.) in- 
 definitely large force enduring inappreciably 
 short time but producing finite momentum, 
 
 e. g. blow of hammer, (also) product of average 
 value of force multiplied by time during which 
 it acts ; mental incitement ; sudden tendency 
 to act without reflection ; impetus, [f. L im- 
 p ids us -us (as impel)] 
 
 impulsion, n. Impelling, push ; mental im- 
 pulse ; impetus. [F, f. L impidsio (as impel, 
 see -ion)] 
 
 impu'lsive, a. Tending to impel ; (of per- 
 sons, conduct, &c.) apt to be moved, prompted, 
 by sudden impulse. Hence impu'lsive ly 2 
 adv.; impvrlsiveNESS n. [f. med.L impulsi- 
 vus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 impu'nity, n. Exemption from punishment, 
 esp. with i.; exemption from injury as conse- 
 quence of act. [f. L impunitas f. i>i 2 (punis f. 
 poena penalty), see -ty] 
 
 impure*, a. Dirty ; unchaste ; mixed with 
 foreign matter, adulterated, (lit. & fig.); (of 
 colour) mixed with another colour. Hence or 
 cogn. impupe*LY 2 adv., impur'iTY n. [f. L 
 IM 2 (purus pure)] 
 
 impu'te, v.t. Attribute, ascribe, (fault &c, 
 rarely good quality &c, to person &c.) ; (Theol.) 
 ascribe (righteousness, guilt, to person) by 
 vicarious substitution. So imputaBULiTY, 
 imputA'TiON, nn., impu'tABLE, impu'ta- 
 tiVE, aa., impu'tativeLY 2 adv. [f. F impider 
 
 f. L imH putare reckon) enter in the account] 
 in 1 , prep. expr. inclusion or position within 
 
 limits of space, time, circumstance, &c, as: i. 
 Europe, England, London, (so of any large city 
 or of town &c. in which speaker lives, cf. at), 
 i. the house, a box, a cab, a pond, a crowd ; (of 
 dress &c.) i. muslin, mourning, white, brown 
 boots; i. (the works of) Thackeray; (of part 
 affected) blind i. one eye ; (of ratio) not one i. a 
 hundred ; (of body &c. to which one belongs 
 &c.) i. the army, shares i. a company ; (of non- 
 physical regions) i. politics, fancy, my opinion; 
 (of situation, often idiomatic) i. clover, hot 
 water, fetters, leading-strings, the dark 2 , 
 health, hope (of), sorroiv, calf, i. (supplied 
 with) cash, i. (under influence of) liquor; (of 
 occupation) i. search of, i. pursuance of, i. 
 (while) crossing the river ; (of form or arrange- 
 ment) packed i. dozens, sold i. building-plots, 
 falling i. folds; (of instrument or material) 
 drank his health i. a cup of ale, the coat was i. 
 green velvet; (of purpose) i. reply to, i. quest 
 of, i. honour of; (of time) i. (during) the day, 
 i. (within the space of) three months ; i. itself, 
 apart from all else, absolutely; (of person's 
 capacity &c.) as far as i. me lies, did not think 
 he had it i. him (was capable of it) ; noti. it, not 
 in the running, not a serious competitor ; (with 
 vbs of motion or change) put it i. your pocket, 
 cid it i. half, throiv it i. the fire ; (expr. relation 
 of vb to indirect object), believe i., trust i., 
 share i. , engage i. , rejoice i. ; (so with adj j. & nn. ) 
 \oeak i. (as regards) algebra, wanting i. courage, 
 your trust i. him, a change i. the constitution ; 
 (of number or dimension) seven i. number, four 
 feet i. width ; (forming adv. phr.) i.fact, i. truth, 
 i. honour, i. any case; i. so (or as) far as, in such 
 measure as ; i. that, since, because, [com. -Teut.: 
 OE, OSax.,OHG, Goth., in, Swed., Da., i; cogn. 
 w. L in, Gk en] 
 in 2 , adv. expr. position bounded by certain 
 
 limits or motion to a point enclosed by them, 
 as : come i.,send him i., walk i., (into house, en- 
 closed ground, &c. ), put a notice i. (into a paper), 
 lock him i., he is i. (the house &c, esp. = at 
 home) ; i. with it, put, take, it i.; throw i. the 
 harness (to the bargain, in addition) ; a coat 
 with the woolly side i. (nearest the body) ; the 
 Liberals were i. (office) ; (Crick.) before he had 
 been i. (batting) five minutes ; keep the fire i. 
 (burning) ; train, boat, summer, is i. (arrived) ; 
 (with trans, vbs) burn, cut, rub, (thing) i. (so as 
 to penetrate into another), hem, cover, wall, 
 (thing) i. (so as to enclose it) ; i.for, involved in, 
 committed to, (usu. something unpleasant, esp. 
 it), also, engaged in competition for (race, prize, 
 &c.) ; be, keep, i. (on friendly terms) with ; breed 
 i. &i. (repeatedly within same stock); i. & out, 
 now i., now out. [com.-Teut.: OE, OSax., OHG] 
 
 in 3 , a. Internal, living &c. inside, as i. patient, 
 i.-patient, one who remains in hospital while 
 under treatment, [prec. used attrib.] 
 
 in 4 , n. (PI.) political party in office; ins & 
 outs, turnings to & fro (usu. fig.), details (of 
 procedure &c). [f. in 2 ] 
 
 in 5 t prep. (L). In arti'cido mortis, in the instant 
 of death; in camera; in esse, in actual existence, 
 cf. in posse explained below ; in exte'nso, at 
 full length ; in extre'mis, at the point of death ; 
 in flagra'nte deli'cto, in the very act of com- 
 mitting an offence; in fomnd pau'peris, as poor 
 person not liable to costs ; in lo'co parentis, in 
 place of a parent ; in me'dias res, into the thick 
 of it ; in memor'iam, in memory of ; in partibus 
 (infide'lium), (of Rom. Cath. titular bishop) in a 
 heretical country ; inposse, potentially, opp. to 
 in esse ; in pro'pria perso'na, in his (her) own 
 person ; inpuris naturd'libus, stark naked ; in 
 re; in si'tu, in its (original) place; in std'tu 
 quo, in the same state (as formerly) ; in ter- 
 ror'em, as a warning; in to'to, completely. 
 
 in- \ pref. =L in in, on, into, towards, against 
 (becoming il- before I, im- before b, m, p, ir- 
 before r). In OF in-, im-, became en-, em- ; E 
 has usu. in-, im-, in wds obviously of L orig., 
 whether thr. F or otherwise. Words that still 
 retain both forms are given in this dictionary 
 under the more usual form. 
 
 in- 2 , pref. = L in-, (il- &c. as prec.) cogn. w. 
 Gk a, an-, com.-Teut. un-, prefixed to adjj. & 
 their derivatives to express negation. As liv- 
 ing E pref., in- often interchanges with un-, 
 which is preferred in wds not obviously an- 
 swering to L types (unavailing, uncertain, 
 undevoxd). 
 
 -in, suf. (chem.) forming names of neutral 
 substances such as glycerides, glucosides, 
 proteids, &c. (albumin, casein, fibrin, gelatin) 
 to distinguish them from names of alkaloids & 
 basic substances in -ine 5 . Some wds of this 
 class were formerly spelt -ine, & are still so spelt 
 in pop. use (margarine, gelatine). 
 
 -ina 1 , L fern. suf. found in regina, extended 
 in It. or Sp. & used in E to form fem. titles 
 (czarina) & proper names (Georgina) ; occurring 
 also in names of musical instruments (concer- 
 tina, seraphina). 
 
 -ina 2 , suf., neut. pi. of (often mod.) L adjj., 
 used, in agreement with animalia animals 
 understood, to form names of groups of animals 
 related to some typical genus, as Bombycina 
 (genus Bombyx). 
 
 inability, n. Being unable ; lack of power 
 or means, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inaeee'ssible, a. That cannot be reached ; 
 (of persons) not open to advances, unapproach- 
 able. Hence inaeeessiBi'LiTY n., inaeee's- 
 sibLY 2 adv. [F, f. LL ixHaccessibilis acces- 
 sible)] 
 
INACCURATE 
 
 ina'ccurate, a. Not accurate. Hence in- 
 a'ecuPAcy n., inaceurateLv 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inaction, n. Absence of action ; sluggish- 
 ness, inertness. So inactiVE a., inactive- 
 ly 2 adv., inacti'viTY n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inadaptabi'lity, n. Want of adaptability. 
 
 [IN- 2 ] 
 
 inadequate, a. Not adequate (to purpose, 
 to do) ; insufficient. Hence inadequACY n., 
 ina'dequateLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inadhe'sive, a. Not adhesive, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inadmissible, a. That cannot be admitted 
 or allowed. Hence inadmissiBi "lit vn. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inadver'tent, a. Not properly attentive ; 
 negligent; (of actions) unintentional. Hence 
 or cogn. inadver'tENCE, -ency, nn., inad- 
 vep'tentLY 2 adv. [iN- 2 +obs. advertEXT (ad- 
 vert)] 
 
 inalienable, a. Not alienable. Hence in- 
 alienaBixiTY n., ina'lienabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inalterable, a. Unalterable. Hence in- 
 altepaBixiTY n., ina'lterabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inamora'to (rah-), n. (fern. -ta). Lover. [It. 
 (now inn-) f. iN i (amorare f. amove f. L amor 
 love) fall in love] 
 
 ina'ne, a. & n. Empty, void ; silly, senseless ; 
 (n.) the i., vacuity, infinite space. Hence or 
 cogn. ina*neLY 2 adv., ina'nrrv n. [f. liinanis 
 empty, vain] 
 
 ina'nimate (-at), a. Destitute of life ; not 
 endowed with animal life, as i. nature (outside 
 the animal world) ; spiritless, dull. Hence or 
 cogn. ina'nimater.v - adv., inanimA'TiON 
 n. [f. LL m 2 (animatus animate 1 )] 
 
 inani'tion, n. Emptiness, esp. from want of 
 nourishment, [f. L inanitio f. inanire make 
 empty (as inane), see -ion] 
 
 inappea'sable, a. Not appeasable, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inappe'llable, a. Not to be appealed against, 
 [f. in- 2 + L appellare appeal + -ble] 
 
 ina'ppetence, n. Want of appetence, [in- 2 ] 
 
 ina'pplicable, a. Not applicable, unsuit- 
 able, (to case, purpose). Hence ina'ppliea- 
 bi'lity n., ina'ppIieabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 ina'pposfte, a. Not apposite, out of place. 
 Hence fna'ppositeLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inappreciable, a. Imperceptible, not 
 worth reckoning ; that cannot be appreciated. 
 Hence inappreciabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inapprecia'tion, n. Failure to appreciate. 
 So inappreciativE a. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inapprehensible, a. That cannot be 
 grasped by senses or intellect, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inapproachable, a. Unapproachable. 
 [in- 2 ] 
 
 inappropriate^. Not appropriate. Hence 
 inappro*priateLY 2 adv.,inappro*priate- 
 NESS n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 ina'pt, a. Unfit, unskilful. Hence ina'pti- 
 tude, ina'ptNESS, nn., ina'ptLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inap'ch, v.t. Graft by connecting growing 
 branch without separation from parent stock. 
 
 [IN-1 + ARCH V.] 
 
 inap'm, v.t. (poet.). Embrace. [in 1 + armii.] 
 
 inarticulate, a. Not jointed ; (of speech) 
 not articulate ; unable to speak distinctly ; 
 dumb. Hence inarticulateLY 2 adv., inar- 
 ti'eulateNESS n. [f. L in 2 (articulatus arti- 
 culate)] 
 
 inartificial, a. Lacking in art, inartistic ; 
 artless, natural. Hence inartiflcialLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L in 2 (artificialis artificial)] 
 
 inarti'stie, a. Not following the principles 
 of art; unskilled in art. Hence inarti'stic- 
 ally adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inasmuch, adv. I. as, since, because ; (ar- 
 chaic) in so far as. [orig. three wds] 
 
 inatte'ntion, n. Want of attention, heed- 
 
 411 INCENDIARY 
 
 lessness; neglect of courteous attentions. So 
 inatte'ntiVE a., inatte'ntiveLY 2 adv., in- 
 atte'ntiveNESS n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inaudible, a. That cannot be heard. Hence 
 inaudiBixiTY n., inaudibLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 in 2 (audibilis audible)] 
 
 inau'gural, a. Of inauguration. [F, f. in- 
 augurer (as foil.)] 
 
 inau'gpurate, v.t. Admit (person) to office 
 &c. with ceremony ; enter with ceremony upon 
 (undertaking &c.) ; initiate public use of (build- 
 ing &c). Hence or cogn. inauguPAHON, in- 
 au'g-uratOR 2 , nn., inau'g-uratORY a. [f. L 
 in ^(augurare take omens, f. augur), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 inauspicious, a. Not of good omen ; un- 
 lucky. Hence inauspiciousLY 2 adv., in- 
 auspiciousNESs n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 i*nboard,adv.&a. (naut,). (Situated) within 
 sides of or towards centre of ship, [in *] 
 
 i'nborn, a. Implanted by nature, [in !] 
 
 inbrea'the, v.t. Breathe (thing) in (lit. & 
 fig.). [INI] 
 
 i'nbred, a. Innate, inherent by nature, [in 1 ] 
 
 i'nbreedingr, n. Breeding in-&-in, breeding 
 from animals closely related, [in !] 
 
 I'nea, n. Emperor or king of Peru before 
 Spanish conquest ; one of royal race of Peru. 
 [Peru v.] 
 
 incalculable, a. Too great for calculation ; 
 that cannot be reckoned beforehand ; (of per- 
 son, character, &c.) uncertain. Hence incal- 
 eulaBULiTY n., inea'lculabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 incande'sce (-es), v.i. & t. Glow, cause to 
 glow, with heat. [f. L in ^(candescere incept, 
 of candere be white)] 
 
 incandescent, a. Glowing with heat; 
 shining brightly ; (of electric & other light) 
 produced by glowing of filament &c. Hence 
 ineande'scENCE n. [as prec, see -ent] 
 
 incanta'tion, n. (Use of) magical formula ; 
 spell, charm. [F, f. L incantationem f. iN^can- 
 tare chant) bewitch, see -ion] 
 
 inca'pable, a. Not capable (of conduct &c, 
 of doing ; often in good sense,H= too honest &c. 
 to do) ; not susceptible (of improvement &c.) ; 
 lacking in ordinary powers, as drunk & i. 
 Hence ineapaBULiTY n., inca'pabLY 2 adv. 
 [f. med.L iN 2 (capabiIis capable)] 
 
 incapacitate, v.t. Render incapable or 
 unfit (for work &c.,/or, from, doing). Hence 
 incapacitA'TiON n. [f. foil. + -ate 3] 
 
 incapacity, n. Inability (for doing, for 
 work&c, to do, or abs.) ; legal disqualification, 
 [f. F in 2 (capaciU capacity)] 
 
 incarcerate, v.t. Imprison (lit. & fig.). 
 Hence or cogn. inearcerA # TiON, incarce- 
 ratoR 2 , nn. [f. med.L in l (carcerare f. career 
 prison), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 incar'nadine, a., & v.t., (poet.). (Dye) flesh- 
 coloured, crimson, [(vb f. a.) F [-in, -i?ie)f. It. in- 
 carnadino (for -tino) f. incarnato incarnate 2 ] 
 
 inear'nate 1 (-at), a, (Of person, spirit, 
 quality, &c.) embodied in flesh, esp. in human 
 form, as he is an i. fiend, Liberty i. ; (as p.p., of 
 Christ) was i. by the Holy Ghost, [f. L in Acar- 
 nare f. caro carnis flesh), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 i'nearnate 2 , v.t. Embody in flesh; put 
 (idea &c.) into concrete form, realize; (of per- 
 son &c.) be living embodiment of (quality), [as 
 prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 incarna'tion, n. Embodiment in (esp. hu- 
 man) flesh, esp. the I. (of Christ) ; impersona- 
 tion, living type, (of quality &c). [F, f. LL in- 
 carnationem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 incau'tious, a. Rash. Hence ineau'tious- 
 ly 2 adv. , incau'tiousNESS n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 ince'ndiary, a. & n. Of, guilty of, the 
 malicious setting on fire of property; (fig.) 
 
INCENSE 
 
 412 
 
 INCOGNITO 
 
 tending to stir up strife, inflammatory; (n.) i. 
 person (lit. & fig.). Hence inee'ndiariSM n. 
 [f. L incendiarius f. incendium conflagration f. 
 im(cendere cens- = *candere cause to glow, cf. 
 candere glow), see -ary ] ] 
 rncense \ n. Gum, spice, prodxicing sweet 
 smell when burned ; smoke of this, esp. in re- 
 ligious ceremonial; (fig.) praise, flattery, [f. 
 OF encens f. eccl. L incensum thing burnt, in- 
 cense, neut. p.p. as prec] 
 1'ncense 2 , v.t. Fumigate (person, thing) 
 with incense ; burn incense to (deity &c.) ; suf- 
 fuse with fragrance. Hence ineensATiON n. 
 [f. F encenser (as prec.)] 
 
 ince'nse 3 , v.t. Enrage, make angry, [f. OF 
 incenser t. L incendere (see incendiary)] 
 I'neensopy, n. Vessel for burning incense, 
 censer. [f.med.Lz'nce?isormm( incense 1 , -orv)] 
 inee'ntive, a. & n. Tending to incite ; (n.) 
 incitement, provocation, motive, [f. L incen- 
 tivus setting the tune f. in ^(cinere cent-=canere 
 sing) sing to, blow on instrument; -ive] 
 inee'pt, v.i. & t. (Camb. Univ.) complete 
 the taking of Master's or Doctor's degree, so 
 inee'ptOR 2 n. ; (Biol.) take in. [f. L in x (cipere 
 cept- = capere take) begin] 
 inee'ption, n. Beginning; (Camb. Univ.) 
 incepting, [f. L inceptio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 inee'ptive, a. & n. Beginning ; initial ; 
 (Gram.) i. verb, one that denotes the beginning 
 of an action ; (n.) i. verb. [obs. F (-if, -ive), as 
 incept, see -ive] 
 
 ineep'titude, n. Uncertainty. [F, f. L in 2 - 
 {certus certain), see -tude] 
 incessant, a. Unceasing, continual, re- 
 peated. Hence inee'ssANCY, inee'ssant- 
 ness, nn., inee'ssantLY 2 adv. [F, f. LL in 2 - 
 (cessantem part, of cessare cease)) 
 i'ncest, n. Sexual commerce of near kindred, 
 [f. L incestus -us or ix 2 (cestum neut. adj. = 
 castum chaste)] 
 
 inee'stuous, a. Involving, guilty of, incest. 
 Hence inee'stuousLY 2 adv. [f. hincestuosus 
 (as prec, see -ous)] 
 
 inch l , n., & v.t. & i. Twelfth part of (linear) 
 foot; square, cubic, £., area equal to square, 
 content equal to cube, whose side is an i.; (as 
 unit of rainfall) quantity that would cover sur- 
 face to depth of an inch ; (of atmospheric or 
 other pressure) amount that balances weight 
 of column of mercury 1 in. high in mercurial 
 barometer; small amount; by ii., bit by bit; 
 every i., entirely ; (pi.) stature ; give him an i, & 
 hell take an ell ; (v.t. & i.) move by ii. [(vb f. 
 n.) OE ynce f. L uncia twelfth part, inch] 
 inch 2 , n. Small (esp. Scotch) island, [f. Gael. 
 innis] 
 -inehep, n. Six Sec. -?'., thing of six &c 
 inches in length, diameter, &c [-er j ] 
 i'nehoate 1 (-koat), a. Just begun; unde- 
 veloped, [f. L in Hcohare, choare), see -ate 2 ] 
 i'nehoate 2 (k), v.t. Begin ; originate. So 
 inehoA'TioN n., ineho'ativE a. [prec, -ate 3 ] 
 i'neidence, n. Falling on, contact with, a 
 thing ; what is the i. of the tax ?, on whom will 
 it fall ? ; (Phys.) falling of line, or of thing mov- 
 ing in a line, upon a surface ; angle of i., that 
 which the incident line, ray, &c, makes with 
 the perpendicular to the surface at point of i.; 
 range, scope, extent, of influence. [F (as foil., 
 see -ence)] 
 
 i'neident 1 , n. Subordinate or accessory 
 event ; event, occurrence ; detached event at- 
 tracting general attention ; distinct piece ot 
 action in play or poem ; ( Law) privilege, burden, 
 &c attaching to estate &c [F (as foil.)] 
 i'neident 2 , a. Apt to occur, naturally at- 
 taching, (to) ; (Law) attaching to (cf. prec) ; (of 
 
 light See.) falling, striking, (upon). [F, f. L in 1 - 
 (cidere=cadere fall), see -ent] 
 
 incide'ntal, a. Casual, not essential ; liable 
 to happen to ; i. images, colours, (perceived as 
 consequence of impressions no longer present). 
 Hence incidental r.v 2 adv. [incident 1 - 1 - -al] 
 
 inei'ner ate, v. t. Reduce to ashes ; consume 
 (body &c) by fire. Hence or cogn. ineinePA - - 
 tion, inei*nepatOR 2 (2), nn. [f. med.L in 1 - 
 cinerare f. cinis -eris ashes), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 inci'pient, a. Beginning ; in an initial stage. 
 Hence inei'piENCE, -ency, nn., inci'pient - 
 ly a adv. [f. L as incept, see -ent] 
 
 i'neipit, sent. (Here) begins (book &c). [L] 
 
 inci'se (-z), v.t. Make a cut in ; engrave, [f. 
 F inciser f. L in 1 (cidere cis- = caedere cut)] 
 
 inei'sion (-zhn), n. Cutting into a thing ; cut, 
 gash, notch. [F, f. L incisionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 inei'sive (-s-), a. Cutting, penetrating ; (fig.) 
 mentally sharp ; acute, trenchant. Hence in- 
 ei'siveLY 2 adv., inci'siveNESS n. [f. med.L 
 incisivus (as incise, see -ive)] 
 
 inci'sop (-z-), n. Any tooth between the 
 canine teeth in either jaw. [med.L, = cutter 
 (as incise, see -or 2 )] 
 
 inei'te," v.t. Urge, stir up, (person &c to 
 action, to do). Hence or cogn. ineitATiox, 
 inci'te.MENT, nn. [f. F inciter f. L in l (citare 
 rouse frequent, of ciere cit-)] 
 
 incivi'lity, n. Rudeness, discourtesy, it F 
 incivility f. LL IN Hcivilitatem CIVILITY)] 
 
 i'neivism, n. Want of good citizenship, esp. 
 of loyalty to French Revolution principles, [f. 
 F is 2 (civisme f. hcivis citizen)] 
 
 i'n-cleaping-, n. The cheques Sec. collective- 
 ly payable by a bank & received through clear- 
 ing house for settlement, [in adv.] 
 
 inele'ment, a. (Of weather or climate) se- 
 vere, esp. cold or stormy. So inele'mENCY n. 
 [f. L in 2 (clemens clement)] 
 
 inclinable, a. Inclined, disposed, (to thing, 
 to do) ; favourable (to), [f. OF enclinable (as 
 incline, see -able)] 
 
 inclination, n. Leaning, slope, slant ; dif- 
 ference of direction of two lines, esp. as mea- 
 sured by angle between them ; disposition, pro- 
 pensity, (to, for, thing, to do) ; liking, affection, 
 (for). [F, f. L inclinationem (foil., -ation)] 
 
 incli'ne x , v.t. & i. Bend (head, body, oneself) 
 forward or downward ; i. one's ear, listen fa- 
 vourably (to person, prayer, &c); dispose 
 (mind, heart, person, to do), as i. our hearts to 
 keep this law, lam inclined to think ; be dis- 
 posed, as Ii. to think ; lean, cause to lean, from 
 the vertical &c; inclined (sloping) plane, one 
 of the mechanical powers ; tend (to corpulence 
 &c). [f. OF encliner f. L in ^(clinare bend)] 
 
 incli'ne 2 (or in-), n. Inclined plane ; slope, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 inelino'metep, n. Instrument measuring 
 vertical intensity of earth's magnetic force as 
 shown by dip of magnetic needle, or for mea- 
 suring slope, [incline + -o- + -meter] 
 
 inelu'de, v.t. Comprise, embrace, (thing &c) 
 as part of a whole ; (part, in abs. constr.) if we 
 i.,as seven were killed, including the guard', 
 treat, regard, as so comprised ; (p.p.) shut in. 
 [f. L in 1 (citidere clus- = cl'audere shut)] 
 
 inclu'sive (-S-), a. Including, comprising, (of 
 or abs.) ; (abbr. incl.) pages 7 to 26 i. (including 
 pages 7 & 26) ; including'much or all, as i. terms 
 (at hotel &c). Hence or cogn. inelu'sioN 
 
 (zhn) n., inclu'siveLY 2 adv., inelu'sive- 
 ness n. [f. med.L inclus iv us (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 ineo'ffnito, a. & n. (pi. -ti pron. -te, fern, ta, 
 pron. -ta, pi. -te pron. -ta), & adv. (abbr.. spoken 
 & written, inco'g). (Person) concealed under 
 disguised character; (adv.) with one's name, 
 
INCOGNIZABLE 
 
 413 
 
 INCONVERTIBLE 
 
 character, &c, concealed, as travel, do good, i. 
 [It., = unknown, f. L in 2 (cognitus p.p. of cogno- 
 scere get to know)] 
 
 ineo'gfnizable (-kogn-, -kon-), a. That can- 
 not be apprehended by senses or intellect, [in- 2 ] 
 incognizant (as prec), a. Unaware, uncon- 
 scious, o£ So ineo'grnizANCE n. [in- 2 ] 
 incoherent, a. Not coherent (lit. & fig.). So 
 ineohep*ENCEn.,ineoher*entLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 incohesive, a. Not cohesive, [in- 2 ] 
 incombu'stible, a. That cannot be con- 
 sumed by fire. Hence incombustiBiLiTY n. 
 [f. med.L in 2 (combust Wilis combustible)] 
 income (I'ngkwm), n. Periodical (usu. annual) 
 receipts from one's business, lands, work, in- 
 vestments, &c. ; i.-tax (levied on this), [in 2 ] 
 i'nco'mep (-ku-), n. One who comes in ; im- 
 migrant; intruder; successor, [in adv.] 
 i*neo , ming ,1 (-ku-),n. Entrance, arrival; (usu. 
 pi.) revenue, income, [in adv.] 
 incoming 12 (-ku-), a. Succeeding; immi- 
 grant; (of profit) accruing, [in adv.] 
 incommensurable, a. (Of magnitudes) 
 having no common measure integral or frac- 
 tional (with another) ; irrational, surd ; not 
 comparable in respect of magnitude ; not wor- 
 thy to be measured with. Hence incommen- 
 supaBixiTY n., incomme'nsurabLY 2 adv. 
 [f. med.L is 2 (commensurabilis commensur- 
 able)] 
 
 incommensurate (-at), a. Out of propor- 
 tion, inadequate, (with, to) ; = prec. Hence 
 incomme'nsurateNESS n. [in- 2 ] 
 incommo'de, v.t. Trouble, annoy ; hinder, 
 [f. F incommoder f. L in 2 (commodare f. coin- 
 modus commodious)] 
 
 ineommo'dious, a. Not affording good ac- 
 commodation, \mcomfortable. Hence ineom- 
 mo'diousNEss n. [in- 2 ] 
 incommunicable, a. That cannot be 
 shared ; that cannot be told. Hence incom- 
 munieaBi'LiTV, incommunieable.NESS, 
 nn., ineommunieabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 incommu'nicative, a. Not communicative. 
 Hence ineommunieativeLY 2 adv., in- 
 communicativexKSS n. [in- 2 ] 
 incommutable, a. Unchangeable ; not 
 commutable. Hence incommu'tabLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L w 2 (commutabilis commutable)] 
 incompa'ct, a. Not compact (esp. fig.), [in- 2 ] 
 incomparable, a. Matchless ; not to be 
 compared (with, to). Hence ineo'mparable- 
 ness n., inco'mparabLY 2 adv. [F, f. L in 2 - 
 (comparabilis comparable)] 
 incompatible, a. Opposed in character, 
 discordant; inconsistent (with). So incom- 
 patiBi'LiTY n. [f. med.L in 2 (compatibilis 
 compatible)] 
 inco'mpetent, a. Not qualified or able (to 
 do) ; not legally qualified. Hence or cogn. in- 
 co*mpetENCE,-ENCY,nn.,ineo*mpetentLY 2 
 adv. [f. F incompetent f. LL in 2 (competentem 
 competent)] 
 incomplete, a. Not complete. Hence in- 
 comple'teLY 2 adv., ineompleteNESs n. 
 [f. L in 2 (completus complete)] 
 incomprehensible, a. That cannot be 
 understood ; (Athanas. Creed (boundless. Hence 
 ineomprehensiBi'LiTY, ineomprehen- 
 sibleNESS, nn., incomprehemsibiv- adv. 
 [f. L in 2 (comprehensibilis comprehensible)] 
 incomprehension, n. Failure to under- 
 stand. [in- 2 ] 
 
 incompressible, a. That cannot be com- 
 pressed. Hence ineomppessiBULiTYn. [in- 2 ] 
 incomputable, a. That cannot be com- 
 puted. [in- 2 ] 
 inconceivable, a. That cannot be imagined; 
 
 (pop.) very remarkable. Hence inconceiva- 
 bi'lity n., ineoneei'vabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inconclu'sive, a. (Of argument, evidence, 
 action) not decisive or convincing. Hence in- 
 eonelu'siveLY 2 adv., inconclu'sivexESS 
 n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 incondensable, a. That cannot be con- 
 densed, esp. that cannot be reduced to liquid or 
 solid condition, [in- 2 ] 
 
 incondite, a. (Of literary composition &c.) 
 ill constructed ; crude, unpolished, [f. L in 2 - 
 (conditus p.p. oleondere put together)] 
 
 ineonformity, n. Dissimilarity, want of 
 conformity, (to, with) ; = nonconformity, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inco'ngruous, a. Disagreeing, out of keep- 
 ing, (with) ; out of place, absurd. Hence or 
 cogn. incongru'iTV, ineong-ruousNESs, 
 nn., inco'ngpuousLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (co?i- 
 gruus congruous)] 
 
 inconsecutive, a. "Wanting in seguence, 
 inconsequent. Hence inconsecutive^ 2 
 adv., inconse'cutiveNESS n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inconsequent, a. Not following naturally, 
 irrelevant ; wanting in logical sequence ; dis- 
 connected. Hence or cogn. ineonsequENCE 
 n., inconsequ'entiAL a., inconsequen- 
 tial i.v 2 , inco'nsequentLY 2 , advv. [f.L in 2 - 
 (consequens consequent)] 
 
 inconsi'derable, a. Not worth considering; 
 of small size, value, &c. [f. F IN 2 (considerable 
 
 CONSIDERABLE)] 
 
 inconsiderate (-at), a. (Of person or action) 
 thoughtless, rash ; lacking in regard for feelings 
 &c. of others. Hence or cogn. inconsi'der- 
 ate i.v 2 adv., inconsi'derateNESs, incon- 
 siderA'TiON, nn. [f. L \a 2 (consideratus con- 
 siderate)] 
 
 inconsistent, a. Not in keeping, discord- 
 ant, incompatible, (with); (of single thing) hav- 
 ing i. parts ; acting at variance with one's own 
 principles or former conduct. Hence incon- 
 si'stENCY n., inconsi'stentLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inconso'lable, a. (Of person, his grief, &c. ) 
 that cannot be consoled. Hence inconso'l- 
 abLY 2 adv. [f. LiN 2 (ccmso7«6tZiscoNSOLABLE)] 
 
 inco'nsonant, a. Not harmonizing (with, 
 to). Hence ineo'nsonANCEn. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inconspicuous, a. Not conspicuous ; (Bot. 
 of flowers) small, pale, or green. Hence incon- 
 spi'cuousNESS n. [f. LL in 2 (conspicuwi con- 
 spicuous)] 
 
 inconstant, a. (Of person) fickle, change- 
 able ; variable, irregular. Hence or cogn. in- 
 constancy n., inconstantLY 2 adv. [F, f. 
 
 L in 2 (constantem constant)] 
 
 inconsumable, a. That cannot be con- 
 sumed by fire &c. ; (Pol. Econ.) not meant to be 
 
 consumed in use. [in- 2 ] 
 incontestable, a. That cannot be disputed. 
 
 Hence inconte'stabLV 2 adv. [F (in- 2 )] 
 incontinent, a. Wanting in self-restraint 
 
 (esp. in regard to sexual appetite); unable to 
 
 contain or keep back. So ineontinENCE n. 
 
 [F, f. L in 2 (continentem continent)] 
 incontinently, adv. At once, immediately. 
 
 [archaic incontinent adv. (thr. F) f. LL in con- 
 
 tinenti (tempore) in continuous time, 4- -ly 2 ] 
 incontrovertible, a. Not to be disputed. 
 
 Hence incontrovertibLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 inconvenience, n. Want of adaptation to 
 
 personal requirement or ease ; instance of this ; 
 
 (v.t.) put (person &c.) to i., incommode, [(vb f. 
 
 n.) OF, f. LLtnconi?era'ett£ta(asfoll., see-ENCE)] 
 inconvenient, a. Unfavourable to ease or 
 
 comfort, awkward, troublesome. Hence in- 
 
 conve'nientLY 2 adv. [f. F inconvenient f. L 
 
 in 2 (convenientem convenient)] 
 inconvertible, a. Not convertible (esp. of 
 
INCONVINCIBLE 
 
 414 
 
 INDEED 
 
 Jiaper money). Hence mconveptiBixiTY n., 
 nconvep'tibLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 inconvi'ncible, a. Not to be convinced. 
 
 [lN~2] 
 
 incoordination, n. Want of coordination. 
 [in- 2] 
 
 incorporate l (-at), a. (Of company &c.) 
 formed into a corporation ; (of persons) united 
 in a corporation, [as foil., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 incop'popate 2 , v.t. & i. Unite (in one body, 
 with another thing) ; (spec.) combine ingredients 
 of gunpowder ; constitute as a legal corporation ; 
 become incorporated (with). Hence or cogn. 
 ineoppoPA"TiON, ineop*popatOR 2 ,nn. [f.LL 
 is 1 (corporare f. corpus -oris body), -ate 3 ] 
 
 incoppop'eal, a. Not composed of matter ; 
 of immaterial beings ; (Law) having no material 
 existence, esp. i. /hereditament. Hence in- 
 eoppop'ealLY 2 adv., ineoppore'iTY n. [f. 
 L in '-(cor pore us f. corpus -oris body) + -al] 
 
 incoppe-et, a. Not in accordance with fact ; 
 (of style &c) improper, faulty; (of book) not 
 properly corrected for press. Hence ineop- 
 pe'etLY 2 adv., incoppe'etXESS n. [f. L in 2 - 
 (correctus correct)] 
 
 ined'PPigible, a. (Of person or habit) incur- 
 ably bad or depraved. Hence incoppigiBi'LiTY 
 n., ineo'ppigibLY 2 adv. [F, f. L in 2 (corrioi- 
 
 bilis CORRIGIBLE)] 
 
 ineoppirptible, &. That cannot decay, so 
 incopp'uptiON n. (bibl.) ; eternal; that cannot 
 be corrupted, esp. bribed. Hence or cogn. in- 
 coppuptiBi'LiTV n., ineoppu'ptibLY 2 adv. 
 [f. LL in 2 (corruptibilis corruptible)] 
 
 incpa'ssate (-at), a. (bot, zool.). Of thick or 
 swollen form. [f. L iN 1 (crassare f. crassus 
 thick), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 increa'se 1 (-s), v.i. & t. Become greater; 
 grow in numbers, esp. by propagation ; advance 
 (in quality, attainment, &c) ; make greater or 
 more numerous ; intensify (quality). Hence 
 incpea'singLY 2 adv. [f. OF encreistre (st. 
 -eiss-) f. L in Hcrescere grow)] 
 
 i'ncpease 2 , n. Growth, enlargement ; growth 
 in numbers, multiplication (of men, animals, or 
 plants) ; on the i., increasing ; increased amount ; 
 (archaic) crops, [f. prec] 
 
 inepe'dible, a. That cannot be believed; 
 (colloq.) hard to believe, surprising. Hence or 
 cogn. incpediBixiTY n., incpe'dibLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L in 2 (credibilis credible)] 
 
 incpe'dulous, a. Unbelieving (of or abs.). 
 Hence or cogn. incpedu'liTY n., incpe'du- 
 Iously, 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (credulus credulous)] 
 
 i'ncpement, n. Increase; amount of this; 
 profit; (Math.) small amount by which vari- 
 able quantity increases, [f. L incrementum (as 
 increase, see -ment)] 
 
 inerrminate, v.t. Charge with crime ; in- 
 volve in accusation. Hence incpi'minatORY 
 a ; [f. med.L in 1 (criminare criminate)] 
 
 inerusta'tion, n. Encrusting ; crust, hard 
 coating ; facing of marble &c. on building ; (fig.) 
 accretion of habit ; scab. [f. LL incrustatio (as 
 encrust, see -ation)] 
 
 i'neubate, v.t. & i. Hatch (eggs) by sitting 
 on them or otherwise ; sit on eggs, brood, [f. 
 L in ^(cubare cubit- or cubat- lie), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 incuba'tion, n. Hatching ; artificial i. (by 
 artificial heat) ; (of the Holy Ghost) brooding ; 
 (Path.) phase through which germs of disease 
 pass before development of first symptoms. So 
 i'ncubatiVE, i'neubatORY, aa. [f. L incuba- 
 tio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 i'ncubatop, n. Apparatus for hatching 
 birds, rearing children born prematurely, or 
 developing bacteria. [L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 i'neubus, n. Evil spirit supposed to descend 
 
 on sleeping persons; nightmare ; person, thing, 
 that oppresses like nightmare. [LL, = L incubo 
 nightmare (as incubate)] 
 
 i'nculcate, v.t. Urge, impress, (fact, habit, 
 idea) persistently (upon person, mind). So in- 
 cuIca'tion, rneuleatOR 2 , nn. [f. L in Medi- 
 care = calcare tread f. calx -Icis heel), -ate 3 ] 
 
 i'nculpate, v.t. Accuse, blame ; involve in 
 charge. Hence IneulpA'TiON n., incu'lpat- 
 ory a. [f. L in Hculpare f. culpa fault), -ate 3 ] 
 
 ineu'lt, a. (rare). Untilled ; unpolished, rude ; 
 (of person or manners) coarse, [f. L in 2 (cultus 
 p.p. of colere till)] 
 
 ineirmbeney, n. Office, tenure, sphere, of 
 an incumbent, [f. foil., see -ency] 
 
 ineirmbent 1 , n. Holder of ecclesiastical 
 benefice or (rare) of any office, [as foil.] 
 
 ineirmbent 2 , a. Lying, pressing, (on) ; rest- 
 ing (up)on (person) as duty, as it is i. on you 
 to warn thevi. [f. L in ^(cumbere lie), -ent] 
 
 incuna'bu/a, n. pi. Early stages of thing ; 
 (w. sing, -um) books printed early, esp. before 
 1500. [L, = swaddling-clothes, f. cunae cradle] 
 
 incur*, v.t. (-rr-). Fall into, bring on one- 
 self, (danger, blame, punishment, &c). [f. L 
 IN *(cuiyere curs- run)] 
 
 incup'able, a. & n. (Person) that cannot be 
 cured. Hence ineupaBULiTY, ineup'able- 
 ness, nn., ineup*abLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L in 2 - 
 (curabilis curable)] 
 
 incur'ious, a. Devoid of curiosity ; heed- 
 less, careless ; uninteresting (usu. noti.). Hence 
 ineuriosiTY n., ineup'iousLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 in 2 (curiosus curious)] 
 
 incup'sion, n. Hostile invasion ; sudden 
 attack. So ineup'siYE a. [f. L incursio (as 
 incur, see -ion)] 
 
 incup've, v.t. Bend into a curve ; curve in- 
 wards (esp. in p.p.). So ineupvATiON n. [f. L 
 in ^(curvare curve)] 
 
 uncus (-us), n. Bone of ear receiving vibra- 
 tions from malleus. [L, = anvil (as foil.)] 
 
 ineirse 1 (-z), a. fc n. (Of impression on coin 
 &c.) hammered or stamped in ; (n.) such im- 
 pression, [f. L in 1 (cudere cus- forge)] 
 
 ineu'se 2 (-z), v.t. (esp. in p.p.). Impress 
 (figure &c.) by stamping ; mark (coin &c.) with 
 such figure, [as prec] 
 
 indeb'ted, a. Owing money (to); owing 
 gratitude (to person, or fig. to thing, for benefit 
 &c). Hence indeb'tedNESS n. [f. OF endette 
 p.p. of ES(detter f. dette debt)] 
 
 inde'eent, a. Unbecoming; immodest, ob- 
 scene. Hence or cogn. inde'CENCY n., inde'- 
 centLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (decens decent)] 
 
 indeci'duous, a. Not deciduous, [in- 2 ] 
 
 indeci'phepable, a. That cannot be de- 
 ciphered. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indeci'sion, n. Want of decision, hesita- 
 tion, [f. F in 2 (d6cision decision)] 
 
 indeci'sive, a. Not decisive; undecided, 
 irresolute. Hence indeei'siveLY 2 adv., in- 
 deei'sivexESS n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indecli'nable, a. That cannot be declined, 
 having no inflexions, [f. F ix 2 (d6clinable de- 
 clinable)] 
 
 indecompo'sable, a. That cannot be de- 
 composed or resolved into constituents, [in- 2 ] 
 
 indecop'ous, a. Improper; in bad taste. 
 Hence indecop'ousLY 2 adv., indecop'ous- 
 ness n. [f. L in 2 (decorus decorous)] 
 
 indecop'um, n. Lack of decorum ; improper 
 proceeding. [L, neut. adj. as prec] 
 
 indeed, adv. In truth, really, as he was, i., 
 a remarkable man ; (intensifying) i" shall be 
 very glad i., this is quick work i. , yes, i. !, no, i. ! ; 
 (echoing last speaker's words with approval or 
 iron.) ivho is this Mr Smith?— who is he, i.l 
 
INDEFATIGABLE 
 
 415 
 
 INDICATE 
 
 ( = you may well ask, or, can you ask ?) ; (con- 
 cessive) there are i. exceptions ; (interrog.) 
 really? is it so? ; as int., expr. irony, contempt, 
 incredulity, &c. [in prep. + deed] 
 
 indcfa*tig*able, a. (Of persons, qualities, 
 &c.) that cannot be tired out, unremitting. 
 Hence indefatigaBiLiTY n., indefa'tiff- 
 abL y 2 adv. [f. obs. F indefatigable f . L in 2 (de- 
 fatigabilis f. DEfatigare wear out, see -ble)] 
 
 indef sa'sible, a. That cannot be forfeited 
 or done away with, esp. i. right. Hence inde- 
 feasiBi'LiTY n., indef ea'sibLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indefectible, a. Unfailing, not liable to de- 
 fect or decay ; faultless, [in- 2 + defect + -ible] 
 
 indefensible, a. Admitting of no defence 
 (by force of arms or by argument). Hence in- 
 def ensiBi "lit y n., indef e'nsibLY 2 adv. 
 
 [IN- 2 ] 
 
 indefinable, a. That cannot be defined. 
 Hence indefi'nabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indefinite, a. Vague, undefined ; unlimited ; 
 (Gram., of adjj., pronouns, &c.) not determining 
 the person, thing, time, &c, to which they refer, 
 esp. i. article (a, an) ; (of tenses) denoting an 
 action without specifying whether it is con- 
 tinuous or complete (e.g. Greek aorist, English 
 past). Hence indefiniteLY 2 adv., inde'fi- 
 niteNESs, indefrnixuDE, nn. [f. L iN 2 (d"e- 
 finitus definite)] 
 
 indehi'scent, a. (bot.). Not dehiscent, [in- 2 ] 
 
 indelible, a. (Of mark, stain, ink, &c. , & fig. 
 of disgrace &c.) that cannot be blotted out. 
 Hence indeliBi'LiTY n., inde'libLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L in 2 (delebilis f. delere blot out, see -ble)] 
 
 indelicate (-at), a. Coarse, unrefined ; im- 
 modest ; tactless. Hence indelicACY n., in- 
 de'lieateLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indemnify, v.t. Protect, secure, (person 
 from, against, harm or loss) ; secure (person) 
 against legal responsibility (for actions) ; com- 
 pensate (person for loss, expenses incurred, 
 &c). Hence indemniFiCATiON n. [f. L 
 in 2 (demnis f . damnum loss), see -fy] 
 
 indemnity, n. Security against damage or 
 loss ; legal exemption from penalties &c. in- 
 curred ; compensation for loss incurred ; sum 
 paid for this, esp. sum exacted by victorious 
 belligerent as one condition of peace, [f. F 
 indemnity f. LL indemnitas (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 indemo'nstrable, a. Thatcannotbe proved, 
 (esp. of primary truths), [in- 2 ] 
 
 indent 1 , v.t. & i. Make tooth-like notches 
 in ; form deep recesses in (coast-line &c.) ; divide 
 (document drawn up in duplicate) into two 
 halves with zigzag line, draw up (document) in 
 exact duplicate ; (Print.) set back (beginning of 
 line) further from margin to mark new para- 
 graph; (intr.) make requisition (prop, written 
 order with duplicate) upon (person for thing) ; 
 order (goods) by an indent, [f. F endenter f. L 
 *iN 1 (dentare f. dens -7itis tooth)] 
 
 indent 2 (or In-), n. Indentation ; indenture ; 
 official requisition for stores ; order for goods 
 (esp. to England from abroad), [f. prec] 
 
 inde'nt 3 , v. t. Make a dent in ; impress (mark 
 &c). [in 1 ] 
 
 i'ndent 4 , n. Dent, depression, [f. prec] 
 
 indenta'tion, n. Indenting ; cut, notch ; 
 zigzag ; deep recess in coast-line &c [indent 2 > 3 
 + -ation] 
 
 inde'ntion, n. Indenting of line in printing ; 
 = prec. [irreg. f. indent 1 + -ion] 
 
 indentupe(-tsher),n.,&v.t. Indented docu- 
 ment (see indent i) ; any sealed agreement or 
 contract, esp. that which binds apprentice to 
 master ; take up one's «., receive them back on 
 completion of service ; formal list, certificate, 
 •&c. ; indentation ; bind (person) by ii. esp. as 
 
 apprentice, [(vb f. n.) f. OF endenteure (as 
 indent 1 , see -ure)J 
 
 independence, -eney, nn. (-ce) being in- 
 dependent (on, of, or abs.); independent in- 
 come ; (-cy) = Congregationalism ; (-cy) inde- 
 pendent State, [f. foil., see -ence, -ency] 
 
 independent, a. & n. Not depending 
 on authority (of, or abs.); (/-) = congrega- 
 tional ; not depending on something else for 
 its validity, efficiency, &c, as i. proof, research, 
 observer ; not needing to earn one's livelihood ; 
 i. income (dispensing one from earning liveli- 
 hood) ; unwilling to be under obligation to 
 others; (n.) person who acts (in politics &c) 
 independently of any party ; Congregationalism ; 
 (as title of paper) New York I. &c. Hence in- 
 dependentLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indescri'bable, a. Vague, indefinite ; too 
 great, beautiful, bad, &c, to be described. 
 Hence indescpibaBiLiTY n., indescri'b- 
 abLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indestrirctible, a. That cannot be de- 
 stroyed. Hence indestruetiBixiTY n., in- 
 destru'ctibLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 in deter -minable, a. That cannot be ascer- 
 tained ; (of disputes &c ) that cannot be settled, 
 [f. L in 2 (dete? , 7ninabilis determinable)] 
 
 indetep'minate (-at), a. Not fixed in ex- 
 tent, character, &c ; vague ; left doubtful ; 
 (Math., of quantity) not limited to fixed 
 value(s). Hence indetep'minateLY 2 adv., 
 indetep'minateNESs n. [f. L in 2 (determina- 
 
 tus DETERMINATE)] 
 
 indetep'mination, n. Want of determina- 
 tion or decision j being indeterminate, [in- 2 ] 
 
 indetep'mimsm, n. Theory that human 
 action is not wholly determined by motives. 
 So indetep'minisr n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 i'ndex, n. (pi. -exes, -ices), & v.t. Forefinger ; 
 (on instruments) pointer showing measure- 
 ments &c ; guiding principle ; alphabetical 
 list, usu. at end of book, of subjects &c with 
 references ; (R.C.) the I., list of books forbidden 
 to Roman Catholics, or to be read only in ex- 
 purgated editions (in full, /. librorum prohibi- 
 torum) ; i. expurgatorius, list of passages to 
 be expunged in books otherwise permitted (in 
 fig. use often confused with last) ; (Alg.) expo- 
 nent ; (v.t.) furnish (book) with i. (esp. in p.p.), 
 enter (word &c) in i. Hence i'ndexLESS a. 
 [(vb f. n.) L (gen. -ids), = forefinger, informer, 
 sign, f. in- 2 + die- point out] 
 
 I'ndia, n. Country of S. Asia east of river 
 Indus & south of Himalayas ; Further I, coun- 
 try between this & China ; Indiaman, ship en- 
 gaged in Indian trade ; I. Office, department of 
 British Government dealing with Indian af- 
 fairs ; 7". paper, soft absorbent kind imported 
 from China, used for proofs of engravings ; /. 
 proof (on this paper) ; i.-rubber, coagulated 
 juice of certain plants, used for tires, rubbing 
 out pencil marks, &c [L, f. Gk (I?idos Indus, 
 f. Pers. hind = Skr. sindhu river, -ia 2 )] 
 
 I'ndian, a. & n. (Native) of India ; (one) of 
 the original inhabitants of America & W. In- 
 dies ; European, esp. Englishman, formerly 
 resident in India; Red L, one of aboriginal 
 race of N. America ; I. chib, bottle-shaped, for 
 use in gymnastics ; /. corn, maize, N. American 
 graminaceous plant ; I. file, single file ; In- 
 dia(n) ink, black pigment made in China & 
 Japan ; /. meal (made from I. corn) ; I. summer, 
 period of calm dry hazy weather in late autumn 
 in North. U.S. Hence I*ndianiZE(3) v.t. [-an] 
 
 i'ndicate, v.t. Point out, make known, 
 show; (Med.) suggest, call for, (treatment); 
 state briefly ; be a sign of, betoken, (thing, 
 that, &c ; indicated horsepoxoer (shown by in- 
 
INDICATIVE 
 
 416 
 
 INDISTINCTIVE 
 
 dicator; abbr. i.h.p.). So indieATioN u. [f. 
 L in Hdicare make known), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 indicative, a. & n. (Gram.) stating a thing 
 as a fact, not as conception, wish, &c, of speak- 
 er ; (also Tndicatlv) suggestive, giving indica- 
 tions, of; (n.) i. mood. Hence indi'cativeLY 2 
 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L indicativus (prec, -ive)] 
 
 i'ndicatop, n. Person, thing, that points 
 out, esp. recording instrument attached to ap- 
 paratus &c. Hence i'ndieatORY a. [LL (as 
 prec, see -or 2 )| 
 
 indrcium (-slri-), n. (pi. -ia). Indication, sign. 
 [L (as index)] 
 
 indict, v.t. Accuse (person for riot &c, as 
 a rioter, on charge), esp. by legal process, [f. 
 AF enditer indict f. OF enditer make known f. 
 LL *in ^(dictare dictate)] 
 
 indictable, a. Liable, (of action) rendering 
 one liable, to be indicted, [-able] 
 
 indi'ction, n. Fiscal period of 15 years insti- 
 tuted by Constantine & reckoned from Sep. 1st, 
 312 ; assessment of property-tax by Roman Em- 
 perors at beginning of each 15 years ; this tax ; 
 proclamation, [f. L indictio f. iN 1 (dicere dict- 
 say), see -ion] 
 
 indictment, n. Formal accusation ; legal 
 process in which this is preferred to & pre- 
 sented by Grand Jury; document containing 
 charge ; bill of i., written accusation as pre- 
 ferred to Grand Jury. [f. AF enditement (as 
 
 INDICT, See -MENT)] 
 
 I'ndies, n. pi. (Also East I.) India, Further 
 India, & the islands beyond ; West L, group of 
 islands lying at mouth of Gulf of Mexico, [pi. 
 of Indy f. L India] 
 
 indifference, n. Absence of interest or at- 
 tention (to, towards, orabs.); neutrality; un- 
 importance, esp. a matter of i., so indi'ffep- 
 encv n. [f. L indifferentia (as foil., see -ence)] 
 
 indi'fferent, a. & n. Impartial, neutral ; 
 having no inclination for or against (to) ; 
 neither good nor bad : rather bad, esp. very i. ; 
 neutral in chemical, electrical, or magnetic 
 quality; unimportant (to) ; (n.) neutral person, 
 esp. in religion or politics. Hence indiffep- 
 entLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (differens different)] 
 
 indi'fferentism, n. Spirit of indifference, 
 professed or practised, esp. in religious matters. 
 So indi'ffepentiST n. [ism] 
 
 i'ndigene, n. Native, [f. F indigene f. liin- 
 digena (indu- = in- * + gen- be born)] 
 
 indigenous, a. Native, belonging natural- 
 ly, (to soil &c, also fig.). Hence indi'genous- 
 LY 2 adv. [f. LL indigenus (as prec.) + -ous] 
 
 i'ndigent, a. Needy, poor. So i'ndigENCE 
 n. [F, f. L indigere (indu- = in- * + cgere want), 
 see -ent] 
 
 indigested, a. Shapeless ; not thought out ; 
 not digested in stomach, [f. obs. indigest a. f. 
 L is 2 (digestus p.p. as digest) + -ed 1 ] 
 
 indigestible, a. Not digestible (lit. & fig.). 
 Hence indigestiBiLiTY n. [f. L is 2 (digesti- 
 
 biliS DIGESTIBLE)] 
 
 indig-e'stion, n. Difficulty in digesting food, 
 dyspepsia ; undigested condition (lit. & fig.). 
 [F, £ L in 2 (digestionem digestion)] 
 
 indigestive, a. Suffering from, tending to, 
 indigestion, [in- 2 ] 
 
 indig'n, a. (archaic). Unworthy, [f. F in- 
 digne f. L \ti 2 (dignus worthy)] 
 
 indi'gnant, a. Moved by mingled anger & 
 scorn or feeling of injured innocence {at thing, 
 with person, or abs.). Hence indi'gnantLY 2 
 adv. _ [f. L indignari (as prec), see -ant] 
 
 indigna'tion, n. Anger excited by mean- 
 ness, injustice, wickedness, or misconduct (at 
 thing, against, with, person) ; i.-meeting (to ex- 
 press public i.). [f. L indignatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 indi'gnity, n. Unworthy treatment ; slight, 
 insult, [f. L indignitas (as indign, see -TV)] 
 
 i'ndigo, n. Blue powder from plants of genus 
 Indigofera, used as dye ; i.-blue, blue- violet 
 (often attrib.); i.-bird, N.-Amer. species of 
 painted finch; i.-white, reduced or deoxidized 
 i., a white crystalline powder. Hence indi- 
 gd'tic [t- euphon.] a. [f. L f. Gk indikon In- 
 dian (dye)] 
 
 indirect, a. (Of road &c) not straight ; not 
 going straight to the point; (Pol. Econ., of 
 taxes) not direct, paid by consumer in the form 
 of increased price for the taxed goods ; (Gram.) 
 i. speech, reported speech, with necessary 
 changes of pronouns, tenses, &c (e.g. I will 
 help you, he said he would help me), i. object, 
 person, thing, affected by verbal action but not 
 primarily acted on (e. g. him in give him the 
 book), i. passive, passive having for subject 
 the i. object of the active (e. g. I in I was told 
 it); not directly aimed at, as an i. result. 
 Hence indipe'ctLY 2 adv., indipectNESS n. 
 [f. L in 2 (directus direct)] 
 
 indirection, n. Round-about means, esp. 
 by i. (after Shak. Ham. I. ii. 65) ; deceit, trick- 
 ery, [prec. 4- -ion] 
 
 indiscep'nible, a. & n. (Thing) that cannot 
 be discerned or distinguished from another ; 
 identity of ii., doctrine that things cannot 
 exist together as separate entities unless they 
 have different attributes. Hence indiscep'n- 
 ibLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indiscep'ptible, a. Incapable of, not de- 
 structible by, dissolution of parts. Hence in- 
 diseepptiBrnTY n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indi'scipline, n. Want of discipline. So 
 indi'seiplinABLE a. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indiscreet, a. Injudicious, unwary. Hence 
 indiscpectLY 2 adv. [f. Lis 2 (discretus dis- 
 creet)] 
 
 indi'screte, a. Not divided into distinct 
 parts. [in- 2 1 
 
 indiscretion, n. Injudicious conduct ; ac- 
 cidental or (calculated i.) supposed accidental 
 revelation of official secret &c ; imprudence ; 
 transgression of social morality, [f. F indis- 
 cretion f. LL is 2 (discretionem discretion)] 
 
 indiscriminate (at), a. Confused, pro- 
 miscuous ; making no distinctions. Hence in- 
 disepi*minateLY 2 adv.,indiscprminate- 
 ness, indiscpiminATiON, nn., indiscpi*- 
 minativE a. [in- 2 ] 
 
 indispensable, a. That cannot be dis- 
 pensed with, necessary; (of law, duty, &c.) 
 that cannot be set aside. Hence indispens- 
 aBiLiTY, indispe'nsableNESs, nn., indis- 
 pensabLY 2 adv. [f. med.L ix 2 (dispensabilis 
 dispensable)] 
 
 indispo'se, v.t. Render unfit or unable (for 
 thing,£o do); make averse (towards, from, thing, 
 to do) ; (esp. in p.p.) put out of health, [in- 2 ] 
 
 indisposition, n. Ill health, ailment ; dis- 
 inclination (to thing, to do) ; aversion (to, to- 
 wards), [in- 2 ] 
 
 indisputable, a. That cannot be disputed. 
 Hence indisputaBiLiTY, indi'sputable- 
 ness, nn., indi'sputabLY 2 adv. [f. LL in 2 - 
 (disputabilis disputable)] 
 
 indissoluble (or Indis6'l-).a. Lasting, stable, 
 as an i. bond; that cannot be dissolved or de- 
 composed. Hence indissolUBrLiTY n., in- 
 di'ssolubLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (dissolubilis dis- 
 soluble)] 
 
 indisti'net, a. Not distinct; confused, ob- 
 scure. Hence indisti'netLY 2 adv., indis- 
 ti'nctNESS n. [f. L in 2 (distinctus distinct)] 
 
 indisti'netive, a. Not distinctive. Hence 
 indisti'nctiveLY 2 adv. [in- 2 J 
 
INDISTINGUISHABLE 
 
 417 
 
 -INE 
 
 indistinguishable, a. Not distinguishable. 
 Hence indisti'ng-uishabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 in distributable, a. That cannot be distri- 
 buted, [in- 2 ] 
 
 indi'te, v.t. Put into words, compose, (poem, 
 speech, &c.) ; (usu. facet.) write (letter &c). [f. 
 OF T£,N(diter f. L dictare dictate)] 
 
 indivep'tible, a. That cannot be turned a- 
 side. Hence indiver'tibLY 2 adv. [in- 2 + di- 
 vert + -ible] 
 
 individual, a. & n. Single; particular, 
 special, opp. to general ; having distinct char- 
 acter ; characteristic of particular person ; sin- 
 gle member of class ; single human being, opp. 
 to society, family, &c; (vulg.) person, as an i. 
 of somewhat prepossessing appearance, [f. 
 med.L individualis f. i~s 2 (dividuus f. dividere 
 divide), see -al] 
 
 individualism, n. Self-centred feeling or 
 conduct, egoism; social theory favouring free 
 action of individuals (cf. socialism). So indi- 
 vi'dualiST n., individuali'stic a. [ism] 
 
 individuality, n. Separate existence ; in- 
 dividual character, esp. when strongly marked; 
 (pi.) individual characteristics, [-ity] 
 
 individualize, v.t. Give individual char- 
 acter to ; specif y. Hence individualizATiON 
 n. [-ize] 
 
 individually, adv. Personally, in an indi- 
 vidual capacity; in a distinctive manner; i. 
 different, different as individuals though per- 
 haps identical in species, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 indivi'duate, v.t. Individualize, form into 
 an individual. SoindividuA'TiONn. [f. med.L 
 individuare (as individual), see -ate s ] 
 
 indivisible, a. & n. Not divisible; (n.) in- 
 finitely small particle or quantity. Hence in- 
 divisiBrLiTY n., indivi'sibLY 2 adv. [f. LL 
 in -{divisibilis divisible)] 
 
 Indo- in comb. - Indian, as: -Aryan, Aryan 
 of or in India ; -Chinese, of Further India ; 
 -European, -Germanic, of the family of lan- 
 guages spoken over greater part of Europe & 
 Asia as far as N. India; -ne'sian, of the East 
 Indian islands, [f. L f. Gk Iridos] 
 
 indo'cile {or -dosil), a. Not docile. Hence 
 indoei'liTY n. [f. L in 2 (docilis docile)] 
 
 undolent, a. Slothful, lazy ; (Med.) causing 
 no pain, as i. tumour. Hence or cogn. i'ndo- 
 Ience n., i'ndolentLY 2 adv. [f. hhindolens 
 (in- 2 + dolere grieve, see -ent)] 
 
 indo'mitable, a. Unyielding ; stubbornly 
 persistent. Hence indo'mitabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 LL in 2 (domitabilis i. domitare tame, see -ble)] 
 
 i'ndoop, a. Situated, carried on, within doors 
 or under cover, as i. games ; within workhouse, 
 as i. relief, [in prep.] 
 
 indoop's, adv. Within a house ; under cover, 
 [earlier within doors] 
 
 indorsation, m Endorsement, [f. indorse 
 var. of endorse +— ation] 
 
 indorsee*, n. One in whose favour note or 
 bill is endorsed, [as prec, see -ee] 
 
 i'ndraug-ht (-ahft), -draft, n. Drawing in; 
 inward flow or current, [in adv.] 
 
 i'ndpi, n. Babacoote, lemurine animal of 
 Madagascar, [f. Malagasy indry behold, mis- 
 taken for its name] 
 
 indu'bitable, a. That cannot be doubted. 
 Hence indu'bitabLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (dubita- 
 
 bilis f. dubitare doubt, see -ble)] 
 
 indu'ee, v.t. Prevail on, persuade, (person 
 
 &c. to do, to action &c.) ; bring about, give rise 
 
 to ; (Electr.) produce (current) by induction ; in- 
 fer, derive as an induction, [f. L in 1 (ducere 
 
 duct- lead)] 
 
 inducement, n. What induces ; attraction 
 
 that leads one on (to action, to do), [-ment] 
 f.d. 
 
 indu'et, v.t. Introduce formally into posses- 
 sion of (to benefice); install (into seat, room, &c); 
 introduce L initiate, (to, into), [as induce] 
 
 indu'etile, a, Not ductile, [in- 2 ] 
 
 indu*etion,n. Inducting;production(o/facts) 
 to prove general statement; inferring of general 
 law from particular instances (cf. deduction) ; 
 mathematical i., proving universal truth of 
 theorem by showing (1) that if true of any par- 
 ticular case it is true of the next case in a series, 
 (2) that it is true of a particular case ; (Electr., 
 Magnet.) bringing about of electric or magnetic 
 state in a body by proximity (without contact) 
 of electrified or magnetized body ; i.-coil, ap : 
 paratus for producing electric currents by i. [fi 
 L inductio (as induce, see -ion)] 
 
 indu'etive, a. (Of reasoning &c.) of, based 
 on, induction ; of electric or magnetic induc- 
 tion. Hence indu'etiveLY 2 adv., indu'etive- 
 ness n. [f. L inductivus (as induce, see -ive)] 
 
 indu'etop, n. One who inducts clergyman ; 
 any part of electric induction apparatus. [L, 
 as induce, see -or 2 ] 
 
 indu'lge, v.t. & i. Gratify (person, oneself, 
 in wish, matter, &c.) ; gratify (person with thing 
 given) ; give free course to, entertain, (desire 
 &c.) ; (intr.) take one's pleasure freely in (strong 
 language, bicycling, a cigar). Hence indu'l- 
 g-ENT a., indu*lg-entLY 2 adv. [f. L indxdgere, 
 -dxdt-, etym. dub.] 
 
 indulgence, n. Indulging [in, t. & i.) ; (also 
 self-i.) habitual indulging of one's desires ; pri- 
 vilege granted ; Declaration of I., proclamation 
 of religious liberties, esp. those of Charles II in 
 1672 & of James II in 1687; (R.-C. Ch.) remis- 
 sion of punishment still due to sin after sacra- 
 mental absolution, [f. L indxdgentia (as prec, 
 see -ence)] 
 
 indu'lgenced, a. (R.-C. Ch.). (Of prayers, 
 material objects, &c.) procuring indulgence to 
 the user, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 indu'lt, n. Pope's licence for thing not sanc- 
 tioned by common law of Church. [F, f. L in- 
 dxdturn, neut. p.p. as indulge] 
 
 i'ndupate, v.t. & i. Make, become, hard ; 
 make callous or unfeeling ; become inveterate. 
 Hence or cogn. induPATioN n., i'ndupatiVE 
 a. [f. L in l (durare f. durus hard), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 indu'sium, n. (pi. -ia). Membranous shield 
 covering fruit-cluster of fern ; collection of hairs 
 enclosing stigma of some flowers ; case of larva. 
 [L, = tunic, f. induere endue] 
 
 industrial, a. & n. Of industries ; i. school, 
 one where neglected children are taught a trade 
 besides ordinary subjects; (n.) one engaged 
 in i. pursuits; (n. pi.) shares in joint-stock i. 
 enterprise. Hence indu*stPialiSM(3), in- 
 du*stPialiST(3), nn., indu*stpialiZE(3) v.t., 
 indu'stPialLY 2 adv. [as industry, see -al] 
 
 indu'stpious, a. Diligent, hard-working. 
 Hence indu*stpiousLY 2 adv. [fLindustrio- 
 sus (as foil., see -ous)] 
 
 i'ndustpy, n. Diligence ; habitual employ- 
 ment in useful work ; branch of trade or manu- 
 facture, [f. L industria, etym. dub.] 
 
 ind we'll, v.t. & i. (indwelt). (Usu. fig., of 
 spirit, principle, &c.) dwell in, occupy; (intr.) 
 dwell in. Hence indwe'llER 1 n. [in prep.] 
 
 -ine 1 , suf. of adjj., repr. L -inus, w. sense 
 
 ' pertaining to, of the nature of ' ; appearing in 
 
 F as -in masc, -ine fern., in E formerly as -in, 
 
 now usu. as -ine (asinine, divine, marine, su- 
 pine) ; a previous suf. is sometimes blended, as 
 
 in clandestine, vespertine. On model of proper 
 
 names f. L, adjj. like Florentine, Caroline, are 
 
 formed in E. Nat. Hist, forms adjj. on names 
 
 of genera (bovine, equine, caprine, feline) ; these 
 . have (-in) unstressed ; others have (-in) stressed 
 
 14 
 
-INK 
 
 418 
 
 INEXPUGNABLE 
 
 or not (divi'ne, A'lpine), (-In) unstressed (femi- 
 nine), or (-en) stressed (niari'ne). 
 
 -ine 2 , suf. of adjj., repr. L -inus f. Gk -inos in 
 names of minerals, plants, &c. (adamantine, 
 hyacinthine) ; also repr. orig. L-inus (pristine). 
 Normal pronunc. (-in) is giving place to (-In). 
 
 -ine 3 , suf. forming fem. nn., repr. F -ine f. L 
 •ina f. Gk -ine (heroine). E represents in same 
 way -in in G markgrafin &c. (margravine). 
 
 -ine 4 , suf. of nn., repr. F -ine f. L -ina (-inus), 
 orig. = -ine 1 used in L to form abstract nn. f. 
 vbs (rapina rapine, ruina ruin), f. agent nouns 
 (disciplina, doctrina, medicina), & f. other 
 sources (resina, urina). L adjj. in -inus, -ina, 
 were also used as nn. (concubina, lupinus), esp. 
 in prop, names (Antoninus, Agrippina). For 
 -ina, E has -ine, sometimes -in (resin) ; for -inus, 
 E has -in (Crispin, Jristin) or -ine (lupine, Con- 
 stantine). E further forms (thr. F) names of 
 derivative products (dentine, brilliantine, nec- 
 tarine). Fem. names of Rom. orig. also often 
 take -ine (-in), as Caroline, Catharine. 
 
 -ine 5 , suf. (chem.), offshoot of prec, in names 
 of derived substances, orig. used unsystematic- 
 ally, & interchangeable with -in ; now confined 
 to alkaloids & basic substances (aconitine, 
 cocaine, nicotine) & (less freq.) Hofmann's 
 names of hydro-carbons ; also retained in the 
 four elements chlorine, fluorine, iodine, bro- 
 mine. 
 
 inebriate 1 (-at), a. & n. Drunken; (n.) i. 
 person, esp. habitual drunkard, [f. L in ^(ebri- 
 are f. ebrius drunk), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 inebriate 2 , v.t. ' Make drunk, intoxicate 
 (lit. & fig.). SoinebpiA'TiONn. [as prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 inebriety, n. (Habit of ) drunkenness, [in- 1 ] 
 
 inedible, a. Not edible. Hence inediBi- 
 lity n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inedited, a. Not published ; published with- 
 out editorial alterations, [in- 2 ] 
 
 ine'ffable, a. Unutterable, too great for 
 words. Hence ine*ffabLY 2 adv. [F, f. L in 2 - 
 (effabilis f. KF/ari speak, utter, see -ble)] 
 
 ineffaceable, a. That cannot be effaced. 
 Hence inefTaeeaBi'LiTi' n., ineffaceabLY 2 
 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 ineffective, a. Not producing the desired 
 effect ; (of person) inefficient ; lacking artistic 
 effect. Hence ineffectiveLY 2 adv., in- 
 effectiveNESS n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 ineffectual, a. Without effect, fruitless. 
 Hence ineffectualLY 2 adv., ineffectual- 
 
 NESS n. [IN- 2 ] 
 
 inefficacious, a. (Of remedy &c.) not effi- 
 cacious. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inefficient (-shnt), a. (Of person) not fully 
 eapable, not well qualified ; ineffective. Hence 
 inefficiENCY n., lneftTeientLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inela'stic, a. Not elastic ; unadaptable, un- 
 yielding. Hence inelasti'ciTV n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inelegant, a. Ungraceful ; unrefined ; (of 
 style) unpolished. Hence ine'legfANCE n., in- 
 e'legantLY 2 ad v. [f. F iN 2 (6le'gant elegant)] 
 
 ineligible, a. Not eligible. Hence ineli- 
 g-iBixiTY n., ine'ligibLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 ineluctable, a. That cannot be escaped 
 from. [f. L iys 2 (eluctabilis f. Eluctari struggle 
 out, see -ble)] 
 
 ine'pt, a. Out of place ; absurd, silly. Hence 
 or cogn. ine'ptiTUDE, ine*ptNESg, nn., in- 
 e'ptLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (eptus = aptus apt)] 
 
 inequality (-61-), n. Want of equality in 
 magnitude, quality, rank, circumstances, &c. ; 
 variableness ; (of surface) irregularity ; (Astr.) 
 deviation from uniformity in motion of heaven- 
 ly body. [f. OF inequality f. med.L in 2 (aequali- 
 tatem equality)] 
 
 inequilateral, a. Of unequal sides, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inequitable, a. Unfair, unjust. Hence in- 
 e'quitabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 ine'quity, n. Unfairness, [in- 2 ] 
 
 ineradicable, a. That cannot be rooted 
 out. Hence ineradieabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 ine'rrable, a. Not liable to err. Hence or 
 cogn. inerraBixiTY, inerrANCY, nn., in- 
 e'rrabLY 2 adv., inerrANT a. [f. L in 2 (erra- 
 bilis f. ei*rare err, see -ble)] 
 
 iner't, a. Without inherent power of action, 
 motion, or resistance ; without active chemical 
 or other properties ; sluggish, slow. Hence 
 iner'tLY 2 adv., iner'tNESS n. [f. L in 2 (ers 
 -ertis f. ars art)] 
 
 iner'tia (-shia), n. (Physics) property of 
 matter by which it continues in its existing 
 state of rest or uniform motion in straight line, 
 unless that state is changed by external force 
 (also vis inertiae force of i.) ; inertness, sloth. 
 [L, as prec] 
 
 inesca'pable, a. Not to be escaped, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inessential, a. Not indispensable, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inestimable, a. Too great, intense, pre- 
 cious, &c, to be estimated. Hence ine'stim- 
 abLY 2 adv. [f. F in 2 (estimable)] 
 
 ine'vitable, a. Unavoidable, sure to happen, 
 esp. the i.; (Critics' slang, of character-drawing, 
 development of plot, &c) so true to nature &c 
 as to preclude alternative treatment or solution, 
 convincing. Hence inevitaBi'LiTY, ine'vit- 
 ableNESS, nn., ine'vitabL y 2 ad v. If. L in 2 - 
 (evitabilis f. Evitare avoid, see -ble)] 
 
 inexact, a. Not exact. Hence inexacti- 
 tude, inexactNESS, nn., inexactLY 2 adv. 
 
 [IN- 2 ] 
 
 inexcu'sable, a. (Of person, action, &c) 
 that cannot be justified. Hence inexcu's- 
 abLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (excusabilis excusable)} 
 
 inexecutable, a. That cannot be carried - 
 out. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inexhau'stible, a. That cannot be ex- 
 hausted. Hence inexhaustiBixiTY n., in- 
 exhau'stibLY 2 adv. [in- 2 J 
 
 inexorable, a. Relentless. Hence inex- 
 oraBi*LiTY n., inexorabLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 - 
 (exorabilis f. Kxorare entreat, -able)] 
 
 inexpectant, a. Not expectant, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inexpedient, a. Not expedient. Hence 
 inexpediENCY n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inexpensive, a. Cheap. Hence inex- 
 pe'nsiveLY 2 adv., inexpensiveNESS n. 
 [in- 2 ] 
 
 inexperience, n. Want of experience. So 
 inexper'iencED 2 a. [f. F in 2 (exp6rience ex- 
 perience)] 
 
 inexper't, a. Unskilled. Hence inex- 
 per'tLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L in 2 (expertus expert)] 
 
 inexpiable, a. (Of offence) that cannot be 
 expiated; (of resentment &c.) implacable. 
 Hence inexpiabL y 2 adv. [f . L in ^expiabilis 
 
 EXPIABLE)] 
 
 inexplicable, a. That cannot be explained 
 or accounted for. Hence inexplicaBi'LiTY n.„ 
 ine'xplicabLY^adv. [F, f. ~Lm 2 (explicabilis 
 
 EXPLICABLE)] 
 
 inexplicit, a. Not definitely or clearly ex 
 pressed. Hence inexplicitLY 2 adv., inex- 
 plicit ness n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inexplo'sive, a. Not explosive, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inexpressible, a. & n. That cannot be 
 expressed in words ; (n. pi., facet.) trousers. 
 Hence inexpressibi. v 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inexpre'ssive, a. Not expressive. Hence 
 inexpressiveLY 2 adv., inexpressive- 
 ness n. [IN- 2 ] 
 
 inexpu'g*nable,a. Impregnable, invincible^ 
 (lit. & fig.). [F, f. L ivi 2 (expugnabilis f. EXpug- 
 nare storm, see -ble)] 
 
INEXTENSIBLE 
 
 419 
 
 INFLAME 
 
 inexte'nsible, a. Not extensible, [in- 2 ] 
 inexti'ngruishable, a. Unquenchable (lit. 
 &flg.). [in- 2] 
 
 inextricable, a. (Of place, state, &c.) that 
 cannot be escaped from ; (of knot, problem &c.) 
 that cannot be unravelled or solved. Hence 
 incxtrieabLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (extricabilis 
 
 EXTRICABLE)] 
 
 infa'llibilism, n. Principle of the Pope's in- 
 fallibility. So infa'llibilisx n. [-ism] 
 
 infallible, a. Incapable of eiTing ; (of me- 
 thod, test, proof, &c.) unfailing. Hence in- 
 falliBixiTY n., infa'llibLY 2 adv. [f. med.L 
 in 2 (fallibilis fallible)] 
 
 rnfamize, v.t. Render infamous, [f. L in 2 - 
 (famis i.fama fame) infamous, see -ize] 
 
 i'nfamous, a. Of ill fame, notoriously vile ; 
 abominable; (Law) deprived of all or some 
 rights of citizen on account of i. crime. Hence 
 or cogn. i'nfamousLY 2 adv., i'nfamY 1 n. 
 [f. med.L infamosus = L in/amis (see prec.)] 
 
 i*nfaney,n. Early childhood,babyhood; (Law) 
 minority (to end of one's 21st year) ; early stage 
 of development. If. L infantia (foil., -ancy)] 
 
 i'nfant, n. Babe ; child under 7 years of age ; 
 minor (under 21) ; i.-school (for young children, 
 usu. under 7). [f. OF enfant f. L in 2 {fans -litis 
 part, of fari speak)] 
 
 infa'nta, n. Daughter of king & queen of 
 Spain or Portugal (usu. eldest daughter who is 
 not heir to throne). [Sp., Port., f. L as prec] 
 
 infa'nticide, n. Murder of infant after birth, 
 esp. with mother's consent ; custom of killing 
 new-born infants. Hence or cogn. infa'nti- 
 cide(1) n., infa'ntierdAL a. [f. LL infantici- 
 dium (as infant, see -cide(2))] 
 
 i'nfantile, a. Of infants : in its infancy. So 
 i'nfantiNE * a. [f. LL infantilis (infant, -il)] 
 
 i'nfantry, n. Foot-soldiers ; mounted i. 
 (mounted for transit but fighting on foot) ; in- 
 fantry man, soldier of i. regiment, [f. F in- 
 fanterie f. It. infanteria (infante youth, foot- 
 soldier, as infant, see -ery)J 
 
 infa'tuate, v.t. Affect (person) with extreme 
 folly; inspire with extravagant passion. Hence 
 infa'tuatedLY 2 adv., infatUA'TiON n. [f. L 
 in 1 (fatua?*e f.fatuus foolish), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 infe'et, v.t. Fill (air &c.) with noxious cor- 
 ruption or germs ; affect (person, body, mind, 
 with disease &c. lit. & fig.) ; imbue (person with 
 opinion &c). So infeetivE a., infeetive- 
 ness, infeeti'viTY, nn. [f. L in Hficerefect- — 
 facere make) taint] 
 
 infection, n. Communication of disease, 
 esp. by agency of atmosphere or water (cf. con- 
 tagion) ; moral contamination ; diffusive in- 
 fluence of example, sympathy, &c. [F, f. LL 
 infectionem (as infect, see -ion)] 
 
 infectious, a. Infecting with disease, pesti- 
 lential ; (of disease) liable to be transmitted by 
 air or water (cf. contagious); (of emotions &c.) 
 apt to spread, catching. Hence infeetious- 
 ly 2 adv., infe'ctiousNESS n. [prec., -ious] 
 
 infelici'fic, a. Producing unhappiness. [in- 2 ] 
 
 infeli'citous, a. Not felicitous, [in- 2 ] 
 
 infeli'eity, n. Unhappiness ; misfortune ; 
 inaptness of expression &c [f . L in 2 (felicitas 
 
 FELICITY)] 
 
 infer*, v.t. (-rr-). Deduce, conclude, (thing, 
 that, when, &c.) ; imply. Hence i'nfePABLE a. 
 [f. L in ] (/erre bring)] 
 
 i'nferenee, n. Inferring ; thing inferred. 
 Hence infepe'ntiAL a., infere*ntialLY 2 adv. 
 [f. med.L inferentia (as prec., see -ence)] 
 
 infep'iop, a. & n. Situated below ; lower in 
 rank, quality, &c. {to or abs.); of poor quality; 
 (of planets) whose orbit lies within that of the 
 earth ; (Bot., of calyx) below ovary, (of ovary) 
 
 below calyx ; (Print.) placed at bottom of ordin- 
 ary letters (e.g. H 2 , Cn) ; (n.) person inferior to 
 another, as one's ii.,your ii. Hence infepio'p- 
 ity n., infep'ioPLY 2 adv. [L, comp. of in- 
 fer us low] 
 
 infep'nal, a. Of hell ; hellish, fiendish ; (col- 
 loq.) abominable, confounded; i. machine, ap- 
 paratus (usu. disguised) for producing explosion 
 destructive of life or property. Hence infep- 
 na'liTY n., infep'nalLY 2 adv. [F, f. L infer- 
 nalis (inf emus situated below, see -al)] 
 
 inf ep*no, n. Hell (esp. w. reference to Dante's 
 Divine Comedy). (It., f. Linfemus, see prec] 
 
 infep'pable, a. = inferable. 
 
 infep'tile, a. Not fertile. So infepti'liTY 
 n. [F, f. LL ix 2 (fe?-tilis fertile)] 
 
 infest, v.t. (Of vermin, pirates, diseases, &c.) 
 haunt, swarm in or about, (place). So infest- 
 A'TiONn. [f. L infestare assail (infestus hostile)]; 
 
 inf euda-tion, n. Enfeoffment ; i. of tithes r 
 granting of tithes to laymen, [f. med.L infeu- 
 datio f. iN!(/e udare f.feudum fee), see -ation] 
 
 infibula*tion, n. Fastening of sexual organs 
 with clasp to prevent copulation, [f. rare infi- 
 bulate v. f. L iN i (fibidare f. fibula), -ation] 
 
 i'nfldel (-dl), n. & a. Disbeliever in religion ; 
 (Hist. ) adherent of religion opposed to Chris- 
 tianity ; (from Jewish or Mohammedan point 
 of view) disbeliever in the true religion ; (gen.) 
 unbeliever; (adj.) unbelieving, of unbelievers. 
 Hence i*nfidelizE(3) v.t. & i. [f. OF infidel e L 
 L in 2 (fidelis faithful f. fides faith)] 
 
 infide'lity, n. Disbelief in Christianity ; dis- 
 loyalty, esp. (also conjugal i.) to husband or 
 wife. [f. L infidelitas (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 rnfield, n. Farm land around or near home- 
 stead ; arable land ; land regularly manured & 
 cropped, [in adv.] 
 
 infl'ltpate, v.t. & i. Introduce (fluid) by fil- 
 tration (into, through) ; permeate (t. & i.) by 
 filtration. Hence infiltPA'TiON n. [in- 1 ] 
 
 i'nfinite, a. & n. Boundless, endless ; very 
 great ; (w. pi. noun) innumerable, very many ; 
 (Gram., of verb parts) not limited by person or 
 number, e.g. infinitive, gerund, supine (cf. 
 finite) ; (n.) the L, God, the i., i. space. Hence 
 i'nfiniteLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 {finitus finite)] 
 
 infinitesimal, a. & n. Infinitely or very 
 small (amount). Hence infinite'simalLY' 2 
 adv. [as prec. on centesimal &c] 
 
 inf i'nitive, a. & n. (Form of the verb) that 
 expresses the verbal notion without predicat- 
 ing it of any subject (e.g. see, to see). Hence 
 infinitl'VAL a. [f. L in 2 (finitivus f. finirc -it- 
 define, see -ive)] 
 
 inf i'nitude, n. Boundlessness ; boundless 
 number or extent (of), [as infinite, -tude] 
 
 infi'nity, n. =prec ; (Math.) infinite quan- 
 tity (symbol : oc). [f. F infinite f. L infinitas 
 (as infinite, see -ty)] 
 
 infip'm, a. Physically weak, esp. through 
 age; (of person, mind, judgment, &c) weak, 
 irresolute. Hence infip'miTY n., infip'niLY 2 
 adv. [f. L in 2 {firmus firm)] 
 
 infip'mapy, n. Hospital; sick-quarters in 
 school, workhouse, &c. [f. med.L infirmaria 
 (as prec, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 infi'x \ v.t. Fix (thing in another) ; impress 
 (fact &c in mind); (Gram.) insert (formative 
 element) in body of word, [in adv.] 
 
 i'nfix 2 , n. (gram.). Modifying element in- 
 fixed in word. [f. prec] 
 
 infla'me, v.t. & i. Set ablaze ; light up (as) 
 with flame ; excite passionately ; raise (body, 
 blood, &c) to morbid heat; aggravate; catch 
 fire ; become excited ; become morbidly in- 
 flamed, [f. OF enflammer f. L lx^iflammare 
 f. flamma flame)] 
 
INFLAMMABLE 
 
 420 
 
 -INO 
 
 inflammable, a. & n. Easily set on fire ; 
 easily excited ; (n. ) i. substance. Hence in- 
 flammaBi'LiTV, infla'mmableNESS, nn. [f. 
 L as prec, see -ble] 
 
 inflammation, n. Inflaming (lit. & fig.); 
 morbid process affecting a part of the body 
 with heat, swelling, pain, & redness, [f. L in- 
 flammatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 infla'mmatopy, a. Tending to inflame 
 with desire or passion (usu. in bad sense) ; of, 
 tending to, inflammation of the body. [f. L as 
 inflame, see -ory] 
 
 inflate, v.t. Distend with air or gas ; puff 
 up (person with pride &c); raise (price) arti- 
 ficially ; (p.p., of language) bombastic. So in- 
 fla'tiON n. [f. L is 1 (Jlare blow), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 infle'et, v.t. Bend inwards, curve ; (Gram.) 
 vary termination of (word) to express gramma- 
 tical relation; (Mus.) flatten, sharpen, (note) 
 by a chromatic semitone, [f. L in l (fledere flex- 
 bend)] 
 
 inflective, a. (gram.). Of, subject to, in- 
 flexion. [-iveJ 
 
 inflexible, a, Unbendable ; (fig.) unbending, 
 rigid. Hence inflexiBixiTY n., inflexibLY 2 
 adv. [f. L in 2 (flexibilis flexible)] 
 
 infle'xion, n. Inflecting ; inflected form of 
 word ; suffix &c. used to inflect ; modulation of 
 voice ; (Geom.) change of curve from convex to 
 concave. Hence infle'xionAL, inflexion- 
 less, aa. If. L infiexio (as inflect, see -ion)] 
 
 infli'ct, v.t. Lay on (stroke, wound, upon) ; 
 impose (suffering, penalty, oneself, one's com- 
 pany, &c, upon). Hence or cogn. infli'etABLE 
 a., infli'etiON n. [f. L i^(fiigere flict- dash)] 
 
 inflorescence, n. (bot.). Arrangement of 
 flowers of plant in relation to axis & to each 
 other; collective flower of plant; flowering 
 (also fig.). [f. L in Hfiorescere come into flower 
 f. flos Jloris), see -escent, -ence] 
 
 i'nflow, n. Flowing in. So i'nflowiNG J > 2 
 n. & a. [in adv.] 
 
 influence, n., & v.t. (Astrol.) flowing from 
 stars of ethereal fluid affecting character & 
 destiny of man (also fig. of personal power) ; 
 action invisibly or insensibly exercised (upon) ; 
 undue i.; ascendancy, moral power, (over, with, 
 person &c.) ; thing, person, exercising (usu. non- 
 material) power; (Electr.) = induction; (v.t.) 
 exert L upon, have effect upon, [(vb f. n.) F, f. 
 LL inluentia f. L in ^(fiuere flow), see -ence] 
 
 i'nfluent, a. & n. Flowing in (lit. & fig. ) ; (n. ) 
 tributary stream, [f. L as prec, see -ent] 
 
 influential, a. Having great influence. 
 Hence influentialLY 2 adv. [influence, -al] 
 
 influenza, n. Contagious febrile disorder, 
 usu. with rapid prostration & severe catarrh ; 
 (also i.-cold) severe catarrh; (fig.) mental or 
 commercial epidemic. [It., as influence] 
 
 i'nflux, n. Flowing in, esp. of stream &c 
 into river &c, or of persons or things into place 
 &c [f. LL in*(JIuxus FLUX)] 
 
 infop'm, v.t & L Inspire, imbue, (person, 
 heart, thing, with feeling, principle, quality, 
 &c)4 tell (person of thing, that, how, &c), so 
 infop'mANT n.; bring charge (against -person). 
 [t OF enformer f . L in Hformare f. forma form) 
 give shape to, describe] 
 
 infop'mal, a. Not according to due form ; 
 without formality. Hence infopma'liTY n., 
 infop # malLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 information, n. Informing, telling ; thing 
 told; (Law) charge, complaint, lodged with 
 court or magistrate. Hence informa'tionAL 
 a. [f. OF enformacion f. L informationem (as 
 
 INFORM, See -ATION)] 
 
 infop'mative, a. Giving information, in- 
 structive. Soinfop*matoRYa, [-ative] 
 
 infop*med,a. Instructed, knowing the facts, 
 educated, intelligent, esp. well, ill, -i. [-ed *] 
 
 infop'mep, n. One who informs against an- 
 other, esp. (also common i.) one who makes it 
 his business to detect offenders and lay in- 
 formation against them, [-er l \ 
 
 i'nfpa (-a), adv. Below, lower down, further 
 on, (in book), as vide i., see below. [L, = below) 
 
 infpa- in comb. = L infra below ; used esp. in 
 anat. terms in sense 'below, under, some part', 
 as -re'nal, -sca'pular, -ster'nal, beneath the 
 kidneys, shoulder-blade, breast-bone. 
 
 infpa'etion, n. Violation, infringement, [f. 
 L inj radio (as infringe, see -ion)] 
 
 i'nfpa dig 1 ., pred. a. Beneath one's dignity, 
 unbecoming. Jabbr. of L infra dignitatem] 
 
 i'nfpalapsap'ian, n. & a. Calvinist who 
 held that God's election of some was consequent 
 to his prescience of the Fall, or that it con- 
 templated man as already fallen (cf. sublap- 
 sarian, supralapsarian). [f. infra- + L lap- 
 sus fall + -arian] 
 
 infrequent, a.* Not frequent. Hence or 
 cogn. infpe*quENCYn., infpe*quentLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L iN 2 (Jrequens frequent)] 
 
 infpi'nge(-j), v.t. Transgress, violate, (law, 
 oath, &c). Hence infpi'ngeMENT n. [f. L 
 in Hfringerefrad- = frangere break)] 
 
 infpu'etuous, a. Unfruitful ; (fig.) fruitless. 
 [in- 2 +fructuous f. L fruduosus (fructus -us 
 fruit, see -ous)l 
 
 infundi'bulap, a. Funnel-shaped, [f. L in- 
 fundibxdum funnel (used in E of parts of body) 
 f. in ^(fundere pour)] 
 
 infup'iate, v.t. Fill with fury, enrage, [f. 
 med.L ix l (furiare f. furia fury), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 infu'se (-z), v.t. Pour (thing into); (fig.) 
 instil (grace, spirit, life, &c, into) ; steep (herb, 
 tea, &c) in liquid to extract its soluble pro- 
 perties, whence infu'SER *(2) n. [f. L is 1 (fun- 
 derefus- pour)] 
 
 infu'sible (-z-), a. That cannot be fused or 
 melted. Hence InfusiBi'LiTY n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 infu'sion (-zhn), n. Infusing (lit. & fig.); 
 liquid extract thus obtained ; infused element, 
 admixture, [f. L infusio (as infuse, see -ion)] 
 
 inf usop'ia (-s-), n. pi. Class of protozoa found 
 in infusions of decaying animal or vegetable, 
 matter. Hence infusop'iAL a., infusop'iAN, 
 infu'soRY, aa. & nn. [mod.LliNFUSE, -ory)] 
 
 -ing" 1 . suf. forming vbl nn., OE -ung, 'ing, f. 
 OTeut. -unga. -ing orig. formed mere nn. of 
 action (asking), but came in ME to acquire 
 partly vbl (gerundial) character, being qualified 
 by adv. (the habit of speaking loosely) or govern- 
 ing an object (the idea of building him a house). 
 This use, peculiar to E, led to introduction of 
 perf., fut., & pass, forms (having killed, being 
 killed). The substantival nature of -ing is marked 
 by the possess, case or adj. that often precedes 
 it (after John's behaving so badly, upon my 
 granting the request) ; but mod. tendency is to 
 drop the possess, sign exc with pronn. or single 
 nn. Meanings : (1) vbl action (bicycling, fore- 
 bodings), esp. as occupation (banking) or as 
 inflicted (thrashing), also perh. f. nn. (soldier- 
 ing) ; (2) thing produced by vbl action (carving, 
 filings, building) ; (3) material for (sacking), 
 whether f. n. or vb (fencing = what fences or 
 serves as fence) ; (4) what is used to do vbl ac- 
 tion (binding, dentists filling) ; (5) what is to 
 be operated on (washing, darning) ; (6) set or 
 arrangement of (colouring, feathering). 
 
 -ing" 2 , suf. of pres. part, (often used as adj., 
 as charming, sometimes as prep, or adv., as 
 during). OE -ende (cf. OHG -anti, L -ent-, Gk 
 -OTi^-, Skr. -ant-) was weakened to -inde & thus 
 confused with -inge -ing 1 , which became the 
 
-ING 
 
 421 
 
 regular form in 14th c. As result of the con- 
 fusion, some constructions gerundial in orig. 
 now appear participial, as he went hunting (i. e. 
 on hunting, vol n.), the ark was building (on 
 building). On the other hand, some wds in -ing 
 that might be explained as attrib. nouns in 
 -ing 1 are perh. better regarded as quasi-pass, 
 participles (washing tie, cooking apple, breech- 
 loading gun). Compds are formed with advv. 
 & adjj. (icell-meaning, fair-seeming; for stress 
 cf. -ED 2 ), & with objective nn. {cheese-paring, 
 heart-breaking; stressed on first component). 
 
 -ing" 3 , suf. {-ing, -tcng, in other Teut. langg.) 
 forming nn. w. sense 'one belonging to', 'one 
 having the quality of ' ; also used as patronymic 
 & dim. Exx. : Atheling, king, shilling, far- 
 thing, Riding, gelding, herring, whiting. 
 
 i'ngatheping, n. Gathering in. 
 
 ingeminate (j), v.t. Repeat, reiterate, [f. 
 L in Hgeminare f. geminus twin)] 
 
 ingenious (-j-), a. Clever at contriving; 
 cleverly contrived. Hence inge'niousLY 2 
 adv. [f. L ingeniosus (ingenium cleverness, 
 see -ous)] 
 
 ingenue (F), n. Artless girl, esp. as stage 
 type. 
 
 ingenu'ity, n. Skill in contriving, [f. L 
 ingenuitas ingenuousness (as foil., see -ty) ; E 
 meaning by confusion of ingenious w. foil.] 
 
 inge'nuous (-j-), a. Open, frank ; innocent, 
 artless. Hence inge'nuousLY 2 adv., in- 
 ge'nuousNESs n. [f. L in 1 (genuus f. gen- be- 
 get) free-born, frank] 
 
 inge'st (-j-), v.t. Take in (food) to the stomach. 
 So inge'stioN n ., inge'stiVE a. [f. L in 1 - 
 (gerere gest- carry)] * 
 
 i'ngle, n. Fire burning on hearth ; i.-nook, 
 chimney-corner. [Sc. ; etyni. dub.] 
 
 inglop'ious, a. Shameful, ignominious ; 
 obscure. Hence inglop'iousLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 IN 2 {gloriosus glorious)] 
 
 i'ngoing, a. & n. Going in. 
 
 i'ngot(-ot),n. Mass(usu. oblong) of cast metal, 
 esp. of gold, silver, or steel, [perh. f. in adv. + 
 goten pp. of OE geotan cast] 
 
 ingrain (I'n- before noun, -gra'n after n. or 
 inpred.), a. Dyed in grain; inherent, invete- 
 rate, ingrained, [orig. two wds] 
 
 ingrained (as prec), a. Deeply rooted, in- 
 veterate; thorough. Hence ingpai'nedLY 2 
 adv. [prob. var. of engrained] 
 
 ingpa'te, a. & n. (archaic). Ungrateful ; un- 
 grateful person, [f. L in 2 (gratus grateful)] 
 
 ingpa'tiate (-shi-), v.t. Bring oneself into 
 favour with. Hence ingpa'tiatingLY 2 adv. 
 [prob. f. 16th-c. It. ingratiare f. L in gratiam 
 into favour, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ingpa'titude, n. Want of gratitude. [F, f. 
 LL ingratitudo (as ingrate, see -tude)] 
 
 ingpave*scent, a. (med.). (Of disease &c.) 
 growing worse. So ingpave'scENCE n. [f. L 
 ^^(gravescere f. gravis heavy), see -ent] 
 
 ingredient, n. Component part, element, 
 in a mixture, [f. L in l (gredi gress- = gradi 
 step), see -ent] 
 
 i'ngpess, n. Going in ; right of entrance, [f. 
 L ingressus -lis (as prec.)] 
 
 i'ngpowing, a. Growing inwards, esp. (of 
 nail) growing into the flesh. So i'ngpowth n. 
 [in adv.] 
 
 i'nguinal (-gw-), a. Of the groin, [f. L in- 
 guinalis (inguen -inis groin, see -al)] 
 
 ingup'gitate (-J1-), v.t. Swallow greedily ; 
 (fig.) engulf. So ingupgitA'TiON n. [f. Lin 1 - 
 (qurgitare f. gurges -itis whirlpool), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 inha'bit, v.t. (Of men or animals) dwell in, 
 occupy, (region, town, house ; also fig.). Hence 
 or cogn. inha'bitABLE a., inha'bitANT, in- 
 
 INITIATIVE 
 
 habitA'TiON, nn. [f. OF enhabiter, f. L in- 
 {habitare dwell, see habit)] 
 
 inhabitancy, n. Residence as inhabitant, 
 esp. during specified period, so as to acquire 
 rights &c. [-ANCY] 
 
 inha'le, v.t. Breathe in (air, gas, &c, or 
 abs.), take (esp. tobacco smoke or abs. of this) 
 into the lungs (also fig. ). Hence inhal a tton, 
 inha'lER H2), nn. [f. L in Hhalare breathe)] 
 
 inharmd'nic, a. Not harmonic, [in- 2 ] , 
 
 inharrao'nious, a. Not harmonious. Hence 
 inhapmo'niousLV 2 adv. [in- 2] 
 
 inhere*, v.i. (Of qualities &c.) exist, abide, 
 i n ; (of rights &c. ) be vested in (person &c. ). So 
 inhep'ENCE n., inhep'ENT a., inhep'entLY 2 
 adv. [f. L in ^(haerere haes- stick)] 
 
 inherit, v.t. Receive (property, rank, title) 
 by legal descent or succession ; derive (quality, 
 character) from one's progenitors ; (abs.) suc- 
 ceed as heir. Hence inhe'PitOR 2 , inne'Pi- 
 tPESS \ inhe'piTRix, nn. [f. OF EK(heriter put 
 in possession as heir f. LL hereditare f. heres 
 -edis heir)] 
 
 inheritable, a. Capable of inheriting or of 
 being inherited (lit. & fig.). Hence inhepita- 
 bi'lity n. [AF (as prec, see -able)] 
 
 inhe'pitanee, n. Inheriting ; what is in- 
 herited (lit, & fig.), [f. AF enheritance (as prec, 
 see -ance)] 
 
 inhesion (-zhn), n. Inhering, [f. LL in- 
 haesio (as inhere, see -ion)] 
 
 inhi'bit, v.t. Forbid, prohibit, (person &c 
 from doing ; esp. in Eccl. Law) ; forbid (eccle- 
 siastic) to exercise clerical functions ; hinder, 
 restrain, (action, process). So inhibi'tiON n., 
 inhi'bitORY a. [f. L in Hhibere hibit- = habere 
 hold)] 
 
 inho'spitable, a. Not hospitable ; (of region, 
 coast, &c) not affording shelter &c Hence in- 
 ho*spitableNESS n., inhcspitabLY 2 adv. 
 [OF (IN- 2 )] 
 
 inhospita'lity, n. Being inhospitable, [f. 
 L m 2 (hospitalitas hospitality)] 
 
 inhu'man, a. (Of person or conduct) brutal, 
 unfeeling, barbarous, so inhuma'niTY n., 
 inhu'manLY 2 adv. ; not of the ordinary hu- 
 man type. [f. L ix 2 (humanus human)] 
 
 inhu'me, v.t. Bury. Hence inhumA'TiON 
 n. Jf. L in l {humare f. humus ground)] 
 
 inrmical, a. Hostile (to); harmful (to). 
 Hence ini'miealLY 2 adv. [f. LL inimicalis f. 
 in 2 (imicus = amicus friend), see -al] 
 
 inrmitabie,a. That defies imitation. Hence 
 ini-mitableNESS n., ini'mitabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L iN 2 (imitabilis im t table)] 
 
 ini'quity, n. Unrighteousness, wickedness ; 
 gross injustice. Hence ini'quitous a., in- 
 i'quitousLY 2 adv. [f. OF iniquite f. L iniqui- 
 tatem f. m 2 (iquus=aequus just), see -ty] 
 
 ini'tial (-shl), a. & n., & v.t. (-11-). Of, existing or 
 occurring at, the beginning, as i. stage, expenses, 
 difficulties ; i. letter (standing at beginning of 
 word), esp. (n. pi.) first letters of person's name 
 & surname ; (v.t.) mark, sign, with ii. Hence 
 ini'tialLY 2 adv. [(vb f. n.) f. L initialis f. 
 initium f. in *(ire it- go), see -al] 
 
 ini'tiate 1 (-shi-), v.t. Begin, set going, origi- 
 nate ; admit (person), esp. with introductory 
 rites or forms, (into society, office, secret, in 
 mysteries, science, &c). So initiA'TiON, ini*- 
 tiatOR, ini'tiaTRix, nn., ini'tiatORY (-sha-) 
 a. [f. L initiare (as initial), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ini'tiate 2 (-at), a. & n. (Person) who has 
 been initiated, [as prec, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 initiative (-shya-), n. & a. First step,origina- 
 tion; take the ?'., take the lead (in doing) ; have 
 the (power, right, to take the) i. ; right of citi- 
 zens) outside legislature to originate legislation 
 
INITIO 
 
 422 
 
 INOFFICIOUS 
 
 (as in Switzerland) ; (adj.) beginning, originat- 
 ing, [(as noun, f. F) as prec., see -ive] 
 initio (-shio), adv. At the beginning (in refer- 
 ence to passage in book &c: abbr. init.). [L] 
 inject, v.t. Drive, force, (fluid, medicine, into 
 cavity &c.) as by syringe ; fill (cavity &c with) 
 by injecting. Hence injcetOR 2 n. [f. L in 1 - 
 (jicereject- =jacere throw)] 
 injection, n. Injecting ; liquid or solution 
 injected ; {.-engine, one in which steam is con- 
 densed by injection of jet of cold water, [f. L 
 injectio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 injudicious (-sh?/s), a. Unwise, ill-judged. 
 Hence injudi'ciousLY' 2 adv., injudi'cious- 
 NESS n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inju'netion, n. Authoritative admonition 
 or order ; judicial process restraining person 
 from wrongful act or compelling restitution 
 &c. to injured party, whence inju'net v.t. 
 (colloq.). [f. LL injunctio f. inhingere enjoin, 
 see -ion] 
 
 i'njure (-jer), v.t. Do wrong to ; hurt, harm, 
 impair, [back-formation f. injury] 
 i'njuped, a. Wronged ; showing sense of 
 wrong, offended, as in an i. voice, [p.p. of prec] 
 injurious (-oor-), a. Wrongful; (of language) 
 insulting, calumnious: hurtful. Hence in- 
 jup'iousLY 2 adv., injup'iousNESS n. [f. F 
 injurieux f. L injuriosus (as foil., see -ous)] 
 i'njupy, n. Wrongful action or treatment ; 
 harm, damage, [f. L in 2 (juria f. jus juris 
 right) wrong] 
 
 inju'stiee, n. Want of equity, unfairness ; 
 unjust act; you do him an i. (judge him un- 
 fairly). [F, f. L is 2 (justitia justice)] 
 ink, n., & v.t. Fluid (black, red, &c) for 
 writing with pen ; (printer's i.) viscous paste 
 similarly used in printing ; black liquid ejected 
 by cuttle-fish &c from bladder (i.-bag) to assist 
 its escape : i.-bottle, -pot, (for holding i.) ; i.- 
 horn, small vessel of horn formerly used for 
 holding i. ; inkstand, stand for one or more i.- 
 bottles, often with pen-tray &c : (v.t.) mark {in, 
 over, Sec.) with i., cover (types &c.) with i. so as 
 to print from them. Hence i'nkixESS n., i*nk- 
 less, i'nkv 2 , aa. [(vb f. n.) f. OF enque f. LL 
 encau'stum f. Gk e'gkauston (as encaustic) 
 purple ink used by Roman emperors for signa- 
 ture ; It. inchiostro follows L accent] 
 i'nkep, n. Telegraph instrument recording 
 message in ink; (Print. &c)inking-roller. [-er 1 ] 
 rnkling', n. Hint, slight knowledge or sus- 
 picion, (of). [I. obs. or dial, inkle hint, get a 
 notion of, etym. dub.] 
 
 i'nland (-and, -and), n., a., adv. Interior of 
 country ; placed in this, remote from sea or 
 border ; carried on within limits of a country, 
 as i. trade, i. duty (on i. trade), i. revenue (con- 
 sisting of taxes & i. duties) ; (adv.) in, towards, 
 the interior. Hence i'nlandER^i) n., in- 
 la'ndiSHia. [in adv.] 
 
 inlay \x.t.(inlaid). Embed (thing in another) 
 so that their surfaces are even ; ornament 
 (thing with another inlaid) ; insert (page, plate, 
 cut) in space c\it in larger stouter page, [in 2 ] 
 i'nlay 2 (or Inla - ), n. Inlaid work. [f. prec] 
 i'nlet, n. Small arm of sea, creek ; piece in- 
 serted, [in adv. + let v.] 
 i'nliep, n. (geol.). Underlying formation 
 completely covered by overlying one. [in adv.] 
 i'nly, adv. (poet.), 'inwardly; closely, deep- 
 ly. [OE innlice (in \ see -ly 2 )J 
 i'nlying", a. Lying inside, [in adv.] 
 i'nmate, n. Occupant (of house &c), esp. 
 one of several, [in adv.] 
 i'nmost, a. Most inward ; (fig.) deepest, most 
 intimate. [OE inneniest (in adv., see -most)] 
 inn, n. Public house for lodging &c of travel- 
 
 lers ; innkeeper, one who keeps an i. ; Ii. of 
 Court, (buildings in London belonging to) four 
 legal societies having exclusive right of admit- 
 ting persons to practise at bar (Inner Temple, 
 Middle Temple, Lincoln's L, Gray's I.) ; Ii. of 
 Chancery, buildings in London formerly used 
 for residence of law students, societies occupy- 
 ing these. [OE, f. in adv.] 
 
 inna'te (or 111-), a. Inborn, natural. Hence 
 inna'teLY 2 adv., inna'teNESS n. [f. LL in ] - 
 (natus p.p. of nasci be born)] 
 
 inna'vigrable, a. Not navigable, [f. Lin 2 - 
 (navigabilis navigable)] 
 
 i'nnep, a. & n. Interior, internal ; the i. man, 
 man's soul or mind, (facet.) stomach, a,srefresh- 
 ed his i. man; (n.) division of target next out- 
 side bull's-eye, shot that strikes this. Hence 
 i'nnePMOST a. [OE innera a., compar. of in 2 ] 
 
 innep'vate, v.t. Supply (organ &c.) with 
 nerve-force or nerves. Hence innepVA"TiON 
 
 n. [f. IN- l + NERVE + -ATE 3 ] 
 
 i'nnings, n. (pi. same, colloq. -es). (Cricket 
 &c. ) portion of game played by either side while 
 in or batting, play of one batsman during his 
 turn ; (fig.) time of possession or power of poli- 
 tical party &c. [orig. pi. ; f. in adv. + -ing l ] 
 
 i'nnocent, a. & n. Free from moral wrong, 
 sinless ; not guilty (of crime &c) ; (colloq.) win- 
 dows i. of (without) glass ; simple, guileless ; 
 harmless ; (n.) i. person, esp. young child ; In- 
 nocents' Day, Dec. 28, festival of the slaughter 
 of children by Herod (Matt. ii. 16) ; (Pari, slang) 
 massacre of the ii., sacrifice of measures at end 
 of session for want of time ; simple person ; 
 idiot. Hence or cogn. i'nnocENCE, -enc y (rare), 
 nn., i'nnocentLY 2 adv. [F, f. L in 2 (nocentem 
 part, of nocere hurt)] 
 
 inno'cuous, a. Not injurious, harmless (esp. 
 of snakes). Hence innocu'iT v, inno'cuous- 
 ness, nn., inno'euousLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (no- 
 cuus as prec.) + -ous] 
 
 inno'minate (-at), a. Unnamed ; (Anat.) i. 
 bone, hip-bone (made up of three original bones), 
 [f. LiN 2 (nomi'na£n.9, as nominate)] 
 
 i'nnovate, v.i. Bring in novelties ; make 
 changes in. Hence or cogn. innovA'TiON, i*n- 
 novatOR 2 , nn., i'nnovatORY a. [f. Lin ^(no- 
 vare make new f. novus), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 inno'xious, a. Harmless. Hence inno'x- 
 iousLY 2 adv., inno'xiousNESS n. [f. L in 2 - 
 (noxius noxious)] 
 
 innue'ndo, n. (pi. -oes), & v.i. Oblique hint, 
 allusive remark (usu. depreciatory); (v.i.) make 
 ii. [(vb f. n.) L, gerund of iN 2 (niiere nod),= 
 by nodding, i. e. by way of explanation, as ' he, 
 innuendo the plaintiff ')] 
 
 innu'mepable, a. Countless, [f. LiN 2 (mt- 
 merabilis numerable)] 
 
 innutpi'tion, n. Lack of nutrition, [in- 2 ] 
 
 innutpi'tious, a. Not nourishing, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inobsep'vance, n. Inattention ; non-obser- 
 vance (of law &c). [F, f. L ix 2 (observantia 
 
 OBSERVANCE)] 
 
 inoccupation, n. Wantof occupation, [in- 2 ] 
 
 ind'eulate, v.t. Impregnate (person, animal, 
 with virus or germs of disease) to induce milder 
 form of it & so safeguard person against its 
 attacks; implant (disease &c) thus (on, into, 
 person &c); insert (bud, scion) in plant, treat 
 (plant) thus. Hence or cogn. inoeuLVTiON, 
 ino'culatOR 2 , nn., ino'eulatiVE a. [f. L in 1 - 
 (oculare f. oculus eye, bud) engraft, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ino'dopous, a. Having no odour, [f. Lin 2 - 
 (odorus odorous)] 
 
 inoffensive, a. Unoffending ; not objection- 
 able. Hence inoffe'nsiveLY 2 adv., inofFe'n- 
 siveNESs n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inonTcious, a. Without office or function ; 
 
INOPERATIVE 
 
 423 
 
 INSERTION 
 
 (Law) not in accordance with moral duty. [f. 
 L IN 2 (officiosus obliging, see officious)] 
 
 ind'perative, a. Not working or taking 
 effect, [in- 2 J 
 
 inopportu'ne, a. Unseasonable. Hence in- 
 oppoPtirneLY'^ adv., inopportu'nexESS 
 n. [f. LL in 2 (opportunus opportune)] 
 
 inop'dinate (-at), a. Immoderate, excessive; 
 intemperate; disorderly. Hence inop'dinate- 
 LY 2 adv. [f. L \~s 2 (ordinatus p.p. of ordinare 
 f. ordo -dinis order)] 
 
 inopg'a'nic, a. Having no organized physical 
 structure; (Chem., of compounds &c.) not en- 
 tering into composition of organized bodies ; i. 
 chemistry, that of mineral substances; not 
 arising by natural growth, extraneous, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inopganiza'tion, n. Lack of organization. 
 [in- 2 ] 
 
 inop'nate (-at), a. Not ornate, [in- 2 ] 
 
 ino'sculate, v.i. & t. (Of blood-vessels &c.) 
 join, have terminal connexion, (with) ; (of fibres 
 &c.) unite closely, be interwoven ; (trans.) unite 
 (fibres &c.) closely. Hence inoseulATiON n. 
 [f. IN- 2 + L osculare furnish with mouth (oscu- 
 cum dim. of os moutih), -ate 3 ] 
 
 i'npouping", a. & n. Pouring in. 
 
 i'nquest, n. Legal or judicial inquiry to 
 ascertain matter of fact ; = coroner's i. ; great, 
 last, i., last Judgment ; coroner's jury ; grand 
 i., grand jury. [LOFenqueste f. med.L inquesta 
 f. com. -Rom. *inquerere inquire] 
 
 inqur etude, n. Uneasiness of mind or body, 
 [f. LL (-do) f. ix 2 (quietus quiet), -tude] 
 
 inquire*, en-, v.i. & t. Make search (into 
 matter) ; seek information (of person, about, 
 after, thing &c.) ; i. after, for, him (how he is); 
 ask for (goods in shop &c.) ; ask to be told 
 (person's name, business, &c, whether, hoiv, 
 Sec). Hence inquiP'ingLY 2 adv. [ME en- 
 quere f. OF enquerre f. com. -Rom. inquerere 
 -quest- = L in ^(quirere quisit- = quaerere seek); 
 wholly (in-) or partly (en-) refash. on L] 
 
 inqulp'y, en-, n. Asking ; question ; investi- 
 gation ; make it, ask (about &c.) ; court of i. 
 (investigating charge against officer or soldier), 
 [f . prec. + -Y 4 ] 
 
 inquisi'tion (-z-), n. Search, investigation ; 
 judicial or official inquiry ; (Rom. Cath.) £/*e L, 
 ecclesiastical tribunal for suppression of heresy, 
 the Holy Office. Hence inquisi'tionAL a. 
 [OF, f. L inquisitionem (as inquire, see -ION)] 
 
 inqui'sitive (-z-), a. Given to inquiry, curi- 
 ous. Hence inqui'sitive ly 2 adv. , inqui'si- 
 tiveNESS n. [OF (-if, -ive), f. LL inquisitivus 
 (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 inqui'sitop (-z-), n. Official investigator ; 
 officer of the Inquisition ; Grand I., director of 
 court of Inquisition in some countries ; I.-Gene- 
 ral, head of this in Spain, [f. OF inguisiteur f. 
 L inquisitorem (as inquire, see -OR 2 )] 
 
 inquisitop'ial, a. Of, like, an inquisitor* 
 offensively prying. Hence inquisitop'ialLY 2 
 adv. [f. med.L inquisitorius (as prec, see -ory) 
 + -al] 
 
 i'npoad, n. Hostile incursion, raid ; (fig.) 
 forcible encroachment, [in adv. + road n. in 
 sense ' riding '] 
 
 i'npush, n. Riishing in. [in adv.] 
 
 insa'livate, v.t. Mix (food) with saliva. 
 Hence insalivATiON n. [f. in- 1 + saliva + 
 
 -ATE 3 ] 
 
 insalu'bpious, a. (Of climate or place) un- 
 healthy. So insalu'bPiTY n. [f. Lin 2 (salubris 
 salubrious)] 
 
 insa'ne, a. Mad ; senseless ; i. asyUim (for i. 
 persons). Hence or cogn. insa'neLY 2 adv., 
 insa'niTY n. [f. L in 2 (sanus sane]) 
 
 Insa/nitary, a. Not sanitary, [in- 2 ] 
 
 insa'tiable (-sha-), a. That cannot be satis- 
 fied ; inordinately greedy (of). Hence insati- 
 aBULiTY n., insa'tiabLY 2 adv. [f. L its 2 (sati- 
 abilis, as satiate, see -ble)] 
 
 insa'tiate (-shyat), a. Never satisfied, [f. L 
 in 2 (satiatus, as prec.)] 
 
 insepi'be, v.t. Write (words &c. in, on, stone, 
 metal, paper, &c.) ; enter name of (person) on 
 list ; (esp. in p.p.) issue (loan) in form of shares 
 with registered holders, as inscribed stock; 
 mark (sheet, tablet, &c, with characters) ; 
 (Geom.) trace (figure) within another so that 
 some particular points of it lie in the boundary 
 of that other, whence insepi'bABLE a. [f. L 
 in ^(scribere script- write)] 
 
 inscription, n. Words inscribed, esp. on 
 monument, coin, &c, so insepi'ptionAL, in- 
 sepi'ptivE, aa. ; inscribing (o/loan). [f. L in- 
 scriptio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 inscpu'table (-rob-), a. That cannot be pene- 
 trated (fig.), wholly mysterious. Hence in- 
 serutaBiLiTY, insepu'tableNESs, nn., in- 
 sepu'tabLY 2 adv. [f. LL m 2 (scrutabilis f. 
 scrutari search, see -ble)] 
 
 i'nseet, n. Small invertebrate animal, usu. 
 with body divided into segments & several 
 pairs of legs, esp. (Zool.) one with body divided 
 into three regions (head, thorax, abdomen), six 
 legs upon thorax, & (usu.) two or four wings ; 
 (fig.) insignificant person or creature ; i.-pow- 
 der (for killing or driving away ii.). Hence 
 inseetrvoRA n. pi., inse'etivoRE n., in- 
 seeti'voROUS a. [f. L insectum (animal) notch- 
 ed animah_f. in l (secare sect- cut)] 
 
 insectap'ium, n. Place for keeping insects. 
 
 [-ARIUM] 
 
 inse'eticide, n. Insect-killer, esp. prepara- 
 tion used for killing insects. Hence inseeti- 
 ei'dAL a. [-CIDE] 
 
 inseeto'logy, n. Science of insects, esp. in 
 their economic relations to man. [f. F insecto- 
 logie (as insect^ see -o- & -logy)] 
 
 insecure* (-ur), a. Unsafe ; (of ice, ground, 
 &c) liable to give way. Hence or cogn. in- 
 seeure'LY 2 adv., insecup'iTY n. [f. Lin 2 
 (securus secure)] 
 
 inse'minate, v.t. Sow (seed &c, lit. & fig. 
 in). Hence inseminA'TioN n. [f. LiN^semi- 
 nare f. semen -minis seed), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 insensate (-at), a. Without sensibility, un- 
 feeling ; stupid ; without physical sensation. 
 Hence inse'nsateLY 2 adv. [f. LL in 2 (sensa- 
 tas f. sensus sense, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 insensibility, n. Lack of mental feeling 
 or emotion ; indifference (to) ; unconsciousness, 
 swoon, [f. LL insensibilitas (as foil., see -ty)] 
 
 insensible, a. Too small or gradual to be 
 perceived, inappreciable, whence inse'nsib- 
 ly 2 adv.; unconscious, as he fell doxen & was 
 long i.', unaware (of, to, how, &c); emotion- 
 less, callous, [f. L iN 2 (sensibilis sensible)] 
 
 inse'nsitive, a. Not sensitive (to touch, 
 sight, light, mental or moral impressions). 
 Hence inse'nsitiveNESS n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inse'ntient (-shi-). a. Inanimate, [in- 2 ] 
 
 inse'papable, a. & n. That cannot be sepa- 
 rated ; (Gram.) i. prefix, one that cannot be used 
 as separate word (e.g. dis-, mis-, un-) ; (n., usu. 
 pi.) i. person or thing, esp. friend. Hence in- 
 sepapaBULiTY n., inse'papabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L in Hseparabilis separable)] 
 
 insep't, v.t. Place, fit, thrust, (thing in, 
 into, another, between edges &c) ; introduce 
 (letter, word, article, in, into, written matter, 
 newspaper, &c). [f. L iN 1 (serere sert- join)] 
 
 insep'tion, n. Inserting ; thing inserted, esp. 
 in writing or print; ornamental needlework &c 
 inserted into plain material, as lace i.; (Anat.) 
 
INSET 
 
 424 
 
 INSTANTANEOUS 
 
 mode of attachment of muscle, organ, &c. [f. 
 Jj'insertio (as prec., see -ion)1 # 
 
 i'nset 1 , n. Extra page(s) inserted in sheet 
 or book ; small map &c. inserted within border 
 of larger ; piece let into dress, [in 2 + set n.] 
 
 inse't 2 , v.t. (inset or -tted). Fix or insert in 
 (sheet &c). [in adv. + set v„ or f. prec] 
 
 i'nshope*, adv. & a. Close to shore; i. of, 
 nearer to shore than, [in adv.] 
 
 inside, n., a., adv., prep. (Pron. rnsi'd) inner 
 f?ideorsurface,(of path) sidenext to wall oraway 
 from road ; (I'nsrd) inner part, interior ; (insi'd) 
 stomach & bowels (colloq.) ; the i'nsi'de (middle 
 part) of a week ; (insi'd) passenger travelling i. 
 coach &c. ; turned i'nside out, so that inner 
 side becomes outer ; (adj., i*nsid) situated on or 
 in the i. ; (adv., insi'd) on or in the L; (colloq.) 
 i. of (in less than) a week ; (prep., i*nsi"d) on the 
 inner side of, within, [in a. + side] 
 
 insi'dep, n. One who is in some society, 
 organization, &c. (cf. outsider) ; one who is in 
 the secret, [f. prec. + -er 1 ] 
 
 insi'dious, a. Treacherous, crafty; pro- 
 ceeding secretly or subtly, as i. disease. Hence 
 insi'diousLY 2 adv., insi'diousNESS n. [f. L 
 insidiosus cunning f. w'^sidiae t. sedere sit) 
 ambush, see -ous] 
 
 i'nsiglit, n. Penetration (into character, 
 circumstances, &c.) with the understanding. 
 [in adv. + sight] 
 
 insi'gnia, n. pi. Badges, distinguishing 
 marks, (of office, honour, &c). [L, neut. pi. of 
 in *(signis f. signum sign) distinguished] 
 
 insignificant, a. Unimportant, trifling ; 
 contemptible; meaningless. Hence insig 1 - 
 ni'fieANCE, -ancy, nn., insigni'fieantLY 2 
 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 insincere*, a. Not sincere, disingenuous. 
 Hence insineere*LY 2 adv., insinee'PiTY n. 
 [f. L izt 2 (si?icerus sincere)] 
 
 insinuate, v.t. Introduce (thing, oneself, 
 into place, oneself, person, into favour, office, 
 &c.) gradually or subtly; convey indirectly, 
 hint obliquely, (idea, that). Hence insi'nu- 
 atingLY 2 adv., insinuA'TiON, insi'nuat- 
 or 2 , nn., insi'nuatiVE a. [f. L in l (sinuare f. 
 sinus -us curve), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 insi'pid, a. Tasteless ; wanting in flavour ; 
 lifeless, dull, uninteresting. Hence insipi'd- 
 ity, insi'pidNESS, nn., insi'pidLY 2 adv. [f. 
 LL in 2 (sipid us = sapid ?ts well-tasting, f. sapere 
 taste, be wise, see -id 1 )] 
 
 insi'st, v.i. & t. Dwell long or emphatically 
 (on), as i. on this point, on his unpunctuality ; 
 maintain positively, as i. on his innocence, i. 
 (on it) that he is innocent ; demand persistently, 
 as Ii. on being present, on your being present, 
 on your presence, i. (on it) that you shall be 
 present. Hence insi'stENCE, -ency, nn., in- 
 si'stENT a., insi'stentLY 2 adv. [f. L in 1 - 
 (sistere stand)] 
 
 insobri'ety, n. Intemperance, esp. in drink- 
 ing. [in- 2 ] 
 
 insola'tion, n. Exposure to sun's rays, for 
 purposes of bleaching &c, as medical treat- 
 ment, or as cause of disease, [f. L insolatio f. 
 is l (solare I. sol sun), see -ation] 
 
 i'nsolent, a. Offensively contemptuous, in- 
 sulting. Hence or cogn. i'nsolENCE n., i'n- 
 solentLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (solens part, of solere 
 be accustomed), see -ent] 
 
 insd'luble, a. That cannot be solved ; that 
 cannot be dissolved. Hence insoluBi'LiTY, 
 inso'lubleNESS, nn., inso'lubLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 
 IN 2 (S0lubilis SOLUBLE)] 
 
 insolvent, a. & n. (Debtor) unable to pay 
 debts; relating to ii., as i. laws. Hence in- 
 SO'lVENCYn. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inso'mnia, n. Sleeplessness. [L, f. in 2 (som- 
 nis f. somnus sleep) sleepless] 
 
 insomu'ch, adv. To such an extent that. 
 
 insou'ciant (-soo-, or as F), n. Careless, in- 
 different. So insoireiANCE n. [F (in- 2 + 
 souciant part, of soucier care f. L sollicitare 
 disturb)] 
 
 inspa*n,v.t. (S.-Afr.; -nn-). Yoke (oxen &c.) 
 in team to vehicle ; harness (wagon), [f. Du. 
 in l (spannen span, put horses to)] 
 
 inspe'et, v.t. Look closely into; examine 
 officially. So inspe'etiON, inspe'etOR 2 , in- 
 spe'ctoPSHip, nn., inspe'etoPAL, inspec- 
 top'iAL, aa. [f. L in ^(spicere sped- look)] 
 
 inspectorate (-at), n. Office of inspector ; 
 body of inspectors; district under inspector, esp. 
 in Greenland, [-ate l ] 
 
 inspiration, n. Drawing in of breath ; in- 
 spiring ; divine influence, esp. that under which 
 books of Scripture are held to have been written, 
 whether verbal i. (dictating every word), plen- 
 ary i. (covering all subjects treated), or moral 
 i. (confined to moral & religious teaching), 
 whence inspipa'tioniSM(3), inspiration- 
 ist(2), nn.; thought &c. inspired; inspiring 
 principle. Hence inspipa'tionAL a. [OF, r. 
 L inspirationem (as inspire, see -ation)] 
 
 i'nspipatop, a. Apparatus for drawing in 
 air or vapour. [L (as foil., see -or 2 )] 
 
 inspire*, v.t. Breathe in, inhale, (air &c. or 
 abs.), whence inspiP'atORY a.; infuse thought 
 or feeling into (person ; esp. of divine or super- 
 natural agency; often in p.p.) ; animate (person 
 &c. with feeling) ; infuse (feeling into person 
 &c), create (feeling in person) ; an inspired 
 article (in journal), one secretly suggested by 
 or emanating from influential person &c. [f . OF 
 enspirer f. L ix l (spirare breathe)] 
 
 inspi'pit, v.t. Put life into, animate; en- 
 courage (person to action, to do). Hence in- 
 spi'PitiNG 2 a. [in- i+spiRiT n.] 
 
 inspi'ssate (orVn-), v.t. Thicken, condense. 
 So inspissA'TiON n. [f. LL in ^(spissay'e f. 
 spissus thick), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 instability, n. Lack of stability (usu. fig. 
 of moral qualities &c. ). [f . F instability f . L 
 instabilitatein f. m 2 (stabilis stable), see -Ti')] 
 
 insta'll (-awl), v.t. Place (person in office or 
 dignity) with ceremonies, whence insta'll a NT 
 (-awl-) a. & n. ; establish (person, oneself, in 
 place, condition, &c); place (heating or lighting 
 apparatus &c.)in position foruse. SoinstallA*- 
 TioNn. [f.med.LiNMstaZJaref. stallum stall)] 
 
 insta'ln, ent (-awl-), n. Each of several 
 parts, successivelyf ailing due, of a sum payable; 
 each of several parts supplied &c. at different 
 times, [f. obs. ia 1 (stall v. arrange, fix) + -ment] 
 
 i'nstance 1 , n. Fact illustrating a general 
 truth, example; fori., for example; at the i. 
 (request, suggestion) of; (Law) process, suit, as 
 court of first i. (primary jurisdiction) ; in the 
 first i., in the first place, at the first stage of a 
 proceeding. [F,f. Ltn.s£cm£iapresence,urgency, 
 pleading, objection to general statement, in- 
 stance to the contrary (as instant *, see -ance)] 
 
 i'nstance 2 , v.t. Cite (fact, case) as an in- 
 stance ; (usu. pass.) exemplify, [f. prec] 
 
 i'nstancy, n. Urgency, [as prec., -ancy] 
 
 i'nstant^a. Urgent, pressing; (abbr.z«.sf.)of 
 the current month, as the Gthinst. (cf. proximo, 
 ultimo); immediate. [F, f. L is 1 (stare stand) 
 be present, press upon, see -ant] 
 
 i'nstant 2 , n. Precise (esp. the present) point 
 of time, moment, as come this i., I went that i.; 
 I told you the t.(as soon as) I knew ; short space 
 of time, moment, [prec. as n.] 
 
 instanta'neous, a. Occurring, done, in an 
 instant; (Dynam.) existing at a particular in- 
 
INSTANTER 
 
 425 
 
 INTACT 
 
 stant. Hence instanta'neousLY- adv., in- 
 stanta'neous.NESS n. [prec. + -aneous, after 
 mo?nentaneous] 
 
 insta'nter, adv. Immediately, at once, (now 
 usu. facet.). [L, f. instans instant 1 ] 
 
 i'nstantly, adv. Atonce. [instant 1 + -ly 2 ] 
 
 instaura'tion, n. Restoration, renewal. So 
 i*nstauratOR 2 n. [f. hinstatiratio f. in ^(stau- 
 rare, see restore Be -ation)] 
 
 instea'd (-ed), adv. As a substitute or alter- 
 native ; in place of, as i. of this, i. of going, you 
 should be out i. of (sitting) in on this fine clay, 
 (also in his, my, our, stead), [in prep. +stead n. J 
 
 i'nstep, n. Upper surface of human foot be- 
 tween toes & ankle; part of shoe &c. fitting 
 this; i.-shaped thing. [?] 
 
 rns tig-ate, v.t. Urge on, incite, (person to 
 action, to do usu. something evil) ; bring about 
 (revolt, murder, &c.) by persuasion. So insti- 
 gATiON, i'nstig-atOR 2 , nn. [f. L in Hstigare, 
 cf. Gk stizo prick, root stig-), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 insti'l(l), v.t. (-11-). Put in (liquid into thing) 
 by drops ; infuse, (feeling, ideas, &c. into person, 
 mind, &c. ) gradually. Hence or cogn. instill- 
 A'Tio^iirstilMENT, nn. [f. L in Hstillare drop)] 
 
 i'nstinct 1 , n. Innate propensity, esp. in lower 
 animals, to certain seemingly rational acts per- 
 formed without conscious design ; innate im- 
 pulse ; intuition, unconscious skill. Hence in- 
 sti'netivE a., insti'netiveLV 2 adv. [f. L in- 
 stinctus -us f. in l (stinguere stinct- prick) incite] 
 
 insti'net 2 , pred. a. Imbued, charged, (ivith 
 life, beauty, force, &c). [f. L p.p. as prec] 
 
 institute 1 , n. Society, organization, for pro- 
 motion of scientific or other object; building 
 used by this j (pi.) digest of elements of a sub- 
 ject, esp. of jurisprudence, as li. of Justinian. 
 {f. L neut. p.p. as foil.] 
 
 institute 2 , v.t. Establish, found; set on 
 foot (inquiry &c); appoint (person to, into, bene- 
 fice), [f. L in 1 (stituere -tut- = statuere set up)] 
 
 institution, n. Instituting; establishment 
 (of person) in cure of souls ; established law, 
 custom, or practice; (colloq., of person &c) 
 familiar object ; organization for promotion of 
 some public object; building used by this. 
 Hence institu'tionAL a. [£>F, f. L institutio 
 (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 instriret, v.t. Teach (person &c. in subject); 
 inform (person that, when, &c.) ; (of client, soli- 
 citor) give information to (solicitor, counsel) ; 
 direct, command, (person to do). Hence or cogn. 
 instPU'ctOR 2 , instPU'etPESS 1 , nn. [f. Lin 1 - 
 (struere struct- pile up) build, teach] 
 
 instruction, n. Teaching; (pi.) directions, 
 orders; (pi.) directions to solicitor or counsel. 
 Hence instru'etionAL a. [OF, f. L instruc- 
 tionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 instpu'etive, a. Tending to instruct, con- 
 veyi ng a lesson. Hence instPU'ctiveL y 2 adv. , 
 instPU'ctiveNESS n. [-ive] 
 
 i'nstpument, n.,ife v.t. Thing used in per- 
 forming an action ; person so made use of ; tool, 
 implement, esp. for delicate or scientific work ; 
 (also musical i.) contrivance for producing mu- 
 sical sounds by vibration of strings &c. (stringed 
 &c ii.) or of body of air in pipe &c (wind ii.); 
 formal, esp. legal, document; (v.t.) arrange 
 (music) for ii. [(vb f. n.) F, f. L instrumentum 
 (as instruct, see -ment)] 
 
 instrumental, a. Serving as instrument 
 or means (to purpose, in work, in doing) ; of, 
 arising from, an instrument, as i. errors; (of 
 music) performed on instruments (cf. vocal), 
 whenee instPume*ntaliST(3) n.; (Gram.) i. 
 case (denotingthe instrument). Hence instpu- 
 me'ntalLY 2 adv. [F, f. med.L instrumentalis 
 
 (9.S INSTRUMENT. See -AL)] 
 
 instrumentality, n. Agency, means, esp. 
 by the i. of. [-ity] 
 
 • instrumentation, n. Arrangement of mu- 
 sic for instruments ; operation with surgical or 
 other instrument ; instrumentality. [F, f. in- 
 strumenter (as instrument), see -ation] 
 
 insubop'dinate (-at), a. Disobedient, re- 
 bellious. Hence insubordinA'TiON n. [in- 2 ] 
 
 insubsta-ntial, a. Not real ; lacking soli- 
 dity or substance. Hence insubstan tia'liT y 
 n. [f. LL in 2 (substantialis substantial)] 
 
 insu'ffepable, a. Unbearably arrogant, con- 
 ceited, &c Hence insu*ffepabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 insufficient, a. Not sufficient, inadequate. 
 Hence or cogn. insuflfPeiENCY n., insuffp- 
 eientLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L in 2 (sufficientem suf- 
 ficient)] 
 
 Pnsufflate, v.t. Blow, breathe, (air, gas, &c.) 
 into cavity of the body &c ; treat (nose &c ) thus. 
 Hence PnsufflatOR 2 (2) n. [f. L in HsvFflare 
 blow upon), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 insufna'tion, n. Blowing on or into ; breath- 
 ing on person as rite of exorcism, [f. L insuffia- 
 tio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 Pnsular, a. Of (the nature of) an island ; 
 of, like, islanders, esp. narrow-minded, whence 
 i'nsulapiSM n. Hence insula'PiTY n., Pn- 
 sulaPLY 2 adv. [f . L insularis (as foil., see -ar 1 )] 
 
 i'nsulate, v.t. Make (land) into an island ; 
 detach (person, thing) from surroundings, iso- 
 late ; isolate (thing) by interposition of non-con- 
 ductors, to pre vent passage of electricity or heat. 
 Hence insuLvTiON, i'nsulatOR 2 (2), nn. [f. L 
 insida island + -ate 3 ] 
 
 Pnsult 1 ,^ Insultingspeech or action, affront, 
 [f. LL mi(sidhts = saltus leap, as foil.)] 
 
 insu'lt 2 , v.t. Treat with scornful abuse, offer 
 indignity to ; (of person or thing) affront. Hence 
 insu*lting-LY 2 adv. [f.Lix Hsidtare = saltare, 
 frequent, of satire salt- leap)] 
 
 insu'pepable, a, (Of barriers &c & fig. of 
 difficulties &c) that gannot be surmounted or 
 overcome; (rare) unsurpassable. Hence in- 
 supepaBixiTY n., insu*pepabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L in 2 (stiperabilis f . superare overcome, -ble)] 
 
 insupportable, a. Unbearable. Hence 
 insuppop'tabLY 2 adv. [F (in- 2 )] 
 
 insup'ance (-shoor-), n. Insuring ; sum paid 
 for this, premium, [earlier en-, f. OF enseur- 
 ance (as ensure, see -ance)] 
 
 insup'ant, n. Person to whom insurance 
 policy is issued, [f. foil, -f -ant] 
 
 insure* (-*shoor), v.t. Secure payment of sum 
 of money in event of loss of or damage to (pro- 
 perty, life ; cf. assurance) by payment of pre- 
 mium ; secure payment of (sum of money) thus 
 (said of owner of the property or of insurance 
 company) ; the insured, the person to whom 
 such payment is secured. Hence insup'ABLE 
 a. [earlier ensure] 
 
 insup'ep, n. One who insures property in 
 consideration of premium, underwriter, [-er l ) 
 
 insup'g-ent, a. & n. Rising in active revolt ; 
 (of sea &c) rushing in; (n.) rebel. Hence in- 
 sup'gfENCY n. [f. L in l (surgere surrect- rise), 
 see -ent] 
 
 insurmou*ntable,a, Not to be surmounted. 
 Hence insupmou'ntabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 insur re'etion, n. Rising in open resistance 
 to established authority; incipient rebellion. 
 Hence insuppe'ctionAL, insuppe'etion- 
 ary \ aa., insuppe*etioniST(3) n. [F, f. rare 
 L insurrectionem (as insurgent, see -ion)] 
 
 insusceptible, a. Not susceptible (of 
 treatment, to agency &c). Hence insuscep- 
 tiBI'LITYn. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inta'et, a. Untouched; entire; unimpaired, 
 [f. L m 2 (tacltcs p.p. of tangere touch)] 
 
 U* 
 
INTAGLIATED 
 
 426 
 
 INTER- 
 
 intagpliated, a. Carved on the surface, [f. 
 It. intagliato pp. of m l (tagliare cut f. LL tale- 
 are f. talea twig) + -ED l ] 
 
 intag'lio, n., & v.t, Engraved design ; carv- 
 ing in hard material ; gem with incised design 
 (cf. cameo); (v.t.) engrave (material, design) 
 thus, [(vb f. n.) It. (as prec.)] 
 
 i'ntake, n. (chiefly Sc). Place where water 
 is taken into channel or pipe from river &c. ; 
 airway in mine ; abrupt narrowing in pipe, 
 stocking, &c. [in adv. + take v.] 
 
 inta'nglble, a. That cannot be touched ; 
 impalpable ; that cannot be grasped mentally. 
 Hence intang , iBrLiTvn.,inta*ng'ibLY 2 adv. 
 [f. med.L ix 2 (tangibilis tangible)] 
 
 i'ntegep, n. Whole number, undivided quan- 
 tity, (cf. fraction) ; thing complete in itself. 
 [L,*adj. = untouched, whole (in- 2 + tag- root of 
 tangere touch)] 
 
 i'ntegpal, a. & n. Of, necessary to the com- 
 pleteness of, a whole ; whole, complete ; (Math.) 
 of, denoted by, an integer, involving only in- 
 tegers ; i. calculus (dealing with finding & pro- 
 perties of ii. of functions, cf. differential) ; 
 (n.) quantity of which a given function is the 
 differential or differential coefficient. Hence 
 or cogn. integpa'liTV* n., i'nteg-ralLY 2 adv. 
 [f. LL integralis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 integrant, a. (Of parts) component, making 
 up a whole, [as foil., see -ant] 
 
 integrate 1 (-at), a. Made up of parts; 
 whole, complete, [as foil., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 integrate 2 , v.t. Complete (imperfect thing) 
 by addition of parts ; combine (parts) into a 
 whole; (Math.) find the integral of; indicate 
 mean value or total sum of (area, temperature, 
 &c), whence integpatOR 2 (2) n. Hence or 
 cogn. integ-PA'TiON n., integpativE a. [f. L 
 integrare make whole (integer), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 integrity, n. Wholeness ; soundness ; up- 
 rightness, honesty, [f. L integritas wholeness, 
 purity, (integer, see -tv|] 
 
 int^'gument, n. Skin, husk, rind, or other 
 (usu. natural) covering. Hence integu- 
 me'ntARY 1 a. [f. L integumentum f. iN Tl (£e- 
 gere cover), see -ment] 
 
 intellect, n. Faculty of knowing & reason- 
 ing ; understanding ; person, persons collec- 
 tively, of good understanding, [f. L intellectus 
 
 -US (as INTELLIGENT)] 
 
 intelle'ction, n. Action, process, of under- 
 standing, esp. as opp. to imagination. So in- 
 telle'ctiVE a. [f. LL intellectio (as intelli- 
 gent, see -ion)] 
 
 intellectual, a. & n. Of, appealing to, re- 
 quiring the exercise of, intellect ; (person) pos- 
 sessing a good understanding, enlightened per- 
 son, esp. tlie ii. (of a country &c). Hence or 
 cogn. intellectua'liTV, intellectualiz ac- 
 tion, nn., intelleetualizE(3) v.t. & i., in- 
 telle'ctualLY 2 adv. [f. L intellectualis (as 
 
 INTELLECT, See -AL)] 
 
 intelle'ctualism, n. Doctrine that know- 
 ledge is wholly or mainly derived from pure 
 reason. So intelle , etualis'r(2) n. [-ism] 
 
 intelligence, n. Intellect, understanding, 
 whence intelligentiAL a. ; quickness of un- 
 derstanding, sagacity, (of person or animal) ; 
 rational being ; information, news. [F, f. L in- 
 telligentia (as intelligent)] 
 
 inte'lligeneep, n. Bringer of news, in- 
 formant ; secret agent, spy. [f. prec. -f -er 1 ] 
 
 intelligent, a. Having or showing (usu. a 
 high degree of) understanding. Hence intel- 
 ligentLY 2 adv. [f. L intelligere understand 
 (inter- + legere gather, pick out, read), -ent] 
 
 intelligible, a. That can be understood ; 
 (Philos.) that can be apprehended only by the 
 
 intellect, not by the senses. Hence intelligi- 
 bi-litv n., inte'lligibLY 2 adv. [f. L intelligi- 
 bilis (as prec, see -ble)] 
 
 intemperate (-at), a. (Of person or con- 
 duct) immoderate, unbridled, violent ; exces- 
 sive in the indulgence of an appetite ; addicted 
 to drinking. Hence or cogn. intempePANCE 
 n. , intempepateL y 2 adv. [f . L in 2 (te mpera- 
 
 tliS, as TEMPER V.)] 
 
 intend, v.t. Purpose, design, as we i. to go, 
 we i. no harm, we i. that it shall be done today, 
 ivas this intended (done on purpose) ? ; design, 
 destine, (person, thing) for a purpose, as we i. 
 our son for the bar, i. him to go, i. it as a stop- 
 gap, this bxin is intended for you (to eat), this 
 daub is intended for (meant to represent) me ; 
 mean, as what exactly do you i. by the word ?. 
 [f. F entendre f. L ia l (tendere tent- or ^ens- 
 stretch, tend) strain, direct, purpose] 
 
 inte'ndant, n. Superintendent, manager, 
 of public business &c. (chiefly as foreign title). 
 Hence intendancv n. [F, f. L as prec, -ant] 
 
 intended, n. (colloq.). Affianced lover, as 
 your, his, her, i. [p.p. of intend as n.] 
 
 intendment, n. True meaning as fixed by 
 law. [f. F entendement meaning (as intend, 
 see -ment)] 
 
 intense, a. (-er, -est). (Of quality &c) exist- 
 ing in a high degree, violent, vehement ; hav- 
 ing some quality in high degree ; (of feeling or 
 action) eager, ardent; feeling, apt to feel, i. 
 emotion. Hence intenseLY 2 adv., intense- 
 ness, intensiFiCA"TioN, intensiTY, nn., in- 
 te'nsiFY v.t, & i. [F, as intent 2 ] 
 
 intension, n. Intensity, high degree, of a 
 quality, opp. to extension ; strenuous exertion 
 of mind or will. [f. L intensio (intend, -ion)] 
 
 intensive, a. Of, relating to, intensity as 
 opp. to extent ; intense ; (Gram.) expressing in- 
 tensity, giving force ; (Econ.) serving to in- 
 crease production of given area, as i. methods, 
 agriculture ; (Med.) i. inoculation (in which in- 
 tensity of matter introduced is increased in 
 successive operations). Hence intensiveLY 2 
 adv. [F (-if, -ive), f. L as intend, see -ive] 
 
 intent 1 , n. Intention, purpose, esp. withi. 
 to (defraud &c), with malicious, good, &c, i.\ 
 (pi.) to all ii. & purposes, practically, virtually. 
 [ME & OF (1) entent f. L intentus -us, (2) entente 
 f. pop. L intenta fern, p.p., both as intend] 
 
 intent 2 , a. Resolved, bent, (on doing, on 
 object) ; sedulously occupied (on) ; (of faculties, 
 looks, &c) earnest, eager. Hence intentLY 2 
 adv., inte'ntNESS n. [f. L as intend ; doub- 
 let of intense, L -tens- having chiefly the physi- 
 cal, -tent- the mental senses] 
 
 inte'ntion, n. Intending; thing intended, 
 purpose, whence (-)intentionED 2 a. ; ulti- 
 mate aim ; (pi., colloq.) purposes in respect of 
 proposal of marriage ; (Med. ) second i., healing 
 of wound by granulation, first i., healing with- 
 out this by immediate re-union of parts ; (Log- 
 ic) conception, as first ii., primary conceptions 
 of things (e.g. a tree, an oak), second ii., secon- 
 dary conceptions (e.g. difference, identity, spe- 
 cies) ; (R.-C. Ch.) special, particular, i., special 
 object for which mass is celebrated &c [OF, 
 f. L intentionem (as intend, see -ion)] 
 
 intentional, a. Done on purpose. Hence 
 intentionalLY 2 adv. [f. med.L iiitentionalis 
 (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 intep* 1 , v.t. (-rr-). Deposit (corpse &c.) in 
 earth, tomb, &c. ; bury. [f. OF enterrer f. pop. 
 L in Hterrare f. ten*a earth)] 
 
 i'nter 2 , prep. (L). Between, among, as L 
 d'lia, amongst other things, i. nos, se, between 
 ourselves, themselves. 
 
 inter-, pref. = prec Besides wds given in 
 
INTERACT 
 
 427 
 
 INTERFERE 
 
 their alphab. place, inter- is used freely to form 
 (1) vbs, nn., & aa., expr. mutual or reciprocal 
 action or relation, or with sense 'among', ' be- 
 tween ', as: -be'd, embed (thing) between 
 others; -cc'nsal, between two censuses; -col- 
 le'giate, carried on &c. between colleges ; -col- 
 u •mnar, placed, existing, bet ween two columns; 
 ■columnia'tion, placing of columns at intervals, 
 such interval ; -connect, connect by reciprocal 
 links ; -convertible, interchangeable ; -cro'ss, t. 
 & i., lay, lie, across each other, (cause to) pro- 
 pagate with each other; -floiu, n. & v.i., flow 
 into each other; -grada'tion, gradual approxi- 
 mation ; -grade, (v.i.) pass into another form by 
 intervening grades, (n.) such grade; -growth, 
 growing of things into each other ; -ja'culatory, 
 expressed in parenthetical ejaculations ; -kni't, 
 intertwine; -la'p, overlap; -li'nk, link together 
 (things, one with another) ; -ocea'nic, between, 
 connecting, two oceans ; -plai't, plait together; 
 -provi'ncial, situated, carried on, between pro- 
 vinces ; -pu'nction, punctuation ; -pu'nctuate, 
 punctuate ; -ra'cial, existing between different 
 races ; -shoo't, shoot or glance (t. & i.) at inter- 
 vals, variegate (thing with colours &c, esp. in 
 p.p. -shot) ; -space, interval of space or time ; 
 -ta'ngle, tangle together, whence -ta'nglement 
 n. ; -te'xture, interweaving; -tri'bal, existing 
 between differenttribes; -finest, twist together; 
 -vei'n, intersect (as) with veins ; -wor'k, (trans.) 
 interweave, lit. & fig., (intr.) work upon each 
 other ; -wred'the, wreathe together. (2) Scien- 
 tific, esp. anat., wds w. sense ' between ', chiefly 
 adjj., as: -arti'cular, between contiguous sur- 
 faces of a joint; -co'stal, between the ribs (of 
 body or ship), (n. pi.) i. parts ; -di'gital, between 
 fingers or toes ; -di'gitate, interlock like fingers 
 of clasped hands, so -digita'tion n. ; -fa'cial, in- 
 cluded between two faces of crystal or other 
 solid ; -fe'meral, between the thighs ; -folia'ce- 
 ous, placed alternately between a pair of oppo- 
 site leaves ; -gla'cial, between glacial periods ; 
 -lo'bxdar, between lobes; -node, (Bot.) part of 
 stem between two of the knots from w r hich 
 leaves arise, (Anat.) slender part between two 
 joints, esp. bone of finger or toe ; -o'sseous, be- 
 tween bones; -pari'etal, between right & left 
 parietal bones of skull ; -se'ptal, between par- 
 titions ; -spi'nal, spi'nons, between spines or 
 spinous processes; -ste'llar, between stars; 
 -stratifica'tion, -stra'tified, interspersion, in- 
 terspersed,- (with strata). 
 
 interact 1 , n. Interval between two acts of 
 play ; interlude, [inter-, after F entr'acte] 
 
 interact 2 , v.i. Act reciprocally, act on each 
 other. Hence intera'etiON n., intera'etivE 
 a. [inter-] 
 
 interblend,v.t. &i. Mingle (things, one with 
 another); (intr.) blend with each other, [inter-] 
 
 interbreed, v.t. & i. Cross-breed ; (intr., of 
 animals of different race or species) breed with 
 each other, [inter-] 
 
 inter'ealary, a. (Of day or month) inserted 
 in calendar to harmonize calendar with solar 
 year ; (of year) having such additions ; inter- 
 polated, intervening, [f. L intercalarius (as 
 foil., see -ary 1 )] 
 
 intercalate, v.t. Insert (intercalary day 
 &c. or abs.) ; interpose (anything out of ordinary 
 course, esp. in p.p. of strata). So interealA'- 
 tion n. [f. L iNTER(caZare proclaim), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 intercede, v.i. Interpose on behalf of an- 
 other, plead {with one person for another), [f. 
 L iNTER(cedere cess- go) intervene] 
 
 interee'pt, v.t. Seize, catch, (person &c.) on 
 the way from place to place ; cut off (light &c. 
 
 from) ; check, stop ; (Math.) mark off (space) be- 
 tween two points &c. Hence or cogn. inter- 
 ee'ptiON, intereentOR 2 , nn., intereen- 
 tiVE a. [f. L iNTER(cipe?-e cept- = capere take)] 
 intercession, n. Interceding, esp. by 
 prayer. So interee'ssoR 2 n . , intercessor* - 
 ial, interee*ssoRY, aa. [f. L intercessio (as 
 
 INTERCEDE, See -ION)] 
 
 interchange J , n. Reciprocal exchange (of 
 things) between two persons &c. ; alternation, 
 [f. OF entrechange (as foil.)] 
 
 interchange 2 , v.t, (Of two persons) ex- 
 change (things) with each other ; put each of 
 (two things) in the. other's place ; alternate. 
 Hence or cogn. interehang-eaBiUTY, in- 
 tereha'ngeableNESs, nn., interenang-e- 
 able a., intereha-ng-eabLY 2 adv. [f. OF en- 
 trechangier (entre- inter- + changier change)] 
 
 intercolonial, a. Existing, carried on, 
 between different colonies, [inter-] 
 
 intercommunicate, v.i. Have mutual 
 intercourse ; have free passage to each other. 
 So intereommunicA'TiON n. [inter-] 
 
 intercommunion, n. Intimate inter- 
 course ; mutual_ action or relation, [inter-] 
 
 intercommunity, n. Being common to 
 various parties; having things in common. 
 [inter-] 
 
 intercourse, n. Social communication, 
 dealings, between individuals ; communion 
 between man & God ; communication for trade 
 purposes &c. between different countries &c. ; 
 sexual connexion, ff. OF entrecours f. entre- 
 corre run between f . L iNTER(cMrr"ere curs- run)] 
 
 intercurrent, a. (Of time or event) inter- 
 vening; (of disease) occurring duringprogress of 
 another, (also) recurring at intervals. Hence 
 intereu'rrENCE n. [f. L as prec, -ent] 
 
 interdepend, v.i. Depend on each other. 
 SointerdependENCE, -ency, nn., interde- 
 pendENT a., interdependent!. y 2 adv. 
 
 [INTER-] 
 
 interdict 1 , n. Authoritative prohibition.; 
 (R.-C. Ch.) sentence debarring person or place 
 from ecclesiastical functions &c. [f. OF entre- 
 dit f. entredire f. L iNTER(efo'cere diet- say)] 
 
 interdict 2 , v.t. Prohibit (action); forbid 
 use of ; restrain (person from doing) ; forbid 
 (thing to person). So interdi'ctiON n., in- 
 terdi'ctORY a. [ME entrediten (as prec), re- 
 fash, on L] 
 
 interest 1 , n. Legal concern, title, right, (in 
 property) ; pecuniary stake (in commercial un- 
 dertaking &c.) ; VESTeri ii.; advantage, profit, 
 as it is (to) your i. to go, I do it in your i., in the 
 i. (or ii.) of truth ; thing in which one is con- 
 cerned ; principle in which a party is concerned ; 
 party having a common i., as the breiving i. ; 
 selfish Ipursuit of one's own welfare ; make i., 
 bring personal interest to bear (with person) ; 
 concern, curiosity, esp. take an i., no i., in; 
 money paid for vise of money lent or for for- 
 bearance of debt ; simple i. (reckoned on prin- 
 cipal only, & paid at fixed intervals) ; compound 
 i. (reckoned on principal & on accumulations of 
 i.). [L,=it matters, 3rd sing. pres. of iNTER(esse 
 be) ; earlier interess f. L inf. in sense compen- 
 satory payment] 
 
 interest 2 , v.t. Cause (person) to take per- 
 sonal interest or share (in) ; excite curiosity or 
 attention of, whence interestiNG 2 <-teres-) a., 
 interestingxY 2 adv. Hence interested- 
 ly 2 adv. [earlier interess (vb f. n.) as prec] 
 
 interfere*, v.i. (Of things) come into col- 
 lision or opposition (with) ; (of_person) meddle 
 (with or abs. ), whence interfer'iNG- a. ; inter- 
 
 For other w r ords in inter- see inter-. 
 
INTERFLUENT 
 
 428 
 
 INTERNECINE 
 
 vene, take part, (in) ; (Physics, of waves of 
 light &c.) strike against each other ; (of horse) 
 knock one leg against another. Hence inter- 
 fer'ENCE n. [f. OF s'entrefe'rir strike each 
 other (entre- inter- +f&rir f. Lferire strike)] 
 
 intep'fluent, a. Flowing into each other, [f. 
 L inters uere flow), see -ent] 
 
 intepfu*se(-z),v.t. &i. Intersperse, mix,(thing 
 with) ; blend (things) together ; (of two things) 
 blend with each other. So intepfu'siON (-zhn) 
 n. [f. L inter( funderefus- pour)] 
 
 i'ntepim, adv., n., a. (In the) meantime ; in- 
 tervening ; provisional, temporary. [L (inter 
 -f adv. suf. -im)] 
 
 inteP'iop, a. & n. Situated within ; inland, 
 remote from coast or frontier ; internal, domes- 
 tic, opp. to foreign ; existing in mind or soul, 
 inward. (N.) i. part, inside ; inland region ; in- 
 side of building or room, picture of this ; inner 
 nature, soul ; (department dealing with) home 
 affairs of a country, as Minister of the I. Hence 
 inteP'ioPLY 2 adv. [L, compar. adj. f. inter] 
 
 interja'eent, a. Lying between, intermedi- 
 ate, [f. L iNTERO'acere lie), see -ent] 
 
 intepje'et, v.t. Throw in, interpose, (re- 
 mark &c) abruptly; remark parenthetically, 
 [f. L inter( jicereject- =jacere throw)] 
 
 intepje'etion, n. Ejaculation, exclamation ; 
 natural ejaculation viewed as part of speech 
 (e.g. ah !, ivhew I). Hence or cogn. intepje'c- 
 tion al, intepje*etORY, aa., interje'etion- 
 alLY 2 adv. [F, f. L interjectionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 interla'ce, v.t. & i. Bind together intricate- 
 ly, entangle; interweave (often fig.); mingle 
 (two things, one with another) ; cross each 
 other intricately. Hence intepla'eeMENT n. 
 [f. F entrelacer (entre- inter- + lacer lace)] 
 
 inter lar'd, v.t. Mix (writing, speech, with 
 foreign words &c). [f. F entrelarder (entre- 
 inter- + larder lard)] 
 
 i'ntepleaf, n. (pi. -ves). Extra leaf (usu. 
 blank) between leaves of book, [inter-] 
 
 interlea've, v.t. Insert (usn. blank) leaves 
 between leaves of (book, also fig.), [f. prec] 
 
 interli'ne, v.t. Insert words between lines of 
 (document &c); insert (words) thus. Sointer- 
 lineA'TiON n. [prob. f. med.L iNTER(£ineare f. 
 Ihiea line)] . 
 
 intepli'neap, a. Written, printed, between 
 the lines, (f. med.L iNTER(Zme«r£.s linear)] 
 
 inter lo'ck, v.i. & t. (Intr.) engage with each 
 other by overlapping &c. ; (trans., usu. pass.) 
 lock, clasp, within each other ; (Railways) con- 
 nect (levers for signals &c.) by bolts &c. to en- 
 sure uniformity of movement, [inter-] 
 
 intepld'eutop, n. One who takes part in 
 dialogue or conversation ; my i., the person in 
 conversation with me. Hence or cogn. intep- 
 locu'tiON, inteplo'eutPEss 1 , inteplo'eu- 
 trix, nn., inteplceutORY a. [f. L inter- 
 (loqui load- talk), see -ion] 
 
 inteplo'pep, n. Intruder, one who (esp. for 
 profit) thrusts himself into others' affairs; 
 (Hist.) unauthorized trader. So interlo'pe v.i. 
 [inter- + loper f. lope dial, form of leap] 
 
 i'nteplude, n. Pause between acts of play ; 
 what fills this up; (Mus.) instrumental piece 
 played between verses of psalm or hymn &c. ; 
 intervening time or space of different charac- 
 ter ; event, amusing incident, Sec, interposed ; 
 (Hist.) dramatic or mimic representation be- 
 tween acts of mystery-plays or moralities, [f. 
 med.L iNTER(ludium f. Indus play)] 
 
 intermarriage, n. Marriage between 
 members of different families, castes, tribes, 
 &c, or (loosely) between near relations, [inter-] 
 
 intepma'ppy, v.i. (Of tribes, nations, fami- 
 lies, &c.) become connected by marriage (with 
 other tribes &c). [inter-] 
 
 intepme'ddle, v.i. Concern oneself (with, 
 in, esp. what is not one's business), [f. OF en- 
 tremesler (entre- inter- + mesler meddle)] 
 
 intermediary, a. & n. Acting between 
 parties, mediatory; intermediate; (n.) i. person, 
 thing, esp. mediator, [f. intermedium, -ary ] ] 
 
 intermediate 1 (-at), a. & n. Coming be- 
 tween two things, as regards time, place, or 
 order ;(n.)i. thing. Hence interme'diateLY 2 
 adv. [f. med.L intennediat us f. L iXTER(medius 
 middle), -ate 2 ] 
 
 intermediate 2 , v.i. Act between others, 
 mediate, (between). Hence intermediA'TiON, 
 intepme'diatOR 2 , nn. [inter-] 
 
 intermedium, n. (pi. -ia, -iums). Inter- 
 mediate thing, medium, esp. one serving to 
 transmit energy through space. [L, neut. adj. 
 
 as INTERMEDIATE l ] 
 
 internment, n. Burial, [inter l + -ment] 
 
 inter me'zzo (-dzo), n. Short light dramatic 
 or other performance between acts of drama or 
 opera, short movement connecting main divi- 
 sions of large musical work. [It:, pop. form of 
 intermedio (as intermediate l )] 
 
 intepmigpa'tion, n. Reciprocal migration. 
 [inter-] 
 
 Intep'minable, a. Endless ; tediously long. 
 Hence intep'minablexESS n., intep'min- 
 abLY 2 adv. [f. LL in 2 (t'erininabilis f. termi- 
 nare terminate, see -ble)] 
 
 intermi'ngle, v.t. & i. Mix together (two 
 things, one with another) ; (intr.) mingle (with). 
 [inter-] 
 
 intermission, n. Pause, cessation, esp. 
 loithout i. [f. L intermissio (as foil., see -ion)] 
 
 intermi't, v.t. & i. (-U-). Suspend, discon- 
 tinue ; stop for a time (esp. of fever, pain, &c, 
 or of pulse). Hence or cogn. intepmi'ttENCE 
 n. , intepmi'ttENT a., intepmi'ttentLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L iSTER(mittere miss- send)] 
 
 intepnvix, v.t. & i. Mix together. So in- 
 tepmi'xtURE n. [first in p.p., see mix] 
 
 intep'n, v.t. Oblige to reside within limits 
 of country &c. Hence intep'nMENT n. [f. F 
 interner f. L inter nus internal (in-f suf. -ternus)] 
 
 intep'nal, a. & n. Of, situated in, the inside 
 of a thing; of the inner nature of a thing, in- 
 trinsic ; i. evidence, derived from what is con- 
 tained in the thing itself (cf. external) ; of the 
 domestic affairs of a country ; of the mind or 
 soul, inward, subjective; (n. pi.) intrinsic quali- 
 ties. Hence intepna'liTY n., intep'nal ly 2 
 adv. [f. late med.L inter nalis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 intepna'tional, a. Existing, carried on, be- 
 tween different nations ; of the I. Working 
 Men's Association (for promoting joint political 
 action of working classes in all countries) ; (n.) 
 one who takes part in i. (usu. athletic) contest, 
 member of above Association. Hence inter- 
 nationa'liTY n., interna'tionalLY 2 adv. 
 [inter-] 
 
 internationalist, n. One who advocates 
 community of interests between nations, esp. 
 supporter of Association named in prec, so 
 intepna'tionaliSM n.; one versed in interna- 
 tional law. [-ist] 
 
 internationalize, v.t. Make international, 
 esp. bring (territory &c) under combined pro- 
 tection &c of different nations. Hence inter- 
 nationalize 'tion n. [ize] 
 
 intepne'cine, a. Mutually destructive ; 
 (orig.) deadly, as i. war. [1. L internecinus I. 
 iNTER(necare kill) destroy, see -ine j ] 
 
 For other words in inter- see inter-. 
 
INTERNUNCIAL 
 
 429 
 
 INTIMATE 
 
 internu'neial, a. (Of nerves) communicat- 
 ing between different parts of the system, [f. 
 L as foll.4--AL.l 
 
 internu'neio (-shio), n. Ambassador of Pope 
 ■when or where no nuncio is employed ; minister 
 representing (esp. Austrian) government at 
 Ottoman Porte, [f. It. internvnzio f. L inter- 
 (nuntius messenger)] 
 
 intepo'seulate, v.i. Intermingle with each 
 other ; form connecting link. Hence intep- 
 oscuIation n. [inter] 
 interpa'ge, v.t. Print, insert, on interme- 
 diate pages, [inter-] 
 
 interpellate, v.t. (In foreign, esp. French, 
 Chamber) interrupt order of day by demanding 
 explanation from (Minister concerned). So in- 
 teppellATiON, inteppella'tOR 2 , nn. [f. L 
 ixter( pellare var. otpellere drive), see -ate 3 ] 
 inteppe'netpate, v.t. & i. Penetrate thor- 
 oughly, pervade ; penetrate reciprocally ; (intr., 
 of two) penetrate each other. So inteppene- 
 tPA'TiON n., inteppe'netpativE a. [inter-] 
 i'ntepplay, n. Reciprocal play ; operation 
 of two things on each other, [inter-] 
 intep'polate, v.t. Make insertions in (book 
 &c), esp. so as to give false impression as to date 
 &c; introduce (words) thus; (Math.) insert (in- 
 termediate term) in series. So inteppolA'- 
 tion, intep'polatOR 2 , nn. [f . L inter( polare 
 cogn. w. polire polish) furbish up, -ate 3 ] 
 inteppo'se (-z), v.t. & i. Insert, make inter- 
 vene, {between) ; put forth, introduce, (veto, 
 objection, authority, &c. ) by way of interference; 
 intervene (between disputants &c); say (quoted 
 words) as an interruption; make an interruption. 
 Hence inteppo'SAL n. [f. F iNTER(poser, see 
 compose)] 
 
 interposition, n. Interposing ; thing inter- 
 posed ; interference. [F, f. L interjwsitionem 
 f. inter( ponere posit- place)] 
 intep'ppet, v.t. & i. Expound the meaning 
 of (abstruse words, writings, &c.) ; make out 
 the meaning of ; bring out the meaning of, ren- 
 der, by artistic representation or performance ; 
 explain, understand, in specified manner, as 
 this we i. as a threat ; actas interpreter. Hence 
 or cogn. intep'ppetABLE, intep'ppetATivE, 
 aa., intepppetA^Tiox n. [f. F interpreter f. L 
 interpretari f. iNTER(jpres -pretis cogn. w. Skr. 
 prath- spread abroad) explainer, interpreter] 
 intep'ppetep, n. One who interprets ; one 
 whose office it is to translate orally in their 
 presence the words of persons speaking differ- 
 entlanguages. Hence intep'ppetePSHip, in- 
 teP'ppetPESS 1, nn. [f. OF interpreteur f. LL 
 interpretatorem (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 interregnum, n. (pi. -na, -minis). Period 
 during which State has no normal ruler, esp. be- 
 tween end of king's reign & accession of success- 
 or ; interval, pause. [L iNTER(reon«m reign)] 
 interrelation, n. Mutual relation, [inter-] 
 inteppela'tionship, n. Mutual relation- 
 ship, [inter-] 
 
 interrogate, v.t. Ask questions of (person 
 &c), esp. closely or formally. So inteppogat- 
 OR 2 n. [f. L iNTER(ro£rare ask), see -ate 3 ] 
 inteppoga'tion, n. Asking questions ; ques- 
 tion ; point, mark, note, o/(used to express) i.(?). 
 [F, f. L int errogatione?n (as prec, see -ation)] 
 inteppo'gative, a. & n. Of, having the form 
 or force of, a question ; of inquiry, as ani. tone; 
 (Gram., of words) used in asking question, as i. 
 pronouns (who ?, ichich ?, &c.) Hence intep- 
 PO'gativeLY 2 adv. [f. LL interrogativus (as 
 prec, see -ive)] 
 inteppo'gatopy, a. & n. Of inquiry, as an 
 
 i. tone ; (n.) question, set of questions, esp. (Law) 
 one formally put to accused pex-son &c [f. LL 
 interrogatorius (as prec, see -ory)] 
 intePPU'pt, v.t. Break in upon (action, pro- 
 cess, speech, person speaking, &c, or abs.) ; ob- 
 struct (view &c); break the continuity of. 
 Hence or cogn. inteppu'ptedLY 2 adv., in- 
 teppu'ptER 1 , inteppu'ptiox, nn., intep- 
 PU'ptORY a. [f. L iNTE.R(i'unipere rupt- break)] 
 intepse'et, v. t. & i. Divide (thing) by passing 
 or lying across it ; (of lines &c) cross, cut, each 
 other, [f. L iNTER(.secare sect- cut)] 
 intersection, n. Intersecting ; point, line, 
 common to intersecting lines, planes. Hence 
 intePse'etionAL a. [f. L interseciio (as prec, 
 see -ion)] 
 
 intepspep'se, v.t. Scatter, place here & 
 there (between, among) ; diversify (thing) with 
 (others so scattered). So interspep'siON n. 
 [f. L mTEB.(spergere spers- = spargere scatter)] 
 i'ntepstate, a. (U.S.). Existing, carried on, 
 between States, [inter-] 
 intep'stiee (or I'n-), n. Intervening space ; 
 chink, crevice, [f. L interstitium f. inter(si's- 
 tere stit- stand)] 
 
 intepsti'tial (-shl), a. Of, forming, occupying, 
 interstices, [as prec -f -al] 
 inteptwi'ne, v.t. & i. Entwine (things, one 
 with another) ; become entwined. Hence in- 
 tertwi'neMENT n. [inter] 
 i'nterval, n. Intervening time or space ; 
 pause ; break, gap; at it, here & there, now & 
 then; (Mus.) difference of pitch between two 
 sounds, in melody or harmony ; distance be- 
 tween persons or things in respect of qualities. 
 Hence intepva'llic a. [f. L iNTER(ra77m?i 
 rampart) space between ramparts, interval] 
 intervene, v.i. Come in as something ex- 
 traneous ; occur in the meantime ; (of person 
 or thing) come between, interfere, so as to pre- 
 vent or modify result &c; lie, be situated, be- 
 tween. So intepve'niENT a., intepve'ntiox 
 n. [f. L iNTER(renire vent- come)] 
 i'ntepview, n., & v.t. Meeting of persons 
 face to face, esp. for purpose of confei-ence ; 
 meeting between person employed by news- 
 paper & some one from whom he seeks to get 
 statements for publication ; (v.t.) have an i. 
 with (person), esp. with a view to publication 
 of his statements. Hence i'ntepviewER : n. 
 [(vb f. n.) f. F entrevue f. s'entrevoir (entre- in- 
 ter- + voir f. L videre see)] 
 intepvo'lve, v.t. Wind, roll up, (things) 
 within each other, [f. inter- + L volvcre roll] 
 interwea've, v.t. Weave together, inter- 
 lace, (things, one with another) ; blend inti- 
 mately, [inter-] 
 
 intepwi*nd,v.t. &i. Wind together, [inter-] 
 intestate (-at), a. & n. (Of person) not having 
 made a will, as he died i.; (n.) i. person. Hence 
 intestACY n. [f. L in ^(testatus p.p. of testari 
 make will f. testis witness)] 
 inte'stine 1 , n. (Usu. pi.) lower part of ali- 
 mentary canal from pyloric end of stomach to 
 anus ; small, large, ?'., parts of this. So intes- 
 tinAi. (or -i'nal) a. [f. L neut. adj. as foil.] 
 intestine 2 , a. (Of wars &c) internal, do- 
 mestic, civil ; i. motion (entirely within a body), 
 [f. L intestinus internal (intus within)] 
 i'ntimate ] (-at), a. & n. Close in acquaint- 
 ance, familiar, as i. friend (ship) ; i. (close) con- 
 nexion ; i. knowledge (resulting from familiar- 
 ity) ; essential, intrinsic ; (of diary) recording 
 emotions &c; (n.) i. friend. Hence i'ntiniACY 
 n., i'ntimateLY 2 adv. [foil., -ate 2 ] 
 i'ntimate 2 , v.t. Make known, state, (xac-t, 
 
 For other words in inter- see inter-. 
 
INTIMIDATE 
 
 430 
 
 INTUITIVISM 
 
 wish, that) ; imply, hint. So intimATiON n. 
 If. LL intimare (intimus inmost), -ate 3 ] 
 
 intrmidate, v.t. Inspire with fear, cow, esp. 
 in order to influence conduct. Hence intimi- 
 dATiox, inti'midatOR 2 , nn. [f. med.L in 1 - 
 timidare f. timidus timid), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 intl'mity, n. Inwardness ; privacy, [f. L 
 intimus inmost, see -tv] 
 
 inti'tule, v.t. Entitle (Act of Parliament, 
 usu. p.p.). [f. OF intituler f. LL m l (titidare f. 
 titidus title)] 
 
 i'nto (as to), prep. expr. motion or direction to 
 a point within a thing, lit. & fig., as : come i. the 
 garden, throw it i. the fire, look i. the box, the 
 matter, inquire i. it, get i. trouble, come i. (ac- 
 quire) property, watching far on i. the night ; 
 expr. change, condition, result, as : turn stones 
 i. gold, collect them i. heaps, divide them i. three 
 classes, flogged i. submission, [in+to] 
 
 i'ntoed (-6d), a. Having the toes turned in- 
 wards, [in adv. + toe + -ed 2 ] 
 
 intolerable, a. That cannot be endured. 
 Hence into'lerableNESS n., into'lerabLY 2 
 adv. [f. L in 2 (tolerabilis tolerable)] 
 
 into'lerant, a. Not tolerant {of, esp. religi- 
 ous opinions differing from one's own). Hence 
 or cogn. into'lePANCE n., into'lerantLY 2 
 adv. [f. L in 2 (tolerans tolerant)] 
 
 rntonate, v.t. = intone, [-ate 3 ] 
 
 intona'tion, n. Reciting in singing voice ; 
 (Church Mus.) opening phrase of plain-song 
 melody ; utterance, production, of musical 
 tones ; modulation of voice, accent, [as foil., 
 see -ation] 
 
 interne, v.t. Recite (psalm, prayer, &c, or 
 abs.) in singing voice ; utter with particular 
 tone. [f. L in 1 (tonare f. tonus tone)] 
 
 into'xicant, a. & n. Intoxicating (liquor), 
 [as foil., see -ant] 
 
 into'xicate, v.t. Make drunk; excite, ex- 
 hilarate, beyond self-control. Hence into'xi- 
 eatiNG 2 a., intoxie ation n. [f. med.L in 1 - 
 (toxicare smear with poison f. toxicum f. Gk 
 toxikon f. toxa arrows), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 i'ntra- in comb. = L intra on the inside, with- 
 in, as: -cra'nial, within the skull ; -mur'al, ex- 
 isting, done, within walls. 
 
 intractable, a. Not docile, refractory ; (of 
 things) not easily dealt with. Hence in traeta- 
 bilitv, intra'etablexESS, nn., intra'et- 
 abLY 2 adv. [f. L \x 2 (tractabilis tractable)] 
 
 intra'dds, n. (arch. ). Lower or interior curve 
 of arch (cf. extrados). [F (intra- + dos back)] 
 
 intransigent, a. & n. Uncompromising 
 in politics; (n.) uncompromising Republican, 
 [f. F intransigeant f. Sp. los intransigentes ex- 
 treme Republicans f. ix- 2 + L TRANS(iflrere = 
 agere act) come to an understanding, see -ent] 
 
 intra'nsitive, a. & n. (Verb) that does not 
 take a direct object (cf. transitive). Hence 
 intra'nsitiveLY 2 adv. [f. L is 2 (transitivus 
 
 TRANSITIVE)] 
 
 i'ntrant, n. One who enters a college, asso- 
 ciation, &c. [f. L intrare enter, see -ant] 
 
 intre'pid, a. Fearless, brave. Hence intre- 
 pi'diTY n., intre'pidLv 2 adv. [f. L is 2 (tre- 
 pidus alarmed)] 
 
 intricate (-at), a. Perplexingly entangled; 
 involved; obscure. Hence i'ntrieACv n., i'n- 
 trieateLY 2 adv. [f. L in Htricare f. tricae 
 tricks), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 i*ntrig{u)ant(-gant), n. (fern. intrig(u)a'nte, 
 pron. -ahnt, -ant, or as F). Intriguer. [Y(-guant), 
 part, as foil.] 
 
 i intri'gue 1 (-eg), v.i. Carry on underhand 
 plot; employ secret influence (with); have a 
 liaison (with), [f. F intriguer (as intricate)] 
 
 intrigue 2 (-eg), n. Underhand plotting or 
 
 plot ] secret amour, liaison. [F, f. It. intrigo f. 
 intrxgare (as intricate)] 
 
 intrinsic, a. Belonging naturally, inherent, 
 essential, esp. i. value (cf. extrinsic). Hence 
 intri'nsiCALLY adv. [f. F intrinseque f. med.L 
 intrinsecus (adj. f. adv.), cf. extrinsic] 
 
 intro- in comb. = L intro to the inside, as: 
 •fle'xion, inward bending ; -gre'ssion, going or 
 coming in ; -susce'ption, (Phys., Biol.)= intus- 
 susception. 
 
 introdu'ee, v.t. Bring in ; place in, insert ; 
 bring into use (custom, idea, improvement, &c, 
 into place, system, &c); usher in, bring for- 
 ward, (matter &c); (of conjunctions &c.) open 
 (sentence) ; make known, esp. in formal manner 
 (person to another); bring (young lady) out into 
 society ; draw attention of (person to subject 
 Sec); bring (bill Sec.) before Parliament. So in- 
 trodu'etORY a. [f. L iNTRO(ducere duct- lead)] 
 
 introduction, n. Introducing ; preliminary 
 matter prefixed to book ; (as title) introductory 
 treatise ; formal presentation of one person to 
 another ; letter of i. (given by one person to an- 
 other & introducing him to a third). [F, f. L 
 introductionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 intromit, n. (eccl.). Psalm, antiphon, sung 
 while priest approaches altar to celebrate mass 
 or Holy Communion, [f. F intro'it(e) f. L introi- 
 tus -us f. iNTRO(i?-e it- go)] 
 
 intro mi*t, v.t. (archaic), (-tt-). Let in, admit, 
 (into); insert. So intromi'ssiON n., intro- 
 mi'ttENT a. [f. L mTRO(mittere miss- send)] 
 
 introspe*et,v.i. Examine one's ownthoughts 
 & feelings. Hence introspe'etiON, intro- 
 spe'etioniST, introspe'etiveNESS, nn.,in- 
 trospe'etiVE a., introspe'etiveLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L iNTRO(spicere spect- look)] 
 
 introver't, v.t. Turn (mind, thought) in- 
 wards upon itself ; (esp. Zool.) withdraw (organ 
 &c.) within its own tube or base, as finger of 
 glove, whence introver'siBLE a. Hence in- 
 trover'siON n., introver'sivE, introver*- 
 tivE, aa. [f. L \ 1 STB.o(vertere vers- turn)] 
 
 intru'de, v.t. & i. Thrust, force, (thing into); 
 force (thing upon person); come uninvited, 
 thrust oneself in, (into place, company, 8cc, upon 
 person, his privacy, &c). Hence intru'dER 1 
 n. [f. L in ^(trudere trus- thrust)] 
 
 intru'sion (-zhn), n. Intruding; forcing in : 
 forcing oneself in (into, upon) ; (Geol.) influx of 
 rock in state of fusion between strata &c. ; set- 
 tlement of minister of Church of Scotland with- 
 out consent of congregation, whence intru*- 
 sionisT(2) n. So intru'sivE (-s-) a., intrir- 
 siveLY 2 adv., intrirsiveNESs n. [OF, f. 
 med.L intrusionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 i*ntubate,v. t. (med. ). Insert tube into (larynx 
 &c.) to keep it open. Hence intubA'TiON n. 
 [f. in- 2 + L tuba tube + -ate 3 ] 
 
 i'ntuit, v.t. & i. Know by intuition ; receive 
 knowledge by direct perception, [f. L iti l (tueri 
 tuit- look)] 
 
 intui'tion(-shn), n. Immediate apprehension 
 by the mind without reasoning ; immediate ap- 
 prehension by sense ; immediate insight. Hence 
 intui'tionAL a. [F, f. med.L intuitionem (as 
 prec, see -ion)] 
 
 intuitionalism, n. Doctrine that the per- 
 ception of truth is by intuition. So intui*- 
 tionaliST n. [-ism] 
 
 intui'tionism, n. Doctrine that in percep- 
 tion external objects are known immediately, 
 without intervention of vicarious phenomenon; 
 = prec. So intui'tioniST n. [-ism] 
 
 intu'itive, a. Of, possessing, perceived by, 
 intuition. Hence intu*itiveLY 2 adv., intu'i- 
 tiveNESS n. [f. med.lui?ituitivus (intuit, -ive)] 
 
 intu'itivism, n. Doctrine that ethical prin- 
 
INTUMESCENT 
 
 431 
 
 INVIOLATE 
 
 ciples are matters of intuition. So intu'itiv- 
 ist n. [-ism] 
 
 intume'scent(-snt), a. Swelling up. So in- 
 tume'seENCE n. [f. L \^^{tumescere incept, 
 of tumere swell), see -ent] 
 
 i'ntussusce'ption, n. (Physiol.) taking in 
 of foreign matter by living organism, & its con- 
 version into organic tissue ; taking in (of ideas 
 &c); withdrawal of one portion of intestine 
 within another, [f. L intns within + susceptio 
 f. sus{cipere = capere take) take up, see -ion] 
 
 inu'nction, n. Smearing, rubbing, with oil. 
 [f. L inunctio f. im^unguere anoint), see -ion] 
 
 i'nundate, v.t. Overflow, flood, (land &c. 
 with water, also fig.). So inundATiON n. [f. 
 L in ^(undare flow f. ttnda wave), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 inurba'ne, a. Not urbane, discourteous. 
 Hence inurba'nrrv n. [f. L in 2 (urbanus ur- 
 bane)] 
 
 inure*, en-, (-ur), v.t. & i. Accustom, habi- 
 tuate, (person &c. to thing, to do), whence in- 
 urewiENT n.; (intr., chiefly Law; often en-) 
 come into operation, take effect, [in- 1 -fobs. 
 ■ure work f. F ceuvre f. L opera] 
 
 inup'n, v.t. Put (ashes of cremated body) in 
 an urn. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inu'tile, a. Useless. So inuti'liTV n. [F, f. 
 liiN 2 (utilis useful); long out of use, but re- 
 cently revived] 
 
 inva'de, v.t. Make hostile inroad into (coun- 
 try &c.) ; (fig. of sounds, diseases, feelings, &c.) 
 assail ; encroach upon (rights &c). Hence in- 
 va'dER 1 n. [f. L in Hvadere vas- go)] 
 
 inva'ginate, v.t. Put in a sheath ; introvert 
 (tubular sheath). Hence invaglnATiONn. [f. 
 in- ! + L vagina sheath + -ate 3 J 
 
 i'nvalid 1 (-ed), a. & n. (Person) enfeebled or 
 disabled by illness or injury. Hence i'nva- 
 lidHOOD, i*nvalidiSM(3), nn. [f. Lm 2 (validus 
 valid), pronunc. after F invalide] 
 
 invali'd 2 (-ed, also I'n-), v.t. & i. Lay up, 
 disable, (person) by illness (usu. pass.); treat as 
 an invalid, remove from active service, send 
 home &c, as an invalid; (intr.) become an in- 
 valid, go on the sick-list. [f. prec] 
 
 inva'lid 3 , a. Not valid, esp. having no legal 
 force. Hence inva'lidLV 2 adv. [invalid 1 ] 
 
 invalidate, v.t. Make invalid 3 . Hence 
 inva'lidA'TiON n. [prec. + -ate 3 ] 
 
 invalidity, n. Want of validity; bodily 
 infirmity, [invalid h 3 + -itv] 
 
 inva/luable, a. Above price, priceless, [in- 2 ] 
 
 invariable, a. Unchangeable ; always the 
 same; (Math.) constant, fixed. Hence in- 
 variaBrLiTY, invap'iableNESS, nn., in- 
 var'iabLY 2 adv. [in- 2 ] 
 
 inva'sion (-zhn), n. Invading; encroach- 
 ment. So inva'siVE (-S-) a. [F, f. L invasionem 
 (as invade, see -ion)] 
 
 inve'etive, n. Violent attack in words; abu- 
 sive oratory. [F, f. med.L invectiva {oratio) f. 
 LL invectivus (as foil., see -ivf.)] 
 
 inveigh* (-a), v. i. Speak violently, rail loudly, 
 against, [f. L in *(vehi pass, of vehere vect- carry) 
 go into, assail] 
 
 . invei'gle (-ve-, -va-), v.t. Entice, seduce, 
 {into place, conduct, &c, into doing). Hence 
 invei'gle.MENT n. [16th-c. envegle prob. f. F 
 aveugler blind f . aveugle adj. f. pop. L AB(octdus 
 eye) ; taken as a-vegle, &so changed to envegle] 
 
 inve*nt, v.t. Devise, originate, (new method, 
 instrument, &c); fabricate (false story &c). 
 Hence orcogn. inve'ntivEa., inve*ntiveLv 2 
 adv., inve'ntiveNESs, inve'ntOR 2 , inve'n- 
 tPESS 1 , nn. [f. L iN l (venire vent- come) find, 
 contrive] 
 
 inve'ntion, n. Inventing; thing invented, 
 contrivance ; fictitious story ; inventiveness : I. 
 
 of the Cross, (festival, May 3, commemorating) 
 finding of the Cross by Helena mother of Con- 
 stantine, a.d. 326. [OF, f. L inventionem (as 
 prec, see -ion)] 
 
 inventory (-vn-), n., & v.*. Detailed list (of 
 goods, furniture, &c.) ; stock of goods in this; 
 (v.t.)enter (goods &c.)ini., make i. of. [(vbf. n.) 
 f. med.L inventorium (as invent, see -ory)] 
 
 invera'eity, n. Untruthfulness, [in- 2 ] 
 
 Inverness, n. Town in Scotland ; /. cloak, 
 coat, or i. as n., overcoat with removable cape. 
 
 invep'se {or Vn-), a. & n. Inverted in posi- 
 tion, order, or relations ; i. ratio, proportion, 
 (between two quantities one of which increases 
 as the other decreases); (n.) inverted state, thing 
 that is the direct opposite {of another). Hence 
 inver*seLy 2 adv. [f. L as invert] 
 
 invep'sion, n. Turning upside down ; re- 
 versalof position, order, or relation, esp. (Gram.) 
 of order of words ; reversal of a ratio. So in- 
 vep'siVE a. [f. L inversio (as foil., see -ion)] 
 
 invep't 1 , v.t. Turn upside down; reverse 
 position, order, relation, of; (Mus.) change re- 
 lative position of notes of (chord, interval) by 
 placing lowest note higher, [f. L in ^{vertere 
 vers- turn)] 
 
 i'nvept 2 , n. Inverted arch, as at bottom of 
 sewer, [f. pre'c.] 
 
 invep'tebpate (-at), a. & n. Not having 
 backbone or spinal column ; (fig.) wanting in 
 firmness ; (n.) i. animal or (fig.) person, [f. in- 2 
 + L vertebra joint of spine + -ate 2 ] 
 
 invest, v.t, & i. Clothe (person &c. in, with) ; 
 cover as garment ; clothe, endue, (person &c. 
 with qualities, insignia of office, rank, &c); 
 lay siege to; employ (money in stocks &c); 
 (intr.) i. in, put money into (stocks), (colloq.) 
 lay out money on, as i. in a bnn. Hence in- 
 ve'stOR 2 n. [f. L in l (vestire clothe)] 
 
 investigate, v.t. Examine, inquire into. 
 Hence or cogn. investigATioN, inve*sti- 
 gatOR 2 , nn., inve'stigatiVE, inve'stigat- 
 ory, aa. [f. L iN l {vestigare track), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 inve'stitupe, n. Formal investing of person 
 {with office) ; enduement (with attributes), [f. 
 med.L investitura (as invest, see -ure)] 
 
 investment, n. Investing of money; money 
 invested ; property in which money is invested ; 
 investiture ; clothing, [-ment] 
 
 inve'terate (-at), a. Long-established; (of 
 disease, habit, prejudice, &c.) deep-rooted, 
 obstinate. Hence inve'tePACY n., inve'tep- 
 ateLY 2 adv. [f. L in ^{veterare make old f. 
 vetus -eris old), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 invi*d\ous, a. (Of conduct &c.) giving 
 offence, esp. by real or seeming injustice &c. ; 
 (of thing) likely to excite ill feeling against the 
 possessor. Hence invi'diousLY 2 adv., in- 
 vi'diousNESS n. [f. L invidiosus (invidia 
 envy, see -ous)] , 
 
 invrgilate, v.i. Watch over students 'at 
 examination. Hence invigilA'TiON, invi*- 
 gilatOR 2 , nn. [f. L in ^{vigilare watch), -ate 3 ] 
 
 invi'gopate, v.t. Make vigorous ; animate. 
 Hence invi'gopativE a., invi*gopatOR 2 n. 
 [f. in- ! + L vigor vigour + -ate 3 ] 
 
 invi'neible, a. Unconquerable (lit. & fig.). 
 Hence invineiBixiTY n., invi'neibLY 2 adv. 
 [F, f. L in 2 (vincibilis f . vincere conquer, -ble)] 
 
 in vi'olable, a. Not to be violated ; (of laws, 
 persons, places, &c.) to be kept sacred from in- 
 fraction, profanation, &c. Hence inviola- 
 bulity n., invi'olabLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 {viola- 
 bilis, as folk, see -ble)J 
 
 invi'olate (-at), a. (Of laws, places, &c.) not 
 violated ; unbroken ; unprofaned. Hence in- 
 vi'ol ac y, invi'olateNESS, nn. , in violateL y 2 
 adv. ff. L in Hviolatus p.p. as violate)] 
 
INVISIBLE 
 
 432 
 
 IRENICON 
 
 Invisible (-z-), a. & n. That cannot be seen ; 
 not to be seen at particular time, as when I 
 called she ivas i. ; too small to be seen ; i. ink 
 (visible only after heating &c.) ; the i., the un- 
 seen world, God. Hence orcogn. invisiBrLrrv, 
 invi'sibleNESS, nn., invi'sibLY 2 adv. [F, f. 
 L in 2 (visibilis visible)1 
 
 invi*te, v.t., & n. Request courteously to 
 come (to dinner, to one's house, in, Sec.) ; re- 
 quest courteously (to do what is presumably 
 agreeable); solicit courteously (suggestions, 
 opinion, confidences) ; bring on, tend to bring 
 on, (thing) unintentionally ; (of thing) present 
 inducements, attract, whence invi'tingLY 2 
 adv., invi'tingNESS n. ; (n., colloq.) invitation. 
 So invitA'TiON n., invrtatORY a. [(n. f. vb) 
 f. F inviter f. L invitare] 
 
 invocation, n. Invoking, calling upon God 
 &c. in prayer ; appeal to Muse for inspiration 
 or assistance in poem. So invd'eatoRY (or 
 i'nvoka-) a. [OF, f. L invocationem (as invoke, 
 see -ation)] 
 
 i'nvoiee, n., & v.t. List of goods shipped or 
 sent, with prices & charges; (v.t.) make an i. 
 of (goods), [(vb f. n.) prob. orig. invoyes pi. of 
 invoy as envoy j ] 
 
 invo'ke, v.t. Call on (God &c.) in prayer or 
 as witness ; appeal to (person's authority &c.) ; 
 summon (spirit) by charms ; ask earnestly for 
 (vengeance, help, &c). [f. F invoquer f. L in 1 - 
 (vocare call)] 
 
 i i'nvoluepe (-ker), n. Covering, envelope, 
 (esp. anat.); (Bot.) whorl of bracts surrounding 
 inflorescence. [F, f. L involucrum (as involve)] 
 
 invo'luntary, a. Done without exercise of 
 the will, unintentional. Hence invo'luntapi- 
 ly 2 adv., invo'luntariNESS n. [f. L in 2 (vol- 
 untarius voluntary)] 
 
 i'nvolute, a. & n. Involved, intricate; 
 curled spirally ; (Bot.) rolled inwards at edges ; 
 (n., geom.) locus of point in a straight line that 
 rolls without sliding on a curve in the plane of 
 that curve (cf. evolute). [as involve] 
 
 involution, n. Involving ; entanglement ; 
 intricacy ; curling inwards ; part so curled ; 
 (Math.) raising of quantity to any power, [f. L 
 involutio (as foil., see -ion)] 
 
 .invo'lve, v.t. Wrap (thing in another) ; 
 wind spirally ; entangle (person, thing, in diffi- 
 culties, mystery, &c); implicate (person Un- 
 charge, crime) ; include (in) ; imply, entail, [f. 
 L ix*(volvere volut- roll)] 
 
 involvement, n. Involving ; financial 
 embarrassment ; complicated affair, [-ment] 
 
 invirlnerable, a. That cannot be-wounded 
 orhurt (esp. fig.). Hence invulneraBi'LiTY n., 
 
 invu'lnerabLY 2 adv. [f. L in 2 (vulnerabilis 
 
 VULNERABLE)] 
 
 i'nward (-erd), a. & n. Situated within; 
 mental, spiritual ; directed towards the inside ; 
 (n. pi.) entrails. [OE innanicearcl (innanin adv., 
 see -ward)] 
 
 i'n ward(s), adv. (Of motion or position) to- 
 wards the inside ; within mind or soul, [prec] 
 
 i'nwapdly, adv. On the inside; (of speak- 
 ing) not aloud ; in mind or spirit, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 i'nwardness, a. Inner nature, essence ; 
 quality of being inward ; spirituality, [-ness] 
 
 inwea've, en-, v.t. Weave in (thing with 
 another, lit. & fig.), [in- 1 ] 
 
 i'nwrougrht, a. & (inrawt) p.p. (Of fabric) 
 decorated (with pattern) ; (of pattern) wrought 
 (in, on, fabric) ; (fig.) intimately blended (xvith). 
 [in + wrought p.p. of work] 
 
 inya'la (-ah-), n. S.-Afr. antelope, [native] 
 
 l'odine, n. Non-metallic element resembling 
 chlorine & bromine in chemical properties, used 
 in medicine & photography. Hence io'dic a., 
 
 i'odiSM(o) n., i'odiZE(o) v.t. [f. F iode f. Gk 
 iodes violet-like {ion violet, see -oid), from col- 
 our of its vapour, + -ine 3 ] 
 
 id'doform (or i'o-), n. Compound of iodine 
 analogous to chloroform, used as antiseptic &c. 
 [f. prec.-f -o-, see chloroform] 
 
 i'olite, n. Silicate of aluminium, iron, & 
 magnesium, of blue or violet colour, [f. Gk ion 
 violet, see -lite] 
 
 i'on, n. Either of the elements that pass to 
 the poles in electrolysis (anion, cation). [Gk ion 
 neut. part, of eimi go] 
 
 -ion, suf., mainly thr. F -ionf. L -ioncm (nom. 
 -io) forming nouns of condition or action f. adjj. 
 & nn. (communio), f. vb stems (legio), but esp. 
 f. p.p. stems, producing the compd suff. ~tion, 
 -sion, -xion, -ation, -ition, -son. 
 
 16'nian, a. & n. Of Ionia; (Mus.) I. mode, 
 (1) effeminate mode in ancient Greek music, (2) 
 ecclesiastical mode corresp. to modern major 
 diatonic scale ; (n.) member of part of the Hel- 
 lenic race which occupied Attica, N. coast of 
 Peloponnese, &c. [f. L f. Gk Ionios + -an] 
 
 16'nic, a. Of Ionia, as /. dialect, that of 
 which Attic was a development ; /. order 
 (characterized by two lateral volutes of the 
 capital); (Pros.) i. a maior'e, metrical foot 
 
 v/ <^>, i. a minor'e, \j -> . [f. L f. Gk 
 
 Ionikos] 
 
 -ion 1 , suf., later spelling of -iour, as in 
 warrior. 
 
 -iop 2 , suf. = L -ior of comparatives, as in se- 
 nior, ulterior. 
 
 io'ta, n. Greek letter i; atom, jot, (after 
 Matt. v. 18). [Gk iota] 
 
 io'tacism, n. Excessive use of iota ; pro- 
 nunciation of other Greek vowels like iota (e), 
 cf. itacism. [f. L f. Gk iotakismos] 
 
 I O Xj; n. Signed document bearing these 
 letters followed by specified sum, constituting 
 formal acknowledgment of debt. [ = 1 owe you] 
 
 -ioup, suf. = -i- representing some formative 
 or stem element 4- -our -or 2 , as saviour f. sal- 
 vatorem thr. OF salve(d)or, AF sauveour. 
 
 -ious, suf. repr. L -iosus, F -ieux,=-i- (part of 
 another suf.)-f -ous, w. sense 'characterized 
 by, full of '. L has -iosus (1) in adjj. f. derivative 
 nn. in -ia, -ies, -ius, -ium, (invidiosus, perni- 
 ciosus, odiosus, & by false anal, curiosus f. 
 cura), (2) in adjj. f. nn. in -ion- (nom. -io), as 
 ambitiosus, captiosus, religiosus. E tends to 
 use -ious for any noun in -ion (rebellious, cau- 
 tious, contradictious). E also forms adjj. in 
 -ious by adding -ous to stem of L adjj. in -ucs 
 (various) ; see also -itious & -ous. 
 
 ipecacua'nha (-na), n. Root of a S.-Amer. 
 shrub, used as emetic & purgative. [Port., f. 
 native ipekaaguene] 
 
 /•pse di'xit, n. Dogmatic statement resting 
 on bare authority. [L, =he himself (the master) 
 said it] 
 
 ipso fa'cto, adv. By that very fact. [L] 
 
 ip- 1 ' 2 , preff. =in- ] > 2 before r. 
 
 ipa'de (-ah-), n. Written decree of Sultan of 
 Turkey. [Turk., f. Arab, iradah will] 
 
 Ipa'nian (ir-), a. & n. Persian ; (of languages) 
 of the Asiatic family comprising Zend, Old 
 Persian, & their modern descendants; (n.> 
 member of I. race. [Pers. iran Persia, -ian] 
 
 ira'scible (-si-), a. Irritable, hot-tempered. 
 Hence ipasciBULiTY n. [F, f. L irascibilis 
 
 (irrisci grow angry, see -ble)] 
 
 lpa'te, a. Angry, [f. L iratus p.p. as prec] 
 
 ire, n. (poet.). Anger. Hence ipe'FUL a., 
 
 ipe;fulLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L ira] 
 
 ipe'nie(al), aa. Peaceful ; pacific, [f. Gk 
 
 eirenikos (eirene peace, see -ic & -al)J 
 
 ipenicon. See eirenicon. 
 
IRIDESCENT 
 
 433 
 
 IRREMOVABLE 
 
 iridescent (-snt), a. Showing colours like 
 those of rainbow ; changing colour with posi- 
 tion. Hence ipide'seENCE n. [as iris + 
 -escentJ 
 
 iri'dium, n. White metal of platinum group, 
 like polished steel, [as iris + -ium] 
 
 lP'is, n. Flat circular coloured membrane in 
 aqueous humour of eye, with circular opening 
 (pupil) in centre ; genus of plants, chiefly with 
 tuberous roots, sword-shaped leaves, & showy 
 flowers; kind of rock-crystal reflecting pris- 
 matic colours. IGk iris -idos (goddess of) rain- 
 bow, iris]_ 
 
 Ip'ish (ir-), a. & n. Of Ireland ; /. bull 4 ; I. 
 stew; (n.) I. language; (as pi.) the I. (people); 
 Irishman, -woman, native of Ireland. Hence 
 I*rishiSM(4) n., I*pishiZE(3) v.t. [f. Ir- st. of 
 OE Iras n. pi. + -ish l ] 
 
 irk, v.t. (archaic). Disgust, tire, bore, esp. it 
 irks (me, him, Sec). [ME irken, etym. dub.] 
 
 i'nksome, a. Tedious, tiresome. Hence 
 ip*ksomeLY 2 adv.,ip , ksomeNESsn. [-some] 
 
 iron 1 drn), n. & a. Metal largely used for 
 tools &c. [wrought i., casti., steel), often fig. 
 as type of hardness, as- a man of i., rod of i.; 
 preparation of i. as tonic; tool made of i., as 
 curling, grappling, -i.; branding tool; golf-club 
 with i. head laid back to loft the ball ; i. tool for 
 smoothing out linen &c; (usu. pi.) fetters ; the 
 i. entered into his soul (Ps. civ. 18, L mistrans- 
 lation of Heb. ' his person entered into the iron ', 
 i. e. fetters) ; (Prow.) strike while the i. is hot (at 
 a good opportunity), have (too) many ii. in the 
 fire (many undertakings, also, many expe- 
 dients) ; (a.) of i., very robust, firm, unyielding, 
 merciless ; i. age, age of cruelty, oppression, &c. 
 (cf. brazen 1 ); i.-bark, species of eucalyptus 
 with solid bark; i.-bound, bound with i., (of 
 coast) rock-bound, (fig.) rigorous, hard & fast ; 
 ironclad, clad in, protected with, i., (n.) ship 
 cased with plates of i.; i.-grey a. & n., (of) the 
 colour of freshly broken i. ; i. horse, locomotive 
 steam-engine, also, bicycle or tricycle ; iron- 
 master, manufacturer of i. ; i.-mould, spot 
 caused by i.-rust or ink-stain, (v.t. & i.) stain, 
 be stained, with this ; Ironsides, man of great 
 bravery, esp. (pi.) Cromwell's troopers ; i.-stone, 
 name of various hard i.-ores ; ironwork, work 
 in i., things made of i. ; ironworks (sing, or pi.), 
 place where i. is smelted or i. goods are made. 
 [OE (1) tsern, isen, n. & a., cf. Du. ijzer, G eisen, 
 (2) OE iren n., not paralleled in other langg.] 
 
 ipon 2 (n-n), v.t. Furnish, cover, with iron; 
 shackle with irons; smooth (linen &c.) with 
 flat-iron &c. [f. prec] 
 
 lpd'nie(al), aa. _Of, using, said in, addicted 
 to, irony. Hence lPO'nicalLV 2 adv. [f. L f. 
 G_k eironiko£ (as irony *, see -ic)] 
 
 lP'onist (iron-), n. One who uses irony, [f. 
 Gk eiron dissembler + -ist] 
 
 ip'onmong'ep din-), n. Dealer in iron goods. 
 Hence ip'onmongfERYd, 2,3) n. 
 
 irony a dr'oni), n. Expression of one's mean- 
 ing by language of opposite or different ten- 
 dency, esp. simulated adoption of another's 
 point of view for purpose of ridicule ; ill-timed 
 or perverse arrival of event or circumstance in 
 itself desirable, due to the feigned goodwill & 
 actual malice o/(Fate, circumstance, &c.) ; use 
 of language that has an inner meaning for a 
 privileged audience and an outer meaning for 
 the persons addressed or concerned (sometimes 
 including speaker); Socratic i., simulation of 
 ignorance as means of confuting adversary, [f. 
 L f. Gk eironeia simulated ignorance] 
 
 irony 2 (If'nl), a. Of, like, iron. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 ippa'diant, a. Shining brightly. So ippa*- 
 diANCE n. [as foil., see -ant] 
 
 ippa*diate, v.t. Shine upon ; (fig.) throw 
 light on (subject) ; light up (face &c. vrith joy 
 &c. ). Hence ippa'diatiVE a. [f. L ir Hradiare 
 f. radius ray), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ippadia'tion, n. Shining, illumination, (lit. 
 & fig.) ; apparent extension of edges of illumin- 
 ated object seen against dark ground. [F (as 
 prec, see -ation)] 
 
 ippa'tional, a. & n. Unreasonable, illogical, 
 absurd ; not endowed with reason ; (Math., of 
 roots &c.)not rational, not commensurable with 
 the natural numbers (e.g. non terminating 
 decimal) ; (n.) i. number, surd. Hence irpa- 
 tiona'liTY n., ippa*tionaliZE(3) v.t., ippa*- 
 tionalLY 2 adv. \L L iR 2 (rationalis rational)] 
 
 irreelarmable, a. Not to be reclaimed or re- 
 formed. Hence ippeelai'mabLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ir re-cognizable, a. Unrecognizable, [ir- 2 ] 
 
 irreconcilable, a. & n. Implacably hos- 
 tile ; (of ideas &c.) incompatible; (n.) implac- 
 able opponent of political measure &c. Hence 
 ippeeoncilaBi'LiTY, ippeeonei'lableNESs, 
 nn. ; ippeconei'labLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippeco'verable (-ku-), a. That cannot be 
 recovered or remedied. Hence ippeco'ver- 
 abLY 2 adv. f ir- 2 ] 
 
 irrecu'sable, a. That must be accepted, [f. 
 LL iR 2 (recusabilis f. recusare refuse, see -ble)] 
 
 ippedee'mable, a. (Of government annui- 
 ties) not terminable by repayment ; (of paper 
 currency) for which issuing authority does not 
 undertake to pay coin ; irreclaimable, hopeless, 
 whence ippedee'mabLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 irredentist, n. (It. politics). Advocate of 
 recovery to Italy of all Italian-speaking dis- 
 tricts. So ippede'ntis.M n. [f. It. irredentista 
 f. (Italia) irredenta unredeemed (Italy)] 
 
 ir reducible, a. That cannot be brought 
 (to desired condition) ; that cannot be reduced, 
 as i. minimum; .that cannot be simplified. 
 Hence ippedueiBi'LiTY n. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippe'fpagable, a. (Of statement, argument, 
 person) indisputable, unanswerable. Hence 
 ippe'fpagabLY 2 adv. [f. LL ir 2 (refragabilis 
 f. REfragari etym. dub., see -ble)] 
 
 ippefpa'ngiple, a. Inviolable ; (Opt.) incap- 
 able of being refracted, [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippe'futable, a. Not to be refuted. Hence 
 ippefutaBi - lit y n. , ippe'futabLY 2 adv. [f . L 
 iR 2 (refutabilis refutable)] 
 
 ippe'giilap, a. & n. Not regular, contrary to 
 rule ; abnormal ; not of symmetrical form ; (of 
 surface) uneven ; disorderly ; uneven in dura- 
 tion, order, &c. ; (Gram., of part of speech) not 
 normally inflected ; (of troops) not in regular 
 service; (n. pi.) i. troops. Hence or cogn. ip- 
 pegxila'PiTY n., ippe'gulapLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 irreguler f. med.L iR 2 (regularis regular)] 
 
 ippe'lative, a. Unconnected, unrelated, (to) ; 
 having no relations, absolute. Hence ippe'la- 
 tiveLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippe'levant, a. Not to the point ; that does 
 not apply (to matter in hand). Hence ippe'le- 
 vance, -ancy, nn., ippe*levantLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippeli'gion, n. Hostility to, disregard of, 
 religion. Hence or cogn. ippeli*gioniST(2) n., 
 ippeli'g-ious a., ippeli'giousLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 \R 2 (religio religion)] 
 
 ippeme*diable,a. That cannot be remedied. 
 Hence ippeme'diabLY 2 adv. [f. L iR 2 (remc- 
 diabilis remediable)1 
 
 irremi'ssible, a. Unpardonable ; unalter- 
 ably binding. Hence ippemi'ssibLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F irrimissible f. L m 2 (remissibilis, as remit, 
 see -ble)] 
 
 ippemo'vable (oo-), a. That cannot be re- 
 moved, esp. from office. Hence ippemova- 
 bulity n., ippemo'vabLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
IRREPARABLE 
 
 434 
 
 -ISM 
 
 ippe'papable, a. (Of injury, loss, &c.) that 
 cannot be rectified or made good. Hence ir- 
 i»e*papableNESS n., ippe'papabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 F irrbparable f. L iR.' 2 (reparabilis reparable)] 
 
 ippepla'eeable, a. Of which the loss cannot 
 be supplied, [ir- 2 J 
 
 ippeppe'ssible, a. & n. Not to be repressed 
 or restrained ; (n., colloq.) L person. Hence ip- 
 peppe'ssibLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 , repress, -ible] 
 
 ippeppoa'ehable, a. Free from blame, fault- 
 less. Hence ippeppoaehaBiLiTY n., ippe- 
 ppoa'ehabLY 2 adv. [f. F ir 2 (rbprochable, us 
 
 REPROACH V., See -ABLE)] 
 
 ippesi'stible, a. Too strong, convincing, 
 charming, &c, to be resisted. Hence ippesis- 
 tlBi'LiTY n., ippesi'stibLY 2 adv. [f. LL ir 2 - 
 resistibilis, as resist, see -ble)] 
 
 ippe'solute, a. Undecided, hesitating ; want- 
 ing in resolution. Hence or cogn. ippe'solute- 
 ly 2 adv., ippe'soluteNEss, ippesolu'tioN, 
 nn. [f. L ir 2 (resolutus resolute)] 
 
 ippeso'lvable, a. That cannot be resolved 
 into parts ; (of problem) that cannot be solved. 
 [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippespe'etive, a. /. of, not taking into ac- 
 count, without reference to, (often quasi-adv., 
 as the posts were filled i. of nationality). Hence 
 ippespe'etiveLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippespo'nsible, a. Not responsible for con- 
 duct ; acting, done, without due sense of re- 
 sponsibility. Hence ippesponsiBixiTY n., 
 ippespo'nsibLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippespo*nsive,a. Not responsive (to). Hence 
 ippespo'nsiveNESS n. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippete'ntive, a. Not retentive. Hence ip- 
 pete'ntivexEss n. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippetpie'vable, a. That cannot be retrieved. 
 Hence ippetPievaBixiTY n., ippetpie'v- 
 abLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippe'vepent, a. Wanting in reverence. 
 Hence or cogn. ippe'vePEXCE u. , ippevepe'n- 
 tiAL a., ippe'verentLY 2 adv. [f. L ir 2 (reve- 
 rens reverent)] 
 
 ippevep'sible, a. Unalterable ; not rever- 
 sible. Hence ippevepsiBi'LiTY n., ippevep*- 
 sibLY 2 adv. [ir- 2 ] 
 
 ippe'voeable, a. Unalterable ; gone beyond 
 recall. Hence ippevoeaBiLiTY n., ippe'voe- 
 abLY 2 adv. [f. L m 2 (revocabilis revocable)] 
 
 i'ppigate, v.t. (Of streams &c.) supply (land) 
 with water ; water (land) with channels &c. ; 
 (Med.) supply (wound &c.) with constant flow 
 of liquid ; (fig.) refresh as with moisture. Hence 
 or cogn. i'ppig'ABLE, i'ppig-atiVE, aa., ippi- 
 gA'TiON, i*ppigatOR 2 (l, 2), nn. [f. L iR l (rigare 
 moisten), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 i'ppitable, a. Easily annoyed, whence i*p- 
 pitabLY 2 adv.; (of organ or part) very sensi- 
 tive to contact &c. ; (Physiol., of muscles & 
 nerves) capable of being excited to vital action 
 by physical stimulus. So ippitaBrLiTY n. [f. 
 Itirritabilis (as irritate, see -ble)] 
 
 i'ppitaney J , n. Irritation, annoyance, [as 
 irritant, see -ancy], 
 
 i'ppitaney 2 , n. (law). Making, being, null & 
 void._ [as irritate 2 , see -ancy] 
 
 i'ppitant, a. & n. Causing (usu. physical) 
 irritation ; (n.) i. substance or agency (also fig.), 
 [as foil., see -ant] 
 
 i'ppitate 1 , v.t. Excite to anger, annoy, vex, 
 whence i'PPitating-LY 2 adv.; excite, produce 
 uneasy sensation in, (bodily organ &c.) ; 
 (Physiol.) stimulate (organ) to vital action. 
 Hence or cogn. ippitA'TiON n., i'ppitatiVE a. 
 [f. L irritare, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 i'ppitate 2 , v.t. (law). Make null & void. [f. 
 L irritare f. ir 2 (ritus = ratus established) in- 
 valid, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ippu'ption, n. Invasion; violent entry, [f. 
 L irruptio f . ir l (rumpere rupt- break), see -ion] 
 
 is. See be. 
 
 Isabella, a. & n. Greyish yellow. Hence 
 isabe'lliNE a. [female name ; history dub.] 
 
 isag'd'g'ic (-jik), a. & n. Introductory ; (n. pi.) 
 study of literary & external history of Bible, 
 [f. L f. Gk eisagogikos f. eisagoge introduction 
 (eis into + agoge leading f. ago), see -ic] 
 
 i'satin, n. (chem.). Crystalline reddish sub- 
 stance got from indigo by oxidation, [f. L f. Gk 
 isatis woad + -in] 
 
 ischiadic, -die (-k-), a. Of the hip, sciatic, 
 [(f. med.L ischiaticus) f. L f. Gk iskhiadikos f. 
 iskhias -ados pain in hip (iskhion), see -ic] 
 
 -ise, suf. of nn.,=OF -ise, prop. f. L -itia, but 
 also (in learned formations) f. L -icia, -itia, 
 -icium, -ttium (OF justise, juise, servise, f. L 
 justitia, judicium, servitium). In wds f. L, 
 later F changed -ise to -ice, which E adopted ; 
 but in native wds F & E retain -ise (franchise, 
 merchandise ; E also has exercise, F Ace). 
 
 -ish 1 , suf. of adjj., = OE -ise of com.-Teut. 
 orig. (cf. Du. & G -isch), cogn. w. Gk -iskos dim. 
 suf. of nn. In old formations, prec. vowel was 
 modified, as still in English, French, Welsh. 
 (1) OE chiefly formed aa. f. national names 
 (British, Danish), with a few in sense ' belong- 
 ing to, of the nature of (heathenish, outland- 
 ish) ; later aa. have usu. not the neutral sense 
 (boyish, girlish), but that of ' having the bad 
 qualities of ' (foppish, monkish, swinish, f. 
 names of things bookish, hellish, f. vbs & advv. 
 snappish, stand-offish, icppish). (2) Sense pecu- 
 liar to E is 'somewhat ' (stiffish). 
 
 -ish 2 , suf. of vbs repr. F -iss- seen in some 
 parts of some vbs in -ir (p&rissant, finissais), f. 
 L inceptive suf. -ise-, used in It. & F to form 
 vbs without incept, sense to correspond to L 
 vbs in -ire, -ere. In a few wds F -iss- became 
 in E -ise (chastise, advertise) ; on the other 
 hand, other F endings have become -ish (ad- 
 monish, LAVISH, RELISH). 
 
 I'shmael, n. Outcast, one at war with 
 society. Hence I'shmaeliTE J n. [Gen. xvi. 12] 
 
 i'singlass (izingg-), n. Whitish semi-trans- 
 parent substance, a form of gelatin, got from 
 some fresh- water fish, esp. sturgeon, & used in 
 making jellies, glue, &c. [perh. corrupt, of 
 obs. Du. huisenblas sturgeon's bladder] 
 
 I'slam (iz-), n. Mohammedanism ; the Mo- 
 hammedan world. Hence Isla'mic, Islam- 
 i'tic, aa., I*slamiSM(3), I'slamiTEMl), nn. 
 [Arab., = surrender, n. f. aslama he surrendered 
 f. salama he became safe, whence also salaam, 
 Moslem, Mussulman] 
 
 is'land, n., & v.t. Piece of land surrounded 
 by water ; (fig.) anything detached or isolated, 
 esp. woodland surrounded by prairie; (Physiol.) 
 detached portion of tissue or group of cells ; 
 (v.t.) make into an i., isolate, dot as with ii. 
 Hence is'landER 1 ^) n. [(vb f. n.) OE igland 
 (ieg isle, cf. ON & OFris. ey, + land, -s- by 
 confus. w. isle)] 
 
 isle (il), n. Island (in prose usu. only with 
 proper name, as 7". of Wight, British Ii., & usu. 
 of small islands). [ME & OF i(s)le f. L insula 
 island (in- 1 , see consul)] 
 
 is*let, n. Little island ; isolated tract or spot, 
 [f. F islette (as prec, see -et 1 )] 
 
 i'sm, n. Any distinctive doctrine or practice, 
 [foil, used as n.] 
 
 -ism, suf. forming abstract nn. : (1) of action 
 on vbs in -ize, as baptism ; (2) of typical con- 
 duct or condition on class nouns, as heroism, 
 barbarism ; (3) of system or principle on name 
 of subject or founder or connected catchword, 
 as conservatism, Arianism, jingoism; (4) of 
 
ISO- 
 
 435 
 
 ITE 
 
 peculiarity in manner or language, as Galli- 
 cism, archaism', (5) of morbid condition in- 
 duced by excessive use of drug, as alcoholism. 
 [=F-isme f. L f. Gk -ismos or -isma f. -izo -ize] 
 
 Iso- in comb. = Gk isos equal, as: -bar n., 
 -ba'ric a., (line on map) connecting places at 
 which barometric pressure is the same (at given 
 time or on the average) ; -cheim (kim) n., -chei'- 
 mal, -chl'menal, aa. & nn., (line on map) con- 
 necting places of same mean winter tempera- 
 ture ; -chroma'tic, of same colour; -chronoxis, 
 occupying equal time, vibrating uniformly, as 
 pendulum ; -cli'nal, showing equal magnetic 
 inclination ; -dyna'mic, indicating equal mag- 
 netic force; -ge'otherm, line connecting points 
 in interior of earth having same temperature ; 
 -go'nic, indicating equal angles (of magnetic 
 variation) ; -me'ric, composed of same elements 
 in same proportions, & having same molecular 
 weight, but differently grouped ; -me'tric(al), of 
 equal measure ; -mor'phism, -mor'phous, (pro- 
 perty of) crystallizing in same or closely related 
 geometric forms ; -nomy, equality of political 
 rights ; -perime'trical, havingequal perimeters; 
 -sei'smaf, connecting points at which earth- 
 quake-shock is of same intensity ; -theral a. & 
 n., (line) connecting places of same mean sum- 
 mer temperature ; -therm n., -ther'mal a. & n., 
 (line) connecting places of same mean annual 
 temperature. , 
 
 i'solate, v.t. Place apart or alone; (Chem.) 
 free (substance) from its combinations ; (Electr.) 
 = insulate ; subject (person &c.) to quarantine. 
 Hence isolA"TiON, i'solatOR 2 (2), nn. [orig. in 
 p.p., f. F isoU f. It. isolato (as insulate)] 
 
 -ison, suf. of nn., f. OF -aison, -eison, -ison, f. 
 L -ationem, -etionem, -itionem ; later formations 
 took -ation, -ition. For exx. see -son. 
 
 i'sopdd, n. Crustacean with seven pairs of 
 equal & similarly placed thoracic legs, [iso- + 
 Gk pous podos foot] 
 
 iso'sceles (-sel-), a. (Of triangle) having two 
 sides equal. [LL, f. Gk iso{skeles f. skelos leg)] 
 
 I'srael (iz-), n. The Jewish people, whence 
 I'spaeliTE^l) n., I'sraelitiSH 1 a. : (fig.) God's 
 elect. [L, f. Gk Israel f. Heb. yisrael striver 
 with God (Gen. xxxii. 28)] 
 
 i'ssue J , n. Outgoing, outflow ; termination 
 {of matter &c); discharge of blood &c, inci- 
 sion to procure this; way out, outlet; mouth of 
 river ; progeny, children, as without male i. ; 
 result, outcome ; in the i., as things turn out ; 
 point in question, esp. (Law) between contend- 
 ing parties in action, as i. of fact (when fact is 
 denied), i. of laxo (when application of the law 
 is contested) ; at i., (of persons) at variance, (of 
 things) in dispxite ; join i„ proceed to argue 
 (with person on point agreed upon as basis of 
 dispute), (Law) submit an i. jointly for decision, 
 (of one party) accept the i. tendered by the 
 other ; giving out, issuing, (o/billsof exchange, 
 notes, stamps, &c.) ; number of coins, notes, 
 copies of newspaper, &c, issued at one time. 
 Hence i'ssue less a. [OF, f. pop. L *exuta-h 
 exitus -us f. EXfa're it- go), whence OF issir] 
 
 i'ssue 2 , v.i. & t. Go or come out (often out, 
 forth) ; emerge from a condition ; be derived, 
 spring, {from); result {from); end, result, (in) ; 
 come out, be published ; send forth ; publish, 
 put into circulation, (notes, newspaper), whence 
 i'ssuABLE a., i'ssuANCE n. [f. prec.j 
 
 -ist, suf. forming personal nn. : (1) of agent, 
 corresp. to Gk vbs in -izo or possible E vbs in 
 -ize, as antagonist, plagiarist ; (2) of adherent 
 of creed &c. in -ism, as atheist, ventriloquist, 
 Darwinist, fatalist; (3) of one concerned with 
 any subject (apart from -ism, -ize), as dentist, 
 tobacconist, balloonist, esp. as player of musical 
 
 instrument {violinist). [ = F -iste, It. & Sp. -ista, 
 f. L -zsta f. Gk -istes {-izo -ize + -tes agent-suf.) ; 
 tobacconist, accompanist are formed irreg ] 
 
 -ister, suf. of nn., f. OF -istre, by-form of -iste 
 -1ST, perh. by false anal. f. ministre (Lminister) 
 Sec; in E prob. associated with -er 1 . Exx.: 
 chorister, palmister, sophister. 
 
 i'sthmus, n. (pi. -muses). Neck of lands 
 ( Anat. , Bot. ) narrow part connecting two larger 
 parts. Hence i'sthmiAN a. (L, f. Gk isthmos] 
 
 i'stle (-til), n. Fibre used for cord, nets, &c, 
 got from species of agave &c. [f. Mex. ixtli] 
 
 it, pron. (poss. its; pi. they, obj. them, poss. 
 their). The thing in question ; the person in 
 question, as who is it (that knocks) ?, it (the per- 
 son that knocks) is I, (archaic poet.) it (what 
 occupies my mind) is the miller's daughter, & 
 she is grown so dear, (nursery sympathetic) has 
 it lost its rattle then ? (have you, your) ; (aa 
 subject of impers. vb) it rains, it is cold ; it (the 
 season) is winter, it (the day) is Ash Wednes- 
 day, it is Ash Wednesday today, it (the dis- 
 tance) is 6 miles to Oxford ; it says in the Bible 
 (the Bible says) that all men are liars ; I would 
 go if it were not (would go but) for the expense ; 
 (as subject, anticipating deferred virtual sub- 
 ject in more or less conscious apposition) it is 
 absurd talking (or to talk) like that, it is in- 
 credible that he should refuse, it is a dirty 
 business, this meat-canning ; (anticipating de- 
 ferred subject introduced by that conj., sepa- 
 rated from it by adv. predicate) it is seldom 
 that he fails, it is in vain that you quibble, it is 
 to him that you must apply ; (as antecedent to 
 relative of either number & any gender, sepa- 
 rated by predicate) it was a purse that he 
 dropped, it teas the Russians that began it ; 
 (as indef. obj. w. trans, or intr. vb) face it out, 
 carry it with a high hand, deuce take it, run 
 for it, lord it over him, cab it (go habitually or 
 on the particular occasion in cab), give it him 
 {hot), have done it (blundered). [OE hit nom. 
 & ace. f. (orig. demonstr.) stem hi- (nom. mase. 
 he) ; OE gen. his, dat. him ; OE hit corresponds 
 to Du. het & in form to Goth, hita this] 
 
 i'tacism (e-), n. Pronunciation of Greek e 
 like I (i. e. e), cf. etacism ; substitution in MS of 
 Greek iota for other vowels, [f. Gk eta the letter 
 e, spelt ita to indicate the pronunc. (eta)] 
 
 Ita'lian, a. & n. Of Italy ; I. handwriting, 
 that now current in England, Italy, France, 
 &c, opp. to Gothic ; /. iron (cylindrical, with 
 rounded end, for crimping lace &c); (n.) lan- 
 guage, native, of Italy. Hence Ita'lian- 
 ism(2, 4) n., Ita*lianizE(3) v.t. & i. [LLItalia- 
 nus, {Italia Italy, see -an)] 
 
 Ita'lie, a. & n. Of ancient Italy, esp. as apart 
 from Rome; i. type, sloping type introduced by 
 Aldus Manutius of Venice (c. 1500) ; (n. pi. ) letters 
 thus sloping, now used for emphasis or distinc- 
 tion, e. g. to indicate foreign word (cf. roman). 
 [f. L f. Gk Italikos {Italia Italy, see -ic)] 
 
 italicize, v.t. Print (words) in italics, usu. 
 for emphasis or distinction, [-ize] 
 
 Ita'liot (-ot), -ote, n. & a. (Inhabitant) of 
 Greek colonies in S. Italy. If. Gk Italiotes 
 {Italia Italy, see -ot 2 )] 
 
 itch \ n. Irritation in the skin ; contagious 
 disease accompanied by this & caused by the 
 i.-mite, which burrows in the skin ; restless 
 desire, hankering, {for thing, to do). Hence 
 i'tehiNESS n., i'tehY 2 a. [OE gicce, as foil.] 
 
 itch 2 , v.i. Feel irritation in skin; scratch 
 where it itches (where there is an itching) ; (of 
 person or his fingers) crave uneasily (for thing, 
 to do). [OE gicc(e)an, cf. Du. jeuken, Gjucken] 
 
 -ite l , suf. of adjj. & nn., = F -ite f. L -ita f. Gk 
 -ites (also used in E, as pyrites), w. sense '(ons) 
 
-ITE 
 
 436 
 
 JACK 
 
 belonging to or connected with ' ; (1) in names 
 of persons, in mod. formation often contempt. 
 (Stagirite, Sybarite, Durhamite, Shelleyite, 
 Preraphaelite) ; (2) in names of fossil organisms 
 (ammonite, belemnite) ; of mineral species, 
 often superseding -ane, -in, &c. {anthracite, 
 haematite, graphite, darwinite) ; of constituent 
 parts of body or organ (somite, cerite, segment 
 of body, of horn) ; of some saccharine sub- 
 stances, glucoses, &c. (dulcite, pinite) ; of explo- 
 sives (cordite, dynamite) ; of commercial pro- 
 ducts (ebonite, vulcanite) ; of salts of acids de- 
 nominated by aa. in -ous (nitrite, sulphite). 
 
 -ite 2 , suf. formed in adjj. f. L p.p. in -itus 
 (erudite, exquisite), in vbl nn. f. L -itus (appe- 
 tite), & in vbs formed on L p.p. stem in -it- 
 (expedite, unite) ; but vbs f. L p.p. st. -it- usu. 
 end in -it (deposit, merit). 
 
 I'tem, n. & adv. Article, unit, included in 
 enumeration; entry of this in account &c; 
 detail of news &c. in newspaper &c. ; (adv.) like- 
 wise, also, (introducing mention of i.). [L, adv., 
 = in like manner, also, (is he + -tern adv. suf.)] 
 
 I'terate, v.t. Repeat (quoted words &e.) ; 
 make (charge, assertion, objection, &c.) repeat- 
 edly. Hence or cogn. i'tePANCE, -anc v, itePA- 
 tion, nn., i'tepatiVE a. If. L iterare (iterum 
 again), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 -ites. See -ite *. 
 
 ithypha'llie, a. & n. Of the phallus carried 
 in Bacchic festivals; in the metre used for 
 Bacchic hymns ; (n.) poem in this metre, licen- 
 tious poem. [f. L f. Gk ithuphallikos (ithus 
 straight + phallos phallus, see -ic)] 
 
 itinerant, a. Travelling from place to 
 place ; (of justices) travelling on circuit ; (of 
 Wesleyan ministry) preaching in a circuit. 
 Hence iti'nePACY, iti'nePANCY, nn. [as iti- 
 nerate, see -ant] 
 
 iti'nepapy, n. & a. Route ; record of travel ; 
 guide-book ; (adj. ) of travelling, of roads, [f. LL 
 itinerarius a., -um n. (also used in E), f. iter 
 itineris journey, see -ary x ] 
 
 Itrnerate, v.i. Travel from place to place ; 
 (of Wesleyan) preach within circuit. Hence 
 itinePA'TiON n. [f. Litinerari (as prec), see 
 -ate a ] 
 
 -ition, suf., = -ion appended to L 3rd or 4th 
 conj. p.p. stems (perdition, sortition). 
 
 -itious !, suf. of adjj., f. L -icius + -ous (-c- by 
 confus. of c & t in LL MSS), formed usu. on L 
 p.p. stems (factitious); E wds in -icious, on the 
 other hand, often repr. L stems with -it- + -ious 
 (avaricious) as well as those in -ic- + -ious 
 (suspicious). 
 
 -itious 2 , suf. (in appearance compd) in which 
 -ious is appended to L stems in -it- (ambitious, 
 nutritious, cf. suppositious 1 ), sometimes also 
 disguised as -icious (malicious). 
 
 -itis,suf. forming esp. names of inflammatory 
 diseases (appendicitis, bronchitis), f. Gk -itis 
 adj., fern, of -ites, w. nosos disease understood. 
 
 -itous,suf. of adjj., = -it(v)+ -ous, corresp. to 
 L -itosus for -itatosus (calamitosus calamitous). 
 
 its, poss. a. See it. [replaces his in 16th c] 
 
 itse'lf, pron. Emphatic & reflexive form 
 corresp. ton ; ini., apart from its surroundings, 
 viewed in its essential qualities &c. [it + self, 
 but often treated as its + self, cf. its oivn self] 
 
 -ity. See -ty. 
 
 -ium, suf. forming names of metals, after 
 sodium (soda), potassium (j>otassa) ; alumin- 
 um is changed to -minium to conform to the 
 type, but seme later metals have names in -um, 
 the L termination for metals. 
 
 -ive, suf. forming adjj. w. sense ' tending to, 
 having the nature of ', f. F -if (fern, -ive) f. L 
 -ivus added to p.p. stem (activus, passivus), 
 
 pres. stem (cadivus), or noun (tempestivus). 
 Most E wds are of mod. formation, chiefly in 
 -sive, -tive, & esp. -ative, which tends to become 
 living suf. (talkative). Some are formed immed. 
 on vb stems (esp. in -s, -c, -t), as amusive, coer- 
 cive, costive is not an ex. 
 
 i'vopy, n. Hard white substance composing 
 main part of tusks of elephant, hippopotamus, 
 walrus, narwhal, & (fossil i.) mammoth ; vege- 
 table i., hard albumen of seed of S.-Amer. palm 
 (i.-nut) ; black i., African negro slaves; colour 
 of i.; (slang, pi.) dice, billiard-balls ; (slang, sing, 
 or pi.) teeth ; i.-black, black pigment from cal- 
 cined i. [f. OF y voire f. L ebortus a. (ebur -oris)] 
 
 l'vy, n. Climbing evergreen shrub, with dark- 
 green shining leaves, usu. five-angled ; i. gera- 
 nium, i. -leaved pelargonium. Hence i*viED 2 a. 
 [OE ifig, etym. dub.] 
 
 i'xia, n. Genus of S.-African iridaceous 
 plants, with large showy flowers. [Gk] 
 
 i'zapd, n. Capriform antelope of Pyrenees, 
 allied to chamois, [f. F isard, etym. dub.] 
 
 -ize, -ise, suf. of vbs., = F -iser f. LL -izare 
 f. Gk -izo; in Gk either intr., 'act like', as 
 hellenizo, speak, act as a, Greek, or trans., as 
 katharizo clean; Christian Gk vbs, as euag- 
 gelizo evangelize, were first Latinized, & -izare 
 so established as L for Gk vbs (cf. G -iren for 
 Rom. vbs) ; F extended -iser to form vbs from 
 names &c, whence the mod. use. -ize is the 
 better spelling for all wds, mod. or f. Gk, that 
 contain the Gk suf. (advertise, surprise, &c, 
 do not). Meanings: (1) trans., treat in such a 
 way (catechize) ; (2) intr., follow, have, such a 
 practice or feeling (apostatize, sympathize) ; 
 (3) t. & i., bring, come, into such a state (pul- 
 verize, anglicize, cicatrize) ; (4) t. & i., act like, 
 treat on system of, (Calvinize, Bowdlerize) ; 
 (5) trans., impregnate &c. vfith(oxidize). Nn. are 
 formed in izer, -ization, as well as -1ST, -ISM. 
 
 J» j» ija), letter (pi. Js, J's). J (pen), broad- 
 pointed pen stamped with J. 
 Abbreviation (1) : Justice, in J. P. (of Peace). 
 Abbreviations (2) : Jam.(aica) ; Jam.(es, E- 
 pistleof); Jan.(uary); Jep.(emiah); Josh.(ua); 
 Jud.(ith) ; JudgMes, O.-T. book) ; jun.(ior). 
 
 ja*al-gx>at (or yah-), n. Wild goat of Sinai, 
 Upper Egypt, &c. [f. Heb. ya*el wild goat] 
 
 jab, v.t., & n. Poke roughly; stab; thrust 
 (thing) abruptly (into) ; (n.) abrupt blow with 
 pointed thing or fist. [prob. imit.] 
 
 ja'bbep, v.i. & t., & n. Speak volubly & with 
 little sense; utter (words) rapidly & indistinctly; 
 chatter, as monkeys &c; (n.) jabbering, gabble, 
 gibberish. [_(n. f. vb) prob. imit., with -ER 5 ] 
 
 ja'bipu (-oo), n. Tropical American bird of 
 stork family, [native] 
 
 jabopa'ndi, n. Dried leaflets of Brazilian 
 plant with diuretic & sudorific properties, [f. 
 n ati ve ja b urand i] 
 
 jabot* (zh-), n. Ornamental frill on woman's 
 bodice; (Hist.) frill on man's shirt-front. [F, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 ja'cinth, n. Reddish-orange gem, variety of 
 zircon, [f. OF iacinte, as hyacinth] 
 
 jack 1 , n. (J-) familiar form of name John, 
 esp. as type of the common people, as J. & gill ; 
 every man j., every individual; =j.-tar; la- 
 bourer, man who does odd jobs, &c; cheap «/.; 
 steeple-/.; (Cards) knave; machine for turning 
 spit in roasting meat ; machine for lifting heavy 
 weights; (also carriage-j.) machine for lifting 
 axle off ground while cleaning wheel ; boot l -j.; 
 parts of various machines &c; pike, esp. young 
 or small one ; J. Frost* frost personified ; before 
 
JACK 
 
 437 
 
 JAPAN 
 
 you could say J. Robinson, very quickly or sud- 
 denly ; J.-a-dandy, dandy ; jackass, male ass, 
 dolt, blockhead; laughing jackass, Giant King- 
 fisher of Australia ; j.-boot, large boot coming 
 above knee, worn by fishermen Sec; jackdaw, 
 daw ; J. in office, consequential petty official ; 
 j.-in-the-box, toy figure that springs out of box 
 when lid is raised, (also) kind of firework ; J.-in- 
 the-green, man or boy enclosed in framework 
 covered with leaves in May-day sports; J. Ketch, 
 common hangman ; j.-knife, large clasp-knife 
 for the pocket ; J. of all trades, one who can 
 turn his hand to anything; j.-o '-lantern, will- 
 o'-the-wisp (often G.g.);j.-plane (for coarse work); 
 j.-pudding, buffoon, clown ; j.-snipe (small spe- 
 cies); j. -ta r, common sailor; j.-to wel (endless, 
 hung from roller), [prob. conn. w. John, but 
 perh. f. F Jacques James f. L f. G lakobos Jacob] 
 
 jack 2 , v.t. Hoist with jack: ruin; J. up, 
 abandon (attempt &c. or abs.). [first sense f. 
 prec; others perh. imit., cf. chuck] 
 
 jack 3 , n. Ship's flag, smaller than ensign, esp. 
 one flown from j. -staff at bow, indicating na- 
 tionality, as British, French, j. ; union J. [prob. 
 
 = JACK 1 ] 
 
 jack 4 , n. (archaic). Foot-soldier's sleeveless 
 tunic; (also black j.) vessel for liquor, usu. of 
 waxed leather coated with tar &c. [f. Fjaque, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 jack 5 , n. E.-Ind. fruit, like bread-fruit but 
 coarser, [f. Port, jaca f. Malayalam chakka] 
 ja'ckal (-awl), n. Animal of dog kind, of size 
 of fox, formerly supposed to hunt up lion's prey 
 for him; (fig.) person who does preparatory 
 drudgery &c |f. Turk, chakalf. Pers. shagal, 
 cogn. w. Skr. s'rgala] 
 
 ja'ckanapes, n. (Archaic) monkey; pert 
 fellow ; coxcomb ; pert child, [earlier Jack 
 Napes, first found of William de la Pole, Duke 
 of Suffolk (d. 1450), whose badge was a clog & 
 chain, such as was used for tame ape] 
 ja'cket, n., & v.t. Sleeved outer garment 
 for man or woman ; Norfolk, etox, j.; dust 
 his j., beat.him; outer covering round boiler 
 &c. for protection, keening in heat, &c; ani- 
 mal's coat ; potatoes boiled in their jj. (skins) ; 
 (v.t.) cover with j. [(vb f. n.) f. OF jaquet, dim. 
 as JACK 4 ] 
 
 Ja'cob, n. J.'s ladder, plant with corymbs 
 of blue or white flowers, & leaves suggesting 
 ladder, (Xaut.) rope ladder with wooden steps 
 for ascending rigging from deck; J. 's staff, sur- 
 veyor's iron-shod rod used instead of tripod, 
 (also) instrument for measuring distances & 
 heights, [f. L f. Gk lakobos f. Heb. ya'agob] 
 Jacobe'an, a. Of the reign of James I ; of 
 St James the Less. [f. LL Jacobaeus (Jacobus 
 as prec, whence James), see -an] 
 Ja'cobin \ n. Dominican friar [from convent 
 near to church of S. Jacques] ; member of ex- 
 treme democratic club established in Paris in 
 old J. convent (1789). sympathizer with its prin- 
 ciples, extreme radical, whence Jaeobi'nic- 
 < al) aa. , Ja*eobiniSM(3) n. , Ja*eobiniZE(3) v.t. 
 [F, f. med.L Jacobinus (jacob, -ine i)] 
 ja'cobin 2 , n. Pigeon with reversed feathers 
 on back of neck, suggesting cowl. [f. Fjacobine, 
 fern, as prec] 
 
 Ja'eoblte, n. Adherent of James II after his 
 abdication, or of his son the Pretender. Hence 
 Jaeobi'tiCAL a., Ja*eobitiSM(3) n. [f. L Jaco- 
 bus James + -ite l ] 
 
 jacd'bus, n. English gold coin struck in reign 
 of James I, worth 20-24s. [as prec] 
 ja'conet, n. Cotton cloth of medium thick- 
 ness, esp. dyed waterproofed kind for poulticing 
 &c [f. Hind. Jagannathi f. place-name] 
 Jacquerie (zhakkere*),n. Rising of peasantry, 
 
 esp. that of 1S57-8 in France. [F (Jacques James, 
 peasant, see -ery)] 
 
 jactitation, n. (med.). Restless tossing of 
 body in illness; twitching of limb or muscle, 
 [f. med.L jactitatio f. L jactitare double fre- 
 quent, of jacere jact- throw, see -ation] 
 jade !, n. , & v. t. Inferior, wearied, or worn-out 
 horse; (in reprobation, usu. playful) woman; 
 (v.t., esp. in p.p.) wear out with hard work. [?] 
 jade 2 , n. A silicate of lime & magnesia, a hard 
 green, blue, or white stone ; silicate of sodium 
 '& aluminium like this in appearance, [f. F le 
 jade for Vejade f. Sp. (piedra de) ijada (stone 
 of) the colic, f. L ilia pi. flank] 
 jag 1 , n. Sharp projection, e.g. point of rock. 
 Hence ja'ggy 2 a. [prob. imit] 
 jag 1 2 , v.t. Cut, tear, in uneven manner ; make 
 indentations in, whence ja'ggfER ] (2) n. Hence 
 ja'g-gredLY 2 adv., ja'ggedNESS n. [f. prec] 
 ja'guap (-war, -uar), n. Large carnivorous 
 spotted quadruped of cat kind, in some wooded 
 parts of America, [f. native yaguara] 
 Jah, n. Jehovah, [repr. Heb. Yah shortened 
 form of Yahweh jehovah] 
 jail &c See gaol &c 
 
 Jain, n. & a. (Member) of a non-Brahminical 
 E.-Ind. sect, with doctrines like those of Bud- 
 dhism. Hence Jai'niSM n. [f. Hind. f. Skr. 
 iaina of a Buddha (jina f. root ji conquer)] 
 ja'lap, n. Purgative drug got esp. from tu- 
 berous roots of a Mexican climbing plant. 
 [F, f. Sp. jalapa f. Xalapa, Ja-, Mexican city, 
 f. Aztec Xalapan (xalli sand + all water + pan 
 upon)] 
 
 jalousie (zha/ldbze), n. Blind, shutter, with 
 slats sloping upwards from without. [F, as 
 jealousy] 
 jam \ v.t. & i., & n. Squeeze (thing) between 
 two surfaces; cause (part of machine) to be 
 fixed so that it cannot work ; squeeze (things) 
 together in compact mass ; thrust (thing) vio- 
 lently (into space) ; block, fill up, (passage &c) 
 by crowding into it ; become tightly wedged ; 
 (n.) crush, squeeze, stoppage (of machine &c) 
 due to this, crowded mass. [prob. imit.] 
 jam 2 , n. Conserve of fruit, made by boiling 
 it with sugar to a pulp ; (slang) realj., a real 
 treat, [perh. f. prec] 
 
 jamb (-m), n. Side post of doorway, window, 
 &c, esp. (pi.) stone sides or cheeks of fireplace, 
 [f. Fjambe leg f. LL gamba hoof, perh. f. Celt. 
 camb- crooked] 
 
 ja'ng-le, v.i. & t., & n. (Make) harsh noise ; 
 cause (bell &c.) to do this ; speak, utter, in dis- 
 cordant or noisy way; (archaic) dispute, wrangle, 
 (n. & vb). [(n. f. vb) f. OF j angler, etym. dub.] 
 ja'nitop, n. Doorkeeper. [L, f.janua door] 
 ja'nizary, -nissapy, (ja-, ya-), n. (Hist.) 
 one of body of Turkish infantry forming Sul- 
 tan's guard (abolished in 1826) •, Turkish soldier ; 
 (fig.) personal instrument of tyranny, [ult. f. 
 Turk, yeni- tsheri (yeiii new + tsheri soldiery)] 
 Ja'nsenist, n. Member of party in Rom. 
 Cath. Church holding with Cornelius Jansen 
 (d. 1638) the perverseness & inability for good 
 of the natural human will. So Ja'nseniSM n., 
 Janseni'stic a. [-ist] 
 Ja'nuapy, n. (abbr. Jan.). First month of 
 year. [f. L Januarius (mensis month) of janus, 
 see -ary l ] 
 
 Ja*nus, n. Ancient Italian god, guardian of 
 doors & gates, represented with faces on front 
 & back of head. [L] 
 Jap, a. & n. (colloq.). Japanese. 
 japa'n x , n. (J-) insular empire on east of 
 Asia, whence JapanESE a. & n., Japan- 
 e'sque a. ; hard varnish, esp. kind brought 
 orig. from J. ; work in Japanese style, [prob. f. 
 
JAPAN 
 
 438 
 
 JERID 
 
 Malay Japung f. Chin. Jih-pun sunrise (jih sun 
 + pun origin)*] 
 
 japa'n 2 , v.t. (-nn-). Lacquer with japan; 
 make black & glossy as with japan, [f. prec] 
 jape, v.L, & n. Jest. [f. 14th c. ; etym. dub.] 
 Japhe'tie, a. Of, descended from, Japheth 
 son of Noah ; Indo-European, [-ic] 
 japd'nie, a. Japanese. [FJapon. japan, -ic] 
 japd'niea, n. Kinds of Japanese plant, esp. 
 ornamental variety of pear or quince. [mod.L 
 fern. adj. as prec] 
 
 jap 1 , n. Sound, vibration, esp. harsh one; 
 thrill of nerves or feelings, shock ; want of har- 
 mony, disagreement ; quarrel. ' [as foil.] 
 jar 2 , v.i. & t. Sound discordantly, make grat- 
 ing impression (upon person, his ear, nerves, 
 See.) ; strike with grating sound (upon, against, 
 object) ; (of body affected) vibrate, resound, 
 discordantly ; (of opinion, statement, action) be 
 at variance, disagree, (with); dispute, wrangle; 
 cause (thing) to j.; send shock through (nerves). 
 Hence jaP'Ping'LY 2 adv. [prob. imit.] 
 jap 3 , n. Earthenware, stoneware, or glass 
 vessel, with two handles or none, usu. cylindri- 
 cal ; leyden j. Hence jap*FUL(2) n. [f. F jarre 
 f. Arab, jarrah] 
 
 jardiniere (zhardinyar'), n. Ornamental pot 
 or stand for display of growing flowers in room, 
 on window-sill, &c. [F] 
 
 jap'gon \ n. Unintelligible words, gibberish; 
 barbarous or debased language; mode of speech 
 full of unfamiliar terms, as critics' 1 j., meta- 
 physical j. ; twittering of birds. Hence jap*- 
 g-oniZE(2, 3) v.t. & i. [OF, etym. dub.] 
 jap'gon 2 , japg-oo'n.n. Translucent, colour- 
 less, or smoky variety of zircon found in Cey- 
 lon. [F, perh. ult. f. zircon] 
 japg*one*lle, n. Kind of pear that ripens 
 early. [F, dim. of prec] 
 
 japl (y-), n. (hist.). Old Norse or Danish 
 chief. [ON, orig. man of noble birth ; = earl] 
 ja'ppah, n. (Durable timber of) W. -Austral, 
 mahogany gum-tree. [f. native jerrhyl] 
 jap'vey, n. Hackney-coachman ; driver of 
 Irish car. [by-form of surname Jar vis] 
 ja'sey, n. (familiar). Wig, esp. of worsted. [?] 
 ja'smin(e), je'ssamin(e), n. Genus of 
 shrubs with white or yellow salver-shaped 
 flowers, esp. common or white j., climbing 
 shrub with fragrant flowers, [f. Arab. f. Pers. 
 yasmin ; F has jasmin, jessemin] 
 ja'spep, n. Opaque variety of quartz, usu. 
 red, yellow, or brown, [f. OF jaspre f. L f. Gk 
 iaspis, of oriental orig., — any bright chalce- 
 dony except carnelian ; cf. Heb. yashpeh] 
 jau'ndiee (jah-, jaw-), n., & v.t. Morbid 
 state caused by obstruction of bile, & marked 
 by yellowness of skin, fluids, & tissues, consti- 
 pation, & loss of appetite ; disordered vision 
 (usu. fig.), as characteristic of this ; (v.t.) affect 
 with j., (fig. esp. in p.p.) affect (person, his judg- 
 ment &c.) with envy or jealousy, [(vb prob. 
 back-formation f. jau'ndicED 2 ) f. F jaunice 
 (jaune yellow f. L galbinus f. galbus, -ice)] 
 jaunt (jaw-, jah-), v.i., & n. (take) excursion, 
 journey, esp. for pleasure ; jaunting-car, light 
 two-wheeled vehicle popular in Ireland. [?] 
 jau'nty (jaw-, jah), a. Having or affecting 
 easy sprightliness, airy self-satisfaction. Hence 
 jau'ntiLY 2 adv., jau'ntiNESS n. [earlier 
 jantee f. F gentil genteel] 
 
 ja'velin (-vl-), n. Light spear, dart. {f. F 
 javeline, perh. of Celt, orig.] 
 jaw, n. Lower, upper, j., two bones or sets 
 of bones forming framework of mouth & masti- 
 cating apparatus in vertebrates ; j.-bone, each 
 of the two bones forming lower jaw in most 
 mammals, these two combined into one in 
 
 others; (pi.) bones of mouth including teeth, 
 mouth ; (pi.) narrow mouth of valley, channel, 
 &c; (pi.) seizing members of machine, e.g. vice; 
 (colloq.) loquacity, as hold yourj., stop talking, 
 (also) sermonizing talk, lecture ;j. -breaker (col- 
 loq.), word hard to pronounce ; (v.i.) speak esp. 
 at tedious length ; (v.t.) lecture, [(vb f. n.) perh. 
 cogn. w. chew] 
 
 jay, n. Noisy chattering European bird of 
 brilliant plumage ; genus to which this belongs ; 
 (fig.) impertinent chatterer, simpleton. [OF, 
 perh. f. OHG gdhi quick] 
 
 jea'lous (jel-), a. Solicitous for preservation 
 of (rights &c.) ; apprehensive of being displaced 
 in the love or good- will o/(wife, husband, lover, 
 friend ; also of the supposed rival) ; envious (of 
 person, his advantages, &c.) ; (bibl., of God) in- 
 tolerant of unfaithfulness ; (of inquiry, super- 
 vision, &c.) suspiciously vigilant. Hence jea*- 
 Iously 2 adv. [f. OF gelos f. LL zelosus (as 
 zeal, see -ous)] 
 
 jea'lousy, n. Quality, state, of being jealous, 
 [f. OF gelosi (as prec, see -Y l )] 
 
 jean (jan), n. Twilled cotton cloth, kind of 
 fustian, [prob. = ME Gene f. med.L Janua 
 Genoa] 
 
 jeep 1 , n. (naut.). (Usu. pi.) tackle for hoisting 
 & lowering lower yards. [?] 
 
 jeep 2 , v.i. & t, & n. Scoff derisively (at) ; de- 
 ride ; (n.) gibe, taunt. [?) 
 
 Jehd'vah, n. Principal name of God in 
 O.T. [repr. Heb. yahaveh, perh. f. hawah be, 
 exist] 
 
 Jeho*vist, n. Author(s) of those parts of 
 the Hexateuch in which God is called Jehovah 
 (cf. elohist). Hence Jehovi'stic a. [-ist] 
 
 Je'hu, n. (facet.). Furious driver; driver. 
 [2 Kings ix. 20] 
 
 jeju'ne, a. Meagre, scanty ; (of land) barren : 
 unsatisfying to the mind. Hence jeju'neLY 2 
 adv., jeju'neNESS n. [f. L jejunus fasting] 
 
 je'lly, n., & v.t. & i. Soft stiff semi-transparent 
 food, consisting chiefly of gelatin, got from skin, 
 bones, &c, by boiling & cooling; similar pre- 
 paration of juice of fruit &c. ; j.-fish, pop. name 
 of medusa or sea-nettle ; (vb) (cause to) set as j., 
 congeal, [(vb f. n.) f. F geUe frost f. L gelaUc 
 (gelare freeze, see -Y 4 )] 
 
 jemrmas,n. pi. (colloq.). Elastic-sided boots. 
 
 je'mmy, n. Crowbar used by burglars, usu. 
 made in sections ; sheep's head as a dish. [fam. 
 form of James] 
 
 je ne sa/s quoi (zhenesakwah'), n. An in- 
 describable something. [F, = 1 know not what] 
 
 je'nnet, n. Small Spanish horse, [f. F genet 
 f. Sp. jinete light horseman, etym. dub.] 
 
 jenneting", n. Kind of early apple, [prob. 
 f. F name Jeannet + -ing 3 ] 
 
 je'nny, n. Locomotive crane ; =SPi~S7iing-j. ; 
 a stroke at billiards ; j.-wren, (pop. & nursery 
 name for) wren. [fam. form of Janet] 
 
 jeopardize, v.t. Endanger, [foil., -ize] 
 
 jeo'papdy (jep-), n. Danger. [ME iuparti 
 f. OF iu (or ieu) parti divided (i. e. even) game, 
 f. lujocus game + partitusv.v. olpartiri divide 
 f. pars -rtis part] 
 
 jequi'Pity, n. Indian twining shrub with 
 parti-coloured seeds used for ornament & in 
 medicine, [f. Fjigwirityt. native jelciriti] 
 
 jerbO'a (or jer"b-),n. Small rodent of African 
 deserts, with long hind legs & great jumping 
 powers, [f. Arab. yarbiC flesh of loins, jerboa] 
 
 jepeml'ad, n. Lamentation, doleful com- 
 plaint, [f. Yj&rfrmiade f. Jerimie f. L Jeremias 
 Jeremiah, see -ad] 
 
 Je'pieho (-ko), n. Town in Palestine ; go to J. 
 
 (to the devil). 
 
 jeri'd (-ed), -eed, n. Javelin used by Per- 
 
JERK 
 
 439 
 
 JINGO 
 
 eian, Turkish, & Arabian horsemen ; game in 
 ■which this is used. [f. Arab, jarid] 
 j erk *, n. Sharp sudden pull, twist, &c. ; invo- 
 luntary spasmodic contraction of muscle ; (pi.) 
 spasmodic movements of limbs or face, esp. 
 from religious excitement. Hence jep'kiLY 2 
 adv., jer'kiNESS n., jer'kY 2 a. [prob. imit.] 
 jerk 2 , v.t. & i. Pull, thrust, twist, &c, with 
 a jerk ; throw with suddenly arrested motion ; 
 (intr.) move with a jerk, [as prec] 
 jerk 3 , v.t. Cure (esp. beef) by cutting in long 
 slices & drying in sun. [f. Amer. Sp. charquear 
 (charque f. Peruv. ccharqui dried flesh)] 
 jep'kln, n. (hist.). Man's close-fitting jacket, 
 often of leather. [?] 
 
 je'ppy, n. J.-builder, -building, builder, 
 building, of unsubstantial houses with bad 
 materials ; j. -built, so built ; (also j.-shop) low 
 beer-shop. [prob. fam. form of Jeremiah] 
 jep'sey (-zi), n. (J-) one of the Channel Islands 
 (often attrib.) ; close-fitting woollen knitted 
 tunic, esp. as worn in athletic exercises ; simi- 
 lar garment worn as under -vest; woman's 
 close-fitting knitted jacket ; J. cow. 
 Jepu'salem, n. City in Palestine ; J. (pony), 
 donkey; J. artichoke. 
 
 jess, n., & v.t. Short strap of leather, silk, 
 &c, round legs of hawk used in falconry ; (v.t.) 
 put jj. on (hawk), [(vb f. n.) f. OF ges nom. of 
 get f. L jactus -us throw f. jacere jact-] 
 jessamine. See jasmine. 
 jest 1 , n. Piece of raillery or banter ; taunt, 
 jeer ; joke ; fun, esp. in j., not seriously ; ob- 
 ject of derision, as a standing j. ; j.-book, book 
 of jj. [orig. = exploit, f. OF geste f. L gesta, 
 neut. pi. p.p. of gerere do] 
 jest 2 , v.i. Joke ; jeer ; speak, act, in trifling 
 manner, whence je*sting"LY 2 adv. [f. prec] 
 je'step, n. One who jests, esp. professed 
 maker of amusement maintained in court or 
 noble household. T-er 1 ] 
 Je'suit (-z-), n. Member of Society of Jesus, 
 Rom. Cath. order founded by Ignatius Loyola 
 in 1533 ; dissembling person, prevaricator ; 
 Jesuits' (Peruvian) bark. Hence Jesui'tiCAL 
 a., Jesui'tiealLY 2 adv., Je*suitiSM(2), Je*- 
 suitRY(l), nn., Je*suitiZE(3) v.t. & i. [f. mod.L 
 Jesuita {Jesus, see -ite 2 )] 
 jet l 3 n. & a. Hard black lignite taking brilli- 
 ant polish ; (of) colour of this, deep glossy black, 
 (also j.- black), [f. OF jaiet f. L f. Gk g agates, 
 ace. to Pliny f. Gagae town in Lycia] 
 jet 2 , n. Stream of water, steam, gas, &c., 
 shot forward or upwards esp. from small open- 
 ing ; spout, nozzle, for emitting water &c. thus, 
 [f. foil. &f. FJetfasfoll.] 
 
 jet 3 , v.t, & i. Spurt forth in jets. [f. F jeter 
 throw f. LL jectare = L'jactare frequent, of 
 jacere jact- throw] 
 je'tsam, n. Goods thrown overboard from 
 ship to lighten it, & (in mod. use) afterwards 
 washed ashore (cf. flotsam), [var. of foil.] 
 je'ttison, n., & v.t. Throwing of goods over- 
 board, esp. to lighten ship in distress ; throw 
 (goods) overheard thus, [(vb f. n.) f. AF gette- 
 son (OF gctaison) f. L jactationem (jactare 
 throw, see jet 3 & -ation)] 
 je'tty, n. Mole, pier, running out to defend 
 harbour or coast ; landing-pier. [f. OF jetee 
 structure thrown out, fem. p.p. as jet 3 ] 
 Jeu (zher), n. (pi. jexix pron. zher). J. de mots 
 (mo), play on words, pun ; j. d'esprit (espre - ), 
 witty or humorous (usu. literary) trifle. [F] 
 Jew !, n. Person of Hebrew race ; extortion- 
 ate usurer ; trader who drives hard bargains. 
 J.'s-ear, edible cup-shaped fungus; J.'s-harp, 
 small lyre-shaped musical instrument, played 
 by holding frame between teeth & striking 
 
 metal tongue. Hence Jew'ESS 1 n., JewiSH 1 
 
 a. [f. OF giu f. L f. Gk Ioudaios f. Aramaic 
 y'hudai = ILeb. y'hudi f. y'hudah Judah] 
 
 Jew 2 , v.t. (colloq.). Cheat, overreach, [prec] 
 
 jewel, n., & v.t. (-11-). Ornament containing 
 precious stone(s), worn for personal adorn- 
 ment ; precious stone ; highly prized person or 
 thing ; the J.-house, room in Tower of London 
 in which crown jj. are kept ; hence or cogn. 
 jewellER 1 , jewellERY(l), jewelRY, nn., 
 jewellv 2 a. (Vb) adorn, furnish, with jj., 
 fit (watch) with jj. for the pivot-holes, [(vb f. 
 n.) f. AFjuel = OF joel, perh. ult. f. L gaudium 
 joy, or cogn. w. ¥ jeu play f. L jocus] 
 
 jewing, n. Wattles at base of beak in some 
 domestic pigeons. [Jeiv (from resemblance to 
 hooked nose) + -ing J ] 
 
 Jewry (joori), n. The Jews; (Hist.) Jews' 
 quarter in town &c [f. OF juerie (jew, -ery)] 
 
 Je'zebel, n. Impudent or abandoned woman ; 
 woman who paints her face. [J., wife of Ahab] 
 
 jib 1 , n. Triangular stay -sail from outer end 
 of jib-boom to fore-topmast head in large ships, 
 from bowsprit to masthead in smaller ones ; cut 
 of his j., his personal appearance; j.-boom, 
 spar run out from end of bowsprit ; projecting 
 arm of crane, [perh. abbr. of gibbet] 
 
 jib 2 , v.t. & i. (naut.). Pull (sail, yard) round 
 from one side of ship to the other; (intr., of 
 sail &c) swing round thus. [Da. has gibbe 
 (hard g) in same sense] 
 
 jib 3 , v.i. (Of horse &c) stop & refuse to go 
 on, move backwards or sideways instead of 
 going on, whence ji'bbER 1 n. ; (fig.) refuse to 
 proceed in some action ; j. at, show repugnance 
 to (course, person). [?] 
 
 jib-doop, e. Door flush with wall in which 
 it stands, usu. painted &c. so as to be indistin- 
 guishable. [?] 
 
 ji*ff(y), n. Very short time, as in a j., (wait) 
 half a j. [?] 
 
 jig -1 , n. Lively dance ; music for this. [etym. 
 dub. ; mod.F gigue jig is prob. f. this, not f. OF 
 gigue, kind of fiddle] 
 
 jig" 2 , v.i. & t, Dance a jig ; move (t. & i.) up 
 & down rapidly & jerkily ; separate coarser & 
 finer portions of (ore) by shaking it under water 
 in box with perforated bottom, [as prec] 
 
 ji'ggeP 1 , n. (Naut.) small tackle consisting 
 of a double & single block with rope ; small 
 sail, small smack with this ; (slang) rest for cue ; 
 one who jigs ore. [partly f. prec. + -er j ] 
 
 ji'g-gep 2 , n. = chigoe, [corrupt,] 
 
 ji'g'g'ep 3 , v.t. (only in pass.). (As substitute 
 for oath) Fin jiggered, &c [?] 
 
 ji'g-gle, v.t. Rock or jerk lightly, [f. jig 2 -f 
 -le<3;] 
 
 jiha'd, je-, (-ahd), n. Religious war of Mo- 
 hammedans against unbelievers ; (fig.) crusade 
 for or against a doctrine &c. [Arab. (ji-)\ 
 
 Jill. See gill 5 . 
 
 jilt, n., & v.t, Woman who capriciously casts 
 off lover after giving him encouragement; 
 (rarely) man who treats woman thus: (v.t.) 
 play the j. tOAvards, be faithless to. [(vb f. n.) 
 prob. f. obs. gillot, prob. dim. of name gill] 
 
 jimp, a. (Sc). Slender, graceful; scanty. [?] 
 
 ji'ngle, n., & v.i. & t. Mingled noise like that 
 of small bells, links of chain, &c ; repetition of 
 same or similar sounds in words, esp. if de- 
 signed to catch the attention ; Irish & Austra- 
 lian covered two-Avheeled car; (vb) make, 
 cause (keys &c) to make, a j., (of writing) be 
 full of alliterations, rhymes, &c. [imit.] 
 
 ji'ng-o, int., n. (pi. -oes), a. (In asseveration) 
 by (the living) j. ! ; supporter of bellicose policy, 
 blustering patriot (esp. supporter of Lord 
 Beaconsfield's policy in 1878, f. use of by j. in 
 
JINKS 
 
 440 
 
 JOINT 
 
 popular song) ; (adj.) vulgarly dashing. Hence 
 ji # ngoiSM(2), ji'ngoiST(2), nn., jingoi'stic a. 
 
 [orig. conjurer's gibberish] 
 jinks, n. Highj., boisterous sport, merry- 
 making, [prob. imit. of nimble motion] 
 jinnee*, n. {pl.jinn, often used as sing. ; fern. 
 jinnee'yeh). (In Mohammedan demonology) 
 spirit, lower than angels, able to appear in hu- 
 man & animal forms, & having supernatural 
 power over men (also genie), [f. Arab, jinni] 
 jinri'cksha, -pi'kisha, n. Light two- 
 wheeled hooded vehicle drawn by man or men, 
 first used in Japan c. 1870. [Jap. (-kisha), f. jin 
 man + riki power + sha vehicle] 
 jiu-jitsu. See ju-jutsu. 
 jdb r , n. Piece of work, esp. one done for 
 hire or profit; transaction in which duty is 
 sacrificed to private advantage ; anything one 
 has to do; do person's j., ruin him; bad j., 
 thing on which labour is wasted, failure ; good, 
 bad, j. (state of affairs) ; j. lot, lot of goods 
 bought as speculation ; jobmaster, one who 
 lets out horses & carriages by the j.; j.-work, 
 done & paid for by the j. [?] 
 job 2 , v.i. & t. Do jobs ; hire (horse, carriage) 
 for definite time or job, let out on hire thus ; 
 buy & sell (stock, goods) as broker ; deal in 
 stocks ; turn position of trust to private advan- 
 tage; deal corruptly with (matter), whence 
 jo'bbERY(4) n. Hence jo'bbER 1 n. [f. prec] 
 job 3 , v.t. & i., & n. Prod, stab slightly ; hurt 
 (horse) with bit; (intr.) thrust at (thing); (n.) 
 prod, thrust, jerk at bit. [prob. imit.] 
 Job 4 , n. Patriarch whose story forms i?ooA; 
 of J, in O. T. ; J.'s comforter, one who under 
 guise of comforter aggravates distress. 
 joba'tion, n. Reprimand, esp. lengthy one. 
 [f. obs. jobe reprove f. prec. + -ation] 
 jo'bbernowl (-61), n. Stupid head ; stupid 
 person, [prob. f. obs. (& F) jobard fool (jobe 
 silly) + NOLL] 
 
 jo'ekey 1 , n. Professional rider in hoi-se- 
 races ; J. Club, club for regulation of horse- 
 racing, esp. that established at Newmarket; 
 lad, understrapper. Hence jo'ekeyDOM, jo*e- 
 keysHiP(3), nn. [f. Sc. Jock Jack + -Y 3 ] 
 jo'ekey 2 , v.t. & i. Outwit, cheat ; get (per- 
 son &c.) away, out, in, &c, by trickery; cheat 
 (person into, out of, doing) ; (intr.) cheat, [f. 
 prec. in obs. sense ' cheat 'J 
 jo'eko, n. Chimpanzee. [F, made by Buffon 
 f. native engeco (prop, ncheko)] 
 joco'se. a. Playful ; waggish. Hence jo- 
 co'seLY 2 adv., joco'soness, joco'sity, nn. 
 [f. Ljocosus (jocus jest, see -ose 1 )] 
 jo'eulap, a. Mirthful; humorous. Hence 
 or cogn. joeula'riTY n., jo'eularLY 2 adv. 
 [f. Jjjocularis ( joculus dim. of jocus jest, -ar ] )] 
 jo'eund,a. Merry, sprightly; pleasant. Hence 
 or cogn. joeu'ndiTY n., jo'eundLY 2 adv. 
 [OF, f. LL jocundus f. L jucundus (juvare 
 please), influenced by assoc. w. jocus jest] 
 Joe Mi'llei*, n. Stale joke, chestnut, [f. 
 Joseph M., comedian, d. 1738, whose name was 
 attached to a jest-book after his death] 
 jd'ey, n. Young kangaroo; young animal, 
 [f. native Austral, joe] 
 
 jog", v.t. & i., & n. Shake with push or jerk ; 
 nudge (person), esp. to arouse attention ; stimu- 
 late (person's, one's own, memory); move up & 
 down with unsteady motion ; proceed laborious- 
 ly, trudge, (often on; along) ; go on one's way, 
 depart, as tee must be jogging ; proceed, get 
 through the time, as we must j. onsomehow, mat- 
 ters j. along ; j.-trot, slow regular trot, (fig. ) mo- 
 notonous progression (often attrib.) ; (n.) shake, 
 push, nudge, slow walk or trot. [prob. imit.] 
 jo'g-gle 1 , v.t & i., & n. Shake, move, (as) by 
 
 repeated jerks ; (n.) slight shake, [prob. f. prec. 
 
 + -LE(3)] 
 
 jo'ggle 2 , n., & v.t. Joint of two pieces of 
 stone or timber, contrived to prevent their slid- 
 ing on one another ; notch in one of two pieces, 
 projection in the other, or small piece let in be- 
 tween both, for this purpose; (v.t.) join by 
 means of a j. [(vb f. n.) perh. cogn. w. jag] 
 
 Joha'nnine, a. Of the apostle John. [f. L 
 as john, see -ine j ] 
 
 Joha'nnisberger, n. Fine white wine from 
 Johannisberg in the Rheingau. [Gj 
 
 John (jon), n. Masculine Christian name ; 
 J. barle vcorn ; J. Bidl, English nation, typical 
 Englishman, whence John- Bu'll ism n.; J. 
 Chinaman,=CHiaxman; J. company ; J. Doe, 
 fictitious character in law; J. dory \ [=OF 
 Jehan f. L f. Gk Joannes f. Heb. yokhanan] 
 
 Joh'nian, a. & n. (Member) of St John's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, [-ian] 
 
 jdh'nny, n. Fellow, esp. fashionable idler; 
 J. Rata, novice ; j.-cake, cake of (U.S.) maize- 
 meal or (Austral.) wheat-meal. [f. john, -y 3 ] 
 
 Johnso'nian (jon-), a. Of, like, Samuel John- 
 son, man of letters & lexicographer (d. 1784), 
 esp., abounding in Romance words. So John- 
 sons *se n. [-ianI 
 
 join, v.t. & i., & n. Put together, fasten, 
 unite, (things, one to another) ; connect (two 
 points) by straight line ; unite (persons, one 
 with or to another) in marriage, friendship, alli- 
 ance, &c; (intr.) come together, be united, (with, 
 to, or abs.); take part with others {in doing) ; 
 come into the company of (person) ; become 
 member of (club &c.) ; take, resume, one's place 
 in (regiment, ship, company, &c.) ; come into 
 connexion with, as the Cher well joins the 
 Thames below Oxford ;j. battle, begin fighting; 
 j. hands, clasp one's hands together, clasp each 
 other's hands, (fig.) combine in action or enter- 
 prise ;j. issue 1 ; (n.) point, line, of junction, 
 [(n. f. vb) f. OF joindre (st.joign-) f. hjungere 
 junct- join, cogn. w. Gk zug-, E yoke] 
 
 joi'ndep, n. (rare exc. law). Joining, union, 
 [f. F joindre join taken as noun, cf. -er 4 ] 
 
 joi'nep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: one who 
 makes furniture, house fittings, & other wood- 
 work lighter than carpenter's, whence joi'n- 
 ery(1, 2) n. [f. OF joigneor (joigner join)] 
 
 joint 1 , n. Place at which two things are 
 joined together ; structure in animal body by 
 which two bones are fitted together; out ofj., 
 (of bone) dislocated, (fig.) out of order; put 
 (person's) nose out of j.; part of stem from 
 which leaf or branch grows ; point at which, 
 contrivance by which, two parts of artificial 
 structure are joined, rigidly or so as to allow of 
 movement ; (Geol.) fissure in mass of rock ; one 
 of the parts of which a body is made up ; one of 
 the parts into which butcher divides carcass, 
 esp. as served at table ; (slang, esp. U.S.) illicit 
 opium-den or drinking-saloon ; j. -stool (orig. 
 joined), one made of parts fitted by a joiner. 
 Hence joi'ntLESS a. [OF, p.p. as join] 
 
 joint 2 , a. Held or done by, belonging to, two 
 or more persons &c. in conjunction, as./, action, 
 opinion, estate ; (of persons) sharing {with others 
 in possession, action, state, &c), as j. owners; 
 during their j. lives, while they are all alive ; 
 ./. stock, capital divided into snares, common 
 fund, (attrib.) holding, formed on basis of, a j. 
 stock, as j. -stock bank, company. Hence joi'nt- 
 ly 2 adv. [F, as prec] 
 
 joint 3 , v.t. Connect by joints ; fill up joints 
 of (masonry &c.) with mortar &c, point; pre- 
 pare (board &c.) for being joined to another by 
 planing its edge ; divide (body, member) at a 
 joint or into joints, [f. joint l \ 
 
JOINTER 
 
 441 
 
 JUDAS 
 
 joi'ntep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: plane for 
 jointing; mason's tool for pointing; workman 
 employed in jointing esp. electric wire, [-er j ] 
 
 joi'ntpess, n. AY idow who holds a jointure, 
 [f. obs. jointer joint possessor + -ess ] ] 
 
 joi'nture, n., & v.t. Sole estate limited to 
 wife, to be enjoyed by her after husband's death 
 for her life ; (v.t.) provide (wife) with j. L(vb f. 
 n.) F, f. Ljunctura (as join *, see -ure)] 
 
 joist, n. One of parallel timbers stretched on 
 edge from wall to wall for floor boards to be 
 nailed to. Hence joi*stED 2 a, [f. OF giste 
 (gesir lie f. Ljaeere)] 
 
 joke ] , n. Thing said or done to excite laugh- 
 ter ; witticism, jest ; ridiculous circumstance ; 
 practical j., trick played on person in order to 
 have laugh at his expense ; it is no j. (a serious 
 matter). Hence jo'kY 2 a. [f. 17th c, prob. f. 
 L jocus jest] 
 
 joke 2 , v.i. & t. Make jokes; poke fun at, 
 banter. Hence jo'kingLY 2 , adv. [f. prec. or 
 f. L jocari as prec] 
 
 jo'ker, n. One who jokes; (slang) fellow, 
 chap ; (Cards) odd (often blank) card in some 
 games, counting as (highest) trump, [-er ] ] 
 
 jokul, jokull, (y6 # kdbl, yer-), n. Snow-moun- 
 tain in Iceland. [Icel. (.76-), = icicle, glacier, dim. 
 of jaki piece of ice] 
 
 jo'llify, v.i. & t. Make merry, esp. tipple; 
 make jolly. Hence joIUfica'tion n. [-fv] 
 
 jo'llity, n. Merrymaking, festivity, [f. OF 
 jolivete (as jolly, see -ty)] 
 
 jo'lly, a. & adv. Joyful ; slightly drunk ; fes- 
 tive, jovial; the j. god, Bacchus; (colloq., of per- 
 son or thing) very pleasant, delightful, (often 
 iron., as he must be a j. fool to do it), whence 
 jO'lliLY 2 adv.; (adv., colloq.) very, as he will be 
 j. savage, you willj. well have to. [ME & OF 
 joliif) gay, pretty, etym. dub.] 
 
 jo'lly-boat, n. (Also jolly) clinker-built 
 ship's boat, smaller than cutter. [?J 
 
 jolt, v.t. & i., & n. Shake (person &c.) with 
 jerk from seat &c, esp. in locomotion ; (of ve- 
 hicle) move along with jerks, as on rough road; 
 (n.) such jerk. Hence jo'ltY 2 a. [?] 
 
 jo'lterhead, n. Clumsy head ; stupid person, 
 [extension of obs. jolthead, etym. dub. J 
 
 Jd*nathan,n. (Brother) J., personified peo- 
 ple of, typical citizen of, United States, [perh. 
 f. J. Trumbull, governor of Connecticut] 
 
 jongleur (F), n. (hist.). Itinerant minstrel, 
 [var. of jingleur juggler] 
 
 jd'nquil (or ju-), n. Species of narcissus, rush- 
 leaved daffodil ; j. colour, pale yellow, [ult. 
 dim. of lijiincus rush ; Fjonquille Sec] 
 
 jop'dan, n. Chamber-pot. [?] 
 
 Jop'dan al'mond, n. Fine almond esp. 
 from Malaya, [prob. f. Fjardin garden] 
 
 jop'um, n. Large drinking-bowl ; itscontents, 
 esp. punch. [?] 
 
 jo'seph (-z-), n. (J-) chaste person ; woman's 
 long riding-cloak of 18th c. [see Gen. xxxix, 
 xxxvii. 3] 
 
 joss, n. Chinese idol ; j. -house, Chinese tem- 
 ple \j.-stick (of fragrant tinder mixed with clay, 
 as incense), [prob. f. Port, deos f. L deus god] 
 
 jo*ssep,n. (slang). Fool ; fellow. [?] 
 
 jo'stle (-si), v.i. & t., & n. Knock, push, 
 against ; struggle with (person for thing) ; push 
 against, elbow ; push (person aivay.from, Sec.) ; 
 (n.) jostling, encounter, [(n. f. vb) e&Tlierjustle, 
 f.just joust + -LE(3)] 
 
 jot 1 , n. (Usu. w. negative expressed or implied) 
 small amount, whit. [f. L f. Gk iota letter i] 
 
 jot 2 , v.t. Write (usu. down) briefly or hastily, 
 [prob. f. prec] 
 
 jounee(jow-), v.t. &i. Bump, bounce, jolt, [?] 
 
 joup'nal ( jer-), n. (In bookkeeping by double 
 
 entry) book in which each transaction is en- 
 tered, with statement of accounts to which it 
 is to be debited & credited ; daily record of 
 events ; (Pari.) the Jj., record of daily proceed- 
 ings ; (Naut.) log-book ; daily newspaper, other 
 periodical ; part of shaft or axle that rests on 
 bearings (hist, unexpl.); j.-box (enclosing j. & 
 bearings). [OF as diurnal] 
 
 joup'nalist, n. One whose business it is to 
 edit or write for a public journal. Hence or 
 cogn. joupnalESE, joup'naliSM, nn., joup- 
 nali'stic a, [-ist] 
 
 joup'nalize, v.t. & i. (Bookk.) enter in jour- 
 nal ; record in, keep, private journal, [-ize] 
 
 joup'ney (jer-), n., & v.i. Distance travelled 
 in specified time, as a day's, 4 days', j. ; expedi- 
 tion to some distance, round of travel (usu. by 
 land, cf. voyage), as take, undertake, perform, 
 aj< ; journeyman, qualified mechanic or arti- 
 san who works for another, (fig.) mere hireling, 
 (Astr.) j. (clock), secondary clock in observa- 
 tory ; j.-work, work of a journeyman (esp. fig.) ; 
 (v.i.) make a j. [(vb f. OF journier) f. OF jornee 
 day, day's work or journey, f. pop. L diumata 
 (diumus diurnal, see -ade)] 
 
 joust (joost), just, v.i., & n. (Engage in) com- 
 bat between two knights &c. on horseback with 
 lances, [(n. f. OF juste) f. OF juster f. pop. L 
 juxtare approach (juxta near)] 
 
 Jove, n. Jupiter, esp. by J. ! [f. L Jovevi 
 (nom. Jupiter)) 
 
 jo'vial, a. Merry: convivial. Hence or cogn. 
 jovla'liTY n., jo-vialLY 2 adv. [F, f. L jovia- 
 lis of Jupiter (Jwpiter Jovis, see -al)] 
 
 Jo'vian, a. Of, like, Jove; of the planet 
 Jupiter, [f. L as prec, see -an] 
 
 jowl, n. Jawbone, jaw ; cheek, esp. cheek by 
 j. ; external throat or neck when prominent, 
 dewlap of cattle, crop of bird ; head & shoulders 
 of salmon & other fish. [(1) OE ceafl jaw, cf. Du. 
 kevel gum ; (2) OE ceolur throat, cf. Du. keel, G 
 kehle ; the ME forms (1) jowle (2) cholle, both of 
 unexplained development, were ult, confused] 
 
 joy *, n. Vivid emotion of pleasure, gladness; 
 thing that causes delight ; j.-bells (rung on fes- 
 tive occasions). Hence or cogn. joy'FUL, joy- 
 less, joyous, aa,, joyfulLY 2 , joylessLY 2 , 
 joyousLY 2 , advv., joyfulNESs, joyless- 
 ness, joyousNESS, nn. [f. OF joie f. pop. L 
 
 gaudia fern. f. L gaudia pi. of gaudium] 
 
 joy 2 , v.i. & t, (chiefly poet.). Rejoice ; glad- 
 den, [f. OF joir rejoice ult. f. L gaudere rejoice] 
 
 ju'bilate 1 (joo-), v.i. Exult, make demon- 
 strations of joy. Hence or cogn. ju'dUance, 
 jubilA'TioN, nn., ju'bilANT a,, ju'bilantLY 2 
 adv. [f. L jubilare (jw6?7i<??i_shout), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 jubilate 2 (joobilah'ti or yoo-), n. Hundredth 
 psalm as canticle in Anglican service ; outburst 
 of triumph. [L, = shout ye (its first word)] 
 
 ju'bilee (joo-), n. (Jewish Hist) year of 
 emancipation & restoration, kept every 50 
 years, ace to Lev. xxv ; (R.-C. Ch.) year of 
 remission from penal consequences of sin, 
 granted formerly at various intervals, now at 
 anytime ; fiftieth anniversary; silver j., twenty- 
 fifth anniversary; Diamond J., sixtieth year 
 of reign of Queen Victoria ; season of rejoicing ; 
 exultant joy. [f. YjubiUi. lAjjubilaeus (an- 
 nus year) of jubilee f. Gk iobelaios (iobelos f. 
 Heb. yobel ram, ram's-horn trumpet, jubilee) 
 bv assoc. w. native L jubilum shout] 
 
 Juda-ic (joo), a. Jewish, [f. L f. Gk Ioudai- 
 kos (Iojidaios Jew, see -ic)] 
 
 Ju'daize, v.i. & t. Follow Jewish customs 
 or rites ; make Jewish. So Ju'daiSM, Ju'da- 
 ist, nn. [f. LL judaizare f. Gk ioudaizo (as 
 prec, see -ize)] 
 
 ju'das (joo-), n, (J-) disciple who betrayed 
 
JUDENHETZE 
 
 U2 
 
 JUMPER 
 
 Christ, infamous traitor ; peephole in door ; (of 
 beard &c.) J. -col our (ed), red; J.-tree, (with 
 purpie flowers appearing before the leaves). 
 
 Jwdenhetze (yoo-, -ze), n. Systematic per- 
 secution of Jews. [G] 
 
 judge 1 , n. Public officer appointed to hear 
 & try causes in court of justice ; (of God) su- 
 preme arbiter ; (Heb. Hist.) officer having tem- 
 Sorary authority in Israel in period between 
 oshua & the kings; (pi., abbr. Judg.) book of 
 O. T.; person appointed to decide dispute or 
 contest ; person who decides a question ; per- 
 son who is qualified to decide on merits of thing 
 or question, as am noj. of that, goodj. of claret. 
 Hence ju*dgeSHiP(l, 2) n. [f. OF juge f. L ju- 
 dicem (nom. -dex) f. jus right + -dicus speaking] 
 
 judge 2 , v.t. & i. Pronounce sentence on (per- 
 son) in court of justice ; try (cause) ; decide 
 (question) ; decide, decree, (that &c.) ; form 
 opinion about, estimate, (person &c. by his 
 deeds &c.) ; criticize, censure ; conclude, con- 
 sider, suppose, (thing to be, that, &c); act as 
 judge ; form a judgment (of thing &c). [f. OF 
 jugieri. L judicare (asprec.)] 
 
 judgmatie(al),aa. (colloq.). Judicious, dis- 
 cerning. Hence judgma'tiealLY 2 adv. [f. 
 judge, on dogmatic &c] 
 
 ju'dgment, -ement, n. Sentence of court 
 of justice ; the last J. (by God at end of world) ; 
 misfortune viewed as sign of divine displea- 
 sure, as it is a j. on you for getting up late ; 
 criticism ; opinion, estimate, as in my j. ; criti- 
 cal faculty, discernment ; good sense ; j.-day 
 (of God's final j.) ; j. debt (for payment of which 
 a j. has been given) ; j.-seat, judge's seat, tri- 
 bunal, [f. F jugenient (as prec, see -ment)] 
 
 ju'dieatupe (jood-), n. Administration of 
 justice ; Supreme Court of J. in England (unit- 
 ing former Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, 
 Common Pleas, Exchequer, &c.) ; judge's (term 
 of) office ; body of judges ; court of justice, [f. 
 med.L judicatura (as judge 2 , -ure)] 
 
 judicial (joo-), a. Of, done by, proper to, a 
 court of law; j. murder, legal but unjust death 
 sentence ; having the function of judgment, as 
 a j. assembly ; of, proper to, a judge ; express- 
 ing a judgment, critical ; impartial. Hence ju- 
 di'eialLY 2 adv. _[f. L judicialis (as foil., -al)] 
 
 judi'eious (joo-), a. Sensible, prudent ; 
 sound in discernment. Hence judi'eiousLY 2 
 adv., judi'eiousxESS n. [f. F judicieux f. L 
 judicium judgment (as judge 1 ), see -ous] 
 
 jug l , n. Deep vessel for holding liquids, with 
 handle & often with spout, whence ju*gFUL(2) 
 n.; (slang, also stone -j. ) prison. [?] 
 
 jug 2 , v.t. Stew, boil, (hare, rabbit) in jug or 
 jar (usu. in p.p.) ; (slang) imprison, [f. prec] 
 
 jug 3 , v.i. (Of nightingale or other bird) utter 
 sound jug. _Sojugn. [imit.] 
 
 jugate (joo'gat), a. (bot.). Having leaflets in 
 pairs, [f. L jugare join (jugumyoke), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 Ju*ggei»naut, n. (Hind. Myth.) Krishna, 
 eighth avatar of Vishnu, his idol at Puri, an- 
 nually dragged in procession on huge car, 
 under wheels of which devotees are said to 
 have formerly throAvn themselves; (fig., also 
 J. car) institution, notion, to which persons 
 blindly sacrifice themselves or others, [f. Hind. 
 Jagannath f. Skr. Jagannatha (jagat world + 
 natha lord)] 
 
 ju'ggins, n. (slang). Simpleton. [?'] 
 
 ju'ggle, v.i. & t., & n. Play conjuring tricks ; 
 j. with, deceive (person), misrepresent (facts) ; 
 cheat, (persen &c. out of thing) ; bring, get, 
 change, (away, into, Sec.) by trickery ; (n.) piece 
 of juggling, fraud, [(n. f. vb) f. OF jogler f. LL 
 joculare (L -ri) jest (joculus dim. of jocus jest)] 
 
 ju'ggler, n. Conjurer ; trickster, impostor. 
 
 So ju*gglERY(2, 4) n. [f. OF jogleor, jougleur 
 (whence var. jongleur), f. L jocidatorem (as 
 juggle, see -OR 2 )] 
 
 j u'gular, a. & n. Of the neck or the throat ; 
 /. veins, great veins of neck, conveying blood 
 (external j.) from superficial parts of head, (in- 
 ternal j.) from inside of skull ; (of fish) having 
 the ventral fins in front of the pectoral ; (n.) j. 
 vein. [f. L jugulum collar-bone, see -ar j ] 
 
 ju'gulate, v.t. Kill, esp. (fig.) arrest "the 
 course of (disease &c.) by powerful remedy &c. 
 [f. L jugulare (as prec), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 juice (joos), n. Liquid part of vegetables or 
 fruits ; fluid part of animal body or substance, 
 esp. the jj., the bodily humours, gastric j.; 
 (fig.) essence, spirit, of anything. Hence 
 jui'eeLESS a. [f. F Jus f. L jus broth, juice] 
 
 jui'ey, a. Full of juice, succulent ; (of weath- 
 er) wet ; (colloq.) of rich intellectual quality, in- 
 teresting ; (Art slang) of rich colouring sugges- 
 tive of moisture. Hence jui'eiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 ju~ju (joo'joo), n? (W.-Afr.). Charm or fetish ; 
 ban effected by this. [perh. f. Fjou-jou toy] 
 
 ju'jube (joo-), n. Edible berry-like drupe of 
 certain plants ; lozenge of gelatin &c. flavoured 
 with or imitating this. [F, f. me&.Ljujuba f. 
 Gk zizuphon] 
 
 ju-jutsu, jiu-jitsu, (joojwtsoo"), n. Japan- 
 ese art of wrestling &c. [Jap. (ju-)\ 
 
 ju'lep (joo-), n. Sweet drink, esp. as vehicle 
 for medicine ; medicated drink as stimulant 
 &c. [F, f. Arab, julab f. Pers. gulab (gul rose 
 + ab water)] 
 
 Ju'lian (job-), a. Of Julius Caesar; J. calen- 
 dar (introduced by him, cf. Gregorian), [f. L 
 Julianus (Julius, see -an)] 
 
 julienne (F), n. Soup of vegetables cooked 
 in meat broth. 
 
 July* (joo-), n. Seventh month of year, called 
 after Julius Caesar. [ME & OF Jule f. L Julius ; 
 18th-c. pron. joo'li, mod. pron. irreg. &unexpl.] 
 
 ju'mble \ v.i. & t. Move (t. & i.) about in 
 disorder ; mix up, confuse, [prob. imit.] 
 
 ju'mble 2 , n. Confused assemblage ; muddle; 
 jolting ; j.-sale (of miscellaneous cheap articles 
 at bazaar &c); j.-shop (where miscellaneous 
 goods are sold). Hence ju'mblY 2 a. [f. prec] 
 
 ju'mbo, n. Big clumsy person, animal or 
 thing, esp. (J-) famous elephant in London Zool. 
 Gardens ; notably successful person. [?] 
 
 jump i, n. Leap, bound, spring from ground ; 
 long, high, j., athletic competitions; start 
 caused by shock or excitement, esp. (slang) the 
 jj., delirium tremens; abrupt rise in amount, 
 price, value, &c. ; sudden transition, gap in 
 series, argument, &c. Hence ju'mpiNESS n., 
 ju'mpY 2 a. [f. foil.] 
 
 jump 2 , v.i. & t. Spring from ground &c. by 
 flexion & sudden muscular extension of legs or 
 (of fish) tail ; move suddenly with leap or bound 
 (up from seat &c, out, Sec.) ; start with sudden 
 jerk from excitement, shock, &c, esp. j. for 
 joy ; rise suddenly in price Szc. ; come to, arrive 
 at, (conclusion) hastily ; j. at, (fig.) accept (offer, 
 bargain) eagerly ; .;'. (up)on, attack (offender 
 Sec.) crushingly with word or act ; agree, coin- 
 cide, (together, one with another) ; pass over 
 (gate &c.) by leap ; (of railway carriage) leave 
 (line) ; help (child &c.) to j. down Sec. ; cause 
 (thing) to j. ; startle (person, nerves) ; cook 
 (potatoes &c.) in frying-pan, occasionally shak- 
 ing them (usu. in p.p.) ; pounce upon (thing); 
 steal a march upon; (Colon.) take summary 
 possession of (claim abandoned or forfeited by 
 former occupant) ; skip over (subject, part of 
 book, &c). Hence ju'mpABLE a. [f. 1500;- 
 prob. imit.1 
 
 ju'mper T , n. In vbl senses, esp.: member of 
 
JUMPER 
 
 443 
 
 JUSTIFY 
 
 Welsh Methodist body (or later sects) -who 
 jump(ed) as part of worship ; jumping insect, 
 e. g. flea ; rope made fast to keep yard, mast, 
 &c. from jumping, [-er x ] 
 
 ju'mper 2 , n. Loose outer jacket of canvas 
 &c. worn by sailors &c. [prob. f. obs. jump 
 short coat perh. f. F juppe] 
 
 ju*mping\ a. In vbl senses, esp. in names 
 of j. animals, as j.-deer, N. -Amer. black-tailed 
 deer ; j.-bean, seed of Mexican plant j. owing to 
 movements of enclosed larva ; j. cat l . [-ing 2 ] 
 
 ju'nction, n. Joining • joint, meeting-place ; 
 station where railway lines meet & unite (often 
 in proper names, as Clapham J.), [f. hjunctio 
 (as join l , see -ion)] 
 
 jirneture (-tshe?')> n. Joining ; place where 
 things join ; concurrence of events, state of 
 affairs, as at this j. [f. L junctura (join, -ure)] 
 
 June, n. Sixth month of year, [(partly thr. 
 Fjuin) f. L Junius] 
 
 ju'ngle, n. Land overgrown with tinder- 
 wood or tangled vegetation, esp. in India (often 
 attrib. of animals inhabiting j., asj.-bear, -cat, 
 -fowl) ; wild tangled mass ; (slang) W. -African 
 share market ; j. -fever (caused by miasma of j.). 
 Hence ju'nglED 2 , ju'nglY 2 , aa. [f. Hind. 
 jangal desert, forest] 
 
 ju'niop ( joo-), a. & n. The younger (esp. of 
 son having same name as father, as John 
 Smith j. or of younger of two boys of same sur- 
 name in school ; abbr. jun., jr) ; of less stand- 
 ing, of lower position, as j. partner ; (n.) j. per- 
 son/as the jj., is my j. Cf. senior. Hence ju- 
 nidTiTY n. [L, compar. of juvenis young] 
 
 jirniorate (-at), n. (In Society of Jesus) two- 
 years' course attended by junior members be- 
 fore entering priesthood, [-ate l ] 
 
 ju'nipep (joo-), n. Genus of coniferous ever- 
 green shrubs, esp. com monj., shrub with prickly 
 leaves & dark berries yielding oil of j. used in 
 medicine & in making gin. [f. L juniperus] 
 
 junk l 9 n., & v.t. Old cable cut up for oakum 
 &c; lump, chunk; (Naut.) salt meat; lump of 
 tissue in sperm-whale, containing spermaceti ; 
 j.-shop, marine store ; (v.t.) divide into jj. [?] 
 
 junk 2 , n. Flat-bottomed sailing vessel used 
 in Chinese seas. [prob. f. Javanese cljong] 
 
 ju'nkep (ydbngk-), n. Young German noble ; 
 member of exclusive aristocratic party in 
 Prussia. [G, earlier junkher (young, here)] 
 
 ju'nket, n., & v.i. Dish of sweetened curds 
 & whey, usu. with scalded cream on top ; 
 feast; (v.i.) feast, picnic. Hence ju'nketiNG 1 
 n. [(vb f. n.) prob. f. ONFjonquette rush-basket 
 (for making j.) f. jonc rush f. Jj juncus] 
 
 Ju*no (joo-), n. Wife of Jupiter ; woman of 
 stately beauty ; third of the asteroids. [L] 
 
 ju'nta, n. Deliberative or administrative 
 council in Spain or Italy ; =foll. [Sp., f. L 
 juncta, leva. p.p. as join l ] 
 
 ju'nto, n. Clique, faction, political or other 
 combination of persons, [erroneous f. prec] 
 
 jupe (F), n. _Woman's skirt. 
 
 Ju'pitep (joo-), n. (Rom. Myth.) king of 
 gods ; J. Pluvius (pldb-), god of rain ; largest 
 planet of solar system. [L] 
 
 jup'al ( joor-), a. Of law ; of (moral) rights & 
 obligations, [f. Jjjtis juris right + -al] 
 
 jupa'ssie (joor-), a. Of the Jura mountains 
 between France & Switzerland ; marked like 
 these by prevalence of oolitic limestone, [f. F 
 Jurassique after liassic, triassic] 
 
 jurat (joor'at), n. Municipal officer like 
 alderman ; life magistrate in Channel Is. [f. 
 med.L j uratus (jurare swear)] 
 
 jupi'dical (joor-), a. Of judicial proceedings ; 
 legal, [f. L juridicus (jus juris right + -dicus 
 t dicere say) + -al] 
 
 jurisconsult ( joor), n. One learned in law, 
 jurist, [f. L jurisconsidtus (jus juris law + 
 p.p. as consult)] 
 
 jurisdiction, n. Administration of justice ; 
 legal or other authority ; extent of this, terri- 
 tory it extends over. Hence jupisdi'ctionAL 
 a. [f. L jurisdictio (as prec, see diction)]. 
 
 jupisppu'dence, n. Science, philosophy, of 
 human law, whence jupisppude'ntiAL a. ; 
 skill in law, so jupisppu'dENT a. & n. [f. L 
 jurisprudentia (as prec, see prudence)] 
 
 jup'ist (joor-), n. One versed in law ; legal 
 writer ; student of, graduate in, law. Hence 
 jupi'stic(AL) aa., jupi'sticalLY 2 adv. [f. F 
 juriste f. med.L jurista (jus juris law, see -1ST)] 
 
 jup'op (joor-), n. Member of jury ; one who 
 takes an oath (cf. NON-jwror). [f. OF jureor f. 
 L juratorem (jurare swear, see -or 2 )] 
 
 jury ( joor'i), n. Body of men sworn to render 
 verdict on question submitted to them in court 
 of justice; grand j. (of from 12 to 23 men ap- 
 pointed to inquire into indictments before they 
 are submitted to trial j.) ; trial, common, petty, 
 j. (of 12 men, who try final issue of fact in civil 
 or criminal cases & pronounce unanimous ver- 
 dict) ; special j. (of persons of certain station in 
 society) ; coroner's j. ; body of persons selected 
 to award prizes in competition ; j.-box, enclo- 
 sure for j. in court ; juryman, member of j. [f. 
 OF jurbe oath, inquiry,;f. med.L jurata (jurare 
 swear, cf. -Y 4 )] 
 
 jup'y-mast (joor-), n. Temporary mast in 
 place of broken or lost one. [?] 
 
 just 1 , a. (Of person or conduct) equitable, 
 fair; (of treatment &c) deserved, as a j. re- 
 ward', (of feelings, opinions, &c) well-ground- 
 ed, as j. resentment, fear ; right in amount &c, 
 proper. Hence ju'stLY 2 adv., ju'stNESS n. 
 [f. Ltjustus(jus right)] 
 
 just 2 , adv. Exactly, asj. at that spot, j. there, 
 j. then,j. three o'clock, j. as you say, j. so, that is 
 j. it (precisely the point in question), (U.S.) j, 
 how many there are remains to be seen ; barely, 
 as I j. managed it ; exactly at that moment, 
 (loosely) not long before, as 1 havej. (a moment, 
 or not long, ago) seen him pass ; j. now, at this 
 moment, (also) a little time ago ; (colloq.) posi- 
 tively, quite, as it isj. splendid, [f. prec] 
 
 just 3 . See joust. 
 
 ju'stiee, n. Just conduct ; fairness ; exercise 
 of authority in maintenance of right ; poetical 
 j. (ideal, as shown in poem &c) ; judicial pro- 
 ceedings, as Court of J. ; magistrate ; judge, 
 esp. (in England) of Supreme Court of Judica- 
 ture, whence ju'stieesHip n. ; J. of the Peace, 
 inferior magistrate appointed to preserve peace 
 in county, town, &c ; do j. to, treat fairly, 
 show due appreciation of; do oneself j., per- 
 form worthily of one's abilities. [OF (-ice, -ise), 
 f. L justitia (as just, see -ice)] 
 
 justiciable (-shy-), a. Subject to jurisdic- 
 tion ; (n.) person subject to jurisdiction (of 
 another). [OF, f. justicier bring to trial f. 
 med.L justitiare (as prec), see -able] 
 
 justi'eiap (-shy-), n. Chief political & judi- 
 cial officer under Norman & early Plantagenet 
 kings, [as foil., see -ar 2 ] 
 
 justiciary (-shy-), n. & a. Administrator of 
 justice ; = prec; (adj.) of the administration of 
 justice, [f. me&.lijustitiarius (justice, -ary 1 )] 
 
 ju*stify,v.t. Show the justice or Tightness of 
 (person, act, &c), vindicate ; (of circumstances) 
 be such as toj.; (Theol.) declare (person) free 
 from penalty of sin on ground of Christ's right- 
 eousness or (Rom. Cath. ) of the infusion of grace ; 
 make good (statement &c); adduce adequate 
 grounds for (conduct, claim, &c); j. bail, show 
 by oath of person furnishing bail that he is 
 
JUT 
 
 444 
 
 KEDGEREE 
 
 pecuniarily qualified. Hence or cogn. justi- 
 
 naBI*LITY,jUStiPICA'TIOX, nn., JU'StlflABLE, 
 
 ju'stiflcatiVE, ju'stifieatORY, aa., ju'sti- 
 fiabLY 2 adv. [f.FjustiJierf. LL justificare 
 (as just 1 , see -fy)] 
 
 jut, n.,&v.i. Projection; protruding point; 
 (v.i.) project (often out, forth), [var. of jet 2 > s ] 
 
 jute 1 , n. Fibre from bark of certain plants, 
 chiefly imported from Bengal, used for canvas, 
 cordage, &c. [f. Bengali jhoto f. Skr. juta = 
 jata braid of hair] 
 
 Jute 2 , n. One of Low German tribe invading 
 Britain in 5th & 6th cc. [Baeda has Jutae pi., 
 OE Eotas - Icel. Iotar people of Jutland] 
 
 juvene'seenee, n. State of being young; 
 youth. So juvene'seENTa. [f. hjuvenescere 
 reach age of youth (juvenis young), see -ence] 
 
 ju'venile (joo-), a. & n. Young, youthful ; 
 suited to, characteristic of, youth ; (n.) young 
 person. Hence or cogn. ju'venileLY 2 adv., 
 juveni'liTY n. [f. L juvenilts (as prec, -il)] 
 
 juxtapo'se (-z), v.t. Place (things) side by 
 side. [f. F juxtaposer (Ljuxta next + poser, 
 see compose)] 
 
 juxtaposi'tion, n. Placing, being placed, 
 side by side. [F (L juxta next, position)] 
 
 K 
 
 K, k, (ka), letter (pi. Ks, K's). 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : King's, as K.C. (Counsel) ; 
 Knight, as K.G. (of the Garter), K.G.C.B. 
 (Grand Cross of the Bath), K.P. (of the Order 
 of St Patrick), K.T. (of the Orderof the Thistle); 
 K.C, Knight Commander, as K.C.B. (of 
 the Bath), K.C. I.E. (of the Indian Empire), 
 K.C.M.G. (of the Order of St Michael & 
 St George), K.C.S.I. (of the Star of India), 
 K.C.V.O. (of the Royal Victorian Order). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Kan.(sas) ; kg"., kilo- 
 gramme; kl., kilolitre; km., kilometre ; Kt, 
 knight ; Ky, Kentucky. 
 
 kaama (kah'ma), n. Hartebeest. [native] 
 
 ka'ddish, n. Part of daily ritual of syna- 
 gogue, [f. Aram, qaddish holy] 
 
 kadi. See cadi. 
 
 Ka'fCOir.Ca'ffpe.n. Member of aS.-Afr.race 
 of Bantu family ; native of Kafiristan in Asia ; 
 (pi.) S.-Afr. mine shares. [Arab, kafir infidel] 
 
 ka'go (kah-), n. Japanese basket-work palan- 
 quin slung on pole. [f. Jap. kangool Chin, orig.] 
 
 Kai'nite, -it, n. Hydrous chlorosulphate of 
 magnesium & potassium, used as fertilizer. [G 
 {•it) f. Gk kainos new, see -ite 2 ] 
 
 kai'sep(kiz-), n. Emperor; German Emperor; 
 Emperor of Austria ; (Hist.) head of Holy Roman 
 Empire. Hence kai'sepsmpn. [ult.f.L Caesar] 
 
 kaja'wah (-jah-, or ka'ja-), n. Camel-litter 
 for women. [Hind. & Pers.] 
 
 kale, kail, n. Colewort, cabbage, esp. bore- 
 cole, kind with wrinkled leaves ; Scotch k. , kind 
 with purplish leaves; broth made of this or 
 other vegetables ; k.-yard, kitchen-garden ; k.- 
 yard school, writers of fiction describing, with 
 unsparing use of the vernacular, common life 
 in Scotland, [northern form of cole] 
 
 kalei'doscope (-1I-), n. Tube through which 
 are seen symmetrical figures, produced by re- 
 flections of pieces of coloured glass, & varied by 
 rotation of the tube ; (fig.) constantly changing 
 group of bright objects. Hence kaleido- 
 sg6*pic(al) aa., kaleidoseo'piealLY 2 adv. 
 [f. Gk kalos beautiful + eidos form + -scope] 
 
 ka'li, n. Prickly saltwort, from which soda- 
 ash was obtained, [f. Arab, qali alkali] 
 
 kalian, -lioun, (kahlyalrn, -yoon), n. Per- 
 sian form of hookah. [Pers. {-an), f. Arab, qa- 
 lyan, -un] 
 
 ka'long- (kah-), n. Malay frugivorous fox-bat, 
 largest known bat. [Malay] 
 
 ka'lpa, n. Great age of the world, day of 
 Brahma, (4,320,000,000 years). [Skr.] 
 
 ka'ml (kah-), n. Japanese title of governors 
 &c; divinity, god, in Japanese native religion. 
 
 kamptu'lieon, n. Floor-cloth of mixed rub- 
 ber, gutta-percha, & cork, mounted on canvas, 
 [f . Gk kamptos flexible + oidos thick + -ikon -ic] 
 
 ka'naka, n. Native of South Sea Islands, esp. 
 one employed in Queensland on sugar planta- 
 tion. [Hawaiian, = man] 
 
 kangaroo* (-ngg-), n. Marsupial mammal 
 with strongly developed hind-quarters & great 
 leaping-power, native of Australia, Tasmania, 
 &c. ; k.-rat, small Australian marsupial ; (slang, 
 pi.) W.-A\istralian mining shares, dealers in 
 these ; k. bicycle, one with sloping back, early 
 form of safety, [perh. native Austral.] 
 
 kanoo'n, n. Kind of harp with fifty to sixty 
 strings, [f. Pers. or Arab, qanuri] 
 
 Ka'ntian, a. Of Immanuel Kant, German 
 philosopher, d. 1804. So Ka'ntiSM n. [-ian] 
 
 ka'olin (kah-, ka-), n. Fine white clay pro- 
 duced by decomposition of feldspar, used in 
 making porcelain. Hence ka*oliniZE(3) v.t. 
 [F, f. Chin, kao-ling, name of mountain (kao 
 high + ling hill)] 
 
 kapellmeister (-mi-), n. Leader or con- 
 ductor of orchestra or choir. [G] 
 
 ka'pok (kah-), n. Fine cotton wool surround- 
 ing seeds of certain tree, used for stuffing 
 cushions &c. [f. Malay kapoq] 
 
 Kap'aite, n. Member of Jewish sect that 
 rejects Rabbinical tradition & interprets scrip- 
 tures literally, found chiefly in Crimea, [f. Heb. 
 q'raim (qara read) + -ite 1 ] 
 
 karma, n. (Buddh.). Sum of person's actions 
 in one of his successive states of existence, 
 viewed as deciding his fate in the next ; destiny. 
 [Skr., = action, fate] 
 
 kap(p)oo*, n. Elevated plateau of clayey soil 
 in S. Africa, waterless in dry season ; the Great 
 K. (in Cape Colony), [of Hottentot orig.] 
 
 karo'ss, n. Mantle of animals' skins with 
 the hair on, used by S. -African natives, [f. S.- 
 Afr. karos, perh. of Du. orig.] 
 
 kap'tel, n. Wooden bed in S.-African ox- 
 wagon. [S.-Afr. Du., prob. f. Port, catel f. Tamil 
 kattil bedstead] 
 
 kapte'll. See cartel. 
 
 kata'bolism, n. (biol.). Destructive meta- 
 bolism, [f. Gk katabole throwing down (kata- 
 ballo throw down) + -ism] 
 
 ka'tydid, n. Large green orthopterous in- 
 sect abounding in America, [imit. of the sound 
 the insect produces] 
 
 kauri (kowr'i), n. Coniferous tree of N. Zea- 
 land, furnishing valuable timber & a resin, k.- 
 gum. [Maori] 
 
 ka'va (kah-), n. (Intoxicating beverage from 
 roots of) a Polynesian shrub, [native] 
 
 kava'ss, n. Armed constable, servant, or 
 courier, in Turkey, [f. Turk, qaxvwas bow- 
 maker (qaivs bow)] 
 
 kayak (ki-),n. Eskimo canoe of light wooden 
 framework covered with sealskins. [Eskimo] 
 
 kea (ka'a), n. Green Alpine parrot of N. Zea- 
 land which destroys sheep for their kidney-fat. 
 [Maori, imit.] 
 
 keck, v.i. Make sound as if about to vomit ; 
 k. at, reject (food &c.) with loathing, [imit.] 
 
 Wedge, v.i. & t., & n. Change position of ship 
 by winding in hawser attached to small anchor 
 at some distance ; (of ship) move thus ; move 
 (ship) thus ; k.(-aivchor), small anchor for this 
 purpose, [perh. var. of cadge] 
 
 ke'dgepee, n. Indian dish of rice, split pulse, 
 
KEEL J 
 
 onions, eggs, &c. ; European dish of fish, rice, 
 eggs, &c. [f. Hind, khichri, Skr. k'rsara] 
 
 keel l , n., & v.t. Lowest longitudinal timber 
 of vessel, on which framework of the whole is 
 built up; combination of iron plates serving 
 same purpose in iron vessel; (poet.) ship ;/aZsefc. 
 (attached to bottom of true k. to protect it); k.- 
 blocks (on which k. rests in building &c.) ; keel- 
 haul, haul (person) under k. as punishment; 
 (v.t.) turn (ship) k. upwards, k. over, upset, cap- 
 size, (person &c.). Hence kee'lLESS a. f(vb f. 
 n.) prob. f. ON kjolr, cf. Sw. kol] 
 
 keel 2 , n. Flat-bottomed vessel, esp. of kind 
 used on Tyne &c. for loading colliers ; amount 
 carried by this. [prob. f. MDu. kiel, cogn. w. 
 OE ceol] 
 
 keen 1 , n. Irish funeral song accompanied 
 with wailing, [f. Ir. caoine, as foil.] 
 
 keen 2 , v.i. & t. Utter the keen; bewail 
 (person) thus; utter in wailing tone. [f. Ir. 
 caoinim wail] 
 
 keen 3 , a. Having sharp edge or point ; (of 
 edge &c.) sharp ; (of sound* light, &c.) penetrat- 
 ing, vivid, strong ; (of cold) intense ; (of pain 
 &c.) acute, bitter; (of person, desire, interest) 
 eager, ardent, (colloq. on thing, on doing) ; (of 
 eyes, sight, smell) sharp, highly sensitive ; in- 
 tellectually acute ; k.-set, hungry, eager, {for). 
 Hence kee'nLY 2 adv., kee'nNESS n. [com.- 
 Teut.: OE cene, Du. koen, G kiihn, bold] 
 
 keep 1 , v.t. & i. (kept). Pay due regard to, 
 observe, stand by, (law, promise, faith, treaty, 
 peace, appointment) ; celebrate (feast, cere- 
 mony, &c.) ; guard, protect, (person, as God k. 
 you!, fortress, town, &c, goal at football &c.); 
 have charge of ; maintain (house &c.) in proper 
 order; maintain (diary, accounts, books) by 
 making requisite entries ; provide for sus- 
 tenance of (family &c) ; maintain (woman) as 
 mistress ; have (commodity) habitually on sale ; 
 
 fc. COMPANY 1 , PACE, STEP, LOOK 1 Out, TIME, 
 
 watch l , wicket ; maintain in proper or specified 
 condition (often in spec, senses, as k. the ball 1 
 rolling, pot boiling, one's hair on) ; detain 
 (person in prison, in custody, &c.) ; restrain 
 (person, thing, oneself, from doing, from thing); 
 reserve (thing for future time &c.) ; conceal, as 
 k. one's counsel 1 , a secret ; continue to follow 
 <way, course) ; remain in (one's bed, room, 
 house); retain one's place in (the saddle, the 
 field, the stage, one's ground, &c.) against 
 opposition; k. house; remain (indoors &c); 
 <colloq., esp. Camb. Univ.) reside, as where do 
 %/ouk.?; remain in specified condition, as k. in 
 good health, k. in touch with, k. cool, k. friends ; 
 continue inspecified direction, course, oraction, 
 asfc. straight on for two miles, hekeeps giggling ; 
 <of food £cc.) remain in good condition, (fig., of 
 news &c.) admit of being reserved for later 
 occasion; k. { work persistently) at ; k. (abstain) 
 from ; k. to, adhere to (course, promise), confine 
 oneself to 4 k. (thing &c.) to oneself, refuse to 
 share it with others ; k. oneself to oneself, avoid 
 society.; k. back, hold back, retard progress 
 of, conceal; k. down, hold in subjection, k. low 
 in amount; k. in, confine, restrain, (feelings - 
 &c), confine (schoolboy) after hours, k. (fire) 
 burning, (intr.) remain indoors, remain on good 
 terms with ; k. one's feet, not fall ; k. one's hand 
 iji; k. off, ward off, avert, (intr.) stay at a 
 distance ; A;, on, continue to hold, use, show, &c, 
 (intr.) continue (doing) ; k. together, remain, 
 cause to remain, together; k. wider, hold in 
 subjection^ k. up., prevent (one's spirits, prices, 
 &c.) from sinking, maintain, k. in repair, in 
 efficient or proper state, &c as k. up appear- 
 ances, k. up your Greek, carry on (correspon- 
 dence &c), cause .^person) to sit up at night, 
 
 5 KERCHIEF 
 
 (intr.) bear up, not break down, proceed at 
 equal pace with, [late OE cipan, etym. dub.] 
 
 keep 2 , n. (Hist.) tower, stronghold; main- 
 tenance, food required for this, as you don't 
 earn your k. [f. prec] 
 
 keeper, n. In vbl senses, esp. i^game 1 - 
 keeper; lunatic's attendant; ring that keeps 
 another, esp. wedding-ring, on the finger, [-er 1 ] 
 
 kee'ping*, n. In vbl senses, also or esp. : 
 custody, charge, as in safe k., in his k. ; agree- 
 ment, harmony, (orig. esp. of painting) as in, 
 out of, k. (with) ; (attrib., or intr. part.) fit for k., 
 as k. apples ; k.-room (chiefly U.S.), sitting-room 
 usually occupied, [-ing l ] 
 
 kee'psake, n. Thing kept for sake, or in 
 remembrance, of giver ; (attrib. ) namby-pamby, 
 like certain literary annuals of early 19th c. 
 called kk. [keep l + sake] 
 
 kef, keif (kif), kief (kef), n. Drowsy state 
 produced by bhang &c. ; enjoyment of idleness ; 
 Indian hemp &c. smoked to produce k. [f. Arab. 
 kaif, colloq. kef, well-being] 
 
 kefhyeh (-feya), n. Bedouin Arab's kerchief 
 worn as head-dress, [f. Arab, kaffiyah, kuf- 
 fiyeh, perh. f. LL cofea coif] 
 
 ke'fir, m Effervescent liquor like koumiss, 
 used for invalids. [Caucas.] 
 
 keg*, n. Small barrel, usu. of less than 10 gals, 
 [earlier cag, cf. Icel. kaggi, Sw. kagge] 
 
 kelp, n. Large kinds of seaweed ; calcined 
 ashes of seaweed used for the sake of carbonate 
 of soda, iodine, &c. contained, formerly used in 
 making soap & glass. [ME cidp, etym. dub.] 
 
 ke'lpie, -py, n. (Sc). Water-spirit, usu. in 
 form of horse, reputed to delight in the drown- 
 ing of travellers Sec. [?] 
 
 ke'lson, kee'lson, n. Line of timber fasten- 
 ing ship's floor-timbers to keel. [f. keel ; -son 
 unexpl., cf. Du. kolzwijn, G kielschwein] 
 
 Kelt &c. See celt &c. 
 
 kemp, n. Coarse hair in wool. Hence 
 ke'mpY 2 a. [prob. f. ON kampr beard, 
 whisker, &c] 
 
 ken J , n. Range of sight or knowledge, esp. in, 
 out of, beyond, one's k. [f. foil.] 
 
 ken 2 , v.t. (now Sc. or north. ) ; (kent). Recog- 
 nize at sight ; know (person, thing, fact, that 
 &c). [com.-Teut. : OE cennan, Du. & G kennen] 
 
 kennel 1 , n., & v.i. & t. (-11-), House for 
 shelter of house-dog or hounds ; mean dwelling ; 
 (v.i.) live in, go to, k. ; (v.t.) put into, keep in, k. 
 f(vb f. n.) prob. f. ONF *kenil (F chenil) f. pop. 
 L canile (canis dog)] 
 
 ke'nnel 2 , n. Gutter, [earlier cannel f. OF 
 canel channel] 
 
 kend'sis, n. (theol. ). Renunciation of divine 
 nature, at least in part, by Christ in the incar- 
 nation. So kenO'Tic a., keno*ticiSM(3) n. 
 [Gk kenosis (kenoo vb empty f. kenos, see -osis)] 
 
 Kentish, a. Of Kent; K. fire, prolonged 
 volley of applause or demonstration of dissent ; 
 K. rag, hard limestone found in Kent. [OE 
 Centisc (Cent f. L Cantium, see -ish J )] 
 
 kentledge (-lij), n. (naut.). Pig-iron used as 
 permanent ballast. [?] 
 
 ke'pi, n. French military cap with horizontal 
 peak. [f. F kepi f. G-Swiss kdppi dim. of kappe 
 cap] 
 
 ke'ratose, a. & n. Of horny substance ; (n.) 
 horn-like substance forming part of some 
 sponges, [f. Gk keras -atos horn + -ose l ] 
 kerb, n. Stone edging to pavement or raised 
 path ; k.-stone, one of stones forming this. [var. 
 of curb n.] 
 
 kep'ehief (if ), n. Cloth used to cover head; 
 (poet.) handkerchief. Hence kep'ehiefED 2 a. 
 [ME curchef, ker-, f. OF couvrechief, cuevre-, 
 (covrir cover + chief head f. L caput)] 
 
KERF 
 
 446 
 
 kerf, n. Slit made by cutting, esp. with saw; 
 cut end of felled tree. [OE cyrf, f . st. of carve] 
 
 keP'mes(-iz), n. Pregnant female of an insect, 
 formerlj r taken for a berry, feeding on k. oak, 
 an evergreen oak of S. Europe & N. Africa ; red 
 dye-stuff consisting of dried bodies of these ; 
 amorphous trisulphide of antimony, of brilliant 
 red. [f. Arab. & Pers. qirmiz) 
 
 kermis, n. Periodical fair in Holland &c, 
 with much noisy merrymaking. [Du., orig. = 
 mass on anniversary of dedication of church, 
 when yearly fair was held (kirk + mis mass *)] 
 
 kern(e), n. (hist.). Light-armed Irish foot- 
 soldier ; peasant, boor. If. Ir. ceithern] 
 
 ker'nel, n. Softer (usu. edible) part within 
 hard shell of nut or stone fruit ; body of seed 
 within husk &c, e. g. grain of wheat ; nucleus, 
 centre of formation (often fig.). [OE cyrnel, 
 dim. of corn] 
 
 ke'posene, n. Lamp-oil obtained by distil- 
 lation of petroleum & from coal & bituminous 
 shale, [irreg. f. Gk keros wax + -ene] 
 
 kep'sey, n. Kind of coarse narrow cloth 
 woven from long wool, usu. ribbed, [perh. f. 
 K. in Suffolk] 
 
 ker'seymere, n. Twilled fine woollen cloth ; 
 (pi.) trousers of this, [corrupt, of cassimere, 
 var. of cashmere] 
 
 kestrel, n. Species of small hawk. [ME 
 castrel, prob. = 0F cresserelle, etym. dub.] 
 
 ketch, n. Small two-masted coasting vessel, 
 [earlier cache, catch, f. catch v.] 
 
 ke'tchup, n. Sauce made from juice of 
 mushrooms, tomatoes, &c. [prob. f. Chin. 
 koe-chiap brine of pickled fish] 
 
 ke'ttle, n. Vessel, usu. of metal with spout 
 & handle, for boiling water ; fish 1 -^.; a pretty 
 k. of fish, awkward state of affairs ; ke'ttle- 
 drum(mer), (player of) hollow brass or copper 
 hemisphere, over edge of which parchment is 
 stretched & tuned to definite note ; k.-holder, 
 piece of cloth &c. to protect hand from heat of 
 k. handle. Hence ke*ttleFUL(2) n. [com.-Teut.: 
 OE cetel, Du. ketel, G kessel] 
 
 ke'vel, n. (naut.). Peg, cleat, usu. fixed in 
 pairs, to which certain ropes are belayed, [f. 
 ONF keville (F cheville) f. L clavicula dim. of 
 clavis key] 
 
 key 1 (ke), n. Instrument, usu. of iron, for 
 moving bolt of lock forwards or backwards ; 
 get, have, the k. of the street, be shut out for 
 the night, homeless; master 1 k. ; House of 
 Kk., elective branch of legislature of I. of Man ; 
 St Peter's kk., cross kk. borne in Papal arms; 
 what gives or precludes opportunity for or 
 access to something ; golden, silver, k., money 
 used as bribe; (pi.) ecclesiastical authority as 
 transmitted to the Pope, esp. power of the kk.; 
 place that from its position gives control of 
 sea, territory, &c; solution, explanation; trans- 
 lation of foreign book; book of solutions of 
 mathematical problems &c. ; (Mus.) system of 
 notes definitely related to each other & based 
 
 on particular note, (fig.) tone, style, of thought 
 
 or expression ; k.-note, note on which a k. is 
 based, (fig.) prevailing tone or idea; piece of 
 
 wood or metal inserted between others to 
 
 secure them ; part of first coat of wall plaster 
 
 f>assing between laths & so securing the rest ; 
 e vers pressed by fingers in playing organ, piano, 
 &c; similar levers in typewriter &c; instru- 
 ment for grasping screws, pegs, nuts, &c, esp. 
 one for winding clock or watch ; keyboard, set 
 of kk. on piano fee.; k.-bugle (fitted with kk. to 
 increase number of sounds) ; keyhole (by which 
 k. is put into lock) ; k.-ring (for keeping kk. on) ; 
 keystone, stone at summit of arch locking the 
 whole together, (fig.) central principle &c. on 
 
 KIDDERMINSTER 
 
 [OE 
 
 which all depends. Hence key'LESS a. 
 cxg, etym. dub.] 
 
 key 2 , v.t. Fasten (often in, on, &c.) with pin, 
 wedge, bolt, &c. ; regulate pitch of strings of 
 (piano &c.) ; (fig.) k. up, stimulate (person to do, 
 to condition &c). [f. prec] 
 
 key 3 (ke), n. Low island or reef. [f. Sp. 
 cayo] 
 
 khakan (kahkah'n), n. =khan. [f. Turk. 
 khaqan king, emperor] 
 
 kha'ki (kah-), a. & n. Dust-coloured, dull- 
 yellow ; (n.) k. fabric of twilled cotton or wool, 
 used in Brit. army. [Hind., - dusty (khak dust)] 
 
 kha'msin, n. Hot S. or S.E. wind in Egypt 
 for about 50 days in March, April, &May. [Arab. 
 (khamsun fifty)] 
 
 khan l (or kahn), n. Title of rulers & officials 
 in Central Asia, Afghanistan, &c. ; (Hist.) su- 
 preme ruler of Turkish, Tartar, &Mongol tribes, 
 & emperor of China, in middle ages. Hence 
 kha'nATE Ml) n. [Turk., perh. as khakan] 
 
 khan 2 (or kahn), n. Caravanserai. [Arab., 
 -inn] 
 
 khe'da (ka-), ke'ddah, n. Enclosure used 
 in Bengal &c. to catch elephants. [Hind, (-da)] 
 
 Khedi've (-ev), n. Title of viceroy of Egypt, 
 accorded to Ismail Pasha by Turkish Govern- 
 ment in 1867. Hence Khedi*v(i)AL aa. [f. F 
 khidive f. Turk, khediv] 
 
 khi'dmutyar, n. Male servant who waits 
 at table (in India), [f. Hind, khidmatgar (khid- 
 mat service + -gar suf.)] 
 
 ki'bble, v.t. Grind coarsely. [?] 
 
 kibe, n. Ulcerated chilblain, esp. on heel ; 
 tread on person's kk., hurt his feelings. [?] 
 
 kibi'tka, n. Tartar's circular tent covered 
 with felt ; Tartar household ; Russian hooded 
 sledge. [Russ.l 
 
 ki'hlah, n. Point to which Mohammedans 
 turn at prayer, i. e. temple at Mecca, [f. Arab, 
 qiblah (qabala be opposite)] 
 
 kibo'sh (or ki - -), n. (slang). Nonsense, hum- 
 bug ; put the k. on, do for, knock on the head. [?] 
 
 kick \ n. Art of kicking ; drop l -, place-, k. ; 
 more kk. (harshness) than halfpence (kindness) ; 
 recoil of gun when discharged ; (Footb.) good., 
 bad, &c, k. (kicker), [f. foil.] 
 
 kick 2 , v.i. & t. Strike out with the foot ; k» 
 against the pricks, resist to one's own hurt ; 
 show annoyance, dislike, &c. (against, at, pro- 
 posal, treatment); strike with foot; (slang) k» 
 the bucket, die; k. one's heels; drive, move, 
 (thing) by kicking ; drive forcibly & contemp- 
 tuously (out, doivnstairs, &c); k. off, throw off 
 (shoes) by kicking, (Footb.) give first kick; k. 
 up, raise (dust), create (fuss, noise) ; k.-off, first 
 kick at football. [ME kike, etym. dub.] 
 
 kick 3 , n. Indentation in bottom of glass 
 bottle. [?] 
 
 ki'cker, n. In vbl senses, esp. horse given to 
 kicking, [-er l ] 
 
 ki'ckshaw, n. Fancy dish in cookery (usu. 
 contempt.) ; toy, trifle, [f. F quelque chose 
 something] 
 
 kid \ n., & v.t. & i. Young of goat ; leather 
 from skin of this, used for gloves & boots ; the 
 Kk. or K., pair of small stars in Auriga ; (slang) 
 child, whence ki'ddY 3 n. ; k.-glove (adj.), over- 
 dainty, avoiding everyday work &c. j (v.t.) give 
 birth to (k.) ; (v.i.) give birth to k. [(vb f. n.) 
 ME kide, cf. ON kidh, G kitz] 
 
 kid 2 , v.t., & n. (slang). Hoax^ humbug, (vb 
 often abs»). [perh. f. prec] 
 
 kid 3 , n. Small wooden tub, esp. sailor's mess- 
 tub, [perh. var. of kit 2 ] 
 
 Ki'dderminstep, n. Town in Worcester- 
 shire ; K. carpet (with pattern formed by inter- 
 section of two cloths of different colours). 
 
KIDDLE 
 
 ki'ddle, n. Barrier in river with opening 
 fitted with nets &c. to catch fish ; arrangement 
 of stake-nets on sea-beach, [f. OF quidel, gu-] 
 ki'dnap, v.t. (-pp-). Steal (child) ; carry off 
 (person) by illegal force. Hence ki'dnappER 2 
 n. [kid l + obs. nap seize, cf. nab] 
 kJrdney, n. One of pair of glandular organs 
 in abdominal cavity of mammals, birds, & rep- 
 tiles, serving to excrete urine & so remove 
 effete nitrogenous matter from blood ; k. of 
 sheep, cattle, & pigs, as food; temperament, 
 nature, as a man of that k., of the right lc, 
 (also k. potato) oval kind of potato ; k. bean, 
 (1) dwarf French bean, (2) scarlet-runner. [?] 
 kief. See kef. 
 
 kie-kie (ke'ke), n. N.-Zealand climbing 
 plant with leaves used for baskets &c. [Maori] 
 kier (ker), n. Vat in which cloth is boiled for 
 bleaching &c. [cf. ON ker, Da. &c. kar] 
 ki'ldepkin, n. Cask for liquids &c, con- 
 taining 16 or 18 gal. ; this as measure, [corrupt, 
 of Du. kindeken (kind child, see kin)] 
 kill *, v.t. & i. Put to death, slay ; (of disease, 
 grief, shock, drink, poison, &c.) cause the death 
 of ; k. off, get rid of (number of persons &c.) by 
 killing ; (abs., esp. Sport.) perform act of killing, 
 do execution ; (intr., quasi-pass.) yield good or 
 much meat when killed, aspigs do not k. well 
 at that age ; represent in fiction &c. as dead, 
 as k. your villain in the last chapter ; destroy 
 vitality of (plant, disease, &c.) ; destroy, put an 
 end to, (feelings &c); neutralize (colour &c.) 
 by contrast ; consume (time) for the sake of 
 doing so ; overwhelm (person) with admiration, 
 amusement, &c, whence ki'lliNG 2 a., ki'll- 
 ing"LY 2 adv. ; (Lawn Tennis) strike (ball) so 
 that it cannot be returned ; (Footb.) stop (ball) 
 dead ; totally defeat (bill in Parliament) ; k. 
 (fatally harm) with (mistaken) kindness ; k.- 
 devil, artificial bait made to spin in water ; k.- 
 joy, one who throws gloom over social enjoy- 
 ment; k.-time n. & a., (occupation) intended 
 to k. time. [?] 
 
 kill 2 , n. Act of killing; animal killed, esp. 
 by sportsman, [f. prec] 
 
 kiln, n. Furnace, oven, for burning, baking, 
 or drying, esp. (lime-k.) for calcining lime, or 
 (brick-k.) baking bricks; k.-dry v.t., dry in k. 
 [OE cylene f. L culina kitchen] 
 kilo- in comb*., arbitrary representative (f. F) 
 of Gk khilioi 1,000, as: -gram(me), weight of 1,000 
 grammes (2- 2051b. avoird.); -gra'mmetre, energy 
 that will raise one kilogramme to the height of 
 one metre ; -litre, -liter, measure of 1,000 litres 
 (35-31 cub. ft) ; -metre, -meter, measure of 1,090 
 metres (3280-89 ft), whence -me'tric(al) aa. 
 kilt 1 , v.t. Tuck up (skirts) round body; 
 gather in vertical pleats (esp. in p.p.). [prob. 
 of Scand. orig., cf. Da. kilte] 
 kilt 2 , n. Skirt, usu. of tartan cloth, reach- 
 ing from waist to knee, part of Highland male 
 dress, [f. prec] 
 
 kin, n. & a. Ancestral stock, family, as comes 
 of good k. ; one's relatives ; kith & k. ; (pred. 
 adj.) related, as we are k., he is k. to me ; ofk., 
 akin, related by blood ties or (fig.) in character ; 
 near ofk., closely related ; next of k. Hence 
 ki'nLESSa. [com.-Teut.: OKcyn(n),T>u. kunne, 
 Da. & Sw. kon, f. root kin, kan, kun ; cogn. w. 
 Gk genos race, L genus kind] 
 -kin, suf. form. dimm.,corresp. toMDu. -kijn, 
 -ken, G -chen ; chiefly in wds f. Du. or of doubt- 
 ful orig., lambkin being the only E formation 
 of real currency ; ME had proper names, as 
 Malkin, Perkin, Simkin. 
 ki'nehin, n. (cant.). Child ; k. lay, practice of 
 stealing money from children sent on errands, 
 [prob. f . G kindchen (kind child, see prec. )] 
 
 «7 KINQ 
 
 ki'nedb (-ngk-), n. Rich Indian stuff em- 
 broidered with gold or silver. [f.Hind. kimkhab] 
 
 kind 1 , n. Race, natural group, of animals, 
 plants, &c, as human k., the rabbit k.; class, 
 sort, variety, as of v-hatkind is it ?, of a differ- 
 ent k., something of the k., something like the 
 thing in question, nothing of the k., not at all 
 like it, (contempt.) we had coffee of a k. (that 
 scarcely deserved the name); (in transposed 
 constr.) what k. of tree is this ?, of what k. is 
 this tree ?, this is the k. of thing I meant (a thing 
 of the kind I meant) ; (colloq.) these k. of men 
 (men of this k.) annoy me ; (implying looseness, 
 vagueness, exaggeration, &c, in the term used) 
 he is a k. of stockbroker, of millionaire, felt a 
 kind of compunction ; (colloq.) Ik. of (to some 
 extent) expected it ; (archaic) nature in general 
 as the law ofk.; (archaic) way, fashion, natural 
 to person &c, as they act after their k.; charac- 
 ter, quality, as they differ in k., not merely in 
 degree ; in k., (of payment) in goods or natural 
 produce, not in money, (of repayment, esp. fig.) 
 repay his insolence in k. (with insolence). [OE 
 gecynde (ge- T- + *cynde f. root kun-, see kin)] 
 
 kind 2 , a. Of gentle or benevolent nature; 
 friendly in one's conduct to (person &c); (ar- 
 chaic) affectionate ; k.-hearted, having a k. 
 heart. Hence Krndly 1 adv., ki'ndNESS n. 
 [OE gecynde (as prec.) ; orig. - natural, native] 
 
 ki'ndepgarten, n. School for developing 
 minds of children by object lessons, toys, games, 
 &c. Hence ki'nderg-arteniSM n. [G, = chil- 
 dren's garden] 
 
 ki'ndle, v.t, & i. Set on fire, light, (flame, 
 fire, substance); (fig.) inflame, inspire, (passion 
 &c), stir up (person to emotion &c, to do) ; 
 (intr.) catch fire, burst into flame ; (fig.) become 
 animated, glow with passion &c; make, be- 
 come, bright, (cause to) glow (often up), [prob. 
 f. ON kynda kindle + -le(3)] 
 
 ki'ndly 2 , a. Kind ; (of climate, surroundings, 
 &c.) pleasant, genial ; (archaic) native-born, as 
 a k. Scot. Hence ki'ndliLY 2 adv., ki'ndli- 
 ness n. [OE gecyndelic (as kind 2 , see -ly l )] 
 
 ki-ndred, n. & a. Blood relationship ; (fig.) 
 resemblance in character ; one's relatives; (adj.), 
 related by blood, (fig.) allied, connected, similar, 
 as frost & k. phenomena, [f. kin 4- -red, OE 
 rxden condition, reckoning] 
 
 kine. See cow. 
 
 kinema'tic, a. & n. Of motion considered 
 abstractly without reference to force or mass ; 
 (n. pi.) science of this. Hence kinema'tie \ i 
 a. [f. Gk kinema -matos motion (kineo move, 
 see -m) + -ic] 
 
 kine*matog'paph(orkinima , t-),cinenia*t- 
 (s-), n. Contrivance for projecting in rapid suc- 
 cession on screen a series of instantaneous 
 photographs, so as to give effect of motion. 
 Hence kinematogra'phic a. [f. F cinema- 
 tographe (as prec, see -graph] 
 
 kine'tie, a. & n. Of, due to, motion ; k. ener- 
 gy ; k. theory of heat, of gases, (that heat, the 
 gaseous state, is due to motion of particles) ; 
 (n. pi.) science of the relations between the mo- 
 tions of bodies & the forces acting on them, 
 [f. Gk kinetikos (kineo move, see -etic)] 
 
 king- 1 , n. Male sovereign (esp. hereditary) 
 ruler of independent state ; K. ofkk., God, (also) 
 title assumed by many Eastern kk. ; K. Charles's 
 spaniel; K.'s bench, counsel 1 , English, 
 evidence i, HiGHway ; K. of the Castle, child's 
 game ; great merchant &c, as fur, railway, -k.; 
 k. of beasts, birds, lion, eagle ; best kind (of 
 fruits, plants, &c) ; (Chess) piece that has to be- 
 protected from checkmate, k.'s bishop, knight, 
 
 rook, (plaoed on k.'s side of board at beginning);., 
 
 (Cards) card bearing representation of k., &r 
 
KINO 
 
 418 
 
 KLEPTOMANIA 
 
 usu. ranking next below ace ; k.-bird, kind of 
 bird of paradise, (also) American tyrant fly- 
 catcher ; k.-bolt, main or large bolt; k.-crab, 
 large arthropodous animal with horseshoe- 
 shaped carapace ; k. -craft, skilful exercise of 
 royalty; k.-cup, buttercup, (also) marsh mari- 
 gold ; kingfisher, small bird with long cleft beak 
 & brilliant plumage, feeding on fish it captures 
 by diving; k.-maker, one who sets up kk., esp. 
 Earl of Warwick in reign of Henry VI ; K.-of- 
 Arms, any of three chief heralds of College of 
 Arms ; k.-post, upright post from roof-ridge to 
 tie-beam ; k.'s evil, scrofula, formerly held to be 
 curable by k.'s touch. Hence ki'ng-LESS, 
 ki'ngLiKE, ki'ng-LY 1 , aa., krngliNESS, 
 k.i*ng , SHiP(l), nn. [com.-Teut.: OE cyni(n)g, 
 Du. koning, G konig, f. same root as kin] 
 
 kins' 2 , v.i. & t. Act the king, govern, esp. 
 k. it ; make (person) a king. [f. prec] 
 
 ki'ng-dom, n. Monarchical state ; United K., 
 Great Britain & Ireland ; territory subject to 
 king ; spiritual reign of God, sphere of this, esp. 
 the k. of heaven] domain ; province of nature, 
 esp. animal, vegetable, mineral, k.; (slang) k.- 
 come, the next world (echo of thy k. come in 
 Lord's Prayer). Hence ki'ng-doniED 2 a. [OE 
 cyningdom (as king l , see -dom)] 
 
 ki'nglet, n. Petty king (usu. contempt.), so 
 ki'ngLiNG 1 n.; golden-crested wren, [-let] 
 
 kink, n., & v.i. & t. Twist, curl, in rope, 
 thread, wire, &c; (fig.) mental twist, crotchet; 
 <v.i., of rope &c.) form a k.; (v.t.) cause (rope) to 
 do this. Hence ki'nkv 2 a. [(vb) prob. f. Du. 
 kinken; (n.) Du u G, Da., Sw., f. root *kik bend] 
 
 ki'nkajou (-00), n. Animal allied to racoon, 
 with prehensile tail & nocturnal habits, [f. F 
 quincajou L N. Amer. Ind.] 
 
 ki'nnikini'c, n. Mixture of dried sumach- 
 leaves, bark of willow, &c, as substitute for 
 tobacco, or mixed with it ; any plant used for 
 this. {Algonquin] 
 
 ki'no (ke-), n. Gum of various trees, resem- 
 bling catechu, & used in medicine & tanning as 
 astringent, [prob. of W.-Afr. orig.] 
 
 ki'nsfolk (-ok), n. pi. (literary). Relations 
 by blood. So ki'nsMAN, ki'nswo.M an, nn. [f. 
 kin + folk] 
 
 ki'nship, n. Blood relationship ; similarity, 
 alliance, in character, [-ship] 
 
 kio*sk, n. Light open pavilion in Turkey & 
 Persia; Yildiz 2C, Turkish Sultan's palace ; (in 
 France & Belgium) structure for sale of news- 
 papers, band-stand, &c. [f. Turk, kiushk] 
 
 kip J , n. Hide of young or small beast as used 
 for leather. [?] 
 
 kip 2 , n. (slang). Common lodging-house ; lodg- 
 ing ; bed. [cf . Da. kippe mean hut or alehouse] 
 
 ki'pper a , n. Male salmon in spawning sea- 
 son ; kippered fish, esp. herring. [?] 
 
 ki'pper 2 , v.t. Cure ^salmon, herring, &c.) 
 by cleaning, rubbing with salt, pepper, &c, & 
 drying in open air or smoke, [pern. f. prec] 
 
 kirk, n. (Sc. & north.) church ; (in E use) K. 
 of Scotland, Church of Scotland as opp. to 
 
 Church of England or to Episcopal Church in 
 
 Scotland ; kirkman, member of K. of Scotland; 
 k.-session, lowest court in K. of Scotland & 
 other Presbyterian Churches, composed of min- 
 ister & elders, [north, form of church] 
 
 kirseh(wasser) (keTshvahser), n. Spirit 
 , distilled from fermented liquor of wild cherries. 
 [G (kirsche cherry + xcasser water)] 
 
 kip'tle, n. (archaic). Woman's gown or outer 
 
 petticoat ; man's tunic or coat IOE cyrtel, cf. 
 
 Da. & Sw. kjortel, perh. f. L curtus short] 
 
 ki'smet, n. Destiny. [Turk., f. Arab, qis- 
 ma(t) t. qasama divide] 
 
 kiss \ n. Caress given with lius ■ (Billiards) 
 
 impact between moving baiis ; kind of sugar- 
 plum. [OE co.ss, cf . Du. kus, G kuss] 
 
 kiss 2 , v.t. Touch with the lips, esp. as sign 
 of affection, greeting, or reverence; (abs., of 
 two persons) k. & be friends, &c. ; (Billiards, of 
 ball) touch (ball) with kiss l (also abs. of two 
 balls) ; k. away, remove (tears &c.) with kisses; 
 k. the book (Bible, in taking oath) ; k. the dtist, 
 yield abject submission, (also) be slain; k. the 
 ground, prostrate oneself in token of homage, 
 (fig.) be brought low ; k. hands or the hand (of 
 sovereign &c. as ceremonial salutation or on 
 appointment to office) ; k. the rod, accept chas- 
 tisement submissively ; k.-in-the-ring, game for 
 young people in which one pursues & kisses 
 another of opposite sex ; k.-me-quick, kinds of 
 plant, small bonnet standing far back on head. 
 Hence ki'ssABLE a., ki'ssabLY 2 adv. [OE 
 cyssan, cf. Du. toissen, G kiisseii] 
 
 k rasing-, a. In vbl senses ; k. -crust, soft 
 crust where loaf has touched another in bak- 
 ing; k. kind, on affectionate terms. [-ING 2 ] 
 
 kit J , n. Wooden tub for various purposes } 
 (articles carried in) soldier's Valise or knap- 
 sack ; personal equipment, esp. as packed for 
 travelling ; workman's, esp. shoemaker's, out- 
 fit ; k.-bag (for carrying soldier's or traveller's 
 k.). [prob. f. MDu. kitte tub, etym. dub.] 
 
 kit 2 ,n. Abbr. of kitten. 
 
 kit 3 , n. (now rare). Small fiddle used by danc- 
 ing-master. [?] 
 
 ki't-cat, n. K. Club, club of Whig politicians 
 founded under James II ; member of this ; k. 
 (portrait), portrait of less than half-length, but 
 including hands, [f. Kit Cat(ling), keeper of 
 pie-house where club met] 
 
 ki'tehen, n. Part of house where food is 
 cooked ; k. -garden (for fruit & vegetables) ; k.- 
 maid, servant employed in k., usu. under cook ; 
 k. -midden; k. -stuff, k. requisites, esp. vegeta- 
 bles. [OE cycene, cf. Du. keuken, G kiiche f. 
 vulg. L cucina var. of coquina (coquere cook)] 
 
 ki'tchenep, n. Cooking-range ; person in 
 charge of monastery kitchen, [-er l ] 
 
 kite, n., & v.i. & t. Bird of prey of same 
 family as falcon, with long wings, usu. forked 
 tail, & no tooth ( in bill ; rapacious person, 
 sharper ; toy consisting of light wooden frame, 
 usu. in form of isosceles triangle with circular 
 arc as base, with paper stretched over it, flown 
 in strong wind by means of attached string ; fly 
 a k., (fig.) make experiment to gauge public 
 opinion &c. ; (Commerc. slang) accommodation 
 bill ; (pi.) highest sails of ship, set only in light 
 wind; (v.i.) soar like k. ; (v.t.) cause to do this. 
 (Commerc.) convert into k. [(vb f. n.) OE cijta] 
 
 kith (-th), n. K. & kin, acquaintance & kins- 
 folk. [OE cythth, orig. = knowledge, known 
 country, cogn. w. cunnan can] 
 
 ki'tten, n., & v.t. Young of cat; skittish 
 younggirl; (v. t.) bring forth (kk. or abs.). Hence 
 ki'tteniSH 1 a. [(vb f. n.) ME, prob. f. OF chi- 
 toun var. of chaton kitten, see cat] 
 
 kitteree'n, n. W.-Ind. one-horse chaise. [?] 
 
 ki'ttiwake, n. Genus of sea-gulls, [imit.] 
 
 krttle, a. Ticklish, difficult to deal with, 
 esp. k. cattle (usu. fig. of persons or things), [f. 
 ME vb kytylle tickle, puzzle ; prob. imit.] 
 
 kittu'l (-00D, kitoo'l, n. Kind of palm; 
 strong black fibre from leaf -stalks of this. [f. 
 Cingalese kitid] 
 
 ki'tty, n. Pet name for kitten, [f . kit 2 + - y 3 ] 
 
 ki'wi (ke), n. =apteryx. [Maori] 
 
 klepht, n. One of the Greeks who after 
 Turkish conquest of Greece in loth c. main- 
 tained independence in mountains ; brigand, 
 [f. mod. Gk klephtes f. Gk kleptes thief] 
 
 kleptoma'nia, n. Irresistible tendency to 
 
KLIPSPRINGER 
 
 449 
 
 KNOB 
 
 theft in persons not tempted to il by needy cir- 
 cumstances. Hence kleptOMANiAC n. [f. Gk 
 kleptes thief + -o- + -mania] 
 
 kli'pspringer (-nger), n. Small S.-Afr. ante- 
 lope.JS. Afr. DuAklip rock + springer springer)] 
 
 kloof, n. Ravine, deep narrow valley, in S. 
 Africa. [Du. , = cleft] 
 
 knack, n. Acquired faculty of doing a thing 
 adroitly ; ingenious device ; trick, habit, of ac- 
 tion, speech, &c. Hence kna'ekv 2 a. [?] 
 
 kna'ckep, n. One who buys & slaughters 
 useless horses, whence kna*ekERY(3) n. ; one 
 who buys old houses, ships, &c, for the mate- 
 rials. [?J 
 
 knag** n - Knot in wood, base of a branch. 
 Hence kna'ggY 2 a. [ME, = G knagge] 
 
 knap 1 , n. (dial.). Crest of hill, rising ground. 
 [OE cnxp(p), perh. cogn. w. ON knappr knob] 
 
 knap \ v.t. Break (flints for roads) with ham- 
 mer, whence kna'ppER^l, 2) n. ; (bibl., dial.) 
 knock, rap, snap asunder, [imit.) 
 
 kna'psack, n. Soldier's or traveller's can- 
 vas or leather bag, strapped to back & used for 
 carrying necessaries. [LG, prob. f. knappen 
 bite + sack] 
 
 kna'pweed, n. Common weed with hard 
 stem & light purple flowers on dark globular 
 head, [earlier knopweed (knop knob + weed)] 
 
 knap, n. Knot in wood, esp. protuberance 
 covered with bark on trunk or at root of tree. 
 [ME knarre = LG knarrein), Du. knar] 
 
 knave, n. Unprincipled man, rogue, whence 
 kna*VER\(4), kna'vishNESS, nn., kna'v- 
 ish 1 a., kna'vishLY 2 adv.; (Cards) lowest 
 court card of each suit. [OE cnafa boy, serv- 
 ant, knave, cf. G knabe] 
 
 knead (ned), v.t. Work up (moist flour or 
 clay) into dough or paste ; make (bread, pottery) 
 thus; (fig.) blend, weld together; operate on 
 (muscles &c.) as if kneading, massage. Hence 
 knea'dABLE a., knea'dERMl, 2) n. [OE cne- 
 dan, cf. Du. kneden, G kneten] 
 
 knea'ding, n. In vbl senses; k.-trough, 
 wooden trough in which dough is kneaded. 
 
 [-ING 2 ] 
 
 knee 1 , n. Joint between thigh & lower leg 
 in man, corresponding joint in animals ; give a 
 k. to, support (pugilist) on one's knee between 
 rounds, act as second to ; on one's kk., kneeling, 
 esp. in supplication, worship, or submission ; 
 bring (person) to his kk., reduce him to submis- 
 sion ; part of garment covering the k. ; thing 
 like k. in shape or position, esp. piece of wood or 
 iron with angular bend ; k. -breeches (reaching 
 down to or just below k.) ; k.-cap, convex bone 
 in front of k. -joint, (also) protective covering 
 for k. ; k.-deep, so deep as to reach the kk. ; k.- 
 hole {table), (writing-table with) hole between 
 drawer pedestals to admit kk.; k.-joint, joint 
 of k., joint of two pieces hinged together; 
 k.-pan, k.-cap; k.-swell, (in Amer. organ &c.) 
 lever worked by k., for producing crescendo & 
 diminuendo effects. [com.-Teut. : OE cnkow, 
 Du. & G knie, cf. L. genu, Gk gonu, Skr. janu] 
 
 knee 2 , v.t. Touch with the knee; fasten 
 (framework &c.) with knees; (colloq.) cause 
 (trousers) to bulge at knees, [f. prec] 
 
 kneel, v.i. Fall, rest, on the knee(s) esp. in 
 supplication or reverence (to person). [ME 
 cneolen f. OE cnAoivlian (as knee x )] 
 
 knell 1 , n. Sound of bell, esp. of one rung 
 solemnly after death or at funeral ; (fig.) an- 
 nouncement, event, &c, regarded as an omen 
 of death or extinction. [OE cnyll (as foil.)] 
 
 knell 2 , v.i. & t. (archaic). (Of bell) ring, esp. 
 at death or funeral ; give forth doleful sound ; 
 
 (fig.) sound ominously ; (trans.) proclaim as by 
 a knell. [OE cnyllan, cf. MHG erknellen] 
 
 kni-ckerbocker, n. (J?-) New Yorker ; (pi. , 
 colloq. abbr. knickers) loose-fitting breeches 
 gathered in at knee. [K., pretended author of 
 W. Irving's History of New York] 
 
 kni'ck-knack, ni'ck-nack, n. Light 
 dainty article of furniture, dress, or food ; trin- 
 ket, gimcrack. Hence (k)niek-(k)na*ek- 
 ery(2, 5) n., (k)ni*ek-(k)naekiSH J a. [re- 
 dupl. of knack in obs. sense ' trinket '] 
 
 knife, n. (pi. knives), & v.t. (-fed). Blade 
 with sharpened longitudinal edge fixed in han- 
 dle either rigidly, as in table, carving, -k., or 
 with joint, as in pocket-k., used as cutting in- 
 strument or as weapon ; (of malicious or vin- 
 dictive person) get a k. into (person) ; war to 
 the k., relentless war ; blade forming part of 
 machine, as in turnip-cutter &c; the k., surgi- 
 cal operations, as have a horror of the k. ; be- 
 Jore you can say k., very quickly or suddenly ; 
 play a good k. & fork, eat heartily ; k.-board 
 (on which kk. are cleaned) ; k.-boy (employed to 
 clean table-kk.); k.-edge, edge of k., wedge of 
 hard steel on which pendulum &c. oscillates ; 
 k. -grinder, itinerant sharpener of kk. &c, one 
 who grinds kk. &c. in process of making ; k.- 
 machine (for cleaning kk.); k.-rest, metal or 
 glass support for carving-k. or -fork at table ; 
 (v.t.) cut, stab, with k. [(vb f. n.) late OE cnif, 
 cf. Du. knijf, G kneif] 
 
 knight (nit), n., & v.t. Military follower, 
 esp. one devoted to service o/(lady) as atten- 
 dant or champion in war or tournament ; per- 
 son, usu. one of noble birth who had served as 
 page & squire, raised to honourable military 
 rank by king or qualified person ; one on whom 
 corresponding rank is conferred as reward for 
 personal merit or services to crown or country ; 
 (Hist., also k. of the shire) person representing 
 shire or county in parliament ; (Rom. Ant.) one 
 of the class of equites, orig. the cavalry of 
 Roman army; (Gk Ant.) citizen of second class 
 at Athens ; piece in game of chess, usu. with 
 horse's head ; k. bachelor, commander, com- 
 panion 1, hospitaller, templar ; k.-errant, 
 medieval k. wandering in search of chivalrous 
 adventures, (fig.) person of chivalrous or of 
 quixotic spirit ; k.-errantry, practice, conduct, 
 of a k.-errant (lit. & fig.) ; k. of the post, one 
 who got his living by giving false evidence ; k.- 
 service (Hist. ), tenure of land under condition of 
 performing military service. Hence knigh't- 
 hood n., knigh'tLiKE, knigh'tLY 1 , aa., 
 knigh*tLY 2 adv. (poet.). [com.-WG: OE cniht, 
 Du. & G knecht lad, servant, soldier] 
 
 knigh'tage, n. Whole body of knights ; list 
 & account of knights, [-age] 
 
 knit, v.t. & i. (knitted or knit). Form (close 
 texture, garments &c. of this) of interlooping 
 yarn or thread ; contract (brow) in wrinkles ; 
 make, become, close or compact (esp. in p.p., as 
 a well-k. frame) ; (fig.) unite (t. & i.) intimately 
 by means of common interests, marriage, &c, 
 (often together) ; k. up, repair by knitting, (fig.) 
 close up, conclude, (argument &c). [OE cnyt- 
 tan, cf. MDu. knutten, G knutten] 
 
 kni'tting, n. In vbl senses, esp. work in 
 process of k. ; k.-needle, slender rod of steel, 
 wood, ivory, &c. , two or more of which are used 
 together in k. [f. prec. + -ing i] 
 
 kni'ttle, n. (naut.). Small line made of yarn, 
 [f. knit + -le] 
 
 knob, n., & v.t. &i. Rounded protuberance, 
 esp. at end or on surface of thing ; handle of door 
 (often door-k.) or drawer ; small lump (of sugar, 
 
 kn- pronounce n- 
 
 F.D. 
 
 15 
 
KNOBBLE 
 
 450 
 
 KOA 
 
 coal, &c.) ; (slang) head (usu. nob) ; kno'bkerrie 
 [after Cape Du. knopkirie], short stick with 
 knobbed head as weapon of S.-Afr. tribes ; knob- 
 stick, knobbed stick, esp. as weapon, (also) work- 
 man who works during strike ; (v.t.) furnish 
 with kk.; (v.i.) bulge out. Hence kno'bbv 2 a., 
 kno'bbiNESS n. [(vb f. n.) ME, cf. G knobbe] 
 
 kno'bble, n. Small knob. Hence kno'b- 
 blv 2 a. [f. knob i + -LE] 
 
 knock 1 , v.t. & i. Strike with hard blow; 
 strike at (door) to gain admittance ; (slang) 
 make strong impression on, as ivhat knocks me 
 is his impudence ; k. (person &c.) on the head, 
 stun, kill, him by blow on head, (fig.) put an end 
 to (scheme &c); k. one's head against, (fig.) 
 come into unpleasant collision with unfavour- 
 able facts or conditions ; k. head vb, kotow ; 
 drive (thing) in, out, off', &c, by striking (see 
 also below) ; k. the bottom out of, render (argu- 
 ment &c.) invalid ; k. about, strike repeatedly, 
 treat roughly, (intr.) wander, lead irregular 
 life ; k. down, strike (person &c.) to ground 
 with blow, (fig.) cause to succumb, (at auction) 
 dispose of (article to bidder) by knock with 
 hammer, (colloq.) call upon (person for a song 
 &c), (colloq.) lower (prices); k. off, strike off 
 with blow, leave off work, leave off (work), 
 (colloq.) dispatch (business), deduct (sum from 
 price, bill, &c), k. person's head off, (fig.) sur- 
 pass him easily ; k. out, (fig.) vanquish, k. out of 
 time, disable (pugilist) so that he cannot re- 
 spond to call of ' Time ', (colloq.) make (plan &c. ) 
 hastily ; k. together, put hastily together ; k. 
 under, submit, knuckle under; k. up, drive 
 upwards with blow, make or arrange hastily, 
 score (runs) at cricket, arouse (person) by 
 knocking at door, exhaust, become exhausted ; 
 k.-about n. & a., boisterous, noisy (performance 
 in music-hall &c), wandering irregularly, (of 
 clothes) suitable for rough use; k.-down a. & 
 n., (of blow, lit. & fig.) overwhelming, (of price 
 at auction) reserve, minimum, (n.) free fight; 
 k.-knees (that k. together in walking) ; k.-kneed, 
 having k.-knees ; k.-out, a. & n., (of blow) dis- 
 abling, (n.) one of gang who join at auction to 
 buy goods at low price, afterwards reselling 
 among themselves, this practice, such sale, 
 [late OE cnocian, cf. ON knoka, prob. iinit.] 
 
 knock 2 , n. Blow ; rap esp. at door, [prec] 
 
 kno'eker, n. In vbl senses, esp. : appendage, 
 usu. of iron or brass, so hinged to door that it 
 may be struck against metal plate to call atten- 
 tion ; goblin held to dwell in mines & indicate 
 presence of ore by knocking, [-er l ] 
 
 knoll 1 , n. Small hill, mound. [OE cnoll, cf. 
 Du. knot clod, ball, MHG knolle clod] 
 
 knoll 2 , v.t. & i. (archaic). Ring (bell); (of 
 bell) sound; toll out (hours); summon by sound 
 of bell. [var. of knell] 
 
 knop, n. (archaic). Knob ; bud of flower. 
 [ME & Du., cf. G knopf] 
 
 knot 1 , n. Intertwining of parts of one or 
 more ropes, strings, &c, to fasten them to- 
 gether; granny's, reef 1 -, slip-, k.; ribbon &c. 
 so intertwined as ornament or adjunct to dress, 
 as shoulder, sword, top, true-Zok, -k. ; 
 (Naut.) division marked by kk. on log-line, as 
 measure of speed, (loosely) nautical mile (6,080 
 ft) ; difficulty, problem ; gordian k. ; central 
 point in problem or plot of story &c. ; mawiage, 
 wedding, k. (bond) ; hard lump in animal body; 
 excrescence in stem, branch, or root, of plant ; 
 hard mass formed in trunk at insertion of 
 branch, causing round cross-grained piece in 
 board ; node on stem of plant ; group, cluster, 
 of persons or things ; k.-g7'ass, common weed 
 
 with intricate creeping stems & pale pink flow- 
 ers ; knotwork, ornamental work representing 
 or consisting of intertwined cords, (also) kind 
 of fancy needlework. Hence kno'tLESS a. [OE 
 cnotta, cf. Du. knot, G knoten] 
 
 knot 2 , v.t. Tie (string &c.) in knot; make, 
 knit, knots for fringes, (trans.) make (fringe) 
 thus, whence kno'ttiNG x n. ; knit (one's brows); 
 unite closely or intricately ; entangle, [f. prec] 
 
 kno'tty, a. Full of knots; (fig.) puzzling, 
 hard to explain, as k. subject, question, point. 
 Hence kno'ttiNESS n. [f. knot 1 + -y 2 ] 
 
 knout (nowt, noot), n., & v.t. (Flog with) 
 scourge formerly used in Russia, often fatal in 
 its effects, [(vb f. n.) F, f. Russ. knut] 
 
 know 1 (no), v.t. & L (knew, pron. nu, known). 
 Recognize, identify, as / knew him at once, 
 knew him for an American, shall you k. hi?n 
 again ? ; be acquainted with (thing, place, per- 
 son) by sight, to speak to, &c. ; have personal 
 experience of (fear, pain, &c.) ; be on intimate 
 terms with ; be aware of (fact), be aware (that, 
 how, what, &c.) ; k. (person &c.) to be (that he 
 is) ; be versed in (language, science, &c.) ; he 
 icould do it if he knewhoiv (knew the way) ; all 
 one knows, all one can, (adv.) to the utmost 
 of one's power ; k. about, have information 
 about ; Ik. better (than that), I am too well in- 
 formed of the facts to believe that ; k. better 
 than, be too discreet to do ; k. of, be aware of; 
 not that I k. of, not so far as 1 k. ; k. what's 
 what, have proper knowledge of the world & of 
 things in general; k. the ropes; k.-nothing, 
 ignorant person, (also) agnostic, whence know- 
 nothi<ngism. Hence knowaBi'LiTV, know- 
 ableNESS, nn., knoWABLE a. [com.-Teut. 
 (retained only in E) & Aryan: OE (ge)cndwan, 
 OHG -endan, L & Gk gno-, Skr. jna-] 
 
 know 2 , n. (colloq.). In the k., knowing (about) 
 the thing in question or what is not generally 
 known, [f. prec] 
 
 knowing, a. In vbl senses, esp. : cunning, 
 wide-awake ; (colloq. ) stylish, smart, as a k. hat. 
 Hence knowing-NESS n. [ing 2 ] 
 
 knowingly, adv. In a knowing manner; 
 consciously, intentionally, as I have never k. 
 injured him. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 knowledge (no'lij), n. Knowing, famili- 
 arity gained by experience, (of person, thing, 
 fact) ; person's range of information, as it came 
 to my k. (became known to me), not to my k., 
 not so far as I know, he had to viy (certain) 
 k. been bribed (I know he had) ; theoretical or 
 practical understanding (of subject, language, 
 &c ) ; the sum of what is known, as evei~y branch 
 of k. [ME knaulage, century later than obs. 
 vb knowledge confess (know, -ledge unexpl.)] 
 
 knu'ckle, n., & v.t. & L Bone at finger- 
 joint, esp. at root of finger; projection of carpal 
 or tarsal joint of quadruped ; joint of meat con- 
 sisting of this with parts above & below it ; k.- 
 bone, bone forming k., esp. of sheep or the like, 
 (pi.) game played with such bones ; k. -duster, 
 metal instrument protecting kk. from injury in 
 striking; (v.t.) strike, press, rub, with kk. ; (v.i.) 
 place kk. on ground in playing at marbles, k. 
 down, under, give in, submit (to), [(vb f. n.) 
 ME knokel, cf. Du. kneukcl, G knochel, prob. 
 dim. of wd appearing in MLG as knoke bone] 
 
 knur(p), n. Hard excrescence on trunk of 
 tree ; hard concretion ; wooden ball in north- 
 country game like trap-ball. [ME knorre, cf. 
 Du. knor, G knorre(n)\ 
 
 knurl, n. Knot, knob ; bead or ridge in metal 
 work, whence knurlED 2 a. [prob. f. prec] 
 
 ko'a, n. An acacia in Sandwich Is. [natfrve] 
 
 kn- pronounce n- 
 
KOBOLD 
 
 ko'bold, n. (Germ. Myth.). Familiar spirit, 
 brownie ; underground spirit in mines &c. [G, 
 etvrn. dub.] 
 
 ko'dak, n., & v.t. Kind of photographic 
 camera with continuous roll of sensitized film ; 
 (v.t.) photograph with k., (fig.) seize quickly, 
 describe vividly, (scene, view), [trade name] 
 
 ko'el, n. Indian & Australian kinds of cuckoo, 
 [f. Hind, kdil f. Skr. kokila] 
 
 kd'h-i-noop (-hi-), n. Famous Indian dia- 
 mond, property of British Crown since 1849; 
 anything superb (o/its class), [f. Pers. kohi nur 
 (koh mountain + nur light)] 
 
 kohl (kol), n. Powder, usu. antimony, used 
 in East to darken eyelids &c. [f. Arab, koh, 
 see alcohol] 
 
 kohlra'bi (-rah-), n. Cabbage with turnip- 
 shaped stem, used in England as food for cattle. 
 IG, f. It. ca voli rape pi. (sec cole & rape)] 
 
 kola. See cola. 
 
 koo'doo, kudu (koo'doo), n. Large white- 
 striped spiral-horned S.-Afr. antelope, [native] 
 
 koo'lah, n. Arboreal mammal of Australia, 
 like sloth in form, [native] 
 
 ko'pje (-pi), n. (S.-Afr.). Small hill. [Du.,dim. 
 of kop head] 
 
 kop'an (or korah'n), n. Sacred book of the 
 Mohammedans, collection of Mohammed's oral 
 revelations, written in Arabic Hence kopa'n- 
 1C a. [f. Arab, qoran recitation (qara'a read)] 
 
 ko'sher, a. & n. (Of food or shop where food 
 is sold or used) fulfilling requirements of Jewish 
 law ; (n.) k. food or shop. [f. Heb. kosher right] 
 
 kotow" (-ow), n., & v.i. Chinese custom of 
 touching ground with forehead as sign of wor- 
 ship or absolute submission ; (v.i.) perform the 
 k., act obsequiously, [(vb f. n.) f. Chin, k'o-t'ou 
 (k'o knock + t'ou head)] 
 
 kou'miss (koo-), n. Fermented liquor pre- 
 pared from mare's milk. [f. Tartar kumiz] 
 
 koup'bash (koor-), koor-, n. Hide whip as 
 instrument of punishment in Turkey & Egypt. 
 [f. Arab, qurbash f. Turk, qirbach] 
 
 kraal (krahl), n. S. -African village of huts 
 enclosed by fence ; enclosure for cattle or sheep, 
 [colon. Du., f. Port, corral] 
 
 kpa'ken (krah-, kra-), n. Mythical sea-mon- 
 ster appearing off coast of Norway. [Norw.] 
 
 kpan(t)z, n. (S.-Afr.). Precipitous or over- 
 hanging wall of rocks. [S.-Afr. Du., = Du. krans 
 coronet] 
 
 kre'mlin, n. Citadel within Russian town, 
 csp. that of Moscow containing imperial palace 
 &c. [F, f. Russ. kreml] 
 
 kpeu'tzep (kroi-), n. Small silver & copper 
 coins formerly current in Germany & Austria. 
 [f. G kreuzer (kreuz cross)] 
 
 Irr/egsp/eK kre'gspel), n. War-game in which 
 blocks representing troops &c. are moved about 
 on maps. [G] 
 
 Kpi'shnaism (-«i-), n. Worship of Krishna, 
 great deity of later Hinduism, worshipped as 
 incarnation of Vishnu, [-ism] 
 
 kro'ne (-e), n. Silver coin of Denmark, Nor- 
 way, & Sweden, worth Is. Ud.; Austrian silver 
 coin worth KM. ; German 10-mark gold piece. 
 IG & Da. krone, Sw. krona, crown] 
 
 Kpoo, Kpou, Kpu, (-00), n. & a. (Member) 
 
 of negro race on coast of Liberia, skilful as sea- 
 men. [W.-Afr.] 
 
 kpy-pton, n. (chemA A rare gas discovered 
 
 by Ramsay in 1898. [f. Gk krupton hidden, neut. 
 
 adj. f. krupto hide] 
 kirdos, n. (slang.). Glory, renown. [Gk] 
 Ku-Klux(-Klan), n. Secretsociety in south- 
 ern States of N. America, which developed a 
 
 system of political outrage & murder after civil 
 
 war of 1861-5. [fancy name] 
 
 451 LABIATE 
 
 kwkri (kdb-), n. Curved knife broadening to- 
 wards point, used by Gorkhas of India. [Hind.] 
 
 ku'mmel (G), n. Cumin-flavoured liqueur. 
 
 kursaai (koor'zahl), n. Building for use of 
 visitors esp. at German health resort. [G] 
 
 kvass, n. Russian rye-beer. [f. Russ. kvas] 
 
 ky'anize, v.t. Treat (wood) with solution of 
 corrosive sublimate to prevent decay, [f. J. H. 
 Kyan, inventor, -f -ize] 
 
 ky'lin (ke-), n. Fabulous composite animal 
 figured on Chinese & Japanese pottery, [f. Chin. 
 ch'i-lin (ch'i male + lin female)] 
 
 kylo, n. One of small breed of long-horned 
 Scotch cattle. [?] 
 
 Kyp'ie ele'lson (ela-), n. Words of short 
 petition used in Eastern & Roman Churches, 
 esp. at beginning of Mass, musical setting of 
 these ; response to commandments in Commu- 
 nion Service in Anglican Church, [f. Gk Kurie 
 election Lord, have mercy] 
 
 L (el), letter (pi. is, L's). Thing shaped like L ; 
 rectangular joint of pipes &c. ; Roman numeral 
 = 50, as CL 150, XL 40, lx 60, lv do, (LXX, the 
 Septuagint). 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : L.: left; lira(s) ; London, 
 as L.C.C. (County Council) ; Lord, as L.C.J. 
 (Chief Justice), L.J(J). (Justice, -s) ; Lance, L.- 
 Copp.(oral); licentiate, as L.R.C.P. (Royal 
 College of Physicians) ; librae, L4.S.D. (solidi, 
 denarii)'. LL : legum, LL.B.i accalaureua), 
 LL.D. (oct or) : 1.: leg, l.b.w. (before wicket); 
 line, as 1. 14 : litre(s), as 51.; libra(e), as 201.; loco, 
 hc.Utato); lower, I.e. (case) : 11.: lines, as 11. 2-15. 
 
 Abbreviations (2): La., Louisiana; Lam.- 
 (entations) ; Lanes., Lancashire ; lat.(itude) ; 
 lb., libra(e) ; Leics., Leicestershire ; Lev.jiti 
 cus) ; Lieut.(enant) : Lines., Lincolnshire , 
 lit.(erally); lit.(erae)hum.(am'o?-es); Lit.(em- 
 rum) D.(octor) ; loe.(o) eit.{cito) ; London., 
 Bishop of London; long.(itude) ; loq.(uitiu') ; 
 Lt, lieutenant ; Ltd, limited. 
 
 la (lah), n. (mus.). Sixth note of octave, [first 
 syl. of L labii, see gamut] 
 
 laa'g-ep (lahg-), n., & v.t. & i. Camp, encamp- 
 ment, esp. in circle of wagons. (Vb) form (wa- 
 gons) into 1.; encamp (persons) in 1.; encamp. 
 [S.-Afr. Du., & G, lager, Du. leger, see leaguer 1 ] 
 
 la'bapum, n. Constantine the Great's im- 
 perial standard with Christian added to Roman- 
 military symbols : symbolic banner. [L, f. Gk 
 labor on etym. dub.] 
 
 labdaeism. See lambdacism. 
 
 labefa'etion, n. Shaking, weakening, down- 
 fall, [f. L labefacere (labare totter, facere make), 
 see -faction] 
 
 la'bel (-bl), n., & v.t. Slip of paper, cardboard, 
 linen, metal, &c, for attaching to object & in- 
 dicating its nature, owner, name, destination, 
 &c; (fig.) short classifying phrase or name ap- 
 plied to persons &c; adhesive stamp; (Archit.) 
 dripstone. (Vb) attach 1. to ; assign to a cate- 
 gory (as, obj. & compl., or abs.). [OF,= ribbon, 
 fillet, etym. dub.] 
 
 la'bial, a. & n. Of the lips ; (Anat., Zool.) of, 
 like, serving as, a lip, lip-like part, or labium ; 
 (Mus.) I. pipe, in organ, one furnished with lips, 
 flue-pipe; (Phonet.) (sound) requiring closure 
 or approximation of lips (p, b, m, f, v, w, & 
 vowels in which lips are rounded, as o), whence 
 la'bialiSiM(l), labializ\TiON, nn., la'bial- 
 ize(3) v.t. [f. med.L labialis (labium, -al)] 
 
 la'biate (-at), a. & n. (Bot.) with corolla or 
 calyx divided into two parts suggesting lips 
 (n., such plant); (Bot., Zool.) like Up or labium. 
 [labium + -ATE 2 ] 
 
LABILE 
 
 452 
 
 LACTIC 
 
 la'bile, a. (physics, chem.). Unstable, liable 
 to displacement or change, [f. L labilis (labi to 
 lapse a , -IL)] 
 
 la'bio-, comb, form of foil. = of the lip(s) & — , 
 as -denial, made with lip & teeth. 
 la'bi^m, n. (pi. -ia). (Anat.; usu. pi.) lip(s)of 
 female pudendum ; floor of mouth of insects, 
 crustaceans, &c; inner lip of univalve shell; 
 lip. esp. the lower, of labiate corolla. [L, = lip] 
 laboratory (or labo*-), n. Room or building 
 used for experiments in natural science, esp. 
 chemistry, or for manufacturing chemicals &c. 
 (also fig., I. of the mind, of ideas, &c). Hence 
 labopatop'iAL a. [f. med.L laboratorium 
 (laborare labour 2 , -ory)] 
 labop'ious, a. Hard-working ; toilsome ; (of 
 style &c.) showing signs of toil, not facile or 
 fluent. Hence labop'iousLY 2 adv., labor*- 
 iousNESS n. [f. L laboriosus (foil., -iocs)] 
 la'boup \ n. Bodily or mental toil, exertion, 
 (hard I.; lost I., fruitless efforts); toil tending 
 to supply wants of community, body of those 
 who contribute by toil to production, labourers, 
 (opp. capital 2 ); task (I. of Hercules, Hercu- 
 lean I., one needing enormous strength &c.) ; 
 pains of childbirth, travail, {in I.) ; l.-market, 
 supply of unemployed 1. with reference to de- 
 mand on it. [f . OF labor f. L laborem nom. -or] 
 la'boup 2 , v.i. & t. Use 1., exert oneself, work 
 hard ; strive for end or to do ; advance with 
 difficulty (wheels I. in the sand); be troubled 
 (her labouring heart) or impeded, suffer under 
 mistake &c. ; (of ship) roll or pitch heavily ; (ar- 
 chaic or poet.) till (ground); elaborate, work out 
 in detail, treat at length, (twill not I. the point ; 
 laboured, much elaborated, showing signs of 
 1., not spontaneous) ; labouring man, labourer, 
 [f. F labourer f. L laborare (labor labour 1 )] 
 la'boupep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., man doing 
 for wages work that requires strength or pa- 
 tience rather than skill or training, [-er 1 ] 
 la'bpet, n. Piece of shell, bone, &c, inserted 
 in lip as ornament. [L labrum lip, -et 1 ] 
 labup'num, n. Small tree with racemes of 
 bright yellow flowers. [L] 
 la'bypinth, n. Complicated irregular struc- 
 ture with many passages hard to find way 
 through or about without guidance, maze ; in- 
 tricate or tortuous arrangement ; (Anat.) com- 
 plex cavity of internal ear ; entangled state of 
 affairs. Hence labypi*nthiXE 2 a. [f. L f. Gk 
 laburinthos etym. dub.] 
 
 labypi'nthodon, n., -dont,n. & a. (Kinds 
 of large fossil amphibian) with labyrinthine 
 teeth, {-dont f. -don mod.L, f. Gk as prec. + 
 odous -ontos tooth] 
 
 lae \ n. Dark-red resin used in East as scarlet 
 dye ; ware coated with this. [f. Hind, lakh f. 
 Skr. laksha] 
 
 lae 2 , lakh, n. (Anglo-Ind.). A hundred 
 thousand (usu. I. of rupees). [Hind, (-kh) f. 
 Skr. laksha] 
 
 lace ! , n. Cord or leather strip for fastening 
 or tightening opposite edges of boots, stays, &c. , 
 by help of eyelets or hooks ; braid for trimming 
 men's coats &c. (usu. gold or silver I.) ; fine open 
 fabric of linen, cotton, silk, woollen, or metal 
 threads usu. with inwrought or anplied pat- 
 terns ; l.-glass, Venetian with l.-like designs ; l- 
 irillow, laid on lap of woman making 1. Hence 
 a*ev 2 a. [f. OF laz, las, f. L laqueus noose] 
 lace 2 , v.t. & i. Fasten or tighten (boot, stays, 
 &c.) with 1. ; compress waist of by drawing 
 stay-11. tight, (intr. ) compress one's waist ; inter- 
 lace or embroider (fabric) with thread &c. ; pass 
 (cord &c. ) through ; trim with 1. ; diversify (flower 
 with streaks of colour) ; lash, beat, (also intr. as 
 I. into person) ; flavour, fortify, (milk, beer, &c.) 
 
 with spirit. Hence UvcingMIAB) n . [f. OF 
 lacier as prec] 
 
 la'cepate, v.t. Mangle, tear, (esp. flesh or 
 tissues) ; afflict, distress, (heart, feelings). Hence 
 orcogn. la'eePABLE, la*eePATE 2 (-at), la'eer- 
 ative, aa., laeePA'TiON n. [f. L lacerare (lacer 
 torn), -ate 3 ] 
 
 laeep'tian, -tine, aa. Of lizards ; lizard-like, 
 [f. L lacerta lizard + -/an, -ine 1 ] 
 
 laee't (la-), n. Work made of braid or tape 
 shaped into a design with lace stitches, [-et 1 ] 
 
 la'ches (-tshiz), n. (Law) negligence in per- 
 forming a legal duty, delay in asserting right, 
 claiming privilege, &c. ; culpable negligence, 
 [f. OF laschesse (lasche f. lascher i. \flaxare f. 
 laxus LAX, -ESS 2 )] 
 
 La'chpymaChpi'stiflak-), n. Strong sweet 
 red S.-Ital. wine. [L, — Christ's tear] 
 
 la'chpymal (-k-), a. & n. Of, for, tears (I. 
 vase, or I. as n., to hold tears; I. canal, duct, 
 gland, sac, in Anat. ; also 11. as n., these organs). 
 [med.L (-alis), f. L lacrima tear cf. Gk dakru] 
 
 laehpyma'tion, n. Flow of tears, [f. L 
 lacri?natio (lacrimare as prec, -ation)] 
 
 la'ehpymatopy, a. & n. Of, causing, tears ; 
 (vase) for tears, [f. lacrimare see prec. + -ory] 
 
 la'ehpymose, a. Tearful, given to weeping. 
 Hence laehpymo'seL y 2 adv. [f . L lacriynos us 
 (lacrima tear, -ose 1 )] 
 
 laci'niate (-at), -ated, aa. (bot., zool.). Cut 
 into deep irregular segments, slashed, jagged, 
 fringed, [f . L lacinia lappet, -ate 2 ] 
 
 lack., n., & v.i. & t. Deficiency, want, need, 
 of (no I., plenty of; for I., owing to want or 
 absence of). (Vb) be wanting (only in part, 
 forms, as money was lacking, is lacking in 
 courage) ; be without, not have, be deficient in ; 
 lackland, (person) having no land; la'ck-lustre, 
 (of eye &c.) dull. [cf. MLG lak, MDu. lac, de- 
 ficiency, blame, fault] 
 
 lackadai'sical (-z-), a. Languishing, affect- 
 ed, given to airs & graces, feebly sentimental. 
 Hence lackadai'sical lv 2 adv., lackadai*- 
 siealNESS n. [f. archaic lackaday, -daisy, int. 
 (alack) + -ical] 
 
 la'ckey, la'equey (-ki), n., & v.t. Footman, 
 man-servant (usu. liveried); (vb) dance atten- 
 dance on, behave servilely to. [f. F laquais 
 (in OF also alacays pi.) etym. dub.] 
 
 lacd'nic, a. Brief, concise, sententious ; given 
 to such speech or style. Hence laeo'niCALLY 
 adv.,laeo*niciSM(2)n. [f. Gklakonikos(Lakon 
 Spartan, -ic)] 
 
 la'conism, n. Brevity of speech ; short pithy 
 saying, [f. Gk lakonismos (lakonizo behave 
 like Spartan or Lakon, -ism)] 
 
 la'cquep (kcr), la'ekep, n., & v.t. Gold- 
 coloured varnish of shellac dissolved in alcohol 
 used esp. as coating for brass ; kinds of resinous 
 varnish (esp. Japanese I.) taking hard polish & 
 used for wood &c, articles so coated ; (vb) coat 
 with 1. [f . obs. F lacre sealing-wax perh. f . Port. 
 lacca lac 1 ] 
 
 laepim-, laepym-. See laehpym-. 
 
 lacrosse (lahkraws, -6s), n. N.-Arner. game 
 like hockey, but with ball driven by & carried 
 in crosse. [F la the + crosse] 
 
 lacta'tion, n. Suckling ; secreting of milk, 
 [f. L lactare suckle (lac -tis milk) + -ation] 
 
 la'eteal, a. & n. Of milk ; conveying chyle or 
 other milky fluid (n. pi., vessels of mesentery 
 doing this), [f. L lacteus (lac see prec.) + -al] 
 
 lacte'scence, n., lactescent, a. Milky 
 (appearance) ; (yielding) milky juice, [f. L lac- 
 tescere (lactere be milky, see prec. ), -ence, -ent] 
 
 la'etic, a. (chem.). Of milk ; I. acid, formed in 
 sour milk, whence la'etATE ] (3) n. [f. L lac -tis 
 milk + -ic] 
 
LACTIFEROUS 
 
 453 
 
 LAITY 
 
 lacti'fenous, a. Yielding milk or milky 
 fluid, [f. L lactifer (prec, -ferous)] 
 
 lacto-, comb, form (-I-, -o-) of L as prec; 
 -protein, albuminous constituent of milk ; 
 -meter, -scope, instruments for testing purity 
 of milk. 
 
 lacto'se, n. Saccharine substance in, sugar 
 of, milk, [as prec. -+- -ose 2 ] 
 
 lacu'na, n. (pi. -ae, -as). Hiatus, blank, miss- 
 ing portion, empty part; cavity in bone, tissue. 
 &c. Hence lacu'nAL, laeu'nAR, lacu'nARV, 
 lacu'nosE !, aa. [L (lacus lake *)] 
 
 laeu'strlne, a. Of, dwelling or growing in, 
 lake(s) ; I. age, of lake ^dwellings, [f. L lacus 
 -us lake l on anal, of L2ialustr- f. pains -udis 
 marsh + -IXE 1 ] 
 
 lad, n. Boy, youth, young fellow, fellow. 
 Hence la'ddie [-Y 3 ] n. [ME ladde; earlier 
 sense serving-man ; perh. orig. p.p. of lead] 
 
 la'dder, n. Set of steps (called rungs) insert- 
 ed usu. in two uprights of wood or metal or in 
 two cords to serve as (usu. portable) means of 
 ascending building &c; (fig.) means of rising 
 in the world or attaining object (kick down I., 
 abandon friends or occupation that have help- 
 ed one to rise) ; l.-dredge, with buckets carried 
 round on l.-like chain ; I. -stitch, crossbar stitch 
 in embroidery. [OE hlaeder cf. G leiter cogn. 
 w. lean' 2 & Gk klimax climax] 
 
 lade, v.t. (p.p. laden). Put cargo on board 
 (ship) ; ship (goods) as cargo (bill 4 of lading), 
 whence la'diNG 1 ^) n.; (p.p., of vehicle, beast 
 of burden, person, tree, branch, table, &c.) load- 
 ed (with); (p.p.) painfully burdened with sin, 
 sorrow, &c. [com.-Teut.; OE hladan, cf. Du. 
 & G laden] 
 
 la-di-da* (lah-, -ah), a. & n. (Person given 
 to) swagger or pretension in manners & pro- 
 nunciation ; pretentious in this way. [imit. of 
 pronunciation used] 
 
 Ladi'n (-en), n. rhaeto-romanic of the En- 
 gadine. [f. It. Ladino f. L latinos] 
 
 la'dle, n., & v.t. Large sjjoon with cup bowl 
 & long handle for transferring liquids ; hence 
 la'dleFUL(2) n.; (vb) transfer (liquid) with 1. 
 from one receptacle to another. [OE hlaedel 
 lade in obs. sense bale + -le(1)] 
 
 la'dy, n. Ruling woman (poet. exc. in I. of 
 the manor, our sovereign I.) ; woman to whom 
 man is devoted, mistress, love ; Our L., Virgin 
 Mary ; woman belonging to, or fitted by man- 
 ners, habits, & sentiments, for, the upper classes 
 (corresp. to gentleman ; I. of bedchamber, l.- 
 in-waiting, 1. attending sovereign ; fine 3 I.); 
 (courteously for) woman (as voc., only poet, or 
 vulg. in sing., but usu. form of address in pi.) ; 
 (title used as less formal prefix for) Marchioness, 
 Countess, Viscountess, Baroness, (also prefixed 
 to Christian name of) daughter of duke, mar- 
 quis, or earl, (or to husband's Christian name 
 of) wife of holder of courtesy title lord William 
 &c.,(or to surname of) wife of baronet or knight, 
 (also in the compound title) L. Mayoress, wife 
 of Lord Mayor; my I., form of address used 
 chiefly by servants &c. to holders of title 1.; 
 wife (archaic or vulg., exc. of those who hold 
 the title I.); painted 1-, kind of butterfly ; (with 
 ■clerk, -doctor, -president, -dog, &c.) female ; 
 (with-cooA:, -parlourmaid, -help, &c.) claiming 
 to be treated as 1. Ladies' gallery, in House of 
 Commons reserved for 11. ;L.-altar(mIj. -chapel); 
 la'dy-bird, coleopterous insect, reddish-brown 
 with black spots ; I. -chair, made by two persons' 
 interlaced hands to carry wounded man &c; 
 L.-chapel, in large church usu. east of high 
 altar & dedicated to Virgin ; I. -clock, -cow, lady- 
 bird; L.Day, Feast of Annunciation25thMarch, 
 one of the quarter days ; l.-fern, tall slender 
 
 kind ; l.-help, 1. employed as domestic ; l.-killer, 
 man devoting himself to making conquests of 
 11.; l.-leve, sweetheart; L.'s BKrfstraio ; l.'s 
 companion, roll containing cottons &c; L.'s 
 (cushion, mossy saxifrage; L.'s finger, kidney 
 vetch; L.'s laces, kind of striped grass; l.'s 
 maid, in charge of l.'s toilet ; l.'s man, frequent- 
 ing female society; L.'s mantle, rosaceous herb; 
 L.-smock, cuckoo-flower; L.'s-slipper, orchida- 
 ceous wild & garden plant with usu. yellow bag 
 or slipper shaped flowers, calceolaria; L.'s 
 tresses, quaking grass. Hence la'dyHOOD n. 
 [OE hl&fdige (hlaf loaf, dig- knead cf. dough); 
 in l.-altar, -bird, -chapel, -clock, -cow, -day, 
 -smock, Lis old genit, = (Our) Lady's] 
 
 la-dyfy, -ify, v.t. Make lady of ; call lady ; 
 (p.p.) having the airs of a fine lady, [-fy] 
 
 la'dylike, a. With manners &c. of a lady ; 
 (of man) effeminate ; befitting a ladv. [-like] 
 
 la'dyship, n. Being a lady ; her, your, l„ 
 their 11., she, you, they, (in respectful mention 
 of or address to titular lady), [-ship] 
 
 l(a)evo-, comb, form of L laevus left, esp. in 
 terms concerned with chem. property of caus- 
 ing plane of polarized light ray to rotate to left 
 (opp. dextro-) ; so -gyr-ous, -rogatory, of sub- 
 stances having this ; -compound, chemical com- 
 pound having it ; -glucose, ~io\\. 
 
 l(a)e*vulose, n. (chem.). Laevo-rotatorv 
 form of glucose, fruit-sugar, [prec, -ul-, -ose 2 ] 
 
 lag 1 * v.i., & n. Go too slow, not keep pace, 
 fall behind (often behind adv. & prep.); (n., 
 physics) (amount of) retardation in current or 
 movement (/. of tide, interval by which it falls 
 behind mean time in 1st & 3rd quarters of moon, 
 cf. priming 2 ). Hence la'gg-ARD n. & a., la*g- 
 g-ERi n., la'g-giNG 2 a. [n. f. vb ; vb perh. f. 
 obs. n. = hindmost person, which is perh. cor- 
 ruption of last in children's games (fog, seg, I., 
 = lst, 2nd, last, indiall.)] 
 
 lag 2 , v.t., & n., (slang). Send to penal servi- 
 tude ; apprehend, arrest ; (n.) convict. [?] 
 
 lag- 3, n., & v.t. Stave, lath, strip of wood or 
 felt, esp. as part of non-conducting cover of 
 boiler &c ; (vb) case with 11., whence la'g-g- 
 ing M3) n. [f. OX logg barrel-rim] 
 
 la'g-an, n. (legal). Goods or wreckage lying 
 on bed of sea. IOF, perh. f. Teut. lie 3 , lay 3 )] 
 
 la'g-er (beer) (lahg-), n. Light kind of (orig. 
 German) beer. [f. G lager-bier (lager store)] 
 
 lagoo'n, -une, n. Stretch of salt water 
 parted from sea by low sand-bank ; enclosed 
 water of atoll. [F (-une), f. It. & Sp. laguna t 
 L lacuna] 
 
 la'ic, a. & n. Non-cleric(al), lay(man), secu- 
 lar, temporal. So la'ic al a., la'iealLY 2 adv. 
 [f. LL f. Gk laikos (laos people, -ic)] 
 
 la'icize, v.t. Make lay ; commit (school &c), 
 throw open (office), to laymen. Hence laieiz a - 
 tion n. [prec, -ize] 
 
 laid. See lay 3 . 
 
 lain. See lie 3 . 
 
 lair, n., & v.i. & t. Place where animals lie 
 down ; shed or enclosure for cattle on way to 
 market, whence laip*AGE(l, 3) n. ; wild beast's 
 lying-place ; (vb) go to, rest or place in, 1. [OE 
 leger bed, also Du., cf. G lager; cogn. w. lie 3 ] 
 
 laird, n. (Sc ). Landed proprietor in Scotland. 
 Hence laip'dsHip n. [Sc. form of lord w. 
 changed sense] 
 
 La'is, n. Accomplished or beautiful courte- 
 san, [name of two celebrated Greek hetaerae] 
 
 laissez-alfer (la'sa a 'la, or as F) ,n. Uncon- 
 strained freedom, absence of constraint. [F] 
 
 lai'ssez-faire (la"sa far, or as F), n. Govern- 
 ment abstention from interference with indi- 
 vidual action esp. in commerce. [F, = let act] 
 la'ity, n. Being a layman ; laymen ; unpro- 
 
lake: 
 
 454 
 
 LANCE 
 
 fessional people, those outside any particular 
 learned profession, [f. F lai lay 2 + -ty] 
 
 lake 1 , n. Large body of water entirely sur- 
 rounded by land ; the Great L., Atlantic ocean ; 
 the Great LI., Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, 
 & Ontario/forming boundary of U.S. & Canada ; 
 I. -country, I. -land, region of English 11. in 
 Westmoreland, Cumberland, & Lanes. ; l.- 
 dweller, prehistoric inhabitant of l.-dwelling, 
 built on piles driven into bed of 1. ; I. poets, 
 Coleridge, Southey, & Wordsworth, who lived 
 in lake-land. Hence la'keLESS a., la'keLET 
 n. [f. OF lac f. L lacus] 
 
 lake 2 , n. Crimson pigment, orig. made from 
 lac, now from various combinations, [var. of 
 
 LAC 1 ] 
 
 lalla'tion, n. lambdacism. |f. L lallare 
 sing lullaby + -ation] 
 
 lam, v.t. & i. (slang). Thrash, hit (t., & i. 
 with into) hard with cane &c. [perh. cogn. w. 
 lame] 
 
 la'ma 1 (lah-), n. Thibetan or Mongolian 
 Buddhist priest (Dalai or Grand-L., chief 1. of 
 Thibet, Teshu-L., of Mongolia). Hence la'ma- 
 isjsf, la'maiST, nn. [Thibetan llama] 
 
 lama-. See llama. 
 
 Lamap'ckian, a. & n. (Follower) of La- 
 marck or his theory of organic evolution by in- 
 heritable modifications produced in the indi- 
 vidual by habit &c. [Lamarck, F botanist & 
 zoologist, d. 1829, + -ian] 
 
 lama'sery (-mah-), n. Monastery of lamas, 
 [f. F lamaserie irreg. f. lama 1 ] 
 
 lamb (-m), n., & v.t. & i. Young of sheep (as 
 well be hanged for a sheep as for a I., sin 
 boldly, go the whole hog; wolf, fox, in Us 
 skin, hypocrite) ; its flesh as food ; young mem- 
 ber of church flock ; innocent, weak, or dear 
 person ; The L. (of God), Christ ; Z.'.s-fry 2 , pro- 
 duct of l.'s castration ; lambskin, with wool on, 
 or as leather; l.s'-tails, hazel catkins; L's-wool, 
 used in hosiery; hence la'mbHOOD, la'mb- 
 kin, nn., la'mbLiKE a. (Vb) : (Pass. ; of 11.) be 
 brought forth ; bring forth 1., yean ; tend (ewes) 
 at lambing-time, whence la'mbER 1 (-mer) n. 
 [OE ; com.-Teut., cf. Du. lam, G lamm] 
 
 la'mbda, n. Letter L in Greek alphabet (A 
 A) ; I. moth, with 1. on wings. [Gk, also labda] 
 
 la*(m)bdaeism, n. Pronunciation of r as I. 
 [prec, -ism] 
 
 la'mbdoid, lambdoi'dal, aa. Lambda- 
 shaped (I. suture, connecting two parietal bones 
 W.th occipital, [f. F lambdoide f. Gk lambdo- 
 
 JltieS (LAMBDA, -OID) + -AL] 
 
 la'mbent, a. (Of flame or light) playing on 
 surface without burning it, with soft radiance ; 
 (of eyes, sky, &c.) softly radiant; (of wit &c.) 
 gently brilliant. Hence la'mbExcv n., la*m- 
 bentLY 2 adv. [f. L lambere lick, -ent] 
 
 la'mbnequin (-kin), n. Short piece of drap- 
 ery over top of door or window, or hung from 
 mantelpiece. [F, etym. dub. ; orig. scarf worn 
 over helmet] 
 
 lame, a., & v.t. Crippled by injury or defect 
 in a limb, esp. foot or leg, limping or unable to 
 walk, (of person, limb, steps, &c. ; I. of or in a 
 leg &c.) ; (of argument, story, excuse) imper- 
 fect, unsatisfactory; (of metre) halting; I. 
 duck 1 ; hence la*miSH 1 (2) a., la*meLY 2 adv., 
 la-mexESS n. (Vb) make 1., cripple, (lit. & fig.). 
 [OE lama, cf. Du. lam, G lahm] 
 
 lamella, n. (pi. -ac). Thin plate, scale, layer, 
 or film, esp. of bone or tissue. Hence lame'l- 
 Iar 1 , la'mellATE 2 , -ated, lame'llosE 1 , aa., 
 lame'lli- comb. form. [L, dim. of lamina] 
 
 lame'nt, n., & v.t. & i. Passionate expres- 
 sion of grief ; elegy, dirge. (Vb) express or feel 
 grief for or about, be distressed at, regret, (also 
 
 intr. with for or over, or abs.) ; (p.p.) mourned 
 for (esp. conventionally of the dead, as the late 
 lamented — ). [f. L n. lamentum & vb lamentari) 
 
 la'mentable, a. Mournful (archaic) ; (of 
 events, fate, condition, character, &c.) deplor- 
 able, regrettable. Hence la-mentabi, v 2 adv. 
 [f. L lamentabilvi (prec, -able)] 
 
 lamentation, n. Lamenting, lament ; LI. 
 (of Jeremiah), O.-T. book (abbr. Lam.), [f. L 
 lamentatio (lament, -ation)] 
 
 la'mia, n. Monster in woman's shape prey- 
 ingon human beings & sucking children's blood. 
 [L f. Gk] 
 
 tormina, n. (pi. -ae). Thin plate, scale, layer, 
 or flake, of metal, bone, membrane, stratified 
 rock, vegetable tissue, &c. Hence la'minAR 1 , 
 la'minosE 1 , aa., la'mini- comb. form. [L] 
 
 la 'min ate, v.t. & i. Beat or roll (metal) into 
 thin plates ; split (t. & i.) into layers or leaves ; 
 overlay with metal plates ; manufacture by 
 placing layer on layer. Hence or cogn. la'min- 
 ate 2 (-at) a., laminA'Tio-N n. [prec. + -ate 3 ] 
 
 La'mmas, n. First of August, formerly ob- 
 served as harvest festival (latter L., non-existent 
 date, day that will never come, cf. Greek ca- 
 lends). [OE hldfmxsse (loaf, mass l )] 
 
 la'mmergeyer (-gl-h n. Bearded Vulture, 
 largest European bird of prey. [f. G lammer- 
 geier (lammer lambs, geier vulture)] 
 * lamp, n., & v.i. & t. Vessel with oil & wick 
 for giving light ; glass vessel enclosing candle, 
 gas-jet, incandescent wire, or other illuminant 
 (smell of the I., betray nocturnal study, be la- 
 borious in style &c. ; with allusion to ancient- 
 Greek torch-race, pass, hand, on the I., do one's 
 part in advancing knowledge, a cause, &c.) ; 
 safety L; spirit/.; (fig.) sun, moon, star; source 
 of spiritual or intellectual light, hope, &c; L- 
 black, pigment made from soot ; l.-chimney, 
 glass cylinder shielding 1. -flame; lamplight, 
 given by 1. or 11.; l.-lighter, man who lights 
 street 11. (like a l.-L, with speed) ; /.-post, usu. of 
 iron supporting street 1.; hence la'mpLESS a. 
 (Vb) shine; supply with 11.; illuminate, [f. F 
 lampe f. L f. Gk lampas (lampe shine)] 
 
 la'mpas 1 , n. Horse-disease with swelling in 
 roof of mouth. [F, earlier = disease producing 
 thirst, etym. dub.] „ 
 
 la'mpas 2 , n. Kind of flowered silk orig. 
 from China. [F. etym. dub.] 
 
 la'mpion, n. Pot of usu. coloured glass with 
 otl & wick used in illuminations. [F, f. It. lam- 
 pione (lampa lamp, -oon)] 
 
 lampoo'n, n., & v.t. Virulent or scurrilous 
 piece of satire ; hence lam poo*niST(l) n.; (vb) 
 write 1. or 11. against, whence lampoo'nER 1 
 n. [f. F tampon perh. f. tampons let us drink] 
 
 la*mprey,n. Eel-like fish with sucker mouth, 
 pouch gills, & seven spiracles on each side, & 
 fistula on top, of head. [f. OF lamproie f. med.L 
 lampreda perh. = lampctra taken as f. L lam- 
 bere lick, petra stone w. ref. to use of sucker] 
 
 Lanea'strian, a. & n. (Adherent) of family 
 descended from John of Gaunt Duke of Lan- 
 caster, or of the Red-rose party fighting for it 
 in Wars of the Roses. [Lancaster, -ian] 
 
 lance *, n. Weapon with long wooden shaft 
 & pointed steel head used by horseman in charg- 
 ing ; similarimplement for spearing fish or kill- 
 ing harpooned whale ; — lancer ; l.-corporal, 
 N.C.O. acting as corporal with private's pay; 
 I. -fish, launce ; l.-snake, venomous Amer. kind ; 
 lancewood, tough elastic W.-Ind. kind used for 
 carriage-shafts, fishing-rods, &c. [F, f. Llancea; 
 l.-corporal on anal, of obs. lancepesade f. It. 
 
 lancia spezzata broken lance, i. e. veteran] 
 
 lanee 2 , v.t. Fling, launch, (poet.); (surg.) 
 prick or cut open with lancet ; pierce with 1. 
 
LANCELET 
 
 455 
 
 LANIFEROUS 
 
 [poet, sense f. OF lander f. L lanccare (lancea 
 lance 1 ); other senses f. prec] 
 
 la'ncelet, n. A fish, the lowest true verte- 
 brate. [lance 1 , -let] 
 
 la'neeolate (-at), a. Shaped like spear-head, 
 tapering to each end. [f. L lanccolatus (lan- 
 ceola dirn. of lancea lance, -ate-)] 
 
 la'neer, n. Soldier of cavalry regiment armed 
 with lances ; (pi.) kind of quadrille, music for 
 it. [f. F lander (lance 1 , -ier)] 
 
 la'ncet, n. Surgical instrument usu. with 
 two edges & point for bleeding or lancing ; (also 
 l.-arch, -light, -windows, &c.) arch or window 
 with pointed head, whence la'neetED 2 a. [f. 
 OF lancette (LANCE 1 , -ette)] 
 
 la'ncinatingr, a. (Of pain) acute, shooting, 
 [part, of rare lancinatc f. L landnare rend] 
 
 land 1 , n. Solid part of earth's surface (opp. 
 sea, water ; how the I. lies, what is the state of 
 affairs); ground, soil, expanse of country ; coun- 
 try, nation, state, {I. of promise, Canaan ; I. of 
 Cake ] s ; /. of the leal, heaven ; I. of the living, 
 present life);" landed property, (pi.) estates ; strip 
 of plough or pasture land parted from others by 
 water furrows. L.-agent, -ncy, steward(ship) of 
 estate, agent, agency, for sale &c. of estates ; 
 l.-bank, issuing notes on security of landed pro- 
 perty ; I. -breeze, blowing seaward froml. ; I. -car- 
 riage, transport by 1. ; I. -crab, kinds that live on 
 1. but breed in sea; landfall (naut.), approach 
 to land esp. for first time on voyage (good, bad, 
 landfall, according, not according, to calcula- 
 tion); l.-force(s), military, not naval ; I. -grabber, 
 (esp.) man who takes Irish farm after eviction 
 of tenant ; landholder, proprietor or (usu.) ten- 
 ant of 1.; l.-hunger, -gry, eager(ness) to acquire 
 1.; l.-jobber, speculator in 1.; landlady, woman 
 keeping inn, boarding-house, or lodgings, also 
 woman having tenants; l.-law (usu. pi.), law(s) 
 of landed property ; L. League, Irish association 
 1879-81 for reducing rents, introducing peasant- 
 proprietorship, &c; l.-locked, almost or quite 
 enclosed by 1. ; landlord, person of whom an- 
 other holds any tenement (opp. tenant), keeper 
 of inn, lodgings, &c. ; l.-hibber (naut.), person 
 ignorant of the sea & ships ; landmark, object 
 marking boundary of country, estate, &c, con- 
 spicuous object in district &c, object or event 
 or change marking stage in process or turning- 
 point in history ; landowner, owner of 1.; land- 
 rail, corncrake ; l.-service, military ; l.-shark, 
 one who lives by preying on seamen ashore ; 
 l.-sick (naut.; of ship), impeded in movement by 
 nearness of 1.; l.-slide (U.S.), overwhelming poli- 
 tical defeat ; landslip, sliding do^*r. -£ ii.^ar- 9f 
 land on clifFor mountain; landsman, non-sailor; 
 l.-swell, roll of water near shore ; I. -tax, assessed 
 on landed property ; I. -tie, rod, beam, or piece 
 of masonry, securing or supporting wall &c. by 
 connecting some part of it with the ground ; 
 l.-wnnd,=\. -breeze. Hencela*ndLESSa.,la*nd- 
 ward a. & adv., la'ndwARDS adv. [com.-Teut. ; 
 OE, Du., G, Sw„ & Da., land] 
 
 land 2 , v.t. & i. Set or go ashore (p.p. =having 
 come ashore, see -ED l (2), esp. in comb, as newly- 
 landed), disembark; set down from vehicle; 
 bring to, reach or find oneself in, a certain 
 place, stage, or position ; deal (person blow &c; 
 landed him one in the eye); bring (fish) to 1., 
 (fig.) win (prize &c.) ; (trans, of jockey, intr. of 
 horse) bring or come in {first &c, or abs. = 
 first) ; alight after jump &c. [f. prec] 
 
 la'ndau, n. Four-wheeled carriage with top 
 of which front & back halves can be indepen- 
 dently raised & lowered. [L. in Germany] 
 
 landaule't, n. Coupe with landau top. [-let] 
 
 la'nddrost, n. Kind of magistrate in S. 
 Africa. [S.-Afr. Du.] 
 
 la'nded, a. Possessed of land (the I. interest, 
 owners & holders of land) ; consisting of land 
 (I. estate, property), [land ^ + ed 2 ] 
 
 la'ndgrave, n. (fern, -gravine, pr. -en). Title 
 of certain German potentates, [f. MHG lant- 
 grdve (land 1 , G graf count)] 
 
 la'nding*, n. In vbl senses; also: (also I.- 
 place) place for disembarking; platform be- 
 tween two flights of stairs ; I. -net, for landing 
 large fish when hooked ; l.-stage, platform, 
 often floating, on which passengers & goods 
 are disembarked, [-ing ] ] 
 
 landlordism, n. System by which land is 
 owned by landlords receiving fixed rents from 
 tenants (esp. depreciatively of Irish system) ; 
 advocacy of this, [-ism] 
 
 lando'eraey, n. The landed class. So 
 la'ndocRAT n. [cracy] 
 
 la'ndscape, n. (Picture representing, art 
 reproducing, or actual piece of) inland scenery ; 
 l.-gardening, -ener, laying, layer, out of grounds 
 in imitation of natural scenery; l.-marble, 
 kind with treelike markings ; l.-painter, who 
 paints 11., also la'ndseapiST(l) n. [f. Du. 
 landschap (land 1 , -ship)] 
 
 la'ndsturm (-oorm), n. (In Germany &c.y 
 general levy in war, of men outside army, navy, 
 & landwehr. [G] 
 
 la'nct-tag (-ahch), n. Legislative bodv, diet, 
 of a German State. [G] 
 
 ia'ndwehr (-\av),n. (In Germany &c.) militia 
 serving continuously only during war. [G] 
 
 lane, n. Narrow road usu. between hedges 
 (it is a long I. that has no turning, change is 
 sure to come), narrow street; passage made or 
 left between rows of persons ; course prescribed 
 for ocean steamers ; red I., throat ; the L., Drury 
 L. (theatre). [OE ; cf. OFris. lana, Du. laan] 
 
 la-ngrage, -idge (-ngg-), n. Case-shot with 
 irregular pieces of iron formerly used to 
 damage rigging. [?] 
 
 lang- syne, adv. & n. (In) the old days. [Sc, 
 = long since] 
 
 la-nguage (-nggwij), n. A vocabulary & way 
 of using it prevalent in one or more countries 
 (dead /.), (transf.) method of expression (finger 
 I., talk by conventional signs with fingers ; I. of 
 flowers, symbolic meanings attached to various 
 kinds) ; words & their use ; faculty of speech ; 
 person's style of expressing himself (bad. I., or 
 vulg. L, oaths & abusive talk; strong L, ex- 
 pressing vehement feelings) ; professional or 
 sectional vocabulary ; literary style, wording ; 
 l. -master, teacher of (usu. mod. foreign) 1. or 11. 
 [i. F iuiiyage (L lingua longut;, a<s?H 
 
 languid (-nggw-), a. Inert, lacking vigour, 
 indisposed to exertion, spiritless, apathetic, not 
 vivid, dull, uninteresting, sluggish, slow-mov- 
 ing, faint, weak. Hence la'nguidLY 2 adv., 
 la'nguidNESS n. [f. L languidns (foil., -id 1 )] 
 
 la'nguish, v.i. Grow or be feeble, lose or 
 lack vitality ; live under enfeebling or depress- 
 ing conditions ; grow slack, lose intensity ; 
 droop, pine (for) ; put on languid look, affect 
 sentimental tenderness, whence la'nguish- 
 ingLY'-^adv. Hence la'nguishMENT n. [f. F 
 languir (-ish 2 ) f. L languere cf. laxu.s] 
 
 la'nguop (-gger), n. Faintness, fatigue ; las- 
 situde, inertia, want of alertness ; soft or tender 
 mood or effect ; slackness, dullness, drooping 
 state ; (of sky &c.) oppressive stillness. So 
 la'nguorousa., la*nguorousLY 2 adv. [OF, 
 f. L languorem nom. -or (prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 la'niary, a. & n. (Tooth) adapted for tearing, 
 canine, [f. L laniarius (lanius butcher f. 
 laniare tear, -ary l )] 
 
 lanrferous, -serous, aa. Wool-bearing, 
 [f. L (-fer, -ger) f. lana wool, -ferous, -gerous] 
 
LANK 
 
 456 
 
 LARD 
 
 lank, a. Shrunken, spare ; tall & lean ; (of 
 grass &c.) long & flaccid ; (of hair) straight & 
 limp, not wavy. [OB] hlanc ; excl. E ; perh. cogn. 
 w. G lenken to bend J 
 
 lanky, a. Ungracefully lean & long or tall 
 (of limbs, person). Hence la'nkiNESS n. [-Y-] 
 
 Ia'nnep, la'nneret, nn. Kind of falcon, fe- 
 male of it, i-er) ; {-et) male of it. [f. F lanier 
 prob. f. OF lanier cowardly] 
 
 la'nolin, n. Extract from sheep's wool as 
 basis of ointments, [f. L lana wool + -ol 2 +-in] 
 
 la'nsquenet (-ke-), n. Card-game of German 
 origin. [F. f. G landsknecht 17th-c mercenary 
 (lit., servant of country)] 
 
 la'ntern, n. Transparent case protecting 
 flame of candle &c. (nui,h v s-eye, Chinese, 
 dark 1 , magic, I.)', parish I., the moon ; = magic 
 1., whence la*ntepniST(3) n.; light-chamber of 
 lighthouse ; erection on top of dome or room 
 with glazed sides to admit light ; luminous 
 proboscis of I. -fly ; I. jaws, long & thin, giving 
 hollow look to face, whence lantepn-jawED 2 
 a. [f. F lanterne f. L lanterna perh. f. Gk lam- 
 pter (lampo shine) w. assim. to L Uicerna] 
 
 la'nthanum, n. (chem.). Rare element be- 
 longing to earth-metal group, discovered 1839- 
 41. [f. Gk lanthano lurk (w. ref. to lateness of 
 discovery) +-um] 
 
 la'nthorn (-tern), n. Lantern, [pop. assim. 
 of lantern to horn, common former material] 
 
 la'nyapd, n. (naut.). Short rope or line at 
 tached to something, esp. shrouds or stays, to 
 secure it or serve as handle, [f. F laniere, w. 
 assim. to yard] 
 
 Laodice'an, a. & n. (Person) lukewarm 
 esp. in religion or politics. [Rev. iii. 15, 16] 
 
 lap !, n. Hanging part or flap of garment, 
 saddle, &c. ; lobe of ear ; front part of skirt held 
 up to contain something ; waist to knees of one 
 sitting, with dress, as place on which child is 
 nursed or object held (in Fortune's L, in the I. 
 of luxury, &c), whence la*pFUL(2) n. ; hollow 
 among hills ; l.-dog, small pet dog ; lapstone, 
 shoemaker's stone held in 1. to beat leather on. 
 [OE lappa cf. G lappen] 
 
 lap 2 , v.t. & i. Coil, fold, wrap, (garment &c. 
 about, round, advv. or prepp.); enfold, swathe, 
 in wraps &c; (of influences &c.) surround, en- 
 circle, (often round), enfold caressingly (esp. 
 pass., lapped in luxury) ; make (valve, roof- 
 slate, &c.) overlap ; project ore?' something (also 
 .1. over adv. = overlap intr.); (Racing) pass (com- 
 petitor) by one or more 11. [prob. f. prec] 
 
 lap 3 ,n. Amount of overlapping, overlapping 
 part(/ta£/-' ,joi;.ing o£ rails, shafts, &u., uy Halv- 
 ing Lhickness of each at end) ; layer or sheet (of 
 •cotton &c. being made) wound on roller ; single 
 tturn of rope, silk, thread, &c, round drum or 
 reel; one circuit of race-track; l.-joint,= half- 
 l. above; l.-streak, clinker-built boat. [f. prec] 
 
 lap 4 , n., & v.t. Rotating disk for polishing 
 gem or metal ; ( vb) polish with 1. [perh. f . prec. ] 
 
 lap 5 , v.i. & t., & n. Take up liquid, drink {up 
 liquid), by scooping with tongue ; consume 
 (liquid) greedily (usu. up or down) ; (of water) 
 move, beat upon (shore), with sound of lapping. 
 (N.) liquid food for dogs; (slang) weak beverage, 
 also alcoholic liquor; single act of lapping, 
 amount taken up by it ; sound of wavelets on 
 beach &c. [OE lapian cf. OHG laffan ; cf. G 
 loffel spoon, L lambere, Gk lapto, lick] 
 • lapar(o)-, co-«nb. form of Gk lapara flank, in 
 anat. & surg. terms : la'parocele lumbar hernia, 
 lapare'ctomy excision of part of intestine at 
 side, laparotomy cutting of abdominal walls. 
 
 lape'l, n. Part of coat-breast folded back. 
 Hence lape'llED 2 a. [lap 1 , -el] 
 
 la'picide, n. Cutter of stones or inscriptions 
 
 on stone, [f. L lapicida for lapidicida (lapis 
 -idis stone + caedere cut, kill, cf. -cide)] 
 
 la'pidapy, a. &, n. Concerned with stones 
 (esp. I. bee, building in stone walls &c); en- 
 graved on stone, (of style) suitable for inscrip- 
 tions, monumental ; (n.) cutter, polisher, or en- 
 graver, of gems. [f. L lapidarius (lapis -idis 
 stone, -ary x )] 
 
 la'pidate, v.t. Stone, stone to death. So 
 lapidATiON n. [f. L lapidare (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 laprdify, v.t. Make into stone. Hence la- 
 pidiFiCA'TiON n. [f. F lapidifier f. med.L lapi- 
 dificare (prec, -FY)] 
 
 la'pis la'zuli, n. Bright blue pigment, a sili- 
 cate containing sulphur ; its colour. [L, = stone 
 of azure] 
 
 Lapp, n. & a. One of dwarfish race of north- 
 ern Scandinavia; (also La'ppiSH 1 n.) their 
 language; Lapland, their country, whence 
 La'plander a (4) n.; (adj.; also La'ppiSH 1 a.) 
 of the LI. or their language, [f. S w. Lapp, perh. 
 term of contempt, cf. MHG lappe simpleton] 
 
 la'ppet, n. Flap, fold, loose or overlapping 
 piece, of garment, flesh, membrane, &c; lobe 
 of ear &c.; = lapel; streamer of lady's head- 
 dress. Hence la'ppetED 2 a. [lap l + -et x ] 
 
 La p pern i an, a. & n. = Lapp. [f. med.L Lappo 
 -onis + -ian] 
 
 lapse 1 , n. Slip of memory, tongue, or pen, 
 slight mistake ; weak or careless deviation from 
 right, moral slip ; falling away front faith or 
 into heresy ; decline to lower state ; termina- 
 tion of right or privilege through disuse ; (of 
 water) gentle flow ; passage or interval o/time. 
 [f. L lapsus -its (labi laps- glide)] 
 
 lapse 2 , v.i. Fail to maintain position or state 
 for want of effort or vigour, fall back or aivay, 
 (often into inferior or previous state) ; (of bene- 
 fice, estate, right, Sec.) fall in, pass away, be- 
 come void, revert to some one, by failure of 
 conditions, heirs, &c; glide, flow, subside, pass 
 away; (p.p., see -ed 1 (2) that has lapsed, [f. L 
 lapsare frequent, (prec)] 
 
 (a'psus, n. (pi. -us). Slip (usu. in I. linguae, 
 pr. -gwe, of the tongue, I. calami of the pen). [L] 
 
 Lapu'tan, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Laputa ; 
 chimerical, visionary, absurd. [Laputa in Gul- 
 liver's Travels + -an] 
 
 la'pwing", n. Bird of plover family, peewit. 
 [OE hUapwince (hUapan leap 1 , wink, w. ref. 
 to manner of flight) assim. to lap, wing] 
 
 lap, n. (PI. lar'es) ancient-Roman household 
 deity (usu. pi.; LI., LI. & Penates, the home) ; 
 (pi. lars) white-handed Burmese gibbon. [L] 
 
 is*-i» EttfetiMS -herd), n. & a. (naut.). (Older 
 term now replaced, to save confusion with 
 starboard, by) port 5 . [ME lade-, lathe-, borde ; 
 lade- (etym. dub.) changed to lar- by assim. to 
 starboard] 
 
 lap'eeny, n. (Law) felonious taking away of 
 another's personal goods with intent to convert 
 them to one's own use (petty I., formerly, of pro- 
 perty below value of I2d.); theft. Hence lap* - 
 cenER 1 , lap*eenisT(l), nn., larcenous a., 
 lap'eenousLV 2 adv. [f. F larcin f. L latro- 
 cinium (latro robber) + -v J ] 
 
 larch (-tsh), n. Bright-foliaged coniferous 
 tree yielding Venetian turpentine, tough tim- 
 ber, & bark used in tanning ; its wood. [f. G 
 larche f. L larix -ids] 
 
 lard !, n. Internal fat of abdomen of pigs esp. 
 when rendered & clarified for use in cooking & 
 pharmacy. Hence lap'dv 2 a. [OF,= bacon, f. 
 L lardxim perh. cogn. w. Gk larinos fat, laros 
 pleasant to taste] 
 
 lapd 2 , v.t. Insert strips of bacon in (meat &c.) 
 before cooking (larding-needle, -pin, instru- 
 ments for doing this) ; garnish (talk, writing) 
 
LARDACEOUS 
 
 457 
 
 LASTINO 
 
 with metaphors, technical terms, foreign words, 
 &c. [f. F larder (prec.)] 
 
 lapda'ceous, a. (med.). Lardlike (esp. of de- 
 generation of tissue or of patient suffering from 
 it). [-ACEOUS] 
 
 lar'dep, n. Room or closet for meat &c. [f. 
 OF tardier f. med.L lardarium (lard, -ary ] )] 
 
 lap'don, lapdoo'n, n. Strip of bacon or 
 pork used to lard meat. [F (-on) ; lard 1 , -oon] 
 
 lar'dy-dap'dy, a. (slang). Affected, lan- 
 guidly foppish, [cf. la-di-da] 
 
 lares. See lar. 
 
 larg-e, a. & n. (Archaic) liberal, generous, 
 kindly, munificent, unprejudiced, (still in 2. 
 views, I. charity, I. tolerance, l.-minded, whence 
 lapge-mi'ndedNESS n., l.-hearted, whence 
 large-heap'tedNESS n., &c.) ; of wide range, 
 comprehensive, (I. poicers, discretion) ; (of artis- 
 tic treatment) free, sweeping, broad ; of con- 
 siderable or relatively great magnitude (less 
 colloq. than big, & without emotional implica- 
 tions of great; seldom used of persons except 
 as in I. of limb= with 1. limbs &c.) ; (with agent 
 nouns) on a large scale (I. & small farmers) ; 
 hence lap*giSH 1 (2) a., lap'gexESS n., lap'g- 
 en t6 , v.i. & t. (poet.). (N. ; only now with at, 
 in) : at I.: at liberty, free ; (of narration &c.) at 
 full length, with details ; as a body or whole 
 (popular with the people at I.); without parti- 
 cularizing, without definite aim, (scatters im- 
 putations atl.): in L, on 1. scale (opp. in little). 
 [F, f. fern, of L largus copious] 
 
 lap'gely, adv. In adj. senses ; also, to a great 
 Or preponderating extent (is I. due to), [-ly 2 ] 
 
 lap'gess(e), n. (archaic). Money or gifts 
 freely bestowed esp. by great person on occa- 
 sion of rejoicing ; generous or plentiful be- 
 stowal. [F (-e), f. L largus copious, -ess 2 ] 
 
 la'piat, n. Rope for picketing horses &c. ; 
 lasso, [f. Sp. la reata f. reatar tie again (re-, 
 L apt are fit)] 
 
 lark. 1 , la'vepock, n. Kinds of small bird 
 with sandy-brown plumage & long hind-claws, 
 esp. the SKYlark (Crested, Horned, Med, Shore, 
 L., other kinds) ; l.-heel, larkspur, also Indian 
 cress or garden nasturtium ; larkspur, plant 
 with spur-shaped calyx. [OE laferce, cf. Du 
 leeuwerik, G lerche, etym. dub.] 
 
 lapk 2 , n., & v.i. Frolic, spree, amusing inci- 
 dent ; hence lap*kY 2 a. ; (vb) play tricks, frolic, 
 [f. 1811; etym. dub.] 
 
 la'ppikin, n. (Usu. young) street rowdy, 
 hooligan, [orig. Australian ; etym. dub.] 
 
 la'pum, n. (Now rare for) alarum. 
 
 lap'va, n. (pi. -ae). Insect from time of leav- 
 ing egg till transformation into pupa, grub ; 
 immature form of other animals that undergo 
 some metamorphosis. Hence lap'VAL a., lap # - 
 vi- comb. form. [L, = ghost, mask] 
 
 lapy'ngroseope, n. Mirror apparatus for 
 examining larynx, [larynx, -scope] 
 
 laryngo'tomy, n. Cutting into larynx 
 from without, esp. to provide breathing-chan- 
 nel, [foil., -tomv] 
 
 la'pynx, n. Cavity in throat holding vocal 
 cords. Hence lapyngeAL, lapy'ng-ic, aa.. 
 lapyngTTis n., (-j-), lapyngo- comb, form, 
 lapyngo'LOGY n. [f. Gk larugx -ggos] 
 
 La'scap (or -ar - ), n. E.-Indian sailor, [perh. 
 incorrect use of Hind, lashkar army] 
 
 lasci'vious (lasi-), a. Lustful, wanton ; in- 
 citing to lust. Hence lasei'viousLY 2 adv., 
 lasei'viousNESS n. [f. LL lasciviosus (L la- 
 scivia f. lascivus sportive, -ose *)] 
 
 lash 1 , v.i. & t. 1. Make sudden movement 
 of limb, tail, &c. ; pour, rush, vehemently; strike 
 violently at ; hit or (of horse) kick out ; break 
 out into excess, strong language, &c. 2. Beat 
 
 with 1., flog ; (of waves) beat upon ; castigate in 
 words, rebuke, satirize ; urge as with 11. ; hence 
 la'shiNG ] (1) n. 3. Fasten (down, on, together, 
 to something) with cord, twine, &c, whence 
 la'shiXG ] (4) n. [sense 1 perh. imit.; sense 2 f^ 
 foil. ; sense 3 prob. separate wd, etym. dub.] 
 
 lash 2 , n. Stroke with thong, whip, &c. ; 
 flexible part of whip (the I., punishment of 
 flogging); ='eye-Z., whence la'shLESS a.; 
 goading influence, [f. prec. in sense 1] 
 
 la'shep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. (water rush- 
 ing over) weir, pool below weir, [-er 1 ] 
 
 la'spping, n. Young salmon, [perh. corrup- 
 tion of obs. lax-pink (obs. lax, OE leax, cf. G 
 lachs, salmon)] 
 
 lasque (-k), n. Flat, ill-formed, or veiny dia- 
 mond, [perh. f. Pers. lashk piece] 
 
 lass, n. Girl ; sweetheart. Hence la'ssie 
 [-Y3] n. [ME lasce, cf. MSw. losk (kona) un- 
 married (woman)] 
 
 la'ssitude, n. Weariness, languor, disincli- 
 nation to exert or interest oneself. [F, f. L las- 
 situdo (lassus tired, -tude)] 
 
 la'sso, n., & v.t. Sp.-Amer. noosed rope of 
 untanned hide for catching cattle &c. ; (vb) 
 catch with 1. [f. Sp. lazo lace *] 
 
 last 1 , n. Shoemaker's wooden model for # 
 shaping shoe &c. on (stick to one's I., not meddle 
 with things one does not understand, w. ref. to 
 L prov. ne sutor xdtra crepidam). FOE last 
 footstep, Isest boot.cf. G leiste last, geleise track, 
 perh. cogn. w. L lira furrow] 
 
 last 2 , n. Commercial measure of weight, ca- 
 pacity, or quantity, varying with place & goods 
 (I. oficool, 12 sacks or 4,3681b.; I. of malt, 10 qrs 
 or 80 bushels). [OE hlsest, cf. G last, load] 
 
 last 3 , a., n., & adv. After all others, coming 
 at the end, (the I. two &c. =the 1. &1. but one &c, 
 the two &c. I. being now usu. held incorrect in 
 this sense ; I. but not least, 1. in order of mention 
 or occurrence but not of importance) ; belonging 
 to the end, esp. of life or the world (the four I. 
 things, death, judgment, heaven, hell ; I. day, 
 Day of Judgment ; on one's I. legs) ; next be- 
 fore expressed or implied point of time, latest 
 up to date, most recent, {in the I. fortnight, I. • 
 Christmas, I. Tuesday or Tuesday I., I. evening 
 or night, but not I. morning, day, or afternoon ; 
 also ellipt. as n. for 1. letter, joke, baby, &c, as I 
 said in my I., have you heard — 's I. ?, Mrs — 's 
 I.) ; lowest, of least rank or estimation ; only re- 
 maining (I. crust, resource) ; latest to be (teas 
 the I. to be consulted) ; least likely, willing, suit- 
 able, &c. to or to be (should be the I. te do it ; is 
 the I. thing to ti*y) ; conclusive, definitive, (has 
 said the I. word on the matter) ; utmost, ex- 
 treme, (is of the I. importance). (N.) 1. -men- 
 tioned person or thing (the, this, which, I.) ; 1. 
 day or moments, death, (the or his &c. I.) ; 1. per- 
 formance of certain acts (breathe, look, one's 
 I.) ; 1. mention (shall never hear the I. of it) ; at 
 I., (rarely) at long I., in the end, after much de- 
 lay ; to, till, the l„ to the end, esp. till death. 
 (Adv.) after all others (often in comb., as l.- 
 made, -mentioned) ; on the 1. occasion before 
 the present (xchen did you see him I. ?) ; (in enu- 
 merations) in the 1. place, finally, also la'stLY 2 
 adv. [OE latost superl. of laet a., late adv. ; cf. 
 G letzt , & for dropping of -t- best] 
 
 last 4 , v.i. & t., & n. Go on, remain unex- 
 hausted or adequate or alive ; suffice (will I. me 
 eight months) ; I. out, continue esp. in vigour 
 or use at least as long as ; (n.) staying power, 
 stamina. [OE Ixstan fulfil, cf. G leisten) 
 
 la'sting 1 , a. & n. Enduring, permanent (no 
 I. benefit) ; durable ; hence la'stingXY 2 adv.» 
 la'stingNESS n. ; (n.) kind of durable cloth. 
 
 [-ING 2 ] 
 
 15* 
 
LATAKIA 
 
 458 
 
 LATTER 
 
 Latakia (-ea), n. Kind of Turkish tobacco 
 chiefly used in mixtures. [L., a Syrian port] 
 
 latch, n., & v.t. Door or gate fastening made 
 of small bar falling into catch & lifted by lever 
 &c. from outside ; small spring-lock of outer 
 door catching when door is closed & worked by 
 l.-key from outside; on the I., fastened by 1. 
 only; (vb) fasten with 1. [perh. f. OF lache 
 lace 1 ; or f. obs. latch, OE Ixccan, to grasp] 
 
 la'tehet, n. (bibl.). Thong for fastening shoe. 
 [f. OF lachet (lace \ -et 1 )] 
 
 late 1 , a. (comp. later, latter ; superl. latest, 
 last), & n. After the due or usual time {was 
 I. for dinner ; it is too I. to go ; with agent 
 nouns, as l.-co?)ier = one who comes 1.); back- 
 ward-in flowering, ripening, &c; far on in day 
 or night (I. hours, after usual time for rising 
 or going to bed), or in time {on Wednesday at 
 latest, then if not before) ; far on in a period, 
 development, &c. {I. stained glass, I. latin); 
 no longer alive, no longer having specified 
 status &c, that was recently so-&-so, {the I. 
 prime minister, dead or resigned ; my I. hus- 
 band, residence) ; of recent date {the I. floods, 
 war ; of I. years, in the last few ; also as n. in 
 of I., recently); I. fee, on letter posted after 
 % ordinary collection time. Hence la'tEN 6 v.t. & 
 i., la'teNESS n., la*tiSH 1 (2) a. & adv. [com.- 
 Teut. ; OE Ixt, cf. Du. laat, G lass, sluggish, 
 cogn. w. L lassus tired] 
 
 late 2 , adv. (-er, -est, last). After proper 
 time {better I. than never), far on in time, {this 
 happened later on ; sooner or later, early or I., 
 soon or I., some time or other); at or till 1. 
 hour; (Poet.) recently, lately; formerly but 
 not now {his own room, I. the chaplain's) ; at 1. 
 stage of development &c. {traces remained as 
 I. as the Shiart times). [OE, f. Ixt see prec] 
 
 latee'n, a. L. sail, triangular on long yard 
 at angle of 45° to mast ; (of ship &c> so rigged, 
 [f. F {voile) latine Latin (sail), named as common 
 in Mediterranean] 
 
 la'tely, adv. Not long ago, recently, in re- 
 cent times. [OE Ixtlice (late 1 , -like)] 
 
 la'tent, a. Hidden, concealed ; existing but 
 not developed or manifest ; dormant ; I. heat. 
 Hence la'tENGV n., la'tentLV 2 adv. [f. L 
 latere be hidden, -ent] 
 
 -later, suf. See -latrv. 
 
 la'tepal, a. & n. Of, at, towards, from, the 
 side, side-, {l. branch of family, descended from 
 brother or sister of person in direct line); (n.) 
 side part, member, or object, esp. 1. shoot or 
 branch.vjtence la'teralL Y 2 adv. [f . L lateralis 
 {latus -eris side, -al)] 
 
 La'teran, n. & a. The L., St John L., 
 cathedral church of St John L. (SanctiJoannis 
 in Laterano) in Rome ; L. Council, one of five 
 general councils of Western Church there held, 
 [f. L Laterana, -um, named f. ancient-Roman 
 family of Plautii Laterani] 
 
 la'tex, n. (bot.). Milky juice of plants. [L, 
 = liquid] 
 
 lath, n. (-th, pi. -dhz), & v.t. Thin narrow 
 strip of wood esp. for use as support for slates 
 or plaster or as material for trellis or Venetian 
 blind {as thin as a I., of persons, whence 
 la'thv 2 a.) ; (vb) provide (wall, ceiling) with 11., 
 whence la*thiNGM3) n. [ME laththe, cf. G 
 latte, perh. cogn. w. G laden shop-counter ; cf. 
 also OE Ixtt] 
 
 lathe 1 (-dh), n. One of (now five) adminis- 
 trative districts of Kent. [OE Ixth estate] 
 
 lathe 2 (-dh), n. (Also turning-l.) machine for 
 turning wood, metal, ivory, &c, by rotating 
 article against tools used; (also potter's I.) 
 machine with horizontal revolving disk for 
 throwing & turning pottery ; l.-bearer, -carrier, 
 
 -dog, appliance connecting object with 1. centres 
 or holders ; l.-bed, lower framework of 1. with 
 slot from end to end for adjustment, [prob. 
 cogn. w. Da. -lad structure, frame, & lade ; or 
 perh. modification of lath] 
 
 la'ther (-dh), n., & v.t. & i. Froth of soap & 
 water; frothy sweat of horse; hence la'th- 
 epy 2 a. ( Vb) cover (esp. chin &c. for shaving) 
 with 1. ; (of horse) become covered with 1.; (of 
 soap) form 1. ; beat, thrash, whence la'ther- 
 ing !(1) n. [n. f. OE leathor washing soda cogn. 
 w. Gk loetron bath, L lavare wash ; vb f. OE 
 lethran f. same root] 
 
 latifu'ndia, n. pi. Large estates, esp. as 
 characterizing a country's social system. [L 
 (sing, -um), f. latus broad, fundus farm] 
 
 La'tin, a. & n. Of Latium or ancient Latins 
 ©r Romans ; of, like, in, the language of the 
 ancient Romans, whence La*tiniSM(4) n. ; of 
 the Roman Catholic Church ; speaking one of 
 the languages descended from Latin, Romance, 
 {the L. peoples, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, 
 &c). (N.) the L. language {old L., before about 
 75 B. c, preclassical ; classical L., that of great 
 writers of late republican & early imperial 
 Rome, about 75 B.C. to 175 a. d. ; late L., about 
 175 to 600 A. D. ; medieval L., about 600 to 1500 
 A. D. ; modern L., since 1500 a. d. ; low L.,= 
 medieval, or late & medieval ; thieves 1 L., secret 
 language of thieves &c. ; dog L.), whence 
 La'tinLESS a., La*tiniST(3) n. ; inhabitant of 
 Latium, (Rom. Ant.) Italian with special fran- 
 chise, [f. L Latinus {Latium Roman district, 
 -ine ij] 
 
 Lati'ne, adv. In Latin (giving Latin equiva- 
 lent of word &c). [L] 
 
 Lati'nity, n. Way person writes Latin, 
 . quality of Latin style or grammar, [f. L Latini- 
 tas (prec, -tv)] 
 
 la'tinize, v.t. & i. Give Latin form to (word), 
 put into Latin ; make conformable to ideas, 
 customs, &c, of the ancient Romans, Latin 
 peoples, or Latin Church ; use Latin forms, 
 idioms, &c. Hence latinizATiON, la'tinizER 1 , 
 nn. [f. L latinizare (latin, -ize)] 
 
 la'titude, n. (Joe.) breadth {hat with great 
 I. of brim) ; (rare) scope, full extent, (under- 
 stood, taken, in its proper I.) ; freedom from 
 narrowness, liberality of interpretation, toler- 
 ated variety of action or opinion, whence (esp. 
 of religious matters) latitudinAR'iAN a. & n., 
 latitudinar*ianisivi(3) n. ; (Geog.) angular 
 distance on a meridian (degree, minute, &c, of 
 I.), place's angular distance on its meridian N. 
 or S. of equator, (usu. pi.) regions, climes, esp. 
 w. ref. to temperature ; (Astron.) angular dis- 
 tance of heavenly body from ecliptic. So lati- 
 tu'dinAL a. (geog.). [f. L latitudo -inis (latus 
 broad, -tude)] 
 
 latri*ne(-en), n. (usu. pi.). Privy, esp. in camp, 
 barracks, hospital, &c. [F, f. L latrina for lava- 
 trina (lavare wash, -ine 4 )] 
 
 -latry, suf. f. Gk latreia worship, in wds f. an 
 existing Gk original (idolatry), & mod. forma- 
 tions on same model (angelolatry, Mariolatry). 
 In (humorous) hybrid formations -o- is added to 
 the initial componentas lordolatry, babyolatry. 
 Corresponding personal nn. (-worshipper) are 
 formed in -(o)later f. Gk -latres. 
 
 la'tten, n. & a. (archaic). (Of) a mixed yellow 
 metal like (or the same as) brass, [f. OF laton 
 perh. f. Teut. (lath)] 
 
 la'tter, a. (Archaic) later, second, (I. grass, 
 aftermath) ; belonging to end of period, world, 
 &c. (in these I. days, at this late period of the 
 world's history ; I. end, death) ; second-men- 
 tioned (opp. former; also the I. ellipt. = second- 
 mentioned thing or person) ; l.-day, modern (I.- 
 
LATTERLY 
 
 459 
 
 day saints, mormons). [OE Ixtra comp. of Ixt 
 late ', later being a new formation] 
 
 la'tterly, adv. Towards the end of life or 
 some period ; lately, of late. [f. prec] 
 
 la'ttiee, n. Structure of cross laths with in- 
 terstices serving as screen, door, &c; (also L- 
 work) laths so arranged ; I. bridge, made with 
 1. girders ; I. frame or girder, girder made of 
 two flanges connected by iron l.-work ; l.-win- 
 dow, one having 1., also one with small panes 
 set in diagonal lead-work. Hence la'ttiCED 2 
 a., la'tticiNG M6) n. [f. OF lattis (latte lath)] 
 
 laud, n., & v.t. Praise (rare exc. in hymns); 
 (pi.) first of day-hours of church; hymn of 
 
 {•raise. (Vb) praise, celebrate ; so lauaA'TiON, 
 auda'tOR 2 , nn., lairdATivE, lau'datoRV, 
 aa. [n. f. OF laude, vb f. L laudare, f. L lau- 
 dem nom. laus praise] 
 
 lau'dable, a. Commendable, praiseworthy; 
 (Med., of secretions) healthy, sound. Hence or 
 cogn. laudaBi'LiTY n., lau'dabLV 2 adv. [f. 
 L laudabilis (prec, -able)] 
 
 lau'danum (lodn-), n. Alcoholic tincture of 
 opium, [name given by Paracelsus to a costly 
 panacea or elixir, later transferred to prepara- 
 tions containing opium ; perh. var. of L lada- 
 num or med.L labda7ium a gum-resin, or f. L 
 laudare praise] 
 
 lauda'tor te'mporis a'cti, n. One who 
 prefers the good old days. [L] 
 
 laugh (-ahf, -af), v.i. & t., & n. Make the 
 sounds' & movements of face & sides by which 
 lively amusement, sense of the ludicrous, ex- 
 ultation, & scorn, are instinctively expressed, 
 have these emotions, (I. in one's sleeve, be se- 
 cretly amused ; laughing hyena, jackass ; I. 
 on wrong side of mouth, have revulsion from 
 joy or amusement to tears or vexation ; he 
 laughs best who laughs last, warning against 
 premature exultation) ; (of water, landscape, 
 corn, &c.) be lively with play of movement or 
 light ; utter laughingly ; hold up to scorn ; I. 
 at, make fun of, ridicule, also look pleasantly 
 or smile at; get (person) out of habit, belief, &c, 
 by ridicule (I. person, opinion, &c, oid of court, 
 deprive of a hearing by ridicule) ; I. away, dis- 
 miss (subject) with a 1., while away (time) with 
 jests ; I. down, silence with laughter ; I. off 
 (embarrassment &c), get rid of with a jest ; I. 
 over, discuss with laughter ; hence lau'ghER 1 
 n., lau'ghiNG 2 a., lau'ghingLY 2 adv. (N.) 
 sound made in, act of, laughing {join in the I., 
 esp. of person taking banter good-humouredly; 
 have, get, the I. of, turn the tables on assailant, 
 also have the I. on one's side) ; person's manner 
 of laughing. [com.-Teut.; OE hlehhan, cf. Du. 
 & G lachen ; prob. imit.] 
 
 lau'ghable, a. Exciting laughter, amusing. 
 Hence lau'ghabLY 2 adv. Iprec. n. or v.+ 
 -able] 
 
 lau'g-hing 1 , n. In vbl senses ; esp. : no I. 
 matter, serious thing, not a fit subject for 1.; I. 
 gas, nitrous oxide, with intoxicating effect when 
 inhaled, used as anaesthetic ; l.-stock, person or 
 thing generally ridiculed, [-ing x ] 
 
 lau'gbtep, n. Laughing (Homeric I., loud 
 & general, such as Homer attributes to ring of 
 spectators at ludicrous incident). [OE hleahtor 
 cf. G gelachter (prec.)] 
 
 launce (lahns, lans), n. Sand-eel. [perh. var. 
 
 of LANCE 1 ] 
 
 launch 1 (lah-, law-), v.t. & i., & n. Hurl, dis- 
 charge, send forth, (missile, blow, censure, 
 threat, decree) ; burst (usu. out) into expense, 
 strong language, &c. (also I. out abs., spend 
 money freely, expatiate in words) ; set (vessel) 
 afloat ; send off, start, (person, enterprise) on a 
 course ; go forth, out, on an enterprise ; (n.) pro- 
 
 LAW 
 
 OF 
 
 cess of launching ship. [f. ONF lancher 
 lander lance 2 ] 
 
 launch 2 (as prec), n. Man-of-war's largest 
 boat, rather flat-bottomed & usu. sloop-rigged; 
 large electric or steam boat for passengers, 
 pleasure trips, &c [f. Sp. lancha pinnace perh. 
 f. Malay lancharan (lanchar swift)] 
 
 lau'ndpess, n. Woman who washes & gets 
 up linen ; caretaker of chambers in Inns of 
 Court, [f. (now rare) launder vb f. obs. laun- 
 der n. washer of linen f. OF lavandier f. LL la- 
 vandarius (lavanda neut. pi. gerundive of L 
 lavare wash, -arv ] )+ -ess ] ] 
 
 lau'ndpy, n. Establishment for washing 
 linen, [as prec, -ry] 
 
 lau-reate (-iat), a. & n. Wreathed with, (of 
 wreath) consisting of, laurel ; worthy of laurels 
 as poet (poet I., or I. as n., poet receiving sti- 
 pend as writer of Court odes, whence lau're- 
 ateSH I p n. ), or for eloquence &c [f . L laureatus 
 (laurea laurel- wreath f. laurtis laurel, -ate 2 )] 
 
 lau'Pel (16), n., & v.t. (-11-). Kinds of glossy- 
 leaved shrub ; foliage of bay-tree as emblem of 
 victory or distinction in poetry (collect, sing, 
 or pi.; reap, win, 11.; rest on one's 11., cease to 
 strive for further glory ; look to one's 11., beware 
 of losing pre-eminence) ; l.-bottle, filled with L- 
 leaves for killing insects ; (vb) wreathe with 1. 
 [f. F laurier f. OF lor f. L laurus ; -I by dissim.] 
 
 laupusti'nus, -pes-, n. Evergreen flower- 
 ing shrub. [mod.L, prop, two wds (L laurus 
 laurel, tinus a plant, perh. the 1.)] 
 
 la'va (lah-), n. Matter flowing from volcano, 
 solid substance it cools into ; (w. pi.) kind, bed, 
 of 1. [It. (lavare It. & L wash)] 
 
 lava'bo, n. (pi. -6s). Ritual washing of cele- 
 brant's hands at offertory, towel or basin used 
 for this ; monastery washing-trough ; wash- 
 basin, (pi.) lavatory, (after F). [L, = 1 will wash, 
 first wd of Ps. xxvi. 6] 
 
 lava'tion, n. Washing, [f. L lavatio (lavare 
 
 wash, -ATION)] 
 
 la'vatopy, n. Vessel for washing (archaic); 
 room &c for washing hands & face, often pro- 
 vided also with water-closets &c. [f. L lava- 
 torium f. lavare wash. -ory(2)] 
 
 lave, v.t. (poet.). Wash, bathe; (of stream 
 &c) wash against, flow along, [repr. both OE 
 lafian pour (water) cf. G laben refresh, & F 
 laver f. L lavare = G'k loud wash, cf. lather] 
 
 la'vement, n. (med.). Injection, enema. [F 
 (prec, -went)] 
 
 la'vendep, n., & v.t. Small lilac-flowered 
 narrow-leaved shrub cultivated for perfume ; 
 its flowers & stalks laid among linen &c (lay up 
 in I., often fig., put aside for future use); pale 
 blue colour with trace of red ; l.-water, per- 
 fume of distilled 1., alcohol, & ambergris; (vb) 
 put 1. among (linen), [f. AF lavendre f. med.L 
 lavendula, livendula, perh. f. L lividms] 
 
 la'veP 1 , n. Kinds of marine algae, esp. the 
 edible species. [L] 
 
 la'veP 2 , n. (Bibl.) large brazen vessel for 
 Jewish priests' ablutions ; (archaic) washing or 
 fountain basin, font. [f. OF laveoir lavatory] 
 
 laverock. See lark 1 . 
 
 la'vish, a., & v.t. Giving or producing with- 
 out stint, profuse, prodigal, (of money &c, in 
 giving); very orover abundant; hence la'vish- 
 LY 2 adv., la'vishNESS n. (Vb) bestow or spend 
 (money, effort, blood, admiration, &c) profuse- 
 ly ; hence la'vishMENT n. [f. obs. lavish pro- 
 fusion f. OF lavache deluge of rain] 
 
 law ] , n. Body of enacted or customary rules 
 recognized by a community as binding, this 
 personified, (the I. forbids, allows ; often the I. 
 of the land ; the I. of the Medes & Persians, 
 unalterable 1., see Dan. vi. 12; lay down the I., 
 
LAW 
 
 460 
 
 LAY 
 
 talk authoritatively, hector) ; one of these rules ; 
 their controlling influence, 1. -abiding state of 
 society, (often I. & order ; necessity knows no I., 
 over-rides its sanctity), the 11. as a system 
 (court of I.; so SON-in-L &c.) or science (learned 
 in the I.), jurisprudence; binding injunctions 
 (give the I. to, impose one's will upon); (with 
 defining word) one of the branches of the study 
 of 1., the 11. concerning specified department, 
 (commercial I.: the I. of evidence ; CANON, civil, 
 common 1 , martial, I.; international I., I. of 
 nations, regulating relations between States) ; 
 the statute & common 1. (opp. equity); (in pred. 
 use, of decisions, opinions, &c; also good, bad, 
 &c, /.) borne out, or not, by the relevant 11. (it 
 may be common sense, but it is not I.); the legal 
 profession (usu. the I. ; bred to the I.); legal know- 
 ledge ; judicial remedy, 1. -courts as providing 
 it, litigation, (go to I. ; have, take, the I. of person ; 
 take the I. into one's own hands, redress one's 
 wrong by force) ; (also I. of Moses) precepts of 
 Pentateuch, Mosaicdispensation ; rule of action 
 or procedure, esp. in an art, department of life, 
 or game ; (also I. of nature or natural I.) correct 
 statement of invariable sequence between spe- 
 cified conditions & specified phenomenon (11. 
 of motion, three propositions formulated by 
 Newton ; Kepler's 11., three propositions on 
 planetary motions ; Grimm's, Verner's, I., on 
 consonant changes in Germanic languages) ; 
 laws of nature, regularity in nature ; (Sport) 
 allowance, start, given to hunted animal or 
 competitor in race, (whence gen.) time of grace, 
 respite. L.-abiding(ness), obedient, obedience, 
 to 1. ; I. -calf, unstained used for binding 1. -books ; 
 l.-French, the Anglo-Norman terms used in L- 
 books & 1.; lawgiver, one who makes (esp. code 
 of) 11. ; l.-hand, handwriting used in legal 
 documents ; l.-Latin, barbarous Latin of early 
 English statutes ; l.-lord, member of House of 
 Lords qualified to assist in its legal work; I.- 
 maker, legislator; I. merchant, 11. regulating 
 trade & commerce, differing in some respects 
 from Common L. ; l.-officer, legal functionary, 
 esp. Attorney or Solicitor General ; l.-stationer, 
 selling stationery needed by lawyers & taking 
 in documents to be engrossed ; lawsuit, prose- 
 cution of claim in 1. -court ; l.-term, word or 
 expression used in 1., also period appointed for 
 sitting of l.-courts ; l.-writer, writer on 1., also 
 engrosser of legal documents. [OE lagu f. OX, 
 orig. sense thing laid, cogn. w. lav 3 ] 
 
 law 2 , laws, int. (vulg.) expressing astonish- 
 ment, [var. of lo, or earlier la, or lor' for Lord) 
 
 lawful, a. Permitted, appointed, qualified, 
 or recognized, by law, not illegal or (of child) 
 illegitimate. Hence lawfulLY 2 adv., law*- 
 fulNESS n. [-FUL] 
 
 lawk(s), int. (vulg.) expressing astonish- 
 ment; lawk-a-mussy(vulg.), = Lord havemercy. 
 [for alack or Lord] 
 
 lawless, a. (Of country &c.) where law is 
 non-existent or inoperative ; regardless of, dis- 
 obedient to, uncontrolled by, law, unbridled, 
 licentious. Hence lawlessNESS n. [-less] 
 
 lawn 1 , n. Kind of fine linen used esp. for 
 bishops' sleeves; l.-sieve, fine sieve of 1. or silk. 
 Hence lawnv 2 a . [prob. f. Laon in France] 
 
 lawn 2 , n. Glade (archaic); (extent of) grass- 
 covered land ; close-mown turf-covered piece 
 of pleasure-ground or garden, whence lawn- 
 Y 2 a.; l.-mower, machine with revolving spiral 
 knives for mowing 11. ; l.-sprinkler, machine 
 with revolving pipe-end for watering 11.; I.- 
 tennis, modification of tennis played on 1., 
 asphalt, &c. [earlier laund f. OF Yaunde f. 
 OCelt. (W llan), cogn. w. land ] ] 
 
 lawyer, n. Member of legal profession, esp. 
 
 attorney, solicitor ; person versed in law (good, 
 no, &c., I.) ; Penang I., walking-stick of Penang 
 palm (perh. f. native tree name), [-ver] 
 
 lax, a. Loose, relaxed, not compact, porous, 
 (rare) ; negligent, careless, not strict, vague. 
 Hence or cogn. la'xiTV n., la'XLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 iaxus cogn. w. languere languish] 
 
 la'xative, a. & n. (Medicine) tending to 
 loosen the bowels. [F (-i f , -ire) f. L laxaiivus 
 (laxare, see prec, -ative)] 
 
 lay J, n. Short lyric or narrative poem meant 
 to be sung ; (loosely) song, poem, song of birds, 
 [f. OF lai perh. f. Teut. (OHG leich melody) ; 
 not cogn. w. G lied] 
 
 lay 2 , a. Non-clerical, not in orders ;" of, done 
 by, layman or laity ; non-professional, not ex- 
 pert, (esp. w. ref. to law or medicine) ; (Cards) 
 other than trump (I. suit, card) ; I. brother, sis- 
 ter, person who has taken habit & vows of reli- 
 gious order but is employed in manual labour 
 & excused other duties ; I. clerk, singing man in 
 cathedral or collegiate church, parish clerk ; I. 
 communion, membership of church as layman, 
 also communicating of laity in eucharist; I. 
 deacon, man in deacon's orders but also follow- 
 ing secular employment ; I. lord, peer who is 
 not law l -lord ; layman, one of the laity, non- 
 expert in regard to some profession, art, or 
 science (esp. law or medicine) ; I. reader, lay- 
 man licensed to conduct religious services, [f. 
 F lai f. eccl. L f. Gk laikos laic] 
 
 lay 3 , v.t. & i. (laid), & n. Prostrate (I. low; 
 bring down, humble) ; (of wind or rain) beat 
 down (crops) ; cause (sea, wind, dust, misgiv- 
 ings, ghost) to subside. Deposit; place in re- 
 cumbent posture (I. to sleep or rest, lit., & fig. 
 = bury ; I. one's bones, be buried in specified 
 place) ; (of hen) produce (egg, or abs.) ; put 
 down (amount, one's head or life, &c.) as wager, 
 stake, (abs.) announce readiness to bet (that —). 
 Place, set, apply, (I. to heart ; I. heads together, 
 confer ; laid a spark to the train ; I. hounds on 
 scent ; I. hold on or of, seize, grxsp, &fig. make 
 capital of opponent's weak point &c. ; /. one's 
 hopes on ; I. great store upon, value highly ; I. 
 snare, trap, ambush ; I. wait 2 ; I. siege to, be- 
 siege, importune) ; locate (scene ; scene of tale 
 is laid in London) ; put (limb &c.) in certain 
 position (horse laid his ears back ; I. hands on, 
 seize, appropriate, also do violence to, esp. one- 
 self = commit suicide, also find, as cannot I, my 
 hands upon it, also confirm or ordain by imposi- 
 tion of hands) ; aim (cannon) ; (with compl.) put 
 into specified state (I. land fallow, under water ; 
 I. person under obligation, oblige him, under 
 necessity, compel him, under contribution, 
 make him contribute ; I. bare, denude, reveal ; 
 I. waste, ravage ; I. open, reveal, explain, also 
 break skin of ; I. fast, by the heels, confine or 
 imprison ; I. aboard). Present, put forward, 
 (esp. claim to something ; I. an information, 
 bring indictment in legal form), place (facts, 
 question) for consideration before person ; (of 
 suitor) fix (damages) at certain sum ; (archaic) , 
 impute (fault) to person or (mod.) to his charge, 
 at or to his door ; represent (evil) as consequent 
 on some cause. Impose (penalty, command, 
 obligation, burden, tax), cast (blame), (up)on (I. 
 stress, weight, emphasis, on, emphasize, treat 
 as important) ; bring (stick &c.) down on (also 
 I. bloivs or it on adv.; & abs. I. into slang, be- 
 labour, I. about one, hit out on all sides). Dis- 
 pose, arrange, esp. horizontally (foundation, 
 floor, bricks, submarine cable ; I. table, cloth, 
 or breakfast &c, prepare table for meal ; I. the 
 fire, put fuel ready for lighting) ; make (strand, 
 rope) by twisting yarn or strands ; fix outlines 
 of, devise, (plan, plot; I. one's account 2 ) ; put 
 
LAY 
 
 461 
 
 LEAD 
 
 (colour &c.) on a surface in layers ; cover, coat, 
 strew, (surface) with carpet, metal, straw, &c. 
 (Vulg., also Naut.) = lie 3 . L. aside or by, put 
 away, cease to use or practise or think of, 
 abandon, save (money &c.) for future needs ; 
 I. doion, put on the ground &c. (/. d. one's arms, 
 surrender), relinquish (office, hopes), pay or 
 wager (money), sacrifice (one's life), (begin to) 
 construct (ship, railway), formulate (rule, prin- 
 ciple, course ; I. d. the law !), set down (chart 
 &c.) on paper, convert (land) into pasture [in, 
 to, rmder, icith, grass, clover, &c), store (wine) 
 in cellar ; I. in, provide oneself with stock of ; 
 I. on, impose (tax, command, penalty), deal 
 blows, inflict (blows), ply (lash &c), apply coat 
 of (paint «fcc. ; I. it on thick or with a trowel, use 
 obvious flattery), put (hounds) on sceijt, pro- 
 vide pipes &c. supplying (gas, water, elec- 
 tricity) ; I. out, spread, expose to view Sec, 
 prepare (body) for burial, (slang) kill, ex- 
 pend (money), (refl.) take pains to do, dispose 
 (grounds, garden) according to a plan ; I. up, 
 store, put by, save (money, or abs.), (pass.) be 
 confined to bed or house. (N.) line of business, 
 job, pursuit, (slang) ; direction or amount of 
 twist in rope-strands ; way, position, or direc- 
 tion, in which something (esp. country) lies, 
 lie. [OE lecgan, cf. Du. leggen, G legen, & see 
 lie 3] 
 
 lay 4. See lie 3 . 
 
 layer, n., & v.t. & i. In vbl senses; also: 
 stratum, thickness of matter (esp. one of seve- 
 ral) spread over surface ; (Gardening) shoot 
 fastened into earth to strike root while at- 
 tached to parent plant (v.t., propagate thus) ; 
 (pi.) patches of laid corn (v.i., of corn, be laid 
 flat by weakness of growth) ; oyster-bed ; I.- 
 stool, root from which 11. are produced. Hence 
 layePED 2 a. [lay 3 , -er i ] 
 
 taye'tte, n. Clothes, toilet articles, & bed- 
 ding, needed for newborn child. [F] 
 
 lay figure, n. Jointed wooden figure of 
 human body used by artists for arranging 
 drapery on &c; unimportant person, nonen- 
 tity ; unreal character in novel &c. [lay f. obs. 
 layman lay figure f. Du. leeman (led joint)] 
 
 layloek, n. (Dial, for) lilac. 
 
 laystall, n. Refuse heap, [lay 3 , stall] 
 
 la'zar, n. (archaic). Poor & diseased person, 
 esp. leper; l.-hoiise, — foil. [f. nied.L lazarus 
 f. proper name (Luke xvi. 20)] 
 
 lazare't(to), n. Hospital (chiefly in foreign 
 countries) for diseased poor, esp. lepers ; build- 
 ing or ship for performing quarantine in. [F 
 (-et), f. It. lazzaretto (lazzaro lazar)] 
 
 La'zarus, n. Beggar, poor man, (esp. in con- 
 trasts, L. & Dives &c). [see lazar] 
 
 laze, v.i. & t., & n., (colloq.). Be lazy ; pass 
 (time) away in laziness ; (n.) lazy time, [back- 
 formation f. lazy] 
 
 la'zuli, n. = lapis lazuli. 
 
 la'zy, a., & v.i. & t. Averse to labour, indo- 
 lent, slothful ; appropriate to or inducing indo- 
 lence ; l.-bed, bed for potato-growing about 6 ft 
 wide with trench on each side ; I. -bones, 1. per- 
 son ; l.-pinion, serving as transmitter of motion 
 between other pinions or wheels ; I. -tongs, ar- 
 rangement of zigzag levers for picking up dis- 
 tant objects ; hence la'ziLY 2 adv., la'ziNESS 
 n. (Vb) = LAZE. [earlier laysy, perh. f. la y 2 + 
 
 -sy as in tipsy tricksy] 
 
 lazzaro'n& (lats-), n. (pi. -ni, pr. -ne). Neapo- 
 litan street-lounger living by odd jobs & beg- 
 ging. [It. (LAZAR, -OON)] 
 
 -le, -el, suf. (1) f. ME -el, -le, f. OE -el, -ela, 
 -(e)le in nn., -ol,-ul, -el, in adjj.; after eft, softer, 
 n, r, sh, th, v, -el is retained, & after m the suf. 
 becomes -ble. Nn. formed on n. stems have 
 
 dim. sense (bramble), or that of tool, appliance, 
 (thimble, handle) ; nn. formed on vb stems ex- 
 press agent (beadle), instrument (bridle, girdle), 
 or less definite relations (bundle) ; adjj. formed 
 on vb stems have the sense apt or liable to the 
 vbl action (brittle, nimble). (2) f. ME -el, -elle, 
 in nn. f. F -el f. L -ellum (castle, mantle) or L 
 -ale (cattle); f. F -aille f. L -alia see -al (battle), 
 or F -eille f. L -icula (bottle) ; f. L -ulus, -ula, 
 -ulum, (angle, calycle) ; -el in some mod. sci. 
 wds on L anal, (carpel). (3) verbal, f. ME (e)len 
 f. OE -lian f. OTeut. -ilojan, w. freq. or dim. 
 sense (nestle, twinkle, xvrestle, crumple, dazzle). 
 
 lea 1 , n. (poet.). Tract of open ground, esp. 
 grass land. [OE liah, cf. OHG loh grove] 
 
 lea 2 , n. Measure of yarn (300, 200, 120, & 80yds 
 in different districts &c). [perh. f. F Her f. L 
 ligare to bind] 
 
 leach, v.t. Make (liquid) percolate through 
 some material ; subject (bark, ore) to action of 
 percolating fluid ; purge (soluble matter) away 
 by such means, [prob. f. OE leccan to water] 
 
 lead 1 (led),n.,&v.t. & i. Heavy easily fusible 
 soft malleable base metal of dull pale bluish- 
 grey colour (red I., red oxide of 1. used as pig- 
 ment, minium ; white I., mixture of 1. carbonate 
 & hydrated 1. oxide used as pigment, ceruse ; 
 black i-Z., whence I. is used, w. pi. , for the small 
 stick of graphite in pencil or pencil-case ; ounce 
 of I., bullet) ; lump of 1. used in sounding water 
 (cast, heave, the I. ; arm the L, fill hollow in it 
 with tallow, to learn nature of bottom); (pi.) 
 strips of 1. used to cover roof, piece of (esp. hori- 
 zontal) l.-covered roof, 1. frames or cames hold- 
 ing glass of lattice or painted window ; (Print.) 
 metal strip for widening space between lines ; 
 l.-comb, made of 1. & used to darken hair; 7.- 
 pencil, of graphite usu. enclosed in cedar; l.- 
 poisoning, acute or chronic poisoning by taking 
 of 1. into system ; leadsman, sailor who heaves 
 the 1.; l.-work, plumber's or glazier's work; 
 l.-works, place where l.-ore is smelted ; hence 
 lea'dLESSa. (Vb) cover, weight, frame (panes), 
 with 1. ; (Print.) separate lines of (printed mat- 
 ter) with 11. ; (of gun-barrel) become foul with 
 coating of 1. [OE lead, cf. Du. lood, G lot] 
 
 lead 2 (led), v.t. & i. (led). Force to go with 
 one (I. captive, take away as prisoner) ; conduct, 
 guide, esp. by going in front (of person, also of 
 motive, circumstance, &c. ; curiosity, chance, 
 led him to Home ; I. one a dance, give him much 
 trouble to secure his end ; I. one a life, worry 
 him constantly ; I. the way, go first, take the 1. 
 in course lit. or fig.); (of commander) direct 
 movements of; conduct (person) by the hand 
 or contact, (animal) by halter &c, (led horse, 
 spare horse led by groom &c; led captain, 
 hanger-on, toady, parasite ; I. woman to altar, 
 marry), guide by persuasion (opp. drive ; I. by 
 the nose, induce to do unconsciously all one 
 wishes) ; guide actions or opinions of, bring by 
 argument &c. to conclusion, induce to do ; (of 
 road &c.) conduct (person, or usu. abs.) to place 
 (also fig. = have as result, this led to confusion); 
 make (rope, water, &c. ) go through pulley, chan- 
 nel, &c; pass, go through, spend, (life &c, esp. 
 w. epithet as I. a miserable existence) ; have 
 first place in (I. the dance, van), (abs.) go first 
 (/. off, begin intr.), be first at some point in race ; 
 direct by example (I. orchestra, band, chorus, 
 &c), set (fashion), be official director or spokes- 
 man of (party, esp. in Houses of Parliament), 
 act as leading counsel in (case, or usu. abs.); 
 (Cards) play as first card, be first player, in trick 
 (lead up to, play so as to elicit specified card), 
 play one of (suit) when leading. L. away, (usu. 
 in pass.) induce to follow unthinkingly ; I. off, 
 begin (dance, conversation, of tvbs.) ; L on, e»- 
 
LEAD 
 
 tice into going further than was intended ; I. 
 up to, form preparation for, serve to introduce, 
 direct conversation towards, (subject). Hence 
 lea'dABLE a. [com.-Teut. ; OE laedan, cf. Du. 
 leiden, G leiten, cogn. w. load, lode] 
 lead 3 , n. Direction given by going in front, 
 example, (follow the I. of; give one a L, encour- 
 age him by doing thing, esp. leaping fence in 
 hunting, first); leading place, leadership, (take 
 the I.); artificial water-course, esp. leading to 
 mill ; channel in ice-field ; string &c. for lead- 
 ing dog ; (Cards) act or right of playing first 
 (return I., 1. from suit already led by partner) ; 
 (Theatr.) (player of) chief part; l.-off, commence- 
 ment, [f. prec] 
 
 leaden (le"dn), a. (As) of lead (sleep s I. scep- 
 tre, stupefying power; l.sicord, useless); heavy, 
 slow, burdensome, (I. limbs) ; inert, deadening, 
 (I. rule) ; lead-coloured, [-en 5 ] 
 lea'der, n. In vbl senses of lead 2 (follow 
 my I.); also or esp.: I. of House of Commons, 
 member of Government with official initiative 
 in business ; counsel who leads in case, also 
 K.C., also senior counsel of circuit ; front horse 
 in team or tandem (opp. wheeler); shoot gro w- 
 ingatapexof stem or principal branch; tendon ; 
 = LEADiNG 2 ar££cZe;(Print.)lineofdotsordas;hes 
 to guide eye. Hence lea'derLESs a., lea'dep- 
 ship(1, 3) n. [-er 1 ] 
 
 leadepe'tte, n. Short editorial paragraph 
 in same type as leading article, [prec, -ette] 
 lea'ding l , n. In vbl senses; esp.: men of 
 light & I., of deserved influence; l.-business, 
 parts usu. taken by 1. actor; l.-rein, to lead 
 horse with ; l.-staff, attached to ring in bull's 
 nose ; l.-strings, with which children were for- 
 merly taught to walk (in l.-s., in state of pupil- 
 age). [-ING 1 ] 
 
 lea'ding 2 , a. In vbl senses ; I. article, large- 
 type editorial expression of opinion at full 
 length in newspaper, (Commerc.) article of trade 
 sold at low price to attract custom for other 
 things ; I. case (Law), serving as precedent for 
 deciding others ; I. lady, man, taking chief part 
 in play ; I. motive, transl. of leitmotiv ; I. ques- 
 tion, prompting desired answer, [-ing 2 ] 
 leaf, n. (pi. -ves), & v.i. Expanded organ (usu. 
 green) of plant springing from side of stem or 
 branch or direct from root; (pop.) petal (esp. 
 rose-l.); foliage (fall of the L, autumn; in I., 
 with 11. out), leaves of tobacco or tea ; single 
 thickness of folded paper, esp. ( = 2 pages) in 
 book (take I. out of person's book 1 ; turn over 
 new I., mend one's ways); very thin sheet of 
 metal, esp. gold or silver, or horn, marble, talc, 
 &c; hinged part or flap of door, shutter, table 
 (also used of slab inserted in expansible table), 
 bridge ( = bascule), or rifle-sight ; tooth of pinion ; 
 l.-brass, brass foil; l.-mould, with large propor- 
 tion of decaying 11. in it ; hence lea'fAGE(l) n., 
 lea'fLESs a., lea'flessNESs n., lea'fY 2 a., 
 lea'fiNESS n. (Vb) put forth 11. [OE leaf, cf. 
 Du. loof, G laub] 
 
 lea'flet, n. (Bot.) one division of compound 
 leaf ; young leaf ; small leaf of paper, or sheet 
 folded but not stitched, with printed matter, 
 esp. for gratuitous distribution, [-let] 
 league x (leg), n. Varying measure of road- 
 distance, usu. about three miles, [f. LL leuga 
 perh. f. Gaulish] 
 
 league 2 (leg), n., & v.t. & i. Compact for 
 mutual protection & assistance or prosecution 
 of common interests, parties (whether States or 
 individuals) to such compact, (Solemn L. db 
 covenant; primrose I. ; in I. with, allied with); 
 (vb) join (t. & i.) in 1. (esp. in p.p. leagued to- 
 gether or with). ' [f. F ligue I. It. liga, lega, (L 
 ligare bind)] 
 
 462 LEASE 
 
 leaguer 1 (le'ger), n. (archaic). (Camp, esp. 
 for purpose of) siege, [f. Du. leger, see lair] 
 lea'guen 2 , n. Member of league K [-er x ] 
 leak, n., & v.i. Hole caused by injury, wear, 
 &c, through which liquid makes way into or 
 out of vessel that is immersed in or contains it 
 (spring a I., be found to have one). (Vb) let 
 liquid, (of liquid) pass, out or in through 1.; (of 
 secrets &c.) transpire, come out gradually; 
 hence lea*kAGE(3) n. [vb prob. f. ON leka drip ; 
 relation of n. & vb doubtful] 
 lea'ky, a. Having leak(s) ; incontinent of 
 urine; given to letting out secrets. Hence 
 lea'kixEss n. [- v 2 ] 
 
 leal (lei), a. (Sc. & literary). Loyal, honest, 
 (land 1 of the L). [f. OF leel (cf. loyal) f. L 
 legalis lawful (lex legis law, -al)J 
 lean* 1 , a. & n. (Of persons) thin, not plump ; 
 meagre, of poor quality, innutritious, (I. crops, 
 diet ; I. years, of scarcity) ; unremunerative ; 
 (of meat) consisting chiefly of muscular tissue, 
 not of fat (n., muscular part of meat). Hence 
 lea'nNESS n. [OE hl&ne etym. dub.] 
 lean 2 , v.i. & t. (past & p.p. leaned, or leant 
 pr. lent), & n. Incline one's body against some- 
 thing for support, support oneself (of thing, be 
 supported in sloping position) against or on 
 (Mil., I. upon, have as protection on flank); 
 rely or depend (up)on; incline body back, for- 
 ward, over, towards, &c; stand obliquely, out 
 of the perpendicular ; have tendency to mercy 
 &c, be partial to cause, opinion, or person, 
 whence lea'niNG HI) n.; place (thing) in lean- 
 ing position ; l.-to, building with rafters resting 
 against side of another, pent-house; (n.) incli- 
 nation, slope, (has a decided I. to the right). 
 [OE hleonian, hlinian, cf. Du. leunen, G lehnen, 
 cogn. w. ladder, & w. climax & Gk klino bend, 
 & L inclinare] 
 
 leap 1 , v.i. & t. (past & p.p. leapt pr. lept, or 
 leaped). = jump (still in poet., literary, & dig- 
 nified use; look 1 before you I.); l.-frog, (n.) 
 game in which players vault with parted legs 
 over others bending down, (vb) perform such 
 vault (over). Hence lea'pER 1 n. [com.-Teut.; 
 OE hUapan, cf. Du. loopen, G lauf 'en run] 
 leap 2 , n. Jump (by which wd it is now re- 
 placed in ordinary use ; I. in the dark, hazard- 
 ous attempt of doubtful issue ; by 11. & bounds, 
 with startlingly rapid progress) ; thing to be 
 jumped; I. day, 29th Feb.; I. year, year with 
 intercalary day (perh. because fixed festivals 
 after Feb. fall in the year after 1. y. two week- 
 days, instead of as usual one, later than in the 
 preceding year). [OK hlyp f. root of prec] 
 learn (lern), v.t. & i. (past & p.p. learnt, 
 learned pr. -nd). Get knowledge of (subject) or 
 skill in (art &c) by study, experience, or being 
 taught (from, of) ; commit to memory (esp. I. 
 by heart or rote) ; become aware that, how, &c 
 (I am or have yet to I., do not know, usu. with 
 implication of disbelief), be informed of, ascer- 
 tain ; receive instruction. Hence lear'nABLE 
 a., lear'nER l n. [OE leornian, cf. G le?men] 
 lear'ned, a. Deeply read, erudite ; showing 
 profound knowledge ; (in conventionally cour- 
 teous mention of lawyer in House of Commons, 
 law courts, &c.) 1. in the law ; (of language, pro- 
 fession, &c) pursued or studied by, (of words 
 in a language) introduced by, 1. men. Hence 
 lear'nedLY 2 adv. [f. prec. in obs. sense (still 
 in vulg. use) teach, + -ed l ] 
 leap'ning, n. In vbl senses ; esp .(possession 
 of) knowledge got by study, esp. of language or 
 literary or historical science (the neicl., studies, 
 esp. of Greek, introduced into England in 16th 
 c, renaissance), [-ing 1 ! 
 lease l , n., & v.t. Contract by which lessor, 
 
LEASE 
 
 463 
 
 LEE 
 
 usu. in consideration of rent, conveys land or 
 tenement to lessee for specified time (put out 
 to I.; by or on I.; a new I. of life, prospect of 
 living due to recovered health or removal of 
 anxiety &c); leaseholder), (person having) ten- 
 ure, real property held, by 1.; (vb) grant or take 
 1. of. [f. AF les(ser), cf. F laisser, f. L laxare 
 (lax) to loose] 
 
 lease 2 , n. Crossing of warp-threads in loom; 
 — foil, (weaving), [prob. var. of foil.] 
 leash, n., & v.t. Thong in which hounds or 
 coursing-dogs are held (hold in L, control) ; set 
 of three hounds, hares, &c; (Weaving) cord 
 with eye to receive warp-thread extending be- 
 tween parallel laths of loom-heddle ; (vb) con- 
 nect, hold in, with 1. [f. OF lease perh. f. fem. 
 of L laxm.s] 
 
 lea'sing; (-z-), n. (bibl.). Lying, lie. [OE lea- 
 sung (Uasian f. lias false, destitute of, =-less)] 
 least, a., n., & adv. Smallest, slightest, (the 
 I., esp. after neg., any however small ; I. com- 
 mon multiple ; line of I. resistance). (N.) 1. 
 amount (to say the I. of it, to put the case 
 moderately) ; atl., at all events, even if a wider 
 statement is disputable, (also at the I.) at the 
 lowest computation ; (in) the L, in the smallest 
 degree, at all. (Adv.) in the 1. degree. [OE 
 Ixst superl. of less] 
 
 lea'stways ( vulg. ), lea'stwise (rare), ad v v. 
 Or at least, or rather, [-ways, -wise] 
 leat, n. Open water-course conducting water 
 to mill &c. [OE -gelzet (y- + root of let 2 )] 
 lea'ther (ledh-), n., & v.t. Skin prepared for 
 use by tanning or similar process (patent I., 
 with fine black varnished surface ; I. & pru- 
 nella, by misinterpretation of Pope, Essay on 
 Man iv. 304, worthless stuff; nothing like I., 
 one's own goods will serve all purposes ; vb, 
 cover or arm with 1.); article, or part of one, 
 made of 1., thong (esp. stirrup-L; vb, beat with 
 strap, whence lea'theriNGMl) n.), (slang) 
 cricket ball (l.-hunting, fielding) or football, (pi.) 
 leggings or breeches ; (slang) one's skin (lose I., 
 suffer abrasion) ; l.-back, kind of turtle ; l.-head, 
 blockhead ; l.-jacket, kinds of tough-skinned 
 fish ; l.-neck, (sailor's name, w. ref. to 1. stock 
 formerly worn, for) soldier; l.-wood, kinds of 
 tough-barked tree. Hence leatherE*TTE(2) n., 
 lea'thern (en 5 ), lea'therY 2 , aa. [OE lether, 
 cf. Du. & G leder] 
 
 lea'theroid, n. Cotton paper chemically 
 treated & resembling raw hide, [-oid] 
 leave 1 , n. Permission (to do; by your I., 
 apology, often iron., for taking liberty, making 
 unwelcome statement, &c, esp. as porter's 
 formula for asking person to make way for him 
 & his load) ; (in army, navy, offices, schools) I. 
 (of absence), permission to be absent from duty, 
 period for which this lasts, (on I., absent thus ; 
 l.-breaker, sailor remaining away beyond the 
 period; ticket of I.); take (one's) I. (of), bid 
 farewell (to), whence lea've-takiNGMl) n. ; 
 French I. [OE Uaf prob. =orig. pleasure or 
 approval, cogn. w. love, lief] 
 leave 2 , v.t. (left). Cause to or let remain, 
 depart without taking, (leaves a wife db three 
 sons ; six from seven leaves one ; leaves much 
 &c. to be desired, is unsatisfactory ; has left a 
 soreness behind), bequeath ; abstain from con- 
 suming or dealing with, (pass.) remain over; 
 let remain in specified state (this leaves me cool, 
 does not excite me ; be well &c. left, provided 
 for by legacy &c. ; Z. undone, unsaid, &c.) ; 
 commit, refer, to another agent &c. than one- 
 self (I. it to you, sir, fix my pay yourself ; no- 
 thing ivas left to accident; I. him to himself, do 
 not try to control) ; allow (person, thing) to do 
 something without interference ; deposit, en- 
 
 trust, (thing, instructions, message), station 
 (person), to be seen to, delivered, &c, or to dis- 
 charge function, in one's absence (I. card on 
 person, as equivalent of formal call) ; quit, go 
 away from, (w. compl. as left him quite well an 
 hour ago, or alone as I. the track, room), (abs.) 
 depart (we I. tomorrow) ; pass (object) so as to 
 put it in specified relative direction (I. the 
 church on the left) ; cease to reside at (place), 
 belong to (school, society), or serve (employer), 
 (also abs., as / am leaving at Christmas) ; 
 abandon, forsake (esp. I. in the lurch ; get left 
 colloq., be deserted or worsted). L. alone, not 
 interfere with ; I. behind, go away without, 1. 
 as consequence or trace, pass ; I. hold of, cease 
 holding; I. off, cease to wear, discontinue 
 (habit, domgf, work), come to or make an end ; 
 Z. out, omit ; Z. over, let stand over for the time. 
 Hence (usu. pi.) lea , viNG 1 (2) n. [OE Isefan, cf. 
 MHG leiben ; cogn. w. obs. lave remainder, & w. 
 G bleiben (MHG beliben) remain] 
 (-)leaved, a. Having leaves (rare) ; having 
 — leaves (one-l. table ; red-l. ). [f. leaf + -ed 2 ] 
 leaven (le*vn), n., & v.t. Substance added to 
 dough to produce fermentation, esp. ferment- 
 ing dough reserved for purpose ; (fig.) spreading 
 & transforming influence (Matt. xiii. 33), tinge 
 or admixture o/some quality ; the old I., traces 
 of unregenerate state (1 Cor. v. 6, 7). (Vb) fer- 
 ment (dough) with 1.; permeate & transform, 
 modify with tempering element, [f. F levain 
 f. L levamen (levare lift, -men)] 
 leaves. See leaf. 
 
 lecher (-tsh-), n. (archaic). Fornicator, de- 
 bauchee. So lecherous a., leeherousLY 2 
 adv., le*ehERY(4) n. [f. OF lecheor (lech ier live 
 in debauchery or gluttony f. OHG leccon lick)] 
 le'etern, n. Reading or singing desk in 
 church, esp. that for the lessons. [ME & OF 
 lettrun f. LL lectrum (legere lect- read)] 
 le'etionary, n. Book containing, Hst of, 
 portions of Scripture appointed to be read at 
 divine service, [f. eccl. L lectionarium (lectio 
 reading, see prec, -ary 1 )] 
 lecture (-tsher), n., & v.i. & t. Discourse be- 
 fore audience or class on given subject, usu. by 
 way of instruction ; admonition, reproof, (read 
 one a I., reprove him). (Vb) deliver 1. or 11. (on 
 subject) ; instruct or entertain (class &c.) by 1. ; 
 admonish, reprimand; hence leeturER 1 n. 
 [vb f. n., f. L lectura (legere lect- read, -ure)] 
 lectureship, n. Office of lecturer, [prec. 
 + -ship (unusual formation)] 
 led. See lead 2 . 
 
 ledge, n. Narrow horizontal surface project- 
 ing from wall &c. ; shelf-like projection on side 
 of rock or mountain ; ridge of rocks, esp. below 
 water ; (Mining) stratum of metal-bearing rock. 
 Hence le'dgY 2 , ledgED 2 , aa. [perh. f. ME 
 legge lay 3 ] 
 
 ledger (-j-), n. & a. Principal book of the 
 set used for recording trade transactions, con- 
 taining debtor-&-creditor accounts ; horizontal 
 timber in scaffolding, parallel to face of build- 
 ing ; flat grave-stone ; (also l.-bait) bait fixed in 
 one place (so l.-hook, -line) ; l.-blade, stationary 
 blade in cloth-shearing machine acting with 
 revolving spiral blade; (adj.; Mus.) Z. line, 
 short line added above or below stave for out- 
 side notes (perh. attrib. use of n. in scaffolding 
 sense above), [perh. f. lie 3 , lay 3 , + -ER 1 in 
 imit. of Du. ligger, legger] 
 lee, n. Shelter given by neighbouring object 
 (under the I. of); (also Z. side) sheltered side, 
 side away from wind, (opp. windward, weather 
 side; often attrib., lee or lee-, = belonging to 
 ship's 1. side, or to leeward of other object, 
 I whence lee'MOST a.) ; I. -board, plank fpame 
 
LEECH 
 
 461 
 
 LEGEND 
 
 fixed to side of flat-bottomed vessel & let down 
 into water to diminish l.-way ; l.-shore, shore 
 to leeward, i. e. on to which wind blows ; lee- 
 way, lateral drift of ship to leeward of course 
 (make upl.-w. fig., struggle out of bad position, 
 often much l.-w. to make up). [OE hleo, cogn. 
 w. OFris. hli, OX hly shelter, warmth] 
 
 leech \ n. (archaic, poet., or joe). Physician, 
 healer ; leechcraft, art of healing. [OE lx.ee, cf. 
 OHG Idhhi] 
 
 leech 2 , n. Kinds of aquatic bloodsucking 
 worm, esp. that used medicinally for bleeding 
 (stick like a I., persistently); person who sucks 
 profit out of others. [OE Ixce, cf. MDu. lake] 
 
 leech 3 , n. Perpendicular or sloping side of 
 sail. [cf. Du. lijk, G liek] 
 
 leek, u. Culinary herb like onion, but with 
 cylindrical bulb, this as Welsh national emblem 
 .<cf. rose; eat the I., pocket affront, see Shak. 
 Hen. V, v. i). [OE Uac, cf. Du. look, G lauch] 
 
 leeP 1 , v.i., & n. Glance (esp. sideways) with 
 sly, lascivious, or malign expression. Hence 
 leeP'ingLY 2 adv. [n. f. vb, perh. f. obs. lee?' 
 cheek ( = look over one's cheek), cf. MDu. Here] 
 
 leer 2 , n. Annealing-furnace for glass. [?] 
 
 leer'y, a. (slang). Knowing, sly. [perh. f. 
 I.EER 1 n. + -y 2 ] 
 
 lees, n. pi. Sediment of wine &c. (drink, 
 drain, to the I., lit. & fig.) ; basest part, refuse, 
 [earlier lee sing, also, f. F lie f. Gaulish L lia] 
 
 leewapd (lu-), a., n., & adv. On, towards, 
 the side turned from the wind (opp. windivard); 
 (n.) this direction (to l, on the I. of). Hence 
 leewapdMOST a. [lee + -ward] 
 
 leewardly, a. (Of ship) apt to fall to lee- 
 ward (opp. weatherly). [-ly 2 ] 
 
 left 1 , a., adv., & n. Belonging to the side of 
 a person's body that is westward when he faces 
 N. or that has normally the less used hand, 
 having corresponding relation to front of any 
 object (I. wing or flank of army ; I. bank of 
 river, assuming it to face the way it flows) ; 
 situated nearer to or more directly in front of 
 observer's or speaker's 1. hand than his right ; 
 7. hand, lit., & = region or direction nearer the 
 1. hand, (on the I. h. of, in that direction rela- 
 tively to ; marry with the I. h., morganatically ; 
 l.-h. blow, delivered with it; l.-h. man, standing 
 next one on 1.; l.-h. rope, twisted counter-clock- 
 wise) ; over the I. (shoulder now rare), slang 
 phr. denoting that what is said is to be inter- 
 preted by contraries ; I. turn, that brings one's 
 front to face as one's 1. side did before ; hence 
 le'ftMOST a., le'ftWARD a. & adv., le'ftWARDS 
 adv. (Adv.) on or to the 1. side. (X.) 1. hand 
 (lit. in pugilism, as got in one with his I. ; cannon 
 to I. of them); 1. wing of army; (Pol., orig. of 
 ' continental legislatures) more democratic sec- 
 tion of legislative chamber seated on president's 
 1., advanced or innovating section of philo- 
 sophical school, religious sect, &c. [OE, orig. 
 sense weak, worthless, cf. EFris. luf] 
 
 left 2 . See leave 2 . 
 
 left-handed, a. Having left hand more 
 serviceable than right, using it by preference ; 
 awkward, clumsy ; ambiguous, double-edged, of 
 doubtful sincerity or validity, (esp. I. compli- 
 ?nent ; also sometimes of marriage = fictitious, 
 cf. correct sense below); (archaic) ill-omened, 
 sinister; (of marriage) morganatic (from German 
 custom by which bridegroom gave left hand in 
 such marriages); adapted for use of, (of blow) 
 delivered with, left hand. Hence left-ha*nd- 
 edLY 2 adv. , left-ha'ndedxEss n. [-ed 2 ] 
 
 left-ha*ndep, n. Left-handed person or 
 blow. [-ER x ] 
 
 m leg, n., & v.i. Organ of support & locomotion 
 in animal, esp. human, body, part of this from 
 
 hip to ankle, (all 11., overgrown; boot 2 is on 
 other I.; pull one's I. colloq., befool him; give 
 one a I. up, help him to mount or get over 
 obstacle material or other; bone in one's I.; 
 have the 11. of, be able to go faster than ; put 
 best 1 I. foremost; shake a I., dance; stretch 
 one's 11., take walking exercise ; take to one's 11., 
 run away ; on one's 11. , also joe. hind 11., stand- 
 ing esp. to make speech, also well enough to go 
 about, also in prosperous or established state, 
 esp. set one on his 11.; stand on one's own 11., be 
 self-reliant or independent; fall 1 on one's 11.; 
 has not a I. to staiid on, cannot support thesis 
 by any facts or sound reasons ; on one's last 11., 
 near death or end ; walk &c. one o^'his 11., tire 
 him out in walking &c. ; feel, find, one's 11., get 
 power of standing or walking; keep one's 11. , 
 not fall; I. before xoicket, abbr. l.b.w., illegal 
 stopping of cricket ball by batsman's 1. ; sea-ZZ. ); 
 1. of animal as food (I. of mutton ; l.-of-m. sail, 
 sleeve, so shaped) ; obeisance made by drawing 
 back one 1. (usu. make a I.; archaic) ; swindler 
 (for black 1 -l.) ; (Cricket) part of field to right 
 rear of batsman in position (l.-stu?np, stump 
 nearest this; long, short, square, I., fielders 
 variously posted in it; hit to I.); artificial 1. 
 (cork, wooden, &c, I.); part of garment covering 
 1. ; support, pole, prop, of machine &c. ; support 
 of chair, table, bed, &c. ; one branch of forked 
 object ; side of triangle other than base ; (Xaut.) 
 run made on single tack (usti. long, short, I.); 
 give I. -bail, decamp; l.-guard, pad for ankle, 
 shin, & knee, in cricket; l.-rest, support for 
 seated invalid's 1. Hence (-)leggED 2 , le'g- 
 less, aa. (Vb) /. it, walk or run hard ; propel 
 (boat) through canal-tunnel by pushing with 11. 
 against tunnel sides, whence le'ggER 1 n. [f. 
 OX leggr limb, perh. cogn. w. Gk laktizo kick, 
 L lacertus arm] 
 
 le'gaey, n. Sum of money or article given 
 by will ; material or immaterial thing handed 
 down by predecessor ; I. -hunter, person who 
 pays court to another to secure 1. [f. OF lega- 
 cie legateship (legate, -acv)] 
 
 le'gal, a. Of, based on, falling within pro- 
 vince of, occupied with, law ; required or ap- 
 pointed by law (I. tender, money that creditor 
 is bound to accept in payment) ; recognized by 
 law as distinguished from equity ; lawful, 
 whence le*galizE(3) v.t., legalizA'TiON n. ; 
 (Theol.) of the Mosaic law, of salvation by 
 works not faith. Hence le'galLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 legalis (lex legis law, -al) cf. leal, loyal] 
 
 legalism, n. (Theol.) preference of the Law 
 to the Gospel, doctrine of justification by 
 works ; exaltation of law or formula, red tape. 
 So le*galiST(2) n. [-ism] 
 
 legality, n. Legalism ; lawfulness, [f. F 
 Ugalitf (legal, -ity)] 
 
 le'gate 1 (-at), n. Ecclesiastic deputed to re- 
 present Pope (I. a la'tere, one of highest class 
 & full powers), whence le'gatiNE 1 (-in) a. ; 
 (archaic) ambassador, delegate. Hence le # - 
 gatesmp n. [f. OF legat f. L legatus p.p. of 
 legare commission] 
 
 lega'te 2 , v.t. Bequeath (often give & I.). 
 So lega'tOR 2 n. [f. L legare (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 legatee*, n. Recipient of legacy, [prec, -ee] 
 
 lega'tion, n. Sending of legate or deputy ; 
 body of deputies, diplomatic minister & his 
 suite (esp. when he does not rank as ambassa- 
 dor), his official residence ; legateship. [f. L 
 legatio (legate 2 , -ion)] 
 
 lega'to (-ah-), mus. direction. Smoothly, 
 without breaks. [It., = bound (L ligare bind)] 
 
 le'gend, n. Collection of lives of saints or 
 similar stories, esp. the (Golden) L., particular 
 13th-c. collection (hist.) ; traditional story popu- 
 
LEGERDEMAIN 
 
 larly regarded as historical, myth, such litera- 
 ture or tradition, whence legend a n y l a. ; in- 
 scription or motto, esp. on coin or medal. 
 Hence legendRY(5) n. [f. F ligende f. med.L 
 legenda what is read (L legere read)] 
 
 legerdemai'n, n. Sleight of hand, conjur- 
 ing tricks, juggling ; trickery, sophistry, [f. F 
 liger de main light of hand] 
 
 le'gging, n. (usu. pi.). Outer covering of 
 leather &c. for leg usu. up to knee, [-ing *] 
 
 le'ggy, a. Lanky-legged (esp. of boy, colt, 
 puppy). Hence le'ggiNESS n. [-Y 8 ] 
 
 leghorn (ligorn), n. Kind of straw plaiting 
 for hats &c. ; kind of domestic fowl, [imported 
 f. L. (now Livorno) in Italy] 
 
 legible, a. (Of handwriting or print) clear, 
 easily read. Hence legiBi'LiTY n., legibLY 2 
 adv. [f. LL legibilis (legere read, -ible)] 
 
 legion (-jn), n. Division of 3,000-6,000 men, 
 including complement of cavalry, in ancient 
 Roman army ; foreign I., botTy of foreign volun- 
 teers in modern, esp. French, army ; vast host, 
 multitude, or number (their name is L., they 
 are numberless, see Mark v. 9) ; L. of Honour, 
 French order of distinction. [OF, f. L legionem 
 nom. -o (legere choose)] 
 
 le'gionary, a. & n. (Soldier) of (a) legion(s). 
 [f. L legionarius (prec, -ary ] )] 
 
 le'gioned, a. (poet.). In legions, [-ed 1 ] 
 
 legislation, n. (Enacting of) laws. Hence 
 'le'gislATivE a., legislativeLY 2 adv. [f. LL 
 legislatio (lex legis law, latio proposing f. lat- 
 part. st. of ferre bring, -ion)] 
 
 le'gislator, n. Lawgiver, member of legis- 
 lative body. Hence legislate (by back- 
 formation) v.i., legislator'iAL a. (rare), le*- 
 gislatrESS l n. [L (as prec, -or -)] 
 
 legislature (-tsher), n. Legislative body of 
 a State, [after prec, -ure] 
 
 legist, n. Person versed in law. [f. F 
 Ugiste f. med.L legista (L lex legis law, -ist)] 
 
 legitimate l (-at), a. Born in lawful wed- 
 lock (also said of parent, birth, descent, &c) ; 
 lawful, proper, regular, conforming to standard 
 type (the I. drama, body of plays, Shaksperian 
 or other, of recognized merit, also ellipt., slang, 
 the l.); (of sovereign's title) based on strict 
 hereditary right ; logically admissible. Hence 
 legi'timACY n., legi'timateLY 2 adv., le- 
 gi*timatizE(3) v.t. [as foil., -ate 2 ] 
 
 legitimate 2 , v.t. Make 1. by decree, enact- 
 ment, or proof ; justify, serve as justification 
 for. Hence legitimA'TiON n. [f. med.L legiti- 
 mare (L legitimes lawful f. lex legis law), -ate 3 ] 
 
 legitimism, n. Adherence to sovereign or 
 pretender whose claim is based on direct de- 
 scent (esp. in Spanish & French politics). So 
 legi*timiST(2) n. & a. [f. F Ugitimisnie (le- 
 gitime f. L see prec, -ism>] 
 
 legitimize, v.t. Legitimatize (see legiti- 
 mate !). Hence leg! timiz ation n. [as legi- 
 timate 2 , -ize] 
 
 legum, n. genit. pi. (abbr, LL.). Of laws (in 
 degrees, see l). [L (lex law)] 
 
 le'gume, legu'men, n. Fruit, edible part, 
 pod, of leguminous plant ; vegetable used for 
 food. [F (Ugume), f. L (-en) f. legere pick] 
 
 legu-minous, a. Of, like, of the same bo- 
 tanical order as, pulse, [legumen -inis, -ous] 
 
 Leibni'tzian, a. & n. (Follower) of G. W. 
 Leibnitz (d. 1716) or his philosophy, [ian] 
 
 lei's ter (les-), n., & v.t. Pronged salmon- 
 spear ; ( vb) spear with this. [f. ON liostr (liosta 
 to strike)] 
 
 leisure (le'zher), n. (Opportunity to do, for, 
 afforded by) free time, time at one's own dis- 
 posal (wait &c one's I., wait till he has 1. ; at I., 
 not occupied, also deliberately, without hurry ; 
 
 465 LENIENT 
 
 at one's L, when one has time). Hence lei*- 
 suped 2 , lei'sureLESS, aa. [f. OF leisir n. use 
 of infin. f. L licere be allowed ; see -ure] 
 
 lei'surely, a. & adv. Having, acting or done 
 at, leisure, deliberate ; hence lei'sureliNESS 
 n. ; (adv.) deliberately, without haste. [-ly*> 2 ] 
 
 leit-motif (litmote'f), n. (mus.). Theme as- 
 sociated throughout piece with some person, 
 situation, or sentiment. [G (lead 2 , motive)] 
 
 leman, n. (archaic). Lover, sweetheart ; un- 
 lawful lover or (usu., in mod. archaistic use) 
 mistress. [ME leofmon (lief, man)] 
 
 lemma, n. (pi. -ta). Assumed or demonstrat- 
 ed proposition used in argument or proof ; argu- 
 ment or subject of literary composition, diction- 
 ary article, annotation, &c, prefixed as head- 
 ing ; motto appended to picture &c [Gk (-e-) f. 
 lambano take] 
 
 lemming, n. Small arctic rodent resembling 
 field-mouse. [Norw.] 
 
 lemon 1 , n. Pale-yellow oval acid-juiced 
 fruit used for flavouring & for making the 
 beverage lemonA'DE(l) n. ; salt of I.; tree 
 bearing it ; pale-yellow colour ; l.-drop, sugar- 
 plum flavoured with 1. ; l.-kali, effervescing 
 drink of tartaric acid, soda bicarbonate, & 
 water; l.-plant, 1. -scented verbena ; l.-squash, 
 drink of l.-juice & soda-water ; l.-squeezer, in- 
 strument for pressing juice out. Hence le- 
 monY 2 a. [f. F Union f. Oriental source (Arab. 
 laimun, Pers. limun), cf. lime 2 ] 
 
 le'mon 2 , n. (Usu. l.-dab, l.-sole) kind of plaice 
 resembling sole. [f. F limande] 
 
 lemur, n. Kinds of nocturnal mammal esp. of 
 Madagascar, allied to monkeys but with pointed 
 muzzle. Hence lemuriNE 1 a., lemurom a. 
 & n. [f. L lemures pi. spirits of the dead] 
 
 lend, v.t. (lent). Grant (person) use of (thing) 
 on understanding that it or its equivalent shall 
 be returned ; let out (money) at interest, (books 
 &c ; so lending-library) for hire ; bestow, con- 
 tribute, (something of temporary service or 
 effect, as enchantment, aid, dignity ; I. ear, an 
 ear, one's ears, listen ; I. a hand or helping 
 hand, help ; archaic, I. person a box on the ear) ; 
 accommodate oneself to some policy or purpose 
 (thing lends itself to, is serviceable for). Hence 
 le^ndABLE a., le'ndER 1 , hvndiNG^l, 4), nn. 
 [earlier len, OE Ixnan (cf. Du. leenen, G lehnen) 
 f. Ixn loan] 
 
 length, n. Thing's measurement from end 
 to end, greatest of body's three dimensions 
 (know I. o/person's foot) ; extent in, of, or with 
 regard to, time (a stay of some I. ; the I. of a 
 book, speech, &c); distance thing extends (at 
 arm's I., as far away as an arm can reach ; keep 
 one at ami's L, avoid intimacy with him; ships 
 a cable's I. apart; horse, boat, wins by three &c. 
 II., i.e. of itself) ; (with go) degree of thorough- 
 ness in action (prepared to go all 11. , went to 
 great II., will not go the I. of asserting) ; (Pros.) 
 vowel's or syllable's quantity; (Cricket) distance 
 from wicket at which ball pitches (bowler keeps 
 a good I.; I. or good-l. ball, that pitches at right 
 1.) ; long stretch or extent ; piece of cloth &c 
 of certain 1. ; at I., in detail or without curtail- 
 ment (also at full, great, some, I.), at last or 
 after a long time ; at full I. (see above ; also) ly- 
 ing with body fully extended. Hence le'ngth- 
 w a ys adv. , length wise adv. & a. [OE lengthu, 
 cf. Du. lengte, (long)] 
 
 lengthen, v.t. & i. Make or become longer ; 
 (Pros.) make (vowel) long, [-en 6 ] 
 
 lengthy, a. (Of speech, writing, style, 
 speaker, &c.) of unusual length, prolix, tedious. 
 Hence le'ngthiLY 2 adv., le'ngthiNESS n. 
 [-Y 2 ; orig. an Americanism] 
 
 lenient, a. Emollient (archaic) ; tolerant, 
 
LENITIVE 
 
 466 
 
 LET 
 
 gentle, indisposed to severity. Hence le'ni- 
 ence, le'niENCv, nn., le'nientLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 lenire soothe (lenis gentle), -ent] 
 
 le'nitive, a. & n. Soothing (drug, appliance), 
 palliative, [f. med.L lenitivus prec, -ive)J 
 
 le'nity, n. Mercifulness ; mercy shown, [f. 
 L lenitas (lenis gentle, -ty)] 
 
 le'no, n. Kind of cotton gauze for caps, veils, 
 curtains, &c. [perh. f. F linon] 
 
 lens (-z), n. Lentil-shaped ghiss with both 
 sides curved or one curved & one flat for con- 
 centrating or dispersing light-rays ; combina- 
 tion of lenses in photography ; (Anat.) = crys- 
 talline/., also facet of compound eye. Hence 
 lensED 2 , le'nsLESS, aa. [L lens ientis lentil] 
 
 lent 1 , n. Period from Ash- Wednesday to 
 Easter-Eve of which the 40 week-days are de- 
 voted to fasting & penitence in commemoration 
 of Christ in the wilderness ; (pi., at Cambridge) 
 l.-term boat-races ; I. -lily, daffodil ; I. -term, 
 university term in which 1. falls, [f. lenten] 
 
 lent 2 . See lend. 
 
 -lent, suf. in adjj. f. L, = -ful ; the L suf. is 
 normally preceded by -u- (turbulentus) ; but 
 pestilentus, violentus. 
 
 le'nten, a. Of, in, or appropriate to, lent (I. 
 fare, without meat ; I. face, dismal look), 
 [prop, n., of which the attrib. use is now re- 
 garded as adj. = lent 1 + -en 5 ; orig. sense 
 spring, now obs. in E, but the only sense in 
 cogn. Teut. wds ; OE lencten, cf. G lenz, prob. 
 f. same root as long perh. w. ref. to lengthen- 
 ing of day in spring] 
 
 lenti'eulap, a. Shaped like lentil or lens, 
 double-convex ; of the lens of the eye. [f. LL 
 lenticularis (foil., -ar 1 )] 
 
 le'ntil, n. (Seed of) leguminous plant grown 
 for food. [F (-lie) f. L lenticula (lens, -cule)] 
 
 le'ntisk, n. The mastic tree, [f, L lentiscus] 
 
 le'ntitude, n. Sluggishness, [f. L lentitudo 
 (lentiut slow, -tude)] 
 
 le'ntoid, a. Lens-shaped, [lens, -oid] 
 
 Le*o, n. Zodiacal constellation the Lion; fifth 
 sign of the zodiac. [L, = lion] 
 
 Le'onid, n. One of the meteors that seem to 
 radiatefrom Leo. If. L leo -onis, -id 2 ] 
 
 le'onlne 1 , a. Lionlike, of lions, [f. lileoninns 
 (prec, -ine 1 )] 
 
 Le'onine 2 , a. & n. Of, made or invented by, 
 person (esp. one of the Popes) called Leo ; L. 
 City, part of Rome round Vatican fortified by 
 Leo IV; L. verse, line (also L. as n.) or lines of 
 medieval Latin verse in hexameter or elegiac 
 metre with internal rhyme, [as prec. ; inventor 
 of L. verse unknown] 
 
 leo'pard (lep-), n. Large African & S. -Asiatic 
 carnivorous quadruped with dark-spotted yel- 
 lowish-fawn coat, panther, (black I., black- 
 coated kind ; American L, jaguar ; hunting L, 
 cheetah ; snow I., ounce ; can the I. change his 
 spots ?, character persists) ; (Her.) lion passant 
 guardant as in arms of England ; (in names of 
 animals &c.) I.-, spotted like 1. • Hence leo*- 
 pardESS i n. [OF, f. LL f. late Gk leopardos 
 
 (LION, PARD)] 
 
 le'per, n. Person with leprosy, [perh. attrib. 
 use of obs. leper leprosy f. OF lepre f. L f. Gk 
 lepra fem. of lepros scaly (lepos scale)] 
 
 lepido'pterous, a. Of the Lepidoptera, 
 order of insects with four membranous scale- 
 covered wings including butterflies & moths. 
 So Iepido*pteriST(3) n. [f. Gk lepis -idos 
 scale, pteron wing, -ous] 
 
 lepreehau'n (-ch-), n. (IrishK Sprite, [perh. 
 f. Olr. luchorpdn (lu small, corp body)] 
 
 le'pposy, n. Loathsome disease eating body 
 slowly away & forming silvery scales on skin, 
 (fig.) moral corruption or contagion, [foil., -y *] 
 
 le'ppous, a. Having, like, (as) of, leprosy. 
 [OF, f. LL leprosus (lepra see leper, -ose ] )] 
 
 lepto-, comb, form of Gk leptos fine, small, 
 thin, delicate, in zool. & bot. terms, as -cepha'lic 
 narrow-skulled, -da'ctyl n. & a. (bird) with long 
 slender toes. 
 
 Le'sbian (-z-), a. Of Lesbos (L. vice, sap- 
 phism). [L f. Gk Lesbios (Lesbos), -an] 
 
 Ibse-majest6 (F), n. =foll. (in frequent use 
 about foreign States, & joe. of presumptuous 
 conduct on the part of inferiors &c.) 
 
 lese-ma'jesty (lez-), n. (civil law). Treason, 
 [f. F lese-majeste f. L laesa majestas injured 
 majesty (of the sovereign people)] 
 
 le'sion (-zhn), n. Damage, injury, esp. (Path. ) 
 morbid change in functioning or texture of 
 organs, [f. F lesion f. L laesionem nom. -o 
 (laedere laes- injure, -ion)] 
 
 less, a., prep., n., & adv. (Of abstracts express- 
 ing measurement, as size, degree, duration, 
 number) smaller (opp. greater ; in a I. degree, 
 of I. magnitude or importance) ; of smaller 
 quantity, not so much, not so much of, (opp. 
 more ; find I. difficulty ; eat I. meat ; of two 
 evils choose the I. ; may your shadow never be 
 L, may you not grow thin) ; of lower rank &c. 
 (rare; no I. a person than; James the L.). 
 (Prep.) minus, deducting, (a year I. three days). 
 (N.) smaller amount, quantity, or number (can- 
 not take I. ; in I. than no time joe, very quickly 
 or soon ; often far, little, much, nothing, some- ' 
 thing, I. ; expected nothing I. than an attack, 
 expected an attack & no milder procedure, but 
 see under the adv.). (Adv.) to smaller extent, 
 in lower degree, (often none the, no, not the, I. ; 
 I. known &c. or l.-known &c. ; do not suspect 
 him of equivocation, still I. or much I. of lying ; 
 nothing I., anything rather ; expected nothing 
 I. than an attack, did not expect attack at all, 
 but see the now usu. sense under n.). [OE laes 
 adv., Idessa adj., cf. OFris. lis & lessa] 
 
 -less, suf. f . OE teas (used both as separate adj. 
 in sense free from, devoid of, & as suf.) forming 
 adjj. (guileless, homeless) & advv. (doubtless) f. 
 nn. On anal, of compds in which the compo- 
 nent n. was of same form as the corr. vb (count- 
 less, dauntless, numberless) & the sense was 
 unable, -less has been appended to vbs (resist- 
 less, describeless, tireless). 
 
 lessee*, n. Holder of, tenant (of house, 
 theatre, &c.) under, lease. Hence lessee'SHip 
 n. [f. OF lessi (lease l , -ee)] 
 
 le'ssen, v.i. & t. Decrease, diminish, [-en 6 ] 
 
 le'sser, a. (attrib. only). Less, [double com- 
 parat. ; less + -er 3 ] 
 
 le'sson, n., & v.t. One of two readings from 
 O.T. (first I.) & N.T. (second I.) at morning & 
 evening prayer (proper I.) ; thing to be learnt 
 by pupil ; amount of teaching given at one 
 time, time assigned to it, (pi.) systematic in- 
 struction in subject (give, take, 11. in) ; occur- 
 rence, example, rebuke, or punishment, that 
 serves as encouragement or warning ; (vb) ad- 
 monish, rebuke, discipline, [f. OF lecon (now 
 lecon) f. L lectionem (legere led- read, -ion)] 
 
 le'ssoi* (-or), n. Person who lets on lease. 
 
 [AF (LEASE 1, -OR 2 )] 
 
 lest, conj. In order that — not, for fear that ; 
 (after fear vb or n., & similar words) that. [OE 
 thy Ixs the whereby less ; thy was dropped in 
 ME, & les the became les te by normal change] 
 
 let 1 , v.t. (archaic ; letted or let), & n. Hinder, 
 obstruct. (N.) stoppage, hindrance, (archaic); 
 (Rackets &c.) obstruction of ball in certain 
 ways, requiring it to be served again. [OE 
 lettan, cf. OHG lezzan] 
 
 let 2 , v.t. & aux. (let), & n. 1. v.t.: Allow 
 (liquid, air) to escape (I. blood) ; grant use of 
 
-LET 
 
 467 
 
 LEVEL 
 
 for rent or hire (also intr. in pass, sense, as the 
 rooms I. icell ; to I., offered for rent ; noun, let- 
 ting, as cannot get a I. for the rooms) ; allow to, 
 sutler to, (we let them go; I icas let see him; 
 pass, now rare, & sometimes followed by to) ; 
 cause to (only in /. one know, inform him). L. 
 alone, not interfere w T ith, attend to, or do (/. 
 well 3 a. ; I. one a. to do, he may be trusted 
 to ; I. a. imperat., not to mention, far less or 
 more) ; I. be, not interfere with, attend to, or 
 do ; /. down, lower, disappoint (L him d. gently, 
 avoid humiliating abruptly), (n.) disappoint- 
 ment ; I. drive 1 ; I. fall, drop (lit., & tig. hint, 
 significant word) intentionally or by accident, 
 (Geom.) draw (perpendicular) from outside 
 point {up)on line ; I. fly 2 ; I. go, release, set at 
 liberty, lose hold of, lose or relinquish hold of, 
 dismiss from thought, cease to restrain (I. one- 
 
 • self go, give way to enthusiasm, impulse, &c.) ; 
 /. in, admit or open door to (I. in a flood oj 
 light; this would I. in all sorts of evils; I. one- 
 self in, with latchkey &c), insert into surface 
 of something, involve in loss or difficulty (often 
 for) ; I. (trans.) into, admit to, insert into sur- 
 face of, make acquainted with (secret &c.) ; I. 
 (intr. or abs.) into, assail with blows or words ; 
 I. loose, release or unchain (dog, fury, maniac, 
 &c.) ; I. off adv., discharge (gun, & fig. joke &c), 
 not punish or compel, punish with light penalty, 
 allow or cause (fluid, fumes, &c.) to pass away, 
 
 • (n.) being allowed to escape something undesir- 
 able (esp. in cricket, not being caught &c. when 
 there is a chance); I. off prep., excuse (person 
 penalty) ; let on slang, peach, reveal secret ; I. 
 (trans.) out, open door for exit to, allow (person 
 &c, secret) to escape (I. cat out o/bag 1 ), make 
 (garment) looser, put out to hire esp. to several 
 tenants, divulge (often that); I. (intr. or abs.) 
 out, strike out with fist, lash out with heels, 
 use strong language ; I. slip, loose from leash, 
 miss (opportunity). 2. v. aux. supplying 1st & 
 3rd persons of imperat. in exhortations (I. iis 
 pray ; I. you & me try now), commands {I. it be 
 done, I. him do it, at once), assumptions (I. AB 
 be equal to CD), & permissions (I. him do his 
 worst). [com.-Teut. ; OE Ixtan, cf. G lassen, 
 cogn. w. late & L lassus tired] 
 
 -Iet,suf. forming nn.usu. dim. (ringlet, stream- 
 let), but somet. denoting articles of attire or or- 
 nament (armlet, frontlet); -let appears to come 
 f. wrong division of wds taken f. OF diminu- 
 tives in which -et(e) is added to nn. in -el (I. L 
 -ellus, -ella, -ellum, dim. sum, or L -ale neut. 
 adj. used as n.), as chaplct, hamlet, f. OF chape- 
 let, hamelet, dimm. of chapel, hamel, mod. F 
 chapcau, hameau. 
 
 le'thal, a. Causing, sufficient or designed to 
 cause, death (I. chamber, for killing animals 
 painlessly), [f. L let(h)alis (letum death, -al|] 
 
 le'thapg'y (-er-), n. Morbid drowsiness, pro- 
 longed & unnatural sleep ; torpid, inert, or 
 apathetic state, want of interest & energy. So 
 lethap'gic a., lethap*g"iCALLY adv., le*- 
 thapgfiZE(3) v.t. [f. L f. Gk lethargia (lethargos 
 forgetful f. leth-, lanthano forget), -Y 1 ] 
 
 Le'the, n. (River in Hades producing) forget- 
 fulness of the past. So Lethe'AN a. [L, use 
 of Gk lethe forgetfulness, see prec] 
 
 le'theon, n. Sulphuric ether as anaesthetic, 
 [irreg. f. prec] 
 
 le'ttep, n., & v.t. Charaeterrepresenting one 
 or more of the simple or compound sounds used 
 in speech, one of the alphabetic symbols (capi- 
 tal 2 , Roman, italic, I.); (Print.) type, fount of 
 type; (pi.) lettering, inscription, (now only in 
 proof 1 before II.); missive, epistle, (I. of advice, 
 notifying dispatch of goods, drawing of bill, 
 &c; I. of attorney, = power of attorney) ; (pi.) 
 
 epistle of legal or formal kind for various pur- 
 poses (11. PATENT, Of ADMINISTRATION, &C.) ; 
 
 precise terms of statement (to the I., with ad- 
 herence to every detail), strict verbal inter- 
 pretation (opp. spirit); (pl.)literature. acquain- 
 tance with books, erudition, (man of 11., scholar, 
 author; eommonvscalth or republic of 11. , 
 authors as a body ; the prof ession of 11., author- 
 ship), whence le'ttePED 2 a. ; I. -balance, for as- 
 certaining postage of 11. ; I. -book, in which copies 
 of correspondence are kept; I. -bound, too sub- 
 servient to the 1. ; l.-box, in which 11. are posted ; 
 l.-card, folded card with gummed edge for use 
 as postal missive ; I. -case, pocket-book for hold- 
 ing 11.; I. -lock, kind of padlock opened by mak- 
 ing out of certain 11. on it a word known to 
 owner; I. -paper, quarto-sized paper for 11. ; L- 
 perfect (Theatr.), knowing one's part perfectly; 
 letterpress, contents of illustrated book other 
 than the illustrations, printed matter relating 
 to illustration; l.-iceight^l.-balance, also thing 
 used to keep papers still on table ; l.-u-o?-ship, 
 undue devotion to the 1.; l.-writer, lit., also as 
 title for manuals of l.-writing ; hence le'ttep- 
 less a. (Vb) impress title &c. on (book-cover) ; 
 classify with 11. ; hence le'ttepiNG Ml, 6) n. [f. 
 OF lettre f. L littera 1. of alphabet, (pi.) epistle] 
 
 Le'ttie, a. & n. = foil.; (of) the group of lan- 
 guages comprising Lettish, Lithuanian, & Old 
 Prussian ; of these peoples, [as foil., -ic] 
 
 Lettish, a. & n. (Language) of the Letts, 
 [f. Lett f. G Lette f. native Latvi + -ish J ] 
 
 le'ttuee (-tis), n. Garden herb with crisp 
 leaves much used as salad (cabbage, cos, I., 
 kinds of it), [f. L lachtca (lac lactis milk, w. 
 ref. to milky juice of root)] 
 
 leuco-, comb, form of Gk leukos white, as 
 -cyte colourless corpuscle of blood or found in 
 lymph &c, -pathy albinism, -rrhoea mucous 
 discharge from female genitals, the whites. 
 
 Leva'nt 1 , n. Eastern part of Mediterranean 
 with its islands & neighbouring countries ; Z,, 
 morocco. [F, part, of lever rise, used as n. = 
 sunrise, east, f. L levare lift (levis light)] 
 
 leva'nt 2 , v.i. Abscond, bolt, esp. with bet- 
 ting or gaming losses unpaid. Hence le- 
 va'nter 1 (-er 1 ) n. [perh. f. Sp. levantar el 
 campo break up camp (levar f. L levare lift)] 
 
 leva'ntep' 2 , n. Inhabitant of Levant ; strong 
 Mediterranean easterly wind, [levant 1 , -er 1 ] 
 
 Leva'ntlne, a. & n. Of, trading to, inhabit- 
 ant of, the Levant, [-ine 1 ] 
 
 leva'top, n. (Also I. -muscle) muscle that 
 raises organ. [LL (L levare lift, -or 2 )] 
 
 le'vee (-1), n. (Formerly) reception of visitors 
 on rising from bed ; assembly held by sovereign 
 or his representative at which men only are re- 
 ceived ; assembly of visitors, [f. F leve yar. of 
 lever see levant 1 ] 
 
 le'vel (-vl), n., a., & v.t. (-11-). Instrument giv- 
 ing line parallel to plane of horizon for testing 
 whether things are horizontal ; horizontal line 
 or plane (on a I. with, in same horizontal plane 
 as ; find one's /., reach right place with regard 
 to others ; water finds its I., its surface in com- 
 municating receptacles will beat same 1. unless 
 they have no common 1.) ; plane or standard in 
 social, moral, or intellectual matters ; more or 
 less 1. surface ; flat country. (Adj.) horizontal, 
 perpendicular to the plumb-line ; on a 1. or 
 equality (with or abs. ; I. race, in which leading 
 competitors are close together ; I. crossing) ; 
 even, equable, uniform, well-balanced, in quali- 
 ty, style, temper, judgment, &c. (do one's I. best, 
 not be remiss, take all possible pains) ; hence 
 le'velLY 2 adv. (rare), le'velNESS n. (Vb) 
 make 1., even, or uniform; place on same 1., 
 bring up or down to a standard ; raze, lay low, 
 
LEVELLER 
 
 468 
 
 LIBERAL 
 
 (to or with the ground, in the dust, or abs.), 
 (rarely) knock (person) down ; abolish (distinc- 
 tions) ; aim (missile, or abs.), lay (gun), direct 
 (satire, accusation, or abs.), (at or against) ; 
 levelling-screw, for adjusting parts of machine 
 &c. to exact 1. [f. OF livcl (now niveau) f. L 
 libella dim. of libra balance] 
 
 le'vellep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., person who 
 would abolish social distinctions, advocate of 
 equality, [-er 1 ] 
 
 le'vep, n., & v.i. & t. Bar used to prize up 
 heavy or fixed object; (Mech.) straight 'bar or 
 other rigid structure of which one point (ful- 
 crum) is fixed, another is connected with the 
 force (weight) to be resisted or acted upon, & a 
 third is connected with the force (power) ap- 
 plied (I. of first order with fulcrum, of second 
 order with weight, of third order with power, 
 between the other two) ; piece by which barrel 
 of breechloader is opened ; =1.- watch ; I.-, act- 
 ing as or worked by 1. ; I. -escapement, with con- 
 nexion between pallet & balance made by two 
 11. ; l.-watch, with 1. -escapement. (Vb) use 1. ; 
 lift, move, act on, with 1. (often along, away, 
 out, over, up, &c). [f. OF leveour (lever see 
 
 LEVANT 1 ), -OR 2 ] 
 
 le*verag-e (-ij), n. Action of, way of apply- 
 ing, lever ; set or system of levers ; power, me- 
 chanical advantage gained by use, of lever ; 
 means of accomplishing a purpose, power, in- 
 fluence, [-age] 
 
 lever de rieteau (F), n. curtain ^raiser. 
 
 le'veret,n. Young(esp. first-year) hare. [f. OF 
 levrete (levre f. L leporem nom. -us hare, -et ')] 
 
 levrathan, n. Sea monster (bibl.); huge 
 ship ; anything very large of its kind ; person of 
 formidable ability, power, or wealth. [L, f. Heb. 
 livyathan etym. dub.] 
 
 le'vigrate, v.t. Reduce to fine smooth pow- 
 der ; make smooth paste of. Hence levig"A*- 
 tion n. [f. L levigare (levis smooth), -ate 3 | 
 
 le'vin, n. (poet.). (Flash of) lightning. [ME 
 leven, etym. dub.] 
 
 le'vipate (-at), n. Jewish &c. custom by 
 which dead man's brother or next of kin had 
 to marry his widow. Hence levipa'tic(AL) aa. 
 [f. L levir brother-in-law + -ate 1 ] 
 
 le'vitate, v.i. & t. (Make) rise & float in air 
 (w. ref. to spiritualism). Hence levitA'TiON n. 
 [f. L levis light, after gravitation] 
 
 Le*vite, n. One of tribe of Levi, esp. of that 
 part of it which provided assistants to priests 
 in worship of Jewish temple. If. L f. Gk leuites 
 (Leui f. Heb. Levi)] 
 
 Levi'tical, a. Of Levites or tribe of Levi ; 
 of Levites' ritual ; of Leviticus. So levi'ti- 
 cism(3) n. [f. LL f. Gk leuitikos (prec, -ic) + -al] 
 
 Levi'ticus, n. (abbr. Lev.). Third book of 
 Pentateuch with Levitical law & ritual, [prec] 
 
 16*vity, n. Lightness of weight (rare) ; want 
 of thought, frivolity, unseasonable jocularity, 
 inconstancy ; light behaviour, [f. OF levite f. 
 L levitatem (levis light, -TV)] 
 
 levulose. See laevulose. 
 
 le*vy, n., & v.t. Collecting of assessment, 
 tax, &c. ; enrolling of men for war &c. (I. in 
 mass, of all able-bodied men) ; amount or num- 
 ber levied, body of men enrolled (also pi.). ( Vb) 
 raise (contribution, taxes), impose (rate, toll), 
 whence le'viABLE a. ; raise (sum) by legal exe- 
 cution or process on person's goods ; enlist, en- 
 rol, (soldiers, army) ; collect men & munitions 
 for, proceed to make, (war upon, against, or 
 abs.). [f. F levbe (lever see levant 1 , -y 4 )] 
 
 lewd, a. Base, worthless, (bibl.); lascivious, 
 unchaste, indecent, whence lewdLY 2 adv., 
 lewdNESS n. [OE Ixwede ; earlier senses lay, 
 unlearned ; perh. as lay 2 '+ -ed 2 ] 
 
 lewis (loo-), n. Iron contrivance for raising 
 heavy blocks of stone. [?] 
 
 lexical, a. Of the words of a language (opp. 
 grammatical) ; (as) of a lexicon. Hence le'xl- 
 calLY 2 adv. [f. Gk lexikos, & lexicon, + -al] 
 
 lexicography, n. Dictionary-making. So 
 lexieo'GRAPHER n., lexieoGRAPHiCAL a. 
 
 [foil., -GRAPH Y] 
 
 le'xieon (-kn), n. Dictionary, esp. of Greek, 
 Hebrew, Syriac, or Arabic. [Gk (-kon), neut. 
 of lexikos (lexis word f. lego speak, -ic)] 
 
 lexi'gpaphy, n. System of writing in which 
 each character represents a word, [lexis, see 
 prec, -graph y] 
 
 lex talio'nis, n. The law of retaliation, an 
 eye for an eye. [L] 
 
 Ley'den (1I-), n. Dutch city (L.jar, kind of 
 electrical condenser invented 1745 at L. ; L. , 
 battery, of several L. jars). 
 
 liability, n. Being liable (limited I., being 
 responsible only to limited amount for debts of 
 trading company ; so l.-l. company, or ellipt. 
 liynited company) ; what one is liable for, (pi.) 
 debts or pecuniary obligations, [foil., -bility] 
 
 li'able, a. Legally bound, answerable for, 
 subject or amenable to tax or penalty, under 
 obligation to do ; exposed or open to, apt to do 
 or suffer, something undesirable (difficidties 
 are I. to occur), [perh. f. L *Hgabilis (ligare 
 bind, -able)] 
 
 liai'son (-zn, or as F), n. Illicit intimacy be- 
 tween a man & a woman ; sounding of ordi- 
 narily silent final consonant before vowel or 
 mute h in French. [F, f. L ligationem (ligare 
 bind, -ation)] 
 
 lia'na (-ah), lia'ne (-ahn), n. Kinds of 
 climbing & twining tropical-forest plant. [F 
 (-e), perh. f. Her bind f. L as prec ; -a form a 
 Latinization of -e] 
 
 li'ap, n. Teller (esp. habitual) of lie(s). [OE 
 leogere (lie 2 , -ar 3 )] 
 
 li'as, n. Blue limestone rock of some S.-W. 
 counties ; (Geol. ) lower strata of Jurassic series, 
 blue argillaceous limestone rich in fossils. 
 Hence lia'ssic a. [f. OF Hois etym. dub.] 
 
 l!ba*tion,"n. (Pouring of) drink-offering to 
 god ; (joe) potation, [f. L libatio (libare pour 
 a little of, -ation)] 
 
 li'bel, n., & v.t. (-11-). (Civil & Eccl. Law) 
 plaintiff's written declaration ; (Law) published 
 statement damaging to person's reputation, act 
 of publishing it; (pop.) false & defamatory 
 statement, (transf.) thing that brings discredit 
 on by unsuccessful portrayal &c (the portrait 
 is a I. on him ; the book, play, is a I. on human 
 nature) ; hence li'belliSTd) n., li'bellous a., 
 li'bellousLY 2 adv. ( Vb) defame by libellous 
 statements, accuse falsely & maliciously, (Law) 
 publish 1. against, whence li'bellER 1 n. ; (Eccl. 
 & Admiralty Law) bring suit against, whence 
 li'bellANTd), libellEE', nn. [vb f. n., OF, f. L 
 libellus dim. of liber book] 
 
 li'bepal, a. & n. Fit for a gentleman (now 
 rare exc in I. education, i. e. directed to general 
 enlargement of mind, not professional or tech- 
 nical) ; generous, open-handed ; ample, abun- 
 dant ; not rigorous or literal, open-minded, 
 candid, unprejudiced, (Pol.) favourable to de- 
 mocratic reforms & abolition of privilege (esp. 
 1. party ; opp. conservative ; I. conservative, 
 member of conservative party not ill-disposed 
 to reforms ; I. unionist, member of section that 
 seceded from 1. party in 1886 on Home Rule), 
 whence li*bepalisM(3) n., li*bepalisT(2) n. & 
 a., liber ali'stic a., li*bepalizE(3) v.t. & 
 (rarely) i., lPbepaliZA'TiON n. ; hence li'bep- 
 alLY 2 adv. (N.) member of (esp. the British) 1. 
 party. [OF, f. L Kberalis (liber free (man), -al)] 
 
LIBERALITY 
 
 469 
 
 LICK 
 
 libera'lity, n. Free giving, munificence ; 
 freedom from prejudice, breadth of mind. [f. 
 OF liberality f. L liberalitatem (prec, -ty)] 
 
 li'bepate, v.t. Set at liberty, release, from 
 (in Chem., from combination). Hence li'bera- 
 tOR 2 n. [f. L liberare {liber free), -ate 3 ] 
 
 libepa'tion, n. Releasing, release ; L. Socie- 
 ty, advocatingchurch disestablishment, whence 
 libepa*tioniSM(3) n., libepa*tioniST(2) n. & 
 a. [f. Liliberatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 libeptap'ian, n. & a. Believer, believing, in 
 free will (opp. necessitarian) ; advocate of liber- 
 ty. Hence libePtap*ianiSM(3) n. [-arian] 
 
 libep'ticide, n. & a. Destroyer, destructive, 
 of liberty. [F (liberty, -cide)] 
 
 li'beptine, n. & a. Free-thinker on religion ; 
 licentious (man) ; free-thinking, antinomian ; 
 chartered I., person allowed to do as he pleases 
 (Shak. Hen. V, I. i. 48). Hence li'beptiniSM(2) 
 & (in same sense) li'beptinAGE, nn. [f. L liber- 
 tinus freedman (libertus made free cogn. w. 
 liber free)] 
 
 li'bepty, n. Being free from captivity, im- 
 prisonment, slavery, or despotic control (cap 1 
 of I. ; natural I., state in which there are no 
 laws; civil I., natural 1. limited only by laws 
 established on behalf of community ; I. of con- 
 science, system allowing all members of State 
 to follow what form of religion seems good to 
 them ; I. of the press, system by which any one 
 may print & publish what he pleases without 
 previous permission, but not without liability 
 to penalties for publishing libellous or criminal 
 matter) ; right or power to do as one pleases or 
 to do something, (Philos.) freedom from control 
 of fate or necessity ; a setting aside of rules, li- 
 cence, {take the I. to do, of doing, presume or 
 venture to; take 11., be unduly familiar with 
 person or abs., deal freely with rules or facts) ; 
 freedom from despotic rule personified ; (pi.) 
 privileges, immunities, or rights, enjoyed by 
 prescription or grant ; at 1., free {set at I., liber- 
 ate), having the right to do, disengaged ; I. 
 hall ; I. man, sailor with leave to go ashore, 
 [f. F liberie f. L libertatem {liber free, -ty)] 
 
 libf'dinbus, a. Lustful. Hence libi'din- 
 ously 2 adv. [f. L libidinosus (libido -inis 
 lust, -ous)] 
 
 ti'bra, n. (pi. -ae). Pound weight (used only 
 in abbr. lb., as lib., 101b.); pound sterling (used 
 only in abbrr. £ s. d., see L, & I. placed after 
 figure as 50Z.) ; (Astron. ; L-) zodiacal constella- 
 tion the Scales, seventh sign of zodiac. [L] 
 
 libpap'ian, n. Custodian of library. Hence 
 libpap'iansHip(l) n. [f. L as foil. + -an] 
 
 lPbpapy, n. Room or building containing 
 books for reading or reference ; writing & read- 
 ing room in house ; collection of books for use 
 by the public, some part of it, or members of 
 some society, public institution charged with 
 care of such collection, {lending I., from which 
 books maybe taken away with or without pay- 
 ment ; reference I., in which books may be con- 
 sulted ; free I., used by public without payment 
 & usu. supported by rates; circidating I., let- 
 ting out use of books for profit) ; person's book- 
 collection ; series of books issued by publisher 
 in similar bindings as connected in some way ; 
 books used by or familiar to an author ; walk- 
 ing I., person of erudition ; I. edition, of good 
 size & print fit for 11. [f. F librairie bookshop 
 (L librarius of books f. liber -bri book, orig. 
 bark, -ary 1 , + -Y 1 )] 
 
 libpa'te, v.i. Oscillate, be poised, balance, 
 sway, quiver. Hence lrbpatORY a. [f. L li- 
 brare {libra balance), -ate 3 ] 
 
 libpa'tion, n. Librating {I. of moon, appa- 
 rent oscillation by which parts near edge of 
 
 disk are alternately visible & invisible, [f. L 
 libratio (prec., -ation)] 
 
 HbPe'tto, n. (pi. -ti, pr. -te). Book or words 
 of an opera or long musical work. Hence 
 libpe'ttiST(l) n. [It,, dim. of libro book f. L 
 liber -bri] 
 
 Li'byan, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of ancient 
 Libya; (poet.) African; (of) the Berber language 
 or the group of mod. Hamitic languages to 
 which it belongs, [f. L f. Gk Libue + -an] 
 
 lice. See louse. 
 
 li'cence 1 , n. Leave, permission, (Have I 
 your I. to remove the fence ?) ; permit from 
 government &c. to marry, print something, 
 preach, carry on some trade (esp. that in alco- 
 holic liquor), &c. ; university certificate of com- 
 petence in some faculty ; liberty of action esp. 
 when excessive, abuse of freedom, disregard 
 of law or propriety ; licentiousness ; writer's or 
 artist's irregularity in grammar, metre, per- 
 spective, &c. (usu. poetic I.). [F, f. L licentia 
 (licere be lawful, -ence)] 
 
 li'cense, -ce 2 , v.t. Allow (person to do, 
 thing to be done ; rare) ; (in p.p.) allow complete 
 freedom to (a licensed satirist) ; grant permit 
 (see prec.) to (person; licensed victualler); 
 authorize use of (premises) for certain purpose ; 
 authorize publication of (book &c.) or perform- 
 ance of (play). Hence licensEE' n. ff. prec. ; 
 -se on anal, of practise, prophesy, vv., cf. prac- 
 tice, prophecy, nn. ; the distinction perh. comes 
 by imit. of spelling in pairs like advise, advice, 
 where the sound differs] 
 
 li'censep, n. In vbl senses; esp. I. of the 
 press, I. of plays, officials licensing publication 
 or performance when satisfied that law, morals, 
 & decency, are not outraged, [-er 2 ] 
 
 licentiate (-shiat), n. Holder of university 
 licence or attestation of competence from col- 
 legiate or examining body (chiefly in abbr. L. 
 as part of title, see l) ; licensed preacher not 
 yet having appointment esp. in Presbyterian 
 Church, [f. med. L licentiare (licence l ), -ate 3 ) 
 
 licentious (-shtts), a. Disregarding accepted 
 rules esp. of grammar or style; lascivious, 
 libertine, lewd. Hence lice'ntiousLY 2 adv., 
 liee'ntiousNESS n. [f. med.L licentiosus 
 
 (LICENCE 1 , -OSE 1 )] 
 
 lieh, lyeh, (-tsh), lyke, n. (obs.). Corpse; 
 -ch-gate, roofed gateway of churchyard where 
 coffin awaits clergyman's arrival ; -ch-house, 
 mortuary; -ch-owl, screech-owl (boding death) ; 
 -ch-stone, to place coffin on at l.-gate ; lyke-wake, 
 watch kept at night over corpse. [OE lie, cf. G 
 leiche ; orig. sense prob. form, cf. like] 
 
 lrchen (-k-), n. Kinds of cellular cryptogamic 
 plant (prob. fungus parasitic on alga) usu. of 
 green, grey, or yellow tint growing on & col- 
 ouring rocks, tree-trunks, &c, whence li'ehen- 
 ed 2 a. , liebeno'LOG y n. ; skin-disease with 
 reddish eruption. Hence li'ehenous a. [f. L 
 f. Gk leikheti] 
 
 li'cit, a. Not illicit. Hence li'eitLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L licitus (licere be lawful)] 
 
 lick, v.t. & i., & n. Pass tongue over to taste, 
 moisten, clean, &c. (I. one's chops or lips, in re- 
 lish or anticipation of food; I. into shape, mould, 
 make presentable or efficient; I. one's shoes, 
 show servility to him ; I. the dust, fall, be van- 
 quished) ; take up or off, make clean, by lick- 
 ing; (of waves, flame, &c.)play lightly over, (of 
 flame) swallow-up in passing; (slang) thrash (per- 
 son, fault out of person), beat in fight or com- 
 petition, excel, (licks creation, is beyond every- 
 thing), whenceli'ckiNG^l) n. ; (slang) surpass 
 comprehension of (this licks me) ; (slang) go, 
 hasten, (as hard as he could I.) ; li'ckspittle, 
 toady. (N.) act of licking with tongue ; (also 
 
LICKERISH 
 
 470 
 
 LIFE 
 
 salt-l.) spot to which animals resort for salt; 
 smart blow with stick &c; (slang) pace (at a 
 great I., full or at full I.). [OE liccian, cf. G 
 lecken ; cogn. w. Gk leikho, L lingere] 
 li'ekerish, li'quorish (-ker-), a. Fond of 
 dainty fare ; greedy, longing ; lecherous, [ear- 
 lier lickerous var. through ONF of lecherous 
 see. lecher & retaining its obs. orig. sense] 
 licopice. See liquorice. 
 Hcopous. Var. of lickci^o us, lickerish. 
 li'ctOP, n. Officer attending ancient-Roman 
 consul (12 11.) & dictator (24 11.), bearing fasces, 
 & executing sentence on offenders. [L, perh. 
 f. st. of ligare bind] 
 
 lid, n. Hinged or detached cover for aperture, 
 esp. for opening at top of vessel; eye 1 ZiVZ; (Bot., 
 Conch.) operculum. Hence (-)liddED 2 , li'd- 
 LES8, aa. [OE hlid, cf. Du. lid, G (augen)lid] 
 lie l , n. Intentional false statement (tell a I., 
 make this ; white I., excused or justified by its 
 motive; give one the I., accuse him of lying; 
 give the I. to supposition &c, serve to show its 
 falsity, belie it) ; imposture, false belief, mis- 
 taken convention, (worship, maintain, a I.). 
 [OE lyge, cf. G lug & see foil.] 
 lie 2 , v.i. & t. (lying). Speak falsely, tell lie(s), 
 (you I. in your teeth, throat, archaic or facet, 
 forms of accusation ; lies like a gas-meter, free- 
 ly) ; take away (reputation &c), get (oneself, 
 person) into, out of, by lying; (of things) de- 
 ceive (part., deceptive). [com.-Teut.; OE leo- 
 gan, cf. Du. liegen, G liigen, as prec] 
 lie 3 , v.i. (lying; past lay; p.p. lain & bibl. 
 li'en). 1. Of persons or animals: Have one's 
 body in more or less horizontal position along 
 ground or surface (often asleep, sick, &c; let 
 sleeping dogs I., avoid mooting debatable ques- 
 tions ; I. on the bed one has made, endure con- 
 sequences of past acts), have sexual intercourse 
 with ; (of the dead) be in the grave at or in, I. in 
 state ; assume lying position (usu. down, back, 
 &c.) ; be kept or remain in specified state (I. in 
 prison, at the mercy of, helpless, idle, close 1 , 
 low 1 , perdu, in ambush, in wait 2 ) ; I. out of 
 one's money, remain unpaid) ; (of game-birds) 
 not rise ; (of troops) be encamped at specified 
 place. 2. Of things : Be at rest, usu. more or 
 less horizontally, on surface (I. in ruins or the 
 dust, be fallen ; I. heavy, be a weight on one's 
 stomach or conscience); be stored up in specified 
 place (money lying at the bank), remain in 
 specified state esp. icaste, hid, barren, be situ- 
 ated (land lying high, to the eaM, round ; find 
 out how the land lies fig., how affairs stand), 
 be spread out to view (lies on the surface, be- 
 fore us, open), (of road) lead through, by, along, 
 among, &c. ; (of ship) float in berth or at anchor; 
 (of abstracts) exist, be to be found, reside, be 
 arranged or related, in some position or manner 
 (the choice lies between — ; his acquaintance 
 lay among — ; knows where his interest lies; 
 how do they lie to each other ? ; as far as in me 
 lies, to best of my power ; lies with you to do, 
 is your business or right ; the remedy lies in 
 education ; her strength lay in her weakness ; 
 lies in a Nurshel!) ; (Law) be admissible or sus- 
 tainable (action, appeal, objection, will not I.). 
 3. With advv. : I. by, be unused, keep quiet or 
 retired; I. down in part., behaving in abject 
 manner, not standing up to opponent &c, (take 
 defeat, chastisement, & esp. it, lying down) ; 
 I. in, be brought to bed in childbirth (lying-in 
 hospital) ; I. off (naut.), stand some distance 
 from shore or other ship ; I. over, be deferred ; 
 Z. to (naut.), come almost to a stop with head 
 near wind by backing or shortening sail ; I. up, 
 go into or be in retirement, take to one's bed or 
 room, (of ship) go into dock. Lie-abed, late 
 
 riser. [com.-Teut. ; OE licgan, cf. Du. liggen, 
 G liegen, cogn. w. Gk lekhos, L lectus, bed] 
 lie-*, n. Way, direction, or position, in which 
 thing lies ; place where beast, bird, or fish, is 
 accustomed to 1. [f. prec] 
 Lrie*big('s extract of beef) (le), n. Con- 
 centrated preparation of beef withoutalbumen, 
 gelatin, or fat. [Baron von Liebig, 1873, inventor] 
 lied (led), n. (pi. -rfer). German song or poem 
 of ballad kind. [G] 
 
 lief, adv. (comp. -er, rare). Gladly, willingly, 
 (usu. / would as I. do something out of the 
 question as), [prop. adj. (earlier construction 
 being / had as I., i. e. should find it as pleasant, 
 now corrupted to would) ; OE Zeo/ dear, cf. G 
 lieb, cogn. w. love] 
 
 liege, a. & n. (Of superior) entitled to receive, 
 (of vassal) bound to give, feudal service or 
 allegiance (I. lord, feudal superior, sovereign ; 
 liegeman, sworn vassal, faithful follower). (X.) 
 1. lord (esp. my I. voc); vassal, subject, (usu. the 
 11. ). [f . OF lige, perh. f . OHG ledig free] 
 li'en *, n. Right to retain possession of pro- 
 perty till debt due in respect of it is discharged. 
 [F, f. L ligamen (ligare bind, -men)] 
 lien 2 . See lie 3 . 
 
 liep'ne, n. Short rib connecting bosses & in- 
 tersections of vaulting-ribs. [F, etym. dub.] 
 lieu (lu), n. In I., in the place, instead, of. [F, 
 f. L locus place] 
 
 lieute'nant (left-, left-, in navy let-), n. (abbr. 
 Lieut. & in comb. Lt-). Deputy, substitute, 
 vicegerent, acting for a superior (still as formal 
 title in L. of the Tower, acting commandant 
 of Tower of London; & see lord-Z.); officer 
 next below captain in army or commander in 
 navy; l.-coloneUcy), (position of) officer ranking 
 next to colonel & with actual command of 
 regiment; l.-general, officer ranking below 
 general & above major-general ; l.-governor- 
 (ship), (position of) actual governor of district 
 &c. in subordination to governor -general. 
 Hence lieute'nANCY n. [F (prec, tenant)] 
 life, n. (pi. -res). State of ceaseless change & 
 functional activity peculiar to organized mat- 
 ter, & esp. to the portion of it constituting an 
 animal or plant before death, animate exis- 
 tence, being alive, (a matter of I. & death, 
 something on which it depends whether one 
 shall live or die ; necessary, staff, of I. ; 
 co »ie, bring, to I., recover (i. & t.) from swoon ; 
 lose, save, lay down, one's Z. ; safe in, escape 
 with, I. & limb ; sell one's Z. dearly ; great 
 sacrifice of I., many killed; have no regard for 
 h a man I., kill men or let them die recklessly ; 
 for one's, for dear, I., to escape death ; cannot 
 for the I. of me &c by exag., could not if my 
 1. depended on it; y pon my I., asseveration); 
 energy, liveliness, vivacity, animation ; vivi- 
 fying influence (was the I., or I. & soul, of the 
 party; my I., voc. of affection) ; living things & 
 their motions (very little I. to be seen) ; the liv- 
 ing form or model, l.-size figure &c, (taken from 
 the I. ; as large as I., l.-size, also facet, as here 
 he is as I. as I., i.e. in person ; portray &c. to 
 the I., with fidelity to the original), whence 
 li'feLiKE a. ; period from birth to death, birth 
 to present time, or present time to death (have 
 done it all my I. ; I. sentence, rent, annuity, to 
 continue for rest of person's 1.; lease for three 
 &c 11., to terminate with last of three &c. 
 named persons' 11.; Z. assurance; insure one's 
 Z. ; expectation of I., average period that per- 
 son at specified age may expect to live ; a good, 
 bad, I., person likely to pass, fall short of, this 
 average; new lease 1 of I.), fresh start after 
 narrowly escaped lit. or metaph. death (cat has 
 nine 11., is hard, to kill ; batsman was given a 
 
LIFER 
 
 471 
 
 LIGHT 
 
 7., not put out on giving a chance ; pool-player 
 has three 11., successive chances) ; individual's 
 actions & fortunes, manner of existence, (with 
 all the pleasure in I., greatest possible ; nothing 
 in L, at all; this I., that on earth; the other, 
 future, eternal, everlasting, L, state of existence 
 after death ; the simple I. ; has led a good &c. 
 1.), written story of these, biography ; active 
 part of existence, business & pleasures of the 
 world, (see life, mix freely with others) ; (Theol.) 
 salvation, regenerate condition, (also eternal, 
 everlasting, I., see above also). L.-belt, of 
 buoyant material to support body in water ; L- 
 blood, blood necessary to 1., vitalizing influence, 
 involuntary twitching of lip or eyelid ; l.-boat, 
 of special construction for saving 1. in storms ; 
 I. -breath, inspiring influence, sustaining prin- 
 ciple ; Z.-BUOY 1 ; l.-estate, property that one 
 holds for 1. but cannot dispose of further; l.- 
 giving, that gives, sustains, or restores, physi- 
 cal or spiritual 1. ; l.-guard, body-guard of 
 soldiers ; L. Guards, two regiments of house- 
 hold cavalry ; L. Guardsman, soldier of L. 
 Guards ; l.-interest, right to l.-estate ; l.-jacket, 
 as l.-belt ; I. -line, rope used for 1. -saving, e.g. 
 that attached to l.-buoy ; lifelong, continued 
 for a lifetime ; l.-office, for l.-assurance ; l.-peer- 
 (age), with title lapsing at death ; I. -preserver, 
 short stick with heavily loaded end ; l.-spring, 
 source of 1.; l.-strings, hold on 1. (l.-s. are cut or 
 breken, person dies) ; I. -table, statistics of ex- 
 pectation of 1.; lifetime, duration of person's 1.; 
 l.-work, task pursued through 1. Hence li'fe- 
 less a., li'felessLY 2 adv., li'felessNESs n., 
 (-)IIved 2 a. (esp. long-, short-). [OE lif, cf. 
 OFris. lif life, body, Du. lijf & G leib body, 
 cogn. w. live & leave 2 , f. Aryan leip-, loip-, 
 Up-, endure, cf. Gk lipares persistent] 
 
 fi'fer, n. (slang). One sentenced to, sentence 
 of, penal servitude for life, [-er ] ] 
 
 lift, v.t. & i., & n. Raise to higher position, 
 take up, hoist, (often up, off, out), elevate to 
 higher plane of thought or feeling, give upward 
 direction to (eyes, face), (I. up or I. one's hands 
 or heart, in prayer fee; I. one's hand, to take 
 oath ; never lifted a hand against one, struck 
 him ; I. up one's head, recover vigour after 
 prostration, I. up another's head bibl., restore 
 to liberty or dignity ; I. up one's heel, kick ; 
 I. tip one's horn, be ambitious or proud ; I. up a 
 cry, one's voice, cry out) ; hold or have on high 
 (chxirch lifts its spire) ; steal (esp. cattle), take 
 (passage, information) in the way of plagiarism ; 
 remove (tents &c.) ; dig up (potatoes) ; hit 
 (cricket-ball) into air ; (of ship afloat) rise on 
 wave ; yield to a 1. (window will not I.) ; (of 
 cloud, fog, darkness) rise, disperse ; (of floor) 
 swell upwards, bulge. (N.) lifting (dead I. ; 
 give one a I., take him up into vehicle for part 
 of way, also fig. give him helping hand) ; one 
 layer of leather in boot-heel ; apparatus for 
 raising & lowering people or things to other 
 floor of house, elevator, hoist; rise in the 
 ground, [f. ON lypta (lopt air, sky, cf. G luft, 
 obs. E lift, & LOFT)] 
 
 li'gament, n. Tie, bond of union, (archaic) ; 
 (Anat.) short band of tough flexible fibrous 
 tissue binding bones together, (loosely) any 
 membranous fold keeping organ in position, 
 similar part in lower organisms. Hence liga- 
 me'ntAL, ligame'ntARY \ ligamentous, 
 aa. [f. L ligamentum (ligare bind, -ment)] 
 
 llga'te, v.t. (surg.). Tie up (bleeding artery 
 &c). Hence ligA'TiON n. [f. L ligare, -ate 3 ] 
 
 li'gature (-tsher), n., & v.t. Thing used in 
 tying, esp. band or cord used to tie up bleeding 
 artery, strangulate tumour, &c. (vb, bind with 
 L); thing that unites, bond; tying, ligation; 
 
 (Mus.) slur, tie; (Print.) two or more letters 
 joined (ft &c.) [f. L ligatura (prec, -ure)] 
 
 light ! (lit), n. The natural agent that stimu- 
 lates the sense of sight; medium or condition of 
 space in which sight is possible (opp. dark- 
 ness) ; appearance of brightness (northern 11.; 
 zodiacal I.; saiv a distant I.) ; sensation pecu- 
 liar to optic nerve ; amount of illumination in 
 place [in a good I., easily visible), one's fair or 
 ordinary share of this (stand in one's /..deprive 
 him of this, fig. prejudice his chances); vivacity 
 in person's eyes ; favouring aspect (I. of one's 
 countenance, his favour, approving presence, 
 or sanction, often iron.); sun's direct or diffused 
 or reflected rays, daylight, (see the I., be born); 
 being visible or exposed (come, bring, to I., be 
 revealed, reveal); (Poet.) eyesight, (slang, pi.) 
 eyes ; object from which brightness emanates 
 (I. of one's eyes, beloved person), sun or other 
 heavenly body, ignited candle or lamp or the 
 like, (collect.) lamps &c. illuminating place, 
 beacon lamp esp. of ship or lighthouse, light- 
 house, (fig.) eminent person or luminary (often 
 shining I.); mental illumination, elucidation 
 (throw, shed, I. upon, help to explain), enlight- 
 enment (by the I. of nature, without aid of 
 revelation or teaching; men of I. & leading 1 ), 
 (pi.) facts or discoveries serving to explain 
 subject (we have many nexo 11. upon it since 
 then), (pi.) one's natural or acquired mental 
 powers (usu. do one's best &c. according to one's 
 11.), (sing.) aspect in which thing is viewed, (in 
 the I. of these facts, with the help given by 
 them ; appeared in the I. of a scoundrel, seemed 
 to be one ; place thing in a good I., represent 
 it favourably), (in acrostic puzzles) one of the 
 words whose initial & final letters make up the 
 answer; (Theol.) brightness of heaven, illumi- 
 nation of soul by divine truth ; window or open- 
 ing in wall for admission of 1., perpendicular 
 division of mullioned window, glazed compart- 
 ment of side or roof in greenhouse; (Paint.) 
 illuminated surface, part of picture represented 
 as lighted up ; (Law) light falling on windows, 
 the obstruction of which by neighbour is illegal 
 (Ancient LI., inscription giving notice of this) ; 
 flame or spark serving to ignite (strike a I., 
 produce this with match &c), thing used for 
 igniting, spill, taper, match ; I. due, duty, toll 
 on ships for maintenance of lighthouses (tower 
 or other structure) & lightships (moored or 
 anchored) containing beacon 11. for warning or 
 guiding ships at sea. Hence lightLESS a, [OE 
 leoht, cf. Du. & G licht, f. Aryan leuk- whence 
 Gk leukos white, L lux light] 
 
 light 2 , a. Well provided with 1., not dark ; 
 pale-coloured (often prefixed to adjj. & nn. of 
 colour, as a l.-bhie ribbon, I prefer I. blue), [as 
 prec] 
 
 light 3 , v.t. & i. (lit or lighted ; as attrib. adj., 
 lighted is usu.). Set (lamp &c, fire, combus- 
 tible) burning (often up; I. up abs., begin to 
 smoke pipe &c, also kindle the 11. in street or 
 room at dusk), (of fuel, lamp, &c.) take fire, 
 begin to burn ; give 1. to (room, street, &c. ; 
 I. up, 1. brightly or make conspicuous by 1.); 
 brighten (t. & i., with eyes, face. Sec, as obj. or 
 subj.) with animation ; show (person his) way 
 or surroundings with a 1. Hence (-)ligh'tep ] , 
 see -er Ml, 2), n. [OE lihtan (light i> 2 )] 
 
 light 4 (lit), a. & adv. Of little weight, not 
 heavy, (I. -armed, with 1. equipment & weapons) ; 
 deficient in weight (I. coin, gold, &c.) ; of small 
 specific gravity ; having or intended for a small 
 load (I. ship, unladen ; I. waterline &c, that of 
 ship when 1.; I. engine, with no train attached; 
 I. railway, for 1. traffic ; I. porter ; I. horse, 1.- 
 armed cavalry, & so I. horseman, I. infantry ; 
 
LIGHT 
 
 472 
 
 LIKE 
 
 I. marchijig order, in which only arms & am- 
 munition are taken), (of ship, cart, &c.) made 
 lightly for small loads & quick movement ; (of 
 building) not looking heavy, graceful, elegant; 
 acting gently, applied delicately, not violent, 
 (I. haixd, lit., & fig. = tactful management, 
 whence lig-ht-handED 2 a., lig-ht-ha'nd- 
 edLY 2 adv.,lig , ht-ha*ndedxESsn.; I. touch, 
 blow, wind, step, &c.) ; not dense or tenacious, 
 porous, friable, (I. soil, bread) ; easy of digestion ; 
 (of wine or beer) not strong; (of syllable) un- 
 emphatic ; not important (make I. of, treat as 
 of no consequence, slight, trivial, venial, not 
 
 f;rave, jesting, thoughtless, frivolous (whence 
 ight-mindED 2 a.,light-mi*ndedxESS n.); 
 wanton, unchaste, (esp. of women or their con- 
 duct) ; nimble, quick-moving, (I. of foot; I. heels, 
 whence light-heelED 2 a. ; I. movements; I. 
 rhythm; I. fingers, good at stealing, whence 
 light-fing , ePED 2 a.); fickle, inconstant; easily 
 borne (I. punishment, taxation, rule, expense) 
 or done (I. work, task) ; aimed or aiming at 
 entertainment merely (I. literature, writer, 
 comedy, comedian) ; (of sleep) easily disturbed, 
 not profound, (so I. sleeper) ; free from sorrow, 
 cheerful, sa,nguine, (I. heart only; did it with a 
 I. heart, sanguinely, often rashly ; so ligrht- 
 heartED 2 a., lig-ht-heap'tedLV 2 adv., 
 light-heap'tedxESS n.) ; delirious (now only 
 in light-headED 2 a., light-hea'dedxEss 
 n.); Z.-bob 5 ; lightfoot, springy, nimble; l.-o 1 - 
 love, fickle woman, harlot ; l.-skirts, woman of 
 1. character; I. -weight a., I. weight n., (man or 
 animal) below average weight, esp. in boxing 
 not over 10 st.; hence lightLY 2 adv., ligh't- 
 ness n. (Adv.) in 1. manner (esp. tread, sleep, 
 I. ; I. come I. go, what is easily gained is soon lost). 
 [OE leoht, cf. Du. licht, Gleicht, also Skr. laghu, 
 Gk elaphros light & elakhus small] 
 
 light 5 , v.t. & i. (lit or lighted). (Xaut.) lift 
 (rope &c.) along, lend a hand in hauling ropes 
 &c. ; (archaic) alight, descend, come down ; 
 chance, come by chance, (up)on. [orig. sense 
 make L, intr. meanings coming from idea of 
 relieving horse &c. of weight; OE Uhtan(pvec)] 
 
 lig-h'ten 1 , v.t. &i. Reduce load of (ship&c), 
 (of ship) have her load reduced ; relieve (heart 
 &c), (of heart &c.) feel relief ; reduce weight of, 
 (fig.) mitigate ; grow lighter, [light 4 + -ex 6 ] 
 
 ligh'ten 2 , v.t. & i. Shed light upon, make 
 bright; (of face, eyes, sky, &c.) grow bright, 
 shine, flash ; (of sky, clouds, or it) emit light- 
 ning (also fig. of scorn &c. ). [light 2 + -ex 6 ] 
 
 lig-h'tep 2 (for I. 1 see light 3 ), n., & v.t. Boat, 
 usu. flat-bottomed, for unloading & loading 
 ships not brought to wharf & for transporting 
 goods in harbour ; (vb) remove (goods) in 1. 
 Hence lightePAGE(4) n. [light 5 + -er *] 
 
 ligh'tish 1 - 2 , aa. Somewhat light 2 ; some- 
 what light 4 . [-ish M2>] 
 
 ligh'tning-, n. Visible electric discharge be- 
 tween clouds or cloud & ground (forked, chain, 
 or chained I. , 1. -flash in form of zigzag or divided 
 line; sheet I., 1. flash of diffused brightness; 
 summer, heat, I., sheet-1. without audible 
 thunder, result of distant storm; like I., with 
 greatest conceivable speed ; with I. speed); L- 
 rod or -conductor, metal rod or wire fixed to 
 exposed part of building or to mast to divert 1. 
 into earth or sea. [differentiated form of light- 
 ening vbl n. of lightex 2 ] 
 
 lights, n. pi. Lungs of sheep, pigs, bullocks, 
 
 &c, used as food esp. for cats & dogs. [n. use 
 
 Of LIGHT 4 , Cf. LUNG] 
 
 lig-h'tsome 1 , a. Light, graceful, elegant, in 
 appearance ; light-hearted, merry ; nimble. 
 Hence lightsomeLY 2 adv., ligh'tsome- 
 
 NESS n. [LIGHT 4 , -SOME] 
 
 ligh'tsome 2 , a. (rare). Light-giving, lumin- 
 ous ; weii lighted, bright, [light *, -some] 
 liglvtwood, nn. Kinds of tree with light 
 wood ; kinds of tree with wood that burns with 
 bright flame, [light 4 > *] 
 
 ligri-aloes (lma'loz), n. The drug aloes ; 
 aloes-wood ; aromatic Mexican wood. [f. LL 
 lignum aloes wood of the aloe] 
 li'gneous, a. (Of plants) woody (opp. her- 
 baceous), [f. L ligneus (foil.) + -ous] 
 ligrii-jCOinb. form of L lignum wood. Hence 
 ligni'FEROus, li'gniFORM, aa., li'gniFV v.t. 
 & i., ligniFiCA'Tiox n. 
 
 li*g*nite, n. Brown coal showing traces of 
 ligneous structure. [F, see prec, -ite 1 ^)] 
 li'gnum vi'tae, n. Guaiacum. [L, = wood 
 of life] 
 
 lrg-ulate,a, (bot). With strap-shaped fillet(s). 
 [L ligula strap (lingua tongue, -ule), -ate 2 ] 
 like 1 , a. (often governing noun like trans, 
 part.; more, most, rarely or poet, -er, -est), prep., 
 adv. (archaic), conj. (vulg.), & n. Similar, re- 
 sembling something or each other or the ori- 
 ginal, (in I. manner or wise; on this & the I. 
 subjects; the two letters are very I.; I. master 
 I. man, as the one is so will the other be ; the 
 picture is not I.; in Alg., I. signs, both positive 
 or both negative, I. quantities, expressed by 
 same letters ; sometimes with xcith, as beings 
 of I. passions with us ; now rarely, & chiefly in 
 comp. -er, with to, as liker to God than man); 
 resembling, such as, (nothing I. leather, as 
 good as ; what is he, it, I. ?, what sort of person 
 or thing is he or it?; look I., have appearance 
 of ; I. that, of the kind just seen or referred to ; 
 a critic I. yon, of the class that you exemplify ; 
 something I. £1,000, nearly, about ; something 
 like a day, with stress on like, remarkably fine 
 or otherwise satisfactory ; so abs., this is some- 
 thing like; nothing I. as good, not nearly); 
 characteristic of (that is I. your impudence ; it 
 was I. him to think of himself last) ; in promis- 
 ing state or right mood for doiyig (looks I. last- 
 i*W '•> f ee l I' working or stopping work ; also 
 look I. with n. = promise the finding or suggest 
 the agency of, as looks I. rabbits); (archaic) 
 likely, (archaic & colloq.) likely to (had, - was, 
 1. to have done, narrowly escaped doing) ; l.- 
 minded, having same tastes, views, &c. (Prep. ) 
 in the manner of, to the same degree as, (cannot 
 do it 1. you ; do not talk I. that ; I. a shot, with- 
 out demur, willingly, regardless of conse- 
 quences; I. fun, blazes, one o'clock, anything, 
 mad, &c, vigorously. (Adv.) in the same man- 
 ner as (archaic) ; probably (now only in very I., 
 1. enough, usu. parenthetic) ; (vulg.) so to speak 
 (by way of argument I.). (Conj.; for archaic 
 I. as ; vulg. & colloq.) as (cannot do it I. you do ; 
 snow is falling I. in January). (X.) counter- 
 part, equal, 1. thing or person, (mix with your 
 II.; shall not see his I. again ; I. cures I.; the 11. 
 of me colloq., persons so humble as I ; the 11. of 
 you colloq., persons so distinguished as you); 
 (Golf) stroke that equalizes number of strokes 
 played by each side ; (ellipt. use of adj. with pi. 
 I.) thing(s) of the same kind (will never do the I. 
 again; &the I. often as pi. = etcetera, as music, 
 painting, & the I.). [ME lich f. OE gelic, cf. G 
 gleich & see alike, f. OTeut. galiko- (ga- with, 
 liko- body cf. lich)] 
 
 like 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Be pleasing to (archaic 
 or facet.; chiefly impers., it likes me not, well, 
 Sec); thrive (obs. exc. in well-liking) ; find agree- 
 able, congenial, or satisfactory, feel attracted 
 by, wish for, (II. you, the offer, his visits, iron. 
 his impudence, her to be within reach, to see 
 them now <& then; do not I. such subjects dis- 
 cussed ; should much I. to come ; should I. to 
 
-LIKE 
 
 473 
 
 LIMITARIAN 
 
 know or see iron., think you will find it hard to 
 tell me, am not likely to see ; should I. time to 
 consider it ; how do you I. it ?, do you 1. it much 
 or little or dislike it ?), whence li'kABLE a. , li'k- 
 ableNESS n. ; suit (only in / I. it, i. e. kind of 
 food, but it does not I. me); (n.,usu. pl.)liking(s), 
 predilection(s), (esp. II. & dislikes). [OE lician 
 cf. Du. lijken (prec.)] 
 
 -like, suf. (i. e. like a. & adv. in comp.). (1) 
 Appended to nn. -like forms adjj. (godlike, xvo- 
 manlike, plumbago-like); advv. of similar form 
 are perh. archaic, & in mod. use possible advv. 
 can usu. be explained as adjj. (he, cowardlike, 
 refused). (2) Appended to adjj. it forms adjj. 
 chiefly Sc. (humanlike, auldlike) & Sc. advv. 
 
 li'kelihdbd, n. Being likely, probability, 
 (esp. in all I., probably), [-hood] 
 
 li'kely, a. & adv. (more, most, -ier, -iest). Pro- 
 bable, such as might well happen, or be or 
 prove true, or turn out to be the thing specified, 
 (a I. story, often iron.; it is not I. he will come; 
 his most I. halting-place is — ), to be expected 
 to (he, this, is or teas not I. to come, happen); 
 promising, apparently suitable for purpose or 
 to do or be, capable-looking, (called at every I. 
 house ; six I. young fellows ; the likeliest place 
 for smugglers or to find him in ; (adv.) most or 
 very probably, [f. ON likligr (like \ -LY *)] 
 
 li'ken, v.t. Find or point out resemblance in 
 (thing) to, (rarely) make like to (its arbitrary 
 character likens it to a despotism), [-en 6 ] 
 
 li'keness, n. Being like, resemblance (be- 
 tween, to) ; semblance (enemy in I. of friend) ; 
 representation, copy, portrait (take one's I., por- 
 tray him), person or thing having the exact 
 appearance of another, [-ness] 
 
 li'kewise, adv. & conj. Similarly (bibl.) ; 
 also, moreover, too. [for in like wise] 
 
 likin (le'ke'n), n. Provincial transit duty in 
 China. [Chin.l 
 
 li'king", n. What one likes, one's taste (is it 
 to your I.?) ; regard, fondness, taste, fancy,/or 
 (have a I. for him, for precise statement, no I. 
 for flattery). [OE licung (like 2 , -ing 1 )] 
 
 li'lae (-ak), n. & a. Shrub with fragrant pale 
 pinkish violet, or white, blossoms ; (of) pale 
 pinkish violet colour. [F f. Sp., f. Pers. lilak 
 var. of nilak (nil blue)] 
 
 lilia'ceous, a. Of the lily kind. [f. L lilia- 
 
 Ceus (LILY, -ACEOUS)] 
 
 Lilliputian (-shn), a. & n. (Person) of size 
 of 'inhabitants of Lilliput, pigmy, diminutive. 
 [Lilliput in Gulliver's Travels, -ian] 
 
 lilt, v.t. &i.,& n. Sing melodiously or rhyth- 
 mically ; (song with) marked rhythmical ca- 
 dence or swing, [n. f. vb, ME lulte etym. dub.] 
 
 li'ly, n. (Flower of) kinds of bulbous plant 
 bearing large showy white or reddish or pur- 
 plish flowers on tall slender stem, esp. the 
 White or Madonna L. (orange, tiger, turk's cap, 
 &c, I.) ; kinds of plant allied to these (belladon- 
 na, calla, Guernsey, lent, water, &c, I.); I. of 
 the valley, spring flower with two large leaves 
 & racemes of white bell-shaped fragrant 
 flowers ; person or thing of special whiteness 
 or purity (II. &roses, fair complexion); heraldic 
 fleur-de-lis (the 11., arms of old French mon- 
 archy, Bourbon dynasty) ; (attrib.) delicately 
 white (I. maid, hand, &c), pallid ; I. -iron, har- 
 poon with detachable head for killing sword- 
 fish ; l.-livered, cowardly; I. -white, as a 1. Hence 
 li'liED 2 a. [OE lilie f. L lilium f. Gk leirion] 
 
 limb 1 (-m). n.. & v.t. Leg, arm, or wing 
 (escape with life & I., without grave injury) ; 
 (orig. I. of the devil or Satan) mischievous child, 
 I. of the law, lawyer, policeman, &c; main 
 branch of tree, one of four branches of cross, 
 clause of sentence, spur of mountain ; hence 
 
 (-)limbED 2 (-md), li'mbLESS (-ml-), aa.; (vb) 
 disable 1. of (person or animal), dismember 
 (body). [OE Urn cf. ON limr] 
 
 limb 2 (-m), n. (scient.). Edge of surface ; gra- 
 duated edge of quadrant &c; edge (eastern, 
 lower, &c, I.) of sun, moon, &c; expanded part 
 of petal, sepal, or leaf. [f. L limbus hem] 
 
 li'mbate (-at), a. (biol., hot.). Having dis- 
 tinct or different-coloured border, (f. LL Urn- 
 batus (prec, -ate 2 )] 
 
 li'mbec, n. (archaic). = alembic. 
 
 li'mber ] , n., & v.t. Detachable front of gun- 
 carriage (two wheels, axle, pole, & ammuni- 
 tion-box); (vb) attach 1. to (gun), fasten together 
 two parts of (gun-carriage ; also abs.), (usu. up). 
 [earlier ly?)ior, perh. f. F limoniere shafts & 
 framework (Union shaft)] 
 
 li'mbep 2 , n. (naut.). One of the holes cut 
 in floor- timbers for drainage to pump- well, 
 [perh. f. F lumiere light, used in same sense] 
 
 li'mber 3 , a. Flexible ; lithe, nimble. [?] 
 
 li'mbo, n. Region on border of hell where 
 pre-Christian just men & unbaptized infants 
 are confined ; prison, durance ; condition of 
 neglect or oblivion, [f. L phr..m limbo (limb 2 )] 
 
 lime l , n., & v.t. Sticky substance made from 
 holly bark for catching small birds (usu. bird- 
 lime) ; white caustic alkaline earth (calcium 
 oxide) got by burning limestone, kinds of rock 
 chiefly carbonate of 1., & used for making mor- 
 tar, as manure, &c. (also quick-?.; slaked I., 
 this after combination with water, hydrate of 
 1.), whence li'meLESS, li'mY 2 , aa.; l.-burner, 
 maker of 1. ; l.-cast, outer layer of 1. on building ; 
 l.-kiln, for burning limestone ; limelight, intense 
 white light got by heating cylinder of 1. in oxy- 
 hydrogen flame ; I. -pit, for steeping hides to re- 
 move hair; l.-twig, smeared with birdlime. 
 (Vb) smear (twigs), catch (bird), with birdlime 
 (also fig. ); treat, dress (land), with 1. ; steep (skins) 
 in 1. & water. [OE lim, cf. Du. lijm, G leim, 
 cogn. w. L limits mud, linere smear, & w. loam] 
 
 lime 2 , n. Round fruit smaller & more acid 
 than lemon ; I. -juice, used as drink & esp. as 
 antiscorbutic. [F, f. Arab, as lemon] 
 
 lime 3 , n. Ornamental tree with heart-shaped 
 leaves & small fragrant yellowish blossom 
 (often I. -tree), [prob. var. of lind linden] 
 
 lrmen, n. (psycho!.). Limit below which 
 given stimulus ceases to be perceptible, mini- 
 mum of nerve-excitation required to produce 
 sensation. Hence li'minAL a. [L (genit. -inis], 
 - threshold, representing G schwelle] 
 
 Li'mepiek, n. Kind of nonsense verse (now 
 usu. applied to the five-line form seen in Lear's 
 nursery rhymes), [said to be f. chorus ' Will 
 you come up to L.? ' sung after extempore verses 
 contributed each by member of party] 
 
 li'me-wopt, li'mp-, n. = brook l -li?ne. [OE 
 hleomece] 
 
 li'mit l , n. Bounding line, terminal point (stir 
 perior, inferior, I., earliest & latest possible 
 date, largest & smallest possible or permissible 
 amount), bound that may not or cannot be 
 passed, (without L, unlimited; I. man, receiving 
 longest start allowed in handicap, opp. scratch). 
 Hence li'mitLESS a. [f. F limite f. L limitem 
 nom. -mes] 
 
 li'mit 2 , v.t. Confine within 11., set (usu. im- 
 material) bounds to, restrict to ; serve as 1. to ; 
 (p.p.) scanty; limited company, see liability ; 
 limited mail, taking only limited number of 
 passengers ; limited monarchy &c, subject to 
 constitutional restrictions (opp. absolute). So 
 li'mit at^ive a. [f . F limiter f . L limitare (prec. )] 
 
 limitap'ian, n. & a. (Holder) of doctrine 
 that only a limited part of mankind is to be 
 saved, [limit l , -artan] 
 
LIMITARY 
 
 474 
 
 LINEAMENT 
 
 li'mitapy, a. Subject to restriction ; of, on, 
 serving as, limit, [f. L limitaris (limit *, -ary 2 )] 
 limita'tion, n. Limiting ; limited condition, 
 disability or inability, (has his 11., is not talented 
 in all directions); limiting rule or circumstance; 
 legally specified period beyond which action 
 cannot be brought, estate or law is not to con- 
 tinue, &c. {statute of 11., any that fixes such 
 period), [f. L limitatio (limit 2 , -atiox)] 
 li'mitpophe (-of), a. (Of district &c.) on 
 frontier, adjacent to. [F (L limes limit 1 , Gk 
 -trophos -feeding) orig. of lands set apart for 
 support of frontier troops] 
 limn (-m), v.t. (archaic). Paint (picture) ; 
 depict, portray. Hence li'mnER 1 (-ran-) n. 
 [f. obs. I limine illuminate (MSS.) f. OF luminer 
 (L lumen -inis light)] 
 
 limno'logy, n. Study of physical pheno- 
 mena of lakes ; study of pond-life. [Gk limne 
 lake, -o-, -logy] 
 
 limp *, v.i., & n. "Walk lamely, (of verse) halt ; 
 (n.) lame walk. Hence IrmpingLY 2 adv. [cf. 
 MHG limphin] 
 
 limp 2 , a. Not stiff, flexible, (of book-bindings) 
 not stiffened with mill-board ; (fig.) wanting in 
 energy. Henceli*mpLY 2 adv.,li*mpxESsn. [?] 
 li'mpet, n. Gasteropod mollusc with tent- 
 shaped shell sticking tightly to rocks. [OE 
 lempedu f. LL lampreda limpet, lamprey] 
 Ji'mpid, a. Pellucid, clear, not turbid, (of 
 liquids, atmosphere, eyes, literary style). Hence 
 or cogn. li'mpidLY 2 adv., limpi'drrv, li*m- 
 pidxESS, nn. [f. L limpidus prob. cogn. w. 
 lympha lymph] 
 
 lrmpkin, n. Kinds of bird between cranes 
 & rails, [limp 1 , -kix, from their movements] 
 limp-wort. See lime-wort. 
 Image (-ij), n. Number of lines in printed 
 matter ; payment according to this, [-age] 
 li'nehpin, n. Pin passed through axle-end 
 to keep wheel on. [OE lynis, cf. G lunse, pix] 
 Li'neoln green (-kn), n. Bright green stuff 
 made at Lincoln. 
 
 li'nden, n. Lime-tree. [orig. adj. (obs. lind 
 lime cf. G lindc cogn. w. Gk elate fir + -ex 5 )] 
 line 1 , n. Fine long flax separated from the 
 tow. [OE lin flax, cf. G lein- perh. cogn. w. L 
 linum & Gk linon] 
 
 line 2 , n. (Order of main senses) 1. Cord; 2. 
 Long narrow mark; 3. Row; 4. Series; 5. Di- 
 rection. 1. Piece of rope (esp. naut., e.g. for 
 sounding ; so prob. hard 11. , bad luck, hardship ; 
 also = clothes-Z.) ; wire or cable for telegraph 
 or telephone (lineman, charged with keeping 
 wire &c. in repair), route traversed by this ; 
 cord bearing fish-hook(s) (I.- fishing, opp. net- 
 fishing; give one I. enough, let him go his own 
 way for a time in order to secure or detect him 
 later); cord for measuring, levelling,&c. (plum B- 
 l.; by rule & I., with precision), (pi.) one's lot in 
 life (Ps. xvi. 6, w. ref. to marking out land) ; 
 rule orcanon (obs. exc. in J. uponl., seels. xxviii. 
 10, with slow & regular progress). 2. Longnarrow 
 mark traced on surface;use of these in draughts- 
 manship (boldness, purity, of I.; translate life 
 &c. into I. &: colour; l.-drawing, done with pen 
 or pencil ; I. -engraving, done with incised lines, 
 as opp. etching & mezzotint; l.-work, with pen 
 or pencil not wash &c; I. ofbeaxdy, 1. with two 
 opposite curves like elongated S); (Games) mark 
 limiting court or ground or special parts of 
 them ; thing resembling traced mark, band of 
 colour, seam, furrow, wrinkle (/. of life, fortune, 
 &c, folds in palm of hand significant in palm- 
 istry) ; (Math.) straight or curved continuous 
 extent of length without breadth, track of mov- 
 ing point, (with defining word, as isothermal I.) 
 curve connecting all points having specified 
 
 common property ; the equator ; straight 1. (I. 
 of fire !, force, &c; picture hung on the I., ex- 
 hibited with its centre about level of spectator's 
 eye ; go as straight as a I.); contour, outline, 
 lineament (the savage 11. of his mouth), (pi.) 
 plan or draught (esp. of ship in horizontal, ver- 
 tical, & oblique sections) or manner of procedure 
 (on conservative, political, the same, See., 11.); 
 (as measure) 1/12 inch; limit, boundary, (draw 1 
 the I.). 3. Row of persons or things (come, bring, 
 into I., agree or co-operate, induce to do so); 
 (Mil., pi.) connected series of field-works, also 
 row of tents or huts in camp ; (Xaut.) I. abreast, 
 number of parallel ships ranged on line crossing 
 keels at right angles, I. of battle 1 ,ship of the t. 
 or Z.-o/-battle l ship ; (Mil.) double row (front & 
 rear rank) of men ranged side by side, also ar- 
 rangement of companies side by side (opp. 
 COLUMN; drawn up in, form, wheel into, I.; all 
 along the I., at every point, often fig. of success 
 &c; l.-firing, by body of men in 1.) ; (Army) the 
 I., regular & numbered regiments (not Guards, 
 Engineers, or Artillery, 6c sometimes under- 
 stood to exclude Cavalry) ; row of words in page 
 or newspaper column (read between the 11., de- 
 tect hidden meaning in document, speech, &c; 
 l.-filling, flourish or ornament in blank space 
 at end of 1. in MS.), (by exag.) short letter (just 
 a I. to tell you that — ), single verse of poetry, 
 (pi.) piece of poetry (often upon subject or to 
 person), (pi.) specified amount (100 &c. //.) of usu. 
 Latin verse to be written out as school punish- 
 ment, (pi., also marriage 11.) certificate of mar- 
 riage, (pi.) words of actor's part. 4. Series or 
 regular succession of steamers, omnibuses, &c, 
 plying between certain places; connected series 
 of persons or things following one another in 
 time (can show a long I. of heroes), esp. several 
 generations of family (male, female, direct, &c, 
 I.), family, lineage, stock (comes of a good I.). 
 5. Direction, course, track, (I. of march, com- 
 munication, &c); (Railways) single track .of 
 rails (up, down, I., to, from, chief terminus esp. 
 London), one branch of system (main, branch, 
 loop, I.), or whole system under one manage- 
 ment ^Midland &c. I.) ; course followed in rid- 
 ing to hounds (take, keep to, one's own I., often 
 also fig. ); course of procedure, conduct, thought, 
 &c. ; department of activity, province, branch 
 of business, (something in, out of, one's I., that 
 interests or concerns one, or not ; in the banking, 
 oil-dt-colour, &c, I.); (Commerc.) class of goods, 
 order for or stock of this, [partly thr. OE line, 
 cf. G leine cord, partly thr. F ligne, f. L linea 
 line orig. fern, of lineus oilmen (linum flax)] 
 
 line 3 , v.t. & i. Mark in, off, out, with 11. on 
 paper &c. ; cover with 11. (a face lined withpain); 
 I. through, cross out ; draw (men or objects) up 
 in 1. ; come up or spread (t. & i.) out in 1.; post 
 troops &c. along (road, hedge, &c), (of troops) 
 form open or close 1. along (pass &c), (of things) 
 stand at intervals along (wall &c). [f. prec] 
 
 line 4 , v.t. Apply layer of (usu. different) ma- 
 terial to inside of (garment, box, vessel, bag, 
 &c); fill (purse, pocket, stomach, &c.) ; serve 
 as lining for. Hence li'niXG ] (4) n. (every cloud 
 has a silver lining, there is good in every evil), 
 [f. LINE 1 , w. ref. to use of linen for linings] 
 
 line 5 , v.t. Copulate with, cover, (bitch), [f. 
 F ligne?'] 
 
 lrneage (-iej), n. Lineal descent, ancestry, 
 pedigree, [f. OF lignage (L linca line 2 , -age)] 
 
 li'neal, a. In the direct line of descent or 
 ancestry (opp. collateral) ; (rare) of, in, line(s), 
 linear. Hence li'nealLY 2 adv. [f. F lineal f. 
 LL linealis (lixe 2 , -al)] 
 
 li'neament, n. (Usu. pi.) distinctive fea- 
 ture^) or characteristic(s), esp. feature(s) of 
 
LINEAR 
 
 475 
 
 LION 
 
 face, (sing, chiefly in every I.), [f. F lineament 
 f. L lineamentum {line are in unrecorded sense 
 draw lines f. linea line 2 )] 
 
 li'near, a. Of, in, Hne(s) {I. perspective) ; 
 
 (Math., Physics) involving measurement in 
 one dimension only {I. equation, of first degree); 
 long, narrow, & of uniform breadth. Hence 
 li'neaPLY 2 adv. [f. L linearis (line 2 , -ar 1 )] 
 
 linea'tion, n. Drawing of, marking with, 
 arrangement of, lines, [f. L lineatio (linea- 
 ment, -ation)] 
 
 li'nen, a. & n. Made of flax (I. cloth). (N.) 
 cloth woven from flax, (with pi.) particular kind 
 of this ; (collect.) shirts, sheets, cloths, &c, of 1., 
 calico, &c. [wash one's dirty I. at home, in pub- 
 lic, keep, not keep, quiet about domestic quar- 
 rels &c); l.-draper, dealer in 1., calico, &c ; 
 hence linenE*TTE(2) n. [OE linen (line 1 , -ex 5 )J 
 
 li'nep, n. Ship, usu. steamer, belonging to 
 line of passenger ships, [-er 1 ] 
 
 lrnesman, n. Soldier of line regiment ; 
 (Lawn tennis, Football) official assisting umpire 
 or referee by deciding whether or where ball 
 touches or crosses line, [line's (line 2 )] 
 
 ling- 1, n. Long slender N.-Europ. sea-fish used 
 (usu. cured) for food. [cf. Du. & G leng prob. 
 cogn. w. long 1 ] 
 
 ling 2 , n. Kinds of heather. Hence li'ngY 2 
 (-ngi) a. [f. ON lyng] 
 
 -ling" 1 , suf. forming nn.; com.-Teut., arising 
 f. addition of -ingoz -ing 3 to n. stems w. suf. 
 -ilo- -le. (1) in OE, ME, & mod. E, -ling is added 
 to nn. to form nn. denoting person or thing 
 connected w. primary n. {hireling, nursling, 
 sapling), & to adjj. to form nn. {grayling, dar- 
 ling, youngling); so also, f. adv., underling. 
 On anal, of nursling &c, where first component 
 is ambiguous, shaveling, starveling, are formed 
 on vv. (2) in ON -ling had dim. force ; instances 
 of this appear in E in 14th & loth cc. {codling, 
 gosling, duckling); in this use alone (esp. in 
 formation of contemptuous dimm., as lordling, 
 princeling) the suf. is a living one. 
 
 -ling" 2 , -lings, suf. forming advv. ; Teut. 
 •ling, -lang, -lung, (+-ES) used in OE added to 
 nn. to form advv. of direction, as bxcling back, 
 andlang along, grundlunga to ground ; in 
 other wds the suf. forms advv. of condition or 
 situation (darkling), usu. now dial. only. 
 
 li'nger (-ngg-), v.i. & t. Put off departure 
 esp. from reluctance to go ; stay about, not de- 
 part or arrive at expected or right time ; dally 
 round place or over or (up)on subject ; drag on 
 a feeble existence (of invalids & moribund cus- 
 toms) ; be protracted {lingering disease, ago- 
 nies) ; be tardy, delay ; throw (time) away in 
 delays. Hence li'ngePER 1 n., li'ngepingLY 2 
 adv. [f. obs. leng OE lengan lengthen, linger, 
 cf. G langen, (long^ + 'ER 5 ] 
 
 lingerie (F), n. (Stock of) linen articles. 
 
 li'ngo, n. (pi. -oes). (Contempt, for) foreign 
 language, vocabulary of special subject or class 
 of people, [prob. corrupt, of lingua (franca)] 
 
 -lings. See -ling 2 . 
 
 li'ngua fpa'nea (-nggwa), n. Mixture of 
 Italian*, French, Greek, & Spanish, used in Le- 
 vant; any mixed jargon serving as medium 
 between different peoples (also fig. of common 
 ideas &c). [It., = Frankish tongue] 
 
 li'ngual (-gw-), a. & n. (Anat.) of the tongue ; 
 (Phonet.) formed by the tongue (n., 1. sound ; 
 both a. & n. now rare), whence li*ngualiZE(3) 
 v.t.; of speech or languages (I. studies), [f. med.L 
 lingualis (L lingua tongue, -al)] 
 
 li'nguifopm (-gw-), a. (bot, anat., zoo!.). 
 Tongue-shaped. Iprec, -i-, -form] 
 
 li'nguist (-gw-), n. Person skilled in foreign 
 languages (good, bad, no, I.), [as prec, -ist] 
 
 linguistic, a. Of the study of languages ; 
 of language, lingual. Hence lingui'stiCALLY 
 adv. [prec, -ic] 
 
 li'ngulate (-at), a. Tongue-shaped, [f. L 
 ling ula dim. of lingua tongue, -ate 2 ] 
 
 li'nguo-, comb, form of L lingua tongue (-0-), 
 as -dental made with tongue & teeth (of sounds).' 
 
 lrniment, n. Liquid usu. made with oil used 
 in rubbing body for rheumatism &c, embroca- 
 tion, [f. L linimentum (linire smear, -ment)] 
 
 link 1 , n., & v.t. & i. One ring or loop of chain 
 
 (as measure, 1/100 of surveying chain or 7.92 in.); 
 
 = sleeve-^. ; loop in knitting &c. ; connecting 
 part, thing or person that unites others, filler of 
 gap, member of series (missing l). (Vb) Con- 
 nect, join (things, persons) together or (thing, 
 person) to; clasp (hands); hook (arm in or 
 through another's, or arms) ; attach oneself on 
 or in to system, company, &c. ; linked battalions, 
 two, of which one at home supplies drafts for 
 other on foreign service. Hence li'nkAGE(l, 3) 
 n. [f. ON (Icel. hlekkr, Sw. lank) cogn. w. G 
 gelenk joint, & w. flank] 
 
 link 2 , n. Torch of pitch & tow formerlv used 
 for lighting people along streets ; l.-boy, link- 
 man, employed to carry 11. [perh. f. prec. in 
 sense segment of the material] 
 
 links, n. pi. Level or undulating sandy 
 ground near sea-shore, with turf & coarse grass 
 (Sc.) ; ground on which golf is played, often re- 
 sembling that of prec. sense (also a links as 
 sing.). [OE hlinc perh. cogn. w. lean 2 ] 
 
 linn, n. (chiefly Sc). Waterfall ; pool below 
 this ; precipice, ravine, [perh. mixture of OE 
 hlynn torrent & Gael, linne] 
 
 Linn(a)e*an, a. & n. (Follower) of Linnaeus 
 or his system of classifying plants & animals. 
 [Linnaeus latinized name of C. Linne Swedish 
 naturalist + -an] 
 
 li'nnet, n. Common brown or warm-grey 
 song-bird. [f. OF linette (lin flax, f. its food)] 
 
 lino'leum, n. Floor-cloth of canvas with 
 thick coat of oxidized linseed oil. Hence lino*- 
 leumED 2 a. [L linum flax, oleum oil] 
 
 lrnotype, n. Machine for producing stereo- 
 typed lines of words as substitute for type- 
 setting, much used in printing newspapers. 
 [ = line o' type] 
 
 li'nsang, n. Civet cat of Borneo & Java. 
 [Javanese | 
 
 li'nseed, n. Seed of flax ; I. cake, 1. (with the 
 I. -oil pressed out) as cattle-food ; l.-meal, ground 
 1. ; I. poultice, of 1. or l.-meal. [line j ] 
 
 li'nsey-wob'lsey (-zl-, -zi), n. Dress ma- 
 terial of coarse inferior wool woven on cotton 
 warp (orig. of wool & flax), [from 1483 ; linsey, 
 perh. a coarse linen (line 1 perh. + obs. say 
 silk) ; icoolsey = wool w. jingling term.] 
 
 lint, n. Soft material for dressing wounds 
 made by scraping linen cloth on one side. [cogn. 
 w. line ! ; perh. f. F linette linseed (lin linen)] 
 
 li'ntel (-tl), n. Horizontal timber or stone 
 over ddor or window. Hence li'ntellED 2 a. 
 [OF, = threshold, f. pop. L Himitale or ^limitel- 
 lum see limit \ -le(2)| 
 
 lrny, a. Marked with lines ; wrinkled ; (Art) 
 using line too much. Hence li'niNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 li'on, n. Large powerful tawny African & 
 S.-Asiatic carnivorous quadruped with tufted 
 tail & (in the male) flowing shaggy mane (I. in 
 the way or path, obstacle, esp. imaginary; Us 
 mouth, perilous position ; Us share, largest or 
 best part ; I. 's skin, false assumption of cour- 
 age ; twist Us tail, of foreign, esp. U.-S., jour- 
 nalists or orators defying or in suiting England) ; 
 courageous person, so lion-heaptED 2 a. ; (pi.) 
 sights worth seeing in town &c. (from evistorn 
 of showing country visitors the 11. in Tower of 
 
LIONIZE 
 
 476 
 
 LISTEN 
 
 London ; see, shew, the 11.) ; person of literary 
 or other celebrity sought after to be shown off 
 at social gatherings (l.-hunter, host or hostess 
 depending much on 11.), whence li'onHOOD, 
 li'onsHiP, nn. ; national emblem of Great 
 Britain {the British L., the nation personified); 
 constellation & zodiacal sign leo. Hence 
 lionESQUE, li'onLiKE, aa., li'onESS 1 , li'on- 
 ET i, nn. [f. AF leun f. L leonem nom. leo f. Gk 
 leon leontos] 
 
 li'onize, v.t. & i. See or show the sights (see 
 prec.) of (place) ; show these to (visitor) ; see the 
 sights ; treat (person) as celebrity, make a lion 
 (see prec.) of, whence li'oniSM(l) n. [-ize] 
 
 lip, n., & v.t. One of the fleshy edges of the 
 opening of the mouth (upper, lower or under, 
 I. ; bite one's /., in vexation or to repress emo- 
 tion, stifle laugh, &c. ; stiff upper I., fortitude 
 or obstinacy; curl one's I., in scorn ; hang one's 
 I., in humiliation ; lick, smack, one's 11., in en- 
 joyment or anticipation of food or fig.; hang 
 on one's IL, listen to his every word in rever- 
 ence ; word &c. escapes one's IL, is uttered 
 thoughtlessly); saucy talk, impudence, (slang; 
 esp. none of your I. !) ; edge of cup, vessel, 
 cavity, wound, &c. ; lip-, from the 11. only, pro- 
 fessed, not heartfelt or sincere, (I. -homage, -re- 
 ligion, -Christian, -service, -worship) ; l.-deep, 
 superficial, insincere ; l.-language, -reading, 
 -speaking, use & interpretation of silent motions 
 of 11. by & with the deaf or dumb ; lipsalve, 
 ointment for sore lips, fig. flattery ; hence 
 (-)lippED 2 , li'pLESS, aa. (Vb) touch with 11., 
 apply 11. to; (of water) just touch, lap; murmur, 
 utter softly. [OE lippa, cf. Du. lip, G lippe, 
 cogn. w. L labium, labrum] 
 
 lipo'graphy, n. = haplography. [f. Gk 
 lip- st. of leipo omit, -graphy] 
 
 lr ppep, n. (naut, ). Rippling or ruffled motion, 
 surface roughness, of sea. [prob. cogn. w. 
 
 LAP 5 + -ER 5 ] 
 
 liqua'te, v.t. Separate or purify (metals) by 
 liquefying. Hence liquA'TiON n. [f. L liquare 
 melt, cogn. w. liquor, -ate 3 J 
 
 li'queiy, v.t. & i. Bring (solid or gas) or 
 come into liquid condition. Hence or cogn. 
 HqueFA'ciENT a. & n., liqueFATrriON n., 
 li'quefactivE, li'quefiABLE, aa., li'que- 
 Aer^I, 2) n. [f. F liqiie'jier f. L liquefacere 
 (liquere be liquid, -fy)] 
 
 liquescent (snt), a. Becoming, apt to be- 
 come, liquid. [t. L liquescere (prec, -escent)] 
 
 liqueur* (-kur, or as F), n. Strong alcoholic 
 liquor sweetened & flavoured with aromatic 
 substances & usu. drunk in small quantities ; 
 mixture of sugar & alcohol or wines used to 
 flavour champagne, whence liqueup* v.t. ; I. 
 brandy, of special quality for drinking as L ; L- 
 glass, very small for 11.; I. -frame, -stand, for 
 holding 1. -bottles. [F,= liquor] 
 
 li'quid, a. & n. (Substance that is) incom- 
 pressible but offering no resistance to change of 
 shape, neither solid nor gaseous, resembling 
 water or «oil in normal state, in fluid but not 
 gaseous condition (I. air, reduced to 1. state by 
 intense cold); watery; having the transparence, 
 translucence, or brightness, of water or wine 
 (l. lustre, eyes, sky, air, blue)', (of sounds) flow- 
 ing, clear, fluent, pure, not grating or discor- 
 dant, not guttural, vowel-like, (blackbird's I. 
 notes ; in his I. Italian ; n., one of the letters 1, 
 r, & sometimes m, n) ; not fixed, unstable, (has 
 very I. convictions or principles) ; (of assets, 
 securities, &c.) easily convertible into cash. 
 Hence or cogn. liqurdiTY, li'quidNESS, nn., 
 li'quidiZE(3) v.t., li'quidLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 liquide f. L liquidus (liquere be liquid cf. li- 
 quate, liquor)] 
 
 liquidate, v.t. & i. Pay, clear off, (debt) ; 
 wind up, ascertain liabilities & apportion assets 
 of, (company, firm), whence li'quidatoR 2 n. ; 
 (intr., of company) have this done. Hence 
 liquid a *tion n. (go into I., of company, have 
 its affairs wound up, become bankrupt), [f. LL 
 liquidare make liquid, -ate 3 ] 
 
 li'quop (-ker), n., & v.t. & i. Liquid part of 
 secretion or product of operation ; liquid used 
 as wash &c. ; water used in brewing ; liquid 
 (usu. fermented or distilled) for drinking (malt 
 I., ale, beer, porter, &c; spirituous L, spirits ; 
 disguise^ with I.', in L, the icorse for I., more 
 or less drunk ; a I. or l.-up slang, taking of 1. as 
 refreshment) ; water in which food has been 
 boiled ; (Pharmacy, pr. li^kwor) solution of 
 specified drug in water (l. ammoniae &c.) ( Vb) 
 dress (leather, shoes) with grease or oil ; steep 
 (malt &c.) in water ; (slang) I. up or I., have a 
 drink of alcoholic 1. [earlier & OF licur (now 
 liqueur) f. L liquor (liquere see liquid, -or 1 ) to 
 which spelling has been assimilated] 
 
 li'quopiee (ker), li'eopiee, n. (Black sub- 
 stance used in medicine & as sweetmeat made 
 from) root of Glycyrrhiza glabra ; the plant, 
 [f. AF lycorysf. LL liquiritiat Gk glukurrhiza 
 (glukus sweet, rhiza root)] 
 
 li'quopish, a. Fond of, indicating fondness 
 for, liquor. Hence li'quopishLY 2 adv., li*- 
 quopishNESS n. [misuse of lickerish] 
 
 lipa (ler'a), n. (pi. lire pr. -a, liras ; abbr. L.). 
 Italian silver coin serving as monetary unit, 
 about lOd. [It., f. L libra] 
 
 Lisle thread (HI), n. Fine hard-twisted 
 thread made orig. at Lisle (now Lille) in France. 
 
 lisp, v.i. & t., & n. Substitute one of the 
 sounds of th for sibilants in speaking ; (of child) 
 speak with imperfect pronunciation ; say with 
 a 1. (often out) ; hence li'spingXY 2 adv. (N.) 
 lisping pronunciation; rippling of waters, rust- 
 ling of leaves, [f. OE ivlisp a. lisping, cf. Du. 
 Itspen, G lispeln, to lisp] 
 
 li'ssom(e), a. Lithe, supple, agile. Hence 
 li'ssom(e)NESS n. [contr. of LiTHEsome] 
 
 list 1 , n., & v.t. & i. 1. Selvage or edge of 
 cloth, usu. of different material, whence li'st- 
 ixg M3) n. ; such edges torn off & used as a ma- 
 terial (I. slippers ; line edges of door with I., to 
 keep out draughts ; vb, fasten 1. round edges of, 
 as have listed my doors) ; (pi.) palisades en- 
 closing tilting-ground, (fig.) scene of contest 
 (enter the 11. against, challenge or accept chal- 
 lenge of, usu. to controversy). 2. Roll or cata- 
 logue of names, of persons or things belonging 
 to a class, of articles with prices, of things to 
 be done, &c. (active I., of officers in army or 
 navy liable to be called on for service ; free I., 
 of persons to be admitted free to theatre &c, 
 also of duty-free articles; army, civil, sick, 
 -I.) ; (vb) enter in a 1., (now rare or vulg.) go as 
 soldier, enlist, [sense 1 f. OF liste, cf. Du. lijst, 
 G leiste ; sense 2 f . F liste f. Teut. as in 1] 
 
 list 2 , v.t. (archaic ; 3 sing. pres. listov listeth, 
 past list or listed). Be pleasing to (shall do 
 what him listeth ; did as him list) ; .desire, 
 choose, (to do or abs. ; ye who I. to hear ; wind 
 bloweth where it listeth). [OE lystan, cf. Du. 
 lusten, G lusten, cogn. w. lust] 
 
 list 3 , n., & v.i. Lean(ing) over to one side 
 (usu. of ship ; also of building, fence, &c). [vb 
 f. n., perh. transf. use of obs. list pleasure, in- 
 clination, f. prec] 
 
 list 4 , v.i. & t. (archaic). Listen, listen to. [OE 
 hlystan (hlyst sense of hearing) cf. G liistern & 
 lauschen f. Aryan klus- (klu- see loud)] 
 
 li'sten (-sn), v.i. & t. Make effort to hear some- 
 thing, hear person speaking with attention, 
 give ear to (& archaic to) person or sound or 
 
LISTERINE 
 
 477 
 
 LITTER 
 
 story, yield to temptation or request. Hence 
 li'stenER 1 (-sn-) n. [ONorthuiub. lysna, cf. OE 
 hlosnian, cogn. w. prec] 
 
 li'sterine, n. A particular antiseptic solu- 
 tion. [Lord Lister, -ine 4 J 
 
 li'sterize, v.t. Treat (wound) on the anti- 
 septic_niethods introduced by Lord Lister. So 
 lister'iAN a. [-ize] 
 
 li'stless, a. Languid, indifferent, uninter- 
 ested, disinclined for exertion. Hence li'st- 
 lessLY 2 adv., li'stless _\ ess n. [f. obs. list in- 
 clination (list 2 ) + -less] 
 
 lit. See LIGHT 3 , LIGHT 5 . 
 
 li'tany, n. Series of petitions for use in 
 church services or processions recited by clergy 
 & responded to usu. in repeated formula(s) by 
 people (the L., that contained in the Common 
 Prayer Book) ; l.-desk, -stool, at which reciter 
 of 1. kneels, [f. med.L f. Gk litaneia prayer 
 (litaneud pray f . litanos suppliant f . lite prayer)] 
 
 litchi (letshe - ), n. Fruit(-tree) orig. from 
 China grown in Bengal. If. Chin, li-chi] 
 
 -lite, suf. forming names of minerals, F, f. Gk 
 lithos stone ; usu. preceded by -0-. 
 
 li'tepaey, n. Ability to read & write, [lite- 
 rate, -cvj 
 
 /r terete hutnanior'es, n. (abbr. Lit. Hum.). 
 Polite letters, esp. as name of classical school 
 or examination for B.A. degree at Oxford. [L] 
 
 li'teral, a. & n. Of, in, expressed by, letter(s) 
 of alphabet (I. error, also I. as n., misprint); 
 following the letter, text, or exact or original 
 words (I. translation, transcript, &c), whence 
 li*tepaliSM(4) n. ; taking words in their usual 
 or primary sense & applying the ordinary rules 
 of grammar, without mysticism or allegory or 
 metaphor, (I. interpretation ; I hear nothing 
 in the I. sense of the word, with the ears as opp. 
 other means of getting news), whence li'teral- 
 ism(3), li*teraliST(2), nn. ; (of persons) prosaic, 
 matter-of-fact ; so called without exaggeration 
 (I. decimation ; often incorrectly used, as a I. 
 flood ofpamph lets). Hence litera'liT y, li'te- 
 ralxESS, nn., li"teralLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L late- 
 ralis (LETTER, -AL)] 
 
 liberalize, v.t. Take (metaphor &c.) in 
 literal sense, [-ize] 
 
 literar'um a'o'ctor, n. Doctor of literature 
 (as University degree). [L] 
 
 li'terapy, a. Of, constituting, occupied with, 
 literature, polite learning, or books & written 
 composition esp. of the kind valued for form (I. 
 history of a thing, of its treatment in litera- 
 ture ; I. property, exclusive right of publica- 
 tion, books &c. subject to this ; I. man, man of 
 letters). Hence li'terariLY 2 adv., li'tera- 
 piNESS n. [f. L litterarius (letter, -ary l )] 
 
 li'terate (-at), a. & n. (Person) having some 
 acquaintance with literature or (now usu.) able 
 to read & write ; man admitted to Anglican or- 
 ders without university degree, [f. L littcratxis 
 
 (LETTER, -ATE 2 )] 
 
 literccti, n. pi. Men of letters, the learned 
 class. [L, as prec] 
 
 litera'tim, adv. Letter for letter, textually, 
 literally. [L] 
 
 li'tenator, n. Literary man. [L (literate, 
 -or 2 ) elementary teacher, grammarian, sciolist] 
 
 li'terature (-tsher, -tur), n. Literary cul- 
 ture (archaic) ; literary production (engaged in 
 7.), the literary profession (I. icas represented 
 by —) ; realm of letters, writings of country or 
 period ; writings whose value lies in beauty of 
 form or emotional effect (light 4 I.) ; the books 
 treating of a, subject; (colloq.) printed matter. 
 [f. L litteratura (literate, -ure)] 
 
 -lith, suf. repr. Gk lithos stone (aerolith, mo- 
 nolith) ; cf. -LITE. 
 
 li-t harge (-j ), n. Protoxide of lead, [f . OF li- 
 targe f. Gk htharguros (lithos stone, arguros 
 silver) so called as by-product in separation of 
 silver from lead] 
 
 lithe (-dh), a. Flexible, supple. Hence lrthe- 
 ness n., li'thesoME a. [OE lithe soft, cf. G 
 lind, cogn. w. L lentus] 
 
 li'thia, n. Oxide of lithium ; l.-water, used 
 for gout, [changed f. earlier lithion f. Gk neut. 
 of litheios (lithos stone) after soda, potassa,&zc.] 
 
 li'thie i, a. Of the stone or calculus ; of stone, 
 [f. Gk lithikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 li'thie 2 , a. (chem.). Of lithium, [foil., -ic] 
 
 li'thium, n. Metallic element of alkaline 
 group, [lithia, -ium] 
 
 lith(o)-, comb, form of Gk lithos stone, esp. 
 in wds having ref. either to the treatment of 
 stone in the bladder or kidneys, or to the use of 
 stone in printing. 
 
 li'thograph, n., & v.t. Lithographic print ; 
 (vb) print by lithography, [prec, -graph] 
 
 litho'graphy, n. Drawing or writing on 
 kind of yellow slaty limestone (lithographic 
 stone) so that impressions in ink can be taken. 
 
 So litho'GRAPHER 11., UthOGRA'PHIC a. [LI- 
 THO-, -GRAPHY] 
 
 litho'logy, n. Science of the nature & com- 
 position of stones & rocks, whence lltholo*- 
 gTiCAL a. ; department of medical science deal- 
 ing with calculus, [litho-, -logy] 
 
 li'thontrrptie, a. & n. (Medicine) that 
 breaks up stone in bladder, [f. F lithontri- 
 ptique f. Gklithon thruptika (drugs) commiuu- 
 tiye of stones] 
 
 li'thophyte, n. (Zool.) polyp whose sub- 
 stance is calcareous, as some corals; (Bot.) 
 plant that grows on stone, [litho-, Gk phuton 
 plant (phvo grow)] 
 
 litho'tomy, n. Operation of cutting for stone 
 in bladder. Hence or cogn. lithoto*mic(AL) 
 aa., litho'tomiST(l) n., litho'tomizE(l) v.t. 
 [f._LL f. Gk lithotomia (litho-, -tomy)] 
 
 litho'tpity, n. Operation of crushing stone 
 in bladder into small particles that can be 
 passed through urethra. Hence litho'trit- 
 ist(1) n., litho'tPitizE(l) v.t. [f. lithontrip- 
 tic, by change of lithon to litho- & confusion of 
 -tript- (already transferred fVGk thrupto commi- 
 nute to Gk tribo wear) with L terere trlt- wear] 
 
 Lithuanian, a. & n. (Language or native) 
 of Lithuania, [-an] 
 
 lrtigate, v.i. & t. Go to law, be party to law- 
 suit ; contest (point) at law, whence li'tigfABLE 
 a. Hence lrtigANT(l) n. & a., litie-ATiox n. 
 [f. L litigare (lis litis lawsuit), -ate 3 ] 
 
 liti'gicus (-j«s), a. Given to litigation, fond 
 of going to law ; disputable at law, offering mat- 
 ter for lawsuit ; of lawsuits. Hence liti'gl- 
 ousl y 2 adv. , liti'^iousNESS n. [f . F litigieux 
 f. L litigiosus (litigium litigation cf. prec)] 
 
 li'tmus, n. Blue colouring-matter got from 
 lichens that is turned red by acid & restored to 
 blue by alkali ; l.-paper, unsized & stained 
 with 1. as test for acids, [f. MDu. leecmos 
 (lac 1 , moes pulp)] 
 
 li'totes, n. Ironically moderate form of speech 
 (as ' scoundrel ' is rather a rude word), esp. the 
 expressing of an affirmative by the negative of 
 its contrary, as no small for great. [Gk (-es) f. 
 litos plain, meagre] 
 
 litpe (le'ter), n. Unit of capacity in metric 
 system, = cube of 1/10 metre, about 1| pints. 
 [F, from 1793, prob. f. LL f. Gk litra pound] 
 
 li'ttep, n., & v.t. & i. Vehicle containing 
 couch shut in by curtains & carried on men's 
 shoulders or by beasts ; framework with couch 
 for transporting sick & wounded; straw, rushes, 
 &c, as bedding esp. for animals ; straw & dung 
 
LITTERAE 
 
 478 
 
 LIVERY 
 
 of farmyard ; odds & ends, leavings, state of 
 untidiness, disorderly accumulation of papers 
 &c, whence li*ttePY 2 a.; the young brought 
 forth at a birth. (Vb) provide (horse &c.) with 
 1. as bed (usu. down) ; spread 1. or straw on 
 (floor, stable ; usu. down) ; make (place) untidy 
 (of objects lying about, or of person with these 
 or simply) ; scatter & leave lying ; bring forth 
 (whelps &c, or abs.). [f. OF litierc f. niecLL 
 lectaria (L lectus bed, -ary 2 )] 
 
 litterae, -papum. See lite-. 
 
 litterateur (F), n. Literary man. 
 
 li'ttle, a. (less, lesser, least ; also smaller, 
 smallest), n., & adv. (less, least). Small (often 
 with emotional implications notgivenbysmaZV, 
 cf. great), not great or big (the idiomatic anti- 
 theses are great & I., big & I., great & small, 
 large & small, not large & I. nor big & small); 
 (as distinctive epithet) of smaller or smallest 
 size &c. (the L. Auk, L. Malvern, the L. 
 bear 1 , the I. finger or toe); young (the I. Joneses, 
 Jones' children ; I. man or woman, boy or girl, 
 esp. as voc; his, he?', its, our, I. ones, children 
 or cubs &c.) ; as of a child, evoking tenderness, 
 patronage, amusement, &c. (her poor I. efforts 
 to please ; we know his I. ways ; so that is your 
 I. game, what you are hoping to do undetected); 
 short in stature, distance, or time (a I. man ; 
 the I. people, fairies ; will go a I. way with yo u ; 
 wait a I. while) ; trivial, unimportant, (every I. 
 difficidty); mean, paltry, contemptible, (with 
 the I. cunning of I. minds) ; not much (gained 
 I. advantage from it ; often but or very I.); a 
 I., some though not much, even a small amount 
 of, (prob. f. the n. use with ellipse of of; give me 
 a I. butter; a I. care would have prevented it) ; 
 <abs.) the I., persons of 1. power or importance, 
 what is 1., in I., on a small scale ; l.-Englander, 
 -dism, (holder of) principle that Great Britain 
 should contract her responsibilities for colonies 
 & dependencies (opp. imperialist, -ism); L- 
 go colloq., first examination for B. A. degree at 
 Cambridge ; L. Masters, group of 16th-c. Ger- 
 man engravers, followers of Diirer, named from 
 small size of their prints ; hence li'ttlexESS n. 
 (X.) not much, only a small amount, a mere 
 trifle, (I. or nothing, hardly anything ; did not 
 a I. for the cause, much ; got but, very, rather, 
 1. out of it; a I. makes us laugh ; gives me I. of 
 his company; did what I. he could; the I. of 
 his work that remains) ; a certain but no great 
 amount (knoivs a I. of everything ; ah, rather, 
 somewhat; not a I., extremely); (for a) short 
 time or distance (after, for, a I.; leave vie here 
 a I.; I. by I., by I. &l., by degrees). (Adv.) to a 
 small extent only (I like him I.; I. known au- 
 thors ; is I. more than a cento) ; not at all (he I. 
 knows, dreams, &c.). [OE lytel, lytel, prob. 
 cogn. w. lutan bow down] 
 
 li'ttopal, a. & n. Of, on, the shore ; region 
 lying along the shore, [f. L lit(t)oralis (litus 
 -oris shore, -al)J 
 
 li'tupgy, n. Communion office of Eastern 
 Church ; form of public worship, set of formu- 
 laries for this ; the Book of Common Prayer ; 
 <Gk Ant.) public office or duty performed gra- 
 tuitously by rich Athenian. Hence litup'- 
 fiCAL a., litupgi'ealLY 2 adv. [f. med.L f. 
 k leitqurgia (leitourgos public servant prob. 
 f. leos people, -ergos -working)] 
 
 li'vafole, a. (Of house, room, climate, &c.) 
 fit to live in ; (of life) worth living ; companion- 
 able, easy to live with. Hence li'vafoleNESS 
 
 n._ [LIVE 2 , -ABLE ; Cf. RELIABLE] 
 
 live 1 , a. (attrib.). That is alive, living, (joe.) 
 actual not pretended or pictured or toy (a real 
 I. burglar, steam-engine, mountain) ; full of 
 power, energy, or importance, not obsolete or 
 
 exhausted, (make the questional, issue) ; glow- 
 ing (I. embers) ; (of shell, match, wire) unex- 
 ploded, unkindled, charged with electricity ; 
 (of rock) not detached, seeming to form part of 
 the earth's frame ; (of wheels &c. in machinery) 
 moving or imparting motion ; l.-bait, living 
 fish or worm as fishing-bait ; l.-oak, Amer. 
 evergreen tree; l.-stock, animals kept or dealt 
 in for use or profit. [— alive used attrib.] 
 
 live 2 , v.i. & t. Be alive, have animal or vege- 
 table life ; subsist (up)on (I. on fruit), depend 
 (up)on for subsistence (lives upon his wife, 
 wife's earnings, &c; living wage 1 ), (fig.) sus- 
 tain one's position or repute (up)on (lives on his 
 name), get livelihood by one's wits &c. or by do- 
 ing, (I. & let I., wink at others' incompetence 
 or deficiencies to secure the same treatment 
 for oneself ; I. from hand x to mouth) ; conduct 
 oneself (honestly, viciously, like a saint, Sec; I. 
 up to one's jn'inciples, faith, &c, put them in 
 practice) ; arrange one's habits, expenditure, 
 feeding, &c. (1. fast ■*, in clover ; I. well, on 
 dainty food ; I, in a small ivay, cheaply & 
 quietly ; I. close, "stingily ; I. to oneself, in iso- 
 lation); (with cogn. obj.) spend, pass, experi- 
 ence, (I. a virtuous life ; he lived what he nar- 
 rated) ; wear down (scandal, prejudice, effect 
 of past guilt) by blameless course of life ; ex- 
 press in one's life (I. a lie) ; enjoy life intensely; 
 continue alive, have one's life prolonged, (pa- 
 tient cannot I.; lived to see his children's chil- 
 dren; I. out the night, remain alive through 
 it), (of things) survive (his memory lives), (of 
 ship) escape destruction (nothing co uld I. afloat) ; 
 dwell (Lin, out, of shop-assistants residing on 
 premises or not), spend daytime in room (room 
 does not seem to be lived in). [com.-Teut.; OE 
 libban cf. Du. leven, G leben, cogn. w. life] 
 
 livelihood, n. Means of living, sustenance. 
 [OE lifldd (life, lad course, see load l ) gradu- 
 ally assimilated to obs. livelihood liveliness] 
 
 li'velongr, a. (poet., rhet.). Whole length of 
 (the I. day, night, summer, with implication of 
 weariness or delight), [earlier lefe long (lief)]' 
 
 li'vely, a. Lifelike, realistic, (a I. descrip- 
 tion ; give a I. idea of) ; full of life, vigorous, 
 energetic, brisk, vivid, interesting; (joe.) ex- 
 citing, dangerous, difficult, (police had a I. 
 time ; press is making it or things I. for—) ; (of 
 colour) bright; gay, vivacious; (of boat &c.) 
 rising lightly to waves. Hence li'veliLY 2 adv., 
 li'veliNESS n. [OE liflic (life, -ly l )] 
 
 li'ven, v.t. & i. Brighten, cheer, (usu. up). 
 [life, -en 6 ] 
 
 li'vep 1 , n. Large glandular organ in verte- 
 brates secreting bile & purifying venous blood ; 
 (also l.-complaint) diseased state of 1., whence 
 li'vePiSH 1 a.; (also l.-colour) dark reddish 
 brown ; flesh of some animals' 1. used as food ; 
 (archaic) 1. as seat of emotion (hot I., passionate 
 or amorous temperament; white or lily I., 
 cowardice, whence -livePED 2 a.) ; l.-line, one 
 of lines of palm significant in palmistry ; l.- 
 wing, right wing of cooked fowl, under which 
 1. is tucked, (joe.) right arm ; liverwort, kinds 
 of plant with 1. -shaped parts or used in 1. dis- 
 ease. Hence li'vePLESS a. [OE lifer cf. Du. 
 lever, G leber] 
 
 li'vep 2 , n. One who lives in specified way 
 (clean, loose, I. ; good I., virtuous person, also 
 one given to good living x ). [-er l ] 
 
 Liveppu'dlian, a. & n. (Inhabitant, native) 
 of Liverpool. [Liverpool, w. joe. change of pool 
 to puddle (avoiding non-Latin -oo-) + -ian] 
 
 li'vepy, n. Provision of food or clothing 
 served out to retainers &c. (hist.) ; allowance of 
 provender for horses (at I., of horse, kept for 
 owner & fed & groomed for .fixed charge) ; dis- 
 
LIVID 
 
 479 
 
 LOATHSOME 
 
 tinctive clothes worn by member of city com- 
 pany or person's servant (in, out of, I. of ser- 
 vant, so attired or in plain clothes; also fig., 
 birds in their winter I., the I. of grief, of other 
 men's opinioyis, Sec'.), whence li'veriED 2 a.; 
 membership of city company (take iip one's I., 
 become liveryman) ; (Law) legal delivery of 
 property (sue one's I., bring suit as heir in court 
 of wards to get possession), writ allowing this ; 
 I. company, one of London City companies 
 that had formerly distinctive costume ; I. fine, 
 payment for becoming member of 1. company ; 
 liveryman, member of 1. company, keeper of or 
 attendant in 1. stable ; I. servant, wearing 1.; I. 
 stable, where horses are kept at 1. or let out for 
 hire. [f. F livree (livrer see deliver, -y 4 )] 
 
 li'vid, a. Of bluish leaden colour ; discoloured 
 as by bruise. Hence or cogn. livi'diTY n., 
 li'vidLY - adv. [f. hliridus] 
 
 li'ving' 1 , n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : live- 
 lihood, maintenance, (make one's I.) ; (Eccl.) 
 benefice; good I., luxurious feeding; ^7«z?i I. 
 & high thinking, frugal & philosophic life ; L- 
 room, sitting-room; I. wage, on which it is 
 possible for worker to live, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 li'ving" 2 , a. In vbl senses ; esp. : contempo- 
 rary, now existent, {no man I. could do better; 
 the greatest I. master of irony; the first of I. 
 artists ; the L, those now alive; in the land of the 
 I., alive) ; (of likeness) exact, whence li'ving'- 
 LY 2 adv. ; I. water, perennially flowing; I. rock, 
 coal, — LiVK l ; I. language, still in vernacular 
 use ; I. death, state of hopeless misery ; within 
 I. memory, that of persons still 1. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 livre (le'vr), n. Old French money of account 
 (20 sous, about = franc). [F, f. L libra] 
 
 lixi'viate, v.t. Separate (substance) into 
 soluble & insoluble constituents by percolation 
 of water. Hence lixiviA'TiON r±. [f. L lixivius 
 made into lye (lix), -ate 3 ] 
 
 li'zard, n. Kinds of reptile having usu. long 
 body & tail, four legs, & scaly or granulated 
 hide ; fancy variety of canary, [f. OF lesard f.« 
 L Idcertus w. assim. to -ard] 
 
 '11, contr. of will in III, hell, that'll, &c. 
 
 lla'ma (lah-, ljah-), n. S.-Amer. ruminant 
 allied to camel but smaller, humpless, & woolly- 
 haired, used as beast of burden; (material 
 made of) its wool. [Sp., prob. f. Peruvian] 
 
 Lloyd's (loidz), n. Incorporated society of 
 marine imderwriters in London ; L. list, news- 
 paper devoted to maritime intelligence ; L. 
 register, annual alphabetic list of ships assigned 
 to various classes, [orig. 17th-c. coffee-house 
 established by Edward Lloyd] 
 
 lo, int. (archaic). Look !, see !, behold !. [mix- 
 ture of OE Id int. & ME lo = loke, look x ] 
 
 loach (lotsh), n. Small edible freshwater fish, 
 [f. F ioche] 
 
 load ] , n. What is (to be) carried, burden ; 
 amount usu. carried (ca7-t-l. Sec), recognized 
 unit in measure or weight of certain sub- 
 stances ; material object or force acting as 
 weight or clog, resistance of machinery worked 
 to motive power, pressure of superstructure on 
 arch &c. ; burden of responsibility, care, grief, 
 &c. ; (pi., colloq.) plenty, superabundance, 
 heaps, lots, of; l.-disjilacement, -draught, of 
 ship when laden ; loadstone, lodestone, mag- 
 netic oxide of iron, piece of it used as magnet, 
 thing that attracts, (=way stone, see etym.) ; 
 7.-(icater)line, ship's flotation line when laden, 
 Plimsoll's mark. [OE lad way, journey, con- 
 veyance, cf. G leite, cogn. w. lead 2 ] 
 
 load 2 , v.t. & i. Put 1. on or aboard (person, 
 vehicle, ship, &c), (of ship, vehicle, person re- 
 sponsible for these, or person) take load aboard 
 &c. (often xip) ; place (1., cargo) aboard ship, on 
 
 vehicle, &c. ; add weight to, be burden upon, 
 oppress with (stomach loaded with food), 
 weight with lead (a loaded cane ; loaded dice, 
 so weighted as to fall with a certain face up), 
 strain bearing-capacity of (table loaded with 
 food) ; adulterate with something to increase 
 weight or (of wines) strength ; supply or assail 
 overwhelmingly with (loaded her with gifts, 
 praise, abase ; air loaded with carbon) ; charge 
 (fire-arms ; am loaded, have my gun &c. 
 charged) ; (Stock-Exch.) buy heavily of stock 
 (loaded up with, having large amounts of in 
 hand as security) ; (Life-insurance) add extra 
 charge or loa'diNG 2 n. to (premium) for special 
 reasons, [f. prec] 
 
 loa'der, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : attendant 
 loading sportsman's guns ; loading-machine ; 
 -I., gun loaded in specified way (breech, muzzle, 
 single, -I), so -loadiNG 2 a. [-er 1 ] 
 
 loaf 1 , n. (pi. -res). Piece of bread baked alone 
 or as separate or separable part of batch, usu. 
 of some standard weight as lib., 21b., or 41b. 
 (cottage, household, tinned, Z., various shapes; 
 quartern I.; brown L, of brown bread ; white 
 L, of firsts; 11. & fishes, personal profit as 
 inducement to religious profession or public 
 service, see John vi. 26 ; half a I. is better than 
 no bread, motto of compromise, opp. all or 
 nothing) ; (also sugar-l.) conical moulded mass 
 of sugar (2. sugar, this as whole or cut into 
 lumps) ; solid roundish head of cabbage or 
 lettuce, whence loavED 2 a. [com.-Teut. ; OE 
 hldf, cf. G laib, etym. dub.] 
 
 loaf 2 , leave, v.i. (Of cabbage &c.) form a 1. 
 or head. [f. prec] 
 
 loaf 3 , v.i. &t.,&n. Spend time idly ; saunter; 
 I. (time) away, spend in loafing ; hence loa'f- 
 er 1 n.; (n.) loafing (going to have a, on the, I.). 
 [etym. dub. ; I. may be back-form, f . loafer] 
 
 loam, n. Paste of clay & water, composition 
 of moistened clay & sand with chopped straw 
 &c. used in making bricks, plastering, &c; 
 fertile soil chiefly of clay & sand with admixture 
 of decayed vegetable matter, whence loa'mY 2 
 a. [OE lam, cf . Du. leem, G lehm, cogn w. lime l ] 
 
 loan,n., & v.t. Thing, esp. sum of money, lent 
 to be returned with or without interest; word, 
 custom, &c, adopted by one people from another 
 (so I. -god, -myth, -word) ; lending or being lent 
 (onl. ; may I have the I. of —?, may I borrow 
 it?); money contribution from individuals or 
 public bodies to State expenses acknowledged 
 as debt; arrangement or contract by which a 
 governmentreceivesadvancesof money usu. for 
 stipulated interest; l.-collection, of pictures &c. 
 lent by owners for exhibition ; l.-holder, person 
 holding debentures or other acknowledgments 
 of 1., mortgagee ; l.-office, for lending money to 
 private borrowers, also for receiving subscrip- 
 tions to government 1.; I. -society, of periodical 
 subscribers to fund from which members may 
 have 11.; (vb, now chiefly U.S.) grant 1. of, 
 whence loa'nABLE a., loariEE", loanER 1 , nn. 
 [OE Ian, cf. Du. leen, G lehn, cogn. w. Gk leipo 
 leave, & OE leon lend] 
 
 lo(a)th, a. Disinclined, reluctant, unwilling, 
 (usu. to do or abs. ; also for person to do, or that; 
 nothing I., quite willing or willingly); l.-to- 
 depart, tune played as farewell. [OE lath, cf. 
 Du. leed, also G leid sorrow, f. OTeut. laitho- 
 whence F laid ugly] 
 
 loathe (-dh), v.t. Regard with disgust, abo- 
 minate, detest. Hence loa'thiNGMD n., 
 loa'thing-LY 2 adv. [OE lathian (prec.)] 
 
 loa'thly (-dh-), a. (Archaic & literary for) 
 loathsome. Hence loa'thliNESS n. [OE lath- 
 
 liC (LOATH, -LY 1 )] 
 
 loa'thsome (-th-, -dh-), a. Exciting nausea 
 
LOB 
 
 480 
 
 LOCK 
 
 or disgust, offensive to the senses, sickening, 
 repulsive, odious. Hence loa'thsomeLY ^ 
 adv., loa'thsomexESS n. [loath, -some] 
 
 lob, v.i. & t., & n. Walk, run, or move, 
 heavily or clumsily or slowly (often along) ; 
 toss, bowl, or send, (ball) with slow or high- 
 pitched motion ; (n.) ball bowled underhand at 
 cricket or sent high in air at lawn-tennis, [f. 
 obs. lob n. fowl's wattle &c] 
 
 16'bate, a. (nat. hist.). Having lobe(s). Hence 
 lobATiox n. [lobe, -ATE-J 
 
 lo'bby, n., & v.t. & i. Porch, anteroom, 
 entrance-hall, corridor ; (in House of Commons 
 &c.) large hall open to public used esp. for 
 interviews between members «Sc outsiders, (also 
 division I.) one of two corridors to which 
 members retire to vote. (Vb, chiefly U.S.) in- 
 fluence (members of legislature), get (bill &C.) 
 through, by 1. interviews &c. ; frequent 1. of 
 legislature, solicit members' votes, whence 
 lo'bbyiST(l) n. [f. med.L lobia lodge 1 ] 
 
 lobe, n. Roundish & flattish projecting or 
 pendulous part, often one of two or more such 
 parts divided by fissure (so I. of liver or lungs ; 
 II. of brain; I. of ear, lower soft pendulous 
 external part). Hence lo'bED 2 , lo'beLESS, aa. 
 [f. LL f. Gk lobos lobe, pod, cogn. w. legume] 
 
 lobelia, n. Kinds of herbaceous plant with 
 blue, scarlet, or purple flowers having deeplv 
 cleft corolla without spur. [M. de JLobcl, -ia ^ 
 
 loblo'lly man, boy, nn. (naut.). Surgeon's 
 mate, attendant, [f. obs. loblolly gruel, prob. 
 imit. of bubbling] 
 
 lo'bscouse (-owe), n. Sailors' dish of meat 
 stewed with vegetables & ship's biscuit. [?] 
 
 lo'bster, n. Large marine stalk-eyed ten- 
 footed long-tailed edible crustacean with large 
 claws formed by first pair of feet, bluish black 
 before & scarlet after boiling ; its flesh as food ; 
 (contempt.) British soldier; I. -pot, basket in 
 which 11. are trapped. [OE lopustre corrupt, of 
 Llocusta locust, (orig.) lobster, cf. F langouste ; 
 ending assim. to -ster] 
 
 ld'bule, n. Small lobe. Hence lo'bulAR 1 a. 
 [lobe, -ule] 
 
 lo'bwopm, n. Large earthworm used as 
 fishing-bait ; marine worm (also lug) similarly 
 used. [f. obs. lob n., see lob] 
 
 loca'l i, loea'le, (-ahl), n. Scene or locality of 
 operations or events. [F (-1), abs. xise of adj. = 
 foil.; -e is erroneous but usual, cf. morale] 
 
 16'cal 2 , a. & n. In regard to place (I. habita- 
 tion, sit nation; London isal. name; I. adverb); 
 belonging to, existing in, or peculiar to certain 
 place(s) (/. time, reckoned from sun's transit 
 over place's meridian; the I. lawyer ; globe- 
 flower is very I., not generally distributed ; 
 /. government, administration of town &c. by 
 inhabitants, decentralization. L. Government 
 Board, State department exercising general 
 controlover this ; I. exa m ination,he\d in various 
 places under university board & giving certifi- 
 cates to boys & girls ; I. preacher, Methodist 
 layman authorized to preach in his own dis- 
 trict ; I. option, veto, system by which inhabit- 
 ants of district may prohibit sale of liquor in it ; 
 I. colour, details characteristic of the scene or 
 time represented in novel or other literary 
 work inserted to give actuality, & see below)'; 
 affecting, of, a part & not the whole (I. disease, 
 pain, remedy; I. colour in picture, that of 
 separate objects apart from general colour- 
 scheme, & see above); (Math.) of a locus; (Post.; 
 written on cover of letter as warning to P.O. 
 officials) for delivery in this town or district ; 
 hence lo'ealLV 2 adv. (X.) inhabitant of, pro- 
 fessional man practising in, particular district ; 
 1. preacher; (item of) 1. news in newspaper; 
 
 postage-stamp current in limited district ; train 
 serving stations of district; (pi.) 1. examina- 
 tion^). [F, f. L localis (locus place, -al)] 
 
 lo'calism, n. Attachment to a place ; limita- 
 tion of ideas &c. resulting ; favouring of what 
 is local ; a local idiom, custom, &c. [-ism] 
 
 loea'lity, n. Thing's position, place where 
 it is ; site or scene of something ; faculty of 
 
 remembering &_ recognizing places, finding 
 
 LL localitatem 
 
 (LOCAL 2 , -TV)] 
 
 one's way, &c [f. F localite f. 
 
 lo'calize, v.t. Invest with the characteristics 
 of a particular place ; restrict to particular 
 place; attach to districts, decentralize; con- 
 centrate (attention) upon; (rare) = foll. Hence 
 lo'calizABLE a., localizATiox n. [-ize] 
 
 loca'te, v.t. Establish in a place, (pass.) be 
 situated, (U.S.); state locality of; discover 
 exact place of (I. the enemy's camp). Hence 
 Ioca'tiox n. [f. L locare (locus place), -ate 3 ] 
 
 16'cative, a. & n. (gram.). (Case) denoting 
 place where, [prec, -ive] 
 
 loch (-eh), n. Scotch lake or narrow or land- 
 locked arm of the sea. [Gael.] 
 
 lock ] ,n. Portion of hair that hangs together, 
 tress, (pi.) hair of head ; tuft of wool or cotton. 
 Hence -lockED -a. [OE loc, cf. Du. lok, G loeke, 
 prob. cogn. w. Gk lugos withy] 
 
 lock. 2 , n. Appliance for fastening door, lid, 
 &c, with bolt that requires key of particular 
 shape to work it (under I. & key, locked up) ; 
 appliance to keep wheel from revolving or 
 slewing; mechanism for exploding charge of 
 gun (/., stock, & barrel, whole of thing, com- 
 pletely) ; confined section of canal at point 
 where level changes for raising & lowering 
 boats by use of sluiced gates ; ante-chamber to 
 chamber in which engineering work is done in 
 compressed air ; interlocking, e.g. block or jam 
 of carriages in street; extent to Avhich fore- 
 wheel's can be made to cross hind-wheel's 
 plane ; (also L.-Hospital) hospital for venereal 
 disease ; lockfast, secured with 1. ; lockman, 
 coroner's summoner in I. of Man; locksman y 
 keeper of canal 1.; locksmith, maker & mender 
 of 11. Hence lo'ekLESS a. [OE loc, cf. G loch 
 hole. Da. laag lid] 
 
 lock 3 , v.t. i: i. Fasten (door, box, &c.) with 
 1., shut tip (house &c.) by fastening doors thus, 
 (of door &c.) admit of being so fastened, have 
 a 1.; shut (person, thing) up, in, or into] (of land, 
 hills, &c.) hem in (usu. in pass.) ; (fig.) store (up 
 or away) inaccessibly (facts locked up in hiero- 
 glyphics ; capital locked up in land), imprison 
 (senses locked in sleep); keep (person) out by 
 locking door (esp. of employer coercing work- 
 men by refusing them work ; l.-out n., this pro- 
 cedure, cf. strike) ; bring or come into rigidly 
 fixed position, engage, (make) catch, fasten by 
 interlacing or fitting of corresponding parts, 
 entangle, (p.p.) joined, in hostile embrace ; (Mil., 
 of rear rank) march so close to front rank that 
 feet overlap ; (of vehicle or wheels) (have fore- 
 wheels that) admit of being slewed into differ- 
 ent planes from those of hind- wheels ; provide 
 (river, canal) with 11., convey (boat) up or down 
 through 1., go through 1.; I. -chain, for locking 
 wheels of vehicle; I. -jaw, loeked-jaw, (pop. 
 name for) trismus, variety of tetanus, tonic 
 spasm of muscles of mastication causing jaws 
 to remain rigidly closed; l.-md, extra nut 
 screwed over another to prevent its starting ; 
 l.-spritig, closing watch-case ; I. -stitch, sewing- 
 machine stitch by which two threads are firmly 
 locked together ; l.-up, (time of) locking up 
 school &c. for night, unrealizable state of in- 
 vested capital or amount of capital locked up, 
 house or room for temporary detention of pri- 
 
LOCKAGE 
 
 481 
 
 LOG 
 
 soners, (attrib.) that can be locked up (I. -up 
 coach-house), [f. prec] 
 
 lo'ckage, n. Amount of rise or fall effected 
 by canal locks ; toll for use of lock ; use or num- 
 ber of locks, [-age) 
 
 lo'cker, n. In vbl senses ; also, small cup- 
 board, esp. one of many reserved each for in- 
 dividual's use in public room, e.g. cricket 
 pavilion or schoolroom ; (Naut.) chest or com- 
 partment for clothes, stores, ammunition, &c. 
 {not a shot in the I., no money in one's pocket ; 
 
 DAVY JONES'S LOCKER). [-EK 1 ] 
 
 lo'cket, n. Metal plate or band on scabbard ; 
 small gold or silver case holding portrait, lock 
 of hair, &c, & usu. hung from neck. [f. OF 
 locquet (loc latch f. Teut. cogn. w. lock 2 , -et 1 )] 
 
 Lo'ck ian, a. Of John Locke or his philosophy 
 or_followers. So Lo*ckiST(2) n. [-ian] 
 
 lo'co cita'to, adv. (abbr. I.e.). In the pass- 
 age already quoted. [L] 
 
 16'comote, v.i. (biol.). Move from place to 
 place, [back-formation f. foil.] 
 
 loeomo'tion, n. (Power of) motion from 
 place to place ; travel, way (esp. artificial) of 
 travelling, [f. L loco see foil., motio motion] 
 
 lo'comotive, a. & n. Of locomotion (I. facul- 
 ty, power), (joe.) of travel (in these I. days); 
 having power of or given to locomotion, not 
 stationary, (the J. bivalves; a I. p>erson joe, 
 constantly travelling ; I. engine, that goes from 
 place to place by its own power, esp. steam- 
 engine for drawing train along rails) ; effecting 
 locomotion (the I. organs). (X.) 1. engine; 
 (slang, pi.) legs (use your 11.) ; 1. animal, [f. L 
 loco abl. of locus, motive a.; suggested by 
 scholastic phr. in loco moveri move in space] 
 
 lo'comotor, n. & a. Locomotive person or 
 thing ; (adj.) of locomotion (I. ataxy), [as prec, 
 motor] 
 
 lo'comotopy, a. Of, having, locomotion. 
 [as prec, motor y] 
 
 16'culus, n. (zool., anat., bot. ; pi. -li). One 
 of a number of small separate cavities. Hence 
 Io'cuIar 1 a. [L, dim. of locus] 
 
 lo'cum te'nens, n. Deputy acting esp. for 
 clergyman or doctor. Hence loeum-te'nenc y 
 n. (med.L, (one) holding place (tenant, foil.)] 
 
 16'cus, n. (pi. -ci pr. -si). Locality or exact 
 place of something; (Math.) curve &c made by 
 all points satisfying particular equation of re- 
 lation between coordinates, or by point, line, or 
 surface, moving according to mathematically 
 defined conditions; I. classicus, best known or 
 most authoritative passage on a subject ; I. in 
 quo, scene of event; l.poenitentiac, opportunity 
 alio wed for receding until decisive step hasbeen 
 taken ; I. standi, recognized position, right to 
 intervene, appear in court, &c [L, = place] 
 
 lo'eust, n. Kinds of African & Asiatic winged 
 edible insect migratingin swarms & consuming 
 vegetation of districts ; person of devouring 
 or destructive propensities ; fruit of carob-tree ; 
 cassia pod ; (also l.-tree) kinds of tree, esp. carob 
 & pseudo-acacia ; I. -bird, -eater, kinds of bird 
 feeding on 11. [f. L locusta lobster, locust] 
 
 locu*tion,n. Style of speech; wordorphrase 
 considered in regard to style, idiom, (a barbar- 
 ous L; to use the Gh~eek I.), [f. L locutio (loqui 
 lofut- speak, -ion)1 
 
 16*cutopy, n. Parlour or conversation-room 
 in monastery ; grille for interviews between in- 
 mates of monastery & outsiders, [f. med.L 
 locutorium (prec, -ory)] 
 
 lode, n. Watercourse, open drain in fens; 
 vein of metal ore ; lodestar, loadstar, star that 
 is steered by, esp. the pole star, (fig.) guiding 
 principle, object of pursuit; lodestone, see 
 tOAD ^stone. [var. of load ] ] 
 
 r.D. 
 
 lodge !, n. Small house ; cottage at gates of 
 park or grounds of large house, occupied by 
 gardener or other servant: porter's room at 
 gate of college, factory, or house of chambers 
 or flats; (Freemasonry &c) (place of meeting 
 for) members of branch, grand I., governing 
 body of freemasons & societies imitating them ; 
 residence of head of college at Cambridge; 
 beaver's or otter's lair ; N.-Amer. Indian's tent 
 or wigwam, [f. OF loge f. med.L lobia (lobby) 
 f. Teut. (G laube arbour, prob. cogn. w. leaf)] 
 
 lodg-e 2 , v.t. & i. Provide with sleeping quar- 
 ters ; receive as guest or inmate ; establish as 
 resident in house or room(s), (pass.) be well, ill, 
 &c, accommodated in regard to house-room; 
 serve as habitation for, contain, (pass.) be con- 
 tained in ; leave in place or with person for 
 security; deposit in court or with official a 
 formal statement of (complaint, information), 
 (pop.) allege (objection &c); place (-power &c) 
 in, with, in the hands of, (person) ; (of wind) lay 
 (crops) flat ; (make, let) stick or re inain in place 
 without falling or going further (lodged bxdlet, 
 bullet lodged, in his brain ; tide lodges mud in 
 the cavities) ; reside, be situated ; be inmate 
 paying for accommodation in another's house, 
 whence lo'dg-ER 1 n. [f. OF logier (prec)] 
 
 lo'dging^n. In vbl senses ; esp.: accommoda- 
 tion in hired rooms ; dwelling-place, abode, (pi.") 
 room(s) hired elsewhere than in hotel for resid- 
 ing in; l.-house, in which 11. are let (common, 
 l.-h., usu. one with dormitory in which bed can 
 be had for the night), [-ing *] 
 
 lo'dg-ment, -ement, n. (Mil.) temporary 
 defensive work on captured part of enemy's 
 works ; stable position gained, foothold, (make, 
 effect, a I.); (Law) deposit(ing) of money; ac- 
 cumulation of matter intercepted in fall or 
 transit, [f. F loge?nent (prec, -went)] 
 
 16'ess (or as G), n. Deposit of fine yellowish- 
 grey loam in Rhine & other river valleys. [G loss] 
 
 loft (law-, 16-), n., & v.t. Attic ; room over 
 stable; pigeon-house; flock of pigeons; gallery 
 in church or hall ; (Golf) backward slope in 
 club-head, lofting stroke. (Yb) hit (golf-ball) 
 high up, clear (obstacle) thus ; keep (pigeons) in 
 1. [ON, = sky, air, loft, cf. G luft] 
 
 lo'ftep, n. Golf-club for lofting, [-er 1 ] 
 
 lo'fty, a. Of imposing height, towering, soar- 
 ing, (I. mountain, flight, stature; not of per- 
 sons) ; haughty, consciously superior or digni- 
 fied, (I. contempt, good humour); exalted, dis- 
 tinguished, high-flying, high-flown, elevated, 
 sublime, grandiose. Hence lo'ftiLY 2 adv., 
 
 lO'ftiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 log 1 J , n., & v.t. Unhewn piece of felled tree or 
 similar rough mass of wood (in the I., unhewn ; 
 float, lie, fall, like a L, in helpless or stunned 
 state ; roll my I. & I'll roll -yours, applied to 
 mutual help, esp. to unprincipled political com- 
 binations & puffing of each other's works by 
 author-reviewers, whence lo*g"-Poll v.i., lo'g 1 - 
 poIIing *> 2 n. & a. ; King L., faineant ruler, w. 
 ref. to fable of Jupiter & the frogs, cf. stork) ; 
 float attached to line wound on reel for gaug- 
 ing speed of ship, other apparatus for same 
 purpose, (heave, throw, the I., use this ; sail by 
 the I., calculate ship's position by it); = l.-book ; 
 table by which journeyman-tailor's work-time 
 is assessed ; l.-board, on which entries are made 
 for transcription into l.-book, book with per- 
 manent record daily made of all events occur- 
 ring in ship's voyage including rate of progress 
 shown by 1., also traveller's diary &c ; l.-cabin, 
 hut built of 11. ; l.-line, to which float of ship's L 
 is attached ; logwood, (wood of) Amer. tree used 
 in dyeing. (Vb) cut into 11. ; enter (distance 
 made &c) in ship's l.-book, (of ship) make (dis- 
 
 16 
 
LOG 
 
 482 
 
 LONDON 
 
 tance); enter (seaman's name with offence com- 
 mitted) in l.-book, fine (offender). [ME logge, 
 etym. dub.; cf. clog] 
 
 log" 2 , = logarithm of (prefixed to number or 
 algebraic symbol). 
 
 16'ganbeppy, n. Fruit got by cross between 
 raspberry & blackberry. [Logan surname] 
 
 16*gan(-stone), n. Poised heavy stone rock- 
 ing at a touch. [ = logging (dial, log to rock)] 
 
 logaoe'die (-ae-), a. & n. (Line) in metre 
 composed of dactyls & trochees, [f. LL f. Gk 
 logaoidikos combining prose & poetry (logos 
 speech, aoide song, -ic)] 
 
 16'gapithm, n. One of a class of arithmeti- 
 cal functions tabulated for use in abridging 
 calculation & enabling computer to substi- 
 tute addition & subtraction for multiplication 
 & division, & the latter two for involution & 
 evolution ; index of power to which fixed num- 
 ber (the base) must be raised to produce given 
 number {the I. of 1,000 is 3 ; common 11., whose 
 base is 10). Hence logapi'thmic a., loga- 
 ri'thmiCALLY adv. [f. Gk logos reckoning, 
 ratio, arithmos number] 
 
 -logep, suf. repr. L -log us or Gk -logos. As- 
 trologer, the oldest wd of the type, may be 
 either f. L astrologies + -er 1 (afterwards a com- 
 mon type of formation) or f. astrology + -er 1 
 (cf. -grapher). As living suf., -loger was used 
 to form personal nn. corresp. to wds in -LOGY, 
 but is now superseded by -logist. 
 
 lo'ggephead, n. Blockhead, fool, (archaic; 
 We three 11. be, inscription under two wooden 
 heads on inn-sign) ; iron instrument with ball 
 at end heated for melting pitch &c. ; post built 
 into boat aft for catching turn of rope to ; 
 kinds of large-hea'ded turtle & bird; at 11. 
 {with), disagreeing or disputing (with) (prob. f. 
 notion of trying whose head is harder), [f. dial. 
 logger block of wood for hobbling horse] 
 
 loggia (16"jya, or as It.), n. (pi. -s or loggie pr. 
 -a). Open-sided gallery or arcade. [It. 1 
 
 16'gie, n. Science of reasoning, proof, think- 
 ing, or inference ; particular scheme of or 
 treatise on this ; chain of reasoning, correct or 
 incorrect use of argument, ability in argument, 
 arguments (chop 4 /.), {argues with great learn- 
 ing & I. ; is not governed by I. ) ; (with purposely 
 perverted sense) converting power, compul- 
 sion, (the I. of events, facts, necessity, grape- 
 shot, roar, &c). So logrciAN n. [f. F logique 
 f. med.L f. Gk logike of reason f. LOGOS, -ic(2)] 
 
 -logic, -logical. See -logy. 
 
 16'gieal, a. Of logic or formal argument ; not 
 contravening the laws of thought, correctly 
 reasoned ; deducible, defensible on ground of 
 consistency, reasonably to be believed or done ; 
 capable of correct reasoning. Hence logi- 
 ca'liT y n. , lo'gicalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 lo'gie (-gi), n. Zinc ornament looking like 
 jewel used in theatres, [perh. inventor's name] 
 
 16'gion (-g-), n. (pi. -ia). Saying of Christ not 
 recorded in Gospels but preserved elsewhere. 
 [Gk, =oracle (logos)] 
 
 -logist, suf. forming nn. meaning one versed 
 in -logy, f. -LOGY, -1ST. 
 
 logi'stics (-j-), n. pi. Art of moving & quar- 
 tering troops (Cf. STRATEGY, TACTICS), [f. F lo- 
 
 gistique (loger lodge' 2 , -ic)] 
 
 16'gogpam, n. Sign or character represent- 
 ing a word in shorthand, [logos, -gram] 
 
 lo'gograph, n. =prec. ; = logotype, [lo- 
 gos, -graph] % 
 
 iogo'gpaphep, n. (Gk ant.). One of the 
 Greek prose historians before Herodotus ; an- 
 cient-Greek professional speech-writer, [f. Gk 
 logographos (logos, -grapher)] 
 
 lo'gogpiph, n. Kind of anagrammatic word- 
 
 puzzle, [f. F logogriphe (logos, Gk griphos 
 riddle)] 
 
 logo'maehy (-ki), n. Dispute about words, 
 controversy turning on merely verbal points, 
 [f. Gk logomakhia (logos, -makhia -fighting)] 
 
 16'gos, n. (no pi.). The Word or Second Per- 
 son of the Trinity. [Gk, = word, reason, f. lego 
 speak, used in mystic sense by Hellenistic & 
 Neo-Platonist philosophers & in St John] 
 
 lo'gotype, n. Word, or more letters than 
 one, cast in one piece but not as ligature, for 
 use in printing, [prec, type] 
 -logue (log), suf. repr. Gk -logos, -logon, chiefly 
 in wds f. F (catalogue, dialogue). Personal nn. 
 -one skilled in -logy (ideologue) are nowrare, 
 -loger or -logist being usu. preferred. 
 
 -logy, suf. f. Gk -logia (in early instances, 
 thr. F -logie f. med.L -logia). (1) In most wds 
 -log- is the o form of Gk leg- speak, -logia indi- 
 cating the character, action, or branch of know- 
 ledge, of a person (Gk -logos n. or a.) who speaks 
 in a certain way (brachylogy, taiitology, eulogy) 
 or treats of a certain subject (theology, astro- 
 logy). E compounds of the latter kind, in which 
 first component is alw. n., take -o- with some 
 exceptions (petralogy, mineralogy). Sociology, 
 terminology, are hybrids. (2) In a few wds 
 ■log- is the Gk logos discourse (trilogy, tetra- 
 logy).— Mod. formations in -logy may al w. have 
 correl. adjj. in -logical (rarely -logic), & nn. in 
 -logist (somet. -loger). 
 
 loin, n. (PI.) part of body on both sides of 
 spine between false ribs & hip-bones (gird up 
 one's 11., prepare for journey or effort ; fruit, 
 child, &c, of, sprung from, Sec, one's 11., one's 
 begotten offspring) ; joint of meat that includes 
 the 1. vertebrae ; l.-cloth, worn for decency & 
 fastened round 11. Hence -loinED 2 a. [f. OF 
 loigne (L lumbus) cogn. w. Du. lende] 
 
 loip, n. The Fat Dormouse. [F, f. L glirem 
 nom. glis] 
 
 loi'tep, v.i. & t. Linger on the way, hang 
 about ; travel indolently & with frequent 
 pauses ; pass (time &c.) away in loitering. 
 Hence loi'tePER 1 n., loi'tepingL Y 2 adv. [f. 
 MDu. loteren wag about] 
 
 1611, v.t. & i. Hang (one's tongue) out, (of 
 tongue) hang (usu. out) ; stand, sit, or recline, 
 in lazy attitude ; let (one's head or limbs) rest 
 lazily on something. Hence lo'llingLY 2 adv. 
 [prob. imit. ; cf. lull] 
 
 L6*llapd,n. One of the 14th-c. heretics who 
 followed Wyclif or held opinions like his. Hence 
 Lo*llapdiSM(3) n. [f. MDu. lollaerd (lollen 
 mumble, -ard)] 
 
 lo'llipop, n. (usu. pi.). Sweetmeat(s), sugar- 
 plunks). [?] 
 
 lo'llop, v.i. (colloq.). Flop about ; move or 
 proceed in a lounging or ungainly way. [ex- 
 tension of loll] 
 
 Lo'mbard (lu-, 16-, -erd), n. & a. One of the 
 Germanic 6th-c. conquerors of Italy ; native of 
 Lombardy ; (adj.) of the LI. or Lombardy, Lom- 
 bardic; L. street, a London street formerly oc- 
 cupied by L. bankers, & still containing many 
 of chief London banks, (transf.) the money 
 market, financiers as a body. [F, f. It. Lom- 
 bardo f. LL Longobardus (long 1 ,. L Bardi 
 name of the people)] 
 
 Lombap'die, a. Of the Lombards or Lom- 
 bardy (esp. of N.-Ital. 7th-13th-c. architecture 
 & 15th-16th-c. painting), [f. mecLL Lombar- 
 dicus (prec, -ic)] 
 
 16'ment, n. (hot.). Kind of pod that breaks 
 up when mature into one-seeded joints. Hence* 
 loment.v'CEOUS a. [f. L lomentum bean-meall 
 (orig. cosmetic) f. lo-, lavare. wash, -mext] 
 
 Lo'ndon (lu-), attrib..a. L. clay, geological* 
 
 
LONE 
 
 183 
 
 LOO 
 
 formation in lower division of eocene tertiary 
 in 8.-E. England ; L. ivy, fog or smoke of L. ; 
 L. particular colloq., kind of fog peculiar to 
 L. ; L. pride, kind of saxifrage ; L. smoke, dull 
 grey colour. So Lo'ndonERMl), Lo'ndon- 
 ism(4), nn., Lo*ndoniZ£(3) v.t. 
 lone, attrib. a. Solitary, companionless, un- 
 frequented, uninhabited, lonely, (poet, or rhet., 
 exc. in I. hand, hand played or player playing 
 against the rest at quadrille & euchre, also tig.) ; 
 feeling or making feel lonely, whence lo*ne- 
 some a., lo'nesomeLY 2 adv., lo'nesome- 
 ness n. ; (of woman) single or widowed, [attrib. 
 
 form Of ALONE, Cf. LIVE x ] 
 
 lo'nely, a. Solitary, companionless, isolated ; 
 unfrequented. Hence lo'neliNESS n. [-ly a ] 
 long" 1 , a. & n. Measuring much from end to 
 end in space or time (l.Jine, distance, journey; 
 I. life, whence long-lfvED 2 a ; make a I. arm, 
 reach out for something esp. at table ; has a I. 
 arm, can make his power felt far ; I. face, dis- 
 mal ; I. head, of more than average length, fig. 
 shrewdness or foresight, whence longnead- 
 ed 2 a.,* long-hea'dedNESS n., lit. & fig.; 
 make a I. nose, cock snook ; I. tongue, loqua- 
 city ; two &c. I. miles &c, more than that ; by 
 a I. chalk l ; grievance &c. of I. standing, not 
 recent) ; (prefixed to name ; colloq.) tall (L. Tom, 
 gun of great length or range) ; far-reaching, 
 acting at a distance, involving great interval 
 or difference, (I. sight, that sees distant objects, 
 fig. penetration, whence long-sightED 2 a., 
 long-sigh'tedNESS n., lit. & fig. ; little 
 pitchers have I. ears ; take I. views, consider 
 remote effects ; I. odds in betting, very uneven ; 
 I. bowls, fighting at 1. range, opp. close quarters ; 
 I. date, distant date for maturing of bill &c, 
 whence long-datED 2 a. ; Z. waist in dress, 
 made far down) ; (usu. appended to measure- 
 ment) having specified length or duration (tail 
 6 in. I. ; vacation is two months I. ; as broad as 
 it is I.); of elongated shape ; remarkable for or 
 distinguished by or concerned with length or 
 duration (Z. clay, churchwarden pipe ; Z. divi- 
 sion ; Z. ears, stupidity as of ass, whence long- 
 eaPED 2 a. ; Z. finger, the second ; Z. jump, 
 measured along ground, opp. high jump; I. 
 measure, miles, yards, inches, &c. ; Z. metre, 
 hymn-stanza of four eight-syllable lines ; L. 
 Parliament, that elected 1640 & dissolved 1660; 
 Z. primer ; I. robe, legal attire, esp. gentlemen 
 of the I. r., lawyers ; in the I. run, in the end 
 after vicissitudes ; Z. service, system of military 
 enlistment for many e.g. 12 years; Z. vacation, 
 summer vacation of law-courts & universities; 
 I. whist 3 ; Z. wind, capacity for running far 
 without rest, or fig. for talking or writing at 
 tedious length, whence long-windED 2 a., 
 long-wi*ndedxESS n.) ; expressed by many 
 ciphers or consisting of many individuals (I. 
 figure or price, heavy cost ; Z. family, of many 
 children ; Z. bill, of many items ; Z. suit, many 
 cards of one suit in a hand) ; lengthy, prolix, 
 tedious ; of more than the usual numerical 
 amount (Z. dozen, hundred) ; lasting, going 
 far back or forward, (a Z. custom, memory, fare- 
 well); (Phonet., Pros.; of vowel or syllable) 
 (prop. ) having the greater of the two recognized 
 durations, (pop.) stressed, (also, of vowel) hav- 
 ing the pronunciation shown in its name (e.g., 
 pate & lucre have long, pat & put or but short 
 a & u) ; l.-bill, kinds of bird, esp. snipe ; Z.- 
 boat, sailing-ship's largest boat (cf. launch 2 ) ; 
 l.-bow, drawn by hand & discharging long 
 feathered arrow (cf. cross-bow), draw the l.-b., 
 tell exaggerated or invented stories ; l.-butt, 
 cue for reaching billiard-ball beyond range of 
 half -butt; l.-cloth, kind of calico made in 1. 
 
 pieces ; l.-clothes, & archaic -coats, clothes of 
 baby in arms; Z. field, 1. off or on (see below), 
 also part of ground behind bowler ; Z. firm i ; 
 longhand, ordinary writing (opp. snonrhand) ; 
 Z. hop, short-pitched ball in cricket ; Z. off, an, 
 man fielding at bowler's left, right, rear ; l.-pig, 
 sailors' transl. of cannibals' name for human 
 flesh ; longshanks, stilt or long-legged plover ; 
 longstop, man fielding straight behind wicket- 
 keeper, (vb) field here ; hence lo'ngiSH J (2) a., 
 lo'ng-WAYS, lo'ngwiSE, advv. (X. orabs. adj.) 
 1. interval or period {shall seeyoube fore I.; shall 
 not be away for I. ; will not take I. ; it is Z. since I 
 saw him ; so at longest, to mention the most dis- 
 tant date possible) ; recital at length (the I. & 
 the short of it, all that can or need be said, the 
 total upshot) ; 1. syllable (U. & shorts, verse 
 esp. Latin); (Arch.) II. & shorts, 1. & short 
 blocks placed alternately ; =1. vacation, [com.- 
 Teut. ; OE & Du. & G lang, cogn. w. L long us 
 & perh. Gk dclikhos] 
 
 long" 2 , adv. (-er, -est). For a 1. time (have I. 
 thought so ; nor wants that little I. ; so or as I. as 
 transf., provided that, if only ; be I. doing, &, 
 prob. by confusion of the adv. w. the adj., in 
 doing, take a 1. time, be slow, to do, as he was 
 I. finding it out, the chance was I. in coming ; 
 not be I. for this xcorld, have short time to live ; 
 l.-liver, one who lives 1.) ; by a 1. time (I. before, 
 after, since, ago) ; (appended to nn. of duration) 
 throughout specified time (all day I., his life 
 I.) ; (comp., with no, any, much, &c.) after im- 
 plied point of time (shall not wait any longer ; 
 no longer, not henceforth as formerly) ; l.-ago 
 a. & n., (belonging to) the distant past; Z.- 
 draxcn(-out), unduly prolonged ; l.-standing, 
 that has 1. existed ; I. -suffering n. & a., bearing- 
 provocation patiently. [OE lange (prec.)] 
 
 long 3 , v.i. Yearn, wish vehemently, for 
 thing or to do. Hence lo'ngiNG 1 (\) n., lo'ng- 
 ingLY 2 adv. [OE langian seem long 1 to] 
 
 -long, suf., f. long 1 , has ousted -ling 2 in 
 sidelong, headlong. Endlong f. ON endlangr 
 adj. orig. meaning extending from end to end 
 was used in E as adv. meaning endwise, & -long 
 thus came to be regarded as var. of -ling. 
 
 longani'mity (-ngg-), n. (rare). Long-suffer- 
 ing, forbearance, [f. LL longanimitas (long- 
 animus f. longus long, animus spirit, -ty)] 
 
 longe'val, -gae-,(-j-), a. Long-lived, [f . L 
 longaevus (longus long, aevum age, -al)] 
 
 longe'vity (-j-), n. Long life. [f. L longae- 
 vitas (prec, -ty)] 
 
 longi- (-JI-), comb, form of L longus long in 
 scientific terms, as -cau'date long-tailed, -com 
 kinds of beetle with long threadlike antennae. 
 
 lo'ngitude (-j-), n. Length (now facet.); 
 (Geog.) angular distance east or west from a 
 standard meridian, as that of Greenwich, to 
 the meridian of any place, reckoned to 180° E. 
 or W. (abbr. long.) ; (Astron.) angular distance- 
 eastward on ecliptic from vernal equinoctial 
 point to foot of body's or point's circle of lati- 
 tude, [f. L longitudo -inis (prec, -tude)] 
 
 longitvrdinal, a. Of or in length; run- 
 ning lengthwise; of longitude. Hence longi- 
 tu'dinalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 Lo'ngobard, n. = Lombard (1st sense). 
 
 lo'ng-shope, a. Existing, found, or em- 
 ployed, on, frequenting, the shore ; l.-man, 
 landsman employed in loading ships, shore- 
 fishing, &c [for along shore] 
 
 loo, n., & v.t. Round card-game with penal- 
 ties paid to the pool ; (having to pay) this- 
 penalty ; unlimited I., in which penalty is = 
 amount already in pool; (vb) subject to the 
 penalty, [abbr. of obs. lanterloo f. F lanturelu 
 refrain of a song] 
 
LOOBY 
 
 484 
 
 LOOSE 
 
 loo'by, n. Silly fellow, [cf. lubber] 
 loo* fall, n. Pod of luffa Aegyptiaca used as 
 flesh-brush, [f. Arab, lufah the plant] 
 look, v.i. & t., & n. Use one's sight, turn 
 eyes in some direction, direct eyes at, (fair&sc. 
 to I. at, in outward appearance; I. before you 
 leap, avoid precipitate action ; to I. at him See, 
 judging by his &c. 11. ; will not I. at, refuses to 
 take, rejects, scorns) ; stare, show surprise ; 
 contemplate, examine, (looked vie through & 
 through; I. gift horse * in mouth; I. one; death, 
 &c, in the face, face him &c. boldly or at close 
 quarters) ; express, threaten, show, by one's 11. 
 (I. compassion, death, daggers, &c.) ; ascertain 
 or observe by sight who, how, whether, &c. ; 
 (fig.) make mental search {let him I. at home), 
 inquire (when one looks deeper), aim one's at- 
 tention at & consider (way of looking at things ; 
 what I I. at is the comfort of it), take care 
 or make sure that, expect to do, (I. you im- 
 perat., observe, mind ; I. here imperat., for- 
 mula for demanding attention or expostulat- 
 ing; I. sharp, orig., keep strict watch, now, 
 lose no time, bestir oneself) ; (of things) face, be 
 turned, have or afford outlook, in some direc- 
 tion (toxoards, onto, into, down, &c), (of facts) 
 tend, point ; have certain appearance, seem, 
 U. grave &c, whence -looklNG 2 a. ; La fool, 
 every inch a king, black 1 , blue, small; I. 
 alive imperat., make haste; /. well or ill, in good 
 or bad health, also of things, seem to be going 
 so ; looks to be, seems ; I. as if, suggest by ap- 
 pearance the belief that ; I. like, seem to be, 
 also threaten or promise, as it looks I. rain, he 
 looks like biting or winning), seem to be (looks 
 his age, seems as old as he really is ; I. oneself 
 again, seem recovered); I. in, short call or visit, 
 (Sport) will have a l.-in, come near winning & 
 perhaps win ; loo'king-glass, mirror, quick- 
 silvered glass for mirrors ; l.-out, watch, look- 
 ing out, (keep a good l.-o.; on the l.-o. for or to 
 do), post of observation, man or party or boat 
 stationed to 1. out, view over landscape, pros- 
 pect of luck (it's a bad l.-o. for him), person's 
 own concern (that is his 1.-6., he must see to 
 that himself). (With prepp.) I. about one, ex- 
 amine one's surroundings, take time to form 
 plans; I. after, follow with the eye, seek for, 
 attend to, take care of; I. for, expect, hope or 
 be on the watch for, search for ; I. into, examine 
 the inside of (box &c), dip into (book), investi- 
 gate ; I. on, regard as, regard with distrust &c; 
 I. over, inspect, overlook or pardon ; I. through, 
 direct eyes through (window &c), penetrate 
 (veil &c.) with sight or (pretence or pretender) 
 with insight, be visible through (his greed looks 
 through his eyes), glance through (book &c.) ; 
 I. to, consider, take care of, be careful about (I. 
 to your manners; I. to it that), keep watch over, 
 rely on (person or thing) for, expect, count up- 
 on, aim at ; I. towards colloq., drink health of ; 
 I. upon, regard with specified feeling (also with 
 adv., as favourably), regard as. (With advv.) 
 I. about, be on the watch, be in search for, let 
 one's eyes rove ; I. ahead, (of rower) turn round 
 to see where he is going (esp. imperat.) ; I. back, 
 be half-hearted about enterprise one has begun, 
 turn one's thoughts upon or to something past, 
 cease to progress (usu. w. neg.) ; I. down, sub- 
 due with a 1., (commerc.) sink in price, I. d. 
 {up)on, consider oneself superior to; I. forward 
 to, anticipate (usu. with pleasure) ; I. in, make 
 short visit or call; I. on, be mere spectator, 
 whence lookER^o'n, n.; 1. on with, read from 
 book &c. at same time as (another person) ; I. 
 out, direct eyes or put head out of window &c, 
 be vigilant, keep one's eyes open for expected 
 person, be prepared for squalls &c., have or 
 
 afford outlook on, over, &c, select by inspec- 
 tion ; I. over, inspect one by one or part by part ; 
 I. through, survey with searching glance (looked 
 him through), inspect exhaustively or succes- 
 sively ; I. up, (esp. commerc.) improve in price 
 orprosperity, search for (esp. word in dictionary 
 or facts in book of reference), call on (person), 
 raise eyes (I. up to, respect, venerate), I. one up 
 & down, scrutinize him keenly or contemptu- 
 ously. (N.) act of looking, direction of eyes, 
 glance (a kind, scornful, I.) ; (sing, or pi.) ap- 
 pearance of face, expression, personal aspect, 
 (good 11., beauty) ; (of things) appearance (the 
 place has a European I.). (OE locian] 
 
 loom l , n. Machine for weaving yarn or thread 
 into fabric ; (inboard part of) shaft of oar. 
 [earlier sense tool, OE geloma (Y- + loma as in 
 andldman pi. apparatus)] 
 
 loom 2 , v.i., & n. Appear indistinctly, be 
 seen in vague & often magnified or threaten- 
 ing shape, (lit. & fig. ; often I. large &c.) ; (n.) 
 vague first appearance of land at sea &c. [cf. 
 EFris. lomtn move slowly, MHG luomen be 
 weary] 
 
 loom 3 , n. Kinds of guillemot & diver. 
 Hence loo*mERY(3) n. [f. OF lomr\ 
 
 loon \ n. (Sc. & archaic). Scamp, idler, boor ; 
 lad. [earlier lowne; etym. dub.] 
 
 loon 2 , n. Kinds of water-bird, esp. of diver 
 & grebe, [perh. = loom 3 w. assim. to prec] 
 
 loo'ny, lu-, n. & a. (vulg.). Lunatic. [-Y 3 ] 
 
 loop 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Figure produced by a 
 curve, or bent string or withe, that crosses it- 
 self ; attachment or ornament formed of cord, 
 thread, &c, so crossed & fastened at crossing ; 
 ring or curved piece of metal as handle &c. ; 
 (also l.-line) railway or telegraph line that di- 
 verges from main line & joins it again ; circuit 
 in centrifugal railway along top of which pas- 
 senger travels head downwards (looping the I., 
 bicyclist's similar feat) ; (Skating) curve cross- 
 ing itself made on single edge. (Vb) form 
 (string &c.) into loop(s) ; form 1. (esp. of looper 
 larvae) ; enclose (as) with 1. ; fasten (up, back) or 
 join (together) withloop(s). [cf. Ir. & Gael, lub] 
 
 loop 2 , n. (rare). = loop-hole. [prob. cogn. w. 
 MDu. lupen to peer] 
 
 loo'per, n. Caterpillar of geometer moths, 
 progressing by arching itself into loops; con- 
 trivance in sewing-machine &c. for making 
 loops. [-ER l ] 
 
 loo'p-nole, n., & v.t. Narrow vertical slit in 
 wall for shooting or looking through or to ad- 
 mit light or air ; outlet, means of evading rule 
 &c; (vb) make 11. in (wall &c). [loop 2 ] 
 
 loose 1 . a. Released from bonds or restraint ; 
 detached or detachable from its place (come, 
 get, I. ; play fast 3 & I.; (Chem.) free, uncom- 
 bined ; hanging partly free (esp. 1. end ; at a I. 
 end, without definite occupation) ; not rigidly 
 fixed, apt to shift, (have a screw I.) ; slack, re- 
 laxed, not tense or tight, (with a I. rein, lit. of 
 riding, & fig. indulgently; I. tongue, given to 
 blabbing; I. bowels, tending to diarrhoea; I. 
 clothes : I. build or make, ungainly figure) ; not 
 compact, dense, or serried (I. soil, fabric ; I. or- 
 der, military arrangement with wide intervals ; 
 I. handwriting, straggling ; I. play or game in 
 football, in which players do not lock together); 
 (of statements, ideas, &c.) inexact, indefinite, 
 vague, incorrect, (of translation) not close or 
 faithful, (of style) ungrammatical, (of agent) 
 doing the act loosely (I. thinker) ; (cricket) I. 
 bowling, inaccurately pitched, I. fielding, care- 
 less or bungling ; morally lax, dissolute, wanton 
 in speech or act, (I. fish, dissolute person ; on 
 the I., having a spree); I. box 2 ; loose-, loosely, 
 as l.-flowing, -fitting. Hence Ioo'scly 2 adv., 
 
LOOSE 
 
 485 
 
 LOSE 
 
 loo'sexESS n., 1oo*sish 1 (2> a. [f. OX laass = 
 OE Uas, cf. G los, cogn. w. Gk lud undo] 
 
 loose 2 , v.t., & n. Release, set free, free from 
 constraint (wiyie loosed his to?igue) ; untie, un- 
 do, (knot, fetters, seal, hair of head) ; detach 
 from moorings; discharge (arrow), (abs.) dis- 
 charge gun (at) ; relax (now only in /. hold) ; (n.) 
 vent, free expression, (give I. or a I. to one's 
 feelings &c. ). [f . prec. ] 
 
 loo'sen, v.t. & i. Loose (person's tongue); 
 make or become less tight or compact or firm ; 
 relieve (bowels) from costiveness or (cough) 
 from dryness ; relax (discipline &c). [-en 6 ] 
 
 loo'sestpife (-s-s-), n. Two kinds of herba- 
 ceous plant (Golden or Yellow, & Red or Purple 
 or Spiked, L.). [mistransl. of LL f. Gk lusi- 
 makhion (Gk pers. name Lusimakhos) as if di- 
 rectly f. lud undo, makhe battle] 
 
 loot, n., & v.t. & i. Goods taken from enemy, 
 spoil, booty; illicit gains made by official. (Vb) 
 plunder, sack, (city &c, or abs.) ; carry off as 
 booty. Hence loot'ER 1 n. [f. Hind, lut] 
 
 lop *, n., & v.t. & i. Smaller branches & twigs 
 of trees (1. & top, l. & crop, trimmings of tree). 
 (Vb) cut off branches & twigs & rarely top of 
 (tree) ; strip tree of (branches &c. ; often off, 
 away), whence lo'ppingrs [-ING 1 <2>] n. pi.; 
 cut off (person's limb or head) ; make lopping 
 strokes at. [vb prob. f. n.; etym. dub.] 
 
 lop 2 , v.i. & t., & n. Hang limply; let (ears) 
 hang; slouch, dawdle, hang about; =lope; 
 l.-ears, drooping ears, whence lo'p-eaPED 2 a.; 
 I. -ear, kind of rabbit; hence lo*ppv 2 a. ; (a.) 
 lop-eared rabbit. Iprob. imit.] 
 
 lop 3 , v.i., &n. (Of water) break in short lumpy 
 waves ; (n.) such motion of wuter. [imit.] 
 
 lope,v.i.,&n. (Run with) long bounding stride 
 (esp. of animals), [f. ON hloupa cogn. w. leap] 
 
 lopho-, comb, form of Gk lophos crest, in 
 scientific wds as -dont (animal) w T ith transverse 
 ridges on crowns of molars, -branchiate having 
 gills disposed in tufts. 
 
 lop-si'ded, a. With one side lower or smaller 
 than the other, unevenly"balanced. Hence lop- 
 si'dedLY 2 adv., lopsi'dedxEss n. [f. lop 2 ] 
 
 loqua'cious, a. Talkative ; (of birds, water) 
 chattering, babbling. Hence or cogn. loqua*- 
 eiousLY 2 adv., loqua'eiousNEss, loquA- 
 city, nn. [L loquax (loqui talk), -acious] 
 
 lo'quat, n. Chinese & Japanese fruit(-tree) 
 naturalized in S. Europe, Australia, &c. [f. Chin. 
 luh kwat rush orange] 
 
 l&'quitur, v.i. 3 sing. pres. (abbr. loq.). Speaks 
 (with speaker's name added, as stage-direction 
 or notice to reader). [L] 
 
 lop, lor', form of lord used (vulg.) as int. 
 
 lop*al, a. Of the lore 2 , [-al] 
 
 lop'cha (-tsha), n. Ship with hull of European 
 shape but Chinese rig. [Port., etym. dub.] 
 
 lord, n. & int., & v.i. &t. Master, ruler, chief, 
 prince, sovereign, (our sovereign I. the King; 
 11. of creation, mankind, also joe. men as opp. 
 women), (poet.) owner (I. of few acres ; cf. land- 
 lord); magnate in some trade (the cotton IL; cf. 
 king); feudal superior(MESNEZ.; I. of the manor; 
 
 l. paramount); (poet. & joe.) husband (also 
 
 I. & master); (Astrol.) dominant planet; (usu. 
 theL. exc. in voc; also with God)God(L. knows 
 
 who, how, &c, I cannot guess who &c, some 
 
 one &c. or other ; L. have mercy, L. bless me or 
 
 us or my so id or yo ?*, excll. of surprise &c.; also 
 
 Lord! alone as excl.), Christ (the or more usu. 
 
 our L.; in the year of our L., anno domini ; L.'s 
 prayer, the Our Father; L.'ssupper, Eucharist; 
 
 L.'s table, Christian altar, Eucharist; L.'s day, 
 
 Sunday); nobleman, peer of the realm or person 
 
 entitled by courtesy to the prefix L. (see below) 
 
 as part of his ordinary style (live, treat, like a I., 
 
 fare, entertain, sumptuously ; drunk as, swear 
 like, a L, excessively ; L. in waiting, of the Bed- 
 chamber, nobleman attending sovereign, called 
 by former title if queen is reigning, by latter if 
 king); (pi., the LI.) temporal & spiritual peers of 
 Parliament (House of LL, upper legislative 
 chamber of United Kingdom, also committee 
 of specially qualified members of this appointed 
 as ultimate judicial appeal court); (pi.; also in 
 full LL Commissioners) members of board per- 
 forming duties of high State office put in com- 
 mission (LL of the Admiralty, Treasury, &c; 
 First L., president of such board; Civil L., 
 civilian member of Admiralty board, opp. Na- 
 val LL); first word of many official titles (L. 
 chamberlain, chancellor, Chief Justice, 
 High Commissioner ; L.-lieutenant, viceroy of 
 Ireland, chief executive authority & head of 
 magistracy in each county, whence lOPd- 
 lieute'nancY n. ; L. Rector, annually elected 
 honorary head of some Scotch universities; 
 L. Mayor, mayor of London, York, Dublin, & 
 some great towns ; L. Bishop, any bishop in 
 ceremonious mention) ; (prefixed as part of per- 
 sonal designation) marquis, earl, viscount, or 
 baron (whether peer, or peer's eldest son hold- 
 ing his second title by courtesy ; with suppres- 
 sion of of, e. g. Earl of, or Lord, Derby ; I. is 
 invariable instead of baron, which is used as 
 prefix only in foreign titles), (followed by Chris- 
 tian & family name) younger son of duke or 
 marquis ; my I. (voc), formal or polite formula 
 for addressing nobleman below duke, bishop, 
 1. mayor, or judge of supreme court ; 11. <£:ladies, 
 wild arum; hencelop'dLESSa., lop*dLiNG 1 (2), 
 lopdo'LATRY, nn. (Vb) play the 1. over (usu. 
 in pass., will not be lorded over; or with it, as 
 lording it over his household ; ennoble, confer 
 title of L upon. [OE hldford orig. = bread- 
 keeper (loaf 1 , ward)] 
 
 lop'dly, a. Haughty, imperious, lofty, dis- 
 dainful; grand, magnificent, fit for or belonging 
 to a lord. Hence lop'dliNESS n. [OE hldford- 
 lic (prec., -ly 1 )] 
 
 lop'dship, n. Dominion, rule, ownership of 
 or over; domain, estate, manor; lord's person- 
 ality (your L, his L, you, he, in speaking defer- 
 entially to or of a lord, also facet, to or of other 
 persons or animals), [-ship] 
 
 lope x , n. Doctrine (archaic) ; erudition, scho- 
 larship, (archaic) ; body of traditions & facts on 
 a subject (ghost, bird, animal, fairy, &c, I.). 
 [OE lar cf. Du. leer, G lehre, cogn. w. learn] 
 
 lope 2 , n. (nat. hist.). Strap-like surface, in 
 birds between eye & upper mandible, in snakes 
 between eye & nostril, [f. L lorum strap] 
 
 lorgne'ite (lornye't), n. Pair of eye-glasses 
 usu. held by long handle ; opera-glass. [F] 
 
 16'picate (-at), a. (zool.). Having defensive 
 armour of bone, plates, scales, &c. [f. L lorica- 
 tus (lorica cuirass f. lorum strap, -ate 2 )] 
 
 loP'is, n. Small slender tailless nocturnal 
 climbing quadrumanous Cingalese mammal ; 
 kinds of lemur. [F] 
 
 lopn,A- (poet. &joc). Desolate, forlorn, (often 
 lone L). [p.p. of obs. Zee.se lose, OE -leosan cf. 
 G verlieren] 
 
 lo'ppy, n. Long low flat sideless wagon; 
 truck used on railways & tramways. [?] 
 
 lop'y, n. Kinds of bright-plumaged parrot- 
 like bird L [f. Malay liwt] 
 
 lose (looz), v.t. & i. (lost pr. law- or 15-). Be 
 deprived of, cease by negligence, misadventure, 
 separation, death, &c, to possess or have, (pro- 
 perty, life, quality, limb, father, friend, &c. ; 
 doctor loses patient, fails to keep him alive, 
 also is left by him for another doctor ; I. pa- 
 tience, one's temper, bscome impatient, angry ; 
 
LOSEL 
 
 486 
 
 LOVE 
 
 I. one's head x : I. one's heart ; I. heart ; I. 
 ground, fail to keep position, recede, decline ; 
 have lost my cold, got rid of it ; I. interest, of 
 person, cease to be interested, of thing, cease 
 to interest), (pass.) disappear, perish, die or be 
 dead, {letter-writing is a lost art ; the ship &all 
 hands were lost; lost to sense of duty, shame, 
 &c, no longer affected by them; lost soul, 
 damned) ; suffer loss or detriment, incur dis- 
 advantage, be the worse off in money or other- 
 wise by transaction &c, (the publisher lost by 
 it ; the army lost heavily) ; become unable to 
 find, fail to keep in sight or follow or mentally 
 grasp, (I. a document, one's way, the thread of 
 a discourse, a person Sec. under observation) ; 
 spend (time, opportunities, pains) to no pur- 
 pose, waste, (pass., be lost upon, fail to influ- 
 ence or draw the attention of) ; fail to obtain, 
 catch, see, or hear (I. one's train, a legacy, a 
 word or remark, a fox) ; forfeit (stake), be de- 
 feated in (game, battle, lawsuit, or abs. ; losing 
 game, in which defeat seems inevitable ; can- 
 not play a losing game, loses heart or temper 
 in it) ; fail to carry (motion) ; cause person the 
 loss of, cost, (will I. you your place)', (refl. & 
 pass.) go astray, become merged or engrossed 
 
 Iin), be obscured [in); losing hazard. Hence 
 O'sable a. [OE losian (los loss) intr., the 
 trans, senses being f. the cogn. obs. leese] 
 
 16'sel (-zl), n. (archaic). Profligate, rake, ne'er- 
 do-well, [prob. f. losen p.p. of obs. leese loseJ 
 
 lo'sen, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : be a I. by, 
 suffer loss by; person, horse, &c, that loses 
 race &c. ; (Billiards) losing hazard, [-er x ] 
 
 loss (laws, 16s), n. Losing or being lost (see 
 lose) ; person, thing, or amount lost ; detri- 
 ment, disadvantage, resulting from loss (per- 
 son &c. is a great, no, little, &c, I., the 1. of him 
 is a serious &c. blow) ; at a I. (for, to discover, 
 Sec), puzzled, at fault, [prob. partly f. OE los 
 (cf. ON los) dispersion, rout, & partly back- 
 formation f. lost p.p. of lose] 
 
 loss (G), n. = loess. 
 
 lost. See lose. 
 
 lot, n., & v.t. One of a set of objects used to 
 secure a chance decision in dividing goods, se- 
 lecting officials, &c. (now only in draw, cast, 11., 
 usu. between, for, who, &c, & in throw or cast 
 in one's I. with, share fortunes of), this method 
 of deciding (the I. ; by I.), choice resulting from 
 it (the I. fell upon me) ; what falls to person by 
 L, share (have no part nor I. in), person's desti- 
 ny, fortune, condition, (the I. falls to me, it falls 
 to my I., it falls to me as.my I., to do) ; tax, due, 
 (scot & I.) ; plot or allotment of land ; article or 
 set of articles offered separately at sale, item at 
 auction, (bad I., disreputable or vicious per- 
 son) ; number or quantity of persons or things 
 of same kind or somehow associated (the I., the 
 whole number or quantity) ; (colloq.) consider- 
 able number or amount, a good or great deal. 
 (Vb) divide (land, usu. out, or goods for sale) 
 into 11. [OE hlot, cf. Du. lot, cogn. w. G loos] 
 
 loth. _See loath. 
 
 Lothar'io, n. Libertine, rake, [character 
 in Rqwe's Fair Penitent] 
 
 16'tion (-shn), n. Liquid preparation tised ex- 
 ternally to heal wound, cure skin-disease, clear 
 complexion, &c. ; (slang) alcoholic drink, [f. L 
 lotio (lavare lot- wash, -ion)] 
 
 lo'ttery, n. Arrangement for distributing 
 prizes by chance among purchasers of tickets ; 
 l.-wheel, wheel with box used for shuffling 
 numbers corresponding to those on tickets, [f. 
 It. lotteria (lot, lotto)] 
 
 lo'tto, n. Game of chance with drawing of 
 numbers as in lottery. [It., f. Teut. (lot)] 
 
 16'tus, n. Plant represented in ancient 
 
 Greek legend as inducing luxurious dreami- 
 ness & distaste for active life (L-eater, person 
 given to indolent enjoyment ; so l.-eating a. & 
 n. ) ; Egyptian & Asiatic water-lily ; kinds of 
 plant, esp. Bird's-foot Trefoil ; l.-land, place of 
 indolent enjoyment. [L, f. Gk lotos] 
 
 loud (lowd), a. & adv. Strongly audible, so- 
 norous ; clamorous, noisy ; (of colour, dress, 
 pattern, manners) obtrusive, conspicuous, 
 flashy; hence lou'dEN 6 v.i., lou'diSH 1 ^) a., 
 lou'dLY 2 adv., lou'dNESS n. ; (adv.) loudly 
 (dont talk so 1. ; laughed I. & long) ; I. -spoken. 
 [com.-WG ; OE Mud, cf. Du. luid, G laut ; cogn. 
 w. Gk kluo hear, L cluere be famed] 
 
 lough (loch), n. (Anglo-Ir.). Lake, arm of sea. 
 [perh. f. ONorthumb. luh f. Gael. &Ir. loch] 
 
 Louis (loo"i, or as F), n. (pi. Louis pr. -z or as 
 F). Name of many French kings (I. or l.-d'or, 
 French gold coin of about 20 fr. from L. XIII to 
 L. XVI • L. Treize, Quatorze, Quinze, Seize, 
 used adj. of furniture &c. in styles prevalent 
 in those reigns). 
 
 lounge (lownj), v.i. & t., & n. Go lazily, 
 saunter; loll, recline; idle (intr., & I. away 
 time &c.) ; hence lou'ngER 1 n., lou'iaging 1 - 
 ly 2 adv. (N.) spell of lounging, saunter, stroll ; 
 place where one can 1. ; sofa or deep chair. [?] 
 
 Ioup, lower, (lowr), v.i., & n. Frown, scowl, 
 look sullen, (on, upon, at) ; (of clouds, sky, 
 storm) look dark & threatening; hence Ioup*- 
 ingLV 2 , lower-, adv. (N. ) scowl ; gloominess 
 of sky &c, whence Ioup'y 2 a. [ME louren, cf. 
 Du. loeren frown, G lauern watch ; spelling 
 lower prob. due to confusion w. lower 1 ] 
 
 louse (lows), n. (pi. lice). Parasitic insect in- 
 festing human hair & skin ; kinds of parasite 
 of mammals, birds, fish, & plants. Hence 
 lou'SY 2 (-z-) a., lou'siNESS n. [com.-Teut. ; 
 OE Ixis, cf. Du. luis, G laus] 
 
 lout 1 (lowt), n. Awkward fellow, bumpkin, 
 clown. Hencelou'tiSHia.jlou'tishLY'^adv., 
 lou'tishNESS n. [?] 
 
 lout 2 (lowt), v.i. (archaic). Bow, make obei- 
 sance. [OE lutan, cf. ON luta] 
 
 lou'vep (loo-), n. Domed turret-like erection 
 on medieval hall-roof &c. with side openings to 
 let smoke out or air in ; (pi., also l.-boards) 
 arrangement of overlapping boards or slips of 
 
 flass to admit air but exclude rain. Hence 
 ou'vePED 2 a. [f. OF lover, cf. med.L lodium] 
 
 lo'vable (lu-), a. Deserving love, amiable. 
 Hence lo'vabLY 2 adv., lo'vableNESS n. 
 [love 2 , -able] 
 
 lovag-e (lu'vij), n. Kinds of herb. [ME 
 loveache f. OF levesche f. LL levisticum perh. f. 
 L ligusticum Ligurian ; assim. to love, ache] 
 
 love a (luv), n. Warm affection, attachment, 
 liking, or fondness, paternal benevolence, af- 
 fectionate devotion, (of, for, to, or towards 
 person, for or to thing ; give I. to, convey af- 
 fectionate message to, send one's I. to, get this 
 done ; for the I. of, for sake or in name of, esp. 
 in adjurations ; for I. or money, by any means, 
 esp. cannot get it &c. /. I. o. m. ; labour of I., 
 that one delights in, or that one does for 1. of 
 some one ; there 's no I. lost between them, they 
 dislike each other; play for I., for the pleasure 
 of it, not for stakes) ; sexual affection or passion 
 or desire, relation between sweethearts, this 
 feeling as a literary subject, a personified in- 
 fluence, or a god (also representation of Cupid, 
 or of naked winged child, or in pi. children, 
 symbolizing 1.), (in I., possessed by this; in I. 
 with, enamoured of, also transf. fond of a pur- 
 suit, thing, &c; fall in I., become enamoured; 
 all's fair 2 in I. & war; I. in a cottage, mar- 
 riage on insufficient means; make I., pay 
 amorous attentions to or abs., whence lo've- 
 
LOVE 
 
 487 
 
 LOYAL. 
 
 makixG 1 n.) ; beloved one, sweetheart, (esp. 
 of woman, cf. lover; hence lo*veY a n. ; my I., 
 common form of address between husband & 
 wife), (colloq.) delightful person or pretty thing 
 (he is an old I. ; what 11. of teacups !) ; (Games) 
 no score, nothing, nil, (I. all, neither side has 
 yet scored ; I. game, in which loser has not 
 scored); l.-affair, amour; l.-begotten, illegiti- 
 mate ; l.-bird, small bird of parrot kind said to 
 pine away at death of its mate ; l.-child, il- 
 legitimate ; l.-feast, meal in token of brotherly 
 1. among early Christians, religious service 
 among Methodists &c. imitating this ; l.-in-a- 
 mist, Fennel-flower; l.-in-idleness, Heart's- 
 ease ; l.-knot, peculiarly interlaced bow of 
 ribbon ; I. -letter, between sweethearts & con- 
 cerned with 1. ; l.-lies-bleeding, ga.rden plant 
 with long drooping spike of purple-red bloom ; 
 lovelock, tress or curl worn on temple or fore- 
 head ; l.-lorn, pining with L, deserted by one's 
 love(r) ; l.-match, marriage made for l.'s sake 
 only ; l.-philtre, philtre ; lovesick, languishing 
 with 1. ; l.-song, about or expressing 1. ; l.-story, 
 novel &c. of which main theme is 1., facts of a 
 wooing &c. ; I. -token, thing given in sign of 1. 
 Hence lo'vewoRTHY a., lo'veworthiNESS n. 
 {OE lufii, cogn. w. G lieben, Du. lieven, to love ; 
 
 also W. LIEF, LEAVE 1 , BELIEVE] 
 
 love 2 , v.t. & i. Hold dear, bear 1. to, be in 1. 
 with, be fond of, (1. me, I. my dog l ; Lord I. 
 you !, excl. of surprise at person's mistake &c. ; 
 I. one's /. with an A, a B, &c, formula in game 
 of forfeits) ; be in 1. ; cling to, delight in, enjoy 
 having, be addicted to, admire or be glad of 
 the existence of, (life, honour, comfort, golf, 
 doing, virtue, man who knows his own mind, 
 &c). [OE lufian (prec.)] 
 
 Lo*velaee(luvl-),n. Libertine, accomplished 
 rake, [character in Clarissa Harlowe] 
 lo*veless, a. Unloving ; unloved. Hence 
 lo'velessLv 2 adv., lo'velessNESS n. [-less] 
 lo'vely (lu-), a. Attractively or admirably 
 beautiful ; (colloq.) delightful, very pleasing, 
 intensely amusing. Hence lo*veliLY 2 adv. 
 (rare), lo'veliNESS n. [OE luflic (love 1 , -ly 1 )] 
 lo'vep, n. Woman's sweetheart or suitor, 
 (pi.) pa\r in love ; paramour, gallant ; admirer, 
 devotee, of thing, action, or idea ; lover's knot, 
 LOVE^knot. Hence lo'vePLESS a., lo*vep- 
 like, lo'vePLv J > 2 , aa. & adv v. [-er 1 ] 
 lo'ving", a. That loves, affectionate, (our I. 
 subjects, formula in royal proclamation ; your 
 I. friend &c, formula in concluding letter) ; 
 manifesting or proceeding from love (l.-cup, 
 large drin king vessel passed round at banquet ; 
 l.-kindness, tenderconsideration). Hence lo*v- 
 ing-LV 2 adv., lo'ving'NESS n. [-ing 2 ] 
 low 1 (16), a. & adv. (-er, -est, ?3 aa. & advv.). 
 Not reaching far up, not high or tall, (l. house, 
 forehead, stature ; not used of persons ; I. dress, 
 leaving neck & part of shoulders & breast ex- 
 posed, so I. neck ; I. relief, bas-relief) ; not ele- 
 vated in geographical &c. position (L. Countries, 
 Netherlands; L. German 2 , dutch; Lower 
 Egypt &c. ; I. moon &c, near horizon ; I. tide 
 or water, level of ebbed sea, time of extreme 
 ebb; l.-water mark, lowest point reached by 
 ebb-tide, & fig. ; in I. water, out of funds &c.) ; 
 of or in humble rank or position (the lower orders 
 or classes; I. birth; high <&■ I., every one) ; not 
 exalted or sublime, commonplace, undignified, 
 little civilized, not highly organized ; abject, 
 mean, degraded, coarse, vulgar; ill-nourished, 
 not nourishing, indicative of ill nutrition, 
 wanting in vigour, depressed, not intense, (I. 
 condition, diet, fever ; I. spirits, whence low- 
 spi'pitED 2 a.) ; of small amount as measured 
 by a scale or degrees (I. price, wages, rates, 
 
 temperature, power ; have I. opinion of, do not 
 estimate highly; at lowest, to mention the 
 least possible amount &c. ; I. latitudes, near 
 equator) ; (of sounds) not shrill or high, pro- 
 duced by slow vibrations, (also) not loud ; (of 
 liquid, receptacle, supply of anything, esp. fig. 
 of purse or money) nearly exhausted or empty 
 (often run I.) ; recent (belongs to a lower date) ; 
 (also l.-church) giving 1. place to authority of 
 bishops &priests, inherent grace of sacraments, 
 ecclesiastical organization, & ritual, not sacer- 
 dotal, approximating to protestant non-con- 
 formity, (L. Church, party in Church of Eng- 
 land thus minded ; L. Churchman, member of 
 it) ; bring I., depress, reduce, in health, wealth, 
 or position ; lay I., overthrow ; lie I., crouch, 
 be prostrate or dead or abased, (slang) keep 
 quiet or out of the way, say nothing, bide one's 
 time ; burn 2 I. ; l.-browed, lit., also (of rocks) 
 beetling, (of building &c.) with low entrance, 
 gloomy ; I. celebration of Eucharist, without 
 choir or assistant ministers; I. comedian, actor 
 in I. comedy, in which subject & treatment 
 border on farce ; l.-down, abject, mean, dis- 
 honourable ; lower boy, in lower school at pub- 
 lic schools ; lower case 2 ; lower chamber, = 
 lower House ; lower critic(ism), of the verbal or 
 textual kind ; lower deck, immediately over 
 hold ; lower Empire, later Roman Empire, usu. 
 from Constantine ; lower House, lower branch 
 of legislative assembly, e. g. House of Commons; 
 lower school in public schools, usu. forms below 
 fifth ; lower world, the earth ; lowland, (usu. 
 pi.) lowlying country, (adj.) of or in this ; Low- 
 lands, less mountainous part of Scotland, 
 whence LowlandER 1 ^) n., Loxcland (adj.) of 
 or in this ; I. latin ; L life, that of the lower 
 classes, whence IowIived 2 a.; I. mass 1 ; I. 
 pitch, 1. key or tone, also slight angular eleva- 
 tion of roof, whence low-pitehED 2 a. ; I. 
 pressure ; L. Sunday, Week, after Easter Day 
 & Week ; hence lowePMOST, Iowish ] (2) aa., 
 Iowness n. (Adv.) in or to 1. or mean position 
 (hangs 1. ; aim or shoot I. or lower ; collar I. in 
 football, catch at or below waist ; bowed I. ; 
 never fell so I. as that) ; on poor diet (live I. for 
 a time) ; for small stakes (play I.) ; in 1. tone, on 
 or to 1. note, (talk I. ; cannot get so I.); (of date) 
 late (find it as low as the 18th century) ; l.-born, 
 of humble birth ; l.-bred, of vulgar manners ; 
 I. down, far down, also in mean or ungenerous 
 way (esp. play it I. d. ,orl., upon, treat scurvily). 
 [ME lah f. ON lagr cogn. w. lie 3] 
 low 2 (16), v.i. &t.,&n. Utter cry (as) of cow, 
 moo ; say, utter forth, with lowing sound ; (n.) 
 cow's cry. [com.-Teut; OE hlowan, cf. OHG 
 hluojen, Du. loeien, cogn. w. L clamare] 
 lower 1 (16-), v.t. & i. Let or haul down; 
 (Naixt., abs.) letdown boat, haul down sail, &c.j 
 diminish height of; sink, descend, slope down 
 wards ; diminish (price &c), (of price &c.) come 
 down ; diminish (t. & i.) in intensity or pitch; 
 degrade, disgrace ; reduce bodily condition of 
 (a lowering diet), [f. lower comp. of low 1 ] 
 lower 2 . See lour. 
 
 lowly (16-), a. & adv. Humble in feeling, be- 
 haviour, or condition, modest, unpretending ; 
 (adv.) in 1. manner. Hence lowliLY 2 adv., 
 IowHness n. [low 1 , -ly *» ^ 
 loxodpo'mie, a. & n. Of oblique sailing or 
 sailing by the rhumb; (n.) 1. line or table. 
 Hence loxodpo'mics n. [f. Gk loxos oblique, 
 dromos course, -ic] 
 
 loyal, a. & n. True, faithful, to duty, love, 
 or obligation (to) ; faithful in allegiance to 
 sovereign, government, or mother-country; 
 enthusiastically devoted to sovereign's person 
 & family ; exhibiting loyalty ; hence loyal- 
 
LOYALTY 
 
 488 
 
 LUGE 
 
 ism(3), loyalisT(2), nn., loyalizE(3) v.t., loy- 
 alLY 2 adv.; (n.) person who remains 1. in time 
 of disaffection. [F, f. L legalis legal] 
 
 loyalty, n. Loyal temper or conduct, [f. 
 OF loialte (prec, -ty)] 
 
 ld'zenge (-j), n. rhomb, diamond figure, esp. 
 as bearing in heraldry ; 1. -shaped shield for 
 spinster's or widow's arms ; 1. -shaped facet of 
 cut gem ; small tablet (orig. 1. -shaped) of flavour- 
 ed sugar, medicine, meat essence, &c, to be 
 dissolved in mouth; l.-shaped pane in case- 
 ment, [f. OF losenge, cf. Pr. lausa tombstone 
 perh. ult. f. L lapis stone] 
 
 lo'zenged, a. With lozenges of alternate 
 colours; with lozenge panes, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 £.s.d.(e"lesde'), n. Pounds, shillings, & pence; 
 money, riches ; L. S. De'ism, money- worship, 
 [see L, libra] 
 
 lu'bbep, n. Big clumsy stupid fellow, lo\it ; 
 clumsy seaman. Hence lu'bbePLiKE a., lu*b- 
 bePLY 1 » 2 a. & adv., lu'bberlixEss n. [prob. 
 f. or cogn. w. lob] 
 
 lu'bricate (loo-, lu-h v.t. Make slippery or 
 smooth by applying fluid or unguent; mini- 
 mize friction of (machinery) with grease &c. 
 (also fig.). Hence lu*bPicAXT(2) a. & n., lu*- 
 bpicatOR 2 (l,2), lubpie a tion, nn. [f. L lu- 
 bricare {lubricus slippery cogn. w. sup), -ate 3 ] 
 
 lubpi'eity, n. Slipperiness, smoothness, oili- 
 ness, (lit. & fig.) ; lewdness, wantonness. So 
 lubpi'eious, lu'bpieous, aa. [f. L lubricitas 
 (prec, -TY)j 
 
 Lu'can (lob-, lu-), a. Of St Luke. [f. L Lucas 
 Luke, -ax] 
 
 luce (loos, lus), n. Pike fish, esp. when full- 
 grown, [f. OF lus f. LL lucius] 
 
 lu*eent(16o-,lu-),a. Shining, luminous trans- 
 lucent. Hence Iu'cexcy n. [f. L lucere shine 
 (lux liuiis light), -ext] 
 
 lueep'ri(e) (loo-, lu), n. Cloverlike plant used 
 for fodder, [f. F luzerne etym. dub.] 
 
 Lucia'nic (loosi-). a. After the manner of 
 Lucian, witty & scoffing, [f. L f. Gk Loukianos, 
 writer of Greek dialogues c. 160 a.d., -ic] 
 
 lu'cid (loo-, lu-), a. Bright (poet.) ; (Entom., 
 Bot.) with smooth shining surface; clear, pel- 
 lucid, (usu. fig. of reasoning, literary style, &c. ); 
 I. interval, period of sanity between attacks of 
 madness, or of quiet between disturbances. 
 Hence or cogn. luei'diTY n., lu'eidLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L lucid us (lucent)] 
 
 Lu'eifep (loo-, lu-), n. (Planet Venus as) 
 morning star; (supposed name, see A.V. & 
 R.V. of Isa. xiv. 12, of) the chief rebel angel, 
 Satan, the devil, (as proud as L.) ; /. match or 
 I., friction match (now rare in educated use). 
 [L, light-bringing, morning star, (lux lucis 
 light, -fer f. ferre bring)] 
 
 luerfugous, a. (nat. hist.). Shunning day- 
 light, [f. L lucifugus {pvec.,fugere flee), -ous] 
 
 luck, n. (Chance as bestower of) good or ill 
 fortune, fortuitous events affecting one's inter- 
 ests, person's apparent tendency to be (unfor- 
 tunate, supposed tendency of chance to bring 
 a s\iccession of (un favourable events, (bad I. to 
 him &c..', form of imprecation ; down on one's 
 I., dispirited by misfortune, temporarily unfor- 
 tunate ; tr y one's L, make a venture at gaming- 
 table or in anything ; just my I., usu. = I am un- 
 lucky as usual ; worse I. parenth., more's the 
 pity, unfortunately forme or us); good fortune, 
 success due to chance, (have the I., be fortunate 
 enough to ; for I., to bring good 1. ; in, out of, L; 
 have no I.), whence lu'ekLESs a., lu'ckless- 
 ness n.; l.-money, -penny, piece of money kept 
 fori., also sum returned by seller to buyer esp. 
 in live-stock sale. [f. LG luk, short for geluk 
 cf. G gliick etym. dub.] 
 
 lu'ekily, adv. (As ordinary adv.) by luck 
 (rare) ; (as qualification of sentence or clause) 
 which is &c. a fortunate thing, thank good- 
 ness, (I. for me I was wrong ; on a snow-slope 
 ivhieh was I. in good order), [foil., -ly 2 ] 
 
 lu'eky 1 , a. Constantly attended by good 
 luck, enjoying it on a particular occasion, hav- 
 ing as much success or happiness as one de- 
 serves & more, (you're a I. dog, form of con- 
 gratulation esp. to accepted lover) ; right by 
 luck, of the nature of a fluke, (I. guess, hit, 
 shot), coming in the nick of time ; presaging, 
 bringing, worn &c. for, good luck, well-omen- 
 ed, (I. penny, stone, day) ; l.-bag at bazaars &c. 
 containing articles of more or less value for one 
 of which payer of small sum may dip. Hence 
 lu'ckixEssn. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 lu*cky 2 , n. (slang). Cid one's I., decamp, 
 make off. [?] 
 
 lu'cpative (lob-, lu-), a. Yielding gain, pro- 
 fitable. Hence lu'crativeLY 2 adv., lu*epa- 
 tivexESS n. [f. L lucrativus (lucrari to gain, 
 see foil., -ajtve)] 
 
 lucre (loo'ker, lu-), n. Pecuniary profit as 
 motive; filthj/ I. [f. L lucrum, cogn. w. Gk 
 apolauo enjoy, G lohn reward] 
 
 Lucpe*tia(-sh«), n. Model of chastity, woman 
 preferring honour to life, [see Livy i. 57-8] 
 
 lu'cubrate (loo-, lu-), v.i. Express one's 
 meditations in writing ; produce lucubrations. 
 Hence lu'eubpatoR 2 n. [f. L lucubrare work 
 by lamplight (lux lucis light), -ate 3 ] 
 
 iucubra'tion, n. Nocturnal study or medi- 
 tation ; literary work esp. of pedantic or elabo- 
 rate character._ [f. L lucubratio (prec, -atiox)] 
 
 lu'culent (loo-, lu-), a. (rare). Clear, convinc- 
 ing, lucid, (I. proof, instance, explanation). 
 Hence lu'eulentLY 2 adv. [f . L luculentus (lux 
 lucis light, -LENT)] 
 
 lu'cus a non luce'ndo (loo-, lu-), n. Para- 
 doxical derivation ; (transf.) reference of effect 
 toparadoxical cause, explanation by contraries. 
 [L, = lucus (grove) is derived from lucere (shine) 
 because it does not shine there] 
 
 Lud. My L., = my Lord in representations of 
 counsel's pronunciation in addressing judge. 
 
 Lu'ddite, n. & a. (Member) of band' of me- 
 chanics (1811-16) who raised riots for destruction 
 of machinery, [origin doubtful ; leaders were 
 called Captain Ludd] 
 
 lu'dicpous (loo-, lu-), a. Absurd, ridiculous, 
 exciting or deserving derision. Hence lu'di- 
 epousLv 2 adv.,lu*dicpousxESsn.,ludicpo- 
 comb. form. [f. L ludicrus prob. f. ludicrum 
 stage-play (ludere play)] 
 
 lues (loo'ez), n. Plague, contagious disease, 
 contagion, (I. Bosicelliana, biographer's ten- 
 dency to magnify his subject, see boswell) ; 
 (also I. venerea) syphilis, whence (irreg.) Iue*- 
 tic a. [L, gen it. luis] 
 
 luff, n., & v.i. & t. (naut.). Side of fore-&-aft 
 sail next mast 6r stay ; broadest part of ship's 
 bow where sides begin to curve in. (Vb) bring 
 ship's head, bring head of (ship), nearer wind, 
 turn (helm) so as to secure this ; (Yacht-racing) 
 get windward side of (opponent; luffing-match, 
 struggle for this), [prob. f. F lof some contriv- 
 ance for altering ship's course, cf. Du. loef] 
 
 lug" 1 , n. Large marine worm used as bait, 
 [perh. cogn. w. log l ] 
 
 lug -2 , n. = LUG-SAIL. 
 
 lug 3 , v.t. & i., & n. Drag or tug (heavy object) 
 with effort or violence; (intr.) pull hard at; 
 bring (subject &c) irrelevantly in or into ; force 
 (person ) along; (n. ) hard or rough pull, [cf . Sw. 
 lugga pull person's hair (lugg forelock)] 
 
 luge (as F), n., & v.i. Short raised toboggan 
 used in Switzerland ; (vb) toboggan in this. 
 
L.UGGAGE 
 
 489 
 
 LUNG 
 
 Ivfggage (-Ij), n. Traveller's baggage, port- 
 manteaus, boxes, &c. [LUG 3 , -AGE] 
 
 lu'g-g-ep, n. Small ship with four-cornered 
 sails set tore & aft. [prob. f. foil.] 
 
 lu'gr-sail (-si), n. Four-cornered sail bent on 
 yard slung at a third or quarter of its length 
 from one end. [?] 
 
 lugu'brious (loo-, lu-), a. Doleful, dismal, 
 mournful. Hence lugu'briousLY 2 adv., 
 lugirbPiousNESS n. [f. L lugubris (lugere 
 mourn), -ous] 
 
 lukewarm (loo'kwawm, lu-), a. & n. Mode- 
 rately warm, tepid ; not zealous, indifferent, 
 (n., 1. person). Hence lu'kewarmLY 2 adv., 
 lu'kewarmNESS n. [f. obs. luke tepid, cf. obs. 
 leiv, & ON hlyr warm] 
 
 lull, v.t. & i., & n. Soothe or send to sleep by 
 sounds or caresses, quiet (suspicion &c.) usu. by 
 deception ; (usu. pass.) quiet (sea, storm) ; hence 
 lu'lHnff l y 2 adv. ; (n. ) intermission in storm lit. 
 or fig. Tirhit. of sounds used in lullaby] 
 
 lu'llaby, n., & v.t. Soothing refrain or song 
 to put child to sleep ; (vb) sing to sleep, [prec, 
 -by as in bye-bve] 
 
 lumba'go, n. Rheumatic affection in loins. 
 Hence lumba'ginous (-j-), a. [L (lumbus loin)] 
 
 lu'mbar, a. & n. (Artery, vein, nerve, or ver- 
 tebra) of or in loin. [prec.j-AR 1 ] 
 
 lu'mber 1 , v.i. Move in clumsy blundering 
 noisy way {along, past, by, &c). Hence lu*m- 
 beriNG 2 a.,lu*mbeping'LY 2 adv., Urmber- 
 some a. [ME lomere perh. f. lame] 
 
 lu'mber 2 , n., & v.t. & i. Disused articles of 
 furniture &c. taking up room (l.-room, in which 
 such things are kept), useless or cumbrous ma- 
 terial ; superfluous fat ; roughly prepared tim- 
 ber (l.-earrier, boat in 1. -trade ; l.-mill, for saw- 
 ing L; lumberman, feller, dresser, or conveyer 
 of 1.; l.-scaler, one who measures 1.). (Vb) All 
 up inconveniently, obstruct, (room, place ; often 
 up, over) ; heap together, treat, as 1. ; cut & pre- 
 pare forest timber, whence lu'mbePER 1 n. 
 [prob. f. prec; or f. obs. lumber pawnbroker's 
 
 Shop (LOMBARD)] 
 
 lumbo-, comb, form of L lumbus loin, as -ab- 
 do'minal of loins & abdomen. 
 
 lu'mbrical, a. & n. L. muscle or L, one of 
 the muscles flexing fingers or toes. [f. L lum- 
 bricus earthworm, w. ref. to the shape] 
 
 Urminapy (loo-, lu), n. Natural light-giving 
 body, esp. sun or moon ; person of intellectual, 
 moral, or spiritual eminence, person of light & 
 leading, [f. F luminaire f. med.L luminarium 
 (L lumen -inis light, -ary l )] 
 
 lumini'ferous, a. Producing or transmit- 
 ting light, [prec., -ferous] 
 
 hrminous (loo-, lu-), a. Emitting or full of 
 light, bright, shining, (I. paint, phosphorescent 
 kind making thing conspicuous at night), 
 whence lumino 'sit Yn.; (of writers &c.) thro w- 
 inglight upon subject. Hence lu'minousNESS 
 n., lu'minousLY 2 adv. [f. Lluminosus(lumen 
 -inis light, -ous)] 
 
 lump i, n., & v.t. & i. Compact shapeless or 
 unshapely mass (I. in throat, feeling of pressure 
 caused by emotion; is a l.of selfishness, is selfish 
 through & through); great quantity, lot, heap; 
 mass of clay or dough ready for moulding or 
 baking; protuberance, excrescence, swelling, 
 bruise; heavy dull person; in the I., taking 
 things as a whole, in gross, wholesale ; I. sugar, 
 loaf sugar broken or cut into 11. or cubes ; I. sum, 
 covering number of items, also paid down at 
 once (opp. instalments). (Vb) put together in 
 one 1., mass together, treat as all alike, disre- 
 gard differences between or among, (together, 
 tvith, in with, under title &c); lay whole of 
 (sum) on horse, event, &c. ; rise or collect (intr.) 
 
 into 11. ; go heavily along, sit heavily doum. 
 [cf. Du. lomp rag] 
 
 lump 2 , n. Uncouth spiny-finned leaden-blue 
 fish clinging tightly to objects by sucking-disk 
 on belly, [cf. MLG lumpen, MDu. lompe ; perh 
 f. prec, but the G & Du. forms are found earlier] 
 
 lump 3 , v.t. Be displeased at, put up with 
 ungraciously, (now only in if you don't like it 
 <you may I. it), [earlier = sulk ; prob. imit.] 
 
 lu'mper, n. Labourer employed in (unload- 
 ing cargoes ; small contractor taking work in 
 the lump & giving it out in the piece ; classifier 
 who avoids minute subdivision, [lump 1 , -er 1 ] 
 
 lu-mpingr, a. (colloq.). Big, plentiful, (I. 
 weight, good weight), [lump 1 , -ing 2 ] 
 
 lu'mpish, a. Heavy & clumsy ; stupid, le- 
 thargic. Hence lu'mplshLY 2 adv., lu*mp- 
 ishNESS n. [lump \ -ish l ] 
 
 lu'mpy, a. Full of or covered with lumps ; 
 (of water) cut up by wind into small waves. 
 Hence lu'mpiLY 2 adv., lu'mpiNESS n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 lu'naey (loo-, lu-), n. Being a lunatic, insanity 
 (formerly of the intermittent kind attributed to 
 changes of moon), (Law) such mental unsound- 
 ness as interferes with civil rights or trans- 
 actions (Commission of I., authorization of in- 
 quiry into person's sanity ; Commissioner in I., 
 member of board of ten for inspecting asylums 
 &c; Master in I., officer investigating case of 
 alleged lunacy) ; great folly, [lunatic, -acy] 
 
 lu'nar (loo-, lu-), a. & n. Of, in, as of, the 
 moon (I. cycle ; I. distance, of moon from sun, 
 planet, or star, used in finding longitude at sea ; 
 I. month, interval between new moons about 
 29£ days, pop. period of four weeks ; I. nodes, at 
 which moon's orbit cuts ecliptic ; I. observation, 
 finding of longitude by 1. distance ; I. politics, 
 unpractical questions ; I. rainbow, made by 
 moon's rays) ; (of light, glory, &c) pale, feeble; 
 crescent-shaped, lunate, (esp. I. bone in wrist) ; 
 of or containing silver (from alchemists' use of 
 Zimamoon for silver ; I. caustic, nitrate of silver 
 fused). IN.) 1. distance or observation ; 1. bone, 
 [f. L lunaris (luna moon, -ar l )] 
 
 lunar'ian, n. Inhabitant of moon ; astro- 
 nomer or navigator with special knowledge of 
 the moon, [prec, -ian] 
 
 lu'nate (loo-, lu-), a. (nat. hist.). Crescent- 
 shaped, [f. hjunatus (luna moon, -ate 2 )] 
 
 lu'natic (loo-, lu-), a. & n. Insane (person ; 
 see lunacy), mad(man) ; (of actions &c.) out- 
 rageously foolish, frantic, mad ; eccentric, fool- 
 ish, (person) ; I. asylum, hospital for reception 
 & treatment of 11. [f. LL lunaticus (luna moon, 
 
 -ATIC)] 
 
 luna'tion, n. Time from one new moon to 
 next. [f. med.L lunatio (prec, -ation)] 
 lunch (tsh), n., & v.i. & t, lu'neheon 
 
 (-tshn), n., (-ch now usu. exc in formal or cere- 
 monious use). (With late diners) midday meal ; 
 (with midday diners) light refreshment taken 
 between breakfast & dinner. (Vb ; -ch) take 1.; 
 provide 1. for. [etym., & relation between 
 forms, doubtful ; both had earlier sense lump 
 (of bread, meat, &c), & lunch may be related 
 to it as hunch, bunch, to hump, bump] 
 
 lune (loon, lun), n. (geoin.). Figure formed on 
 sphere or plane by two arcs enclosing space. 
 [F, f. L luna moon] 
 
 lune'tte (loo-, lu-), n. Arched aperture in 
 concave ceilingto admit light ; crescent-shaped 
 or semicircular space in dome or ceiling deco- 
 rated with painting &c; (Fortif.) work larger 
 than redan, with two faces & two flanks ; watch- 
 glass of flattened shape ; hole for neck in guil- 
 lotine. [F (prec, -ette)] 
 
 lung, n. Either of the pair of breathing- 
 organs in man & most vertebrates (good ll. r 
 
 16* 
 
LUNGE 
 
 490 
 
 LUXURIOUS 
 
 strong voice ; 11. of London Sec, open spaces in 
 or- close to great city ; 11. of oak, lungwort ; 
 l.-fish, having 11. as well as gills ; l.-power, 
 power of voice ; lungwort, plant of borage kind 
 with white-spotted leaves likened to diseased 
 L, (also 11. of oak) kind of lichen supposed to be 
 good for 1. -disease. Hence -lungED 2 , lu'ng 1 - 
 less, aa. [OE lunge n, cf. Du. long, G lunge, 
 cogn. w. Gk elaphros light 4 (named from 
 lightness of substance), & see lights] 
 lunge 1 , long-e, (-j). n., & v.t. Long rope 
 with which horse-breaker holds horse while he 
 makes it canter in circle ; circular exercise- 
 ground for training horses ; (vb) exercise (horse) 
 with or in 1. [F longe halter (L lotigus long l )] 
 lunge 2 (-j), n., & v.i. Thrust with sword &c. 
 esp. in fencing ; sudden forward movement, 
 plunge, rush. (Vb) make 1. in fencing, deliver 
 blow from shoulder in boxing, (at ; out) ; (of 
 horse) kick out; drive (weapon, sting, &c.) 
 violently in some direction ; rush, make sudden 
 start in some direction, [f. earlier allonge, F, f. 
 allonger lengthen (a to, long : )] 
 luniso'lar (loo-, lu-), a. Of sun & moon (I. 
 period, of 532 years between agreements of 
 solar & lunar cycles ; I. year, with divisions 
 regulated by changes of moon, & average length 
 made to agree with sun's revolution), [f. L 
 luna moon, -i-, L sol sun, -ar 1 ] 
 lu'nkah (ngka), n. Kind of strong Indian 
 cheroot, [f. Hind, lanka islands <<"»f delta where 
 the tobacco is grown)] 
 luny. See loony. 
 
 lu'pinCe 1 ) (loo-, lu-), n. Kinds of garden & 
 fodder plant with long tapering spikes of blue, 
 purple, white, or yellow flowers ; (usu. pi.) seed 
 of these, [f. L lupinus] 
 
 lu'pine 2 (loo-, lu-), a. Of wolf or wolves, 
 wolflike. [f. L lupinus (lupus wolf, -ine 1 )] 
 . lu'pus (loo-, lu-), n. Ulcerous disease of skin. 
 Hence lu'poro, lu'pous, aa. [L, = wolf] 
 lurch x (-tsh), n. Leaveinthe I., desert (friend, 
 ally) in difficulties, [formerly = state of score in 
 some games in which winner was far ahead of 
 loser, f. F lourche game like backgammon, also 
 bad defeat in this] 
 
 lurch 2 (-tsh), n., & v.i. Sudden lean to one 
 side, stagger ; (vb) make lurch(es), stagger. [?] 
 lup'ehep (-tsh-), n. Petty thief, swindler; 
 spy ; cross-bred dog between collie or sheep-dog 
 & greyhound, used esp. by poachers, [f. obs. 
 lurch vb var. of lurk] 
 
 lupe (lur), n., & v.t. Falconer's apparatus for 
 recalling hawk (bunch of feathers, within which 
 it finds its food while being trained, attached 
 to thong); something used to entice. (Vb) 
 recall (hawk) with 1.; entice (person, animal; 
 usu. away or into), [f. OF leurre, cf. It. logoro 
 bait, prob. f. Teut. (G luder bait)] 
 lup'id, a. Ghastly, wan, glaring, unnatural, 
 stormy, terrible, in colour or combination of 
 colours or lights (of complexion, landscape, sky, 
 lightning, thunder-clouds, smoky flame, glance, 
 &c; casts a I. light on facts or character, ex- 
 plains or reveals them in a tragic or terrible 
 way); (Bot. &c.) of dingy yellowish brown. 
 Hence lup'idLY 2 adv., lup'idNESs n. [f. L 
 luridus pale-yellow] 
 
 lurk, v.i., & n. Be hidden in, render, about, 
 Sec; escape notice, exist unobserved, be latent ; 
 lurking-place, hiding-place, [perh. cogn. w. 
 lour ; cf . LG lurken shuffle along, Norw. lurka 
 loiter in work] 
 
 lu'scious (-shits), a. Richly sweet in taste or 
 smell ; sickly sweet, cloying ; (of language or 
 literary style) over-rich in sound, imagery, or 
 voluptuous suggestion. Hence Iu'sciously 2 
 adv., lu'sciousNESS n. [?] 
 
 lush J , a. Luxuriant & succulent (of plants, 
 esp. grass). [?] 
 
 lush 2 , n., & v. t. & i., (slang). Liquor, drink. 
 (Vb) ply with liquor ; drink. I?] 
 lu'shy, a. (slang). Drunk, l-v 2 ] 
 lust, n.,& v.i. (Bibl.,Theol.) sensuous appetite 
 regarded as sinful ; animal desire for sexual in- 
 dulgence, lascivious passion, whence lu'stFUL 
 a., lu'stfulNESS n. ; passionate enjoyment or 
 desire of (I. of battle, conquest, accumulation, 
 applause) ; (vb) have strong or excessive desire 
 (usu. after or for). [com.-Teut. ; so Du. & G] 
 lu'st'pal, a. Of, used in, ceremonial purifica- 
 tion, [f. L lustralis (lustrum, -al)] 
 lustra'te, v. t. Purify by expiatory sacrifice, 
 ceremonial washing, or other such rite. So 
 lustPA'TiONn. [f. hlustrare (lustrum), -ate 3 ] 
 lu'stpe 1 (-ter), n., & v.t. Gloss, refulgence, 
 shining surface, brilliance, bright light, radiant 
 beauty, whence lu'stpeLESS, lu'stpous aa., 
 lu*stPOUSLY 2 adv.; splendour, glory, distinc- 
 tion, (add I. to, throw or shed I. on) ; (prismatic 
 glass pendant of) chandelier ; thin dress-mate- 
 rial with cotton warp, woollen woof, & lustrous 
 surface ; kind of wool with lustrous surface ; 
 (vb) put 1. on (cloth, pottery, &c). [F (J lustrare 
 illumine, prob. f. lux lucis light)] 
 lu'stpe 2 (-ter), n. = lustrum. 
 lu'stPine, n. Glossy silk fabric, [lustpjc j ] 
 lu "strum, n. (pi. -a, -urns). Period of five 
 years. [L, orig. purificatory sacrifice after quin- 
 quennial census, prob. f. luere wash] 
 lu'sty, a. Healthy & strong ; vigorous, lively. 
 Hence lu'stiHOOD, lu'stiNESS, nn., lu'stiLY 2 
 adv. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 lu'sus ncttur'ae (lob-, lu-), n. Freak of na- 
 ture, strikingly abnormal natural production, 
 snort. [L] 
 
 lu'tanist (lob-, lu-), n. Lute-player, [f. med.L 
 lutanista (lutana lute 1 , -ist)] 
 lute 1 (loot, lut), n. Guitar-like instrument 
 used in 14th-17th centuries (rift within the I., 
 first sign of coming discord or madness), [f. F 
 lid f. Arab, al'ud (al the, 'ud lute, orig. wood)] 
 lute 2 (loot, lut), n., & v.t. Clay or cement 
 used to stop hole, make joint airtight, coat cru- 
 cible, protect graft, &c. ; (vb) apply 1. to. Hence 
 lu'tiNG M3) n. [f. OF lut f. L lidum mud] 
 luteo- (loo-, lu-), comb, form of L luteus 
 orange -coloured (lutum weld), as -fu'lvous 
 orange-tawny. 
 
 lu'teous, a. (nat. hist.). Of deep orange yel- 
 low, [prec, -ousj 
 
 lutestring" (loo-, lu-), n. Glossy silk fabric, 
 [perh. assim. of obs. lustring var. of lustrine 
 to lute, string] 
 
 Lute'tian (lob-, lu-), a. Parisian, [f. L Lxdetia 
 ancient name of _Paris, -an] 
 Lutheran (loo-, lu-), a. & n. (Follower) of 
 Martin Luther, (member) of Church accepting 
 the Augsburg confession. Hence Lu'theran- 
 ism(3) n., Lu*thepanizE(2) v.i., (3) v.t. [-an] 
 luxa'te, v.t. Dislocate (joint Sec). Hence 
 1uxa"tion n. [f. L luxare (luxus dislocated f. 
 Gk loxos), -ATE 3 ] 
 
 luxe (F), n. De I., of unusual sumptuousness 
 (Mition de I.) or comfort (train de I.). 
 luxuriant, a. Prolific (lit., & of imagina- 
 tion &c.) ; profuse of growth, exuberant, rank; 
 (of literary or artistic style) florid, richly orna- 
 mented. Hence IuxupIance n., luxupi*- 
 antLY 2 adv. [f. L luxuriare grow rank (luxu- 
 ria luxury), -ant] 
 
 luxuriate, v.i. Revel, enjoy oneself, in or 
 on ; take one's ease, be luxurious, [prec, -ate 3 ] 
 luxurious, a. Given, contributing, to luxu- 
 ry, self-indulgent, voluptuous, very comfort- 
 able. Hence luxupi'ousLY 2 adv., luxup'i- 
 
LUXURY 
 
 491 
 
 M 
 
 ousness n. [f. OF luxurius f. L luxuriosus 
 (foil., -ous)] 
 
 lirxupy (-kshcri), n. (Habitual use of) choice 
 or costly food, dress, furniture, &c. ; thing that 
 one enjoys ; thing desirable but not indispens- 
 able ; luxuriousness. [f. OF luxurie f. L luxuria 
 \luxus abundance)] 
 
 -ly 1 , suf. f. OE -lie, cf. OHG -lik, G -lich, f. 
 OTeut. -liko- {Itkom form). The suf. forms adjj. 
 f. nn. w. sense having the qualities of (kingly, 
 scholarly, soldierly), or w. sense of recurrence 
 (daily, hourly). 
 
 -ly 2 , suf. forming advv., f. OE -lice (cf. OHG 
 -licho, G -lich) f. OTeut. -liko- (prec.) + adv. suf. 
 -6. In OTeut. an adv. in -ly implies the exis- 
 tence of an adj. in -ly 1 ; but even in OE the suf. 
 (in the form -lice) was added to other adjj., & 
 later became the usu. ending for advv. Down 
 to 17th c. adv. -ly was added even to adjj. in -ly, 
 the orig. -liko being thus doubly represented ; 
 these advv. in -lily are now avoided as awk- 
 ward, & as the adv. use of the adj. (to live god- 
 ly) is also avoided, adjj. in -ly have in ordinary 
 use no corr. adv. Partly is a solitary formation 
 on n. Wds in -le have -ly for -lely (feebly, sup- 
 ply, not feeblely, supplely). 
 
 lyea'nthpopy, n. Transformation of witch 
 into a wolf ; form of madness in which patient 
 imagines himself some beast & exhibits de- 
 praved appetites, change of voice, &c. [f. Gk 
 lukanthropia (lukos wolf, anthropos man, -Y 1 )] 
 
 lycee (le'sa), n. State secondary school in 
 France. [F] 
 
 Lyee'um, n. Garden at Athens in which 
 Aristotle taught, Aristotle's philosophy & fol- 
 lowers (cf. academy, porch) ; literary institu- 
 tion, lecture-hall, teaching-place. [L, f. Gk Lu- 
 keion neut. of Lnkeios epithet of Apollo (from 
 whose neighbouring temple the L. was named)] 
 
 lyeh. See lich. 
 
 lychnis (lik-), n. Genus of plants including 
 Campion & Ragged Robin. [L, f. Gk lukhnis 
 red flower (lukhnos lamp)] 
 
 ly'copod, -po'dium, n. Clubmoss ; (-ium 
 only) fine powder from kind of 1. used as ab- 
 sorbent in surgery, & in making stage-light- 
 ning, [-d anglicized f. -ium mod.L (Gk lukos 
 wolf, pons podos foot)] 
 
 lyddite, n. High explosive chiefly of picric 
 acid used in shells. [Lydd in Kent, -ite l ] 
 
 Ly'dian, a. & n. (Language, inhabitant) of 
 Lydia , ancient division of Asia Minor ; L. mode, 
 of effeminate plaintive character, [f. L f. Gk 
 Ludios, -an] 
 
 lye (li), n. Water alkalized by lixiviation of 
 vegetable ashes, any strong alkaline solution 
 esp. for washing, any detergent. [OE Uog cf. 
 Du. loog, G lauge, prob. cogn. w. lather] 
 
 lying- 1 , n. In vbl senses of lie 2 ' 3 ; also: 
 place to lie (soft, dry, I.); l.-in, being in child- 
 birth (also attrib., as l.-in hospital), [-ing ! ] 
 
 lying- 2 , a. In vbl senses of lie 2 ' 3 ; esp.: de- 
 ceitful, false, whence lyingLY 2 adv.; -I., 
 placed, as low-l. land, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 lyke-wake, n. Watch kept at night over 
 dead body, [lich, wake 2 ] 
 
 lyme-gpass, n. Kind of grass planted on 
 sand to keep it from shifting, [perh. f. lime 1 
 w. ref. to its binding effect] 
 
 lymph, n. Pure water (poet.) ; (Physiol.) 
 colourless alkaline fluid from tissues or organs 
 of body, like blood but without red corpuscles; 
 exudation from sore &c, (also vaccine I.) matter 
 taken from cowpox vesicles & used in vaccina- 
 tion, other morbid matter used for similar pur- 
 pose. Hence lymphous a. [f. L lympha 
 water prob. cogn. w. limpidt<s] 
 
 lympha'tie, a. & n. Of, secreting, convey- 
 
 ing, lymph (I. glanil, vessel; I. system, these 
 glands & vessels) ; (of persons or temperament) 
 flabby-muscled, pale-skinned, sluggish, (quali- 
 ties formerly attributed to excess of lymph) ; 
 (n.) vein-like vessel conveying lymph, [f. L 
 lymphaticus mad (lympha see prec. ; the L sense 
 perh. due to supposed connexion w. Gk numphe 
 nymph, which affected spelling of lympha) as 
 though = of water] 
 
 lynee'an, a. Lynx-eyed, keensighted. [f. L 
 f. Gk lugkeios (lugx lynx), -an ; often also w. 
 ref. to Lynceus the keen-sighted Argonaut] 
 
 lynch, n., & v.t. L. law (L- or 1-), procedure 
 of self-constituted illegal court that summarily 
 executes person charged with flagrant offence; 
 Judge L., imaginary authority to whom sen- 
 tences are attributed ; (vb) execute (person) 
 thus. [orig. U.S., earlier Lynch 's law, doubt- 
 fully referred to Charles L., J. P. in Virginia, 
 indemnified 1782 for illegally punishing persons] 
 
 lynx, n. Kinds of animal of the cat tribe 
 with tufted ear-tips, short tail, spotted fur, & 
 proverbially keen sight ; 1. fur ; l.-eyed, sharp- 
 sighted. [L, f. Gk lugx, cf. G luchs, prob. cogn. 
 w. Gk leusso see] 
 
 Lyon, n. (Also L. King of A rms) chief her- 
 ald of Scotland, [archaic for lion ; named f. 
 lion on royal shield] 
 
 Lyp'a, n. Northern constellation. [L, f. Gk 
 lura lyre] 
 
 Lyp*aid, Lyp*id, n. (usu. pi.). Meteor(s) 
 radiating from Lyra about 20 Apr. [-id 2 ] 
 
 lyp'ate, a. (nat. hist.). Lyre-shaped, [-ate 2 ] 
 
 lype, n. Obsolete instrument of harp kind 
 but of size fit forholding up in left hand, & with 
 strings supported by two symmetrically curved 
 horns, chiefly used for accompanying voice ; L- 
 b'ird, Australian bird with 1. -shaped tail. So 
 lyp*iST(3) n. [f. L f. Gk lura] 
 
 ly'pie, a. & n. Of or for the lyre, meant to be 
 sung ; of the nature of, expressed or fit to be 
 expressed in, song (l. drama,the I. stage, opera); 
 (of poem) expressing writer's own thoughts & 
 sentiments usu. at no great length & in stanzas 
 or strophes, (of poet) writing in this manner ; 
 (n.)l. poem, (pi.) 1. verses. Hence lypieo- comb. 
 form._ [f. L f. Gk lurikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 lypieal, a. = prec. (now rare) ; resembling, 
 couched in or using language appropriate to, 
 lyric poetry. Hence lypiealLY^ adv. [-al] 
 
 lyricism, n. Lyric character or(w. pi.) ex- 
 pression ; high-flown sentiments, [-ism] 
 
 M 
 
 M, m, (em), letter (pi. Ms, M's). (As nu- 
 meral) 1,000, as MMCI 2,101, MCMLI 1,951. 
 
 Abbreviations (1): (M.): mark (coin) : Master, 
 as M.A. (of Arts), M.C. (of Ceremonies), 
 M.F.H. (of Foxhounds) ; Medicinae, of medi- 
 cine, as M.B. (Baccalaureus Bachelor), M.D. 
 (Doctor); Member, as M.P. (of Parliament), 
 M.R.C.S. (of Royal College of Surgeons), 
 M.V.O. (of Victorian Order) ; Monsieur, pi. 
 MM., Messieurs, (m.) masculine; metre(s) ; 
 mile(s) ; minute(s). 
 
 Abbreviations (2): Maec.(abees); Mal.(achi); 
 Mass.(achusetts) ; Matt.(hew) ; Md., Mary- 
 land ; Me., Maine ; Me, Maitre (F advocate's 
 title); mem.(orandum) ; Messrs, see mr; 
 mg., milligram(s); mm., millimetre(s); Mgp, 
 Monsignor, pi. Mgps ; Mie.(ah) : Mieh.(igan); 
 Miss.(issippi) ; Mk, mark (coin) ; Mile, Made- 
 moiselle, pi. Miles; Mme, Madame, pi. 
 Mmes; Mo., Missouri; Mon.(mouthshire) ; 
 Mont.(ana) ; MS(S)., manuscript(s) ; Mt, 
 Mount ; Mus.(icae) Bae.(caZaurews), Doc, 
 Bachelor, Doctor, of Music. 
 
-M 
 
 492 
 
 mademoiselle: 
 
 -m, -ma, -me, suf. in nn. taken f. Gk (-ma 
 ■matos), usu. expr. result of verbal action ; as 
 phlegm, poem, comma, coma, scheme, theme. 
 Adjj. formed on these show the -at- of the Gk 
 stem {phlegmatic, comatose). 
 ma (man), n. (vulg.). = mamma 1 . 
 ma'am (mahm, mam, mm), n. Madam (esp. 
 used at Court in addressing Queen or royal 
 princess, pr. mahm, or by servants, pr. mm), 
 maca'bre (-ahbr), a. Danse m., dance of 
 death ; grim, gruesome. [F, peril, corrupt, of 
 OF Macabi Maccabee] 
 
 maca'eo 1 , n. Monkey of genus Macacus. 
 [Port., = monkey] 
 
 maca'eo 2 , n. Kinds of lemur. [?] 
 maca'dam, a. & n. (Of roads) made in the 
 manner & with the materials advocated by J. 
 L. McAdam (d. 1836), i.e. with successive layers 
 of broken stone of nearly uniform size, each 
 subjected to pressure of traffic before next is 
 laid ; such material. Hence maea'damiZE 
 v.t., macadamizATiON n. 
 macapo'ni, n. Wheaten paste formed into 
 long tubes, used as food; (Hist.) 18th-c. exquisite 
 affecting continental tastes, whence maea- 
 PO'niSM n. [f. It. maccaroni, etym. dub.] 
 macard'nie, a. & n. pi. (Verses) of burlesque 
 form containing Latin (or other foreign) words 
 & vernacular words with Latin &c. termina- 
 tions ; medley, [f. prec. + -ic] 
 macaroo'n, n. Small cake or biscuit of 
 ground almonds, white of egg, sugar, &c. [f. F 
 macaron (as macaroxi)] 
 macap'tney, n. Kind of pheasant. [George, 
 Earl M., d. 1806] 
 
 maca'ssap, a. & n. M. (oil), kind of hair 
 oil. [f. Mangkasara, in island of Celebes] 
 macaw 1 , n. Kinds of parrot, [f. Port. 
 macao, etym. dub.] 
 
 macaw" 2 , n. Kinds of palm. [prob. Carib] 
 
 Maceabe'an, a. Of the Maccabees, Jewish 
 
 princes who freed Judaea from tyranny of 
 
 Antiochus Epiphanes, c. 166 B.C. [f. L f. Gk 
 
 Makkabaios] 
 
 ma'ccaboy, -baw, n. Kind of snuff, usu. 
 scented with attar of roses, [f. Macouba, dis- 
 trict in Martinique] 
 
 mace 1 , n. (Hist.) heavy usu. metal-headed 
 & spiked club ; staff of office resembling this ; 
 m.-bearer, official carrying this staff ; stick used 
 in bagatelle. [OF, f . L *mattea whence matteola 
 (prob. ) = mallet] 
 
 mace 2 , n. Dried outer covering of nutmeg, 
 used as spice, [f. F macis, etym. dub.] 
 ma'eerate, v.t. & i. Soften by soaking ; 
 waste away by fasting. So maeePA'Tiox n. 
 [f. L macerare, perh. cogn. w. Gk masso knead, 
 see -ate 3 ] 
 
 Ma'ehiavel (-k-), n. Unscrupulous schemer ; 
 one who practises duplicity in statecraft, 
 whence Maehiave'lliAx a., Maehiave'll- 
 ism n. [f. Niccolo Machiavelli, Florentine 
 statesman, author of work del Principe, in 
 which unscrupulous statecraft is advocated] 
 machi'colate (-tsh-), v.t. Furnish (parapet 
 &c.) with openings between supporting corbels 
 for dropping stones &c. on assailants. Hence 
 machicolATiON n. [f. med.L machicolare - 
 OF machecoller, conn. w. foil.] 
 machicoulis (mahshlkdovli), n. Machicola- 
 tion, [f. F machicoulis] 
 
 ma'ehinate <-k-), v.i. Lay plots, intrigue. 
 So machinA"TiON, ma'ehinatOR 2 , nn. [f. 
 L machinari contrive (as foil.), see -ate 3 ] 
 machi'ne (-shen), n. Apparatus for apply- 
 ing mechanical power, having several parts 
 each with definite function (the kind often 
 being specified, as sewing, printing, -m.) ; bi- 
 
 cycle, tricycle; bathing-m. (see bathe 1 ); per- 
 son who acts mechanically & without intelli- 
 gence, or with unfailing regularity ; (Mech.) 
 instrument that transmits force or directs its 
 application, as simple m., one without parts, 
 e.g. lever ; controlling political organization 
 (esp. in U.S.) ; m.-gun, mounted gun mechani- 
 cally loaded & fired, delivering continuous fire ; 
 m.-made, made by m. [F, f. L machina f. Gk 
 mekhane f. mekhos contrivance, cogn. w. may] 
 
 machi'nepy (-she), n. Machines ; works of 
 a machine, mechanism ; contrivances, esp. 
 supernatural persons & incidents, used in liter- 
 ary work. [f. prec. + -ery] 
 
 machinist (-she-), n. One who makes or 
 controls machinery ; one who works (esp. sew- 
 ing-) machine, [f . prec. + -ist] 
 
 ma'ckepel, n. Sea-fish used as food & ap- 
 proaching shore in shoals in summer to spawn ; 
 m.-breeze, -gale, (strong, & so favourable to m.- 
 catching) ; m.-sky (dappled with small white 
 fleecy clouds), [f. OF makerel, etym. dub.] 
 
 mackintosh, n. Waterproof material of 
 rubber & cloth for garments, esp. that patented 
 by C. Macintosh (d. 1843) ; cloak, coat, of this. 
 
 ma'ele, n. Twin crystal ; dark spot in min- 
 eral. [F, f. maculaI 
 
 macpa'me (-rahmi), n. Fringe, trimming, 
 of knotted thread or cord. [prob. f. Turk. 
 maqrama towel] 
 
 macro- in comb. = Gk makros long, large, 
 as: -cepha'lic, long, large, -headed ; -cosnx, the 
 great world, the universe, (cf. microcosm), any 
 great whole ; -meter, instrument for measuring 
 distant objects ; -sco'pic, visible to naked eye. 
 
 ma'cpon, n. Mark placed over vowel (a) to 
 show that it is long. [Gk, neut. adj. as prec] 
 
 ma'cula, n. (pi. -ae). Dark spot in sun ; spot 
 in mineral ; spot, esp. permanent one, in skin, 
 whence ma'eulAR 1 a., maculA'TiON n. [L] 
 
 mad x , a. Out of one's mind, insane ; (of per- 
 son or conduct; wildly foolish ; like m., furious- 
 ly, violently, as Iran like m. ; wildly excited, 
 infatuated, (after, about, for, on, thing, sub- 
 ject, &c.) ; (cofloq.) annoyed, as I was rather m. 
 at missing my train; (of animals) rabid; (Prov.) 
 m. as a March hare, as a hatter; extravagant, 
 wild, in gaiety : madcap, wildly impulsive per- 
 son ; m.-doctor (treating the m.) ; madhouse, 
 lunatic asylum ; madman, -woman, m. person. 
 Hence ma'dLY 2 adv., ma'dNESS n. [OE 
 gem-kd(e)d, p.p. of ge?n&danma.ke mad (gemad 
 mad, cf. OS gimed foolish, OHG gameit, & L 
 
 mutare change)] 
 
 mad 2 , v.t. & i. (rare). Make mad ; be mad, 
 act madly, as the madding crowd (as quot. 
 from Gray's Elegy, now often taken as = dis- 
 tracting), [f. prec] 
 
 ma'dam, n. Polite formal address to woman, 
 [f. OF ma dame my lady] 
 
 mctdame (madah'm, ma'dam), F form of 
 prec. as title or form of address, [as prec] 
 
 ma'dden, v.t. & i. Make, become, mad; 
 irritate. Hence ma'ddeningLY 2 adv. [f. 
 
 MAD 1 +-EN 6 ] 
 
 ma'ddep, n. Herbaceous climbing plant 
 with yellowish flowers ; dye got from this. 
 [OE msedere, cf. Swed. madra, Norw. modra] 
 
 made, a. P.p. of make. Special uses : m. 
 dish (of several ingredients) ; m. gravy (artifici- 
 ally compounded) ; a m. man, one whose suc- 
 cess in life is assured; (of person &c) well, 
 stoutly, loosely^_powerfully, -m. (built, formed). 
 
 Madeip'a (-era), n. Island in Atlantic Ocean; 
 white wine there produced ; M. cake, kind of 
 sponge-cake. [Port., f. L materia matter, 
 timber, from its thick woods] 
 
 ma</emo/se//e (madamaze'l, or as F), n.(pl. 
 
MADIA 
 
 493 
 
 MAGNIFICENT 
 
 mesdemoiselles, pron. ma-). Title applied to 
 unmarried Frenchwoman. [F] 
 
 ma'dia, n. Plant allied to Sunflower; m. 
 oil (got from its seed, & made into cake for 
 cattle), [f. Chil. madi] 
 
 mado'nna, n. (Picture, statue, of) Virgin 
 Mary ; M. lily (white, as in pictures of M.). [It. 
 (ma = viia my + donna lady f. L domina)] 
 
 madra'sah (a), medre'sseh (a), n. Mo- 
 hammedan college. [Arab, (-sah) f. darasa v. 
 study] 
 
 ma'dpepope, n. Genus of perforate corals ; 
 animal producing these. Hence madrepoT- 
 ic, madrepop'iFOKM, aa. [f. It. madrepora 
 (madre mother + poro, coral-like but porous 
 substance)] 
 
 ma'drigal (-gl), n. Short amatory poem ; 
 part-song for several voices,prop. with elaborate 
 contrapuntal imitation & without instrumental 
 accompaniment. Hence madriga'liAN a. 
 [f. It. madrigale, etym. dub.] 
 
 Maece'nas, n. Generous patron of literature 
 or art. [M., patron of Horace & Virgil] 
 
 mae'lstpom (mal-), n. Whirlpool on W. 
 coast of Norway; great whirlpool (lit. & fig.). 
 [Du. (malen grind + stroom stream)] 
 
 mae'nad, n. Bacchante, [f. L f . Gkmainas 
 -ados f. mainomai rave] 
 
 maesto'so (mah-), adv. (mus.). Majestic- 
 ally. [It.] 
 
 mae'stro,r\. Great musical composer, teach- 
 er, or conductor. [It.] 
 
 ma'ffick, v.i. Exult riotously, [back-forma- 
 tion f. Maf eking (relief of which in 1900 was cele- 
 brated extravagantly in London &c), treated 
 as gerund] 
 
 mafra (-ea), n. Hostility to law & its minis- 
 ters among Sicilian population, often shown 
 in crimes ; those who share in this. [Sicil.] 
 
 mag, n. (slang). Halfpenny. [?] 
 
 magazi'ne (-zen), n. Store for arms, ammuni- 
 tion, & provisions, in time of war ; store for 
 gunpowder or other explosives ; m. gun (with 
 chamber containing supply of cartridges fed 
 automatically to the breech); periodical publi- 
 cation containing articles by various writers, 
 [f. F magasin f. Arab, makhasia pi. of inakh- 
 zan storehouse (khazana store up)] 
 
 Ma'gdalen, -lene (-en), n. Reformed prosti- 
 tute. [Mary Magdalene of Magdala (Luke 
 viii. 2) identified with the sinner oiLuke vii. 37] 
 
 mage, n. (archaic). Magician ; learned per- 
 son, [f. MAGUS] 
 
 mage'nta, n. Brilliant crimson aniline dye, 
 discovered soon after battle at M. in N. Italy 
 (1859). 
 
 ma'ggot, n. Larva, esp. of cheese-fly & blue- 
 bottle ; red in., (larva of wheat-midge) ; -whim- 
 sical fancy, esp. in. in one's head. Hence 
 ma'ggotY 2 a. [prob. conn. w. ME madhek 
 in same sense] 
 
 Magi. See magus. 
 
 Ma'gian, a. & n. (One) of the Magi ; magi- 
 cian. Hence Ma'gianiSM(3) n. [-ian] 
 
 majgie, a. & n. (Of) the pretended art of in- 
 fluencing course of events by occult control of 
 nature or of spirits, witchcraft ; black, white, 
 m. (involving, not involving, invocation of de- 
 vils) ; inexplicable or remarkable influence pro- 
 ducing surprising results ; m. square, one di- 
 vided into smaller squares containing each a 
 number, so arranged that sum of a row, verti- 
 cal, horizontal, or diagonal, is always same ; 
 ra. lantern, optical instrument throwing mag- 
 nified image of glass picture on white screen in 
 dark room. Hence ma'gieAL a., ma'gieal- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. F magique a. & n. f. L f. Gk magi- 
 kos (as magus, see -ic)] 
 
 magi'cian (-shn), n. One skilled in magic, 
 wizard, [f. F magicien (as prec, see -ician)] 
 
 magi'lp^ See megilp. 
 
 magisterial, a. Of, conducted by, a magis- 
 trate ; invested with authority ; dictatorial ; 
 (of opinions) authoritative. Hence magis- 
 ter*ialLY' 2 adv. [f. med.L magisterialis i. LL 
 magisterius (as master)] 
 
 magistral, a. Of a master or masters, as 
 the in. staff (of a school) ; (Pharm., of remedy 
 &c.) devised by physician for particular case, 
 not included in the pharmacopoeia (cf. offici- 
 nal), [f. L magistralis (as master, see -al)] 
 
 ma'gistpate (-at), n. Civil officer adminis- 
 tering law; justice of the peace. Hence or 
 cogn.ma , gistrACY,ma , gistratesHip,ma*- 
 gistratURE, nn. [f. L magistratus -its (orig. 
 office of) magistrate (as prec, see -ate 1 )] 
 
 ma'gma, n. (pi. -ta, -s). Crude pasty mixtiire 
 of mineral or organic matters ; one of supposed 
 fluid strata under solid crust of earth. [L f. 
 Gk (masso knead, root mag-, see -M)] 
 
 Ma'gna C(h)arta (k-), n. Great charter of 
 English personal & political liberty obtained 
 from John in 1215. [med.L] 
 
 magna'nimous, a. High-souled, above 
 petty feelings. Hence or cogn. magnani'm- 
 iTYn., magna'nimousL v 2 adv. [f.hmagna- 
 nimus (magnus great + animus soul) + -ous] 
 
 ma'gnate, n. Great man; wealthy or emi- 
 nent man. [f. LL magnas -atis (magnus great)] 
 
 magne'sia (-sha), n. Oxide of magnesium; 
 (pop.) hydrated magnesium carbonate, white 
 powder used as antacid & cathartic. Hence 
 magne'siANa. [med.L, f. Gk magnesia (lithos 
 stone) of Magnesia, (1) loadstone, (2) perh. talc] 
 
 magne'sium (or -shywm), n. Chemical ele- 
 ment, base of magnesia, [f. prec, see -ium] 
 
 ma'gnet, n. Piece of iron or steel to which 
 properties of loadstone have been imparted by 
 contact with another m., by induction, or by 
 electric current ; = j.OAU i stone; (fig.) thing 
 that attracts, [f. L f. Gk Magnes -etos (lithos 
 stone) of Magnesia] 
 
 magne'tie, a. & n. Having properties of 
 magnet ; producing, produced by, acting by, 
 magnetism ; m. equator, aclinic line ; m. 
 needle, north ; capable of receiving proper- 
 ties of, or being attracted by, loadstone ; (fig.) 
 very attractive; mesmeric; (n. pi.) science of 
 magnetism. Hence magne'tie ally adv. [-ic] 
 
 ma'gnetism, n. Magnetic phenomena ; na- 
 tural agency producing these ; terrestrial m., 
 magnetic properties of the earth as a whole ; 
 animal m., = mesmerism ; (fig.) attraction, 
 personal charm. So ma*gnetiST(3) n. [-ism] 
 
 ma'gnetite, n. Magnetic iron oxide, [-ite] 
 
 ma'gnetize, v.t. Give magnetic properties 
 to; attract (lit. & fig.) as magnet does; mes- 
 merize. Hence magnetizA'Tiox n. [,-ize] 
 
 magne'to- in comb. — magnetic, as : -electri- 
 city (generated by relativemovement of electric 
 conductors & magnets) ; -graph, instrument 
 recording movements of -meter (instrument 
 measuring magnetic forces, esp. terrestrial 
 magnetism). 
 
 magni'fie, a. (archaic). Magnificent, sub- 
 lime, [f. F magniflque f. L magnijicus (magnus 
 great, see -fic)] 
 
 magni'fieat, n. Hymn of Virgin Mary in 
 Luke i. 46-55, used as canticle, & beginning 
 thus. [L, 3rd sing, of magnificare magnify] 
 
 magni'ficent, a. Splendid, stately; sump- 
 tuously constructed or adorned ; splendidly la- 
 vish ; (colloq.) fine, excellent. Hence or cogn. 
 magni'fieENCE n., magni'fieentLY 2 adv. 
 [OF, f. L magnificent- stem seen in comp. & 
 sup. of magnxficus magnific] 
 
MAGNIFICO 
 
 494 
 
 MAJESTY 
 
 magrirfieo, n. Venetian magnate ; grandee. 
 
 [It., as MAGNIFIC] 
 
 ma'griify, v.t. Increase apparent size of 
 (thing), as with lens or microscope ; exaggerate; 
 (rare) increase ; (archaic) extol. Hence or cogn. 
 magniFiCA^riox, ma , g'niflER 1 (2), nn. [f. L 
 magnificare (magnus great, see -fv)] 
 magni'ioquent, a. Lofty in expression ; 
 boastful. Hence magni'loquE.vcK n., mag- 
 ni*loquentLV 2 adv. If. h magniloquus (mag- 
 nus great + -loquus speaking) + -ENTj 
 magnitude, n. Largeness ; size ; impor- 
 tance ; first, seventh, &c, m., classes of fixed 
 stars arranged according to degree of brilliancy, 
 (fig.) of the first m. (importance), [f. L magni- 
 tudo (magnus great, see -tude)] 
 magrid'lia, n. Genus of large trees culti- 
 vated for foliage & flower, [f. P. Magnol, bo- 
 tanist (d. 1715)] 
 
 ma'gnum, n. (Bottle containing) two quarts 
 (of wine or spirits). [L, neut. of magnus great] 
 ma'gnum bo'num, n. Large yellow cook- 
 ing plum ; kind of potato. [L wds - large good] 
 ma'gpie, n. European bird with long point- 
 ed tail Sc black-&- white plumage; idle chat- 
 terer ; variety of pigeon ; (rifle shot that strikes) 
 outermost division but one of target, [f. mag 
 abbr. of Margaret + pie l ] 
 ma'gus, n. (pi. -gi, pron. -jl). Member of an- 
 cient Persian priestly caste; sorcerer; the 
 (three) Magi, the ' wise men ' from the East who 
 brought offerings to infant Christ. [L, f. Gk 
 magos f. OPers. magus] 
 
 Ma'gyap (mody), n. & a. (Member, lan- 
 guage) of the Mongoloid race now predominant 
 in Hungary, [native] 
 
 Mahabharata (niahhahbah'rata), n. An 
 ancient Hindu epic. [Skr.] 
 Mahapa'ja(h) (mah-h-), n. Title of some 
 Indian princes. [Hind, (maha great + rajah)] 
 Maha'tma (-h-), n. (esoteric Buddhism). One 
 of a class of persons with preternatural powers, 
 supposed to exist in India & Tibet, [f. Skr. 
 mahatman (maha great + atman soul)] 
 
 Mah'dl, n. Spiritual & temporal leader ex- 
 pected by Mohammedans (often applied to lead- 
 ers of insurrection in Soudan, whence Mah°- 
 d(i)is.M(3) n. [f. Arab, mah diy he who is 
 guided right, p.p. of hada guide] 
 mahlstiek. See maulstick. 
 maho'gany (-h-), n. Wood of a tropical 
 American tree, much used for furniture, &c tak- 
 ing high polish; the tree; dining-table; the 
 colour of m., reddish-brown, (often attrib.). [?] 
 Mah6*metan._ See mohammedan. 
 Mahou'nd (-hoo-), n. (archaic, facet.). Mo- 
 hammed, [f. OF Mahun short for Mahomet] 
 mahou't (-owt), n. Elephant-driver, [f. 
 Hind, mahaut] 
 maid, n. Girl ; young unmarried woman ; 
 spinster; old m., elderly spinster, (also) round 
 game at cards ; (also maidservant) female ser- 
 vant, as house-, nurse-, lady's, m., m.-of -all- 
 work; m. of honour, unmarried lady attending 
 on queen or princess, (also) kind of cheesecake. 
 Hencemai'diSHia., mai'dv 3 n. [Shortened 
 f. foil.; not same as OE maegedh, G magd] 
 mai'den, n. & a. Girl; spinster; (Hist.) in- 
 strument like guillotine used at Edinburgh. 
 (Adj.) unmarried ; m.-name (before marriage) ; 
 (of female animals) uncoupled ; (of horse) that 
 has never won prize, (of race) open to such 
 horses ; (of plant) grown from seed ; (of soldier, 
 sword, &c.) untried; in. assize, one at which 
 there are no cases for trial ; (Crick., of over) in 
 which no runs are scored; m. speech, MP's 
 first speech in the House ; -maidenhair, kinds 
 of fern with fine hair-like stalks & delicate 
 
 fronds ; maidenhead, virginity. Hence mai'd- 
 enHOOD n., mai'denisu 1 , mai'denLiKE, 
 
 mai'denLV *, aa. [OE mxgden dim. corresp. 
 to OE maegedh, Du. maagd, G magd, see -en 2 ] 
 
 maieu'tic (mau-), a. (Of Socratic mode of 
 inquiry) obstetric, serving to bring out a per- 
 son's latent ideas into clear consciousness, [f. 
 Gk maieutikos f. maieuomai act as midwife 
 (maia), see -ic ; so used fig. by Socrates] 
 
 mail 1 , n. Armour composed of rings or chain- 
 work, or of plates fastened on a groundwork, 
 as chain, plate, ring, -m. [f. F maille f. L ma- 
 cula spot, mesh] 
 
 mail 2 , v.t. Clothe (as) with mail ; the mailed 
 fist, (fig.) physical force, [f. prec] 
 
 mail 3 , n.,& v.t. Bag of letters for conveyance 
 by post ; this system of conveyance, the post, 
 (esp. for foreign letters) ; the m., all that is so 
 conveyed on one occasion ; m. (train), train 
 carrying this ; m.-cart, cart for carrying m. by 
 road, (also) light vehicle for carrying children ; 
 m.-coach, (now) = m.-cart, (formerly) stage- 
 coach for entire conveyance of m.; (v.t.) send 
 (letters &c.) by post, [(vb f. n.) f. OF male bag, 
 of Teut. orig.] 
 
 maim, v.t. Mutilate, cripple, (lit. & fig.). 
 [ME maynhe f. OF mahaignier, etym. dub.] 
 
 main \ t n. (In game of hazard) number (5, 6, 
 7, 8, or 9) called by caster before dice are thrown; 
 match between cocks. [?] 
 
 main 2 , n. Physical force (only in with might 
 &m.) ; Spanish m.\ (poet.) high sea ; in the m., 
 for the most part ; principal channel, duct, &c, 
 for water, sewage, &c. [OE mxgen, see MAY v.] 
 
 main 3 , a. Exerted to the full, as by m. force ; 
 chief in size or extent, as the m. body (of army 
 &c.) ; principal, most important, as them, point 
 (in argument), m. line (of railway), whence 
 mai'nLY 2 adv. ; have an eye to the m. chance 
 (one's own interests) ; (Naut.) m.-brace (attach- 
 ed to m.-yard, esp. in slang phr. splice the m.- 
 brace, drink freely), m.-deck, (in man of war) 
 deck next below spar-deck, (in merchantman) 
 upper deck between poop & forecastle, main- 
 mast, principal mast, mai'nsail (-sal, -si), (in 
 square-rigged vessel) sail that is bent to the m.- 
 yard, (in fore-&-aft rigged vessel) sail set on 
 after part of mainmast, mai'nstay, stay from 
 maintop to foot of foremast, (fig.) chief support, 
 m.-top, platform above head of lower main- 
 mast, m.-yard, yard on which mainsail is ex- 
 tended ; mai'nland, extent of land including 
 greater part of a country ; mainspring, princi- 
 pal spring of watch, clock, &c. [prob. partly 
 as prec, partly f. cogn. OX megenn strong] 
 
 maintai'n, v.t. Carry on. keep up, (war, con- 
 test, action at law, condition, position, attitude, 
 relations, correspondence); cause (person &c) 
 to continue in (condition, possession of thing, 
 &c); support (life, one's state in life) by nourish- 
 ment, expenditure, &c. ; furnish (oneself, chil- 
 dren) with means of subsistence ; keep (road &c.) 
 in repair ; back up (cause, party) ; assert as 
 true (opinion, statement, that). Hence main- 
 tai'nABLE a. If. F malntenir f. L phr. inanu 
 tenere hold in the hand] 
 
 maintenance, n. Maintaining: enough to 
 support life ; cap of m., cap, hat, worn as sym- 
 bol of official dignity or carried before sove- 
 reign &c. [F (as prec, see -axce)] 
 
 maize, n. Indian corn, its grain, [f. Sp. 
 maiz, of Cuban orig.] 
 
 maize'na, n. Maize starch prepared for use 
 as food. [f. prec] 
 
 maje'stic, a. Possessing grandeur, impos- 
 ing. Hence maje'stiCALLY adv. [f. foil. +-ic] 
 
 ma'jesty, n. Impressive stateliness of as- 
 pect, bearing, language, &c.; sovereign power; 
 
MAJOLICA 
 
 495 
 
 MALACO- 
 
 (in speaking to or of sovereign) Your, His, Her, 
 M„ you, he, she, as Your M. forgets that with 
 the best of intentions it is scarcely in your M.'s 
 (or your, not its) power to miss your train : 
 representation of God (the Father or Son) en- 
 throned within aureole. If. F majeste f. L ma- 
 jestatem (as major, see -TV)] 
 
 majd'lica, maio- (-yo-), n. Kinds of orna- 
 mented Italian ware; modern imitation of 
 these. [It. (mai-), perh. f. Majorca, -olica] 
 
 ma'jop 1 , n. Officer next below lieutenant- 
 colonel & above captain. Hence ma'jorsmp 
 n. [F, short for sergeant-major] 
 
 ma'jop -, a. & n. Greater (not foil, by than) of 
 two things, classes, &c; m. prophets; m. epi- 
 lepsy, epilepsy proper ; (Log.) m. term (that en- 
 ters into predicate of conclusion of syllogism), 
 m. premiss (containing m. term) ; m. axis of 
 conic section (passing through the foci) ; (Mus., 
 of intervals) greater by chromatic semitone 
 than minor intervals, as m. third, (of keys) in 
 which scale has a m. third ; m. part, majority 
 (of); drum l , sergeant, -in. ; (in schools) Brown, 
 Smith, m. (the elder or first to enter school) ; of 
 full age ; (n.) person of full age ; m.-domo, chief 
 official of Italian or Spanish princely household, 
 (loosely) house- steward ; m. -general, officer 
 ranking below lieutenant-general. [L, used as 
 compar. of magnus great] 
 
 majo'rity, n. • Greater number or part (of) ; 
 the m., the dead, esp. join the m., die ; absolute 
 m. of votes, more than half number of electors 
 or actual voters ; number by which votes cast 
 on one side exceed those on other; full age, as 
 attained his m.; office of major, [f. F majo- 
 rite f. med.L majoritatem (as prec, see -tv)] 
 
 maju'scule, a. & n. (palaeogr.). Large (let- 
 ter), whether capital or uncial. Hence maju's- 
 cuIar 1 a. [F, f. L majuscula (littera letter, 
 dim. of major)] 
 
 make 1 , v.t. & i. (made). Construct, frame, 
 as God made man (a rational creature), bees 
 m. cells of wax, you were made for this work ; 
 pipes are made (consist) of clay ; m. good, 
 sure ; compose, draw up, (book, will, docu- 
 ment) ; prepare (tea, coffee, beds) ; m. hay ; m. 
 (arrange & light materials for) a jfirc ; cause to 
 exist, bring about, (disturbance, sport, noise, 
 one's mark in the world, a corner in wheat) ; m. 
 no bone.s ; m. fun, game, of, trifle with, treat 
 with ridicule; m. (conclude treaty of) peace; m. 
 (give) place, room, way, (for others) ; m. way, 
 progress ; result in, as it makes a difference ; 
 ''find ' makes (becomes) in the past tense ''found '; 
 establish, enact, (distinctions, rules, laws) ; m. 
 friends; get together (a house 1 , quorum); 
 m. a bag, kill number of game ; m. a book, ar- 
 range series of bets on same event; m. water 1 ; 
 m. a habit of it, cause it to become one, so m. an 
 example 1 , exhibition, fool, beast, (of oneself, 
 person) ; m. a night of it, carry it (festivity &c.) 
 on through the night ; m. much, little, the best, 
 &c, of, derive much &c. advantage from, (also) 
 attach much &c importance to.'so m. light 4 of ; 
 m. a hash 2 of; entertain, feel, (doubt, scruple, 
 of, about); m. head 1 or tail of; (Naut.) dis- 
 cern, come in sight of, (also) arrive at ; amount 
 to, as 2 & 2 m. k ; constitute, as one swallow does 
 not m. a summer ; form, be counted as, as this 
 makes the tenth time, will you m. one of the 
 party ? ; serve for, as this makes pleasant read- 
 ing; become, turn out to be, as she will m. a 
 good wife ; gain, acquire, (money, a living, one's 
 fortune) ; (Cards) win (trick), play (card) to ad- 
 vantage, (also) shuffle (cards or abs. ) ; proceed 
 (towards &c); m. sail, set sail, (also) spread 
 additional sail ; secure the advancement of, cf. 
 
 made ; m. or mar, cause success or ruin of ; 
 
 cause to be, as m. it hot, m. oneself a martyr, 
 m. oneself scarce, m. him a duke ; convert in- 
 to ; consider to be, as what do you m. the time ?, 
 I m. it 5 miles ; cause, compel, (without to in 
 act.), as m. him repeat it, but he was made to 
 repeat it ; m. believe, pretend (to do, that) ; what 
 bird do you m. (consider) that to be ?, he makes 
 
 many nn. expr. vbl action, as acquisition, at- 
 tempt, blunder, start, venture) ; m. (eat) a good 
 breakjast; m. head 1 , love; accomplish (dis- 
 tance, knots per hour, &c.) ; m. as if one had, 
 pretend one has ; m. bold, free », merry ; (of 
 flood or ebb tide) begin to flow or ebb ; m. after 
 (archaic), pursue ; m. against, be unfavourable 
 to ; m. (hasten) away ; m. away with, get rid of, 
 kill, squander; m. J or, conduce to (happiness 
 &c), confirm (view), proceed towards, assail ; 
 m. off, run away, decamp, (often with stolen 
 goods &c.) ; m. out, draw up, write out, (list, 
 document, cheque), get together with difficulty, 
 as articles put in to m. out a volume, (try to) 
 prove, as hoiv do you m. that out 7, you m. me 
 oid (to be) a hypocrite, understand, as / can't 
 m. him out, can't m. out what he wants, deci- 
 pher (handwriting &c), distinguish by sight, 
 as I made out a figure in the distance ; in. over, 
 transfer possession of (thing to person), esp. by 
 formal agreement ; m. xip, supply (deficiency), 
 complete (amount, party), compensate, as m. 
 up lost ground, m. up for lost time, we must m. 
 it up to (compensate) him somehoiv, compound, 
 put together, (medicine, hay into bundles, but- 
 ter, &c), sew together (coat &c), get together 
 (company, sum of money), arrange (type) iu 
 columns or pages, compile (list, account, docu- 
 ment), concoct(story), (of parts) compose (whole), 
 prepare (actor) for his part by dressing, false 
 hair, &c, arrange (marriage &c), settle (dis- 
 pute), m. it up, be reconciled, m. up one's mind 
 to, decide to (do), resolve upon (course) ; make- 
 bate (archaic), breeder of strife ; m.-believe, pre- 
 tence ; ?naA;epeace,peacemaker ; makeshift, tem- 
 porary substitute or device ; m.-up, disguise of 
 actor, cosmetics &c. used for this, made-up 
 story; makeweight, small quantity added to m. 
 up weight, esp. small candle, (also fig. of per- 
 sons), (fig.) unimportant point added to make 
 case seem stronger. [com.-WG : OE macian, 
 Du. maken, G machen] 
 
 make 2 , n. (Of natural or manufactured 
 thing) style of structure or composition ; men- 
 tal or moral disposition ; American m., made in 
 America, is this your own m. (made by you) ? ; 
 (Electr.) making of contact, position in which 
 this is made, esp. at m. [f. prec] 
 
 ma'ker, n. In vbl senses, esp. the, our, &c n 
 M„ the Creator, [-er 1 ] 
 
 ma'king, n. In vbl senses, esp.: be the m. of, 
 ensure success or favourable development of ; 
 (pi.) earnings, profits; (pi.) essential qualities, 
 as he has the mm. of a general, [-ing j ] 
 
 mal-, pref. = F mat f. L male badly, in sense 
 (1) bad(ly), as maltreat, (2) un-, as maladroit. 
 
 Mala'cca, n. Town & district on Malay 
 peninsula; M. cane, rich-brown walking-cane, 
 from stem of a palm. 
 
 ma'laehite (-k-), n. Hydrous carbonate of 
 copper, green mineral taking high polish, [f. 
 OF melochite (Gk malakhe mallow, see -ite 1 )] 
 
 malaco- in comb. - Gk malakos soft, as : 
 -derm, soft-skinned animal (esp. of sea-ane- 
 mones & of one division of reptiles) ; -logist, 
 -logy, student, science, of molluscs; -pterfi'gian 
 a. & n., soft-finned (fish) ; malaco'stracan, mem- 
 ber of one order of crustaceans. 
 
MALADJUSTMENT 
 
 496 
 
 MALT 
 
 maladjustment, n. Faulty adjustment. 
 
 [MALrl 
 
 maladministration, n. Faulty adminis- 
 tration. [MAL-] 
 
 ma'ladPoi't, a. Clumsy, bungling. Hence 
 ma'ladroi'tLY 2 adv., ma'ladPOi'tNESs n. 
 
 [F (MAL- + ADROIT)] 
 
 malady, n. Ailment, disease, (lit. & fig.). 
 [f. Fmaladie f. malade sick f. LL male habitus 
 {male ill + habitus p.p. of habere have)] 
 ma'la f i*de, adv. & a. (Acting, done) in bad 
 faith. [L] „ . 
 
 Ma'laga, n. Seaport in S. Spain ; white wine 
 from this. 
 
 Malagasy, a. & n. (Language, inhabitant) 
 of Madagascar, [used in native lang., but prob. 
 of foreign orig.] 
 
 ma'laise, n. Bodily discomfort, esp. without 
 development of specific disease. [F (OF mal 
 bad + aise ease)] 
 
 ma'landers, ma'llen-, n. pi. Scabby erup- 
 tion behind knee in horses, [f. F malandre f. 
 L malandria] 
 
 ma'lapept, a. & n. (archaic). Impudent, 
 saucy, (person). [OF (mal- + appert = espert 
 expert)] 
 
 ma'lappop(ism), n. Ludicrous misuse of 
 word, esp. in mistake for one resembling it. 
 Hence malappd'piAN a. [f. Mrs Malaprop 
 in Sheridan's Rivals] 
 
 malapropos*, adv., a., n. (Thing) inoppor- 
 tunely (said, done, or happening), [f. F mal d 
 propos (mal ill, see apropos)] 
 ma'lar, a. & n. (Bone) of the cheek, [f. L 
 mala jaw, see -ar l ) 
 malar'ia, n. Kinds of intermittent & re- 
 mittent fever caused by bite of mosquito, which 
 conveys the germs ; unwholesome atmosphere 
 caused by exhalations of marshes, to which 
 these fevers were formerly referred. Hence 
 malap'iAL, malap'iAN, malap'ious, aa. [f. 
 It. mat a? ia bad air] 
 
 Malay*, a. & n. (Language, member) of race 
 predominating in Malacca & Eastern Archi- 
 pelago ; M.fowl, large domestic variety. Hence 
 Malay*A\ a. & n. [f. native malayu] 
 Malaya'lam (-yah-), n. Language of Mala- 
 bar, [native] 
 ma'leontent, a. & n. Discontented (person), 
 (one) inclined to rebellion. [OF (mal-)] 
 male, a. & n. Of the sex that begets off- 
 spring or performs the fecundating function 
 (used of person or animals, & of plants whose 
 flowers contain only fecundating organs, also 
 of plants to which sex was once attributed on 
 account of colour &c, as m. fern) ; of men or 
 male animals; (of parts of machinery &c.) de- 
 signed to enter or fill the corresponding female 
 part, as m. screiv; m. (masculine) rhyme', (n.) 
 m. person or animal. [OF, f. L masculus (mas 
 male, see -cule)] 
 male- in comb. = L male ill. 
 maledi'etion, n. Curse. So maledi'etORY 
 a. [f. L maledictio f. MALE(dice?-e diet- speak), 
 see -ion] 
 
 ma'lefaetop, n. Criminal ; evil-doer, esp. 
 opp. to benefactor. So malefa'etiox n. [L, f. 
 MALE(/acere/ac£- do), see -or 2 ] 
 male'fic, a. (Of magical arts &c.) harmful, 
 baleful, [f. L male( Hcus -fic)1 
 male-fieent, a. Hurtful (to) ; criminal. So 
 male'fieEXCE n. [f . L altered stem of maleficus 
 malefic] 
 
 male'volent, a. Desirous of evil to others. 
 
 Hence or cogn. male'volENCE n., male*- 
 
 yolentLY 2 adv. [f. OF malivolent f. L male- 
 
 (volens part, of velle wish)] 
 
 malfea'sance(-ez-), n. (law). Evil-doing, esp. 
 
 official misconduct. So malfea'SANT a. & n. 
 [f. OF MAL(faisant part, olfaire do f. hfacere), 
 see -ance] 
 
 malfopma'tion, n. Faulty formation. So 
 malfop'mED J a. [mal-] 
 ma'lie, a. (chem.). M. acid (derived from 
 apple & other fruits), [f. F malique f. L malum 
 apple, see -ic] 
 
 ma'lice, n. Active ill-will ; desire to tease ; 
 bear m. (to), cherish vindictive feelings (a- 
 gainst) ; (Law) wrongful intention, esp. as in- 
 creasing guilt of certain offences, esp. murder; 
 m. prepense. Somali*eiousa.,mali , eious- 
 LY 2 adv. [F, f. L malitia (malus bad, see -ice)] 
 malig'n \ a. (Of things) injurious ; (of dis- 
 eases^ malignant ; (rare) malevolent. Hence 
 malig-'nLY 2 adv. [f. OF malignet ~Lmalignus 
 (malus bad, cf. benign)] 
 
 mallg"n 2 , v.t. Speak ill of, slander, [f. OF 
 malignieri. Lmalignare contrive maliciously, 
 as prec. ] 
 
 mali'gnant, a. & n. (Of disease) very virulent 
 or infectious (now usu. denoting definite variety 
 of disease, as m. cholera); harmful ; feeling or 
 showing intense ill-will; (Hist.) supporter of, 
 supporting, Charles I against Parliament. 
 Hence mali'g-nANCv n., mali'gnantLY 2 
 adv. [f. LL part, as prec] 
 malrg-nity, n. Deep-rooted ill-will ; (of dis- 
 eases) malignant character, [f. OF malignity 
 f. L malignitatem (as malign, see -ty)] 
 mali'ng'ep (-ngg-), v.i. Pretend, produce, or 
 protract, illness in order to escape duty (esp. of 
 soldiers & sailors). Hence mali'ngePER 1 n. 
 [f. F malingre sickly, etym. dub.] 
 ma'lism, n. Doctrine that it is a bad world, 
 [f. L malus bad + -ism] 
 
 ma'lison (-sn, -zn), n. (archaic). Curse, [f. 
 OF maleison malediction] 
 mall (mawl), n. Sheltered walk as promen- 
 ade, esp. the M. in St James's Park, London, 
 orig. alley for game of pall-mall; (Hist.) this 
 game, alley for it, mallet for it. [ = maul l ] 
 ma'llapd, n. Wild drake or duck ; its flesh, 
 [f. OF maKDart, etym; dub.] 
 ma'lleable, a. (Of metals &c.) that can be 
 hammered or pressed out of form without 
 tendency to return to it or to fracture; (fig.) 
 adaptable, pliable. Hence malleaBFLiTY n. 
 [OF, f. L malleare hammer (malleus), see -ble] 
 ma'llet, n. Hammer, usu. of wood ; hammer 
 used for striking croquet or polo ball. [f. F 
 maillet, dim. as maul'] 
 ma'lleus, n. Bone of ear transmitting vibra- 
 tions of tympanum to incus. [L, = hammer] 
 ma'llow, n. (Often pi., treated as sing.) 
 kinds of wild & garden plant with hairy stems 
 & leaves & purple flowers. [OE mealuwe f. L 
 malva, prob. conn. w. Gk malakhe] 
 mal'm (mahm), n. Soft chalky rock ; loamy 
 soil from disintegration of this. [OE mealm, 
 cf. Icel. mdlmr, Da. malm, f. mal- grind] 
 malmai'son (-zn), n. Kind of carnation. 
 [AT., palace of empress Josephine] 
 malmsey (mah mzi), n. Strong sweet wine 
 from Greece, Spain, &c. [f. med.L malmasia 
 corrupt, of Gk Monembasia, Napoli di Monem- 
 vasia, in the Morea] 
 
 malnutprtion, n. Insufficient nutrition. 
 [mal-] 
 
 malo'dopous, a. Evil-smelling, [mal-] 
 malppa'etiee, n. Wrong-doing ; (Law) phy- 
 sician's improper or negligent treatment of 
 patient; (Law) illegal action for one's own 
 benefit while in position of trust, [mal-] 
 malt 1 (ma wit), n. Barley or other grain pre- 
 pared for brewing or distilling; extract of in. 
 (as food for invalids); m. liquor (made from 
 
MALT 
 
 497 
 
 MANCHINEEL 
 
 m. by fermentation, not distillation, e.g. beer, 
 stout) ; m.-house (for preparing & storing m.) ; 
 m.-icorm, (fig.) toper. [com.-Teut. : OE mealt, 
 Du. mout, G malz, cogn. w. OHG malt soft] 
 
 malt-, v.t. & i. Convert (grain) into malt; 
 (of seeds) come to condition of malt from ger- 
 mination's being checked by drought, [f. prec] 
 
 Ma'lta (maw-), n. Island in Mediterranean ; 
 M. fever, complicated fever common in M. 
 
 Malte'se, a. & n. (Language, native) of 
 Malta; M. cat, dog, fancy kinds ; M. cross, [-ese] 
 
 ma'ltha, n. Cement of pitch & wax or other 
 ingredients. [L f. Gk] 
 
 Malthu'sian, a. & n. (Follower) of T. R. 
 Mai thus (d. 1835), who advocated moral restraint 
 (pop. understood as abstention from marriage) 
 as means of checking increase of population. 
 Hence Malthu'sianiSM n. [-ian] 
 
 ma'lting" (maw-), n. In vbl senses; also, 
 malt-house, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 ma'ltose, n. (chem.). Sugar produced from 
 starch-paste byaction of malt. [F(malt+-ose 2 )] 
 
 maltrea't (-et), v.t. Ill-treat. So mal- 
 trea'tMENT n. [f. F uxUfraiter treat)] 
 
 ma'ltstep, n. One who makes malt, [-ster] 
 
 raalva'ceous, a. Of the genus Mallow. 
 [f. LL malvaceus (as mallow, -aceous)] 
 
 malversation, n. Corrupt behaviour in 
 position of trust; corrupt administration (of 
 public money &c). [F, f. malverser f. L male 
 badly + versari behave frequent, of vertere 
 vers- turn, see -ation] 
 
 ma'melon, n. Rounded eminence. [F, = 
 nipple f. mamelle breast f. mamilla] 
 
 Ma'meluke, n. (hist.). Member of military 
 body (orig. Caucasian slaves) that seized throne 
 of Egypt in 1254 ; (in Mohammedan countries) 
 slave, [ult. f. Arab, rnamluk slave (malaka 
 possess)] 
 
 mami'lla, n. Nipple of female breast ; nipple- 
 shaped organ &c. So ma'millARV l , ma'mil- 
 1 ate 2 (2), ma'millatED 1 , mami'lliFORM, aa. 
 [L, dim. of MAMMA 2 ] 
 
 mam(m)a* 1 (-ah), n. Mother (used esp. by 
 children), [instinctive] 
 
 ma'mma-, n. (pi. -ae). Milk-secreting organ 
 of female in mammals ; corresponding structure 
 in males. Hence ma'mmARY 1 , mammi'- 
 ferous, ma'mmiPORM, aa. [L] 
 
 ma'mmal. n. One of foil, class, [f. foil.] 
 
 Mammalia, n. pi. Class of animals having 
 mammae for nourishment of young. Hence 
 mamma'liAN a. & n., mamma'LOGiST, 
 mamma'LOG v, nn. [neut. pi. of LL mammalis 
 (as mamma 2 , see -al)] 
 
 mammali'fei'ous, a. (geol.). Containing 
 mammalian remains, [f. prec. + -ferous] 
 
 mammee*, n. Tropical American tree with 
 large yellow-pulped fruit, [f. Sp. mamey f. 
 Haytian] 
 
 ma*mmon,n. Wealth regarded as idolorevil 
 influence. Hence ma'mmoniSH 1 a., ma*m- 
 moniSM, ma'mmonisT, ma'mmoniTE, nn. 
 [f. LL mamona f. Gkmamonas f. Aram, mamon 
 riches ; see Matt. vi. 24, Luke xvi. 9-13] 
 
 ma'mmoth, n. & a. Large extinct elephant ; 
 (adj.) huge. [f. Russ. mammot, etym. dub.] 
 
 ma*mmy,n. Child's word for mother; (U.S.) 
 coloured woman in charge of white children, [f. 
 mam (instinctive) + -y 3 ] 
 
 man 1 , n. (pi. men). Human being; (in indefi- 
 nite or general application) person, as any, no, 
 m., some, few, men ; the human race, asm. wants 
 but little here below, inner, outer, m., spiritual, 
 material, parts of m., (facet.) interior, esp. 
 stomach, exterior, of m.; new, old, m.; adult 
 male. opp. to woman, boy, or both ; m, db boy 
 (adv.), from boyhood upwards ; (as impatient or 
 
 lively vocative) nonsense, m.!, hurry up, m. 
 (alive) ! ; (jocular or endearing) little m., young 
 boy ; one, as what can a m. do in such a case ? ; 
 individual (male) person, as in. for m., between 
 in. & m., 5/- per m. ; as a in., viewed simply in 
 regard to his personal character ; if you want 
 noise, he is your m. (can supply you) ; be one's 
 own in., be free to act, (also) be in full possession 
 of one's faculties, senses, &c; every m. jack 1 ; 
 (in comb., denoting one who follows profession, 
 uses implement:, trades in article, &c.) clergy in., 
 postm., brake-m.,penm., rag-&-bone-m.; best 1 , 
 handy, m.; m. eminently endowed with manly 
 qualities, as be a, play the, m.; husband, in m. 
 &wife ; (Hist.) vassal ; manservant, valet ; work- 
 man, as the masters locked out the men; (usu. 
 pi.) soldiers, esp. common soldiers; piece in 
 game of chess, draughts, &c; m. of straw; (in 
 comb.) ship, as m.-of-war, armed ship belonging 
 to a country's navy, india??i., merchants*. ; 
 m. of the world ; m. Friday, servile follower, 
 factotum, (name given by Robinson Crusoe to 
 his servant); m.-at-arms, soldier, esp. heavy- 
 armed & mounted ; m.- (male) child; m.-eater, 
 cannibal, biting horse, m. -eating shark or tiger; 
 m.-handle, move by force of man alone, (slang) 
 handle roughly ;m.-/*ote,openingin floor.se wer, 
 &c, for m. to pass through ; m. in the moon, 
 semblance of m. in moon, esp. a type of ima- 
 ginary person; ??i.-milliner; manslaughter, 
 slaughter of human beings, (Law) criminal homi- 
 cide without malice aforethought ; m.-trap (for 
 catching men, esp. trespassers). Hence ma*n- 
 less a. [com.-Teut.: OE & Du. man, G mann) 
 
 man 2 , v.t. Furnish (fort, ship, &c.) with 
 men for service or defence ; (Naut.) place men 
 at (part of ship) ; fill (post) ; fortify spirits or 
 courage of (esp. oneself). [OEmaimian, as-prec] 
 
 ma'nacle, n. (usu. pi.), & v.t. Fetter (prop, 
 for the hand ; also fig.) ; (v.t.) fetter with mm. 
 [f. OF manicle handcuff" f. L manicula dim. of 
 manus hand] 
 
 ma'nage 1 , n. (archaic). Training of horse ; 
 trained movements of horse, esp. short gallop ; 
 riding-school, [f. It. maneggio, as foil.] 
 
 ma'nage 2 (-ij), v.t. & i. Handle, wield, (tool 
 &c. ) ; conduct (undertaking &c. ) ; control (house- 
 hold, institution, State) ; take charge of (cattle 
 &c.) ; subject (person, animal) to one's control ; 
 gain one's ends with (person &c.) by flattery &c. , 
 whence ma'nagiNG 2 a.; contrive (to do, often 
 iron., as he managed to muddle it) ; succeed in 
 one's aim (often with inadequate material &c); 
 (with can or be able to) cope with, make proper 
 use of, as can you m. another slice ?. Hence 
 manageaBiLiTY, ma'nag-eableNESS, nn., 
 ma'nageABLE a., ma*nageabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 It. maneggiare f. vulg. L *manidiare (manus 
 hand)] 
 
 management, n. In vbl senses ; also or 
 esp. : trickery, deceitful contrivance ; the m., 
 governing body, board of directors, &c. [rMENT] 
 
 ma'nagrep, n. Person conducting a business, 
 institution, &c. ; member of either House of 
 Parliament appointed with others for some 
 duty in which both Houses are concerned; good, 
 bad, &c, in. (of money, household affairs, &c.) ; 
 (Law) person appointed, usu. by Court of Chan- 
 cery, to manage a business for benefit of credit- 
 ors &c. Hence ma'nagerEss \ ma'nager- 
 ship, nn., manager'iAL a. [-er 1 ] 
 
 manatee*, n. Large aquatic herbivorous 
 mammal, sea-cow. [f. Sp. manati f. Carib 
 manattoui] 
 
 mana'vCOlins, n. pi. (slang). Odds & ends, 
 esp. of food. [?] 
 
 manchinee'l, n. W.-Ind. tree with poison- 
 ous milky sap & acrid fruit, [f. F mancenille 
 
MANCIPLE 
 
 498 
 
 MANIFEST 
 
 f. Sp. manzanilla dim. of manzana f. L 
 matiana kind of apple f. Roman gens Matia] 
 
 ma'neiple, n. Officer who buys provisions 
 for college, inn of court, &c. [OF, f. L manci- 
 pium- (in med.L) office of manceps buyer 
 (manus hand + capere take)] 
 
 -mancy, suf. f. OF -mancie f. LL f. Gk 
 mantela divination, in sense 'divination by 
 means of — '. 
 
 manda'mus, n. Judicial writ issued from 
 King's Bench Division of High Court of Justice 
 & conveying command to inferior court. [L, = 
 we command] 
 
 ma'ndarin', n. Chinese official in any of 
 9 grades; nodding toy figure in Chinese cos- 
 tume, [f. Port, mandarim f. Malay f. Hind. 
 mantri f. Skr. mantrin counsellor (man think)] 
 
 ma'ndapin 2 , -ine (-en), n. Small flat deep- 
 coloured orange ; colour of this (got from coal- 
 tar) ; a liqueur. [F {-ine) ; perh. f. prec. allud- 
 ing to mandarin's yellow silk robes] 
 
 ma'ndatapy, n. (law). One to whom a man- 
 date is given, [f. L mandatarius (foil., -ary J )] 
 
 ma'ndate (-at), n. Judicial or legal command 
 from superior; (poet.) command; papal rescript; 
 (Law) contract by which mandatary undertakes 
 to perform gratuitously sopie service in respect 
 of thing committed to him ; (after F mandat) 
 political instructions supposed to be given by 
 electors to (member of) parliament, [f. L man- 
 datum, neut. p.p. of mandare command (man us 
 hand + dare give)] 
 
 mandatory, a. & n. Of, conveying, a com- 
 mand ; (n.) = mandatary, [f. LL mandatorius 
 (as prec, see -ory)] 
 
 ma'ndibie, n. Jaw, esp. lower jaw in mam- 
 mals & fishes ; upper or lower part of bird's 
 beak ; (in insects) either half of upper pair of 
 jaws. Somandi'bulAR 1 , mandibulATE 2 (2), 
 aa. [f. LL mandibula (mandere masticate)] 
 
 mando'la, -dor'a, n. Large kind of man- 
 dolin. [It., var. of pandora 2 ] 
 
 ma'ndolin(e), n. Musical instrument with 
 4 to6 metal strings stretched on deeply-rounded 
 body. [F (-ine), f. It. mandolino dim. of prec] 
 
 mandpa'gopa, n. - foil., esp. as tyoe of 
 narcotic (Shak. Othello in. iii. 330). [LL, f. Gk 
 mandragoras] 
 
 raa'ndpake, n. Poisonous plant with emetic 
 & narcotic properties, with root thought to 
 resemble human form & to shriek when 
 plucked. [ME mandrag(g)e, shortened f. prec] 
 
 ma'ndrel, -11, n. (In lathe) axis to which 
 work is fixed while turned ; cylindrical rod 
 round which metal is forged, cast, &c ; (dial.) 
 miner's pick. [?] 
 
 ma'ndpill, n. Large, hideous, & ferocious 
 baboon, [pfob. man 1 + drill 3 ] 
 
 ma'nducate, v.t. Chew, eat. So man- 
 ducA-noN n., ma*ndueatORY a. [f. L man- 
 dueare (mandere chew), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 inane, n. Long hair on neck of horse, lion, 
 &c. (also fig. of person). Hence (-)manED 2 , 
 ma'neLESs, aa. [OF manu, cf. Du. mane, G 
 mahne. f. OTeut. viand neck] 
 
 mane-ge, -eg-e, (-azh), n. Riding-school ; 
 movements of trained horse ; horsemanship. 
 [F (-ege), as manage 1 ] 
 
 ma'nes (-e/.), n. pi. Deified souls of departed 
 ancestors ; shade of departed person, as object 
 of reverence. [L] 
 
 ma'nful, a. Brave, resolute. Hence ma'n- 
 fulLY 2 adv., ma'nfulNESs n. [man l + -ful] 
 
 ma'ng-abey (-a), n. African genus of mon- 
 key. [M., region of Madagascar] 
 
 ma'nganese, n. Black mineral used in 
 glass-making &c ; metallic element of which 
 this is the oxide. Hence mangane'sux, 
 
 manga'nic, aa. [f. F manganese, corrupt, 
 of magnesia] 
 
 ma'nge, n. Skin disease in hairy & woolly 
 animals, caused by an arachnidan parasite ; 
 (loosely) dirty condition.of skin. [ME manjewe 
 f. OF manjue itch f. manjuer (mod. manger) 
 eat (as manducate)] 
 
 ma'ngel (-wur'zel) (nggl), ma'ngold- 
 (-nggold-), n. Large kind of beet, used as cattle 
 food. [G (-gold, corrupt, -gel), f. mangold beet 
 + xcurzel root] 
 
 ma'ngrep (-j-), n. Box, trough, in stable &c. 
 for horses or cattle to eat from ; dog in the m. 
 [f. F mangeoire f. vulg. L *manducatoria (as 
 
 MANDUCATE, see -ORY)J 
 
 ma'ngle 1 , n. , & v. t. Machine of two or more 
 cylinders for rolling & pressing washed clothes; 
 press (clothes) in m. [(vb f. n.) f. Du. mangel I. 
 
 Gk as MANGONEL] 
 
 ma'ngle 2 , v.t. Hack, lacerate, by blows; 
 cut roughly so as to disfigure ; spoil (quotation, 
 text, &c) by gross blunders, disguise (words) 
 by mispronouncing, [f. AF mahangler, prob. 
 frequent, of mahaignier maim] 
 
 ma'ngo (-nggo), n. (Indian tree bearing) 
 fleshy fruit with turpentine flavour, eaten ripe 
 or used green for pickles &c. ; m.-fish, golden- 
 coloured Indian fish ; m. trickdn whichnL-tree 
 appears to spring up & bear fruit in few hours), 
 [f. Port, manga f. Tamil mankay (man m.-tree 
 + kay fruit)] 
 
 ma'ngonel, n. (hist.). Military engine for 
 casting stones &c. [OF, dim. f. LL mango 
 -onis f. Gk magganon] 
 
 ma'ngosteen, n. (E. -Indian tree bearing) 
 fruit with thick red rind & white juicy pulp, 
 [f. Malay mangustan] 
 
 ma'ngpove, n. Tropical tree or shrub, bark 
 of which is used in medicine & tanning. [?| 
 
 ma'ngy (-jl), a. Having the mange ; squalid, 
 shabby. Hence ma'ngiLY 2 adv., ma'ngi- 
 
 NESS II. [f. MANGE + -Y 2 ] 
 
 ma'nhood, n. State of being a man (in any 
 sense) ; m.-suffrage (granted to all male citizens 
 of lawful age not disqualified by crime, in- 
 sanity, &c); manliness, courage. [man 1 + -hood] 
 
 ma'nia, n. Mental derangement marked by 
 excitement, hallucination, & violence ; great 
 enthusiasm (for thing, doing). [L f. Gk,= 
 madness (mainomai be mad, st. man-)] 
 
 -mania, suf. denoting scientifically a special 
 type of madness (kleptomania, megalomania) ; 
 also (pop.) eager pursuit (bibliomania) or ad- 
 miration (Anglomania). Hence personal suf. 
 -maniac (cf. -phobe, -phobia), [as prec] 
 
 ma*niac,a. & n. (Person) affected with ma- 
 nia, raving mad(man). Hence manraeAL a., 
 mani'aealLY 2 adv. [f. LL maniacus (as ma- 
 nia, see -ac)] 
 
 -maniac, suf. See -mania. 
 
 Maniehee* (-k-), n. Adherent of religious 
 system (3rd to 5th c) that represented Satan as 
 coeternal with God. Hence Manieh(a)e'AN 
 a. & n., Ma*nieh(a)eiSM n. [f. LL f. Gk 
 Manikhaios, founder of sect, living in Persia] 
 
 ma'nicupe, n., & v.t. (One who undertakes) 
 treatment of hands & finger-nails as profes- 
 sion ; (v.t.) apply m. treatment to (hands, per- 
 son), [(vb f. n.) F (L manus hand + cura care)] 
 
 ma'nifest *, n. List of cargo for use of Cus- 
 toms officers, [f. F manifeste (as manifest 3 )] 
 
 ma'nifest 2 , a. Clear, obvious, to eye or 
 mind. Hence ma'nifestLY 2 adv. [f. L mani- 
 festos, perh. f. manus hand + *festus struck f. 
 root of defend] 
 
 ma'nifest 3 , v.t. & i. Show plainly to eye or 
 mind ; be evidence of, prove ; display, evince, 
 (quality, feeling) by one s acts &c; (of thing) re- 
 
MANIFESTO 
 
 499 
 
 MANTLE 
 
 veal itself; record in ship's manifest; (of go- 
 vernment or political party) take measures, 
 hold public meeting, &c, as public expression 
 of opinion ; (of ghost) appear. So manifest a "- 
 tiox n., maniie'statiVE a. [f. F manifester f. 
 L manifestarc (as prec)] 
 
 manifesto, n. Public declaration by sove- 
 reign, state, or body of individuals, making 
 known past actions & motives of actions an- 
 nounced as forthcoming. [It., as manifest-] 
 
 ma'nifold \ a. Having various forms, appli- 
 cations, &c. ; performing several functions at 
 once ; many & various, as m. vexations ; in. 
 ivriter, carbon copying-apparatus. Hence 
 ma'nifoldLY 2 adv.,ma*nifoldNESSn. [com.- 
 Teut. : OE manigfeald, MDu. menichvout, G 
 mannigfalt ; (many + -fold)] 
 
 ma'nifold-, v.t. Multiply copies of (letters 
 &c.) as by manifold 1- writer. [OE manig- 
 fealdian multiply, as prec] 
 
 ma'nikin, n. Little man, dwarf; artist's 
 lay figure ; model of human body for anatomi- 
 cal demonstration ; small gay-coloured tropical 
 American bird. [f. Du. manneken, dim. of man 1 ] 
 
 mani'lla ] , n. Metal bracelet used by African 
 tribes as medium of exchange. [Sp.; dim. of L 
 manus hand or f. Lmonilia pi. of monile collar] 
 
 Mani'lla -, -i*la, n. Capital of Philippine is- 
 lands ; (also M. hemp) fibrous material for ropes, 
 matting, &c ; cheroot made in M. [native (-ila)] 
 
 mani'lie (-11), n. Second best trump or honour 
 in quadrille & ombre, [corrupt, of Sp. malilla 
 dim. of maia bad f. L malus] 
 
 ma'nicc, n. Plant cassava ; meal made from 
 it. [f. Tupi mandioca] 
 
 ma'niple, n. (Rom. Ant.) subdivision of 
 legion, containing 120 or 60 men ; Eucharistic 
 vestment, strip about 3 feet long hanging from 
 left arm. [OF, f. L manipulus (manus hand + 
 pi- weak form of root pie- fill)] 
 
 manipulate, v.t. Handle, treat, esp. with 
 skill (material thing, question) ; manage (per- 
 son) by dexterous (esp. unfair) use of influence 
 &c. Hence or cogn. manipulA'TiON, mani'- 
 pulatOR 2 (l, 2) nn„ mani'pulatiVE, manr- 
 pulatORV, aa. [prob. back-formation f. mani- 
 pulation (F, f. manipuler f. L as prec.)] 
 
 ma'nitou (-do), n. (Amer. Ind.). Good or evil 
 spirit; thing having supernatural power, [f. 
 Algonquin vianito, -tu] 
 
 mankind, n. (-ki"nd) human species; (ma"n-) 
 male sex. [man 1 + kind n.] 
 
 ma'nlike, a. Having good or bad qualities of 
 a man ; (of woman) mannish, [-like] 
 
 ma'nly, a. Having a man's virtues, courage, 
 frankness, &c; (of woman) having a man's qua- 
 lities ; (of things, qualities, &c. ) befitting a man. 
 Hence ma'nliNESS n. [-ly 1 ] 
 
 ma'nna, n. Substance supplied as food to 
 Israelites (Eorod. xvi); spiritual nourishment, 
 esp. eucharist ; sweet juice from m.-ash & other 
 plants, used as gentle laxative, m. in tears, in 
 soi'ts, superior, inferior, kinds of this; m.-croup, 
 coarse granular wheat meal [Russ. krupa 
 groats], [LL f. Gk, f. Heb. man, explained as = 
 man hu ? what is it, but perh. = Arab, mann 
 exudation of Tamaria gallica] 
 
 ma'nnep, n. Way a thing is done or happens, 
 as in, after, this m. ; (archaic) in a m. of speak- 
 ing, so to speak ; (Gram.) adverb ofm., one that 
 asks or tells how ; to the m. born, (Shak. Ham. i. 
 iv. 15) destined by birth to be subject to the cus- 
 tom, (pop.) naturally fitted for the position &c; 
 (pi.) modes of life, conditions of society; out- 
 ward bearing ; (pi.) good, bad, &c. behaviour in 
 social intercourse, habits indicating good breed- 
 ing, as he has no mm., whence ma'nnePLESS 
 a. ; style in literature or art ; mannerism ; (ar- 
 
 chaic) kind, sort, as what m. of man is he ?; all 
 m. of, every kind of ; no m. of right, no right at 
 all ; in a m., in some sense, to some extent, [f 
 OF maniere f. pop. L *man(u)aria fern. adj. as 
 n. = mode of handling (manus hand, -ary 1 )] 
 
 ma'nnered, a. Ill, well, rough, -m., having 
 bad &c. manners ; (of style, artist, writer) show- 
 ing mannerism. [-ED-] 
 
 ma'nnerism, n. Excessive addiction to a 
 distinctive manner in art or literature ; trick of 
 style. Hence ma'nneris'r n., manneri'st- 
 ic(al) aa. [-ismJ 
 
 ma*nnerly,a. Well-mannered, polite. Hence 
 ma'nnepliNESS n. [ly 1 ] 
 
 ma*nnish,a. (Of woman) masculine ; charac- 
 teristic of man as opp. to woman, as what a m. 
 icay to thread a needle !. Hence ma'nnish- 
 ness n. [-ISH J ] 
 
 ma*nnite, n. (Also m.-sugar) substance ob- 
 tained from manna. Hence ma«nnit0SE 2 n. 
 
 [f. MANNA + -ITE 1 ] 
 
 manceu'vre 1 (-noover, -nu-), n. Planned 
 movement of troops or ships of war ; deceptive 
 or elusive movement ; skilful plan. [F, f. LL 
 manopera, as foil.] 
 
 manoairvre 2 (as prec), v.i. & t. Perform, 
 cause (troops) to perform, manoeuvres; employ 
 artifice ; force, drive, (person, thing, into, out, 
 aicay, &c.) by contrivance ; manipulate adroit- 
 ly. Hence manceu'VPER 1 n. [f. F manaiu- 
 vrer f . LL manoperare - L manic operari work 
 by hand (opus -eris work)] 
 
 mand'meter, n. Instrument showing elas- 
 tic force of gases. Hence manome'tric a. [f. 
 F manometre (Gk manos thin, see -meter)] 
 
 ma'nop, n. English territorial unit, orig. of 
 nature of feudal lordship, now consisting of 
 lord's demesne & of lands from whose holders 
 he can exact certain fees &c; lo?xl of the m., 
 person, corporation, having rights of this ; vi.- 
 house, his mansion. Hence manop'iAL a. [f. 
 OF memoir (vb as n.) f. L manere remain] 
 
 ma'nsard, n. (Usu. m. roof) curb-roof in 
 which each face has two slopes, lower one 
 steeper than upper, [f. F mansarde (F. M., ar- 
 chitect, d. 1666)] 
 
 manse, n. Ecclesiastical residence, esp. 
 Scotch parish minister's house, [f. med.L?/ia?i- 
 sus, -sa, -sum, house (manere mans- remain)] 
 
 ma'nsion, n. Large residence (in pi. often 
 of large buildings divided into flats) ; m. -house, 
 house of lord of manor or landed proprietor, 
 official residence, esp. (the M.-house) of Lord 
 Mayor of London. [OF, f. L mansion'em (as 
 prec, see -ion)] 
 
 ma'ntel, n. (Xowusu. mantelpiece) structure 
 of wood, marble, &c, above & around fireplace ; 
 (usu. mantelshelf) shelf projecting from wall 
 above fireplace ; m.-board, wooden shelf (usu. 
 draped) fixed upon this ; m.-tree, beam across 
 opening of fireplace, [var. of mantle] 
 
 ma*nt(e)let, n. Kinds of short mantle ; 
 bullet-proof shelter. [OF(-el-), dim. as mantle 1 ] 
 
 ma*ntie,.a. Of divination, [f. Gk mantikos 
 (mantis prophet, see -ic)] 
 
 manti'lla, n. Large veil covering woman's 
 head & shoulders; small cape. [Sp., dim. of 
 manta mantle] 
 
 ma'ntis, n. Orthopterous insect ; praying 
 m., kind that holds forelegs in position suggest- 
 ing hands folded in prayer. [Gk, = prophet] 
 
 manti'ssa, n. Decimal part of logarithm. [L] 
 
 ma'ntle 1 , n. Woman's loose sleeveless cloak ; 
 (fig.) covering; fragile lace-like tubefixed round 
 gas-jet to give incandescent light ; outer fold of 
 skin enclosing mollusc's viscera. [(1) OE mentel, 
 (2) f. OF mantel, both f. L mantellum cloak] 
 
 ma'ntle-, v.t. & i. Clothe (as) in mantle; 
 
MANTUA 
 
 500 
 
 MARGARINE 
 
 cover, conceal, envelop ; (of liquids) become 
 covered with coating or scum ; (of blood) suf- 
 fuse cheeks, (of face) glow, with blush, [f. prec] 
 
 ma'ntua, n. Woman's loose gown in 17th- 
 18th cc; m.-maker, dressmaker, [corrupt, of 
 manteau (F, as mantle 1 )] 
 
 ma'nual, a. & n. Of, done with, the hands, as 
 m. labour; (Mil.) in. (exercise), drill in handling 
 rifle ; TO. fire-engine (worked by hand, not 
 steam); to. (finger) alphabet; sign to,; (n.) 
 small book for handy use, handbook, organ key- 
 board played with hands. Hence ma'nualLY 2 
 adv. [f. L manualis (manus hand, see -al)] 
 
 manufa'ctopy, n. Factory, workshop, [f. 
 L as foil., see -orv] 
 
 manufa'cture 1 (-tsher), n. Making of arti- 
 cles by physical labour or machinery, esp. on 
 large scale ; branch of such industry, as icool- 
 lenm.; of home, English, &c.,m.,made athome 
 &c; (contempt.) mechanical production (of li- 
 terature &c). [F, f. L manu by hand + facere 
 fact- make, see -urej 
 
 manufa'cture 2 (-tsher), v.t. Work up (ma- 
 terial) for use ; produce (articles) by labour, esp. 
 on large scale (contempt, of literary work &c); 
 invent, fabricate, (story). Hence manufa'c- 
 tuPERi n. [f. prec] 
 
 manumi't, v.£(hist.). Set free. So manu- 
 mi'ssiON n. [f. L manumittere (manus hand 
 + mittere ?niss- send)] 
 
 manure* *, n. Dung, compost, spread over 
 or mixed with soil to fertilize it. Hence ma- 
 nure a La. [f. foil.] 
 
 manure* 2 , v.t. Apply manure to (land orabs., 
 also fig.), [f. AF maynoverer, as manoeuvre 2 ] 
 
 ma'nuseript, a. & n. (abbr. MS., pi. MSS.). 
 (Book, document) written by hand, not printed, 
 [•f. med.L manuscriptus (manuby hand+ scrip- 
 tus p.p. of scribere write)] 
 
 ma'nward, a. Tending, directed, towards 
 man. [-ward] 
 
 Manx, a. & n. Of the Isle of Man, as M. cat, 
 tailless variety ; Ma'nxman, inhabitant of I. of 
 Man ; (n.) M. cat, language, (as pi., Manx) M. 
 people, [f. ON 'manskr of Man] 
 
 ma'ny (me-), a. & n. Numerous, as to. times, 
 (poet., rhet.) m. a time, m. & to. a time, m. peo- 
 ple wish, ?n. wish, m. of us wish, how m. (of them) 
 can I have ?, as to. as you like, (pred., rare) his 
 reasons were m. and good, six mistakes in as 
 to. (six) lines ; the to., the multitude ; one too 
 to., not wanted, in the way ; he was (one) too m. 
 for us (o\\ twitted, baffled, us); a good, great, to., 
 fair, large, number ; m. -headed beast, monster, 
 the populace; m.-sided, having m. sides, as- 
 pects, capabilities, &c, so m.-sidedness. [coni.- 
 Teut. : OE manig, Du. menig, G manch] 
 
 Maori (rnowri), n. Member, language, of 
 brown race in N. Zealand, [native] 
 
 map 1 , n. Representation on paper &c. of 
 (part of) earth's surface, showing physical & 
 political features &c, or of the heavens. Hence 
 ma'pLESS a. [f. L map-pa napkin ; med.L has 
 mappa mundi map of world] 
 
 map 2 , v.t. Represent on map ; m. out, plan 
 out, arrange in detail (course of conduct, one's 
 time, &c). [f. prec] 
 
 ma'ple, n. Genus of trees & shrubs grown 
 for shade, ornament, wood, or sugar; wood of 
 these. [OE has mapeltreow m.-tree, cf. OSax. 
 mapulder, MLG mapeldora] 
 
 mar, v.t. Impair fatally, ruin, esp. make (or 
 mend) orm.; mar-plot, one who hinders under- 
 taking by officiousness. [com.-Teut.: OE mer- 
 ran, OFris. meria hinder, MDu. merren hinder] 
 
 ma'pabou (-oo), n. Large W.-Afr. stork ; tuft 
 of down from its wings or tail as trimming for 
 hat &c [F, prob. f. vulg. Arab, use of foil.] 
 
 ma'rabout (-oot), n. Mohammedan hermit 
 or monk, esp. in N. Africa ; shrine marking m.'s 
 burial-place, [f. Arab, murabit] 
 
 maraschi'no (-ke-), n. Liqueur from a small 
 black cherry. [It. (marasca small black cherry, 
 for amarasca f. amaro bitter f. L amarus)] 
 
 mara'smus, n. Wasting away of body. 
 Hence mara'smic a. [f. Gk marasmos (ma- 
 raino wither)] 
 
 marau'd, v.i. &t. Make plundering raid (on); 
 go about pilfering ; (trans.) plunder. Hence 
 marau'dER 1 n. [f. F marauder (maraud 
 rogue)] 
 
 marave'di (-va-), n. (hist.). Spanish coins, 
 gold worth 14s., copper id. [Sp. f. Arab. Mura- 
 bitin marabouts, Moorish dynasty at Cordova] 
 
 mar'ble, n. Limestone in crystalline (also, 
 in granular) state & capable of taking polish, 
 much used in sculpture & architecture ; this as 
 type of hardness or smoothness (often attrib.); 
 (pi.) collection of sculptures, as Elgin mm.; 
 small ball of m., clay, glass, &c, as toy; (v.t.) 
 stain, colour, (paper, edges of book, soap) to 
 look like variegated m. (esp. in p.p.). Hence 
 mar*blv 2 a. [(vb f. n.)f. Fmarbre f. hmarmor, 
 cogn. w. Gk marmaros (marmairo sparkle)] 
 
 mare, n. Refuse from pressed fruit. [F, perh. 
 f. marcher march 5 in sense ' crush '] 
 
 mar'easite, n. (Usu. white iron) pyrites. 
 [f. med.L marcasita, etyni. dub.] 
 
 maree'seent, a. (Of parts of plant) wither- 
 ing but not falling. Hence maree'scENCE n. 
 [f. L marcescere frequent, of marcere, see-ENT] 
 
 March 1 (-tsh), n. (abbr. Mar.). Third month 
 of year ; M. hare. [OF, f. L Martius (mensis 
 month) of Mars] 
 
 march 2 (-tsh), n. (hist. ). Boundary, frontiers, 
 (often pi., esp. of borderland between England 
 & Scotland or Wales); tractof (often debatable) 
 land between two countries, [f. F marche f. 
 Teut. markd mark 1 ] 
 
 march 3 , v.i. (Of countries, estates, &c.) bor- 
 der upon, have common frontier with. [f. OF 
 marchir (as prec)] 
 
 march 4 , n. (Mil.) marching of troops ; line 
 (route) of in.; long toilsome walk ; progress (of 
 events, time, intellect, mind); distance covered 
 by troops in a day ; forcecZ m. ; uniform step of 
 troops &c, as quick, slow, in.; (Mus.) com- 
 position meant to accompany m., as dead in. 
 [f. F marche (as foil.)] 
 
 march 5 (-tsh), v.i. & t. Walk away, forth, 
 past (reviewing officer or sovereign), out, &c, 
 in military manner with regular and measured 
 tread; walk, proceed, steadily; (trans.) cause 
 to go on, off, &c. [f. F marcher, etym. dub.] 
 
 mar'chioness (-shonis), n. Wife, widow, of 
 marquis ; lady holding in her own right position 
 equal to that of marquis, [f. med.L marchion- 
 issa f. marchio -onis march 2 -captain (marca)] 
 
 mar'chpane (tsh), mar'zipan, n. Paste 
 of pounded almonds, sugar, &c made up into 
 small cakes &c ; such cake, [cf , F massepain, 
 G marzipan, &c, etym. dub.] 
 
 marco'nigpam, n. Message sent by Mar- 
 conrs system of wireless telegraphy, [-gram] 
 
 mar'e 1 , n. M. clausum, sea under jurisdic- 
 tion of particular coiintry ; m. li'berum, sea 
 open to all nations. [L] 
 
 mare 2 , n. Female of equine animal, esp. 
 horse ; grey 1 to. ; shanks's to.; m.'s-nest, illu- 
 sory discovery ; m. 's tail, kinds of aquatic plant, 
 long straight streaks of cirrus. [OE mere, cf. 
 Du. merrie, G mdhre jade] 
 
 mare'mma, n. Low marshy unhealthy coun- 
 try by sea shore. [It.] 
 
 mar'garine (or -en), n. Legal name for all 
 substances made in imitation of butter. [F. 
 
MARGAY 
 
 501 
 
 MARL 
 
 misapplication of a chera. term, f . Gk margaron 
 pearl, see -in] 
 
 map'gay, n. S.-Amer. tiger-cat. [F, f. native 
 mbaracaia] 
 
 marge, n. (poet.). = foil. [F, as foil.] 
 
 margin, n. Edge, border, of surface, whence 
 mar*g"inATE 2 (2), -ated, aa. ; condition near 
 the limit below or beyond which a thing ceases 
 tobe possible &c. ; extraameunt (of time, money, 
 &c.) over & above the necessary; (Commerc.) 
 sum deposited with stockbroker to cover risk 
 of loss on transaction of account ; space round 
 main body of printed matter on page ; ( v. t.) fur- 
 nish with m. or marginal notes, deposit m. on 
 (stock), [(vb f. n.) f. L margo -ginis] 
 
 map'ginal, a. Of, written in, the margin; 
 having marginal notes ; of, at, the edge ; close 
 to the limit. Hence map'glnalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 marg'ina'lia, n. pi. Marginal notes. [mod.L 
 neut. pi., as margin 1 , see -al] 
 
 mar'grave, n. (hist.). German title of some 
 princes of Holy Roman Empire, orig. of military 
 governor of border province, [f. MDu. mark- 
 grave border count (mark 1 + grave count)] 
 
 map'gravine, n. Margrave's wife. [f. Du. 
 markgravin (as prec, see -ine 3 )] 
 
 map'guepite (-geret), n. Ox-eye daisy. [F, 
 f. LL (-ta) f. Gk margarites (margaron pearl, 
 see -ite *)] 
 
 mar/age c/e convenance (F), n. Marriage 
 contracted from prudential motives. 
 
 Map'ian, a. & n. Of the Virgin Mary, Mary 
 Queen of England, or Mary Queen of Scots ; (n. ) 
 adherent of the last. [f. L Maria Mary + -an] 
 
 ma'rid, n. Jinn of most powerful class. 
 [Arab., part, of marada rebel] 
 
 ma*rig'old, n. Kinds of plant with golden 
 or yellow flowers ; marsh m. [f. Mary (prob. 
 the Virgin) + gold] 
 
 mar ina'de, n. , & (also -te) v. t. Pickle of wine, 
 vinegar, & spices ; fish, meat, thus pickled ; 
 pickle with m. [(vb f. n.) F, f. Sp. marinada 
 (marinar pickle in brine, as foil., -ade)] 
 
 mari'ne (-en), a. & n. Of, found in, produced 
 by, the sea ; of shipping or naval matters, as m. 
 insurance ; m. stores, old ships' materials as 
 merchandise ; for use at sea ; (of soldiers) serv- 
 ing on board ship. (N. ) country's shipping, fleet, 
 or navy, esp. mercantile m. ; soldier on man-of- 
 war ; tell that to the (horse ! ) mm. [f. F marin 
 (fern, -ine) f. L marinus (mare sea, -ine 1 )] 
 
 ma'piner, n. Sailor, seaman; master m., 
 captain of merchant ship, f AF, f. med.L mari- 
 narius (as prec, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 Mapi'nism (-en-), n. Affected style of It. 
 poetJVIarini (d. 1625). So Mapi'nisr n. [-ism] 
 
 Mapio'latpy, n. Idolatrous worship of Vir- 
 gin Mary. [f. Gk Maria Mary -f -latry] 
 
 marionette, n. Puppet worked by strings, 
 representing person &c. [f. F marionnette 
 (Marion dim. of Marie Mary, -ette)] 
 
 maTish, n. & a. (poet). Marsh(y). [ME & 
 OF inareis f. med.L mariscus marsh] 
 
 Map'ist, n. Member of Rom. Cath. Society 
 of Mary. [f. F Mariste (Marie Mary, see -ist)] 
 
 ma'pital (or marrt-), a. Of a husband ; of 
 marriage. Hence ma'pitalLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 maritalhi (maritus husband, see -al)] 
 
 ma'pitlme, a. Living, found, near the sea : 
 connected with the sea, as m. insurance. \i. L 
 maritimus (mare sea ; for suf. cf. ulttmus)] 
 
 map'jopam, n. Genus including Sweet M., 
 aromatic herb used in cookery, [f. OF majo- 
 rane f. med.L majorana, etym. dub.] 
 
 mark. 1 , n. Target or other object to be aim- 
 ed at; beside, wide of, the m., not hitting it, 
 (fig.) not to the point; (Boxing) pit of stomach; 
 desired object, as hit, miss, the m.; sign, indi- 
 
 cation, (of quality, character, &c), esp. m. of 
 mouth, depression in horse's tooth indicating 
 age ; affixed or impressed sign, seal, &c; ear 1 , 
 hall, trade, -m.; cross &c. made in place of 
 signature by illiterate person ; written symbol ; 
 this as sign of good or bad conduct ; unit of 
 numerical award of merit in examination, as 
 he gained U6 mm.', line &c. serving to indicate 
 position ; Plimsolls m., line showing how far 
 ship may legally be submerged when loaded ; be- 
 low, up to, &c, the m. (standard) ; (Footb.) heel- 
 in. on ground made by player who has obtained 
 fair catch ; stain, scar, &c; make one's m., at- 
 tain distinction ; (as apology for mentioning 
 anything horrible &c.) (God) save the m.; of m., 
 noteworthy ; (Hist.) tract of land held by Teu- 
 tonic village community. [OE meark, cf. Du. 
 & G mark, f. OTeut. markd] 
 mark 2 , v.t. Make a mark on (thing) by 
 stamping, cutting, writing, &c; put identify- 
 ing mark or name on (linen) ; attach figures in- 
 dicating prices to (goods) ; (pass.) have natural 
 marks, as marked with silver spots ; m. out, 
 trace out boundaries for (ground), plan (course), 
 destine, as marked out J or slaughter ; m. off, 
 separate (thing from another, lit. & fig.) by 
 boundary ; indicate (place on map, length of 
 syllable) by signs or marks ; record (points 
 gained in games) ; manifest (one's displeasure 
 &c. by) ; (pass.) this tendency is stro7igly mark- 
 ed (noticeable), a marked difference, whence 
 map'kedLY 2 adv., map'kedNESs n. ; accom- 
 pany, be a feature of, as no triumph marks her 
 manner ; m. time, move feet as in marching, 
 but without advancing (often fig.) ; see, notice; 
 observe mentally, as m. my words ; a marked 
 man, one whose conduct is watched with sus- 
 picion or hostility ; (also m. down) note & re- 
 member spot to which (grouse &c.) has retired; 
 (Footb.) keep close to (opponent) so as to ham- 
 
 Eer him if he receives ball. [OE mearcian, cf. 
 »u. & G merken, (as prec.)] 
 
 mark 3 , ». Denomination of weight for gold 
 & silver, usu. 8 oz. (now only of continental 
 weights) ; German coin worth slightl y less than 
 shilling, [com. Teut. & Rom., etym. dub.] 
 
 map'kep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: one who 
 marks down game ; one who records score esp. 
 in billiards ; = book 1 -m. [mark 2 + -er l ] 
 
 map'ket l 3 n. Gathering of people for pur- 
 chase & sale of provisions or livestock ; time 
 of this ; bring one's eggs or hogs to a bad m., 
 fail in one's schemes ; open space or covered 
 building in which cattle &c. are exposed 
 for sale ; make a m. of, (fig.) barter away ; de- 
 mand (for commodity) ; the corn m., the trade 
 in corn ; come into the m., be offered for sale ; 
 put on the m., offer for sale ; money-wi.; rate 
 of purchase & sale, m. value, as the m. fell ; 
 seat of trade ; m. cross (erected in m. -place) ; 
 m. day (on which m. is held) ; m.-garden (in 
 which vegetables are grown for m.) ; m. place, 
 square, open space, where m. is held ; m. town 
 (where m. is held). [ONF, f. L mercatus (mer- 
 caH trade, see mercantile)] 
 
 map'ket 2 , v.i. & t. Buy or sell in market ; 
 sell (goods) in market, whence map'ketABLE 
 a., map'ketabLY 2 adv. [f. prec] 
 
 map'king, n. In vbl senses, esp. colouring 
 of feathers, skin, &c; m.-ink (indelible, for m. 
 linen), [mark 2 + -ING 1 ] 
 
 map'ksman, n. One skilled or practised 
 in aiming at mark, esp. one who attains cer- 
 tain standard of proficiency in rifle practice. 
 Hence map*ksmansHiP(l, 3) n. [mabkH 
 -es + man] 
 
 marl, n., & v.t. Soil consisting of clay and 
 carbonate of lime, a valuable fertilizer ; (v.t.) 
 
MARLINE 
 
 502 
 
 MARTIN 
 
 apply m. to (ground). Hence map'h' 2 a. [(vb 
 f. n.)*f. OF marie f. LL margila dim. of marga] 
 
 map'line, n. (naut.). Small line of two 
 strands ; m. -spike, marlinspike, pointed iron 
 tool for separating strands of rope in splicing, 
 [f. Du. marlijn {mcirren bind + lijn line)] 
 
 map'lite, n. Kind of marl that resists action 
 of air. I-ite 1 ] 
 
 mar'malade, n. Preserve of oranges or 
 specified fruit, [f. F marmelade f. Port, mar- 
 melada f. marmelo quince f. Lf. Gkmelimelon 
 {melt honey + melon apple), see -ade] 
 
 map'molite, n. Laminated serpentine of 
 pale green colour, [irreg. f. Gk marmairo 
 shine, see -lite] 
 
 marmop'eal, a. (poet.). Of, like, marble, 
 [f. L marmoreus (as marble) + -al] 
 
 mar'moset (-z-), n. Small tropical Ameri- 
 can monkey with bushy tail. [f. OF marmouset 
 grotesque image, etym. dub.] 
 
 map'mot, n. Rodent of squirrel family ; 
 kind of bathing-cap. [f. F marmotte prob. f. 
 Roumansch murmont f. L murem (nom. mits) 
 montis mouse of the mountain] 
 
 Ma'ponite, n. One of a sect of Syrian Chris- 
 tians dwelling in Lebanon, [f. LL Maronita 
 (Maron founder, see -ite ] )] 
 
 mapoo'n \ n. & a. (Of) brownish-crimson 
 colour; firework exploding with loud report, 
 [f. F marron chestnut f. It. marrone] 
 
 mapoo'n 2 , n. One of class of negroes, orig. 
 fugitive slaves, in mountains & forests of Dutch 
 Guiana & W. Indies ; marooned person, [f. F 
 marron perh. corrupt, of Sp. cimarron wild 
 (cima mountain-top perh. ult. f. Gkkuma wave)] 
 
 mapoo'n 3 , v.t. & i. Put (person) ashore & 
 leave him on desolate island or coast as pun- 
 ishment ; idle, hang about, [f. prec] 
 
 marque (-k), n. Letter(s) of m. {& reprisal), 
 licence to fit out armed vessel & employ it in 
 capture of enemy's merchant shipping, (sing.) 
 ship carrying such licence. [F, f. Prov. marca 
 f. marear seize as pledge, perh. conn. w. mark 1 ] 
 
 marquee' (-ke), n. Large tent, [f. marquise 
 taken as pi. n.] 
 
 map'quetepy, -terie, (-k-), n. Inlaid work. 
 [F {-ie), f. marqueter variegate (mark j )] 
 
 map'quis, -quess, n. Noble ranking be- 
 tween duke & earl or (in foreign countries) 
 count. Hence map'quisATEMl) n. [f. OF 
 marchis = It. marchese ruler of march 2 , -ese] 
 
 mapqui'se (-kez), n. (Of foreign nobility) 
 marchioness ; finger-ring set with oval pointed 
 cluster of gems. [F, fern, of marquis) 
 
 map'quois (-kwoiz), n. M. scale, apparatus 
 for drawing equidistant parallel lines, [prob. 
 blunder for F marquoir marker (mark 1 )] 
 
 ma'ppiage (-rij), n. Relation between mar- 
 ried persons, wedlock ; give, take, in m. (as hus- 
 band or wife) ; communal m., system by which 
 all the men in small community are married to 
 all the women , act, ceremony, of marrying ; 
 civil m. (performed by officer of state, without 
 religious ceremony); (fig.) intimate union; 
 
 (Cards) declaration of king & queen of same 
 suit;m. articles, antenuptial agreement re- 
 specting rights of property & succession ; m.- 
 bed, (fig.) marital intercourse; m. licence 1 ; 
 m. lines, certificate of marriage ; m. settlement, 
 arrangement securing property to wife & some- 
 times to children, [f. F mariage f. pop. L 
 *maritaticu?n {maritus husband, see -age)] 
 
 ma'ppiag-eafole (-ija-), a. Of an age to 
 marry ; (of age) suitable for marriage, [-able] 
 
 ma*ppied,a. United in wedlock ; of person(s) 
 60 united, as m. life. [p.p. of marry] 
 
 ma'ppow, n. Soft fatty substance in cavi- 
 ties of bones, often a type of rich food or of 
 
 vitality; spinal m., substance forming spinal 
 cord ; essential part, aspith&m.; vegetable m., 
 kind of gourd ; marrowbone, bone containing 
 edible m., (pi., facet.) knees ; marrow(fat), kind 
 of large pea; ?n.-spoon (for getting m. from 
 bones). Hence ma'PPOWLESS, ma'ppowY 2 , 
 aa. [com.-Teut.: OE mearg, Du. merg, G mark] 
 
 ma'ppy 1 , v.t. & i. (Of priest "&c.) join 
 (persons, one to another) in wedlock ; (of 
 parent or guardian) give (son, daughter, &c.) 
 in marriage; (of either contracting party) take 
 in marriage ; (fig.) unite intimately ; (intr.) take 
 husband or wife. [f. F marier f. L maritare f. 
 maritus husband Unas maris male)] 
 
 ma'ppy 2 , int. (archaic) expr. surprise, asse- 
 veration, indignation, &c; m. come up (expr. 
 indignant or contemptuous surprise). [= (the 
 Virgin) Mary] 
 
 Maps (-z), n. Roman god of war; warfare-; 
 planet fourth in order of distance from sun. [L] 
 
 Marsala (-sah-), n. White wine like light 
 sherry, from M. in Sicily. 
 
 Mapseillai'se (-selaz, or as F), n. National 
 song of French Republic, first sung by Mar- 
 seilles patriots. [F, fern. adj. f. Marseille, -ese] 
 
 Marseilles (-sals), n. Seaport in S. France ; 
 stiff cotton fabric like pique. 
 
 marsh, n. Low land flooded in winter & 
 usu. watery at all times ; m. gas, light car- 
 buretted hydrogen ; m.-mallow, (confection 
 made from root of) shrubby herb growing near 
 salt marshes ; m. marigold, golden-flowered 
 ranunculaceous plant growing in moist mea- 
 dows. Hence mar'shiNESS n., map'shv 2 a. 
 [OE mersc f. WG *marisk- (whence med.L 
 mariscus) f. OTeut. mari- sea, see -ish i] 
 
 map'shal 1 , n. EARL-m. ; general officer of 
 highest rank in some foreign armies ; provost- 
 m.; field-?/?..; (Hist.) knightm., officer of royal 
 household with judicial functions ^judge's m., 
 official accompanying judge on circuit, with 
 secretarial duties; officer arranging ceremonies 
 &c. Hence map'shalSHip n. [f. OF mare- 
 schal f. Frank. L mariscalcus f. OHG marah- 
 scalh (OTeut. marhoz horse+skalkoz servant)] 
 
 map'shal 2 , v.t. & i. (-11-). Arrange in due 
 order (persons at feast &c, soldiers, facts &c.) ; 
 (Her.) combine (coat of arms) ; conduct (person) 
 ceremoniously {into &c.) ; (intr.) take up one's 
 position, [f. prec] 
 
 map'shalsea, n. (hist.). Court held, prison 
 in Southwark controlled by, knight marshal, 
 [f. obs. marshalcy (marshal 1 + -cv)] 
 
 marsu'pial, a. & n. (anat., zool.). Of, like, 
 a pouch, as m. muscle. ; (animal) of the class of 
 mammals characterized by having a pouch in 
 which to carry their young, born imperfect, 
 [f. L f. Gk marsupion pouch dim. of marsipos 
 purse + -al] 
 
 mart, n. (Poet.) market-place ; auction 
 room ; trade centre, [f. Du. markt, f. L as 
 market] 
 
 marte'llo, n. M. tower, small circular fort, 
 tisu. on coast to prevent hostile landing, [cor- 
 rupt, of Cape Mortella in Corsica] 
 
 mar'ten, n. Animal like weasel, with valu- 
 able fur. [f. OF martrine (peau skin) of the 
 marten (martre f. OTeut. marthuz)] 
 
 map'tial (-shl), a. Of, suitable for, appro- 
 priate to, warfare, whence map'tialiZE v.t. ; 
 m. law, military government, by which ordi- 
 nary law is suspended; brave; fond of fighting : 
 {M-) of the planet Mars. Hence map* tialLY 2 
 adv. [F, f. L martialis of mars, see -al] 
 
 Map'tian (-shn), n. Inhabitant of Mars. [f. 
 L Martins of mars + -an] 
 
 map'tin, n. St M., bishop of Tours in 4th c. ; 
 Martinmas, St M.'s day, Nov. 11; StM.'s sum' 
 
MARTINET 
 
 503 
 
 MASSEUR 
 
 mer, fine season about this time ; (also house-, 
 m.) bird of swallow family building mud nest" 
 on house walls &c. [F, f. L Martinus] 
 
 maptine't, n. Strict (esp. military or naval) 
 disciplinarian. Hence maptine'tiSM n.,map- 
 tme't(t)iSH l n. [M., French drill-master in 
 reign of Louis XIV] 
 
 mar'tingale (-ngg-), n. Strap, set of straps, 
 fastened at one end to nose-band, at other end 
 to girth, of horse to prevent rearing &c. ; 
 (Naut.) rope for guying down jib-boom ; gam- 
 bling system of doubling stakes inhopeof even- 
 tual turn of luck. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 map'tlet, n. Swift; (Herald.) footless bird. 
 [f. F martelet prob. f. martinet dim. f. martin] 
 
 martyr, n., & v.t. One who undergoes 
 penalty of death for persistence in Christian 
 faith or obedience to law of Church, or under- 
 goes death or suffering for any great cause ; 
 m. to (constant sufferer from) gout &c. ; make 
 a m. of oneself, (pretend to) sacrifice one's in- 
 clinations, for sake of credit thus gained ; (v.t.) 
 put to death as m., torment, [(vb f. n.) cccl.L 
 f. late Gk martur = Gk martus -tiros witness] 
 
 mar'typdom, n. Sufferings & death of 
 martyr ; torment, [-com] 
 
 map'typize, v.t. Make a martyr of (oneself, 
 person), [f. med.L viartyrizare (martyr, -ize)] 
 
 martyro- in comb. = of martyrs, as : -latry, 
 worship of martyrs; -logy, list, register, history, 
 of martyrs, whence -lo'gical. 
 
 mar'typy, n. Shrine, church, erected in 
 honour of martyr, [f. med.L f. Gk martur ion 
 
 (as MARTYR 1 )] 
 
 map'vel J (-vl), n. Wonderful thing ; wonder- 
 ful example of (quality) ; (archaic) astonish- 
 ment, [f. OF merveille f. L mirabilia neut. pi. 
 of mirabilis (mirari wonder at, see -ble)] 
 
 map'vel 2 , v.i. (literary ; -11-). Be surprised 
 (at, that) ; wonder (how, why, &c). [f. OF mer- 
 veillier (as prec.)] 
 
 map'vellous, a. Astonishing ; extrava- 
 gantly improbable, esp. the m. Hence map'- 
 vellousLY 2 adv.,map'vellousNESsn. [f. OF 
 merveillos (as prec.)] 
 
 marzipan. See marchpane. 
 
 ma'scot, n. Person, thing, that brings luck, 
 [f. provincial F mascotte, perh. cogn. w. Pr. 
 masco witch] 
 
 ma'sculine, a. & n. Of the gender to which 
 names of males normally belong; m. rhyme (in 
 French verse, between words ending in stress- 
 ed syllables, not e mute), m. ending, ending of 
 line with stressed syllable ; of the male sex ; 
 manly, vigorous ; (of woman) having qualities 
 appropriate to man ; (n.) m. gender, word. 
 Hence ma'seulineNESS, maseuli'niTY, nn. 
 [f. F masculin (fem. -ine) f. L masculinus (as 
 male, see -INE 1 )] 
 
 mash 1 , n. Malt mixed with hot water to 
 form wort ; mixture of boiled grain, bran, &c. 
 given warm to horses &c. ; soft pulp made by 
 crushing, mixing with water, &c. ; confused 
 mixture ; m.-tub (in which malt is mashed). 
 [OE mdsc-, cf. G meisch crushed grapes, malt, 
 Da. mask grains for pigs, perh. cogn. w. mix] 
 
 mash-, v.t. Mix (malt) with hot water; 
 crush, pound, to pulp ; reduce (potatoes &c.) 
 to uniform mass by crushing, [f. prec] 
 
 mash 3 , v.t., & n. (slang). Excite sentimental 
 admiration in (one of opposite sex); be mashed 
 on, have such admiration for ; person on whom 
 one of opposite sex is mashed. [?] 
 
 ma'shep, n. Pop posing as lady-killer. [?] 
 
 ma'shie, -y, n. Iron golf club with straight 
 Bole & face. [perh. corrupt, of F massue club] 
 
 ma'sjid (mu-), n. Mosque. [Arab.] 
 
 mask 1 , n. Covering, usu. of velvet or silk, 
 
 for concealing face at balls &c, or of wire, 
 gauze, &c, for protection ; hollow figure of 
 human head worn by Greek & Roman actors ; 
 clay or wax likeness of person's face, esp. (also 
 death-m.) one made by taking mould from 
 face; (fig.) disguise, &s throw off them.; masked 
 person ; face, head, of fox. [f. F masque f. Sp. 
 mascara, or f. med.L mascus, etym. dub.] 
 
 mask 2 , v.t. Cover (face) with mask: (pass.) 
 be disguised with mask; (Mil.) conceal (force 
 &c.) from enemy's view, hinder (army &c.) 
 from action by watching with adequate force, 
 hinder (friendly force) by standing in line of its 
 fire; disguise (feelings &c); masked ball (at 
 which masks are worn), [f. prec] 
 
 ma'skep, -quep, n. One who takes part in 
 masquerade or masque, [prec + -er i ] 
 
 maskino'ng-e (-j, -ji), n. Large pike in 
 great lakes of N. America. [Odjibwa] 
 
 ma'son, n., & v.t. Worker in stone ; free- 
 mason, whence maso'nic a. ; (v.t.) build, 
 strengthen, with masonry, [(vb f. F macon- 
 ner) f. OF macon ; med.L machio etym. dub.] 
 
 ma'sonpy, n. Mason's w r ork, stonework, 
 [f. F magonnerie (as mason, see -ery)] 
 
 Masts^P'ath), n. Body of traditional in- 
 formation on text of Hebrew Bible, [f. Heb. 
 masoreth perh. =bond] 
 
 Ma*s(s)opete, -ite, n. Jewish scholar con- 
 tributing to the Masora. Hence mas(s)o- 
 pe'tic a. [(-ete) corrupt, of Heb. as prec; (-ite) 
 prec + -ite 2 ] 
 
 masque (-k), n. Amateur histrionic enter- 
 tainment, orig. in dumb show, later including 
 dialogue &c; dramatic composition for this. 
 
 [as MASK 1 ] 
 
 masquera-de » (-k-), n. Masked ball ; false 
 show, pretence, [f. Sp. mascarada (mascara 
 mask, see -a©e)J 
 
 masquera'de 2 (-k-), v.i. Appear in dis- 
 guise ; assume false appearance, [f. prec] 
 
 mass 1 , n. (A) celebration (now usu. Rom. 
 Cath.) of the Eucharist, as m. was said, we 
 attend, go to, hear, m„ mm. icere said for his 
 soul ; liturgy used in this ; musical setting of 
 parts of this ; high m. (with incense, music, & 
 assistance of deacon & subdeacon) ; low m. 
 (with no music & minimum of ceremony). [OE 
 mxsse f. vulg. L messa f. cccl. L missa (mittere 
 miss- send) ; sense history doubtful] 
 
 mass 2 , n. , & v. t. & i. Coherent body of matter 
 of indefinite shape ; dense aggregation of ob- 
 jects, as a m. of fibres ; large number (of) ; heis a 
 m. o/(covered with) bruises ; unbroken expanse 
 (o/light &c) ; the (great) m., the majority (of) ; 
 the mm., the lower orders, cf. classes ; in the 
 m., in the aggregate ; (Physics) quantity of 
 matter a body contains ; m. meeting, large (usu. 
 political) assembly of people ; (vb) gather (t. & 
 i.) into m., (Mil.) concentrate (troops), [(vb f. 
 F masser) f. F masse f. L massa prob. f. Gk 
 maza barley-cake (masso knead)] 
 
 ma'ssacre (-ker), n., & v.t. General slaugh- 
 ter, carnage, (of persons, occas. of animals) ; 
 (v.t.) make a m. of , murder cruelly or violently, 
 [(vb f. F massacrer) F ; OF macacre, etym. dub. ] 
 
 massa'ge (-ahzh), n., & v.t. 'Rubbing, knead- 
 ing, &c , of muscles & join ts of the body with the 
 hands, to stimulate their action &c; (V.t.) treat 
 (part, person) thus, [(vb f. n.) F (masser treat 
 with massage, perh. f. Port, amassar knead, f. 
 massa dough, see -age)] 
 
 masse (-a), n. (billiards). Stroke made with 
 cue held perpendicular. [F, p.p. of masser make 
 such stroke (as mace)] 
 
 masseur* (-er), n. (fem. -euse, pron. -erz). One 
 who practises massage. So ma'ssER \ ma'ss- 
 or 2 , nn. [F (as massage, see -or 2 )] 
 
MASSIVE 
 
 504 
 
 MATE 
 
 ma'ssive, a. Large & heavy or solid; (of 
 features, head, &c.) largely moulded; (fig.) 
 solid, substantial ; (Psych., of sensation &c.) 
 having large volume or magnitude. Hence 
 ma'ssiveLY 2 adv., ma'ssiveNESS n. [F (-i f , 
 -ive), as mass 2 , see -ive] 
 
 ma'ssy, a. Solid ; weighty. Hence ma'ssi- 
 ness n. [mass 2 + -y 2 ] 
 
 mast 1 , n. Long pole of timber, iron, &c, set 
 up on ship's keel to support sails ; before the 
 m.; ha-lf-wi. high; m. -head, highest part-of m., 
 esp. of lower mast as place of observation or 
 punishment, (v.t.) send (sailor) to this, raise 
 (sail) to its position. [com.-Teut.: OE mxst, Du. 
 & G. mast] 
 
 mast 2 , n. Fruit of beech, oak, & other forest- 
 trees, esp. as food for swine. [coni.-WG : OE 
 maest, G mast] 
 
 ma'step *, n. Person having control ; (Naut.) 
 captain of merchant vessel ; employer ; owner 
 of dog, horse, &c; male head of household, as 
 m. of the house ; be m. of, have at one's disposal ; 
 make oneself m. of, acquire thorough knowledge 
 of or facility in using ; one who has or gets the 
 upper hand, as we will see which of us is m. ; 
 teacher, tutor, esp. (also schoolm. ) in school ; 
 house 1 -//!.; teacher in philosophy &c; The M., 
 Christ; M. of Arts (abbr. M.A.), holder of uni- 
 versity degree orig. giving authority to teach in 
 university ; skilled workman, or one in business 
 on his own account, as m. carpenter ; great 
 artist, esp. old m. (esp. of painters of 13th-17th 
 cc), picture &c. by a m.; head of some colleges ; 
 (as title of legal functionaries) M. in Chancery 
 &c. ; M. of Ceremonies (see ceremony), mis- 
 rule, rolls ; M. (organizer, leader, esp. in 
 Royal Household & Inns of Court) of the revels ; 
 M. of the Horse, official in English royal house- 
 hold ; M. (one who has control) df foxhounds 
 (abbr. M.F.H.), beagles, &c. ; (prefixed, esp. by 
 servants, to name of young gentleman )M. Tom, 
 M.Jones ; (attrib.) a m. (commanding, superior) 
 mind ; m. -at-arms, police officer on man-of-war ; 
 m.-key (opening many locks, each also opened by 
 separate key) ; m.-mason, (as above, also) free- 
 mason who has passed third degree ; master- 
 piece, consummate piece of workmanship ; m.- 
 stroke, surpassingly skilful act (of policy &c). 
 Hence ma'stePDOM, ma'stePHOOD, nn., 
 ma e stePLESS a. [OE mxgester (partly also f. 
 OF ma istre) f. L magister cogn. w. magis more] 
 
 ma'step' 2 , v.t. Overcome, defeat ; reduce to 
 subjection ; acquire complete knowledge of 
 (subject) or facility in using (instrument &c.) ; 
 rule as a master, [f. prec] 
 
 ma*sterful,a. Self-willed, imperious. Hence 
 ma'sterfulLY 2 adv., ma'stepfulxEss n. 
 
 [-FUL] 
 
 ma'sterly, a. Worthy of a master, very skil- 
 ful. Hence ma'stepliNESS n. [-ly 1 ] 
 
 ma'stepship, n. Dominion, control ; office, 
 function, of master, esp. in school, [-ship] 
 
 ma'stepy, n. Sway, dominion ; the upper 
 hand ; masterly skill ; masterly use or know- 
 ledge (of instrument, subject), [f. OF maistrie 
 (as master 1 , see -Y 1 )] 
 
 ma'stie, n. Gum or resin exuding from bark 
 of certain trees, used in making varnish ; trees 
 yielding this; kinds of cement; liquor flavoured 
 with m., used in Turkey & Greece; m. colour, 
 pale yellow. Hence masti'eic a. (chem.). [F, 
 f. LL mastichum f . L f . Gk mastikhe, etym. dub.] 
 
 ma'sticate, v.t. Grind (food) with teeth, 
 chew. Hence or cogn. mastieaBi'LiTY, mas- 
 ticA'TiON, ma'stieatOR 2 (l, 2), nn., ma'stica- 
 tORY a. [f. LL masticare (perh. as prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 ma'stiff, n. Large strong dog with drooping 
 ears & pendulous lips. [f. OF mastin f. pop. L 
 
 *mansuetinus (mansuetus tame f. mamis hand 
 + suescere suet- grow accustomed, see -ine j )] 
 
 mastrtis, n. Inflammation of female breast, 
 [f. Gk mastos breast, see -itis] 
 ma'stodon, n. Large extinct mammal like 
 elephant, with nipple -shaped tubercles on 
 crowns of molar teeth. Hence mastodo'ntic 
 a. [f. Gk mastos breast + odous odontos tooth] 
 
 ma'stoid, a. (anat.). Shaped like female 
 breast, [f. Gk mastos breast, see -oid] 
 
 ma*stupbate,v.i. Practise self -abuse. Hence 
 mastuPbA - TiON n. [f. L masturbari, etym. 
 dub., see -ate 3 ] 
 
 mat 1 , n. Coarse fabric of plaited rushes, 
 straw, &c, for lying upon, packing furniture, 
 &c. ; piece of this for wiping shoes upon, esp. 
 door-m. [OE matt f. LL matta] 
 
 mat 2 , v.t. & i. Cover, furnish, with mats ; en- 
 tangle (often together) in thick mass (esp. in 
 p.p., asmatted hair) ; become matted, [f. prec] 
 
 mat 3 , a., n., & v.t. (Of colours, surfaces, 
 &c) dull, without lustre. (N.) border of dead 
 gold round framed picture ; appearance of un- 
 burnished gold ; roughened or frosted ground- 
 work. (V.t.) make (gilding &c) dull; frost 
 (glass), [(vb f. F mater) F, f. med.L mattus f. 
 Arab, mat helpless] 
 
 ma'tadop, n. Man appointed to kill bull in 
 bull-fight ; principal card in some games. [Sp., 
 f. L mactatorem (mactare kill, -OR 2 )] 
 
 match 1 , n. Person able to contend with 
 another as an equal, as find, meet, one's m., be 
 (more than) a m. for ; person equal to another 
 in some quality, as we shall never see his m.', 
 person, thing, exactly like or corresponding to 
 another ; contest of skill &c. in which persons 
 are matched against each other, as cricket m.; 
 matrimonial alliance ; make a m., bring this 
 about ; person viewed in regard to his or her 
 eligibility for marriage, esp. as to rank or for- 
 tune, as he is an excellent m.; m.-board, one 
 with tongue cut along one edge & groove along 
 other, so as to fit into similar boards ; match- 
 maker, one fond of scheming to bring about 
 marriages. [OE gemsecca, cogn. w. make n.] 
 
 match 2 , v.t. & i. Join (person with another) 
 in marriage ; prove a match for ; place (person 
 &c) in conflict against another ; well matched, 
 fit to contend with each other, live together, 
 &c, on equal terms ; place (person, thing) in 
 competition with ; be equal, correspond in quan- 
 tity, quality, colour, &c, to (thing &c; also intr. 
 with), as the carpets m. the wall-paper, these 
 ribbons do not m., do not m. with your hat, 
 trimmed with velvet to m. ; find material &c. 
 that matches with (another), as can you m. me 
 this silk ? [f. prec] 
 
 match 3 , n. Short piece of wood, wax taper, 
 &c, tipped with composition that bursts into 
 flame when rubbed on rough or (safety m.) 
 specially prepared surface ; piece of wick, cord, 
 &c, designed to burn at uniform rate, for firing 
 cannon &c; m.-box (for holding mm.); match- 
 lock, (gun with) lock in which m. is placed for 
 igniting powder ; matchwood, wood suitable 
 for mm., minute splinters, [f. OF mesche (F 
 meche wick), etym. dub.] 
 
 ma'tchet, n. Broad heavy knife used in 
 America &c. as tool & weapon, [f. Sp. machete] 
 
 ma'tchless, a. Without an equal, peerless. 
 Hence ma*tchlessLY 2 adv. [match 1 + -less] 
 
 mate ] ,n. & v.t. (chess). = checkmate ; fool's 
 m. (in which first player is mated at opponent's 
 
 second move) ; stale l m. [see checkmate] 
 
 mate 2 , n. (In working-classes) companion, 
 fellow- worker, (also as general form of address); 
 one of a pair, esp. of birds ; fitting partner in 
 marriage ; (Naut.) officer on merchant ship who 
 
MATE 
 
 505 
 
 MATURA 
 
 
 sees to execution of master's commands & takes 
 command in his absence, (also)assistant to some 
 functionary, as cook's, gunner's, surgeon's, to. 
 Hence ma'teLESS a. Iprob. f. MLG mate for 
 gemote f. OTeut. gamaton messmate (ga- v- + 
 mat- meat)] 
 
 mate 3 , v.t. & i. Join (two persons, one with 
 another) in marriage; marry [with or abs.) ; 
 
 f>air (birds), (of birds) pair ; keep company (with). 
 f. prec. 1 
 
 ma'te (-a), n. (Vessel for) infusion of leaves 
 of a shrub, Paraguay tea ; the shrub, [f. Sp. 
 mate f. native mati] 
 
 ma'teicte (-ot), n. Dish of fish &c. with sauce 
 of wine, onions, &c. [F, f. matelot sailor) 
 
 ma'tep, n. (School slang) mother ; dura ma- 
 ter, pia mater ; ma'terj ami' lias, mother of 
 household. [LJ 
 
 material, a. & n. Concerned with the mat- 
 ter, not the form, of reasoning ; of matter, cor- 
 poreal ; m. theory of heat (that it is a m. sub- 
 stance); (of conduct, point of view, &c.) un- 
 spiritual ; concerned with bodily comfort &c, 
 as m. well-being ; important, essential, {to or 
 abs.). (N.) matter from which thing is made, as 
 raw (unmanufactured) to. ; elements, constitu- 
 ent parts (of substance, Jor historical composi- 
 tion &c.) ; stuff", fabric ; writing mm. (imple- 
 ments). Hence materia'liTY n., mater'ial- 
 LY 2 adv. ff. Lhmaterialis (as matter, see -al)] 
 
 materialism, n. Opinion that nothing ex- 
 ists but matter & its movements & modifica- 
 tions, also, that consciousness & will are wholly 
 due to material agency ; (Art) tendency to lay 
 stress on material aspect of objects. So ma- 
 ter'ialiST n., materialistic a.,material- 
 i'stiCALLY adv. [-ism] 
 
 materialize, v.t. Make, represent as, ma- 
 terial ; cause (spirit) to appear, (of spirit) appear, 
 in bodily form; (chiefly U.S.) become actual 
 fact ; make materialistic. Hence material- 
 iZATION n. [-ize] 
 
 mater'ia me'dica, n. Remedial substances 
 used in practice of medicine. [med.L] 
 
 mat6rie'l (F), n. Stock-in-trade, available 
 means. [F, as material] 
 
 matep'nal, a. Of mothers ; motherly ; re- 
 lated on the mother's side, as to. uncle, mother's 
 brother; (facet.) one's mother's. Hence ma- 
 ter'nalLY 2 adv. [f. F maternel f. L maternus 
 (mater mother), see -al] 
 
 mater'nity, n. Motherhood; motherli- 
 ness ; to. hospital^ (for women during con- 
 finement), [f. F maternity f. L matemitatem 
 (prec, -ty)] 
 
 mathematical, a. Of mathematics ; (of 
 proofs &c.) rigorously precise. Hence mathe- 
 ma'tiealLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk mathematikos 
 mathema science f. manthano, root math-, 
 learn, see-ic)] 
 
 mathema'tics, n. pi. (usu. treated as sing.). 
 (Also pure to. ) abstract science of space & num- 
 ber; (also mixed, applied, to.) this applied to 
 branches of physical research, e. g. astronomy. 
 So mathematrciAN n. fas prec, see -ics] 
 
 mattco (-te-), n. Peruvian shrub; its leaves 
 used as styptic. [Sp., dim. of Mateo Matthew] 
 
 ma*tin, n. (PI.) one of canonical hours of 
 breviary, prop, a midnight office, but also re- 
 cited at daybreak; (pi.) morning prayer in 
 Church of England ; (poet., sing, or pi.) morning 
 song of birds, [f. F matines f. eccl. L matuti- 
 nas, ace fern. pi. adj. as n. (Matuta goddess of 
 morning, see -ine *)] 
 
 ma*tin£e (-na), n. Afternoon theatrical or 
 musical performance. [F, = what occupies a 
 morning (matin morning, see -ade)] 
 
 ma'trass, n. Long-necked glass vessel with 
 
 round or oval body, used for distilling i 
 F matras, etym. dub.] 
 
 ma'triareh, n. Woman correspond 
 status to patriarch (usu. facet.), [f. L 
 mother on false anal, of patriarch] 
 
 ma'triarehy, n. Social organ izat 
 which mother is head of family. So n 
 ar'chAL a. [prec. + -y *] 
 
 ma'tricide, n. One who kills his, ki 
 one's, own mother. So ma'trieidAL & 
 matricida (mater, see -cide)] 
 
 matri'culate, v.t. & i. Admit (stuc 
 privileges of university ; (infer.) be thus 
 ted. Hence matrieulA^TiON n., mat 
 latORY a. [f. LL matricida register, < 
 
 MATRIX, +-ATE 3 ] 
 
 ma'trimony, n. Rite of marriage; £ 
 being married ; a card game ; combina 
 king & queen of trumps in some card 
 So matrimonii al a., matrimo'n 
 adv. [f. OF matremoine f. L matrin\ 
 (mater -tris mother, see -mow)] 
 
 ma'trix, n. Womb ; place in which t 
 produced or developed ; formative j 
 animal organ ; mass of rock &c enclosin 
 &c; (Biol.) substance between cells ; m< 
 which type &c is cast or shaped. [L, ] 
 mater mother] 
 
 ma'tron, n. Married woman ; worn 
 naging domestic affairs of hospital, 
 &c Hence ma*tronAGF.(l. 2), ma'troi 
 ma'tronsHiP, nn., ma'tronAL, ma' 
 LY 1, aa. [f. F matrone f. L matrona 
 mother)] 
 
 ma*ttamore, n. Subterranean dwe' 
 storehouse, [f. F matamoref. Arab, mat 
 (tamara store up)] 
 
 ma'tter *, n. Substance(s) of which s 
 cal thing is made ; purulent discharge ; 
 cal substance in general, as opp. to spirit 
 &c ; (Logic) particular content of prop* 
 distinguished from its form; mater 
 thought or expression ; substance of 
 speech, &c (often opp. to manner) ; oi 
 (of, for, complaint, regret, &c) ; tbin; 
 printed to., postal to., all that may be i 
 post ; nom., it is of no importance (whe 
 &c, or abs.) ; affair ; thing (of a kind si 
 esp. by vbl n.), as a hanging m., no laugh 
 money mm.; that is a, to. (case, question) < 
 &c ; for that to., so far as that is concernc 
 of (about) 40 years; whatisthem. ?, whati 
 (with) ? ; in the to. of, as regards ; to. oj 
 (also as adj., w. hyphens), thing to be e? 
 in natural course ; to. of fact, what pert 
 the sphere of fact (opp. to opinion &c), 
 a to. of fact, (Law) part of judicial : 
 concerned with truth of alleged fact 
 to to. of law), (adj., with hyphens) unin 
 tive, prosaic, [f. OF matere f. L mate? 
 ber, stuff] 
 
 ma'tter 2 , v.i. Be of importance, sigr 
 person &c. how, when, &c ; esp. w. neg. ). [ 
 
 ma'tting", n. In vbl senses (mat 2 
 fabric of hemp, bast, grass, &c as coveri 
 as coco-nut m. [-ing x ] 
 
 ma'ttoek, n. Tool with steel head, 
 adze-shaped blade on one side, & usu. i 
 the other, for loosening hard ground & 
 niattue, etym. dub.] 
 
 ma'ttress, n. Canvas case stuffe 
 hair, straw, &c, as bed or support fc 
 (usu. spring to.) similar appliance of 
 stretched in frame, [f. OF materas f. II 
 r'asso prob. f. Arab, almatrah place whei 
 is thrown, cushion (taraha throw)] 
 
 matura'tion, n. Ripening of morbii 
 ter ; causing of this, whence matur'ai 
 
MATURE 
 
 506 
 
 MEADOW 
 
 ripening of fruit ; maturing, development. [F, 
 f. L maturationem (as mature v., see -ation)] 
 
 mature' \ a. Complete in natural develop- 
 ment ; with fully developed powers of body & 
 mind; m. (careful) deliberation, m.plans (formed 
 after this) ; (of bill) due. Hence or cogn^ma- 
 ture*LY a adv., matupe'NESS, matup'rrv, 
 nn. [f. L mat urns ripe] 
 
 mature 2 , v.t. & i. Bring to perfect develop- 
 ment ; ripen; perfect (plan &c); come to 
 maturity; (of bill) become due. [f. obs. F 
 maturer f. L maturare (as prec.) ; & f. prec] 
 
 matuti'nal, a. Of, occurring in, the morn- 
 ing ; early. So ma'tutine a. ff. L matuti- 
 nalis (niatutinus f. Matuta goddess of dawn, 
 see-iNE 1 & -al)] 
 
 maud, n. Scotch shepherd's grey striped 
 plaid ; travelling-rug like this. [?] 
 
 mau'dlin, a. & n. Mawkishly sentimental, 
 esp. of tearful stage of drunkenness ; (n. ) mawk- 
 ish sentiment. T(adj. f. n.) f. OF Madelaine 
 
 MAGDALEN] 
 
 mau'gpe (-ger), prep, (archaic). In spite of. 
 [f. OF niaugri (mal bad f. L malus + gr& f. L 
 gratus pleasing)] 
 
 maul 1 , mall, n. Heavy hammer for pile- 
 driving &c. If. F mail f. L malleus hammer] 
 
 maul 2 , v.t. Beat & bruise ; handle (material 
 thing, subject, quotation) roughly or carelessly; 
 damage by criticism, [f. prec] 
 
 mau'lstlck, n. Light stick held by painter 
 in left hand as support for right, with padded 
 leather ball at one end. [f. Du. maalstok 
 (malen paint + stok stick)] 
 
 mau'ndep, v.i. Move, act, listlessly ; talk in 
 dreamy or rambling manner. [?J 
 
 mau'ndy, n. (Ceremony of washing the feet 
 of poor people, followed by, and now only sur- 
 viving in,) distribution of m. money by royal 
 almoner to the poor on M. Thursday (next be- 
 fore Easter), [f. OF mandf f. L mandatum 
 mandate (John xiii. 14)] 
 
 Mau'sep (raowz-), n. Kind of military rifle, 
 [inventor's name] 
 
 mausole'um, n. Magnificent tomb, orig. 
 that of Mausoius king of Caria erected by his 
 queen Artemisia in 1th c. B.C. [L, f. GkMauso- 
 leion (Mausolos)] 
 
 mauvais (mova - ), a. M. sujet, black sheep, 
 rogue; m. quart d'heure, short but unpleasant 
 experience, interview, &c. [F] 
 
 mauvaise honte (F), n. False shame ; pain- 
 ful diffidence. [F, = ill shame] 
 
 mauve (mov), n. & a. Bright but delicate 
 purple dye from coal-tar aniline ; of the colour 
 of this. [F, f. L malva mallow] 
 
 ma'vis, n. (poet.). Song- thrush, [f. F mauvis 
 = Sp. malviz, etym. dub.] 
 
 maw, n. Stomach (only facet, of men), esp. 
 last of ruminant's four stomachs ; mawicorm, 
 intestinal worm, also [f. M., character in Bick- 
 erstaffe's play The Hypocrite] hypocrite. [com.- 
 Teut. : OE maga, Du. maag, G'magen] 
 
 mawkish, a. Of faint sickly flavour ; feebly 
 sentimental. Hence mawkishLV 2 adv., 
 mawkish ness n. [f. obs. mawk maggot f. 
 ON madkr + -ish ] 1 
 
 mawseed, n. Seed of opium poppy, [f. G 
 mohsamen (moh poppy + samen seed)] 
 
 maxi'lla, n. (pi. -ae). Jaw(bone), esp. upper 
 jaw in animals & most vertebrates. Hence 
 maxi'llARY l , maxi'lliFORM, aa. [L] 
 
 ma'xim *, n. A general truth drawn from 
 science or experience ; principle, rule of con- 
 duct, [f. F maxime f. L maxima, fern, adj., 
 greatest] 
 
 Ma'xim 2 , n. Single-barrelled quick-firing 
 machine gun, with water-casing to keep parts 
 
 cool ; M.-Nordenfelt gun, modification of this. 
 Sir Hiram S. M„ inventor] 
 
 ma'ximize, v.t. Increase, magnify, to the 
 utmost ; interpret (doctrine &c.) vigorously. 
 Hence maximizA'TiON n. [f. L maximus 
 greatest + -ize] 
 
 ma'ximum, n. (pi. usu. -ma). Highest pos- 
 sible magnitude or quantity (often attrib.); m. 
 thermometer (recording highest temperature 
 within given period). |L, neut. as prec. J 
 
 may \ v. auxil. (3rd sing, may ; past might), 
 expr. possibility, as it may betrue (neg.it cannot 
 be), it may not be (perhaps is not) true, you may 
 walk miles without seeing one, he may or might 
 (perhaps will) lose his way, I was afraid he might 
 (perhaps would) lose his way, afraid he might 
 have (perhaps had) lost it ; expr. permission, as 
 you may (neg. must 4 not or cannot) go, I wish I 
 might ; you might (I request you to) call at the 
 baker's ; you might (ought to, yet do not) offer to 
 help, you might (ought to) have offered ; (in final 
 clausos,& after wish, fear, Sec.) take, took, such a 
 
 o urse as may, might, avert th e danger, I hope he 
 may, hoped he might, succeed ; (expr. wish) may 
 you live to repent it!; (in questions, emphasiz- 
 ing uncertainty) who may you be ?, Tasked him 
 who he might be ; maybe (also archaic mayhap), 
 perhaps. [com.-Teut. : OE maeg, past meahte, 
 Du. ?nag, mocht, G mag, mochte] 
 
 may 2 , n. (poet.). Maiden. [OE hasmsegr kins- 
 woman] 
 
 May :j , n. Fifth month of year; (fig.) bloom, 
 prime; Queenof(the)3L, girl chosen tobequeen 
 of games on May-day ; hawthorn (blossom) ; 
 (Camb. Univ., pi.) M. examination, M. boat- 
 races held during M.-week (late in M. or early in 
 Jixne) ; M.-day, May 1 (raayiNG 1 , keeping this, 
 picking m.); m.-fly, an ephemeral insect; M.- 
 games, on M.-day ; may-pole, pole painted & 
 decked with flowers, for dancing round on M.- 
 day. [f. F mai f. L Mains] 
 
 mayonnai'se (-z), n. (Salmon, chicken, &c, 
 ?H.,dishwith)creamydressingofegg-yolk&c. [F] 
 
 mayon (mar), n. Head of municipal cor- 
 poration of city or borough ; lord m. Hence 
 mayoPAL a. [f._F maire, as major 2 ] 
 
 mayoralty (mar'alti), n. Mayor's (period of«) 
 office, [f. OF mairalte (as prec, see -al & -ty)1 
 
 mayoress (maris), n. Mayor's wife, [-ess 1 ] 
 
 ma'zard, n. (archaic). Head, face ; (perh. 
 different wd) small black cherry, [prob. f. obs. 
 mazer f. OF masere of Teut. orig.] 
 
 mazari'ne (-en), n. & a. Deep rich blue. [?] 
 
 Ma'zdaism, n. Zoroastrianism. [f. Avestic 
 mazda, good principle in Persian theology] 
 
 maze, n., & v.t. Complex network of paths, 
 labyrinth ; confused mass &c; (v.t.) bewilder, 
 confuse, (esp. in p.p.). Hence ma'ziLY 2 adv., 
 ma'ziNESS n., ma*zv 2 a. [?] 
 
 mazup'ka, n. Lively Polish dancelike polka, 
 music for this in triple time. [Polish, = woman 
 of province Mazovia] 
 
 me (me, mi), pron., objective case of I (& col- 
 loq. subjective, as it 's only me); (archaic & poet., 
 reflexive) myself, Ilaid me doum; (in intt.) ah 
 me!, dear me!. [OE had (1) me, cf. Du. mij, L 
 me, Gk (e)me ; (2) mec (lost in ME), cf. G mich, 
 Gk emege me at least] 
 
 mead 1 (med), n. Alcoholic liquor of ferment- 
 ed honey & water. [com.-Teut. & Aryan : OE 
 meodu, Du. mede, G met ; cf. Skr. madhu honey, 
 sweet drink, Gk methu wine] 
 
 mead 2 (med), n. (poet.). = foil, [see foil.] 
 
 meadow (ine'do), n. Piece of grass land, esp. 
 one used for hay ; low well-watered ground, 
 esp. near river ; m.-siveet, rosaceous plant com- 
 mon in moist mm., with creamy-white heads & 
 fragrant flowers. Hence mea'dowv 2 a. [OE 
 
MEAGRE 
 
 507 
 
 MECHANICAL. 
 
 maedice oblique case of mxd (whence prec.) f. 
 Teut, root me-, whence mow] 
 
 meagre (me'ger), a. (Of persons &c.) lean, 
 thin ; poor, scanty ; (of literary composition, 
 ideas, &c.) wanting in fullness. Hence mea'- 
 greLY 2 adv., mea'greNESs n. [f. OF maigre 
 i. L macer -cri, cogn. w. Gk makros long] 
 
 meal ] , n. Edible part of any grain or pulse 
 (usu. exc. flouk) ground to powder; whole 
 m. [com.-Teut.: OE melo, Du. meel, G mehl, f. 
 Teut. root mel-, cogn. w. L molere grind] 
 
 meal-, n., & v.i. Customary (also, any) occa- 
 sion of taking food ; food so taken ; quantity of 
 milk given by cow at a milking ; m.-time, usual 
 time of eating; (v.i.) eat a m. [(vb f. n.) com.- 
 Teut. : OE mael mark, fixed time, meal, Du. maal, 
 G mal time, mahl meal] 
 
 mealie, n. (S.-Afr.). Maize (usu. pi.), [f. Cape 
 Du. milje f. Port, milho millet] 
 
 mea'ly, a. Of, like, containing, meal; (of 
 boiled potatoes) dry & powdery ; in. bug, insect 
 infesting vines &c; (of horses) spotty ; (of com- 
 plexion) pale; (usu. m.-mouthed) apt to mince 
 matters, soft-spoken. Hence mea'liNESS n. 
 [meal 1 + -y 2 ] 
 
 mean \ n. Condition, quality, course, equally 
 removed from two opposite (usu. blamable) ex- 
 tremes, esp. the golden, happy, ra. ; (Math. ) term 
 between first & last terms of arithmetical, geo- 
 metrical, &c, progression ; (pi., of ten treated as 
 sing. , as a nun. ) that by which a resul t is brought 
 about, as it has been the mm. of extending our 
 trade, by fair mm., ways & mm., mm. of grace 
 (sacraments &c.) ; pecuniary resources, as he 
 lives beyond his mm.; wealth, as a man of mm.; 
 by all (manner of) mm., in every possible way, 
 at any cost, certainly; by no (manner of) mm., 
 not at all, certainly not ; by mm. (the instru- 
 mentality) of (person, thing, dom<7). [f. foil.] 
 
 mean-, a. (Math.) equally removed from 
 two extremes, as 5 is the m. quantity beticeen 
 2 & 8; in. sun, fictitious sun supposed to move 
 in celestial equator at m. rate of real sun ; m. 
 proportional, middle one of three quantities of 
 which first is to second as second to third ; in 
 the m. (intervening) time, while ; meantime, 
 meanwhile, nn. & advv., (in) the intervening 
 time. ff. OF men, moien, i. LL medianus (me- 
 dium mid. see -^N)] 
 
 mean 3 , a. (Of capacity, understanding, &c.) 
 inferior, poor ; (Hist.) m. white, landless white 
 man in S. United States ; not imposing in ap- 
 pearance, shabby ; he is no m. (a good) scholar ; 
 ignoble, small-minded ; stingy. Hence mea'n- 
 ly 2 adv., mea'nNESS n. [OE gem&ne common, 
 cf. Du. gemeen, G gemein, cogn. w. L communis 
 common] 
 
 mean 4 , v.t. (meant, pron. ment). Purpose, 
 have in mind, (mischief, business, to do) ; de- 
 sign, destine, for an object &c, as m. it to be 
 used, m. it for a stopgap, he was meant (by 
 parents &c, also, by Providence) for a soldier; 
 I m. you to (am determined that you shall) go ; 
 m. ivell to, by, be kindly disposed towards ; in- 
 tend to convey (specified sense) or indicate (ob- 
 ject), as Im. that he is stingy, I m. his father ; 
 (of words) signify, import, (thing, that) ; what 
 do you m. by (how do you justify) it ?. [com.- 
 WG: OE m±nan, Du. meenen, G meinen] 
 
 mea'nder, n., & v.i. (PI.) sinuous windings 
 of river ; (pi.) winding paths ; (usu. pi.) circuit- 
 ous journey ; ornamental pattern of lines wind- 
 ing in & out ; (v.i. ) wander at random, (of stream) 
 wind about. [( vb f. n.) L, f. Gk Maiandros, river 
 in Phrygia] 
 
 mea'ndrlne, a. Full of windings (esp. of 
 genus of corals with surface like human brain). 
 
 [MEANDER 1 + -INE *] 
 
 mea'ning J , n. What is meant ; with m., sig- 
 nificantly. Hence mea'ningLESS a. [-ing*J 
 
 mea'ning- % a. Expressive, significant, 
 whence mea'ningr.Y 2 adv.; well-m., having 
 good intention, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 mea'sles (-z-), n. pi. Infectious disease of man, 
 marked by red pustules ; such pustules ; dis- 
 ease in swine; German 2 m. [ME ma.seles, cf. 
 Du. mazelen, cogn. w. OHG masala blood- 
 blister] 
 
 mea'sly, a. Of, affected with, measles ; (slang) 
 contemptible, worthless, [f. prec. + -v 2 ] 
 
 measure 1 (me •zher), n. Size, quantitv, found 
 by measuring ; short, full, m., less, not less, than 
 professed amount ; clothes made to m. (in ac- 
 cordance with measurements taken) ; take (per- 
 son 's) m. .measure him for clothes &c. , (fig. ) gauge 
 his character &c; vessel of standard capacity 
 for dealing out liquids &c, as pint m. ; rod, tape, 
 &c, for measuring, as tape-in., yard-m. ; unit of 
 capacity, e.g. bushel, as 20 mm. of wheat; sys- 
 tem of measuring, as liquid, linear, m.; that by 
 which a thing is computed, as a chain's weakest 
 link is the m. of its strength ; quantity contained 
 in another an exact number of times ; greatest 
 common m. (greatest that divides each of given 
 quantities) ; prescribed extent or quantity, as 
 set mm. to, limit, beyond m., excessively, 
 whence mea'sureLESS a.; poetical rhythm, 
 metre ; time of piece of urasic ; (archaic) dance, 
 as tread a m. ; plan, course of action, as take 
 mm.; legislative enactment, [f. F mesure f. L 
 mensura (metiri mens- measure, -tjre)] 
 
 measure 2 (me'zhe?-), v.t. Ascertain extent 
 or quantity of (thing) by comparison with fixed 
 unit or with object of known size; ascertain 
 size & proportions of (person) for clothes ; look 
 (person) up & down with one's eye ; mark off 
 (line &c. of given length) ; in. one's length, fall 
 prostrate ; m. sicords, (of duellists) see that 
 swords are of equal length, (fig.) try one's 
 strength with (person) ; it measures 7 inches (is 
 7 inches long); estimate (immaterial thing, per- 
 son's character, &c.) by some standard or rule ; 
 deal out (thing to person); bring (one's strength 
 &c.) into competition with (another's); (poet.) 
 traverse (distance). Hence mea'surABLE a., 
 mea'surabLY 2 adv., mea'sureMENT n. [f. 
 F mesurer (as prec.)] 
 
 mea'sured, a. In vbl senses, also : rhythmi- 
 cal, regular in movement, as m. tread ; (of lan- 
 guage) carefully weighed, [p.p. of prec] 
 
 meat, n. Animal flesh as food, usu. (also 
 butcher's m.) excluding fish & poultry; green 
 m., grass, green vegetables, as food; (archaic) 
 food of any kind ; this was m. & drink (a great 
 pleasure) to him ; (archaic) meal, as before, 
 after, m.; m.-safe, cupboard for storing m., usu. 
 of wire gauze &c. ; (bibl.) m.-offering (R.V. 
 meal-), sacrifice of flour & oil. Hence mea't- 
 less a. [OE meta, cf. Sw. mat, Da. mad] 
 
 mea'tus, n. (anat. ; pi. -us, -uses). Channel, 
 passage, in the body, as auditory m., channel 
 of the ear. [L, f. meare flow, run] 
 
 mea'ty, a. Full of meat, fleshy ; (fig.) full of 
 substance ; of meat, f-v 2 ] 
 
 Me'cca, n. Mohammed's birthplace; (fig.) 
 place one aspires to visit, (also) birthplace of a 
 faith, policy, pursuit, &c. [f. Arab, makkah] 
 
 mecha'nic (-k-), n. Handicraftsman ; skilled 
 workman, esp. one who makes or uses ma- 
 chinery; (pi.) branch of applied mathematics 
 treating of motion & tendencies to motion, < 
 (also) science of machinery, [f. L f. Gk mekha- 
 nikos adj. (as machine, see -ic)l 
 
 mecha'nical (-k-), a. Of machines or me- 
 chanism ; the m. poicers, lever, wheel & axle, 
 pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw ; of the 
 
MECHANICIAN 
 
 508 
 
 MEDULLA 
 
 nature of handicraft ; working, produced, by 
 machinery ; m. drawing (done with compasses 
 &c. ) ; (of persons or actions) like machines, auto- 
 matic, lacking originality ; (of agencies, princi- 
 ples, &c) belonging to mechanics, often opp. to 
 chemical, as air is a m. mixture, not a chemical 
 compound ; (of theories &c.) explaining pheno- 
 mena by assumption of mechanical action, 
 whence meeha'niealiSM n.; of mechanics as 
 a science. Hence meeha'niealL y 2 adv. , me- 
 cha'niealNESS a. [as prec, see -al] 
 
 mechani'cian (-ishn), n. One skilled in con- 
 structing machinery, [mechanic + -ian] 
 
 me'chanism, n. Structure, adaptation of 
 parts, of machine (lit. & fig.) ; system of mutu- 
 ally adapted parts working together (as) in ma- 
 chine ; (Art) mechanical execution, technique. 
 
 [f. MECHANIC + -ISM] 
 
 me'chanize, v.t. Give mechanical character 
 
 to. [-IZEj 
 
 Me'ehlin (-k-), n. (Also M. lace) lace made at 
 M. in Belgium. 
 
 meco'nie, a. M. acid, white crystalline acid 
 obtained from opium, [f. Gk mekon poppy + -ic] 
 
 me'dal, n. Piece of metal, usu. in form of 
 coin, struck- or cast with inscription & device to 
 commemorate event &c, also awarded as dis- 
 tinction to soldier, student, &c, for services 
 rendered, proficiency, &c. ; the reverse of the 
 m., other side of question. Hence me'dallED 2 , 
 meda'llic, aa. [f. F mbdaille f. pop.L *metal- 
 lea (as metal)] 
 
 meda*llion,n. Large medal ; thing so shaped, 
 e. g. decorative panel or tablet, portrait, &c. [f. 
 F mtdaillon (as prec, see -oon)] 
 
 me'dallist, n. Engraver, designer, of medals ; 
 recipient of medal, as gold m. [-ist] 
 
 me'ddle, v.i. Busy oneself unduly with, in- 
 terfere in. Hence me'ddlER 1 , me'ddle- 
 somexESS, nn., me'ddlesome a. [f. OF med- 
 ler=mesler f. pop.L *misculare (miscere mix)] 
 
 me'efia, n. (pi. -ac). Voiced or soft mute (b, d, 
 g), cf. tenuis ; middle membrane of artery or 
 vessel. [L, fern, of medius middle] 
 
 mediae'val, -dieval, a. Of, imitating, the 
 middle ages. Hence medi(a)e*valiSM(2), me- 
 di(a)e*valiST(3), nn., medi(a)e*valizE(2, 3) 
 v.t. & i., medi(a)e*valLY 2 adv. [f. L medius 
 middle + aevum age + -al] 
 
 me'dial, a. Situated in the middle : of aver- 
 age dimensions. Hence me'dialLY 2 adv. [f. 
 LL medialis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 me'dian, a. & n. Situated in the middle ; 
 (n., Anat.) m. artery, vein, nerve, &c. [f. L 
 medianus (as prec, see -an)] 
 
 me'dian t, n. (mus.). Third of any scale, [f. 
 It..mediante (as mediate 2 , see -ant}] 
 
 mediasti'num, n. (anat,). Membranous 
 middle septum, esp. between lungs. Hence 
 mediasti'nAL a. [med.L, neut. adj., = mid- 
 dle.f. medius] 
 
 me'diate 1 (-at), a. Connected not directly 
 but through some other person or thing ; in- 
 volving intermediate agency. Hence me'di- 
 ate_LY 2 adv. [as foil., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 me'diate 2 , v.i. & t. Form connecting link 
 between ; intervene (between two persons) for 
 purpose of reconciling them; be the medium 
 for bringing about (result) or conveying (gift 
 &c). So mediA'TioN n. [f. LL mediare (medius 
 middle), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 me'diatize, v.t. Annex (principality) to 
 another State, leaving former sovereign his 
 title & some rights of government. Hence 
 mediatizATiON n. [f. F mediatiser (mMiat, 
 
 as mediate l , see -ize)] 
 
 me'diatop, n. One who mediates, esp. 
 
 Christ. Hence or cogn. mediator'iAL, me'- 
 
 diatORY, aa., media'TRix n. [f. F midiateur 
 f. LL mediatorem (as mediate 2 , see -or 2 )] 
 
 me'dicable, a. Admitting of remedial treat- 
 ment, [f. L medicabilis (as medicate, see -ble)] 
 
 me'dical, a. & n. Of the healing art ; m. man, 
 physician or surgeon ; of medicine as opp. to 
 surgery, obstetrics, &c; requiring m., not sur- 
 gicah treatment ; m. jurisprudence, the legal 
 knowledge required of a doctor ; (n., colloq.) m. 
 student. Hence me'diealLY 2 adv. [f. F medi- 
 cal f. hhmedicalis (medicus physician, see -al)] 
 
 medi'cament [or me"d-), n. Substance used 
 in curative treatment, [f. F medicament f. L 
 medicamentum (as medicate, see -ment)] 
 
 me'dieastep, n. Quack, [f. L medicus phy- 
 sician, see -aster] 
 
 me'dicate, v.t. Treat medically; impreg- 
 nate with medicinal substance. Hence or cogn. 
 medieA'TioN n., me'dieativE a. [f. L medi- 
 cari (as prec), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 Medice'an, a. Of the Medici family, rulers 
 of Florence in loth c [f. med.L Mediceus + -an] 
 
 medi'cinal, a. Of medicine ; having healing 
 properties. Hence medi'einalLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 medicinalis (as foil., see -al)] 
 
 medicine (me'dsn), n.,&v.t. Art of restoring 
 & preserving health, esp. by means of remedial 
 substances & regulation of diet &c, as opp. to 
 surgery & obstetrics ; substance, esp. one taken 
 internally, used in this ; (among savages) spell, 
 charm, fetish, as m.-man, magician ; (v.t.) give 
 m. to, cure with m. l(vb f. OF medeciner) f. OF 
 medecine f. L medicina (medicus physician)] 
 
 me'dieo, n. (facet. ; pi. -os). Doctor. [It.] 
 
 medico- in comb. = L medicus physician, 
 medical-, as -botanical, -galvanic, -judicial. 
 
 medieval. See mediaeval. 
 
 me'diocpe (-ker), a. Of middling quality, in- 
 different, neither good nor bad. So medi- 
 6'cpity n. [f. F mediocre f. L mediocris of 
 middle degree (medius middle)] 
 
 me'ditate, v.t, & i. Plan mentally, design ; 
 (intr.) exercise the mind in (esp. religious) con- 
 templation. Hence or cogn. meditA'TiON, 
 me'ditatOR 2 , me'ditativeNESs, nn., me*- 
 ditatiVE a., me'ditativeLY 2 adv. [f. L medi- 
 tari, f. root med-, cf. Gk medomai think about] 
 
 mediteppa'nean, a. & n. (Of land) remote 
 from coast ; (of water surfaces) land-locked ; 
 M. (Sea), that which separates Europe from 
 Africa, [f. L mediten'aneus (medius middle + 
 terra land) + -an] 
 
 me'dium, n. & a, (pi. -a, -urns). Middle 
 quality, degree, &c (between extremes, orabs.); 
 intervening substance through which impres- 
 sions are conveyed to senses &c, e. g. air; (fig.) 
 conditions of life ; agency, means.as by, through, 
 the m. of; m. of circulation, what serves as in- 
 strument of commercial transactions, e. g. coin ; 
 liquid vehicle with which pigments are mixed, 
 e. g. oil, water ; (Spiritualism) person as organ 
 of communications from departed spirits, 
 whence me'diumisM n., me'diumi'stic a., 
 me'diumiZE(3) v.t.; (adj.) intermediate be- 
 tween two degrees or amounts, average, mode- 
 rate. JL, neut. of medius middle] 
 
 me'dlap, n. (Tree with) fruit like small 
 brown apple, eaten when decayed, [f. OF med- 
 ler f. L f. Gk mespile] 
 
 me'dley, n., a., & v.t, Heterogeneous mix- 
 ture ; mixed company; literary miscellany; 
 (adj.) mixed, motley ; (v.t.) make a m. of, inter- 
 mix. f(vb & a. f. n.) f. OF medlee (as meddle)] 
 
 M^dd'c (me-), n. Red wine from M., district 
 in S.-W. France. 
 
 medu'!la,\\. Marrowofbones;spinalmarrow; 
 m. (oblongata prolonged) hindmost segment of 
 brain ; central parts of some organs, esp. kid- 
 
MEDUSA 
 
 509 
 
 MELON 
 
 ney ; pith of mammalian hair ; soft internal 
 tissue of plants. Some*dullARY 2 a. [L, = pith, 
 marrow, prob. cogn. w. medius middle] 
 Medu'sa, n. (Gk Myth.) one of the three 
 Gorgons, with snakes for hair; (Zool.) jelly- 
 fish, whence medu'SAL, medu'sAN, aa., 
 medu'som a. & n. [L, f. Gk Medousa] 
 meed, n. (poet.). Reward; merited portion 
 (of praise &c.). [OE med, cf. MDu. miede, G 
 ?niete, cogn. w. Gk misthos reward, Skr. midha 
 prize] 
 
 meek, a. Piously humble & submissive ; 
 submitting tamely to injury &c. ; (prow.) as 
 7ii. as a lamb, as Moses. Hence mee'kLV 2 
 adv., mee'kNESS n. [ME meoc f. ON miukr 
 soft, gentle] 
 
 meerschaum (-shawm, -shm), n. Hydrous 
 silicate of magnesium, found in soft white 
 masses ; tobacco-pipe with m. bowl. [G, = sea- 
 foam {meer sea + schaum foam)] 
 meet 1 , n. Meeting of hounds & men for hunt 
 or of cyclists &c. [f. foil.] 
 meet 2 , v.t. & i. (met). Come face to face with 
 (person coming from opposite direction) ; go to 
 place to receive (person, train, &c.) on arrival ; 
 m. (person) half-way, respond to friendly ad- 
 vances of, come to compromise with ; (of line, 
 road, &c.) reach point of contact with (another 
 line (Sec); m. the eye, ear, be visible, audible; 
 m. person's eye, see he is looking at one, (also) 
 return his gaze ; oppose in battle or duel ; 
 grapple with (evils &c), come by accident or 
 design into the company of; come into con- 
 formity with (person, his wishes) ; satisfy (de- 
 mand) ; pay (bill) at maturity; (intr., of two 
 persons) come face to face ; come together, as 
 they had or were met together ; come into con- 
 tact ; (of qualities) iinite in same person ; m. 
 toith, come across (person, obstacle, &c), ex- 
 perience (treatment &c). [OE mitan, cf. Du. 
 moeten, Da. mode, cogn. w. moot n.] 
 meet 3 , a. (archaic). Suitable, fit, proper, (for 
 thing, to do, to be done) ; it is m. (proper) that. 
 Hence meetLY 2 adv., meetNESS n. [ME 
 mite prob. repr. OE * gemote f. OTeut. gamxtje 
 (ga- Y- + maeta measure)] 
 meeting", n. In vbl senses, esp.: duel ; race- 
 in. ; assembly of people for entertainment &c; 
 assembly for worship ; persons assembled, as 
 address the m.;m.-house, place of worship (usu. 
 disparaging exc. of Quakers); m.-place (in which 
 m. is held), [meet 2 + -ing *] 
 mega- in comb. = Gk megas great, as : 
 -cephd'lic, large-headed ; -lith, large stone, esp. 
 as monument ; -li'thic, made of, marked by use 
 of, large stones; -ph one, instrument for carrying 
 sound a long distance, large speaking-trumpet ; 
 -pode, -pod, genus of mound-building birds tlit. 
 large-footed); -scope, kind of magic lantern; 
 -sco'pic, visible to naked eye ; -ther'ium, extinct 
 genus of huge herbivorous sloth-like animals. 
 me'galo- in comb. = Gk megas (fern, megale) 
 great, as: -ma'nia, insanity of self-exaltation, 
 passion for big things ; -saur'xis, extinct genus 
 of huge carnivoroiis lizards, 
 mega'ss, n. Fibrous residue after expression 
 of sugar from .cane. [?] 
 
 megi'lp (-g-), n. Mixture (usu. of linseed oil 
 & turpentine) used as vehicle for oil colours. [?] 
 me'gpim, n. Severe headache usu. on one 
 side only ; whim, fancy ; (pi. ) low spirits, vapours ; 
 <pl.) staggers, vertigo, in horses &c. [f. F mi- 
 graine f. L f. Gk HEMi(krania f. kranion skull)] 
 meio'sis (mi-), n. = litotes. [Gk meiosis 
 lessening (meioo lessen, f. meion less, see -osis)] 
 melaneho'lia, n. Emotional mental disease 
 marked by depression & ill-grounded fears. 
 ILL, see melancholy] 
 
 melanchd'lic, a. Melancholy; liable to 
 melancholy, [f. LL f. Gk melagkholikos (aa 
 foil., see -ic)] 
 
 melancholy, n. & a. (Habitual or consti- 
 tutional tendency to) sadness & depression ; 
 pensive sadness; (adj., of persons) sad, gloomy; 
 (of things) saddening, depressing, [(adj. f. n.) 
 f. OF melancholie f. L f. Gk melagkholia (melas 
 black khole bile)] 
 
 melange (F), n. Mixture, medley. [F (meter 
 mix, as meddle)] 
 
 melanism, n. Darkness of colour resulting 
 from abnormal development of black pigment 
 in epidermis, hair, &c. [f. Gk melas -anos 
 black + -ism] 
 
 melano'chrol, n. pi. (anthropol.). Smooth- 
 haired class of men with dark hair & pale 
 complexion, [f. Gk melanokhroos (melas black 
 + khroa skin)] 
 
 melano'sis, n. Morbid deposit, abnormal 
 development, of black pigment in tissue; black 
 cancer. Hence melano'Tica. [Gk melanosis 
 f. melanoo blacken (melas black), see -osis] 
 
 melee (ine'la), n. Mixed fight, skirmish; 
 lively debate. [F, as medley] 
 
 me'lie, a. (Of poem, esp. Gk lyric) meant to 
 be sung. [f. Gk melikos (melos song, -ic)] 
 
 melinite, n. An explosive of French in- 
 vention, [f. F melinite f. Gk melinos (melon 
 apple), see -ite 1 ] 
 
 meliorate, v.t. & i. Improve. Hence me- 
 Hopa'tion n. [f. LL meliorare (as foil.), -ate 3 ] 
 
 meliorism, n. Doctrine that the world may 
 be made better by human effort. So me'lioriST 
 n. [L melior better + -ism] 
 
 mellay, n. (arch.). = melee. 
 
 melli*ferous,a. Yielding, producing, honey, 
 [f. L mellifer (mel honey, see -ferous)] 
 
 mellrfluous, a. (Of voice, words) sweet as 
 honey. So melli'fluENCE n., melli'fluENT a. 
 [f. L mellijiuus (mel honey, fluere flow) + -ous] 
 
 me'llow, a. (er, -est), & v.t. & i. (Of fruit) 
 soft, sweet, & juicy; (of wine) well-matured; 
 (of earth) rich, loamy ; (of character) softened by 
 age or experience ; (of sound, colour, light) full 
 &purewithoutharshness; genial, jovial; partly 
 intoxicated ; (v.t. & i.)make, become, m. Hence 
 me'llowLY 2 adv., me'llowNESS n. [(vb f. 
 adj.) perh. f. OE melo meal 1 ] 
 
 melo'deon, -dion, -dium, n. Early form 
 of American organ ; kind of accordion, [f. 
 melody] 
 
 melo'dious, a. Of, producing, melody ; 
 sweet-sounding. Hence melo'diousL y 2 adv. , 
 melediousxESS n. [f. OF melodicus (as 
 melody, see -ous)] 
 
 melodist, n. Singer; composer of melodies. 
 
 [f. MELODY + -1ST] 
 
 melodize, v.i. & t. Make melody; make 
 melodious, [f. melody + -ize] 
 
 melodra'ma (-rah-), n. Sensational drama- 
 tic piece with violent appeals to emotions & 
 happy ending; language, behaviour, suggestive 
 of this ; (formerly) play with songs interspersed. 
 Hence melodrama'tic a., melodrama*- 
 tiCALLY adv., melodra'matiST n., melo- 
 dra'matizE v.t. [earlier -drame i. F mtto- 
 drame (Gk melos music + F drame drama)] 
 
 melody, n. Sweet music ; musical arrange- 
 ment of words ; arrangement of single notes in 
 musically expressive succession ; principal part 
 in harmonized music, air. [f. OF melodie f. LL 
 f. Gk meloidia f. meloidos musical (melos song 
 -f- -aoidos singing f. aeido sing)] 
 
 melon, n. Kinds of gourd, esp. water m. 
 [F, f. LL melonem (nom. -lo), prob. shortened f. 
 L (-po) f. Gk melopepon (melon apple +pepon 
 gourd f. pepon ripe)] 
 
MELT 
 
 510 
 
 MENSURABLE 
 
 melt 1 , n. Melted metal ; amount melted at 
 a time. [f. foil.] 
 
 melt 2 , v.i. & t. (p.p. melted, molten). Become 
 liquefied by heat ; m. away, disappear thus : 
 (colloq., of person) suffer extreme heat; (of 
 tender food) it melts (is easily dissolved) in the 
 mouth ; (of clouds) break into rain ; (of person, 
 heart, feelings) be softened by pity or love, 
 dissolve into tears, esp. the melting mood, 
 whence me'ltingf-Y 2 adv.; dwindle away ; (of 
 sound) be soft & liquid ; pass imperceptibly into 
 (another form); reduce (metal &c.) to liquid 
 condition by heat; m. down (plate &c, to use 
 the metal as raw material) ; soften (person, 
 feelings). fOE (1) meltaniaiv. (2) mieltan trans.; 
 cf. ON melta digest] 
 
 me'mber, n. Part, organ, of body, esp. limb ; 
 unruly m., tongue ; (fig.)m. of Christ, Christian ; 
 constituent portion of complex structure ; per- 
 son belonging to a society Scc.;M. (one formally 
 elected to take part in proceedings) of Par- 
 liament (abbr. M.P.) ; part, branch, of political 
 body; division, clause, of sentence; group of 
 figures, part of numerical expression. Hence 
 (-)membePED 2 , me'mberLESs, aa., me*m- 
 bersHiP n. [f. F membre f. L membrum limb] 
 membrane, n. Pliable sheet-like connec- 
 tive tissue or lining in animal or vegetable body; 
 morbid formation in some diseases; skin of 
 parchment, forming part of a roll. So mem- 
 branA'CEOUS, membra'nEous, mem- 
 branous, aa. [f. L membrana membrane, 
 parchment, as prec] 
 
 meme'nto, n. (pi. -oes, -os). Object serving 
 as reminder or warning, or kept as memorial of 
 person or event; m. mori ( — remember you 
 must die), warning or reminder of death (e. g. 
 skull). [L, imperat. of meminisse remember] 
 memoir (me'ruwar), n. Record of events, 
 history written from personal knowledge or 
 special sources of information; (autobiogra- 
 phy ; essay on learned subject specially studied 
 by the writer, [f. F memoire rnasc, spec, use 
 of memoire fem. memory] 
 
 memorabi'lia, n. pi. Memorable things. 
 [L, neut. pi. as foil.] 
 
 memorable, a. Worth remembering, not 
 to be forgotten. Hence memopaBn.rry n., 
 me'morabLV 2 adv. [f. L memorabilis (me- 
 inorare bring to mind f. memor mindful, -ble)] 
 memorandum, n. (pi. -da, -dums). Xote 
 to help the memory; record of events &c. for 
 future use; (Law) document recording terms 
 of contract &c; informal letter without signa- 
 ture &c, usu. on paper headed M, [L, neut. 
 sing, gerundive as prec] 
 
 memorial, a. & n. (Of statue, festival, &c.) 
 serving to commemorate ; of memory ; in. ob- 
 ject, custom, &c. ; record, chronicle, (usu. pi.) ; 
 informal State paper of various kinds ; state- 
 ment of facts as basis of petition &c. Hence 
 memor'ialiST n. {OF, f. L memorialis (as 
 memory, see -al)] 
 
 memorialize, v.t. Commemorate ; address 
 memorial to (person), [prec. + -ize] 
 memcria te'ehnica, n. System, contriv- 
 ance, used to assist memory. [L, = artificial 
 memory] 
 
 me'morize, v.t. Put on record ; (U.S.) com- 
 mitto memory, [f. foil. + -ize] 
 memory, n. Faculty of remembering ; this 
 in an individual, as a good, bad, m.; recollec- 
 tion ; inm. of, as a record of, to keep alive the 
 m. of ; posthumous repute, as his m. has been 
 censured, of blessed, happy, &c, m. (used esp. 
 of deceased princes &c.) ; length of time over 
 which m. extends, as beyond, within, the m. 
 of men, within living m. [f, OF memoire i. 
 
 L memoria (memor mindful L root mer- re- 
 member)] 
 
 me-m-sahib (-sah-ib), n. (In India) Euro- 
 pean married lady. [f. ma'am -f sahib] 
 
 -men, suf. in L wds, often side by side with 
 L -mentum -ment & w. same meaning, asfun- 
 damen-tum. Many wds of slightly technical 
 or learned use, as acumen, stamen, gravamen, 
 albumen, cognomen, regimen, specimen; cf. 
 crime, shortened in F f . L crimen. 
 
 me'naee 1 , n. (literary). Threat. [OF, f. hmi- 
 nacia (minax -acis f. minari threaten)] 
 me'naee 2 , v.t. Threaten. Hence me'nae- 
 ing"LY 2 adv. [f. Fmenacerf. pop. L *minaciare 
 (as prec.)] 
 
 menage (menah'zh), n. Household manage- 
 ment ; domestic establishment, [f. OF manaige 
 f. pop. L*raa?i,si'oH.afo'cu/?i(asMANSiON,see-AGE>] 
 
 mena-'gerie (-jeri), n. Collection of wild 
 animals in cages &c. [f. F menagerie (as prec, 
 see -ery)] 
 
 mend 1 , n. Repaired hole in material &c; 
 on the m., improving in health or (of affairs &c.) 
 condition, [f. foil.] 
 
 mend 2 , v.t. & i. Restore to sound condition, 
 repair,, (broken articles, clothes, roads, &c.); m. 
 (correct) one's ways ; least said soonest mended, 
 (rectified); m. (add fuel to) ./ire ; cut to required 
 shape (quill pen) ; (intr.) regain health ; m. (im- 
 prove state of) matters; m. (quicken) one's pace; 
 to. or end, improve or abolish. Hence me'nd- 
 able a. [f. amend v., but found earlier] 
 
 menda'cious, a. Lying, untruthful. Hence 
 orcogn.menda*eiousLY 2 adv.,mendA - ciTY 
 n. [f. L mendax f. root of mentiri lie, see -acious] 
 
 me'ndicant, a. & n. Begging ; m. friars 
 (living solely on alms); (n.) beggar. Hence or 
 cogn. me'ndieANCY, mendi'eiTY, nn. [f. L 
 mendieare (mendicus beggar), see -ant] 
 
 menha'den, n. Fish of herring family, used 
 for manure, & yielding valuable oil. [Amer. 
 Ind. munnaii-hatteaug] 
 
 me'nhir (-er). n. Tall upright monumental 
 stone found in Europe, Africa, & Asia. [f. Bre- 
 ton menhir long stone] 
 
 me'nial, a. & n. (Of service) servile ; (of ser- 
 vant, usu. contempt.) domestic ; (n.) m. servant. 
 Hence me'nialLY 2 adv. [AF, f. OF mesnie 
 household (obs. E meinie) t. pop. ~L*mansionata 
 (as mansion, see -ade)] 
 
 me'ninx, n. (usu. in pi. 7tieni'nges). Any of 
 three membranes enveloping brain & spinal 
 cord [dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater). 
 Hence meni*nge.\L a., meningrxis, me- 
 ni*ng"OCELE, nn. [Gk meninx] 
 
 meni'scus, n. Lens convex on one side, con- 
 cave on the other; (Math.) figure of crescent 
 form. [f. Gk meniskos crescent {mine moon)] 
 
 meno- in comb. Of the menses, as : -pause r 
 final cessation, -?•?•/* ar/ia, excessive flow, -rrhoea. 
 ordinary flow, of the menses, [f. Gk men month] 
 
 menoiogy, n. Calendar, esp. that of Greek 
 Church, with biographies of saints, [f. late Gk 
 menologion (men month -f logos account)] 
 
 me'nses, n. pi. Flow of blood from mucous 
 coat of uterus of female, occurring normally at 
 intervals of lunar month. [L, pi. of mensis 
 month] 
 
 menstrual, a. Of the menses, so me'n- 
 struousa.; (Astr.) monthly, [f. F menstruel 
 f. L menstrualis (as menstruum, see -al)] 
 
 me'nstruate, v.i. Discharge the menses. 
 Hence menstruA'TiON n. [f. L menstruare 
 
 (as foil.), see -ate s ] 
 
 me'nstruum, n. (pi. -a). Solvent (lit. & fig.), 
 [neut. of L menstruus monthly (mensis month), 
 named as analogue of menses] 
 
 me'nsurable (-she/--;, a. Measurable, hav- 
 
MENSURAL 
 
 ing fixed limits; (Mus.) having fixed rhythm. 
 [F, f. LL mensurabilis (mensurare f. mensura 
 measure, see -ble)] 
 
 mensural, a. Of measure ; (Mus.) - prec. 
 [f. med.L mensuralis (as measure, see -al)J 
 
 mensupa'tion, n. Measuring; (Math.) rules 
 for finding lengths, areas, & volumes, [f. LL 
 mensuratio (as mensurable, see -ation)] 
 
 -ment,suf. forming nn. expr. result or means 
 of vol action (atonement) ; some formed in L 
 {fragment), some in F (abridgment), some in E 
 on L, F, or E vbs ; a few are on adjj. (oddment ; 
 funniment, perh. on anal, of merriment, which 
 is really f. obs. vb merry); -y of first element is 
 changed to -i-. [OF, f. L -mentum] 
 
 mental 1 , a. Of the mind; done by the mind, 
 as m. arithmetic (performed without use of writ- 
 ten figures) ; m. reservation. Hence men- 
 ta*liTYn.,me*ntalLV 2 adv. [F.f.LL vientalis 
 (?nens -ntis mind, see -al)] 
 
 mental 2 , a. Of the chin. [F, f. L mentum 
 chin, see -al] 
 
 menta'tion, n. Mental action; state of mind, 
 [f. L mens -ntis mind, see -ation] 
 
 menthol, n. Camphor-like substance got 
 from oil of peppermint &c; m. pencil 8cc, piece 
 of m. & spermaceti for relief of facial neuralgia. 
 |G, f. L mentha mint, see -ol(2)] 
 
 mention a ,n. Mentioning, naming, (o/thing); 
 honourable m., award of merit to candidate in 
 examination, work of art, &c, not entitled to 
 prize. [F, f. L mentionem (men- root of mens 
 mind, see -ion)] 
 
 mention 2 ,v.t. Referto.remarkupon, specify 
 by name, (esp. thing not obviously essential 
 to context, as this was expressly mentioned ; 
 that) ; (in deprecation of apology or thanks) 
 don't m. it ; (introducing fact or thing of secon- 
 dary or, as rhet. artifice, of primary impor- 
 tance) not to m. [f. F mentionner (as prec.)] 
 
 mentor, n. Experienced & trusted adviser. 
 [F, f. Gk Mentor adviser of Telemachus (root 
 vien- thinky 
 
 menu (-00, or as F ), n. Bill of fare. [F adj. 
 = small, n. — detailed list] 
 
 Mephisto'pheles, n. Evil spirit to whom 
 Faust, in German legend, sold his soul ; fiendish 
 person. Hence MephistophelE'AN, Me- 
 phistopheliAN, aa. [G, etym. dub.] 
 
 mephi'tis, n. Noxious emanation, esp. from 
 the earth ; noisome or poisonous stench. So 
 mephrtic a. [L] 
 
 mep'cantile, a. Of trade, commercial ; m. 
 theory (that money is the only wealth) ; m. 
 marine, shipping employed in commerce ; mer- 
 cenary, fond of bargaining. Hence mer'ean- 
 tiliSM, mep'eantiliST, nn. IF, f. It. mercontil 
 
 (as MERCHANT)] 
 
 Merca'top. See projection. 
 
 mep'eenary, a. & n. Working merely for 
 money or other reward ; hired (soldier). Hence 
 mep'eenapiNESS n. [f. ~Lmercenarius (merces 
 •edis reward, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 mep'eep, n. Dealer in textile fabrics, esp. 
 silks & other costly materials. Hence mep*- 
 cery(I) n. [f. F mercier f. pop.L "merciarius 
 (merx mercis merchandise, see -ary a )] 
 
 mep*eepize, v.t. Prepare (cotton goods) for 
 dyeing by use of chemicals. [J. Mercer, paten- 
 tee, + -ize] 
 
 merchandise (-7.), n. Commodities of com- 
 merce, goods for sale. [f. F marchandise (as 
 foil., see -ise)] 
 
 mep'chant, n. & a. Wholesale trader, esp. 
 with foreign countries ; m. prince, wealthy 
 m. ; law 1 m.; m. ship, merchantman, (ship con- 
 veying merchandise); m. (mercantile marine) 
 service, [f. OF marchand f. pop.L mercatare 
 
 511 MERIT 
 
 frequent, of mercari trade (merx mercis mer- 
 chandise), whence It. mercante ; see -ant] 
 
 merchantable, a. Salable, marketable, 
 [f. merchant v. (now rare) f. OF marcheander 
 (as prec.) + -able] 
 
 mep'ciful, a. Having, showing, or feeling 
 mercy. Hence mep'cifulLY 2 adv., mer'ci- 
 fulNESS n. [ful] 
 
 mer'eiless, a. Pitiless, showing no mercy. 
 Hence mep'cilessLY 2 adv.,mep*eilessNEss 
 n. [-less] 
 
 mepcup'ial, a. & n. Sprightly, ready-witted, 
 & volatile, whence mepeupia'liTY n.; of, con- 
 taining, mercury ; (M-) of the planet Mercury ; 
 (n.) preparation of mercury as drug, whence 
 mepeup*ialiSM(5) n., mepcup*ializE(5) v.t. 
 Hence mepeup'ialLY 2 adv. [f. F mercuriel 
 (as mercury, see -al)1 
 
 mer'cupy, n. (M-) Roman god of eloquence, 
 skill, thieving, &c, & messenger of gods ; 
 (facet.) messenger ; (M-) planet nearest to sun ; 
 quicksilver, whence mepeup'ic, mer'eur- 
 ous, aa. (chem.). [f. hMercurius, prob. f. merx 
 -rcis merchandise] 
 
 mep'ey, n. Compassion shown by one to 
 another who is in his power & has no claim to 
 kindness ; compassionateness ; at the m. of, 
 wholly in the power of, liable to danger or harm 
 from ; that is a m. (blessing, thing to be thank- 
 ful for) ; (facet.) left to the tender mm. of, ex- 
 posed to probable rough handling by ; m.-seat, 
 golden covering of Ark of Covenant, throne of 
 God. [f. F merci f. LL mercedem (nom. -ces) 
 reward, (LL)_pity] 
 
 mere 1 (mer), n. Lake, pond. [OE, cf. Du. 
 & G meer sea,, cogn. w. L mare sea] 
 
 mere 2 (mer), a. That is solely what the noun 
 implies, as a m. swindler, the merest buffoon- 
 ery; (Law)m. right (without possession). Hence 
 mepe'LY 2 adv. [f. L merus unmixed] 
 
 mepetpi'cious (-shws), a. Of, befitting, a 
 harlot; (of ornament, literary style, &c.) showily 
 attractive. Hence mepetpi'eiousLY 2 adv., 
 mepetpi'eiousNESS n. [f. L meretricius f. 
 meretrix harlot (mzreri earn, see -trix) + -ous] 
 
 mepga'nsep, n. Diving fish-eating duck, 
 [f. L mergus diver + anser goose] 
 
 merge, v.t. & i. Lose, cause (thing) to lose, 
 characteror identity m(another),esp. sink (title, 
 estate, in greater one). Hence mep'g"ENCE n. 
 [f. law F merger f. L mergere mers- dip] 
 
 mer'gep, n. Merging ; combine, [-er 4 ] 
 
 meppdian, n. & a. Circle passing through 
 celestial poles & zenith of any place on earth's 
 surface ; circle lying in the plane of this & pass- 
 ing through the place & the poles, as m. of 
 Greenwich (of longitude 0° in British maps) ; 
 point at which sun or star attains highest alti- 
 tude ; prime, full splendour ; calcxdated for the 
 in. (to suit the tastes &c.) 0/ (place, people); 
 (adj.) of noon, (fig.) of the period of greatest 
 splendour, vigour, &c. [(n. f. adj.)f. OF meridien 
 f. L meridianus (meridies midday f. medius 
 middle + dies day, see -an)] 
 
 meppdional, a. & n. Of (the inhabitants of) 
 the south of Europe ; of a meridian ; (n.) inha- 
 bitant of the south (esp. of France), [f. F meri- 
 dional f. LL meridionalis (irreg. as prec, -al)] 
 
 mepi'ngue (-ang), n. Confection of s\igar, 
 white of eggs, &c, small cake of this. [F] 
 
 meppno (-re-), n. (Also m. sheep) kind of 
 sheep with fine wool; soft woollen material 
 like French cashmere, orig. of m. wool; fine 
 woollen yarn. [Sp., prob. f. L majorinus of a 
 larger kind (major greater, see -ine 1 )] 
 
 merit, n., & v.t. Quality of deserving well; 
 excellence, worth ; (usu. pi.) thing that entitles 
 to reward or gratitude ; make a m. of, view, re- 
 
MERITORIOUS 
 
 512 
 
 METAL 
 
 present, (one's own conduct) as meritorious ; 
 the mm., intrinsic rights & wrongs (of case &c, 
 esp. Law); judge (proposal &c.) on its mm. (with 
 only its intrinsic excellences &c. in view) ; 
 (v.t.) deserve (reward, punishment), [(vb f. F 
 m&riter) f. OF merite f. L meritum neut. p.p. of 
 mereri earn, deserve] 
 
 meritorious, a. (Of person or act) deserv- 
 ing reward, praise, or gratitude (often as term 
 of limited praise, = well-meant, well-meaning). 
 Hence meri tortious ly 2 adv., meritor'i- 
 ousness n. [f. L meritorius (mereri merit- 
 earn, see -orv) + -ous] 
 
 merle, n. (archaic, Sc). Blackbird. [F, f. 
 L merulus, -la] 
 
 mer'lin, n. Kind of falcon, [f. AF merilun 
 f. OF esmerilloni. com. -Rom. *smerillo (med.L 
 smerillus), perh. of Teut. orig.l 
 
 mep'lon, n. Part of embattled parapet be- 
 tween two embrasures. [F, f. It. merlone(merlo 
 battlement, perh. f. mergola dim. f. L mergae 
 pitchfork ; see -oon)] 
 
 mep'maid, n. Half-human being, with head 
 & trunk of woman & tail of fish. So meP'MAN 
 
 n. [f. MERE 1 + MAID] 
 
 mepo- in comb. = Gk meros part, in senses 
 ' partly ', ' partial ', as : -blast, ovum that is only 
 partly germinal ; -he'dral, (of crystal) having 
 less than full number of faces admissible. 
 
 -mepous, suf. (bot.) = having so many parts, 
 as dimerous, 5-merous. [f. Gk as prec. + -ous] 
 
 Merovi'ng-ian (-j-), a. & n. (King) of the 
 Frankish line founded by Clovis & reigning in 
 Gaul & Germany c. 500-750. [f. F Merovingien 
 t. med.L Merovingi of Germanic orig.] 
 
 merriment, n. Hilariousenjoyment, mirth, 
 fun. [f. obs. vb merry be merry + -ment] 
 
 merry 1 , n. Kind of black cherry, [f. F 
 merise etym. dub., prob. taken as pi.] 
 
 me'ppy 2 , a. Joyous, mirthful ; m. (pleasant) 
 England ; the m. monarch, Charles II ; slight- 
 ly tipsy; make m., be festive; make vu over, 
 make fun of ; m.-andrew, mountebank's assis- 
 tant, clown, buffoon, (also fig.); ?h.-daxcer.s' ; 
 on.-go-round, revolving machine with wooden 
 horses or cars ; m.-making, festivity ; me'rry- 
 thought, forked bone between neck & breast of 
 bird. Hence merriLY 2 adv., me'rriNESS n. 
 <rare). [OE myr(i)ge, whence myrgdh mirth, 
 •cf. MDu. merchte mirth ; perh. f. OTeut. murg- 
 jo- short, prob. cogn. w. Gk brakhus] 
 
 mesalliance (F), n. Marriage with person 
 of inferior social position. 
 
 meseems, v.i. (archaic). It seems to me. 
 [me dat.+SEEM.s] 
 
 mesembrya'nthemum, n. Fig-marigold. 
 it Gk mesembria noon + anthemon flower] 
 
 mesentery, n. Fold of peritoneum at- 
 taching some part of intestinal canal to pos- 
 terior wall of abdomen. Hence mesenter- 
 ic a., mesenteri'Tis n. [f. med.L f. Gk 
 mesenterion (meso- + enteron intestine)] 
 
 mesh l , n. Open space, interstice, of net ; 
 (pi.) network, (fig.) snare; (pi.) interlaced struc- 
 ture in bodies-; (of teeth of wheels) in m., en- 
 gaged, [cogn. w. OE max net] 
 
 mesh 2 , v.t. & i. Catch in net (lit. & fig.); 
 (of teeth of wheel) be engaged (icith others). 
 If. prec] 
 
 mesial (mez-, mes-), a. Of, in, directed to- 
 wards, middle line of a body. Hence me'si- 
 alLY 2 adv. [irreg. f. Gk mesos middle + -ial] 
 
 me'smerism (mez), n. Hypnotic state, 
 usu. involving insensibility to pain & muscular 
 rigidity, produced on patient by operator's in- 
 fluence over will & nervous system ; doctrine 
 -concerning, influence producing, this. Hence 
 mesme'pic a., mesmeriST, mesmeriz- 
 
 a'tion, nn., mesmeriZE(l) v.t. [F. A. Mes- 
 mer, Austrian physician, d. 1815, + -ism] 
 
 mesne (men), a. Intermediate, as m. profits 
 (received from estate by wrongful tenant be- 
 tween two dates) ; m. process, proceedings in 
 suit intervening between primary & final pro- 
 cess ; (Feud.) m. lord (holding of superior lord), 
 [law F,= MEAN 2 ] 
 
 meso- in comb. — Gk mesos middle, inter- 
 mediate, as : -ga'ster, membrane attaching 
 stomach to dorsal wall of abdomen ; -li'thic, 
 of stone age between palaeolithic & neolithic ; 
 -phyll, inner tissue of leaf ; -zo'ic, of second geo- 
 logical period (cf. cainozoic, palaeozoic). 
 
 me'squit(e) (-ket), n. N.-Amer. leguminous 
 tree ; (also m.-grass) kinds of grass growing 
 near this. [f. Mex. Sp. mezquite] 
 
 mess l , n. Portion of liquid or pulpy food ; 
 m. of pottage, material comfort &c. for which 
 something higher issacrificed(G ! e?i. xxv. 29-34); 
 liquid or mixed food for hounds &c. ; concoc- 
 tion, medley ; dirty or untidy state of things ; 
 make a m. of, bungle (undertaking) ; company 
 of persons who take meals together, esp. (Army, 
 Navy) each of several parties into which regi- 
 ment or ship's company is divided ; meal so 
 taken, as at m., go to m. (often attrib., as m.- 
 jacket, coat worn at m.) ; messmate, one of the 
 same (usu. ship's) m. [f . OF vies f . LL missum, 
 p.p. of mittere send] 
 
 mess 2 , v.t. & i. Make a mess of, dirty,(thing); 
 muddle (business) ; potter about ; take one's 
 meals (unth or abs.). [f. prec] 
 
 me'ssage J (-ij), n. Oral or written communi- 
 cation from one person to another; prophet's 
 inspired communication. [F, f. pop. L *missa- 
 ticum (mittere miss- send, see -age)] 
 
 message 2 , v.t. Send as a message ; trans- 
 mit (plan &c.) by signalling &c [f. prec] 
 
 me'ssenger, n. One who carries a message ; 
 endless rope passing from capstan to cable to 
 haul it in. [f. F messager (as prec, see -er 1 ) ; 
 for -n- cf. passenger] 
 
 Messrah, n. Promised deliverer of Jews ; 
 Christ as this ; liberator of oppressed people 
 or country. Hence Messi'ahSHip n., Messi- 
 a'nic a. [f. F Messie f. L f. Gk Messias f. Heb. 
 mashiah anointed (mashah anoint)] 
 
 Me'ssidor, n. Tenth month of French re- 
 volutionary calendar. [F (L messis harvest + 
 Gk doron gift)] 
 
 messieurs* (-yer), n. pi. PI. of monsieur 
 or (in abbr. form Messrs, pron. me*sse?*s) Mr. 
 
 me'ssuag'e(-swij), n. (law). Dwelling-house 
 with outbuildings & land assigned to its use. 
 [AF, prob. corrupt, of mesnage menage] 
 
 mesti'zo (-te-), n. (pi. -os). Spanish or Portu- 
 guese half-caste, esp. child of Spaniard & Amer.- 
 Indian. [Sp., f. pop. ~Lmixticius (miscere mix)] 
 
 meta- in comb, (before vowel met-, before 
 aspirate mcth-) = Gk meta with, after ; some- 
 times w. sense 'change '. 
 
 meta'bolism, n. Process, in organism or 
 single cell, by which nutritive material is built 
 up into living matter (constructive m. ) or proto- 
 plasm is broken down into simpler substances 
 (destructive nu). So metabd'lic a., meta*- 
 bolizE(3) v.t. [f. Gk metabole change f. meta- 
 (ballo throw) change + -ism] 
 
 metaear'pus, n. Part of hand between 
 wrist & fingers, [f. meta- + Gk karpos wrist] 
 
 me'tagre (-i.i), n. Official measuring-of load 
 of coal &c ; duty paid for this. [f. mete + -age] 
 
 metagenesis, n. Alternation between 
 sexual & asexual reproduction. So metage- 
 nE'Tic a. [meta- + genesis] 
 
 metal, n.. & v.t. (-11-). Any of a class of 
 substances represented by gold, silver, copper, 
 
METALLIC 
 
 513 
 
 METHODIST 
 
 iron, lead, & tin, but containing many sub- 
 stances that have few of the characteristics of 
 these; bell 1 , Britannia, gun, white, yel- 
 low, m.; heavy m.; material used for making 
 glass, in molten state ; (also* road m.) broken 
 stone for macadam roads or railway ballast; 
 (v.t.) furnish, fit, with m., mend (road) with m. 
 [(vb f. n.) OF, f. L f. Gk nietallon mine, perh. 
 cogn. w. metalloo seek after] 
 meta/llic, a. Of metal(s) ; m. currency, gold, 
 silver, & copper, cf. paper ; characteristic of 
 metals, as m. lustre (peculiar sheen of metals), 
 m. sound. So me'talliNE 1 a. [f. L f. Gk 
 metalhkos (as metal, see -ic)] 
 metallize, v.t. Render metallic; vulcan- 
 ize (rubber). Hence metallizATiON n. [f. 
 metal + -ize] 
 
 metallo'graphy, n. Descriptive science 
 of internal structure of metals, [f. Gk metallo- 
 graphia (as metal, see -graph y)] 
 metalloid, a. & n. Having form or appear- 
 ance of metal ; non-metallic element, [-oid] 
 metallurgy, n. Art of working metals, 
 esp. of extracting metals from their ores. 
 Hencemetallup'gric(AL) aa., meta'llurg-iST 
 n. [f. Gk metallourgos metal-worker (nietallon 
 metal + -ergos -worker), see -y 1 ] 
 metamere (-er), n. (zool.). One of several 
 similar segments of a body. [f. meta- + Gk 
 meros part] 
 
 metame'rie, a. (Chem.) having same com- 
 position & molecular weight, but different 
 chemical properties ; (Zool.) of metameres. So 
 meta'meriSM n. (chem., zool.). [asprec.+ -ic] 
 metamop'phic, a. Of, marked by, meta- 
 morphosis ; (Geol., of rock) that has undergone 
 transformation by natural agencies, whence 
 metamop'phis.M n. [irreg. f. meta- + Gk 
 morphe form + -ic] 
 
 metamor'phose (-6z), v.t. Change in form, 
 turn (to, into, new form) ; change nature of. [f. 
 F metamorphoser (metamorphose, as foil.)] 
 metamorphosis, n. Change of form (by 
 uaagicorby natural development&c); changed 
 form ; change of character, conditions, &c. [L, 
 f. Gk metamorphosis f. META(morp/ioo f. mor- 
 phe form)] 
 
 metaphor, n. Application of name or de- 
 scriptive term to an object to which it is not 
 literally applicable (e.g. a glaring error) ; in- 
 stance of this ; mixed m., combination of incon- 
 sistent mm. Hence metapho'riCALa., me- 
 tapho'riealLV 2 adv. [f. F nUtaphore f. L f. 
 Gk metaphora f. METMphero bear) transfer] 
 metaphrase (-z), n., &. v.t. Translation, 
 esp. word-for-word ; (v.t.) put into other words. 
 So metaphra'stic a. [(vb f. n.) f. Gk meta- 
 phrasis f. META(phrazo show) translate] 
 metaphysical, a. Of metaphysics ; based 
 on abstract general reasoning ; oversubtle ; 
 incorporeal ; supernatural ; visionary. Hence 
 metaphy s'iealL y 2 adv. [-a l] 
 metaphysics, n. pi. (often treated as sing.). 
 Theoretical philosophy of being & knowing ; 
 philosophy of mind. So metaphysial an n., 
 metaphysicizE(2) v.i. [earlier -ic; med.L 
 has metaphysica fem. sing. & neut. pi., f. med. 
 Gk metaphxisika f. Gk ta meta ta phusika the 
 works (of Aristotle) placed after the physics] 
 me'taplasm, n. (biol.). Part of protoplasm 
 that contains formative material, [meta- + 
 •plasm as in protoplasm] 
 metapo'litics, n. pi. Abstract political 
 science (often contempt.). Hence metapo- 
 litieAL a., metapoliticiAN n. [meta-, after 
 
 METAPHYSICS] 
 
 metastasis, n. Transference of bodily 
 function, disease, &c, from one part or organ 
 F.D. 
 
 to another ; transformation of chemical com- 
 pounds into others in process of assimilation 
 by an organism. So metastatic a. [LL f. 
 Gk, = change, f. methistemi remove (meta- + 
 histemi place)] 
 
 metatar'sus, n. (anat.). Group of five long 
 bones of foot Detween tarsus & toes. Hence 
 metatap'SAL a. [meta] 
 
 meta-thesis, n. (Gram.) transposition of 
 sounds or letters in word ; (Chem.) interchange 
 of atoms between two molecules. [LL f. Gk, f. 
 mkt A(tithemi place) transpose] 
 
 metayage (metayahzh), n. Land tenure in 
 which farmer pays part (usu. half) of produce as 
 rent to owner, who furnishes stock & seed. [F, 
 irreg. as foil., see -age] 
 
 metayer (me'taya), n. Holder of land on 
 prec. system. [F, f. med.L medietarius (medie- 
 tas MOIETY, See -ARY 1 )] 
 
 mete ] , n. Boundary, boundary stone, esp. 
 (Law) mm. & bounds. [OF, f. L meta goal] 
 
 mete 2 , v.t. (literary). (Poet.) measure ; por- 
 tion out, allot, (punishment, reward); mete- 
 ivand, -yard, (fig.) standard of estimation. 
 [com.-Teut.: OE metan, Du. meten, G messen] 
 
 metempi'rie, n. (Also -ics) philosophy of 
 things outside the sphere of experience ; be- 
 liever in this. Hence metemprrieAL a., 
 metemprrieiSTn. [f. meta- + empiric, after 
 metaphysics] 
 
 metempsychd'sis, n. Transmigration of 
 soul of human being or animal at death into 
 new body of same or different species. Hence 
 metempsyeho # siST(2) n. [LL f. Gk (meta- 
 + en in + psukhe soul + -osis] 
 
 meteor, n. (Any atmospheric phenomenon, 
 esp.) shooting star, small mass of matter from 
 celestial space rendered luminous by collision 
 with earth's atmosphere, [f. Gk meteoros lofty, 
 (neut. pi.) atmospheric phenomena (meta- + 
 aeiro raise)] 
 
 meteo'rie, a. Of the atmosphere ; dependent 
 on atmospheric conditions; of meteors; (fig.) 
 dazzling, rapid, [prec. + -ic] 
 
 meteorite, n. Fallen meteor, meteoric 
 stone. So meteoPOLiTE n. [meteor -f -ite 1 ] 
 
 meteorograph, n. Apparatus recording 
 meteorological phenomena, [meteor, -graph] 
 
 meteoroid, n. Body moving through space, 
 of same nature as those which by passing 
 through atmosphere become visible as meteors. 
 Hence meteoroi'dAL a. [-oid] 
 
 meteoro'logy, n. Study of motions & phe- 
 nomena of atmosphere, esp. for weather fore- 
 cast ; atmospheric character (of region). Hence 
 or cogn. meteorolo'g'ic(AL) aa,, meteoro- 
 lo'g-icalLY 2 adv., meteoi*o*logiST n. [f. Gk 
 meteorologia (as meteor, -logy)] 
 
 meter, n. Person, thing, that measures, esp. 
 gas, water, &c, -m., instruments for recording 
 volume of gas &c. supplied, [f. mete + -er 1 , 
 prob. after wds w. foil, suf., as gasometer] 
 
 -meter, suf. in names of measuring instru- 
 ments on Gk nn. (but not on Gk anal.), as baro- 
 meter, L nn., as calorimeter, mod. wds as if Gk 
 or L, as gasometer, or without assim. to Gk or 
 L, as ammeter, [f. Gk metron measure] 
 
 methi'nks, v.i. (archaic; past methought 
 pron. -awt). It seems to me. [me dat, + thinks] 
 
 me'thod, n. Special form of procedure, esp. 
 in any branch of mental activity, whence me- 
 thodo'LOGY n.; orderly arrangement of ideas ; 
 orderliness, regular habits ; (Nat. Hist.) scheme 
 of classification. Hence or cogn. metho'd- 
 ic(al) a., metho'dicalLY 2 adv. [f. L f. Gk 
 methodos (meta- + hodos way)] 
 
 methodist, n. (M-) member of any of several 
 religious bodies originating in the evangelistic 
 
 17 
 
METHODIZE 
 
 movement of Charles & John Wesley & George 
 Whitefield, whence methodi'stic(AL) aa., 
 methodi'stiealLY 2 adv.; (contempt.) person 
 of strict religious views ; one who follows a 
 method, esp. in Nat, Hist. Hence me'thod- 
 ism n. [-1ST] 
 
 methodize, v.t. Reduce to order, arrange 
 in orderly manner, [-ize] 
 
 me thought. See methinks. 
 
 me'thyl, n. The base of wood spirit, formic 
 acid, & many organic compounds. Hence me- 
 thy'lic a. [f. F m&thyle (Gk methu wine + 
 hule wood)] 
 
 me'thylate, v.t. Mix, impregnate, (esp. 
 spirit of wine, to make it unfit for drinking, so 
 as to exempt it from duties) with methyl, as 
 methylated spirit, [-ate 3 ] 
 
 meti'culous, a, Over-scrupulous about mi- 
 nute details. Hence meti'eulousLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L meticulosus {met us fear, see -CULE, -ous)] 
 
 metier (me'tya), n. One's trade, profession, 
 or line. [F] 
 
 me'tis, n. Offspring of white & American In- 
 dian, esp. in Canada, [f. F mMis (as mestizo)] 
 
 meto'nymy, n. Substitution of the name of 
 •an attribute for that of the thing meant (e. g. 
 •eroivn for king). Hence metony'miCAL a., 
 metonymiealLY 2 adv. [f. LL f. Gk metonu- 
 mia (meta- + onoma name)] 
 
 me'tope (-op), n. (Arch.). Square space be- 
 tween triglyphs in Doric frieze, [f. L f. Gk 
 metope (meta- + ope hole for beam)] 
 
 me'tre ] (-er), n. Any form of poetic rhythm, 
 determined by character & number of feet ; 
 metrical group, esp. pair of feet in iambic & 
 other rhythms. Hence metrrciAN, me'tPics, 
 me'triST, nn. [f. L f. Gk metron measure] 
 
 me'tre 2 (-er), n. Unit of length in metric 
 system (39 37 in.). So me'tric a. [f. F metre 
 ■ (as prec.)] 
 
 me'trieal, a. Of, composed in, metre ; of, in- 
 volving, measurement, as m. geometry. Hence 
 me*triealLY 2 adv. [f. LL f . Gk metrikos (as 
 metre, see -re) + -al] 
 
 metPd'logy, n. Science, system, of weights 
 .& measures. Hence metPOlo'giCAL a. [as 
 
 METRE -f -LOGY] 
 
 me'tponome, n. (mus.). Instrument mark- 
 ing time by means of pendulum. Hence me- 
 trond'mic a. [as metre + Gk nomos law] 
 
 metro'polis, n. Chief city of a country, 
 capital; them., London; metropolitan bishop's 
 see ; centre of activity. [L, f. Gk metropolis 
 parent-state (meter -tros mother + polis city)] 
 
 metropolitan, a. & n. Of a or the metro- 
 polis ; of an ecclesiastical metropolis ; m. 
 (bishop), bishop having authority over bishops 
 of a province, in the West equivalent to arch- 
 bishop, in Greek church ranking above arch- 
 bishop & below patriarch, whence metpopo*- 
 litanATE 1 (-at) n.; inhabitant of a metropolis, 
 [f. LL metropolitanus f. Gk metropolites (as 
 prec, -ite 1 ), see -an] 
 
 -metpy, suf. in names of systems corresp. to 
 instruments in -meter on anal, of Gk geometria 
 geometry, but also in hybrids, as alkalimetry. 
 [f. Gk -metria (-metres measurer, as metre)] 
 
 me'ttle, n. Quality of disposition ; natural 
 ardour ; spirit, courage ; be on one's m. (incited 
 to do one's best). Hence (-)mettlED 2 , me't- 
 tlesoME, aa, [var. of metal n.] 
 
 me'um, n. M. & tuvm, mine & thine (used to 
 express rights of property). [L, neut, of mens] 
 
 mew 1 , n. (Also sea-m.) gull, esp. common 
 gull. [OE maeiv, cf. Du. meeuw, G mowe] 
 
 mew 2 , n., & v.t. Cage for hawks, esp. while 
 
 moulting ; (v.t.) put (hawk) in m., (fig.) shut up, 
 
 confine. [<vb f. n.) f. F mwe (as foil.)] 
 
 514 MICROSCOPIC 
 
 mew 3 , v.t. (archaic). (Of hawk) moult, shed, 
 (feathers), [f. F muer f. L mutare change] 
 
 mew 4 , v.i., & n. (Of cat, sea-birds) utter 
 sound mew ; this sound, esp. of cat. [imit.] 
 
 mewl, mule, v.i. Cry feebly, whimper ; mew 
 like cat. [imit., cf. miaul] 
 
 mews, n. Set of stabling round open yard, 
 [pi. (now used as sing.) of mew 2 ; orig. of royal 
 stables on site of hawks' mews] 
 
 mezzanine (-en), n. Low story between two 
 higher ones (usu. between ground & first floors) ; 
 (Theatr.) floor beneath stage. [F, f. It. mezza- 
 nino dim. of mezzano f. L mediamts (medius 
 middle, see -an)] 
 
 me-zzo (-dz-), adv. (Mus.) half, moderately, 
 as m. forte 2 , piano 1 ; m.-rilievo (-lyavo), half- 
 relief, in which figures project half their true 
 proportions ; m.-soprano, (person with, part 
 for) voice between soprano & contralto. [It., f. 
 L medius middle] 
 
 me'zzotint (-dz-), n., & v.t. Method of en- 
 graving in which plate is roughened uniformly, 
 lights & half-lights being given by scraping 
 away the nap thus produced, deep shadows by 
 leaving it; print produced by this; (v.t.) en- 
 grave in m. [(vb f. n.) f. It, mezzotinto (also used 
 in E) f. mezzo half + Unto tint] 
 
 mi (me), n. (mus.). Third note of octave, [first 
 syllable of L mira, see gamut] 
 
 miaow (rulow), n., & v.i. (Make) cry of cat. 
 [imit.] 
 
 mia*sma,n. (pi. -ta, -s). Infectious or noxious 
 emanation, esp. malaria. Hence mia'smAL, 
 miasma'tic, aa. [Gk (miaino pollute, see -m)] 
 
 miau'l, v.i. Cry like cat. [f. F miauler, imit,] 
 
 mi'ca, n. Any of several minerals composed 
 of silicate of aluminium with other silicates, 
 found in small glittering scales in granite &c, 
 or in crystals ; m.-schist, -slate, slaty rock of 
 quartz &m. HencemieA'CEOUSa. [L,=crumb] 
 
 Mi'chael (-kel), n. An archangel; Order of 
 StM.&St George, English civil order of knight- 
 hood; Michaelmas (ml-), feastof StM.,Sep. 29, a 
 quarter-day. [f. Heb. mikhael who is like God ?] 
 
 mi'ckle, mu*-, a. & n. (archaic, Sc). Much, 
 great ; a large amount (in pro v. many a little, 
 or pickle, makes a m.). [com.-Teut.: OE micel, 
 Sw. mycken, Da. meget, cogn. w. Gk megas 
 great] 
 
 miepo- in comb. = Gk mikros small, as : -ce- 
 phalic a. & n., (person) with abnormally small 
 head, so -ce'phalons a.; -li'thic, constructed of 
 small stones, marked by monuments so con- 
 structed ; -logy, hair-splitting ; -meter, instru- 
 ments for measuring small objects or (Astr.) 
 distances, so -me'trieal, -metry ; -phone, instru- 
 ment for intensifying small sounds ; -pho'to- 
 graph (of microscopic object on magnified 
 scale) ; -phyte, microscopic plant, esp. bacte- 
 rium; -seism (-sizm). faint earthquake tremor, 
 whence -sei'smic, -sei'smograph, -seismo'logy ; 
 -spore, parasitic fungus with small spores, small 
 spore; -tome, instrument for cutting thin sec- 
 tions for microscope ; -zyme, zymotic microbe. 
 
 mi'cpobe, n. Minute living being, plant or 
 animal (esp. of bacteria causing diseases & fer- 
 mentation). Hence miero'biAL a., miePO- 
 bio'LOGY n. [F (micro- + Gk bios life)] 
 
 mi'epoeosm, n. Man viewed as epitome of 
 the universe ; any community or complex unity 
 so viewed ; miniature representation (of). 
 Hence miepoeo'smic a. [f. F microcosme f. 
 med.L MiCB.o(cosmus f. Gk kosmos world)] 
 
 mi'eposcope, n. Instrument magnifying ob- 
 jects by means of lens(es) so as to reveal de- 
 tails invisible to naked eye. [micro- + -scope] 
 
 mierosed'pie, a. Of the microscope, whence 
 micposco'piCAL a. ; too small to be visible (in 
 
MICROSCO PY 515 
 
 sufficient detail) without microscope. Hence 
 mierosco # picalLY 2 adv. [ic] 
 
 miepo'seopy, n. Use of the microscope. So 
 miero'seopiST n. [y l ] 
 
 micturi'tion, n. Morbidly frequent desire 
 to make water ; (improp.) making water, [f. L 
 micturire-it-, desiderata ef.7iiingere7nict-make 
 water, see -ion] 
 
 mid 1 , a. (sup. mi'dmost). (Expr. adjectivally 
 the sense) the middle of, as in to. career, m.- 
 career, or midcareer, a m.-momiing bathe, 
 from m.-June to to.- Avgvst ; m.-rib, principal 
 rib through central part of leaf; m.-air, middle 
 region of air; (Crick.) m.-off, -on, fieldsman on 
 off, on, side in front of batsman & near bowler, 
 this position ; (Golf.) m.-iron (with medium de- 
 gree of loft), nu-spoou (of medium size) ; mi'd- 
 way, in the middle, half-way, (betxceen &c). 
 [com.-Teut. : OE midd, OFris. midde, OHG 
 viitti, cogn. w. Gk mesos, L medius] 
 
 mid 2 , prep. (poet.). =amid. 
 
 mi'dday (-d-d-), n. Noon (often attrib.). 
 [OE middxg, see mid 1 & day] 
 
 mi'dden, n. (dial.). Dunghill ; kitchen to., 
 preh istoric refuse heap, chiefly of shells & bones, 
 [of Scand. orig.J 
 
 mi'ddle \ a. (not pred. ; rare sup. middle- 
 most) & n. (Of member of group) so placed 
 as to have same number of members on each 
 side ; equidistant from extremities ; intermedi- 
 ate in rank, quality, &c. ; to. course, way, com- 
 promise between two extremes ; (Gram.) inter- 
 mediate voice of Gk vbs, between active & 
 passive, expressing reflexive action or intransi- 
 tive conditions ; M. English ; to. age, between 
 youth & old age ; m.-aged, of such age ; the M. 
 Ages (about 1000-1100) ; to. class, class of society 
 between upper & lower (often attrib., m.-class); 
 to. (second) finger ; in the to. of, while (doing), 
 during (process); (Log.) to. (term), term common 
 to both 'pvemisses,principle ofexcludedm. (that 
 anything must be included either under agiven 
 term or under its negative) ; middleman, any 
 of the traders through whose hands commodity 
 passes from producer to consumer ; (n.)m. point 
 or part (of), waist. [OE middel, cf. Du. middle, 
 G mittel, f. OTeut. midjo- mid] 
 
 mi'ddle 2 , v.t. (Footb.) return (ball orabs.) 
 from wing to mid-field in front of goal ; (techn.) 
 place in the middle ; (Naut.) fold in the middle, 
 [f. prec] 
 
 mi'ddling, a. & adv. (Commerc, of goods) 
 of the second of three grades, so mi'ddlings 
 n. pi. ; moderately good; second-rate; (adv.) 
 moderately, as to. good; (colloq.) fairly well (in 
 health), as I am only to. Hence mi'ddling 1 - 
 ly 2 adv. [prob. of Sc. orig., f. mid 1 + -ling l & 2 
 (confused)] 
 
 mi'dge, n. Kinds of gnat-like insect ; small 
 person. [OE mycg, cf. Du. mug, G miicke] 
 
 mi'dget, n. Extremely small person, esp. 
 when exhibited as curiosity, [f. prec. + -et j ] 
 
 mrdland, n. & a. Middle part of country ; 
 (pi.) the middle counties ef England ; (adj.) of, 
 in, the m. or mm. [mid + land] 
 
 mi'dnight, n. The middle of the night, 12 
 o'clock; intense darkness (often attrib.). [OE 
 
 midniht (mid + night)] 
 
 mi'drash, n. (pi. -shim). Ancient Jewish 
 
 commentary on part of Hebrew Scriptures. 
 
 [Heb.] 
 
 mi'dpiff, n. Diaphragm. [OE midhrif (midd 
 
 mid + hrif belly)] 
 
 mi'dship, n. Middle part of ship or boat ; 
 
 mi'dshipman (abbr. middy), rank between 
 
 naval cadet & sub-lieutenant ; midships, — 
 
 amidships, [mid + ship] 
 
 midst, n., adv., prep. In the to. of, among ; 
 
 MILE 
 
 in our, your, to., among us, you ; (adv., only in 
 phr.) first, to., & last ; (prep., poet.) in the m. of. 
 [(1) mid + -st, see -es, (2) sup. of mid] 
 
 mi'dsummep, n. Period of summer sol- 
 stice, about June 21 ; M. day, June 24, a quarter- 
 day ; to. (the height of) madness, [mid] 
 
 mi'dwife, n. (pi. -wives). "Woman who assists 
 other women in childbirth. Hence mi'd- 
 wifERY(2) (mi'dlfri, mi'dwifri) n. [mid (or obs. 
 prep, mid with, cf. G mit) + wife] 
 
 midwi'ntep, n. Middle of winter, esp. win- 
 ter solstice, Dec. 21. [mid] 
 
 mien (men), n. (literary). Air, bearing, of 
 person, as showing character or mood. [prob. 
 shortened f. demean n., assim. to F mine ex- 
 pression, etym. dub.J 
 
 miff, n., & v.i. & t. (colloq.). Petty quarrel ; 
 huff; (v.i.) take offence with or at ; (v.t.) put 
 out of humour, [perh. imit. ; cf.G muff, exclama- 
 tion of disgust] 
 
 might 1 (mit), n. Great (bodily or mental) 
 strength ; power to enforce one's will (often 
 opp. to right) ; with m. & main, with all one's 
 power. [OE miht, cf. Du. & G macht, f. OTeut. 
 root mag- may] 
 
 might 2 . See may. 
 
 migh'ty, a. & adv. Powerful, strong, in body 
 or mind ; (bibl.) to. works, miracles ; massive, 
 bulky; (colloq.) great, considerable; high & to.; 
 (adv., colloq.) very, as that is to. easy. Hence 
 migh'tiLY 2 adv., migh'tiNESs n. [OE mihtig 
 (as might 1 , see -Y 2 )] 
 
 mignon (F), a. Small & delicately formed. 
 
 mignone'tte(rmnyo-),n. Plant withfragrant 
 flowers; colour of these, greyish green ; kinds 
 of lace & fine net. If. F (-onn-), dim. of prec] 
 
 migrafne, n. = megrim (first sense), [as 
 megrim] 
 
 migpa'te (or mi'-), v.i. Move from one place 
 (country, town, college, house) to another ; (of 
 birds & fishes) come & go with the seasons. 
 Hence or cogn. mi'gPANT a. & n., migPA - - 
 tion, migpa'tOR 2 , nn., mi'gpatORY a. [f. L 
 migrare, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 mika'do (-kah-), n. Emperor of Japan. [Jap. 
 mi august+A:ado door, cf. Sublime Porte] 
 
 mi'lage (-lij), n. Miles travelled, used, &c. ; 
 expenses at fixed rate per mile, [-age] 
 
 Milan'ese (-ez), a. & n. (Native) of Milan, 
 chief city of Lombard y ; the M., territory of 
 old duchy of Milan. [It. (Milano Milan), -ese] 
 
 milch, a. (Of domestic mammals) giving, 
 kept for, milk ; to. cow, (fig. ) source of profit, esp. 
 person from whom money is easily drawn. [ME 
 mielch f. OTeut. melukjo- (meluk- milk)] 
 
 mild, a. Gentle & conciliatory ; (of rule, 
 punishment, &c.) not severe; (of weather) 
 calm & warm ; (of medicine) operating gently ; 
 (of food, tobacco, &c.) not sharp or strong in 
 taste &c; (of beer) not strongly flavoured with 
 hops, opp. to bitter ; tame, feeble, lacking in 
 energy or vivacity ; to. steel, containing small 
 percentage of carbon, strong & tough, but not 
 readily tempered. Hence ml'ldEN 6 v.t. & i., 
 mi'ldLY 2 adv., mi'ldNESS n. [com.-Teut.: 
 OE milde, Du. & G mild] 
 
 mi'ldew, n., & v.t. & i. Destructive growth 
 of minute fungi on plants ; similar growth on 
 paper, leather, &c, exposed to damp ; (vb) 
 taint, be tainted, with m. Hence mi'ldew y 2 
 a. [(vb f. n.) OE meledeaw, f. OTeut. *melith 
 honey + dawwo- dew] 
 
 mile, n. Unit of lineal measure, in England 
 now 1,760 yards (orig. Roman measure of 1,000 
 paces, about 1,618 yards) ; geographical, nauti- 
 cal, to., one minute of great circle of earth, 
 fixed by British Admiralty at 6,080 feet ; race 
 extending over a m. ■ milestone, pillar set ud 
 
MILER 
 
 516 
 
 MILREIS 
 
 on road to mark mm. [OE mil, ult. f. L mil(l)ia 
 pi. of mille thousand] 
 
 mrlep, n. (colloq.). Man, horse, qualified or 
 trained specially to run a mile ; also in comb., 
 as tivo-m. [-er J ] 
 
 Mile'sian, a. & n. Irish(man). [f. Milesius, 
 fabulous Spanish king whose sons are said to 
 have conquered Ireland c. 1300 B. c, + -an] 
 mi'lfoil, n. Common yarrow & other plants. 
 [ME & OF, f. L millefolium (mille thousand + 
 folium leaf)] 
 
 ml'liapy, a. (path.). Like millet-seed in size 
 or form, as m. gland, tubercle; m. fever (marked 
 by rash like measles, with vesicles of form of 
 millet-seed), [f. L miliarius (as millet, -ary a )] 
 mi'litant, a. Engaged in (esp. spiritual) 
 warfare, as the Church m. ; combative. Hence 
 mi'litANCY n., mi'litantLY 2 adv. [F, as 
 militate, see -ANT] 
 
 militarism, n. Spirit, tendencies, of the 
 professional soldier ; undue prevalence of mili- 
 tary spirit or ideals. So militarizATiON n., 
 mi'litapiZE(3) v.t. [f. F militarisme (as mili- 
 tary, see -ism)] 
 
 militarist, n. Student of military science ; 
 one dominated by military ideas, [-ist] 
 mi'litary, a. & n. Of, done by, befitting, 
 soldiers ; m. fever, enteric ; m. chest, treasury 
 of army ; m. testamint, soldier's nuncupative 
 will; (n.) the soldiery. Hence mi'litariLY 2 
 adv. [f. Fmilitaire f. L militaris (miles -itis 
 soldier, see -ary 2 )] 
 
 mi'litate, v.i. Take part in warfare (usu. 
 fig. ) ;(of f acts.e vidence) have force, tell, (against 
 rarely in favour of, conclusion &c). [f. hmili- 
 tare (miles -itis soldier), see -ate 3 ] 
 mili'tia (-sha), n. Military force, esp. citizen 
 army ; branch of British military service for- 
 merly raised by the several counties, usu. by 
 voluntary enlistment; militiaman, member 
 of the m. fL (as prec.)] 
 
 milk 1 , n. Opaque white fluid secreted by 
 female mammals for nourishment of their 
 young; (fig.) m.for babes, simple forms of litera- 
 ture, doctrine, &c, opp. to strong meat ; con- 
 densecZ m. ; m. & honey, abundant means of 
 enjoyment ; m. of human kindness, kindness 
 natural to humanity ; no use crying over spilt 
 m. (irreme liable loss or error) ; m. -like juice of 
 plants; m.-like preparation of herbs, drugs, &c, 
 as m. of almonds; m.&-water, feeble or mawk- 
 ish discourse or sentiment (often attrib.) ; m. 
 fever (occurring to women shortly after child- 
 birth) ; m.-leg, swelling, esp. of legs, after child- 
 birth ; milkmaid, woman who milks or works 
 in dairy ;milkman, man who sells m.; m. pud- 
 ding (of rice, sago, tapioca, &c, baked with m. 
 in dish) ; m.-punch, drink made of spirits & 
 m. ; milksop, spiritless man or youth ; m.- 
 tooth, temporary tooth in young mammals ; 
 mi'lkweed, kinds of wild plant with milky 
 juice; m.-white (as m.) ; mi'lkivort, kinds of 
 plant. [com.-Teut.: OMercian mile, Du. melk, 
 G milch, f. OTeut. meluks (melk vb, cogn. w. 
 Gk amelgo, L mulgere] 
 
 milk 2 , v.t. Draw milk from (cow, ewe, goat) ; 
 m. the ram or bull, engage in hopeless enter- 
 prise ; get money out of, exploit, (person); (slang) 
 steal message from(telegraphortelephonewire>; 
 extract juice, virus, &c, from (snake &c). [OE 
 milcian (as prec. )] 
 
 mi'lky, n. Of, like, mixed with, milk ; (of 
 liquid) cloudy, not clear ; effeminate, weakly 
 amiable ; M. Way, luminous band of countless 
 stars encircling the heavens. Hence mi'lki- 
 ness n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 mill ! , n. Building fitted with machinery for 
 grinding corn (often watermill, windmill); any 
 
 mechanical apparatus for grinding corn ; ap- 
 paratus for grinding any solid substance to 
 powder or pulp, as coffee, pepper, paper, -m.; 
 any machine, or building fitted with machinery, 
 for manufacturing processes &c, as saw, cotton, 
 silk, -m.; pugilistic encounter ; millboard, stout 
 pasteboard for bookbinding &c; m.-dam, dam 
 put across stream to make it available for m. ; 
 m.-pond, water retained by this ; m.-race, cur- 
 rent of water that drives m. -wheel ; millstone, 
 one of pair of circular stones for grinding corn, 
 as nether millstone, see far into a millstone, 
 (usu. iron.) be extraordinarily acute ; millstone 
 grit, a hard siliceous rock; m.-wheel, one (esp. 
 water-wheel) used to drive m. ; millwright, one 
 who designs or erects mm. [OE mylen f. LL 
 molinum, -na (mola mill f . root of molere grind)] 
 
 mill 2 , v.t. &i. Thicken (cloth &c.) by fulling ; 
 grind (corn), produce (flour), in mill ; produce 
 regular markings on edge of (coin, esp. in p.p.) ; 
 beat (chocolate) to froth ; beat, strike, fight, 
 (person) ; (of cattle) move l-ound & round in a 
 mass. [f. prec] 
 
 mill 3 , n. (U.S.). One-thousandth of a dollar, 
 money of account, [f. L millesimum thousandth 
 part, on anal, of cent] 
 
 mi: ,3nar'ian, a. & n. Of the millennium; 
 (person) believing in this. Hence millenar*- 
 ianiSM n. [as. foil. + -an] 
 
 millenary, a. & n. (Period) of 1,000 years ; 
 of, (person) believing in, the millennium, [f. L 
 milloiarius consisting of a thousand (milleni 
 a thousand each f. mille thousand, -ary j )] 
 
 millennium, n. Period of a thousand years, 
 esp. that of Christ's reign in person on earth 
 (Rev. xx. 1-5). Hence mille'nniAL a. [f. L 
 mille thousand + annus year, on anal, of bien- 
 nium two years' space] 
 
 mi'llepede (-Iped), n. Genera of myriapods, 
 with numerous legs usu. placed on each seg- 
 ment in double pairs; kinds of terrestrial crus- 
 tacean, esp. common woodlouse & armadillo, 
 [f. L millepeda woodlouse (mille thousand + pes 
 pedis foot)] 
 
 mi'ller, n. Proprietor, tenant, of corn-mill ; 
 one who works any mill ; kinds of white or 
 white-powdered insect; cockchafer; m. 's thumb, 
 bull-head & other fishes, [mill 1 + -er 1 ] 
 
 mille'simal, a. & n. Thousandth (part) ; con- 
 sisting of thousandths, [f. L millesimus (mille 
 thousand + -al)] 
 
 mi'llet, n. Graminaceous plant, native of In- 
 dia, bearing large crop of small nutritious seeds; 
 its seed ; 7n.-grass, a tall handsome grass. [F, 
 dim. of mil f. L milium] 
 
 mi'lli- in comb. = one-thousandth of a — (in 
 metric system), as : -gi°amme (0154 of English 
 grain), -litre (061 cub. in.), -metre (0393 in.). IL 
 mille thousand, -I-] 
 
 mi'lliard, n. A thousand millions. [F (mille 
 thousand)] 
 
 mi'lliner, n. Person (usu. woman) who makes 
 up bonnets & other female apparel; man-m., 
 (fig.) man busied in trifling occupations. Hence 
 mi*llinERY(l) n. [f. Milan + -ER l ; orig. = ven- 
 dor of Milan goods] 
 
 mi'llion, n. &a. A thousand thousand (things, 
 of things, or abs.); am. pounds or (U.S.) dollars; 
 the m. ,bulk of the population. Hence mi'llion- 
 fold a. & adv., mi'llionTH 2 a. & n. [F, f. It. 
 millione (mille thousand -f -one -oon)] 
 
 millionaire* (ar), n. Person possessing a 
 million pounds, dollars, francs, &c; person of 
 great wealth, [f. F millionnaire (prec, -ary *)] 
 
 milor(d) (melor •), n. French word for English 
 lord or wealthy Englishman, [f. E my lord] 
 
 mi'lreis (-ais), n. Portuguese gold coin worth 
 is. old. [Port, (mil thousand + reis)] 
 
MILT 
 
 517 
 
 MINIATURE 
 
 milt, n., & v.t. Spleen in mammals; analogous 
 organ in other vertebrates ; roe of male fish ; 
 (v.t.) impregnate (roe of female), [(vb f. n.) OE 
 milte, cf. Du. milt, Gmilz. perh. cogn. w. melt] 
 
 mi'ltep, n. Male fish in spawning time, [-er 1 ] 
 
 Milto'nic, a. Of, in the style of, Milton. So 
 Milt6*niAN a. [-ic] 
 
 mime, n., & v.i. (Gk or Rom. Ant.) simple 
 farcical drama marked by mimicry ; performer 
 in this; pantomimist, buffoon; (v.i.) act with 
 mimic gesture, usu. without words, [(vb f. n.) 
 f. L f . Gk mimos\ 
 
 mi'meograpn, n. Apparatus for making 
 stencils of written pages, from which many 
 copies may be taken, [irreg. f. Gk mimeomai 
 imitate, see -graph] 
 
 mime'sis, n. (biol.). Close external resem- 
 blance between animal & another animal or in- 
 animate object. [Gk, = imitation (as prec.)] 
 
 mime'tie, a. Of, addicted to, imitation, mi- 
 micry, or mimesis. Hence mime'tiCALLY adv. 
 [f. Gk mimetikos (as prec, see -etic)] 
 
 mi'mic l , a. & n. Apt to imitate ; imitative 
 as opp. to real ; person skilled in ludicrous imi- 
 tation, [f. L f. Gk mimikos (as mime l , see -ic)] 
 
 mi'mic 2 , v.t. (-eking, -eked). Ridicule by imi- 
 tating (person, manner, &c); copy minutely or 
 servilely ; (of things) resemble closely, [f. prec] 
 
 mi'miepy, n. Mimicking ; thing that mimics 
 another; (Zool.) = mimesis, [mimic 1 + -ry] 
 
 mi'miny-pi'miny, a. Over-refined, finick- 
 ing, limit. 
 
 mimo'sa {-za, -sa), n. Genus of leguminous 
 shrubs, including common Sensitive Plant, [f. 
 L as mime + -osa fem. suf., see -ose ] ] 
 
 mi'mulus, n. Genus of flowering plants, esp. 
 monkey-flower, [prob. dim. as prec] 
 
 mi'na *, n. Greek denomination of money, 
 about £4 ; ancient unit of weight in Greece, 
 Egypt, &c, about lib. [L, f. Gk mna] 
 
 mi'na 2 , n. Kinds of eastern passerine bird, 
 [f. Hind, maina] 
 
 mina'cious, a. Threatening. Hence mina'- 
 ciousLY 2 adv., minA'CiTY n. [f. L minax 
 (minari threaten), see -acious] 
 
 minar', n. Lighthouse ; turret, [f. Arab. 
 manar f. root of nar fire] 
 
 mi'naret, n. Slender turret connected with 
 mosque, from which muezzin calls people to 
 prayer, [f. Arab, manar at (as prec)] 
 
 mi'natory, a. Threatening, [f. OF mina- 
 toire f. LL minatorius {minari threaten, -ory)] 
 
 mince ! , a. Minced meat ; mincemeat, mix- 
 ture of currants, raisins, sugar, apples, candied- 
 peel, &c, for m.-pie (small round pie containing 
 this), make m.-m. of, destroy (person), [f. foil.] 
 
 mince 2 , v.t. &i. Cut (meat &c) small; (usu. 
 w. negative) m. matters, express oneself politely 
 in condemnation ; restrain (one's words) within 
 bounds of politeness ; utter (words), walk, with 
 affected delicacy, whence mi'neing'LY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF minder f. pop. L *minutiare (as minutia)] 
 
 mind \ n. Remembrance, as have or keep in 
 m., bring or call to m., remember, go or pass 
 out ofm., be forgotten ; time 1 out ofm.; candid 
 opinion, as speak one'sm., tell (person) one's m., 
 give him a piece of one's m.; be ©/(person's) m., 
 agree in opinion with him ; to my m. , as I think ; 
 be of a or one m., agree; know one's own m., 
 form & adhere to decision ; make up one's m., 
 resolve {to do, to a course &c, or abs.) ; change 
 one's m., alter one's purpose; have a good or 
 great m., half am., be strongly, somewhat, dis- 
 posed {to do) ; month's m. ; direction of thoughts 
 or desires, as set one's m. on, desire to attain. 
 give one's m. (attention) to ; to one's m., as one 
 would have it; way of thinking & feeling, as 
 frame, state, of m. ; seat of consciousness, 
 
 thought, volition, & feeling; soul. opp. to body; 
 m.'s eye, mental view; person, as embodying 
 mental qualities; intellectual powers, opp. to 
 will & emotions, whence mi'ndLEss a. ; ab- 
 sence, presence, of m. IME mynd, cf. OHG 
 gemund f. OTeut. gamundiz [ga- y- + mun- 
 think, intend, cogn. w. L mens mind, Gk menos 
 rage)] 
 
 mind 2 , v.t. & i. Bear in mind (chiefly in im- 
 perat.); give heed to, as never m. the expense; 
 apply oneself to (business &c); m. your own 
 business, leave other people's alone ; (chiefly in 
 neg. or quasi-neg. sentences) object to, as would 
 you m. ringing?, I should not m. (should like) 
 a cup of tea, if you don't m. (have no objection); 
 remember & take care (that thing is done, or 
 omit that) ; (slang) m. your eye, be on the look- 
 out ; m. one's Ps & Q's, be careful as to one's 
 words or behaviour ; be on one's guard against 
 or about, as m. the step (remember there is one); 
 have charge of. [f. prec] 
 
 mi'nded, a. Disposed (to do); having (speci- 
 fied) mind, as high, small, -m. [-ed 2 ] 
 
 mi'ndful, a. Taking thought or care (of, or 
 abs.). Hence mi'ndfulLY 2 adv., mi'ndful- 
 
 NESS n. [MINDi-f-FUL] 
 
 mine 1 , n. Excavation in earth for metal, 
 coal, salt, &c; (fig.) abundant source (of infor- 
 mation &c); iron ore ; (Mil.) subterranean gal- 
 lery in which gunpowder is placed to blow up 
 fortifications, (formerly) subterranean passage 
 under wall of besieged fortress; (Nav.) re- 
 ceptacle filled with dynamite & sunk esp. at 
 entrance to harbour. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 mine 2 , v.t. & i. Burrow in (earth); make 
 (hole) underground ; make subterranean pass- 
 ages under; (fig.) undermine; (Mil., Nav.) lay 
 mines under; obtain (metal &c) from mine; dig 
 in (earth &c) for ore &c [f. F miner (prec)] 
 
 mine 3 , poss. pron. & a. corresponding in 
 pred. & elliptical uses to my, as it is m., I have 
 lost m.; also used (archaic, poet.) before noun 
 beginning with vowel or h, as m. eyes, [com.- 
 Teut.: OE min, Du. mijn, G mein] 
 
 mi'nep, n. One who works in a mine ; sol- 
 dier whose duty it is to lay mines ; sappers & 
 mm. [f. OF minour (as mine 2 , see -or 2 )] 
 
 mi'neral, a. & n. (Substance) obtained by 
 mining ; (belonging to) any of the species into 
 which inorganic substances are classified ; m. 
 kingdom ; m. water, water found in nature 
 impregnated with mineral substance, artificial 
 imitation of this, esp. soda-water, also, other 
 effervescent drink, e.g. ginger-beer. Hence 
 minepalizATiONn., mi'neralizE(3) v.t. & i. 
 [f. F mineral f. med. ~Lmineralis (minera mine 
 f. com.-Rom. *mina, see -al)] 
 
 minera'Iogry»n. Science of minerals. Hence 
 mineralo'g'iCAT, a., mineralo'glealLY 2 
 adv., minera'logiST n. [f. prec. 4- -logy] 
 
 Minep'va, n. Roman goddess of wisdom ; 
 M. press, printing-press in London, ultra-senti- 
 mental novels issued from it c 1800. [L] 
 
 mi'nevep, n. Kind of fur used in cere- 
 monial costume, [f. F menu vair(menu small, 
 as minute ; vair kind of fur, as various)] 
 
 mi'ngle, v.t, & i. Mix, blend. [ME mengel 
 f. obs. meng f. OE mengan, cf. Du. & G mengen, 
 see -le(3)] 
 
 mi'niate, v.t. Paint with vermilion ; illu- 
 minate (manuscript), [f. L miniare (minium 
 native cinnabar, red lead), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 mi'niatupe, n. & a., & v.t. Picture in illu- 
 minated manuscript; small-scale minutely fin- 
 ished portrait, usu. on ivory or vellum ; this 
 branch of painting, as portrait in m.\ reduced 
 image ; in m., on a small scale ; (adj.) repre- 
 sented on small scale, small-scale ; (v.t.) repre- 
 
MINIFY 
 
 518 
 
 MIRACULOUS 
 
 sent in m. Hence mi'niatupiST n. [(vb f. n.) 
 f. It. f. L miniatura (as prec, see -ure)] 
 mi'nify, v.t. Represent as smaller or less 
 important than it is; lessen in size or impor- 
 tance, [irreg. f. L minor less, see -FY J 
 mi'nikin, n. & a. Diminutive (creature) ; 
 affected, mincing, [f. Du. minneken (minne 
 love + kijn -kin)] % 
 
 mi'nim, n. (Mus.) note half the value of 
 SEMibreve; single;down-strokeof pen; creature 
 of the smallest size or importance ; sixtieth 
 part of fluid drachm, [f. L minimus smallest J 
 mi'nimal, a. Very minute ; the least pos- 
 sible, minimum, [as prec, see -alJ 
 mi'nimize, v.t. Reduce to, estimate at, 
 smallest possible amount or degree. Hence 
 minimizATiON n. [as prec, see -ize] 
 mi'nimum, n. (pi. -ma). Least amountattain- 
 able, usual, &c; m. thermometer (automatically 
 recording lowest temperature within period}. 
 [L, neut. as foil.] 
 
 mrnimus, a. (In schools) youngest of the 
 name, as Jones m. [L, = least] 
 mi'nion, n. Favourite child, servant, ani- 
 mal, &c (contempt.); slave; (Print.) size of 
 type. [f. F mignon, etyni. dub.] 
 mi'nish, v.t. & i. (archaic). Diminish (t. & U; 
 reduce in power &c [f. OF menusier f. vulg. 
 L *minutiare (as minute)] 
 mi'nisteP 1 , n. Person employed in execu- 
 tion of (purpose, will, &c) ; person administer- 
 ing department of State; prime m.; political 
 agent accredited by one State to another ; cler- 
 gyman (now rare of Anglican); (alsom. general) 
 superior of some religious orders, [f. OF me- 
 nestre f. L minister servant (minus less)] 
 mi'nister 2 , v.i. & t. Render aid or service 
 (to person, cause, &c) ; be helpful, contribute, 
 (to result) ; (archaic) furnish, supply, (help &c). 
 [f. OF miinstrer t. L miiiistrare (prec)] 
 ministerial, a. Concerned with the execu- 
 tion of law ; subsidiary, instrumental ; of a 
 minister of religion or his office ; of minister of 
 State ; siding with the Ministry against Oppo- 
 sition, whence ministep*ialiST(2) n. Hence 
 ministep'ialLY 2 adv. [f. F ministtriel f. L 
 ministerialis (as ministry, see -al)] 
 ministra'tion, n. Ministering, esp. in re- 
 ligious matters ; supplying (of). So mi'nis- 
 tPANT a. & n., mrnistrativE a. [f. L minis- 
 tratio (as minister 2 , see -ation)] 
 mrnistry, n. Ministering ; the body of mi- 
 nisters of State or in religion, [f. L ministe- 
 rium (as MINISTER 1 )] 
 
 mink, n. Small semi-aquatic stoat-like ani- 
 mal ; its fur. [Sw. has menk] 
 mi'nnesingep, n. German lyrical poet & 
 singer in 12-14th cc [G (minne loVe + singer)] 
 mrnnow, n. Small freshwater fish (loosely 
 used of several kinds, esp. stickleback); Triton 
 among the mm., one who seems great from the 
 insignificance of those around him. [prob. = 
 OHG munewa ; OE has myne] 
 mi'nop, a. & n. Lesser (not followed by than), 
 as m. prophets; m. canon, clergyman assist- 
 ing in daily cathedral service, not member of 
 chapter; comparatively xinimportant, as m. 
 poet; (Log.) m. term, subject of conclusion of 
 categorical syllogism, m. premiss (containing 
 this) ; (Mus.) m. interval, see major, m. key (in 
 which scale has m. third), (fig.) conversation 
 in a m. key (doleful) ; (in schools) Jones minor 
 (the younger) ; (n.) Franciscan friar ; m. term 
 or premiss ; person under age. [L, = less] 
 Minon'ca, n. One of the Balearic Isles ; M. 
 (fowl), black variety brought from Spain, [f. 
 Sp. Menorca] 
 mind'pity, n. State of being under age, 
 
 period of this ; smaller number or part, esp. 
 smaller party voting together against majority; 
 number of votes cast for this. [f. med.L mino- 
 ritas (as minor, see -ty)] 
 
 Mi*notaup,n. TheM., fabulous monster, half 
 bull half man, fed with human flesh. If. Gk 
 Minotauros (Minds, king of Crete, husband of 
 the M.'s mother Pasiphae,+ tauros bull)] 
 
 mi'nstep, n. Church of a monastery ; large 
 or important church, cathedral. [OE mynster 
 
 (as MONASTERY)] 
 
 mi'nstPel, n. Mediaeval singer or musician, 
 who sung or recited (often his own) poetry; 
 (Hist.) person who entertained his patrons with 
 singing, buffoonery, &c; (pi.) band of public 
 entertainers, with blacked faces &c, perform- 
 ing songs & music ostensibly of negro origin, 
 [f. OF menestral (as ministerial)] 
 
 mi'nstpelsy, n. Minstrel's art ; minstrels ; 
 minstrel poetry, [f. OF menestralsie, as prec] 
 
 mint l f n. Place where money is coined, usu. 
 under State authority ; (fig.) source of invention 
 &c; vast sumo/ money; m.-mark, mark placed 
 on coin to show at what m. it was struck (also 
 fig.) ; m.-master, superintendent of coinage at 
 m. [OE my net f. L moneta money] 
 
 mint 2 , v.t. Make (coin) by stamping metal; 
 invent, coin, (word, phrase, &c). Hencemi'nt- 
 age(3, 4) n. [f. prec] 
 
 mint 3 , n. Aromatic plant, much used in 
 cookery ; m.-sauce (of finely chopped mint with 
 vinegar & sugar, eaten with roast lamb). [OE 
 minte = OHG minza f. L menta f. Gk minthe] 
 
 minue't, n. Slow stately dance for two, in 
 triple measure ; music for this, music in same 
 rhythm & style, [f. F menuet, dim. of menu 
 (as* minute a.")] 
 
 mrnus, quasi-prep. & a. With the deduction 
 of (symbol - ), as 7 m. U is equal to 3 ; (colloq.) 
 deprived of, as he came back m. an arm ; a m. 
 (negative) quantity. [L, neut. of minor] 
 
 minu'scule, a. & n. (Of kind of cursive 
 script developed in 7th c) small; (n.) small 
 letter. [F, f. L minusculus dim. of minor] 
 
 mi'nute 1 (-it), n. Sixtieth part of hour; 
 short time, instant ; exact point of time, as the 
 m. (that), as soon as ; sixtieth part of degree 
 (in angles); rough draft, memorandum; (pi.) 
 brief summary of proceedings of assembly, 
 committee, &c; official memorandum author- 
 izing or recommending a course, as a Treasury 
 m.; m.-book (for writing mm. in.); m. gun 
 (fired at intervals of a m.) ; m.-hand (indicating 
 mm. on watch or clock). [F, f. L minuta fern. 
 
 as MINUTE 3 ] 
 
 mi'nute 2 (it), v.t. Find the exact time of; 
 draft (document, scheme) ; record in minutes ; 
 m. down, make a note of. [f. prec] 
 
 minu'te 3 , a. Very small; trifling, petty; 
 (of inquiry, inquirer, &c) accurate, precise. 
 Hence minu'teLY 2 adv., minu'teNESS n. 
 [f. L minutus, p.p. of minuere lessen] 
 
 mi'nutely (-nit-), a. Occurringeveryminute. 
 So mi'nuteLY 2 adv. [minute 1 + -ly 1 ] 
 
 minu'tia (-shia), n. (usu. in pi. -ae). Precise 
 or trivial detail. [L (as minute 3 )] 
 
 minx, n. Pert girl, hussy. [?1 
 
 mroeene (-sen), a. (geol.). Of the middle 
 division of tertiary strata, [irreg. f. Gk meion 
 less + kainos new] 
 
 mi'paele, n. Marvellous event due to some 
 supernatural agency ; remarkable occurrence ; 
 remarkable specimen (o/ingenuity, impudence, 
 &c) ; to a m., surprisingly well ; (also m. play) 
 dramatic representation in Middle Ages, based 
 on life of Christ or saints. [OF, f. hmiraculum 
 (mirari wonder f. minis wonderful)] 
 
 mira'eulous, a. Supernatural ; surprising. 
 
MIRAGE 
 
 519 
 
 MISE 
 
 Hence mira'culousi.v - adv., mira'eu- 
 Iousness n. [f. F miraculeux f. uied.L mira- 
 culosus (as pree., see -ous)] 
 
 mira'ge (-ahzh), n. Optical illusion, esp. 
 illusive appearance of sheet of water in desert 
 &c. (also fig.). [F, f. (se) viirer look at oneself 
 in mirror, be reflected, f. L mirari wonder atj 
 
 mire 1 , n. Swampy ground, bog; stick, find 
 oneself, in the m. (in difficulties) ; mud, dirt. 
 [ME, f. ON myrr, cogn. with moss] 
 
 mire 2 , v.t. Plunge in mire ; (fig.) involve in 
 difficulties ; defile, bespatter. If. prec] 
 
 mi'rror, n., & v.t. Polished usu. glass sur- 
 face reflecting image, looking-glass ; (fig.) 
 what gives faithful reflection or true descrip- 
 tion of thing ; (v.t.) reflect as in m. [(vb f. n.) 
 f. OF rnirour f. pop.L *miratorium (mirare 
 look at, f. L mirari wonder at, see -ory)1 
 
 mirth, n. Merriment. Hence mir'thFUL, 
 mir , thLESS,aa.,mir*thfulLY 2 adv.,mir , th- 
 fulXESS n. [OE myrigth, cogn. w. merry] 
 
 mir*y, a. Muddy ; vile. [f. mire 1 + -Y 2 J 
 
 mir'za, n. (In Persia) title added to name of 
 prince or prefixed to that of official or man of 
 learning. [Pers.] 
 
 mis- 1 , pref. added freely to vbs & vbl nn. w. 
 sense 'amiss', 'badly', 'wrongly', 'unfavour- 
 ably', or intensifying unfavourable meaning 
 contained in vb {misdoubt). [OE, cf. Du. mis-, G 
 miss- f. OTeut. 7nisso- (1) divergent (2) mutual] 
 
 mis- 2 , pref. to vbs, adjj., & nn., derived f. F, 
 in same sense as prec. [f. OF mes- f. minus, 
 used in com.-Rom. as pref.] 
 
 misadventure, n. (Piece of) bad luck; 
 (Law) homicide by m. (accident), [f. OF mesa- 
 venture (see mis- 2 & adventure)] 
 
 misalli'ance, n. Improper alliance, esp. 
 marriage, [mis- *, after mesalliance] 
 
 mi'santhrope, n. Hater of mankind ; one 
 who avoids human society. Hence or cogn. 
 misanthro'pic(AL) aa., misa'nthropisx, 
 misa'nthropY l , nn., misa*nthropizE(2) 
 v.i. [f. Gk misanthropos (mised hate + an- 
 thropes man)] 
 
 misapplication, n. Wrong application, 
 wrong use (esp. of funds), [mis- *] 
 
 misapply, v.t. Apply wrongly, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misapprehend, v.t. Misunderstand 
 (words, person). So misapprehe'nsion n., 
 misapprehensive a. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misappropriate, v.t. Apply (usu. another's 
 money) to wrong (esp. one's own) use. So mis- 
 appropriation n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misbecome (-urn), v.t. Suit ill, be unbe- 
 coming to. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misbegotten, a. Illegitimate, bastard, 
 (often as general term of opprobrium), [mis- l + 
 begotten p.p. of beget] 
 
 misbeha've, v.t. Behave (oneself or abs.) 
 improperly. So misbeha'viour n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misbelief (-ef), n. Wrong religious belief ; 
 false opinion. So misbeliever n., misbe- 
 lieving a. [mis- ] ] 
 
 misbesee'm, v.t. Misbecome, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 miscalculate, v.t. Calculate (amount &c.) 
 wrongly. So miscalculation n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misca'll (-awl), v.t. Call by a wrong name ; 
 (dial.) call (person) names, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misca'rriage, n. Failure (of letter) to 
 reach destination ; m. (failure of court to at- 
 tain the ends) of justice ; untimely delivery (of 
 woman ), abortion ; failure (of scheme &c. ). [m is- 1 ] 
 
 misea'rry, v.i. (Of person or business) fail, 
 be unsuccessful ; (of woman) be delivered pre- 
 maturely (o/ child) ; (of letter) fail to reach 
 destination, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 miscasting-, n. Wrong addition (of ac- 
 counts). [mis- 1 ] 
 
 mlscegena'tion (misij-), n. Mixture of 
 races, esp. sexual union of whites with negroes, 
 [irreg. f. L miscere mix + genus race + -ation] 
 
 miscella'nea (-sel-), n. Literary miscellany. 
 [L, neut. pi. as foil.] 
 
 miscella'neous (-sel-), a. Of mixed com- 
 position or character ; (w. pi. noun) of various 
 kinds ; (of persons) many-sided. Hence mis- 
 cella'neousLY 2 adv., miscella'neous- 
 ness n. [f. L miscellaneus (miscellus mixed f. 
 miscere mix, see -aneous)] 
 
 miscellany (or mi's-), n. Mixture, medley; 
 collection of treatises &c. in one volume ; such 
 volume. Hence misee'llaniST(3) n. [prob. 
 f. F miscellanees fern. pi. (as miscellanea)] 
 
 mischa-nce, n. (Piece of) bad luck, esp. 
 by m. [f. OF mesch(e)ance (mis- 2 , chance n.)] 
 
 mi'schief (-if), n. Harm, injury, wrought 
 by person or other agent ; make m., create dis- 
 cord, so m.-maker, -making; the m. (annoying, 
 part) of it is, that &c. ; worker, source, of harm, 
 or annoyance ; vexatious conduct, esp. of chil- 
 dren ; where the m. (devil} have you been ?, 
 [f. OF meschief (mis- 2 , chief end, chief)] 
 
 mischievous f-Iv-), a. (Of things) having 
 harmful effects; (of persons, conduct, &c.) dis- 
 posed to acts of playful malice or annovance. 
 Hence mi'schievousLY 2 adv., mi'sehiev- 
 ousness n. [f. AF meschevous (prec, -ous)] 
 
 mi'scible (-si-), a. That can be mixed {icith). 
 Hence miseiBULiTY n. [f. Y,miscere mix, -ble] 
 
 misconcei've, v.i. & t. Have a wrong con- 
 ception (of or abs.); misunderstand (word, per- 
 son). So misconception n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misconduct, n. Improper conduct, esp. 
 adultery ; bad management. So miscon- 
 duct, v.t. & refl. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misconstrue, v.t. Put wrong construction 
 on (word, action); mistake meaning of (person). 
 So misconstru'etion n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 miscou'nt, n. Wrong count, esp. of votes. 
 [mis- 1 ] 
 
 mi'sereant, a. & n. (Archaic) heretical ; 
 depraved ; (n., archaic) heretic ; vile wretch, 
 [f. OF mesweant (m is- 2 -f ere ant f. hcredei'e be- 
 lieve, see -ant)1 
 
 miscrea'ted, a. Ill-formed (often as abusive 
 epithet). So miscrea'tion n. [mis- l ] 
 
 mis-cue* (-u), n. (billiards). Failure to strike 
 ball properly with cue. [mis- 1 or miss v.)] 
 
 misda'te, v.t. Date wrong, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misdea'l, v.t. Make mistake in dealing 
 (cards, but usu. abs.). So misdea'l n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misdeed,]). Evil deed; crime. [OE misdxd 
 
 (see MIS- 1 & DEED)] 
 
 misdee'm, v.t. & i. (archaic, poet.). Have 
 wrong opinion of; mistake (person, thing for 
 another) ; form wrong judgment (of), [m is- 1 ] 
 
 misdemea'nant, n. Person convicted of 
 misdemeanour or guilty of misconduct ; first, 
 second, -class m. (to be treated with more, less, 
 indulgence), [f. archaic misdemean (mis- 1 ^- 
 
 DEMEAN) + -ANT] 
 
 misdemea'nour, n. (Law) indictable 
 offence less heinous than felony ; offence, mis- 
 deed. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misdire'et, v.t. Direct (person, blow, &c.)> 
 wrongly. So misdirection n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misdoing* (doo), n. Misdeed, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misdoub't, v.t. (archaic). Have doubts as- 
 to the truth or existence of ; have misgivings, 
 be suspicious, about jsuspect (that), [mis- 2 ] 
 
 mise(mez,miz), n. (Hist.) settlement by agree- 
 ment, as M. of Leives (between Henry III & 
 
 For words in mis- not given see mis- 1 . 
 
MISER 
 
 520 
 
 MISSING 
 
 barons, 1264) ; m. -en-scene (F), scenery & pro- 
 perties of acted play, (fig.) surroundings of an 
 event. [OF fern. p.p. of mettre put f. L mittere 
 miss- send, used as n.] 
 
 mi'ser 1 (-z-), n. One who hoards wealth & 
 lives miserably ; avaricious person. [L, = 
 wretched] 
 
 mi'seP 2 (-z), n. Boring instrument for well- 
 sinking. [?] 
 
 miserable (-z-), a. Wretchedly unhappy ; 
 (of events &c.) causing wretchedness; con- 
 temptible, mean, as a in. hovel. Hence 
 mi*sepabLY 2 adv. If. F mistr able f. L miser u- 
 bilis (miserari pity f. miser wretched, -ble)] 
 
 miserep'e (-z-), n. Fifty-first psalm (M. mei 
 Dens) ; cry for mercy ; (improp.) = foil, (last 
 sense). [L, = have mercy (misereri f. miser)] 
 
 mise'pieopd, n. Apartment in monastery 
 in which some indulgences were permitted ; 
 dagger for giving the coup de grace ; shelving 
 projection on under side of hinged seat in 
 choir stall, serving when seat was turned up 
 to support person standing, (f. OF misericorde 
 f. L misericordia f. misericors compassionate 
 (stem of misereri pity +cors -rdis heart)] 
 
 mrseply, a. Like a miser, stingy. Hence 
 mi'sepliNESS a. [lv ] ] 
 
 mi'sepy, n. Wretched state of mind or of 
 outward circumstances ; (Cards, colloq. for F 
 misere) declaration by which caller undertakes 
 not to take trick, [f. OF miserie f. L miseria. 
 
 (as MISER)] 
 
 misfea'sance (-z-), n. (Law) transgression, 
 esp. wrongful exercise of lawful authority (also 
 gen., esp. facet.), [f. OF mesfaisance f. mesfaire 
 misdo (mis- 2 , /aire do f. Lfacere), -ance] 
 
 misfi't, n. Garment &c. that does not fit the 
 person it is meant for. [mis- l ] 
 
 misfortune, n. Bad luck, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misgl've, v.t. (Person's) mind misgives him, 
 fills him with suspicion or foreboding {about 
 thing, that), [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misgi'vingyn. Feeling of mistrust or appre- 
 hension, [f. prec. + -ing l ] 
 
 misgovern, v.t. Govern (state &c.) badly. 
 So misgo'verament n. [mis- l ] 
 
 misgui'de, v.t. (chiefly in p.p.). Mislead, 
 cause to err in thought or action. Hence mis- 
 g"ui*dedLY 2 adv. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misha'ndle, v.t. Handle (person, thing) 
 roughly or rudely, ill-treat, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misha'p, n. Unlucky accident, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 mishear', v.t. Hear amiss or imperfectly. 
 
 [MIS- 1 ] 
 
 mi'shmash, n. Confused mixture, [redupl. 
 f. mash n.] 
 
 mi'shna(h), n. Collection of precepts form- 
 ing basis of Talmud. Hence mi'shnic a. [post- 
 bibl. Heb., = repetition, instruction, (shanah 
 repeat)] 
 
 misinfop'm, v.t. Give wrong information to, 
 mislead. So misinfopma'tion n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misintep'ppet, v.t. Give wrong interpre- 
 tation to, make wrong inference from. So 
 misinterpretation n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misju'dge, v.t. Judge wrongly (person &c. 
 or abs.) ; have wrong opinion of. [mis- l ] 
 
 mislay, v.t. Put (thing) by accident where 
 it cannot readily be found, [mis- l ] 
 
 mislea'd, v.t. Lead astray, cause to go 
 wrong, in conduct; give wrong impression to. 
 [OE mislxdan, see mis- 1 & lead v. J 
 
 misli-ke, v.t. (archaic). Dislike. [OE mis- 
 lician. see mis- 1 & like v.] 
 
 misma'nage, v. t. Manage badly or wrongly. 
 So mlsma'nagement n. [mis- l \ 
 
 misna'me, v.t. Call by wrong name, [mis- 1 } 
 
 misno'mep, n. Use of wrong name, wrong 
 use of term. If. OF mesnommer (mes- mis- 2 + 
 nornmer vb name f. L nominare)] 
 
 miso- in comb. = Gk miso- comb, form of 
 miseo hate, = ' hater, hatred, of. as: -logist, 
 -logy, hater, hatred, of reason or of learning ; 
 -ne'ism, -ne'ist, hatred, hater, of novelty. 
 
 miso'g-amy, n. Hatred of marriage. So mi- 
 so'gamiST n. If . Gk m iso(gamos marriage), - v x ] 
 
 miso'gynist (-j-, g-), n. Hater of women. 
 So misogy'nic a. [f. Gk Miso(gtmes f. gune 
 woman)+ -ist] 
 
 mispla'ce, v.t. Put in wrong place or hands ; 
 set (affections) on wrong object; place (confi- 
 dence) amiss ; time (words, action) badly. So 
 mispla*ceMENT n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misppi'nt, n. Mistake in printing. So mis- 
 pri'ntv.t. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misprision ] (-zhn), n. (law). Wrong action 
 or omission, esp. m. of treason or felony, (now 
 restricted to) concealment of one's knowledge 
 of treasonable designs &c. [f. OF mesprison 
 mistake (see mis- 2 & prison)] 
 
 misprision 2 (-zhn), n. (archaic). Contempt ; 
 failure to appreciate the value (oj). [f. foil., 
 after prec] 
 
 misppi'ze, v.t. Despise; fail to appreciate, 
 [f. OF mespriser (see mis- 2 & prize)] 
 
 mispronou'nce, v.t. Pronounce wrongly. 
 So mispronunciation n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misquo'te, v.t. Quote wrongly. So mis- 
 quotation n. [MIS- 1 ] 
 
 mispea'd, v.t. (-read pron. -red). Read or 
 interpret wrongly, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 mispeppese'nt, v.t. Represent wrongly, 
 give false account of. So misrepresenta*- 
 tion n. [mis- 1 ] 
 
 misru'le, n. Bad government ; (Hist.) Lord, 
 Abbot, Master, of M., person presiding over 
 Christmas revels, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 miss l , n. Failure to hit or attain ; a m. is as 
 good as a mile, failure, however near to suc- 
 cess, is still failure ; (Billiards) give a m., avoid 
 hitting object ball so as to leave one's own in 
 safe position, [f. foil.] 
 
 miss 2 , v.t. (Of person or missile) fail to hit 
 (thing aimed at or abs.); fail to find, get, or meet; 
 let slip (opportunity) ; fail to catch (train); fail 
 to hear or understand (remark &c. ); (also in. out) 
 leave out (words &c. in reading, writing, &c); 
 fail to keep (appointment) or perform ; notice 
 esp. with regret the absence of, feel the want 
 of; m. fire (of gun) fail to go off; (fig.) fail in 
 one's object ; (Naut.) m. stays, fail in attempt to 
 go about from one tack to another. [OE mis- 
 san. cf. Du. & G missen] 
 
 miss 3 , n. (As title of unmarried woman or 
 girl) M. Smith, (pi.) the M. Smiths, the Misses 
 Smith ; (usu. contempt, or playful) girl, esp. 
 schoolgirl, as a pert m., whence mi'ssiSH 1 a., 
 mi'ssishNESS n. [abbr. of mistress] 
 
 mi'ssal, n. Book containing service of Mass 
 for whole year; (loosely) Rom. Cath. book of 
 prayers, esp. illuminated one. [f. eccl. Lmissale, 
 neut. adj. as n. (as mass 1 , see -al)] 
 
 mi'ssel, n. (Usu. m.-thrush) kind of thrush 
 that feeds on mistletoe berries. [OE mistel 
 basil, mistletoe, cf. Du. or G mistel] 
 
 mis-sha*pen,a. Bl-shaped, deformed, [mis- 1 
 4- shapen p.p. of shapeI 
 
 mi'ssile, a. & n. (Object, weapon) suitable 
 for throwing or for discharge from machine or 
 engine (or, rarely, gun), [f. L missilis (mittere 
 miss- send, see -IL)J 
 
 mi'ssing*, a. In vbl senses ; also : wanting, 
 
 For words in mis- not given see mis- 1 . 
 
MISSION 
 
 521 
 
 MIX 
 
 not in its place, as there is a page m., a page is 
 til.) m. link, thing lacking to complete series, 
 (Zool.) hypothetical intermediate type, csp. be- 
 tween man & anthropoid apes, [miss 2 + -ing 2 ] 
 
 mi'ssion, n. Body of persons sent to foreign 
 country to conduct negotiations &c; body sent 
 by religious community to convert heathen ; 
 field of missionary activity ; missionary post ; 
 organization in a district for conversion of the 
 people ; course of religious services &c. for this 
 purpose ; errand of political or other mission ; 
 person's vocation or divinely appointed work in 
 life. [f. L missio (mittere miss- send, -ion)] 
 
 mi'ssionary, a. & n. Of, concerned with, 
 religious missions ; m. box( for contributions to 
 m. work); person who goes on m. work, [-ary ] ] 
 
 mi'ssioner, n. Missionary ; person in charge 
 of parochial mission. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 mi'ssis, -us, n. (As used by servants) the 
 mistress ; (vulg., facet.) the m., one's own or an- 
 other's wife, [corrupt, of mistress] 
 
 mi'ssive, a. & n. Letter(s) m., letter from 
 sovereign to dean & chapter nominating per- 
 son to be elected bishop ; letter, esp. official 
 one. [F, f. med.L missivus (as mission, -ive)] 
 
 mis-spe*ll,v.t. (-spelt). Spell wrongly, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 mis-spe*nd, v.t. (-spent). Spend amiss or 
 wastefully (esp. in p.p.). [mis- 1 ] 
 
 mis-sta*te,v.t. State wrongly. Hence mis- 
 sta'teMENT n. [m is- j ] 
 
 mi'ssy, n. (Affectionate, playful, or con- 
 tempt.) = miss 3 (not followed by name). [-Y 3 ] 
 
 mist, n., & v.i. & t. Water vapour descend- 
 ing in fine drops smaller than rain-drops ; Scotch 
 m., thick m. frequent on Scottish hills; filmy 
 appearance before eyes caused by disorders of 
 body or by tears ; (vb) cover, be covered, as 
 with m. Hence mi'stFUL a., mi'stLiKE a. & 
 adv. [(vb f. OE mistian) OE & Du., cogn. w. 
 Gk omikhle] 
 
 mista'ke 1 , n. Misunderstanding of a thing's 
 meaning; error, fault, in thought or action; 
 (emphasizing preceding statement) and no m., 
 undoubtedly, [f. foil.] 
 
 mista'ke 2 , v.t. Misunderstand meaning or 
 intention of (person, statement, purpose); err 
 in opinion; (p.p.) wrong in opinion, (of action 
 &o.) ill-judged, as you are mistaken, mistaken 
 kindness, whence mista*kenLY 2 adv., mis- 
 ta'kenNESS n.; m. A for (think he is) B ; there 
 is no mistaking, no one can help recognizing 
 (person, fact). Hence mista'kABLE a. [f. ON 
 mistaka (mis- 1 + taka take)] 
 
 mi'step, n., & v.t. Title prefixed to man's 
 name or to designation of office &c. (written 
 Mr), as Mr Jones, Mr Secretary, Mr Speaker ; 
 the word m. as title, as please don't call me m.; 
 untitled person, as be he prince or mere m. ; (v.t.) 
 address as Mr, as don't m, me. [(vb f. n.) weak- 
 ened form of master] 
 
 mi'stigris, n. (cards). (Blank card in) a va- 
 riety of poker, [f. F mistigri knave of spades] 
 
 misti'me, v.t. Say, do, (thing) out of season 
 
 (esp. in p.p.). [mis- 1 ] 
 
 mi'stletoe (-zlto, -slto), n. Parasitic plant 
 
 growing on apple & other trees, & bearing glu- 
 tinous fruit used in making birdlime. [OE 
 
 mistiltdn (as missel + tan twig)] 
 
 mrstral (or -trah'l), n. Cold N.W. wind in 
 
 Mediterranean provinces of France &c. [F & 
 
 Pr., f. L as magistral] 
 mistranslate, v.t. Translate incorrectly. 
 
 So mistranslation n. [mis- *] 
 mi 'stress, n. Woman in authority over 
 
 servants ; female head of household ; woman 
 
 who has power to control or dispose of, as you 
 
 are m. of the situation, you are your oicn m., 
 
 (fig. of countries) m. of the world Sec. ; woman 
 
 who has thorough knowledge of (subject): 
 woman loved & courted by a man; woman 
 illicitly occupying place of wife ; female teacher 
 in school or of special subject, as music-m.; 
 M. of the Robes, lady charged with care of 
 Queen's wardrobe ; (as title) see mrs. Hence 
 mi'stress-snip n. [f. OF maistresse (maistre 
 master 1 , see -ess 1 }] 
 
 mistri'al, n. Trial vitiated by error, [mis- 1 ] 
 
 mistPU'stjV.t. Feel no confidence in (person, 
 oneself, one's powers,. &c). So mistrirst n., 
 whence mistrirstFUL a., mistrirstfulLY 2 
 adv. , mistru'stfulNESS n. [mis- 1 \ 
 
 mi'sty, a. Of, covered with, mist; indistinct 
 in form ; (fig.) obscure, vague, as a m. idea. 
 Hence mi'stiLY 2 adv., mi'stiNESS n. [OE 
 mistig (as mist, see -y 2 )] 
 
 misunderstand, v.t. (-stood). Take (words 
 &c. or abs.) in wrong sense ; misinterpret words 
 or actions of (person, esp. in p.p.). So misun- 
 derstanding n. [m is- J ] 
 
 misu'se (-z), v.t. Use wrongly, apply to 
 wrong purpose ; ill-treat. So misu'se (-s) n. 
 [mis- 1 ] 
 
 mite, n. (Orig.) Flemish copper coin of small 
 value ; (pop.) half-farthing (as in Mark xii. 43); 
 modest contribution, the best one can do, as 
 let me offer my m. of comfort ; (colloq.) not a m. y 
 not at all ; small object, esp. child ; [OE mite y 
 perh. different wd] kinds of arachnid, esp. 
 cheese-m. (found in cheese), whence mPtY 2 a. 
 [f. MDu. mite, cf. G meite small thing] 
 
 MPthras, -pa. n. Persian god identified with 
 sun. Hence Mitnra'ie a., MPthpaiSM, Mi*- 
 thpaiST(2), nn. [L f. Gk (-as) f. OPers. (-a)] 
 
 mithrrdatize, v.t Render proof against 
 poison by gradually increasing doses of it. So 
 mithpida'tic a., mPthridatiSM n. [f. 
 Mithridates VI, king of Pontus, + -ize] 
 
 mitigate, v.t. Appease (anger &c. ); alleviate 
 (pain, grief) ; reduce severity of (punishment) ; 
 moderate (heat, cold, severity, &c). So miti- 
 g-A'TiON n., mPtigatORY a. [f. L mitigare 
 (mitis mild), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 mi trailleu'se (-trahyerz), n. Many-barrelled 
 breach-loading machine gun discharging small 
 missiles simultaneously or in rapid succession. 
 [F, fem. agent-n. f. mitrailler (mitraille small 
 missiles, OF small money, f. mite mite)] 
 
 mi'tral, a. & n. Of, like, a mitre; m. (valve), 
 a valve of the heart. [F (as foil., see -al)] 
 
 mi'tpe 1 (-er), n. Bishop's tall cap, deeply 
 cleft at top, esp. as symbol of episcopal office, 
 whence mitPED 2 a. • [perh. different wd] joint 
 of two pieces of wood &c. at angle of 90°, such 
 that line of junction bisects this angle ; angle 
 of 45° ; m. block, board, box, guide for saw in 
 cutting m.-joints; m.-xvheels, pair of bevelled 
 cog-wheels with teeth set at 45° & axes at right 
 angles. [F, f. L f. Gk mitra girdle, turban] 
 
 mi'tpe 2 , v.t. Bestow mitre on; join with 
 mitre; shape off (end of wood &c.) to a mitre; 
 mitring-machine (for doing this), [f. prec] 
 
 mi'tten, mitt, n. (Mitten) kind of glove with 
 thumb but no fingers, for warmth or protection 
 in hedgers' work &c; (now usu. mitt) woman '6 
 lace or knitted glove covering forearm & part 
 of hand, but not fingers ; give, get, the mitten, 
 dismiss (lover), be dismissed, (gen.) be dismissed 
 from office &c. Hence mi'ttenED 2 a. [f. F 
 mitaine, etym. dub.] 
 
 mi'ttimus, n. Warrant committing person 
 to prison ; (colloq.) dismissal from office, as get 
 one's m. [L, = we send) 
 
 mix, v.t. & i. Put together (two or more 
 substances or groups, one with another) so that 
 the particles or members of each are diffused 
 among those of the others (also of immaterial 
 
 17* 
 
MIXED 
 
 522 
 
 MODERN 
 
 things) ; prepare (compound) by mixing ingre- 
 dients ; (intr.) join, be mixed, as oil will not m. 
 with water, they (persons) do not to. well (get on 
 together) ; have intercourse with ; to. up, mix 
 thoroughly, also, confuse esp. in thought; be 
 mixed up, be involved {in, with, shady dealings 
 &c). [back-formation f. foil., taken as E p.p.J 
 mixed, a. In vbl senses, esp. : of diverse 
 qualities or elements; (of company) not select, 
 containing persons of doubtful status ; (colloq.) 
 mentally confused, muddled ; for persons of 
 both sexes, as to. school, bathing ; to. mathe- 
 matics. Hence mixedNESS n. [earlier mixt 
 f. F mtxte f. L mixtus p.p. of miscere mix] 
 mi*xen,n.(dial.). Dung-hill. LOE (meoxdung, 
 cf. Fris. miux, + -en 3 )] 
 
 mi'xtupe(-tsher),n. Mixing; what is mixed, 
 esp. medicinal preparation ; heather to.; me- 
 chanical mixing of two substances, involving 
 no change in their character, opp. to chemical 
 combination. [>f. L mixtura (as prec, see -ure)J 
 mi*z(z)en, n. (naut.). (Also m.-sail) fore-&- 
 aft sail set on after side of m.-mast (aftermost 
 mast of three-masted ship) ; m.-yard (on which 
 m. is extended), [f. F misaine perh. f. It. 
 mezzana m.-sail, fern, adj., see mezzanine] 
 mi'zzle 1 , v. impers. Drizzle. Hence mi'zzle 
 n., mi'zzlY 2 a. [cogn. w. Du. dial, miezelen 
 & LG misig drizzly] 
 
 mi'zzle 2 , v.i. (slang). Run away, decamp. [?] 
 mnemo'nic (n-), a. & n. Of, designed to aid, 
 the memory ; (n. pi.) art of, system for, improv- 
 ing memory. Hence mne'momsr n. [f. Gk 
 mnemonikos (mnemon mindful f. mna- remem- 
 ber, see -ic)] 
 mnemote'chny (n-), n. = prec. (n. pi.). 
 Hence mnemote'chnic a. [f. Gk mneme 
 memory + tekhne art] 
 
 moan 1 , n. Long low murmur of physical or 
 mental suffering ; (archaic) make one's m., com- 
 plain. Hence moa'nFUL a. [cogn. w. OE 
 mdenan, obs. mean, vb, replaced by foil.] 
 moan 2 , v.i. & t. Make moan(s) ; utter (speci- 
 fied words) with moans ; lament (misfortune 
 &c) ; lament for (dead person &c). [f. prec] 
 moat, n., & v.t. Deep wide ditch surrounding 
 town, castle, &c, usu. filled with water; (v.t.) 
 surround (as) with m. [(vb f. n.) ME & OF mote 
 mound prob. of Teut. orig.] 
 mob 1 , n. The lower orders; rabble, tumul- 
 tuous crowd ; promiscuous assemblage of per- 
 sons ; to. law (imposed, enforced, by m.) ; swell 
 m., class of stylishly dressed pickpockets. Hence 
 mo'bbiSH 1 a., mobd'CRACY n. [earlier mo- 
 bile vulgus, L, = excitable crowd (mobile)] 
 mob 2 , v.t. & i. (Of mob) attack, molest ; as- 
 semble in a mob. [f. prec] 
 mob-cap, n. Woman's indoor cap covering 
 whole head, worn in 18th & early 19th cc. [f. 
 obs. mob in same sense, cf. Du. mop woman's 
 coif, momnuts woman's nightcap] 
 mo'bile, a. Movable, not fixed, free to move ; 
 (of person or mind) easily, too easily, changing ; 
 (of troops) that may be easily moved from place 
 to place. So mobi'liTY n. [F, f. L mobilis 
 (?novere move, see -ble)] 
 
 mo'bilize, v.t. Render movable, bring into 
 circulation ; prepare (army, navy) for active 
 service (also quasi-pass, of army). So mo'bi- 
 Hzable a., mobilizATiON n. [f. F mobiliser, 
 as prec. ] 
 
 mo'ccasin, n. Foot-gear of deerskin &c. 
 worn by N.-Amer. Indians, trappers, &c. [f. 
 native mockasin] 
 
 mo'cha 1 (-k-), n. Kind of chalcedony. [?] 
 mo'cha 2 (-k-), n. (Also M. coffee) fine quality 
 of coffee, orig. from M., Arabian port at en- 
 trance of Red Sea. 
 
 mock. !, n. (archaic). Derision ; thing deserv- 
 ing scorn ; imitation, counterfeit, [f. mock 3 ] 
 
 mock 2 , a. (notpred.). Sham; m.-sun, -moon, 
 - parhelion, paraselene ; m.-duck, -goose, 
 pork with duck stuffing ; m.-turtle soup (usu. 
 of calf's head, to imitate turtle) ; m.-heroic a. & 
 n., burlesquely imitating, burlesque imitation 
 of, heroic style, [prec. & foil.] 
 
 mock 8 , v.t. & i. Hold up to ridicule ; defy 
 contemptuously ; impose upon ; ridicule by 
 imitation ; scoff at ; mocking-bird, American 
 song-bird that mimics notes of other birds, 
 other birds that do this. Hence mo'ekincTLY » 
 adv. [f. OF mocquer, etym. dub.] 
 
 mo'ekepy, n. Derision ; subject, occasion, 
 of this ; counterfeit representation (of) ; ludi- 
 crously or insultingly futile action &c. [f. F 
 moqjierie (as prec, see -ery)] 
 
 mo'dal, a. Of mode or form as opp. to sub- 
 stance ; to. legacy (with directions as to mode 
 in which it is to be applied) ; (Gram.) of the 
 mood of a verb, (of particle) denoting manner; 
 (Logic) m. proposition, one in which predicate 
 is affirmed of subject under some qualification, 
 (also) one that involves affirmation of possi- 
 bility, impossibility, necessity, or contingency. 
 Hence or cogn. moda'liTY n., mo'dalLY 2 
 adv. [f. med.L modalis (as foil., see -al)] 
 
 mode, n. Way, manner, in which thing is 
 done ; prevailing fashion or custom ; (archaic) 
 the to., the fashion in dress &c; (Mus.) each of 
 the two (major 2 , minor) classes of keys, (in 
 ancient & mediaeval music) form of scale, as 
 
 DORIAN, LYDIAN, IONIAN, AUTHENTIC, PLAGAL, 
 
 to. ; (Logic) character of modal proposition, 
 [(partly F) f. L modus measure, manner] 
 md'del l (-dl), n. Representation in three di- 
 mensions of proposed structure &c. ; working 
 m. (imitating movements of machine it repre- 
 sents) ; figure in clay, wax, &c, to be repro- 
 duced, in other material ; design, style of struc- 
 ture ; person, thing, proposed for imitation ; 
 person who poses for artists ; woman in dra- 
 per's shop wearing clothes &c. to show their 
 effect to customers ; The Nexo M., plan for re- 
 organization of Parliamentary army 1644-5 ; 
 (attrib.) exemplary, ideally perfect, [f. OF 
 modelle f. It. modello dim. of modo (as mode)] 
 md'del 2 (-dl), v.t. (-11-). Fashion, shape, (fig- 
 ure) in clay, wax, &c; give shape to (document, 
 argument, &c.) ; form (thing) after, on, uspon, a 
 model, [f. prec] 
 
 md'dena, n. Deep purple. [M., Italian c.'ty] 
 moderate l (-at), a. & n. Avoiding ex- 
 tremes, temperate in conduct or expression ; 
 fairly large or good; (n.) one who holds m. 
 opinions in politics &c, whence mo'derat- 
 ism n. Hence mo'derateLY 2 adv., mo'de- 
 pateNESS n. [f. L moderari f. st. modes- (cf. 
 modest) cogn. w. modus mode, -ate 2 ] 
 mo'depate 2 , v.t. & i. Render less violent, 
 intense, vigorous, &c; act as moderator, [as 
 prec, see -ate 3 ] 
 moderation, n. Moderating ; moderate- 
 ness ; in to., in a moderate manner or degree ; 
 (Oxf. Univ., pi.) first public examination for 
 degree of B. A. (abbr. mods), [f. F moderation 
 f. hmoderationem (as moderate 1 , see -ation)] 
 mo'depatop, n. Arbitrator ; mediator ; pre- 
 siding officer ; one of two officers presiding 
 over mathematical tripos at Cambridge ; exa- 
 miner for moderations ; Presbyterian minister 
 presiding over any ecclesiastical body ; in. 
 lamp (with contrivance for regulating flow of 
 oil). Hence mo'depatopsHiP n. [f. F modt- 
 rateur f. L moderator (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 md'depn, a. & n. Of the present & recent 
 times ; to. school, side, in schools, division in 
 
MODERNISM 
 
 523 
 
 MOLLUSC 
 
 which subjects other than ancient languages 
 are taught; new-fashioned, not antiquated; 
 (n.) person living in m. times. Hence or cogn. 
 modep'niTY, mo'dernNESS, moderniz- 
 a'tion nn.,mo'depniZE(3) v.t.&i.,mo*dern- 
 LY 2 adv. [f. LL modemus (modo just now)] 
 
 mo'dernism, n. Modern view(s) or me- 
 thod(s), esp. (R.-C. Ch.) rationalist tendency in 
 religion ; so mo*depniST(2) n. ; modern term 
 or expression, [-ism] 
 
 mo'dest, a. Having a humble estimate of 
 one's own merits ; retiring, bashful ; (of women) 
 decorous in manner & conduct, scrupulously 
 chaste; (of demands, statements, &c.) not ex- 
 cessive ; (of things) unpretentious in appear- 
 ance, amount, &c. Hence or cogn. mo'dest- 
 lv 2 adv., mo'dest v ! n. [f. F modeste f. L 
 modestus (see moderate j )] 
 
 mo'dicum, n. Small quantity (of food &c). 
 [L,neut. of modictis moderate (mod us measure)] 
 
 mo'dif^, v.t. Make less severe or decided, 
 tone down ; make partial changes in ; (Gram.) 
 qualify sense of (word &c.) ; change (vowel) by 
 umlaut. Hence or cogn. modifiaBrLiTY, 
 modiFiCA'TiON, nn., mo'difiABLE, mo'difi- 
 catORY, aa. [f. F modifier f. L modifieare (as 
 mode, see -FY)] 
 
 modi'llion, n. (archit.). Projecting bracket 
 under corona of cornice in Corinthian & other 
 orders, [f. It. modiglione, etym. dub.] 
 
 mo'dish, a. Fashionable. Hence mo'dish- 
 ly 2 adv., mo'dish ness n. [f. mode + -ish 1 ] 
 
 modi'ste (-est), n. Milliner, dressmaker. [F 
 (as mode, see -ist)] 
 
 mo'dulate, v.t. & i. Regulate, adjust ; vary 
 (thing) conformably to ; attune (voice) to cer- 
 tain pitch ; (Mus.) pass, make transition, (from 
 key to key). So modulA'TiON, mo'dula- 
 tOR 2 , nn. [f. L modulari measure, adjust, (as 
 foil.), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 mo'dule, n. Standard, unit, for measuring ; 
 (Arch.) unit of length for expressing propor- 
 tions, usu. semidiameter of column at base. [F, 
 as foil.] 
 
 mo'dulus, n. (pi. -It). Constant multiplier 
 esp. for converting Napierian into common 
 logarithms ; constant indicating relation be- 
 tween amount of physical effect & that of force 
 producing it. [L, = measure, dim. of foil.] 
 
 mo'dus, n. M. operandi, way a person goes 
 to work, way a thing operates; m. vivendi, mode 
 of living, i. e. arrangement between disputants 
 pending settlement of debated matters ; money 
 payment in lieu of tithe. [L, = mode] 
 
 mofe'tte, n. (Fissure in earth from which 
 issues) exhalation of mephitic gas. [F] 
 
 mofu'ssil, 11. (Anglo-Ind.). Rural localities 
 as opp. to chief station, [f. Hind, mvfaggil f. 
 Arab, mufaceal p.p. of faggala divide] 
 
 Mogu'l, n.'& a. Mongolian ; the (Great or 
 Grand) M., emperor of Delhi; (pi.) playing 
 cards of best quality, [f. Pers. mugul f. mongol] 
 
 mo'haip, n. (Fine camlet, yarn, from) hair 
 of Angora goat. [ult. f. Arab, mukhayyar, lit. 
 = choice, select, (khayyara chcose)] 
 
 Moha'mmedan, n. & a. (Follower) of Mo- 
 hammed, founder of the Moslem religion. 
 Hence Moha*mmedaniSM(3) n., Moha'm- 
 medaniZE(3) v.t. [Mohammed f. Arab. Mu- 
 hammad + -an] 
 
 Mo'hawk, n. One of a tribe of N.-Amer. In- 
 dians ; their language ; (Skating) step from 
 either edge in one direction to same edge on 
 other foot in opposite direction (cf. choctaw). 
 [native] 
 
 Mo'hock, n. (hist.). One of a class of aristo- 
 cratic ruffians infesting London streets at night 
 in 18th c. [f. prec] 
 
 mo'hur, n. (Also gold m. ) gold coin of British 
 India, worth 15 rupees, [f. Pers. muhr seal] 
 
 moi'dore, n. Portuguese gold coin worth, 
 sum of, 27s. [f. Port, moeda d'ouro (moeda 
 money + ouro f. L aurum gold)] 
 
 moi'ety, n. Half, esp. in legal use ; (loosely) 
 one of two parts into which thing is divided, 
 [f. OF moit(i)4 f. hmedietatem middle point (as 
 medium, see -TY)] 
 
 moil, v.i. Drudge, esp. toil & m. [f. OFmoi7- 
 lier moisten, paddle in mud, f. L mollis soft] 
 
 moire (mwahr), n. (Also m. antique) watered 
 fabric, usu. silk, orig. mohair. [F, perh. f. mo- 
 hair] 
 
 moire^ (mwahTa), a. & n. (Of silk) watered ; 
 (of metals) having clouded appearance like 
 watered silk ; (n.) this appearance. [F, p.p. of 
 moirer give moire appearance to] 
 
 moist, a. Slightly wet, damp; (of season &c.) 
 rainy ; (of disease) marked by discharge of mat- 
 ter &c. Hence mo'istNESS n. [f. OF moiste, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 moi'sten (-sn), v.t. & i. Make moist; become 
 moist, [-en 6 ] 
 
 moi'stupe (-tsher), n. Water or other liquid 
 diffused in small quantity as vapour, condensed 
 on surface, &c. Hence moi'stupeLESS n. [f. 
 OF moistour (as moist, see -or 1 )] 
 
 moke, n. (slang* Donkey. [?J 
 
 md'ko,n, Maori system of tattooing. [Maori] 
 
 mo'lap 1 , a. & n. (Usu. of mammal's back- 
 teeth) serving to grind ; (n.) m. tooth, [f. L mo- 
 laris (mola millstone, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 mo'lap 2 , a. Of mass ; acting on or by means 
 of large masses, [f. L moles mass, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 mola'sses, n. pi. (treated as sing.). Uncrys- 
 tallized syrup drained from raw sugar ; syrup 
 got from sugar in process of refining, treacle, 
 [f. Port, melago f. LL mellaceum must (mel mel- 
 lis honey, see -aceous)] 
 
 mole 1 , n. Spot, blemish, on human skin. 
 [OE mdl, cf. OHG meil] 
 
 mole 2 , n. Small burrowing animal with 
 (usu. blackish) velvety fur & very small eyes, 
 other mammals of same family ; blind as a m. 
 (quite) ; m.-hill, small mound thrown up by m. 
 in burrowing ; moleskin, skin of mole as fur, 
 kind of cotton fustian with surface shaved be- 
 fore dyeing, (pi.) clothes, esp. trousers, of this. 
 [ME mxdle, molle, cf. MDu. mol] 
 
 mole 3 , n. Massive structure, usu. of stone, 
 as pier, breakwater, or junction between 
 places separated by water ; artificial harbour, 
 [f. F mole f. L moles mass] 
 
 mole'culap, a. Of molecules ; acting, in- 
 herent, in the molecules of a substance ; m. 
 xceight of substance (of one of its molecules re- 
 latively to one of hydrogen). Hence mole- 
 eula'piTY n., mole'eulaPLY 2 adv. [-ar 1 ] 
 
 mO'leeule, n. (Physics, Chem.) one of the 
 minute groups of atoms of which material sub- 
 stances are conceived to consist, smallest por- 
 tions into which substance can be divided with- 
 out losing chemical identity; (loosely) small 
 particle, [f. F moUcxde dim. of L moles mass] 
 
 mole'st, v.t. (Usu. after neg.) meddle hos- 
 tilely or injuriously with (person). So moles- 
 tA'TiON n. [f. OF molester f. L molest are (mo- 
 lestus troublesome, perh. cogn. w. moles mass)] 
 
 Md'linism, n. Doctrine of Luis Molina (d. 
 1600), that efficacy of grace depends on the will 
 that freely accepts it ; doctrine of Miguel de 
 Molinos (d. 1696), quietism. Hence Mo'liniST 
 n. [f. Molina, Molinos, + -ism] 
 
 mo'llify, v.t. Appease, soften. So molli- 
 fica'tion n. [f. F mollifier f. L mollificare 
 (mollis soft, see -fy)] 
 
 mo'llusc, n. Animal belonging to the Mol- 
 
MOLLY 
 
 524 
 
 MONITOR 
 
 lusca, sub-kingdom of soft-bodied & usu. hard- 
 shelled animals, including limpets, snails, cut- 
 tle-fish, oyster, mussel, &c. Hence mollirs- 
 can, mollu'seous, aa., mollu'scoiD a. & n. 
 [f. L molluscus {mollis soft)] 
 mo'lly, n. Effeminate man or boy, milksop ; 
 m.-coddle, (n.) milksop, (v.t.) coddle, cocker up. 
 [pet form of Mary] 
 Md'loch (-k), n. Canaanite idol to whom 
 children were sacrificed (often fig.) ; thorn- 
 lizard, a hideous Australian reptile. [L f. Gk, 
 f. Heb. molek] 
 mo'lten. See melt. 
 
 mo'ly, n. Fabulous herb with white flower 
 & black root, endowed with magic properties ; 
 wild garlic & other plants. [L, f. Gk molu] 
 mo'ment, n. Minute point of time, instant ; 
 one m., half am., (ellipt.) wait a m. ; come here 
 this m. (at once) ; came the very m. (as soon as) 
 I heard of it*, timed to the m. (with absolute 
 accuracy) ; the m. (time that affords an oppor- 
 tunity); am, was, busy at the m. (just now, then), 
 so men of (important at) the m. ; (Mech.) m. of 
 a force about a point, measure of its power in 
 causing rotation ; importance, as of great, little, 
 no, m., whence momentous a., mome'n- 
 tousLY 2 adv., mome'ntousxESS n. [f. mo- 
 mentum] 
 
 mo'mentapy, a. Lasting only a moment ; 
 short-lived, transitory. Hence mo'mentari- 
 ly 2 adv., mo'mentariNESS n. [f. L momen- 
 tarius (as prec, see -ary 1 )] 
 mo'mently, adv. Froni moment to moment ; 
 every moment ; for a moment, [-ly 2 ] 
 momentum, n. (pi. -ta). (Mech.) quantity 
 of motion of moving body, product of its mass 
 by its velocity ; (pop.) impetus gained by move- 
 ment (lit. & fig.). [L (as move, see -ment)] 
 Mo'mus, n. Greek god of ridicule ; fault- 
 finder. [L, f. Gk Momos] 
 md'nac(h)al, a. Monastic. So mo'na- 
 chiSM (-k-) n. [f. eccl. L monachalis (monk, -al)] 
 md'nad, n. The number one, unit; ultimate 
 unit of being, esp. in philosophy of Leibniz, 
 whence mo*nadiSM(3) n. ; (Biol.) simple organ- 
 ism assumed as first term in genealogy of living 
 beings; (Chem.) element, radical, with com- 
 bining power of one atom of hydrogen. Hence 
 mona'dic a. [f. L f. Gk monas -ados unit 
 (monos alone)] 
 
 monade'lphous, a. (bot.). (Of stamens) 
 having filaments united into one bundle ; (of 
 plants) with m. stamens, [f. Gk monos one + 
 adelphos, brother + -ous] 
 mona'ndrous, a. (bot.). Having a single 
 stamen, [f. Gk monandros (monos one + aner 
 andros male) + -ous] 
 
 mona'ndpy, n. Custom of having only one 
 husband at a time, [as prec. + -v l ] 
 mo'napch (-erk), n. Sovereign with title of 
 king, queen, emperor, empress, or equivalent; 
 supreme ruler (often fig.); large red & black 
 butterfly. Hence monar'chAL, monap'ch- 
 ic(al), aa., monar'ehalLY 2 , monairehic- 
 ally, advv. [f. L i-cha) f. Gk monarkhes 
 (monos alone + arkho rule)] 
 mo'napchism, n. Principles of, attachment 
 to, monarchy. So mo'narehisT n. [-ism] 
 mo'napchy, n. (State under) monarchical 
 government ; constitutional, limited, m. (sub- 
 ject to constitutional restrictions), ff. F mon- 
 archic f. L f. Gk monarkhia (monarch, -y 1 )] 
 md'nastery, n. Residence of community 
 (usu. of monks) living secluded under religious 
 vows. [f. eccl. L f. late Gk monasterion (mon- 
 azd live alone f. monos)] 
 
 mona'stic, a. Of monks or monasteries ; 
 (Bookbind.) mode of finishing by tooling with- 
 
 out gold. Hence mona'stic ally adv., mon- 
 a*sticiSM(3) n., mona*sticizE(3) v.t. [f. med. 
 L f. late Gk monastikos (as prec., see -ic)] 
 Mo'nday (mu-), n. Second day of week; 
 Black M. (school slang), first day of term. [OE 
 Monan daeg (?nona moon + daeg day)] 
 mo'ndayish, a. (Of clergy) indisposed as 
 result of Sunday work, [-ish] 
 monde (F), n. The fashionable world, society ; 
 the set in which one moves, 
 mo'netary (mu-, mo), a. Of the coinage ; of 
 money, [f. L monetarius (as money, see -ary 1 )] 
 mo'netize (mu-, mo-), v.t. Put (metal) into 
 circulation as money. Hence monetizA'TiON 
 n. [f. L moneta money + -ize] 
 mo'ney (mu-), n. Current coin ; coin & pro- 
 missory documents representing it (paper m.\, 
 esp. government & bank notes; (w. pi.) parti- 
 cular coin ; (pi., archaic, legal) sums of money ; 
 m. of account 2 ; conscience »?i.; property 
 viewed as convertible into m. ; coin in reference 
 to its purchasing power, as (Pro v.) m. makes 
 the mare to go, time is m., for love 1 or m.; 
 make m., acquire wealth, coinm., do this rapid- 
 ly; not every man's m., not worth its price to 
 every one; m.-bag, bag for m., (pi.) wealth; 
 m.-bags, wealthy or avaricious person ; m.-box, 
 closed box into which savings or contributions 
 are dropped through slit; m.-change.r, one 
 whose business it is to change m. at fixed rate ; 
 m.-grubber, person sordidly intent on amassing 
 m., -grubbing a. & n., (given to) this practice ; 
 m.-lender, one whose business it is to lend m. 
 at interest ; m.-market, sphere of operation of 
 dealers in stocks &c. ; 771. -order ; m.-spinner, 
 small spider thought to bring good luck ; money- 
 wort, plant with round glossy leaves; m.'s- 
 worth, anything recognized as equivalent to 
 m. Hence mo'neyLESS a. [f. OF moneie f. L 
 moneta mint, money, orig. goddess in whose 
 temple at Rome m. was coined] 
 
 mo'neyed, a. Rich ; consisting of money, as 
 777. resources, assistance; m. interest, the class 
 concerned in money as a possession, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 mo*ngfei»(mungg-), n. Dealer, trader, (chiefly 
 in comb., as cheesem., fishm., ironm., costerm., 
 & fig. scandal-m. &c). [OE mangere (mangian 
 traffic f. L mango dealer)] 
 
 M6'ng"ol ? n. & a. (Member) of Asiatic race 
 now inhabiting Mongolia, between China & 
 Siberia, [native, perh. f. mong brave] 
 
 Mongolian, a. & n. =prec; (Anthrop.) of 
 the yellow-skinned straight-haired type of 
 mankind ; of a class of idiots like Mm. [-ian] 
 
 md'ng-oose, mu'ngoose, (ngg), 11. An 
 ichneumon, common in India, & able to kill 
 venomous snakes unharmed ; kind of lemur, 
 [f. native mangus] 
 
 mo'ngpel (mungg-), n. & a. Dog of no defin- 
 able breed ; animal, plant, resulting from cross- 
 ing of different breeds or kinds ; person not of 
 pure race; (adj.) of mixed origin, nature, or 
 character. Hence mo*ngpeliSM(2) n., men- 
 grelizE(3) v.t., mo'ng-relLY 1 a. [prob. f. 
 root mang-, mong-, mix,+ -RELj 
 
 menial, n. Mullion. [OF, etym. dub.] 
 
 monrliform, a. Suggesting necklace or 
 string of beads, [f. L monile necklace, -form] 
 
 mo'nism, n. .Doctrine that only one being 
 exists ; any of the theories that deny the duality 
 of matter & mind. Hence mo'niST n., moni's- 
 tic a. [f. Gk monos one, -ism] 
 
 moni'tion, n. Warning (of danger) ; formal 
 notice from bishop or ecclesiastical court ad- 
 monishing person to refrain from some offence ; 
 (in courts that use civil law process) summons, 
 [f. L monitio (monere monit- warn, -ion)] 
 
 md'nitop, n. (Archaic) one who admonishes ; 
 
MONITORY 
 
 525 
 
 MONOTONE 
 
 senior pupil in school with duties of keeping 
 order &c, whence monitop*iALa.,mo*nitop- 
 ship n.; lizard supposed to give warning of 
 approach of crocodiles; a type of ironclad. 
 Hence mo'nitPESs i n. [L (as prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 md'nitopy, a. & n. Warning, admonitory; 
 (n.) bishop's or pope's letter of admonition, [f. 
 L monitorius (as prec, see -ory)J 
 
 monk (mu-), n. Member of community liv- 
 ing apart under vows of poverty, chastity, & 
 obedience; m.'s-hood, kinds of plant. Hence 
 mo'nkHOOD, mo'nkSHip, nn. IOE munuc f. 
 pop. L monicus=L f. Gk monakhos solitary 
 (m07ios alone)] 
 
 mo'nkepy (mii-), n. Monastic life ; monas- 
 tery ; monks (in general, or of particular place) ; 
 monkish practices. So mo'nkDOM n. [-erv] 
 
 mo'nkey (mu-), n., & v.t. & i. Mammal of a 
 group closely allied to & resembling man, rang- 
 ing from anthropoid apes to marmosets ; (as 
 term of playful contempt, to or of person) young 
 m. Sec; machine hammer for pile-driving &c; 
 globular earthenware water -vessel with 
 straight upright neck ; put his m. itp, enrage 
 him, get one's in. up, become angry ; (slang) 
 £500; m.-bread, fruit of baobab tree ; m.-jacket, 
 short close-fitting one worn by sailors &c; m.- 
 puzzle, puzzle-m., Chili pine, prickly tree of 
 genus Araucaria ; m.-icrench, one with mov- 
 able jaw; (v.t.) mimic, mock; (v.i.) play mis- 
 chievous tricks. Hence mo'nkeyiSH 1 a., 
 mo'nkeyishNESS n. [?] 
 
 mo'nkish, a. Of monks, monastic ; charac- 
 teristic of monks (usu. in bad sense), [-ish U 
 
 mo'no- in comb, (before vowels mon-) = Gk 
 monos alone, sole, single, as : (1) -bd'sic (Chem.), 
 having one base or atom of a base ; -car'pic, 
 -car'pous, bearing fruit only once ; -ce'phalous 
 (Bot.), having only one head ; -cli'nal, (of strata) 
 dipping in one & th» same direction ; -cotyll'- 
 don(ous), (plant with) single cotyledon ; -cracy, 
 government by single person ; mo7id'cular, 
 with, adapted to, one eye; -cycle, velocipede 
 with one wheel ; -da'ctylous, having one finger, 
 toe, or claw ; -dra'ma, piece for one performer ; 
 monoecious (-ne-), (Bot.) with male & female 
 organs on same plant, (Zool.) hermaphrodite; 
 -ge'nesis. development of all beings from single 
 cell, so -gene'tic a. ; -geny, derivation of mankind 
 from one pair of ancestors ; -glot a. & n., (one) 
 who uses only one language ; -gynous, having 
 only one pistil or stigma; -gyny, practice of 
 mating with only one female ; monoide'ism, 
 concentration of mind on one idea, esp. as 
 form of monomania ; -latry, worship of one 
 god without denying that others may exist; 
 -md'nia, insanity on one subject only, so -ma'- 
 niac n., manVacal a.; -me'tallisvi, standard of 
 currency based on one metal, so -meta'llic a.; 
 -mor'phic, -mor'phous, not changing form dur- 
 ing development ; -pe talous, having corolla in 
 one piece, or petals united into tube ; -phthong, 
 single vowel sound ; -plane, aeroplane with 
 one plane ; -rail, railway of one rail ; -rhyme, 
 poem in which all lines have same rhyme; 
 -sper'mous (Bot.), having only one seed ; -stich- 
 ous (-k-) (Bot., Zool.), arranged in, consisting 
 of, one layer or row ; -stro'phic, consisting of 
 repetitions of one strophic arrangement ; -tint, 
 representation, picture, in only one colour; 
 -type, composing-machine that casts & sets up 
 type ; -ty'pic, represented by only one type. (2) 
 chem. wds denoting presence of a single atom 
 or combining equivalent, as -bro'mide,-car'bon, 
 -chlor'ide, mono'xide. 
 
 mo/noehord (k-). n. Instrument for deter- 
 mination of musical intervals, [f. F mono- 
 cordei. Lf. Gk zioso(khordon f. khorde chord)] 
 
 monochroma'tic, a. (Of light) presenting 
 one colour only ; executed in monochrome. 
 [mono- + chromatic] 
 
 mo'nochpome, n. & a. Painting executed 
 in different tints of one colour ; representation 
 in one colour; (adj.) having only one colour, 
 [ult. f. Gk Moso(khromatos f. khroma colour)] 
 
 md'nocle, n. Single eye-glass. [F, f. LL 
 monoculus one-eyed being (mono- + oculus 
 eye)] 
 
 mo'nody, n. Ode sung by single actor in 
 Greek tragedy ; poem in which mourner be- 
 wails some one's death. Hence or cogn. mo- 
 nomelic a., mxrnodisx n. [f. L f. Gk monoidia 
 f. monoidos singing alone (mono- + did-, aoid-, 
 f. aeido sing)] 
 
 mond'gamy, n. Practice, circumstance, 
 of being married to one at a time ; (rare) prac- 
 tice of marrying only once ; (Zool.) habit of 
 having only one mate. Hence or cogn. mono'* 
 gamisr n., mono'gamous a. [f. F mono- 
 gamief. Lf. Gk MONOlf/ami'a f. gamos marriage)] 
 
 mo'nogram, n. Two or more letters, esp. 
 person's initials, interwoven. So mono- 
 gpamma'tic a. [f. LL monogramma f. late 
 Gk MOtto(gra?nmon, neut. adj. as -gram)] 
 
 mo'nograph, n., & v.t. Separate treatise 
 on single object or class of objects ; (v.t.) write 
 a m. on. Hence mono'gpaphER *, mono'- 
 gpaphisr, nn., monogra'phic a., mono- 
 gpa'phiCALLY adv. [mono- + -graph] 
 
 mo'nolith, n. Single block of stone, esp. 
 shaped into pillar or monument. Hence 
 monoli'thic a. If. L f. Gk yioxo(lithos stone)] 
 
 mo'nologue (-6g), n. Scene in drama in 
 which one person speaks by himself; dramatic 
 composition for single performer ; long speech 
 by one person in a company; soliloquy. Hence 
 monolo'giCAL a., mono'logisx, mo'no- 
 loguiST, nn., mono*logizE(2) v.i. [F, = one 
 who loves to hear himself talk, f. Gk mono- 
 (logos -LOG UE)] 
 
 mono'mial, n. & a. (alg.). (Expression) con- 
 sisting of one term, [mono-, on binomial] 
 
 Mond'physite, n. One who holds there is 
 only one nature in the person of Christ, [f. 
 eccl. L (-ta) f. eccl. Gk MOSO(phusites f. phusis 
 nature, see -ITE ')] 
 
 monopolist, n. One who favours mono- 
 poly ; one who assumes monopoly (of), [-ist] 
 
 monopolize, v.t. Obtain exclusive posses- 
 sion or control of (trade, commodity, the con- 
 versation, person's attention, &c). Hence 
 monopolizATiON n. [f. foil. +-ize] 
 
 mono'poly, n. Exclusive possession of the 
 trade in some commodity ; this conferred as 
 privilege by State ; exclusive possession, con- 
 trol, or exercise (of); thing that is monopolized, 
 [f. LL f. Gk Moxo(polion f. poled sell)] 
 
 monopo'lylogue (-6g), n. Entertainment 
 in which sole performer plays many parts. 
 
 [MONO- + POLY- + -LOGUEl 
 
 monosyllable, n. Word of one syllable ; 
 speak in mm., answer little but Yes or No, 
 with intentional curtness. Hence or cogn. 
 monosylla'bic a., monosylla'bicALLY 
 adv., monosy*llabiSM(2) n., monosy'llab- 
 ize(3) v.t. [f. LL Moxolsyllabus syllable)} 
 
 mo'notheism, n. Doctrine that there is 
 only one God. Hence mo'notheisr n., 
 monothei'stic a. [f. mono- + Gk theos god 
 
 + -ISM] 
 
 mo'notone, a. & n., & v.t. (Utterance of 
 successive syllables) without change of pitch, 
 whence monot6*nic a. (mus.); sameness of 
 style in writing; (v.t.) recite, speak, sing, in 
 unvaried tone, [(vb f. n.) f. late Gk MONO* 
 (tonos TONE)] 
 
MONOTONOUS 
 
 526 
 
 MOORINO 
 
 mono'tonous, a. (Of sound or utterance) 
 without variation in tone or cadence ; lack- 
 ing in variety, wearisome through sameness. 
 Hence or cogn. mono*toniZE(3) v.t., mono'- 
 tonousr.Y 2 adv., mono'tonousxESS, mo- 
 no'tony *, nn. [as monotone -f -ousj 
 
 Monroe'ism (mu-), n. Monroe doctrine. 
 So Monroe'iST n. [ism] 
 
 monseigneur (F), n. (pi. messeigneurs). 
 French title given to eminent persons, esp. 
 princes, cardinals, archbishops, & bishops. 
 
 monsieur (mesyer* or as F), n. (pi. messieurs). 
 French equivalent of MR, but also used by it- 
 self as substitute for name, as did M. ring ? ; 
 Frenchman ; (Hist.) title of second son or next 
 younger brother of French king. 
 
 monsignor-(e) (-seny-), n. Title of prelates, 
 officers of Papal court, & others. [It., after 
 monseigneur] 
 
 monsoo'n, n. Wind in S. Asia, esp. in Indian 
 Ocean, blowing from S.W. in summer (wet m.) 
 & N.E. in winter (dry to.); rainy season ; other 
 winds with periodic alternations, [f. Du. 
 monssoen f. Port, moncao perh. f. Arab, mau- 
 sim, lit. season, (wasama mark)] 
 
 mo'nster, n. & a. Misshapen animal or 
 plant, abortion; imaginary animal compounded 
 of incongruous elements, e.g. centaur, sphinx, 
 griffin ; inhumanly wicked person, inhuman 
 example of (cruelty &c); animal, thing, of 
 huge size; (adj.) huge. [f. OF monstre f. L 
 monstrum portent, monster (monere warn)] 
 
 mo'nstpanee, n. (R.-C. Ch.). Open or trans- 
 
 Karent vessel of gold or silver in which the 
 ost is exposed. lOF, f. med.L monstrantia 
 (monstrare show, see -ance)] 
 monstrd'sity, n. Monstrsusness; abortion, 
 imaginary monster ; outrageous thing, [f. LL 
 monstrositas (as foil., see -TV)] 
 mo'nstpous, a. &adv. Abnormally formed ; 
 of the nature of a monster, huge ; outrageously 
 wrong or absurd ; atrocious ; (adv., archaic) ex- 
 tremely, as to. good friends. Hence mo*n- 
 stPOUSLV 2 ad v. , mo'nstPousxEss n. [f. OF 
 monstreux f. LL monstrosus (monster, -ous)] 
 mo'ntane, a. Of, inhabiting, mountainous 
 country, [f. L montanus (as mount, see -ane)] 
 mo'nte, n. Spanish game of chance, played 
 with 45 cards ; three-card ?n., game of Mexican 
 origin. [Sp., = mountain, heap of cards] 
 mo'nth (mu-), n. Any of the twelve portions 
 into which the year is divided (also calendar 
 to.) ; lunar m., period in which moon makes 
 complete revolution ; space of time from a day 
 in one month to corresponding day in next ; 
 space of 28 days ; to. of Sundays, indefinite 
 period ; this day m., a month from to-day ; to.'.s 
 mind, mass &c. in commemoration of deceased 
 person a month after death, (also) inclination, 
 liking. [com.-Teut.: OF monadh, Du. maand, 
 G monat, cogn. w. moon] 
 mo'nthly (mu-), a. & n. Done, recurring, 
 payable, &c, once a month ; to. nurse (attend- 
 ing woman during first month after accouche- 
 ment); to. rose, China rose, supposed to flower 
 monthly. (N.) magazine &c. published each 
 month; (pi.) menses. Somo'nthLY 2 adv. [-ly 1 ] 
 mo'nticule, n. Small hill; small mound 
 caused by volcanic eruption; minute eminence 
 on surface of animal &c. [F, f. LL monticulus 
 (mons mount, see -cule)] 
 mo'nuraent, n. Written record ; anything 
 that serves to commemorate, esp. structure, 
 building; The M., column in London com- 
 memorating fire of London in 1666; stone or 
 other structure placed over grave or in church 
 &c. in memory of the dead. [f. L monumentum 
 (monere remind, see -ment)] 
 
 monumental, a. Of, serving as, a monu- 
 ment; (of literary works) massive & permanent; 
 stupendous, as to. ignorance. Hence monu- 
 me'ntalLY 2 adv. [f. LL monumentalis (as 
 
 prec, see -al)] 
 monumen talize, \ 
 rate, as by monument. 
 
 t. Record, commemo- 
 [prec. + -ize] 
 
 -mony, suf. = L -monia, -monium, which 
 formed nn. f. aa. (awimonia), nn. (patrimon- 
 ium), & vbs (alimonium), f. For direct; in E 
 the -a & -wto forms are alike ; in F -um -moine, 
 -a -monie, (patrimoine, parcimonie). 
 
 moo, v.i. (Of cow or ox) low, make the 
 sound moo. Hence moo n. [imit.] 
 
 mooch, mouch, (moo-), v.i. & t. (slang). 
 Loiter about, slouch along; (trans.) steal, 
 [perh. f. OF muchier hide, skulk] 
 
 mood 1 , n. State of mind or feeling; in the 
 m., in no to., inclined, disinclined, (Jor thing, 
 to do). [com.-Teut. : OE mod, Du. moed, Gmut] 
 
 mood 2 , n. (Gram.) any of the groups of 
 forms in conjugation of verb that serve to in- 
 dicate its function, as indicative, imperative, 
 subjunctive, m. ; (Mus.) = mode; (Log.) any of 
 the classes into which each of the figures of 
 valid categorical syllogism is subdivided, [var. 
 of mode, by assoc. w. prec] 
 
 moo*dy,a. Gloomy, sullen. Hence moo'dl- 
 ly 2 adv., moo'diNESS n. [OE modig (see 
 mood 1 & -Y 2 )J 
 
 moon l , n. Satellite of the earth, revolving 
 round it monthly, & deriving light from sun 
 & reflecting it to earth ; this in particular 
 month, regarded as a distinct object from that 
 visible in other months, as age of the m., nexu 
 m. (at beginning of revolution), full to. (with 
 disk entirely illuminated); once in a blue m. ; 
 old to. innew m.'s arms, m. during flrstquarter, 
 when dark part of orb is made faintly luminous 
 by earth-light ; moonbeam, ray of moonlight ; 
 mooncalf, born fool ; m.-Jloivcr, ox-eye daisy; 
 moonlight, light of m. (often attrib.); moonlight 
 flitting, removal of household goods by night 
 to avoid paying rent ; moonlighter, one who in 
 Ireland perpetrated outrages by night on ten- 
 ants who incurred hostility of Land League ; 
 moonlit, lit up by m.; moonshine, visionary 
 talk or ideas, (also) smuggled spirits ; moon- 
 shiny, lighted by m., (also) visionary; moon- 
 stone, feldspar of pearly appearance ; moon- 
 struck, deranged in mind. Hence moo'nLESS 
 a. [com.-Teut.: OE mona, Du. maan, G mond, 
 cogn. w. L mensis, Gk men, month] 
 
 moon 2 , v.i. & t. Move, look, listlessly (about, 
 around, &c); pass away (time) in listless man- 
 ner. _[f. prec] 
 
 moo'nshee, n. Native secretary or lan- 
 guage-teacher in India, [f. Hind, munshi f. 
 Arab. munshV (ansha'a compose)] 
 
 moo'ny, a. Of, like, the moon ; listless, stu- 
 pidly dreamy. [MOON^-f-Y 2 ] 
 
 moop l f n. Tract of open waste ground, esp. 
 if covered with heather; (in Cornwall) waste 
 land where tin is found ; to. game, red (rarely, 
 black) grouse; m.-cock, male of this; m.-hen, 
 female of this, (also) water-hen ; moorland, 
 country abounding in heather; moorstone, kind 
 of granite. Hence moop'iSH ] , moop'Y 2 , aa. 
 [OE mor, cf. Du. moer, G moor] 
 
 Moop 2 , n. One of a Mohammedan race, mixed 
 Berber & Arab, inhabiting N. W. Africa. Hence 
 
 Moop*ish l a. [f. F More f. L f. Gk Mauros in- 
 habitant of Mauretania, region of N. Africa] 
 
 moor 3 , v.t. Secure (boat or other floating 
 
 thing) with chains or ropes fastened to shore or 
 
 ta anchors. Hence moop*AGE(3, i) n. [OE has 
 
 mserels mooring-rope, cf. MDu. mdren moor] 
 
 moop'lng, n. (Usu. pi.) rope &c with which 
 
MOOSE 
 
 527 
 
 MORGUE 
 
 vessel is moored ; (pi.) place where vessel is 
 moored, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 moose, n. N.-Amer. animal closely allied to 
 or same as European elk. [f. native moos] 
 
 moot, n., a., & v.t. (Hist.) assembly ; (Law) 
 students' discussion of hypothetical case for 
 practice ; (adj.) debatable; (v.t.) raise (question) 
 for discussion, [(vb f. OE motian, adj. f. n.) 
 OE (ge)mot, cf. Du. gemoet, cogn. w. meet v.] 
 
 mop 1 , n. Bundle of coarse yarn or cloth 
 fastened at end of stick, for cleaning floors &c. ; 
 similar instruments for various purposes ; m.- 
 head, (fig.) thick head of hair like m., person 
 with this. Hence mo'ppy 2 a. [loth c. mappe 
 ult. f. L mappa napkin] 
 
 mop 2 , v.t. Wipe, clean, (as) with mop ; wipe 
 tears, sweat, &c, from (brow &c.) ; (slang) m. 
 the floor with, have & use overwhelming ad- 
 vantage of (combatant) ; m. up, wipe up (as) 
 with mop, (slang) absorb (profits &c), dispatch, 
 make an end of. [f. prec] 
 
 mop 3 , v.i., & n. M. & mow, make grimaces ; 
 mm. & mows, grimaces, [perh. imife.; cf. Du. 
 moppen pout] 
 
 mope, v.i. & t., & n. Abandon onself to list- 
 less condition ; (reft, or pass.) make oneself, be, 
 the victim of ennui; (n.) one who mopes, the 
 mm., depression of spirits. Hence mo'piSH 1 
 a., mo'pishLY 2 adv., mo'pishNESs n. [?] 
 
 mo'poke, more'pork, n. In N. Zealand, 
 an owl ; in Tasmania, night-jar ; in Australia, 
 various birds, [imit. of bird's note] 
 
 moque'tte (-k-), n. Material of wool & hemp 
 or linen, used for carpets. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 md'r(r)a, n. Italian game in which player 
 
 f;uesses number of fingers held up sirnultaneous- 
 y by another. [It. mora, etym. dub.] 
 
 morai'ne, n. Debris, cf. Bavar. mur sandy 
 deposit carried down by glacier. [F] 
 
 md'pal, a. & n. Concerned with character 
 or disposition, or with the distinction between 
 right & wrong ; m. sense, power of distinguish- 
 ing right & wrong ; (of literary work &c.) deal- 
 ing with regulation of conduct, as m. science ; 
 m. philosophy, ethics; m. law, the requirements 
 to which right action must conform ; (of rights 
 &c.) founded on m. law ; capable of m. action ; 
 m. victory, defeat, indecisive result, that even- 
 tually produces the m. effects of victory ; m. 
 courage, courage to encounter odium, con- 
 tempt, &c, rather than abandon right course ; 
 morally good, conforming to rules of morality ; 
 virtuous as regards general conduct; m. cer- 
 tainty, probability so great as to admit of no 
 reasonable doubt. (X.) the m. teaching of a 
 fable, story, event, &c. ; (vulg.) the very m. 
 (exact likeness) of', (pi.) m. habits, esp. sexual 
 conduct; = foil. Hence mo'palLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 moralis (mos custom, pi. mores morals, -al)] 
 
 mora'le (-ahl), n. Moral condition, esp. (of 
 troops) as regards discipline & confidence. [F, 
 fem. adj. as prec. ; F uses moral masc] 
 
 md'palism, n. Natural system of morality, 
 religion reduced to moral practice, [-ism] 
 
 mo'palist, n. One who practises or teaches 
 morality ; man who is merely moral. Hence 
 mopali'stic a. [moral + -ist] 
 
 mopa'lity, n. Moral science; (pi.) moral 
 principles, points of ethics ; particular system 
 of morals, as commercial m. ; moral conduct 
 (esp. good) ; moralizing ; (Hist.) kind of drama 
 inculcating moral lesson, popular in 16th c. 
 [f. F moralite f. L moralitatem (moral, -ty)] 
 
 moTalize, v.i. & t. Indulge in moral re- 
 flection or talk (071 subject) ; interpret morally, 
 point the moral of ; improve the morals of. So 
 mopallZA'TiON n. [f. F moraliser f. EL 
 moralizare (as moral, see -ize)1 
 
 mopa'ss, n. Bog, marsh, [f. Du. moeras f. 
 MDu. marasch f. OF as marish] 
 
 mop'at, n. thist.). Drink made of honey 
 flavoured with mulberries, [f. med.L moratum, 
 {mortis mulberry, see ate ] )] 
 
 Mopa'vian, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Moravia ; 
 (one) of Protestant sect holding Hussite doc- 
 trines, founded in Saxony byM. emigrants, [f. 
 Moravia, part of Austro-Hungarian empire, 
 -an] 
 
 mop'bid, a. (Of mind, ideas, &c.) unwhole- 
 some, sickly ; given to m. feelings ; m. anatomy 
 (of diseased organs &c). Hence mop'bidLV 2 
 adv., mop'bid ness n. [f. L morbidus {morbus 
 disease f. root of mori die)] 
 
 mopbide'zza (-etsa), n. (painting). Life- 
 like delicacy in flesh-tints. [It. morbido mor- 
 bid)] 
 
 morbi'dity, n. Morbidness ; prevalence of 
 disease (in a district), [-ity] 
 
 mopbi'fie, a. Causing disease, [f. F mor- 
 bifique (L morbus disease, see -fic)] 
 
 mopceau* (-so), n. Short literary or musical 
 composition. [F (as morsel)] 
 
 mop'dant, a. & n. (Of sarcasm &c.) caustic, 
 biting, so mopdA'cious a., mopdAdTY, 
 mop'dANCV, nn. ; pungent, smarting; (sub- 
 stance) serving to fix colouring matter or gold- 
 leaf. [F, part, of mordre bite f. L mordere] 
 
 mop'dent, n. (mus.). Grace consisting in 
 rapid alternation of written note with one im- 
 mediately below it. [G, f. It. mordente part, of 
 mordere bite, as prec] 
 
 mope, a. & adv. Existing in greater quanti- 
 ty, amount, or degree, asthere ism. truth in it 
 than you think, 10 is "2 m. than 8, bring some m. 
 tcater; (abs.) greater quantity, as m. is meant 
 than meets the ear, hope to see m. of you ; what 
 is m. (m. important) ; m. than one person has 
 (not have) found it so ; (adv. ) in greater degree, 
 as you must attend m. to details, m. in sorrow 
 than in anger, m. frightened than hurt ; (form- 
 ing compar. of most adjj. of more than one 
 syllable & most advv.) m. absurd(ly), m. curi- 
 ous, m. easily, m. truly ; m. &m., in an increas- 
 ing degree; m. or less, in greater or less degree; 
 the m.', be no m., be dead; again, as once, 
 ttoice, never, m. ; neither m. nor less than 
 (simply, literally) absurd &c. [com.-Teut. adj. : 
 OE mdra, MDu. mere, f. OTeut. maizon- f. 
 maiz adv. whence obs. mo more (OE ma) adv.] 
 
 mopee'n, n. Stout woollen or woollen & 
 cotton material for curtains &c. [?] 
 
 mope'l 1 , n. Kinds of nightshade, [f. OF 
 morele prob. fem. f. It. morello dark-coloured 
 perh. f. L morum mulberry] 
 
 mope'l 2 , n. An edible fungus, [f. F morille, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 mope'llo, n. Bitter kind of cherry. [?] 
 
 moreo'vep, adv. Further, besides, (intro- 
 ducing new statement), [more + over] 
 
 morepopk. See mopoke. 
 
 Mope'sque (-k), a. Moorish in style or de- 
 sign. [F, f. It. moresco {MoroMoor, see -esque)] 
 
 mopgana'tie, a. M. marriage, one between 
 man of exalted rank & woman of lower rank, 
 who remains in her' former station, the issue 
 having no claim to succeed to possessions or 
 title of father ; m. wife (so married). Hence 
 mopgana'tiCALLY adv. [f. med.L phr. matri- 
 monium ad morganaticam, prob. f. moarganati- 
 cum f. OHG *morgangeba morning-^mft from 
 husband to wife the morning after c^summa- 
 tion of marriage (the m. wife's only claim on 
 husband's possessions)] 
 
 morgue x (-g), n. Building (esp. one formerly 
 in Paris) in which bodies of persons found dead 
 1 are exDOsed for identification. [F] 
 
MOROUE 
 
 528 
 
 MOSQUITO 
 
 morgue 2 (-g), n. Haughty demeanour, esp. 
 \m. anglaise) as English characteristic. [F] 
 
 m6*ribund, a. At the point of death (lit. & 
 fig.), [f. L moribundus (mori die)] 
 
 md'pion, n. (hist). Helmet without beaver 
 or visor. [F, etyru. dub.] 
 
 Mori'seo, a. & n. Moorish ; Moor, esp. in 
 Spain ; morris dance. |Sp. (Mofo moor)] 
 
 Mop'mon, n. Member of religious body 
 founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith in New York 
 on basis of supposed Divine revelations in Book 
 ofM. (imaginary author); person who practises 
 polygamy (regarded as chief feature of the 
 sect). Hence Mop'monis.M n. 
 
 morn, n. (poet.). Morning. [OE morgen, 
 myrgen, margen, cf. Du. & G morgen, perh. f. 
 root *mergh- twinkle] 
 
 mop'ning, n. Early part of day-time, end- 
 ing at noon, or at hour of midday meal ; good 
 m., form of salutation ; (poet.) dawn; (attrib. 
 of clothes) meant to be worn in the m., as m. 
 coat, tail-coat with front sloped away ; m. call, 
 visit paid during afternoon ; m. draught, 
 liquor taken before breakfast; m.-gift (sec 
 morganatic, etym.) ; m. prayer, Anglican ser- 
 vice of matins ; m.-room, sitting-room for the 
 m. ; m. star, Venus when visible in E. before 
 sunrise ; m. -watch (naut.), 4-8 a. m. [ME mor- 
 wening (morwen morn, -f -ino 1 )] 
 
 mopO'cco,n. Leather made (orig. in Morocco, 
 now also in Europe) from goatskins tanned 
 with sumac ; Frenchm., inferior small-grained 
 kind; Levant m., high-grade large-grained 
 kind. [f. native Marrakesh\ 
 
 mopo'se, a. Sullen, gloomy, & unsocial. 
 Hence moro'ser.v 2 adv., mopo'seNESs n. 
 [f. L morosus (mos moris manner, see -ose 1 )] 
 
 Mop'pheus (-us), n. God of dreams or (pop.) 
 sleep. [L] 
 
 moirphia, -phine, nn. Alkaloid narcotic 
 principle of opium, largely used to alleviate 
 pain. Hence mop*phiniSM(5) n. [(-ine f. G 
 morphin, see -ine 5 ) f. prec] 
 
 moppho'logy, n. (Biol.) study of the form 
 of animals & plants ; (Philol.)study of the form 
 of words. Hence moppholo'giCAL a., mor- 
 pholo'gicalr.v 2 adv., moppho'logisT n. 
 ■(biol.). [f. Gk morphe form -f -logv] 
 
 mo*PPis,a. & n. M.(-dance), grotesque dance 
 by persons in fancy costume, usu. as characters 
 in Robin Hcod legend ; m,-pike (hist.), form of 
 pike supposed to be of Moorish origin, [f. 
 morys, var. of moorish] 
 
 mo'PPis tube, n. Small-bore rifle barrel 
 insertable in large-bore rifle for practice on 
 miniature range. [R. Morris, inventor] 
 
 mo'PPOW, n. (literary). The m., the follow- 
 ing day ; (fig.) on the m. o/(time following on) 
 a long rear &c. [ME morwe, shortened f. 
 morwen morn] 
 
 morse l , n. Walrus, [f. Lapp, morsa] 
 
 Morse 2 , n. Of the recording telegraph in- 
 vented by S. F. B. Morse (d. 1872), as M. alpha- 
 bet, code. 
 
 mop'sel, n. Mouthful, small piece, (o/food 
 &c.) ; fragment. [OF, dim. of mors a bite f. L 
 mordere mors- bite] 
 
 mopt l . n. Note sounded on horn at death of 
 deer. [F, f. L mortem (nom. mors) death] 
 
 mopt 2 , n. Salmon in third year. [?] 
 
 mor'tal, a. & n. Subject to death; causing 
 death, fatal, (to, often fig.) ; (of battle) fought to 
 the death; (of enemy) implacable; (of pain, fear, 
 <fcc.) deadly; (of sin) entailing spiritual death, 
 deadly; accompanying death, as m. agony; 
 (slang) very great, as in a m. hurry ; (slang) 
 long & tedious, as for tiuo m. hours ; (n.) m., 
 esp. human, being ; (facet.) person, as a thirsty 
 
 m. Hence moPtalr.Y 2 adv. [f. OF mortel f. 
 L mortalis (mors -rtis death, see -al)J 
 
 mopta'lity, n. Mortal nature ; loss of life 
 on large scale ; number of deaths in given 
 period &c.; death-rate. [f. F mortality f. L 
 mortalitatem (as prec., see -ty)J 
 
 mop'tap, n., & v.t. Vessel of hard material, 
 e.g. marble, in which ingredients are pounded 
 with pestle ; short piece of ordnance for throw- 
 ing shells at high angles ; contrivance for firing 
 shells in pyrotechnic displays ; mixture of lime, 
 sand, & water, for joining stones or bricks, 
 whence mop'taPLESs, mop'tapv 2 , aa.; m.- 
 board, board for holding m., (pop.) square 
 college cap ; (v.t.) plaster, join, with m. [(vb f. 
 n.) f. F mortier f. L mortarium, etym. dub.] 
 
 mortgage l (mor'gij), n. Conveyance of pro- 
 perty by debtor (mortgagor) to creditor (mort- 
 gagee) as security for debt, with proviso that it 
 shall be reconveyed on payment of debt within 
 certain period ; deed effecting this. [OF, = dead 
 pledge (mort f. L mortuus dead + gage x )\ 
 
 mort'gage 2 , v.t. Make over (property) by 
 mortgage; pledge (oneself, one's powers &c, to 
 object &c.). Hence moptgagEE', mort- 
 gagOR* 2 (-jor), nn. (see prec). If. prec] 
 
 mop'tify, v.t.& i. Bring (body, passions, &c) 
 into subjection by self-denial or discipline ; 
 cause (person) to feel humiliated, wound (feel- 
 ings), whence moP'tifyiNG 2 a.; (intr., of flesh) 
 be affected by gangrene or necrosis. So mop- 
 tifiCATiON n. [f. F mortijier f. L mortijicare 
 (mors -rtis death, see -fv)J 
 
 mop'tise, -ice, n., & v.t. Hole in a frame- 
 work designed to receive the end of some other 
 part esp. a tenon ; m. chisel (with stout blade, 
 for cutting mm.); (v.t.) join (things together, 
 one to or into another) securely, esp. by tenon 
 & m. [(vb f. n.) f. F mortaise, etym. dub.] 
 
 mop'tmain, n. (law). Condition of lands or 
 tenements held inalienably by ecclesiastical or 
 othercorporation;(fig.H'n?>i.,underposthumous 
 control, [f. OF mortemain f. med.L mortua 
 manus dead hand, prob. in allusion to imper- 
 sonal ownership] 
 
 mop*tuapy, a. & n. Of death or burial ; build- 
 ing in which dead bodies are kept for a time, 
 [f. L mortuarius (mortuus dead, see -arv 1 )] 
 
 mosa'ic 1 (z), a., n., & v.t. (-eking, -eked). 
 (Form or work of art) in which pictures &c are 
 produced by joining together minute pieces of 
 glass, stone, &c, of different colours (also fig. 
 of any diversified whole) ; m. woolwork (pro- 
 ducing effect like that of m.); m. gold, a di- 
 sulphide of tin, also alloy of copper & zinc used 
 in cheap jewellery &c; (v.t.) adorn with mm.; 
 combine (as) into m. Hence mosa*ieiST(3) n. 
 [(vb f. n.) f. F mosa'ique f. med.L viosaicus, mu-, 
 as if f. a Gk mousaikos of the Muses (mousa 
 muse, see -ic)J 
 
 Mosa'ic 2 (-'/,-), a. Of Moses, esp. M. law (con- 
 tained in Pentateuch), [f. L Moses + -ic] 
 
 mosasaur'us, n. Large extinct marine 
 reptile, first found near Maestricht on the 
 Meuse. [f. L Mosa Meuse + Gk sauros lizard] 
 
 mosehate'l (-k-), n. Small plant with pale- 
 green flowers & musky smell, [f. F moscatelle 
 f. It. moscatella (moscato musk)] i 
 
 mose'lle (--/.-), n. Dry white wine produced 
 near the river M. 
 
 Mo'slem, Mu'slim, (-■/.-, -s), a. & n. (pi. -vis, 
 -min). Mohammedan. Hence Mo'slemiSM 
 n. [Arab, (-im), part, of aslama whence islam] 
 
 mos'que (-k), n. Mohammedan place of 
 worship. [16th-c. mosquee f. F mosque'e f. It. 
 moschea f. Arab, masgid (sagada vb worship)] 
 
 mosqui'to (-ke-), n. Kinds of gnat, female 
 of which punctures skins of animals with long 
 
MOSS 
 
 529 
 
 MOULD 
 
 f>roboscis & sucks their blood ; m.-net, -curtain, 
 to keep off mm.) ; m.-craft, small light vessels 
 for rapid manoeuvring. [Sp., dim. of mosca f. L 
 musca fly] 
 
 moss, n., & v.t. Wet spongy soil ; peat-bog ; 
 kinds of small herbaceous cryptogamous plant, 
 some growing in bogs, others on surface of 
 ground, trees, stones, &c, in crowded masses, 
 whence mo'ssiNESS n., mo'ssv 2 a.; rolling 
 stone gathers no ?7i., one who constantly changes 
 his place or employment will not grow rich ; 
 i7io'ssbunker, = menhaden ; 7)i.-grown, over- 
 grown with m.; 7)i.-hag, broken ground' from 
 which peat has been taken ; m. 7'ose, garden 
 variety of cabbage rose, with m. -like growth on 
 calyx & stalk ; m.-trooper, border freebooter of 
 17th c; (v.t.) cover with m. [(vb f. n.) OE 7)ios, 
 cf. Du 7)ios, G 7noos] 
 
 most, a. &adv. Existing in greatest quantity 
 or degree, as you have 7nade m. 7iiistakes, see 
 who can 7nake m. noise, (abs., quasi-noun) this 
 is the 7)i. lean do, make the m. of it, employ it 
 to the best advantage, (also) represent it at the 
 best or worst ; the majority, as vi. people thi7ik 
 so, (quasi-n.) m. of them are broke7i ; for the m. 
 part, in the main, usually, whence mo'st- 
 ly 2 adv.; (adv.) in the highest degree, as what 
 7ii. annoys ?ne, (forming superl. of mostadjj. of 
 more than one syllable & most advv.) m. ludi- 
 crous(ly), m. certain(ly), m. eallous(ly) ; ten at 
 m., not more than ten, this is at in. (is no more 
 than) a 7)iakeshift. [com.-Teut.: OE mxst, Du. 
 meest, G meist, f. OTeut. maisto- ()naiz more 
 see -est)] 
 
 -most, suf. forming superl. adjj. formed 
 not on adjj. but on prep, or demonstr. stems 
 (after)n., J ore7)i., inrn., utm.) & later on wds in- 
 dicating position in place, time, or order, (back- 
 m., topm., ce7it7'e7n., & the corn par. upperm., 
 vite7 % 7)i., furtherin., Sec); also in bette7-7nost ; 
 altered form of OE -7)iest, combining two superl. 
 suff., -mo- & -isto- -est; in late OE -7)iest was 
 confused with most (see prec), whence usu. 
 mod. pronunc. (most) for the unstressed (most). 
 
 mot (mo), n. (pi. mots pron. moz). Witty say- 
 ing. [ F, = word, f. pop. L *mottum = L vmttum 
 (mutti7'e murmur)] 
 
 mote, n. Particle of dust : m. in (another's) 
 eye, trifling fault if compared to one's own (see 
 Matt. vii. 3). [OE mot, perh. cogn. w. Du. 7not 
 dust, sawdust] 
 
 motet, n. (mus.). Vocal composition in har- 
 mony, usu. to words from Scripture, for church 
 use. [F, dim. of mot] 
 
 mo'th, n. (Also clothes-7n.) small nocturnal 
 lepidopterous insect breeding in cloth &c, on 
 which its larva feeds, whence mo'thY 2 a.; one 
 of two great divisions of Lepidoptera including 
 this, distinguished from butterflies by not hav- 
 ing clubbed antennae; m.eatoi, destroyed by 
 mm. [OE moththe, cf. MDu. & G motte] 
 
 mo'therMniudh), n. Female parent; quality, 
 condition, &c, that gives rise to another, as 
 necessity is the m. of invention ; head of female 
 religious community ; (term of address for) 
 elderly woman of lower class ; (also artificial 
 m.) apparatus for rearing chickens ; (archaic, 
 f. obs. sense womb) hysteria; M. Carey's 
 chicken ; M. Church (as of maternal author- 
 ity) ; M.-Church (whence others have sprung) ; 
 m. country, country in relation to its colonies ; 
 m. earth, earth as m. of its inhabitants &c, 
 (facet.) the ground; M. Hubbard, person in 
 nursery rhyme, kind of cloak ; m.-in-iau\ one's 
 wife's or husband's m.; m. of pearl, smooth 
 shining iridescent substance forming inner 
 layer of some shells (often attrib., w. hyphens) ; 
 2i.'s son, man, esp, every m.'s son of (you Sec); 
 
 ni. to)igue, one's native tongue, (also) tongue 
 from which others spring ; m. wit, native wit, 
 common sense. Hence mo'thePHooD n., 
 mo'thePLESs, mo'theruKE, aa. [com.- 
 Teut.: OE 7)iodor, Du. moeder, G mutter, cogn. 
 w. Gk meter, L mate7-] 
 
 mo'ther-, v.t. Give birth to (usu. fig.) ; pro- 
 tect as a mother ; acknowledge or profess one- 
 self the mother of (child, lit. & fig.), [f. prec] 
 
 mo'ther 3 (mudh), n. (Also m. of vinegar) 
 mucilaginous substance produced in vinegar 
 during fermentation by mould-fungus. Hence 
 mo'ther y 2 a. [prob. = mother » ; cf. MDu. 
 77ioeder, G mutter \ 
 
 mo'therly, a. Having, showing, the good 
 qualities of a mother. Hence mo'therliNESS 
 n. [OE 7nodorlic (see mother 1 & -ly 2 )] 
 
 moti'f (-ef),n. Constituent feature, dominant 
 idea, in artistic composition ; ornament of lace 
 &c. sewn separately on dress. [F, as motive a.] 
 
 md'tile, a. (zool., bot.). Capable of motion. 
 Hence moti'liTY n. [as move, see -il] 
 
 mo'tion ' (-shn), n. Moving, change of place ; 
 manner of moving the body in walking &c. ; 
 change of posture; gesture; in m., moving, 
 not at rest; put in ?/i., set going or working; 
 formal proposal in deliberative assembly ; 
 (Law) application by party &c. for rule or order 
 of court; evacuation of bowels; piece of moving 
 mechanism. Hence mo'tion a l, mo'tion- 
 less, aa. [F, f. L moti07ie7n (as move, -ion)] 
 
 mo'tion 2 (-shn), v.t. & i. Direct (person to, 
 towards, away, Sec, to do) by sign or gesture ; 
 make gesture (to person) directing him (to do), 
 [f. prec] 
 
 mo'tive, a. & n. Tending to initiate move- 
 ment, whence moti'viTY n.; m. power, moving 
 or impelling power, esp. form of mechanical 
 energy used to drive machinery, e.g. steam, 
 electricity; concerned with movement; (n.) 
 what induces a person to act, e.g. desire, fear, 
 circumstance, whence mo'tiveLESS a.; = mo- 
 tif, [f. F motif f. med.L 7notivus (move, -ive)] 
 
 mo'tley, a. & n. Diversified in colour ; of 
 varied character, as m. assembly; (n.) incon- 
 gruous mixture ; (Hist.) fool's parti-coloured 
 dress, esp. wear m., play the fool. [?] 
 
 md'tor, n. & a. What imparts motion ; ma- 
 chine supplying motive power for carriage or 
 vessel, (often in narrow sense excluding steam- 
 engines), as (attrib.) m. bicycle, cab; m. car, 
 carriage propelled by m. for use on ordinary 
 roads, whence mo*tOPiST(3) n.; (Anat.) muscle 
 designed to move a part of the body; (nerve) 
 designed to excite muscular activity, whence 
 motop'iAL. mo'tORY, aa. [L (move, -or 2 )] 
 
 mo'ttle, n., & v.t. Arrangement of spots or 
 confluent blotches of colour; such spot ; varie- 
 gated" woollen yarn; (v.t.) mark (esp. soap) 
 with mm. (esp. in p.p.). [prob. f. motley] 
 
 mo'tto, n. Sentence inscribed on some object 
 & expressing appropriate sentiment; maxim 
 adopted as rule of conduct ; verses &c. in paper 
 cracker; quotation prefixed to book or chapter; 
 (Mus.) recurrent phrase. [It., as mot] 
 
 mou'fnon (mob), n. Wild mountain sheep 
 of S. Europe, ff. F moiifion f. LL mufron] 
 
 moujik, muzhik, (moo'zhik), n. Russian 
 peasant ; lady's loose fur cape. [f. Russ. mil- 
 zhiku peasantl 
 
 mould • (mold), n. Loose earth ; upper soil of 
 cultivated land ; 7nan of m., mortal man ; m.- 
 board, board in plough that turns over the 
 furrow-slice. [OE molde, cf. Du. 7nonde, G. 
 dial, molt, f. OTeut. 7nul- grind, cf. meal 1 ] 
 
 mould 2 (mold), n. Pattern, templet, used by 
 masons, bricklayers, &e., as guide in shaping 
 mouldings; hollow form into which molten 
 
MOULD 
 
 530 
 
 MOUTHY 
 
 metal &c. is cast to cool into required shape ; 
 metal or earthenware vessel \ised to give 
 shape to puddings &c, pudding &c. so shaped ; 
 (fig.) cast in heroic &c. m., of such character; 
 form, shape, esp. of animal body ; (Arch.) group 
 of mouldings ; to. candle (made in a m.) ; w,- 
 loft, room on floor of which plans of ship are 
 drawn full size. [ME nwld(e) prob. f. OF modle 
 f. modulus] 
 
 mould 3 , v.t. Produce (object) in certain 
 shape, out of (elements), or upon (pattern), 
 lit. & fig. ; bring (object) into certain shape ; 
 shape (bread) into loaves, [f. prec] 
 mould 4 (mo), n. Woolly or furry growth of 
 minute fungi on things that lie for some time 
 in moist warm air. [prob. f. obs. mould a., pp. 
 of moid grow mouldy, cf. Swed. mogla] 
 mou'lder (mo-), v.i. Decay to dust, crumble 
 away, (often fig.), [perh. mould 1 + -er 5 ] 
 moulding 1 (mo-), n. In vbl senses, esp. 
 moulded object, esp. ornamental variety of out- 
 line in cornices &c. of building, woodwork, 
 &c. ; m.-board (on which dough is kneaded). 
 [mould 3 + -ING 1 ] 
 
 mou'ldy (mo-), a. Overgrown with mould ; 
 (fig.) stale, out-of-date. Hence mou'ldiNESS 
 n. [mould 4 + -v 2 ] 
 
 mou//niF),n, Nearly vertical shaft in glacier, 
 formed by surface water falling through crack 
 in ice. [F, lit. -mill] 
 
 moult (mo), v.t. & i., & n. (Of birds) shed 
 (feathers), shed feathers, in changing plumage 
 (also fig.) • (n.) moulting, [(n. f. vb) ME mouten 
 f. OE *mutian f. L mutare change ; -I- on false 
 anal, of fault &c. ] 
 
 mound * (mow-), n. Ball of gold &c. repre- 
 senting earth, surmounting crown &c, & used 
 in heraldry, [f. F monde f. L mund-us world] 
 mound' 2 (mow), n., & v.t. Elevation of 
 earth or stones, esp. of earth heaped on grave ; 
 hillock ; m.-builder, one of prehistoric Indian 
 race in N. America who erected mm., (also) 
 kinds of bird depositing eggs in a heap ; (v.t,) 
 enclose with, heap up in, mm. [?] 
 mount l (mow- ), n. Mountain, hill, (abbr. Mt, 
 preceding name, as Mt Ephraim) ; (Palmistry) 
 fleshy prominence on palm of hand. JOE munt 
 f. L mons -ntis] 
 
 mount 2 (mow-), v.i. & t. Ascend (hill &c. or 
 abs.); proceed upwards; (of blood) rise into 
 cheeks ; rise to higher level of rank, power, in- 
 tensity, &c. ; (also m. up) rise in amount; get 
 on horse &c. for purpose of riding ; get on (horse 
 &c. or abs.) ; put (person) on horse &c; furnish 
 (person) with horse; raise (guns) into position ; 
 put (loom &c.) in working order; put (picture 
 &c.) in a mounts; fit (gems &c.) in gold &c; 
 fix (object) on microscope slide ; put (play) on 
 stage; display (article of costume) ; m. (go on 
 duty as) guard (over thing or abs.). [f. OF 
 munter f. pop. L *montare (as prec.)] 
 mount 3 (mow-), n. Margin surrounding pic- 
 ture, card on which drawing is mounted ; orna- 
 mental metal parts of various objects ; horse 
 ?)rovided for person's riding ; i*ide, esp. in race, 
 f. prec] 
 
 mou'ntain (-tin), n. Natural elevation of 
 earth's surface, large or high hill ; waves ran 
 mm. (very) high, m.-high ; large heap or pile ; 
 (also m. wine) Malaga wine from m. grapes ; 
 the M., extreme party in first French Revolu- 
 tion, occupying elevated position in chamber 
 of assembly; m. ash, tree with delicate pinnate 
 leaves & scarlet berries ; to. chain, series of 
 mm.; to., dew, Scotch whisky; to. sickness, 
 malady caused by rarefied m. air. [f. OF mon- 
 taigne f. pop. L montanea f. *montaneus = L 
 montanus (mons -ntis mountain, -an)] 
 
 mountaineer', n. Dweller amongst moun- 
 tains ; one skilled in mountain climbing, whence 
 mountaineer'iNG 1 n. [eer] 
 mou*ntainous,a. Abounding in mountains; 
 huge. If. OF montagneux (mountain, -ous)] 
 mou'ntebank (mow-), n. Itinerant quack 
 who held forth to audience from platform ; 
 charlatan. Hence mou'ntebankERV(l) n. [f. 
 It. montambanco = monta in banco mount on 
 bench] 
 
 mourn (morn), v.i. & t. Feel sorrow or regret 
 (for, over, dead person, lost thing, loss, misfor- 
 tune, &c.) ; show conventional signs of grief for 
 period after person's death; sorrow for (dead 
 person, thing). [com.-Teut.: OE murnan, OHG 
 mornen be anxious, ON morna pine] 
 moup'nen, n. One who mourns, esp. who 
 attends funeral of friend or relation ; person 
 hired to attend funeral, [-er j ] 
 mournful, a. Doleful, sad, sorrowful. 
 Hence moup*nfulLv 2 adv., moup'nfulNESS 
 n. [mourn + -ful] 
 
 moup'ningr, n. In vbl senses, also or esp. : 
 (wearing of) black clothes as sign of m. ; deep l , 
 half, to.; in to., wearing such garments ; m.- 
 coach (attending funeral); m.-paper, note- 
 paper with black edge ; m.-ring (worn as me- 
 morial of deceased person). [-ING 1 ] 
 
 mouse * (mows), n. (pi. mice). Animal of any 
 of the smaller species of a genus of rodents, 
 esp. house, field, harvest, m.; (slang) black eye ; 
 m.-colour, dark grey with yellow tinge; m.-ear, 
 hawkweed&otherplants;mo?ise£rap(forcatch- 
 ing mice). Hence mou'SY 2 a. [com.-Teut.: 
 OE mus, Du. muis, G maus, cf. L & Gk mus] 
 
 mouse 2 (-z), v.i. & t, (Of cat or owl) hunt for 
 or catch mice, whence mou'SER * n. ; search 
 industriously, prowl about in search of some- 
 thing, [f. prec] 
 
 mousseline (moosle'n), n. French muslin ; 
 m.-delaine, dress material of wool & cotton ; 
 m.-de-soie (swah), thin silk fabric of muslin-like 
 texture. [F, see muslin] 
 
 moustache (rm/stah'sh), n. Hair on either 
 side or both sides of a man's upper lip ; similar 
 hair round mouths of some animals ; m.-cup 
 (with partial cover to protect m. when drink- 
 ing). [F, f. It. mostaccio f. Gk mustax -akos] 
 
 mouth l (mowth), n. External orifice in body, 
 with cavity behind it containing apparatus of 
 mastication & organs of vocal utterance ; (of 
 horse, with reference to his readiness to feel & 
 obey pressure of bit) good, bad, hard, to, ; m. 
 waters at (food ; referring to flow of saliva 
 caused by anticipation) ; useless m., one who 
 does no work but must be fed ; this sounds 
 strange in your m. (when said by you) ; put 
 words into his to., tell him what to say ; put 
 (speech) into person's m., represent him as hav- 
 ing made it ; take the words out of person's to., 
 say what he was about to say ; (of dog) give to., 
 bark, bay ; doivn in the to., dejected ; laugh on 
 wrong side o/one'sm., lament; make a uyrym., 
 grimace in sign of disapproval &c ; opening of 
 bag, cave, furnace, &c ; outfall of river; to.- 
 filling, bombastic, inflated ; m.-organ, pan- 
 pipe & other musical instruments ; mouthpiece, 
 part of pipe, musical instrument, &c, placed 
 between lips, (also) one who speaks for others. 
 Hence (-)mouthED 2 (-dhd),mou*thLESS, aa., 
 mou'thFUL n. [com.-Teut. : OE muth, Du. 
 mond, G mund, cogn. w. L mentum chin] 
 
 mouth 2 (-dh), v.t. & i. Utter (words or abs.) 
 pompously or very distinctly ; take (food) in, 
 touch with, the mouth ; train mouth of (horse) ; 
 grimace, [f. prec] 
 
 mou'thy (-dhi),-a. Railing, ranting; bom- 
 bastic, f mouth 1 -4- -v 2 1 
 
MOVABLE 
 
 531 
 
 MUFF 
 
 mcvable (moo-), a. & n. That can be moved ; 
 (of property) that can be removed, personal as 
 opp. to real ; m. feast, one that varies its date, 
 (facet.) meal taken at no regular time ; (n.) 
 article of furniture that may be removed from 
 the house, opp. to fixture', (pi.) personal pro- 
 perty. Hence movaBi'Lrrv, mo'vablexEss, 
 nn. [OF (as move 2 , see -able)] 
 
 move l (moov), n. Moving of a piece in chess 
 & other games ; player's turn to do this ; device, 
 step taken to secure object ; on the m., moving 
 about; make a m., go, esp. rise & go from 
 dinner-table &c. [f. foil.] 
 
 move' 2 (moov), v.t. & i. Change position of; 
 change position of (piece) in chess &c. ; put, 
 keep, in motion, shake, stir; m. heaven & earth, 
 make every effort (to do) ; change posture of 
 (one's body, limbs, &c.) ; cause (bowels) to act ; 
 provoke (laughter, anger, &c, in person, person 
 to these) ; affect (person) with (usu. tender) 
 emotion, whence mo'vixG 2 a., mo'vingLV 2 
 adv. ; prompt, incline, (person £o action, to do); 
 the spirit (orig. in Quaker use, = Holy Spirit) 
 moves me, I feel inclined (to do) ; make formal 
 application to (court &c. for) ; propose (ques- 
 tion, resolution, that thing be done) in deliber- 
 ative assembly ; go, pass, (about, away, &c.) 
 from place to place ; make progress, as the work 
 moves slowly ; make a move at chess &c. ; 
 change one's abode ; m. about, do this often ; 
 m. in, take possession of new abode ; m. on 
 (policeman's order to person who stands too 
 long in one place), (trans.) cause person to m. 
 on by giving this order ; (of person or part of 
 body) change posture ; (of inanimate things) 
 suffer change of position; (of bowels) be moved; 
 make request or application (for); take action, 
 proceed, [in matter). Hence mo'veLESS a. 
 (rare), [f. OF movoir f. L movere mot-] 
 
 mo'vement, n. Moving; military evolu- 
 tion ; moving parts of machine, particular 
 group of these ; mental impulse ; development 
 of poem, story, &c; (Mus.) mode of progression 
 as regards speed or rhythm, (also) principal 
 division of a musical work ; series of actions & 
 endeavours of a body of persons for special 
 object, as the oxford m. ; activity in market 
 for some commodity. [OF, f. med.L movimen- 
 tum (as prec, see -ment)] 
 
 mo'vep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: one who 
 moves proposal ; prime m., initial source (na- 
 tural or mechanical) of motive power, (also) 
 person who originates an action &c. [-er l ] 
 
 mow 1 (mo), n. Stack of hay, corn, peas, &c; 
 place in barn where hay &c. is heaped ; mow- 
 burnt, spoilt by becoming overheated in the 
 m. [OE m-iiga, cf. OX muge, S w. & Norw. mxiga] 
 
 mow 2 (mo, mow), n., & v.i. See mop 3 , [(vb 
 f. n.) f. OF moue mouth, lip, pout, etym. dub.] 
 
 mow 3 (mo), v.t. (mowed, mown). Cut down 
 (grass &c. orabs.) with scythe or machine ; cut 
 down produce of (field) thus; destroy sweeping- 
 ly, cut off or down in great numbers. Hence 
 mow'ER 1 (1, 2) n. [com.-WG: OE mawan, Du. 
 maaien, G mdhen] 
 
 mo'xa, n. Down from dried leaves of a plant, 
 used for burning on skin as counter-irritant for 
 gout; anything so used. [f. Jap. mokusa (moe 
 kusa burning herb)] 
 
 moya, n. Volcanic mud. [?] 
 
 Moza'rab, n. (hist.). Christian owning alle- 
 giance to Moorish king but allowed his own 
 religion. Hence Moza'pabic a. [f. Sp. Moz- 
 arabe f. Arab, musta'rib would-be Arab ('arab)] 
 
 Mp (ml'ster), n. See mister. 
 
 Mps (mi'siz), n. Title prefixed to surname of 
 married woman who has no superior title ; Mrs 
 Grundy (see Grundyism), [abbr. of mistress] 
 
 much, a. & adv. Existing in great quantity, 
 as m. trouble, too m. noise, not m. rain, (abs , 
 quasi-n.) I have stood m., m. of what you say 
 is true ; too m. (more than a match)/or ; think, 
 make, m. of; he is not m. of a (not a good) 
 scholar; (adv.) in a great degree (qualifying vb 
 or p.p.), as / m. regret the mistake, ivas m. an- 
 noyed ; (qualifying compar. or superl. adj.) m. 
 better, m. the most likely ; pretty nearly, as m. 
 of a size, about the same size. Hence mu*ch- 
 ly 2 adv. (facet.), [f. OE micel mickle] 
 
 mu'chness, n. Greatness in quantity or de- 
 gree ; much of a m., very nearly the same or 
 alike, [prec. + -ness] 
 
 mu'cilag-e (-ij), n. Viscous substance from 
 various plants ; gum ; viscous fluid in animal 
 bodies, e.g. mucus. Somueila'ginousa. [F, 
 f. LLi mucilago -ginis (mucus)] 
 
 muck 1 , n. Farm-yard manure ; dirt ; (colloq.) 
 anything disgusting ; (colloq.) untidy state ; m.- 
 rake (for collecting m., usu. fig.); muckworm, 
 worm that lives in m., (fig.) money-grubber, 
 street arab. Hence mu'ekv 2 a. [ME muk, 
 prob. of Scand. orig.] 
 
 muck 2 , v.t & i. Make dirty ; (slang) bungle 
 (job) ; (slang) go aimlessly about, [f. prec.] 
 
 mu'eker, n. (slang). Heavy fall (lit. & fig.) ; 
 come a m., experience this; go a m., plunge 
 into extravagance (on, over, purchase), [-er '] 
 
 mu'eous, a. Of, covered with, mucus, as m. 
 membrane, internal prolongation of the skin so 
 covered. So mueo'siTY n. [f. L mucosus (as 
 mucus, see -ous)] 
 
 mirepo, n. (bot., zool.). Pointed part or organ. 
 Hence mu'cronATE 2 (2) a. [L, = point] 
 
 mu'eus, n. Slimy substance secreted by 
 mucous membrane ; gummy substance found, 
 in all plants; slimy substance exuded by some 
 animals, esp. fishes. [L, cogn. w. emungere 
 blow the nose, & Gk mussoviai] 
 
 mud, n. Wet soft earthy matter, mire (fig. as 
 type of what is worthless) ; fling, throw, m., 
 make disgraceful imputations ; stick in the m. ; 
 mudguard, piece of metal attached to wheel of 
 cycle &c. to protect rider from mud ; mud- 
 lark, one who dabbles, works, or lives, in m., 
 esp. street arab ; m. pie, m. shaped like pie by 
 child; m. volcano (discharging m.). [ME mode, 
 cf. Du. modden, dabble in m., G dial, mott bog] 
 
 mudap*, ma- (ma-), n. E.-Ind. shrub, of 
 which root-bark is used in medicine & inner 
 bark yields silky fibre (yercum). [Hind, (ma-)] 
 
 mu'ddle ', n. Disorder ; make a m. of, bun- 
 gle; muddle-headed(ness), stupid(ity). [f. foil.] 
 
 mu'ddle 2 , v.t. &i. Bewilder, esp. with drink; 
 mix (things up, together) blunderingly ; bungle 
 (affair) ; busy oneself in confused & ineffective 
 way; m. on, get on in haphazard way; m. 
 through, attain one's end by no skill of one's 
 own. [f. mud + -LE(3)] 
 
 mu'ddy, a., & v.t. Like, abounding in, 
 covered with, mud ; (of light) dull ; (of voice) 
 thick; mentally confused; obscure; (v.t.) 
 make m. Hence mu'ddiLY 2 adv., mu'ddi- 
 ness n. [(vb f. adj.) f. mud + -y 2 ] 
 
 mudip (mdbder - ), n. Governor of Turkish 
 village or of Egyptian province. [Turk. f. Arab., 
 part, of adara govern] 
 
 mue'zzin (moo-), n. Mohammedan crier who 
 proclaims hours of prayer from minaret, [f. 
 Arab, mu'adhdhin (adhana proclaim)] 
 
 muff 1 , n. Woman's fur or other covering 
 (usu. cylindrical) into which both hands are 
 thrust from opposite ends to keep them warm ; 
 foot-m., contrivance serving same end for feet, 
 [prob. f. Du. moff. Fas muffle 2 ] 
 
 muff 2 , n., & v.t. Person who is awkward or 
 stupid, orig. in some athletic sport ; failure, 
 
MUFFETEE 
 
 532 
 
 MULTIPLIER 
 
 esp. to catch ball at cricket &c. ; (v.t.) bungle, 
 miss (catch, ball, &c). Hence mu'ffiSH l a. I?) 
 muffetee', n. Worsted cuff worn on wrist, 
 [prob. irreg. f. muff ] J 
 muHin, n. Light flat round spongy cake, 
 eaten toasted & buttered ; m.-bell (rung by m.- 
 man, seller of mm.). [?J 
 
 muffineer*, n. Small castor for sprinkling 
 salt or sugar on muffins. [-eer| 
 mu'ffle ', n. Thick part of upper lip & nose 
 of ruminants & rodents, ff. F mufle, etym. 
 dub.] 
 mu'ffle 2 , n. Leather glove for lunatics who 
 tear clothes &c; mitten; receptacle placed 
 within furnace, in which substances may be 
 heated without contact with products of com- 
 bustion ; chamber in kiln for baking pottery, 
 [f. F moujle mitten f. med. L viuffula] 
 mu'ffle :J , v.t. Wrap, cover up, (oneself, one's 
 throat &c, or abs.) for warmth ; wrap up head 
 of (person) to prevent his speaking; wrap up 
 (oars, bell, drum, horse's hoofs) to deaden sound; 
 repress, deaden, sound of (curse &c, usu. in 
 p.p.). jprob. as prec.l 
 
 mu'ffler, n. Wrap, scarf, worn for warmth ; 
 boxing-glove; thick glove; thing used todead- 
 en sound, esp. felt pad between hammer & 
 string of piano, [f. prcc.-f-ER 1 ] 
 mu'fti, n. Mohammedan priest or expounder 
 of law, esp. official head of religion in Tur- 
 key ; plain elothes worn by one who has right 
 to wear uniform, esp. in m. [Arab., part, of 
 afta decide point of law] 
 mug; 1 , n. Drinking-vessel, usu. cylindrical, 
 with or without handle; its contents; a cooling 
 drink ; [perh. diff. wd] (slang) face, mouth. [?] 
 mug'-, n. (slang). Simpleton, muff. [?J 
 mug 3 , v.i. & t., & n., (slang). Study hard (at 
 subject or abs.); (also vi. up) get up (subject); 
 (n.) one who studies hard, examination. [?] 
 mu'gger, n. Broad-nosed Indian crocodile, 
 [f. Hind, magar] 
 
 mu'g'g'ins, n. Simpleton ; children's game 
 of cards ; game of dominoes, [perh. the sur- 
 name M., w. allusion to mug 2 ] 
 Muggletd'nian, a. & n. (Member) of sect 
 founded by, & believing in personal inspiration 
 of, L. Muggleton & John Reeve, c. 1650. [-ian] 
 mu'ggy, a. (Of weather, day. Sec.) damp & 
 warm ; stifling, close. Hence mu'g-givESS n. 
 [f. dial, mug drizzle, cf. ON mugga,+ -v 2 ] 
 mu'gwump, n. (U.S.). Great man, boss; 
 one who holds aloof from party politics, [f. 
 native mugquovip great chief] 
 Munammadan. See mohammedan". 
 mula'tto, n. & a. Offspring of European & 
 Negro ; (adj.) of m. colour, tawny, [f. Sp. mu- 
 lato young mule, mulatto, irreg. f. mulo m ule] 
 mu'lbeppy, n. Genus of tree, leaves of which 
 are much used for feeding silkworms : its fruit; 
 m. bush, children's game with ditty Here we go 
 round the vu bush. [ult. f. OHG mulberi (miir 
 f. L morum mulberry + beri berry)] 
 mulch (-tsh),n. Mixture of wet straw, leaves, 
 &c, spread to protect roots of newly planted 
 trees, [prob. f. obs. adj. mulch soft, cf. dial. 
 melch (OE melsc) & G dial, molsch softl 
 mulct, n., & v.t. Fine imposed for offence ; 
 (v.t.) punish (person) by fine (in amount, or 
 with amount as second object), deprive (person 
 &c. of). l(vb f. L mulctare) f. Lmul(c)ta\ 
 mule, n. Offspring of he-ass & mare, or (pop. ) 
 of she-ass & stallion (prop, hinny) ; stupid or 
 obstinate person ; hybrid plant or animal ; m. 
 canary, cross between canary & other finch ; 
 kind of spinning-machine. Hence mu'lisn 1 
 a., mu'lishLY 2 adv., muiishxESS n. [f. OE 
 mill, & f. OF mul(e), t Lmulus, -la] 
 
 muleteer*, n. Mule-driver, [f. F muletier 
 (mulet dim. of OF mul mule, see -eer)] 
 mull 1 , n. Thin variety of plain muslin, 
 [shortened f. mulmull f. Hind, vialmal] 
 mull 2 , n., & v.t. Muddle, mess, esp. make a 
 m. of; (v.t.) make a m. of (catch &c). [?] 
 mull 3 , v.t. Make (wine, beer) into a hot 
 drink with sugar, spices, yolk of egg, &c. I?] 
 mu'llah, mdb'llah, n. Mohammedan learn- 
 ed in theology & sacred law. [f. Pers., Turk., 
 Hind., mulla f. Arab, mania] 
 mu'llein (lin), n. Kinds of herbaceous plant 
 with woolly leaves & yellow flowers, [f. AF 
 moleine, perh. f. F viol soft f. L mollis] 
 mu'ller, n. Stone used for grinding powders 
 &c. on slab. [perh. f. OF moldre grind f. L molere] 
 mu'llet, n. Two genera of fishes of which 
 Red & GreyM. are the types, [f. OF viulet dim. 
 f. L mullus red m.] 
 
 mulligatawny, n. (Also m. soup) E.-Ind. 
 highly seasoned soup; m. paste, curry paste used 
 for this. [f. Tamil milagutannir pepper-water] 
 mu'lligrubs, n. pi. Depression of spirits; 
 stomach-ache, [arbitrary] 
 mu'llion, n. Vertical bar dividing lights in 
 window. Hence mu'llionED 2 a. [prob. var. 
 of MON'IALl 
 
 mu'llock, n. (Austral.) rock containing no 
 gold, also, refuse from which gold has been ex- 
 tracted ; (dial.) rubbish, [f. dial, mull dust, 
 rubbish, f. Teut. root mul grind, -H-ock] 
 multa'ng-ular, a. Many-angled, [f. multi- 
 + angular] 
 
 multe'ity, n. Manifoldness. [f. L mult us 
 many] 
 
 mu'lti- in comb, (before vowel sometimes 
 m ult-) = L multus many, as: -colour(ed), of 
 many colours; -fid (bot., zool.) cleft into many 
 parts; -flor'ous, (of stalk) bearing more than 
 three flowers ; -foil (arch.), ornament consisting 
 of more than 5 foils ; -form, having many forms, 
 of many kinds, so -for'mity n.\-ld'teral, having 
 many sides ; -nd'mial a. & n. (alg.), (expression) 
 of more than two terms ; (multl')parous, bring- 
 ing forth many young at a birth, (of woman) 
 who has borne more than one child ; -par'tite, 
 divided into many parts; -valve a. & n., (shell, 
 animal with shell) of many valves; (multifo- 
 cal a. & n., (word) susceptible of many mean- 
 ings ; multo'cular, having many eyes ; multu'n- 
 gulate a. & n., (animal) with more than two 
 functiona]_hoofs. 
 
 multifar'ious, a. Having great variety; 
 (w. pi. n.) many & various. Hence multi- 
 far'iousr.Y 2 adv., multifar'iousNESS n. 
 [f. LL MUf.Til farius f. L -fariam adv.)-f- -ous] 
 multiple, a. & n. Of many parts, elements, 
 or individual components ; (w. pi. n.) many & 
 various ; quantity that contains another some 
 number of times without remainder, as lh is a 
 m. of 7; least common m. (abbr. L.C.M.) least 
 quantity that contains two or more given quan- 
 tities exactly. [F, f. LL multiplus = foil.] 
 multiplex, a. Manifold, of many elements. 
 [L (multi- + -plex -fold] 
 
 mu'ltiplicable,a. Multipliable. [fLmul- 
 tiplicabilis (as multiplv, see -able)] 
 multiplicand, n. Quantity to be multiplied, 
 
 Cf. MULTIPLIER, [f. L as MULTIPLV, See -ND 1 ] 
 
 multiplication, n. Multiplying, esp. the 
 arithmetical process ; m. table, table of pro- 
 ducts of factors taken in pairs. So mu'lti- 
 plicatiVE a. [F, f. L multiplicationem (as 
 multiplv, see -ation)] 
 
 multiplicity, n. Manifold variety ; a, the, 
 m. (great number) of. [f. L multiplicitas (as 
 multiplex, see -ty)] 
 
 multiplier, n. In vbl senses, esp.: quantity 
 
MULTIPLY 
 
 533 
 
 MURMUR 
 
 by which multiplicand is multiplied ; (Electr., 
 Magn.) instrument for multiplying intensity of 
 force, current, &c, so as to make it appreciable. 
 [f. foll.+ -ERi] 
 
 multiply, v.t. & i. Produce large number 
 of (instances &c); breed (animals), propagate 
 (plants) ; (intr.) increase in number by procrea- 
 tion ; (Math.) substitute for (given number, the 
 multiplicand) a number (the product) equal 
 to a given number (the multiplier) of times its 
 value, as m. 6 by k & the product is 2h, or 6 
 multiplied by U is 2U. [f. OF multiplier f. L 
 midtiplicare (multiplex)] 
 
 multitude, n. Numerousness ; great num- 
 ber (oj ); large gathering of people, crowd ; the 
 m., the common people. Hence multitirdin- 
 ous a., multitvrdinousLY 2 adv., multi- 
 tu'dinousNESS n. [f. L multitudo -dinis 
 (multus many, see -tude)] 
 
 multitu'dinism, n. Principle that prefers 
 interests of multitudes to those of individuals. 
 So multitirdiniST n. [as prec. + -ism] 
 
 mu'ltum in pctr'vo, n. Much in small 
 compass ; (attrib., w. hyphens) small but com- 
 prehensive. [L] 
 
 mu'lture (-tsher), n. Toll of grain or flour 
 paid to miller, [f. OF motture f. med.L molitura 
 (molere -it- grind, see -ure)] 
 
 mum i, int. & a. Silence !, esp. m.'s the word ; 
 (adj.) silent, [imit., cf. G mumm] 
 
 mum 2 , v.i. Act in dumb show ; mumchance 
 (archaic), silent, tongue-tied. [f. prec] 
 
 mum 3 , n. (hist.). Kind of beer orig. brewed 
 in Brunswick, [f. G mumme] 
 
 mu'mble, v.i. & t,, & n. Speak indistinctly ; 
 utter indistinctly ; bite, chew, (as) with tooth- 
 less gums ; (n.) indistinct utterance, [(n. f. vb) 
 ME momele (mum ', see -le(3))] 
 
 Mu'mbo Ju'mbo, n. Grotesque idol said to 
 have been worshipped by some tribes ; (fig.) 
 object of senseless veneration. [?] 
 
 mu'mmer, n. (Contempt.) play-actor; (Hist.) 
 actor in dumb show. [f. OF momeur (momer 
 
 MUM 2 )] 
 
 mu'mmepy, n. Performance of mummers; 
 ridiculous (esp. religious) ceremonial, [f. OF 
 mommerie (as prec, see -ery)] 
 
 mu'mmify, v.t. Preserve (body) by em- 
 balming & drying; shrivel, dry up, (tissues &c, 
 esp. in p.p.). Hence mummiFiCATiON n. [f. 
 F momifier (as foil., see -FY)] 
 
 mu'rrimy, n. Body of human being or ani- 
 mal embalmed for burial ; dried-up body ; 
 pulpy substance or mass, esp. beat (thing) to a 
 on.; rich brown pigment, [f. Fmo?nief. med.L 
 mumia f. Arab, mumiya {mum wax)] 
 
 mump 1 , v.i. Be silent & sullen; assume 
 demure expression, whence mu'mpiNG 2 a. 
 [conn. w. mumps] 
 
 mump 2 , v.i. Beg, go about begging, [prob. 
 f. Du. mompen cheat] 
 
 mumps, n. pi. (treated as sing.). Contagi- 
 ous disease with swelling of parotid & salivary 
 glands ; sulks, whence mu'mpiSH l a. [imit.] 
 
 munch, v.t. Eat (food or abs.) with much ac- 
 tion of jaws, as cattle chew fodder, [prob. imit.] 
 
 Munchausen (mwntshowzn), n. Baron M., 
 hero of extravagant book of adventures written 
 in English by R. E. Raspe, a German (1785) ; 
 extravagantly mendacious story. 
 
 mu'ndane, a. Of this world; of the universe. 
 Hence mu'ndaneLY 2 adv., mu'ndane- 
 ness n. Jf. F mondain f. L mundanus (mun- 
 dus world, see -an)] 
 
 mundu'ngus (-ngg-), n. (archaic). Bad- 
 smelling tobacco, [f. Sp. mondongo tripe] 
 
 mu'ngo (-nggo), n. Cloth like shoddy, but 
 of better quality. [?] 
 
 municipal, a. Of, under, local self-govern- 
 ment or corporate government of city or town, 
 whence muni*cipaliSM(2), muni'cipalisr 
 (2, 3), nn., municipalize;}) v.t.; m. law, that 
 of particular State, opp. to law of nations. 
 Hence muni'cipalLY 2 adv. [f. hmunicipalis 
 f. municeps -cipis citizen of city that had 
 privileges of Roman citizens (munia civic 
 offices + root of capere take), see -al] 
 
 municipality, n. Town, district, having 
 local self-government; governing body of this, 
 [f. F municipalite (as prec, see -TY)] 
 
 muni'ficent, a. Splendidly generous, bounti- 
 ful. Hence orcogn. muni'fieENCE n., munr- 
 flcentLY 2 adv. [f. L munificent-, var. stem of 
 muivificus {munus gift, see -Fie)] 
 
 mu'niment, n. (usu. pi.). Document kept 
 as evidence of rights or privileges. [OF, f. L 
 munimentum defence (munire fortify, -ment)] 
 
 muni'tion, n., & v.t., (archaic). M. or mm. 
 of war, military stores ; (v.t.) supply with mm. 
 [(vb f. n.) F, f. L munitionem fortification (as 
 prec, see -ion)] 
 
 munnion. =mullion. 
 
 mun'tjak, n. Small Asiatic deer. [f. native 
 minchak] 
 
 mur'age, n. (hist.). Tax levied for building 
 or repairing walls of town. [OF, f. med.L 
 muragium (murus wall, see -age)] 
 
 mural, a. Of, like, on, a wall, as m. paint- 
 ings ; (Rom. Ant.) m. croxon, garland given to 
 soldiers who first scaled wall of besieged town). 
 [F, fj_L muralis (murus wall, see -al)] 
 
 Muratop*ian, a. Of Muratori, Italian 
 scholar, d. 1750 ; M. fragment or canon, earliest 
 Western canon of N.T. [-an] 
 
 mur'dep 1 , n. Unlawful killing of human 
 being with malice aforethought ; judicial m.\ 
 (prov.) m. will oid (cannot be hidden) ; the m. is 
 out, the secret is revealed or mystery explain- 
 ed ; (as ink of real or pretended alarm) m. ! ; 
 cry blue m., make extravagant outcry. [OE 
 mordhor, cf. Goth, maurthr, cogn. w. L mom 
 die, Gk brotos mortal] 
 
 murder 2 , v.t. Kill (human being) unlaw- 
 fully with malice aforethought ; kill wickedly 
 or inhumanly ; spoil by bad execution, mispro- 
 nunciation, &c Hence mup'dePER 1 , mup*- 
 dePESS 1 , nn. [OE myrdhrian, cf. OHG mur- 
 dran, Goth, maurthrjan, & see prec] 
 
 mup'depous, a. (Of person, weapon, action, 
 &c) capable of, bent on, involving, murder. 
 Hence mup'dePOUSLY 2 adv. [-ous] 
 
 mure, v.t. Confine as in prison ; shut up. 
 [f. Fjniurer f. L murare wall in (murus wall)] 
 
 mur'ex, n. (pi. -ices, -exes). Shell-fish yield- 
 ing purple dye. [L, prob. cogn. w. Gk muax 
 sea-mussel] 
 
 mup'iate (-at), n. (nowcommerc). Chloride. 
 [F, f. muriatique, as foil.] 
 
 mupia'tic, a. (now commerc). M. (hydro- 
 chloric) acid. [f. L muriaticus (muria brine, 
 see -atic)] 
 
 murk, mirk, a. (archaic, poet.). (Of night, 
 day, place, &c) dark ; misty, dense. [OE mirce 
 cf. Sw. mark] 
 
 mup'ky, a. Dark, gloomy ; (of darkness) 
 thick. Hence mup'kiLY 2 adv., mup'kiNESS 
 n. [f. murk n. darkness, cogn. w. prec, + -y 2 ] 
 
 mup'mup 1 , n. Subdued continuous sound, 
 as of waves, brook, &c. ; subdued expression 
 of discontent ; softly spoken word or speech. 
 Hence mup'mupous a., mup'mupousLY 2 
 adv. [f. F murmure (as foil.)] 
 
 mup*mup 2 , v.i. & t. Make low continuous 
 sound ; complain in low tones, grumble, (at, 
 against) ; utter (words) in low voice, [f. F 
 murmurer f. L murmurare (murmur)] 
 
MURPHY 
 
 mur'phy, n. (slang). Potato. [Irish sur- 
 name] 
 
 mu'ppain (-in), n. Infectious disease in 
 cattle; (archaic) a m. (plague) on you!, [f. F 
 morine, cf. Sp. morriiia, perh. f. L mori die] 
 
 muTPey, a. & n. (archaic). (Of) the colour 
 of a mulberry, purple-red. [f . OF mori f . med. L 
 moratus (morum mulberry)] 
 
 mu'pphine, a. M. glass, modern delicate 
 ware from the East, made of fluor-spar. [f. L 
 murr(h)inus (murra, substance of which pre- 
 cious vases &c. were made, see -ine 1 )] 
 
 mu'scadine, n. Musk-flavoured kinds of 
 grape, [prob. f. Pr. as muscat] 
 
 mu'scardine, n. Disease of silkworms 
 caused by vegetable parasite. [F, f. It. mos- 
 ca(r)dino musk-lozenge (ult. as musk)] 
 
 mu'seat, muscatel, -de*l, nn. Musca- 
 dine ; strong sweet wine from muscadines ; (-tel) 
 raisin from muscadine, [(-at) F f. Pr., f. It. 
 moscato musk-flavoured f. L muscus musk ; 
 (-tel, -del) OF, dim.] 
 
 mu'scle (-si), n. Any of the contractile fi- 
 brous bands or bundles thatproduce movement 
 in animal body ; not move a m., be perfectly 
 motionless ; that part of the animal body which 
 is composed of mm., the chief constituent of 
 flesh. Hence mu'seleLESS a. [f. L musculus 
 dim. of vius mouse] 
 
 musco'logy, n. Study of mosses. So mus- 
 co*logist n. [f. L muscus moss, -logy] 
 
 museova'to (-vah-), n. Unrefined sugar got 
 from juice of sugar-cane by evaporation & 
 draining off molasses, [f. Sp. mascabado of 
 lowest quality] 
 
 mvrseovite \ n. Common mica (earlier 
 Muscovy glass), [as foil.] 
 
 Mu'seovite 2 , n. & a. (archaic). Russian, [f. 
 foil. + -ITE 1 ] 
 
 Mu'scovy, n. (Archaic) Russia; M. duck, 
 MUSK-duek. [f. F Muscovie f. Russ. Moskova 
 Moscow]_ 
 
 mu'sculap, a. Of, affecting, the muscles ; 
 having well-developed muscles ; m. Christian- 
 ity, ideal of religious character exhibited in 
 writings of C. Kingsley. Hence museula'riTY 
 n. [as muscle, see -ar l ] 
 
 mu'sculature (-tsher), ri. Muscular system 
 of body or organ. [F, as muscle, see -ure] 
 
 muse 1 (-z), n. The Mm. , nine goddesses, daugh- 
 ters of Zeus & Mnemosyne, inspirers of poetry, 
 music, &c; the m., poet's inspiring goddess, 
 
 Eoet's genius ; (poet. ) poet. [F, f. L f. Gk Mousa 
 root men-, mon-, think, remember] 
 
 muse 2 (-z), v.i., & n. Ponder, reflect, (on, 
 upon); gaze meditatively (on scene &c); (n., 
 archaic) fit of abstraction, [f. F muser, prob. 
 f. OF muse muzzle, orig. w. sense 'sniff the 
 air when in doubt about scent '] 
 
 muse'tte (-z), n. Kind of bagpipe ; soft pas- 
 toral air imitating bagpipe's sound : dance for 
 which this served ; reed stop on organ. [F, 
 dim. of OF muse bagpipe] 
 
 muse'um, n. Building used for storing & 
 exhibition of objects illustrating antiquities, 
 natural history, art, &c. [L, f. Gk mouseion 
 seat of the Muses (Mousa)] 
 
 mush 1 , n. Soft pulp; (X.-Amer.) kind of 
 
 f)orridge. Hence mu'shiNESS n. , mu'sh y 2 a. 
 prob. var. of mash] 
 
 mush 2 , n . (slang). Umbrella; small cab- 
 proprietor, [shortened f. foil.] 
 
 mu'shroom, n. , & v. i. Edible kind of fungus, 
 proverbial for rapid growth; (fig.) upstart; 
 (colloq.) lady's straw hat with down-curved 
 brim ; (v.i.) gather mm., (of bullet) expand & 
 flatten, [(vb f. n.) f. F mousseron, perh. f. 
 mousse moss] 
 
 534 MUST 
 
 mu'sic, n. Art of combining sounds with a 
 view to beauty of form & expression of emotion ; 
 sounds so prodxiced ; pleasant sound, e.g. song 
 of bird, murmur of brook, cry of hounds ; set 
 (poem &g.) to m., provide it with m. to which it 
 may be sung ; written or printed score of musi- 
 cal composition; face the m., face the con- 
 sequences of one's actions ; rough m., noisy up- 
 roar, esp. with vexatious intention ; m.-hall 
 (used for singing, dancing, & other entertain- 
 ments) ; m.-stool (with adjustable seat, for 
 piano-player), [f. F musique f. L f. Gk mousike 
 (tekhne&rt) of the Muses (Mousa Muse, see -ic)] 
 
 mu'sical, a. Of music ; (of sounds, voice, 
 &c.) melodious, harmonious; fond of, skilled 
 in, music ; set to, accompanied by, music ; m.- 
 box, mechanical musical instrument played by 
 causing toothed cylinder to work in comb-like 
 metal plate ; m. glasses, kinds of musical in- 
 strument in which tones are produced by glass 
 bowls or tubes. Hence musiea'liTY, mu'si- 
 calNESs, nn., mu'sicalLY 2 adv. [F, f. med.L 
 musicalis (musica music, see -al)] 
 
 musi'cian (-shn), n. Person skilled in science 
 or practice of music, [f. F musicien (as music, 
 see -ician)] 
 
 musk, n. Odoriferous reddish-brown sub- 
 stance secreted in gland by male m.-deer, used 
 for perfumes & as stimulant &c; kinds of plant 
 with musky smell ; m.-deer, small hornless rumi- 
 nant of Central Asia; m.-duck, (also Muscovy 
 duck), tropical American variety, (also) Austra- 
 lian variety male of which has musky smell ; m. 
 melon, common melon ; m.-ox, ruminant found 
 in Arctic America, with strong musky smell ; 
 m.-rat (also musquash), large N.-Amer. aquatic 
 rodent, its fur ; m. -rose, rambling rose with 
 large fragrant white flowers ; m.-tree, -wood, 
 trees with musky smell. Hence mu'skv 2 a. 
 [f. F muse f. LL muscus f. late Gk mosk(h)os 
 perh. ult. f. Skr. muska scrotum] 
 
 mu'sket, n. Infantry soldier's hand-gun (now 
 usu. of obsolete kinds, cf. rifle); m.-shot, shot 
 fired from m., range of m. [f. F mousquet f. It. 
 moschetto sparrowhawk] 
 
 musketeer", n. Soldier armed with mus- 
 ket. [-EER] 
 
 mu'sketpy, n. Muskets ; art of using, troops 
 armed with, muskets, [f. F mousqueterie (as 
 
 MUSKET, See -ERY)] 
 
 Muslim. See Moslem. 
 
 mu'slin (-z-), n. Kinds of delicately woven 
 cotton fabric for ladies' dresses, curtains, &c; 
 (colloq.) bit ofm., woman, girl ; m.-de-laine, see 
 mousseline. Hence mu'slinED 2 a. [f. F 
 mousseline f. It. mussolina (Mussolo, town in 
 Mesopotamia whence m. came, see -ine ] )] 
 
 musline't, n. Thick kind of muslin, [-et 1 ] 
 
 mu'smon, n. = moufflon, [f. L musimo(n) 
 f. late Gk mousmon] 
 
 mu*squash(-6sh),n. (Furof)MUSK-rat. [f. 
 Algonkin mwskwessu] 
 
 mussa'l (-ahl), n. (Anglo-Ind.). Torch ; (also 
 mussa'lchu) torch-bearer, [f. Arab, mas'al] 
 
 mu'ssel, n. Kinds (Sea, Fresh-water, M.) of 
 bivalve mollusc ; m. plum, dark purple kind. 
 [OE muscle f. LL muscula, fern, as muscle] 
 
 Mu'ssulman, n. & a. (pi. -mans). Moham- 
 medan, [f. Pers. musulman (as Moslem)] 
 
 must 1 , n. New wine; grape-juice before 
 fermentation is complete, [f. L mustum neut. 
 of mustus new] 
 
 must 2 , n. Mustiness, mould, [prob. back- 
 formation f. musty] 
 
 must 3 , a. & n. (Of male elephants & camels) 
 in state of frenzy; (n.) this state, [f. Hind. f. 
 Pers. mast intoxicated] 
 
 must 4 , v. auxil. (3rd sing, must ; past must. 
 
MUSTACHIO 
 
 535 
 
 MYCETOMA 
 
 only as below). Be obliged to (do), as you m. 
 (neg. need not, see below & cf. may j ) find it, 
 it m. be found, (w. necessity less emphasized) 
 we vi. see what can be done, I m. ask you to 
 retract that; be certain to (do), as you m. lose, 
 whichever happens; you m. be (surely are) 
 aware of this ; he must be (clearly is) inad ; (as 
 past tense, reporting reflection made at the 
 time) it was toe late now to retreat, he m. make 
 good his word or incur lasting disgrace ; (past 
 or historic present, w. reference to perverse 
 destiny) just as I was getting better, what m. I 
 do but break my leg ?,just as I was busiest, he 
 m. come worrying ; m. have done, (1) surely did, 
 as you m. have known quite well what I meant, 
 (2) necessarily would have done, as you m. have 
 caught it if you had run ; (vv. negative belong- 
 ing in sense to dependent vb, cf. may *) you m. 
 not infer (m. avoid the inference), you m. never 
 contradict. [OE moste, past of mot (later mote) 
 may, be permitted to, cf. Du. moet, G muss] 
 
 musta'chio (-sho), n. (archaic). Moustache, 
 [(partly f. Sp. mostacho) f. It. as moustache] 
 
 mu'stang, n. Wild horse of Mexico & Cali- 
 fornia; m. (small red Texas) grape, [f. Sp. 
 7)i€stengo, perh. f. mesta company of graziers] 
 
 mu'stard, n. Kinds of plant, esp. black & 
 white m., seeds of which are ground, made into 
 paste, & used as condiment or for poultice or 
 m.-plaster ; m. & cress (used in seed-leaf for 
 salad) French m. (mixed with vinegar) ; m.- 
 pot (for table m. ). [orig. of the condiment ; f . OF 
 vioustarde f. com.-Rom. mosto must 1 ] 
 
 mu'step \ n. Assembling of men for inspec- 
 tion &c. ; pass m., be accepted as adequate; 
 assembly, collection ; m.-book (for registering 
 military forces) ; m.-roll, official list of officers 
 & men in army or ship's company (also fig.), [f. 
 OF mostre f. L monstrare show] 
 
 mu'step 2 , v.t. & i. Collect (orig. soldiers) for 
 inspection, to check numbers, &c; collect, get 
 together, (t. & i.) ; summon (courage, strength, 
 &c. ; often up), [f. OF mostrer f. L as prec. J 
 
 mu'sty, a. Mouldy ; of mouldy or stale smell 
 or taste; (fig.) stale, antiquated. Hence mu*s- 
 tiNESS n. [?] 
 
 mutable, a. Liable to change ; fickle. Hence 
 mutaBULiTY n. [f. L mutabilis (mutare 
 change, see -ble)] 
 
 muta'tion, n. Change, alteration ; (Biol.) 
 change resulting in production of new species. 
 [F, f. hjnutationem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 muta'tis muta'ndis, adv. With due alter- 
 ation of details (in comparing cases). [L] 
 
 mute 1 , a. & n. Silent ; not emitting articu- 
 late sound ; (Law) stand m. of malice, refuse 
 deliberately to piead ; (of person or animal) 
 dumb ; (of hounds) not giving tongue ; not ex- 
 pressed in speech, as m. appeal, adoration ; 
 temporarily bereft of speech ; (of consonant) 
 produced by entire interruption of passage of 
 breath or complete closure of organs of mouth, 
 stopped, (usu. applied to b p ph dtthkg); (of 
 letter) not pronounced, as the e in late is m.; 
 (n.) m. consonant ; dumb person ; actor whose 
 part is in dumb show ; dumb servantin Oriental 
 countries; hired mourner ; clip for deadening 
 resonance of strings of violin &c, pad for 
 deadening sound of wind instrument. Hence 
 muteLY 2 adv., mirteNESs n. [f. F muet f. 
 pop. L *mutettus dim. of L mutiis] 
 
 mute 2 , v.t. Deaden, muffle, the sound of 
 (esp. musical instrument), [f. prec] 
 
 mutilate, v.t. Deprive (person &c) of limb 
 or organ ; cut off, destroy the use of (limb &c.) ; 
 render (book &c.) imperfect by excision &c. So 
 muti'lATic-N, mutilatOR 2 , nn. [f. L muti- 
 lare {mutilus maimed), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 mutineer", n. One who mutinies, [f. F 
 mutinier (mutin rebellious ult. f. L as move)] 
 
 mu'tinous, a. Rebellious. Hence mutin- 
 ously 2 adv. If. obs. mutine f. F mutin (see 
 prec.) -t- -ous] 
 
 mutiny, n., & v.i. Open revolt against 
 constituted authority, esp. of soldiers or sailors 
 against officers ; Indian M., revolt of Bengal 
 native troops, 1857-8 ; M. Act (dealing with of- 
 fences against military & naval discipline, 
 now embodied in Army Act, 1881) ; (v.i.) revolt 
 {against or abs.). [(vb f. n.) as prec. + -Y 1 ] 
 
 mutism, n. Muteness ; silence ; dumbness, 
 [f. F mutisme f. L as mute 1 , see -ism] 
 
 muto-, comb, form (irreg.) of L mutare 
 change, as : -graph, apparatus for taking series 
 of photographs of moving objects, (v.t.) por- 
 tray with this ; -scope, apparatus for exhibiting 
 scene recorded by mutograph, so -sco'pic a. 
 
 mu'ttep, v.i. & t., & n. Speak low in barely 
 audible manner; murmur, grumble, (against, 
 at) ; utter (words &c.) in low tone ; (fig.) say in 
 secret ; (n.) muttering, muttered words, [prob. 
 imit., w. suf. -er 5 ] 
 
 mutton, n. Flesh of sheep as food ; (facet. ) 
 sheep; dead as m., quite dead; eat one's m., 
 dine with ; m.-chop, piece of m. (usu. rib & half 
 vertebra to which it is attached; for frying &c, 
 side whisker shaped like this. Hence mut- 
 ton Y 2 a. [f. OF motonl. med.L??vu#07iemnom. 
 -to, cf. Olr. molt ram] 
 
 mutual, a. (Of feelings, actions, &c.) felt, 
 done, by each to(wards) the other, as m. affec- 
 tion, benefit, suspicion ; standing in (specified) 
 m. relation, as m. well-wishers ; m. admiration 
 society, set of persons who overestimate each 
 other's merits ; (Commerc.) m. terms (by which 
 exchange of services takes the place of money 
 payments) ; (improp.) common to two or more 
 persons, as our m. friend. Hence mutua'l- 
 ity n. , mutualL Y 2 adv. [f. F mutuel f. L mu- 
 tuus borrowed (cf. mutare change), see -al] 
 
 mutualism, n. Doctrine that mutual de- 
 pendence is necessary to w T ell-being. So mu*- 
 tualiST n. [-ism] 
 
 mutule, n. (archit.). Modillion proper to 
 cornice in Doric order. [F, f. L mutulus\ 
 
 muzhik. See moujik. 
 
 muzz, v.t, (slang). Make muzzy. [?] 
 
 mu'zzle 1 , n. Projecting part of animal's 
 head including nose & mouth ; open end of 
 fire-arm ; contrivance of strap or wire put over 
 animal's head to prevent its biting, eating, &c; 
 m.-loader, gun that is loaded at the m. [f. OF 
 musel f. med.L musellum dim. of musus] 
 
 mu'zzle-, v.t. Put muzzle on (animal, its 
 mouth, & fig. of persons) ; impose silence upon ; 
 take in (sail), [f. prec] 
 
 mu'zzy, a. Dull, spiritless; stupid from 
 drinking. Hence mu'zziLY 2 adv., mu'zzi- 
 ness n. [?] 
 
 my (mi, unstressed often mi), poss. adj. of 
 1st pers. sing, (with abs. form mine) ; (prefixed 
 to some terms of address) my boy, friend, man, 
 son, daughter, (not colloq. w. other terms of re- 
 lationship), dear, darling, love ; my (vulg. mine) 
 & her (common) father, my (vulg. mine) & her 
 (respective)/a^e?-(s); (in ejaculations) my! my 
 eye !, &c 
 
 my'alism, n. Kind of sorcery practised esp. 
 in W. Indies, [prob. of W.-Afr. orig.] 
 
 my'all, n. Austral, acacia, esp. kind with 
 scented wood used for pipes, [f. native maial] 
 
 myee'lium, n. (bot.). Mushroom spawn. 
 Hence myee'liAL a. [f. Gk mukes mushroom 
 + -I- + -ium] 
 
 mycetd'ma, n. Fungoid disease of foot or 
 hand, [as prec, see -m] 
 
MYCOLOGY 
 
 536 
 
 NADIR 
 
 myed'logy, n. Study of fungi. So myco'- 
 
 logr'sr n. [irreg. f. Gk as prec, see -logy] 
 
 mycd'sis, n. Presence of, disease caused by, 
 
 parasitic fungi in the body, [as prec, see -osis] 
 
 myeli'tis, n. Inflammation of spinal cord. 
 
 [f. Gk muelon var. of muelos marrow, see -itis] 
 
 my'lodon, n. Extinct genus of gigantic 
 
 sloths with cylindrical teeth, [f. Gk mule mill 
 
 + odous -ontos tooth] 
 
 mynheer*, n. Dutchman, [f. Du. mijnheer 
 Mr, sir, (mijn my + heer master)] 
 myo- in comb. = Gk 7nus muos muscle, as : 
 ■car'dium, muscular substance of heart, whence 
 -cardVTis; -logy, science of muscles. 
 myope, n. Short-sighted person. Hence or 
 cogn. myo'piA 1 , my'opY 1 , nn., myd'pic a. 
 [F, f. LL f. Gk mudps (mud shut + dps eye)] 
 myd'sis, n. Contraction of pupil of eye. So 
 my6"Tic a. [f. Gk mud shut, see -osis] 
 myosote, n. Forget-me-not. [f. foil.] 
 myosd'tis, n. Genus of small plants with 
 blue, pink, or white flowers. [L, f. Gk muosd- 
 tis (mus muos mouse + ous dtos ear)] 
 myriad, a. & n. (poet., rhet,). Ten thousand ; 
 (of) indefinitely great number, [f. LL f. Gk 
 murias -ados (murioi 10,000)] 
 myriapod, a. & n. (Animal) with many legs, 
 of the class comprising centipedes & millepedes, 
 [as prec. + Gk pons podos foot] 
 myriopa'ma (-rah-, -ra-), n. Entertainment 
 consisting of series of views, [f. Gk murios 
 countless -f korama view (horad see)] 
 myr'midon (mer-), n. (M-) any of a warlike 
 Thessalian race who followed Achilles; hired 
 ruffian ; base servant, as m. of the law, police- 
 man, bailiff, &c. [f. L f. Gk Murmidones pi.] 
 myrd'balan, n. Astringent plum-like fruit 
 used in dyeing, tanning, &c. [f. L myrobala- 
 num f. Gk myrobalanos (viuron unguent + 
 balanos acorn)] 
 
 myrrh 1 (mer), n. Gum-resin used in per- 
 fumery & medicine, & in incense. Hence 
 myr'rhic, myr'rhv 2 , aa. [OE myrra, f. L 
 f. Gk murra] 
 
 myrrh 2 (mer), n. Sweet Cicely, an aromatic 
 plant, [f. LL f. Gk murrhis] 
 myr'tle, n. Genus of plants, esp. Common 
 M., shrub with shiny evergreen leaves & white 
 sweet-scented flowers, held sacred to Venus. 
 [f. OF myrtille, dim. f. L f. Gk murtos] 
 myse'lf, pron. Emphatic & reflexive form 
 corresp. to I, as I saw it m., I m. (for my part) 
 am doubtful, I have hurt m. ; J am not m. (in 
 my normal state of body or mind), [f. me + 
 self ; my- perh. on anal, of herself '] 
 mystag-ogrue (og), n. Teacher of mystical 
 doctrines, esp. (Gk Ant.) to candidates for 
 initiation in Eleusinian & other mysteries. So 
 mystag , 6*g'ic(AL) aa. [f. L f. Gk mustagdgos 
 (mustes one initiated into mysteries, f. mud 
 close eyes or lips, + -agdgos -leading f. ago lead)] 
 mysterious, a. Full of, wrapt in, mystery ; 
 (of persons) delighting in mystery. Hence 
 myster'iousLv 2 adv., myster'iousxEss 
 n. [f. foil. + -ous] 
 
 mystery \ n. Hidden or inexplicable mat- 
 ter ; make a m. of, treat as a secret ; secrecy, 
 obscurity, as is torapt in m.\ (practice of) 
 making a secret of (unimportant) things ; 
 religious truth divinely revealed, esp. one 
 beyond human reason ; religious rite, esp. (pi.) 
 Eucharist; (pi.) secret religious rites of Greeks, 
 Romans, &c; miracle-play. [f. OF mistere f. L 
 f. Gk musterion (mud close lips or eyes)] 
 mystery 2 , n. (archaic). Handicraft, trade, 
 esp. (in indentures) art & m. [f. med.L mi- 
 (ni)sterhim (minister), confused w. prec] 
 mystic, a. & n. Spiritually allegorical ; oc- 
 
 cult, esoteric ; of hidden meaning, mysterious; 
 mysterious & awe-inspiring ; one who seeks by 
 contemplation & self-surrender to obtain union 
 with or absorption into the Deity, or who be- 
 lieves in spiritual apprehension of truths be- 
 yond the understanding, whence mysticiSM 
 n. (often contempt.). Hence mystic.vL a., 
 mystiealLY 2 adv., mystieiZE(3) v.t. [f. OF 
 mystique i. Lf. Gkmu-stikos (as mystery 1 , -ic)] 
 mystify, v.t. Hoax, play on credulity of; 
 bewilder ; wrap up in mystery. So mys- 
 tiFiCA'Tiox n. [f. F mystifier "(irreg. as prec, 
 
 -FF)J 
 
 myth, n. Purely fictitious narrative usu. in- 
 volving supernatural persons &c & embodying 
 popular ideas on natural phenomena &c ; fic- 
 titious person or thing. Hence mythic(AL) 
 aa., mythiealLY 2 adv. [f. Gk muthos] 
 
 mythicize, v.t. Treat (story &c) as a myth, 
 interpret mythically. So mythieiSM, my- 
 thieisT, nn. [mythic + -ize] 
 
 mytho- in comb. = Gk muthos myth, as: 
 -grapher, writer of myths ; -graphy, represen- 
 tation of myths in plastic art; -pozic (-pe'Ik), 
 -poe'tic, making, productive of, myths; -po'et, 
 -po'etry, poetical writer, writing, of myths. 
 
 mythology, n. Body of myths, esp. relat- 
 ing to particular person or subject; study of 
 myths. Hence or cogn. mytho'logER 1 , my- 
 tho'loffiST, nn., mytholo , g , ic(AL) aa., my- 
 tholo'g-iealLY 2 adv., mytho , log'izE(2, 3) 
 v.t. & i. [f. Gk muthologia (see prec. & -logy)] 
 
 mythus, n. Myth. [mod. L, as myth] 
 
 N 
 
 N (en), letter (pi. iVs, N's). (Print.) n (also 
 en) unit of measurement; (Math.) indefinite 
 number (to the nth, to any required power, 
 also fig. to any extent, to the utmost) ; N-rays, 
 N^-rays, forms of radiation. 
 
 Abbreviations (1): N.: National, as N.L.C. 
 (Liberal Club), N.L.F. (Liberal Federation), 
 N.S.P.C.C. (Society for Prevention of Cruelty 
 to Children) ; Natural, N.O.(rder); New, as 
 N.F.(oundland), N.H.(ampshire), N.J.(ersey), 
 N.Mex.(ico),N.S.(tyle),N.S.W.(SouthWales), 
 N.T.(estament), N.Y.(ork), N.Z.(ealand);non, 
 N.C.O.(-commissioned officer); North, as 
 N.B.(ritain), N.C.(arolina), N.Dak.(ota), N. 
 & N.E.(ast) & N.W.(est) as points of compass 
 & as London postal districts, N.W.Prov.- 
 (inces) ; not, N.S.(ufficient) ; Nota, N.B.(ewe) ; 
 Nova, N.S.(cotia). n.: neuter; no, n.d.(ate); 
 noon ; noun. 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Nah.(um) ; Nebr.(aska) ; 
 Neh.(emiah) ; nem.(ine) con.(tradice?ite) ; 
 nem.l ine) <Hs.(smtiente) ; Nev.(ada); N<>, 
 N*>s, number(s) ; Northants., Northampton- 
 shire ; Northumb.(erland) : Norvie., bishop 
 of Norwich ; Notts., Nottinghamshire ; 
 Num.(bers, O.-T. book). 
 
 nab, v.t. (slang). Apprehend, arrest; catch 
 in wrong-doing. .[?] 
 
 na'bob, n. (Hist.) Mohammedan official 
 or governor under Mogul empire ; wealthy 
 luxurious person, esp. one returned from India 
 with fortune. [ = nawab] 
 
 na'carat, n. Bright orange-red colour. [F, 
 perh. f. Sp. & Port, nacarado (nacre)] 
 
 na'cre (-ker), n. Pinna or sea-pen ; (shellfish 
 yielding) mother-o'-pearl. Hence na'ereous 
 (ri), na'erous, aa. [F, = Sp. & Port, nacar 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 na'dir, n. Point of heavens directly under 
 observer (opp. zenith) ; (transf.) lowest point, 
 place or time of greatest depression &c [f. 
 Arab, nadir (es-semt) opposite to (zenith)] 
 
NAG 
 
 537 
 
 NAPKIN 
 
 nag 1 , n. Small riding horse or pony ; horse 
 (colloq.). [?] 
 
 nag"-, v.i. & t. Find fault or scold (intr.) 
 persistently (at person) ; annoy thus. Hence 
 na'ggiNG 1 n. [cf. Norw. 8$ Sw. nagga gnaw] 
 
 na'gop, n. Senegal antelope, [vvd made hy 
 Buffon] 
 
 nai'ad (ni-), n. Water-nymph, [f. L f. Gk 
 naias -ados (nao flow)] 
 
 nai'f (nah-e'f), a. (rare). = naive. IF] 
 
 nail 1 , n. Horny covering of outer tip of 
 finger & upper tip of toe (n.-brush, -scissors, 
 for cleaning & paring nn. ; tooth &n.), whence 
 -nailED 2 a. ; claw, talon ; hard excrescence on 
 some soft-billed birds' upper mandible ; small 
 metal spike usu. with point & broadened head 
 driven in with hammer to hold things together 
 or as peg or ornament (hit n., or right n., on 
 head, give true explanation, propose or do 
 right thing, hit the mark ; n. in one's coffin ; 
 on the n., without delay, esp. of payment ; hard 
 as nn., in fine training; right as nn., quite 
 right) ;n. -head, architectural ornament. Hence 
 nai'lLESS a. [OE nxgel cf. Du. & G nagel, 
 cogn. w. L unguis, Gk onux\ 
 
 nail 2 , v.t. Fasten with nn. (on, to, together, 
 down, in, &c. ; n. colours to mast, persist ; n. to 
 counter, barndoor, expose as spurious, vile ; 
 n. up, close, affix at height, with nn.; nailed-up 
 drama, ill-constructed, loosely put together) ; 
 fix or keep fixed (person, attention, &c.) ; secure, 
 catch, engage, succeed in getting hold of, 
 (person or thing). [OE nxglan cf. prec] 
 
 nai'lep, n. Js ail-maker, whence nai*lERY(3) 
 n.; (slang) excellent specimen, person very 
 skilful a£. [-er 1 ] 
 
 nai'ling 1 , a. In vbl senses; also (slang) 
 splendid, excellent, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 nainsdb'k, n. Fine cotton fabric, orig. 
 Indian, ff. Hind, nainsukh (nain eye, sukh 
 pleasure)] 
 
 naive (nah-e'v), naive (nav), a. Artless, 
 unaffected ; amusingly simple. Hence nai've- 
 ly 2 ; nai'vely, adv., naivete (nah-e'vta), 
 naiveTV (nae'vti), nai'vety (nav-), n. [F. 
 fern, of naif I. L nativus native] 
 
 na'ked, a. Unclothed, nude ; defenceless ; 
 unsheathed ; plain, undisguised, (the n. truth ; 
 n. facts ; in its n. absxirdity), exposed for ex- 
 amination (his n. heart) ; devoid of; treeless, 
 leafless, barren ; (of rock) exposed ; (of rooms) 
 unfurnished ; without ornament ; (of candles 
 &c.) exposed to air; without pericarp, leaves, 
 hairs, scales, shell, &c; without addition, com- 
 ment, support, evidence, &c. (n. faith, quota- 
 tions, v:ord, assertion) ; unassisted (n. eye, with- 
 out telescope &c.) ; N. Lady, N. Boys, meadow 
 saffron. Hence na'kedLY 2 adv., na'ked- 
 ness n. [OE nacod, nxead, cf. Du. naakt, G 
 nackt, cogn. w. L nudus] 
 
 na'nrfby-pa'mby, a. & n. Insipidly pretty, 
 affectedly simple, mildly sentimental ; (n.) talk 
 or composition of this kind. Hence na'mby- 
 pa'mbyiSM^, 4) n. [formed on name of 
 Ambrose Philips pastoral writer d. 1749] 
 
 name 1 , n. Word by which individual person, 
 animal, place, or thing, is spoken of or to 
 (mention person by n.; Tom by n., by n. Tom, 
 called ; know by n. , individually, also by hearsay 
 only ; of or by the n. of, called ; put one's n. down 
 for, apply as candidate &c; keep one's n. on, 
 take one's n. off, the books, remain, cease to be, 
 member of college, club, &c); word denoting 
 any object of thought, esp. one applicable to 
 many individuals (call person nn., describe him 
 by uncomplimentary nn.; give it a n. colloq., 
 mention the drink, present, &c. that you wish) ; 
 person as known, famed, or spoken of (adore 
 
 the n. of God ; Kelson himself & many great 
 nn. were there) ; all who go under one n. , family, 
 clan, people ; reputation (has an ill, a good n 
 has a n. for honesty, the n. of being honest ; 
 win oneself a n. ; bequeath a great n. ; persons 
 ofn. ; one's good n.) ; merely nominal existence 
 practically non-existent thing, (opp. fact, 
 reality, deed ; virtuous in n. ; honour had be- 
 come an.); in person's n., in the n. oj, invoking, 
 relying upon, calling to witness, (in God's n.; in 
 the n. of goodness, Jortune, common sense), 
 acting as deputy for or in the interest of (in 
 one's own name, independently, without autho- 
 rity) ; n.-child, one named after another (my 
 &c. n.-c.) ; n.-day, day of saint after whom 
 person is named (esp. of continental sovereigns); 
 n.-part, that after which play is named, title- 
 rdle ; namesake, person or thing with same n. 
 as another (his &c. namesake) [prob. f. phr. for 
 the n.'s sake]. [Aryan ; OE nama, cf. Du. naam, 
 G name, Skr. naman, L nomen, Gk onoma] 
 
 name 2 , v.t. Give n. to (after, from), call so- 
 &-so ; call (person, thing) by right n.; nominate, 
 appoint (to office &c.) ; mention, specify, (not to 
 be named on or in same day with, quite inferior 
 to) ; (of Speaker) mention (M.P.)as disobedient 
 to Chair (name !, vb or n., appeal to do this, or 
 to give n. of some person alluded to in speech); 
 cite as instance ; specify as something desired 
 (n. the day, of woman fixing date \ or wedding). 
 Hence na'niABLE a. [OE (ge)namian as prec] 
 
 na'meless, a. Obscure, inglorious ; not men- 
 tioned by name, left unnamed on purpose (esp. 
 who shall be n.) ; anonymous, unknown ; hav- 
 ing no name, bearing no name-inscription ; in- 
 expressible, indefinable ; too bad to be named, 
 abominable, loathsome, (esp. n. vices), [-less] 
 
 na'mely, adv. That is to say, videlicet. 
 
 [NAME 1, -LY 2 ] 
 
 nankeen, n. Kind of cotton cloth orig. 
 made of naturally yellow cotton ; (pi.) trousers 
 of this ; yellow or pale buff colour, [f. Nan- 
 king) in China] 
 
 na'nny(-g-oat), n. She-goat. [f. the female 
 name (cf. billy)] 
 
 Nantz, n. (archaic). Brandy (often right N. ). 
 [f. Nantes in France] 
 
 nap 1 , v.i.,&n. Sleep lightly or briefly (catch 
 napping, find asleep, take unawares, detect in 
 negligence or error; (n.) short sleep, doze, esp. 
 by day (often take a n.). [n. f. vb, OE knappian, 
 cf. OHG (h)naffez-] 
 
 nap 2 , n., & v.t. Surface given to cloth by 
 raising & then cutting & smoothing the short 
 fibres, pile, whence na'pLESS a. ; soft or downy 
 surface ; (vb) raise n. on (cloth), [f. MDu. or 
 MLG noppe(n)] 
 
 nap 3 , n. A card -game (go n. , risk attempting 
 highest form of win in this, often fig.), [abbr. 
 of Napoleon] 
 
 nape, n. Back of or usu. of neck. [?] 
 
 na'pery, n. (Sc. & archaic). Household, esp. 
 table, linen, [f. obs. F naperie (napkin, -ery*] 
 
 na'phtha (-fth-), n. Kinds of inflammable 
 oil got by dry distillation of organic substances, 
 as coal, shale, or petroleum. [L, f. Gk, = in- 
 flammable volatile liquid issuing from earth] 
 
 na'phthaline, n. White crystalline sub- 
 stance got in distilling coal-tar & used as disin- 
 fectant. Hence na*phthalizE(5) v.t. [prec. 
 
 + -Z-+-INE5] 
 
 na'pkin, n. (Also table-n.) square piece of 
 linen for wiping lips or fingers with at meals, 
 or serving fish &c. on ; small towel esp. for 
 nursery purposes ; lay up &c. in a n., make no 
 use of (Luke xix. 20) ; n.-ring, to distinguish 
 person's table-n. [prob. f. F nappe f. L mappa 
 table-cloth + -kin] 
 
NAPOLEON 
 
 538 
 
 NATIVE 
 
 napo'leon, n. French gold twenty-franc 
 piece of Napoleon I (double n., forty-franc piece); 
 kind of top-boot. If. name of French emperor] 
 
 Napoleo'nic, a. Of, like, &c, Napoleon I. 
 Hence or cogn. Napoleo'niCALLY 2 adv., Na- 
 po*leoniSM(3), Napo*leoniST(2), nn.,Napo*- 
 leoniZE(4) v.t. & i. [as prec, -ic] 
 
 na'ppy, a. (archaic). (Of ale &c.) foaming, 
 heady, strong. [perh. f. nap 2 , -y 2 ] 
 
 napu (nalrpoo), n. Musk-deer of Java & 
 Sumatra.^ [Malay] 
 
 nap'eeme, n. Alkaloid got from opium some- 
 times used instead of morphia, [f. Gk narke 
 numbness + -ine 5 ] 
 
 narci'ssus, n. (pL -ssuses, -ssi). Kinds of 
 bulbous plant, esp. one bearing heavily scent- 
 ed single white flower with undivided corona 
 edged with crimson & yellow. [L, f. Gknarkis- 
 sos perh. as prec. w. ref. to narcotic effect] 
 
 nar'eolepsy, n. Disease with fits of som- 
 nolence, [f. Gianarke numbness + (epi)lepsy] 
 
 narco'sis, n. Operation or effects of narco- 
 tics ; state of insensibility, [f. Gk narkosis 
 (narkoo benumb)] 
 
 napco'tic, a. & n. (Substance) inducing 
 drowsiness, sleep, stupor, or insensibility ; (fig.) 
 soporific (a. & n.) ; of narcosis. Hence nar*- 
 co'tiCALLY adv., nap*eotizE(3, 5) v.t., nar- 
 cotlzATiON, nap*cotiSM(5), nap*cotiST(2), 
 nn. [f. Gk narkotikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 nard, n. (Plant yielding) aromatic balsam 
 of ancients, [f. L f. Gk nardos f. Oriental wd] 
 
 nap'ghile (-gile), n. Oriental tobacco-pipe 
 with smoke passed through water, hookah, [f. 
 Pers. nargilch (nargil coco-nut)] 
 
 nappa'te (i\a-), v.t. Relate, recount, give 
 continuous account of, (abs.) utter or write nar- 
 rative. Hence or cogn. nappA'Tiox, nappa*- 
 tOR 2 , nappa'tPESS *, nn. [f. L narrare perh. 
 f. gnarus aware cogn. w. know, -ate 3 ] 
 
 na'ppative, n. & a. Tale, story, recital of 
 facts ; kind of composition or talk that confines 
 itself to these ; (adj.) in the form of, concerned 
 with, narration, whence na'PPativeLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L narrativus a. (prec, -ive)] 
 
 na'ppow, a, (-er, -est) & n., & v.i. & t. Of 
 small width in proportion to length, wanting in 
 breadth, constricted, (the n. way, righteous- 
 ness see Matt. vii. 14; n. vowels, made with 
 tongue & uvula tense); of small size, confined 
 or confining, (the n. bed, cell, house, grave ; 
 within n. bounds &c) ; of limited scope, re- 
 stricted, (in the narroivest sense ; n. circum- 
 stances, poverty) ; with little margin (a n. ma- 
 jority, escape) ; lacking in breadth of view or 
 sympathy, illiberal, prejudiced, exclusive, self- 
 centred, whence nappow-mindED 2 a., nar- 
 pow-mi'ndedLY^ adv., naprow-mi'nd- 
 edNESS n.; searching, precise, exact, (after a 
 n. examination); n. cloth, under 52 in., of "single 
 width usu. about a yard ; n. goods, ribbons, 
 braid, &c; n. gauge en railway, any of less 
 than 4ft 8iin. (formerly, the gauge of 4ft Shin.) ; 
 n. seas, English & Irish channels ; hence na'P- 
 powiSH 1 a.,na , ppowLY 2 adv.,na , ppowNESs 
 n. (N., usu. pi.) n. part of a sound, strait, river, 
 
 pass, or street. ( Vb) make or become narrower, 
 diminish, lessen, contract. [OE nearu, cf. Du. 
 naar dismal] 
 
 nap'thex, n. Railed-ofF western portico or 
 ante-nave in early Christian churches for 
 
 women, penitents, & catechumens. [Gk (-ex), 
 
 orig. name of a plant] 
 
 nap'whal (-wal), n. Arctic delphinoid ceta- 
 cean with straight horn(s) developed from one 
 or both of its two teeth, [f. Da. narhval cf. ON 
 ndhvalr (perh. nd-r corpse w. allusion to its 
 colour, WHALE)] 
 
 na'sal (-zl), a. & n. Of the nose (n. organ 
 facet., nose) ; (of letters or sounds) requiring 
 the nose passage to be open (n., such a letter 
 &c, e.g. m, n, ng), (of voice or speech) having 
 the twang described as speaking through the 
 nose, whence na*salizE(2, 3) v.i. & t., nasal- 
 izA'TioN n. Hence nasa'liTY n., na'salLY 2 
 adv. [f. med.L nasalis (L nasus nose, -al)] 
 
 na'seent (-snt), a. In the act of being born, 
 just beginning to be, not yet mature. So 
 na'scENCY n. [f. L nasci be born, -ent] 
 
 na'sebeppy (-z-), n. W.-Ind. tree yielding 
 Sapodilla plum. [f. Sp., Port., nespera medlar] 
 
 naso-, comb, form of L nasus nose, as -frontal 
 of nose & forehead. 
 
 nastup'tium (-shm), n. (Bot.) genus of 
 pungent-tasted cruciferous plants including 
 watercress ; trailing garden plant with bright 
 orange flowers, Indian cress. [L, derived by 
 Pliny f. nasus nose, torquere tort- pain] 
 
 na'sty, a. Disgustingly dirty, filthy; obscene, 
 delighting in obscenity ; disagreeable to smell 
 or taste, unpalatable lit. or fig., annoying, ob- 
 jectionable ; (of weather &c) foul, wet, stormy ; 
 hard to deal with or get rid of, serious, (a n. 
 sea, fence, bloic, illness ; a n. one, rebuff, snub, 
 disabling blow, &c) ; ill-natured, spiteful to. 
 Hence na'stiLY 2 adv., na*sti.\ESS n. [from 
 1400 ; etym. dub. ; cf. Du. nestig dirty] 
 
 na'tal, a. Of, from, one's birth, [f. Lnatalis 
 (nation, -al)] 
 
 nata'lity, n. Birth-rate. [F (-U), as prec. , -ty] 
 
 nata'tion, n. Swimming, [f. L natatio 
 (natare swim, -ation)] 
 
 natatorial, na'tatopy, aa. Swimming, 
 of swimming. [LL natatorius (prec), -ory, -al] 
 
 na'tes, n. pi. (anat.). Buttocks; anterior pair 
 of optic lobes in brain. [L] 
 
 na*th(e)less, adv. (archaic). Nevertheless, 
 [f. OE nd (ne not, d ever) + the + less] 
 
 na'tion, n. Distinct race or people having 
 common descent, language, history, or political 
 institutions (most favoured n. diplom., to 
 which State accords lowest scale of import 
 duties) ; (in mediaeval & some Scotch univv.) 
 body of students from particular country or 
 district; law ofnn. Hence na'tionHOOD n. [F, 
 f. L nationem nom. -o (nasci not- be born, -ion)] 
 
 na'tional, a. & n. Of a or the nation, com- 
 mon to the whole nation ; peculiar to or charac- 
 teristic of a particulawiation ; n. anthem, 'God 
 save the King ' & corresponding hymns of other 
 peoples ; n. debt ; N. Society, founded 1811 to 
 promote education of the poor; (n. pi., diplo- 
 matic) one's fellow-countrymen (consuls pow- 
 ers over his own nn.). Hence na'tionalLY 2 
 adv. [F (prec, -al)] 
 
 nationalism, n. Patriotic feeling, prin- 
 ciples, or efforts ; policy of national indepen- 
 dence, esp. in Ireland ; policy of nationalizing 
 industry. So na*tionaIiST(2) n. [-isM] 
 
 nationality, n. Being national, national 
 quality ; patriotic sentiment; one's nation (what 
 is his n.?) ; a nation (men of all nn.) ; existence 
 as a nation ; race forming part of one or more 
 political nations, [-ity] 
 
 nationalize, v.t. Make national; make 
 into a nation ; naturalize (foreigner) ; convert 
 (land, railways, manufactures, &c) into nation- 
 al property or undertakings. Hence nation- 
 alizA'TioN n. [-ize] 
 
 na'tive l , n. One born, or whose parents are 
 domiciled, in a place (of); (Austral.) white 
 born in Australia ; member of non-European 
 or uncivilized race ; indigenous animal or 
 plant ; oyster reared wholly or partly in British 
 waters, esp. in artificial beds. [f. med.L nativus 
 n. (L nativus a., see foil.)] 
 
NATIVE 
 
 539 
 
 NAVE 
 
 na'tive 2 , a. Belonging to a person or thing 
 by nature, innate, inherent, natural to, whence 
 na'tiveLY 2 adv. ; unadorned, simple, artless ; 
 of one's birth, where one was born ; belonging 
 to one by right of birth ; (of metals &c.) found 
 in pure or uncombined state (n. rock, in its 
 original place) ; born in a place (esp. of non- 
 Europeans), indigenous, not exotic ; of the nn. 
 of a place, ff. L nativus (nation, -ive)] 
 na'tivism, n. (philos.). Doctrine of innate 
 ideas. So na*tiviST(2) n. [-ism] 
 nati'vity, n. Birth of Christ, the Virgin, or 
 St John Baptist; picture of the N^ of Christ; 
 festival of Christ's N., Christmas, or of birth of 
 Virgin (8 Sep.) or St John (24 June) ; birth ; 
 (Astrol.) horoscope, [f. F nativity f. L nativi- 
 tatem (native, -ty)] 
 
 na'tpon, n. Native sesquicarbonate of soda. 
 [F f. Sp., f. Arab, natrun f. Gk nitron nitre] 
 na'tterjack, n. British species of toad with 
 yellow stripe down back. [?] 
 na'tty, a. Spruce, trim, daintily tidy ; deft- 
 handed ; showing deftness. Hence na'ttiLY 2 
 adv., na'ttiNESS n. [?] 
 
 na'tural (-tshdb-, -tshr-), a. & n. Based on the 
 innate moral sense, instinctive, (n. law, justice); 
 constituted by nature {n. day, year; in Mus., 
 n. note or key, not sharp or flat, so B n., F n., 
 Sec, n. scale, without accidentals; in Sci., n. 
 classification, orders with abbr. N.O., &c, esp. 
 in Bot. of Jussieii's arrangement of species ac- 
 cording to likeness as opp. Linnaeus's sexual 
 system) ; normal, conformable to the ordinary 
 course of nature, not exceptional or miracu- 
 lous or irregular, (n. magic ; n. death, by age or 
 disease, not accident, poison, or violence) ; not 
 enlightened or communicated by revelation 
 (the n. man ; n. religion, theology) ; physically 
 existing, not spiritual or intellectual or ficti- 
 tious, concerned with physical things, (the n. 
 world ; one's n. life, duration of one's life on 
 earth ; n. law) ; existing in or by nature, not 
 artificial, innate, inherent, self-sown, unculti- 
 vated ; life-like ; unaffected, easy-mannered, 
 not disfigured or disguised ; not surprising, to 
 be expected ; consonant or easy to (comes n. to 
 him); destined to be such by nature (to. enemies, 
 antithesis) ; so related by nature only, illegiti- 
 mate, (n. son, child, brother, Sec.) ; dealing with 
 nature as a study (to. history, study of animal 
 life, esp. as set forth for popular use, also aggre- 
 gate of facts about the natural objects or the 
 characteristics o/a place or class ; n. historian, 
 writer on n. history; n. pthilosophy, physics; 
 n. philosopher, physicist; n. science); n.-born, 
 having the character or position by birth ; 
 hence na'turalNESS n. (X.) person half-witted 
 from birth ; (Mus.) n. note, white key in piano ; 
 hand making 21 as first dealt in vingt-et-un. 
 [f. L naturalis (nature, -al)] 
 na'turalism, n. Action based on natural 
 instincts ; moral or religious system on purely 
 natural basis ; (Philos.) view of the world that 
 excludes the supernatural or spiritual ; realistic 
 method, adherence to nature, in literature & 
 art; indifference to conventions, [prec, -ism] 
 na'tupalist, n. & a. One who believes in or 
 practises naturalism ; student of animals or 
 plants; (adj.) = foil, [-ist] 
 natupali'stic, a. Of, according to, natural- 
 ism ; of natural history. Hence natupali'st- 
 ically adv. [-IC] 
 
 naturalize, v.t. & i. Admit (alien) to citi- 
 zenship ; adopt (foreign word, custom, &c.) ; 
 introduce (animal, plant) into another country ; 
 become naturalized; free from conventions, 
 make natural ; free from the miraculous, place 
 on naturalistic basis ; pursue natural history. 
 
 Hence natupalizATiON n. [f. F naturaliser 
 
 (NATURAL, -IZE)J 
 
 na'tupally, adv. In adj. senses; esp., as 
 might be expected, of course, [-ly 2 ] 
 na'ture (-tsher, -tuT), n. Thing's essential 
 qualities, (in or by or from the n. of the case or 
 of things, inevitably considering these quali- 
 ties), person's or animal's innate character 
 (whence -natupED-a.; by n., innately ; good, 
 ill, second, «.), general characteristics & feel- 
 ings of mankind (often human to.), specified 
 element of human character (the rational, ani- 
 mal, moral, n.), person of specified character 
 (sanguine nn. do not feel this ; there are nn. 
 who can never—) ; kind, sort, class, (things of 
 this n, ; is in or of the n. of a command), (of 
 guns or shot) size (100 of each n. of case-shot) ; 
 inherent impulses determining character or 
 action (against n., unnatural, immoral); vital 
 force or functions or needs (n. is exhausted ; 
 such a diet will not support n.; ease n., evacu- 
 ate bowels or bladder) ; physical power causing 
 phenomena of material world, these pheno- 
 mena as a whole, (N-, these personified ; N.'s 
 engineering ; all n. looks gay ; N. is the best 
 physician ; law 1 of to. ; in the course of n., in 
 the ordinary course; debt of n., death; in to., 
 actually existing, also anywhere, at all ; against 
 or contrary to to., miraculous, miraculously); 
 naturalness or fidelity in art ; state of n., un- 
 regenerate condition (opp. state of grace 1 ), 
 condition of man before society is organized, 
 uncultivated or undomestioated state of plants 
 or animals, bodily nakedness ; to. -printing, 
 method of producing print of leaves &c. by 
 pressing them on prepared plate. [F, f. L na- 
 tura inasci nat- be born, -ure)] 
 
 naught (nawt), n. & pred. a. (archaic). No- 
 thing, nought, (set at n., or nought) ; (Arith.) 
 cipher, nought; (adj.) worthless, useless. [OE 
 nawuht (nd see nathless, wight)] 
 
 naugh'ty, a. (used of, to, or by children, or 
 in imit. of childish speech). Wayward, dis- 
 obedient, badly behaved ; wicked, blame- 
 worthy, indecent. Hence naug-h'tiLY 2 adv., 
 nauglvtiNESS n. [prec, -y 2 ] 
 
 nau'sea, n. Feeling of sickness ; sea-sick- 
 ness ; loathing. [L, f. Gk nausia (naus ship)] 
 
 nau'seate, v.t. & i. Reject (food, or fig.) 
 with loathing ; affect with nausea, whence 
 nau'seatiNG 2 a.; feel sick (at), loathe food, 
 occupation, &c. [f. L nauseare (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 nau'seous, a. Causing nausea ; offensive 
 to taste or smell, nasty; disgusting, loathsome. 
 Hence nau'seousLY 2 adv„ nau'seousNESS 
 
 n. [NAUSEA, -OUS] 
 
 nauteh, n. E. -Indian exhibition of profes- 
 sional dancing girls (n.-girl, one of these), [f. 
 Hind. nach~\ 
 
 nau'tical, a. Of sailors or navigation, naval, 
 maritime. Hence nau'tiealLY 2 adv. [L f. Gk 
 nautikos (nautes sailor f. naus ship), -al] 
 
 nau'tilus, n. (pi. -li). Paper to., small cepha- 
 lopod of which the female has very thin shell 
 & webbed sail-like arms; pearly n., cephalopod 
 with chambered shell having nacreous septa, 
 [f. L f. Gk naxdilos sailor (prec)] 
 
 na'val, a. Of, in, for, &c, ships or (usu.) the 
 or a navy (n. stores, all materials used in ship- 
 ping; n. officer, in navy) ; fought, won, &c, by 
 or consisting of or based on ships of war. Hence 
 na'valLY 2 adv. [f. L navalis (navis ship, -al)] 
 
 nave 1 , n. Central block of wheel holding 
 axle & spokes, hub. [OE nafu, cf. Du. naaf, G 
 nabe, & see navel] 
 
 nave 2 , n. Body of church from inner door to 
 chancel or choir, usu. separated by pillars from 
 aisles, [f. L navis ship] 
 
NAVEL 
 
 &0 
 
 NEBULOUS 
 
 na'vel, n. Depression in front of belly left 
 by severance of umbilical cord ; central point 
 of anything ; n. orange, large orange with n.- 
 like formation at top ; n.-string, structure con- 
 necting foetus & placenta, umbilical cord : n.- 
 wort, kinds of plant. [OE nafela, cf. Du. navel, 
 G nabel, derivatives of st. of nave 1 , cogn. w. 
 Skr. nabhila, Gk omphalos] 
 
 navi'eulap, a. & n. Boat-shaped (of shrines, 
 & of parts of plants or body ; esp. n. bone in 
 hand or usu. foot; n. disease, or n. as noun, 
 disease in horse's n. bone), [f. LL naviculars 
 (L navicula dim. of navis ship, -ar 1 )] 
 
 na'vigable, a. (Of river, sea, &c.) affording 
 passage for ships ; seawortby {in n. condition) ; 
 (of balloon) steerable, dirigible. Hence navi- 
 gaBi'LiTY n. [f. L navigabilis (foil., -able)] 
 
 na'vigate, v.i. & t. Voyage, sail ship ; sail 
 over or up or down (sea, river) ; manage, direct 
 course of, (ship, flying-machine). If. L navigare 
 (navis ship, agere drive), -ate 3 ] 
 
 navigation, n. Navigating (inland n, , com- 
 munication by canals & rivers ; aerial n., of 
 airships or balloons) ; methods of determining 
 ship's position & course by geometry & nautical 
 astronomy, seamanship ; voyage ; n.-coal, steam- 
 coal, [f. L navigatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 na'vigfatop, n. One charged with or skilled 
 in navigation ; sea explorer ; navvy. [L (navi- 
 gate, -or 2 )] 
 
 na*wy, n. Labourer employed in excavat- 
 ing &c. for canals, railways, roads, &c. ; (also 
 steam-n.) mechanical excavator, [abbr. of prec. J 
 
 na'vy, n. Fleet (poet.); whole of State's 
 ships of war with their crews & all the organi- 
 zation for their maintenance ; officers & men 
 of n. ; n. bill, issued by Admiralty in lieu of 
 cash payment; n. blue n., n.-blue a., (of) the 
 dark blue used in naval uniform ; n. league, 
 association founded to rouse national interest 
 in n. ; n. list, official book with all naval officers' 
 names & other information, [f. OF navie fleet 
 (L navis ship, -v 1 )] 
 
 nawab (na-wawb), n. Native governor or 
 nobleman in India; (rare) rich retired Anglo- 
 Indian, nabob, [f. Hind, naicwab] 
 
 nay, particle equivalent to negative sentence, 
 & n. =no 4 (archaic) ; why, well, (vaguely in- 
 troducing comment on another's statement &c. ; 
 archaic) ; or rather, & even, & more than that, 
 (weighty, nay, unayiswerable). (X.) the word 
 n. (will not take n., disregards refusals ; yea & 
 n., shilly-shally; say n., make denial or usu. 
 refusal, = refuse or contradict, as cannot say 
 him n. ). [f. ON nei (ne not. ei ever)] 
 
 Nazare'ne, n. & a. Native of Nazareth ; (in 
 Jewish, Moham., use) Christian; member of 
 early Jewish-Christian sect (adj., of this sect), 
 [f. L f. Gk Nazarenos (Nazaret Nazareth)] 
 
 Na'zarite 1 , n. Native of Nazareth, [f. L 
 Nazaraeus f. Gk Nazoraios 4- -ite l (l)] 
 
 Na'zarite 2 , n. Hebrew who had taken cer- 
 tain vows of abstinence (Numb. vi). [f. L 
 Nazaraeus f. Heb. nazir (nazar separate one- 
 self) + -ite i( 2)] 
 
 naze,n. Promontory, headland, ness. r=XESS] 
 
 -nd 1 , suf. of nn. & adjj. formed f. L gerun- 
 dive (-andus, -endus, -undus) = (thing) to be 
 treated in such a way, as deodand, reverend, 
 dividend ; also in the full L form, as memoran- 
 dum, agenda ; & an element in -bund (mori- 
 bund), -cund (fecund, rubicund). 
 
 -nd 2 , suf. forming nn. ^sfiend (hating), friend 
 (loving) = the old part, termination -and. 
 
 neap, a. & n., & v.t. & i. N.-tide or n., tide 
 soon after moon's first & third quarters in 
 which high- water level is at lowest. ( Vb) : (of 
 tides) tend towards n.; (of tide) reach highest 
 
 point of n.-tide ; (pass., of ship) be prevented 
 from getting off by neaping of tides. [OE nip- 
 flod etym. dub.] 
 
 Neapd'litan, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Naples 
 (N. ice, ice-cream made in strata of different 
 colours & flavours, sweetmeat of similar ap- 
 pearance; N. violet, double sweet-scented kind 
 of viola), [f. L Neapolitanus (Neapolites f. L 
 f. Gk Neapolis f. neos new, polis city, -an)] 
 
 near 1 , adv. & prep, (-er, -est, also as advv. & 
 prepp.). To, at, a short distance, in (to) proxim- 
 ity in space or time, far <£• n., everywhere; 
 n. at hand, within easy reach, not far in the 
 future ; n. upon, not far in time from) ; almost, 
 nearly, not nearly or anything like, (now usu. 
 nearly ; xcas n. dead xcith fright ; lasted n. a 
 century ; so n. upon ; not n. so numerous) ; 
 closely (as n. as one can guess ; the nearer it 
 resembles him the less I like it) ; parsimoniously 
 (lives very n.) ; go n. to do, conic or go n. doing, 
 nearly do &c. (Prep.) n. in space, time, condi- 
 tion, or resemblance, to (comes no nearer the 
 end ; lies n. his heart, affects him deeply ; the 
 time draws n. Christmas ; sun is n. setting ; 
 hope came n. fulfilment ; who comes nearest 
 him in wit ?). [f. ON nxr orig. comp. of nd- = 
 OE neah nigh] 
 
 near 2 , a. (often governing n. in pred. use ; so 
 also in comp. & superl. ). Closely related (n. re- 
 lation ; is n. akin to; is n. me in blood ; n. <£> 
 dear), intimate (a n. friend) ; (of parts of 
 animals or vehicles, or horses &c. in team) left 
 (opp. off; the n. fore leg, wheel ; the n. wheeler) ; 
 close at hand, close to, in place or time (the 
 nearest man ; on a n. day ; the man n. or near- 
 est you; is nearer to, or nearer, us; n. work, 
 that must be done with the eye close to it ; the 
 n. prospect of reward) ; (of road or way) direct ; 
 close, narrow, (a n. guess, resemblance, trans- 
 lation, race, escape); niggardly; n.-sighted, 
 short-sighted. Hence near'isH *(2) a., near*- 
 ness n. ff. prec] 
 
 near 3 , v.i. & t. Drawn, (to), approach, [f. 
 near h 2] v 
 
 Neap'ctic, a. (zool.). Of arctic & temperate 
 parts of N. America, [f. Gk neos new, arctic] 
 
 near'ly, adv. Closely (examine it n.; n. re- 
 lated; concerns me n.; approached the place 
 n.; correspond, resemble, n.) ; almost; not n., 
 nothing like, [near 2 , -ly 2 ] 
 
 neat 1 , n. (sing. & collect, as pi.). Any animal 
 of ox kind ; (collect.) cattle ; n.-herd, cowherd; 
 n.-house, cattle-shed ; n.'s-foot, n.'s-tongue, used 
 as food ; n.'s-leather, ox-hide. [OE neat, cf. ON 
 naut, cogn. w. OE niotan possess] 
 
 neat 2 , a. (Of liquor, esp. alcoholic) undiluted ; 
 of elegant simplicity in form or arrangement, 
 nicely made or proportioned ; (of language, 
 style, sayings) brief, clear, & pointed, cleverly 
 phrased, epigrammatic ; def t,dextrous,cleverly 
 done ; tidy, methodical ; n.-handed, dextrous. 
 Hence nea'tLY 2 adv., nea'txESS n. [AF neit 
 = F net f. L nitidus shining (nitere shine)] 
 
 neath, prep. (poet.). Beneath, [f. beneath] 
 
 neb, n. (Sc). Beak or bill : nose ; snout ; tip, 
 spout, point. [OE nebb cf. Du. nebbe] 
 
 ne'bula, n. (pi. -lae). Clouded speck on cor- 
 nea causing defective sight ; ( Astron. ) luminous 
 patch made by cluster of distant stars or by 
 gaseous or stellar matter outside solar system. 
 [L, = mist, cf. Gk nephele, G nebel] 
 
 ne'bulap, a. Of nebula(e) ; n. theory or hypo- 
 thesis, that solar & stellar systems were de- 
 veloped from nebulae, [-ar 2 ] 
 
 nebu'lium, n. Element known only as pro- 
 ducing green line in spectrum of gaseous nebu- 
 lae, [-ium] 
 
 ne'bulous, a. (Astron.) of, like, nebula(e), 
 
NECESSARIAN 
 
 511 
 
 NEEDLE 
 
 n. star, small cluster of indistinct stars, or star 
 in luminous haze ; cloud-like ; hazy, vague, in- 
 distinct, formless ; clouded, turbid. So nebu- 
 Io'Sitv n._[f. L nebulosus (nebula, -ous)J 
 
 necessarian, n. & a. = necessitarian. 
 Hence neeessap*ianis.M(3) n. [L necesse 
 
 NECESSARY, -ARIAN] 
 
 ne'eessarily, adv. As a necessary result, 
 inevitably. 1-ly 2 ] 
 
 ne'cessary, a. & n. Indispensable, requisite, 
 (to or for person &c; it is n. that, to do), re- 
 quiring to, that must, be done ; determined, by 
 Eredestination or natural laws, not by free will, 
 appening or existing by necessity, (of concept 
 or mental process) inevitably resulting from 
 nature of things or the mind, inevitably pro- 
 duced by previous state of things, (of agent) 
 having no independent volition. (N.) thing 
 -Without which life cannot be maintained (often 
 the nn. of life) ; (loosely) desirable thing not 
 generally regarded as a luxury ; (abs. use of 
 a"dj.) the n. (slang), money or action needed for 
 a purpose (provide, find, do, the n.). [f. L neces- 
 sarius (necesse needful, -ary a )] 
 
 necessitarian, n. & a. (Person) denying 
 free will & maintaining that all action is deter- 
 mined by antecedent causes. Hence neces- 
 sitar*ianiSM(3) n. (necessity, -arian] 
 
 necessitate, v.t. Force, compel, (person) to 
 do (now rare); render necessary, involve as con- 
 dition or accompaniment or result, [f. med.L 
 necessitare (necessity), -ate 3 ] 
 
 necessitous, a. Poor, needy, [foil., -ous] 
 
 necessity, n. Constraint or compulsion re- 
 garded as a law prevailing through the material 
 universe & governing all human action (often 
 physical n.; logical n., compulsion to believe 
 that of which the opposite is inconceivable ; 
 absolute, moral, natural, &c, n.); constraining 
 pow r er of circumstances, state of things com- 
 pelling to certain course, (ofn., unavoidably; 
 make a virtue ofn., claim credit fordoing what 
 one cannot help doing, do thing with a good 
 grace ; am under the n. of doing ; n. knows no 
 law, absolves from any offence); imperative 
 need (for; n. is the mother of invention)', indis- 
 pensability (the n. of protecting life & property); 
 indispensable thing, necessary ; (usu. pi.) want, 
 poverty, hardship, pressing need. [f. F neces- 
 sity f. L necessitatem (necesse needful, -ty)] 
 
 neck 1 , n. P^art of body that connects head 
 with shoulders (break one's, «., dislocate verte- 
 brae of this, be killed so ; break n. of task &c. , 
 get hardest part of it over ; save one's «., escape 
 hanging; n. & wop, headlong, bodily; n. or 
 nothing, desperately, staking all on success, it 
 is a case for desperate attempts ; n. & n., run- 
 ning even in race); flesh of animal's n. as food 
 (esp. n. of mutton) ; part of shirt &c. that touches 
 n.; narrow part o/ vessel, esp. of bottle near 
 mouth, or of passage, pass, or channel ; pass, 
 narrow channel, isthmus ; narrow connecting 
 part between two parts of thing ; (Arch.) lower 
 part of capital ; n.-band, part of garment round 
 n. ; neckcloth, cravat; ne'ekerchief, kerchief 
 worn round n.; necklace, ornament of precious 
 stones or metal, or beads &c, worn round n.; 
 n.-tie, band of silk &c. securing or seeming to 
 secure shirt-collar; n.-verse, Latin verse (usu. 
 beginning of Ps. li) printed in black letter by 
 reading which person claiming benefit of clergy 
 might save his n. Hence (-)neckED 2 a. [OE 
 hnecca, cf. Du. nek, G nacken] 
 
 neck 2 , n. Last sheaf of corn cut. [?] 
 
 ne'eking", n. (archit.). Part of column be- 
 tween shaft & capital, [neck ', -ing 1 ] 
 
 necklet, n. Ornament or fur protector for 
 neck, [-let] 
 
 necr(o)-, comb, form of Gk nekros corpse, 
 dead body, as -ge'nic produced by contact with 
 dead bodies, -phore burying beetle, -bio'sis de- 
 cay in tissues of body, -latry, -logy death-roll 
 or obituary notice, -phagous feeding on carrion, 
 -polis cemetery, -psy or -scopy, post-mortem 
 examination. 
 
 necromancy, n. Art of predicting by 
 means of communication with the dead ; magic, 
 enchantment. So necromaneER 1 n., ne- 
 eroma'ntic a. [f. OF nygromancie f. med.L 
 nigromantia changed by assoc. w. L m^rer black 
 f. L f. Gk nekromanteia (prec, -mangy)] 
 
 necresis, n. (path. ). Death of circumscribed 
 piece of tissue,esp. mortification of bones. Hence 
 neero'Tic a., neerotiZE(3) v.i. [f. Gk nekrosis 
 (nekroo kill, see necro-)] 
 
 nectar, n. (Gk myth.) drink of the gods (cf. 
 ambrosia); any delicious drink ; sweet fluid or 
 honey produced by plants ;_kind of aerated 
 water. Hence or cogn. nectar'EAN, nectar*- 
 eous, nectarED 2 , neetari'FEROus, nec- 
 tarous, aa. [f. Gk nektar etym. dub.] 
 
 ne'etarine, n. Kind of peach with thin down- 
 less skin & firm flesh, [n. use of obs. or rare adj. 
 
 (NECTAR, -INE 1 )] 
 
 ne*ctary,n. Flower's or plant's honey-secret- 
 ing organ, [f. nectar, prob. on false anal, of 
 ovar^y (-ary a ) for nectarary] 
 
 Neddy, n. Donkey, [dim. of Edward ; -y 3] 
 
 n6e (na), a. Born (used in adding woman's 
 maiden name, as Mrs Smith, n. Jones). [F] 
 
 need 1 , n. Circumstances requiring some 
 course (if 11. be or were, there is no &c. n., to do 
 or abs.; have n., require to; had n., ought to, 
 as had n. remember); imperative demand for 
 presence or possession of (the n. of further se- 
 curities ; have n, of, require, want); emergency, 
 crisis, time of difficulty, (a friend in n. is a 
 Jriend indeed ; good atn. ; failed him in his n.); 
 destitution, lackof necessaries, poverty, whence 
 nee'dY* 2 a., neediNESS n.; thing wanted, re- 
 spect in which want is felt, requirement, (my 
 nn. are few); (pi.) offices of nature (do one's nn.); 
 nee'dfire, fire got from dry wood by friction. 
 [com.-Teut.; OKnitd^neod, cf. Du. nood, G not] 
 
 need 2 , v.i. & t. (3 sing. pres. needs, & need as 
 specified below). Be necessary (archaic ; it needs 
 not, it is needless ; there needs, so-&-so is re- 
 quired ; more than needs, than is necessary ; 
 what need or needs ?, why should one ?); stand 
 in n. of, require, (intr.) be needy ; be under ne- 
 cessity or obligation to (do &c.) or to do (3 sing. 
 need, & to omitted, in neg. & interrog. forms ; 
 he n. not trouble himself ; it needs to be done 
 with care ; why n. he have come tonight ?; n. not 
 have done &c, usu. form = did not n. to do &c; 
 often ellipt., as don't be longer away than you 
 n.). [OE niodian (prec.)] 
 
 needful, a. Requisite, necessary, indispens- 
 able, (to, for, or abs. ; it is n. to do, or that ; the 
 n., what is necessary, esp. slang, the money re- 
 quired, also do the n. in football, convert try 
 into goal). Hence needfulNESS n. [-ful] 
 
 nee'dle, n., & v.t. & i. Thin round long piece 
 of steel pointed at one end & with eye for thread 
 at other used in sewing (knitting, darning, 
 packing, crochet, &c, -n., shapes or modifica- 
 tions of it for different purposes; sharp asan. y 
 lit., & fig. acute, observant; look for n. in bot- 
 tle 3 &c. of hay ; pins & nn. ; n. 's eye, least pos- 
 sible aperture, esp. w. ref. to Matt. xix. 24); piece 
 of magnetized steel used as indicator on dial of 
 compass & magnetic & electric apparatus, esp. 
 in telegraphy ; strip of standard gold or silver 
 used for comparison- in assaying with touch- 
 stone; pointed etching instrument; pointed 
 surgical instrument used in soft cataract ; end 
 
NEEDLESS 
 
 of hypodermic syringe; steel pin exploding 
 cartridge of breechloader ; obelisk ; sharp rock, 
 peak ; beam used as temporary support during 
 under-pinning; n. -shaped crystal ; leaf of flr or 
 pine ; (slang) the n., fit of nervousness ; n.-bath, 
 shower-bath with fine spray ; n.-book, book- 
 shaped n.-case ; n.-Jish, kinds of fish, esp. gar- 
 fish ; nee'dleful, length of cotton &c. put into n. 
 at once ; n.-gun, in which cartridge is exploded 
 by impact of n. ; n.-lace, made with nn. not bob- 
 bins ; n.-point, fine sharp point, also point-lace 
 made with nn.; needlewoman, sempstress, also 
 good or bad user of n.; needlework, sewing or 
 embroidery. (Vb) sew, pierce, or operate on, 
 with n.; thread (one's way) between or through 
 things; under-pin with n.-beams; form n.- 
 shaped crystals ; thread one's way. [OE nxdl, 
 cf. G nadel, Da. naal, prob. cogn. w. L nere 
 spin, Gk nesis spinning & nema thread] 
 nee'dless, a. Unnecessary, uncalled for, 
 (n. to say used parenth., as I need not tell you). 
 Hence nee'dlessLY 2 adv., nee'dlessNESS 
 n T-lessI 
 
 needments, n. pi. Things needed, esp. 
 personal necessaries carried on journey, [need 
 n. or v., -ment] 
 
 needs, adv. Of necessity (now only after or 
 before must ; n. must do, cannot help or avoid 
 or get out of doing ; ?7iust n. do, sometimes = 
 n. must do, usu. foolishly insists or insisted on 
 doing). [OE nydes (need l , -es»] 
 ne'er (nar), adv. (Poet.) never (not used 
 ellipt. for sentence like never) ; n. a, not a 
 single ; n.-do-well, -weel, good-for-nothing (per- 
 son), jcontr. of never] 
 
 nefap'ious, a. Wicked, iniquitous. Hence 
 nefap*iousLY 2 adv., nefap'iousNESS n. [f. 
 L nefarius (nefas wrong), -ous] 
 nega'te, v.t. Nullify, deny existence of, im- 
 ply or involve non-existence of, be the nega- 
 tion of. [from 1835 only, f. L negare deny, -ate 3 ] 
 nega'tion, n. Denying ; negative statement 
 or doctrine; refusal, contradiction, denial of; 
 (Log.) affirmation of difference or exclusion ; 
 absence or opposite of something actual or 
 positive ; negative or unreal thing, nonentity. 
 So ne'gatORY a. [f. L negatio (prec, -ation)] 
 nega'tionist, n. One who denies accepted 
 beliefs without proposing substitutes, [-ist] 
 negative 1 , a. Expressing or implying de- 
 nial, prohibition, or refusal (n. proposition in 
 logic, asserting difference or discrepancy ; n. 
 statute, vote, answer ; n. voice, right of veto) ; 
 wanting, consisting in the w r ant of, positive 
 attributes (n. virtue, abstention from wrong- 
 doing ; n. instance, evidence, of non-occurrence 
 of something; n. caxises of dissatisfaction, sins 
 of omission) ; (Alg.) denoting quantities to be 
 subtracted from others or from zero (n. sign, 
 — ),(colloq., facet. )n. quantity, nothing; (Electr.) 
 of the kind produced by friction on resin &c. 
 •(opp. positive, on glass), containing or produc- 
 ing such electricity ; of opposite nature to thing 
 regarded as positive {debt is n. capital, & capi- 
 tal n. debt) ; (Photog.) having lights & shadows 
 oi the actual object or scene reversed. Hence 
 ne'gativeLY 2 adv., ne'gativeNESs, nega- 
 tl*viTY, nn. [f. LL negativus (negate, -ive)] 
 negative 2 , n. N. statement, reply, or word 
 {it is hard to prove an.; he returned a n., 
 answered ' no ' &c. ; tivo nn. make an affirma- 
 tive) ; right of veto ; in the n., negative(ly) (esp. 
 in ministerial answers in Parliament, the 
 answer is in the n., no ; it was decided in the n., 
 proposal was rejected) ; n. quality, want of 
 something, (his character is made up of nn.) ; 
 (Alg.) n. or minus quantity ; (Photog.) print on 
 glass &c. with reversed lights & shadows from 
 
 512 NEIGHBOURED 
 
 which positive pictures are taken ; n. plate or 
 metal in voltaic battery, [f. prec] 
 ne'gative 3 , v.t. Veto, reject, refuse to ac- 
 cept or countenance ; disprove (inference, hy- 
 pothesis) ; contradict (statement) ; neutralize 
 (effect), [as prec] 
 
 negativism, n. Attitude of negationist. 
 So ne*gativisT(2) n. [-ism] 
 negle'ct, v.t., & n. Slight, not pay atten- 
 tions to ; leave uncared-for ; leave undone, be 
 remiss about ; omit to do or doing ; hence 
 negle'etABLE a. (rare). (N.) neglecting or be- 
 ing neglected ; disregard of; negligence ; hence 
 negle'etFUL a., negle*etfulLY 2 adv., neg- 
 le'ctfulNESS n. [(n. f. L neglectus -us) f. L 
 neglegere -led- (neg- not, legere pick up)] 
 ne^glig6 (-zha), n. Free & easy or uncere- 
 monious attire. [F, p.p. of negliger (prec.)l 
 ne'gligeable, a. (rare). Negligible, [f. F 
 negligcable (pFec, -able)] 
 ne'gligenee, n. Want of proper care or 
 attention, (piece of) carelessness ; freedom 
 from restraint or artificiality in literature, art. 
 So ne'gligENT a., ne'gligentLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 neglegentia (neglect, -ence)] 
 negligible, a. That need not be regarded 
 (esp. n. quantity), [as prec, -ible] 
 nego'tiate (-shi-), v.i. & t. Confer (with 
 another) with view to compromise or agree- 
 ment ; arrange (affair), bring about (desired 
 object), by negotiating; transfer(bill) toanother 
 for consideration, convert into cash or notes, 
 get or give value for (bill, cheque) in money ; 
 clear, get over, dispose of, (fence, obstacle, 
 difficulty). Hence or cogn. nego'tiABLE (-shot-) 
 a., nego'tiANT(l) (-shi-) n., negotiATiON (-si-, 
 -shi-), nego'tiatoR 2 (-shi-), nego'tiatPESs 1 
 (-sha-), nego'tiaTRix (-sha-), nn. [f. L negoti- 
 are (negotium business f. neg- not, otium lei- 
 sure), -ATE 3 ] 
 negpi'llo, n. Small negro ; one of dwarf 
 negro race in Central & S. Africa. [Sp., dim. 
 of NEGRO] 
 
 negpito (-re-), n. One of small negroid race 
 in Polynesia, [as prec] 
 
 ne'gPO, n. (fern, negress) & a. Member, esp. 
 male, of black-skinned woolly-haired flat-nosed 
 thick-lipped African race. (Adj.) of this race, 
 black-skinned, (n. minstrels, troupe of real or 
 sham nn. performing n. songs & dances) ; occu- 
 pied by, connected with, nn. ; black or dark (n. 
 ant, bat, monkey, dark species). N.-head, strong 
 black plug tobacco, also inferior india-rubber; 
 Negroland, part of Africa inhabited by nn. 
 Hence ne'gPOiD a. & n., negroi'dALa., ne*- 
 gpoPHiL a. & n., negPO'philiSM n., negpo- 
 pho'bia n. [Sp., f. L nigrum nom. niger black] 
 Ne'gus l , n. Ruler of Abyssinia, [native] 
 ne'gus 2 , n. Hot sweetened wine & water. 
 [Col. F. N., d. 1732] 
 
 neigh (na), v.i., & n. (Utter) cry (as) of 
 horse.' [OE hn&gan, cf. MHG negen, imit.] 
 neighbour (na'ber), n., & v.t. &i. Dweller 
 next door, near, in same street or village or 
 district, or in adjacent country (my n. Jones ; 
 are next-door nn. ; his nearest n. is 12 miles off' 
 our nn. across the Channel), esp. regarded as 
 one who should be friendly (good, bad, nn. ; 
 neigh'boupLY ! a., neign'boupliNESS n.) 
 or as having claim on others' friendliness (duty 
 to one's n., to any fellow man) ; person or thing 
 near or next another (my n. at dinner ; falling 
 tree brought down itsn.); (attrib.) neighbour- 
 ing ; hence neigh'bouPLESS a., neigh*- 
 bouPSHiP n. (Vb) adjoin, border upon, border 
 upen, (chiefly now in neigh'boupiNG 2 a.). 
 [OE ntahgebur (nigh, boor), cf. G nachbar] 
 neighboured, a. HavinK neighbours or 
 
NEIGHBOURHOOD 
 
 5i3 
 
 NERVOUS 
 
 surroundings of specified kind (ill n. ; a beauti- 
 fully n. town). [-el> 2 - J ] 
 
 neigrh'bouphdbd. n. Neighbourly feeling 
 or conduct (usu. gooan.) ; nearness, vicinity of 
 {in the n. of £100, about) ; neighbours, people of 
 a district, district, [-hood] 
 
 nei*thep(nidh-, nedh-j, adv., conj., a., & pron. 
 Adv.: (introducing word, clause, &c, that is to 
 be negatived equally with a following one at- 
 tached to it by nor) not either, not on the one 
 hand, (n. knowing nor caring; n. you nor I 
 knoic, n. he nor I know, n. I nor he knows ; also 
 often irreg., n. he nor she know ; n. does coward- 
 ice ens ure nor courage preclude defeat ; n. here 
 nor there) ; (placed at end to emphasize preced- 
 ing negative) either, anymore than something 
 else, (/ don't know that n.) ; (in apodosis after 
 negative protasis) not either {if you do not go, 
 n. shall I) ; (bibl.) not even (but n. so did their 
 witness agree). Conj. (archaic): nor, nor yet, (/ 
 know not, n. can I guess). Adj. & pron.: not 
 either, not the one nor the other, (n. accusation, 
 n. of the accusations, is true ; n. ofthemknoivs, 
 often also irreg. know) ; (loosely) none of any 
 number of specified things. [ME naither, ney- 
 ther, assim. of OE nawther contr. of ndhwxther 
 (nd not, whether) to either] 
 
 nek, n. (S.-Afr.). =col. [Du., = neck1 
 
 ne'lly, n. Largest kind of petrel, [perh. the 
 feminine name] 
 
 nemaco-,conib. form of Gk nema -atos thread 
 in scientific terms (— filamentous, having fila- 
 ment, thread-like), as -cyst cell in jelly-fish &c. 
 containing coiled thread that can be projected 
 as sting, nematode & ne'matoid aa. & nn. 
 (worm) of slender cylindrical shape. 
 
 Ne'mesis, n. Goddess of retribution ; retri- 
 butive justice, downfall that satisfies this. [Gk 
 {nemo give what is due)] 
 
 ne'mine, abl. of L nemo no one ; n. contradi- 
 cente or dissentiente (abbr. nem. con. or diss.) 
 unanimously. 
 
 ne'nuphar, n. Water-lily. [med.L, ult. f. 
 Skr. nilotpala (nil blue, utpala lotus)] 
 
 ne*o-, comb, form of Gk neos new, used as 
 living pref. to adjj. & nn., & adding the notions 
 new, modern, later, recast, lately found or in- 
 vented (n.-Catholic, n.-paganism; n.-Platon- 
 ism, 3rd-cent. inixture of Platonic ideas with 
 Oriental mysticism ; n.-Malthusianism, use of 
 preventives against conception ; n.- Hellenism, 
 revival of Greek ideals ; n. -Cambrian geol., of 
 the later Cambrian period ; ne'odoxy, new doc- 
 trine or view ; neonto'logy, study of extant 
 animals ; neozo'ic geol., of later period of geo- 
 logical history, post-palaeozoic). 
 
 neolrthic, a. Of the later stone age, when 
 ground orpolishedstone weapons & implements 
 prevailed, [prec, Gk lithos stone, -ic] 
 
 neolo'gian, a. & n. Of, inclined to, marked 
 by, neologism in theology ; (n.) neologist in 
 theology, [neology, -an] 
 
 neoTogism,neo*logy,nn. Coining or using 
 of new words, new-coined word ; tendency to 
 •or adoption of novel or rationalistic religious 
 views. So neo'log-iSTd) n., neo*log-iZE(2) v.i. 
 [f. F neologie, ntologisme (neo-, -logy)] 
 
 ne'on, n. (chem.). Lately discovered atmo- 
 spheric gas. [neut. of Gk neos new] 
 
 ne'ophpon, n. White Egyptian vulture & 
 allied birds, (name of man turned to vulture in 
 Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis] 
 
 ne'ophyte, n. New convert esp. among pri- 
 mitive Christians or Roman Catholics ; newly 
 ordained R.-C. priest ; novice of religious order; 
 beginner, novice, tiro. [f. eccl. L f. Gk neophu- 
 tos newly planted (neo-, phuo plant)] 
 
 neote*ple,a. Recent, new-fangled, modern. 
 
 [f. LL f. Gk neoterikos (neoteros comp. of neos 
 new, -ic)J 
 
 neotpo'pical, a. Of, found in, tropical & S. 
 America, [neo-, tropical] 
 
 nepe'nthe(s) (-z), n. Drug producing forget- 
 fulnessof grief (poet.) ; (-s) genus of plants with 
 pitcher-shaped leaves, Pitcher-plant. [(-«) L f. 
 Gk, neut. of nepenthes griefless (ne- not, pen- 
 thos grief)] 
 
 ne'phew (-v-), n. Brother's or sister's son. 
 [f. OF neveu f. L nepotem nom. -pos grandson, 
 nephew, cogn. w. OE nefa, G neffe] 
 
 nepho'logy, n. Study of the clouds, [f. Gk 
 nephos cloud, -logy] 
 
 nephrotic, a. Of or in the kidneys, renal, 
 [f. LL f. Gknephritikos (foil., -ic)] 
 
 nephrrtis, n. Inflammation of the kidneys. 
 [LL f. Gk (nephros kidney, -itis)] 
 
 nephp(o)-, comb, form (prec.) = kidney-, as 
 -ectomy excision of kidney, -logy, -tomy. 
 
 ne plus U'ltpa, n. Prohibition of advance, 
 impassable obstacle ; furthest point attained 
 or attainable ; highest pitch or form of, acme, 
 culmination. [L, = not more beyond, supposed 
 inscription on Pillars of Hercules] 
 
 ne'potism, n. Undue favour from holder of 
 patronage to relatives (orig. from Pope to il- 
 legitimate sons called nephews). So ne'pot- 
 iST(l)n. [f. It. nepotismo (nepote nephew, -ism)] 
 
 Ne'ptune, n. (God of) the sea (N.'s cup, kinds 
 of coral & sponge); farthest planet of solar 
 system, [f. L Xeptunus] 
 
 Neptu'nian, a. & n. (Geol.) produced by 
 water action ; (person) maintaining aqueous 
 origin of certain rocks, so Ne*ptuniST(2) n. 
 (opp. Vulcanist). Of planet Neptune, [f. L 
 Neptunvus (prec), -an] 
 
 Nep'eid, n. Sea-nymph; (Zool.) long sea- 
 worm or centipede, (f. L f. Gk Nereis -idos 
 daughter of sea-god _Nereus] 
 
 ner'o antfeo (nar-, -te-), n. Kind of black 
 marble found in Roman ruins. [It.] 
 
 nep'oli, n. Essential oil from orange-flowers 
 used in perfumery. [It., inventor's name] 
 
 Nepo'nian, a. Of, as of, the emperor Nero 
 or his times, cruel, licentious, tyrannical, [f. L 
 Neroniamis (Nero -onis, -ian)] 
 
 nep'vate, a. (bot.). (Of leaves) having ribs. 
 So nepvATiON n. [foil., -ate 2 ] 
 
 nerve, n., & v.t. Sinew, tendon, (now poet., 
 exc. in strain every n., make all possible efforts ; 
 also in pi. fig., as good laws are the nn. of a 
 State) ; vigour, energy, well-strung state ; (Bot.) 
 rib, esp. midrib, of leaf ; (Anat.) fibre or bundle 
 of fibres connecting & conveying impulses of 
 sensation & motion between brain or spinal 
 cord or ganglionic organ & some part of body ; 
 (pi. ) bodily state in regard to physical sensitive- 
 ness & interaction between brain & other parts, 
 disordered state in these respects, exaggerated 
 sensitiveness, nervousness, (does not know what 
 nn. are, is normal in sensation ; a fit of nn., nerv- 
 ous state ; has iron nn., nn. of steel, &c, is not 
 easily upset or frightened) ; nervous fibre ; cool- 
 ness in danger, boldness, assurance ; n.-centre, 
 group of closely connected ganglion-cells; n.- 
 knot, ganglion; hence (-)nePVED 2 a., nep*- 
 vo- comb. form. (Vb) give strength, vigour, or 
 courage, to ; collect oneself to face danger or 
 suffering, [f. L nervus, cf. Gk neuron] 
 
 nep'veless, a. Inert, wanting in vigour or 
 spirit, listless; (of style) flabby, diffuse; (Bot,, 
 Entom.) without nervures ; (Anat., Zool.) with- 
 out nerves. Hence nep'velessLY 2 adv., 
 nep'velessNESs n. [less] 
 
 nep'vine, a. & n. (med.). (Medicine) reliev- 
 ing nerve-disorders, [nerve 1 , -ine 1 ] 
 
 nep*vous, a. Sinewy, muscular ; (of literary 
 
NERVURE 
 
 544 
 
 NEUTRAL 
 
 style) vigorous, terse ; full of nerves ; of the 
 nerves (n.-system, nerves & nerve-centres as a 
 whole) ; acting on the nerves ; having dis- 
 ordered or delicate nerves, excitable, highly- 
 strung, easily agitated, timid. Hence nep*- 
 vousLY 2 adv., ner'vousxESS n. [f. L nervo- 
 sum (NERVE 1 , -OSE 1 )] 
 
 ner'vupe, n. One of tubes framing insect's 
 wing; principal vein of leaf. [F (nerve 1 , -ure)] 
 
 nep'vy, a. Sinewy, strong, (poet.) ; (slang) 
 cool, confident, impudent ; jerky, nervous. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 ne'science (-shi-, -si-), n. Not knowing, ab- 
 sence of knowledge of. [f. LL nescientia f. L 
 nescire not know (ne- not, scire know), -ence] 
 
 ne'scient, a. & n. Ignorant (of) ; agnostic (a. 
 &n.). [prec, -ent] 
 
 ness, n. Promontory, headland, cape. [OE 
 nxs cf. nasu nose] 
 
 -ness, suf. appended freely to adjj. (bitter- 
 ness), participles (lovingness, tiredness), compd 
 adjj. (tongue-tiedness), & adj. phrr. (up-to-date- 
 ness) to form nn. expressing state or condition. 
 [OE -7ies(s), -nis(s), -nys(s), cf. Du. -nis, G -niss ; 
 the n is not orig. part of suf. (-assus, -assi, f. 
 vbs in -atjan) but an accretion f. stem] 
 
 nest, n., & v.t. & i. Structure or place made 
 or chosen by bird for laying eggs & sheltering 
 young (it's an ill bird that fouls its own n., one 
 should not speak ill of home &c. ; feather 2 
 one's n.), animal's or insect's abode or spawning 
 or breeding place ; snug or secluded retreat, 
 lodging, shelter, bed, receptacle ; haunt of rob- 
 bers &c. ; fostering-place of vice &c. ; brood, 
 swarm ; collection, series, of similar objects ; 
 small chest of drawers ; n.-egg, real or imita- 
 tion egg left in n. to induce hen to go on laying 
 there, sum of money kept as reserve or nucleus ; 
 hence ne*stFUL(2) n., ne'stLiKE a. (Vb) make 
 or have n. in specified place ; take to n. -build- 
 ing; (p.p.) established (as) in n., (of boxes &c.) 
 packed one inside another ; take birds' nn. [OE, 
 Du., & G, cogn. w. L nidus (ni- down, cf. neth- 
 er, sed- sit)] 
 
 ne'stle (-si), v.i. & t. = prec. (sense 1 ; now 
 rare); settle oneself, be settled, comfortably 
 down, or in, into, among, &c, leaves, wraps, 
 chair, &c; press oneself affectionately close to, 
 to, person ; lie half-hidden or embedded ; push 
 (head, face, shoulder, &c.) affectionately or 
 snugly in; hold embraced (usu. in p.p.). [OE 
 nestlian, cf. Du. nentelen, see nest, -le(3)] 
 
 ne'stling- (-si-, -stl-), n. Bird too young to 
 leave nest, [nest n. + -ling l , or prec. + -ing a ] 
 
 Ne'stop, n. Wise old man, senior of company 
 &c. [name of character in Homer] 
 
 Nestop'ian, a. & n. (Adherent) of doctrine 
 of Nestorius patriarch of Constantinople a. d. 
 428 asserting that Christ had distinct divine & 
 human persons. Hence Nestop*ianiSM(3) n. 
 [f. L Nestorianus (-an)] * 
 
 net 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Meshed fabric of twine, 
 cord, hair, &c. ; piece of this used for catching 
 fish &c. (beach, casting, trawl, herring, lark, 
 cU^p, &c, -?i.), or for covering, confining, pro- 
 tecting, carrying, &c. (fruit, hair, tennis, 
 cricket, &c, -«,.); moral or mental snare; 
 spider's web ; reticulation, network ; network, 
 arrangement with intersecting lines & inter- 
 stices recalling those of n., complex system 
 of railways, rivers, canals, &c, ramification; 
 hence ne*tFUU2) n. (Vb) cover, confine, catch, 
 with net(s) ; fish (river &c.) with nn., set nn. in 
 (river) ; make netting ; make (purse, hammock, 
 &c.) by netting ; (hsu. in p.p.) mark with netlike 
 pattern, reticulate. fcom.-Teut.; OE, Du., Da., 
 net, cf. G netz] 
 
 net 2 , a., & v.t. Free from deduction, remain- 
 ing after necessary deductions, (n. profit, true 
 
 profit, actual gain after working expenses have 
 been paid, opp. gross ; n. price, real price off 
 which discount is not allowed, opp. nominal, 
 publisher's, price) ; (vb) gain or yield (sum) as 
 n. profit. [F, see neat 2 ] 
 ne'thep (-dh-), a. (archaic or facet.). Lower 
 (n. lip or jaw; n. garments &c, trousers; n, 
 man or person., legs &c. ; n. millstone, simile 
 for hard heart &c; n. ivorld, rarely the eax-th, 
 usu. hell, also n. regions). Hence ne'thep- 
 most a. [com.-Teut. ; OE neothera, cf. Du. 
 neder-, G nieder] 
 
 Netherlander, n., Netherlandish, a. 
 (Native) of the Netherlands, [f. Du. Neder- 
 lander, -landsch, (Nederland, -ER 1 , -ish 1 )] 
 netting 1 , n. In vbl senses ; also : netted string 
 &c. as a material ; piece of this used for various 
 purposes esp. on ships, [-ing 1 ] 
 ne'ttle, n., & v.t. Genus of plants including 
 Great or Common N. & Small N., two species 
 growing profusely on waste land & having leaf- 
 hairs that sting ; other plants resembling these, 
 esp. DEAD-n. ; n.-rash, eruption on skin in 
 patches like those made by n. stings. (Vb) beat 
 with nn.; get oneself stung with nn.; irritate, 
 provoke, annoy. [com.-Teut. ; OE netele, cf. Du. 
 netel, G nessel] 
 
 neum(e) (num), n. (mus.). Group of notes sung 
 to single syllable in plainsong. [F (e), f. med.L 
 neuma f. Gk pneumj, breath (pneo breathe, ->i)] 
 neup'al (nur-), a. Of the nerves, of the cen- 
 tral nervous system, [f. Gk neuron nerve, -al] 
 neura'tion, n. Distribution of nervures. 
 [irreg. f. foil., -ation] 
 
 neup(o)-, comb, form of Gk neuroii nerve ; 
 neura'lgia, affection of nerve(s) usu. of head or 
 face causing intense intermittent pain, so -a'lgic 
 a.; neurasthenia, nervous debility, so -the'nic 
 a.; neurectomy, excision of nerve; neur'ine, 
 nerve-tissue ; neurrTisn.; neuro'LOGY, -logiST, 
 -lo'giCAL; neuro-mu'scular, of nerves & mus- 
 cles; neur'opdth, person of abnormal nervous 
 sensibility or affected by nervous disease, so . 
 -pa'thiCA., -patho'LOGY, -pathY 1 ; neuro'path- 
 ist, specialist in neuropathy ; neurophysiology, 
 physiology of nervous system ; neuro-psychic, 
 of nervous & psychic functions; netiro'pterous, 
 of the Neuroptera, order of insects having four 
 naked membranous transparent wings with re- 
 ticulate neuration; neuro tomy, cutting of nerve 
 to produce sensory paralysis ; neurypno'logy, 
 science of hypnotism. 
 
 neupo'ma, n. (pi. -ta). Tumour on nerve or 
 in nerve-tissue, [f. Gk neuron nerve, -m] 
 neupo'sis, n. Functional derangement due 
 to disorders of nervous system; change in 
 nerve-cells of brain prior to psychic activity, 
 [as prec, -osis] 
 
 neupo'tie, a. & n. (Drug) affecting nervous 
 system ; (person) affected with nervous disorder, 
 of abnormal sensibility, [as prec, -otic] 
 neu'tep, a. & n. (Gram.) neither masculine 
 nor feminine (cf. common 1 , epicene), (of verb) 
 intransitive ; neutral, not taking or assisting 
 either side, in war, argument, opinion, &c. (esp. 
 stand n., remain neutral, declare neutrality) ; 
 (Bot.) without pistils & stamens, asexual ; 
 (Entom.) sexually undeveloped, sterile. (N.) 
 n. noun, adjective, verb, or gender ; person 
 standing n.; sexually undeveloped female in- 
 sect, esp. bee or ant ; castrated animal. [L, = 
 neither (ne- not, liter either)] 
 neu'tpal, a. & n. Not assisting either of two 
 belligerent States, belonging to a State that 
 thus stands aloof, exempted or excluded from 
 active or passive hostilities ; taking neither side 
 in dispute or difference of opinion, indifferent, 
 impartial ; not distinctly marked or coloured. 
 
NEUTRALIZE 
 
 545 
 
 NEXT 
 
 indefinite, vague, indeterminate, (n. tint, grey 
 or slate-colour, whence neutpal-tintED a a. 
 lit. & fig.); (Chein.) neither acid nor alkaline ; 
 (Electr.)neitherpositive nor negative ; (Entom., 
 Bot.) sexually undeveloped, asexual ; hence or 
 cogn. neutpa'liTY n., neirtpalLY 2 adv. (N.) 
 n. State or person ; subject of n. State, [f. L 
 neutralis of neuter gender (prec, -al)J 
 
 n eu*t r alize, v. t. Counterbalance, render in- 
 effective by opposite force or effect ; exempt or 
 exclude (place) from sphere of hostilities. Hence 
 neutralizA'TiON n. [f. med.L neutralisare 
 (prec, -ize)] 
 
 neVe" (ne'va, or as F), n. Expanse of granular 
 snow not yet compressed into ice at head of 
 glacier. [F (L nix nivis snow, -ate 2 )] 
 
 n6*vep, adv. At no time, on no occasion, not 
 ever, (often n. before, since, after, yet ; also re- 
 peated for emphasis; now or 71.; n. is a long 
 word or day, comment on rash renunciation or 
 despair or negative prophecy ; it is n. too late 
 to mend, reformation is alway possible) ; (colloq. 
 expressing surprise or incredulity in sentence 
 or ellipt.) surely not, you do not mean it, (you 
 n. left the key in the lock I; 'He ate the whole 
 turkey '.—'Never ! ' ; Well, I never ! i. e. heard of 
 such a thing &c) ; not at all (n. fear ; n. mind, 
 do not be troubled) ; n. a, not a, no — at all ; 
 n. a one, none; (in condit. clauses) n. so, to un- 
 limited extent, ever so ; (with compar.) n. the, 
 none the ; (with participles &c) n.-enough-to-be- 
 regretted, n.-to-be-forgotten, n.-ceasing, -dying, 
 -ending, -failing, -fading; nevermore, at no 
 future time; Never 'Never {Land), north Queens- 
 land ; nevertheless adv. & conj., for all that, but 
 for all that, notwithstanding, all the same. [OE 
 nxfre (ne not, ever)] 
 
 new 1 , a. Not existing before, now first made, 
 brought into existence, invented, introduced, 
 known or heard of, experienced, or discovered, 
 (N. testament); unfamiliar to ; renewed, fresh, 
 further, additional ; different, changed, (a n. 
 morality ; n, man theol., one converted to Chris- 
 tianity, put on the n. m., show conversion by 
 amendment ; a n. fashion, whence new-fa- 
 shionED 2 a. ; my n. tailor ; lead a n. life ; n. 
 style ; turn over n. leaf) ; (with the, as dis- 
 tinctive epithet implying difference of charac- 
 ter) later, modern, newfangled, (the n. learn- 
 ing, model, comedy; the n. diplomacy, jour- 
 nalism, theology, &c, advanced in method or 
 doctrine, usu. contempt. ; the n. woman, women 
 who aspire to freedom & independence & reject 
 convention ; the N. World, America); of recent 
 origin, growth, arrival, or manufacture, now 
 first used, not worn or exhausted, (n. red sand- 
 stone ; n. potatoes, wine, cheese ; n. furniture, 
 clothes; n. countries, soil; a heart, pleasures, 
 evern. ; n. chum ; n. members of Parliament&c. ); 
 not yet accustomed to, fresh from ; (of family 
 or person) lately risen in position ; n. comer, per- 
 son lately arrived ; N Englander, inhabitant of 
 N. England, six N.-E. States of U.S.A.; new- 
 fangled [f. obs. newf angle a. in same sense (-fan- 
 gel inclined to take f. OE st. fang-, infin. fon 
 take)], fond of novelty (now rare), different from 
 the good old fashion, objectionably novel ; n. 
 moon, moon when first seen as crescent after 
 conjunction with sun, time of such appearance, 
 <bibl.) Hebrew festival; n.-year, coming or 
 lately begun year, first few days of year (n.- 
 year's gift, wishes, &c; n.-year's day, 1st Jan.; 
 n.-y ear's eve, 31 Dec); N. Zealander, Maori, also 
 European settler in N. Zealand. Hence new- 
 ish i a., new'NESS n. [Aryan ; OE niwe, cf. G 
 neu, Gk neos, L novus] 
 
 new 2 , adv. (preceding, & now usu. hyphened 
 with, qualified word). Newly, recently, just, 
 
 F.D. 
 
 (n.-bloum, having just come into bjoom, lit. & 
 fig.; n.-born, & see below; n.-b uilt, & see below; 
 n.-coined, esp. of words ; n.-come, lately arrived ; 
 n.- fallen snow; n.-fledged; n.-found ; n.-laid 
 eggs ; n.-made ; n.-mown hay or lawn) ; anew, 
 afresh, re-, (n.-born, regenerated, & see above ; 
 n.-build, rebuild, & see< above ; n.-create; n.- 
 front, put n. front to ; n.-furnish ; n.-model, re- 
 cast), [f. prec] 
 
 newel, n. Centre pillar of winding stair 
 (open or hollow n., central well of winding 
 stair) ; post supporting stair-handrail at top or 
 bottom, [f. OF nouel (L nux nucis nut, -al)] 
 
 Newfoundland, n. Island at mouth of St 
 Lawrence (N. dog or N, also Newfoundlander, 
 large breed of spaniel kind noted for swimming 
 powers). Hence Newfou*ndlandERi(4) n. 
 
 Newgate (-it), n. Celebrated London prison 
 (N. Calendar, publication with accounts of N. 
 prisoners ; N. fringe, frill, beard grown below 
 chin while face is shaven ; N. knocker, curl 
 worn by costermongers &c). 
 
 newly, ad v. Recently (usu. with p.p. = new 2 
 in sense 1 & often now preferred ; hyphened 
 w. attrib. part.; the n.-discovered country; a 
 guest n. arrived) ; in new manner, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 Newmarket, n. Town noted for horse-races 
 (N. coat or N, close-fitting overcoat for men or 
 women) ; a card-game. 
 
 news, n. pi. (usu. followed by sing. vb). Tid- 
 ings, new information, fresh events reported, 
 (have you heard the, this, or rarely these, n.? ; 
 ill n. flies apace ; no n. is good n. ; that is no-n., 
 already well known ; is there any, what is the, 
 n.?); (N-) part of newspaper title, as Evening 
 N; n.-agent, dealer in newspapers &c; n.-boy, 
 -man, selling newspapers in streets ; n.-letter 
 (hist.), letter sent out periodically with the n. 
 to country towns &c; newspaper, printed pub- 
 lication usu. daily or weekly containing the n., 
 advertisements, & literary matter ; n.-room, 
 reserved for newspaper-reading ; n.-sheet, sim- 
 ple form of newspaper ; n.-stand, stall for sale 
 of newspapers ; n.-vendor, newspaper-seller. 
 Hence newsLESS, newsY 2 , aa., newsi- 
 ness n. [pi. of new 1 after med.L nova neut. 
 pi. of L novus new] 
 
 newt, n. Small tailed amphibian allied to 
 salamander, eft. [for ewt (a newt = an ewt, cf. 
 nickname) var. of evet eft] 
 
 Newto'nian, a. & n. Of Newton or his 
 theory of the universe ; devised &c by Newton. 
 (N.) follower of Newton ; N. telescope or reflec- 
 tor. [Sir Isaac Newton (1612-1727), -ian] 
 
 next, a. (sometimes governing noun), adv., 
 prep., & n. (Adj.) lying, living, being, nearest 
 or nearest to or nearest to (in the n. house ; my 
 n. neighbour; lives n. door, in the n. house; n.- 
 door neighbours ; n.-door to felony , to blasphe- 
 mous, almost ; n. to nothing, none, impossible, 
 almost ; the chair n. the fire ; the skin with the 
 flesh n. it ; the shop n. to the corner) ; soonest 
 come to, first ensuing, immediately following, 
 coming nearest in order &c to, immediately 
 before, (will ask the n. man I see, the n. police- 
 man ; shall return n. year, n. Friday, on Fri- 
 day n.; what is the n. article?, shopman's 
 formula ; the Sunday n. before Easter ; w.hat 
 is true one day may be false the n.; not till n. 
 time, facet, addition to promise of abstention ; 
 the 7i. town to London in size ; n.-best, second- 
 best ; the person n. him, or n. to him, in rank). 
 (Adv., often indistinguishable f. pred. use of 
 adj.) in the n. place or degree, on the n. occa- 
 sion, (in the week n. ensuing ; n. came a strange 
 figure; whatn.?, can anything follow to beat 
 this for absurdity &c?; placed his chair n. to 
 hers ; New York is the largest city n. to London ; 
 
 18 
 
NEXUS 
 
 546 
 
 NIGGER 
 
 when In. saw him he was lame). (Prep., often 
 indistinguishable f. pred. adj. governing noun) 
 in or into the n. place, on the n. occasion, in 
 the n. degree, to (I was standing n. him ; placed 
 his chair n. hers ; loves him n. her own child ; 
 wear flannel n. your skill). (N., or ellipt. use of 
 adj.) h. person or thing (n. of kin, person near- 
 est of kin to some one ; will tell you in my n., 
 i.e. letter; to be continued in our n., i.e. issue 
 of magazine &c; her n., i.e. husband, was a 
 greengrocer, i.e. child, was a girl ; n., please, 
 ask your n. question, let the n. man come, &c). 
 [OE neahst (nigh, -est)J 
 
 ne'xus, n. Bond, link, connexion, (fig.). [L 
 (nectere nex- bind)] 
 
 Nia'gfapa, n. Cataract, torrent, din, (shoot 
 N., run fearful risks). [N.-Amer. waterfall] 
 
 nib, n., & v.t. Point of quill-pen ; metal or 
 quill pen-point for insertion in penholder ; point 
 of tool &c; (pi.) fragments of crushed cocoa- 
 beans ; (vb) make, mend, insert n. of, (pen). 
 [ = Sc. neb nose, OE nebb, cf. ON nef, Du. neb] 
 
 ni'bble, v.t. & i., & n. Take small bites at ; 
 bite (t. & i.) gently or cautiously or playfully 
 (esp. of fish with bait, or rabbits ; often n. at, 
 lit., & fig. of dallying with temptation, bargain, 
 &c.) ; carp at, make trifling criticisms. (N.) act 
 of nibbling, esp. of fish at bait ; enough (grass 
 &c.) to n. at. [cf. LG nibbelen] 
 
 ni'blick, n. Golf-club with small round heavy 
 head. [?] 
 
 nice, a. Fastidious, dainty, hard to please, of 
 refined or critical tastes ; precise, punctilious, 
 scrupulous, particular, (must not be too n. about 
 the means) ; requiring precision, care, tact, or 
 discrimination (a n. experiment, question, 
 point, negotiation) ; minute, subtle, (a n. dis- 
 tinction, shade of meaning) ; attentive, close, 
 (a n. inquiry, observer) ; delicately sensitive, 
 discriminative, or deft (a n. ear, judgment, 
 hand ; weighed in the nicest scales, lit. or fig.) ; 
 (colloq.) agreeable, attractive, delightful, well- 
 flavoured, satisfactory, kind, friendly, con- 
 siderate, generally commendable (often iron., 
 as here is a n. mess) ; n. and, satisfactorily, as 
 the house stands n. & high, car is going n. & 
 fast ; n.-looking, pretty or of engaging appear- 
 ance. Hence ni'eeLY 2 adv., ni'eeNESS n., 
 ni'ciSH J (2) a. [earlier senses, stupid, wanton ; 
 OF, f. L nescius ignorant (nescience)] 
 
 Nice'ne (or ni - -), a. Of Nicaea (first & second 
 iV. councils, held a. d. 325, 787, to settle the 
 Arian controversy & the question of images ; 
 N. Oreed, formal statement of Christian belief 
 based on that adopted at first N. council), [f. 
 LL Nicenus (L f. Gk Nikaia)] 
 
 ni'eety, n. Punctiliousness; precision, ac- 
 curacy, (to a n., exactly) ; intricate or subtle 
 quality (a point of great n.); minute distinction, 
 
 subtle or unimportant detail, (pi.) minutiae. 
 
 [f. OF niceU (nice, -ty)] 
 niche (-tsh), n., & v.t. Shallow recess in 
 
 wall to contain statue, vase, &c. ; (fig.) place 
 
 destined for person's occupation, esp. n. in the 
 
 temple of fame, right to be remembered for 
 
 one s achievements. (Vb) place (statue &c.) in 
 
 n. (usu. in p.p.); ensconce, settle, (esp. onese^, 
 
 or in p.p.) in some hollow or corner. [F, f. It. 
 
 nicchia etym. dub.] 
 nick 1 , n. Notch serving as catch, guide, 
 
 mark, &c; certain throws in hazard ; in then. 
 
 (of time), just at the right moment. [?J 
 nick 2 , v.t. & i. Make nick(s) in, indent; 
 
 make incision at root of (horse's tail ; also with 
 
 horse &c. as obj.) to make him carry it higher; 
 
 hit upon, guess rightly, n. it, the truth, &c.) ; 
 
 just catch (the time, a train, &c.) ; catch, nab, 
 
 (criminal &c.) ; make (certain winning throws) 
 
 at hazard ; cut in by short cut, at corner, &c, 
 in hunting or racing ; (of breeding stocks) min- 
 gle well &c. with others. [?] 
 
 ni'ckel (-kl), n., & v.t. (-11-). Hard silvery- 
 white lustrous malleable ductile metal much 
 used esp. in alloys ; U.S. five-cent piece or kinds 
 of Continental coin corresponding to English 
 & French coppers ; n. silver, alloy like German 
 silver ; n. steel, alloy of iron with n.; (vb) coat 
 with n. [abbr. of G kupfernickel copper-col- 
 oured ore f. which n. was first got (kupfer 
 copper, nickel demon, w. ref. to disappointing 
 nature of ore, which yielded no copper)] 
 
 ni*ck-nack. See knick-knack. 
 
 ni'ckname, n., & v.t. Name added to or 
 substituted for person's, place's, or thing's 
 proper name ; abbreviation or familiar form of 
 Christian name. (Vb) call (person or thing a n.), 
 give n. to, (some people are never nicknamed ; 
 they n. patience cowardice ; Cumberland, nick- 
 named Butcher), [earlier neke-, orig.em eke 1 - 
 name, cf. newt] 
 
 nico'tian (shi-), a. Of tobacco, [foil., -ian] 
 
 ni'cotine (-en), n. Poisonous alkaloid ex- 
 tracted as oily liquid from tobacco. Hence 
 ni'cotiniSM(o) n., ni*eotiniZE(5) v.t. [F(Nicot, 
 introducer of tobacco into France, -ine 5 )] 
 
 ni'ctate, ni'ctitate, vv.t. Close & open 
 the eyes, wink, chiefly in nict(it)ating mem- 
 brane, third or inner eyelid of many animals. 
 Hence nictATiON,nictitA"TiON, nn. [f. (med.L 
 hietitare frequent, of) L nictare, -ate 3 ] 
 
 nidame'ntal, a. Serving as receptacle for 
 ova in molluscs &c. (n. gland, capsule, ribbon). 
 [f. L nidamentum (nidus, -ment)] 
 
 nrd(d)ering\ n. & a. (pseudo-archaic). Base 
 or cowardly (person), [misreading (in early 
 printed text of William of Malmesbury) of obs. 
 nithing f. ON nithingr (nith satire, cf. G neid 
 envy) ; given currency by Scott] 
 
 nrddle-no'ddle, a., & v.i. & t. Nodding, 
 quivering, unsteady ; keep nodding (head, or 
 intr.), totter, sway, [redupl. f. nod, -le(3)] 
 
 nide, n. Brood of pheasants, [f. L nidus] 
 
 ni'difieate, ni'dify, vv.i. Build nest(s). 
 Hence nidiflcATiON n. [f. Lnidificare (nidus, 
 
 -FY), -ATE 3 ] 
 
 nid-nod, v.i. & t. Keep nodding, [redupli- 
 cated f. nod] 
 
 ni'dus, n. (pi. -di, -duses). Place in which 
 insects &c. deposit eggs ; place in which spores 
 or seeds develop ; place of origin or de velopment 
 for disease, or for some quality, doctrine, &c; 
 natural receptacle ; collection of eggs, tubercles, 
 &c. [L, see nest !] 
 
 niece (nes), n. One's brother's or sister's 
 daughter, [f. F niece (L neptis cogn. w. obs. E 
 nift, G nichte)] 
 
 nie'llo, n. (pi. -li pr. -le, -16s). Black com- 
 position for filling engraved lines in silver or 
 other metal ; (specimen of) such ornamental 
 work. Hence nie*lloED 2 a. [It., f. neut. of L 
 nigellus dim. of niger black] 
 
 Nier'steinep (nersti-), n. A white hock. [Gl 
 
 ni'gfgapd, n. & a. Stingy person, grudging 
 giver of; (adj., rhet. & poet.) = foil. [etym. dub.; 
 cf. obs. nig, nigon ; prob. of F orig.J 
 
 ni'grgaPdly, a. & ad v. Parsimonious, stingy, 
 sparing, scanty, giving or given grudgingly or 
 in small amounts ; hence ni'g-gardliNESS n.; 
 (adv.) in n. manner, [-ly ] > 2 ] 
 
 nl'ggev, n. Negro (usu. contempt.); (loosely^ 
 member of any dark-skinned race, e.g. E.- 
 Indian, native Australian ; black turnip cater- 
 pillar; n. minstrel, see negro ; n. melody. song r 
 &c, such as prevail among American negroes; 
 niggerhead = NEGRO-ftead. Hence ni'ggep- 
 dom n. [earlier neger f. F negre f. Sp. negro} 
 
NIGGLE 
 
 547 
 
 NINETY 
 
 ni'ggle, v.i. Spend time, be over-elaborate, 
 on petty details, [cf. Norw. nigla] 
 
 ni'ggiing, a. Trifling, petty, lacking in 
 breadth, largeness, or boldness of effect ; (of 
 handwriting) cramped, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 nigh (ni), adv., prep., & a., (comp. & sup. 
 formerly near, next, now nigher, nighest, also 
 as ad v v., prepp., &aa.,cf. near 1 - 2 ). =near 1 > 2 
 (archaic, poet, or dial.). [com.-Teut.; OEneah, 
 cf. Du. na, G nah; the adv. use is the orig.; 
 nigher, -est, have been formed since the relation 
 of near, next, to nigh was obscured] 
 
 night (nit), n. Dark period between day & 
 day, time from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. or from sunset 
 to sunrise, darkness then prevailing, the dark, 
 (also nightfall) end of daylight, weather or 
 experiences or occupation of an., (black, dark, 
 asn.; toent forth into the n.;the n. of ignorance 
 or barbarism ; stayed three nn. with them ; a 
 dirty n., stormy or rainy ; have a good, bad, n., 
 sleep well or ill, be comfortable or in pain, cf. 
 good-?i.; make a n. of it, spend n. in festivity ; 
 n. out, festive evening, also evening on which 
 servant is allowed out ; n. & day, always, 
 without cessation; all n., all n. long, for the 
 whole n.; by n., during, under cover of, the n.; 
 at n., at nightfall, in the evening, also added to 
 the hours from 6 p.m. to midnight, cf. in the 
 morning of hours 1-6 a.m.; cannot sleep o'nn. 
 for thinking of); night-, by, like, during, appro- 
 priate to, employed for, active in, the n. (-veiled, 
 -black, -walking, -haunted, -brawl, -attire, 
 -lamp, -porter, -moth ) ; n.-bird, esp. owl or night- 
 ingale, also person esp. of disreputable character 
 who goes about by n. ; n.-blindness, nyctalopia ; 
 n.-boat, passenger-boat crossing by n.; n.-cap, 
 worn in bed, also alcoholic drink taken before 
 going to bed ; n.-cellar, underground drinkshop 
 of low class; n.-chair, = n. -stool ; n.-clothes, 
 worn in bed ; n.-dress, n.-gown (also night y 3 
 n.), woman's or child's n. attire ; n.-flower, that 
 opens at n. & closes in the day ; n^-glass, short 
 telescope for n. xise at sea ; n.-hag, female de- 
 mon riding the air at n., nightmare ; nightjar, 
 the GOATsucker ; n.-light, short thick candle 
 giving dim light through n. for invalids &c; 
 n.-line, left with baited hooks to catch fish by 
 n.; n.-long, lasting through the n.; nightman, 
 employed to remove n.-soil ; nigh'tmare, female 
 monster sitting upon & seeming to suffocate 
 sleeper, incubus, oppressive or paralysing or 
 terrifying or fantastically horrible dream 
 (whence nightmapiSH l a.), also haunting 
 fear or thing vaguely dreaded ; n.-piece, (paint- 
 ing of) n. scene or landscape ; n.-school, provid- 
 ing instruction for workmen after day's work; 
 n. -season, = n. -time (poet., rhet.) ; n.-shirt, 
 boy's or man's long shirt for sleeping in ; n.-soil, 
 contents of cesspools &c. removed at n.; n.- 
 stool, close-stool or commode for use at n.; n.- 
 suit, set of pyjamas ; n.-time, n. as a state of 
 things or opportunity {in the n.-L, by n.) ; n.- 
 vxitch, (person or party keeping) watch by n., 
 Hebrew & Roman division (one of three or 
 four) of the n. {in the n.-ww., during the anxious, 
 wearisome, wakeful, &c, n.) ; n.-icork, done, 
 that must be done, by n. Hence nightLESS a. 
 [Aryan ; OE niht, cf. G nacht, L nox -ctis, Gk 
 nux -ktos, Skr. nakta) 
 
 nightingale (-ngg-), n. Small reddish-brown 
 migratory bird singing melodiously & power- 
 fully both by night & in the day. [OE nihtegale 
 (niGht, galan sing), cf. G nachtigall] 
 
 nightly J ,a. Happening, done, existing, &c, 
 in the night; happening every night; (poet.) 
 of or suiting night. [OE nihtlic (night, -ly a )] 
 
 nightly 2 , adv. Every night, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 nightshade, n. Kinds of plant, esp. Black 
 
 X. with white flowers & black poisonous ber- 
 ries, Woody X. with purple flowers & bright 
 red berries, & Deadly X. or belladonna. [OE 
 nihtscada, cf. Du. nachtschade,Gnachtschatte, 
 prqb. f. nige-t, shade, w. ref. to its poison] 
 
 nigrescent, a. Blackish. So nlgpe's- 
 cence n. [f. L nigrescere (niger black), -ent] 
 
 nf'gpitude, n. Blackness (lit. & fig.), [f. l 
 nigritudo (prec, -tude)J 
 
 nrhil ad rem, pred. a. Irrelevant. [L] 
 
 nih'ilism (or ni'h-), n. Negative doctrines, 
 total rejection of current beliefs, in religion or 
 morals ; (Philos.) scepticism that denies all ex- 
 istence ; doctrines of extreme revolutionary 
 party in Russia finding nothing to approve 
 of in the constituted order of things. Hence 
 nih'iliST(2) n., nihili'stic a. [f. L nihil noth- 
 ing, -ism] 
 
 nihrlity (-h-), n. Non-existence, nothing- 
 ness ; mere nothing, trifle, nullity, [f. med.L 
 nihilitas (prec, -ty)] 
 
 nil, n. Nothing, no number or amount, (esp. 
 in scoring at games &c, as three goals to n.); 
 n. admirari [L], attitude of being surprised at, 
 or admiring, nothing, nonchalance. [L] 
 
 nill, v.i., 3rd sing. pres. condit. Will he n. he, 
 whether he likes it or not (now usu. willy-nilly). 
 [obs. ne not, will 1 ] 
 
 Nilo*metej», n. Graduated pillar &c. shoAv- 
 ing height to which Nile rises, [f. Gk Xeilo- 
 metrion (-meter)] 
 
 Nilotic, a. Of the Nile or Nile region or 
 its inhabitants, [f. L f. Gk Xeilotikos (Neilos 
 Nile, -or 2 , -ic)] 
 
 ni'mble, a. Quick in movement, agile, swift, 
 (the n. shilling, or ninepence archaic, circu- 
 lating quickly) ; (of the mind &c.) versatile, 
 clever, quick to apprehend, dextrous. Hence 
 ni'mblexESsn., nrmbLY 2 adv. [f. OKnumol 
 (niman take, -le(1)] 
 
 ni'mbus, n. (pi. -bi). Bright cloud or halo in- 
 vesting deity or person or thing ; bright disk or 
 aureole round or over head of saint &c. in pic- 
 ture; (Meteorol.) rain-cloud. Hence ni'mbus- 
 ED 2 a. [L,= cloud] 
 
 nimrety, n. (rare). Excess, too much. [f. 
 LL nimietas (L nimius excessive f. nimis too 
 much, -ty)] 
 
 nrminy-pi'miny, a. Affected, mincing, 
 prim, [imit.] 
 
 Ni'mrod, n. Great hunter or sportsman. 
 [see Gen. x. 8,_9] 
 
 ni'ncompoop (-kom-), n. Simpleton, person 
 without sense or character, ninny. [?] 
 
 nine, a. & n. One more than eight, 9, IX. 
 (often agreeing with understood noun, as n. of 
 the men, n. of them, n. o'clock or n., cost n. & 
 six, will be n. next birthday ; n.-o'clock wind, 
 blowing from rifleman's left hand ; twenty-n. 
 Sec. or, not beyond n. & ninety, n. & twenty Sac. ; 
 the X., the Muses ; n. days' xconder, novelty 
 that attracts much attention but is soon for- 
 gotten ; n. times out often, generally; posses- 
 sion is n. points of the law ; cat 1 has n. lives) ; 
 ninepins, kind of skittles; n. -tenths, nearly the 
 whole; hence ni'neFOLD a. & adv. (N.) the 
 number n.; card of n. pips ; to the nn., to per- 
 fection (esp. dressed up to the nn., elaborately). 
 [Aryan ; OE nigon, cf. G neun, Skr. ndvan, Gk 
 ennea, L novem] 
 
 ni*netee*n, a. & n. One more than eighteen, 
 19, XIX, (is nearly n., years old ; twice n. is 88 ; 
 a n.-&-sixpenny pair of shoes ; n. to the dozen/. 
 Hence ninetee'nrH 2 a. & n. [-teen] 
 
 ni'nety, a. & n. Nine times ten, 90, XC, (n.- 
 one &c, or one Sec. dt n.; n.-first &c; n.-nine 
 out of a hundred, nearly all) ; hence ni*ne- 
 tieTH 2 a. & n. (N.) the number n.-- (pi.) the nn.. 
 
NINEVITE 
 
 5*8 
 
 NO 
 
 degrees on thermometer &c., years of century 
 or life, between 89 & 100. [-ty 21 
 Nrnevite, n. Inhabitant of Nineveh, [f. L 
 Ninivita {Nmive, -ite 1 )] 
 
 ni'nny, n. Simpleton, fool, person of weak 
 character or mind. [perh. for innocent] 
 ninth, a. & n. Next after eighth (on the n., 
 day of month ; n. part, one of nine equal parts 
 into which thing may be divided ; n. part of a 
 man, tailor). (N.) n. part; (Mus.) interval of 
 octave & second, [nine, -th 2 ] 
 ni'nthly, adv. In the ninth place (in enu- 
 merations), [-lv 2 J 
 Ni'obe, n. Inconsolable bereaved woman. 
 Hence Niobe'AN a. [Gk (-e), woman turned 
 to stone while weeping for slain children] 
 nid'bium, n. (chem.). A metallic element. 
 Hence nid'bic (chem.), nio'bous (chem.), aa. 
 [prec, -ium ; named 1845] 
 nip 1 , v.t. & i., & n. Pinch, squeeze sharply, 
 bite ; pinch off (bud &c.) ; check growth of (esp. 
 n. in the bud; lit. & fig.), (of cold) affect in- 
 juriously, pain, whence ni'ppiNG 2 a., ni'p- 
 pingXY 2 adv.; take up, out, &c, hurriedly or 
 unobserved ; (slang) step &c. nimbly in, out, 
 up, whence ni'ppY 2 a. (N.) pinch, sharp 
 squeeze, bite ; sharp saying, sarcasm ; (check 
 to vegetation caused by) coldness of air. [cf. 
 Du. nijpen nip, Du. & G nippen sip, Du. nippen 
 wrangle] 
 
 nip 2 , n., & v.i. & t. Small quantity of spirits 
 &c. as pick-me-up ; (vb) take nn., take nn. of. 
 [prob. for obs. nipperkin small measure of ale 
 &c, etym. dub., prob. of Du. orig.] 
 
 ni*pa(ne-, ni-), n. Kind of E.-Indianpalm. [f. 
 Malay nipah] 
 
 ni'ppep, n. In vbl senses of nip *> 2 ; also or 
 esp.: kinds of fish ; boy, lad, esp. costermonger's 
 assistant or street arab; (pi.) implement with 
 jaws for gripping or cutting, forceps, pinchers, 
 pliers, (often pair of nn.); (pi.) pince-nez; 
 horse's incisor tooth ; crustacean's claw, [-er J ] 
 
 ni'pple, n. Small projection in which mam- 
 mary ducts terminate in mammal of either 
 sex, teat, esp. on woman's breast ; cover for 
 protecting woman's teat while child sucks ; 
 teat of nursing-bottle ; n.-like protuberance on 
 skin, glass, metal, &c; small rounded elevation 
 on mountain ; perforated projection of musket- 
 lock on which percussion-cap is placed ; nipple- 
 wort, yellow-flowered weed. [?] 
 
 nipva'na (-vah-), n. Buddhist beatitude, i. e. 
 extinction of individuality & absorption into 
 the supreme spirit. [Skr. (nirva to blow)] 
 
 ni'si, conj. (legal). Unless (decree, order, rule, 
 &c., n., decree &c. valid unless cause is shown 
 for rescinding it before appointed time at which 
 it is 'made absolute'; n. prius, hearing of civil 
 causes by judges of assize, court-business of 
 this kind). [L ; n. prius, unless before that, 
 words from writ directing sheriff to provide 
 jury on certain day unless judges come sooner] 
 
 nit, n. Egg of louse or other parasitic insect. 
 \OE hnitu, cf. Du. neet, G niss] 
 
 ni'trate 1 (-at), n. Salt given by combination 
 of nitric acid with base, or compound made by 
 interaction of nitric acid & alcohol ; (short for) 
 potassium or sodium n. [nitre, -ate M3)] 
 
 nitra*te 2 , v.t. Treat, combine, or impreg- 
 nate, with nitric acid. Hence nitPA'TiON n. 
 [foil., -ATE 3] 
 
 ni'tre (-er), n. Saltpetre, potassium nitrate ; 
 ■cubic n., sodium nitrate. [F, f. L f. Gk nitron 
 perh. of Oriental orig.] 
 
 ni*tpic, a. Of nitre ; n. acid, clear colourless 
 pungent highly corrosive & caustic liquid, 
 aquafortis, [f. F nitrique (prec, -ic)] 
 
 ni'tPify, v.t. & i. Turn into nitre, make or 
 
 become nitrous. So nltriFiCA'TiON n. [f. F 
 nitrifier (nitre, -fy)] 
 
 nitrite, n. Compound of base or alcohol 
 with nitrous acid, [nitre, -ite i(2)] 
 nitP(o)-, comb, form of Gk nitron nitre, = 
 of, containing, made with or by use of, nitric 
 acid or nitroxyl or nitre or nitrogen ; nitro- 
 acid, compound of nitric with organic acid ; 
 ndro-compound, made by action of nitric acid ; 
 nitro-explosive, prepared by means of nitric 
 acid ; nitroglycerin^), yellowish oily violently 
 explosive liquid made by adding glycerine to 
 mixture of nitric & sulphuric acids ; nitro- 
 powder, gunpowder made with nitric acid ; 
 nitro-sulphur'ic, formed by mixture of nitric & 
 sulphuric acids; nitro'xyl, chemical grouping 
 of nitrogen & oxygen. 
 
 ni'tpogen, n. Colourless tasteless scentless 
 permanent gas forming four-fifths of atmo- 
 sphere. Hence nitpd'genous a. [f. F nitro- 
 gene, see nitre, -gen(1)J 
 
 ni'tpous, a. Of, like, impregnated with, 
 nitre (n. acid, containing less oxygen than 
 nitric acid ; n. oxide, gas used as anaesthetic, 
 laughing-gas. [f. L nitrosus (nitre, -ous)] 
 nix 1 , int. (slang) giving warning to confeder- 
 ates &c. that master &c. is approaching. [?] 
 nix 2 , n. (fern, nixie). Water-elf. [G (fern. 
 nixe), cf. OE nicor, Du. nikker, perh. cogn. w. 
 Gk nizo wash] 
 
 Niza'm (-ahm), n. Ruler of Hyderabad; 
 (man, men, of) Turkish regular army. [Hind. 
 & Turk., f. Arab, nidam order, arrangement] 
 no 1 , a. Not any'(?io circumstances could 
 justify it; no date, abbr. n.d.,- undated, in 
 library lists &c; no song no supper, you must 
 sing first ; no end 1 ; by no mean 1 s); not a, quite 
 other than a, (service of no honourable kind; 
 is no part of my plan ; is no genius), hardly 
 any (is no distance ; did it in no time), there 
 is &c. no —ing, none is &c. possible (there 's no 
 accounting for tastes ; there was no mistaking 
 what he meant) ; imperfect substitute for, ab- 
 sence of, (often no- ; these opinions or rather no 
 opinions ; his faith or no-faith) ; (in ellipt. 
 sentences) we will not have any, let there not 
 be any, there is not any, (no Popery, surrender, 
 &c, whence no-Popery riots, a no-confidence 
 vote, &c. ; now no mistake, understand me 
 clearly ; & no mistake l ; no doubt ; no won- 
 der) ; no ball, unlawfully delivered ball in 
 cricket, umpire's announcement of this, (vb, 
 no-b.) pronounce (bowler) to have bowled n. b.; 
 no-being, non-existence ; no'body, no person 
 (everybody's business is nobody's business ; 
 nobody ever did his, or irreg. their, work 
 better), (w. pi.) person of no importance, author- 
 ity, or position ; no GO 2 ; no'how, in no way, by 
 no means, (usu. w. can, -able, &c), be, feel, 
 look, &c, nohow, out of order, out of sorts ; no 
 man, no person (no man's land, piece of waste, 
 unowned, or debatable ground) ; no-meaning, 
 nonsense ; no one, no person ; no thoroughfare, 
 notice that path, street, &c, is closed at other 
 end, or that entrance is not permitted (no-t., 
 such path) ; no'way(s), no'wise, in no manner, 
 not at all ; no'whence, no'whither, from, to, no 
 place; no whit, not at all (usu. w. compar.). 
 [for none, orig. only before consonants] 
 
 no 2 , adv. (Alw. as alternative after or) not 
 (usu. whether or no, in either case, also tell me 
 whether or no ; pleasant or no, it is true). 
 [prob. f. prec. by extension of adj. use as in 
 whether there be any church or no (church)] 
 
 no 3 , adv. (Alw. with compar.) by no 
 amount, not at all, (no better than before ; no 
 sooner had he said it than, as soon as he had 
 said it ; no long l er) ; no less (than), as much 
 
NO 
 
 549 
 
 NOISY 
 
 (n., a., adv.) or many (as) (gave me £50, no less, 
 no less than £50 ; no less than ten people have 
 told me ; did it no less for my warning ; is no 
 less than a scandal ; a no less fatal victory) ; no 
 more, (n.) nothing further (have no more to say ; 
 want no more of it ; often ellipt. for say no more 
 or let us have no more of it), (adj.) not any more 
 (no more urine ?), (adv.) no longer {is no more, 
 is dead or passed away), never again, to no 
 greater extent (is no more a lord than I am, 
 could no more help laughing than I could fly), 
 just as little, neither, (you did not come, no 
 more did he). [OK nd see nathless] 
 
 no 4 , particle equivalent to negative sen- 
 tence, & n. (pi. noes). The answer to your 
 question is negative, your request or command 
 will not be complied with, the statement made 
 or course intended or conclusion arrived at is 
 not correct or satisfactory, (no, nor, form for 
 substituting stronger phrase, as A man could 
 not lift it, no, nor half a dozen). (N. ) the word 
 no, a denial or refusal, (two noes make a yes ; 
 will not take no for an answer, persists in spite 
 of refusals) ; (pi.) voters against a motion (the 
 nn. have it, are in a majority), [as prec] 
 
 Noa'chian, Noa'chie, (k), aa. Of Noah 
 or his time. [A T oac/t = Noah, -ian] 
 
 No'ah, n. Hebrew patriarch; N.'s ark, in 
 which Noah, his family, & animals, were saved 
 (Oen. vi), imitation of it as child's plaything, 
 large or cumbrous or old-fashioned trunk or 
 vehicle, small bivalve, detached fragment of 
 flying cloud; N.'s nightcap, the plant esch- 
 scholtzia (w. ref. to conical ouds). 
 
 nob 1 , n., & v.t., (slang). Head; (Cribbage) 
 knave of same suit as turn-up (one for his n., 
 point scored by holder of this); (vb, boxing) hit 
 on the head. [perh. var. of knob] 
 
 nob 2 , n. (slang). Member of. upper classes, 
 [perh. for nobleman, but Sc. form is knabb] 
 
 no'bble, v.t. (slang). Tamper with (racehorse) 
 to prevent its winning ; secure partiality of by 
 underhand means ; get hold of (money &c. ) dis- 
 honestly ; catch (criminal). [?] 
 
 no'bby, a. (slang). Suitable for a nob 2 , smart, 
 elegant, [-v 2 ] 
 
 nobi'liapy, a. Of (the) nobility (n. particle, 
 preposition, as French de, German von, pre- 
 fixed to title ; ?i. pride, rank, Sec), [f. F nobi- 
 liaire (noble, -arv)] 
 
 nobi'llty, n. Noble character, mind, birth, or 
 rank; the or a class of nobles, [f. L nobilitas 
 (foil., -TY)] 
 
 no'ble, a. & n. Illustrious by rank, title, or 
 birth, belonging to the nobility ; of lofty charac- 
 ter or ideals (so noble-mind.ED 2 a., noble- 
 mi'ndedNESS n.) ; showing greatness of char- 
 acter, magnanimous, morally elevated ; splen- 
 did, magnificent, stately, imposing, impressive, 
 in appearance ; excellent, admirable, (an. horse, 
 cellar, &c); nobleman, peer; no'blewoman, 
 woman of n. birth or rank ; hence no'bleNESS 
 n., no'bLV 2 adv. (N.) nobleman ; obsolete coin, 
 usu. 6/8. [F, f. L nobilis (noscere know, -ble)] 
 
 noblesse (-es), n. The class of nobles (esp. of 
 a foreign country). [F] 
 
 nock ', n., & v.t. Notch at ends of bow for 
 holding string ; notch(ed horn tip) of arrow for 
 receiving bowstring; (vb) set (arrow) on string. 
 [perh. = foil. ; prob. not conn. w. notch] 
 
 nock 2 , n. Forward upper corner of some 
 sails, [f. Du. nok] 
 
 noctO)-, comb, form of L nox noctis night = 
 by night, as nocta 'mbulantmght-~wa.lking,nocti- 
 flor'ous night-flowering, -lu'ca phosphorescent 
 animalcule, -vagant, -vagous, night-wandering. 
 
 no'ctule, n. Largest British species of bat. 
 [F, f. It. nottola bat] 
 
 noctup'nal, a. Of, in, done by, active in, the 
 night, [f. LL (-alis) f. hnocturnus (noct-), -al] 
 
 no'eturne, n. Dreamy musical piece; (Paint.) 
 night-scene. [F, cf. prec] 
 
 nod, v.i. & t., & n. Incline head slightly & 
 quickly in salutation (nodding acquaintance, 
 very slight one with person or subject), assent, 
 or command ; let head fall forward in drowsi- 
 ness, be drowsy, make sleepy mistake (Homer 
 sometimes nods, the best of us may be dull or 
 make a slip); (of buildings &c, also fig.) incline 
 from perpendicular (esp. nods to its fall) ; (of 
 plumes) dance up & down ; incline (head); sig- 
 nify (assent &c.) by n. (N.) nodding of the head; 
 this as sign of absolute power (the empire was 
 at or dependent on his n.); land oj Nod, sleep 
 (with ref. to phr. in Gen. iv. 16). [excl. E ; from 
 14th c; etym. dub.] 
 
 no'ddle », n. (colloq.). Head, pate. [?] 
 
 no'ddle 2 ,v.t. Nod or wag (head), [nod, -le(3)] 
 
 no'ddy, n. Simpleton, noodle ; tropical sea- 
 bird, [perh. f.obs. noddy foolish (perh. nod,-y 2 )] 
 
 node, n. Knob on root or branch ; point at 
 which leaves spring ; hard tumour esp. on gouty 
 or rheumatic joint; intersecting point of planet's 
 orbit & ecliptic or of twogreat circles of celestial 
 sphere, whence no'diCAL a. ; point or line of 
 rest in vibrating body ; central point in system ; 
 point at which curve crosses itself. Hence 
 no'dAL a. [f. L nodus] 
 
 nodo'se, a. Knotty, knobbed, [f. L nodosus 
 (nodus, -ose J)] 
 
 nodd'sity, n. Knottiness ; knot, protuber- 
 ance, [f. L nodositas (prec, -TY)] 
 
 nd'dule, n. Small rounded lump of any- 
 thing ; small node in plant ; small knotty tu- 
 mour, ganglion. Hence no'dulAR *, no'du- 
 lated [-ate 2 ], no'dulosE 1 , no'dulous, aa., 
 nodulA'TiON n. [f. L nodulus (foil., -ule)] 
 
 no'dus, n. (pi. -di). Knotty point, difficulty, 
 complication in plot of story &c [L, = knot, w. 
 spec. ref. to dignus vindice nodus complication 
 requjring divine intervention] 
 
 noe'tie, a. & n. Of the intellect ; purely in- 
 tellectual or abstract; given to intellectual 
 speculation ; (n., sing, or pi.) science of the in- 
 tellect, [f. Gk noetikos (noetos f. noed appre- 
 hend, -ic)] 
 
 nog 1 , n., & v.t. Pin, peg, small block, of 
 wood ; snag or stump on tree. (Vb) secure with 
 nn. ; build in form of (brick-)no'ggixQ l n., i. e. 
 brickwork in timber frame. [?] 
 
 nog- 2 , n. Kind of strong beer brewed in E. 
 Anglia. [?] 
 
 no'ggin, n. Small mug ; small measure, usu. 
 i pint, of liquor. [?] 
 
 noil, n. (Sing, or pi.) short wool-combings. '[?] 
 
 noise (-z), n., & v.t. & i. Loud outcry, clam- 
 our, shouting, din of voices & movements ; 
 any_ sound, esp. loud or harsh one, whence 
 noi'seLESS a., norselessLY - adv., noi'se- 
 lessNESS n.; make a n., lit., also talk or com- 
 plain much about, also be much talked of, at- 
 tain notoriety in the world. ( Vb) make public, 
 spread abroad, (person's fame, fact; it was 
 noised abroad that — ) ; (rare) make n. [F, cf. 
 Pr. noysa, nosa, nausa, etym. dub.] 
 
 noisette 1 (nwahzet), n. Kind of rose, cross 
 between China &musk. [N., grower, 1817] 
 
 noise'tte 2 (as prec), n. (Usu. pi.) smaH 
 piece(s) of meat cooked in certain way. [F] 
 
 noi'some (-sum), a. Harmful, noxious ; ill- 
 smelling; objectionable, offensive. Hence noi*- 
 someNESS n. fobs, noy for annoy n., -some] 
 
 noi'sy, a. Clamorous, turbulent; full of, 
 making much, noise ; (of colour, costume, lite- 
 rary style) loud, conspicuous, violent, glaring. 
 Hence noi'siL y 2 adv. , noi'siNESS n. [- y 2 ] 
 
NOLENS VOLENS 
 
 550 
 
 NON- 
 
 no'lens vo'lens (-enz), adv. Willy-nilly, 
 perforce. [L partt. = unwilling, willing] 
 no'li me ta'ng-ere, n. Erosive ulceration, 
 lupus ; warning against meddling or approach 
 {carriesa n. m. t. inhisface ; a n.-m.-t. vianner) ; 
 picture of Christ as he appeared to Magdalen 
 at sepulchre {John xx. 17). [L, = touch me not] 
 no'lle pro'sequi, n. (legal). Relinquish- 
 ment by plaintiff or prosecutor of (part of) his 
 suit, stay of proceedings, entry of this on court 
 record. [L, - to refuse to pursue] 
 nb'lo episcopar-i, n. (Formula expressing) 
 avoidance of or objection to responsible office. 
 [L, = I do not wish to be a bishop] 
 no* mad, -ade (now rare), (-ad), n. & a. 
 (Member of tribe) roaming from place to place 
 for pasture ; wanderer, wandering. Hep.ce or 
 cogn. noma'dic a., noma'diCALLV adv., 
 no*madiSM(2) n., no*madizE(2) v.i. [f. L f. 
 Gk nomas -ados (nemo to pasture)] 
 /torn de guerre (F), n. Pseudonym, sobri- 
 quet, assumed name under which person fights, 
 plays, writes, &c. [F, = war-name] 
 nom de plume (as F), n. Writer's pseudo- 
 nym, title or initials or borrowed name under 
 which he writes, [formed in E of F words = 
 pen-name on anal, of prec] 
 no'menelatop, n. Slave or client in ancient 
 Rome charged with naming persons met, usher 
 assigning places at banquet, (also in mod. use 
 with ref. to these senses) ; giver or inventor of 
 names, esp. in nat.-hist. classification. [L {no- 
 men name, calare call, -or 2 )] 
 no'menclature (-tsher), n. Catalogue, re- 
 gister, (now rare); person's or community's 
 system of names for things; terminology of a 
 science &c; systematic naming. Sono'men- 
 elATiVEa. [f. L nomenclature: (prec, -ure)] 
 no'minal, a. Of, as, like, a noun (n. & verbal 
 roots) ; of, in, names (n. & essential distinctions ; 
 n. definition, statement of all marks connoted 
 in name of concept) ; existing in name only, 
 not real or &ct\ia\,(n.& real price,nder; n. sum, 
 rent, &c, virtually nothing), whence no'min- 
 alLY 2 adv.; consisting of, giving, the names 
 in. list of officers Sec), [f. L nominalis (no- 
 men -inis name f. noscere know, -men)] 
 no'minalism, n. (philos.). Doctrine that 
 universals or abstract concepts are mere names 
 (opp. realism). So no*minaliST(2) n., nomi- 
 nal i'stic a. [f. F nominalisme (prec, -ism)] 
 no'minate, v.t. Call by the name of, men- 
 tion by name, name or appoint (date, place), 
 (now rare); appoint, propose for election, to 
 office (a board of six nominated & six elected 
 members ; the candidates were nominated to- 
 day), whence or cogn. no'minatOR 2 , nomi- 
 nEE\ nn. [f. L nominare (nominal), -ate 3 ] 
 nomination, n. In vbl senses ; also, right 
 of nominating for appointment (have a n. at 
 your service), [f. L nominatio (prec, -ation)] 
 no'minative, a. & n. (Case) used as or in 
 agreement with subject of verb (n. absolute, 
 construction like Latin ablative absolute, as 
 this being so, I did nothing) ; of this case (n. 
 ending, form) ; word in this case, (loosely) sub- 
 ject (of verb) ; hence nominati'VAL a. Of, 
 appointed by, nomination (the n. & the elective 
 principles, members), [f. L nominativus (no- 
 minate, -ive)] 
 non, Latin adv. = not, forming part of phrases : 
 n. assumpsit (he did not undertake), plea that 
 defendant made no promise ; n. compos (men- 
 tis), (not master of his mind), lunatic, mad, 
 (legal, & in gen. use) ; n. esse (not to be), non- 
 existence ; n. est inventus (he has not been 
 found), n. est, or n. inventus, sheriff's state- 
 ment, in returning writ, that defendant is not 
 
 to be found in his bailiwick (legal, & transf. in 
 gen. use) ; n. liquet (it is not clear), jury's ver- 
 dict in doubtful case deferring matter to 
 another day ; n. nobis (not unto us ; Ps. cxv), 
 formula attributing victory &c not to oneself 
 but to God, song of rejoicing ; n. placet (it does 
 not please), negative vote in ecclesiastical or 
 university assemblies (also as v.t., throw out); 
 n. plus ultra, = ne plus ultra ; n. possumus 
 (we cannot), statement of inability, refusal to 
 act or move ; n. sequitur (it does not follow), 
 illogical inference, paradoxical result. 
 non-, pref. ( AF noun- f. OF non-, nom-, num-, 
 nun-, f. prec) now freely prefixed (1) usu. to 
 vbl n., giving neg. vbl n. corresp. to not w. 
 parent vb, = failure to do, abstention from do- 
 ing, or rarely to other n. giving neg. abstract n. 
 corresp. to not w. connected adj. ; n.-acceptance; 
 n.-a'ccess, impossibility of access for sexual in- 
 tercourse (in questions of paternity) ; n.-ac- 
 quai'ntance ; n.-appear'ance (esp. in court as 
 party or witness) ; n.-atte'ndance ; no'n-claim, 
 failure to make claim within legal time ; n.- 
 commi'ttal, avoidance of committing oneself to 
 definite course or either side (usu. attrib., as 
 n.-c. answer) ; n.-compli'arice ; n.-fea'sance (le- 
 gal), omission of act that ought to have been 
 done ; n.-interfer'ence, -intervention, principle 
 or practice, esp. in politics & international 
 affairs, of keeping aloof from others' disputes ; 
 n.-intru'sion (Church of Scotland), principle 
 that patron shall not thrust unacceptable 
 minister on congregation ; n.-joi'nder (legal), 
 omission of partner &c to join another as 
 party to suit; n.-pay'ment ; n.-pcrce'ption ; n.- 
 perfor'mance ; n. -?*esi'stance (hist.), 17th-c prin- 
 ciple that authority must not be resisted even 
 if unjustly exercised; n.-succe'ss; n.-u'sage ; n.- 
 wse ; n.-u'ser (legal), neglect to use a right, by 
 which it may become void. (2) to n. of desig- 
 nation, giving n. (somet. w. derivatives) = per- 
 son, thing, or all, that is not the thing specified : 
 n.-abstai'ner, one who does not abstain (esp. 
 from liquor) ; n.-e'go (metaphys.), all that is not 
 the conscious self, the object as opposed to the 
 subject; n.-me'mber (so n.-me'mbership) ; n.- 
 metal (esp. chem. = element that is not a metal; 
 son.-meta'llic). (3) to attrib. n., giving n. (somet. 
 w. derivatives) that can only be used attri- 
 butively, =unconnected with, not involving: 
 n.-jur'y, tried without jury ; n.-par'ty, that 
 may be dealt with irrespective of political par- 
 tisanship ; n.-soci'ety, -u'nion (also n.-unionist), 
 not belonging to a workman's society or trade 
 union. (4) to adj. (usu. participial in -ant, -ent, 
 -ing, -ate, -ed), giving adj. (& somet. n. or deri- 
 vatives) = not- : n.-colle'giate, (student) not be- 
 longing to a college, (of universities) without 
 colleges ; n.-co'mbatant, (person, esp. in the 
 fighting services, e.g. surgeon, chaplain, ambu- 
 lance man) who has not to fight, civilian ; n.- 
 commi'ssioyied, not holding commission (esp. 
 of army officers such as sergeant, corporal, 
 abbr. N.C.O.); n.-commu'nicant, (person) who 
 does not attend the communion service ; n.- 
 conde'nsing (of steam-engine), discharging used 
 steam into atmosphere instead of using con- 
 denser ; n.-condu'eting, that will not conduct 
 heat or electricity (so n.-condu'etor, n.-conduct- 
 ing medium or substance; n.-conductibility) ; 
 no'n-content, voter against motion in House of 
 Lords; n.-esse' ntial a. & n.; n.-Euclide'an, 
 denying or dispensing with any of the assump- 
 tions of Euclid's geometry ; n.-exi'stent, -ence ; 
 n.-jur'ing,-jur'or, (hist.), (beneficed clergyman) 
 who refused oath of allegiance to William & 
 Mary ; n.-o'ffice-holding &c (5) to adj. requir- 
 ing a neutral negative form free from some 
 
NONAGE 
 
 551 
 
 NORMAN 
 
 special sense, usu. of condemnation, attached 
 to the compd in in-, un-, - not coming under the 
 description of, not: n. -effective, (soldier, sailor) 
 not qualified for active service (cf. ineffec- 
 tive) ; n.-hu'mayi, not belonging to human race 
 (cf. inhuman); nAo'gical, proceeding by other 
 means than logic (cf. illogical) ; n.-mo'ral, 
 unconcerned with morality (cf. immoral); n,- 
 na'tural, deviating from the natural order (cf. 
 unnatural). (6) to adv., as n.-conte'ntiously. 
 
 nO'nage (-ij), n. Being under age, minority ; 
 immaturity, _early stage. [OF (prec, age)] 
 
 nonagenar'ian, a. & n. (Person) between 
 89 & 100 years old. [f. L nonagenamus (nona- 
 geni 90 each, -arv *), -IAN] 
 
 no'napy, a. & n. (Arith., of scale of nota- 
 tion) having nine as basis; (n.) group of nine. 
 [f. L nonarius (nonus ninth, -ary j )] 
 
 non avenu (F), a. (Regarded as) not having 
 happened. 
 
 nonce, n. Time being, present occasion, (only 
 in for the n.) ; n.-woi*d, coined for one occasion. 
 [the 7ionce = (the)n once, cf. newt] 
 
 no'nehalant (-shalant), a. Unexcited, un- 
 moved, cool, indifferent. Hence no'nenal- 
 ance n., no'nchalantLV 2 adv. [F, part, of 
 nonchaloir (non-, L calere be warm)] 
 
 nonconfop'mist, n. One who does not con- 
 form to doctrine or discipline of an established 
 Church, esp. member of sect dissenting from 
 Anglican Church (usu. not including Roman 
 Catholics), protestant dissenter {the n. con- 
 science, opinions as to right & wrong prevalent 
 among nn. esp. as affecting their political 
 attitude). [non-(2)] 
 
 noneonfop'mity, n. Principles, practice, 
 the body, of nonconformists, protestantdissent; 
 failure to conform (to rule &c.) ; want of corre- 
 spondence between things. [non-(2)] 
 
 no'ndescpipt, a. & n. (Person, thing) not 
 easily classified, neither one thing nor another, 
 hybrid. [non-(4), L descriphis (describe)] 
 
 none (nun), pron., a., & adv. Not any of (n. 
 of them came ; n. of this concerns me ; n. of 
 your impudence) ; no person, no one, (now 
 rare ; n. can tell) ; no persons {n. but fools have 
 ever believed it). (Adj.; rarely with noim ; 
 usu. ellipt. =vo with reference defined by noun 
 previously used or shortly to follow) no, not 
 any, not to be counted in specified class, (make 
 ofn. effect archaic ; you have money & I have 
 n. ; he is n. of my friends, n. of your canting 
 hypocrites ; his understanding is n. of the 
 clearest ; this is n. other bid the house of God ; 
 seeking rest & finding n.; if a linguist is want- 
 ed, I am n. ; xcould rather have a bad reputa- 
 tion than n. at all ; poetry we have almost n.). 
 <Adv.) by no amount, not at all, (w. the & com- 
 parat., so, or too ; am n. the better for it ; n. the 
 less, = NEVER^/ieZess ; are n. so fond of him ; the 
 pay is n. too high). [OE nan (ne not, one)] 
 
 none'ntity, n. Non-existence, non-existent 
 thing, figment, (non-) ; person or thing of no 
 importance, cipher, (non-). [non-(2)] 
 
 nones, n. pi. (Rom. Ant.) ninth day by in- 
 clusive reckoning before ides, i.e. 7th of Mar., 
 May, July, Oct., & 5th of other months ; (Eccl.) 
 daily office orig. said at ninth hour or 3 p.m. 
 (Rom. -Ant. sense f. L nonae, eccl. sense pi. of 
 rare none f. L nona, (nonus ninth) ; cf. noon] 
 
 nonesuch. See nonsuch. 
 
 ndne't, n. (mus.). Composition for nine in- 
 struments or voices, [f. It. nonetto (nono ninth 
 f. L nonus)] 
 
 noni'llion (no-), n. Ninth power of million, 
 1 with 54 ciphers, [see nonary, billion] 
 
 no'nius, n. Contrivance for graduating 
 mathematical instruments, of which the ver- 
 
 nier is an improved form. [Latinized from 
 Nunez, Portuguese inventor] 
 
 nonparei'l (-rel), a. & n. . Unrivalled or 
 unique (person, thing); (Print.) size of type; 
 kinds of comfit, apple, bird, wheat, moth, &c. 
 [F (non-, hpar equal, -cul- dim.)] 
 
 nonplu's, n., & v.t. (-ss-). State of per- 
 plexity, standstill, (usu. at a n., perplexed, 
 reduce &c. to a n.) ; (vb) reduce to hopeless 
 perplexity, [f. L nonplus not more] 
 
 non-re'sident, a. & n. (Clergyman) not 
 residing where his duties require him, absentee 
 (incumbent) ; (person) sojourning in place only 
 for short time or residing elsewhere. So non- 
 re*sidENCE n. [non-] 
 
 no'nsense, n. & int. Absurd or meaningless 
 words or ideas, foolish or extravagant conduct, 
 arrangement &c. that one disapproves of, (int., 
 = you are talking or proposing n., it surely can- 
 not be true, &c.) ; n.-book, meant to amuse by 
 absurdity; n.-verses, having no sense or an 
 absurd one. Hence nonse'nsiCAL a., non- 
 se*nsiealLY 2 adv. [non-(2)] 
 
 no'nsuch, none-, n. Person or thing that 
 is unrivalled, paragon ; kind of lucerne, [none, 
 such, usu. now assim. to non-] 
 
 no'nsuit (-ut), n., & v.t. Stoppage of suit by 
 judge when plaintiff fails to make oxit legal 
 case or bring sufficient evidence ; (vb) subject 
 to n. [non-(2)] 
 
 noo'dle, n. Simpleton. Hence noo'dle- 
 dom n. [?] 
 
 ndbk, n. Out-of-the-way corner, recess, se- 
 cluded place. [?] 
 
 noon, n. Twelve o'clock in the day, mid- 
 day ; noonday, noontide, mid-day. [OE non 
 f. L nona (hora) ninth hour; orig. =3 p.m.] 
 
 noose, n., & v.t. Loop with running knot, 
 tightening as string is pulled, esp. in snare, 
 lasso, or hangman's halter; the marriage tie ; 
 snai*e or bond. (Vb) capture with n., ensnare ; 
 make n. on (cord) ; arrange (cord) in n. round 
 neck &c. [cf. OF nous f. L nodus knot] 
 
 no'pal, n. American cactus grown in planta- 
 tions for breeding cochineal. Hence no'- 
 palRY(3) n. [Sp., f. Mex. nopalli cactus] 
 
 nor, adv. & conj. (Archaic) neither (as the 
 first nor in n. goldn. silver) ; (conj.) & not, & no 
 more, neither, & not either, (had neither arms 
 n. provisions ; not a man n. a child was to be 
 seen; I said I had not seen it, n. had I; all 
 that is true, n. must we forget ; also poet. & 
 archaic w. omission of preceding neither or n., 
 as thou nor I have made the world), [prob. f. 
 obs. nother (OE nd see nathless, whether)] 
 
 Nop'denfelt, n. Kind of machine-gun. 
 [Swedish inventor] 
 
 nop'-. See north. 
 
 Nop'folk (-ok), n. English county (JV. capon, 
 red herring ; JV. dumpling, turkey, inhabitant 
 or native of N. ; JV. Howard slang, bed-bug ; 
 JV. jacket, man's loose jacket with waistband ; 
 JV". plover, stone-curlew). 
 
 norland, n. Northern region, [for north-] 
 
 norm, n. Standard, pattern, type. [f. L 
 norma carpenter's square] 
 
 nop'mal, a. & n. (Geom.) standing at right 
 angles, perpendicular; conforming to standard, 
 regular, usual, typical ; n. school, for training 
 teachers; hence nopma'liTY n., nop'mal- 
 ize(3) v.t., nopmaliZA'TiON n., nop'malLY 2 
 adv. (N.): (Geom.) n. line ; (Physics) average 
 or mean of observed quantities ; usual state, 
 level, &c; n. temperature (98'4°) of human body, 
 [f. L normalis (prec, -al)] 
 
 Nop'man, n. & a. Inhabitant or native of 
 Normandy, descendant of mixed Scandinavian 
 & Frankish race there established; =N.-French 
 
NORN 
 
 552 
 
 NOSTRIL. 
 
 below; = N. style below. (Adj.) of the Nn. (N. 
 Conquest, of England by Nn. 1066 ; N.-English, 
 English as spoken or influenced by Nn. ; N.- 
 French, French as spoken by Nn. or later in 
 English law-courts ; N. style in architecture, 
 whence NormanE'SQUE a.) ; hence Nop'- 
 maniSM(2, 4) n., Nop*manizE(3, 4) v.t. & i., 
 NormaniZATiON n. [f. OF Normans pi. f. 
 Teut. NORTH??ia?i] 
 
 Nopn, n. One of the female fates of Scandi- 
 navian mythology. [ON, etym. dub.] 
 
 No'ppoy, n. Third king of Arms, with 
 jurisdiction north of the Trent, [f. AF nor- 
 north, roy king] 
 
 Norse, n. & a. The Norwegian language 
 (Old N, language of Norway & its colonies 
 down to 14th c): (adj.) Norwegian, of Norway, 
 so Nor'seland, Nor'seman. [prob. f. Du. noorsch 
 (noord north, -ish ] )] 
 
 Norsk, n. & a. =prec. [Scand.] 
 
 nopth, adv., n., & a., (abbr. N. ; in compp. & 
 derivv. often shortened to nor'-). Towards or 
 in the region lying to right of observer on 
 equator at equinox who faces setting sun (n. 
 bv east &c. ; n. of, further n. than ; due * n. ; 
 lies Sec. n. & south, lengthwise along line 
 running between n. & south) ; n.-ea'st, n.- 
 we'st, advv., nn., & aa., (regions) midway be- 
 tween n. & east, west, n.-n.-east, n.-n.-west, 
 advv., nn., & aa., (regions) midway between 
 n. & n.-east, n.-west, (with uses & derivatives 
 corresponding to those of north ; so esp. n.- 
 ea'sterly, -xoe'sterly, -ea' stern, -western, -ea'st- 
 ward, -we'stioard, -ea'stwardly, -we'stwardly, 
 see northerly &c. ; n.-east, n.-west, passage, 
 passages for ships along northern coasts of 
 Europe & Asia, northern coast of America, 
 formerly thought of as possible routes to E., & 
 from Atlantic to Pacific; the N.-ivest, = N.-W. 
 territories of Canada) ; hence nop'thwARD 
 adv., n., & a., nop'thWARDS adv. & n. (Noun) 
 cardinal point lying n. (magnetic n., point indi- 
 cated by n. end of compass-needle) ; northern 
 part of England (beyond Humber), Great 
 Britain, Scotland, Ireland, or Europe; (U.S.) 
 northern States in which slavery did not exist; 
 northern part o/any country ; n. wind. (Adj.) 
 situated, dwelling, in or more towards the n. 
 (N. Germany, Wales, America; the N. Ger- 
 mans ; n. latitude ; n. pole, whence noptn- 
 po'lAR a. ; n. transept) ; facing n. (n. window, 
 aspect) ; coming from the n. (n. wind ; n. light, 
 esp. as desired by painters) ; JV. Britain (postal 
 abbr. N.B.), Briton, Scot(land) ; N. Country, 
 n. part of England or Great Britain (N.-cou'n- 
 tryman, native of northern England; n.-cou'n- 
 try, from or characteristic of N. c); Nor'th- 
 land (poet.), northern lands, northern part of a 
 country ; nor'th-light, Aurora Borealis ; North- 
 man, native of Norway or Scandinavia; N. Sea, 
 German Ocean ; N. star, poLE-star. [com.- 
 Teut. ; OE north, cf. Du. noord, G nord\ 
 
 nopth-ea*step, n. N.-E. wind, [-er 1 ] 
 
 nopthep (-th-), n. (U.S.). Strong cold north 
 wind blowing in autumn & winter over Texas, 
 Florida, & Gulf of Mexico, [-er l ] 
 
 nop'theply (-dh-), a. & adv. = foil, (rare) ; (of 
 direction) towards the north ; (of wind) blow- 
 ing as from the north or thereabouts, [f. north 
 as easterly] 
 
 nop'thepn (-dh-), a. & n. Living or situated 
 in, coming from, the north esp. of England or 
 Europe, (U.S.) of the north ; (of wind) northerly 
 (rare) ; characteristic of the north (a pallid n. 
 day) ; n. lights, Aurora Borealis ; hence nop'- 
 thepnER!(4) n., nop'thepnMOST a. (N.) nor- 
 therner. [-ERN] 
 
 nop'thlng (-th-), n. Northward progress or 
 
 deviation in sailing or travelling (tivo miles n.\ 
 have made very little n.). [-ing j ] 
 Nopthu'mbPian, a. & n. (Native, dialect) 
 of ancient Northumbria (England N. of Hum- 
 ber) ormodern Northumberland. [Northumber, 
 person living beyond Humber, + -ian] 
 nop'thwapdly, adv. & a. Northwards ; (of 
 wind) northerly. 1-ly 2 1 
 north-we'ster, n, N.-W. wind. [er 1 ] 
 nop*wapd(s). = NORrmvard(s). 
 Nopwe'gian, a. & n. (Native, language) of 
 Norway, [f. med.L Norvegia + -Aif, w. assim. 
 to Norway] 
 
 nop'-we*step, n. North-wester ; glass of 
 strong liquor ; oilskin hat, sou'- wester, [nor'-] 
 nose (noz), n., & v.t. & i. Member of face or 
 head placed above mouth containing nostrils 
 & serving as organ of smell (parson's n., rump 
 of cooked fowl ; n. of wax, person or thing 
 easily influenced or moulded ; make long 1 n. ; 
 keep n. to grind l -stone ; as plain as the n. in 
 your face, easily seen ; count or tell nn., count 
 supporters &c, decide question by mere num- 
 bers ; folloxo one's n., go straight forward, be 
 guided by instinct; poke, thrust, Sec, one's n., 
 pry or intrude into something; turn up one's n. 
 at, show disdain for ; cut off one's n. to spite 
 one's face, indulge pique at one's own expense ; 
 put one's n. out of joint, supplant or disconcert 
 or frustrate him ; bite or snap one's n. off, 
 answer him snappishly ; pay through the n., be 
 overcharged, have to pay exorbitant prices ; 
 speak through one's n., pronounce with nasal 
 twang; lead 1 by then.; under one's n., straight 
 before him, regardless of his displeasure) ; sense 
 of smell (has a good n., esp. of dogs, & fig. of 
 detectives &c); odour, perfume, of hay, tea, 
 &c; open end or nozzle of pipe, tube, bellows, 
 retort, Sec; prow ; projecting part ; n.-ape, pro- 
 boscis-monkey ; n.-bag, containing fodder for 
 hanging to horse's head ; n.-band, lower band 
 of bridle passing over n. & attached to cheek- 
 straps ; n.-Jlide, musical instrument blown with 
 n. among Siamese, Fijians, &c. ; nosegay [gay 
 in obs. n. use = toy], bunch of (esp. sweet-scent- 
 ed) flowers ; n.-monkey, proboscis-monkey ; n.- 
 piece, = n.-band, also part of microscope to which 
 object-glass is attached ; n.-pipe, piece of piping 
 used, as nozzle ; n.-rag (slang), pocket-handker- 
 chief ; n.-ring, fixed in n. of bull &c. for leading, 
 also ornament worn by savages ; hence (-)nos- 
 ed 2 , no'seLESs, aa. (Vb) perceive smell of, 
 discover by smell, (fig.) detect (noses a job in 
 everything), smell out; rub with the n., thrust 
 n. against or into * sniff (at, about adv. &prep.), 
 pry or search (after, for) ; push one's way, push 
 (one's way), with the n. (esp. of ship) ; (of strata 
 &c.) dip in, basset out. [OE nosu, cf. MLG 
 nose, Du. neus, also ness] 
 no'sep, n. Strong head wind (esp. dead n.). 
 [prec, -er 1 ] 
 
 no'sing*, n. Rounded edge of step, mould- 
 ing, &c, or metal shield for it. [nose, -ing j ] 
 noso-, comb, form of Gk nosos disease, as 
 -graphy, systematic description of diseases; 
 -logy, (branch of medical science dealing with) 
 classification of diseases (so -lo'gical, -logist). 
 nosta'lgia, n. Home-sickness as a disease. 
 Hence nosta'lg-ic a. ff. Gk nostos return 
 home, Gk algos pain, -ia 1] 
 no'stoc, n. Kinds of gelatinous unicellular 
 algae, [name invented by Paracelsus] 
 Nostrada'mus, n. Prediction-monger, pro- 
 fessed seer. [Latinized f. M. de Nostredame, 
 French physician who made prophecies 1555] 
 no'stpil, n. Either opening in nose admitting 
 air to lungs & smells to olfactory nerves 
 (stink in one's nn., be offensive to him). Hence 
 
NOSTRUM 
 
 553 
 
 NOTHING 
 
 <-)nosti»illED 2 a. [OE nosthyrl (nose, obs. 
 thirl f. OE thyrel hole cf. thrill)] 
 
 no'stpum, n. Medicine prepared by person 
 recommending it, quack remedy, patent rnedi- 
 . cine ; pet scheme for political or social reform, 
 special device. [L, neut. of noster our, my] 
 
 no'sy (-zi), a. Large-nosed ; ill-smelling (esp. 
 of heated corn, mouldy hay, &c.) ; fragrant (of 
 tea) ; sensitive to bad smells. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 not, n't (see below), adv. negativing & follow- 
 ing ordinary verbs (archaic for usu. neg. form 
 with do ; I know n.; I doubt n.; say n. so ; fear 
 7i.; saidst thoun. ?) ; (often n't attached to word) 
 negativing auxiliaries 8c vb be, 8c following 
 them or (in questions having not in full) their 
 subjects (/ cannot or can't say ; he will n. or 
 won't, or archaic he'll n., come ; she is n., isn't, 
 or vulg. aint, here; do n., or usu. don't, stir; 
 didn't you, or formally did you n., tell me ? ; am 
 In., or aint I, aren't we, smart ?) ; negativing 
 & preceding participles & infinitives (n. know- 
 ing, I cannot say ; begged him n. to move) ; used 
 elliptically for negative sentence or verb or 
 phrase (Are you ill ? N. at all. N. so. I f it 
 clears we will go out ; ifn., n. Popular or n., it 
 is right. I would as soon do it as n.); preceding 
 that with sense it is not to be inferred, however, 
 that, or but what or (formal) but that or (archaic) 
 but with sense all the same or nevertheless (If 
 he said so—n. that he ever did— he lied. I can- 
 not do it; n. but whatScc. a stronger man might); 
 preceding word &c. that is to be rejected for 
 one that follows with but or to emphasize by 
 contrast one already used (He is n. my son, but 
 yours, or but my nephew. He is your son, n. or 
 <£■ n. mine) ; preceding emphatic appended pro- 
 noun (the Chinese will not fight, n. they) ; pre- 
 ceding a with sense n. one (not a hair of your 
 head shall be touched) ; preceding in litotes or 
 periphrasis a word of opposite sense to that 
 required (n. a few, n. seldom ; n. once or or 
 nor twice, many times ; n. unconnected with ; 
 n. reluctant, only too glad) ; n. at home ; n.- 
 being, non-existence; n. out; n.-self, = non- 
 ego; n. sufficient, or usu. N.S., banker's mark 
 on dishonoured cheque, [contr. of nought] 
 
 nota be*ne (-ta), vb imperat. (abbr. N.B.). 
 Observe what follows, take notice, (usu. draw- 
 ing attention to a qualification of what has 
 preceded). [L, = note well] 
 
 ndtabi'lity, n. Prominent person, (rare) 
 notable object or thing worth seeing ; worthi- 
 ness of notice (names of no historical n.) ; (ar- 
 chaic) housewifely skill, [foil., -bility] 
 
 no'table, a. & n. Worthy of note, remark- 
 able, striking, eminent; (Chem.) perceptible (a 
 n. quantity of) ; (of women) capable, bustling, 
 good at household management ; hence no't- 
 abLY 2 adv.; (n.) eminent person (esp. Assembly 
 of Nn., irregular council serving as temporary 
 parliament in emergencies). [F, f. L notabilis 
 (note 2 , -able)] 
 
 nd'tapy, n. Person publicly authorized to 
 draw up or attest contracts &c, protest bills 
 of exchange &c, 8c perform other formalities 
 (chiefly used about foreign countries ; also n. 
 public). Hence notar'iAL a., notar'ialLY 2 
 adv. [f. L notarius secretary (note j > 2 , -ary l )\ 
 
 nota'tion, n. Representing of numbers, 
 quantities, &c, by symbols, any set of symbols 
 used for this, esp. in Arith., Alg., & Mus.; 
 scale 3 of 7i. [f. L notatio (note 2 , -ation)] 
 
 notch, n., & v.t. V-shaped indentation in 
 edge or on convex surface ; nick made on stick 
 &c. by way of keeping count, (now rare) run 
 scored at cricket; (U.S.) defile, pass; n.-wing, 
 kinds of moth; hence no'tchv 2 , notchED 2 
 (hot., zool.), aa. (Vb) make nn. in; make into 
 
 saw &c. by notching ; score (items &c. ; often 
 up, down) by nn.; make (number of runs) at 
 cricket ; secure or insert (steps in staircase &c.) 
 by nn. [f. F hoche with (a)n prefixed, cf. newt] 
 
 note 1 , n. Written sign representing pitch & 
 duration of a musical sound ; key of pianoforte 
 &c. ; single tone of definite pitch made by 
 musical instrument, voice, &c. ; (single tone 
 in) bird's song or call ; significant sound or way 
 of expressing oneself (there is a n. of self-com- 
 placency in his voice ; sound the n. of tear 
 change one's n., become suddenly more, or less 
 aggressive, humble, &e.). Sign, token, charac 
 teristic, distinguishing feature, proof of genu 
 ineness, guarantee consisting of, (these are the 
 nn. of Neo-paganism ; catholicity is one n. of 
 the true Church ; has the n. of catholicity) ; 
 stigma, mark of censure, (on ichich the law has 
 set a n. of infamy) ; mark of exclamation or 
 admiration, interrogation. Brief record of 
 facts, impressions, or topics for speech or arti- 
 cle (usu. pi. ; make or take a n. of, nn. ; com- 
 pare 1 nn. ; preaches from nn. ; spoke for an 
 hour without an.); annotation appended to 
 passage in book &c; short or informal letter; 
 formal diplomatic communication ; (usu. n. of 
 hand) written promise to pay sum by certain 
 time; bank 3 -w.; circular n. Eminence (critic, 
 philosopher, person, of n., distinguished) ; 
 notice, attention, (worthy of n.; take n. of), 
 whence no'tewoRTHY a. N.-book, for entering 
 memoranda in ; n.-paper, kinds used for (esp. 
 private) correspondence. Hence no'teLESS 
 a., no'teLET n. [OF, f. L nota mark] 
 
 note 2 , v.t. Observe, notice, give attention 
 to ; set down, set down, as thing to be remem- 
 bered or observed ; annotate (book &c.) ; (p.p.) 
 celebrated, well known for. [f. OF noter t. L 
 notare (prec.)] 
 
 no'thing* (nu-), n. & adv. No thing (with 
 adj. following, as n. great is easy) ; not any- 
 thing, nought, (has n. in him, is insignificant 
 or without individuality ; there is n. in it, it is 
 untrue or unimportant ; n. venture n. have, ex- 
 cuse for or encouragement to bold action ; n. 
 like leather; neck or n. ; dance on n., be 
 hanged ; fade away 8cc. to n., disappear gradu- 
 ally; no n. colloq., conclusion of negative list, 
 as ?io bread, no butter, no cheese, no n. ; n. else 
 than or but, n. but, force &c, merely force &c, 
 force &c. alone, unmistakable force &c. ; there 
 is n. for it but to, no alternative; n. if not 
 critical &c, critical &c. leading characteristic ; 
 get thing for n., gratis; have endured it for n., 
 to no purpose ; so it teas not for n. that he read 
 Plato ; that is n. to you, not your concern ; 
 make n. of, treat as trifle ; make n. of doing, do 
 without hesitation or as ordinary matter ; can 
 make n. of, cannot understand, find solution 
 of, use, develop, or deal with ; come to n., turn 
 out useless, fail, not amount to anything ; have 
 n. to do with, not be concerned with, avoid deal- 
 ing with or society of ; all to n., longest odds) ; 
 trifle, very inferior thing, (that is n., i.e. in 
 comparison with what I am going to tell you ; 
 he is n. without his money; learning is n. to, 
 i.e. compared with, genius) ; (Arith.) no amount, 
 nought, (multiply 6 by n., & the result is n.) ; 
 non-existence, what does not exist ; (with a & 
 pi,) trifling thing, event, remark, or person (the 
 little nn. of life ; whisper soft nn. ; the new com- 
 mander-in-chief was an.); (of religious belief) 
 be n., belong to no denomination, be an atheist 
 or agnostic, whence nothingAR'iAN, n. (Adv.) 
 not at all, in no way, (differs n. from ; is n. less 
 than monstrous, positively ; helps us n. ; avails 
 n. ; is n. like as or so good &c; is n. near so 
 extensive), [no l , thing] 
 
 18* 
 
NOTHINGNESS 
 
 551 
 
 NOW 
 
 no'thingness, n. Non-existence, the non- 
 existent ; worthlessness, triviality, unimpor- 
 tance, insignificance, trifles, [-ness] 
 
 no'tiee, n., & v.t. Intimation, intelligence, 
 warning, {give, have, n.; at short, ten minutes', 
 &c , n. , with such time for preparation) ; placard 
 &c. conveying information or directions ; for- 
 mal intimation of something or instructions to 
 do something (n. to quit; till further 1 n.), 
 announcement by party to agreement that it 
 is to terminate at specified time (esp. between 
 landlord & tenant or employer & employed ; 
 give a week's &c. n.); heed, attention, cogniz- 
 ance, observation, (come into n., attract atten- 
 tion ; takes no n. of it, does not observe it, or 
 takes no action in consequence of it ; brought 
 it to his n.; take n. that, I warn you that ; baby 
 takes n., shows signs of intelligence) ; para- 
 graph or article upon something in newspaper, 
 esp. review of book, play, &c. ; n.-board, bearing 
 n. or provided for nn. to be posted on. (Vb) re- 
 mark upon, speak of; perceive, take n. of; 
 treat with politeness or condescension ; serve 
 with n., give n. to, (was noticed to quit) ; hence 
 no'ticeABLE a., no'tieeabLY 2 adv. [F, f. L 
 notitia (notus p.p. of noscere know, -ice)] 
 
 notifiable, a. (Of diseases) that must be 
 notified to public-health authorities, [-able] 
 
 no'tify, v.t. Make known, announce, re- 
 port ; inform, give notice to, (person of, that, 
 orabs.). Hence notiFiCA'TiON n. [t.Fnotifier 
 f. L notificare (notice *, -FY)] 
 
 nd'tion (-shn), n. General concept under 
 which particular thing may be classed (in 
 Philos.,yirs£, second, n., = first, second, inten- 
 tion); idea, conception, (then, of my doing it is 
 absurd ; what he means I have not the haziest 
 n.) ; view, opinion, theory, (has a n. that ; such 
 is the common ?i.) ; faculty, capability, or in- 
 tention of (has no n. of obeying^ obedience, 
 discipline, letting himself be made a fool of) ; 
 (U.S.) something in the way of miscellaneous 
 wares, esp. cheap useful ingenious article, [f. L 
 notio (notice, -ion)] 
 
 no'tional, a. (Of knowledge &c.) specula- 
 tive, not based on experimen t or demonstration , 
 whence no*tionaliST(2) n., no'tionalLY 2 
 adv.; (of things, relations, &c.) existing only in 
 thought, imaginary ; (of persons) fanciful, [f. 
 med.L notionalis (prec, -al)] 
 
 ndto-, comb, form of Gk noton back, in 
 scientific terms, as -bra'nchiate having dorsal 
 gills, -chord cartilaginous band forming basis 
 of spinal column, -ne'cta [Gk nektes swimmer] 
 water-beetle swimming on back, the boat-fly. 
 
 Notog-ae'a (-jea), n. Zoological region com- 
 prising Australian, New-Zealand, & neotropi- 
 cal regions, [f. Gk notos south, gaia land] 
 
 notorious (no-), a. (Of facts) well or com- 
 monly known (esp. it is n. that) ; (with designa- 
 tions of persons, conduct, &c, that imply con- 
 demnation) undisguised, talked of, generally 
 known to deserve the name, (n. smuggler, 
 offender, vice); unfavourably known (for some 
 quality or conduct, or abs. ; a ship n. for ill- 
 hick; the n. Titus Oates). Hence or cogn. 
 notorreTY n., notop'iousLY 2 adv. [f. med.L 
 notorius (notice, -ory), -ous] 
 
 notwithstanding-, prep., adv., & conj. 
 In spite of, not the less for, (n. his resistance ; 
 this n. The second order is the orig., the prep, 
 having been developed f. a part, abs.); (adv.) 
 nevertheless, all the same ; (conj., developed 
 from prep, or part. abs. with that, still some- 
 times retained) although, in spite of the fact 
 (that), (archaic), [not, withstand, -ing 2 ] 
 
 nougat (noo - gah), n. Sweetmeat of sugar, 
 nuts, &c. [F (L nux nucis nut, -ate 2 )] 
 
 nought (nawt), n. Nothing (poet., archaic, 
 & arith. ; come, bring, to n., be ruined or fail, 
 ruin or battle ; set at n., disregard, ridicule) ; 
 figure 0, cipher, (nn. & crosses, child's game). 
 [OE nowiht (ne not, see aught, naught)] 
 
 nou'menon (now-), n. (pi. -ena). Object of 
 intellectual intuition devoid of all phenomenal 
 attributes. Hence nou'menAL a., nou'- 
 menalLY 2 adv. [f. Gk nooumenon neut. pres. 
 part. pass, of noeo apprehend, taken by Kant as 
 antithesis to phenomenon] 
 
 noun (nown), n. (gram. ). Word used as name 
 of person or thing, substantive ; (formerly) sub- 
 stantive or adjective (n. substantive, n. ; n. 
 adjective, adjective). Hence nou'nAL a. (rare). 
 [AF, f. OF nun, nom, f. L nomen name (noscere 
 
 KNOW, -MEN)] 
 
 nou'pish (nu-), v.t. Sustain with food (lit. 
 & fig.), whence nou'PishiNG 2 a.; foster, 
 cherish, nurse, (feeling, hope, &c.) in one's 
 heart, [f. OF norir (-ish 2 ) f. L nutrire] 
 
 nourishment, n. Sustenance, food ; nour- 
 ishing, [f. OF nourissement (prec, -ment)] 
 
 nous (nows), n. (Gk philos.) mind, intellect ; 
 (colloq.) common sense, gumption. [Gk] 
 
 nd'vel ', n. One of the tales in such a collec- 
 tion as Boccaccio's Decameron ; fictitious prose 
 narrative of sufficient length to fill one or more 
 volumes portraying characters & actions re- 
 presentative of real life in continuous plot, 
 the n., this type of literature ; (Rom. law) new 
 decree supplementary to the Codex, [f. It. 
 novella f. L neut. pi. as foil.] 
 
 nd'vel 2 , a. Of new kind or nature, strange, 
 hitherto unknown. [OF, f. L novellus dim. of 
 novus new] 
 
 novele'tte, n. Short novel, story of moder- 
 ate length ; (Mus.) piano piece of free form with 
 several themes, [-ette] 
 
 no'velist, n. Novel-writer. Hence novel- 
 i # stic a. [-ist] 
 
 no'velize, v.t. Convert (drama, facts) into 
 a novel. Hence novelizA'TioN n. [-ize] 
 
 no'velty, n. New or unusual thing or occur- 
 rence ; novel character of something, [f. OF 
 novelU (novel 2 , -ty)] 
 
 November, n. Eleventh month. [L (novem 
 nine) cf. December] 
 
 nover'eal, a. Stepmotherly, [f. L novercalis 
 (noverca stepmother, -al)] 
 
 nd'viee, n. Person received in religious 
 house on probation before taking the vows; 
 new convert ; inexperienced person, beginner, 
 tiro. [OF, f. L novicius (novus new, -itious ! )] 
 
 novreiate, -iti-, (-shiat), n. Novice's pro- 
 bationary period or initiation or apprenticeship; 
 novice ; quarters assigned to novices, [f. F 
 noviciat f. med.L novitiatus (prec, -ate 1 )] 
 
 now, ad v., conj., &n. At the present time; by 
 this time ; under the present circumstances (/ 
 cannot n. ever believe you again ; n. that I know 
 you, it is different); immediately (mustgon.); in 
 the immediate past (just n., & archaic even, but, 
 n.) ; (in narrative) then, next, by that time, (Cae- 
 sar now marched east; it ivasn. clear); (every) n. 
 & then or again, from time to time, intermit- 
 tently ; n. — w., 7i. — then, n. — & again, at one 
 moment — at another ; n. or never!, this is the 
 nick of time ; (without temporal force, giving 
 various tones, soothing, reproving.explanatory, 
 threatening, &c, to sentence) pray, I beg, I in- 
 sist, I warn you, & yet, you must know, it must 
 be admitted, surely, (N. what do you mean by 
 it ?. Oh, come n. !. No nonsense n. !. You have 
 revealed the secret; n. you were paid to keep it. 
 Now Barabbas was a robber. N. this was bad 
 enough, but — . N. then, what mischief are 
 yo u at ?. You don't mean it, n.). (Conj. ; orig.. 
 
NOWADAY 
 
 555 
 
 NUMERATOR 
 
 as often still, new adv. followed by that) conse- 
 quently upon or simultaneously with the fact 
 that (N. I am a man I think otherwise. N. you 
 mention it, I do remember). (N.) this time, the 
 present, (chiefly after prepp. ; is there by, ere, 
 till, n.,from n. till, &c. ; read the future in the 
 n.). [Aryan ; OE nil, also in all older Teut. 
 langg., cf. Skr. nu, Gk nun, L nunc] 
 
 nowaday, a. Of, nowadays, [f. foil.] 
 
 nowadays, adv. & n. (At) the present day, 
 (in) these advanced or newfangled times, [now 
 adv., A 2 , DAY, -es] 
 
 Nowel (noe'l), int. expr. joy in Christmas 
 carols, [f. OF noelt. L nataios] 
 
 no'whepe (hwar, -war), adv. In, at, to, no 
 place (n. near, not nearly ; be, come in, n., not 
 be placed in race or competition), [no, where] 
 
 no'xious (-kstnzs), a. Harmful, unwhole- 
 some. Hence no'xiousLY 2 adv., no'xious- 
 ness n. [f. L noxius (noxa harm), -ous] 
 
 noyacfe(nwahyah*d),n. Execution by drown- 
 ing, esp. wholesale as in France in 1794. [F] 
 
 noyau (nwahyo'), n. Liqueur of brandy 
 flavoured with fruit-kernels. [F (L nux nucis 
 nut, -AL)] 
 
 no'zzle, n. Spout, mouth-piece, end fitted to 
 hose &c. [nose, -le(1)] 
 
 nuance (F), n. Delicate difference in or 
 shade of meaning, feeling, opinion, colour, &c. 
 
 nub, nu'bble, nn. Small knob or lump, esp. 
 of coal. Hence nu'bblY 2 a. [var. of knob] 
 
 nu'bile, a. Marriageable (esp. of women). 
 Hence nubi'liTY n. [f. L mibilis (nubere be- 
 come wife)] 
 
 nu'chal (-kl), a. Of nape of neck. [f. med.L 
 nucha spinal cord, of Arab, orig.] 
 
 nuei-, comb, form of L nux nucis nut, as 
 
 -FEROUS, -FORM, -VOROUS. 
 
 nu'cleole, n. (biol.). Nucleus of or within a 
 nucleus. Hence nu'eleolAR 1 , nu*cleola*ted 
 [-ate 2 ], aa., nucleolo- comb. form. [f. L nu- 
 cleolus dim. of foil.] 
 
 nu'cleus, n. (pi. -ei). (Astron.) condensed 
 part of comet's head ; central part or thing 
 round which others are collected, kernel of 
 aggregate or mass, beginning meant to receive 
 additions, central part of ovule, seed, plant- 
 cell, animal cell, &c, portion of medullary 
 matter from which nerves spring, (the n. of a 
 sun-spot, community, library, story, empire, 
 &c). Hence nu'eleAL, nu'eleAR 1 , nu'cle- 
 ary, aa., nu'eleo- comb. form. [L, f. nucida 
 dim. of nux nucis nut] 
 
 nude, a. & n. Naked, bare, unclothed, un- 
 draped, (n. contract in law, lacking considera- 
 tion & therefore void unless under seal) ; so 
 nudi- comb, form (zool.), nu'diTY n. (N.) n. 
 figure in painting or sculpture ; the n., the un- 
 draped figure, undraped state, [f. L nudus] 
 
 nudge, v.t., & n. Push slightly with elbow 
 to draw attention privately, (fig.) draw atten- 
 tion of ; (n.) such push. [?] 
 
 nu'gae (-ge, -je), n. pi. Trifles, learned 
 triflings, profitless minutiae. [L] 
 
 nu'gratopy, a. Trifling, worthless, futile ; 
 inoperative, not valid, [f. hnugatorius(nugari 
 trifle f. prec, -ory)] 
 
 nu'grgap, n. Large broad-beamed boat used 
 on upper Nile, [native] 
 
 nu'gget, n. Rough lump of native gold. [?] 
 
 nui'sance (nus-), n. Anything injurious or 
 obnoxious to the community or member of it 
 for which legal remedy may be had (commit no 
 n., notice to passengers not to defile place) ; 
 obnoxious person, offensive object, annoying 
 action, anything disagreeable. [OF (nuire nuis- 
 f. L nocere hurt, -ance)] 
 
 null, a. -Void, not binding, invalid, (often n. 
 
 & void) ; without character or expression ; non- 
 existent, amounting to nothing, (rare), [f. L 
 nullus (ne not, ullus any)] 
 
 nu'llah, n. (Anglo-lnd.). Stream, water- 
 course, ravine, [f. Hind, nala] 
 
 nu'llify, v.t. Cancel, annul, neutralize 
 efface. So nulliFiCA'TiON n. [f. LL nullijicare 
 
 (NULL, -FY)] 
 
 nu'llipore, n. Kind of marine vegetation, 
 [f. L nullus no + pore *] 
 
 nu'llity, n. Being null, invalidity, (esp. n. of 
 marriage ; n. suit, for this) ; act, document, 
 &c, that is null; nothingness; a mere nothing; 
 a nonentity, [f. med.L nullitas (null, -ity)] 
 numb (-m), a., & v.t. Deprived of feelfng or 
 power of motion (n. hand slang, clumsy per- 
 son) ; n.-fish, the Electric Ray or Torpedo ; n.- 
 skull, numskull; hence nu'mbLY 2 (-mil) 
 adv., mrmbNESS n. ; (vb) make n., (fig.) stu- 
 pefy, paralyse, [earlier num p.p. of obs. nim 
 take, com. -Teut., cf. G nehmen, prob. cogn. w. 
 Gk nemo occupy] 
 
 nu'mber ] , n. (written N°, for numero = in 
 number, with pi. N°s, before distinguishing 
 figure, as bedroom N" 15, N os 1-10). Tale, count, 
 sum, company, or aggregate, of persons (also 
 of) or things (also of) or abstract units, symbol 
 or figure representing such aggregate, ticket 
 &c. bearing such figure, person or thing (esp. 
 single issue of magazine, or part of opera &c.) 
 whose place in series is indicated by such 
 figure, (the n. of fools is infinite ; Numbers, 
 abbr. Num., O.T. book containing census; the 
 greatest n. on record is 59 persons ; to the n. of 
 80, as many as ; golden n. ; science of nn., 
 arithmetic ; took the cabman's n. ; sleeps in 
 N° 5 ; lose the n. of one's mess, die ; n. one, one- 
 self, esp. in take care ofn. one ; story issued in 
 nn., in parts successively published bearing 
 nn.; back n., earlier issue of magazine, fig. any- / 
 thing out of date; is not of our n., included 
 among us ; is now added to the n. of my ene- 
 mies)', (sing, or pi.) large, small, &c, or large, 
 collection or company of or abs. (were present 
 in great, only in small, nn.', saw a great, or a, 
 n. of birds ; a small n. came ; there are nn. 
 xcho live by begging) ; (pi.) numerical preponder- 
 ance (won by nn. or force ofnn.); numerical 
 reckoning (the laxvs ofn. & proportion pervade 
 Nature ; without n., innumerable, also nu'm- 
 bePLESS a.; in n., when counted or estimated, 
 numerically, as one people exceeds another in 
 n.); (Gram.) class of word-forms including all 
 singular, all plural, or all dual &c. words (Greek 
 has three nn.; ' things' is of the plural n.) ; 
 rhythm ; (pi.) groups of musical notes, metrical 
 feet, verses, [f. OF nombre f. L numerus] 
 
 nu'mben 2 , v.t. Count, ascertain n. of; 
 (pass.) be restricted in n. (his days or years are 
 numbered, he has not long to live) ; include, 
 regard as, among, in, or xcith some class ; assign 
 a n. to, distinguish with a n. ; have lived, live, 
 (so many years) ; be able to show (so many 
 inhabitants &c.) ; amount to (specified n.). [f. 
 OF nombrer f. L numerare (prec.)] 
 
 nu'merable, a. That can be numbered, [f. 
 L numerabilis (prec, -able)] 
 
 nu'mepal, a. & n. (Word, figure, group of 
 figures) denoting a number ; of number, [f. LL 
 numeralis (number 1 , -al)] 
 
 numera'tion, n. Method or process of num- 
 bering or computing ; calculation ; assigning of 
 numbers ; (Arith.) expression in words of num- 
 ber written in figures, n. table, showing value 
 of figures according to their place in system of 
 notation, [f. L numeratio (number 2 , -ation)] 
 
 nu'mepatop, n. Number above line in vul- 
 gar fraction showing how many of the parts 
 
NUMERIC 
 
 556 
 
 NUTMEG 
 
 indicated by the denominator are taken ; per- 
 son who numbers. [LL (number 2 , -or 2 )] . 
 
 nume'pie, n. What is either a number, a 
 proper or improper fraction, or an incommen- 
 surable ratio, [f. L numerus number, -icjV « 
 
 numerical, a. Of, in, denoting, &c, num 
 ber. Hence nume'piealLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 nu'merous, a. Comprising many units (a n. 
 acquaintance, library, family, army, class) ; 
 coming from many individuals (the n. voice of 
 the people ; a n. hum) ; (archaic) thronged (a n. 
 country, university, dinner) ; (of verse or prose) 
 rhythmic, harmonious. Hence nu'mer- 
 ously 2 adv. [f. LniMnerosusiNUMBERK-ous)] 
 
 numisma'tic (-z-), a. Of coins or coinage. 
 So numisma'tic ally adv., numisma'tics, 
 numi # smatisT(3), numismato'LOGY nn. [F 
 (-ique), f. L (num-) f. Gk nomisma -atos coin 
 (nomizo use currently f. nomos custom), -ic] 
 
 nirmmary, nu'mmulary, aa. Of, in, 
 coin. [f. L nummarius (nummus coin, -ary ] ), 
 & nummulus dim. + -ary l ] 
 
 nu'mmulite, n. Disk-like fossil shell of 
 Tertiary strata, [nummulus (prec), -ite 1 (2)] 
 
 nu'mhah, n. Saddle-cloth, pad placed under 
 saddle, [var. of Anglo-Ind. numdah felt f. 
 Hind, namda f. Pers. namad carpet] 
 
 nu'mskull, n. Dolt or his head, [numb] 
 
 nun, n. Woman living in convent usu. under 
 vow of poverty, chastity, & obedience ; kinds 
 of bird & moth ; n.'s cloth, thin woollen stuff; 
 n.'s thread, fine white sewing cotton ; n.'s veil- 
 ing, thin dress-stuff. Hence nu'nHOOD, nu'n- 
 nERY(3), nu'nsHip, nn., nu'nLiKE, nu*n- 
 niSH 1 , aa. [OE nunne f. eccl. L nonna fern, of 
 nonnus monk, orig. =old man, gaffer] 
 
 nu'n-buoy, n. Buoy circular in middle & 
 tapering to each end. [f. obs. nun spinning-top, 
 perh. f. prec] 
 
 nunc cffmi'ttis, n. The canticle Lord, now 
 lettest thou (sing n. d., be willing to depart from 
 life &c). [L, = now lettest thou go] 
 
 nu'nciature (-shatuf), n. (Tenure of) office 
 of papal nuncio, [f. It. nunziatura (foil.)] 
 
 nu'neio (-shio), n. Pope's ambassador at 
 foreign court. [It. f. L nuncius messenger] 
 
 nu'ncupate, v.t. Declare (will, testament) 
 orally, not in writing. So nuneupA'Tiox n., 
 nu'ncupATiVE a. [f. L nuncupare name (no- 
 men name, capere take), -ate 3 ] 
 
 nunna'tlon, n. Addition of final n in de- 
 clension of (orig. Arabic) nouns, [f. Arab, nun 
 the letter n + -ation] 
 
 nu'phar, n. Yellow water-lily, [for nenu- 
 phar] 
 
 nu'ptial (-shl), a. & n. Of marriage or wed- 
 ding ; (n., usu. pi.) wedding, [f. L nuptial is 
 (nuptiae wedding f. nubere nupt- become wife>] 
 
 nurse 1 , n. Woman employed to suckle & 
 take charge of infant (usu. wet-n.), or having 
 charge of young children (also dry-n.) ; country 
 &c. that fosters some quality &c. (the n. of 
 liberty); nursing or being nursed (at n., put 
 out or put to n., of child, & fig. of estate) ; per- 
 son, usu. woman, charged with or trained for 
 care of the sick or decrepit; (Forestry) tree 
 planted as shelter to others ; (Entom.) sexually 
 imperfect bee, ant, &c, caring for the young 
 brood, worker; (Zool.) individual in a sexual 
 
 stage of metagenesis ; n.-child, foster-child ; 
 
 n.-frog, kind of which male carries eggs till 
 
 hatched ; n.-maid, girl having charge of child- 
 ren). Hence nup*seY 3 n. [earlier & OF norice 
 
 t. LL nutricia fern, of nutrients f. L nutrix -icis 
 
 (nutrire nourish)] 
 
 nupse 2 , v.t. & i Suckle (child), give suck, 
 
 act as wet-n.; act as n.-maid to, have charge 
 
 of; (pass.) be brought up (in luxury, certain 
 
 place, &c.) ; foster, tend, promote development 
 of, (the arts, hatred, &c); manage (plants, 
 estate) with solicitude ; cherish (grievance &c); 
 wait upon (sick person), try to cure (sickness), 
 be sick-n. ; hold or clasp (baby, one's knees or 
 foot) caressingly; sit close over (fire); keep 
 (constituency) in good humour by attentions ; 
 (Billiards) keep (balls) together for series of 
 cannons ; keep close to (rival omnibus to inter- 
 fere with its custom, or horse in race to impede 
 it) ; nursing-home, house for surgical opera- 
 tions, reception of invalids, &c; nursing fat her, 
 mother, foster-, [earlier ?iursh f. nourish] 
 nurse 3 , n. Kinds of dog-fish or shark, [prob. 
 f. obs. huss dog-fish etym. dub., w. adherent 
 (a)n, cf. newt, & assim. to prec] 
 nup'sepy, n. Room assigned to children & 
 their nurses (n.-governess, one combining duties 
 of nurse & governess) ; practice, institution, 
 sphere, place, in or by which qualities or classes 
 of people are fostered or bred ; plot of ground 
 in which young plants are reared for trans- 
 plantation (nurseryman, owner of this) ; fish- 
 rearing pond; place where animal life is devel- 
 oped ; (Billiards) grouped balls (see nurse 2 : 
 esp. in n.-cannon), [-ery(3)] 
 nup*s(e)ling;, n. Infant, esp. in relation to 
 its nurse ; n. of, person or thing bred in or fos- 
 tered by. [nurse i. -ling l ] 
 nur'tupe (-tshe?'), n., & v.t. Bringing up, 
 training, fostering care; nourishment; (vb) 
 nourish, rear, foster, train, educate, [f. OF 
 nourture f. L nutrire nourish, -ure] 
 nut, n.; & v.i. Fruit consisting of hard or 
 leathery shell enclosing edible kernel (see also 
 earth-71., pea-71. ; DEAF n. ; can't shoot &c for 
 nn. slang, do thing even tolerably well ; hard 
 n. to crack, difficult problem, person or thing 
 hard to deal with or get the better of ; be nn. 
 to slang, please greatly, delight; be nn. or dead 
 nn. on slang, delight in, be skilful at) ; (slang) 
 head (off one's 71., drunk or mad); small toothed 
 projection on spindle engaging with cog-wheel, 
 small spur-wheel ; small block usu. of metal 
 pierced with female screw for securing or ad- 
 justing bolt; holder that tightens or relaxes 
 horse-hair of fiddle-bow &c; (pi.) small lumps 
 of coal ; n.-broum, coloured like ripe hazel-n. 
 (esp. of girl's complexion, & of ale) ; n.-butter, 
 food like butter made from nn.; n.-cracker, 
 (usu. pi.) instrument for cracking nuts, promi- 
 nent chin & nose with points naturally, or by 
 loss of teeth, near each other (also used attrib. 
 in sing., as a n.-c. face), (sing.) common Euro- 
 pean but rare British bird ; n.-gall, gall found 
 on dyer's-oak used as dye-stuff; nu'thatch, 
 small creeping bird feeding on nn. [hatch 4 ]; 
 n.-oil, got esp. from hazel-nn. & walnuts, & used 
 in paints & varnishes; n.-palm, Australian 
 bearing nn.; nu'tshell, hard exterior covering 
 of n., tiny receptacle or dwelling, briefest pos- 
 sible way of expressing, epitome, (can give it 
 you in a nutshell) ; n.-tree, bearing nn., esp. 
 hazel ; n.-weevil, beetle laying eggs in green 
 hazel & filbert nn. (Vb) seek or gather nn. (usu. 
 in gerund, went nutting Sec). [com.-Teut.; OE 
 hnutu, cf. Du. noot, G nuss] 
 nu'tate, v.i. (bot.). Nod, droop. So nu'tANT 
 a [f. L nutare frequent, of nuere nod, -ate 3 ] 
 nuta'tion, n. Nodding ; (Astr.) oscillation of 
 earth's axis making motion of pole of equator 
 round pole of ecliptic wavy ; oscillation of spin- 
 ning top ; curvature in stem of growing plant, 
 [f. hnutatio (prec, -ion)] 
 nu'tmeg, n. Hard aromatic spheroidal seed 
 got from fruit of evergreen E.-Indian tree (n.- 
 tree), used as spice & in medicine ; n.-apple, 
 fruit of n.-tree yielding mace & nn.; n.-liver, 
 
NUTRIA 
 
 557 
 
 OAT 
 
 diseased state of liver, red atrophy, [partial 
 transl. of OF 7iois 7nugede, = med.Lnux?)iuscata 
 musky nut] 
 
 nu'tpia, n. Skin or fur of the S.-Arner. coypu, 
 an aquatic rodent. [Sp., = otter f. L Intra] 
 
 nu'tpient, a. Serving as or providing nou- 
 rishment, [f. L nutrire nourish, -entJ 
 
 nu'triment, n. Nourishing food (lit. & fig.). 
 Hence nutriment a l a. (rare). If. L nutri- 
 mentum (prec, -ment)] 
 
 nutri'tion, n. (Supplying or receiving of) 
 nourishment, food, [as nutrient, -ion] 
 
 nutpi'tious, a. Nourishing, efficient as food. 
 Hence nutri'tiousLY 2 adv., nutpi'tious- 
 ness n. [f. L nutritius (nurse 1 , -itious 2 )] 
 
 nu'tpitive, a. & n. Serving as food ; con- 
 cerned in nutrition ; (n.) article of food. [F (-if, 
 -ive) f. med.L nutritivus (nutrient, -ive)J 
 
 nu'tty, a. Abounding in nuts ; tasting like 
 nuts, of rich mellow flavour ; (slang) amorous 
 or enthusiastic (upon). [-Y 2 J 
 
 nux vo'miea, n. Seed of E.-Ind. tree yield- 
 ing the poison strychnia. [med.L (L nux nut, 
 vomere vomit, -ic)] 
 
 nu'zzle, v.i. & t. Nose, burrow or press or 
 rub or sniff with the nose, press nose or press 
 (nose) into or against ; nestle, lie snug, (also 
 refl.). [nose ] , -le(3)] 
 
 nyctalo'pia, n. Night-blindness or recur- 
 rent loss of vision after sunset; inability to see 
 clearly except at night. [LL (Gk nuktalops f. 
 nukt- night, alaos blind, ops eye, -ia ] ) ; incor- 
 rect second sense due to overlooking of -al-] 
 
 nyetitpd'pie, a. (bot.). Turning in certain 
 direction at night, [f. Gk nux nuktos night, -I-, 
 Gk tropos turn, -ic] 
 
 ny'lghau (-gaw), n. Short-horned Indian 
 antelope, [f. Pers. nilgaw (nil blue, gaw ox)] 
 
 nymph, n. One of class of mythological semi- 
 divine maidens inhabiting sea, rivers, foun- 
 tains, hills, woods, or trees, or attending su- 
 perior deities, whence or cogn. nymphe'AN, 
 nymphiSH 1 , nymphLiKE, aa.; (Poet.) 
 young & beautiful woman ; pupa. [f. F nymphe 
 f. L f. Gk numphe] 
 
 ny 'mpholepsy, n. Ecstasy or frenzy caused 
 by desire of the unattainable, [foil., epilepsy] 
 
 ny'mpholept, n. Person inspired by violent 
 enthusiasm esp. for an ideal. Hence nym- 
 phole'ptic a. [f. Gk numpholeptos nymph- 
 caught (nymph, lambano take)] 
 
 nymphomania, n. (path.). Morbid & un- 
 controllable sexual desire in women, [f. Gk 
 numphe bride, -o-, -mania] 
 
 
 
 O i (6), letter (pi. Os, O's, Oes). O-shaped mark, 
 circle, (esp. round O). 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : old, as O.S.(tyle), O.T.(es- 
 tament), OE(nglish), OHG (high German) ; on, 
 O.H.M.S. (his or her majesty's service) ; oppo- 
 site. o.p.(rompter) ; order, as O.M. (of merit), 
 O.S.B. (of St Benedict); ordinary, O.S.(eaman); 
 over, o.p.(roof) ; (facet.) all, O.K. (correct). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : ob.U'rt) ; Obad.fiah, O.T. 
 book) ; oet.(avo) ; Ol.(ympiad) ; Ont.(ario) ; 
 op.(us) ; Ope.(gon); Oxon., Oxfordshire, 
 bishop of Oxford ; oz., ounce(s). 
 
 O 2 , oh, int. prefixed to vocative name (O), or 
 expressing various emotions (usu. oh if separat- 
 ed by punctuation, otherwise O. O dear me ! ; 
 Ofor a breathing-space ! ; Oh, what a lie !; Oh, 
 is that so ?). [ME, prob. f. L] 
 
 O' 1 , pref. of Irish names, as O'Connor. [Ir. o, 
 ua, descendant] 
 
 o' 2 , prep, short for of, on, still in some phrases, 
 
 as (-of) o'clock, Jack-o'-lantern, Will-o'-the- 
 wisp, man-o'-war, ( = on) cannot sleep o' nights. 
 
 -o-, letter used to adapt first part of double- 
 barrelled word for connexion with second ; 
 prop, used in Gk compounds, -i- being usu. 
 in L, but now extended to many scientific & 
 other terms made of non-Gk wds (occipito- 
 frontal, joco-serious) ; &, in meaning, express- 
 ing not merely modification of second element 
 by first (Franco-German^ essentially German 
 with some French characteristics), but equal or 
 any other relations (Franco-German tear) ; used 
 also in forming true derivatives w. Gk endings 
 as -cracy, -logy, & perh. taken for part of the 
 suf., whence 'ologies' &c. 
 
 oaf, n. (pi. -s, oaves). Elf's child, changeling, 
 (archaic) ; misbegotten, deformed, or idiot 
 child; awkward lout. Hence oa'fiSH * a. [var. 
 of obs. auff. ON dlfr elf] 
 
 oak, n. Kinds of tree & shrub, of which the 
 best known is a forest tree yielding hard tim- 
 ber & acorns & having jagged leaves (Dyer's, 
 Holm, Scarlet, &c, o., other species; Dwarf, 
 Ground, &c, o., plants named from some re- 
 semblance to o.) ; wood of the o. (heart ofo.), 
 (poet.) wooden ships; (Univv.) outer door of 
 set of rooms (sport one's o., shut this to exclude 
 visitors) ; leaves of o. (o. is still v:om on 29th 
 May) ; colour of young o. leaves ; the Oaks, 
 race at Epsom for three-year-old fillies [f. name 
 of estate] ; (attrib., = ,but now more usual than) 
 oaken ; o.-apple, -Jig, -gall, -plum, -potato, 
 -spangle, -wart, kinds of excrescence produced 
 on oo. by gall-flies ; o.-apple day, 29th May on 
 which o.-aa. are worn as anniversary of royal- 
 o. incident; o. -beauty, -egger, -hooktip, -lappet, 
 -moth, kinds of moth bred on or resembling 
 leaf &c. of o.; o.-fern, smooth three-branched 
 Polypody; o.-tree, o.; o.-wood, forest, copse, 
 &c, of oo., also o. timber. Hence oa*kEN 5 a., 
 oa'kLET, oa'kLiNG l (2). nn. [com.-Teut. ; OE 
 dc, cf. Du. eik, G eiche] 
 
 oa'kum (ok-), n. Loose fibre got by picking 
 old rope to pieces & used esp. in caulking (pick 
 o., make this, esp. as formerly common task of 
 convicts & paupers). [OE dcumbe lit. off-cornb* 
 ings (x- off, cemban cf. G kdmmen comb 2 )] 
 
 oar, n., & v.t. & i. Pole with blade used (usu. 
 in even numbers) to propel boat by leverage, 
 esp. one worked by single rower (cf. sweep) 
 with both hands (cf. scull), or to steer (chained 
 to the o., constrained to work hard & long, 
 with allusion to galley-slaves ; pair-o.,four-o., 
 &c, boat with two, four, &c, oo.; pulls a good 
 o., is good oarsman ; put in one's o., interfere ; 
 have an o. in every man's boat, be a meddler ; 
 rest on one's oo., cease work for a time) ; good, 
 bad, young, practised, &c, oarsman ; (fig.) wing, 
 fin, arm used in swimming, &c; oarsman, -wo- 
 man, rower, whence oap*smansHir(3) n.; 
 hence oap'AGE(l) n. (poet.), (-)oaPED 2 , oar*- 
 less, oap'Y 2 (poet.), aa. (Vb) row (t. & i.; 
 poet. ; o. boat, water, air, one's way, o. one's 
 arms or hands, move them as in swimming). 
 [OE (& ON) dr, perh. cogn. w. Gk eretes rower] 
 
 oa'sis, n. (pi. oases). Fertile spot in desert 
 (lit. & fig.). [L f. Gk, prob. of Egypt, orig.] 
 
 oast, n. Hop-drying kiln ; o. -house, building 
 containing this. [OE dst, cf. Du. eest, cogn. w. 
 L aedes house, aestus heat, aestas summer, Gk 
 aithos heat] 
 
 oat, n. (PI.) (grain yielded by) hardy cereal 
 grown in cool climates as food for men & horses; 
 (sing., rare exc. in comb.) o. -plant, variety of 
 oo.; Wild O., tall grass resembling oo. (sow 
 one's to. oo., indulge in youthful follies before 
 becoming steady) ; (poet.) o.-stem used as musi- 
 cal pipe by shepherds &c, pastoral or bucolic 
 
OATH 
 
 poetry ; oatcake, thin unleavened cake made 
 esp. in Scotland & N. of oatmeal, meal from 
 oo. used esp in oatcake & porridge. Hence 
 oa'tEN 5 a. [OE ate excl. E, etyni. dub.] 
 oath, n. (pi. pr. odhz). Solemn appeal to God 
 or revered or dreaded person or object in wit- 
 ness that statement is true or promise shall be 
 kept (take an, make, swear an, o., bind oneself 
 thus ; on o., having thus sworn, made or stated 
 or given by sworn person ; bible, corporal *, 
 o.), (form of words containing) statement or 
 promise so corroborated (o. of allegiance, office, 
 supremacy, &c.) ; name of God &c. used as ex- 
 pletive to give emphasis or express anger &c, 
 piece of profanity in speech, curse, [com.- 
 Teut; OE 6th, cf. Du. eed, G eid] 
 ob-, (before c-) oe-, (before/-) of-, (before p-) 
 op-, pref. f. L ob in the way of, occurring 
 chiefly in wds already compounded in L, w. 
 senses (1) exposure, openness, (object, obnoxious, 
 obtrude, obverse) ; (2) meeting (occasion, occur, 
 offend), facing (observe, obstetric, obviate, ob- 
 vious, opportune), direction (oblation, oblique, 
 oblong, obsecrate, obtest, offer), spontaneity or 
 friendliness (obey, obsequious, office) ; (3) oppo- 
 sition or hostility (objurgate, obloquy, obstre- 
 perous, oppose, oppress, opprobrium, oppugn) 
 or resistance (obdurate, obmutescent, obstinate, 
 obtuse) ; (1) hindrance, blocking, veiling, (obbli- 
 gato, obese, obfuscate, oblige, obliterate, obnu- 
 bilate, obscure, obsess, obstacle, obstruct, obtu- 
 rate, occlude, occult, oppilate) ; (5) finality or 
 completeness (obiit, oblivion, obsolete, obtain, 
 obtruncate, Occident, occupy) ; (6, in mod. sci. 
 wds) inversely, in direction or manner contrary 
 to the usual (obconical, obcordate, oblanceolate, 
 obovate, shaped like cone, heart, spike, egg, 
 with thick end presented). 
 obbliga'to (-ah-), a. & n. (mus.). (Of ac- 
 companiment or part) inseparable, forming in- 
 tegral part of the composition, (opp. ad libitum); 
 (n.) such part or accompaniment. [It., f. L 
 obligatus (oblige)]_ 
 
 o'bdupate (or -ur*-), a. Hardened, impeni- 
 tent, stubborn. Hence o'bdurACY n., o'bdu- 
 rateLY 2 adv., (or-ur*-). [f. LoB(durare harden 
 f. dw*us hard), -ate 2 ] 
 
 6'beah, 6*bi, n. Kind of sorcery practised 
 by negroes. [W. Afr.] 
 
 obedience, n. Obeying as act or practice 
 or quality, submission to another's rule, com- 
 pliance with law or command {in o. to, actuated 
 by or in accordance with ; passive o., surrender 
 of one's will to another's without cooperation, 
 also compliance with commands irrespective 
 of their nature) ; (Eccl., esp. R. C.) being 
 obeyed, (sphere of) authority, district or body 
 of persons bound to o., (return to the o. of the 
 Pope ; not belonging to either the Roman or 
 the Byzantine o.). [f. F obedience f. L obedientia 
 (obey, -exce)] 
 
 obedient, a. Submissive to or complying 
 with superior's will, dutiful, (your o. servant, 
 phrase spoken formerly in courtesy, now only 
 ironically, in taking leave, & written as con- 
 cluding formula in letters of official or public 
 character). Hence obedientLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 obedient (obey, -ent)J 
 
 obedientiary (-sha-), n. Holder of any 
 office under superior in monastery or convent. 
 [f. med.L obedientiarius (obedience, -ary 1 )] 
 obei'sance (oba-), n. Gesture, esp. bow or 
 curtsy, expressing submission, respect, or salu- 
 tation (archaic ; make an, do, pay, o.) ; defer- 
 ence, homage, submission, (do, make, pay, o.). 
 If. F obeissance (obey, -ance)] 
 
 558 OBJECTIONABLE 
 
 6'belisk, n. Tapering usu. monolithic shaft 
 of stone square or rectangular in section with 
 pyramidal apex ; o. -shaped mountain, tree, &c; 
 (also obelus) mark used in ancient MSS. to in- 
 dicate that word or passage is spurious &c. (— , 
 -H ; (also obelus) mark of reference to note in 
 margin &c. (f ; double o,, X). If. Lf. Gk obeliskos 
 dim. of obelos spit] 
 
 o'belize, v.t. Mark with the obelisk as spu- 
 rious &c. [f. Gk obelizo (obelos see prec, -ize)] 
 obelus. See obelisk. 
 obe'se, a. Corpulent. So obesiTY n. [f. 
 L OB(esus p.p., = having eaten, of edere eat)] 
 obey* (-a), v.t. & i. Perform bidding of, be 
 obedient to ; execute (command) ; be actuated 
 by (force, impulse) ; do what one is bidden, [f. 
 F obUr f. L OH(edire = audire hear)] 
 o'bfuscate, v.t. Darken, obscure, (mind 
 &c); stupefy, bewilder. So obfuscATiON n. 
 [f. L ob( fuscare f. fuscus dark), -ATE a J 
 6'biit, v.i. 3rd sing, past (abbr. ob.). Died 
 (with date of death). [L, f. OB(i're it- go) die] 
 6'biter, adv. By the way, in passing, (usu. 
 o. dictum, pi. -ta, judge's expression of opinion 
 uttered in arguing point or giving judgment 
 but not essential to his decision & therefore 
 without binding authority ; also gen., inciden- 
 tal remark). [L, = ob iter by the way] 
 obi'tuary, n. & a. Notice of death(s) esp. in 
 newspaper, brief biography of deceased per- 
 son; hence obi'tuapiST(l) n. ; (adj.) recording 
 a death, concerning deceased person, [f. med.L 
 obituamus (L obitus death, see obiit, -ary 1 )] 
 o'bjeet ] , n. Thing placed before eyes or pre- 
 sented to sense, material thing, thing observed 
 with optical instrument or represented in pic- 
 ture ; person or thing of pitiable or ridiculous 
 aspect ; person or thing to which action or 
 feeling is directed, subject of or for, (the Bible 
 had been the o. of his study ; he is a proper o. 
 of or for charity) ; thing aimed at, end, pur- 
 pose; (Metaphys.) thing thought of or appre- 
 hended as correlative to the thinking mind or 
 subject, external thing, the non-ego ; (Gram;) 
 noun or noun-equivalent governed by active 
 transitive verb or by preposition (direct, in- 
 direct, o., that primarily, secondarily, affected 
 by action, as shilling, him, in i" gave him a 
 shilling) ; o.-ball, at which player aims his in 
 billiards &c. ; o.-finder, contrivance for regis- 
 tering position of o. on mounted microscopic 
 slide so as to find it again; o.-glass or -lens, 
 lens in telescope &c. nearest the o. ; o.-lesson, 
 instruction about a material o. that is present 
 for inspection, (fig.) striking practical illustra- 
 tion of some principle ; o. -plate, on which o. is 
 placed for microscopic examination ; o.-staff, 
 surveyor's levelling-staff. Hence o'bjeetLESS 
 a. [f. med.L objectum thing presented to the 
 mind, neut. p.p. of L OB(jicere ject- throw)] 
 obje'et 2 , v.t. & i. Adduce (quality, fact) as 
 objection (to theory &c); state (usu. that-clause) 
 as damaging fact to or against person &c. ; state 
 objection, feel or express disapproval, have ob- 
 jection or dislike to (I o. to being, & incorrectly 
 to be, treated like this). Hence objeetOR 2 n. 
 [f. L object- (prec.)] 
 
 obje'etify, v.t. Present as object of sense, 
 make objective, express in concrete form, em- 
 body. Hence objeetiFiCA'TiON n. [object 1 , 
 
 -I-, -FY] 
 
 obje'etion, n. Objecting, thing objected, ad- 
 verse reason or statement ; expression or feel- 
 ing of disapproval or dislike. [F, t.'L oOjectio 
 (object l , -ION)] 
 
 objectionable, a. Open to objection ; un- 
 
 For words in ob- not given see ob-. 
 
OBJECTIVE 
 
 55U 
 
 OBSEQUIOUS 
 
 desirable, unpleasant, offensive, disapproved of. 
 Hence obje'etionabLY 2 adv. [prec, -able] 
 
 objective, a. & n. (Philos.) belonging not 
 to the consciousness or the perceiving or think- 
 ing subject but to what is presented to this or 
 the non-ego, external to the mind, real ; (of 
 person, writing, picture, Sec.) dealing with out- 
 ward things & not with thoughts or feelings, 
 exhibiting actual facts uncoloured by exhibit- 
 or's feelings or opinions, (Med., of symptoms) 
 observed by another & not only felt by patient, 
 whence obje'etivexEss, objeeti'viTY, nn. ; 
 (Gram.) constructed as, appropriate to, the ob- 
 ject (o. case in English, that governed by tran- 
 sitive verb or preposition, distinguished in 
 form from the subjective only in some personal 
 pronouns, as him cf. he ; o. genitive, as in ' the 
 fear of God ', cf. subjective genitive) ; (Mil.) 
 o. point, towaru3 which advance of troops is 
 directed, (transf.) point aimed at; hence ob- 
 jectives v 2 adv. (N.) = object i-glass, (Gram.) 
 o. case ; (Mil. & transf.) o. point. If. med.L ob- 
 jectifies (OBJECT 1 , -IVE)] 
 
 obje'etivism, n. Tendency to lay stress on 
 the objective ; doctrine that knowledge of non- 
 ego is prior & superior to that of ego. [-ism] 
 
 o'bjupgate, v.t. Chide, scold. Hence ob- 
 jurg-ATiON n., o'bjupgatORY (or -erga-) a, 
 {f. L ob( jurgare quarrel), -ate 3 ] 
 
 6'blate 1 , n. Person dedicated to monastic 
 or religious life or work. [f. (med.L sense of) 
 L OB(latus p.p. of ferre bring)l 
 
 obla'te 2 {or 6'-), a. (geom.). (Of spheroid) 
 flattened at poles (cf. prolate), [as prec. ; 
 sense of ob- doubtful] 
 
 obla'tion, n. (Presenting of bread & wine to 
 God in) Eucharist ; thing offered to God, sacri- 
 fice, victim ; donation for pious uses. Hence 
 obla'tionAL, 6'blatORY, aa. [OF, f. LL obla- 
 tionem (oblate 1 , -ion)] 
 
 O'bligate, v.t. Bind (person, esp. legally) to 
 do (chiefly in p.p.). [f. L (oblige, -ate 3 )] 
 
 obligation, n. Binding agreement esp. 
 one enforceable under legal penalty, written 
 contract or bond ; constraining power of a law, 
 precept, duty, contract, &c. (of o., obligatory); 
 one's bounden duty, a duty, burdensome task ; 
 (indebtedness for) service or benefit (be, put, 
 ■under an or, repay an o.). [OF, f. L obligatio- 
 nem (oblige, -ation)] 
 
 obligatory (or 6'bliga-), a. Legally or mor- 
 ally binding, imperative & not merely permis- 
 sive ; constituting an obligation, [f. LL obliga- 
 torius (foil., -TORY)] 
 
 oblrge, v.t. Bind (person, oneself) by oath, 
 promise, contract, &c, to person or to do (ar- 
 chaic, legal; also with oath &c. as subj.) ; be 
 binding on ; make indebted by conferring fav- 
 our, gratify by doing or with; (colloq.) make 
 contribution to entertainment (ivith song &c, 
 or abs.) ; (pass.) be bound (to person) by grati- 
 tude (for small service) ; constrain, compel, to 
 do. [f. OF obligerl. L OB(ligare bind)] 
 
 obligee', n. (Law) person to whom another 
 is bound by contract or to whom bond is given 
 (cf. obligor) ; (rare) person who has received 
 a favour, [prec, -ee] 
 
 obli'ging, a. Courteous, accommodating, 
 ready to do kindness, complaisant. Hence 
 obli'gingLY 2 adv., obli'gingNESS n. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 o'bligop, n. (legal). One who binds himself 
 to another or gives bond, [oblige, -or 2 ] 
 
 obli'que (-ek), a., & v.i. Slanting, declining 
 from the vertical or horizontal, diverging from 
 straight line or course ; (Geom.) (of line, plane 
 figure, surface) inclined at other than right 
 angle, (of angle) acute or obtuse, (of cone, cy- 
 linder, &c.) with axis not perpendicular to 
 
 plane of base ; (Anat.) neither parallel nor per- 
 pendicular to body's or limb's long axis ; (Bot., 
 of leaf) with unequal sides ; not going straight 
 to the point, roundabout, indirect ; (Gram.) o. 
 case, other than nominative or vocative, o. ora- 
 tion or narration or speech, speaker's words 
 with the changes of person, tense, &c, usual 
 in reports, indirect speech ; hence or cogn. 
 obli'queLY 2 adv., oblrquiTY (-kw-) n. ; (vb, 
 esp. mil.) advance obliquely, [f. L OB(liquus 
 cf. licinus bent upward)] 
 
 obliterate, v.t. Blot out, efface, erase, 
 destroy, leave no clear traces of. So obliter- 
 a*tion n. [f. L OB(literare f. litera letter)] 
 
 obli'vion, n. Having or being forgotten, 
 disregard, unregarded state, (Act, Bill, of O., 
 amnesty ; Jail into o., be forgotten or disused). 
 [OF, f. L oblivionem f. OB(livisci cf. livere be 
 black & blue) forget, -ion] 
 
 obli'vious, a. Forgetful, regardless, (of); 
 (poet.) of, inducing, oblivion. Hence obli'vi- 
 ously 2 adv., obli;viousNESS n. [f. L obli- 
 viosus (oblivium forgetfulness as prec, -ose 1 )] 
 
 o'blong, a. & n. Deviating from square or 
 circular form by having one long axis, (of 
 spheroid) prolate, (Geom.) rectangular with ad- 
 jacent sides unequal; (of paper, book, rect- 
 angular postage stamp or panel, &c) greater in 
 breadth than height ; hence oblongo- (-nggo) 
 comb, form (bot.). (N.) o. figure or object, [f. 
 L OB(longus long) ; sense of ob- doubtful] 
 
 o'bloquy, n. Abuse, detraction ; being 
 generally ill spoken of. [f. LL obloqiman f. L 
 o&(loqui speak) gainsay] 
 
 obmute'scence, n. Obstinate silence. So 
 obmute'scENT a. [f. hOB(midesceref. mutus 
 dumb, -ESCENT, -ENCE)] 
 
 obno'xious (-kshws), a. Liable to harm or 
 evil or attack (now rare) ; offensive, objection- 
 able, disliked, whence obno'xiousLY 2 adv. 
 Hence obno'xiousNESS n. [f. L obnoxius (ob 
 in the way of, noxa harm), -ous] 
 
 6*boe (-oi), n. Wooden double-reed wind-in- 
 strument giving treble to bassoon ; organ reed- 
 stop of penetrating tone. Hence o*boiST(3) n. 
 [It., f. F as hautboy] 
 
 obol (6*bl), n. Ancient-Greek silver coin = 
 about \kd. [f. L f. Gk obolos] 
 
 obsce'ne (-sen), a. Repulsive, filthy, loath- 
 some, (archaic) ; indecent, lewd. Hence or 
 cogn. obsee'neLY 2 adv., obsee'niTY n. [f. 
 L obsc(a)enus etyrn. dub.] 
 
 obscur'ant, n. Opponent of inquiry, en- 
 lightenment, & reform. Hence obscup'ant- 
 iSx\i(3) n., obscup*antiST(2) n. & a. [G, f. L 
 
 (OBSCURE 2 , -ANT)] 
 
 obscure*, a. & n., & v.t. Dark, dim, (o. rays, 
 invisible heat-rays of solar spectrum) ; (of col- 
 our) dingy, dull, indefinite ; indistinct, not 
 clear; hidden, remote from observation; un- 
 noticed ; unknown to fame, humble ; unex- 
 plained, doubtful ; not perspicuous or clearly 
 expressed ; hence or cogn. obseupe'LY 2 adv., 
 obscup'iTY n. (N.) obscurity, indistinctness. 
 (Yb) make o., dark, indistinct, or unintelligible; 
 dim glory of, outshine ; conceal from sight ; so 
 obseuPA'TiON n. [a. f. OF obscur f. L ob- 
 (scums f. scu- cover, cf. scutum shield, Gk 
 skeue attire) ; vb f. adj. or f. L obscurare] 
 
 obsecpa'tion, n. Earnest entreaty ; Litany 
 petition beginning with By. [f. L obsecratio f. 
 OB(secrare=sacrare f. sacer sacred) entreat] 
 
 o'bsequies, n. pi. Funeral rites, a funeral. 
 Hence obse'quiAL a. [pi. of obs. obsequy f. 
 OF obseque f. med.L obsequiae mixture of L 
 exseqviae funeral with obseqvium see foil.] 
 
 obse*quious,a. Obedient, dutiful, (archaic): 
 servile, fawning. Hence obse'quiousLv 2 
 
OBSERVANCE 
 
 560 
 
 OCCASION 
 
 adv., obse'quiousNESS n. [f. L obseqiiiosus 
 f. OB(sequium f. sequi follow) compliance] 
 obsep'vance, n. Keeping or performance 
 of (also of) law, duty, custom, ritual, &c. ; act 
 of religious or ceremonial character, customary 
 rite ; the rule of a religious order ; paying of 
 deference or respect (archaic), also obsep'v- 
 ancv n. [F, f. L observantia (observe, -ance)] 
 obser'vant, a. & n. Attentive in observ- 
 ance ; acute or diligent in taking notice ; hence 
 obser'vantLY 2 adv. (N.) member of branch 
 of Franciscan order that observes the strict 
 rule. [F (observe, -ant)] 
 obsepva'tion, n. Noticing or being noticed, 
 perception, faculty of taking notice, (post, atti- 
 tude, of o., favourable for watching from or in) ; 
 (Mil.) watching of fortress or hostile position 
 or movements {army &c. of o., so engaged) ; 
 accurate watching & noting of phenomena as 
 they occur in nature (cf. experiment) with re- 
 gard to cause & effect or mutual relations ; 
 taking of sun's or other heavenly body's alti- 
 tude to find, latitude or longitude ; remark or 
 statement, esp. one of the nature of comment. 
 Hence observa'tion a l a., obsepva'tion- 
 alLY 2 adv. [f. L observatio (observe, -ation)1 
 obser'vatory, n. Building &c. whence 
 natural, esp. astronomical, phenomena may be 
 observed, [f. L observare see foil., -tory] 
 obser've (-z), v.t. & i. Keep, follow, adhere 
 to, perform duly, (law, command, appointed 
 time, method, principle, silence, rite, anniver- 
 sary, &c.) ; perceive, mark, watch, take notice 
 of, become conscious of ; examine & note (phe- 
 nomena) without aid of experiment ; say, esp. 
 by way of comment ; make remark(s) on. Hence 
 obser'VABLE a., obsep'VER 1 n., obsep'v- 
 ingLY 2 adv. [f. F observer f. L OB(servare keep)] 
 obse'ss, v.t. (Of evil spirit, delusion, or fixed 
 idea) haunt, harass, preoccupy, fill mind of. So 
 obse'ssiON n. [f. L OB(sidere sess- = sedere 
 eit) besiege] 
 
 obsi'dian, n. Dark vitreous lava or volcanic 
 rock like bottle-glass, [f. L obsidianus, erron. 
 for Obsianus (Obsius personal name, -an)] 
 obsolescent, a. Becoming obsolete, going 
 out of use or date ; (Biol., of organ once more 
 fully developed) gradually disappearing. So 
 obsole'SCENCE n. [f. L OB(solescere f. solere 
 be accustomed, see -escent), -ent] 
 O'bsolete, a. & n. Disused, discarded, anti- 
 quated; (Biol.) less developed than formerly or 
 in cognate species, rudimentary ; henee o*b- 
 soleteNESS, o*bsoletis.M(3, 4) nn. (N.) o. per- 
 son or thing, [f. L obsolete p.p. as prec] 
 o'bstacle, n. Hindrance, impediment, (o.- 
 race, in which artificial or natural oo. have to 
 be passed). [OF, f. L obstaculum f. OB(stare 
 stand) impede] 
 
 obste*trie(al), aa. Of midwifery, of child- 
 birth & its antecedents & sequels, as branch of 
 medicine & surgery. Hence obste'trics, ob- 
 stetrrciAN, nn. [irreg. by confusion with -ic 
 f. L obstetricius f. obstetrix midwife f. OB(stare 
 or sistere stand), -trix] 
 
 o'bstinate (-at), a. Stubborn, inflexible, 
 self-willed, refractory. Hence or cogn. o*b- 
 stinACY n., o'bstinateLY 2 adv. [f. L obsti- 
 natus p.p. of OB(stinare deriv. form of stare 
 stand) persist] 
 
 obstre'pepous, a. Noisy, vociferous ; tur- 
 bulent, unruly, noisily resisting control. Hence 
 obstpe'penousLY 2 adv., obstpe'pepous- 
 ness n. [f. L obstreperus f. OB{strepere make 
 noise), -ous] 
 obstPU'ct, v.t. & i. Block up, fill with im- 
 
 pediments, make impassable or difficult of 
 passage ; prevent or retard progress of, im- 
 pede ; practise (esp. Parliamentary) obstruc- 
 tion, [f. L OB(struere struct- build)] 
 obstPU'etion, n. Blocking or being blocked, 
 making or becoming more or less impassable ; 
 hindering, esp. of Parliamentary business by 
 talking against time, whence obstpu'etion- 
 ism(3), obstPU*etioniST(2), nn.; obstacle (o.- 
 guard, bar fixed before locomotive to remove 
 oo. from rails), [f. L obstructio (prec, -ion)] 
 obstructive, a. & n. Causing, intended to 
 produce, obstruction ; hence obstru'etive- 
 LY 2 adv., obstpiretiveNESS n. (N.)o. person, 
 esp. in House of Commons, [obstruct, -ive] 
 obtai'n, v.t. & i. Acquire, secure, have 
 granted one, get, whence obtai'nMENT n. 
 (rare), obtai'nABLE a.; be prevalent or estab- 
 lished or in vogue, [f. F obtenir f. L OB(tinere 
 = tenere hold) keep] 
 
 obte'cted, a. (entom.). (Of pupa) having 
 limbs &c. indistinctlydiscernible through outer 
 covering, [f. L OB(tegere tect- cover) + -ed j ] 
 obte'st, v.t. & i. (archaic). Adjure, supplicate, 
 call to witness; protest. So obtestA'TiON n. 
 f. L OBitestari f. testis witness)] 
 obtPU'de, v.t. Thrust forward (upon or on 
 person or his attention) importunately. So ob- 
 tPU'siON (-zhn) n., obtru'sivE (-s-) a., obtpu*- 
 siveLY 2 adv., obtru'siveNESS n. [f. L ob- 
 (trudere trus- push)] 
 
 obtPirneate, v.t. Cut off head of, top. [f. 
 L OB(truncare f. truncus maimed), -ate 3 ] 
 obtu'nd, v.t. (med.). Blunt, deaden, (sense 
 or faculty), [f. L OB(ttmdere tus- beat)] 
 o'btupate, v.t. Stop up, close, seal, (orifice 
 in body, breech of gun, &c). Hence or cogn. 
 obtupA'TioN, o*btupatOR 2 (2), nn. [f. L obtu- 
 rare, -ate 3 ] 
 
 obtu'se (-s), a. Of blunt form, not sharp- 
 pointed or sbarp-edged; (Geom., of angle) 
 greater than one & less than two right angles ; 
 (of pain, the senses) dull, not acute ; stupid, 
 slow of perception. Hence obtu'seLY 2 adv.. 
 obtirseNESS n., obtvrsi- comb. form. [f. L 
 p.p. of OBTUNDere] 
 
 o'bvepse, a. & n. Narrower at base or point 
 of attachment than at apex (esp. in Nat. Hist., 
 including as general term OBovate, OBlanceo- 
 late, &c.) ; answering as counterpart to some- 
 thing else ; hence obvep'seL y 2 adv. (N. ) side 
 of coin or medal bearing the head or principal 
 design (cf. reverse) ; face of anything meant 
 to be presented, front ; counterpart of a fact or 
 truth, ff. L ob vers us p.p. (foll.)j 
 obvep't, v.t. (log.). Infer another proposi- 
 tion with contradictory predicate by changing 
 quality of (proposition). So obvep'SiON n. [f. 
 L OB(vertere vers- turn)] 
 
 o'bviate, v.t. Clear away, get rid of, get 
 round, neutralize, (danger, inconvenience, 
 &c). [f. L OB(viare f. via way) withstand] 
 o'bvious, a. Open to eye or mind, clearly 
 perceptible, palpable, indubitable. Hence o*b- 
 viousLY 2 adv., o'bviousNESS n. [f. Lobvius 
 (ob viam in the way), -ous] 
 oe-, pref. See ob-. 
 
 deapi'na (-re-), n. Egg-shaped terra-cotta 
 musical instrument. [It. (oca goose, -ina 1 )] 
 occa'sion (-azhn), n., & v.t. Juncture suit- 
 able fordoing something, opportunity, (take o., 
 avail oneself of opportunity to do ; take o. by 
 the forelock J ) ; reason, ground, justification, 
 incitement, need, (there is no o. to be angry, 
 avoid all oo. of quarrel ; give o. to a burst of 
 laughter); subsidiary, incidental, or immediate 
 
 For words in ob- not given see oe-. 
 
OCCASIONAL 
 
 561 
 
 OCTAHEDRON 
 
 cause (the cause of a revolution may be obscure 
 while its o. is obvious); (pi.) affairs, business, 
 (esp. go about one's lawful oo.); (particular 
 time marked by) special occurrence (on this 
 festive o. ; on the e. of his marriage ; celebrate 
 the o. ; rise to the o., show requisite energy &c; 
 this is a great o.) ; (up)on o., whenever need 
 arises, now & then ; (vb) be the o. or cause of, 
 bring about esp. incidentally, cause (action &c, 
 or person or thing to do), [f. L occasio f. oc- 
 (cidere cas- = cadere fall), -ion] 
 occa-sional, a. Arising out of, made or 
 meant for, acting on, special occasion(s) ; hap- 
 pening irregularly as occasion presents itself, 
 coming now & then, not regular or frequent ; 
 o. came, secondary cause, occasion, also appar- 
 ent cause (see foil.). Hence oceasiona'liTV 
 n., occa'sionalLY 2 adv. [al] 
 occa'sionalism, n. Doctrine of some Car- 
 tesians that volition & sensation are connected 
 with the following & preceding material pheno- 
 mena not causally but as separate productions 
 of God on the same occasion. So oeea'sion- 
 aliST(2) n. [-ism] 
 
 O'ccident (oks-), n. (poet., rhet.). The west ; 
 western Europe ; Europe ; Europe & America ; 
 America; European as opposed to Oriental 
 civilization, whence occide*ntaliSM(3) n., 
 occide*ntalizE(3) v.t., occide*ntalisT(2, 3) 
 n. Hence o*ccide*ntAL a., occidental!, v 2 
 adv. [F, f. L Occident- setting (occasion, -ent)] 
 o'cciput (oks-), n. Back of head. Hence 
 oeci'pitAL a., oeei'pito- comb. form. [L oc- 
 (ciput -itis — caput head)] 
 occlu'de, v.t. (sci.). Stop up, close, obstruct, 
 (pores, orifice) ; (Chem.) absorb & retain (gases). 
 So occIu'sion, occ1u*sor 2 (2), nn. [f. L oc- 
 (cludere -clus- = claudere shut)] 
 occu'lt *, a. Kept secret, esoteric ; recondite, 
 mysterious, beyond the range of ordinary know- 
 ledge ; involving the supernatural, .mystical, 
 magical, whence oecu'ltiSM (3), oeeu*ltiST(2,3), 
 nn. Hence oeeu'ltLY 2 adv., oeeu'ltNESS n. 
 [f. L oc(culere -cult- cf. celare hide)] 
 occu'lt 2 , v.t. & i. Conceal, cut off from view 
 by passing in front, (usu. astron., & applied 
 only when concealing body is of much greater 
 apparent size than concealed) ; occulting light 
 in lighthouses, one that is cut off at regular in- 
 tervals. Hence occultA'TiON n. [f. L occultare 
 frequent, as prec] : 
 
 o'ceupant, n. Person holding property, esp. 
 land, in actual possession ; one who occupies, or 
 resides or is in, a place ; one who establishes 
 title to unowned thing by taking possession. 
 Hence o'ccupancy n. [f. L as occupy, -ant] 
 occupa'tion, n. Occupying or being occu- 
 pied ; taking or holding possession, esp. of 
 country or district by military force (army of o., 
 left to hold occupied region till regular govern- 
 ment is set up), tenure, occupancy ; what occu- 
 pies one, means of filling one's time, temporary 
 or regular employment, business, calling, pur- 
 suit ; o. franchise, right to vote as tenant ; o. 
 bridge, road, &c, private for use of occu- 
 piers of land. [F, f. L occupationem (occupy, 
 -ation)] 
 
 o'eeupiep, n. Person in (esp. temporary or 
 subordinate) possession esp. or land or house, 
 holder, occupant, [foil., -er 1 ] 
 o'ecupy, v.t. Take possession of (country, 
 region, town, strategic position) by military 
 force or settlement; hold (office), reside in, 
 tenant ; take up or fill (space, time), reside or 
 be in (place, position) ; busy, keep engaged, 
 (esp. in pass.), [irreg. f. Foccuperf. hoc(cupare 
 cf. capere take) seize ; o. & obtain, as compared 
 w. L origg., have exchanged senses ; in 17th 
 
 & 18th cc. , o. almost disappeared, being avoided 
 owing to now obs. sense cohabit] 
 
 oeeur\ v.i. (-rr-). Be met with, be found, 
 exist, in some place or conditions ; come into 
 one's mind (esp. it occurs or occurred to me 
 that — ) ; take place, befall, happen, [f. L oc- 
 (currere run) go to meet] 
 
 oeeu'ppenee, n. Happening (is of frequent 
 o., often occurs) ; incident, event, [f. obs. or 
 rare occurrent (prec, -ent), -ence] 
 
 ocean (6'shn), n. Great bodv of water sur- 
 rounding the land of the globe ; one of the 
 main areas into which geographers divide this 
 (usu. reckoned as five, the Atlantic, Pacific, 
 Indian, Arctic, & Antarctic, Oo. ; German O., 
 North Sea) ; the sea ; immense expanse or quan- 
 tity of anything (often oo. of) ; o. greyhound, 
 swift ship, esp. passenger liner ; o. lane, track 
 prescribed for steamers; o. tramp, cargo- 
 carrying steamer not engaged in single trade. 
 Hence oeeano'GRAPHY (osha-) n., oceano- 
 gra'phic(al) (osea-, 6sha-)aa., o'eeanwARD(s) 
 adv. [f. L f. Gk okeanos stream encircling 
 earth's disk, Atlantic] 
 
 Ocea'nia (osh-, 6s-), n. Islands of Pacific & 
 adjacent seas. [f. F Oce'anie (prec, -ia *)] 
 
 Oeea'nian, a. & n. (Native) of Oceania, [-an] 
 
 oeea'nie, O-, (osh-, 6s-), a. Of, like, &c, the 
 ocean ; of Oceania, [-ic] 
 
 Oce'anid (os), n. (pi. -s or -a'ntdes). _ Ocean 
 nymph of Greek mythology, [f. Gk Okeanis 
 -idos daughter of Ocean] 
 
 oce'/Ius, n. (pi. -i ). One of simple as opposed 
 to compound eyes of insects ; facet of com- 
 pound eye ; spot of colour surrounded by ring 
 of other colour, whence o'ccIIate 2 , -ated, aa. 
 [L, dim. of oexdus eye] 
 
 o'celot, n. Feline quadruped of S. & Central 
 America, tiger-cat, leopard-cat. [F, abridged 
 by Buffon f. Mex. tlal(ocelotl jaguar) of the 
 field, & applied to different animal] 
 
 och (och), int. = oh, ah, used in Ireland. 
 
 oehlo'epaey (ok-), n. Mob -rule. Hence 
 o'ehlocRAT n., ochlocRA'Tic a. [f. F oehlo- 
 cratie f. Gk okhlokratia (okhlos mob, -cracy)] 
 
 ochre (6'ker), n. Kinds of native earth con- 
 sisting of clay & hydrated oxide of iron used as 
 pigments varying from light yellow to brown ; 
 pale brownish yellow. Hence o'chpeiSH (-er-) 
 oehPA'CEOus, cehpeous (ri-), o'ehpous, 
 o'chpv 2 aa., o'ehpeo- (-ri) comb. form. [f. 
 F ocre f. L f. Gk okhra yellow ochre fern, of 
 bkhros yellow] 
 
 -oek, suf. forming nn. orig. w. dim. sense 
 (hillock, bittock, bullock, perh. paddock), which 
 many of them have lost (paddock, bullock, pol- 
 lock) ; hassock, bannock, mattock, are prob. of 
 different orig. 
 
 o'clock. See clock *. 
 
 oct-. = octa-, octo-, before vowel. 
 
 octa-, comb, form of Gk okto eight. Hence 
 oeta'MEROUS a. 
 
 cctachopd (-ak-), a. & n. Eight-stringed 
 (musical instrument) ; series of eight notes, e. g. 
 the diatonic scale, [f. LL f. Gk oktakhordos 
 (prec, chord)] 
 
 o'ctad, n. Group of eight; (Geom.) eight 
 points of intersection of three quadric sur- 
 faces ; (Chem.) element or radical with com- 
 bining-power of eight units, [f. L. f. Gk oktas 
 f. okto eight, -ad(1)] 
 
 o'ctagon, n. & a. Plane figure with eight 
 angles & sides, object or building of such sec- 
 tion ; hence oeta'gxmAL a., octa*g*onalLY 2 
 adv.; (adj.) octagonal, [f. L f. Gk oktagonos 
 (octa-, gonia angle)] 
 
 oetahe'dpon, n. Solid figure contained by 
 eight plane faces, & usu. by eight triangles 
 
OCTANT 
 
 562 
 
 ODDS 
 
 {regular o., by equal & equilateral triangles); 
 body, esp. crystal, of regular octahedral form. 
 So octahe'dPAL a. [f. Gk oktaedron (octa-, 
 hedra seat)] 
 
 O'etant, n. Arc of circle = 1.8 of circumfer- 
 ence ; 1 8 of circular area contained within two 
 radii & arc ; one.of eight parts into which three 
 planes intersecting (esp. at right angles) at 
 point divide space round it ; (Astron.) point in 
 planet's apparent course 45° distant from given 
 
 r_4- *._ «^v!«.<- <-»+ tmrKi/-»K mnnn ic lr\° frOIH COD* 
 
 point, esp. point at which moon is 15° from con- 
 junction or opposition with sun; graduated 
 eighth of circle used in astronomy & naviga- 
 ion. ff. LL octant (L octo eight, cf. quadrant)] 
 o'etarehy (-ki), n. Aggregate of eight petty 
 :ingdoms (substituted by some historians for 
 
 eighth ~ 
 
 tion. [f. LL octant (L octo eight, cf. quadrant)] 
 o' 
 kingdom;. . 
 
 HEPTARCHY). [OCTO-, cf. HEPTARCHYj 
 
 octapoon. See octoroon. 
 
 o'etastyle, a. & n. (Portico or building) with 
 eight columns at end or in front, [f. LL f. Gk 
 oktastulos octa-, stulos pillar] 
 
 o'etateuch ( k), n. First8 0.-T. books, [f. LL 
 f. Gk ocTAteukhos, cf. pentateuch] 
 
 o'etave (-iv), n. The day week of a festival, 
 eight days including festival & its day week ; 
 group or stanza of eight lines, octet; (Mus.) 
 note produced by twice or half the vibration- 
 rate of given note & eight diatonic degrees 
 above or below it (second o., o. of the o. in same 
 direction; so third &c. o.), interval between 
 note & its o., series of notes filling this, note 
 & its o. sounding together ; group of eight ; 
 a fencing position ; wine-cask holding 13V gal.; 
 o.-coupler, device connecting organ-keys an o. 
 apart; o.-jlute, piccolo, also organ flute-stop an 
 o. higher than the ordinary. [F, f. L octava 
 dies eighth day by inclusive reckoning (octavus 
 f. octo eight)] 
 
 oeta'vo, n. (abbr. 8vo, oct.). (Size of) book 
 or page given by folding sheets three times or 
 into eight leaves, [f. L in 5 octavo (prec.)] 
 
 octe'nnial, a. Lasting, recurring every, 
 eight years, [f. L ocT(ennium f. annus year) 
 period of eight years, -al] 
 
 oete*t(te), n. (Composition for) eight singers 
 or players ; group of eight lines, esp. the first 
 eight of sonnet, [f. L octo eight after duet] 
 
 octi'llion, n. Eighth power of million (1 fol- 
 lowed by 48 ciphers). Hence octillionTH 2 a. 
 & n. [F (now = ninth power of thousand) as 
 prec. after million] 
 
 octing-ente'napy, n. 800th anniversary, [f. 
 L octingenti 800, after centenary] 
 
 octo-, oct-, comb, form of L octo, & some- 
 times ( = OCTA-) of Gk okto, eight. 
 
 Oeto'bep, n. Tenth month : beer brewed in 
 O. (archaic). [L (prec), cf. December] 
 
 oetocente'napy (or -ent-), oetoeente'n- 
 nlal, nn. ilrreg. for) octingentenary. 
 
 octode'eimo, n. (abbr. 18mo). (Size of) book 
 or page given by folding sheets into eighteen 
 leaves, [for in 5 o. f. L ocro(decimus tenth) 
 eighteenth, _cf. octavo] 
 
 octogenarian, a. & n. Eighty-year-old 
 (person); of such person, [f. L octogenarius 
 (octogeni eighty each, -ary j ), -an] 
 
 o'ctonal, a. Proceeding by eights (of coin- 
 age, numeral system, &c). [f. L octoni, see 
 
 f0ll.,-ALl_ 
 
 oetonap-ian, a. & n. (pros.). Eight-foot 
 (line), [f. L octonarius versus eight-foot line 
 (octoni eight each f. octo eight, -ary), -an] 
 
 o'etonapy, a. & n. =octonal; (n.) group 
 of eight, eight-line stanza (esp of divisions ©f 
 Ps. 119). [see prec] 
 
 octd'pus, n. (Genus of) cephalopod mollusc 
 with eight suckered arms round mouth; or- 
 ganized & usu. harmful ramified power or 
 
 influence, [f. Gk oktopous eight-footed (octo-, 
 pous foot)] 
 
 oetopoo'n, -ta-, n. Offspring of quadroon 
 & white, person of one-eighth negro blood, 
 [irreg. f. octo- after quadroon] 
 oetosylla'bie, a. &c n. Eight-syllable (verse), 
 [f. LL oCTO(sy(labus f. syllaba syllable), -ic] 
 octosyllable, n. & a. = prec. ; word of eight 
 syllables. |see prec] 
 
 o'ctpoi (-rwah), n. Duty levied in some con- 
 tinental countries on goods entering town ; 
 place where, officials by whom, it is levied. [F 
 (octroyer grant, as authorize)] 
 O'ctuple, a., n., & v.t. Eightfold; (n.) pro- 
 duct after multiplication by eighto/; (vb) mul- 
 tiply by eight, [i. Loctuplus a. (octo eight, cf. 
 double)] 
 6'culap, a. & n. Of, for, by, with, &c, the 
 eye(s) or sight, visual, (o. demonstration, proof 
 appealing to the eyes) ; (n.) eye-piece of optical 
 instrument. Hence o'culaPLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 ocularis {oculus eye, -ar 1 )] 
 o'culapist, n. Maker of artificial eyes. [f. 
 F oculariste (prec, -1ST)] 
 
 6'culist, n. Eye-doctor. Hence oculi'stic 
 a. [f. F oculiste (L oculus eye, -1ST)] 
 6'eulo-, comb, form of L oculus eye.as -na'sal 
 of eye & nose. . 
 
 od, n. Power assumed to pervade nature & 
 account for magnetism, crystallization, chemi- 
 cal action, mesmerism, &c. [arbitrary forma- 
 tion of Baron v. Reichenbach 1788-1869] 
 6'dalisque (-k), n. Eastern female slave or 
 concubine, esp. in Turkish Sultan's seraglio, 
 [f. Turk, odaliq (odah chamber, -liq function)] 
 odd, a. & n. Left over when the rest have 
 been divided into two numerically equal sets 
 (the o. man, to whom casting-vote falls in un- 
 even-numbered committee &c; the o. trick in 
 whist, thirteenth when each side has won six ; 
 o. man out, way of selecting one of three per- 
 sons by tossing coins till only two agree) ; (of 
 number) not divisible by two (o. & even, a 
 game of chance), (of things or persons num- 
 bered consecutively) bearing such number; 
 (appended to number, sum, weight, &c) with 
 something over of lower denomination &c (for- 
 ty o., between 10 & 50 ; sixty thousand o., with 
 some extra hundreds, tens, or units ; sixty o. 
 thousand, between 60 & 70 thousand; twelve 
 pounds o., with some shillings or pence) ; by 
 which round number, given sum, &c, is ex- 
 ceeded (Here is a sovereign ; pay the bill & 
 keep the o. money. There are 1006: what shall 
 we do with the o. six ?) ; additional, casual, be- 
 side ±he reckoning, unconnected, unoccupied, 
 incalculable, (picks up o.jobs; do it at o. mo- 
 ments ; in some o. corner; o. numbers, volumes, 
 belonging to incomplete sets of magazines &c); 
 extraordinary, strange, queer, remarkable, 
 eccentric, whence o , ddiSH 1 (2) a., o'ddLY 2 
 adv.; o'dd-come- short, remnant, odd remainder, 
 (pi.) odds & ends; o.-come-shor'tly, some near 
 day (esp. one of these o.-c.-shortlies, before long); 
 o'ddfellow, member of friendly society of Odd- 
 fellows with rites imitative of freemasonry ; 
 hence o'ddNESS n. (X., golf) handicap given 
 to weaker player by deduction of one, two (two 
 oo.). &c, from his strokes for each hole. [f. ON 
 odda in odda-(mathr man) with casting-vote 
 (oddi angle, triangle, cogn. w. OE ord tip)] 
 o*ddity,n. Strangeness; peculiar trait; queer 
 person ; fantastic object, strange event, [-ity] 
 edd merits, n. pi. Odds & ends, [-ment] 
 odds, n. pi. (formerlyalways.&stillinphrases 
 as below, treated as sing.). Inequalities (make 
 o. even, do away with these); difference (what's 
 the o. ?, what does it matter?); variance, strife, 
 
ODE 
 
 563 
 
 OP 
 
 (are at o. ; is at o. with fate) ; balance of ad- 
 vantage (the o. are in our favour; have fought 
 against longer o.) ; equalizing allowance to 
 weaker competitor (give, receive, o.) ; ratio be- 
 tween amounts staked by parties to bet (lay, 
 give, o. of three to one, said of party offering 
 the advantage; takeo., accept the advantage) ; 
 chances or balance of probability in favour of 
 some result (it is o. that or but, the o. are that, 
 he will do it) ; ®. & ends, remnants, stray 
 articles, (perh. alteration of earlier odd ends). 
 [prob. pi. of odd used as n.] 
 
 ode, n. (Orig.) poem meant to be sung (choral 
 o., song of chorus in Greek play &c); (mod.) 
 rhymed or rarely unrhymed lyric often in form 
 of address, usu. of exalted style and enthusias- 
 tic tone, often in varied or irregular metre, & 
 usu. between 50 & 200 lines in length. [F, f. LL 
 oda f. Gk oide contr. of aoide (aeido sing)J 
 
 -ode, suf. forming nn. w. sense thing of the 
 nature of (geode, phyllode) ; anode, cathode, 
 electrode, are not examples, [f. Gk -odes adj. 
 ending (-0-, -eides -like)] 
 
 ode'um, n. (pi. -s, -ea). Building for musical 
 performances, esp. among ancient Greeks & 
 Romans, [f. Gk dideion (ode)] 
 
 6'dious, a. Hateful, repulsive. Hence o'di- 
 ousLv 2 adv., o'diousNESS n. [f. OF odieusi. 
 L odiosus (ODIUM, -OSE 1 )] 
 
 o'dium, n. General or wide-spread dislike 
 or reprobation incurred by person or attaching 
 to action (exposed me to o.; the o. of the trans- 
 action) ; o. theologicum, bitterness notoriously 
 characterizing theologians who disagree. [L, = 
 hatred] 
 
 odometer. See hod-. 
 
 odo*nt(o)-, comb, form of Gk odous odontos 
 tooth, as odontorhy'ncous having toothlike 
 serrations in the bill, -glo'ssum genus of orchids 
 with large beautifully coloured flowers, odo'nt- 
 oid, odonto 'log v. 
 
 odori'fepous, a. Diffusing (usu. agreeable) 
 scent, fragrant. Hence odori'fepous lv 2 adv. 
 [f. L odorifer (odour, -ferous)] 
 
 o'dopous, a. (chiefly poet.). = prec. Hence 
 o^dopousLV 2 adv. [foil., -ous] 
 
 o'doup (-er), n. Pleasant or unpleasant smell, 
 whence o'doupLESS a. ; fragrance ; (archaic, 
 usu. pi.) substance(s) emitting sweet scent, per- 
 f ume(s) ; (fig.) savour, trace, (no o. of intoler- 
 ance attaches to it) ; good or bad or ill repute 
 or favour (is in bad o. with the nonconformists) ; 
 o. of sanctity, reputation for holiness (orig. lit., 
 sweet o. exhaled by dying or exhumed saint). 
 [f. OF odor f. L odorem (-OR 1 )] 
 
 6'dyl, n. = od. 
 
 O'dyssey(o-), n. (pi. -eys). One of two great 
 ancient-Greek national epics (cf. iliad) describ- 
 ing adventures of Odysseus or Ulysses return- 
 ing from siege of Troy ; any of the 24 books of 
 this (in the fourth &c. O.) ; series of wanderings, 
 long adventurous journey, [f. Lf. Gk Odxisseia 
 (Odusseus, -ia 1 )] 
 
 oe'cist (es-), n. Founder of (esp. ancient- 
 Greek) colony, [f. Gk oikistes (oikizo settle f. 
 oikos bouse, -ist)] 
 
 oeeo'logy (e-), n. Branch of biology dealing 
 with living organisms' habits, modes of life, & 
 relations to their surroundings, [f. Gk oikos 
 house, -logy] 
 
 oecume'nical (e), a. Of or representing 
 the whole Christian world or universal church, 
 general, universal, catholic, (of general coun- 
 cils of early, & of mod. R.-C, Church) ; world- 
 wide. So oeeumeni'eiTV n. [f. L f. Gk oikou- 
 menikos f. he oikoumene the inhabited (earth) 
 f. oiked inhabit, -al] 
 
 oede'ma (e-), n. (path. ; no pi.). Swollen 
 
 state of tissue &c. with serous fluid, local 
 dropsy. Hence oedema'tic, oede'matosE *. 
 oede'matous, aa., oede'matousLY 2 adv. 
 [f. Gk oidema -atos (oideo swell, -m)] 
 
 Oedipus (e-), n. Solver of riddles, [f. Gk 
 Oidipoiis, who guessed the Sphinx's riddle] 
 
 o'er (or), adv. & prep. = over (poet.). 
 
 oeso*phag-us (e-), n. (pi. -i pr. -ji, -guses). 
 Canal from mouth to stomach, gullet. Hence 
 oesopha'g-eAL (j), oeso'phag-o- comb, 
 form. [f. Gk oisophagos etym. dub.] 
 
 oe'stpum, oe'stpus, (e-), n. Gadfly ; stimu- 
 lus, vehement impulse, frenzy, [f. Gk oistros] 
 
 of (6v, ov), prep, connecting its noun with 
 preceding n., adj., adv., or vb, & indicating the 
 relations r®ughly classified as follows: Re- 
 moval, separation, point of departure, priva- 
 tion, (north, within a mile, -upwards, have the 
 advantage, of; back of U.S., behind; wide of 
 the mark ; heal, rid, ease, brought to bed l , of: 
 destitute, empty, free, bare, of; take leave 1 
 of; balk, cheat, defraud, deprive, disappoint, 
 of; independently, giiiltless, irrespective, of) ; 
 origin, derivation, cause, agency, authorship, 
 (be, come, descend, spring, of; borrow, buy, 
 win, receive, hire, of; take it ill of; have com- 
 fort, wish one joy, of; ask, demand, learn, ex- 
 pect,, of; of one's own accord 2 ; of course 1 , 
 of right, of necessity ; of oneself, spontane- 
 ously; die of ; smell, savour, smack, of; tired, 
 ashamed, afraid, glad, proud, of; sick of 
 measles, laid up with ; sick of delays, disgusted 
 by ; warned of God, forsaken of God & man, 
 by ; it was kind, foolish, naughty, clever, cruel, 
 well done, of you to say so ; has the approval 
 of his master ; the works of Shakspere, Iliad 
 of Home?') ; material, substance, closer defini- 
 tion, identity (house of cards ; built of brick ; 
 make a fool 1 , the best 1 , of; make 1 much of; 
 a family of eight; the name of Jones ; the class 
 of idiots ; city of Rome, vice of drunkenness ; 
 a fool of a man, her scamp of a husband, the 
 worst liar of any man I know ; had a bad 
 time, troublesome journey, of it) ; concern, re- 
 ference, direction, respect, (think well of him ; 
 never heard of it ; was informed of the fact ; 
 is true of every case ; repent, beware, of; can- 
 not conceive, accept, approve, think, of; does 
 not admit or allow of; accuse, convict, suspect, 
 of; avail, bethink, oneself of ; short, guilty, 
 certain, swe; confident, fond, of; swift of foot, 
 blind of an eye, hard of heart, hard of hear- 
 ing ; at 30 years of age) ; objective relation (the 
 levying of taxes ; love of virtue ; in search of 
 knowledge ; great eaters of pork ; redolent, 
 productive, fruitful, lavish, prodigal, sparing, 
 capable, sensible, careful, observant, desirous, 
 impatient, characteristic, destructive, indica- 
 tive, of) ; description, quality, condition, (man 
 of tact, person of consequence, farm of 100 
 acres, the hour of prayer, potatoes oj our own 
 growing; girl often years, or, with mixed con- 
 struction, of ten years old) ; partition, classi- 
 fication, inclusion, selection, (no more of that ; 
 some, five, of us, -a,, a portion, or five, of us who 
 are more numerous, or by extension b. we, 
 being several or five persons ; so any part, or 
 the whole, of it; the most dangerous of ene- 
 mies ; he of all men, he most or least of all ; is 
 the one thing of all others that, illog. for of all 
 that ; song of songs, holy of holies, those best 
 deserving the name ; is one of a, ten, thousand, 
 such as occurs only in one among 1,000, 10,000, 
 cases ; a friend of mine, of the vicar's, i. e. orig. 
 in the number of my, the vicar's, friends, but 
 extended to illog. contexts, as that long nose 
 of his, this only son of the vicar's ; drink detp 
 of flattery, partake of food ; was sworn of the 
 
OF- 
 
 564 
 
 OFFICE 
 
 Council, admitted as member ; his temper is of 
 the quickest, belongs to the quickest class ; a 
 sort of thud ; comes in of an evening, at some 
 time in the evenings ; of old, yore, late years, 
 late, somewhere in the specified periods) ; be- 
 longing, connexion, possession, (ice of the mid- 
 dle class ; companions of his exile ; articles of 
 clothing ; the manners of today ; a thing of the 
 past ; the master of the house ; the widow of 
 the man who was killed; a topic of conversa- 
 tion; esp. with words that naturally require 
 supplementing, as the cause, result, counter- 
 part, opposite, image, of); because, by mean's, 
 for fear 1 , for the sake, in behalf, in case 1 , 
 in face 1 , in respect, in spite, instead, on 
 account 2 , on behalf, on the point, of. [OE, 
 unaccented form of aef, cf. Du. af & G ab off 
 adv., Gk apo & L ab from ; of & of are one 
 word, differentiated in 14th-16th cc] 
 
 of-, pref. See ob-. 
 
 off (awf, of), adv., prep., a., n., & v.t. Away, 
 at or to a distance, (rode o. ; beat o. the attack ; 
 keep assailant o.; ward o. disaster; take one- 
 self, be, make, o., depart; o. with you!, go; o. 
 with his head!, behead him; fall, go, o., de- 
 teriorate ; of ship, fall o., become less close to 
 wind ; the bullet glanced o. ; go o., fall asleep ; 
 is far, three miles, two years, o.) ; (so as to be) 
 out of position, noton or touching or dependent 
 or attached, loose, separate, gone, (my hat is o. ; 
 take his clothes o.; cid, break, shake, &c, o.; 
 throw o. reserve, become open or candid ; be o. 
 with the old love, have severed connexion ; get 
 one's daughters, stock, o., disposed of by mar- 
 riage, sale ; the gilt is o., disillusionment has 
 come ; we are o. now, just started, starting, or 
 about to start) ; so as to break continuity or 
 continuance, discontinued, stopped, notobtain- 
 able, (broke o., ceased to speak ; leave o. work ; 
 the engagement, bargain, negotiation, is o.\ de- 
 clare o., refuse or rescind engagement; ad o. 
 supplies ; the gas, asparagus, is o., no longer 
 to be got) ; to the end, entirely, so as to be clear, 
 {clear, drink, pay, polish, ivork, o.) ; buy, 
 
 COME, DASH 1 , GET, MARK 2 , PALM, PASS, RATTLE, 
 SHOW, TAKE, O.; RIGHT, STRAIGHT, O.; Well, 
 
 badly, comfortably, &c, o., so circumstanced 
 or supplied with money ; o. & on, intermittent- 
 ly, waveringly, now & again; o. load, o. -saddle, 
 S.-Afr., for un-. (Prep.) from, away or down 
 or up from, disengaged or distant from, (so as 
 to be) no longer on, (drove them o. the seas ; is 
 o. the beatentrack ; fell o. a ladder ; take cover 
 o. dish ; eats o. silver plate ; take thing, matter, 
 o. one's hands, relieve him of it; hadborrowed 
 £20 o. plaintiff vulg. ; o. one's head l ; o. colour, 
 out of condition, indisposed ; took something o. 
 the price; is o. duty or work; cut a slice o., 
 dine o., the joint ; was only a yard o. me ; keep 
 ship two points o. the wind ; in a street o. the 
 Strand, turning out of it;/rowi o. archaic, 
 poet, or vulg., = o.; o.-hand, extempore, with- 
 out premeditation, unceremoniouslv, whence 
 offha'nd, offha-ndED 2 . aa., offha'nded- 
 LY 2 adv.,ofFha*ndedNESS n.; o. shore, a short 
 way out to sea ; so o.-shore fisheries; o.-shore 
 wind, blowing seawards ; anchored o. the 
 point, cape, &c, opposite & a short way from 
 it ; o. side in football, between ball & opponents 
 goal ; so o.-side play, rule). (Adj.) farther, far, 
 (on the o. side of the wall) ; (of horses &c. or 
 vehicles) right (opp. near 2 , w. ref. to side at 
 which rider usu. mounts ; the o. leader, front 
 wheel, hind leg, side) ; (Cricket) towards, in, or 
 coming from, that half of the field as divided 
 by line through two middle stumps in which 
 playing batsman does not stand (opp. on 2 , leg ; 
 an o. drive, whence offdri've v.t.; o. stump ; 
 
 long 1 o.; ano. break) ; subordinate, divergent, 
 (i?i an o. street ; fig. of argument &c, that is an 
 o. issue) ; contingent, improbable, (there is an 
 o. chance that) ; disengaged (will do it on my 
 next o. day) ; o. -licence, to sell beer&c. for con- 
 sumption o. the premises; o.-print, separatum, 
 printed copy of article &c. that was orig. part 
 of larger publication. (N\; cricket) the o. side. 
 (Vb ; colloq.) announce intention of abandoning 
 or annulling (negotiation, agreement, under- 
 taking), withdraw from negotiation or engage- 
 ment with (person), [see prec] 
 
 6'ffal, n. Refuse, waste stuff, scraps, garbage; 
 parts cut off as waste from carcase meant for 
 food, esp. entrails, also head, tail, &c. ; carrion, 
 putrid flesh ; low-priced fish (e.g. plaice as opp. 
 sole or other prime fish) ; offscourings, dregs ; 
 o. milk, wheat, wood, &c, inferior. X= off fall 
 or what falls off] 
 
 offe'nce, n. Stumbling-block, occasion of 
 unbelief &c, (now rare) ; attacking, aggressive 
 action, taking the offensive, (the most effective 
 defenceiso.); wounding of the feelings, wound- 
 ed feeling, annoyance, umbrage, (no o. was 
 meant ; too quick to take o.; give o. to ; cannot 
 be done withoid o.); transgression, misdemean- 
 our, illegal act, (esp. commit an o. against). 
 Hence offe'nceLESS a. [ME & OF offens f. L. 
 offensus, -us annoyance, & ME & F offense f. L 
 offensa a striking against, both f.-OF(fendere 
 f ens- strike)] 
 
 offe'nd, v.i. & t. Stumble morally, do amiss, 
 transgress, (against law, decency, person, &c); 
 whence offe'ndER 1 n., offe'ndiNG 2 a.; 
 wound feelings of, anger, cause resentment or 
 disgust in, outrage, (am sorry you are offended; 
 o. her delicacy, my sense of justice), whence 
 offe*ndedLY 2 adv. [f. OFoffendref. Las prec] 
 
 offensive, a. & n. Aggressive, intended for 
 or used in attack, (o. arms, movement ; opp. de- 
 fensive) ; meant to give offence, insulting, 
 (o. language) ; disgusting, ill-smelling, nause- 
 ous, repulsive; hence offe'nsiveLY 2 adv., 
 offe'nsiveNESS n. (X.) attitude of assailant, 
 aggressive action, (take, act on, abandon, the o.). 
 [f. med.L offensivus (offence, -ive)] 
 
 6'ffep J , v.t. & i. Present (victim, firstfruits. 
 prayer) to deity, revered person, &c, by way 
 of sacrifice, give in worship or devotion, whence 
 o'fferiNGMl) n.; hold out in hand, or tender in 
 words or otherwise, for acceptance or refusal 
 (offered me his hymn-book to look over ; taketi 
 & offered ; was offered a free pardon ; o. an 
 opinion, a few remarks, &c; o. no apology); 
 make proposal of marriage ; show for sale ; 
 give opportunity to enemy for battle ; express 
 readiness to do if desired ; essay, try to show, 
 ^violence, resistance, &c, often to) ; show an in- 
 tention to do (offered to strike me) ; (of things) 
 present to sight or notice (each age offers its 
 characteristic riddles) ; present itself, occur, 
 (as opportunity offers ; the first path that offer- 
 ed). [OE offrian in religious sense f. L OF( ferre 
 bring) ; other senses f. F offrir of same orig.] 
 
 o'ffer 2 , n. Expression of readiness to give 
 or do if desired, or to sell on terms (on o., for 
 sale at certain price), proposal esp. of marriage ; 
 bid. [f. F offre (prec.)] 
 
 o'ffeptopy, n. Part of mass or communion 
 service at which offerings are made, the offer- 
 ing of these, the gifts offered ; collection of 
 money at religious service, [f. eccl. L offer- 
 torium (LL offert- for L oblat- p.p. st. of offerre 
 offer 1 , -ory) offering] 
 
 6'ffice, n. Piece of kindness, attention, ser- 
 vice, (ill o.) disservice, (owing to, by, the good 
 or ill oo. of) ; duty attaching to one's position, 
 task, function, (it is my o., the o. of the ar- 
 
OFFICER 
 
 565 
 
 OIL. 
 
 teries, to) ; position with duties attached to it, 
 place of authority or trust or service esp. of 
 public kind, [was given an o. under Govern- 
 ment), tenure of official position esp. that of 
 minister of State (take, enter upon, hold, leave, 
 resiqn, o. ; jack in o.); ceremonial duty (esp. 
 perform the last oo. to, rites due to the dead) ; 
 (Eccl.) authorized form of worship, daily ser- 
 vice of R.-C. breviary (also divine o.; say o., 
 recite this), Anglican morning & evening 
 prayer, (introit at beginning of) mass or com- 
 munion service, any occasional service such 
 as the O. for the Dead ; place for transacting 
 business (goes down to the o. at 9 a.m.), room 
 &c. in which the clerks of an establishment 
 work, counting-house, (with qualification) 
 room &c. set apart for business of particular 
 department of large concern (booking, inquiry, 
 goods, lost-property, -o. in railway station) or 
 local branch of dispersed -organization (our 
 Manchester o. ; a post, telegraph, -o.) or com- 
 pany for specified purpose (insurance, fire or 
 fire-insurance, -o.); (O-) quarters or staff or col- 
 lective authority of a Government depart- 
 ment (the foreign, war 1 , post, o.) ; Holy O., 
 the inquisition ; (pi.) parts of house devoted to 
 household work, storage, &c. ; (slang) give, 
 take, the o., hint, private intimation, signal ; 
 o.-bearer, official of officer. [OF, f. L OF(ficium 
 f. facere do) service] 
 
 6'ffieer, n., & v.t. Holder of public, civil, or 
 ecclesiastical office, king's servant or minister, 
 appointed or elected functionary, (usu. with 
 qualification, as o. of health, of the House- 
 hold, or public, medical, o.; relieving o., see 
 relieve); president, treasurer, secretary, &c, 
 of society ; bailiff, catchpole, (rare) constable ; 
 person holding authority in army, navy, or 
 mercantile marine, esp. with commission in 
 army or navy (general, staff, commission j - 
 ed, field 1 , company 1 , brevet, warrant 1 , 
 KON-co?nmissioned, o. in army; flag 4 , com- 
 mission l ed, warrant 1 , petty, o. in navy) ; 
 (vb, usu. in p.p.) provide with oo., act as com- 
 mander of. [f. OF officier f. med.L officiarixis 
 (prec, -ary 1 )] 
 
 offi'eial (-shl), a. & n. Of an office, the dis- 
 charge of duties, or the tenure of an office ; 
 holding office, employed in public capacity ; 
 derived from or vouched for by person(s) in 
 office, properly authorized, (Med.) according to 
 the pharmacopoeia, officinal ; usual with per- 
 sons in office (o. solemnity, red tape, &c.) ; 
 hence offi'eialLY 2 adv., offi*eializE(3) v.t, 
 (N.) presiding officer or judge of archbishop's, 
 bishop's, or esp. archdeacon's court (usu. o. 
 principal) ; person holding public office or en- 
 gaged in o. duties, whence om'eialDOM, offi*- 
 cialiSM(2), nn. [f. L officialis (office, -al)] 
 
 officiate (-shl-), v.i. Discharge priestly of- 
 fice, perform divine service, so om'ciANT(l) n.; 
 act in some official capacity, esp. on particular 
 occasion (usu. as host, best man, &c). [f. med.L 
 officiare perform divine service (office), -ate 3 ] 
 
 off i'cinal, a. (Of herb or drug) used in medi- 
 cine or the arts ; (of medical preparation) kept 
 ready at druggists', made from pharmacopoeia 
 recipe (now usu. official), (of name) adopted 
 in pharmacopoeia. Hence offl'einalLY 2 adv. 
 [f. med.L officinalis f. L officina contr. of opifi- 
 cina workshop (opifex workman), -al] 
 
 offi'cious (-shws), a. (Given to) offering ser- 
 vice that is not wanted, doing or undertaking 
 more than is required, intrusive, meddlesome, 
 whence offi'ciousNESS n.; (Diplom., opp. offi- 
 cial) informal, unofficially friendly or candid, 
 not binding. Hence offi'eiousLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 offidosus obliging (office, -ous)j 
 
 effing 1 (6-, aw-), n. Part of visible sea distant 
 from shore or beyond anchoring ground (was 
 seen in the o.) ; position at distance from shore 
 (gain, keep, &c, an o.). [off, -ing 1 ] 
 
 o'ffish (aw-, 6-), a. (colloq.). Inclined to aloof- 
 ness, distant or stiff in manner. Hence o'ff- 
 ishNESs n. [off, -ish 1 ; cf. uppish] 
 
 o'ffscourings (aw-, 6-), n. pi. Refuse, filth, 
 dregs, (usu. of; lit., & fig. of persons, as the 
 o. of humanity), [off, scour, -ingM2)] 
 
 o'ffset (aw-, 6-), n. Start, set-off, outset, (rare); 
 short side shoot from stem or root serving for 
 propagation, (transf. & fig.) offshoot, scion, 
 mountain -spur ; compensation, set-off, con- 
 sideration or amount diminishing or neutraliz- 
 ing effect of contrary one; (Surv.) short dis- 
 tance measured perpendicularly from main 
 line of measurement; (Archit.) sloping ledge 
 in wall &c. where thickness of part above is 
 diminished ; bend made in pipe to carry it past 
 obstacle, [off, set 1 ] 
 
 o'ffshoot (aw-, 6-), n. Side shoot or branch 
 (lit. & fig.), derivative, [off, shoot] 
 
 6'ffspring (or aw-), n. Progeny, issue, (fig.) 
 result, [OE of spring (of, off, spring)] 
 
 oft (aw-, 6-), adv. Often (archaic except in 
 comb, with p.p. or part., as o.-told, -recurring ; 
 many a time & o., often) ; o.-times, often 
 (archaic). [com.-Teut. ; OE & ON, cf. G, oft] 
 
 often (awfn, 6"fn ; vulg. -ten), adv. & a. (-er, 
 -est). Frequently, many times, at short inter- 
 vals, (with singular generalized subject) in a 
 considerable proportion of the instances (the 
 victim o. dies of it) ; oftentimes, o. (archaic) ; 
 (adj.; archaic) frequent (by o. study of it), [ex- 
 tended f. prec] 
 
 o'gdoad, n. The number, a set of, eight, [f. 
 LL f. Gk ogdoas (okto eight, -ad)] 
 
 ogee (oje'), n. & a. (Moulding) showing in 
 section a double continuous curve, concave 
 passing into convex ; S-shaped (line) ; o. arch, 
 doorway, ivindow, with two o. curves meeting 
 at apex. Hence ogee*'d (-ed 2 ) a. (prob. f. F 
 ogive, being the usu. moulding in groin-ribs] 
 
 6*g(n)am, n. Ancient British and Irish al- 
 phabet of twenty characters ; inscription in 
 this ; one of the characters. [Olr. ogam, re- 
 ferred to Ogma supposed inventor] 
 
 ogive (6"jiv, oji'v), n. Diagonal groin or rib 
 of vault ; pointed or Gothic arch, whence 
 ogi'VAL a. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 o'gle, v.i. & t., & n. Cast amorous glances ; 
 eye amorously ; hence 6'glER 1 n. (N.) amorous 
 glance, [prob. f. LG oegeln or G dugeln dim. 
 of augen look about (auge an eye)] 
 
 ogre (6'ger), n. Man-eating giant. Hence 
 or cogn. o'greiSH 1 , o'griSH 1 , aa., o'gPESs 1 
 n. [F, first used by Perrault 1697, etym. dub.] 
 
 Ogygian (ogij-), a. Of obscure antiquity, 
 prehistoric, [f. L f. Gk Ogugios of Oguges 
 mythical king of Attica or Boeotia] 
 
 oh (6), int. See o 2 . 
 
 ohm (6m-), n. Unit of electrical resistance ; 
 o.-ammeter, instrument measuring electrical 
 current & resistance. Hence oh'niMETER 
 n. [G. S. Ohm, German physicist 1787-1854] 
 
 oho*, int. expressing surprise or exultation. 
 [o 2 , ho] 
 
 oh yes. See oyez. 
 
 -old, suf. forming adjj. & nn. w. sense (some- 
 thing) having the form of, resembling ; chiefly 
 on Gk (rhomboid), rarely L (fucoid) or other 
 (alkaloid) stems ; adjj. as thyroid, simioid, nn. 
 as asteroid, amygdaloid ; for the nn. an adj. 
 in -oidal is formed as cycloidal. [f. mod.L 
 -o'ides f. Gk -oeides (-o- + -tides like) f. which 
 also -ode] 
 
 oil l t n. (Kinds of) liquid viscid unctuous in- 
 
OIL 
 
 flammable chemically neutral substance lighter 
 than & insoluble in water & soluble in alcohol 
 & ether (there are three classes : fatty or fixed 
 oo. of animal or vegetable origin, greasy & non- 
 distillable, subdivided into drying oo., which 
 oy exposure harden into varnish, & non-dryinq 
 oo., which by exposure ferment, the latter used 
 as lubricants, illuminants, soap constituents, 
 &c. ; essential or volatile oo. chiefly of vege- 
 table origin, acrid, limpid, & distillable, giving 
 plants &c. their scent, used in medicine 6c per- 
 fumery ; mineral oo. used as illuminants. Par- 
 ticular kinds are named from source with of, 
 as o. of almonds, ©r with source or use preced- 
 ing, as cod-liver, olive, salad, hair, o. Pour o. 
 on the flaine Sec, aggravate passion &c; pour 
 o. on the waters, smooth mat'ters over ; smell 
 of o., bear marks of study ; burn the midnight 
 o., read or work far into the night; strike o. 
 lit., find petroleum by sinking shaft, fig., attain 
 prosperity or success; strap Sec. -o., flogging 
 with strap &c.) ; = o.-colour (often pi.) ; = oil- 
 skin (usu. pi.); o.-bird, -nut, -palm, -plant, 
 -seed, -tree, kinds of bird &c. from which o. is 
 got ; o.-bush, o. -filled socket for upright spindle 
 [bush 3 ]; oilcake, mass of compressed linseed 
 &c. left when o. has been expressed, used as 
 cattle food or manure; o.-can, containing o., 
 esp. long-nozzled for oiling machinery ; oil- 
 cloth, fabric waterproofed with o., oilskin, can- 
 vas coated with drying o. &used to cover table 
 or floor; o.-coat, of oilskin; o.-colour, paint 
 made by grinding pigment in o. (usu. pi.) ; o.- 
 field, district yielding mineral o.; o. -gauge, hy- 
 drometer measuring specific gravity of oo.; o.- 
 gilding, -gold, goldleaf laid on linseed -o. mixed 
 with yellow pigment; o. -gland, secreting o.; 
 o.-hole, in machinery to receive lubricating o.; 
 oilman, maker or seller of oo.; o.-meal, ground 
 linseed cake; o.-paint, =o. -colour; o.-paiiting, 
 art of painting, picture painted, in o.-colours ; 
 o. -paper, made transparent or waterproof by 
 soaking in o.; o.-press, apparatus for pressing 
 o. from seeds &c. ; oilskin, cloth waterproofed 
 with o., garment or (pi.) suit of this ; o. -spring, 
 yielding mineral o. ; oilstone, (fine-grained 
 stone used with o. as) whetstone. Hence oi'l- 
 less a. [f. ONF olie f. L oleum (olea olive)] 
 oil 2 , v.t. & i. Apply o. to, lubricate, (o. the 
 wheels, lit., & fig. make things go smoothly by 
 courtesy, bribery, &c. ; o. one's hand or o. one, 
 bribe him ; o. one's tongue, say smooth things, 
 flatter) ; (with butter, grease, Sec, as subj. or 
 obj.) turn (t. & i.) into oily liquid ; impregnate 
 or treat with o. (oiled sardines ; oiled silk, 
 waterproofed with o.). [f. prec] 
 oi'ler, n. In vbl senses; esp., oilcan for oil- 
 ing machinery. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 orly, a. Of, like, covered or soaked with, oil ; 
 (of manner &c.) fawning, insinuating, unctu- 
 ous. Hence oi'liLV 2 adv., oi'liNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 oi'ntment, n. Unctuous preparation applied 
 to skin to heal or beautify, unguent, [f. OF 
 oignement (L UNGCE\T«m, -ment)] 
 oka'pi (-ah-), n. Bright-coloured partially 
 striped Central-Afr. ruminant discovered 1900 
 with likeness to giraffe, deer, & zebra, [native] 
 -ol, chem. suf. (I) Termination of alcohol 
 used in names of alcohols in the wider sense or 
 analogous compounds {met hoi, phenol). (2) = L 
 oleum oil (furfurol). 
 
 old, a. (elder 1 , -est, in particular uses ; ordi- 
 narily older, -est), Se n. Advanced in age, far 
 on in natural period of existence, not young or 
 near its beginning, (the o., aged people ; young 
 & o., every one ; o. age, later part of life ; O. 
 Lady of Threadneedle Street, Bank of Eng- 
 land ; o. man of the sea, person who canuot be 
 
 566 OLDEN 
 
 shaken off, w. ref. to tale of Sindbad ; o. man 
 &c. ; my &c. o. man colloq., husband ; o. man's 
 beard, kind of moss, also traveller's Joy ; 
 my &c. o. woman colloq., wife ; o. woman, 
 fussy or timid man, whence old-wo'man- 
 ish 1 , old-wo'manLY *, aa., old-wo*man- 
 ishNESS, old-wo*manliNESS, nn.; my Sec. o. 
 bones, I or me &c. who am e. ; the century 
 grows o.) ; having characteristics, experience, 
 feebleness, &c, of age (o. head on young shoul- 
 ders, wisdom beyond one's years ; child has an 
 o.face ; o. buffer, fogy, Sec. ; a man is as o. as 
 he feels), worn, dilapidated, shabby, (o. clothes 
 Sec.) ; (appended to period of time) of age (is 
 ten years o., a ten-year-o, boy, a boy of ten 
 years o., could read Greek at ten years o. ; also 
 ellipt. four Sec. -year-o., person or animal, esp. 
 racehorse, of that age, w. pi. -olds) ; practised 
 or inveterate in action or quality or as agent 
 Sec. (o. in crime, folly, cunning, diplomacy : 
 an o. campaigiver, offender ; o. bird, person on 
 his guard against snares ; o. hand, practised 
 workman, person of experience in something, 
 at doing ; o. stager ; o. bachelor, man con' 
 firmed in bachelorhood ; o. maid, elderly spin- 
 ster, whence old-mai'diSH l a., also precise & 
 tidy & fidgety man, also a round card game) ; 
 dating from far back, made long ago, long es- 
 tablished or known or familiar or dear, an- 
 cient, not new or recent, primeval, (o. Ocean, 
 Night, 8ec. ; o. red SA.yiDstone ; of o. standing, 
 long established ; so o. -established ; o. as the 
 hills ; o. countries, long inhabited or civilized ; 
 o. friends ; an o. debt, grudge, o. scores ; an 
 o. name, family ; o. wine, matured with keep- 
 ing ; so O. Tom, kind of gin ; o. gold, colour of 
 tarnished gold; o. catholic; the o., what is 
 not new; o. testament ; o. boy, chap, felloxo, 
 man, esp. in voc, intimate or person treated 
 as such ; O. England ; the o. one or gentleman, 
 O. Hai'ry, Nick, Scratch, Sec, the devil ; good 
 o. with name, slang exclamation in real or 
 ironical commendation of person's or thing's 
 performance; have a fine, good, high. Sec, o. 
 time Sec slang, be well amused or entertained); 
 belonging only or chiefly to the past, obsolete 
 or obsolescent, out of date, antiquated, antique, 
 concerned with antiquity, not modern, bygone, 
 only lingering on, former, quondam, (the good 
 o. times, customs &c. of earlier generations ; 
 o. annals', o. fashions, that have gone or 
 are going out, whence old-fashionF.o 2 a., 
 old-fa'shioned.VESS n., opp. new-fangled 
 Sec; am old-fashioned enough to think, used 
 in ironical self -depreciation ; of the o. school, 
 o.-fashioned ; the o. country, home, Sec, used 
 by colonists or colonials of mother-country; 
 call up o. memories; the o. order changeth; 
 have lost my o. beliefs ; o. boy, former member 
 of school ; so o. Etonian Sec; the O. comedy ; 
 o. London, Paris, England, Sec, London &c. 
 as it once was, or the extant relics of its for- 
 mer state; the o. man, one's unregenerate 
 self ; the O. World, Eastern hemisphere ; 
 o.-icorld, not American, also belonging to o. 
 times, & so o.-time attrib.; O. style, abbr. o.s. ; 
 the o. year, just ended or about to end; o. 
 clothes, discarded; o.-clothes-man, dealer in 
 these) ; hence o*ldiSH 1 (2) a., o'ldNESS n. (rare). 
 (S.) o. time (only in of o. adj. & adv., as the 
 men of o., of o. there were giants ; have heard 
 it of o., from long ago). [com.-Teut. ; OE aid, 
 cf. Du. oud. G alt, f. OTeut. al- grow, nourish, 
 cf. L alere feed] 
 
 o'lden \ a. (archaic and literary). Old-time, 
 of a former age, (esp. the o. time), [-en 5 ] 
 
 o'lden 2 , v. t. & i. Make or grow feeble &c. as 
 with age. [-en 6] 
 
OLDSTER 
 
 567 
 
 OMNIBUS 
 
 o'ldster, n. One who is no longer a young- 
 ster (usu. antithetically to youngster). [-sterI 
 olea'ginous, a. Having properties of or 
 producing oil, oily, fatty, greasy. If. F oUagi- 
 neuxf. L oleaginus {olca olive)] 
 dlea'nder, n. Evergreen poisonous Levan- 
 tine shrub with leathery lanceolate leaves & 
 fine red & white flowers, lined. L, etym. dub.] 
 oleaster, n. The wild olive ; small yellow- 
 flowered tree like it. [L (olea olive, -aster)] 
 oleo-, comb, form of L oleum oil, as -graph, 
 picture printed in oils, so -graphy ; -mar'gar- 
 ine, fatty substance extracted from beef fat & 
 serving as constituent of margarine; -meter, in- 
 strument determining density & purity of oils; 
 -re'sin, natural mixture of volatile oil &,pesin, 
 balsam, also artificial mixture of fixed or vola- 
 tile oil & resin &c. 
 
 olfa'ction, n. Smelling, sense of smell. So 
 olfa'ctiVEa. [f. Lolfacere v.t. smell for olefa- 
 cere (olere v.i. smell, /acere /act- make)] 
 olfa'etopy, a. & n. Concerned with smelling 
 (o. organ, nose ; o. nerves) ; (n., usu. pi.) o. organ, 
 [prec, -ory] 
 oli'banum, n. Aromatic gum-resin used as 
 incense. [med.L, f. Gk Ubanos frankincense (o- 
 perh. f. L oleum oil, Gk ho the, or Arab, al the)] 
 6'lid, a. Rank-smelling, fetid, [f. L olidus 
 {olere smell, -il> l )] 
 
 o'ligapen (-k), n. Member of oligarchy, [f. 
 Gk oligarkhes (oligoi few, arkho rule)] 
 o'ligaPchy,n. Government, State governed, 
 by the few; members of such government. So 
 oligap'chic(AL) aa., oligap'ehiealLY 2 adv. 
 [f. Gk oligarkhia (prec, -Y *)] 
 61ig(o)-, comb, form of Gk oligos small, oligoi 
 few, as -car'pous, having few fruits. 
 6'lio, n. Mixed dish, hotchpotch, stew of 
 various meats & vegetables; medley, farrago, 
 miscellany, [f. Sp. olla stew f. L olla jar] 
 dliva'eeous, a. (nat. hist.). Olive-green, of 
 dusky yellowish green. [L oliva olive, -aceous] 
 6'livapy, a. (anat.). Olive-shaped, oval. [f. 
 L olivarius (foil., -ary 1 )] 
 
 6'live, n. & a. (Also o.-tree, evergreen tree 
 with narrow leaves hoary below & axillary 
 clusters of small white flowers, bearing) small 
 oval drupe with hard stone & bitter pulp, of 
 dusky yellowish green when unripe & bluish 
 black when ripe, yielding oil, & pickled unripe 
 for eating as relish ; leaf, branch, or wreath of 
 o. as emblem of peace (also o.-branch, often fig.; 
 hold oid the o.-b., make overtures, show dis- 
 position, for reconciliation) ; wood of the o. (also 
 o.-tcood); o. -shaped kinds of gasteropod mol- 
 lusc ; (pi.) slices of beef or veal rolled up with 
 herbs & stewed (usu. beef, veal, oo.) ; o. -shaped 
 bar or button f or fasteninggarment by insertion 
 in corresponding loop, whence o'livET 1 or 
 olivE'TTE n.; o. colour ; o.-croum, garland of o. 
 as sign of victory; o.-branch, see above, also 
 (usu. pi., w. ref. to Ps. cxxviii. 3) child(ren) ; o.- 
 oil, extracted from oo. (Adj. ) coloured like the 
 unripe o. (also o. -green)', (of complexion) yellow- 
 ish-brown. [F, f. L oliva] 
 • 6'livep 1, n. Tilt-hammer attached to axle & 
 worked by treadle for shaping nails &c. [?] 
 Oliver 2 . See roland. 
 
 O'livin(e), n. Kind of chrysoprase, chiefly 
 olive-green. [L oliva olive, -ine 4 ] 
 o'lla podpi'da(-re-), rarely o'lla, n. = olio. 
 [Sp.,= lit. rotten pot (olio, L putridms)] 
 (-)ology, suf. = -o- + -logy, & n. used faceti- 
 ously = any science, w. pi. = the sciences, mere 
 theory. 
 
 olympiad, n. Period of four years between 
 celebrations of Olympic games, used by ancient 
 Greeks in dating events (abbr. 01.), 776 B.c. be- 
 
 ing first year of first O. ff. F olympiadc f. L f. 
 Gk olumpios -ad- (Olumpios see foil., -ad)] 
 Olympian, a. & n. Of Olympus, celestial ; 
 (of manners &c.) magnificent, condescending, 
 superior ; = foil.; (n.) dweller in Olympus, one 
 of the greater ancient-Greek gods. [f. LL Olym- 
 pianus (L f. Gk Olumpios f. Olumpos, -an)] 
 Olympic, a. Of or at Olympia (O. games, 
 held there every four years by ancient Greeks 
 with athletic, literary, & musical competitions), 
 [f. L f. Gk Olumpikos of Olympus (Olympia be- 
 ing named from the games in honour of Zeus 
 of Olympus)] 
 
 Olympus, n. Thessalian mountain on which 
 dwelt the greater ancient-Greek gods, divine 
 abode, heaven. [L, f. Gk Olumpos] 
 o'mbpe (-her, or as F), n. Card-game popu- 
 lar in 17th-18th cc. [f. Sp. hombre f. L hominem 
 nom. homo man, perh. thr. F (h)ombre] 
 ombpo-, comb, form of Gk ombros rain, as 
 -logy, -meter. 
 
 6'meg-a, n. Last letter of Greek alphabet, 
 long o ; last of series ; final development &c. 
 (alpha & o.). [Gk,=greato] 
 omelet(te) (6'mlet), n. Whipped eggs fried 
 & folded & often flavoured with or containing 
 herbs, cheese, chopped ham, jam, &c. (savoury 
 o., with herbs &c. ; sweet o., with sugar or jam ; 
 cannot make an o. without breaking eggs, end 
 necessitates means). [F (-te), earlier amelette 
 by metath. f. alemette var. of alemelle thin 
 plate prob. f. L lamella] 
 6'men, n., & v.t. Occurrence or object por- 
 tending good or evil, prognostic, presage ; pro- 
 phetic signification (is of good &c. o.) ; (vb) 
 foreshow, give presage of. [L, earlier osmen 
 perh. f. audire hear, -men] 
 omentum, n. (anat. ; pi. -a). Fold of peri- 
 toneum connecting stomach with other vis- 
 cera, caul. Hence ome'ntA La. [L] 
 ominous, n. Giving or being an omen (of 
 good or evil, or abs.), portentous, (rare); of 
 evil omen, inauspicious, foreshowing disaster, 
 threatening. Hence o'minousLY 2 adv. [f . L 
 ominosus (omen -inis, -ous)] 
 omi'ssion (-shn), n. Omitting, non-inclu- 
 sion ; non-performance, neglect, duty not done, 
 (sins of o. & commission, negative & positive). 
 So omi'ssivE a. [f. L omissio (foil., -ion)] 
 omi't, v.t. (-tt-). Leave out, not insert or in- 
 clude ; leave undone, neglect doing, fail to do. 
 So omi'ssiBLE a. [f. L omittere -iss- (o- for 
 OB-, mittere send] 
 
 omni-, comb, form of L omnis all, in com- 
 pounds taken f. L or formed chiefly w. L ele- 
 ments, w. sense all-, of all things, in all ways 
 or places, as omnico'mpetent, having jurisdic- 
 tion in all cases ; omnifar'ious, of all sorts ; 
 omni' fie all-creating ; omni'genous, of all kinds; 
 omnipotence, infinite power, also God, also 
 great influence ; so omnipotent a. (the O., 
 God), o?nni'potentLY 2 a.dv.; omnipre'sence,\ibi- 
 quity, also being widespread or constantly met 
 with ; so omnipresent a. ; omni' science (-shi-) 
 infinite knowledge, also God, also wide infor- 
 mation or the affectation of it ; so omni'scient 
 a. (the O., God), omni'scienthY 2 adv.; omni'- 
 vorous, feeding on anything that offers (esp. 
 fig. of reading); so omni'voroushY 2 adv., om- 
 m'rorowsNESS n. 
 
 o'mnibus, n. (pi. -ttses) & a. (Also & usu. 
 bits) four-wheeled public vehicle usu. covered 
 & with seats on roof as well as inside plying on 
 fixed route & taking up & setting down pas- 
 sengers at fixed, or at any, points in this ; (also 
 hotel o.) vehicle conveying guests between 
 hotel & railway station ; (also private or family 
 o.) vehicle provided by railway company for 
 
OMNIUM GATHERUM 
 
 568 
 
 ONCE 
 
 conveying party & luggage to or from station. 
 (Adj.) serving several objects at once, compris- 
 ing several items, (an o. bill, resolution, clause, 
 &c. ; o. box in theatre, box on pit tier appro- 
 priated to number of subscribers ; o. train, 
 stopping at all stations ; o. bar, wire, &c. in 
 electricity, through which whole current 
 passes), [f. L dat. pi. of omnis = iov all] 
 
 O'mnium ga'therum, n. Miscellaneous 
 assemblage of persons or things, queer mix- 
 ture, party to which every one is invited, 
 [mock L (L omnium of all, gather)] 
 
 6'moplate, n. Shoulder-blade, scapula, [f. 
 Gk omoplate (omos shoulder, plate blade)] 
 
 omphalo- (-a-), comb, form of Gk omphalos 
 navel, chiefly in surg. & med. wds as -cele ; 
 -tomv, dividing of umbilical cord. 
 
 o'mphalos, n. (Gk Ant.) boss on shield, 
 conical stone at Delphi supposed to be central 
 point of earth ; centre, hub, (the centre & o. of 
 a world-wide empire), [see prec. ] 
 
 on * (on, on), prep. (So as to be) supported by 
 or attached to or covering or enclosing (sat 
 on the table ; floats on the water ; is on the 
 horns of a dilemma ; lives on the continent, on 
 annuity; have you a match on you?, about 
 your person ; is, gets, falls, on his legs, knees, 
 &c; travels on foot, wheels, the wing, the wings 
 of the wind ; tread on air, one's foes ; dropped 
 it, threw him, on the floor; had, put, a ring, 
 gloves, on his finger, hands ; put a notice on 
 the board ; hangs on the wall ; walks on the 
 ceiling ; has a blister on the sole of his foot ; a 
 scholar on the foundation ; a colonel on half- 
 pay ; went on board ; is on the jury, committee, 
 general staff; a writer on the press ; dog is on 
 the chain; on the bench, boards, card 2 s, 
 
 FENCE 1 ,MARKET 1 ,XAIL 1 , PARISH, RACK 3 , SHELF, 
 SPOT 1 , STREETS,STUMP,TURF, WAY; OrtCHANGE 1 , 
 
 hand 1 , one's hand's, one's own hook 1 , one's 
 knee 1 *, tenterhooks; on a level 1 , an 
 equality, a par) ; with axis, pivot, basis, mo- 
 tive, standard, confirmation, or guarantee, 
 consisting in (turn on one's heel ; works on a 
 peg ; based on fact ; imprisonment on sus- 
 picion ; on my conscience ; swear on the bible ; 
 had it on good authority ; decided on no evi- 
 dence ; did it on purpose, deliberation ; got it 
 on good terms ; o.i account of; on the average, 
 whole ; on penalty of death ; charged him on 
 his life to do it; a tax on paper; borrowed 
 money on his jewels ; interest on one's capital; 
 profit on sales) ; (so as to be) close to, in the 
 direction of, touching, arrived at, against, just 
 at, (house is on the shore, road ; on the right, 
 North, far side, both sides, of; Burton on 
 Trent; marched on London; hit him on the 
 head ; a box on the ear ; left a card on him ; 
 serve a notice, writ, on ; lay hold, seize, on ; 
 boivling is on the ivicket, straight ; drew his 
 knife on vie; smile, frown, turn one's back, 
 on ; make an attack on ; put one on inquiring 
 or inquiry, induce him to inquire ; curse, 
 plague, &c, on him, it!; rose on their op- 
 pressors; on high; on side in football, not 
 off side ; ship is driving on shore ; an on- 
 shore wind) ; (of time) during, exactly at, con- 
 temporaneously with, immediately after, as a 
 result of, (happened on the morning &c. of 
 29th Feb., on Christmas eve, on the next day ; 
 on the instant, immediately ; on time, the 
 minute, &c, punctually; on arriving, my re- 
 turn, analysis, examination, I found) ; in man- 
 ner specified by adj. (on the cheap, sly, square) 
 or state or action specified by noun (on fire, 
 tap, loan, lease, sale, strike, guard ; on the 
 look-out, move, run, wane, watch; on one's 
 best behaviour) ; concerning, about, while en- 
 
 gaged with, so as to affect, (keen, mad, bent, 
 determined, set, on ; gone on slang, enamoured 
 of ; court martial was held on him ; my opinion 
 on free trade ; writes, speaks, lectures, on 
 finance ; a book, an essay, on grammar ; medi- 
 tating on vanity ; take vengeance on person ; 
 did it on my way ; was, went, on an errand ; 
 is not binding on us; work tells severely on 
 him; title was conferred onhim ; draw cheque 
 onbank; condoled with him on his loss); added 
 to (ruin on ruin, heaps onheaps). [OE an, on, 
 cf. Du. aan, G an, Gk ana ; hence also A 2 ] 
 
 on 2 , adv., a., & n. (So as to be) supported by, 
 attached to, covering, enclosing, or touching, 
 something (has, drew, his boots on ; put the 
 tableoiothon; keep your hair on ; on with your 
 coat, put it on) ; in some direction, towards 
 something, further forward, towards point of 
 contact, in advanced position or state, with 
 continued movement or action, in operation or 
 activity, (look 1 , look l er, on ; getting on for 
 tico o'clock ; broadside, stem, end, on, with that 
 part forward ; ellipt. for imperat. of go or come 
 on, as on, Stanley, on! ; send on, in front of one- 
 self ; move 2 on ; happened later on ; from that 
 day on ; was well on in the day; is rather on 
 slang, half-drurtk ; speak, work, wait, Sec, on, 
 continue to do so ; so struggle on to the end, cf. 
 on to below ; slow bowler is, went, on, is, began, 
 bowling ; Macbeth is on, being performed ; gas, 
 water, is on, lit, running, or procurable by turn- 
 ing tap; get, be, on, make, have made, bet; 
 drove Jones on for 4 in cricket, to the on) ; car- 
 ry, CATCH l , COME l , GET l , GO \ HOLD 1 , KEEP l , 
 PUT, take, try, on; on & off, = OFF & on ; on 
 to, compound prep, (corresponding to on as into 
 to in, butusu. written as two words, & avoided 
 in writing though common in speech ; to be dis- 
 tinguished from the use in which each word 
 has independent force as in went on to the next), 
 to a position on (jumped on to the landing- 
 stage). (Adj.) towards or in part of field to left 
 front of playing batsman's wicket (cf. off, leg ; 
 mid-oh,; an on drive, whence on-dpi*ve v.t.) ; 
 on licence, for selling beer &c. to be drunk on 
 premises. (N.) the on side in cricket (a fine 
 drive to the on), [t prec] 
 
 on-, pref. used with attrib participles, ger- 
 unds, verbal nouns, agent-nouns in-ER 1 , & 
 other derivative nn., f. vv. followed idiomatic- 
 ally by on 2 (sometimes alternatively with the 
 reverse order): o'neoming n. & a., approach- 
 ting) ; o'nfall n., assault ; o'nflow, onward flow; 
 o'ngoings or goings-o'n, (usu. strange or im- 
 proper) proceedings; o'nhanger, hanger 2 -o/&; 
 o'n -looker or look l er-o'n; o'nrush n., o'nrush- 
 ing a.; onset. 
 
 6'nager, n. (pi. -s, -gri). Kinds of wild ass. 
 [L, f. Gk onagros (onos ass, agrios wild)] 
 
 o*nanism,n. Self-abuse,masturbation. [Onan 
 (Gen. xxxviii. 9), -ism] 
 
 once (wuns), adv., conj., & n. For one time 
 or on one occasion only, multiplied by one, by 
 one degree, (have read it more than o.; shall 
 die o. ; o. or twice, o. <£• again, a few times ; o. 
 more, again, another time ; o. for all, in final* 
 manner, definitively; o. in a while or way, very 
 rarely * o. & away,= o. for all, o. in a way; o. 
 bit twice shy, pain, loss, &c, teaches caution ; 
 o. nought is nought ; second cousino. remove^); 
 (in negative or conditional or indefinite clause 
 &c.) ever, at all, even for one or the first time, 
 [if we o. lose sight of him ; when o. he under- 
 stands ; have not seen him o. ; o. within call, we 
 are safe) ; on a certain but unspecified past 
 occasion (also o. upon a time), at some period 
 in the past, former(ly), (o. there was a giant ; a 
 o.-famous doctrine, o.-loved friend ; my o. mas- 
 
ONDIT 
 
 569 
 
 ONLY 
 
 ter, ally) ; at o., immediately, without delay, at 
 the same time,(doit at o., please; don't all speak 
 at o., lit., & as iron, deprecation inviting offers 
 &c. from reluctant party ; ato. stem & tender); 
 for, this or that, o., on one occasion by way of 
 exception. <Conj.) as soon as, if o., when o., (o. 
 he hesitates, we have him). (N.) one time, per- 
 formance, &c. (o. is enough for vie), [ME dnes, 
 ones, (one, -es)J 
 
 on dit (F), n. Piece of hearsay. 
 
 one (wun), a., n., & pron. (Num. adj.) single 
 & integral, neither none nor fractional nor 
 plural, numbered by the first or lowest integer, 
 half of two, a, [o. man o. vote, principle of equal- 
 ity in voting; o.-dr-twenty Sec, or usu. twenty 
 &c. -o.; o.-&-twentieth &c, twenty &c. -first; 
 o. dozen, hundred, Sec, precise or formal for a ; 
 o. man in ten, a thousand, Sec, relatively few ; 
 some o. man must direct ; for o. thing, he 
 drinks ; o. or two people, a few ; God is o.) ; 
 (adj. with secondary senses developed from the 
 numeral) the only, single, forming a unity, 
 united, identical, the same, unchanging, a par- 
 ticular but undefined, to be contrasted with 
 another, {the o. way to do it ; no o. man is 
 equal to it ; is o. & undivided ; cried out with 
 o. voice; were made o., married; become o., 
 coalesce ; remains for ever o., always the same ; 
 all in o. direction ; met him o. night ; will take 
 you there o. day ; o. man's meat is another man's 
 poison) ; (numeral noun, with a Se pi. ; often 
 used as substitute for repetition of previously 
 expressed or implied noun)thenumbero., thing 
 numbered with it, written symbol for it, a unit, 
 unity, a single thing or person or example, (o. is 
 half of two ; in the year o., long ago ; Aeneid, 
 book o., first book of ; number o., oneself, esp. 
 as centre of selfish care; write down a o., 
 three oo. ; came by oo. & twos ; sell scores where 
 they sold oo. ; never a o., none ; xvill you make 
 o. ? archaic, join the party ; ten &c. to o., long 
 odds, high probability ; all in o., combined ; 
 the all & the o., totality & unity ; at o., recon- 
 ciled, in agreement ; Hose a neighbour & you 
 gain o.; pick me out a good o., some good oo.; 
 which, what kind of, o. or oo. do youlike ? ; that 
 o., the o. in the window, will do); (adj. used 
 ellipt. for itself or a with noun elsewhere ex- 
 pressed or customarily omitted & to be supplied 
 with more or less of certainty) single person or 
 thing of the kind implied (o. of them lost his or 
 her hat; o. of the richest men in England ; 
 shall see you again o. of these fine days ; at o. 
 o'clock or o., i.e. hour ; o. & sixpence, i.e. shil- 
 ling; gave him o. in the eye, owe him o., that 
 was a nasty o., blow lit. or fig.; ato.-&-twenty, 
 years of age ; I for o. do not believe it ; go o. 
 better, bid, offer, risk, more by o. point; is o. too 
 many for him, too hard &c. for him to deal 
 with by o. degree ; it is all o. to me, the same 
 thing, indifferent ; o. & all, all jointly & sever- 
 ally ; o. by o., o. after another, singly, succes- 
 sively ; o. with another, on the average ; o. or 
 theo., — the other, formula distinguishingmem- 
 bers of pair, as o. is immoral, the other non- 
 moral, also with pi. constr., as sheep & goats, 
 of which the o. are the good Sec; o. another, 
 formula of reciprocity with o. orig. subjective 
 & another objective or possessive, as struck o. 
 another, write to o. another, buy o. another's 
 goods) ; (pronoun) a particular but unspecified 
 person (archaic ; o. came Tunning ; o. said it 
 pleased him not), a person of specified kind 
 (any, every, some, no *, such a, o.; many a o. 
 rhet., many people; little, dear, loved, oo.; 
 the Holy O., O. above, God ; the Evil O., the 
 devil ; behaves like o. frenzied ; what a o. he is 
 to make excuses ! colloq. ; bought it from o. 
 
 Stephens), any person, esp. the speaker, spoken 
 of as representing people in general (possessive 
 one's, objective o., reference-form o., refl. one- 
 self, formerly his, him, he Se him, himself, or 
 ungrammatically their , them, they Sethem, them- 
 selves; if o. cuts off o.'s nose, o. hurts only one- 
 self; it offends o. to be told o. is not wanted ; 
 also incorrectly for I, as o. let it pass, for o. did 
 not want to seem mean) ; o.-eyed, having only, 
 blind of, o. eye ; o.-handed, having, done &c! 
 with, o. hand only ; o. -horse, drawn or worked 
 by single horse, (fig.) petty, poorly equipped; 
 o.-idea'd, -ideaed, possessed by single idea, 
 narrow-minded ; o. -legged, having only o. leg, 
 (fig.) o. -sided, unequal ; o.-man, requiring, con- 
 sisting of, done or managed by, o. man ; o.-pair, 
 room or set of rooms on first floor (above one 
 pair or flight of stairs; o.-p.-back, front, such 
 room in front or back of house) ; oneself, reflex- 
 ive, & emphatic appositional, form of o. as 
 generalizing pronoun (to starve oneself is sui- 
 cide ; to do right oneself is the great thing) ; o.- 
 sided, having, occurring on, o. side only (ao.-s. 
 street, with houses on o. side only ; a o.-s. plant, 
 with leaves or flowers all on o. side of stem), 
 larger &c. on o. side, partial, unfair, prejudiced; 
 so o.-sidedLY 2 adv., o.-si'dedziESS n. Hence 
 o'neFOLD a. [com.-Teut; OE an, cf. Du. een, 
 G ein, cogn. w. Gk oinos, oine, ace, L unus one; 
 an, a, are weakened forms] 
 
 -one (on), chem. suf. (1) usedunsystematically 
 as in ozone ; (2) in names of hydrocarbons (see 
 -ane). [f. Gk -one fern, patronymic] * 
 
 oneiro- (oniro), comb, form of Gk oneiros 
 dream :-m ancy ; -cri'tic, interpreter of dreams ; 
 so -cri'ticAl, a., -cri'ticiSM n. 
 
 oneness (wii-), n. Being one, singleness; 
 singularity, uniqueness; wholeness, unity, 
 union, agreement, concord ; identity, sameness, 
 changelessness. [-ness] 
 
 o'nep (wu-), n. Remarkable or pre-eminent 
 person or thing (slang ; a o. at, expert in ; gave 
 him a o., severe blow); (colloq.) stroke &c. 
 counting one, esp. one-run hit at cricket, [-er x ] 
 
 6'nerous, a. Burdensome, causing or re- 
 quiring trouble, (o. property in law, accom- 
 panied with obligations). Hence o'nerousLY 2 
 adv., o'nerousNESS n. [f. OF onereus f. L 
 onerosus (onus oneris burden, -ous)] 
 
 onion (u"nywn), n., & v.t. (Plant with) edible 
 rounded bulb of many concentric coats & pun- 
 gent smell & flavour much used in cooking or 
 eaten pickled ; o.-couch or -grass or -twitch, 
 kind of wild oat ; o. -shell, kinds of mollusc ; 
 hence o'nionv 2 a. (Vb) rub (eyes) with o. to 
 make them water, [f. F oignon f. L unionem 
 nom. -o large pearl, onion] 
 
 6*nly i, a. That is (or are) the one (or all the) 
 specimen (s) of the class, sole, (the o. way is to 
 die ; the o. child of his parents ; the o. instances 
 knoivn ; was an o. so?i ; one o. object was visible ; 
 my one &o. hope; motley's the o. wear, best or 
 o. one worth considering). [OEd?iZie(ONE, -ly 1 )] 
 
 o'nly 2 , adv. & conj. Solely, merely, exclu- 
 sively, & no one or nothing more or besides or 
 else, & that is all, (is right because it is cus- 
 tomary o., is right o. because it is customary, 
 is o. right because it is customary ; o. you or 
 you o. can guess, no one else can ; you can o. 
 guess or guess o., can do no more ; I o. thought 
 Iwoidd doit, formed the design & did not exe- 
 cute it, or did it without external instigation ; 
 I not o. heard it, but saw it; if o., assuming 
 merely that, also as wishing formula, as if o. 
 some one would leave me a legacy ! ; o. not, all 
 but ; has o. just come, came o. yesterday, no 
 longer ago ; o. too glad, true, Sec, glad &c. & 
 not, as might be expected, the opposite). (Conj./ 
 
ONOMATOPH 
 
 570 
 
 OPEN 
 
 it must however be added that, but then, (he 
 makes good resolutions, o. henever keeps them); 
 with the exception, were it not, that (he does 
 well, o. that he is nervous at the start ; o. that 
 you would be bored, I should — ). Ione, -ly 2 ] 
 6 - nomat6p(e), n. Onomatopoeic word, 
 [shortened f. foil.] 
 
 ono'matopoe'ia (-pea, -peya), n. Forma- 
 tion of names or words from sounds that re- 
 semble those associated with the object or 
 action to be named, or that seem naturally sug- 
 gestive of its qualities ; word so formed (e. g. 
 cuckoo). So onomatopoeic, onomato- 
 poe'tic, aa., onomatopoeic ally, onoma- 
 topoe'tiCALLY, advv. ff. L f. Gk onomatopoiia 
 word-making (onoma -atos name, poieo make)] 
 O'nset, n. Attack, assault, impetuous be- 
 ginning, (esp. at the first o.). [f. to set on] 
 
 o'nslaught (-awt), n. Onset, fierce attack, 
 [perh. f. I)u. aanslag or G anschlag (an on, 
 schlagen strike) w. assim. to draught &c] 
 o'nto, prep. See on 2 to. 
 onto-, comb, form of part, of Gk eimi be : 
 ontoge'nests, origin & development of the indi- 
 vidual being (cf. phylogenesis), whence onto- 
 genetic a., ontogenetic ally adv.; onto'geny,= 
 ontogenesis, also embryology; onto'logy, de- 
 partment of metaphysics concerned with the 
 essence of things or being in the abstract, so 
 ontolo'gicala,.,ontolo'gicallyfid.Y.,onto'logistn. 
 o'nus, n. (no pi.). Burden, duty, responsi- 
 bility ; o. probandi, obligation to prove resting 
 •n maker of assertion or claim. [L] 
 o'nward, adv. & a., o'nwards, adv. Fur- 
 ther on, towards the front, with advancing 
 motion ; (adj.) directed o. [on 2 , -ward(s)] 
 6'nymous, a. Not anonymous, [f. Gk onu- 
 via name + -ous after anonymous] 
 6'nyx, n. Kind of quartz allied to agate with 
 different colours in layers; (Path.) opacity of 
 lower part of cornea ; o. -marble, of banded 
 onyx-like structure. [L, f. Gk onux nail, onyx] 
 oo--(oo), o-,comb. form of Gk oion egg, ovum, 
 in scientific usu. biol. wds, as ooge'nesis, pro- 
 duction or development of ovum; ooe'ciu7n(oe-), 
 budlike sac for receiving & fertilizing ova in 
 polyzoa ; od'gamous, reproducing by union of 
 male & female cells; 66'logy, study, collecting, 
 of birds' eggs, so -logical, -logist ; o'osperm, 
 fertilized ovum or female cell. 
 oof, n. (slang). Money, pelf, cash ; o.-bird, 
 source of money, rich person. Hence oo*f y 2 
 a. [for oof-tish Yiddish - G aufdem tische on 
 the table] 
 
 o'olite, n. Granular limestone, each grain 
 being a particle of sand in carbonate of lime, 
 roe-stone; (Geol.) series of fossiliferous rocks 
 of this formation lying between Chalk, or 
 Wealden, & Lias. Hence ooli'tic a. [f. F 
 oolithe (00-, -lite)] 
 
 -oon, suf. formerly used in borrowing F wds 
 in -on (dragoon) except when the final syl. was 
 not accented (baron); esp. for F -on f. It. -one 
 f. L -onem nom. -o (balloon, buffoon, cartoon) ; 
 rarely in native wds (spittoon) ; F wds now 
 taken have -on in E (chignon); the L expresses 
 humorous or contemptuous description (Naso 
 Nosey), the It. bigness or coarseness, the F (exc. 
 in It. borrowings) small size ; in E the suf. has 
 no definite meaning. 
 
 ooze 1 , n. 1. Wet mud, slime, esp. in river- 
 bed or estuary or on ocean bottom. 2. Tanning 
 liquor, infusion of oak-bark &c. ; o.-calf, calf- 
 skin through which dye has been forced. 3. Exu- 
 dation, sluggish flow, something that oozes. 
 Hence oo*ZY 2 a., oo*ziLY 2 adv., oo'ziNESS n. 
 [1 f. OE wdse cogn. w. ON veisa puddle ; 2 f. OE 
 wds juice, sap ; 3 f. foil.] 
 
 ooze 2 , v.i. & t. (Of moisture) pass slowly 
 through pores of body, exude, percolate; (of 
 substance) exude moisture; (fig.) leak out or 
 away (the secret oozed out ; my courage is ooz- 
 ing away) ; emit (moisture, information, en- 
 couragement), [f. prec. 2] 
 op-. See ob-. 
 
 opa'eity, n. Being opaq e, quality of not 
 allowing passage to or (rarely) of not reflecting 
 light, non-transparency, obscurity; obscurity 
 of meaning, obtuseness of understanding, [f. 
 F opacity f. L opacitatem (opaque, -ty)] 
 6*pah, n. Rare brilliant-coloured large N.- 
 Atlantic fish of mackerel family, king-fish, 
 moon-fish. [W.-Afr. name] 
 6*pal, n. Amorphous quartz-like form of 
 hydrous silica some kinds of which show 
 changing colours (e.g. common o., milk-white 
 or bluish with green, yellow, & red reflexions), 
 whence opalE'SCENT, opalE'SQUE, aa., opal- 
 e'seENCE n. ; (Commerc.) semi-translucent 
 white glass, [f. L opalus f. Skr. upala gem] 
 o'paline, a. & n. Opal-like, opalescent, iri- 
 descent ; (n.) semi-translucent white glass. So 
 o*paliZE(3) v.t. [prec, -ine 1 ] 
 opa'que (-ak), a. (-er, -est), & n. Not reflect- 
 ing (rare) or transmitting light, not shining 
 (rare), impenetrable to sight; not lucid, obscure; 
 obtuse, dull-witted ; (n.)the o., darkness. Hence 
 opa'queLY 2 adv., opa'quexESs n. [f. L 
 opacus shaded; earlier opake, now assim. to F] 
 ope, v.t. & i. (Poet, for) open 2 , [after obs. 
 adj. ope reduced f. open on anaL of p.p. (cf. 
 awake, wove, f. aivaken, woven)] 
 open * (6*pn), a. (-er, -est), & n. Not closed or 
 blocked up, allowing of entrance or passage or 
 access, having gate or door or lid or part of 
 boundary withdrawn, unenclosed, unconfined, 
 uncovered, bare, exposed, undisguised, public, 
 manifest, not exclusive or limited, (o. gate, 
 passage, church, drawer, box, field, grave, car- 
 riage, hostilities, scandal, contempt ; o. air, 
 outdoors; door flew o.; o. boat, undecked ; lay 
 o., expose esp. by cutting skin &c. of ; o. ears, 
 eagerly attentive, whence open-earED 2 a. ; 
 o. mouth, in voracity, frankness, &c, & esp. in 
 gaping stupidity- or surprise, whence open- 
 mouthED 2 , pr. -dhd, a.; o. mind, accessibility 
 to new ideas, unprejudiced or undecided state, 
 whence open-mindED 2 a. , open-mi'nded- 
 ly 2 adv., open-mi*ndedNESS n. ; is o. to 
 conviction, offers, &c. ; keep o. doors or house, 
 entertain all comers, be hospitable ; the o. door, 
 free admission of foreign nations to country for 
 trade ; the exhibition is now o., admitting visi- 
 tors ; shop, show, court, is o. at such hours ; o. 
 heart, frankness, unsuspiciousness, kindliness, 
 cordiality, whence open-heaptED 2 a.,open- 
 heap'tedLY 2 adv., open-heap*tedNESS n. ; 
 o. champion, scholarship, successful, won, after 
 unrestricted competition ; race is o. to all ; posi- 
 tion is o. to attack ; o. time, what is not close * 
 time ; river, harbour, is o., free of ice ; o. weath- 
 er, wither, not frosty ; bowels are o., not con- 
 stipated ; o. country, free of fences ; there are 
 three co urses o. to us ; o. question, matter on 
 which differences of opinion are legitimate; 
 o. verdict) ; expanded, unfolded, outspread, 
 spread out, not close, with intervals, porous, 
 communicative, frank, (o. book, letter, flower; 
 o. country, affording wide views; o. order mil. 
 & nav., formation with wide spaces between 
 men or ships ; o. harmony, of chord with wide 
 intervals ; o. ice, through which navigation is 
 possible ; receive with o. arms, heartily, whence 
 open-apmED a. ; with o. eyes, notunconscious- 
 ly or under misapprehension, also in eager 
 attention or surprise, whence open-eyED 2 a.; 
 
OPEN 
 
 571 
 
 OPINION 
 
 has an o. hand, gives freely, whence open- 
 handED 2 a. , open-ha*ndedL v 2 ad v. , open- 
 ha'ndedxESS n.; o. face, ingenuous-looking, 
 whence open-faeED 2 a.; o. work or o.-wor/c, 
 pattern with interstices in metal, lace, &c; 
 will be o. with you, speak frankly); (Mus., of 
 note) produced from unstopped pipe or string 
 or without slide, key, or piston ; (Phonet., of 
 vowel) produced with relatively wide opening 
 of mouth, cf. close 1 ), (of syllable) ending in 
 vowel ; hence o'penNESS n. (N.) the o., o. 
 space or country or air, public view, [com.- 
 Teut, cf. Du. open, G offen ; f. root of up] 
 
 o'pen 2 , v.t. & i. Make or become open 1 or 
 more o. (o. sesame; shops o. at 9.0 a.m.; o. a 
 business, shop, account, campaign, Sec, start 
 or establish it or set it going ; o. fire, begin 
 shooting ; abs. for o. book, as opened at p. 12 ; 
 o. ground, break up with plough &c. ; o. bowels, 
 cause evacuation ; opens a prospect lit. or fig., 
 brings it to view ; o. the door to, give oppor- 
 tunity for ; o. one's designs, reveal or commu- 
 nicate them; o. one's eyes, show surprise; o. 
 another's eyes, undeceive or enlighten him ; 
 o. the mind, heart, &c, expand or enlarge it; 
 not o. lips, remain silent; o. the ball 2 ; o. 
 parliament ; o. thecaseof counsel in law court, 
 make preliminary statement before calling wit- 
 nesses ; o. the debate, begin it, be first speaker ; 
 door, room, opens into passage, on to lawn, 
 &c. ; the iconders of astronomy were opening 
 to him, becoming known ; o. one's shoulders in 
 cricket, of batsman's attitude in driving) ; com- 
 mence speakingiopened upon the fiscal question, 
 tvith a compliment, &c); make a start (lard 
 opened active, was in demand at once ; session 
 opened yesterday) ; (of hounds, & contempt, of 
 men) begin to give tongue; (Naut.) get view 
 of by change or position, come into full view, 
 (take care not to o. the obelisk ; the harbour 
 light opened) ; o. out, unfold, develop, expand, 
 (t. & i.), become communicative; o. up, make 
 accessible, bring to notice, reveal. Hence 
 o'penABLE a., (-)o , penER 1 (l, 2) n. [f. prec] 
 
 O'pening- 1 (opn-), n. In vbl senses; also or 
 esp.: gap, passage, aperture ; commencement, 
 initial part ; counsel's preliminary statement 
 of case ; (Chess) recognized sequence of moves 
 for beginning game ; opportunity, favourable 
 conjuncture for. [-ing 1 ] 
 
 o'peningr 2 (opn-), a. In vbl senses ; esp., 
 initial, first, (his o. remarks), [-ing 2 ] 
 
 o'penly, adv. Without concealment, pub- 
 licly, frankly. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 6*pera, n. Dramatic performance or com- 
 position of which music is an essential part, 
 branch of art concerned with these, (grand o., 
 without spoken dialogue; comic o.,'or opira 
 comique F, of light character _& usu. with 
 spoken dialogue ; o. bonffe pr. boof, of farcical 
 character) ; o.-cloak, -hood, lady's for wearing 
 at o. or going to evening parties ; o.-glass(es), 
 small binocular for use at o. or theatre ; o.-fiat, 
 man's tall collapsible hat ; o. -house, theatre 
 for performance of oo. [It. f. L, = labour, work] 
 
 6'perate, v.i. & t. Be in action, produce an 
 effect, exercise influence, (the tax operates to 
 our disadvantage) ; play (up)on person's fears 
 &c, try to act (up)on ; (of medicines &c.) have 
 desired effect, act; perform surgical or other 
 operation, (try to) execute purpose, (Mil.) carry 
 on strategic movements, (of stockbroker &c.) 
 buy & sell esp. with view of influencing prices ; 
 bring about, accomplish, (energy operates 
 changes) ; manage, work, conduct, (chiefly 
 U.S.); operating-room, -table, for use in sur- 
 gery; operating-theatre, room for surgical 
 operations done before students. So o'pep- 
 
 atOR 2 n. [f. L operari work (opxis -eris work), 
 -ate 3 ] 
 
 opena'tic, a. Of, like, opera. Hence oper- 
 a'tiCALLY adv. [as operatize, dramatic] 
 
 opera'tion, n. Working, action, way thing 
 works, efficacy, validity, scope, (is in, comes 
 into, o. ; its o. is easily explained ; viust ex- 
 tend its o., make it valid for longer time or in 
 wider sphere) ; active process, activity, per- 
 formance, discharge of function, (the o. of 
 breathing, thinking, pruning, &c); financial 
 transaction ; (Surg.) thing done with hand or 
 instrument to some part of body to remedy 
 deformity, injury, disease, pain, &c. ; strategic 
 movement of troops, ships, &c. ; (Math.) sub- 
 jection of number or quantity to process af- 
 fecting its value or form, e.g. multiplication. 
 [OF, f. L operationem (operate, -ion)] 
 
 operative (at-), a. & n. Having effect, in 
 operation, efficacious ; practical, not theoreti- 
 cal or contemplative, (the o. part oj the work) : 
 of surgical operations ; hence o'perativeLY 2 
 adv. (N.) worker, artisan, mechanic, workman, 
 mill-hand. [f. LL operativus (operate, -ive)] 
 
 o'peratize, v.t. Put into operatic form, [ir- 
 reg. after dramatize, cf. operatic] 
 
 opep'eulum, n. (pi. -la). Fish's gill-cover ; 
 lid or valve closing aperture of shell when 
 tenant is retracted ; similar lidlike structure 
 in plants &c. Hence opep'culAR 1 , opep'cu- 
 Iate 2 , opep'culated, aa., oper'euli- comb, 
 form. [L (operire cover, -cule)] 
 
 opere'tta, n. One-act or short light opera. 
 
 [It. (OPERA, -ETTE)] 
 
 6'perose, a. Requiring or showing or taking 
 great paixs, laborious. Hence opepeseLY 2 
 adv., opero'seNESs n. [f. L operosus (opus 
 -eris work, -ose ] )] 
 
 6'phicleide (-id), n. Keyed wind-instru- 
 ment consisting of conical brass tube bent 
 double serving as bass or alto to key-bugle ; 
 (also tuba) powerful organ reed-pipe. [f. F 
 ophicUide (Gk ophis serpent, kleis -dos key)] 
 
 ophi'dian, a. & n. (Member) of the Ophidia 
 or order of reptiles including snakes. [mod.L 
 ophidia pi., prob. irreg. f. Gk ophis snake, -an] 
 
 o*phio-, comb, form of Gk ophis snake, as 
 -later, -latry, serpent- worship(per), -logy. 
 
 6'phite, n. Serpentine, serpentine marble. 
 Hence ophi*tic a. [f. L f. Gk ophites f. ophis 
 snake, -ite j (2)] 
 
 ophtha'lmia, n. Inflammation of the eye. 
 [LL f. Gk (ophthalmos eye)] 
 
 ophtha'lmie, a. & n. Of the eye ; affected 
 with ophthalmia ; (remedy) good for eye-dis- 
 ease, ff. L f. Gk ophthalmikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 ophtnalm(o)-, comb, form of Gk ophthal- 
 mos eye, as ophthalmitis, ophthalmo'hOGY, 
 -logist, -tomy; ophtha'lmoscoPE, instrument 
 for inspecting retina. 
 
 6'piate * (-at), a. (archaic), & n. Containing 
 opium, narcotic, soporific ; (n.) drug containing 
 opium & easing pain or inducing sleep, [f. 
 med.L opiatus (opium, -ate 2 )] 
 
 6'piate 2 , v.t. Mix with opium, [prob. f. 
 med.L *opiare (opium), -ate 3 ] 
 
 opi'ne, v.t. Express or hold the opinion 
 (that, or abs. in parenthesis), [f. L opinari] 
 
 opi'nion (-yon), n. Judgment or belief based 
 on grounds short of proof, provisional convic- 
 tion, view held as probable, (in my o., as it 
 seems to me ; am of o. that, believe ; a matter 
 of o., disputable point) ; (also public o.) views 
 or sentiment, esp. on moral questions, preva- 
 lent among people in general ; what one thinks 
 on a particular question, a belief, a conviction, 
 (the courage of, act up to, one's oo.) ; formal 
 statement by expert when consulted of what 
 
OPINIONATED 
 
 572 
 
 OPTATIVE 
 
 he holds to he the fact or the right course, pro- 
 fessional advice, (you had better have another 
 o.) ; estimate (have, formed, a very high, loxo, 
 favourable, o. of him), (with neg.) favourable 
 estimate [have no o. of Frenchmen). [F, f. L 
 opinionem (opine, -ion)] 
 
 opi'nionated, a. Obstinate in opinion, dog- 
 matic ; self-willed. Hence opi'nionated- 
 NESSn. [f. obs. opinionate in same sense, perh. 
 latinized form of obs. opinioiiED 2 J 
 
 opi-nionative, a. = prec. [opinion + 
 
 -ATIVE, Cf. TALKATIVE] 
 
 opisd'meter, n. Instrument for measuring 
 curved lines as on map, made of wheel run- 
 ning on screw, [f. Gk opiso backwards, -meter] 
 
 6'pium, n., & v.t. Reddish-brown heavy- 
 scented bitter drug prepared from juice of 
 kind of poppy, smoked or eaten as stimulant, 
 intoxicant, or narcotic, & used as sedative in 
 medicine ; o. den, haunt of o. -smokers ; o. habit, 
 of taking o.; hence o*piumiSM(5) n., crpium- 
 ize(o) v.t. (Vb) drug or treat with o. [L, f. Gk 
 opion poppy-juice, dim. of opos juice] 
 
 opode'ldoc, n. Kinds of soap liniment, [wd 
 used & prob. made by Paracelsus for kinds of 
 medical plaster] 
 
 opd'panax, n. A fetid gum-resin formerly 
 used in medicine ; a gum-resin used in perfum- 
 ery. [L f. Gk, f. opos juice, panax (pas pantos 
 all, akos cure) name of plant] 
 
 opo'ssum, n. Kinds of American small 
 arboreal or aquatic nocturnal marsupial mam- 
 mal with thumbed hind-foot (see also possum); 
 (Austral. ) = ph ala nger. [Amer.-Ind.] 
 
 O'ppidan, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of a town 
 (now rare); (at Eton) non-colleger, boy in board- 
 ing-house in town. [f. L oppidanus (oppidum 
 town, -AN)] 
 
 o'ppilate, v.t. (med.). Block up, obstruct. 
 Hence oppiIation n. [f. L op( pilare ram)] 
 
 oppo'nency, n. (rare). Antagonism, opposi- 
 tion, [foil., -encv] 
 
 oppo'nent, a. & n. Opposing, contrary, 
 opposed, (now rare ; o. muscle, opposing thumb 
 or lateral digit to other digit) ; (n.) adversary, 
 antagonist, [f. L OP(ponere place), -ent] 
 
 cppoptune (-or- ; also -u*n), a. (Of time) 
 suitable, well-selected or as favourable as if 
 chosen ; (of action or event) well-timed, done 
 or occurring by design or chance at favourable 
 conjuncture. Hence o'ppoptuneLY 2 adv., 
 o'ppoptuneNESS n., (also -u'n-). [f. F oppor- 
 tun f. L OP(portunus f. portus -us harbour)] 
 
 opportunism, n. Allowing of due or un- 
 due weight to circumstances of the moment in 
 determining policy ; preference of what can to 
 what should be done, compromise, practical 
 politics, adaptation to circumstances ; putting 
 of expediency before principle or place before 
 power, political time-serving. So oppoptu'n- 
 ist(2) n. [f. prec. after It. -ismo & F -isme] 
 
 opportunity, n. Opportuneness (rare); 
 favourable juncture, good chance, opening, 
 (of doing, to do, for action, or abs.; find, make, 
 get, seize, give, afford, an o.). [f. F opportunity 
 f. L opportunitatem (opportune, -ty)] 
 
 oppose (opo'z), v.t. Place or produce or cite 
 (thing, person) as obstacle, antagonist, counter- 
 poise, or contrast, to, represent (things) as anti- 
 thetical, (to fury let us o. patience ; you are 
 opposing things that are practically identical ; 
 to Plato I o. Aristotle ; opposed himself to it 
 with all his power ; the thumb can be opposed 
 to any of the fingers, placed against it front to 
 front, whence oppo'SABLE a., opposaBixiTY 
 n.); set oneself against (person, thing), with- 
 stand, resist, obstruct, propose the rejection of 
 (resolution, motion, &c), (abs.) act as opponent 
 
 or check (it is the dxdy of an opposition to o.) ; 
 (p.p. ) contrary.opposite, contrasted, (characters 
 strongly opposed ; black is opposed to white), 
 (of persons) hostile, adverse, (is firmly opposed 
 to protection), [f. F op( poser pose)] 
 
 oppo'seless, a. (poet.). Irresistible, [-less] 
 
 o'pposite (-ozit), a. (often governing n. by 
 ellipse of to), n., adv., & prep. Contrary in 
 position (to), facing, front to front or back to 
 back (with), (on o. sides of the square ; came 
 from, went in, o. directions ; the tree o. to or o. 
 the house; o. leaves &c. in bot., placed at same 
 height on o. sides of stem, or placed straight in 
 front of other organ, opp. alternate) ; of con- 
 trary kind, diametrically different to or from, 
 the other of a contrasted pair, (of an o. kind to, 
 from, what I expected; much liked by the o. sex); 
 hence o'ppositeLY 2 adv. (chiefly bot.), o*p- 
 positeNESS n. (N.) o. thing or term (you are 
 cold-blooded, she is the o. ; the most extreme oo. 
 have some qualities in common). (Adv. & prep.) 
 in o. place, position, or direction, (to), (there 
 was an explosion o., in the house across the 
 street ; o. prompter in theatre, abbr. o.p., to 
 actor's left ; happened o. the Mansion House). 
 [F, f. L OP(positus p.p. of ponere place)] 
 
 oppd'siii- (-z-), comb, form f. L as prec. in 
 bot. wds as -fo'lious opposite-leaved, -se'palous 
 (of stamen) placed straight in front of sepal. 
 
 opposi'tion (-zishn), n. Placing opposite 
 (o. of the thumb, cf. oppose) ; diametrically 
 opposite position (esp. astron. of two heavenly 
 bodies when their longitude differs by 180°, opp. 
 conjunction; planet is in o., opposite sun) ; 
 contrast, antithesis; (Log.) relation between 
 two propositions with same subject & predicate 
 but differing in quantity or quality or both ; 
 antagonism, resistance, being hostile, (offer a 
 determined o.; did it in o. to public opinion ; 
 ivas in o. at the time, belonging to the o. in 
 next sense) ; the o., His Majesty's o., chief 
 parliamentary party opposed to that in office 
 (the leader of the o.; the o. whips, benches, &c); 
 any party opposed to some proposal. Hence 
 opposi'tionAL a. (rare), opposi*tioniST(2) 
 n. & a. (rare), [f. L or(positio position)] 
 
 oppd'sitive, a. (rare). Adversative, anti- 
 thetic ; fond of opposing, [prec, -ive] 
 
 oppress, v.t. Overwhelm with superior 
 weight or numbers or irresistible power ; lie 
 heavy on, weigh down, (spirits, imagination, 
 &c.) ; govern tyrannically, keep under by coer- 
 cion, subject to continual cruelty or injustice. 
 So opppe'ssiON (-shn), opppe'ssoR 2 , nn., 
 opppe'ssivE a., opppe'ssiveLY 2 adv., op- 
 ppe'ssiveNESS n. [f. OF oppresser f. med.L 
 op( pressare frequent, of L premere press)] 
 
 opppo'brious, a. Conveying reproach, 
 abusive, vituperative. Hence opppo'bpious- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. OF opprobrieux (foil., -ous)] 
 
 opppd'bpium, n. Disgrace attaching to 
 some act or conduct, infamy, crying of shame. 
 [L, f. op( probrare f. probrum disgraceful act)] 
 
 oppug'n, v.t. Controvert, call in question, 
 whence oppug'nER 1 n. ; (rare) attack, resist, 
 be in conflict with, (so oppu'gnANT a. & n., 
 oppu'g-nANCE, oppu'g-nAxev, oppugnA- 
 tion, nn., all rare), [f. L OP(pugnare fight) 
 attack, besiege] 
 
 o'psimath, n. (rare). One who learns late 
 in life. So opsi'math v I n. [f. Gk opsimathes 
 (opse late, manthano learn)] 
 
 opt, v.i. (rare). Exercise an option, make 
 choice, (between alternatives or for alternative), 
 [f. F opter f. L optare choose, wish] 
 
 opta'tive, a. & n. {gram.). Expressing wish 
 (o. mood, set of verbal forms of this kind, dis- 
 tinct chiefly in Greek and Sanskrit ; o. iise of 
 
OPTIC 
 
 573 
 
 ORANGE 
 
 subjunctive)', hence opta'tiveLY 2 adv. (N.) 
 o. mood, verbal form belonging to it. [F (-if, 
 •ive), f. LL optativus (prec, -ative)] 
 
 o'ptic, a. & n. (Anat.) of the eye or sense of 
 sight (o. nerve, neuritis, &c; o. angle, between 
 lines from extremities of object to eye, or from 
 two eyes to one point). (N.) eye (now usu. 
 facet.) ; (pi., with sing, constr.) science of sight 
 & esp. of the laws of its medium, light, [f. F 
 optique f. med.L f. Gk optikos (optos seen f. 
 op-, cf. opsomai fut. of horao see, -ic)] 
 
 o'ptical, a. Visual, ocular, (o. illusion, pro- 
 duced by too implicit confidence in the evidence 
 of sight) ; of sight or light in relation to each 
 other, belonging to optics, constructed to assist 
 sight or on the principles of optics. Hence 
 o'ptiealLY 2 adv. [prec, -al] 
 
 opti'cian (-shn), n. Maker or seller of opti- 
 cal instruments, [f. F opticien (optic, -ician)] 
 
 optime. See wrangler. 
 
 O'ptimism, n. Doctrine, esp. as set forth by 
 Leibnitz, that the actual world is the best of all 
 possible worlds; view that good must ultimate- 
 ly prevail over evil in the universe ; sanguine 
 disposition, inclination to take bright views. 
 So o*ptimiST(2) n. & a., optimi'stic a., op- 
 timi'stiCALLY adv., o*ptimiZE(2) v.i. [f. F 
 optimisme (L optimus best, -ism)] 
 
 o'ption, n. Choice, choosing, thing that is 
 or may be chosen, (make one's o. ; none of the 
 oo. is satisfactory);liberty of choosing, freedom 
 of choice, (local 2 o. ; imprisonment without 
 the o. of a fine ; have no o. but to, must) ; (Stock 
 Exch. &c.) purchased right to call for or make 
 delivery within specified time of specified 
 stocks &c. at specified rate. [F, f. L optionem 
 <st. of optare choose, -tion)] 
 
 o'ptional, a. Not obligatory, [prec, -a l] 
 
 d'pulent, a. Rich, wealthy ; abounding, 
 abundant, well stored. Hence or cogn. o*pu- 
 Ience n., o'pulentLY 2 adv. [f. L opulens or 
 -lentus (opem accus. quantity, -u lent) J 
 
 6* pus, n. (no pi.). Musician's separate com- 
 position of any kind (used esp. in citing it from 
 among his works by number ; abbr. op. ; Beeth- 
 oven op. 15); magnum o., o. magnum, or o., great 
 literary undertaking, writer's or other artist's 
 chief production. [L, = work] 
 
 opu'scule, opu'sculum (pi. -la), n. Minor 
 musical or literary composition, [(-ule F) f. L 
 i-um) dim. of prec. (-cule)] 
 
 op 1 , n. (herald.). Gold or yellow in armorial 
 bearings. [F, f. L aurum gold] 
 
 op 2 , prep. & conj. (archaic). Before, ere, 
 <chiefly now in or ever, or e'er, poet.). [OE dr 
 adv. early, w. sense of its compar. ser ere] 
 
 op 3 , conj. introducing second of two alterna- 
 tives (white or black), all but the first (white or 
 grey or black) or only the last (white, grey, or 
 black) of any number, the second of each of 
 several pairs (white or black, red or yellow, 
 blue or green), or (poet.) each of two (or in the 
 heart or in the head). An alternative intro- 
 duced by or may be (1) on equal footing with 
 preceding (shall you be there or not? ; any Tom, 
 Dick, or Harry), (2) true of other instances (ripe 
 tomatoes are red or yellow), (3) mere synonym 
 {common or garden), (i) indication that preced- 
 ing isdoubtf ully accurate (one or two, five or six, 
 &c, a few), (5) explanation of preceding (saw a 
 dug-out or hollowed-tree boat), (6) statement of 
 onlyremainingpossibility or choice given (often 
 after either ; a thing must surely be or not be ; 
 for goodness' sake either take it or leave it), 
 <7) statement of result of rejection &c. of pre- 
 ceding (often with else ; she must weep or she 
 must die ; make haste, or else you will be late), 
 <8) second &c. member of indirect question or 
 
 conditional protasis after whether (ask him 
 whether he was there or not ; must do it whether 
 Hike or dislike it). In syntax, a set of alterna- 
 tives with or is sing, if each member is sing. 
 (man or woman, boy or girl, goes unmolested ; 
 not go) ; if the members differ in number &c, 
 the nearest prevails (were you or he, teas he or 
 you, there ?; either he or you, were, either you 
 or he was), but some forms (e.g., was lor you 
 onduty?) are avoided; forms in whichdifference 
 of gender in the members causes difficulty with 
 pronouns (a landlord or landlady expects their, 
 his or her, his, r&it) are usually avoided, their 
 rent or the rent due to them being ungramma- 
 tical, his or her rent or the rent due to him or 
 her clumsy, & his rent or the rent due to him 
 slovenly, [f. obs. other conj., prob. modif. of 
 OE oththe or (cf. G oder, earlier eddo, ode, &c) 
 on anal, of alternative &c. wds in -ther] 
 
 -op 1 , suf. varying with -our (ME), f. AF -our 
 f. OF -or, -nr, F -eur, in wds f. L nn. of condi- 
 tion in -or -oris mostly f. vbs in -ere, as liquor 
 (ME licour), ardour ; all corrected in U.S. to 
 -or ; in England many retain -our. 
 
 -op 2 , suf. (varying with -er, see below) in nn. 
 expressing(l)personalagent (possessor),(2) thing 
 that acts, instrument, machine, &c, (extensor), 
 f. L -or -oris appended to p.p. stems. L -or was 
 always preceded by -t- or -s-, which remains in 
 all E recent adoptions (misspelt in axdhor f. 
 auctor) taken direct or thr. F -teur, -seur ; but 
 L wds in -ator, -etor, -itor, taken f. OF have 
 lost -t- & usu. the preceding vowel ; thus L 
 donator(em), OF doneor, doneur, AF donour, 
 K donor; saviour retains trace of -at- (see -iour) 
 in -i-; some E agent nn. were formed orig. in F 
 on this anal., as surveyor, warrior. In E, -or, 
 pronounced like -er 1 ' 2 , has been displaced by 
 it in some wds, as barber (ME & AF barbour f. 
 L barbatorem), & has displaced it in others, as 
 sailor (perh. on anal, of tailor), chancellor. 
 When -er & -or coexist, -or has sometimes more 
 legal or professional sense. 
 
 6'pach (-itsh), n. Kitchen-garden plant, 
 Mountain Spinach, [earlier arache f. F arroche 
 f. L atriplicem nom. -ex f. Gk atraphaxus] 
 
 d'pacle, n. Place at which ancient Greeks 
 &c. were accustomed to consult their deities 
 for advice or prophecy (work the o., secure de- 
 sired answer by tampering with priests &c, 
 also fig. bring secret influence to bear in one's 
 favour) ; response, often ambiguous or obscure, 
 given at such place; holy of holies or mercy- 
 seat in Jewish temple; (vehicle, personal or 
 other, of) divine inspiration or revelation ; per- 
 son or thing serving as infallible guide, test, or 
 indicator; authoritative, profoundly wise, or 
 mysterious adviser or advice, judge or judg- 
 ment, prophet or prophecy. Hence (esp. w. ref. 
 to obscurity) opa'culAR 1 a., opa'culaPLY 2 
 adv., opacula'PiTY n. [f. L oraculum (orare 
 speak, -culo- instr. suf.)] 
 
 OP'al, a. Spoken, verbal, by word of mouth ; 
 (Anat.) of the mouth. Hence op*alLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L os oris mouth, -al] 
 
 6'pang-e l (-inj), n. & a. (Evergreen tree bear- 
 ing) large roundish many-celled juicy acid or 
 sweet fruit enclosed in bright reddish-yellow 
 tough rind (squeeze the o., take all the good 
 from anything ; squeezed o., thing from which 
 no more good can be got; mock o., the shrub 
 Syringa ; oo. & lemons, nursery game ; Blen- 
 heim o., kind of apple) ; (also o.-colour) reddish- 
 yellow (o. adj., of this colour) ; o.-blossom, 
 flowers of o., worn by brides at wedding ; o.-fin, 
 kind of trout ; o.-marmalade ; o.-tip, kind of 
 butterfly. Hence o*pangERY(3) n, [OF, ult. 
 f. Arab, naranj] 
 
ORANGE 
 
 574 
 
 ORDER 
 
 Orange 2 (oTinj), n. Town on Rhone from 
 which Princes of O. took title ( William of O. in 
 Eng. hist., King William III) ; (attrib. & in 
 comb.) connected with Irish ultra-pro testant 
 party (prob. f. the Orangemen, political society 
 formed 1795 for protestant ascendancy in Ire- 
 land, prob. named after O. lodge of freemasons 
 in Belfast, prob. named after William), whence 
 0*pang"iSM(3) n. [F, f. L Arausionem nora. -o] 
 
 orangea'de (-jad), n. Effervescent or still 
 drink of orange juice &c. [-ade] 
 
 oi»a , ng , -outa , ng' (do), op'ang-u'tan 
 (-00-), n. Large long-armed' arboreal anthro- 
 poid ape of Borneo & Sumatra. [Malay (-utan) 
 = man of the woods] 
 
 ora'te, v.i. (joe). Make speech, hold forth, 
 play the orator, [back-form. f. foil.] 
 
 ora'tion (-shn), n. Formal address or har- 
 angue or discourse esp. of ceremonial kind ; 
 (Gram.) language, way of speaking (direct, in- 
 direct or oblique, o., person's words as actually 
 spoken, or with the changes of person, tense, 
 &c, usual in reporting), [f. L oratio (orare 
 speak, -ation)] 
 
 O'patop (-ate?*), n. Maker of a speech ; elo- 
 
 Suent public speaker ; Public O., official at 
 •xford & Cambridge speaking for university 
 on state occasions. Hence o'patPESS * n. [f. 
 OF orateur f. L oratorem (prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 oratop'io, n. Semi-dramatic musical com- 
 position on sacred theme performed by soloists, 
 chorus, & orchestra, without action, scenery, 
 or costume. [It., orig. of musical services at 
 oratory of St Philip Neri] 
 
 d'patopize, v.i. = orate, [-ize] 
 
 6'patopy \ n. Small chapel, place for private 
 worship; R.-C. religious society of simple 
 priests without vows founded in Rome 1564 to 
 give plain preaching & popular services, also 
 any branch of this in England &c, whence 
 opatoP*iAN a. & n. [f. L oratorium neut. of 
 orator ius (orare pray, speak, -tory)] 
 
 o'patopy 2 , n. (Art of making} speeches, 
 rhetoric ; highly coloured presentment of facts, 
 eloquent or exaggerating language. Hence 
 opato'PiCAL a., opato'picalLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 oratoria (ars art) of speaking, fern, as prec] 
 
 orb, n., & v.t. & i. Circle, circular disk, ring, 
 (now rare) ; sphere, globe ; heavenly body ; 
 eyeball, eye, (poet.); globe surmounted by 
 cross as part of regalia ; organized or collec- 
 tive whole; hence op'Dless a. (Vb) enclose 
 in, gather (t. & i.) into, o. [f. L orbis ring] 
 
 opbi'culap, a. Circular, discoid, ring-shaped, 
 (o. muscle, sphincter) ; spherical, globular, 
 rounded, (fig. ) forming complete whole. Hence 
 or cogn. oPDicula'prrv n., opbi'culaPLV 2 
 adv., OPbi'eulATE 2 a. (nat. hist.), [f. L orbicu- 
 laris (orbiculus dim. as prec, -ar 1 )] 
 
 op'bit, n. Eye-socket, whence op'bito- comb, 
 form ; border round eye of bird or insect ; 
 curved course of planet, comet, satellite, or 
 binary star. Hence OP'bitAL a. [f. L orbita 
 track of wheel or moon (orbis ring)] 
 
 OPC, n. Kinds of cetacean ; sea or other mon- 
 ster, [f. F orque f. L orca kind of whale] 
 
 Opca'dian, a. & n. (Native) of Orkney, [f. 
 L Orcades Orkney Islands, -ian] 
 
 OP'chapd (-tsh-), n. Enclosure with fruit- 
 trees ; orchardman, fruit-grower, also op'» 
 chapdiST(3) n. [OE ortgeard prob. f. L hortus 
 gardem yard] 
 
 opche'stic (-k-), a. Of dancing. Hence op- 
 che'stics n. \t Gk orkhestikos (orkhestes 
 dancer, see foil.)] 
 
 OP'chestpa (-k-), n. Semicircular space in 
 front of ancient-Greek theatre-stage where 
 chorus danced & sang ; part of modern theatre 
 
 or concert-room assigned to band or chorus; 
 instrumental performers, or concerted music 
 performed by them, in theatre or concert-room, 
 whence orche'stPAL a. [L, f. Gk orkhestra 
 (orkheomai dance)] 
 
 OP'chestpate, v.t. & i. Compose (t. & i.), ar- 
 range, or score, for orchestral performance. 
 Hence OPGhestPATiON n. 1-ate 3 ] 
 
 opchestpi'na (-ena), n. Elaborate kind of 
 barrel-organ meant to give orchestra -like 
 effect, [-in a 1 ] 
 
 op'chid, OP'chis, (-k-), n. Member of large 
 order of monocotyledonous herbs {-is is usu. of 
 wild English kinds, -id of exotics or in bot. 
 use), of which English kinds are terrestrial 
 with tuberous root & erect fleshy stem with 
 spike of usu. red or purple flowers, & many 
 exotic kinds have flowers of fantastic shapes 
 & brilliant colours. Hence OPChidA'CEOUS a., 
 OP*chidiST(3) n. [(-id made 1845 by Lindley, 
 see -id 2 ) f. Lf. Gk orkhis -ios testicle, orchis, 
 (w. ref. to shape of tuber)] 
 
 OP'chido-, comb, form of prec, as -mania, 
 -logy, [irreg. for orchio- f. Gk as prec] 
 
 op'chil (-tsh-), n. Red or violet dye from 
 lichen, [f. OF orchel etym. dub.] 
 
 OP'cin, n. (chem.). Colourless crystalline 
 substance extracted from lichens & yielding 
 various dyes when compounded, [f. mod.L 
 orcina (prec, -in)] 
 
 opdai'n, v.t. (Eccl.) appoint ceremonially 
 to Christian ministry, confer holy orders (esp. 
 those of deacon or priest) on (was ordained 
 priest, elder, &c, or abs.); (of God, fate, &c.) 
 destine, appoint, (has ordained the time, death 
 as our lot, us mortal, us to die, that we shoxdd 
 live) ; appoint authoritatively, decree, enact, 
 (what the laws o. ; o. that —). [f. OF ordener 
 f. L ordinare (ordo -inis order)] 
 
 opdai'nment, n. (rare). Decree(ing). [-ment) 
 
 opde'al (or -del), n. Ancient Teutonic mode 
 of deciding suspected person's guilt or inno- 
 cence by subjecting him to physical test such 
 as plunging of hand in boiling water, safe en- 
 durance of which was taken as divine acquit- 
 tal ; experience that tests character or endur- 
 ance, severe trial. [com.-Teut.; OE orddl, -61, 
 cf. Du. oordeel, G urteil, judgment ; n. f. compd 
 vb (OHG artailan, OE ad&lan, deal out)] 
 
 op'dep 1 , n. (Main senses) 1. Rank, row, class. 
 2. Sequence, arrangement. 3. Mandate. 1. Tier 
 (now rare ; o. on o. of sculptured figures) ; 
 social class or rank, separate & homogeneous 
 set of persons, (esp. the higher, lower, oo. ; all 
 oo. & degrees of men ; the o. of baronets ; the 
 clerical, military, o.) ; kind, sort, (talents of a 
 high, considerations of quite another, o.) ; any 
 of the nine grades of angels (seraphim, cheru- 
 bim, thrones, dominations, principalities, pow- 
 ers, virtues, archangels, angels) ; grade of 
 Christian ministry (holy oo. in Anglican church,, 
 those of bishop, priest, & deacon, in R.-C, these 
 & subdeacon ; minor oo. in R.-C. Church, those 
 of acolyte, exorcist, reader, & doorkeeper), (pi.), 
 status of clergyman (take oo., be ordained ; in 
 oo., ordained; often in these phrr., & always 
 elsewhere, holy oo.); fraternity of monks or 
 friars, or formerly of knights, bound by com- 
 mon rule of life (the Franciscan o. ; the Teu- 
 tonic o.; the o. of Templars) ; company usu. in- 
 stituted by sovereign to which distinguished 
 persons are admitted by way of honour or re- 
 ward (o. of the Garter, the Bath, Merit, &c),. 
 insignia worn by members of this (sent him, 
 wears, the o. of the Golden Fleece) ; (Arcb.it.> 
 mode of treatment with established propor- 
 tions between parts (esp. one of the five classi- 
 cal oo., Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, &. 
 
ORDER c 
 
 Composite, each of which is superior to the 
 preceding in height, lightness, & decoration, 
 of pillar & capital ; Tuscan & Composite were 
 Roman developments of the others, which were 
 Greek); (Math.) degree of complexity {line, 
 equation, fluxion, of the first &c. o.) ; (Nat. 
 Hist.) classification, group below class 1 & sub- 
 divided into genera or families (natural o. in 
 bot., abbr. N.O.. of plants allied in general 
 structure, not merely agreeing in single charac- 
 teristic* as in Linnaean system). 2. Sequence, 
 succession, manner of following, (in alphabeti- 
 cal, chronological, &c, o. ; out of o., not sys- 
 tematically arranged ; follow the o. of events 
 inverts the natural o. ; take them in o., one 
 after another according to some principle) ; 
 regular array, condition in which every part 
 or unit is in its right place, tidiness, normal or 
 healthy or efficient state, (drew them up in o.; 
 are scattered without any o. ; love of o. ; is in 
 bad, out of, o., not working rightly; is- in o. or 
 good o., fit for use) ; (archaic) suitable action, 
 measures, (take o. to do ; take o. with, arrange, 
 dispose of) ; constitution of the world, way 
 things normally happen, collective manifesta- 
 tions of natural forces or laws, natural or moral 
 or spiritual system with definite tendencies, 
 (esp. the o. of nature or things or the world ; 
 the old o. changeth ; whether there is a moral 
 o. or not) ; stated form of divine service (the 
 o. of confirmation) ; principles of decorum & 
 rules of procedure accepted by legislative as- 
 sembly or public meeting, or enforced by its 
 president (Speaker called him to o. ; O. ! O. !, 
 protest against infringement of it ; rise to o. or 
 a point of o., interrupt debate &c. with inquiry 
 whether something being said or done is in or 
 out of o. ; o. of the day, programme, business 
 set down for treatment, whence, in gen. use, 
 prevailing state of things, as industry, thun- 
 der, cricket, is the o. of the day ; o.-paper, 
 written or printed o. of the day ; o.-book, in 
 which motions to be submitted to House of 
 Commons must be entered) ; prevalence of con- 
 stituted authority, law-abiding state, absence 
 of riot, turbulence, & violent crime, (often law 
 & o. ; o. was restored; keep o., enforce it); 
 (Mil.) Me o., position of company &c. with arms 
 ordered (see foil.) ; in o. to do, with a view to, 
 for the purpose of, doing ; in o. that, with the 
 intention or to the end that. 3. Mandate, in- 
 junction, authoritative direction or instruc- 
 tion, (often pi.; gave oo., an o., the o.,for some- 
 thing to be done, that it should be done, &c; 
 is obedient to oo.; by o., according to direction 
 of the proper authority ; judge gave, made, re- 
 fused, an or the o.) ; (Banking &c.) instruction 
 to pay money or deliver property signed by 
 owner or responsible agent (o. cheque, cheque 
 to person's o., one requiring payees endorse- 
 ment before being cashed ; postal, money or 
 pop. post-office, o., kinds of Post-Office cheque 
 for remitting money, the latter non-transfer- 
 able) ; (Commerc.) direction to manufacturer, 
 tradesman, &c, to supply something (made to 
 o., according to special directions, to suit in- 
 dividual measurements, &c, opp. ready-made ; 
 grocer has sent for oo.; Is on o.,has been or- 
 dered but not yet supplied ; a large o. colloq., 
 difficult job ; o.-book, in which tradesman en- 
 ters oo. ; o.-clerk, with duty of entering oo. ; o.- 
 form, skeleton o. to be filled in by customer) ; 
 pass admitting bearer gratis, cheap, or as privi- 
 lege, to theatre, museum, private house, &c. 
 [f. OF ordre f. L ordinem nom. -o] 
 OP*dep 2 , v.t. Put in o., array, regulate, 
 (archaic ; ordered his troops ; o. one's affairs ; 
 has ordered his life well) ; (Mil.) o. arms, stand 
 
 5 ORE 
 
 rifles butt on ground & hold them close to right 
 side ; (of God, fate, &c.) ordain (so we hoped, 
 but it was otherwise ordered) ; command, bid, 
 prescribe, (o. a retreat, thing to be done, person 
 to do, that person or thing should ; ordered 
 him a mustard plaster) ; command or direct 
 (person &c.) to go to, away, home, Sec. (icas 
 ordered to Egypt ; o. about, send hither & 
 thither, domineer over) ; direct tradesman, ser- 
 vant, &c, to supply (o. dinner, settle what it 
 shall consist of), [f. prec] 
 
 OP'derly, a. & n. Methodically arranged or 
 inclined, regular, obedient to discipline, not un- 
 ruly, well-behaved, whence OP'derliNESS n.; 
 (Mil.) of, charged with conveyance or execution 
 of, orders (o. book, regimental or company book 
 for entry of orders ; o. officer, officer of the day; 
 o.-room, in barracks for company's business) ; 
 o. bin, street box for refuse. (N.) soldier in 
 attendance on officer to carry orders &c ; 
 attendant in (esp. military) hospital, [-ly *] 
 
 op'dinal, a. & n. (Number) defining thing's 
 position in series (first, twentieth, &c, are oo. 
 or o. numbers ; cf. cardial) ; of a nat.-hist. 
 order.^ [f. LL ordinalis (order 1 , -al)] 
 
 ordinance, n. Authoritative direction, de- 
 cree (SELF-denying o.) ; religious rite; (rare) 
 collocation of parts in literary work or archi- 
 tectmre. [f. OF ordenance (ordain, -ance)] 
 
 OP'dinapy, a. & n. Regular, normal, custom- 
 ary, usual, not exceptional, not above the usual, 
 commonplace, (in o. appended to physician 
 &c.,by permanent appointment, not temporary 
 or extraordinary ; inan o. way I should refuse, 
 if the circumstances were not exceptional; 
 something out of the o.; o. seaman, abbr. O.S., 
 lower rating than able ; in o. of ships, laid up, 
 not in commission), whence OP*dinapiLY 2 
 adv., OP'dinapiNESS n.; (authority) having 
 immediate or ex officio & not deputed juris- 
 diction (the O., archbishop in province, bishop 
 in diocese ; O. or Lord O. in Scotland, one of 
 five judges of Court of Session constituting 
 Outer House) ; rule or book laying down order 
 of divine service ; public meal provided at fixed 
 time & price in tavern &c. ; (Herald. ) charge of 
 earliest, simplest, & commonest kind (esp. chief, 
 pole, bend, fess, bar, chevron, cross, saltire) ; 
 ungeared bicycle (opp. safety), [f. L ordinarius 
 
 (ORDER 1 , -ARY 1 )] 
 
 op'dinate (-at), n. (geom.). Any of series of 
 parallel chords of conic section in relation to 
 bisecting diameter (esp. used of half the chord, 
 from curve to diameter), straight line from any 
 point drawn parallel to one coordinate axis & 
 meeting the other, [f. L (linea) ordinate (appli- 
 cata) line applied parallel] 
 
 ordina'tion, n. Arrangement in ranks, 
 classification ; conferring of holy orders, ad- 
 mission to church ministry ; decreeing, ordain- 
 ment. [f. L ordinationem (ordain, -ation)] 
 
 opdinee*, n. Newly ordained deacon, [or- 
 dain, -ee] 
 
 ordnance, n. Mounted guns, cannon * 
 branch of public service dealing esp. with mili- 
 tary stores & materials (Army O. Department r 
 formerly with wider powers Board of O.; o. 
 survey. Government survey of Great Britain & 
 Ireland ; o. datum, sea level as defined for o. 
 survey). [var._of ordinance] 
 
 op'dupe (-dur, -jer), n. Excrement, dung; 
 obscenity, foul language. [F (ord foul f. L 
 horridws, -ure)] 
 
 ore, n. Native mineral from which precious 
 or useful metal may be profitably extracted x 
 (poet.) metal, esp. gold. [prob. f. OE dr brass 
 (cf. L aes aeris, Skr. ayas metal) with sense 
 changed to that of OE ora unwrought metal 
 
OREAD 
 
 576 
 
 ORIGINAL 
 
 (cf. Du. oer), which would itself have given a 
 mod. oor, not ore] 
 
 op'ead, n. (L & Gk mythol.). Mountain 
 nymph, [f. L oreas -ados f. Gk oreias f. oros 
 mountain, -ad(1)] 
 
 ore'ctic, a. (philos. , med. ). Of desire or appe- 
 tite, appetitive, [f. Gk orektikos (orego stretch 
 out, -ic)] 
 
 op'eide, n. Kind of brass resembling gold 
 used in imitation jewellery, [f. F oreide (or f. 
 L aurum gold)] 
 
 orfe, n. Kind of gold-fish. [G f. F, f. Gk or- 
 phos sea-perch] 
 
 OP'gan, n. Musical instrument of pipes sup- 
 plied with wind by bellows, sounded by keys, 
 & distributed into sets or stops having special 
 tone, which in turn form groups or partial oo. 
 (great, choir, swell, solo, pedal, o.) each with 
 separate keyboard, whence op*ga,niST(3) n.; = 
 barrel 1 -©, (o. -grinder, player of this); key- 
 board wind-instrument with metal reeds, har- 
 monium, (American o., with wind drawn in- 
 wards to reeds); mouth o., child's toy reed 
 instrument ; part of animal or vegetable body 
 adapted for special vital function (oo. of speech, 
 perception, digestion, generation, &c; nasal 
 o.) ; person's voice with reference to its quality 
 or power (has a magnificent o.) ; medium of 
 communication, mouthpiece of opinion, esp. 
 newspaper or magazine or review representing 
 a party, cause, sect, pursuit, &c; o.-bloiver, 
 person or mechanism working o. bellows ; o.- 
 builder, of musical oo. ; o.-loft, galleryin church 
 or concert-room for o. ; o. -piano, with mechan- 
 ism giving sustained tones as in o.; o.-screen, 
 ornamental screen often between choir & nave 
 on which o. is placed in cathedral &c; o.-stop, 
 set of pipes of similar tone in o., handle of 
 mechanism that brings it into action. Hence 
 OP'g'anLESS a. [f. L f. Gk organon tool (erg- 
 
 WORK)] 
 
 OP'grandie, n. Kind of very fine translucent 
 muslin, [f. F organdietym. dub.] 
 
 organic, a. (Physiol.) of the bodily organs, 
 vital, (Path., of disease) affecting structui'e of 
 an organ (opp. functional) ; having organs or 
 organized physical structure, of animals or 
 plants, (opp. inorganic) ; (Chem., of compound 
 substances &c.) existing as constituent of or- 
 ganized bodies or formed from bodies so exist- 
 ing, of hydrocarbons or their derivatives (o. 
 chemistry, dealing with these) ; constitutional, 
 inherent, fundamental, structural; organized 
 or systematic or coordinated (o. unity ; an o. 
 whole). Hence opga'niCALLY adv. [f. L f. Gk 
 organikos (organ, -ic)] 
 
 or'ganism, n. Organized body with con- 
 nected interdependent parts sharing common 
 life, (material structure of) individual animal 
 or plant ; whole with interdependent parts 
 compared to living being, [organize, -ism] 
 
 opganiza'tion, n. In vbl senses of foil.; 
 Also, organized body or system or society, [f. 
 med.L organizatio (foil., -atioxi] 
 
 OP'ganize, v.t. & i. Furnish with organs, 
 make organic, make into living being or tissue, 
 (usu. in p.p.), (intr.) become organic ; form into 
 an organic whole (with constituents or resulting 
 whole as obj.); give orderly structure to, frame 
 & put into working order, make arrangements 
 for or get up (undertaking involving coopera- 
 tion). Hence OP'ga,niZABLE a., OP'ganizER 1 
 n. [f. med.L organizare (organ, -ize)] 
 
 op'ganon, OP'ganum, n. Instrument of 
 thought, system of or treatise on logic. [Gk 
 (■on), & L (-urn), see organ ; -on was title of 
 Aristotle's logical writings, & novum (new) or- 
 ganum that of Bacon's] 
 
 op'ganzine (-en), n. Silk thread in which 
 the main twist is in contrary direction to that 
 of the strands, [f. F organsin f. It. organzino] 
 
 orgasm (-zm), n. Violent excitement, rage, 
 paroxysm; venereal excitement in coition. So 
 opga'stic a. [f. Gk orgao swell, -sm as in 
 
 SPASM, -ISM] 
 
 OP'g'eat (or -zhah), n. Cooling drink made 
 from barley or almonds & orange-flower water. 
 [F (orge f. L hordeum barley, -ade)] 
 
 OPgla'stie, a. Of the nature of an orgy. [f. 
 Gk orgiastikos (orgiastes agent n. f. orgiazo 
 celebrate orgy)] 
 
 ov'sy (-ji), n. (Gk & Rom. Ant.; usu. pi.) 
 secret rites in worship of various gods, esp. in 
 that of Bacchus celebrated with wild dancing, 
 drinking, and singing ; drunken or licentious 
 revel, (pi.) revelry or debauchery, [earlier pi. 
 only, f. F orgies f. L f. Gk orgia pi.] 
 
 OP'iel, n. Large windowed polygonal recess 
 projecting usu. from upper storey & supported 
 from ground or on corbels; (also o. window) 
 window of o., projecting window of upper 
 storey, [f. OF oriol, etyni. dub.] 
 
 OP'ient 1 , n. & a. (Poet.) the eastward part of 
 sky or earth ; the East or countries E. of Medi- 
 terranean &S. Europe; o. pearl; peculiar lustre 
 of pearl of best quality. (Adj.) oriental (poet.); 
 (of precious stones, esp. pearls, of finest kinds, 
 as coming anciently from the East) lustrous, 
 sparkling, precious; (of sun, daylight, &c, or 
 fig.) x-ising, nascent. [F, f. L orientem nom. 
 -ens rising sun, east, (oriri rise, -ent)] 
 
 opie'iit 2 , 6'pientate, (or or), w.t. & i. 
 Place (building &c.) so as to face E., build 
 (church) with chancel end due E., bury with 
 feet eastward ; place or exactly determine posi- 
 tion of with regard to points of compass, settle 
 or find bearings of, (fig.) bring into clearly un- 
 derstood relations (o. oneself, determine how 
 one stands); (intr.) turn eastward or in specified 
 direction. Hence OPientA'TiON n. [f. F orien- 
 ter (prec.)] 
 
 dpie'ntal (or or-), a. & n. Easterly (archaic); 
 (inhabitant) of the East or countries E. of Medi- 
 terranean & S. Europe, esp. Asiatic, occurring 
 in or coming from or characteristic of the civi- 
 lization &c. of the East, whence opie'ntal- 
 ism(2,4), opie*ntalisT(3), nn. , opie*ntaliZE(2,3) 
 v.i. & t.; (of pearls &c.) orient; o. stitch, close 
 kind of herringbone stitch. Hence opie'ntal- 
 ly 2 adv. [F, f. L orientals (orient l , -AL)] 
 
 6'pifiee, n. Aperture, mouth of cavity, per- 
 foration, vent. [F, f. LL orifieium (os oris 
 mouth, -ficere =facere make)] 
 
 6'pifla'mme (-am), n. Sacred banner of St 
 Denis, banderole of red silk on lance received , 
 by early Frerfth kings from abbot of St Denis 
 on starting for war; (fig.) anything material 
 or ideal serving as rallying-point in struggle ; 
 bright conspicuous object, blaze of colour, &e. 
 [F (L aurum gold, flam/ma flame)] 
 
 6'pigan, ori'ganum, n. Wild Marjoram, & 
 kinds of allied plant. [L (-urn), f. Gk origanoii\ 
 
 6'Pigin, n. Derivation, beginning or rising 
 from something, person's extraction, source, 
 starting-point, [f. F origine f. L originem nom. 
 -go (oriri rise)] 
 
 opi'grinal, a. & n. Existent from the first, 
 primitive, innate, initial, earliest, (o. sin, innate 
 depravity common to all human beings in con- 
 sequence of the fall); that has served as pattern, 
 of which copy or translation has been made, not 
 derivative or dependent, first-hand, not imi- 
 tative, novel in character or style, inventive, 
 creative, thinking or acting for oneself, (where 
 is the o. picture ?; what does the o. Greek say ?; 
 where hooping-cough is o. ; is it an o. drawing 
 
ORIGINATE 
 
 577 
 
 ORTHODOX 
 
 or a woodcut ? ; made a very o. remark ; has 
 an o. mind; o. people do o. things); hence or 
 cc-gn. origlna'lrrv n., ori'ginalLY 2 adv. (N.) 
 derivation, descent, origin, (rare) ; pattern, 
 archetype, thing from which another is copied 
 or translated, (several transcripts from the 
 same o. ; reads Don Quixote in the o.); eccentric 
 person. [F, f. L originalis (prec, -al)] 
 
 orrglnate, v.t. & i. Give origin to, initiate, 
 cause to begin, whence opi'ginATiVE a. ; 
 have origin, take rise, (usu. from or in thing or 
 place, with or from person. So originA'TiON, 
 OPi'glnatOR 2 , nn. [origin, -ATE a J 
 
 orina'sal (-zl), a. & n. Of, sounded with, 
 both mouth & nose (esp. of French nasalized 
 vowels); (n.) o. vowel. [L os oris mouth, -I-, L 
 nasus nose, -al] 
 
 OP'iole, n. (Also Golden o.) bird with black 
 & yellow plumage visiting British Isles in 
 summer ; other old-world birds of same genus ; 
 kinds of bird of similarly coloured American 
 genus, [f. med.L oriolus f. L aureolus dim. of 
 aureus golden (aurum gold)] 
 
 Orl'on, n. (astron.). Brilliant constellation 
 S. of zodiac, figured as hunter with belt & 
 sword (O.'s belt, three bright stars in short line 
 across O.; O.'s hound, Sirius). [L, f. Gk OtHon] 
 
 Orronid, n. (astron.). One of meteor-system 
 with radiant point in Orion, [prec, Gk -is -idos 
 fern, patronymic] 
 
 6'Pison (-zn), n. (archaic). A prayer (usu. in 
 pi.). [F, f. L orationem speech (orare speak, 
 pray, -ation, -son)] 
 
 Op'leans, n. Kind of plum ; fabric of cotton 
 warp & worsted weft, [name of French city] 
 
 OP'lop, n. Lowest deck of ship with three or 
 more decks, [f. Du. overloop covering {over- 
 loopen run over, see over, leap 1 )] 
 
 OP'mep, n. Edible univalve mollusc, the Sea- 
 ear. [Channel-I. F, f. F ormier contr. of oreille- 
 de-mer ear ofsea] 
 
 ormolu (-00), n. Gilded bronze used in de- 
 corating furniture ; gold-coloured alloy of cop- 
 per, zinc, & tin ; articles made of or decorated 
 with these, [f. F or moulu ground gold ; orig. 
 sense, gold ground for use in gilding] 
 
 OP'nament 1 (-ent), n. (Eccl., usu. pi.) ac- 
 cessories of a church or the worship in it (e. g. 
 vestments, plate, organ, bells ; o. rubric, that 
 immediately before Order for Morning & Even- 
 ing Prayer in prayerbook) ; thing used or serv- 
 ing to adorn, quality or person whose existence 
 or presence confers grace or honour, (mantel- 
 piece crowded with oo. ; the o. of a quiet spirit ; 
 was an o. to his country or age) ; (sing, only) 
 adorning, being adorned, embellishment, fea- 
 tures or work added for decorative purposes, 
 (a toioer,rich in o.; by way of o.). Hence op- 
 name'ntAL a., opname'ntalLY 2 adv., op- 
 name*ntaliST(3), opname*ntaliSM(3), nn. 
 [f. OF ornement f. L ornamentu?n equipment 
 (ornare equip, -ment)] 
 
 OP'nament 2 (or -e'nt), v.t. Adorn, beautify. 
 (Eence opnamentA tion n. [f. prec] 
 
 opna'te, a. Elaborately adorned ; (of liter- 
 ary style) embellished with flowers of rhetoric 
 &c. Hence opna*teLv 2 adv., opna'teNESsn. 
 [f. L ornatus p.p. (prec)] 
 
 opntth(o)-, comb, form of Gk ornis -ithos 
 bird, in many scientific wds, as or'nithom ap- 
 proaching birds in structure (of some reptiles); 
 omfcho'LOGY, -logical, -logist ; orni'tho- 
 MANCY ; ornithorhyncus Australian duck-bill- 
 ed platypus, an aquatic mammal with dark- 
 brown fur, webbed feet, & duck's bill, & lay- 
 ing eggs ; ornitho'scopy, augury. 
 
 OPO'grpaphy, oreo*-, n. Branch of physical 
 geography dealing with mountains ; hence 
 
 F.D. 
 
 OPOGRA-PHIC(AL) aa. So OP(e)0*LOGY n., 
 
 op(e)oLO-GiCAL a., op(e)o*LOGisT n. [Gk oros 
 -cos mountain, -graphy] 
 
 OP*oide, n. Gold-coloured alloy of copper & 
 zinc. [F or gold f. L aurum, Gk eidos form] 
 
 OP'otund, a. (Of utterance or phrasing) 
 swelling, mouth-filling, imposing, dignified, 
 pompous, magniloquent, pretentious, [f. L ore 
 rotundo (Hot. A. P. 323) with round mouth] 
 
 op'phan (-fn), n. & a., & v.t. (Child) bereav- 
 ed of parent(s) ; hence op'phanHOOD n., or- 
 phanizE(3) v.t. ; (vb) bereave of parent(s). [f. 
 LL f. Gk orphanos bereaved] 
 
 OP'phanage (-ij), n. Orphanhood ; institu- 
 tion for orphans' education &c [age] 
 
 Op'phie, a. Of Orpheus or the mysteries or 
 doctrines associated with his name, oracular, 
 mysterious ; like Orpheus's music, melodious, 
 entrancing, [f. Gk Orphikos (Orpheus, -ic)] 
 
 OP'phpey, OP'fpay, n. Ornamental often 
 richly embroidered border of ecclesiastical 
 vestment, [earlier sense embroidery, f. OF 
 orfreis f. L auriphrygium gold embroidery 
 (aurum gold, Phrygius Phrygian) ; -s dropped 
 as though pi. sign, cf. pea] 
 
 OP'piment, n. A mineral, trisulphide of 
 arsenic, used as yellow dye. [OF, f. L auripig- 
 mentum (aurum gold, pigment)] 
 
 OP'pin(e), n. Succulent herbaceous fleshy- 
 leaved purple-flowered plant common in cottage 
 gardens. [F (-n), prob. corrupt, of prec, orig. 
 of yellow-flowered species of same genus] 
 
 Op'pingrton, n. A breed of poultry, [village 
 in Kent] 
 
 o'ppepy, n. Clockwork model of the planet- 
 ary system, [named after Earl of O. c 1700] 
 
 o'PPis 1 , n. Kind of iris, flower-de-luce, (now 
 rare) ; o.-root, fragrant root of three species of 
 iris used in perfumery & medicine ; o.-poicder, 
 powdered o.-root. [prob. corrupt, of iris] 
 
 o'PPis 2 , n. Kinds of gold or silver lace or 
 embroidery, [prob. cogn. w. orphrey] 
 
 Op'son, n. Rough valiant person, [tale of 
 Valentine & O.] 
 
 opt, n. (dial. & archaic; usu. pi.). Refuse 
 scrap(s), leavings. [15th-c ortys pi., cf. Du. 
 oor-aete remains of food (oor- not, etan eat)] 
 
 OPth(o)-, comb, form of Gk orthos straight, 
 in many scientific wds w. senses straight, rect- 
 angular, upright, right, correct: orthocephalic, 
 with breadth of skull from f to \ of length, be- 
 tween brachycephalic& dolichocephalic; ortho- 
 chromasia, giving correct relative intensity to 
 colours in photography ; or'thoclase, common 
 feldspar in crystals with two cleavages at right 
 angles ; ortho'epy, science of correct pronunci- 
 ation, whence orthoe'pic, ortho'episr(3); ortho'- 
 gnathous, upright-jawed, not prognathous; 
 ortho'gonal, of or involving right angles; ortho'- 
 pterous, of the insect order Orthoptera with 
 straight narrow fore-wings including cock- 
 roaches, crickets, grasshoppers, &c.;ortho'ptic, 
 of straight or correct seeing, esp. used as n. or 
 a. of opaque perf orated eyeglass assisting aim 
 in rifle-shooting ; or'thotone, (word) having in- 
 dependent accent, not enclitic or proclitic. 
 
 OP'thodox, a. Holding correct or the cur- 
 rently accepted opinions esp. oh religious doc- 
 trine, not heretical or independent-minded or 
 original ; generally accepted as right or true 
 esp. in theology, in harmony with what is 
 authoritatively established, approved, con- 
 ventional ; the O. Church, the Eastern or Greek 
 recognizing Patriarch of Constantinople as 
 head & the national Churches of Russia, Rou- 
 mania, &c, in communion with it. Hence 
 op'thodoxLY 2 adv. [f. Gk OR'mo(doxos L 
 doxa opinion)] 
 
 IB 
 
ORTHODOXY 
 
 578 
 
 OSTRICH 
 
 op'thodoxy, n. Being orthodox, [f. Gk 
 orthodoxia (prec, -Y 1 )] 
 
 OPtho'graphy, n. Correct or conventional 
 spelling ; spelling with reference to its correct- 
 ness (his o. is shocking) ; perspective projection 
 used in maps & elevations in which the point 
 of sight is supposed infinitely distant so that 
 the rays are parallel, map &c. so projected. So 
 GPthog-pa'phicfAL) aa., OPthogrpa^phieal- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. OF ortografie f. L f. Gk ortho- 
 (graphia -graphy)] 
 
 OP'thopaedy (-pe-), n. . The curing of de- 
 formities in children or others, surgery directed 
 to this. So opthopae'dic a. [f. F ortho- 
 (pidie f. Gk paideia rearing of children f. pai- 
 aeuo train f. pais child)] 
 
 OP'tolan, n. The garden bunting, small bird 
 esteemed as table delicacy. [F, f. It. ortoiano 
 orig. gardener f. L hortulanus (hortulus dim. 
 of hortus garden, -an)] 
 
 -opy, suf. (1) of adjj., originating in OXorm. 
 F -ori masc, -orie fern., & repr. (sometimes 
 thr. F -oii\ -oire) L in -orius, -oria, -orium,= 
 agent termination -or 2 added to p.p. stems + 
 -ius adj. suf. As every L vb could form agent 
 n. in or, E has adjj. in -org corr. to L vbs even 
 when L has neither adj. in -orius nor agent n. 
 in -or [compulsory, dispensatory, illusory), or 
 when the L vb is not itself represented in E 
 (amatory, perfunctory). As alternatives to 
 -ory, E often has -orial (-ory + -al), -orious 
 (-ory + -ous). (2) of nn., chiefly f. L neut. adjj. 
 in -orium (dormitory, factory, laboratory). In 
 a few wds -ory is -y j added to agent termina- 
 tion -OR 2 (rectory, oratory). In some technical 
 wds L -orium is preserved, as auditorium, 
 crematorium, sensorium, (also -ory). 
 6'pyx, n. (Genus of) large straight-horned 
 African anteiope. [L, f. Gk orux] 
 O'sean, a. & n. (Of, in) the language, allied 
 to Latin, of the Osci, Opsci. or Opici, a primi- 
 tive people of Campania. [L Osci, -an] 
 O'scillate <6si-), v.i. & t. Swing (L, rarely 
 t.) like pendulum, move to & fro between two 
 points ; vacillate, vary between extremes of 
 opinion, action, condition, &c. Hence or cogn. 
 oscillA'xiON, o'scillatoR 2 (1, 2), nn., o'seil- 
 latORY a. [f. L oscillare, -ate 3 ] 
 oscita'tion, n. (rare). Yawning, inatten- 
 tion, negligence, [I. L oscitatio (oscitare gape 
 f. os mouth, citare move, -ation)] 
 o'seulap, a. Of the mouth, of kissing; 
 (Math.) that osculates, [f. L osculum mouth, 
 kiss, (os mouth, -cule), -ar 1 ] 
 o'seulate, v.i. & t. Kiss (i. & t, rare, usu. 
 facet.); (Nat, Hist., of species &c.) have con- 
 tact through intermediate species &c, have 
 common characters with another or with each 
 other; (Math., of curve or surface) have con- 
 tact of higher order with, coincide in three or 
 more points. Hence or cogn. o'scuIant a. 
 (esp. nat. hist.), oscuIation n., o'seulatORY 
 a. (esp. math.), [f. L osculari kiss (prec), -ATE a ] 
 -ose 1 , suf. f. L -osus abounding in; chiefly 
 in adjj. of a technical kind, adjj. in ordinary 
 u«e having -ous ; but there are bellicose, jocose, 
 grandiose, & a few others. Nn. are formed 
 from them usu. in -osity, also in -oseness. 
 -ose 2 , suf. in chem. wds formed on glucose 
 (mod. F adoption of Gk gleukos must) giving 
 names for the related carbo-hydrates saccha- 
 rose & cellulose & isomeric substances. 
 osier (6'zher), n. (Shoot of) species of willow 
 used in basket-work; o.-bed 1 ; (attrib.) of oo. 
 [F, cf. LL ausaria, os-, willow-bed] 
 -osis, suf. forming nn. of process or condi- 
 tion on Gk & sometimes L stems ; names of 
 diseases or pathological states (amaurosis, tri- 
 
 chinosis); a few rhetorical terms (meiosis) ; & 
 some in gen. use (metamorphosis, apotheosis), 
 [t. Gk -osis, n. suf. usu. f. vbs in -oo] 
 
 -osity, suf. See -ose l , -ous. 
 
 Osma'nli, a. & n. =ottoman 1 . [Turk., na- 
 tive wd for which Ottoman is the usu. E form] 
 
 O'smium (6s-, 6z-), n. A metal of the plati- 
 num group, [f. Gk osme smell, -ium, named 
 from pungent smell of volatile acid formed by 
 it with oxygen] 
 
 o'smose, osmesis, (6s-, 6z-), n. (physics). 
 (Tendency to) percolation & intermixture of 
 fluids separated by porous septa. Hence os- 
 motic a., osmo'tiCALLY adv. [irreg. f. Gk 
 osmos push (otheo push) + -osis] 
 
 o'smund (6z-, 6s-), n. The Flowering Fern ; 
 any fern of genus Osmunda. [?] 
 
 o'sprey (-a, -i), n. Large bird preying on 
 fish, the sea-eagle, fishing-eagle, or sea-hawk ; 
 (milliner's name for) egret-plume on hat or, 
 bonnet, [prob. f. L ossifraga (os ossis bone, 
 frangere break) perh. the lammergeyer] 
 
 o'sseous, a. Consisting of bone, ossified ; 
 having bony skeleton (o. & cartilaginous 
 fishes) ; abounding in fossil bones, [f. Losseus 
 (os ossis bone) + -ous] 
 
 o'ssicle, n. (anat.). Small bone, small piece 
 of bony or chitinous or calcareous substance 
 in animal framework, [f. L ossiculum (prec, 
 
 -CULE)] 
 
 o'ssifpage ( -ij), n. = osprey. [osprey] 
 
 O'ssify, v.i. & t. Turn (i. & t.) into bone, 
 harden, make or become rigid or callous or un- 
 progre'ssive. Hence ossi'Fic a., ossiFiCA^riON 
 n. [L os ossis bone, -fy] 
 
 o'ssuapy, n. Receptacle for bones of dead, 
 charnel-house, bone-urn ; cave in which an- 
 cient bones are found, [f. LL ossuarium (irreg. 
 f. os sec prec, -ary)] 
 
 ostensible, a. Professed, for show, put for- 
 ward to conceal the real, (his o. errand was to 
 —). Hence oste'nsibLY 2 adv. [F(L ostendere 
 -ens-, -ible)] 
 
 oste'nsopy, n. Receptacle for displaying 
 Host to congregation, monstrance, [f. med.L 
 ostensoHum as prec. + -ory(2)] 
 
 ostenta'tion, n. Pretentious display esp. 
 of wealth or luxury, showing off, attempt or 
 intention to attract notice. Hence ostenta*- 
 tious a,, ostenta'tiousLY 2 adv. [F, f. L os- 
 tentationem (ostentare frequent, of ostendere 
 -ent- show, -ation)] 
 
 oste(o)-, comb, form of Gk osteon bone in 
 many med. & anat. terms, as ostei'Tls; osteo- 
 genesis formation of bone ; osteo'graphy, 
 scientific description of the bones; o'steoiD 
 a. ; osteo'logy, anatomy dealing with bones, 
 animal's bony structure ; osteomalacia, soft- 
 ening of bone by loss of earthy salts. 
 
 o'stlep (-si-), n. Stableman at inn. [earlier 
 hostler (hostel, -er 1 )] 
 
 o'stpacize, v.t. (Gk Ant. ; at Athens) banish 
 (dangerously powerful or unpopular citizen) 
 for ten or five years by peculiar voting-system, 
 name of person to be ostracized being written 
 on potsherd ; (mod.) exclude from society, fav- 
 our, or common privileges, send to Coventry, 
 &c Hence o'stpaeiSM(l) n. [f. Gk ostrakizo 
 (ostrakon potsherd)] 
 
 o'strei-, o'streo-, comb, forms of L ostrea, 
 ostreum, & Gk ostreon, oyster, as o'streiculture 
 oyster-breeding ; ostreo'phagous eating oysters. 
 
 o'stpieh (-tsh), n. Large swift-running Afri- 
 can & Arabian bird with wing & tail feathers 
 valued as ornaments, swallowing hard sub- 
 stances to assist working of gizzard, & reputed 
 to bury its head in sand when pursued in the 
 belief that it cannot be seen (has the digestion 
 
-OT 
 
 of an o. ; o. policy, belief. Sec, depending on 
 self-delusion) ; o.-farm, breeding oo. for fea- 
 thers ; o.-plume, feather, or bunched feathers, of 
 o.; o.-tip, tip of o.-feather. [f. OF ostruce f. 
 pop.L avis struthio (avis bird, LL f. Gk sh-ou- 
 thwn ostrich f. strouthos sparrow, ostrich)] 
 
 -ot 1 , suf. = F -ot, orig. dim., but often not so 
 now ; ballot, chariot, parrot. 
 
 -ot-, -ote, suf. giving nativity in ancient Gk 
 names, as Epirot, & in mod. names from places 
 near Greece, as Suliote ; also in a few Gk deri- 
 vatives of other meanings {id iot, helot, patriot, 
 zealot). [ = F -ote f. L -ota f. Gk -otes] 
 
 O'ther (udh-), a., n. or pron., & adv. Not the 
 same as one or more or some already mentioned 
 or implied, separate in identity, distinct in 
 kind, alternative or further or additional, the 
 &c. only remaining, every second, different than 
 or from, (for sing, use with an, see another ; 
 we have o. evidence ; o. people think otherwise ; 
 it must be decided by quite o. considerations ; 
 have no o. place to go to ; a few o. examples 
 would be useful; give me some o. ones; now 
 ope 71 the, your, o. eye ; happens every o. day, 
 on alternate days, as often as not; any person 
 o. than yourself; do not wish him, them, o. 
 than he is, they are ; a world far o.from ours ; 
 on the o. hand, used to introduce fact or argu- 
 ment making against or contrasted with pre- 
 vious one ; the o. day adv., a few days ago; 
 some time or o. adv., one day &c. ; some one or 
 o., a person unknown ; some idiots or o. have 
 been shouting all night; it was none o. than 
 Jones, = no o. one or person; the o. world, future 
 life, o.-icorld, concerned with or thinking of 
 this only, whence other-wor'ldLY 1 a., 
 other- wor'ldliNESs n.; often ellipt. with 
 numerals, as another, the o. two, i.e. person or 
 persons, thing or things, of kind not needing 
 specification) ; otherguess a. [corrupt, of other- 
 gates adv. (gate 2 , -es) in another way], of very 
 different kind (archaic & colloq.) ; o'therwhence, 
 from elsewhere ; o'therwhere(s), elsewhere 
 (poet.); o'therwhile(s), at other times. (N. or 
 pron.; orig. elliptic use of adj., & often in- 
 distinguishable from this in sing., but now dis- 
 tinguished in pi. by -s, cf. the o. six, the sixoo.) 
 o. person, thing, specimen, &c. (give me another, 
 some oo.; do good to oo.; if this soap is, these 
 candles are, too soft, have you any o., oo. ? ; one 
 or o. of us will be there ; let oo. talk, I act ; I 
 can do no o. archaic, nothing else ; you are the 
 man of all oo. for the work; one neutralizes 
 the o. ; they neutralize each o. or one another ; 
 in oo. of his sermons). (Adv.) otherwise (o. than 
 cursorily). [Aryan; OE other, cf. Du. & G 
 under, Skr. dntaras, L alter ; see -ther] 
 
 o'therness, n. (rare). Being other, diversity, 
 difference ; thing or existence that is not the 
 thing mentioned or the thinking subject. 
 
 [-NESS] 
 
 o'thepwise, adv. In a different way (could 
 not have acted o.; Judas, o. called, or o., Is- 
 cariot ; sometimes preceded by any, no, with 
 reminiscence of its etym., as could do it no o., 
 does not influence him any o. than by example) ; 
 if circumstances are or were different, else, or, 
 (seize the chance, o. you will regret it) ; in other 
 respects (he is unruly, but not o. blameworthy ; 
 also qualifying the adj. sense in n., as his o. 
 dullness); in different state (how can it be o. 
 than fatal ? ; should not wish it o.) ; o.-minded, 
 having different, or jarring, inclinations or 
 views, averse to current opinions. [OE on othre 
 wisan (other, wise 2 )J 
 
 -6tie, suf. forming adjj. corr. to nn. in -osis, 
 in sense affected with or producing or resemb- 
 ling -osis ; so neurotic, hypnotic, narcotic ;Qu,ix- 
 
 5 "9 OUR 
 
 otic, exotic, erotic, are not exx. [f. Gk -otikos f. 
 nn. in -otes formed on same stems as -osis] 
 otiose (oshio's), a. At leisure, lazy, unoccu- 
 pied, (rare) ; sterile, futile, (rare) ; not required 
 
 o'tium cum dignit'ate (oshi), n. Digni- 
 fied ease. [L] 
 
 6t(o)-, comb, form of Gk ous otos ear, as 
 oto'LOG v, science of ear diseases, anatomy, &c. ; 
 o'toscoPE, instrument for examining cavity of 
 ear, or for auscultation of sounds in it. 
 
 otta'va rima (-tan-, re-), n. Stanza of eight 
 lines, ll-syllabled in Italian, 10-syllabled in 
 English, with rhymes as abababec. [It.] 
 
 o'tter, n. Furred aquatic fish-eating mammal 
 with fin-like legs, webbed feet, & long flattened 
 tail; its fur; kinds of fishing-tackle; o.-dog, 
 -hound, breed used in o.-hunting; o.-spear, 
 used in o.-hunting. [com.-Teut.; OE otr, cf. 
 Du. & G otter, also Skr. udrds ; cogn. w. Gk 
 hudor water, & w. water] 
 
 o*tto, n. O. of roses, = attar, [f. oAtar) 
 
 O'ttoman \ a. & n. Of the dynasty of Oth- 
 man I, his branch of the Turks, or the empire 
 ruled by his descendants, Turkish ; (n.) O. per- 
 son, Turk. [F, f. Arab, name of Othman (pro- 
 nounced in Turk, osman, whence osmanli)] 
 
 o'ttoman 2 , n. Cushioned seat like sofa or 
 chair without back or arms, often a box with 
 cushionedtop. [f. prec. (cf. divan)] 
 
 ou'bit (oo-), n. =woobut. 
 
 oublie'tte (oo), n. Secret dungeon with en- 
 trance only by trapdoor. [F (oublier forget)] 
 
 ouch (owtsh), n. (archaic). Clasp or buckle 
 often jewelled ; setting of precious stone, [f. 
 OF nouche (cf. adder) f. LL nusca f. OHG 
 mischa prob. f. Celt.] 
 
 ought 1 (awt), n. (vulg.). Figure denoting 
 nothing, nought, [perh. f. an ought for a 
 nought, cf. adder] 
 
 ought 2 (awt), v.aux. (the only form in use, 
 except archaic oughtest or oughtst, is ought 
 serving as present or past finite) expressing 
 duty, Tightness, shortcoming, advisability, or 
 strong probability ; the past sense (except when 
 merely due to sequence of tenses in reporting 
 &c.) is indicated by a followingperf.infin. Exx.: 
 we o. to love our neighboxirs; it o. not to be 
 alloioed ; you o. to know better ; you o. to go to 
 Pinafore ; Eclipse o. to win ; it o. to be done at 
 once, have been done long ago ; I told you it o. 
 to be, have been, done ; I said it, & still think 
 I o. to have said it. [OE ahte past of agan 
 owe ; the mod. uses represent the imperf. 
 subj. = would owe] 
 
 ounce 1 (ow-), n. (abbr. oz.). Unit of weight, 
 1/12 lb. in Troy weight, 1/16 lb. in avoirdupois 
 (also fig., as an o. of practice &c. is xcorth a 
 pound of theory &c). [f. OF uncc f. L uncia 
 twelfth of pound or foot (cf. inch ] )] 
 
 ounce 2 (ow-), n. (Poet. &c.) lynx or other 
 vaguely identified medium-sized feline beast ; 
 (Zool.)the mountain-panther or snow-leopard 
 smaller than leopard but marked like it. [f. 
 OF once, cf. It. lonza, f. L lyncea (lynx) ; for 
 once f. Vonce by mistake for lonce cf. adder] 
 
 oup (owr), a. Of or belonging to us (see we), 
 that we are concerned with or speaking or 
 thinking of, (is in o. midst ; acting on o. behalf; 
 have done o. share, O. Father, the creator of 
 us men ; O. Saviour, of us Christians, Christ ; 
 O. Lady, of us Roman Catholics, the Virgin 
 Mary ; given under O. seal, of Us the king or 
 queen, emperor or empress ; a worthless book 
 in o. opinion, of us the present spokesman of a 
 newspaper &c). [com. : Teut.; OE ure orig. 
 
-OUR 
 
 580 
 
 OUT- 
 
 genit. pi. of first pers. pron. = of us, afterwards 
 inflected as adj.; cf. G wiser, OSax. use?'] 
 
 -oup, suf. in colour &c; see -or 1 . 
 
 oups (owrz), pron. & pred. a. The one(s) be- 
 longing to us (o. is a large family ; Hike o. bet- 
 ter; let me give you one of or, look at this gar- 
 den of o., this our garden) ; our regiment or 
 corps (Jones of o.) ; (pred. a.) belonging to us 
 (became o. by pui'chase). [our, -es ; double 
 possessive for the emphatic abs. use] 
 
 oupse'lf, pron. (pi. -ves, which is the usu. 
 form, the sing, being used similarly when We 
 represents a so vereign,& alternatively with the 
 pi. when we represents a newspaper writer or 
 the average man). (Emphat.; usu. pi.) we or 
 us in person, in particular, in our normal con- 
 dition, & not others, or alone (usu. in apposi- 
 tion with we, & either next after it or later, 
 rarely substituted for it ; usu. substituted for 
 us, rarely after it in apposition : we oo. will see 
 to it; we will see to it oo.; oo. are first to be 
 thought of; it was good for the others, if not 
 for oo.; let -us do it oo.; we were not oo. for 
 some time ; what touches us o. shall be last 
 served; can we imagine a world in which o. 
 does not exist ?) ; (Reft.; usu.pl., always in objec- 
 tive case) the person(s) previously described as 
 we (we shall only harm, do harm to, oo.; we 
 cannot persuade o. or oo. that the Government 
 is in earnest ; we shall give oo. the pleasure of 
 calling). Tour, self] 
 
 -ous, suf. forming adjj.; f. L -osus, cf. -ose 1 , 
 abounding in, thr. OF -os, -us, & OE -iis, writ- 
 ten after 1300 -ons (oos) & gradually weakened 
 in sound to us ; familiarized in L & F wds f. 
 OF, -ous has now become the established angli- 
 cizer for many L adjj., esp. in -eus, -ius, -er, -ax 
 -acis, -ox -ocis, -endus, -ulus, & -vorus (igneous, 
 dubious, adulterous, capacious, ferocious, tre- 
 mendous, bibulous, herbivorous) ; righteous, 
 courteous, gorgeous, are by false anal.; (Chem.; 
 of acids &c.) with larger proportion of the ele- 
 ment indicated by the stem than those in -ic 
 (chlorous acid). Nn. f. adjj. in -ous have usu. 
 -ousness, sometimes -osity (curiosity), cf. -ose K 
 
 ousel. See ouzel. 
 
 oust (ow-), v.t. Put out of possession, eject, 
 deprive of, expel from, drive out, force oneself 
 or be put into the place of. Hence ou'stER 4 
 n. (legal), [f. OF oster (now oter) take away, 
 etym. dub. J 
 
 out (owt), adv., prep., n., & a., (for spec, uses 
 of the adv. in comb, with vbs see the vbs). 
 Away from or not in or at a place, the right or 
 normal state, the fashion, &c, (is o., not at 
 home ; keep him or, go o.for a walk ; has her 
 Sundays or, arm is o., dislocated; Tories are 
 o., not in office ; her son is o. in Canada ; an- 
 chored some way or, on the voyage o. ; batsman 
 is o., no longer in possession of wicket; all o., 
 side's innings over ; o.,not o., umpire's decision 
 against, for, batsman in answer to claim of 
 opponents ; miners are o., not at work, on 
 strike; candle, fire, is o., not burning; crino- 
 lines are o., not in fashion ; was o. in my calcu- 
 lations, incorrect ; also as interj., o. with him 
 &c, turn him o.) ; in(to) the open, publicity, 
 existence, notice, hearing, sight, clearness, &c. 
 (book, rose, chicken, secret, girl, is o., published, 
 open, hatched, revealed, introduced to society; 
 is the best game or, tell him right or, the erup- 
 tion is o. all over him; o. at elbow l s; o. & 
 about, able to leave bed or house & appear ; 
 also ellipt. for come o., as murder will o.) ; to or 
 at an end, completely, (she had her cry o. ; tired 
 or, before the week is or, o. & away, by far; o. 
 
 & o., thorough, -ly, surpassing, -ly, whence 
 out-&-ou*tER l n. slang) ; out o/compd prep., 
 from within, not within, from among, beyond 
 range of, (so as to be) without, from, owing to, 
 by use of (material), at specified distance from 
 (town &c), beyond, transgressing rules of, 
 (come o. o. the house ; happened o. o. England; 
 o. o. doors, in or into the open air, so o.-of-door 
 as adj.; must choose o. o. these ; is o. o. sight ; 
 was swindled o. o. his money ; is o. o. breath, 
 his mind, work, brown sugar, &c; get money 
 o. o. him ; a filly got by Persimmon o. o. Lutetia; 
 asked o. o. curiosity ; what did you make it o. 
 o. ? ; is seven miles o. o. Liverpool ; o. o. wedlock, 
 without marriage ; times o. o. number, beyond 
 counting; o. o. doubt, undoubtedly; is o. o. 
 drawing, incorrectly drawn ; o. o. it, not in- 
 cluded, forlorn, at a loss, wrongly informed or 
 mistaken; o. o. date 2 , character 1 , hand 1 , 
 one's own head 1 , keeping, tem per, the wood, 
 sorts, the way). (Prep.) = o. of (only now in 
 from o., as /rom o. the dungeon came a groan). 
 (X.; pi.) the party o. of office ; the in 4 s & outs. 
 (Adj.)o. match, played away from homeground; 
 o. size, beyond the ordinary. [com.-Teut.; OE 
 id, cf. Du. uit, G aus] 
 
 out-, pref. = prec. prefixed adverbially or ad- 
 jectivally or prepositionally to vbs or nn. 
 
 (1) to any vb, making equivalent of same vb 
 followed by out ; chiefly in poet. & rhet. use. 
 So outbla'ze, outbra'nch, outspeak, outsprea'd. 
 
 (2) Vbs that are followed in other parts by out 
 often form partt. & gerunds with prefixed out; 
 the meaning is often a specialized one. So ou't- 
 cast a. & n., (person) cast out from home & 
 friends, homeless & friendless (vagabond); ou't- 
 clearing n., sending out of bills & cheques to 
 Clearing-house for settlement; ou'tlying a., 
 situated far from a centre, remote ; owtspoken 
 (or -po'-) a., frank, given to plain speaking, 
 whence outspo'kenLY 2 adv., oidspo'kenNESS 
 n.; ou'tspread; outstanding a., prominent, 
 still unsettled ; ou'tstretched ; outworn. 
 
 (3) Nn. are formed f. vbs that can be followed 
 by out, either with the simple vb form or with 
 a derivative n.; the meaning, which is often 
 specialized, may be 
 
 a. the verbal action or its occurrence. So out- 
 break, a breaking out of emotion esp. anger, 
 hostilities, disease, volcanic energy, &c, out- 
 crop, an insurrection ; ou tburst, explosion of 
 feeling esp. expressed by vehement words, vol- 
 canic eruption, outcrop ; outcrop, emergence 
 of stratum, vein, or rock, at surface (also b.); 
 ou'tcry (also c); ou'tflow; ou'tgoing (also b.); 
 ou'tlook (also a); ou'trush (also b.); ou'tsight, 
 perception of external things (only as antithesis 
 to insight); ou'tthrust, outward pressure of some 
 part in architecture. 
 
 b. that Avhich does the action. So owtcome, 
 issue, result; ou'tcrop (also a.); ou'tfit, com- 
 plete equipment material or mental ; ou'tfitter, 
 supplier of equipment; ou'tflow (also a.); ou'tgo, 
 outgoings (also a. in sing.), expenditure, outlay ; 
 ou'tgrowth, offshoot, natural product ; ou'tlier, 
 detached part of something ; owtpour ; ou't- 
 rush (also a.). 
 
 c. that which is made or done by or suffers the 
 action. So ou'tcry (also a.), clamour, uproar; 
 ou'tlay, what one spends, expenses; ou'tlook, 
 what one sees on looking out, view, prospect, 
 esp. fig. of what seems likely to happen ; owt- 
 pour ing, effusion, verbal or literary expression 
 of emotion ; output, ou't-turn, amount pro- 
 duced by manufacture, mining, labour, &c; 
 ou't-throw, amount ejected. 
 
 For words in out- not given see out-. 
 
OUT- 
 
 581 
 
 OUTLINE 
 
 d. the place or time of occurrence. So owtfall, 
 outlet of river &c.; owtlet, means of exit or 
 escape, vent, way out; owtset, start, com- 
 mencement, (usu. at or from the o.). 
 
 (4) out- is prefixed w. adj. force to nn., meaning 
 
 a. external. So outline, outside. 
 
 b. connected but separate, subordinate & de- 
 tached, not at the centre, some way off. So 
 ou'tbui Ming, outhouse ; ou'tfield, outlying land 
 of farm, outlying region of thought &c, (Cricket) 
 part remote from wickets ; oii'thouse, house or 
 building or shed belonging to & near or built 
 against main house; outla'ndish a. [f. obs. 
 ou'tland foreign countries], foreign looking or 
 sounding, unfamiliar, bizarre, uncouth ; ou't- 
 patient, -pensioner, receiving aid from institu- 
 tion &c. without being lodged in it; owtpost, 
 detachment on guard at some distance from 
 army to prevent surprise ; o.-relief, outdoor 
 relief (5); ou'trider, mounted attendant riding 
 before, behind, or with carriage ; outrigger; 
 ou'trunner, running attendant on carriage, 
 horse in traces outside shafts, dog acting as 
 guide to sledge- team ; ou'tsentry, man stationed 
 as outpost ; outskirts, outer border, fringe, of 
 city, district, &c, or subject; owtstation, at 
 distance from head-quarters ; oii'tvoter, non- 
 resident parliamentary elector ; owtwork, ad- 
 vanced or detached part of fortification, also 
 work done outside shop or house ; oxitwor'ker, 
 one who does outwork. 
 
 (5) out- is prefixed to & governs nn. with the 
 force of out of, forming adjj. or advv. f. which 
 vbs or nn. may be secondary formations. So 
 ou'tboard a. & adv. (naut.), on or towards or 
 nearer than something else to ship's outside; 
 ou'tcaste a. & n., (person) having lost or been ex- 
 pelled' from his or not belonging to a caste ; out- 
 ca'ste v.t., expel from caste ; out-college a., not 
 residing in or not belonging to a or the college ; 
 owtdoor a., done or existing or used outdoors 
 (o. relief, given to person not resident in work- 
 house or institution; o. agitation &c, con- 
 ducted outside Parliament) ; outdoor's adv., 
 in the open air; ou'tlaw n. &v.t. [OE utlaga 
 n. f. utlag a. outlawed], person deprived of the 
 protection of the law, banished or exiled per- 
 son, (vb) proscribe, declare outlaw, whence 
 ou'tlaivRY, condition of or condemnation as 
 outlaw. 
 
 (6) out- with general sense of excess is prefixed 
 
 a. to simple vbs capable of taking the same 
 object, adding the idea of more than doing or 
 successfully doing the action. So oidbra've, 
 defy ; oidfa'ce, look out of countenance lit. & 
 fig.; oidfigh't; out-he'ctor; oidla'st (will not o. 
 six months', alsob.); outma'tch; outmea'sure; 
 outri'val; outsco'ld', oxd-trwmp, at cards. 
 
 b. to any vb, or n. such as general used for the 
 nonce as vb, enabling it to take as obj. a person 
 or thing that the subj. surpasses or defeats by 
 doing the action more, better, or longer. So 
 out-a'ct, -ar'gue, -be'lloiv, outbi'd, bid higher 
 than at auction, promise more than, surpass in 
 exaggeration or anecdote ; out-bla'ze, -bra'g, 
 -da'nce, -dare", oxddo', surpass; out-ea't; out- 
 figh't, fight better than (also a.) ; outfly ; out- 
 general, defeat by superior generalship ; out- 
 grow, grow faster or get taller than (also c); 
 out-he'ctor, be more formidable at hectoring 
 than (also a.); outjo'ckey overreach ; out-jwggle; 
 otd-ju'mp ', outla'bour; outla'st, last longer 
 than (anotber ; also a.); outli've (also c.) ; out- 
 manozu'vre, -mar'ch, -pai'nt, -prea'ch, -rea'ch, 
 -rea'son, -ri'de, -row' (-6); outru'n (o. the con- 
 stable ; also c); outsai'l ; outsco'ld (also a.) ; 
 outshi'ne lit. & fig.; outshoo't; outsi'ng ; oid- 
 si't, stay longer than (other guests); out-spar'- 
 
 kle,-spe'nd, -stare", outstay (also c); out-sti'nk, 
 -swi'm, -tal'k, -thi'nk, -thu'nder, -toi'l, -tra'de, 
 -tra'vel ; outvie', surpass in competition ; out- 
 vo'te, -wal'k; oidwa'tch, keep awake longer 
 than (also c.) ; outwee'p ; oxdweigh', exceed in 
 weight, value, importance, or influence; out- 
 wor'k, -wra'ngle, -ye'll. 
 
 c. to vb, enabling it to take as obj. something 
 in the nature of a limit or amount that is ex- 
 ceeded. So outgroiv, get too big for (clothes), 
 get rid of (childish habit or ailment or taste) 
 with advancing age, (also b.) ; outli've, live be- 
 yond (a century, the ordinary span, &c), come 
 safely through (accident &c), get oyer effect of 
 (disrepute &c), (also b.) ; outri'de, (of ship) keep 
 afloat through (storm; also b.); outru'n, pass 
 the limit of (his imagination outruns the facts ; 
 also b.) ; outstay' (never o. your welcome ; also 
 b.) ; outste'p, pass limit of (outsteps the truth) ; 
 outwa'tch, keep awake beyond the end of (the 
 night &c; also b.); outwear', pass away (time) 
 by endurance. 
 
 d. to n., forming vb expressing that subj. sur- 
 passes obj. in this respect. So outcla'ss, belong 
 to higher class than; out-di'stance, get far ahead 
 of; outfla'nk, have flank overlapping that of 
 (enemy); outnu'mber ; oidpa'ce, go faster than ; 
 outra'nge, (of gun or its user) have longer range 
 than ; outspee'd ; outva'lue ; outvoi'ce, speak 
 louder or more effectively or persuasively than ; 
 outwi't, prove too clever for, overreach, take in. 
 
 e. to name of person noted for some quality, 
 forming vb (w. the name usu. repeated as obj.) 
 indicating that subj. surpasses even him in it. 
 So out-he'rod Herod, out-zo'la Zola, be more 
 blustering, realistic, than Herod or Zola. 
 
 outbi'd, v.t. (-dd-), see out- 6b ; ou'tboard 
 a. & adv., out- 5; outbra've v.t., out- 6a; 
 ou'tbreak n., out- 3 a; ou'tbuilding* n., 
 out- 4b ; ou'tburst n., out- 3 a ; ou'tcast 
 a. & n., out- 2 ; ou'tcaste a. & n., ou tea's te 
 v.t., out- 5; outcla'ss v.t., out- 6d; ou't- 
 elearing- n. , out- 2 ; ou't-college a. , out- 5 ; 
 ou'tcome n., out- 3 b; ou'terop n., out- 
 3 a b ; ou'tepy n. , out- 3 a c ; out-di'stance 
 v.t., out- 6d; outdo'v.t.,0UT-6b; ou'tdoor 
 a., outdoor's adv., out- 5. 
 
 ou'tep, a. & n. Farther from centre or inside, 
 relatively far out, external, of the outside ; ob- 
 jective, physical, not subjective or psychical ; 
 the o. man, personal appearance, dress ; the o. 
 world, people outside one's own circle ; hence 
 ou'tePMOST a. (N.) part of rifle-target outside 
 circles surrounding bull's-eye. [14th-c. forma- 
 tion substituted for & differentiated f. utter 
 as compar. of out] 
 
 outfa'ce, v.t., see out- 6a ; ou'tfall n., out- 
 3d; ou'tfield n.,ouT-4b; ou'tfit, ou'tfitter, 
 nn.,ouT-3b; outfla'nkv.t.,ouT-6d,ou'tflow 
 n., out- 3a; outge'neral v.t., out- 6b; ou't- 
 g-o n., out- 3b; ou'tgoing^s) n., out- 3ab; 
 outgrow v.t, out- 6b c ; ou'tgrowth n., 
 out- 3b; out-he'rod v.t., out- 6e; ou't- 
 house n., out- 4b. 
 
 ou'ting, n. Pleasure-trip, holiday away from 
 home. [f. obs. out vb put or go out, -ing *] 
 
 out-jo'ekey, v.t., see out- 6b; outla'nd- 
 ish a., out- 4b; outla'st v.t., out- 6a b; ou't- 
 law n. & v.t., ou'tlawry n., out- 5; out- 
 lay n.,0UT-3c ; ou'tlet n., ouT-3d ; ou'tliep 
 n., out- 3b. 
 
 ou'tline, n., & v.t. (Sing, or pi.) lines enclos- 
 ing the apparently plane figure presented by 
 any objectto sight, contour, external boundary; 
 sketch containing only contour lines & no shad- 
 ing (in o., so sketched) ; rough draught, verbal 
 description of essential parts only, summary, 
 (pi.) main features, general principles. (Vb) 
 
OUTLIVE 
 
 582 
 
 OVER 
 
 draw or describe in o.; mark o. of in decorating 
 &c. [out- 4 a] 
 
 outli've, v.t., see out- 6 be; oirtlook n., 
 out- 3 c; ou'tlying" a., out- 2; outmanoeu'- 
 vre v.t., out- 6b ; outmap'eh v.t., out- 6b ; 
 outma'tch v.t., out- 6 a. 
 
 ou'tmost, a. =outermios£. 
 
 ou'tness, n. Externality, objectivity. T-xess] 
 
 outnu'mber, v.t., see ouT-6d ; outpa'ce 
 v.t., out- 6d; ou't-patient n., out- 4b; 
 ou'tpost n., out- 4 b ; ou'tpouping" n., out- 
 3c; ou'tput n., out- 3c. 
 
 ou'trage, n. (-ij), & v.t. (-aj). Forcible viola- 
 tion of others' rights, sentiments, &c. (never 
 safe from o.); deed of violence, gross or wanton 
 offence or indignity. (Vb) do violence to, sub- 
 ject too., injure, insult, violate, ravish; infringe 
 (law, morality, &c.) flagrantly, [f. OF irftrage 
 (L ultra beyond, -AGE)] 
 
 outra'geous (-jus), a. Immoderate, extra- 
 vagant, extraordinary ; violent, furious; gross- 
 ly cruel, immoral, offensive, or abusive. Hence 
 outpa*geousLY 2 adv.,outra , g , eousNESsn. 
 [f. OF outrageus (prec, -ous)] 
 
 outra'nge, v.t. See out- 6d. 
 
 outre (oo'tra), a. Outside the bounds of pro- 
 priety, eccentric, outraging decorum. [F] 
 
 ou't-relief, n., see out- 4b; outri'de v.t, 
 out- 6 b c ; oirtpidei* n., out- 4 b. 
 
 ou'trigged, a. Having outriggers, [f. out-, 
 rig, -ed 1 , after foil.] 
 
 ovrtrigrger, n. Beam, spar, framework, 
 rigged out & projecting from or over ship's side 
 for various purposes ; similar projecting beam 
 &c. in building ; extension of splinter-bar en- 
 abling extra horse to be harnessed outside 
 shafts, such horse ; iron bracket bearing row- 
 lock attached to boat's side to increase leverage 
 of oar, boat with these, [out-, rig, -er 1 ] 
 
 outpig-h't, adv. & a. Altogether, entirely, 
 once for all, not by degrees or instalments or 
 half & half, (kill, buy, o.) ; without reservation, 
 openly; (adj.) downright, direct, thorough, 
 whence outrigh'txEss n. [out, right] 
 
 outri'val, v.t. (-11-), see out- 6 a.; outpu'n 
 v.t., out- 6 be; ou'trunner n., out- 4b; 
 ou'tset n., out- 3d ; outshi'ne v.t., out- 6b. 
 
 outsi'de, n., adj., adv., & prep. External 
 surface, outer parts, (knows onlylhe oo. of books; 
 ride on the o. of an o?7i?iibzis) ; external appear- 
 ance, outward aspect ; all that is without, the 
 world as distinguished from the thinking sub- 
 ject, (impressions from the o.) ; position with- 
 out (open the door from o.) ; highest computa- 
 tion (there were a hundred, it is a mile, at the o.); 
 (pi.) outer sheets of ream of paper; o. passenger 
 on coach &c; o. tn, = ixsiDE out. (Adj.)of, on, 
 nearer, the o., outer, (o. edge in skating, pro- 
 gression on outer edge of one skate ; o. seat, 
 nearer the end ; o. work, done off the premises; 
 o. porter, conveying luggage from station); not 
 belonging to some circle or institution (o. opin- 
 ion, es.p. of people not in Parliament; o. broker, 
 not member of Stock Exchange); greatest exist- 
 ent or possible or probable (quote the o. prices). 
 (Adv.) on or to the o. , the open air, open sea, &c, 
 not within or enclosed or included, (come o.,out 
 from room or house ; is black outside & in ; o. 
 of,-o. prep.; o. of a horse slang, mounted ; get 
 o. o/ slang, eat or drink ; o. of his own family 
 no one will speak to him). (Prep.) external to, 
 not included in, beyond the limits of, not in, to 
 
 the o. of, at or to the exterior of, (natural forces 
 
 are o. morality) cannot go o. the evidence). 
 [out- 4 a, side J J 
 
 outsl'dep, n. Non-member of some circle, 
 
 party, profession, &c, uninitiated person, lay- 
 man, person without special knowledge, breed- 
 ing, &c, or not fit to mix with good society ; 
 horse or person not known to have a chance in 
 race or competition, [-er j ] 
 
 ou'tsight, n., see out- 3a; outsi't v.t., 
 out- 6 b ; ou'tskipts n. pi., out- 4 b. 
 
 cu'tspan, v.i. & t. (-nn-), & n., (S. Afr.). Un- 
 yoke, unharness ; (n.) act, time, or place of out- 
 spanning, [f. Du. iiitspannen (out, bpax)] 
 
 outspoken, a., see out- 2 ; ou'tsppead a., 
 out- 2 ; outstanding a., out- 2 ; outstay 
 v.t., out- 6 b c ; outstep v.t., out- 6c ; out- 
 stretched a., out- 2. 
 
 outstri'p, v.t. (-pp-). Pass in running &c. ; 
 surpass in competition or relative progress or 
 ability, [out- 6 b, strip in obs. sense run fast] 
 
 ou't- thrust, n., see out- 3a; outvalue 
 v.t., out- 6d; outvie* v.t., out- 6b ; out- 
 voice v.t, out- 6d ; outvo'te v.t., out- 6b ; 
 ou'tvotep n., out- 4 b. 
 
 ou'twapd, a., adv., & n. Outer (archaic); 
 directed towards the outside ; bodily, external, 
 material, visible, apparent, superficial, (the o. 
 eye, opp. mind's eye ; o. form, appearance ; o. 
 man in Theol., body, opp. soul, also facet. = 
 clothing &c. ; to o. seeming, apparently ; o. 
 things, the world around us) ; hence ou't- 
 wapdLY 2 adv. (Adv.)=ouTWARDS (o.-bound 
 of ship or passenger, going away from home). 
 (N.) o. appearance; (pi.) o. things, externals. 
 [OE ittweard (out, -ward)] 
 
 ou'twardness, n. External existence, ob- 
 jectivity ; interest or belief in outward things, 
 objective-mindedness. [-xess] 
 
 ou'twapds, adv. In an outward direction, 
 towards what is outside, [-wards] 
 
 outwa'tch, v.t, see out- 6 be; outweap* 
 v.t., out- 6c; outweigh* v.t., out- 6b ; out- 
 wi't v.t. (-U-), out- 6d; ou*twopk n., out- 
 4b ; outwop'k v.t, out- 6b ; ou'twopkep 
 n., out- 4 b. 
 
 ouzel, -s-, (oo'zl), n. Kinds of small bird 
 (Ring, Water, Brook, -o.). [OEosle, cf. G amsel] 
 
 ova. See ovum. 
 
 6*val, a. & n. Egg-shaped or ellipsoidal; 
 having the outline of an egg or elliptical ; hence 
 o'valLY 2 adv., o'valxESs n. (X.) closed curve 
 with one axis considerably longer than the 
 other, like ellipse or outline of egg ; thing with 
 o. outline, [ovum, -al] 
 
 6*vapy, n. Either of two reproductive organs 
 in which ova_are produced in female animals, 
 whence ovapio'TOMY, ovapi'Tis, nn. ; lower 
 part of pistil, consisting of one or more carpels, 
 seeoSyessel, germen. Hence ovap'iAN a. 
 ovapio- comb. form, [ovum, -ary j ] 
 
 6'vate, a. (nat. hist.). Egg-shaped as solid or 
 in outline, oval. Hence ova'to- comb. form, 
 [f. L ovatus (ovum, -ate 2 )] 
 
 ova'tion, n. (Rom. Ant.) lesser triumph ; 
 enthusiastic reception, spontaneous applause, 
 [f. L ovatio (ovare exult, -atiox)] 
 
 oven (u'vn), n. Brick or stone or iron recep- 
 tacle for baking bread or other food in (Dutch 
 o., metal box of which open side is turned to- 
 wards ordinary fire); small furnace or kiln used 
 in chemistry, metallurgy, &c. ; o.-bird, kinds 
 making domed or o.-shaped nests, [com.- Teut ; 
 OE ofn, cf. Du. oven, G ofen, Gk-ipnos] 
 
 6*vep, o'ep (or; poet.), adv., n., a., & prep. 
 (Adv.) outward & downward from brink or 
 from erect position (lean, fall, jump, knock, 
 &c, o.) ; so as to cover or touch whole surface 
 (brush, paint, it o.) ; with motion above some- 
 thing, so as to pass across something, (climb, 
 
 For words in out- not given see out-. 
 
OVER- 
 
 582 
 
 OVER- 
 
 look, boil, o.) ; so as to produce fold or reverse 
 position, upside down, (bend it o.; turn o., turn 
 other side of leaf up ; turn hint o. on his face ; 
 roll o. & o., so that same point comes upper- 
 most repeatedly), (Cricket, as umpire's direc- 
 tion) change ends for bowling &c. (n., number 
 of balls, i. c. i, 5, or 6, allowed between two such 
 calls, & the play that results; maiden o.); 
 across a street or other space or distance (take 
 this o. to the post-office ; asked him o., to come 
 as visitor from sonie place not far off; is o. in, 
 a7n going o. to, America; o. against, in oppo- 
 site situation to, in contrast with) ; with trans- 
 ference or change from one hand, party, &c, 
 to another (malcontents went o. to the enemy ; 
 handed o. the seals ; made o. the balance to a 
 charity; give 1 o.); too, in excess, in addition, 
 besides, more, apart, (o. a?ixious &c, more than 
 is right, see over- ; not o. well &c, rather 
 badly &c; shall have something o.; 20 lb. & o.; 
 that can stand o., not be dealt with now ; o. cfr 
 above, moreover, into the bargain) ; from begin- 
 ning to end, with repetition, with detailed con- 
 sideration, (read, count, o. ; did it six times o., 
 o.&o., o. again, o. & o. again ; talk, think, the 
 matter o.\; at an end, done with, settled, (the 
 struggle is o.). (Adj.) upper, outer, superior, 
 excessive, (usu. written as one word with n., 
 see over-). (Prep.) above, on, at all or various 
 points upon, to & fro upon, all through, round 
 about, concerning, engaged with, (an umbrella 
 o. his head ; projects o. the street ; doubt hangs 
 o. the question ; o. our heads, beyond our com- 
 prehension, also without consulting us ; hand 1 
 o. hand; writing o. the signature X. ; o. head 
 & ears, completely immersed lit. & fig. ; o. 
 shoes o. boots, no half measures ; with his hat 
 o. his eyes ; draw a veil o. it ; a change came o. 
 him ; blush spread o. his face ; rice is grown 
 all o. India ; you may travel o. Europe or 
 Europe o.; all theworld o., in all countries &c; 
 went o. his notes ; sitting o. the fire, a cheerful 
 glass, &c. ; pause o. the details; laugh o. the 
 absurdity of it ; go to sleep o. one's work) ; 
 with or so as to get or give superiority to, be- 
 yond, more than, (is king, reigns, has jurisdic- 
 tion, o. twenty millions ; was victor, won the 
 victory, was victorious, o. ; set him o. the rest ; 
 has no command o. herself; give me the prefer- 
 ence o. him ; cost o. £50 ; o. & above, besides, 
 not to mention) ; out & down from, down from 
 edge of, so as to clear, across, on or to the other 
 side of, throughout, through duration of, till 
 end of, (fell o. the edge, precipice ; stumble o., 
 be tripped up by ; jumped o. the brook ; looking 
 o. the hedge; spoke o. Tier shoidder; coursing 
 o. the plain; a pass o. the company's line; the 
 house o. the way, opposite ; the King o. the 
 water, Jacobite phr. for exiled king; if we can 
 tide o. the next month ; payments spread o. a 
 series of years ; will not live o. today ; can 
 you stay o. Wednesday ?). [Aryan ; OE ofer, 
 cf. Du. over, G iiber, ober, Gk huper, Skr. upari; 
 cegn. w. above, & having compar. termin.] 
 o*ver-, pref. =prec. 1. Used as adj. in agree- 
 ment with second part of compound, = upper, 
 outer, of higher kind, upside down, extra, 
 (prcd.) in higher position. So o'vercoat, worn 
 outside another ; o 'verdress, outer part of gown 
 made to resemble one dress worn over & show- 
 ing parts of another of different colour &c; 
 O'verfault geol., reverse fault with inclination 
 towards upthrow side ; o'verfold geol., fold of 
 strata so complete that middle part is upside 
 down ; o'verhand a. & adv., with hand above 
 object held, with hand above shoulder (o. bowl- 
 ing; bowls o.), out of water (o. stroke in swim- 
 ming), &c. ; o'verlord, supreme lord, suzerain, 
 
 whence overlor'dsuir n. ; o'vermdn philos., also 
 superman, the ideal man, beyond good & evil, 
 or superior to moral restrictions, of Nietsche's 
 philosophy; o'verplus, surplus, superabun- 
 dance ; o'vershoe, of rubber or felt worn out- 
 side another ; o'versleeve, for pulling on over 
 sleeve to protect it; o'versoul, God as animat- 
 ing the universe & including all human souls ; 
 o'verthrust geol., thrust of strata on one side 
 over those of other side of fault; o'vertime, 
 during which workman works beyond regular 
 hours; o'vertone n. mus., harmonic; o'ver- 
 weight, preponderance, excessive weight. 
 
 2. As prep, governing second component & 
 making with it n., a., or adv. So o'verall n., 
 outer garment, esp. (pi.) kinds of protective 
 outer trousers or leggings ; overboard adv., 
 from within ship into water (usu. fall, throw, 
 o. ; throw o. fig., abandon, discard); o'verdoor 
 ik, ornamental woodwork above door; o'ver- 
 front n., armflap of Inverness cape &c; o'ver- 
 ground a., raised above ground, not under- 
 ground; overhca'd adv., on high, in the sky, 
 in the storey above ; o'verhead a,, placed over- 
 head (esp. o. wires); o'verhouse a., (of wires) 
 supported on housetops instead of poles ; o'ver- 
 knee a., reaching above knee; overla'nd adv., 
 by land & not sea; o'verland a., entirely or 
 partly by land (esp. of route by Mediterranean 
 to India, or from Atlantic to Pacific across con- 
 tinent) ; overleaf tiAv., on other side of leaf (of 
 book) ; overmantel n., ornamental shelves &c. 
 over mantelpiece ; overnigh't adv., on the pre- 
 ceding evening with a view to, or as regarded 
 from, the next day ; o'vemight a., done &c. 
 overnight; o'verproof a., containing more al- 
 cohol than proof spirit ; oversea'(s) adv., o'ver- 
 sea a., across or beyond sea; oversi'de adv., 
 o'verside a., (of loading & unloading ship) over 
 the side into or out of lighters ; overti'me adv., 
 beyond regular hours of work ; o'verweight a., 
 beyond weight allowed (esp. o. luggage). 
 
 3. As prep, prefixed to verbs, but itself 
 governing case independently, often with 
 specialized sense ; also in abs. uses of, or in 
 derivatives from, such vbs. So overbri'm v.t. 
 & i. (water overbrimmed the cup ; also said of 
 the vessel); overco'me v.t. & i., prevail over, 
 master, get the better of, be victorious, (p.p.) 
 exhausted, made helpless, deprived of self- 
 possession, (xcith or by emotion &c. ; o. with 
 liquor, drunk) ; overcrow v.t., exult or triumph 
 over (rival), outswagger; overflow' v.t. & i., 
 flow over (brim &c), flood (surface), (fig., of 
 crowd &c.) extend beyond limits of (room &c), 
 (of receptacle &c.) be so full that contents o., 
 (of kindness, harvest, &c.) be very abundant, 
 whence overflow'ifiG 2 a., overflow'ingLY 2 &&y.; 
 overgrow' v.t. (of creeping plants) ; o'vergrowth 
 n., plants that have grown over anything, (fig.) 
 accretion ; overha'ng v.t. & i. (-hung), jut out 
 over, jut out, (fig.) impend over, impend ; so 
 o'verhang n., fact or amount of overhanging ; 
 overla'p v.t., partly cover, cover & extend be- 
 yond, (reciprocally of pi. subj.) partly coincide 
 (the great difficulty in classification is the over- 
 lapping of sjjecies) ; overlea'p v.t., leap over, 
 surmount, omit, ignore ; overlie' v.t., lie on top 
 of, smother (child) thus; overloo'k v.t., have 
 prospect of or over from above, be higher than, 
 fail to observe, take no notice of, condone, 
 superintend, oversee, bewitch with the evil 
 eye ; over pa' ss v.t. & i., pass over, across, be- 
 yond, &c, get to the end of, surmount, sur- 
 pass; overri'de v.t., ride over (enemy's country) 
 with armed force, trample (person) under one's 
 horse's hoofs, (fig.) trample under foot, set 
 aside, refuse to comply with, have or claim 
 
OVER- 
 
 584 
 
 OVER- 
 
 superior authority to, (Surg., of fractured bone) 
 overlap ; overrwn v.t., flood, harry & spoil 
 (enemy's country), (of vermin, weeds, &c.) 
 swarm or spread over, exceed (limit) ; oversee' 
 v.t., look at from above (rare), superintend or 
 look after (workmen^ execution of work, &c), 
 whence o'verseer (-ser) n. (o. of the poor, parish 
 officer charged with poor-relief & other duties) ; 
 overshoo't v.t,, send missile, go, beyond (mark 
 &c. lit, & fig. ; o. the mark, also o. oneself, go 
 too far, exaggerate, overdo something ; o'ver- 
 shot wheel, turned by water flowing above it); 
 o'versight n., supervision (rare), omission to 
 notice, mistake of inadvertence ; oversprea'd 
 v.t,, become diffused over, cover or occupy 
 surface of; overstep v.t., pass beyond (boun- 
 dary lit. or fig.). 
 
 4. As adverb in local senses (above, by way of 
 cover, down from above or from erectness, 
 past, beyond, in addition) modifying vb or de- 
 rived n. without itself governing object. So 
 overar'ch v.t. & i. ; overbalance v.i. & t., lose 
 balance & fall, cause to do this ; overbear' v.t., 
 bear down or upset by weight or force, put 
 down or repress by power or authority, sur- 
 pass in importance &c, outweigh; overbear- 
 ing a., domineering, masterful, whence over- 
 bear'ingLY 2 adv., overbear'iyig'SKSS n. ; over- 
 blown p.p., (of storm &c.) passed ; overca'nopy 
 v.t.; overclou'd v.t.; overcru'st v.t,; o'verfall 
 n., turbulent stretch of sea &c. caused by set 
 of tide or current over submarine ledge or 
 meeting of currents, overflow opening to keep 
 water of lock or canal up or down to required 
 level; overfi'lm v.t*; overgi'ld v.t.; overhau'l 
 v.t., pull to pieces for purposes of examining, 
 examine condition of, (esp. Naut.) catch up, 
 come up with ; overhear' v.t,, hear as an eaves- 
 dropper or as an unperceived or unintended 
 listener; overlay' v.t., cover surface of with 
 coating &c, (incorrectly) overlie; o'verlay n., 
 thing laid over something, coverlet, small 
 tablecloth, &c. ; overpa'ssed, -pa'st, a., gone 
 by, past; o'versew v.t., sew (two edges) with 
 every stitch passing in same direction through 
 both*& inter-stitch parts of thread lying across 
 & outside united edge ; oversha'dow v.t,, shel- 
 ter from sun, protect from attack (rare), cast 
 into the shade, diminish conspicuousness of by 
 outshining ; o'verspill n., what is spilt, surplus 
 population &c. ; oversprea'd v.t,, cover with 
 (chiefly pass.; heaven was o. with clouds) ; o'ver- 
 strung a., (of piano) with strings in sets cross- 
 ing each other obliquely; overta'ke v.t., come 
 up with, catch up, (person &c. who has start, 
 or arrears of work), (of storm, misfortune. &c.) 
 come suddenly upon (overtaken in drink, 
 drunk); overthrow' v.t,, upset, knock down, 
 cast out from power, vanquish, subvert, put 
 an end to (institution &c.) ; o'verthrow n., de- 
 feat, subversion, (Cricket) fielder's return not 
 stopped near wicket & so allowing further 
 run(s) ; overtur'n v.t. & i., upset, (cause to) fall 
 down or over, overthrow, subvert, abolish ; 
 o'verturn n., upsetting, revolution ; overwhelm 
 v.t., bury beneath superincumbent mass, sub- 
 merge utterly, crush, bring to sudden ruin, 
 overpower with emotion &c, deluge with in- 
 quiries &c. ; overwhelming a., irresistible by 
 numbers, amount, &c, whence overwhe'lming- 
 LY 2 adv. 
 
 5. As adv. with trans, vb, adding sense of 
 effectually, completely, into submission. So 
 overawe' v.t.; overcloy' v.t,; overjoyed p.p., 
 transported with joy; overma'ster v.t.; over- 
 persua'de v.t., persuade in spite of reluctance. 
 
 6. As adv. or adj. prefixed to vb, adj., adv., or 
 n., adding notion of excess over the desirable, 
 
 the truth, or a definite limit. So over-abou'nd 
 v.i.; over-abu'ndant a.; over-abu'ndantly adv., 
 over-abu'ndance n.; ove'r-a'ct v.t. & i., act(part, 
 emotion, &c), act part, with exaggeration; 
 over-a'ctive a.; over-acti'vity n.; over-a'nxious 
 a.; over-a'nx iously adv.; over-anxi'ety x\.\ over- 
 blow v.t. (mus.), blow (pipe &c.) with such force 
 as to produce harmonic instead of fundamental 
 note ; overblown a., (of flowers) too fully open, 
 past prime; overbo'ld a.; overbur'den v.t., & 
 n.; overbur'densome a.; overbwsya,., too much 
 occupied, officious ; overbuy v.i., buy more 
 than enough to meet demand ; over-capi'talize 
 v.t., fix or estimate capital of (company &c.) 
 too high ; over-care' n. ; over-care'ful a. ; over- 
 cau'tion n.; over-cau'tious a.; over-cau'tiously 
 adv.; overchar'ge v.t,, put too much explosive 
 or electricity or the like into, put exaggerated 
 details or too much detail into (description, 
 picture, &c), charge too high a price for (thing) 
 or to (person), charge (specified sum) beyond 
 right price; o'verchar'ge n., excessive charge 
 (of explosive, or in money, see prec.) ; over- 
 co'lour v.t., exaggerate (details of description 
 &c); over-co'njident a,; over-co'nfidently adv.; 
 over-co'njidence n. ; over-cre'didous a. ; over- 
 credwlify n. ; overcro'p v.t,, exhaust (land) by 
 continuous cropping ; overcrowd v.t. ; ovcr- 
 cu'nning n., cunning that overreaches itself ; 
 over-cur'ious a., too inquisitive, too careful or 
 precise or fastidious; over-cur'iously adv.; 
 over-curio'sity n.; ocer-de'licacy n.; over-de'li- 
 cate a.; over-deve'lop v.t. (photog.); overdo' 
 v.t., carry to excess, go too far in, cook too 
 much (esp. in p.p.), overtax strength of (esp. in 
 p.p.); ovcrdo'se v.t.; o'verdo'se n. ; o'verdraft 
 n., overdrawing of bank account, amount by 
 which draft exceeds balance ; overdraw v.t. 
 & L, draw cheque in excess of (one's account) 
 or in excess of one's account, exaggerate in 
 describing ; over-dre'ss v.t. &i.; over dri've v.t., 
 drive (horse &c), work (person), to exhaustion; 
 over-ea'ger a. ; over-ea'gerly adv. ; over-ea'ger- 
 ness n.; over-ear'nest a.; over-e'stimate v.t,, 
 put value or amount of too high ; over-e'sti- 
 mate (-at) n. ; over-exci'te v.t. ; over-exer'tion 
 n.; over-expo' sevX., over-expo' suren., (photog.); 
 over-fati'gue v.t., & n. ; overfi'sh v.t., fish 
 (stream &c.) to depletion; overfo'nd a.; over- 
 go' vem v.t,, subject to needless restrictions & 
 regulations; overgo'vernment n.; overgrowth 
 n., growth too great for health &c; over-ha'ste 
 n.; over-ha'sty a.; over-ha'stily adv.; over-hea't 
 v.t. ; over-housed (-zd) a., living in too large a 
 house ; over-indwlge v.t. & i. ; over-indwlgence 
 n. ; over-i'ssue v.t., issue (notes, shares, &c.) 
 beyond authorized amount or ability to pay ; 
 over-i'ssue n., things or amount so issued ; 
 over-la'bour v.t,, elaborate to excess ; over- 
 la'den a. ; overlar'ge a, ; overloa'd v.t. ; o'ver- 
 loa'd n. ; overlo'ng a.; over-ma'ny a.; over- 
 ma'sted a., with too tall or heavy masts; 
 o'ver-mea'sure n., amount beyond the due or 
 sufficient ; over-mo'dest a. ; overmu'eh a., n., & 
 adv.; over-ni'ce a., too fastidious; over-ni'ce- 
 ness, over-ni'cety, nn. ; overpay' v.t., recom- 
 pense (person, service) too highly ; over peo'pled 
 a., overstocked with people; overpi'tch v.t,, 
 bowl (cricket ball) so that it pitches too near 
 wicket; over-po'pxdated a., too thickly popu- 
 lated ; over-popula'tion n., over-populated con- 
 dition ; overpo't v.t., plant in too large a pot; 
 overprai'se v.t,, & n. ; over-pre'ssure n., press- 
 ing or being pressed too hard, esp. overwork; 
 over-pri'nt v.t. (photog.); over-produ'ee v.i. & 
 t., produce too much of (commodity, or usu. 
 abs.) for the demand; over-prodwetionn.; over- 
 pu'nish v.t. ; overra'te v.t,, have too high an 
 
OVER- 
 
 585 
 
 OVERRULE 
 
 opinion of, assess too high for rating purposes ; 
 over-rea'd v.i., do too much reading; over- 
 refi'ne v.i., make too subtle distinctions ; over- 
 ride v.t., exhaust (horse) by riding ; over-ri'pe 
 a. ; overscru'pulous a. ; oversell v.t. & i., sell 
 more of (commodity, stock, or abs.) than one 
 can deliver; oversensitive a.; over-sensitive- 
 ness n. ; over-soli'citous a. ; ovcr-soli'citude n. ; 
 overstate v.t., state too strongly, exaggerate ; 
 over-sta'tement n. ; overstock v.t.; o'verstock 
 n.; overstrai'n v.t., damage by exertion, make 
 too much of (scruples &c. ; esp. in p.p.) ; o'ver- 
 strai'n n., overstraining or being overstrained ; 
 overstru'ng a., (of person, his nerves, &c.) in- 
 tensely strained or wound up ; ocerstu'dy v.i., 
 & n. ; overs u'btle a. ; oversupply n. ; over- 
 sico'llen a.; overta'sk v.t., give or be too heavy 
 a task to or for ; over-ta'x v.t., make excessive 
 demand on (person's strength &c), burden with 
 excessive taxes; overtire v.t.; ovcrtoi'l n. ; 
 overto'ne v.t. (photog.); overtrai'n v.t. & i., 
 subject to or undergo too much athletic train- 
 ing, with injury to condition ; overwse v.t. ; 
 o'ver-u'se. n. ; overvalue v.t.; overweening a., 
 arrogant, presumptuous, conceited, self-confi- 
 dent; overweigh'ted a., unduly loaded with; 
 overwi'ndv.t., Avind (watch &c.) beyond proper 
 stopping-point; overwor'k v.t. & i., (cause to) 
 work too hard, weary or exhaust with work ; 
 overwor'k n., excessive work; over-wrough't 
 a., over-excited, suffering reaction from excite- 
 ment, too elaborate; over-zea'l n. ; over-zea'l- 
 cms a.; over-zca'lously adv. 
 
 7. Prefixed to vb & enabling it to take self us 
 obj., or be used in p.p., with sense damage one- 
 self by doing action to excess; many of these 
 compounds can also be used abs. in same sense. 
 So overdri'nk, overea't, overfeed (also trans.), 
 overgrow (in p.p., that has overgrown himself 
 &c); overju'mp oneself, strain sinew &c. in 
 jumping ; overrea'ch oneself, strain oneself by 
 reaching too far, (of horse) injure fore-foot by 
 striking it with hind-hoof ; overprea'ch, over- 
 rwn; overslee'p oneself, miss intended hour 
 of rising by sleeping too long ; oversmo'ke ; over- 
 spend {oneself or abs.), spend money beyond 
 one's means ; overtoiled p.p.; overwa'lk; over- 
 xva'tched p.p., exhausted by keeping awake; 
 overwrite oneself, damage one's style by writ- 
 ing too much. 
 
 8. Prefixed to vb or deriv., or adj., with added 
 sense of more than. So overbalance v.t., out- 
 weigh lit. & fig.; overbalance n., (amount of) 
 excess; overdue a.; overfi'll v.t.; overfu'll a.; 
 overma'tch v.t., be too strong &c. for, defeat; 
 overma'tch n.; overpoi'se v.t., outweigh ; over- 
 subscribe v.t., subscribe more than amount of 
 (loan &c; usu. in p.p.). 
 
 9. As prefix making trans, vb out of intr. vb, 
 or vb not taking same obj., or n., usu.. with 
 sense of exceeding. So overbuild, build too 
 closely on (land); overca'st, cover (sky &c.) 
 with clouds or darkness (usu. p.p.), stitch over 
 (edge) to prevent unravelling, esp. with blanket 
 or button-hole stitch; overli've, live beyond 
 (other person, specified age, &c); overpower, 
 reduce to submission, subdue, master, make 
 (thing) ineffective or imperceptible by greater 
 intensity, (of heat, emotion, &c.) be too intense 
 for, overwhelm ; overpowering a., irresistible ; 
 overpoweringly adv.; overrea'ch, circumvent, 
 outwit, get the better of by cunning or arti- 
 fice ; over-rent, charge too high a rent for 
 (land &c.) or to (farmer &c); overru'le, set 
 aside (decision, argument, proposed course) by 
 superior authority, annul decision or reject 
 proposal of (person); overstay, stay beyond 
 (one's welcome &c); overto'p, be or become 
 
 higher than ; ovcrtru'mp, play higher trump 
 than. 
 
 overact, v.t. & i., see over- 6 ; overall n 
 over- 2; overarch v.t. & i., over- 4 ; over- 
 awe v.t., over- 5 ; overbalance v.i. & t. & 
 n., over- 4, 8 ; overbear v.t., overbearing 
 a., over- 4 ; overblow v.t, over- 6 ; over- 
 blown a., over- 4, 6; overboard adv., 
 over- 2; overbrim v.t. & i., over- 3; over- 
 build v. t. , over- 9 ; overburden v.t., over- 
 busy a,, overbuy v.i., over- 6; over- 
 canopy v.t., over- 4 ; over-capitalize v.t., 
 overcare n., over- 6; overcast v.t., over- 
 9 ; over-caution n., overcharge v.t. & n., 
 over- (j; overcloud v.t., over- 4; over- 
 cloy v.t., over- 5; overcoat n., over- 1; 
 overcolour v.t., over- 6; overcome v.t, 
 over- 3; over-confidence n., over-cre- 
 dulity ri., overcrop v.t, over- 6; over- 
 crow v.t., over- 3; overcrowd v.t, over- 
 6; overcrust v.t, over- 4 ; over-cunning 
 n., over-curious a., over-delicacy n., 
 over-develop v.t., overdo v.t, over- 6; 
 overdoor n., over- 2; overdose v.t. & n., 
 overdraft n., overdraw v.t & i., over- 6 ; 
 overdress n., over- 1, v.i., over- 6; over- 
 drink v. refl. & i., over- 7; overdrive v.t, 
 over- 6; overdue a., over- 8; overeat v. 
 refl. & i., over- 7 ; over-estimate v.t, & n., 
 over-expose v.t, over-exposure n., 
 over- 6; overfall n., over- 4; over-fatigue 
 v.t. & n., over- 6; overfault n., over- 1; 
 overfeed v.t. & i., over- 7; overfill v.t., 
 over- 8; overfilm v.t., over- 4; overfish 
 v.t., over- 6; overflow v.t. &i., & n., over- 
 flowing a., over- 3; overfold n., over- 1 ; 
 overfront n., over- 2 ; overfull a., over- 8 ; 
 overgild v.t., over- 4 ; over-govern v.t., 
 over-government n., over- 6; over- 
 ground a., over- 2; overgrow v.t., over- 
 3, v. refl. & i., over- 7 ; overgrowth n., over- 
 3, 6; overhand adv. & a., over- 1; over- 
 hang v.t. & i., & n., over- 3; overhaul v.t., 
 over- 4 ; overhead adv. & a., over- 2; over- 
 hear v.t., over- 4 ; over-house a., over- 2 ; 
 over-housed a., over-indulgence n., 
 over-issue v.t., & n., over- 6; overjoyed 
 a., over-5; overjump v. refl. , over- 7 ; over- 
 knee a., over- 2; overlabour v.t., over- 
 laden a., over- 6; overland adv. & a., 
 over- 2 ; overlap v.t. & i., over- 3 ; overlay 
 v.t, & n., over- 4; overleaf adv., over- 2; 
 overleap v.t., overlie v.t., over- 3 ; over- 
 live v.t., over- 9; overload v.t, & n., over- 
 6 ; overlook v.t, over- 3 ; overlord, over- 
 lordship, overman, nn., over- 1 ; over- 
 mantel n., over- 2; over-many, over- 
 masted, aa., over- 6; overmaster v.t, 
 over- 5; overmatch v.t., & n., over- 8; 
 over-measure n., overmuch a., adv., & 
 n.,overnicea.,overniceness, overnice- 
 ty, nn., over- 6 ; overnight adv. & a., over- 
 2; overpass v.t., over- 3; overpassed, 
 -past, a., over- 4; overpay v.t, over- 
 peopled a., over- 6; over-persuade v.t, 
 over- 5 ; overpitch v.t., over- 6 ; overplus 
 n., over- l ; overpoise v.t., over- 8 ; over- 
 population n., overpotv.t,o\ER-6; over- 
 power v.t, overpowering a., over- 9; 
 overpraise v.t. & n., over- 6; overpreach 
 v. refl. & i., over- 7 ; overpressure n., 
 overprint v.t, over-produce v.t. & i., 
 over-production n., over- 6; over-proof 
 a., over- 2; overrate v.t, over- 6; over- 
 reach v. refl. & i., over- 7, v.t, over- 9; 
 over-read v.i., over-refine v.i., over- 6; 
 over-rent v.t, over- 9; override v.t, 
 over- 3, 6 ; over- ripe a., over- 6 ; overrule, 
 
 19* 
 
OVERRUN 
 
 586 
 
 OX 
 
 v t over- 9 ; overrun v.t. , over- 3, 7 ; over- 
 sea a. & adv., overseas adv., over- 2; 
 oversee v.t., overseer n., over- 3 ; over- 
 sell v.i. & t., over- 6; oversew v.t., over- 4; 
 overshadow v.t., over- 4; overshoe n., 
 over- 1; overshoot v.t., overshot a., 
 over- 3 ; overside adv. & a., over- 2 ; over- 
 sight n., over- 3. . 
 
 o'verslaugh (-aw), n. (mil.). Passing over of 
 one's turn of duty in consideration of another 
 dutv that takes precedence of it. [f. Du. over- 
 slap (overslaan omit f. over, slaan strike)] 
 
 oversleep, v. refl. & L, see over- 7 ; over- 
 sleeve n., over- 1 ; oversmoke v. refl. & i., 
 over- 7 ; oversoul n., over- 1 ; overspend 
 v. refl. & i., over- 7; overspill n., over- 4; 
 overspread v.t., over- 3, 4; overstate 
 v.t., overstatement n., over- 6; overstay 
 v.t., over- 9 ; overstep v.t., over- 3 ; over- 
 stock v.t. & n., overstrain v.t. & n., over- 
 6; overstrung a., over- 4, 6; overstudy 
 v.i. & n.. over- 6; over-subscribe v.t., 
 over- 8 ; over-supply n., overswollen a., 
 
 OVER- 6. 
 
 over*t,a. Openly done, unconcealed, patent. 
 Hence over'tLY 2 adv. [OF, p.p. of ovrir, now 
 ouvrir, open, f. L aperire] 
 
 overtake, v.t., see over- 4 ; overtask v.t., 
 overta*x v.t., over- 6; overthrow v.t. & 
 ri„ over- 4 ; overthrust n., over- 1 ; over- 
 time n., over- 2; overtoil n., over- 6; 
 overtoiled a., over- 7 ; overtone v.t., o ver- 
 6; overtone n., over- 1; overtop v.t., 
 over- 9 ; overtrain v.t. & i., over- 6 ; over- 
 trump v.t., over- 9. 
 
 6'verture (tsher, -tur), n. Opening of ne- 
 gotiations with another, formal proposal or 
 offer, (usu. pi., esp. makeoo. to) ; (Mus.) orches- 
 tral piece opening opera, oratorio, &c; begin- 
 ning of poem &c. (OF (overt, -ure)] 
 
 overturn, v.t. & i., & n., see over- 4 ; over- 
 use v.t., &n., over- value v.t., over-6; over- 
 walk v. refl. & i., over-watehed a., over- 
 7 ; overweening a,, over- 6 ; overweight 
 n., over- 1, adj., over- 2; overweighted a., 
 over-6; overwhelm v.t., overwhelming 
 a., over- 4 ; overwind v.t., overwork v.t. 
 & i., & n., over-6; overwrite v. refl. & i., 
 over- 7 ; overwrought a., over- 6. 
 
 6vi- \ 6vo-, comb, forms of ovum ; o'viduct, 
 n., canal through which ova pass from ovary 
 esp. in oviparous animals; o'viform, a., egg- 
 shaped; ovi'parous, a., producing joung by 
 means of eggs expelled from body before being 
 hatched (opp. viviparous); ovipo'sit, v.i., lay 
 egg(s),esp. with ovipositor, n., pointed tubular 
 organ with which female insect deposits eggs ; 
 ovorhomboi'dal &c, between rhomboid &c. & 
 oval; ovo'logy, n., science of the formation of 
 animals' ova ; ovovivi' parous, a., producing 
 young by eggs hatched within body. 
 
 6vi- 2 , comb, form of L ovis sheep; ovibo'- 
 vine, a. & n., (animal) having characters inter- 
 mediate between sheep & ox, musk-ox; o'vi- 
 cide, n. (facet.), sheep-killing. 
 
 Ovrdian, a. (As) of Ovid or his poetry. [L 
 Ovidius Ovid, -ian] 
 
 6'vlne, a. Of, like, sheep, [f. L ovinus {ovis 
 sheep, -ixE 1 )] 
 
 6'void, a. & n. Solidly or superficially egg- 
 shaped, oval with one end more pointed ; (n.)o. 
 body or surface, [ovum, -oid] 
 
 6'volo, n. Convex moulding of quarter-circle 
 or quarter-ellipse section, receding downwards. 
 [It. (now novolo), dim. of novo egg f. L ovum] 
 
 6'vule, n. Rudimentary seed, female germ- 
 cell, unfertilized ovum. Hence o*vu1ar l a. 
 [F (foil., -ULE)] 
 
 6'vum, n. (pi. -a). Female germ in animals, 
 capable of developing into new individual when 
 fertilized by male sperm, egg esp. of mammals, 
 fish, or insects. [L,= egg] 
 owe (6), v.t. & i. Be under obligation to (re)- 
 pay (person money, money to person, money) or 
 render (person honour &c, gratitude &c. to per- 
 son), be in debt (for thing, with creditor in dat. ; 
 he owes not any man ; I o. you for your ser- 
 vices, owed for all my clothes); o. one a grudge, 
 cherish resentment against him ; be indebted 
 for to person (or with dat.; we o. to Newton the 
 principle of gravitation; Io.himmuch). [com.- 
 Teut. ; OE agan, cf. OHG eigan, Da. eie own ; 
 earlier past tense, ought 2 , OE dhte] 
 
 Owenism (6-), n. Communistic cooperation 
 advocated by Robert Owen (d. 1858). [-ism] 
 
 owing (6-), pred. a. Yet to be paid, owed, 
 due, {paid all that was o.) ; o. to, attributable 
 to, caused by, {all this was o. merely to ill luck), 
 (as prep.) on account of (o. to the drought, crops 
 are short), [owe, -ing 2 ] 
 
 owl (owl), n. Kinds of large-headed small- 
 faced hook-beaked large-eyed soft-plumaged 
 nocturnal bird of prey (esp. Barn O., Tawny O., 
 & Long-eared or Homed O., each with other 
 names, as Church, Screech, Hooting, &c, O. ; 
 Jiy with the o., have nocturnal habits ; oo. to 
 Athens, = CO Alts to Newcastle); solemn person, 
 wise-looking dullard, whence owIish 1 a., ow- 
 lishLY 2 adv.; (also o. -pigeon) fancy variety of 
 pigeon ; o.-light, dusk, twilight. Hence owl- 
 erv(3) n. [com. -Teut.; OE ide, cf. Geule ; prob. 
 imit., cf. L ulula owl, ululare howl 1 ] 
 
 owlet, n. Owl, young owl. [earlier howlet] 
 
 own l (on), a. (Appended to possessive adj. 
 or case) in full ownership, proper, peculiar, in- 
 dividual, & not another's, (saw it with my o. 
 eyes ; has a value all its o. ; let them stew 2 in 
 their o. juice ; loves truth for its o. sake ; be 
 one's o. man, independent, free ; God's o. hea- 
 ven ; may I have it for my o. or my very o. ? ; 
 my o. sweetheart &c, or abs. my o., esp. in voc. 
 expressing affection ; often also used to em- 
 phasize not the ownership, but the personality 
 of the subject &c, as cooks her o. meals, every 
 man his o. lawyer, am my o. master ; also used 
 abs. - private property, kindred, &c, as May I 
 not do what I will with my o.l, And his o. re- 
 ceived him not, The devil v so.; of one's o., be- 
 longing to one, as I have nothing of my o., will 
 give you one of my o.; hold one's o., maintain 
 position, not be defeated ; on one's o. slang, in- 
 dependently, on one's o. account or responsi- 
 bility or resources); (without preceding posses- 
 sive) o. brother, sister, with both parents the 
 same, o. cousin, first. [OE &gen, dgen, p.p. of 
 owe (in obs. sense possess); cf. Du. & G eigen] 
 
 own 2 , v.t. Have as property, possess, whence 
 ownER 1 , ownersHip(l), nn„ ownerLESS 
 a.; acknowledge authorship, paternity, or pos- 
 session, of (child, pamphlet, hat, that nobody 
 will o.); admit as existent, valid, true, &c. (owns 
 his deficiencies, himself indebted, he or that he 
 did not know); confess to (owns to a sense of 
 shame, to haviyig done); o. up colloq., make 
 frank confession ; submit to (person's sway &c.) 
 without protest. [OE dgnian (dgen own 1 )] 
 
 ox, n. (pi. oxen). Any bovine animal, indi- 
 vidual of kinds of large usu. horned cloven- 
 footed ruminant quadruped used when domes- 
 ticated for draught, for supplying milk, and for 
 eating as meat, (esp.) castrated male of domes- 
 tic species, (the black ox has trod on one's foot, 
 misfortune or old age has come upon him) ; ox- 
 bird, kinds of small bird, esp. the dunlin; ox- 
 eye, large human eye, whence o'x-eyED 2 a., 
 kinds of plant esp. ( Fellow O.-e.) Corn Marigold, 
 
ox- 
 
 587 
 
 PACHISI 
 
 ( White O. -e. ) Ox-eyed Daisy ; ox-fence or o'xer l 
 n., strong cattle-fence of railing & hedge & 
 sometimes ditch ; oxherd, cowherd ; oxhide, 
 skin of ox ; oxlip, hybrid plant between prim- 
 rose & cowslip ; oxtail, tail of ox, much used 
 for soup-making. [com.-Teut. ; OE oxa, cf. Du. 
 OS, G ochse, also W ych, Skr. ukshdn pi.] 
 
 ox-, comb, form (chem.) = oxv-, as oxace'tic 
 or oxyace'tic, or - oxal-, as oxa'mic. 
 
 oxal(o)-, comb, form of oxalic acid, whence 
 o'xalATE 1 ^) n.; oxalo-ni'trate &c. 
 
 oxa'lic, a. (chem.). Derived from wood-sor- 
 rel (o. acid, a highly poisonous & sour acid 
 found in wood-sorrel & other plants), [f. F 
 oxalique (L f. Gk oxalis kinds <5f plant includ- 
 ing wood-sorrel, -ic)] 
 
 O'xfopd, n. University town in England ; 
 O. clay, deposit of stiff blue clay underlying 
 coral rag in midland counties; O. frame, picture- 
 frame of which sides cross each other at corners 
 & project ; O. man, educated at O. Univ. ; O. 
 mixture, dark-grey cloth ; O. movement, for re- 
 vival of Catholic doctrine & observance in 
 Church of England begun c. 1833 ; O. shirting, 
 kind of shirt or dress material ; O. shoes, low 
 shoes lacing over instep; O. Tracts, the tracts 
 for the times. 
 
 o'xide, n. Compound of oxygen with another 
 element or with organic radical. [F, after acide 
 acid (ox- = oxv-, -ide)] 
 
 o'xidize, v.t. & i. Cause to combine with 
 oxygen ; cover (metal) with coating of oxide, 
 make rusty ; take up or enter into combination 
 with oxygen, rust; oxidized silver, (incorrect 
 name for) silver with dark coating of silver 
 sulphide. Hence o'xidizABLE a., oxidiZA*- 
 tion, oxidi*ZER 1 (2), nn. [prec, -ize] 
 
 Oxo'nian, a. & n. (Past or present member) 
 of University of Oxford. [Oxonia latinized 
 name of Ox(en)ford, -an] 
 
 oxy-, comb, form of Gk oxus sharp: (1) in 
 gen. senses, as oxycar'pous with pointed fruit; 
 oxyd'pia, abnormal keennessof vision; oxvgen; 
 oxymoron ; oxvtone ; (2) in chem. wds as 
 comb, form of oxygen, (a) denoting presence or 
 admixtureof oxygen ; o.-hou'se-gas, o.-pa'raffin, 
 Sec, used attrib. of flame produced by mixing 
 the vapour of the gas &c. with oxygen ; o.- 
 calcium light, limelight; o.-hydrogenbloivpipe, 
 flame, light, &c; oxya'cid (& see b.) ; o'xysalt, 
 containing oxygen ; (b) loosely used for hy- 
 droxy-, denoting compound of organic sub- 
 stance having atom of hydroxyl substituted 
 for one of hydrogen, as oxya'cid (& see a.). 
 
 o'xygen, n. Colourless tasteless scentless 
 gas, one of the non-metallic elements, existing 
 free in air & combined in water & most min- 
 erals & organic substances, & being essential 
 to animal & vegetable life. Hence oxygen- 
 ous a. [f. F oxygene acidifying principle, see 
 oxy-(1), -gen ; it was at first held to be the 
 essential principle in formation of acids] 
 
 oxygenate, v.t. Supply, treat, or mix, with 
 oxygen, oxidize ; charge (blood) with oxygen 
 by respiration. Hence oxy , g , enANT(2), oxy- 
 fjeriA'TiON, nn. [f. F oxygener (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 oxygenize, v.t. =prec. [-ize] 
 
 oxymop'on, n. (rhet.). Figure of speech with 
 pointed conjunction of seeming contradictories 
 (e.g., faith unfaithful kept him falsely true). 
 [Gk (-mo) f. oxy-(1), moros foolish] 
 
 o'xytone (on), a. & n. (Gk gram.). (Word) 
 with acute accent on last syllable. If. Gk oxu- 
 tonos f. oxy-(1). tonos tone] 
 
 oyer, n. Criminal trial under the writ of 
 o. <& terminer or commission to judges on cir- 
 cuit to hold courts, [f. AF oyer ct terminer 
 (L audire hear, terminare, determine), -er 4 ] 
 
 oye'zl (s), oye's!, o ye*s!, int. uttered, 
 usu. thrice, by public crier or court officer to 
 bespeak silence & attention. [OF (-z), imperat. 
 of oir hear = L audialis (audire hear)] 
 
 oyster, n. Kinds of edible bivalve mollusc 
 usu. eaten alive; o. -shaped morsel of meat in 
 fowl's back; o.-bank, -bed, part of sea-bottom 
 where oo. breed or are bred ; o.-bar, tavern 
 where oo. are served ; o.-catcher, wading sea- 
 bird ; o.-farm, sea-bottom used for breeding 
 oo. ;o.-knife, of shape adapted for opening oo. ; 
 o.-pa'tty, piece of pastry containing cooked oo. 
 [f. OF oistre f. L ostrea f- Gk ostreon] 
 
 ozd'eerite, ozd'kePVt, n. Wax-like fossil 
 resin used for candles, insulating, &c. [G (-ke- 
 rit), irreg. f. Gk ozo smell, keros wax, -ite l (2)] 
 
 ozo'ne (or odz), n. Condensed form of oxy- 
 gen with three atoms to molecule having pun- 
 gent refreshing odour, (fig.) exhilarating influ- 
 ence. Hence ozo'nic, ozoni'FEROUS, aa., 
 o'zomzE(3, 5) v.t., o*zonizER 1 (2), ozono*- 
 meter, nn. [F (Gk ozo smell, -one)] 
 
 P, p, (pe), letter (pi. Ps, P's). Mind one's P's 
 & Q's, be careful in one's speech or conduct. 
 
 Abbreviations (1): (P.) : Peninsular, P. & O. 
 (Oriental) ; Please, P.T.O. (Turn Over) ; Police, 
 P.C. (Constable); Post, P.O. (Office); Post, 
 P.S. (Scriptum), postscript ; Postal, P.O. (Or- 
 der) ; President, as P.R.A. (of the Royal 
 Academy) ; Privy, P.C. (Council, -lor) ; Prize, 
 P.R. (Ring), (p.): page (of book &c); past, 
 p.p. (participle) ; perch (measure) ; post, p.m. 
 (meridiem); pour, p.p.c. (prendre congi, to 
 take leave) ; prompt, p.s. (side). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Pa., Pennsylvania ; pep 
 jiPO.(curationem), by proxy ; Petpibupg"., 
 (signature of) Bishop of Peterborough ; Ph.(ilo- 
 sophiae)'D.(octor), Doctor of Philosophy ; Pnil.- 
 (ippians) ; Philem.(on) ; pnxt, pinxit ; po- 
 pulation) ; pp., pages ; Ppeb.(endary) ; Pro- 
 cessor) ; ppo tem.(pore), for the time ; Ppo- 
 v.(erbs) ; ppox.(i?ne) aee.(essit, -esserunt) ; 
 ppox.(imo); Ps.(alms); Pte, Private (soldier). 
 
 pa (pah), n. (colloq.). = papa. 
 
 pa'bulum, n. Food (often fig., as mental p.). 
 [L (pascere feed)] 
 
 pa'ca, n. Genus of large rodents in Central 
 & South America, [native] 
 
 pace J , n. Single step in walking or running ; 
 space traversed in this (about 30 in.) ; space be- 
 tween successive stationary positions of same 
 foot in walking (about 60 in.) ; mode of walking 
 or running, gait ; any of various gaits of (esp. 
 trained) horse, mule, &c; =amble; (fig.) put 
 person through his pp., test his qualities in 
 action &c; speed in walking or running; rate 
 of progression (often fig.) ; keep p., advance at 
 equal rate with ; go the p., go at great speed, 
 (fig.) indulge in dissipation ; p.-maker, rider, 
 runner, Sec., who sets p. for another in race&c. 
 Hence -paeED 2 a. [ME, f. OF pas f. L passus 
 (pandere pass- stretch)] 
 
 pace 2 , v.i. & t. Walk with slow or regular 
 pace ; traverse thus ; measure (distance) by 
 pacing ; (of horse) amble ; set pace for (rider, 
 runner, &c). [f. prec] 
 
 pcs'ce 3 (-si), prep. P. tua, p. Smith, (in an- 
 nouncing contrary opinion) with all deference 
 to you, to Smith. [L, abl. of pax] 
 
 pa'eep, n. In vbl senses, esp. horse that 
 paces, [-er x ] 
 
 pacha, &c. See pasha &c. 
 
 pachi'si (-tshesl), n. Four-handed Indian 
 game with cowries for dice. [Hind.,= of 25] 
 
PACHYDERM 
 
 588 
 
 PAGEANT 
 
 pa'ehyderm (k-), n. Thick-skinned quad- 
 ruped, esp. one of Cuvier's order Pachydermata 
 (hoofed quadrupeds that do not chew cud, e. g. 
 elephant, horse, &c.) ; (fig.) thick-skinned per- 
 son. So paenyder*matous a. [f. F pachy- 
 derme f. Gk pakhudermos (pakhus thick + 
 derma -matos skin)] 
 
 paci'fic, a. & n. Tending to peace ; of peace- 
 ful disposition ; The P. {Ocean), that between 
 America & Asia. Hence paei'fiCALLV adv. 
 [f. It pacificus (pax pacts peace, see -fic)] 
 
 paeifiea'tion, n. Pacifying ; treaty of peace. 
 So paei'flcatORY a. [F, f. L pacificationem 
 (as foil., see -fication)] 
 
 pa'eiry, v.t. Appease (person, anger, excite- 
 ment, &c); reduce (country &c.) to state of 
 peace. [f. F pacifier f. h pacifica re (as pacific, 
 see -fv)] 
 
 pack *, n. Bundle of things wrapped up or 
 tied together for carrying, parcel, esp. pedlar's 
 bundle; a measure of various goods; (usu. con- 
 tempt.) collection, set, (of rogues, lies, &c); 
 number of hounds kept together for hunting, 
 or of beasts (esp. wolves) or birds (esp. grouse) 
 naturally associating; set of playing-cards; 
 large area of large pieces of floating ice in polar 
 sea; quantity of fish, fruit, &c, packed in a 
 season &c; p.-horse (for carrying pp.) ; pack- 
 man, pedlar; p. -saddle (adapted for support- 
 ing pp.) ; packthread, stout thread for sewing 
 or tying up pp. [ME packe, cf. Du. pak, G 
 pack] 
 
 pack 2 , v.t. & i. Put (things) together into 
 bundle, box, bag, &c, for transport or storing 
 (often p. up, esp. abs.) ; prepare & put up (meat, 
 fruit, &c.) in tins &c. for preservation ; put 
 closely together; (Naut.) p. (put) on all sail; 
 form (hounds) into pack ; place (cards) together 
 in pack; (intr.) crowd together, (of animals) 
 form into pack ; cover (thing) with something 
 pressed tightly round ; (Med.) wrap (body &c.) 
 in wet cloth ; fill (bag, box, &c.) with clothes 
 &c; cram (space &c. tcith); load (beast) with 
 pack; (intr.) take oneself off with one's belong- 
 ings ; send (person) packing, dismiss him sum- 
 marily ; p. (person) off, send him away ; [prob. 
 diff. wd] select (jury &c) so as to secure partial 
 decision, [f. prec] 
 
 pa'ckagre, n. Bundle of things packed, par- 
 cel; box &c. in which goods are packed, [-age] 
 
 pa'ekep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: one who 
 packs meat, fruit, &c, for market; machine 
 for packing, [-er 1 ] 
 
 pa'cket, n. Small package ; p.(-boat), mail- 
 boat. [PACRi + 'ET 1 ] 
 
 pa'cking*, n. In vbl senses ; p.-needle, large 
 needle for sewing up packages ; p.-sheet, (1) 
 sheet for packing goods in, (2) wet sheet \ised 
 in hydropathic treatment, [-ixg 1 ] 
 
 pact, n. Compact. [OF, f. L pactum, neut. 
 p.p. of paciscere agree] 
 
 pad J , n. (Slang) road, esp. gentleman, knight, 
 squire, of the p., highwayman ; (also p.-nag) 
 easyjmced horse. [Du., cogn. w. path] 
 
 pad 2 , v.t. & i. Tramp along (road &c.) on 
 foot; travel on foot; p. it, p. the hoof, go on 
 foot. [cogn. w. prec] 
 
 pad 3 , n. Soft stuffed saddle without tree; 
 part of double harness to which girths are at- 
 tached ; cushion, stuffing, used to diminish 
 jarring, fill out hollows, &c; guard for parts of 
 body in cricket &c; number of sheets of blot- 
 ting-, writing-, or drawing-paper fastened to- 
 gether at edge ; fleshy cushion forming sole of 
 root in some quadrupeds; paw of fox, hare, &c; 
 socket of brace, tool-handle. [?] 
 
 pad 4, v.t, Furnish with a pad, stuff; fill out 
 (sentence &c.) with superfluous words ; padded 
 
 cell, room in lunatic asylum with padded walls. 
 Hence pa'ddiNG^l) n. [f. prec] 
 
 pad 5 , n. Open pannier used as measure of 
 fruit &c [?] 
 
 pa'ddle 1 , n. Small spade-like implement 
 with long handle ; short broad-bladed oar used 
 without rowlock ; double p. (with blade at each 
 end) ; one of the boards fitted round circum- 
 ference of p.-wheel; p. -shaped instrument; 
 p.-wheel, w T heel for propelling ship, with boards 
 round circumference so as to press backward 
 against water ; p.-box, casing over upper part 
 of this. [?] 
 
 pa'ddle a , v.i. & t., & n. Move on water, propel 
 canoe, by mealis of paddles; row gently (n.> 
 action, spell, of paddling, [f. prec] 
 
 pa'ddle 3 , v.i. Dabble with the feet in shal- 
 low water ; toy with the fingers (in, on, about, 
 thing) ; (of child) toddle. [?] 
 
 pa'ddock, n. Small field, esp. as part of 
 stud farm ; turf enclosure near race-course, 
 where horses are assembled before race. [prob. 
 var. of parrock, OE pearroc, cf. G pferch fold, 
 Du. perk pen, park] 
 
 Pa'ddy 1 , n. (Nickname for) Irishman, [pet- 
 form of Padraig, Patrick] 
 
 pa'ddy 2 , n. Rice in the straw or in the husk, 
 [f. Malay padi] 
 
 pa'dishah, pa'dshah, (pah -), n. Title in 
 Persia of the Shah, in Europe usu. of the Sultan 
 of Turkey, in India of British sovereign. [Pers. 
 (pati master + sah shah)] 
 
 pa'dlock, n., & v.t. Detachable lock hang- 
 ing by pivoted hoop on object fastened ; (v.t.) 
 secure with this. [pad. etym. dub.. + lockI 
 
 padre (pah'dra), n. (mil. & nav. slang). 
 Chaplain. [Port. &c,=father, priest] 
 
 padro'ne, n. Master of Mediterranean trad- 
 ing-vessel ; Italian employer of street musicians, 
 begging-children, &c, whence pa'dPonis>i(3) 
 n.; proprietor of Italian inn. [It.] 
 
 pa'duasoy, n. Strong corded silk fabric 
 much worn in 18th c (cf. poult-de-soie). [cor- 
 rupt, f. F pou-de-soie, etym. dub., by assoc 
 with Padua] 
 
 pae'an, n. Chant of thanksgiving for de- 
 liverance (orig.) addressed to Apollo or Arte- 
 mis ; song of praise or triumph. [L, f. Gk 
 paian hymn to Apollo under name of Paian] 
 
 paederasty, pe'd-, n. Sodomy, [f. Gk 
 paiderastia (pais paidos hoy+erastes lover] 
 
 paedo-, pedo- , in comb. =Gk pais paidos 
 child, as -ba'ptism, infant baptism, -ba'ptist, 
 adherent of this. 
 
 pae'on, n. Metrical foot of one long syllable 
 placed first, second, third, or fourth (first &c 
 p.) & three short. Hence paed'nic a. [L, f. 
 Gk paion, Attic form of paian paean] 
 
 pa'gan, n. & a. Heathen ; unenlightened 
 person. Hence pa'ganDOM, pa*g , aniSM(2), 
 nn., pa'g'aniSH 1 a., pa'g , anizE(3) v.t. & i. 
 [f. L paganus (pagus country, district, -AN)] 
 
 page *, n. Boy, usu. in livery, employed to 
 attend to door, go on errands, &'c ; p. o e hon- 
 our, of the presence, &c, titles of various officers 
 of royal household ; boy employed as personal 
 attendant of person of rank; (Hist.) boy in 
 training for knighthood & attached to knight's 
 service. Hence pa'g-eHOOD, pa'g-eSHip, nn. 
 [OF, etym. dub., cf. It. paggio] 
 
 page 2 , n. One side of leaf of book &c ; (fig.) 
 episode fit to fill a p. in history &c [F, f. L 
 pagina (pangere fasten)] 
 
 page 3 , v*t. Put consecutive numbers on 
 pages of (book &c). [f. prec] 
 
 pa'g-eant (-jnt ; also pa-), n. Brilliant spec- 
 tacle, esp. procession, arranged for effect ; tab- 
 leau, allegorical device, &c, on fixed stage or 
 
PAGEANTRY 
 
 5S9 
 
 PALAVER 
 
 moving car; (fig.) empty or specious show, 
 (etym. dub., pern. f. pagina page 2 ] 
 
 pa'geantry, n. Splendid display ; empty 
 show. Iprec. + -ryJ 
 
 pa'g-inal, a. Of pages ; page for page. So 
 pa'g-inARY ! a. [f. LL paginalis (page-, -al)] 
 
 paginate, v.t. Page (book &c). Hence 
 pag-inATio.M n. [f. L pagina page 2 + -ate 3 ] 
 
 pago'da, n. Sacred building, esp. tower 
 usu. of pyramidal form, in India, China, &c. ; 
 ornamental imitation of this ; gold coin once 
 current in S. India ; p. -tree, kinds of Indian & 
 Chinese tree, (fig.) tree feigned to produce pago- 
 das (coin), esp. shake thep.-tree, make rapid for- 
 tune in India, [f. Port, pagode of Ind. orig.] 
 
 pagui'ian, a. & n. (Of) the hermit-crab, 
 (f. L f. Gk pagouros, kind of crab, + -ian] 
 
 pah K int. expr. disgust, [natural] 
 
 pah 3 , n. Native fort in New Zealand, [f. 
 Mauri pa (pet block up)] 
 
 paid. See pay. 
 
 pail, n. Vessel, usu. round, of wood or metal 
 for carrying liquids &c. ; amount contained in 
 this, as half a p. of milk. Hence pai'lFUL n. 
 [OE has paegel gill ; OF has paelle frying-pan, 
 bath, &c, f. L patella dim. of patina dish] 
 
 paillasse, palliasse, (palya's or pa'lyas), n. 
 Straw mattress. [F (pai-), f. paille straw f. L 
 palea] 
 
 paillette (palye't), n. Piece of bright metal 
 used in enamel painting ; spangle. [F (dim. as 
 prec.)] 
 
 pain 1, n. Suffering, distress, of body or mind, 
 whence pai'nFUL, pai'nLESS, aa., pai'nful- 
 ly 2 , pai'nlessLY 2 , advv., pai'nfulNESS, 
 pai'nlessNESS, nn. ; (pi.) trouble taken, esp. 
 take pp., be at the pp. of (doing), get (a thrashing 
 &c.) for one's pp. ; punishment, now only in pp. 
 & penalties, on ®r under p. of (death or other 
 punishment to be incurred) ; p. -killer, medicine 
 for alleviating p. ; painstaking, careful, in- 
 dustrious, [f. OF peine f. L poena penalty] 
 
 pain 2 , v.t. Inflict pain upon. [f. OF .pener 
 f. med.L poenare (as prec.)] 
 
 paint 1 , n. Solid colouring-matter, dissolved 
 in liquid vehicle so as to impart colour to a 
 surface ; luminous p. ; colouring-matter for 
 face &c, rouge &c. [f. foil.] 
 
 paint 2 , v.t. Portray, represent, (object or 
 abs.) in colours; adorn (wall &c.) with painting; 
 (fig.) represent (incident &c.) in words vividly 
 as by painting ; not so black as he is painted 
 (represented); cover surface of (object) with 
 paint; apply paint of specified colour to, as p. 
 the door green, (slang) p. the town red, cause 
 commotion by riotous spree &c. ; apply rouge 
 to (face, often abs.) ; p. out, efface with paint ; 
 painted lady, butterfly of orange-red colour 
 with black & white spots. Hence pai'ntiNG * 
 (1, 2) n. [f. OF peindre f. L pingerepict- paint] 
 
 pai'nter 1 , n. One who paints pictures; 
 workman who colours woodwork &c. with 
 paint ; p.'s colic, form of colic to which pp. who 
 work with lead are liable. So pai'ntrESS 1 n. 
 [f. AF peintour f. com.-Rom. pinctorem= L 
 pictorem (as prec see -ok 2 )] 
 
 pai'nter 2 , n. Rope attached to bow of boat 
 for making it fast to ship, stake, &c. ; cut the p., 
 (fig., usu. of colony) effect a separation. [?] 
 
 pai'nty, a. Of paint; (of picture) overcharged 
 with paint. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 pair 1 , n. Set of two, couple, (esp. of things 
 that usu. exist or arc used in couples, as gloves, 
 shoes, sculls, heels, eyes) ; p.-royal, set of three 
 cards of same denomination or of three dice 
 turning up same number ; article consisting of 
 two corresponding parts not used separately, 
 as p. of scissors, tongs, trousers; engaged or 
 
 married couple ; mated couple of animals ; p. 
 (of horses), two horses harnessed together ; 
 (Pari.) two voters on opposite sides absenting 
 
 themselves from division by mutual agreement; 
 p. (flight) of stairs, oj steps; another p. of 
 shoes; p.-horse a., for a p. of horses; p.-oar, 
 boat rowed by p. of oars. [f. F pa ire f. Lparia 
 neut. pi. of par equal] 
 
 pair 2 , v.t. & i. Arrange (persons, things), be 
 arranged, in couples ; unite (t. & i.) in love or 
 marriage ; (of animals) mate ; unite (with one 
 of opposite sex) ; p. off, put two by two, (intr.) 
 go off in pairs, (Pari.) make a pair, (eolloq.) 
 marry (with), [f. prec] 
 
 pajamas. See pyjamas. 
 
 pal, n., & v.i., (slang). Comrade, mate ; (v.i., 
 usu. p. up) associate (with). [E Gipsy] 
 
 pa-lace (-as), n. Official residence of sove- 
 reign, archbishop, or bishop ; stately mansion ; 
 spacious building for entertainment, refresh- 
 ment, &c. ; GiN-p. ; p.-car, luxurious railway- 
 carriage, [f. OF palais f. L Palatium, hill in 
 Rome, house of Augustus built on this] 
 
 pa'ladin, n. Any of the Twelve Peers of 
 Charlemagne's court, of whom Count Palatine 
 was the chief ;jcnight errant. [F, as palatine 1 ] 
 
 palaeo-, paleo-, in comb, (before vowel 
 palae) = Gk palaios ancient (cf. neo-), as : 
 -cry'stic, of ancient ice, frozen from remote 
 ages ; -graphy, study of ancient writing & in- 
 scriptions, so -grapher, -gra'phic; -li'thic, 
 marked by use of primitive stone implements; 
 -onto'logy, study of extinct organized beings, 
 so-ontolo'gical, -onto'logist ; -there (-er), extinct 
 genus of tapir-like mammal ; -zo'ic, of, contain- 
 ing, ancient forms of life, of the first geological 
 period (cf. cainozoic, mesozoIc). 
 
 palaestra, pales-, n. Wrestling-school, 
 gymnasium. [L, f. Gk palaistra (palaid 
 wrestle)] 
 
 pa'lantte (it), n. Prehistoric hut on piles 
 over lake in Switzerland or N. Italy. [F, f. It. 
 palaMta pile-fence (palo stake +Jitto fixed)] 
 
 palankee'n, -nquin (ken), n. Covered 
 litter for one, in India & the East, carried usu. 
 by four or six men. [f. Port, palanquin, cf. 
 Malay palangki, Hind, palki] 
 
 pa'latable, a. Pleasant to the taste; (fig.) 
 agreeable to the mind. Hence pa'latabLY 2 
 adv. [f. palate + -able] 
 
 pa'latal, a. & n. Of the palate ; (sound) mads 
 by placing tongue against (usu. hard) palate, 
 whence pa*lataliZE(3) v.t. [F (foil., -al)] 
 
 pa'late (-at), n. Roof of the mouth in verte- 
 brates ; bony or hard, soft, p., its front, back, 
 part; cleft p. (see cleave 1 ); sense of taste; 
 mental taste, liking, [f. L palatum] 
 
 pala'tial (-shl), a. Like a palace ; splendid, 
 [f. L as palace 4- -al] 
 
 pala'tinate (-at), n. Territory under a count 
 palatine ; The (Rhine) P., State of old German 
 Empire, under rule of Count Palatine of the 
 Rhine. Jf. foil. + -ate 1 ] 
 
 pa'latine 1 , a. & n. (Count) P., count hav- 
 ing within the territory jurisdiction such as 
 elsewhere belongs only to sovereign (in Eng. 
 Hist, also Earl P.) ; County P., his territory ; 
 (n.) woman's fur tippet. (F (-in, -ine), f. Lpala- 
 tinus of j;he palace, see -ine 1 ] 
 
 pa'latine 2 , a. & n. Of the palate; (n. pi., 
 also p. bones) two bones that form the hard 
 palate. [F {-in, -ine), as palate, see -ine j ] 
 
 pala'ver Hah-), n., & v.i. & t. Conference, 
 discussion, esp. between African or other un- 
 civilized natives & traders &c; profuse or idle 
 talk; cajolery; (v.i.) talk profusely; (v.t.) flatter, 
 wheedle, [vb f. n. f. Port, palabra word f. L 
 as parable] 
 
PALE 
 
 590 
 
 PALPEBRAL 
 
 pale 1 , n. Pointed piece of wood for fence 
 Sec, stake ; boundary, esp. (fig.) within, beyond, 
 &c., the p. ; (Hist.) the (English) P., part of 
 Ireland under English rule ; (Herald.) vertical 
 stripe in middle of shield, [f. F pal f. L palus] 
 
 pale 2 , a. (Of person or complexion) of whit- 
 ish or ashen appearance; (of colours) faint; 
 faintly coloured ; of faint lustre, dim ; p.-face, 
 supposed N.-Amer.-Ind. name for white man. 
 Hence pa-lei.v 2 adv., pa'leNESS n. [f. OF 
 pal(l)e f. hpallidus (pallere be pale)] 
 
 pale 3 , v.i. &t. Grow pale; (fig.) become pale 
 in comparison ; make pale. Lf.OFj3a^'r(asprec.)] 
 
 pa'letot (-eto), n. Loose cloak for men or 
 women. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 pa'lette (-It), n. Artist's flat tablet for mixing 
 colours on ; colours used by particular artist or 
 on particular occasion; p. -knife, thin steel blade 
 with handle for mixing colours. [F, dim. of 
 pale shovel f . L pala] 
 
 pa'lfrey (paw-, pa-), n. (archaic, poet). Sad- 
 dle-horse for ordinary riding, esp. for ladies, 
 [f. OF palefrei f. LL palafredus, paraveredus 
 (Gk para beside, extva,, + veredus light horse, 
 whence G pferd)] 
 
 Pa'li (pah-), n. Language used in canonical 
 books of Buddhists, [for pali-bhasa (pali canon 
 + bhasa language)] 
 
 pa'likar, n. Member of band of Greek or 
 Albanian military chief, esp. during War of In- 
 dependence, [f. mod. Gk palikari lad (Gk pal- 
 lax -akos youth)] 
 
 pa'llmpsest, n. & a. Writing-material, 
 manuscript, original writingon which has made 
 room for a second ; (adj. ) so treated, [f. L f. Gk 
 palimpsestos {palin again -f psao rub smooth)] 
 
 pa'li nd pome, n. & a. (Word, verse, &c.) that 
 reads the same backwards as forwards. Hence 
 palindrd'mic a. [f. Gk palindromos run- 
 ning back again (palin again + drom- run)] 
 
 pa'ling-, n. (Fence of) pales, [pale 1 , -ing 1 ] 
 
 palingenesis (j), n. Regeneration (lit. & 
 fig.); revival; (Biol.) exact reproduction of an- 
 cestral character, whence palingene'tic a. 
 [f. Gk palin again + genesis] 
 
 pa'linode, n. Poem in which author retracts 
 thing said in former poem ; recantation, [f. L 
 f. Gk palinoidia (palin again + 6ide song)] 
 
 palisa'de, n. , & v. t Fence of pales or of iron 
 railings; (Mil.) strong wooden stake ; ( v. t.) fur- 
 nish, enclose, with palisade, [f. F palissade 
 (palisser enclose with pales, as pale l , see -ade)] 
 
 pa'lish, a. Somewhat pale, [ish 1 ] 
 
 pall 1 (pawl), n. Cloth, usu. of black or purple 
 or white velvet, spread over coffin, hearse, or 
 tomb ; woollen vestment worn by Pope & some 
 metropolitans or archbishops; (fig.) mantle, 
 cloak ; p.-bearer, person holding up corner of p. 
 at funeral. [OE paell, f. L pallium cloak] 
 
 pall 2 (pawl), v.i. & t Become insipid (now 
 only fig.), esp. p. on (person, mind, taste); satiate, 
 cloy. [prob. aphetic f. appal] 
 
 palla'dium J , n. Image of Pallas on which 
 safety of Troy was held to depend ; safeguard. 
 [L, f. Gk palladion] 
 
 palla'dium -, n. Hard white metal of plati- 
 num group, [f. Pallas, an asteroid + -ium] 
 
 pa'llet 1 , n. Straw bed; mattress. [ME & 
 dial. F paillet (paille straw f. hpalea)] 
 
 pa'llet 2 , n. Flat wooden blade with handle, 
 used by potters &c. ; artist's palette ; projec- 
 tion on a part of a machine, serving to change 
 mode of motion of wheel ; valve in upper part 
 of wind-chest of organ, [f. palette] 
 
 palliasse. See paillasse. 
 
 pa'lliate, v.t Alleviate (disease) without 
 curing; extenuate, excuse. So palliA'TiON n. 
 [f. Itpalliare cloak (pallium), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 pa'lliatiye (-at-), a. & n. (Thing) that serves 
 to palliate. [F (-if, -ive), as prec, see -ive] 
 
 pa'llid, a. Pale. Hence pa'llidLY 2 adv., 
 pa'llidNESS n. [f. L as pale] 
 
 pallium, n. Man's large rectangular cloak, 
 esp. among the Greeks; archbishop's pall 1 ; 
 integumental fold of mollusc, whence pa'lli- 
 al a. [L] 
 
 pall-mall (pe^lme'l), n. Game in which ball 
 was driven through iron ring suspended in long 
 alley ; P. M., street in London developed from 
 such an alley ; War Office (situated in P. M.). 
 [f. obs. F pallemaille f. It pallamaglio (palla 
 ball + maglio mallet f. L malleus)] 
 
 pa'llor, n. Paleness. [L (pallere be pale, 
 see -or 1 )] 
 
 palm 1 (pahm), n. Large family of trees, 
 chiefly tropical, usu. with upright unbranched 
 stem & head of large pinnate or fahshaped 
 leaves ; branch of p. -tree as symbol of victory ; 
 supreme excellence, prize for this, esp. bear, 
 yield, the p.; branch of various trees substi- 
 tuted for p. in northern countries, esp. in cele- 
 brating P. Sunday; p.-oil (got from various 
 pp.); P. Sunday, Sunday before Easter, on 
 which Christ's entry into Jerusalem is cele- 
 brated by processions, in which branches of p. 
 are carried. Hence palmA'CEOUS a. [OE, f. 
 L palma\ 
 
 palm 2 (pahm), n. Part of hand between wrist 
 & fingers, esp. its inner surface ; part of glove 
 that covers this; breadth (about i in.), length 
 (about 8 in.), of hand as measure ; grease per- 
 son's p., bribe him. Hence (-)palmED 2 a., 
 pal'mFUL n. [ME & F paume f. L palma) 
 
 palm 3 (pahm), v.t. Impose fraudulently, 
 pass off (thing on person) ; conceal (cards, dice, 
 &c.) in hand ; touch with palm ; bribe, [prec.j 
 
 Pa'lma Chri'sti, n. Castor-oil plant. 
 [med.L,= palm of Christ, from handlike shape 
 of leaves] 
 
 pa'lmar, a. Of, in, the palm of the hand, 
 [f. L palmaris (as palm 2 , see -ar 1 )] 
 
 pa'lmary,a. Bearing the palm, pre-eminent, 
 [f. hpahnarius (as palm l , see -arv y )] 
 
 pa'lmate (-at), -ated, a. palm 2 -shaped. [f. 
 L pabnatus (as palm l , see -ate 2 )] 
 
 pal'mep (pah-), n. Pilgrim returning from 
 Holy Land with palm-branch or -leaf ; itinerant 
 monk under vow of poverty ; (also p.-icorm) 
 destructive hairy caterpillar; hairy artificial 
 fly. [AF (as palmary)] 
 
 palmetto, n. Kinds of small palm, esp. 
 dwarf fan-palm. [f. Sp. palmito dim. of palma 
 palm l , refash. on It wds in -etto] 
 
 pa'lmiped, -pede, a. & n. Web-footed 
 (bird), [f. L palmipes -pedis (as palm 2 + pes 
 pedis foot)] 
 
 pal'mistpy (pah-), n. Divination from palm 
 of hand. So pal'mis r r(3) n. [ME (palm 2 + 
 -estry, -istry, unexpl.)] 
 
 pal'my (pah-), a. Of, like, abounding in, 
 palms ; triumpbant, flourishing, esp. p. days. 
 [palm^-v 2 ] 
 
 palmyp'a, n. Kind of palm grown in India 
 & Ceylon, with fan-shaped leaves used for 
 matting &c. [f. Port, palmeira] 
 
 palp, pa'lpus (pi. -pi), nn. Jointed sense- 
 organ in insects &c, feeler. Hence pa'lpAL a. 
 [h(-pus)) 
 
 pa'lpable, a. That can be touched or felt ; 
 readily perceived by senses or mind. Hence 
 palpaRPLiTY n., pa'lpabLY 2 adv. [f. LL 
 palpabilis (as foil., see -ble)] 
 
 pa'lpate,v.t Handle, esp. in medical examin- 
 ation. So palpA'Tiox n. [f. L palpare, -ate 3 ] 
 
 palpebral, a. Of the eyelids, [f. L palpe- 
 bralis (palpebra eyelid, see -al)] 
 
PALPITATE 
 
 591 
 
 PANGOLIN 
 
 pa'lpitate, v.i. Pulsate, throb ; tremble, ff. 
 L palpitare frequent, as palpate, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 palpita'tion, n. Throbbing ; increased ac- 
 tivity of heart due to disease. If. L palpitatio 
 (as prec, see -atiox)] 
 
 pa'lsgrave (pawl-), n. Count palatine, [f. 
 Du. paltsgrave = G pfalzgraf (pfalenza palace 
 + grdvo count)] 
 
 pa'lstave (pawl-), n. Celt of bronze &c. 
 shaped to fit into split handle, [f. Da. paalstav 
 f. Icel. palsta/r (pall hoe + stafr staff)] 
 
 palsy (pawlzi), n., & v.t. Paralysis; (fig.) 
 cause, condition, of utter helplessness; (v.t.) 
 paralyse (usu. fig.). [ME, f. OF paralisie as 
 paralysis] 
 
 pa'lter* (pawl), v.i. Shuffle, equivocate, 
 (ivith person) ; haggle (ivith person about thing); 
 trifle (with subject). [?] 
 
 pa'ltry (pawl), a. Worthless, petty, con- 
 temptible. Hence pa*ltPi.\ESSn. [perh. attrib. 
 use of dial, paltry rubbish (Fris., MDu., & E 
 dial, palt rubbish +-RV)] 
 
 palu'dal (or pa*l-), a. Of a marsh ; malarial, 
 [f. L palus -udis marsh + -al] 
 
 pa*ly, a. (poet. ). Somewhat pale, [-v 2 ] 
 
 pam, n. Knave of clubs, esp. in five-card loo. 
 [Sc. has Pamphie, F Pamphile prob. f. Gk 
 name Pamphilos] 
 
 pa'mpa, n. (usu. pi., pron. -az, -as). Large 
 treeless plain in S. America south of the 
 Amazon; p.-grass, gigantic grass introduced 
 into Europe from S. America. [Sp., f. Peru v. 
 bamba steppe, flat] 
 
 pa'mpep, v.t. Over-indulge (person, tastes, 
 &c). [prob. frequent, of obs. pamp cram, cf. G 
 pampenij.ee -er 5 ] 
 
 pamper'o, n. Cold wind blowing from 
 Andes to Atlantic. [Sp., as pampa] 
 
 pa'mphlet, n. Small unbound treatise, esp. 
 on subject of current interest, [prob. f. Pam- 
 philet, familiar name of 12th-c. Latin amatory 
 poem Pamphilus sen de A more, see -et 1 ] 
 
 pamphleteer*, n., & v.i. Writer of pam- 
 phlets; (v.i.) write pamphlets. 1-eer] 
 
 pan J , n. Metal or earthenware vessel, usu. 
 shallow, for domestic purposes ; stew, warm 2 - 
 ing, -p.; p. -like vessel in which substances are 
 heated &c; part of lock that held the priming 
 in obsolete types of gun ; hollow in ground, as 
 SALT-p.; (a.\soha7-d-p.) hard substratum of soil; 
 BRAiN-p. ; pancake, thin flat batter-cake fried 
 in p., esp. flat as a p., quite flat. Hence pa'n- 
 ful n. [OE panne, cf. Du. pan, G pfanne] 
 
 pan 2 , v.t. & i. P. off, out, wash (gold-bearing 
 gravel) in pan; (intr.) p. out, yield gold, (fig.) 
 succeed, work, (well &c). [f. prec] 
 
 pan- in comb. = Gk pas pantos all, as : -A 'fri- 
 can, of, for, all Africans; -eo'smusm, doctrine 
 that material universe is all that exists ; -ge'ne- 
 sis, theory that each unit of an organism re- 
 produces itself ; -Ger'man, of all the Germans 
 in political union; -he'llenism, political union 
 of all Greeks, so -helle'nic a.; -i'slam, union of 
 Mohammedan world, so -isla'mic a.; -logi'stic, 
 (of Hegel's philosophy) treating only the ra- 
 tional as real, so -logism; -sla'vism Hah-), move- 
 ment for political union of all Slavs ; -sper'ma- 
 tism, -sper'my, theory that the atmosphere is 
 full of minute germs that develop in favour- 
 able environment. 
 
 panace'a, n. Universal remedy. [L, f. Gk 
 panakeia f. PAS(akes f. akos remedy)] 
 
 pana'che (-ahsh, -ash), n. Tuft, plume, of 
 feathers esp. as head-dress or on helmet ; (fig.) 
 display, swagger. [F, f. It. pennachio (penna 
 feather)] 
 
 pana'da (-nan-), n. bread boiled to pulp & 
 flavoured. [Sp., = It. panata (pane bread f. L 
 panis, see -ade)] 
 
 pancpa'tic, a. Of the pancratium ; (of eye- 
 piece) extensively adjustable, [f. foil. + -ic] 
 
 pancra'tium (-shiiun), n. (Gk ant.). Ath- 
 letic contest combining wrestling & boxing. 
 So panera'tiAST, pa'neratiST, nn. [L, f. 
 Gk pagkration (pan- + kratos strength)] 
 
 pa'ncpeas, n. Gland near stomach dis- 
 charging a digestive secretion (pancreatic 
 juice) into duodenum, sweetbread. So pan- 
 epea'tic a. [f. Gkpagkreas (pan- + kreas -atos 
 flesh)] 
 
 pa'nda, n. Indian racoon-like animal, red 
 bear-cat, [native] 
 
 Pande'an, -aean, a. Of Pan, Greek rural 
 deity ; P. pipe, = pan-pipe, [irreg. f. Gk Pan] 
 
 pa'ndect, n. (usu. pi.). Compendium in 50 
 books of Roman civil law made by order of 
 Justinian in 6th c; complete body of laws. [f. 
 F pandecte f. L f. Gk YAK(dektes f. dekhomai 
 receive) all-receiver] 
 
 pande'mic, a. & n. (Disease) prevalent over 
 the whole of a country or over the world, [f. 
 Gk PAN(«"emos people) + -ic] 
 
 pandemo'nium, n. Abode of all demons ; 
 place of lawless violence or uproar; utter con- 
 fusion. [mod.L (Milton) f. pan- + demon] 
 
 pa'nder, n., & v.i. & t. Go-between in clan- 
 destine amours, procurer ; one who ministers 
 to evil designs ; (v.i.) minister (to base passions, 
 evil designs) ; (v.t.) act as p. to (person's lust). 
 [vb f. n. f. Pandare, character in Chaucer's 
 Troilus & Criseyde & in Boccaccio, f. L f. Gk 
 Pandaros] 
 
 pandit. See pundit. 
 
 pandor'a, -dope', n. Stringed instrument 
 of cither type. [It., f. L f. Gk pandoura, prob. 
 of foreign orig.] 
 
 pa'ndoup (oor), -oop, n. (PI.) force of ra- 
 pacious & brutal soldiers raised by Baron 
 Trenck in 1741 & afterwards enrolled in Aus- 
 trian army. [f. Serbo-croatian pdndurf. med.L 
 banderius follower of a banner] 
 
 pane ] , n. Single sheet of glass in compart- 
 ment of window ; rectangular division of 
 chequered pattern &c. Hence pa'neLESS a. 
 [f. F pan f. Lpannus piece of cloth] 
 
 pane 2 , v.t. Make up (garment &c.) of strips 
 of different colours (chiefly in p.p.). [f. prec] 
 
 panegyric (-j-), n. & a. Laudatory discourse 
 (upon) ; (adj.) laudatory. Hence panegypie- 
 al a. [f. F pane~gyrique f. L f. Gk panegurikos 
 f. -pA~s(eguris = agora assembly), see -ic] 
 
 pa'negyrize, v.t. Speak, write, in praise 
 of, eulogize. So pa'negyriST n. [f. Gk pane- 
 gurizo (as prec, see -ize)] 
 
 pa'nel \ n. Stuffed lining of saddle ; kind of 
 saddle ; slip of parchment ; list of jury ; jury ; 
 distinct compartment of surface, esp. of wain- 
 scot, door, &c, often sunk below or raised 
 above general level ; piece of stuff of different 
 kind or colour inserted in woman's dress ; large 
 size of photograph, with height much greater 
 than width. [ME & OF, f. med.L pannellus 
 dim. as pane 1 ] 
 
 pa'nel 2 , v.t. (-11-). Saddle (beast) with panel ; 
 fit (wall, door, &c) with panels; ornament 
 (dress &c) with panel(s). Hence pa , nelliNG 1 (2) 
 n. [f. prec] 
 
 pang*, n. Shooting pain ; sudden sharp men- 
 tal pain. [?] 
 
 pango'lin (-ngg-), n. Scaly ant-eater, [f. 
 Malay peng-goling roller (from habit of rolling 
 itself up)] 
 
 For words in pan- not given see pan-. 
 
PANIC 
 
 592 
 
 PAPER 
 
 pa'nic 1 ,!!. Genus of grasses including Italian 
 millet, [f. L panicuin\ 
 
 pa'nie 2 , a. & n. (Of terror) unreasoning, ex- 
 cessive ; (n.) excessive fear, esp. general alarm 
 about commercial matters leading to hasty 
 measures ; p.-monger, one who fosters a p. 
 Hence pa*niekY 2 a. (colloq.). If. F panique f. 
 GTk panikos of god Pan, reputed to cause p.] 
 
 pa'nicle, n. (bot.). Loose irregular type of 
 compound inflorescence, as in oats. [f. Lpani- 
 cula, dim. of panics swelling, ear of millet] 
 
 panifica-tion, n. Bread-making. IF, f. L 
 panis bread, see -fication] 
 
 panja'ndpum, n. Mock title of exalted 
 personage ; pompous official or pretender, [ar- 
 bitrary] 
 
 pa'nnage, n. (Right of, payment for) pas- 
 turage of swine; acorns, beech-mast, &c, as 
 food for swine, [f. OF pasnage f. LL pastio- 
 naticum (pastio pasture f. pascere past-, -age)] 
 
 pa'nniep l , n. Basket, esp. one of those car- 
 ried, usu. in pairs, by beast of burden or on the 
 shoulders ; covered basket for surgical instru- 
 ments & medicines for ambulance ; frame of 
 whalebone &c. for distending woman's skirt at 
 hips. [f. F panier f. L jJanarium bread-basket 
 (panis bread, see -ary ')] 
 
 pa'nniep 2 , n. (colloq.). Robed waiter in 
 Inner Temple. [?] 
 
 pa'nnikin, n. Small metal drinking- vessel ; 
 its contents, [f. pan l + -kin] 
 
 pa'noply, n. Complete suit of armour (often 
 flg.). Hence pa'nopliED 2 a. [f. G p\s(oplia 
 f. hopla arms)] 
 
 pano'pticon, n. Bentham's proposed circu- 
 lar prison with cells round warders' well in 
 centre, [f. pan- + Gk optikos of sight (op- see)] 
 
 panora'ma (-rah-, -ra-), n. Picture of land- 
 scape &c. arranged on inside of cylindrical sur- 
 face or successively rolled out before spectator ; 
 continuous passing scene; unbroken view of 
 surrounding region (often fig.). Hence pano- 
 pa'mic a., panopa'miCALLY adv. [f. pan- + 
 Gk horama view (horao see)] 
 
 pa'n-pipe, n. Musical instrument made of 
 series of reeds, mouth-organ. [Pan, Greek 
 rural god, 4- pipe] 
 
 pa'nsy (-zi), n. Wild & garden plant with 
 flowers of various colours, heartsease, [f. F 
 pensee thought, pansy, f. penser think f. L pen- 
 ■sare frequent, of pendere pens- weigh] 
 
 pant, v.i. & t., & n. Gasp for breath ; (fig.) 
 yearn (for, after, thing, to do) ; throb violently ; 
 utter gaspingly; (n.) gasp, throb, [n. f. vb, 
 prob. cogn. w. OF pantoisier pant f. pop. L 
 phantasiare be oppressed with nightmare (as 
 
 PHANTASY)] 
 
 pant- in comb. = panto- before vowels. 
 
 pantagpirelism, n. Extravagant coarse 
 humour like that of Pantagruel, a character in 
 Rabelais. So pantagPue'liAN a., panta- 
 gpu'eliST n. [-ism] 
 
 pantalo*t(te)s, n. pi. Woman's drawers, 
 cycling knickerbockers, &c. [f. foil., see -ette] 
 
 pantaloo'n, n. (P-) character in Italian 
 comedy wearing pp., (now) clown's butt & abet- 
 tor in pantomime; (pi., chiefly U.S.) trousers. 
 [f. F pantalon f. It. pantalone, Venetian charac- 
 ter in Italian comedy, perh. f. San Pantaleone, 
 favourite Venetian saint] 
 
 pante'ehnicon, n. Furniture warehouse 
 (orig. name of a bazaar) ; p. van (for removing 
 furniture), [f. pan- + Gk tekhnikon of art 
 (iekhne, see -ic)] 
 
 pa'ntheism, n. Doctrine that God is every- 
 thing & everything God ; heathen worship of 
 
 all gods. So pa'ntheiST n., panthei'stic(AL) 
 aa. [f. pan- + Gk theos god + -ism] 
 
 panthe'on (or pa'n-), n. Temple dedicated 
 to all the gods, esp. circular one at Rome; 
 deities of a people collectively; building in 
 which illustrious dead are buried or have 
 memorials; building in London opened for pub- 
 lic entertainment in 1772. [L, f. Gk PAS(theion 
 f. theos god)] 
 
 pa'nthep, n. Leopard. Hence pa'nther- 
 ess 1 n. [f. OF pantere f. L panthera f. Gk 
 panther etym. dub.] 
 
 pa'ntile, n. Roof tile transversely curved to 
 ogee shape, one curve being much larger than 
 the other, [pan 1 + tile] 
 
 pantiso'CPacy, n. Community in which all 
 are equal & all rule, [pant- + iso- + -cracy] 
 
 panto- in comb, (before vowels pant) = Gk 
 pas pantos all, as: -lo'gic, -logy, (of) universal 
 knowledge ; -mor'x>hic, taking all shapes ; 
 ■pragma'cie a. & n., (person) meddling in every- 
 thing ; -sco'pic, with wide range of vision. 
 
 pa'ntograph, n. Instrument for copying 
 plan &c. on any scale. Hence pantogpa'phic 
 a. [f. panto- + Gk -graphos writing] 
 
 pa'ntomime, n., *& v.t. & i. (Hist.) Roman 
 actor performing in dumb show, mimic actor ; 
 English dramatic performance ending with 
 transformation scene followed by broad comedy 
 of clown & pantaloon & dancing of harlequin 
 & columbine; dumb show; (v.t. & i.) express 
 (thing), express oneself, by dumb show. Hence 
 or cogn. pantomi'mic a., pa # ntomImiST(3) 
 n. [f. L f. Gk PANTO(»muos mimic)] 
 
 pa'ntpy, n. Room in which bread & other 
 provisions or (butler's, housemaid's, p.) plate, 
 table linen, &c, are kept; pantryman, butler 
 or his assistant, [f. OF paneterie f. med.L 
 panetaria bread-shop (panis bread, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 pants, n. pi. (vulg.). (Chiefly U.S.) trousers; 
 (Shop) drawers, [abbr. of pantaloon] 
 
 pap !, n. (archaic). Nipple of woman's breast ; 
 corresponding part of man; (pi.) conical hill- 
 tops side by side. [imit. of sound made by in- 
 fant in feeding] 
 
 pap 2 , n. Soft or semi-liquid food for infants 
 or invalids; mash, pulp. Hence pa'ppY 2 a. 
 [imit., cf. prec] 
 
 papa* (-ah), n. Father (used chiefly by child- 
 ren). [Ff. L; imit.] 
 
 pa'pacy, n. Pope's (tenure of) office ; papal 
 system, [f. med.L papatia (papa pope, -acy)] 
 
 pa'pal, a. Of the pope or his office. Hence 
 pa*paliSM(3), pa*palisT(2), nn., pa*palizE(3) 
 v.t. & i., pa*palLY 2 adv. [F, f. eccl.L papal is 
 (as prec, see-AL)] 
 
 papa'vepous, a. Like, allied to, the poppy. 
 So papavePA - CEOUS a. [f. Lpapaver poppy 
 
 + -OUS] 
 
 papaw, n. (Fruit of) palm-like S.-Amer. 
 tree of which stem, leaves, & fruit, contain a 
 milky juice that makes meat tender; (U.S.) 
 N.-Amer. tree with purple flowers & oblong 
 edible fruit. If. Sp. papaya, of Carib orig.] 
 
 pa'peP 1 , n. Substance used for writing, 
 printing, drawing, wrapping up parcels, &c, 
 made of interlaced fibres of rags, straw, wood, 
 &c. ; commit to p., write down ; put pen to p., 
 begin writing; negotiable documents, e.g. bills 
 of exchange; (also p. money) bank-notes &c. • 
 used as currency, opp. to coin, so p. currency 
 (cf. metallic) ; (slang) free passes to theatre 
 &c. ; (pi.) documents proving person's identity, 
 standing, &c. ; send in one's pp., resign ; set of 
 questionsinexamination; = NEWSpaper; essay, 
 dissertation, esp. one read to learned society ; 
 
 For words in pan- not given see pan-. 
 
PAPER 
 
 593 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 p. warfare (carried on in books or newspp.) ; 
 onp., hypothetically, to judge from statistics, 
 &c., as on p. he is the better man, so (attrib.) 
 p. profits (hypothetical) ; p.-hangings, wall-p., 
 p. for covering walls of room &c. ; p. -hanger, 
 one who covers walls with these ; p. -knife (of 
 ivory, wood, &c, for cutting open leaves of 
 book &c); p.-mill (in which p. is made); p.- 
 stainer, one who stains p. or makes p.-hangings; 
 p.-weight, small heavy object for securing loose 
 
 f>p. from being displaced. Hence pa'pePY 2 a. 
 f. OF papier f. papyrus] 
 
 pa'pep' 2 , v.t. Enclose in paper ; decorate 
 (wall &c.) with paper; furnish with paper; 
 (slang) fill (theatre &c.) by means of free passes. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 papier nutche* (pa*pya ma"sha), n. Moulded 
 paper pulp used for boxes, trays, &c. [F, - 
 chewed paper] 
 
 papi'liona'ceous, a. (bot). With corolla 
 like a butterfly, [f. L papilio -onis butterfly, 
 see -aceous] 
 
 papi'lla, n. (pi. -ae). Small nipple-like pro- 
 tuberance in a part or organ of the body ; (Bot.) 
 small fleshy projection on plant. Hence or 
 cogn. pa'pillARY 1 , pa*pillATE 2 (2), pa'pill- 
 ose 1 , aa. [L, = nipple, dim. of papula] 
 
 pa'pist, n. Advocate of papal supremacy ; 
 Roman Catholic (usu. in hostile sense). Hence 
 papi'stic(AL) aa., papi'stiealLY ? adv., pa # - 
 pistRY n. [f. 16th-c. L papist a (papa pope, 
 see -ist)] 
 
 papoo'se, n. X.-Amer. -Indian young child, 
 [native] 
 
 papoo'sh, -ouehe (-oosh), n. = babouche. 
 [f. Pers. paposh (pa foot + posh covering)] 
 
 pa'ppus, n. (bot.). Downy appendage on 
 seeds of thistles, dandelions, &c. Hence papp- 
 O'SE 1 a. [niod.L, f. Gk pappos] 
 
 pa'pula, -ule, nn. (pi. -lae, -les). Pimple ; 
 small fleshy projection on plant. Hence pa'- 
 pulAR », papulosE l , pa'pulous, aa. [L (-la)] 
 
 papyra'ceous, a. (nat. hist.). Of the nature 
 of, thin as, paper, [f. papyrus, see -aceous] 
 
 papypo- in comb. =Gk paptiros usu. in 
 sense 'paper', as : -graph, apparatus for copy- 
 ing documents by means of paper-stencil ; 
 -graphy, -type, copying processes in which pic- 
 ture &c. is transferred from paper to zinc 
 plate &c. 
 
 papyp'us, n. Aquatic plant of sedge family, 
 paper reed ; ancient writing material prepared 
 by Egyptians &c. from stem of this; MS written 
 on this. [L, f. Gk papuros] 
 
 par 1 , n. Equality, equal footing, esp. on a 
 p. (with); p. of exchange, recognized value of 
 one country's currency in terms of another's ; 
 (of stocks, shares, &c.) at p., at face value, 
 above p., atapremium, beloivp., at adiscount; 
 average or normal amount, degree, or condi- 
 tion, as on a p., on an average, above, below, up 
 to, p. [L, a. & n., = equal(ity)] 
 
 par 2 , n. (colloq.). Paragraph. 
 
 para- 1 in comb. = Gk para in senses 'be- 
 side ', ' beyond ', ' wrong, irregular '. 
 
 papa- 2 in comb. = It. para imperat. of par- 
 are ward off, shelter, as parasol. 
 
 para'basis, n. (pi. -bases). Part sung by 
 chorus in Greek comedy, addressed to audience 
 in poet's name. [Gk, f. para ^(baino go) go 
 aside, step forward] 
 
 pa'pable, n. Fictitious narrative used to 
 typify moral or spiritual relations ; allegory ; 
 (archaic) enigmatical saying, proverb; (archaicjh 
 take up one's p., begin to discourse, [f. F par- 
 abole, as foil.] 
 
 para'bola, n. Plane curve formed by inter- 
 section of cone with plane parallel to its side. 
 
 [f. L f. Gk PARAMbo/e throw, f. ballo) placing 
 side by side, comparison, parable, &c] 
 
 papabo'lic(al), aa. Of, expressed in, a par- 
 able, whence papabo'liCALLY adv. ; of, like, 
 a parabola, [f. LL f. late Gk parabolikos (as 
 prec, see -ic)] 
 
 para'boloid, n. Solid some of whose plane 
 sections are parabolas, esp. (also p. of revolu- 
 tion) that generated by revolution of parabola 
 about its axis, [-oid] 
 
 papa'chponism, n. Error in chronology, 
 [f. para- ! + Gk khronos time + -ism] 
 
 pa'Pachute (sh-), n. Umbrella-like appara- 
 tus for descending safely from a height, esp. 
 from balloon, whence pa # raehutiSM, pa'ra- 
 chutiST, nn.; natural or artificial contrivance 
 serving this purpose. [F (para- 2 + chute fall)] 
 
 pa*paclete, n. Advocate (as title of the Holy 
 Spirit, see John xiv. 16, 26, &c.). [f. F paraclet 
 f. L f. Gk para Hkletos f. kaleo call)] 
 
 para'de 1 , n. Display, ostentation, esp. make 
 a p. of (one's virtues &c.) ; muster of troops for 
 inspection, esp. one held regularly at set hours; 
 ground used for this ; public square or promen- 
 ade (often as name of street). [F, = show, f. It. 
 parata f. L palmare prepare, furnish, see -ade] 
 
 para'de 2 , v.t. & i. Assemble (troops) for re- 
 view ; display ostentatiously ; march through 
 (streets &c.) with display ; (intr.) march in pro- 
 cession with display, [f. prec] 
 
 pa'radigrn (-nn), n. Example, pattern, esp. 
 of inflexion of noun, verb, &c So paradig - - 
 ma'tic (-ig-) a. [f. F paradigme f. L f. Gk 
 paradeigma f. par a ^(deiknumi show), see -m] 
 
 pa'padise (-s), n. (Also earthly p.) garden 
 of Eden ; heaven ; region, state, of supreme 
 bliss ; fool's p. ; park in which animals are 
 kept ; bird of p. Hence or cogn. paradisa*- 
 ic(al) [irreg. on Mosaic &c], papadi'seAX, 
 papadi'siAC(AL), paradi'siAL, papadi'si- 
 an, papadrsic(AL), aa. [f. F paradis f. h 
 f. Gk paradeisos f. OPers. pairidaeza park 
 (pairi around + diz mould)] 
 
 pa'pados, n. Elevation of earth behind forti- 
 fied place to secure from sudden attack. [F 
 (para- 2 + dos back f. L dorsum)] 
 
 pa'padox, n. Statement contrary to received 
 opinion ; seemingly absurd though perhaps 
 really well-founded statement ; self-contradic- 
 tory, essentially absurd, statement; person, 
 thing, conflicting with preconceived notions of 
 what is reasonable or possible ; hydrostatic p. 
 Hence or cogn. pa'radoxER ! (3), pa'radox- 
 ist(3), papadoxiea'liTY, pa'radoxv 1 , nn., 
 papado'xiCAL a., papadcxiealLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L.f. Gk paradoxon neut. adj. (para- 1 + doxa 
 opinion)] 
 
 parado'xure, n. Palm-cat, animal with 
 remarkably long curving tail. [f. Gkparadoxos 
 (see prec.) + oura tail] 
 
 pa*paffin, n., & v.t. Colourless tasteless 
 inodorous fatty substance got by dry distilla- 
 tion from wood, coal, petroleum, &c, & used, 
 for making candles &c. ; (also p. oil) oil so ob- 
 tained & used as illuminant or lubricant ; (v.t.) 
 treat with p. [f. L parum little + affinis, from 
 small affinity it has for other bodies] 
 
 parago'ge (-ji), n. Addition of letter or 
 syllable to 'a word. Hence papago'gic a. 
 [L, f. Gk parago'ge leading past (para- l + agoge 
 f. ago lead)] 
 
 pa'ragon, n., & v.t. Model of excellence; 
 supremely excellent person or thing, model (of 
 virtue &c) ; perfect diamond of more than 100 
 carats; (v.t., poet.) compare (thing with). [OF, 
 f. It. paragone, etym. dub.] 
 
 paragraph (-ahf, -af), n., & v.t. Distinct 
 passage or section in book &c, marked by in- 
 
PARAGUAY 
 
 591 
 
 PARASYNTHESIS 
 
 dentation of first line ; symbol (usu. *!J) formerly 
 used to mark new p., now to introduce note 
 &c. ; detached item of news &c. in newspaper, 
 without heading, whence pa'pagpaphER J (3), 
 pa*ragpaphiST(3), pa'pagpaphv 1 , nn. ; 
 (v.t.) write p. about (person, thing), arrange 
 (article &c.) in pp. Hence paragra'phic a., 
 papagra'phiCALLY adv. If. F paragraphe 
 f. LL f. Gk para 1 {graph os f. grapho write) 
 short stroke marking break in sense] 
 
 pa'paguay (-gwa), n. = mate. [name of S.- 
 Amer. river & republic] 
 
 parahelio'tropism, n. Tendency in plants 
 to turn leaves parallel to incidence of light- 
 rays. So papaheliotpo'pic a. [para- l + 
 heliotropism] 
 
 pa'pakeet, -oquet (-ket), n. Small (esp. 
 long-tailed) kinds of parrot, [f. OF paroquet 
 prob. f. It. parrochetto dim. of parroco par- 
 son, or f. It. parrucchetto dim. of parrucca 
 peruke] 
 
 pa'pakite, n. 1. Kite acting like parachute. 
 2. Tailless kite for scientific purposes. [1. f. 
 
 PARACHUTE + KITE. 2. PARA- 1 ] 
 
 parali'psis, -leipsis (-1I-), n. Trick of se- 
 curing emphasis by professing to omit all men- 
 tion of subject, e.g., I say nothing of his ante- 
 cedents, how from youth upwards &c. [f. Gk 
 Para i (leipsis f. leipo leave) passing over] 
 
 pa'rallax, n. (Angular amount of) apparent 
 displacement of object, caused by actual change 
 of point of observation. So parallactic a. 
 [f. F parallaxef. Gk parallaxis change f.par- 
 allasso (para- 1 + allasso)] 
 
 pa'pallel^a. &n. (Of lines &c.) continuously 
 equidistant; p. bars, pair of p. bars supported 
 on posts for gymnastic exercises ; p. ruler, two 
 rulers connected by pivoted cross-pieces, for 
 drawing parallel lines ; (fig.) precisely similar, 
 analogous, or corresponding. \Of.hp. {of lati- 
 tude), each of the p. circles marfcing degrees of 
 latitude on earth's surface in map, as the h9th 
 p.', (Mil.) trench p. to general face of works 
 attacked ; person, thing, precisely analogous 
 to another ; p. position ; comparison, as draw a 
 p. between (two things) ; two p. lines ( 11 ) .as re- 
 ference-mark, [f. F par allele f. L f. Gkparal- 
 lelos (para- l + allelos one another)] 
 
 pa'pallel 2 , v.t. (-1-). Represent as similar, 
 compare, (things, one with another) ; find, men- 
 tion, something parallel or corresponding to ; 
 be parallel, correspond, to. [f. prec] 
 
 parallelepiped, n. Solid contained by 
 parallelograms, [f. Gk parallelepipedon, as 
 parallel 1 + epi( pedon ground) plane surface] 
 
 parallelism, n. Being parallel (lit or fig. ) ; 
 comparison or correspondence of successive pas- 
 sages, esp. in Hebrew poetry, [f. Gk parallel- 
 ismos f. parallelizo place side by side (as 
 
 PARALLEL *, See -IZE)] 
 
 parallelogram, n. Four-sided rectilineal 
 figure whose opposite sides are parallel ; (p. 
 of forces, (p. illustrating) theorem that if two 
 forces acting at a point be represented in mag- 
 nitude & direction by two sides of a p., their re- 
 sultant is represented by diagonal drawn from 
 that point, [f. F parallel ogramme f. Gk paral- 
 lelogrammon (as parallel 1 + gramme line)] 
 
 para/logism, n. Illogical reasoning (esp. of 
 which reasoner is uncofiscious, cf. sophism); 
 fallacy. So papa*logiZE(2) v.i. [f. F para- 
 logisme f. LL f. Gk parologismos f. paralogi- 
 zomai f . para ] (logos reason ) contrary to reason ] 
 
 paralyse (-z), v.t. Affect with paralysis; 
 (fig.) render powerless, cripple. Hence para- 
 lySATiON n. [prob. f. F paralyser, as foil.] 
 
 papa'lysls, n. Nervous affection marked by 
 impairment or loss of motor or sensory function 
 
 of nerves; (fig.) state of utter powerlessness. 
 [L, f. Gk paralusis f. para ] (£j<0 loose) disable] 
 
 papaly'tie, a. & n. (Person) affected with 
 paralysis (lit. or fig.). Hence paralytic ally 
 adv. [f. F paralytique f. L f. Gk paralutikos 
 (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 paramagnetic, a. Capable of being at- 
 tracted by poles of magnet (cf. diamagnetic). 
 So parama'gnetisM n. [para- 1 + magnetic] 
 
 parama'tta, n. Light dress fabric of merino 
 wool & silk or cotton, [f. Par(r)amatta, town 
 in N.S. Wales] 
 
 para'metep, n. (math.). Quantity constant 
 in case considered, but varying in different 
 cases, [f. para- 1 + Gk metron measure] 
 
 pa'pamo, n. (pi. -os). High treeless plateau in 
 tropical parts of S. America, [f. Sp. paramo, 
 prob. of native orig.] 
 
 pa'pamount, a. Supreme ; lord, lady, p. (in 
 supreme authority) ; pre-eminent, as of p. im- 
 portance ; superior {to). Hence pa'pa- 
 mountcv n., pa'pamountLY 2 adv. [f. AF 
 paramont f. OF par by + amont above f. L 
 ad montem to the hill] 
 
 pa'pamoup, n. Illicit partner of married 
 man or woman, [f. OF pa?' amour by love] 
 
 pap'ang, n. Malay heavy sheath-knife. 
 [Malay] 
 
 paranoica, -noe'a (-nea), n. Mental de- 
 rangement, esp. when marked by delusions of 
 grandeur &c. [Gk {-noia) f. para i {noos mind) 
 distracted] 
 
 pa'rapet (-it), n. Low wall at edge of bal- 
 cony, roof, &c, or along sides of bridge &c; 
 (Mil.) defence of earth or stone to conceal & 
 protect troops. Hence pa'rapetED 2 a. [f. It. 
 para 2 {petto breast f. Lpectus)] 
 
 pa'raph, n. Flourish after a signature, orig. 
 as precaution against forgery, [f. F paraphe 
 f. med.L paraphus for paragraphus para- 
 graph] 
 
 paraphernalia, n. pi. Personal belongings; 
 mechanical accessories, appointments, &c; 
 (formerly) articles of personal property that 
 law allowed married woman to keep & treat as 
 her own. [L, neut. pi. adj. f. L f. Gk para 1 - 
 {pherna f. pherne dower), see -al] 
 
 pa'raphrase (-z), n., & v.t. Free rendering 
 or amplification of a passage, expression of its 
 sense in other words ; any of a collection of 
 metrical pp. of passages of Scripture used in 
 Church of Scotland &c; (v.t.) express meaning 
 of (passage) in other words. So paraphra's- 
 tic a., papaphpa'stiCALLY adv. [(n.) F, f. L 
 f. Gk paraphrasis f. para ^{phrazo tell) ; (vb) 
 f. F paraphraser] 
 
 paraplegia (-j-), n. Paralysis of lower 
 limbs & part or whole of trunk. So para- 
 plegic a. [Gk (-e) f. para } {plesso strike)] 
 
 pa'pasang, n. Ancjent-Persian measure of 
 length, about 3i miles, [f. L (-ga) f. Gk para- 
 sagges, of Pers. orig.] 
 
 parasele'ne, n. Bright spot on lunar halo, 
 mock-moon, [para- l + Gk selene moon] 
 
 pa'pasite, n. Interested hanger-on, toady ; 
 animal, plant, living in or upon another & 
 drawing nutriment directly from it (cf. com- 
 mensal) ; (loosely) plant that climbs about an- 
 other plant, wall, &c. Hence or cogn. papa- 
 si*tic(AL)aa.,pa*pasitiSM(2),papasito , LOGV, 
 nn. [f. L f. Gk para } {sitos food)] 
 
 papasi'ticide, n. Agent that destroys para- 
 sites, [as prec. + -cide] 
 
 pa'rasitize, v.t. Infest as a parasite (chiefly 
 in p.p.). [as prec. + -ize] 
 
 papasd'l {or pa"r-), n. Sunshade. [F, f. It. 
 para 2 {sole sun f. L sol)] 
 
 parasynthesis, n. (philol.). Derivation 
 
PARATAXIS 
 
 595 
 
 PARISH 
 
 from a compound. So parasynthetic a. 
 [para- i + synthesis] 
 
 parata'xis, n. (gram.). Placing of clauses 
 &c. one after another, without words to indicate 
 co-ordination or subordination. So para- 
 ta'ctic a., parata*ctiCALLY adv. [f. Gk 
 para ^(taxis arrangement f. tasso)] 
 
 par'boil, v.t. Boil partially ; (fig.) overheat, 
 [f. OF parboillir f. LL PEK(bullii-e boil) boil 
 thoroughly, by confus. w. part] 
 
 par'buckle, n., & v.t. Device for raising or 
 lowering heavy object by rope of which both 
 ends are passed round it ; (v.t.) raise thus. [?] 
 
 pap'cel l (-si), n. & adv. (Archaic) part, esp. 
 PART^cfrp.; piece of land, esp. as part of estate; 
 goods &c. wrapped up in single package ; p. post, 
 branch of postal service concerned with pp.; 
 (Commerc.) quantity dealt with in one trans- 
 action ; (adv., archaic) partly, as p. Hind, 
 drunk; p. gilt, partly gilded, esp. (of cup &c.) 
 with inner surface gilt. [f. Fparcelle f. L *par- 
 ticella, dim. as particle] 
 
 pap'cel 2 , v.t. (-11-). Divide (usu. out) into 
 portions; (Naut.) cover (caulked seam) with 
 canvas strips & pitch, wrap (rope) with canvas 
 strips, [f. prec] 
 
 par'eelling", n. In vbl senses, esp. (Naut.) 
 strip of canvas, usu. tarred, for binding round 
 rope, [-ing !] 
 
 pap'eenapy, n. Joint heirship, [f. AF par- 
 cenarie = OF parconerie (as foil., see -ERV)] 
 
 pap'cenep, n. Coheir. [AF, = OF parconier 
 f. med.L parti(ti)onarius (partition, -er 2 )] 
 
 parch, v.t. & i. Roast (pease &c.') slightly ; 
 (of sun, thirst, &c.) make (person &c.) hot & 
 dry ; become hot & dry. [?] 
 
 pap'chment, n. Skin, esp. of sheep or goat, 
 prepared for writing, painting, &c; manuscript 
 on this ; p. -like skin, esp. husk of coffee-bean. 
 Hence paP'chmentY 2 a. [f. F parchemin f. 
 L pergamena {charta paper) of Pergamum, 
 city in Asia Minor] 
 
 pard 1 , n. (archaic). Leopard. [OF, f. L f. 
 Gk pardos] 
 
 pard 2 , n. (slang, esp. U.S.). Partner, [abbr.] 
 
 pardon 1 , n. Forgiveness; (Eccl.) = indulg- 
 ence, festival at which this is granted ; (Law) 
 remission of legal consequences of crime ; 
 general p. (for offences generally, or to number 
 of persons not named individually) ; courteous 
 forbearance, esp. / beg your p. (apology for 
 thing done, for dissent or contradiction, or for 
 not hearing or understanding what was said). 
 [f. OF perdun, as foil.] 
 
 pap'don 2 , v.t. Forgive (person, offence, per- 
 son his offence) ; make allowance for, excuse, 
 (person, fault, person for doing). So pap'- 
 don able a., pap'donableNESS n., par*- 
 donabLY 2 adv. [f. OF pardoner f. LL per- 
 (donare give) concede, remit] 
 
 pap'donep, n. (hist.). Person licensed to 
 sell pardons or indulgences, [pardon 1 + -er 2 ] 
 
 pane, v.t. Trim (thing) by cutting away ir- 
 regular parts &c; cut away skin, rind, &c. of 
 (fruit &c.) ; p. (nails &c.) to the quick (so deep 
 as to reach sensitive parts) ; (fig.) diminish lit- 
 tle by little (often away, down)_± shave, cut-off, 
 away, (edges Sec.). Hence pap , ER 1 (2), par*- 
 ingMI, 2), nn. [f. F parrr f. L parare prepare] 
 
 papego'Pie, a. &n. P. (elixir), camphorated 
 tincture of opium flavoured with aniseed & 
 benzoic acid. [f. LL f. Gk paregorikos soothing 
 (para- 1 + -agoros speaking f. agora public as- 
 sembly)] 
 
 papeip'a (-ara), n. Drug from root of Bra- 
 zilian shrub, used in urinary disorders, [f. 
 Port, parreira vine trained against wall] 
 
 pare'nehyma (-k-), n. (Anat.) proper sub- 
 
 stance of gland, organ, &c, as distinguished 
 from flesh & connective tissue ; (Bot.) tissue of 
 cells of about equal length & breadth placed 
 side by side (cf. prosenchyma), usu. soft & 
 succulent, found esp. in softer parts of leaves, 
 pulp of fruits, &c. Hence pare'nchymAL, 
 parenchimatous, aa. [f. Gk paregkhuma 
 something poured in beside (para- 1 + egkhuma 
 f. egkheo pour in f. en in + khed pour)] 
 
 pap'ent, n. Father or mother ; forefather, 
 esp. our first pp., Adam& Eve ; animal, plant, 
 from which others are derived, (often attrib., 
 as the p. bird, tree)', (fig.) source, origin, (of 
 evils &c). So pape'ntAL a., pape'ntalLv* 2 
 ad\\_ [OF, f. L parens (parere beget, see-ENi)] 
 
 pap'entagre, n. Descent from parents, line- 
 age, as his p. is unknown. [F, as prec. , see -age] 
 
 parenthesis, n. (pi. -theses). Word, clause, 
 sentence, inserted into a passage to which it is 
 not grammatically essential, and usu. marked 
 off by brackets, dashes, or commas ; (sing, or 
 pi.) round brackets ( ) used for this ; (fig.) inter- 
 lude, interval. [med.L, f. Gk parenthesis f. 
 parentithemi put in beside (para- 1 + en-(2) + 
 tithemi place)] 
 
 parenthesize, v.t. Insert (words &c. or 
 abs.) as parenthesis; put between marks of 
 parenthesis, [f. prec, see -ize] 
 
 parenthe'tic, a. Of, inserted as a, paren* 
 thesis; (fig.) interposed. Hence parenthe- 
 tic a l a., papenthe'ticalLY 2 adv. [f. med.L 
 parentheticus (as parenthesis, see -etic)] 
 
 pa'resis, n. (med.). Partial paralysis, af- 
 fecting muscular motion but not sensation. 
 So paPETic a. [f. Gk paresis f. pariemi let 
 go (para- 1 + hiemi let go)] 
 
 par excellence (F), adv. By virtue of 
 special excellence, above all others that may 
 be so called, as Mayfair was the fashionable 
 quarter p. e. 
 
 pap'get (-j-), v.t., & n. Plaster (wall &c.) ; 
 (n.) plaster, [prob. f. OF pargeter, por-, f. L 
 PROtfectare =jactare frequent, of jacere j act- 
 throw)] 
 
 parhelion (par-h-), n. Spot on solar halo at; 
 which light is intensified, mock-sun. Hence 
 parheli'ACAL, paphe'lic, aa. [f. L f. Gk 
 parelion (para- 1 + helios sun)] 
 
 par'iah (or par-), n. Member of a low caste 
 in S. India ; member of low or no caste ; (fig.) 
 social outcast ; p.-dog, yellow vagabond dog of 
 low breed in India &c. [f. Tamil paraiyar pi. 
 of paraiyan drummer (parai drum)] 
 
 Pap'ian, a. & n. Of the island of Paros, 
 famed for white marble; (n.) fine white kind 
 of porcelain, [f. L Parius of Paros + -an] 
 
 parretal, a. Of the wall of the body or of 
 any of its cavities ; p. bones, pair forming part 
 of sides & top of skull ; (Bot.) of the wall of a 
 hollow structure &c. [f. F parietal f. L parie- 
 talis (paries -etis wall, see -al)] 
 
 pari mutuel (F), n. Form of betting in 
 which those who have staked on winning 
 horse divide the stakes on the rest. [= mutual 
 stake] 
 
 par'i pa'ssu, adv. With equal pace ; simul- 
 taneously & equally. [L] 
 
 Pa'Pis, n. Capital of France ; P. blue, bright 
 Prussian blue, (also) bright blue got from ani- 
 line ; P. doll, dressmaker's lay figure ; P. white, 
 fine whiting used in polishing; plaster-o/-P. 
 
 pa'Pish, n. Subdivision of county, having 
 its own church & clergyman ; (also civil p.) dis- 
 trict constituted for administration of Poor- 
 law &c, as go on the p., receive parochial re- 
 lief ; the inhabitants of a p. ; p. clerk, official 
 performing various duties connected with the 
 church, esp. (formerly) leading responses ; p. 
 
PARISHIONER 
 
 co until, local administrative body in rural civil 
 p. ; p. lantern ; p.-register, book recording 
 christenings, marriages, & burials, at p. church, 
 ff. OF paroche f. LL parochia f. L f. Gk paroi- 
 kia district round (a church) f. paroikos (para- l 
 + -oikos -dwelling f. oikeo dwell)] 
 papi'sMoner (-shone?'), n. Inhabitant of 
 parish. If. OF paroissien (paroissc f. pop.L 
 *parotia as prec, see -an) + -er 1 ] 
 Parrsian (-z-), a. & n. (Native, inhabitant) 
 of Paris, [f. F parisien f. med.L parisianus 
 (Parisii Paris, see -an)] 
 
 papisylla'bic, a, (Of Gk & L nouns) having 
 same number of syllables in nominative as in 
 oblique cases of singular, [f. L par equal + 
 syllabic] 
 
 pa'Pity, n. Equality, esp. among members 
 or ministers of church ; parallelism, analogy, 
 as p. of reasoning ; standard of price in another 
 currency, [f. L paritas (as prec, see -tv)] 
 papk 1 , n. Large enclosed piece of ground, 
 usu. with woodland & pasture, attached to 
 country house &c. ; enclosure in town orna- 
 mentally laid out for public recreation ; The P. , 
 (now) Hyde P., (formerly) St James's P. ; large 
 tract of land kept in natural state for public 
 benefit ; (space occupied by) artillery, stores, 
 &c, in encampment; oyster-p., enclosed area 
 for oyster-breeding, overflowed by sea at high 
 tide. Hence pap'kisii 1 a. {ME, f. OF pare f. 
 WG *parruk, whence OE pearroc, dial, par- 
 rock, paddock] 
 
 park 2 , v.t. Enclose (ground) in or as park ; 
 (Mil.) arrange (artillery &c.) compactly in a 
 park. [f. prec] 
 
 pap'kin, n. (north). Cake of oatmeal & 
 treacle. I?] 
 
 pap'lance, n. Way of speaking, as in com- 
 mon, legal, &c, p. [OF (parler speak f. LL 
 parabolare talk, as parable, see -ance)] 
 pap'ley 1 , n. Conference for debating of 
 points in dispute, esp. (Mil.) discussion of 
 terms, as beat, sound, a p., call for it by drum 
 or trumpet, [f. F parler, see prec] 
 pap'ley 2 , v.i. & t. Discuss terms (ivith ene- 
 my &c) ; speak (esp. foreign language), [f. or 
 as prec] 
 
 parleyvoo*, n., & v.i. (facet.). French; 
 Frenchman; (v.i.) speak French, [f. F parlez- 
 vous (francais) ? do you speak (French)?] 
 parliament (-lim-), n. Council forming 
 with the Sovereign the supreme legislature of 
 United Kingdom, consisting of House of Lords 
 (Spiritual & Temporal) & House of Commons 
 (representatives of counties, cities, &c); (of 
 King) open P., declare it open with ceremonial ; 
 corresponding legislative assembly in other 
 countries; long 1 P. (met Nov. 3rd, 1640, dis- 
 solved March 1660) ; Short P. (sat from Apr. 13 
 to May 5, 1610) : (also p. -cake) thin crisp cake of 
 gingerbread, [f. OF parlcment speaking (as 
 parlance, see -ment)] 
 papliamentap'ian, n. $c a. Skilled debater 
 in parliament; adherent of Parliament in Civil 
 War of 17th c; (adj.) = foil, [foil., -an] 
 parliamentary (-lim-), a. Of parliament ; 
 p. agent (charged with interests of party con- 
 cerned in private legislation of Parliament); 
 enacted, established, by Parliament ; p. train 
 (carrying passengers at rate not above Id. per 
 mile) ; (of language) admissible in Parliament, 
 (colloq.) civil, [-arv 1 ] 
 
 pap'loup (-er), n. Ordinary sitting-room of 
 family in private house; room in inn for pri- 
 vate conversation ; p.-boarder, boarding-school 
 pupil living in principal's family ; p.-car (U.S.), 
 luxuriously fitted railway carriage; p. -maid, 
 maid who waits at table, [f. OF parleor L 
 
 596 PARRY 
 
 med.L parlatorium {parlare talk, see par- 
 lance & -orv)] 
 
 parlous, a. & adv. (archaic, facet.). Peril- 
 ous ; hard to deal with ; surprisingly clever 
 &c; (adv.) extremely. [= perilous] 
 Parmesa'n (-z-), a. & n. P. (cheese), kind of 
 cheese made at Parma & elsewhere. [F, f. It. 
 parmegiano of Parma] 
 
 Parna'ssus, n. Mountain in central Greece, 
 anciently sacred to Muses. So Parna'ssiAN 
 a. [L, f. Gk Parna(s)sos] 
 Pap'nellism, n. Policy of Irish Home-Rule 
 party led by C. S. Parnell from 1880 to 1891. So 
 Pap'nelliTE 1 n. [ism] 
 
 papd'chial (-k-), a. Of a parish ; (fig., of af- 
 fairs &c) confined to narrow area. Hence 
 papo'ehialiSM, papoehia'liTY, nn., papo'- 
 ehializE(3) v.t., papo*chialLY 2 adv. [OF, f. 
 LL parochialis (as parish, see -al)] 
 pa'pody, n., & v.t. Composition in which 
 an author's characteristics are ridiculed by 
 imitation ; feeble imitation, travesty ; (v.t.) 
 make (literary work, manner,* &c) ridiculous 
 by imitation. So pa'PodiST(3) n. [(vb f. n.) 
 f. Gk paroidia (para- 1 + oide song, ode)] 
 papo'le (-ol), n., & v.t. (Also p. of honour, 
 F p. d'honneur) word of honour, esp. (Mil.) pri- 
 soner's promise that he will not attempt escape, 
 or will return to custody if liberated, or will 
 refrain from taking up arms against captors 
 for stated period; on p., (liberated) on this 
 understanding; (Mil.) password used only by 
 officers or inspectors of guard (cf. counter- 
 sign) ; (v.'t.) put (prisoner) on p. [(vb f. n.) F, 
 = word, as parable] 
 
 paronoma'sia (-z-, -s-), n. Word-play, pun. 
 [L, f. Gk paronomasia (para- 1 + onomasia f. 
 onomazo f. onoma name)] 
 paroquet. See parakeet. 
 papo'tid, a. & n. Situated near the ear, esp. 
 p. gland (in front of ear, with p. duct, opening 
 into mouth) ; (n.) p. gland, [f. F parotide f. L 
 f. Gk parotis -idos (para- l + ous otos ear)] 
 papoti'tis, n. Mumps, [f. prec + -itis] 
 pa'poxysm, n. Fit of disease ; fit (o/rage, 
 laughter, &c). Hence paPOxysmAL a. [f. F 
 paroxysme f. L f. Gk paroxusmos f. paroxuno 
 exasperate (para- l + oxuno sharpen f. oxus 
 sharp)] 
 
 papo'xytone (-tn), a. & n. (Gk gram.). 
 (Word) with acute accent on last syllable but 
 one. [f. Gk paroxutonos (para- ', oxvtone)] 
 pap'pen, n. Stone passing through wall 
 from side to side, with two smooth vertical 
 faces, [f. OF parpain, etyni. dub.] 
 parque't (-k-), n., & v.t. Wooden flooring 
 of pieces of wood, often of different kinds, 
 arranged in pattern; (v.t.) floor (room) thus. So 
 pap'quetRY(l) n. [F,= small compartment, 
 floor, dim. of pare park] 
 pap(p), n. Young salmon. [?] 
 pa'ppieide, n. 1. One who murders his father 
 or near relative or one whose person is held 
 sacred ; person guilty of treason against his 
 country. 2. Any of these crimes. So pappi- 
 ei'dAL a. [F, f. L (1) parricida (2) -cidium\ 
 etym. dub., see -cide] 
 
 pa'ppot, n., & v.t. Genus of birds, of which 
 many species have beautiful plumage, & some 
 can be taught to repeat words ; person who re- 
 peats another's words or imitates his actions 
 unintelligently : (v.t.) repeat (words or abs.) 
 mechanically, drill (person &c) to do this, 
 whence pa*pPOtRY(4) n. ; p. -fish, kinds with 
 brilliant colouring or mouth like p.'s bill. [?] 
 pa'ppy, v.t., & n. Ward off, avert, (weapon, 
 blow, awkward question) ; (n.) warding off", 
 [f. F parer f. It. & L parare prepare] 
 
PARSE 
 
 597 
 
 PARTISAN 
 
 parse (-z, -s), v.t. Describe (word) grammati- 
 cally, stating inflexion, relation to sentence, 
 &c. ; resolve (sentence) into its component 
 parts Sa describe them. [prob. f. L pais part] 
 Parsee 1 , n. Adherent of zoroastrianism, 
 descendant of Persians who fled to India from 
 Mohammedan persecution in 7th Sa 8th cc, 
 whence Parsee*is.M(3) n.; language of Persia 
 under Sassanian kings, [f. Pers. Pai'si Persian 
 {Pars Persia)] 
 
 pap'simony, n. Carefulness in employment 
 of money Sac. or (fig.) of immaterial things; 
 stinginess; law of p. (that no more causes or 
 forces should be "assumed than are necessary 
 to account for the facts). So parsimo'ni- 
 ous a., parsimo'niousi.v- adv., parsi- 
 mo'nious.NESS n. If. L parsimonia, parci-, 
 {parcere pai's- spare, see -monv)] 
 par'sley, n. Biennial umbelliferous plant 
 with white flowers & aromatic leaves, used 
 for seasoning & garnishing dishes, [(partly thr. 
 OF j)eresil) f. LL petrosilium f. L f. Gk petro- 
 selinoyi (petra rock + sefinon parsley)J 
 par'snip, n. (Plant with, yellow flowers &) 
 pale yellow root used as culinary vegetable; 
 fine words butter 2 no pp. [ME passenep, 
 ult. f. Lpastinaca {pastinum digging-fork)] 
 parson, n. Rector ; vicar or any beneficed 
 clergyman; (colloq.) any clergyman ; p. -bird, 
 N. -Zealand bird with dark plumage Sa white 
 neck ; p. 's 7iose, rump of fowl &c. Hence pap- 
 so'nic a. [ME Sa OF persone f. L persona 
 person, (med.L) rector] 
 
 par'sonage (-ij), n. Rector's or other in- 
 cumbent's house, [var. of personage] 
 part 1 , n. Some but not all of a thing or 
 number of things, as (a) p. of it teas spoilt, (a) 
 p. of t hem have arrived, (a) great part of this 
 is true, most p. (the majority) of them failed ; 
 division of book &c, csp. as much as is issued 
 at one time ; portion of animal body ; the (privy) 
 pp. ; each of several equal portions of a whole, 
 as t hree pp. (quarters), 19 pp. (twentieths), take 
 3 pp. of sugar, 5 of flour, 2 of ground rice, &c, 
 portion allotted, share, esp. have neither p. nor 
 lot (no concern) in ; art 2 & p.; person's share 
 in action, his duty, as Ihavedone my p., it was 
 not my p. to interfere ; character assigned to 
 actor on stage ; words spoken by actor on stage; 
 copy of these ; (fig.) play a noble, an unworthy, 
 p., behave nobly Sac, play a p., act deceitfully; 
 (Mus.) each of the successions of notes that 
 make up a harmony, melody assigned to parti- 
 cular voice or instrument; (pi., archaic) abili- 
 ties, as a man of (good) pp. ; region, as a 
 stranger in these pp. ; side in dispute; p. & 
 parcel, essential p. ; p. of speech, each of the 
 grammatical classes of words (noun, adjective, 
 pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunc- 
 tion, interjection) ; for the mostp., inmost cases, 
 mostly ; take p., assist (in doing, in discussion 
 &c.) ; take the p. of, support, back up ; for my 
 p., as far as I am concerned ; in p., partly ; take 
 (words, action) in good p., not be offended at; 
 on the p. of, proceeding from, done &c. by, as 
 there was no objection on my p.; p.-oicner, one 
 who owns in common with othcrs;p. -song, song 
 for three or more voice-parts, usu. without 
 accompaniment, Sa in simple harmony. IOE, f. 
 Ij pars partis] 
 
 pant 2 , v.t. & i. Divide (t. & i.) into parts, as 
 the crowd parted & let him through, an islet 
 parts the stream, the cord parted (broke) ; 
 separate (hair of head) Avith comb; separate 
 (combatants, friends, &c); p. company, dissolve 
 companionship (with) ; quit one another's com- 
 pany, as let us p. friends, the best of friends 
 must p.\ p. with, give up, surrender, (property 
 
 &c); (archaic) distribute (thing) in sharc= 
 If. F partir f. L part ire, -?•/, divide, as prec 1 
 
 parta-ke, v.t. Sa i. Take a share in ; take a 
 share (in or of thing, with person); take csn 
 cat or drink some or (colloq.) all of, as he par- 
 took of our loiclyfare, partook oj a bun • have 
 some (of quality ice), as his manner partakes 
 of insolence, [back-formation f. partaker - 
 part-taker] 
 
 parterre* (-ar), n. Level space in garden 
 occupied by flower-beds ; part of ground-floor 
 of auditorium of theatre, behind orchestra. [F, 
 -par terre on the ground] 
 
 parthenogenesis, n. (biol.). Reproduc- 
 tion without union of sexual elements. So 
 parthenog-enE'Tic a. [f. Gk parthenos vir- 
 gin + GENESIS] 
 
 Par-thian, a. Of Parthia, ancient kingdom 
 of \V. Asia; P. shaft, glance, Sac, remark, 
 glance, &c, reserved for the moment of one's 
 departure, like missile discharged backwards 
 by flying P. horseman, [-an] 
 
 par'tial (-shl), a. Biased, unfair; p. to, hav- 
 ing a liking for (person, thing) ; forming only a 
 part, not complete, as a p. success ; p. eclipse 
 (in which part only of the luminary is covered 
 or darkened). Hence par'tialLY 2 adv. [f. 
 OF parcia! f. LL partialis (as part 1 , sec -al)] 
 
 partia'lity <-shi-), n. Liking, preference, 
 fondness, (for, to), [f. OF parcialiti f. med.L 
 pariialitas (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 participate, v.t. & i. Have share in (thing 
 with person) ; have share (in thing with person); 
 havesomethingo/, ashispoemsp. of the nature 
 of satire. So parti'eipANT, partieipA'TioN, 
 parti'eipatOR 2 , nn. [f. L participare (as 
 part + cip- = cap- st. of capere take)] 
 
 par'tieiple, n. Verbal adjective qualifying 
 noun but retaining some properties of verb, 
 e.g. tense & government .of object. So par- 
 tiei'piAL a., partiei'pialLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L 
 participium sharing, participle, (as prec.)] 
 
 par'ticle, n. Minute portion of matter; 
 smallest possible amount, as has not a p. of 
 sense ; minor part of speech, esp. short inde- 
 clinable one. [f. Lparticnla (part 1 , -cole)] 
 
 par 'to-coloured, par'ty-, a. Partly of 
 one colour, partly of another, [prob. f. tarty 2 ] 
 
 particular, a. Sa n. Relating to one as dis- 
 tinguished from others, special; P. Baptists, 
 body holding doctrines of p. election Sa p. re- 
 demption (i.e. of only some of the human race); 
 one considered apart from others, individual, 
 as this p. tax is no worse than others ; worth 
 notice, special, as took p. trouble, for nop. rea- 
 son; minute,as full & p. account', scrupulously 
 exact; fastidious (about, w hat or as to what 
 one cats &c.) ; in p., especially, as mentioned 
 one case in p.; (n.) detail, item, (pi.) detailed 
 account. Hence or cogn. partieula'riTY n«, 
 parti'cularLY 2 adv. [f. OF particider f. L 
 particular is (as particle, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 particularism, n. Doctrine of particular 
 election or redemption ; exclusive devotion to 
 a party, sect, &c; principle of leaving political 
 independence to each State in an empire &c. So 
 parti'culariST n. [ism] 
 
 particularize, v.t. Name specially or one 
 by one, specify, (often abs.). Hence particu- 
 larizA'noN n. [f. F particulariser (as par- 
 ticular, see -ize)] 
 
 par'tingr, n. In vbl senses, esp.: leave-taking 
 (often attrib., as p. injunctions) ; dividing line 
 of combed hair ; p. of the ways, point at which 
 road divides into two or more (often fig. of 
 choice between courses), [-ing ] ] 
 
 partisa'n 1 (-z-), -zan, (or part-), n. Ad- 
 herent of party, cause, &c, esp. unreasoning 
 
PARTISAN 
 
 598 
 
 PASS 
 
 one (often attrib., as in a p. spirit) ; (hist.) mem- 
 ber of light irregular troops employed in special 
 enterprises. Hence partisa'nsmp n. [F, f. It. 
 partigiano (parte part, see -an)] 
 
 pap'tisan 2 (-z-), -zan, n. (hist.). Long 
 handled spear like halberd, [f. F partizane f. 
 It. partesana, etym. dub. J 
 
 pap'tite, a. (bot. , entom.). Divided (nearly) 
 to the base. [f. L partiri -it- part 2 )] 
 
 papti'tion, n., & v.t. Division into parts; 
 such part ; structure separating two such parts, 
 esp. slight wall, whence papti'tionED 2 a.; 
 (Law) division of real property between joint- 
 tenants &c; (v.t.) divide into parts; p. off, 
 separate (part of room &c.) by a p. [(vb f. n.) F, 
 f. hpartitionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 pap'titive, a. & n. (Word) denoting part of 
 a collective whole (e. g. some, any) ; p. genitive, 
 that used to indicate a whole divided into parts, 
 expressed in English by of. Hence pap'ti- 
 tiveLV 2 adv. [f. L partitivus (partite, -ive)] 
 
 Pap'tlet, n. used as proper name for a hen, 
 esp. Dame P., also applied to women, [f. OF 
 Pertelote, female proper name] 
 
 pap'tly, adv. With respect to a part ; in 
 some degree, [-lv 2 ] 
 
 pap'tnep, n., & v.t. Sharer (with person, in 
 or of thing) ; person associated with others in 
 business of which he shares risks & profits ; 
 SLKKP 2 ing p.; predominant p., England (among 
 constituents of United Kingdom) ; wife, hus- 
 band ; companion in dance; player associated 
 with another in whist, tennis, &c. ; (Naut., pi.) 
 timber framework round hole in deck through 
 which mast, pump, &c, passes ; (v.t.) associate 
 (persons, one with another) as pp., (also) be p. of. 
 Hence pap'tnePLESS a., pap'tnepsmp u. 
 [prob. var. of parcener, see co-parcener] 
 
 pap'tpidjje, n. Kinds of game-bird, esp. 
 Common or Grey P. ; p.-ivood, hard red wood 
 used for cabinet work &c, (also) speckled effect 
 produced on wood by certain fungus. [ME 
 pertrich^xilt. f. L f. Gk perdix -dikos] 
 
 parturient, a. About to give birth (often 
 fig. of the mind &c). [f. L parturire be in 
 labour (parere part- bear), see -ent] 
 
 paptupi'tion, n. Childbirth (also fig.), [f. L 
 parturitio, as prec, see -ion] 
 
 pap'ty 1 , n. Body of persons united in a 
 cause, opinion, &c; system of taking sides on 
 public questions ; p. spirit, zeal for a p., so p.- 
 spiritecl ; body of persons travelling or engaged 
 together, as fishing, reading, -p. ; social gather- 
 ing, esp. of invited guests at private house, as 
 dinner, tea, p.; each of the two or more per- 
 sons making the two sides in legal action, con- 
 tract, marriage, &c. ; accessory ( f o action); 
 (now vulg. or facet.) person, as an old p. icith 
 spectacles; p.-coloured, see parti-coloured ; 
 p. -wall, wall shared by each of the occupiers of 
 the two buildings &c. that it separates, [f. F 
 partie (partir t. L partire part 2 )| 
 
 pap'ty 2 , a. (herald.). Divided into parts of 
 different tinctures, [f. F parti, as prec] 
 
 par'venu (or as F), n. Person of obscure 
 origin who has gained wealth or position, up- 
 start, (often attrib.). [F, p.p. of parvcnir arrive 
 f. L PER(ye/u're come)] 
 
 pap'vis, n. Enclosed area in front of cathe- 
 dral, church, &c. [F,f. OF pare(v)isf. hparadi- 
 sus paradise, court in front of St Peter's, Rome] 
 
 pas (pah), n. Precedence, esp. dispute, give, 
 take, the p.; step in dancing, as p. seul (serl), p. 
 de deux (der), dance for one, two. [F, = step] 
 
 pa'schal (-kl), a. Of the Jewish Passover; 
 of Easter, [f. F pascal f. LL paschalis (pascha 
 f. Gk paskha f. Heb. pesakh Passover f. pasakh 
 pass over, see -al)] 
 
 pa*sha, -cha, (pairsha, pa'sha, pashah*), n. 
 Turkish officer of high rank, e. g. military com- 
 mander, governor of province, &c; p. of three, 
 tico, tails, of one tail, (of first, second, third, 
 grade; from number of horse-tails displayed 
 as symbol in war). (Turk, (-sha)] 
 
 pa'shalic, -eh-, (or pashah*-), n. Jurisdic- 
 tion of pasha, [f. Turk, pashalik] 
 
 pa'shm, n. Under-fur of hairy quadrupeds 
 in Tibet &c, esp. that of goats as used for Cash- 
 mere shawls. [Pers., = wool] 
 
 pa'sque-flower (-k-), n. Anemone with 
 bell-shaped purple flowers, [orig. passe-flower, 
 f. F passefleur (surpassing flower) w. assiin. to 
 obs. Pasque Easter (paschal)] 
 
 pasquina'de (kw), n. Lampoon, satire, 
 orig. one affixed to public place, [f. It. pasqui- 
 nata(Pasquino, statue at Rome on which Latin 
 verses were annually posted, see -ade)] 
 
 pass 1 , v.t. & i. (p.p. passed or as adj. past). 
 
 1. intr. Move onward, proceed, (along, down, 
 over, on, &c.) ; circulate, be current ; p. for, be 
 accepted as ; p. (be currently known) by the 
 name of ; be transported from place to place ; 
 change (into something, from one state to 
 another) ; die (now usu. p. hence, p. from among 
 •us, &c.) ; go by, as saw the procession p., time 
 passes rapidly, remarks p. unnoticed ; come 
 to an end, as kingdoms & nations p. ; get 
 through, effect a passage ; go uncensured, be 
 accepted as adequate ; (of bill in Parliament, 
 proposal, &c.) be sanctioned; (of candidate) 
 satisfy examiner ; happen, be done or said, as I 
 saw or heard what was passing ; adjudicate 
 (upon) ; (of judgment) be given (for plaintiff 
 &c); (Cards) forgo one's opportunity, e.g. of 
 making trump, (also) throw up one's hand. 
 
 2. trans. Leave (thing &c.) on one side or be- 
 hind as one goes ; go across (sea, frontier, moun- 
 tain-range) ; (of bill) be examined & approved 
 by (House of Commons &c. ); reach standard 
 required by (examiner, examination) ; p. mus- 
 ter 1 ; outstrip ; surpass ; be too great for, as it 
 passes my comprehension ; transport (usu. w. 
 prep, or adv.) ; move, cause to go, as passed his 
 hand across his forehead, p. your eye (glance) 
 over this letter, p. a rope round it ; cause to 
 go by, as p. (troops) in review; cause, allow, 
 (measure in Parliament, candidate for exami- 
 nation, &c.) to proceed after scrutiny; spend 
 (time, the winter, &c.) ; hand round, transfer, as 
 read this & p. it on ; give currency to (coin, esp. 
 base coin) ; pledge (one's word, oath, &c. > ; utter 
 (criticism, judicial sentence, upon) : p. the time 
 of day. 3. Spec, senses w. advv. & prepp. : p. 
 away, die, come to an end ; p. by (adv. or prep.), 
 omit, disregard ; p. off, (of sensations &c.) dis- 
 appear gradually, (of proceedings) be carried 
 through (without a hitch &c), (trans.) palm off 
 (thing upon person for or as what it is not) ; p. 
 over (adv. orprep.),omit.makenoremark upon, 
 as p. over his subsequent conduct, p. it over in 
 silence ; p. through, experience, [f. F passer f. 
 L passus paceI 
 
 pass 2 , n. Passing, esp. of examination ; 
 (Univv.) attainment of standard that satisfies 
 examiners but does not entitle to honours ; 
 bring to p., accomplish, carry out; come to p., 
 happen ; critical position, as things have come 
 to a strange p.; written permission to pass into 
 or out of a place ; (usu. free p.) ticket authoriz- 
 ing holder to travel free on railway &c; thrust 
 in fencing; juggling trick; passing of hands 
 over anything, esp. in mesmerism ; p. -book, 
 book supplied by bank to person having current 
 ordepositaccount, showing all sums deposited 
 & drawn ; p. -key, private key to gate &c. for 
 special purposes, (also) master-key ; pa'ssman. 
 
PASS 
 
 599 
 
 PASTERN 
 
 one "who takes p. degree at university ; pass- 
 word, watchword, [partly f. prec., partly f. F 
 passe as prec.] 
 
 pass 3 , n. Narrow passage through moun- 
 tains; (Mil.) place commanding such passage 
 viewed as key to a country ; navigable channel, 
 esp. at river's mouth ; passage for tish over weir. 
 If. F pas f. L passus pace] 
 
 pa'ssable, a. In vbl senses, esp. that can 
 pass muster, fairly good, whence pa'ssabLY 2 
 adv. [-able] 
 
 pa'ssage x (-ij), n. Passing, transit ; bird of 
 p. ; transition from one state to another ; liberty, 
 right, to pass through ; voyage, crossing, from 
 port to port; right of conveyance as passenger 
 by sea ; passing of a measure into law ; way by 
 which one passes; corridor &c. giving com- 
 munication between different rooms in house ; 
 (pl.)whatpassesbetweentwopersonsmutually, 
 interchange of confidences &c. ; p. (of or at 
 arms), fight (often fig.) ; part of a speech or 
 literary work taken for quotation &c. [F (as 
 pass 1 , see -age)] 
 
 pa'ssage 2 (-ij), v.i. & t. (Of horse or rider) 
 move sideways, by pressure of rein on horse's 
 neck & of rider's leg on opposite side ; make 
 (horse) do this. [f. F passager, earlier passiger 
 f. It. passeggiare (passeggio walk f. h passus 
 
 PACE)] 
 
 passant, a. (herald.). Walking, & looking 
 to dexter side, with three paws on ground & 
 dexter fore-paw raised. [F, part, as pass 1 ] 
 
 pass6 (F), a. (fem. -sie). Past the prime, 
 esp. (of woman) past the period of greatest 
 beauty; behind the times. [F, p.p. as pass 1 ] 
 
 passementerie (F), n. Trimming of gold 
 or silver lace, braid, beads, &c. [F (passcment 
 gold lace &c. as pass 1 , see-MENT & -ery)] 
 
 pa'ssengep (-J-), n. Traveller in public con- 
 veyance by land or water \foot-p., traveller on 
 foot ; p.-piqeon, wild pigeon of N. America, 
 capable of long flight. [ME & F (n. & a.) pass- 
 ager (passage, see -ier)] 
 
 passe-partout (pahspartoo*), n. Master- 
 key ; mount for photograph &c. [F, = pass 
 everywhere] 
 
 pa'ssep, n. In vbl senses ; p.-by, one who 
 passes, esp. casually, [-er 1 ] 
 
 pa'sserine, a. & n. (Bird) of the order of 
 Passeres or Perchers ; of the size of a sparrow. 
 [f. L passer sparrow -f- -lne 1 ] 
 
 pa'ssible, n. (theol.). Capable of feeling or 
 suffering. So passiBi'LiTY n. [OF, f. LL 
 passibilis {pati pass- suffer, see -ble)] 
 
 pa'ssim, adv. (Of allusions, phrases, &c., to 
 be found in specified author or book) in every 
 part, as this occurs in Miltonp. [L, = scatter- 
 edly (pandere pass- spread)] 
 
 pa'ssing" 1 , n. In vbl senses ;p.-bell (rung in 
 moment of person's death) ; p. -note (not belong- 
 ing to the harmony but interposed to secure 
 smooth transition). [-ING 1 ] 
 
 pa'ssing* 2 , a. & adv. In vbl senses, esp. : 
 transient, fleeting; cursory, incidental ; (adv., 
 archaic) very (esp. p. rich), [-ing 2 ] 
 
 passion 1 (pa\shn), n. Strong emotion ; out- 
 burstof anger; sexual love ; strong enthusiasm 
 (for thing, for doing) ; (usu. P-) sufferings of 
 Christ on cross, (musical setting of) narrative 
 of this from Gospels ; p. -play, mystery-play re- 
 presenting Christ's P. ; p. -flower, genus of 
 (chiefly climbing) plants, flower of which was 
 supposed to suggest instruments of Christ's P.; 
 P. Sunday, fifth Sunday in Lent; P. (also Holy) 
 Week, week before Easter. Hence pa'ssion- 
 Less a., pa'ssionlessLY 2 adv., pa'ssion- 
 lessxESS n. [OF, f. L passionem {pati pass- 
 suffer, see -ion)] 
 
 pa'ssion 2 , v.i. (poet.). Feel or express pas- 
 sion, [f. OF passionner, as prec] 
 
 pa-ssional », n. Book of the sufferings of 
 saints & martyrs, [f. med.L passionate neut. 
 adj. as n. (as foil.)] 
 
 pa'ssional 2 , a. Of, marked by, passion, 
 [f. LL passionalis (as passion \ see -al)] 
 
 pa'ssionate (-at), a. Easily moved to an- 
 ger; dominated by, easily moved to, strong 
 feeling; (of language &c.) showing passion. 
 Hence pa*ssionateLv 2 adv., pa'ssionate- 
 NESsn. [f. med.L passionatus (as passion 1 , 
 see -ate 2 )] 
 
 Pa'ssionist, n. Member of an order pledg- 
 ed to do their utmost to keep alive the memory 
 of Christ's Passion, [-ist] 
 
 pa'ssive, a. & n. Suffering action, acted 
 upon ; (Gram.) p. voice (comprising those forms 
 of transitive verbs that attribute the verbal 
 action to the person &c. to whom it is directed, 
 cf. active) ; offering no opposition, submissive; 
 p. resistance; not active, inert; p. debt (on 
 which no interest is paid); (n.) p. voice or form 
 of verb. Hence pa*ssiveLY 2 adv., pa*ssive- 
 ness, passrviTY, nn. [f. L passivus (pati 
 pass- suffer, see -ive)] 
 
 pa'ssover, n. Jewish feast commemorating 
 passing over of Israelites' houses when Egyp- 
 tians were smitten {Exod. xii), held on ltth day 
 of month Nisan ; Paschal lamb ; (fig.) Christ 
 (1 Cor. v. 7). 
 
 pa'ssport, n. Document issued by compe- 
 tent authority permitting person specified in it 
 to travel in the country & entitling him to pro- 
 tection ; (fig.) thing that ensures admission, as 
 flattery is the sole p. to his favour. [I. F passe- 
 port {passer p ass ] + port 1 )] 
 
 past *, a. & n. As p.p. or adj. in vbl senses of 
 pass ', esp. : gone by in time, as his prime is p., 
 our p. years ; just gone by, as the p. month, for 
 some time p.; (Gram.) expressing p. action or 
 state, as p. tense, p. participle ; p.-master, one 
 who hasbeen master in guild, freemasons'lodge, 
 &c, (also) thorough master (in, of, a subject). 
 (X.) p. time, esp. the p. ; what has happened in 
 p. time, as cannot vndo the p.; person's p. life 
 or career, esp. one that will not bear inquiry, 
 as a woman with a p. 
 
 past 2 , prep. & adv. Beyond in time or place, 
 as stayed till p. tico o'clock, half p. three, old 
 man p. seventy, ran p. the house ; beyond the 
 range or compass of, as p. endurance, bearing, 
 praying for ; (adv.) so as to pass by, as hastens 
 p. [prob. f. misuse of ampast with object, past 
 being then mistaken for prep., e.g. I was now 
 p. the house] 
 
 paste 1 , n. Flour moistened & kneaded 
 with butter, suet, &c. ; kinds of sweet confec- 
 tion ; relish of pounded fish, as anchovy p. ; 
 cement made of flour & water ; any soft plastic 
 mixture ; hard vitreous composition used in 
 making imitations of precious stones ; paste- 
 board, stiff substance made by pasting together 
 sheets of paper, (attrib., fig.) unsubstantial, 
 flimsy, (slang) visiting-card, playing-card, rail- 
 way-ticket. [OF, f. com. -Rom. pasta perh. f. 
 Gk paste (pastos sprinkled)] 
 
 paste 2 , v.t. Fasten with paste; stick up 
 (playbill &c.) on wall with paste ; cover (thing 
 with paper &c.) by pasting, [f. prec] 
 
 pa'stel, n. Woad ; blue dye from this ; dry 
 paste made by compounding pigments with 
 gum-water, used for crayons; drawing in p., 
 whence pa'stel(l)iST n. [F, f. It. pastello 
 woad, dim. of pasta paste 1 ] 
 
 pa'stern, n. Part of horse's foot between 
 fetlock & hoof. [f. OF pasturon f. OF pasture 
 (perh. as pasture)] 
 
PASTEURISM 
 
 600 
 
 PATHETIC 
 
 Pa'steurism (-c?--), n. Prevention or cure 
 of diseases esp. hydrophobia by successive in- 
 oculations. [£ L. Pasteur, French scientist 
 (1822-1895) + -ISM] 
 
 Pa'steupize, v.t. Sterilize (milk &c.) by ex- 
 posure to high temperature ; treat by Pasteur- 
 ism. Hence PasteurizATioN n. [-ize] 
 
 pasti'eeio (itsho), pasti'ehe <-esh), nn. 
 Medley, esp. musical composition, picture, 
 made up from various sources. [F (-iche) f. It. 
 (■iccio), f. pasta paste J] 
 
 pa's til, pastrlle (-el), n. Small roll of 
 aromatic paste burntasfumigator&c; lozenge. 
 \F{-le) f. Lpzstillus small roll, etym. dub.J 
 
 pa'stime, n. Recreation ; game, sport, [f. 
 pass 1 + time] 
 
 pa'stop, n. Minister in charge of church or 
 congregation, whence pa'stopsmp n.; person 
 exercising spiritual guidance; kind of starling. 
 [OF, f. L pastorem shepherd (pascere past- 
 
 pa'stopal, a. & n. Of shepherds ; (of land) 
 used for pasture; (of poems &c.) portraying 
 country life, whence pa'stopaliSM n.; of a 
 pastor, as p. epistles (of Paul to Timothy & 
 Titus, dealing with pastor's work). (X.) p. play, 
 poem, poetry, or picture ; letter from pastor, 
 esp. bishop, to clergy or people. Hence pastop- 
 a'liTV n., pa'stOPalLY 2 adv. [f. lupastoralis 
 (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 pastora'le (ahli), n. (pi. -ali. pron. -le, or 
 -ales). Musical composition dealing with pas- 
 toral subject. [It., as prec] 
 
 pa'storate (-at), n. Pastor's (tenure of) office ; 
 body of pastors, [f. med.L pastorat us (as pas- 
 tor, see -ate J)] 
 
 pa'stpy, n. Baked flour-paste ; ai'ticles of 
 food made wholly or partly of this ; p. -cook, one 
 who makes p., esp. for public sale. [prob. f. 
 
 PASTE 1 +-RV] 
 
 pa'stupag-e (Ij), n. Pasturing ; herbage for 
 cattle &c; pasture-land. [OF, as foil, see -age] 
 
 pa'stupe (-tsher), n., & v.t. & i. Herbage for 
 cattle ; (piece of) land covered with this ; (v.t.) 
 lead, put, (cattle) to p., (of sheep &c.) cat down 
 (grass-land), (of person) put sheep &c. on (land) 
 to graze, whence pa'stuPABLE a.; (v.i.) graze. 
 [F, f. LL pastura (as pastor, see -ure)] 
 
 pa'sty 1 (pah-, pa-), n. Pie of venison &c. en- 
 closed in pastry & baked without dish. [f. OF 
 pasUe f. com. -Rom. pasta paste, cf. -ade] 
 
 pa'sty 2 , a. Of, like, paste ; (also p.-faced) of 
 pale complexion. l-Y 2 ] 
 
 pat 1 , n. Stroke, tap, esp. with hand as caress 
 &c; small mass (esp. of butter) formed by pat- 
 ting; sound made by striking lightly with 
 something flat. [prob. imit.] 
 
 pat 2 , v.t. & i. Strike (thing) gently with flat 
 surface; flatten thus; p.-a-cake, first words of 
 nursery rhyme, connected child's game ; strike 
 gently with inner surface of fingers, esp. to 
 mark sympathy, approbation, &c; (fig.) p. (per- 
 son, oneself) on the back, express approbation 
 of ; beat lightly upon. [w. prec] 
 
 pat 3 , adv. & n. Apposite(ly), opportune(ly), 
 as story came p. to ?iis purpose ; ready for any 
 occasion, as has the story p. [prob. as prec] 
 
 Pat 4 , n. (Nickname for) Irishman, [abbr. of 
 Patrick] 
 
 patagi'um, n. (zool.; pi. -ia). Wing-mem- 
 brane of bat or similar animal. [L, f. Gk pata- 
 geion gold edging on gown, etym. dub.] 
 
 patavi'nity, n. Dialectal characteristics of 
 Patavium (Padua) as seen in Livy's style ; pro- 
 vincialism, [f. L patavinitas (Patavinus of 
 Padua, see -ine 1 & -ity)] 
 
 patch a , n. Piece of cloth, metal, &c, put on 
 to mend hole or rent ; piece of plaster &c put 
 
 over wound ; pad worn to protect injured eye ; 
 not a p. on, not comparable to, nothing to; 
 small piece of black silk or plaster worn esp. in 
 17th & 18th cc to show off complexion ; large or 
 irregular spot on surface ; piece of ground ; 
 number of plants growing on this, as a p. of 
 beans ; scrap, remnant ; patchwork, work made 
 up of fragments of different kinds & colours 
 (often fig. & attrib.). Hence pa'tehERY(l), 
 pa , tehiNESs,nn.,pa*tehiLY 2 adv.,pa , tehY 2 
 a. [ME, etym. dub.] 
 
 patch 2 , v.t. Put patch(es) on ; p, up, repair 
 with patches ; (of material) serve as patch to ; 
 (tig., usu. p. up) repair, set to rights (matter, 
 trouble, quarrel) ; (usu. p. up) put together 
 hastily; piece (things) together (lit. or fig.); 
 appear as patches on (surface), [f. prec] 
 
 pa'tchouli (or patshoo 1 -), n. Odoriferous 
 Indian plant ; perfume got from p. [native] 
 
 pate, n. (now colloq.). Head, often as seat of 
 intellect. Hence -patED 2 a. [?J 
 
 pdt6 (pa'ta), n. Pie, patty ; p. de foie gras, 
 pie &c. of fatted goose liver. [F, f. OF paste, 
 cf. pasty] 
 
 patella, n. Knee-cap, whence pate'llAR ] , 
 pa*tell ate 2 (2), aa.; (Rom. Ant.) small pan. [L, 
 dim. as foil.] 
 
 pa'ten, n. Shallow dish used for bread at 
 eucharist ; thin circular plate of metal, [f. OF 
 patene f. L patena, -ina] 
 
 pa'tent 1 , a. Letters p., open letter from 
 sovereign &c conferring right, title, &c, esp. 
 sole right for a term to make, use, or sell, some 
 invention; conferred, protected, by this; p. 
 leather; (fig.) to which one has proprietary 
 claim ; (of door &c) open, (fig.) plain, obvious, 
 whence pa'tENCY n., pa*tentLY 2 adv. [(part- 
 ly thr. F) f. hpatere lie open, see -ent] 
 
 pa'tent 2 ,n. ^letters patent 1 ; government 
 grant of exclusive privilege of making or sell- 
 ing new invention ; invention, process, so pro- 
 tected ; (fig.) sign that one is entitled to some- 
 thing, possessesaquality, &c,asa7?. p/aerj^7^y; 
 p. office (from which pp. are issued) ; p.-roll 
 (containing pp. issued in Great Britain in a 
 year), [short for letters patent] 
 
 pa'tent 3 , v.t. Obtain patent for (invention). 
 [f. prec] 
 
 patentee*, n. One who has taken out a 
 patent, [-ee] 
 
 pa'ter, n. (slang). Father. [L, = father] 
 
 pa'tepfami'lias, n. (Rom. Law & facet.) 
 head of family. [L] 
 
 patep'nal, a. Of a father ; fatherly ; related 
 through the father, as p. grandmother, father's 
 mother. Hence patep'nali.Y 2 adv. [f. L 
 paternus {pater father), + -al| 
 
 patep'nity, n. Fatherhood ; one's paternal 
 origin; (fig.) authorship, source, [f. F pater- 
 nite f. L paternitatem (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 pa'terno'step, n. The Lord's Prayer, esp. in 
 Latin ; black, white, p., forms of words said as 
 charms &c; dcviVs p., muttered imprecation ; 
 bead in rosary indicating that p. is to be said ; 
 p. -line, weighted fishing-line with hooks at in- 
 tervals.^ [f. L paternoster our father] 
 
 path, n. (pi. pron. -dhz). Footway, esp. one 
 merely beaten by feet, not specially constructed 
 (also pathway) ; track laid for foot or cycle 
 racing, esp. cinder-p.\ line along which person 
 or thing moves. Hence pa'thLESS a. [com.- 
 WG : OE path, Du. pad, G pfad] 
 
 pathe'tic, a. & n. Exciting pity or sadness; 
 of the emotions (p. fallacy, crediting nature 
 with human emotion) ; (n. pi.) study of, indul- 
 gence in, demonstration of, these. Hence pa- 
 the'tic ally adv. |f. LL f. Gk pathetikos 
 ( path-, root of paskho suffer, see -etic)] 
 
PATHO- 
 
 601 
 
 PAUNCH 
 
 patho- in comb. =Gk pathos suffering, dis- 
 ease, passion, as: -ge'nesis, -geny, production 
 of disease, so -gene'tic, -ge'nic, -genous, aa.; 
 -gnomd'nic, characteristic of particular disease; 
 -gnomy (-gn-), study of the emotions, so -gno'- 
 ?nic a.; -logy, science of (usu. bodily) diseases, 
 so -lo'gical a., -lo'gically adv., -logist n. 
 
 pa'thos (or pa-), n. Quality in speech, writ- 
 ing, events, &c, that excites pity or sadness, 
 [f. Gk pathos suffering, see pathetic] 
 
 -pathy, suf. repr. Gk -patheia suffering, feel- 
 ing, in homoiopatheia suffering or feeling alike, 
 extended to allopathy' & (w. sense curative 
 treatment) to other compds, as hydropathy, 
 kinesipathy, electropathy. 
 
 pa'tience (-shns), n. Calm endurance of pain 
 or any provocation ; perseverance ; have no 
 p. with, be irritated by, be unable to endure, 
 (person, his conduct, &c.) ; out of p. with, no 
 longer able to endure ; game of cards, usu. for 
 one ; p. -dock, kinds of plant. [OF, f. hpatientia 
 (as foil., see -ence)] 
 
 pa'tient (-shnt), a. & n. Having, showing, 
 patience; p. of, enduring with patience; (n.) 
 person under medical treatment. Hence pa'- 
 tientLV 2 adv. [OF, f. L pati suffer, see -ent] 
 
 pa'tina, n. Incrustation, usu. green, on sur- 
 face of old bronze, esteemed as ornament. 
 Hence pa'tinated [-ate 2 ], pa'tinous, aa., 
 patinATiON n. [f. F patine etym. dub.; Lhas 
 patina dishj 
 
 pa'tio (pah-), n. Inner court open to sky in 
 Spanish or Span.-Amer. house. [Sp.J 
 
 pa'tois (-wah), n. Dialect of common people 
 in a district, differing materially from the 
 literary language. [F, etym. dub.J 
 
 pa'triareh (-k), n. Father & ruler of family 
 or tribe; (pi.) sons of Jacob, (also) Abraham, 
 Isaac, & Jacob, & their forefathers; (in early & 
 Eastern Churches) bishop, esp. of Antioch, 
 Alexandria, Constantinople, Jerusalem, or 
 Rome ; (in R. C. Church) bishop ranking next 
 above primates & metropolitans ; founder of 
 an order, science, &c; venerable old man ; the 
 oldest living representative (of a class &c). 
 Hence patriar'ehAL a. [f. OF patriarche f. 
 L (-cha) f. Gk patriarkhes (patria family f. 
 pater father + -arkhes ruler)] 
 
 patriarchate (-kat), n. Office, see, resi- 
 dence, of ecclesiastical patriarch ; rank of tribal 
 patriarch, [f. med.L patriarchies (-ate 1 )] 
 
 pa'triarehy, n. Patriarchal system of 
 society, government, &c. So pa'triareh ism 
 n. [f. Gk patriarkhia (as patriarch, see -v J )] 
 
 patri'cian (-shn), n. & a. Ancient Roman 
 noble (cf. plebeian) ; member of a noble order 
 in later Roman Empire ; officer representing 
 Roman Emperor in provinces of Italy & Africa ; 
 nobleman (cf. plebeian), esp. (hist.) in some 
 Italian republics; (adj.) noble, aristocratic, 
 esp. of the ancient Roman nobility. Hence 
 patri'eiansmp n. [f. L patrici us (pater -tris 
 father, pi. senators, nobles) + -an] 
 
 patri'eiate (-shyat), n. Patrician order, 
 aristocracy; rank of patrician. [f. med.L 
 patriciatus (as prec, see -ate ] )] 
 
 pa'tpimony, n. Property inherited from 
 one's father or ancestors, heritage (often fig.) ; 
 endowme-nt of church &c. So patrimd'niAL 
 a. If. F patrinwine f. L patrimoyiium (pater 
 -t7'is father, see -mony)] 
 
 pa'triot (-ot), n. One who defends or is 
 zealous for his country's freedom or rights. 
 Hence orcogn. patrid'tica., patrio'tiCALLV 
 adv., pa'triotis.M n. [f. F patriote f. LL (4a) 
 f. Gk patriotes ( patrios of one's fathers f. pater 
 -tros father, see -ot 2 )] 
 
 patri'stie, a. Of (the study of the writings 
 
 of) the Fathers of the Church, [f. L pater -tris 
 father + -1ST + -ic] 
 
 patrd'l, n., & v.i. & t. (-11-). Going the rounds 
 of garrison, camp, &c; perambulation of town 
 &c. by police ; detachment of guard, police 
 eonstable(s), told off for this ; detachment of 
 troops sent out to reconnoitre ; (v.i.) act as p.; 
 (v.t.) go round (camp, town, &c.) as p. [n. (thr. 
 F patrouille) & vb f. F patrouiller, orig. = 
 paddle in mud, earlier patouiller, cf. OF patou- 
 eil pool] 
 
 pa'tron, n. One who countenances, protects, 
 or gives influential support to (person, cause, 
 art, &c); (Shop) regular customer; (also p. 
 saint) tutelary saint; (Rom. Ant.) former owner 
 of manumitted slave, (also) protector of a 
 client ; one who has right of presentation to 
 benefice. So pa'tronESS 1 n. [OF,=patron, 
 pattern, f. Lpatronus (pater -tris father)] 
 
 pa'tronage (-ij), n. Support, encourage- 
 ment, given by patron ; right of presentation to 
 benefice or office, as has a great deal of p. vn 
 his hands, (attrib.) P. Secretary (of the Trea- 
 sury) ; patronizing airs ; customer's support. 
 [F (as prec, see -age)] 
 
 pa'tronize, v.t. Act as patron towards, 
 support, encourage, (person, practice, &c); 
 treat condescendingly, whence pa'troniz- 
 ing"LY 2 adv. [-ize] 
 
 patrony'mie, a. & n. (Xame) derived from 
 that of a father or ancestor, [f. L f. Gk patro 
 numikos f. patronumos (pater -tros father 4- 
 onoma name), see -ic] 
 
 patroo*n,n. (U.S., hist.). Possessor of landed 
 estate with manorial privileges (abolished c. 
 1850) under Dutch governments of New York & 
 New Jersey, [var. of patron] 
 
 pa'tten, n. Overshoe with wooden sole 
 on iron ring &c, for raising wearer's shoes out 
 of mud &c. [ME, f. F patin, etym. dub.] 
 
 pa'tter 1 , n. Lingo of a profession or class; 
 speechifying; rapid speech introduced into 
 song; words of song, comedy, &c. [f. foil.] 
 
 pa'tter 2 , v.t. & i. Repeat (prayers &c.) in 
 rapid mechanical way ; talk glibly, [f. pater- 
 noster] 
 
 pa'tter 3 , v.i. & t., & n. Make rapid succes- 
 sion of taps, as rain on window-pane ; run with 
 short quick steps ; cause (water &c.) to p.; (n.) 
 succession of taps. [f. pat 2 + -er 5 ] 
 
 pa'ttern, n., & v.t. Excellent example, as 
 she is a p. of domestic virtues ; model from 
 which thing is to be made ; sample (of tailor's 
 cloth «&c); decorative design as executed on 
 carpet, wall-paper, cloth, &c; marks made by 
 shot from gun on target; p. -room, -shop, part 
 of foundry &c. in which pp. are prepared ; (v.t.) 
 model (thing after, upon, design &c), decorate 
 with p. [(vb f. n.) f. ME patron] 
 
 pa'tty, n. Little pie or pasty ; pattypan (for 
 baking p. in), [f. F pate pasty' 1 ] 
 
 pa'tulous, a. Open, expanded ; (of boughs, 
 &c.) spreading. Hence pa'tulousLV 2 adv., 
 pa'tulousNESS n. [f. L patulus (patere be 
 open) + -ous] 
 
 pau*eity,n. Smallness of number or quant ity. 
 [f. L paucitas (paucus few, see -tv)] 
 
 Paul, n. Bob peter x to pay P.; P. Pry, in- 
 quisitive person (character in comedy by J. 
 Poole 1825). 
 
 Pau'line, a. & n. Of St Paul, as the P. epis- 
 tles; (n.) scholar of St Paul's School, [-ine 1 ] 
 
 paulo-post-fu'ture, n. (Gk Gram.) tense 
 expressing state resulting from future act, 
 future-perfect; (facet.) immediate future. [L, 
 = future after a little] 
 
 paunch (paw-, pah-), n. Belly, stomach ; 
 ruminant's first stomach ; (Xaut., perh. diff. 
 
PAUPER 
 
 602 
 
 PEACEABLE 
 
 wd) thick strong mat, (rubbing p.) wooden 
 shield on mast, to prevent chafing, [f. ONF 
 panche f. hjmntex -ids] 
 
 pau'pep, n. Person without means of liveli- 
 hood, beggar; recipient of poor-law relief; 
 person who may sue is $ f or ?7ia pauperis. Hence 
 pavrpePDOM, pau*periSM(2), pauperizA- 
 tio.v, mi., pau*pepiZE<3) v.t. [L, = poorJ 
 
 pause (-z), n., & v.i. Interval of inaction or 
 silence, esp. from hesitation ; give p. to, cause 
 (person) to hesitate ; break made in speaking 
 or reading ; (Mus.) mark (^ or ^) over or under 
 note or rest that is to be lengthened indefinite- 
 ly ; (v.i.) make a p., wait; linger -upon (word 
 &c). [(vb f. n.) F, f. L pausa f. Gk pausis 
 (paud stop)] 
 
 pa'vagre, n. Paving; tax, toll, towards pav- 
 ing of streets, [F (as pave, see -age)] 
 
 pa'van, n. Stately dance in which dancers 
 were elaborately dressed, [f. Fpavans f. It. or 
 Sp. pava na, etyni. dub.] 
 
 pave, v.t. Cover (street, floor, &c.) with or 
 as with pavement; (fig.) p. (prepare) the way 
 {for, to, reform &c). Hence pa'VER l , pa'v- 
 iour [perh. after saviour], nn. [f. F paver f. 
 L pavire beat, ram] 
 
 pave (-a), n. Pavement; setting of jewels 
 placed close together. [F, p.p. as prec] 
 
 pa'vement, n. Covering of street, floor, 
 &c, made of stones, tiles, wooden blocks, 
 asphalt, &c, esp. paved footway at side of 
 road ; p.-artist, one who draws coloured figures 
 on p. to get money from passers-by ; (Zool.) p.- 
 like formation of close-set teeth &c. [OF, f. L 
 pavimentum (as pave, see -ment)] 
 
 pavi'lion, n., & v.t. Tent, esp. large peaked 
 one; light ornamental building, esp. one at- 
 tached to cricket or other ground for spectators 
 & players ; projecting (usu. highly decorated) 
 subdivision of building; (v.t.) enclose in, fur- 
 nish with, p. [f. F pavilion f. L papilionem 
 (nom. -io) butterfly, tent] 
 
 pavona'xxo (pah-, -atso), a. & n. (Marble) 
 with peacock-coloured markings.- [It.] 
 
 pa'vonine, a. Of, like, a peacock, [f. L 
 pavoninus (pavo -onis peacock, see -ine 1 )] 
 
 paw ! , n. Foot of beast having claws or nails, 
 opp. to hoof; (colloq.) hand, person's hand- 
 writing, [f. OF powe, prob. of Frank, orig.] 
 
 paw 2 , v.t. & i. Strike with paw ; (of horse) 
 strike (ground), strike ground, with hoofs; 
 (colloq.) handle awkwardly or rudely (also intr. 
 p. over), [f. prec] 
 
 pawky, a. (Sc, dial.). Sly, arch. Hence 
 pawkiL\-2 adv., pawkiNESS n. [pawk 
 trick, etym. dub., + -Y 2 ] 
 
 pawl, n., & v.t. Lever with catch for teeth of 
 wheel or bar ; (Naut.) short bar used to prevent 
 capstan, windlass, &c, from recoiling; (v.t.) 
 secure (capstan &c.) with p. [?] 
 
 pawn \ n. Piece of smallest size & value in 
 chess (often fig. of persons), [f. AF poun f. L 
 pcdonem (nom. -o) foot-soldier (pes pedis foot)] 
 
 pawn 2 , n. Thing, person, left in another s 
 keeping as security, pledge, (now chiefly fig.) ; 
 state of being pledged, esp. in, at, p.; pawn- 
 broker, one w T ho lends money upon interest on 
 security of personal property pawned ; pawn- 
 broking, his occupation ; pawnshop, his place 
 of business, [f. OF pan, prob. = OFris. & Du. 
 pand, G pfand] 
 
 pawn 3 , v.t. Deposit (thing) as security for 
 payment of money or performance of action ; 
 (fig.) pledge (one's life, honour, word), [prec] 
 
 pawnee', n. Person with whom pawn is de- 
 posited. [-EE] 
 
 pax, n. Tablet with representation of Cruci- 
 fixion &c. kissed at Mass by priests & congre- 
 
 gation, oscillatory ; p. Jtomana, peace within 
 Roman empire; p. vobis, peace to you ; (School 
 slang, as int.) peace !, truce !. IL, = peace] 
 
 pa'xwax, n. (dial., colloq.). Stout tendon 
 extending from dorsal vertebrae to occiput in 
 man & other mammals, [earlier faxwax, prob. 
 f. OEfeax hair + * weax growth] 
 
 pay 1 , n. Payment; in the p. (employment) 
 of\ wages; p.-day, day on w r hich payment is 
 (to be) made, (Stock Exch.) day on which 
 transfer of stock has to be paid for ; paymaster, 
 official who pays troops, workmen, &c. (often 
 fig.) tpaymaster-gene.ral, officer at head of a de- 
 partment of Treasury, [f. OF paie, as foil.] 
 
 pay 2 , v.t. & i. (paid). Give (person) what is 
 due in discharge of debt or for services done 
 or goods received ; p. off, p. in full & discharge 
 (ship's crew &c); (fig.) reward, recompense; 
 p. (person) out, punish him ; p. him in his own 
 coin ; recompense (work) ; hand over (money 
 owed to person, or w. double object) ; hand 
 over the amount of (debt, wages, ransom, 
 tithes) ; p. one's way, not get into debt ; p. 
 through the nose, p. the. piper ; p. up, p. full 
 amount of (arrears, or abs.) ; render, bestow, 
 (attention, respect, court, compliment, to ; (of 
 business &c.) yield adequate return, yield 
 adequate return to (person) ; p. for, hand over 
 the price of, bear the cost of, (fig.) be punished 
 
 for (fault &c.) ; (Naut.) p. out, away, let out 
 (rope) by slackening it. Hence payEE - , pay- 
 eri, nn. [f. F payer f. L pacare appease ( pax 
 
 pads peace)] 
 
 pay 3 , v.t. (naut). Smear with pitch, tar, &c, 
 as defence against wet. [f. OXF peier f. L 
 picare (pix picis pitch)] 
 
 payable, a. That must be paid, due ; that 
 may be paid ; (of mine &c.) profitable, [-able] 
 
 payment, n, Paying ; amount paid ; (fig.) 
 recompense, [f. F paiement (pay 2 , -ment)] 
 
 paynim, n. (archaic). Pagan, esp. Moham- 
 medan (often attrib.). [f. OF paienime f. LL 
 paganismus (as pagan, see -ISM)] 
 
 paynize, v.t. Impregnate (wood) with cer- 
 tain solutions to preserve it. [f. Payne, in- 
 ventor, + -ize] 
 
 pay serge (-zahzh), n. Rural scene, landscape; 
 landscape painting, so paysagfiST (-ay) n. [F] 
 
 pea (pe), n. Leguminous plant whose seeds 
 are used for food ; its seed, as green pp. (gather- 
 ed unripe for food); sweet p.; as like as two 
 pp., undistinguishable ; peanut, (plant whose 
 fruit is a pod containing) seed used as food & 
 yielding oil ; p. -shooter, tube from which dried 
 pp. are shot; p.-soup (made from esp. dried 
 pp.) ; p.-souper (colloq.), thick yellow fog ; p.' 
 soupy, (of fog) thick & yellow, [back-formation 
 f. pease taken as pi.] 
 
 peace, n. Freedom from, cessation of, war, 
 as p. with honour, p. at any price, make (bring 
 about) p. ; a treaty of p. between two powers at 
 war ; freedom from civil disorder ; the (king's) 
 p., general p. of the realm as secured by law, 
 as commission, justice, of the p., be sworn of 
 the p. (made a magistrate); quiet, tranquillity ; 
 (in & after bibl. use) p. be with you, ]). to his 
 ashes ! ; mental calm, as p. of mind, conscience ; 
 at p., in state of friendliness, not at strife 
 {with) ; hold one's p., keep silence ; keep the p., 
 prevent, refrain from, strife; make (person's, 
 one's) p., bring person, • oneself, back into 
 friendly relations (icith); peacemaker, one who 
 brings about p., (facet.) revolver, warship, &c; 
 p.-offering, propitiatory gift, (bibl.) offering 
 presented as thanksgiving to God ; p.-pipe, 
 tobacco-pipe as token of p. among N.-Amer. 
 Indians. ff. OF pdis f. L pacem (nom, pax)] 
 
 pea'eeable, a. Disposed, tending, to peace ; 
 
PEACEFUL 
 
 603 
 
 PECULIAR 
 
 free from disturbance, peaceful. Hence 
 pea'eeable.vESS n., pea'eeabLY 2 adv. [f. 
 OF paisible (as prec., see -ble)] 
 
 pea'ceful, a. Characterized by, belonging 
 to a state of, peace. Hence pea'eefulLV 2 
 adv., pea'cefulNESS n. [ful] 
 
 peach ', n. Large fruit, usu. round, -with 
 downy white or yellow skin flushed with red, 
 highly flavoured sweet pulp, & rough stone; 
 (also p. -tree) tree bearing this ; p.-blow, (glaze 
 of) delicate purplish-pink colour; p. -brandy, 
 spirituous liquor from p. juice ; p. -coloured), 
 (of) soft pale red. [f. OF pesche f. LL persica f. 
 L persicum {malum), lit. Persian apple] 
 
 peach 2 , v.i. (now slang). Turn informer ; in- 
 form (against, upon, accomplice). [earlier 
 appeach f. OF empechier impeach] 
 
 pea*-chick, n. Young pea-fowl. 
 
 pea'chy, a. Like a peach, esp. (of cheeks) in 
 colour & softness. Hence pea'chixEssn. [-y 2 ] 
 
 pea'cock, n., & v.t. & i. Bird with splendid 
 plumage & tail that can be expanded erect like 
 fan (often as type of ostentatious display) ; p.- 
 blue, lustrous blue of p.'s neck; p. -butterfly, 
 European butterfly with ocellated wings ; 
 p. -coal (iridescent) ; p. -fish, fish with brilliant 
 green, blue, red, & white colouring; (v. red.) 
 plume oneself, make display ; (v.i.) strut about 
 ostentatiously, whence pea'cockERV (4) n. 
 Hence pea'coekiSH ', pea'eoekLiKE, aa. 
 l(vb f. n.) f. OK pea, paica, f. Lpavo, + cock] 
 
 pea'fowl, n. Peacock or peahen, [see prec] 
 
 pea'hen, n. Female of the peacock, [see 
 peacock] 
 
 pea'-jacket, n. Sailor's short overcoat of 
 coarse woollen cloth, [f. obs. pee f. MDu. pie 
 (now pifl pea-jacket + jacket] 
 
 peak 1 , n. Projecting part of brim of eap; 
 (Xaut.) narrow part of ship's hold at bow, (also) 
 upper outer corner of sail extended by gaff; 
 pointed top, esp. of mountain; point e.g. of 
 beard. Hence peakED 2 , pea'kv 2 , aa. [f. 
 16th c, var. of pike] 
 
 peak 2 , v.i. Waste away, esp. (Shakspere) p. 
 & pine; (p.p.) sharp-featured, pinched. [?] 
 
 peak 3 , v.t. &i. (naut.). Tilt (yard) vertically; 
 place (oars) apeak ; (of whale) raise (tail, flukes), 
 raise tail or flukes, straight up in diving verti- 
 cally, [f. apeak] 
 
 peal, n., & v.i. & t. Loud ringing of bell(s), 
 esp. series of changes on set of bells; set of 
 bells; loud volley of sound, esp. of thunder; 
 (v.i.) sound forth in a p.; (v.t.) utter sonorously. 
 f(vb f. n.) perh. short for appeal] 
 
 pear (par), n. A fleshy fruit, tapering to- 
 wards stalk; p.-shaped; p.-tree; prickly p. 
 [OE pere f. LL pira f. Lpirum] 
 
 pearl 1 (perl), n. Concretion, usu. white or 
 bluish-grey, formed within shell of p.-oyster & 
 other bivalve molluscs, having beautiful lustre 
 & highly prized as gem; mother l -of-p.; seed 
 p.', precious thing, finest example (o/its kind); 
 cast pp. before swine, offer good thing to one 
 incapable of appreciating it ; p.-like thing, e.g. 
 dewdrop, tear, tooth ; size of tvpe ; small frag- 
 ment of various substances ; p. -ash, potassium 
 carbonate ; p. -barley (reduced by attrition to 
 small rounded grains); p.-diver, one who dives 
 for p.-oysters ; p. -fisher, one who fishes for pp.; 
 p. -fishery, his occupation, place of this; p.- 
 powder, -white, cosmetic used to whiten skin; 
 p. -shell, molhcv-of -p. as naturally found. Hence 
 pearlED 2 , peap'lv 2 , aa., peap'liNESS n. [f. 
 F perle, med.L perla, etym. dub.] 
 
 pearl 2 , v.t. & i. Sprinkle with pearly drops; 
 make pearly in colour &c; reduce (barley &c.) 
 to small pearls ; form pearl-like drops ; fish for 
 pearls, [f. prec.} 
 
 pearl 3 , n. One of a row of fine loops forming 
 decorative edging on pillow-lace &c. [prob. 
 var. of purl] 
 
 peap'maln (par), n. Kind of apple, [f. OF 
 permain prob. f. L *parmanus of Parma] 
 
 pea'sant (pez-), n. Countryman, rustic. 
 [AF paisant f. L pagensis of a canton ( pagus)) 
 
 peasantry, n. (Set of) peasants, [ry] 
 
 pease (z), n. Peas, esp. in p. -pudding; (arch- 
 aic) peasecod, pea-pod. [OE jjt.se pea, pi. pisan, 
 f. LUpisa f. L pisum f. Gk pison ; cf. pea] 
 
 peat, n. (Cut piece of) vegetable matter de- 
 composed by water & partly carbonized, used 
 for fuel ; p. -bog, -moss, bog composed of p.; p.- 
 reek, smoke of, whisky distilled over, p. -fire. 
 Hence pea'tv 2 a. [13th c. pete, etym. dub.] 
 
 pea'tepy, n. Place from which peats are 
 dug. f-ERY] 
 
 pe'bble, n. Small stone worn & rounded by 
 action of water ; colourless transparent rock- 
 crystal used for spectacles, lens of this ; kinds 
 of agate or other gem. Hence pe'bblv 2 a. ]?] 
 
 pe brine (pebre*n), n. Epidemic disease of 
 silkworms characterized by black spots. [F, f. 
 Pr. pebrino (pebre pepper)] 
 
 pe'eeable, a. Liable to sin. Hence peeca- 
 bi'lity n. [f. med.L peccabilis (peccare sin, 
 see -ble)] 
 
 peccadi'llo, n. Trifling offence, [f. Sp. 
 pecadillo, dim. of jwcado sin, as foil.] 
 
 pe'eeant, a. Sinning ; (Med.) morbid, induc- 
 ing disease. So pe'ecANCY n. If. L peccare 
 sin, see -ant] 
 
 pe'eeapy, n. American gregarious quad- 
 ruped allied to swine, [f. native pakira] 
 
 pecca'vi, sent. & n. I have sinned, esp. cry 
 p.; (n.) this confession. [L] 
 
 peck \ n. Measure of capacity for dry goods, 
 = 2 gallons ; vessel used for this; a p. (large 
 number, amount) of troubles, of dirt. [ME & 
 OF pek, etym. dub.] 
 
 peck 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Strike (thing) with 
 beak ; p. out, pluck out thus ; make (hole &c.) 
 thus ; aim at (thing) with beak, (fig.) carp at ; 
 (colloq.) eat (food or abs.), esp. in nibbling 
 fashion ; break (ground, wall, &c, up, dotvn, 
 &c.) with pointed tool; (n.) stroke with beak, 
 mark made with this. [prob. var. of pick] 
 
 pe'ckep, n. Bird that pecks (chiefly in comb., 
 esp. wood?;.) ; kind of hoe ; (slang) keep your p. 
 (spirits, perh. orig.=beak) up. l-ER 1 ] 
 
 pe'ekish, a. (colloq.). Hungry, [-ish 1 ] 
 
 Pecksniff, n. Unctuous hypocrite prating 
 of benevolence &c. [in Martin Chuzzlewit] 
 
 pe'eten, n. (zool.). Comb-like structure of 
 various kinds in animal bodies, so pe'ctinATE 2 , 
 -ated, aa., peetinATiON n.; scallop. IL, gen. 
 'tiixxs — combl 
 
 pe'etin, n. (chem.). White neutral substance 
 formed in fruits from pectose by ripening. So 
 pe'etic a. [f. Gk pektos congealed (pegnumi 
 make solid) 4- -in] 
 
 pe'etopal, n. & a. Ornamental breast-plate, 
 esp. that of Jewish high priest; (adj.) of, for, 
 good for diseases of, the breast or chest, [(partly 
 thr. F) f. L pectoralis a., -le n. (pectus -oris 
 breast, see -al)] 
 
 pe'etose, n. (chem.). Insoluble substance re- 
 lated to cellulose & found with it in unripe 
 fruits &c. [as pectin, see -ose 2 ] 
 
 pe'culate, v.t. Embezzle (money or abs.). 
 So peeulA - TioN, pe'culatoR 2 , nn. If. L 
 peculari (as foil.), see -ATE a ] 
 
 pecu'liap, a. & n. Belonging exclusively to ; 
 belonging to the individual, esp. one's own p. 
 (character &c.) ; particular, special, as a point 
 of p. interest ; strange, odd, as a p. flavour, he 
 has alxoays been a little p.; p. people, the Jews, 
 
PECULIARITY 
 
 604 
 
 PEER 
 
 (in wider sense) God's elect, (P. People) modern 
 religious sect having no church organization & 
 relying on prayer alone for cure of disease ; 
 (n.) p. property, privilege, &c, (Hist.) parish, 
 church, exempt from jurisdiction of diocese in 
 which it lies, (P-) one of the P. People, [f. L 
 peculiars of private property (peculium f. pecu 
 
 Cclttlc! SGG -AR^ll 
 
 peculiarity, n. Being peculiar ; character- 
 istic ; oddity, [-ity] 
 
 peculiarly, adv. As regards oneself alone, 
 individually, &s does not affect hi?np.; especially, 
 more than usually, as p. annoying; oddly, as 
 they dress p. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 peeu*niary,a. (Consisting) ofmoney.asp. aid, 
 considerations ; (of offence) having p. penalty. 
 Hence peeu'niariLY 2 adv. [f. L pecuniarius 
 (pecunia money f. pecu cattle, see -arv ')] 
 
 pe'dagogue (-6g), n. Schoolmaster, teacher, 
 (usu. contempt., implying pedantry). Hence or 
 cogn. pedago # gic(AL) (-g-, -j-) aa., pedago*- 
 
 ficalLV 2 adv., pe*dagog(u)iSM(l) n. [OF, f. 
 f. Gk paidagogos (pais paidos boy + -agogos 
 f. ago lead)] 
 
 pe'dagogyl-gi.-jD.n. Science of teaching. So 
 pedago'gics n. [f. F pidagogie f. Gk paida- 
 gogia, as prec.] 
 
 pe'dal t, n., & v.i. & t. (-11-). (In organ) each of 
 the wooden keys played upon by the feet, (also) 
 foot-lever for drawing out several stops at once 
 or other purposes ; (in piano) foot-lever for 
 making the tone fuller {loud p.) or softer (soft 
 p.); foot-lever in various machines, esp. bicycle 
 or tricycle; (Mus.) note sustained in one part, 
 usu. bass, through successive harmonies some 
 of which are independent of it; (v.i.) play on 
 organ pp., work bicycle pp.; (v.t.) work (bicycle) 
 thus, [prob. f. F pedale f. It. pedale f. Las foil.) 
 pe'dal 2 , a. (zool.). Of the feet or foot (esp. of 
 mollusc), [f. Lpedalis ( pes pedis foot, see -al)1 
 pe'dant, n. One who. overrates or parades 
 book-learning or technical knowledge or insists 
 on strict adherence to formal rules; one who 
 is possessed by a theory, doctrinaire. Hence 
 or cogn. peda'ntic a., peda'ntiCALLY adv., 
 pe , dantizE(2, 3) v.t. & i., pedantd'CRACY, 
 pe'dantRy (1, 4, 5), nn. [(perh. thr. F pedant) f. 
 It. pedante, perh. cogn. w. pedagogue] 
 pe'date (at), a. (Zool.) footed ; (Bot.. of leaf) 
 having divisions like toes or bird's claws, [f. 
 L pedatus (pes pedis foot, see -ate 2 )] 
 pe'ddle, v.i. & t. Follow occupation of ped- 
 lar; busy oneself with trifles ; deal out in small 
 quantities, retail, (usu. fig.). [?] 
 pe'destal, n., & v.t. (-11-). Base supporting 
 column in construction; base of statue &c; 
 each of two supports of knee-hole table ; foun- 
 dation (lit. & fig.) ; (v.t.) set, support, on p. [f. 
 F pUdestal f. It. piedestallo foot of stall (pie 
 foot f. L pes pedis + di of + stallo stall)] 
 pede'stpian, a. & n. Going, performed, on 
 foot; of walking; prosaic, dull, vulgar; (n.) one 
 who walks, esp. asathletic performance, whence 
 pede'strianis.\i(2) n., pede # strianizE(2) 
 v.i. [f. L pedester -tris + -IAN] 
 pe'dicel, pendicle, nn. (bot., zool.). Small 
 (esp. subordinate, cf. peduncle) stalk-like 
 structure in plant or animal. Hence pe'dicel- 
 Iate 2 , pedi'culATE 2 , (-at), aa. [f. L (-eel) 
 pedicellus double dim., (-cle) pedicidus dim., f. 
 pes pedis foot, see -cule] 
 pedreular, -lous, aa. Lousy. So pedicu- 
 losis n. [f. L pedicularis, -losus, (pedicidus 
 louse, see -ar 1 , -ous)] 
 
 pe'digpee, n. Genealogical table ; ancestral 
 line (of man or animal) ; derivation (of word) ; 
 ancient descent ; (attrib.) having known line of 
 descent, as p. cattle. Hence pe*digi»eED 2 a. 
 
 [earlier pedegru prob. f. F pi6 de grue crane's 
 foot, mark denoting succession in pp. (pied foot 
 f. Li pes pedis + de of + grue crane f. L grus)] 
 
 pe'diment, n. Triangular part crowning 
 front of building in. Grecian style, esp. over 
 portico ; similarly placed member of same or 
 other form in Roman & Renaissance styles. 
 Hence pediment al. pe'dimentED 2 , aa. 
 [earlier peremint, perh. corrupt, of pyramid] 
 
 pe'dlap, n. Travelling vendor of small wares 
 usu. carried in pack; (fig.) retailer (of gossip 
 &c.) ; p.'.s French, thieves' cant. Hence pe*d- 
 laRv n. [prob. f. Sc. pedder prob. f. ped basket, 
 etym. dub.; found long before peddle] 
 
 pedd'metep, n. Instrument for estimating 
 distance travelled on foot by recording number 
 of steps taken, [f. F pMometre f. L pes pedis 
 foot + -o- + -meter] 
 
 pedu'nele, n. (Bot.) stalk of flower, fruit, or 
 cluster, esp. main stalk bearing solitary flower 
 or subordinate stalks (pedicels); (Zool.) stalk- 
 like process in animal body. Hence pedu'n- 
 cuIar 1 , pedu'nculATE 2 (-at), aa. [f. L pes 
 pedis foot + -uncle] 
 
 peek, v.i. Peep, peer, (in, out, &c.) ; p.-a-boo 
 (now U.S.), .= bo-peep. [ME pike, etym. dub.] 
 
 peel l , n. (hist.). Small square tower built in 
 16th c. in border counties of England & Scot- 
 land, [earlier = palisade, ult. f. L palus stake] 
 
 peel 2 , n. Shovel, esp. baker's for thrusting 
 loaves &c. into oven. [f. OF pele f. hpala] 
 
 peel 3 , v.t. & i., & n. Strip the peel, rind, 
 bark, &c, from (orange, potato, tree, &c.) ; take 
 p#"(skin, peel, &c.) ; (archaic, from Isa. xviii. 2, 
 perh. mistransl.) scattered & peeled (pillaged) ; 
 (intr., of tree, animal body, &c.) become bare of 
 bark, skin, &c, (of person, now slang) strip for 
 exercise &c; (n.) rind, outer coating, of fruit, 
 candied p. (usu. of citron). Hence pee'ler 1 
 [-er'(1, 2)] n. [= pill 2 , orig. in all senses] 
 
 pee'leP 2 , n. (Colloq.) policeman; (Hist.) 
 member of Irish constabulary, founded under 
 Peel's secretarvship. [Robert Peel, cf. bobby, 
 
 + -ER1] 
 
 Pee'lite, n. Conservative siding with Sir 
 R. Peel when he introduced measure for repeal 
 of Corn-laws in 1846. [-ite l ] 
 
 peep 1 , v.i., & n. (Make) feeble shrill sound 
 of young birds, mice, &c, chirp, squeak, [(n. f. 
 vb) var. of pipe] 
 
 peep 2 , v.i. Look through narrow aperture 
 (at, into, &c); look furtively; (of daylight, 
 flower, distant object) come cautiously or part- 
 ly into view, emerge, (often out) ; (fig., of quali- 
 ties &c.) show itself unconsciously, [f. loth c, 
 cf. peek] 
 
 peep 3 , n. Furtive or peering glance; first 
 appearance, esp. of dawn, of day; p.-of-day 
 boys, Protestant organization in Ireland (1784- 
 95) searching opponents' houses at daybreak for 
 arms ; p. -hole, small hole to peep through ; p.- 
 shoio, small exhibition of pictures &c. viewed 
 through lens in small orifice (also fig.), [f. prec] 
 
 pee'pep, n. One who peeps ; (slang) eye. 
 
 [PEEP2 + -ER 1 ] 
 
 peep ', n. An equal in civil standing or rank ; 
 equal in any respect, as you will not easily find 
 his p., whence peep'LESS a., peep'lessLY 2 
 adv., peep'lessNESS n.; member of one of the 
 degrees (duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron) 
 of nobility in United Kingdom, whence peep*- 
 ess 1 n.; pp. of the realm or United Kingdom 
 (all of whom may sit in House of Lords), pp. 
 of Scotland, of Ireland, (represented in H. of 
 Lords by 16 elected to each parliament, by 28 
 elected for life) ; noble (of any country). [ME 
 & OF per f. L par equal] 
 
 peer 2 , v.t. & i. Rank with, equal; rank as 
 
PEER 
 
 605 
 
 PEN 
 
 equal with ; make (man) a peer. [f. OF pererf. 
 "Lpariare {par equal)] 
 
 peer 3 , v.i. Look narrowly (into, at, &c); 
 appear slightly, peep out ; come in sight. [?] 
 
 peer'age (-ij), n. The peers ; nobility, aristo- 
 cracy ; rank of peer ; book containing list of 
 peers with genealogy &c. [-age] 
 
 pee'vish, a. Querulous, irritable. Hence 
 peevish lv 2 adv., pee'vishNESS n. [?] 
 
 peewit. See pewit. 
 
 peg J , n. Pin, bolt, of wood, metal, &c, usu. 
 round & slightly tapering, for holding together 
 parts of framework &c, stopping up vent of 
 cask, hanging hats &c. on, holding ropes of 
 tent, marking cribbage score, &c; round 
 peg in square hole * ; CLOTHES-p. ; (fig.) a p. to 
 hang (discourse &c.) on, (occasion, pretext, 
 theme); a drink, esp. of brandy & soda-water; 
 take (person) down a p. or tioo, humble him ; 
 p.-t&p, pear-shaped spinning-top with metal p., 
 p. -top trousers (wide at hips, narrow at ankles), 
 [prob. of LG orig., cf. dial. Du. peg] 
 
 peg-' 2 , v.t. & i. Fix (thing down, in, out, &c.) 
 with peg ; p. down, restrict {to rules &c. ) ; 
 (Stock Exch.) prevent price of (stock &c.) from 
 falling (rising) by freely buying (selling) at 
 given price ; strike, pierce, aim at, with peg ; 
 mark (score) with pegs on cribbage-board ; 
 mark out boundaries of (mining claim &c.) ; p. 
 (away), work persistently (at) ; p. out, (Croquet) 
 hit peg with ball as final stroke in game, (slang) 
 die, be ruined, [f. prec] 
 
 Pe'gasus, n. Winged horse that with stroke 
 of hoof caused fountain Hippocrene to flow on 
 Mt Helicon, (fig.) poetic genius. [L, f. Gk 
 Pegasos (pege fount)] 
 
 peignoir (pa'nwar, or as F), n. Woman's 
 loose dressing-gown worn while hair is combed 
 or on coming out of bath. [F (peigner comb)] 
 
 peine forte et dure (F), n. Severe & hard 
 punishment, i.e. pressing to death, inflicted on 
 person charged with felony w r ho refused to 
 plead. 
 
 pe'jorative (o?'pIjo'r-), a. & n. Depreciatory 
 (word), as the p. suffix -aster, [f. L pejorare 
 make worse (pejor), see -ative] 
 
 pe'kan, n. N.-Amer. carnivorous beast of 
 weasel family, valued for fur. [f. native pikane\ 
 
 pe'ki'n (-in, -ing), n. Kind of silk stuff; [f. F 
 
 ?iekin as used by Napoleon l's soldiers] civilian, 
 f. F pekin f. Chin. Pe-king northern capital] 
 
 pe'koe (-6), n. Superior kind of black tea. 
 [f. Chin, pek-ho (pek white + ho down), leaves 
 being picked young with down on them] 
 
 pe'lage (-ij), n. Fur, hair, wool, &c, of quad- 
 ruped. [F (OF pel hair + -age)] 
 
 Pela'gian 1 , a. & n. (Follower) of the monk 
 Pelagius (4th-5th c), who denied doctrine of 
 original sin. Hence Pela'gianiSM n. [-an] 
 
 pela'gian 2 , a. & n. Of, inhabiting, inhabit- 
 ant of, the open sea. [f. L pelagius (pelagus 
 sea f. Gk pelagos) + -an] 
 
 pela'gic, a. Of, performed on, the open sea, 
 esp. p. sealing, [f. upelagictis (as prec, -ic)] 
 
 pelargo'nium, n. Gemis of plants with 
 showy flowers & fragrant leaves, [f. Gk pelar- 
 gos stork, prob. after geranium] 
 
 Pela'sgie (-zj- or -zg-), a. Of the Pelasgians, 
 an ancient race on coasts & islands of East- 
 ern Mediterranean & Aegean ; P. architecture, 
 oldest form of masonry found in Greece, [f. L 
 Pelasgicus (Pelasgi f. Gk Pelasgoi, see -ic)] 
 
 pe'lerine (or -en), n. Woman's long narrow 
 cape or tippet, [f. F pelerine, fern, of pelerin 
 pilgrim] 
 
 pelf, n. Money, wealth, (usu. contempt.), [f. 
 OF pel/re, etym. dub.] 
 
 pe'llcan, n. Large water-fowl with pouch 
 
 for storing fish, fabled to feed its young with its 
 own blood, [f. LL pelicanus f. Gk pelekan, cf. 
 pelekas woodpecker perh. f. peiekus axe] 
 
 peli'sse (-es), n. Woman's mantle with arm- 
 holes or sleeves, reaching to ankles ; child's out- 
 door garment worn over other clothes. [F, f. L 
 pellicia (vestis garment) of fur (pellis skin)] 
 
 pella'gra, n. Disease frequent in Lombardy, 
 marked by cracking of skin & often ending in 
 insanity. So pellagrous a. [perh. f. It. pelle 
 agra rough skin] 
 
 pe'llet, n., & v.t. Small ball of paper, bread, 
 &c. ; pill; small shot; circular boss in coins 
 &c; (vb) hit with (esp. paper) pp. [f. F pelote f. 
 med. L pelota f. L pila ball] 
 
 pe'llicle, n. Thin skin ; membrane ; film. 
 Hence pelli'eulAR 1 a. [f. L pellicula, dim. of 
 pellis skin] 
 
 pe'llitory, n. 1. (P. of Spain) plant with 
 pungent-flavoured root, used as local irritant 
 &c 2. (P. of the wall) low bushy plant with 
 greenish flowers growing on or at foot of walls. 
 [1. earlier pelleteri. Lf. Gkpurethron fever-few, 
 cf. puretos fever. 2. f. L parietaria (paries 
 -etis wall)] 
 
 pe*ll-me*ll, adv., a., n. In disorder, pro- 
 miscuously; headlong, recklessly; (adj.) con- 
 fused, tumultuous ; (n.) confusion, medley, 
 mele"e. [f. F pele-mele (pete etym. dub. + mele 
 prob. f . meter mix f . LL misculare f . L miscere)] 
 
 pellu'cid, a. Transparent, clear; clear in 
 style or expression ; mentally clear. Hence or 
 cogn. pelluei'diTY n., peHireidLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L pellucidus f. PERUwcere shine), see -id 1 ] 
 
 pelo'ta, n. Basque game like tennis, played 
 with ball & wicker racket. [Sp., =ball, f. pella 
 f. hpila ball] 
 
 pelt 1 , n. Skin of sheep or goat with short 
 wool on ; raw skin of sheep &c. stripped of 
 wool or fur, so pe'ltRY(l) n. [cogn. w. obs. pell 
 skin f. OF pel f. L pellis] 
 
 pelt 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Assail with missiles 
 (also fig.) ; (intr., of rain &c.) beat with violence; 
 strike repeatedly with missiles, go on firing 
 at; (n.) pelting; (at) full p. (speed). [?] 
 
 pe'lta, n. (pi. -ae). Small light shield of 
 ancient Greeks, Romans, &c. ; (Bot.) shield-like 
 structure, so pe*ltATE 2 (2) a. [L, f. Gk pelte] 
 
 pe'lvis, n. (anat.). Basin-shaped cavity form- 
 ed in most vertebrates by haunch-bones with 
 sacrum & other vertebrae, whence pe'lvic a.; 
 basin-like cavity of kidney. [L, = basin] 
 
 Pembroke (-dbk), n. Town in Wales ; P. 
 table, p., table on four fixed legs with hinged 
 flaps that can be spread out & supported on 
 other legs. 
 
 pe'mmican, n. N.-Amer. -Ind. cake of dried 
 & pounded meat mixed with melted fat ; beef 
 so treated & flavoured with currants &c. for 
 travellers ; (fig.) condensed literary matter, [f. 
 native pimecan (pime fat)] 
 
 pemphigus, n. (path.). Formation of watery 
 vesicles or eruptions on skin of body. Hence 
 pe'mphigoiD, pe'mphigous, aa. [f. Gk 
 pemphix 'igos bubble] 
 
 pen 1 , n. Small enclosure for cows, sheep, 
 poultry, &c, or for other purposes; (W.-Ind.) 
 farm, plantation. \OK penn, etym. dub.] 
 
 pen 2 , v.t. Enclose, shut up, shut in; shut 
 up (cattle &c.) in pen. [prob. f. prec] 
 
 pen 3 , n., & v.t. Quill-feather with quill point- 
 ed & split into two sections, for writing w 7 ith 
 ink ; similar instrument of steel, gold, &c r 
 fitted into rod of wood &c (penholder) ; writing, 
 style of this, as made a living with his p., 
 wields a formidable p.; fountain-p.; p. &ink, 
 instruments of writing, writing ; p.-&-ink a., 
 drawn, written, with these ; p. -feather, quill- 
 
PENAL 
 
 606 
 
 PENNIFORM 
 
 feather of bird's wing ; penknife, small knife 
 usu. carried in pocket ; pe'nman (-an), one who 
 writes a (good, bad,8cc.) hand, author; penman- 
 ship, skill in writing, style of handwriting, 
 action or style of literary composition ; p.-name, 
 literary pseudonym ; penwiper, appliance usu. 
 of small pieces of cloth for wiping p. after use; 
 (v.t.) write, compose & write, (letter &c). 
 Hence pe'nFUL n. [(vb f. n.) f. OF penne f. L 
 penna feather] , ... 
 
 penal, a. Of punishment; concerned with 
 inflicting this, as p. laws ; (of offence) punish- 
 able, esp. by law ; inflicted as punishment, as 
 p. servitude, imprisonment with hard labour; 
 used as place of punishment, as a p. colony. 
 Hence pe'nalLY - adv. [f. F penal f. L penal is 
 (poena penalty f. Gk poine fine, see -al)] 
 penalize, v.t. Make, declare, (action) penal ; 
 (Sport.) subject (competitor, also fig.) to penalty 
 or comparative disadvantage, [ize] 
 penalty, n. Punisbment, esp. (payment of) 
 sum of money, for breach of law, rule, or con- 
 tract ; the p. of, disadvantage resulting from 
 (quality &c); (Sport.) disadvantage imposed 
 on competitor for breaking rule or winning 
 previous contest, [ult. f. umd.L poenalitas (as 
 penal, see -ty)J 
 
 pe'nanee, n., & v.t. (Rom. & Gk churches) 
 a sacrament including contrition, confession, 
 satisfaction, & absolution ; act of self-mortifi- 
 cation as expression of penitence, esp. one im- 
 posed by priest ; do p., perform such act ; (v.t.) 
 impose p. on. [f. OF peneance f. Lpaenitentia 
 (as penitent, see -ance)] 
 Pena'tes, n. pi. (Rom. myth.). Household 
 gods. [L, perh. f. penus sanctuary] 
 pence. SeePENNV. 
 
 penchant (F), n. Inclination, liking, (for). 
 [F, part, of pencher slope f. L "pendicare (pen- 
 dire hang)] 
 
 pencil 1 (-si), n. (Archaic) artists paint- 
 brush ; (fig.) painter's art or style ; instrument 
 for drawing or writing, esp. of black lead en- 
 closed in cylinder of wood or in metal case with 
 tapering end ; (Optics) set of rays meeting at a 
 point ; (Geom.) figure-formed by set of straight 
 lines meeting at a point ; p. -shaped object ; p.- 
 case, holder, usu. of metal, for p. or p.-lead. [f. 
 OF pincel ult. f. L penicillum dim. of peniculus 
 brush dim. of penis] 
 
 pe'neil 2 (si), v.t. '-11-). Tint or mark (as) with 
 lead pencil ; jot down with pencil ; enter 
 (horse's name) in betting-book; (esp. in p.p.) 
 mark delicately with thin concentric lines of 
 colour or shading, [f. prec] 
 pendant 1 , -ent 1 , n. Hanging ornament, 
 esp. one attached to necklace, bracelet, etc.; 
 (Naut., also pennant) short rope hanging from 
 head of mast &c. with eye at lower end for re- 
 ceiving hooks of tackles, (also) tapering flag, 
 esp. that flown at mast-head of vessel in com- 
 mission, broad p., short swallow-tailed p. dis- 
 tinguishing commodore's ship in squadron ; 
 shank & ring of watch by which it is suspended ; 
 (also pron. as F) match, parallel, companion, 
 complement, (to). [F (-ant), f. pendre hang f. L 
 pendere, see -ant] 
 pe'ndent 2 , -ant 2 , a. Hanging ; overhang- 
 ing; undecided, pending, whence pe'ndENCY 
 n.; (Gram.) of which the construction is incom- 
 plete, [as prec] 
 
 pende'ntQ IVte, adv. Pending the suit. [L] 
 pendent! ve, n. (arch.). Each of spherical 
 triangles formed by intersection of dome by 
 two pairs of opposite arches springing from 
 the four supporting columns. [F {-if, -ive), adj., 
 as prec. + -ive] 
 pending, a. & prep, Undecided, awaiting 
 
 decision or settlement, as a suit, a treaty, icas 
 then p.; (prep.) during, as p. these negotiations 
 (orig. = while these negotiations are p.), until, 
 as p. his return, [after F pendant 2 , -ing 2 ] 
 
 pendpa'gon, n. Ancient British or Welsh 
 prince. [W,= chief leader (pen head + dragon 
 standard)] 
 
 pe'ndulate, v.i. Swing like a pendulum ; 
 (fig.) be undecided, [as foil. + -ate 3 ] 
 
 pe'nduline, a. (Of nest) suspended ; (of bird) 
 building such nest. [F (as foil. + -ine *)] 
 
 pendulous, a. Suspended, hanging down, 
 (esp. of bird's nest, flower, &c.) ; oscillating. 
 Hence pe'ndulousLV 2 adv. [f. L pendulus 
 (pendere_ hang) + -ous] 
 
 pendulum, n. Body suspended so as to be 
 free to swing, esp. rod with weighted end regu- 
 lating movement of clock's works ; swing of 
 the p., alternation of power between'political 
 parties; compensation p.; person, thing, that 
 oscillates (lit. & fig.), [f. L neut. adj. as prec] 
 
 Penelope (-1), n. Chaste wife. If. Gk Pene- 
 lope, -peia, wife of Odysseus] 
 
 penetra'lia, n. pi.. Innermost shrine or re- 
 cesses. [L, pi. of penetral, cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 penetrate, v.t. & i. Find access into or 
 through, pass through ; (of sight) pierce through 
 (darkness, thicket, &c) ; permeate ; imbue 
 (person, thing, with) ; (fig.) see into, find out, 
 discern, (person's mind, meaning, design, the 
 truth) ; (intr.) make a way (into, through, to). 
 Hence or cogn. penetpaBixrrv, penetrA- 
 tion, pe'netpatOR 2 , nn., penetraBLE, 
 pe*netpatiVE,aa.,pe*netrating , LY 2 ,pe*ne- 
 trativeLY 2 , advv. [f. L penetrare, cogn. w. 
 penitus interior, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 pe'ngruin (-gw-), n. Sea-fowl of southern 
 hemisphere with wings represented by scaly 
 paddles with which it swims under water. [?] 
 
 penial, a. Of the penis, [-al] 
 
 pe'nicillate (-at), a. (nat. hist.). Furnished 
 with, forming, small tuft(s) ; marked with 
 streaks as of pencil or brush, [as penci l, -ate 2 ] 
 
 peni'nsula, n. Piece of land almost sur- 
 rounded by water or projecting far into the 
 sea; the P., Spain & Portugal, [f. L paenin- 
 sula (paene almost + insula island)] 
 
 penrnsular, a. & n. Of (the nature of) a 
 peninsula ; of the Peninsula or of the war there 
 carried on between French & English &c (1808- 
 14); (n.) inhabitant of a peninsula, (P-) soldier 
 of the P. war. [-AR J ] 
 
 peni'nsulate, v.t. Make (land) into a pen- 
 insula. [-ATE 3 ] 
 
 penis, n. (pi. -nes). Copulatory organ of male 
 animal. [L, = tail, penis] 
 
 penitent, a. & n. That repents, contrite ; 
 
 (n.) repentant sinner, person doing penance 
 
 under direction of confessor, (pi.) various R.-C. 
 
 orders associated for mutual discipline &c 
 
 Hence or cogn. pe'nitENCE n., penitentLV 2 
 
 adv. [f. F penitent f. L paenitere repent, -ent] 
 penitential, a. Of penitence or penance ; 
 
 the p. psalms (vi, xxxii, xxxviii, li, cii, exxx, 
 
 cxliii). Hence penite'ntialLY 2 adv. [f. med.L 
 
 paenitentialis (paenitentia penitence, as prec, 
 
 see -ence & -AL)] 
 penite'ntiary, n. & a. Office in papal court 
 
 deciding questions of penance, dispensations, 
 
 &c; Grand P., cardinal presiding over this; 
 
 asylum for prostitutes resolving on amend- 
 ment; reformatory prison; (adj.) of penance, 
 
 of reformatory treatment of criminals, 
 pennant, n. = pendant 1 (naut.); =pen- 
 
 non. [compromise between pendant &pennon\ 
 penniform, a. (nat, hist.). Having the form 
 
 or appearance of a feather. So pennl'FEROUS 
 
 a. [f. L penna feather, see -form] 
 
PENNILESS 
 
 607 
 
 PEON 
 
 pe'nniless, a. Having no money ; poor, 
 destitute, [f. penny + - less] 
 
 pe'nnill, n. (pi. -illion). (Stanza of) impro- 
 vised verse sung to harp at Eisteddfod &c. 
 [Welsh, f. penn head] 
 
 pe'nnon, n. Long narrow flag, triangular or 
 swallow-tailed, esp. as military ensign of lancer 
 regiments ; long pointed streamer of ship ; flag. 
 Hence pe'nnonED - a. [f. OF penon prob. f. L 
 penna feather, see -oon] 
 
 pe'nny, n. (pi. pence exc. as below). English 
 bronze coin worth 1/12 of shilling (in pi. pence 
 combined with numbers from 2 to 11 & 20, 
 pron. without stress, as si'xpence but eigh'teen 
 pence; after numeral written c2. = denaril'S, 
 as 6d.; pi. pennies of individual coins as such, 
 as gave vie my change in pennies, doled it out 
 in single pennies) ; (bibl.) = denarius ; a pretty 
 p., a good sum of money; peter's p., pence; 
 a p. for your thoughts (said to person absorbed 
 in thought) ; in for a p., in for a pound, thing 
 once begun must be concluded at all costs ; p.- 
 a-line a., (of writing) cheap, superficial, p.-a- 
 liner, hack writer ; p.-in-the-SLO'v ; p. post (for 
 conveyance of letters at ordinary charge of Id.); 
 pennyweight (abbr. divt), measure of weight, 
 2i grains, 1/20 of an ounce Troy ; pe'nny-wi'se, 
 (over-)careful in small expenditures, esp. p.- 
 wise & pound-foolish, careful in small, waste- 
 ful in large matters; pe'nnywort (-wert), (also 
 wall p.-w.) plant with rounded concave leaves 
 growing in crevices of rocks & walls, {marsh 
 or water p.-w.) small herb with rounded leaves 
 growing in marshy places ; pennyworth, pen- 
 n'orth, (pe'niwerth, pe'nerth), as much as can 
 be bought for a penny, not a p.-w., not the least 
 bit, a good, bad, p.-w. (bargain) ; fivep., tenp., 
 &c, nail, sizes of nail orig. costing od. &c. 
 per 100. [OE pening, of. Du. penning, G pfennig] 
 . pennyroyal, n. Kind of mint cultivated 
 for supposed medicinal virtues, [prob. = earlier 
 pulyole ryalef.OF poliol thyme f. L pulegiolum 
 dim. of pxdegium + royal] ' 
 
 peno'logy, n. Study of punishment & of 
 prison management. Hence penolo'giCALa., 
 peno'logiST n. [f. Gkpoine fine + -o- + -logy] 
 
 pe'nsile, a. Hanging down, pendulous ; (of 
 bird &c.) that constructs p. nest. [f. L pensilis 
 (pendere pens- hang, see -il)] 
 
 pension (-shn), n., & v.t. Periodical (usu. 
 annual) payment made esp. by government, 
 company, or employer, in consideration of past 
 services or of relinquishment of rights &c; 
 such payment to person who is not a professed 
 servant for good will, secret service, &c, or lo 
 artists, scientists, &c, to enable them to carry 
 on work of public interest ; old-age p., weekly 
 or monthly payment by government to work- 
 men, poor persons, or every one, after specified 
 age ; consultative assembly of members of 
 Gray's Inn ; (pron. as F) boarding-house at fixed 
 rate, live en p. (as boarder) ; (v.t.) grant p. to, 
 buy over with p. ; p. off, dismiss with p. Hence 
 pe'nsionLESS a. [(vb f. n.) F, f. L pensionem 
 payment (pendere pens- pay. -ion)] 
 
 pensionable, a. Entitled, (of services &c.) 
 entitling person, to pension, [-able] 
 
 pe'nsionary, a. & n. (Recipient) of a pen- 
 sion ; creature, hireling; (Hist.) Grand P., 
 first minister of Holland & Zealand (1619-1794). 
 If. med.L pensionarius (as pension, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 pe'nsionep, n. Recipient of pension ; hire- 
 ling, creature; (Camb. Univ.) undergraduate 
 who is not a scholar on the foundation or a 
 sizar but pays for his own commons &c. [f. OF 
 pensionnier (as prec.)] 
 
 pe'nsive, a. Plunged in thought; melan- 
 choly. Hence pe'nslveLY 2 adv., pe'nslve- 
 
 ness n. [F {-if, -ive), t. penser think f. L pen- 
 sare frequent, of pendere pens- weigh] 
 
 pe'nstock, n. Sluice, flood-gate, [pen l in 
 sense ' mill-dam ' + stock] 
 
 pent, a. Closely confined, shut in or up. 
 [p.p. of ptnd var. of pen 2 ] 
 
 penta- in comb, (before vowel pent-) = Gk 
 pente five, as : pentachord, musical instrument 
 of 5 strings, series of 5 notes ; pentada'ctyl a. 
 & n., (person, animal) with 5 toes or fingers on 
 each limb, so -dactylic a., da'ctylism n.;pentd'- 
 gynous, with 5 pistils ; pentahedron solid 
 figure of 5 faces, so -he'dral a.; pentd'merous, 
 (JBot., also written b-mtrous) having parts of 
 flower-whorl 5 in number, (Zool.) consisting of 
 5 joints ; penta'ndrous, with 5 free stamens ; 
 pentape'talous, with 5 petals; pentd'pody, 
 verse, sequence in verse, of 5 feet ; pe'ntastich 
 (-k), group of 5 lines in verse ; pentatfrmic, hav- 
 ing 5 atoms of some substance in the molecule ; 
 pentato'nic, of 5 notes; pentd'valent, with 
 combining power of 5 atoms of hydrogen &c. 
 
 pe'ntacle, n. Figure used as symbol, esp. in 
 magic, prob. = pentagram, [f. med.L pentacu- 
 lum, prob. = PENTA- + -CULE] 
 
 pe'ntad, n. The number, group of, five ; 
 (Chem.) element, radical, with combining power 
 of five. [f. Gk pentas -ados (pente five, -ad)] 
 
 pe'ntagon, n. Five-sided (usu. plane recti- 
 lineal) figure. Hence penta'gonAL a. [f. Lf. 
 Gk PENTA(f7ancm f. gonia angle)] 
 
 pe'ntagram, n. Five-pointed star formed 
 by producing sides of pentagon both ways till 
 they intersect, formerly used as mystic symbol, 
 [f. Gk PENTA(grammon f. gramme line)] 
 
 penta'meter, n. (Gk & Lat. Pros.) form of 
 dactylic verse composed of two halves, each 
 of two feet (dactyls in second half, dactyls or 
 spondees in first) & long syllable, chiefly used 
 alternately with hexameters to form elegiac 
 verse ; English iambic verse of ten syllables. 
 [L, f. Gk PENTA(rae£ros f. metron measure)] 
 
 pe'ntane, n. Paraffin hydrocarbon occurring 
 as a colourless fluid in petroleum &c. [f. Gk 
 pente Ave + -ane(2)] 
 
 pe'ntateuch (-tuk), n. First five books of 
 O.T., traditionally ascribed to Moses. Hence 
 pentateu'chAL a. [f. L f. Gk PEHTA(teukhos 
 implement, in late Gk, book) of five books] 
 
 Pentecost, n. Jewish harvest festival, on 
 fiftieth day of the Omer, i.e. at conclusion of 
 seven weeks from the offering of the wave- 
 sheaf on second day of Passover; (archaic) Whit- 
 Sunday. Hence penteco'stAL a. [f. eccl. L f. 
 Gk pentecoste (hemera) fiftieth (day), f. pente- 
 konta fifty] 
 
 penthouse (-t-h-), (archaic) pe'ntice, n. 
 Sloping roof, esp. as subsidiary structure at- 
 tached to wall of main building ; awning, cano- 
 py, or the like. [ME pentis, prob. f. OF apentis, 
 -dis, f. LL appendicium appendage (append)] 
 
 penvrlt(imate), a. & n. Last but one; (n.) 
 last syllable but one. [(-ult abbr.) f. Lfaene 
 almost + ultimate after L paenultimus] 
 
 penu'mbra, n. Partly shaded region around 
 shadow of opaque body, esp. round total shadow 
 of moon or ear.th in eclipse ; lighter outer part of 
 sun-spot; partial shadow. Hence penu'm- 
 Dpal a. [f. L paene almost -f umbra shadow] 
 
 penurious, a. Poor, scanty ; stingy, grudg- 
 ing, whence penup'iousLY 2 adv., penur'- 
 iousxESS n. [f. med.L penuriosus (foll.,-ous)] 
 
 pe'nupy, n. Destitution, poverty ; lack, scar- 
 city, (of), [f. L penuria, cogn. w. Gk peina 
 hunger, penia poverty, spanis want] 
 
 pe'on (-on), n. (In India) foot-soldieF, native 
 constable, footman ; (Span. Amer.)day-labourer; 
 (Mex.) enslaved debtor. [OF, Sp., f. Las pawn 1 ] 
 
PEONAGE 
 
 608 
 
 PERCUSSION 
 
 peonage (-ij), n. Employment, service, of 
 peons, [-age] 
 
 pe'ony, n. Plant with large globular red or 
 white flowers, in cultivation often double. [OE 
 peonie f. L f. Gk paionia (Paion, physician of 
 the gods)] 
 
 people (pe'pl), n., & v.t. Persons composing 
 community, race, or nation, as the English p., 
 English-speaking pp., a xcarlikep., (treated as 
 sing.); the persons belonging to a place or form- 
 ing a company or class &c, as the p. of the west- 
 ern counties were in revolt, the p. here are furi- 
 ous subjects of king &c, congregation of parish 
 priest &c, (as pi.); armed followers, retinue, 
 workpeople, &c, (as pi.) ; one's parents or other 
 relatives, as his p. are sure to hear of it ; the 
 commonalty (as pi.) ; the body of enfranchised 
 or qualified citizens (as sing, or pi.); persons in 
 general, as p. don'tliketo be kept waiting ; (v.t.) 
 fill with p., populate, fill (place with animals 
 Sec), (of persons, animals, &c.) inhabit, occupy, 
 fill, esp. in p.p., as a thickly peopled country, 
 [f. OF pople, poeple, &c, f. L populus] 
 peperi'no (re-), n. Light porous (usu. brown) 
 volcanic rock formed of sand, cinders, &c. [It., 
 f. pepere pepper, see -ine l ] 
 
 pe'ppep 1 , n. Pungent aromatic condiment 
 got from dried berries of certain plants used 
 whole (peppercorns) or ground into powder; 
 Black P., plant chiefly used for this; black, 
 white, p., (from unripe, ripe, berries) ; cayenne 
 p.; (fig.) anything pungent; p.&-salt, cloth of 
 dark & light wools woven together, showing 
 small dots of dark & light intermingled ; p.-box, 
 small usu. round box with perforated lid for 
 sprinkling p., irregular buttress in Eton fives- 
 court; castor, -er, — p.-box (1st sense); pepper- 
 corn, dried berry of Black P., esp. as nominal 
 rent ; peppermint, kind of mint grown for its 
 essential oil, this oil, lozenge flavoured with 
 peppermint; p.-pot, = p. -castor, (also) W.-Ind. 
 dish of meat &c. stewed Avith red p. &c. [OE 
 pipor, f. L piper = Gk peperi of oriental orig.] 
 pe'pper 2, v.t. Sprinkle, treat, with pepper ; 
 besprinkle as with pepper; pelt with missiles 
 (lit or fig.) ; punish severely, [f. prec] 
 pe'ppepy, a. Of, like, abounding in, pepper ; 
 (fig.) pungent, stinging, hot-tempered, [-Y 2 ] 
 pe'psin, n. A ferment contained in gastric 
 juice, converting proteids into peptones in pre- 
 sence of weak acid. [f. Gk pepsis digestion 
 [pep- cook) + -in] 
 
 pe'ptie, a. & n. Digestive ; p. glands (secret- 
 ing gastric juice); (n. pi., facet.) digestive or- 
 gans, [f. Gk peptikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 pe'ptone, n. Class of albuminoid substances 
 into which proteids are converted by action of 
 pepsin &c. Hence pe*ptoniZE(3) v.t. [f. G 
 pepton f. Gk pepton cooked] 
 per, prep. Through, by, by means of. 1. In L 
 phrr.: p. annum, (so much) by the year, yearly ; 
 p. contra adv. & n., (on) the opposite side (of an 
 account &c.) ; p. diem, viensem, (so much) by 
 the day, month ; p. procurationem (abbrr. per 
 pro(c)., p.p.), by proxy, by the action of (person 
 signing document); p. sdltum, without inter- 
 mediate steps, all at once; p. se, by or in itself, 
 intrinsically. 2. As E prep.: by, by means or 
 instrumentality of, as p. post, rail, steamer, 
 bearer; (facet.) as p. usual, as usual ; for each, 
 as a shilling p. man, 5 p. cent. [L] 
 pep- in comb. - prec. 1. In L senses : through, 
 all over, (perforate, pervade); completely, very 
 (perturb) ; to destruction, to the bad, (ververt, 
 perdition). 2. Chem., denoting maximum of 
 some element in combination : in names of 
 binary compounds in -ide (formerly -uret), as 
 -chloride, -iodide, -oxide, -sulphide ; in adjj. in 
 
 -ic naming oxides, acids, &c, as -chloric, -iodic, 
 -manganic; in names of salts of these &c, as 
 -chlorate, -iodate, -manganate, -sulphate. 
 
 peradve'ntupe, adv. & n. (archaic). Per- 
 haps; if, lest, p., if, lest, it chance that; (n.) 
 uncertainty, chance, conjecture ; beyond, with- 
 out, (all) p. (doubt), [f. OF per or par aventure 
 by chance (per + aventure adventure)] 
 
 pepai*(-rahi, -ri), -pa*ya (-rahya), n. Vora- 
 cious Amer. fresh-water fish, [native (-ya)] 
 
 pepa'mbulate, v.t. Walk through, over, or 
 about. ; travel through & inspect (territory) ; 
 formally establish boundaries of (parish &c.) by 
 walking round them. Hence or cogn. pepam- 
 bulA'TiON n., pepa'mbulatORva. [f. Lper- 
 (ambulare walk), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 pepa'mbulatop, n. Hand carriage for one 
 or two children, with three or four wheels, 
 pushed from behind (colloq. abbr. pram). [(. 
 prec. + -or 2 ] 
 
 pepea'le (-al, -ahl), n. A closely woven cotton 
 fabric. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 pepeei've (ev), v.t. Apprehend with the 
 mind, observe, understand, (circumstance,£fta£, 
 how, Sec); apprehend through one of the senses, 
 esp. sight. If. OF percoivre, *-ceivre, f. L per- 
 (cipere cept- = capere take) seize thoroughly] 
 
 peree'ntag'e, n. Rate, proportion, per cent ; 
 (loosely) proportion, as only a small p. of books 
 are worth reading, [-age] 
 
 pep'eept, n. (philos.). Object of perception ; 
 mental product, as opp. to action, of perceiving, 
 [as perceive] 
 
 perceptible, a. That can be perceived by 
 senses or intellect. Hence pepeeptiBruTY 
 n., pepee'ptibLV 2 adv. [f. LL perceptibilis 
 (as prec, see -ble)] 
 
 pepee'ption, n. Act, faculty, of perceiving ; 
 intuitive recognit ion (o/truth,aestheticquality, 
 &c); (Philos.) action by which the mind refers 
 its sensations to external object as cause; (Law) 
 collection (of rents §cc). Hence pepee'ption- 
 al, pepee'ptivE, aa., pepee*ptiveLv 2 adv., 
 pepee'ptive.NESS. pereepti'viTv, nn. [OF, 
 f. L perceptionem (as perceive, see -ion)] 
 
 perch ] , n. European spiny-finned fresh- 
 water fish, used as food. [f. F perche f. L f. Gk 
 perke] 
 
 perch 2 , n. Horizontal bar for bird to rest 
 upon ; anything serving for this, as bird takes 
 its p. (alights); (fig.) elevated or secure position; 
 hop the p., die, knock (person) off his p., van- 
 quish, destroy, him; centre pole of some four- 
 wheeled vehicles ; (also pole, rod) measure of 
 length esp. for land, oh yds, square p., 30^ sq. yds. 
 [f. F perche f. L pertica pole] 
 
 pereh 3 , v.i. & t. Alight, rest, as bird (upon 
 bough &c); (of person &c) settle, alight, (up- 
 on); place (as) upon perch (esp. in p.p., as town 
 perched on a hill), [f. F perchcr, as prec] 
 
 pepcha'nee, adv. (archaic). Perhaps, [f. AF 
 par chance (par by + chance)] 
 
 perc/ieron (F), n. Strong & swift horse of 
 breed raised in le Perche, district of France. 
 
 peperpient, a. & n. Perceiving, conscious ; 
 (n.) one who perceives esp. (Telepathy) some- 
 thing outside range of senses. Hence pep- 
 ei'piENCE n. [f. L as perceive, see -ent] 
 
 pep'eolate, v.i. & t. (Of liquid) filter, ooze, 
 through (also fig.) ; (trans.) ooze through, per- 
 meate ; (rare, of person or strainer) strain 
 (liquid, powder) through pores &c. Hence or 
 cogn. pepeolA-rroN, pep*eolatOR 2 (2), nn. [f. 
 L PER(eoZ«re strain f. colum strainer), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pepeu'ss, v.t. (rued.). Tap gently with finger 
 or instrument for purposes of diagnosis &c 
 [f. L PER(cutei'e cuss- -quatere shake) strike] 
 
 pepcu'sslon, n. Forcible striking of one 
 
PERCUTANEOUS 
 
 609 
 
 PERI- 
 
 (usu. solid) body against another; (Med.) per- 
 cussing; <Mus.) instrument o/(played by) p.; p. 
 cap, small copper cap or cylinder in fire-arm, 
 containing fulminating powder and exploded 
 by p. of a hammer. So pereu'ssiYE a. [f. L 
 percussio (as prec, see -ion)J 
 
 percuta'neous, a. Made, done, through 
 the skin, [per- + cutaneous] 
 
 perdi'tion, n. Eternal death, damnation, 
 (f. OF perdiciun f. L perditionem f. PER(dere 
 dit- = dare give) destroy, see -ion) 
 
 perdu*, -due*, a. (Mil.) placed as an out- 
 post in hiding, esp. lie p.; (often as F, with 
 fern, -due) hidden. [F, p.p. of perdre lose, as 
 prec] 
 
 perdup'able, a. Permanent; eternal; dur- 
 able. Hence or cogn. perduraBixiTY n., 
 perduirabLY - adv. [OF, f. L VER(durabilis 
 
 DURABLE)] 
 
 pe/*e (par), n. Father (appended to surname 
 to distinguish father from son, cf. fils). IF] 
 
 peregrinate, Ym \ t ( now facet.). Travel, 
 journey. So peregrin a tion, peregrinat- 
 OR 2 , nn. [f. L peregrinari (as foil.), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 pe'regrin(e), a. & n. (Archaic) foreign, im- 
 ported from abroad, outlandish ; p. (falcon), 
 kind esteemed for hawking, [f. L peregrinus 
 ( peregre abroad, f. per + ager field, see -ine j )] 
 
 peremptory, a. Decisive, final, esp. (Law) 
 
 ?). mandamus (in which the command is abso- 
 ute), p. writ (enforcing defendant's appearance 
 without option) ; (of statement or command) 
 admitting no denial or refusal ; absolutely 
 fixed, essential; (of person &c.) dogmatic, im- 
 perious, dictatorial. Hence peremptoriLY 2 
 adv., pe'remptoriNESS n. If. L peremptorius 
 destructive f. PERdmere empt- = emere take, 
 buy) destroy, cut off, see -ory] 
 pere'nnial, a. & n. Lasting through, (of 
 stream) flowing through all seasons of, the 
 year; lasting long or for ever; (of plant) living 
 several years (cf. annual) ; (n.) p. plant. Hence 
 
 Eerennia'liTv n., pere'nnialLY 2 adv. [f. 
 PER(ennis f. annus year) + -al] 
 
 per'feet 1 , a. & n. Complete, not deficient; 
 faultless; (of lesson) thoroughly learned; 
 thoroughly trained or skilled (in duties &c.) ; 
 exact, precise, as a p. square, circle ; entire, 
 unqualified, as a p. stranger, p. nonsense; 
 (Gram., of tense) denoting completed event or 
 action viewed in relation to the present, future 
 p., giving sense will have done; (Bot.) having 
 all four whorls of the flower. Hence per'feet- 
 ly 2 adv., per'feetNESS n. [f. OF parfit f. L 
 per( ficere feet- =facere do) complete] 
 
 perfe'et 2 (or per'f-), v.t. Complete, carry 
 through ; make perfect ; improve. Hence per- 
 feetiBi'LiTY n., perfe'etiBLE a. [f. prec] 
 
 perfection, n. Completion ; making per- 
 fect ; full development ; faultlessness ; (loosely) 
 comparative excellence ; perfect person or 
 thing ; highest pitch, extreme, (o/quality &c); 
 <w. pi.) accomplishment. [OF, f. L perfectionem 
 <as perfect J , see -ion)] 
 
 perfectionist, n. One who holds that re- 
 ligious or moral perfection may be attained ; 
 (P-) member of communistic community of 
 Oneida Creek, N.Y. So perfection ism n. 
 
 [-1ST] 
 
 perfer*vid, a. Very fervid, [per-] 
 per'fidy, n. Breach of faith, treachery. 
 Hence or cogn. perfrdious a., perfi'dious- 
 ly 2 adv., perfi'diousNESS n. [f. F perfidie f. 
 L perfidia f. PER(/rfws f. fides faith) treacher- 
 ous] 
 perfoliate (-at), a. (bot.). Having the stalk 
 apparently passing through the leaf. [f. per- 
 + L folium leaf + -ate 2 ] 
 
 f.D. 
 
 perforate, v.t. & i. Make hole(s) through, 
 pierce, esp. make rows of holes in (sheet) to 
 separate stamps, coupons, &c, make an opening 
 into ; pass, extend, through ; (intr.) penetrate 
 (into, through, Sec). Hence or cogn. perfor- 
 a'tion, per*foratOR-(2), nn., per'forativE 
 a. [f. L PER(/orare bore), see -ate 3] 
 
 perfor'ce, adv. & n. Of necessity ; (n., rare) 
 necessity, esp. of, by, p. [f. OF par force by 
 force] 
 
 perfor*m, v.t. & i. Carry into effect (com- 
 mand, promise, task, operation, &c); go 
 through, execute, (public function, play, piece 
 of music, &c); (intr.) act in play, play, sing, 
 &c; (of trained animals) execute tricks &c at 
 public show &c, whence perfor'miNG 2 a. 
 Hence perfor'mABLE a., perfor'niER 1 n. 
 [OF (par- per- + former form, or perh. cor- 
 rupt, of parfournir f. fournir furnish)] 
 
 performance, n. Execution (0/ command 
 &c) ; carrying out, doing ; notable deed ; per- 
 forming of play or public exhibition, as there 
 are two pp. a day, the afternoon p. [-ance] 
 
 per'fume ', n. Odorous fumes of burning 
 substance ; sweet smell ; smell ; fluid contain- 
 ing essence of flowers &c, scent. Hence per*- 
 fumeLESs a. [f. F parfum, as foil.] 
 
 perfu*me 2 , v.t. impart sweet scent to, im- 
 pregnate with sweet smell, (esp. in p.p.). If. F 
 parfumer (per- + \jfumare smoke)] 
 
 perfu*mer, n. Maker, seller, of perfumes. 
 Hence perfu*mERY(l, 2, 3) n. [er *] 
 
 perfu'netory, a. Done merely for sake of 
 getting through a duty, acting thus, superficial, 
 mechanical, as a p. inspection, inquirer, in a 
 p. manner. Hence perfu*netoriLY 2 adv., 
 perfu*netoriNESS n. [f. LL perfimctorhis f. 
 per( fungi fund- perform), see -ory] 
 
 perfu'se (-z), v.t. Besprinkle (ivith water 
 &c) ; cover, suffuse, (with radiance &c.) ; pour 
 (water &c) through or over. Hence or cogn. 
 perfu'siON (-zhn) n., perfu'siVE (s) a. [f. L 
 PER(fwidere fus- pour)] 
 
 pergameneous, a. Of or like parchment. 
 
 [f. L as PARCHMENT -f- -EOUS] 
 
 per'gola, n. Arbour, covered walk, formed 
 of growing plants trained over trellis-work. 
 [It., f. L pergula projecting roof (pergere pro- 
 ceed)] 
 
 pergu'nnah, -ga'na (-gu-), n. Division of 
 territory in India, group of villages, [f. Pers. 
 & Hind, parganah district] 
 
 perha'ps (colloq. praps), adv. It may be, 
 possibly, as p. he has lost it, he has p. lost it, p. 
 yoiixcoxild like to see it ?. [per + haps (pi.)] 
 
 per'i, n. (Pers. Myth.) fairy, good (orig. evil) 
 genius ; beautiful or graceful being. [Pers.] 
 
 peri- in comb. =Gk peri round, about, as: 
 -anth, floral envelope; -car'dium, membranous 
 sac enclosing the heart, so -car'diac, -car'dial, 
 aa.; -carp, seed-vessel, wall of ripened ovary of 
 plant; ■cno'ndrium (-k-), membrane enveloping 
 cartilages (except at joints) ; -cli'nal (geol.), 
 sloping in all directions from central point ; 
 -gynous, (of stamen) situated around pistil or 
 ovary; -6'steum, membrane enveloping the 
 bones, so -o' steal a., -ostitis n.; -pteral, (of 
 temple) surrounded by single row of pillars ; 
 -scope, kind of photographic object-glass, (also) 
 apparatus used in submarine boat for seeing 
 objects above water; -sco'pic, enabling one to 
 see distinctly for some distance round axis of 
 vision ; -sperm, mass of albumen outside em- 
 bryo-sac in some seeds ; -stome, (Bot.) fringe of 
 small teeth around mouth of capsule in mosses, 
 (Zool.) parts around mouth in various inverte- 
 brates ; typhli'tis, inflammation of some part 
 around the caecum, e.g. appendicitis. 
 
 20 
 
PERIAPT 
 
 610 
 
 PERMIAN 
 
 periapt, n. Thing worn about the person 
 as charm, amulet, [f. F periapte f. Gk peri- 
 (apton f. hapto fasten)] 
 
 pe'rielase, n. Mineral consisting of mag- 
 nesia & protoxide of iron, found esp. at Vesu- 
 vius, [f. peri- (in sense ' very ') + Gk klasis 
 breaking, from its perfect cleavage] 
 
 peri'eope, n. Short passage, paragraph ; 
 
 Eortion of Scripture read in public worship, [f. 
 iL f. Gk PERi(A:ope cutting f. kopto cut)] 
 
 pepiepa'nium, n. Membrane enveloping 
 skull ; (facet.) skull, brain, [f. Gk PERi(kranion 
 cranium)] 
 
 pe'piddt, n. (Jeweller's name for) olivine, 
 kind of chrysolite, [f. F peridot, etym. dub.] 
 
 perigee (-je), n. That point in planet's (esp. 
 moon's) orbit at which it is nearest to earth (cf. 
 apogee). Hence pepig"e'AN a. [f. F perigee f. 
 LL f. late Gk RKRligeion f. ge earth)] 
 
 perihelion, n. That point in planet's orbit 
 at which it is nearest to sun (cf. aphelion). 
 [f. peri- + Gk helios sun] 
 
 peril, n., & v.t. (-11-). Danger; in p. of (in 
 danger of losing) one's life &c; you do it at 
 your p., you take the risk; keep off at your 
 p. (take the risk if you do not) ; (v.t.) expose to 
 danger, imperil. Hence or cogn. pe'Pilous a., 
 pe'PilousLY 2 adv., perilouss kss n. [(vb f. 
 n.) f. F peril f. L periculum (-periri try)] 
 
 peprmetep, n. Circumference, outline, of 
 closed figure; length of this; instrument for 
 measuring the field of vision, [f. L f. Gk peri- 
 (metros f. metron measure)] 
 
 perineum, n. (anat). Region of the body 
 between anus & scrotum or vulva. Hence pe- 
 rine'AL a. [LL, f. Gk perinaios, cf. peris -inos 
 scrotum] 
 
 pep'iod, n. Round of time marked by recur- 
 rence of astronomical coincidences ; time of 
 planet's revolution ; time during which disease 
 runs its course ; (pi.) menses ; indefinite portion 
 of history, life, &c; any portion of time ; the p., 
 the present day ; complete sentence, esp. one 
 of several clauses; (pi.) rhetorical language; 
 full pause at end of sentence; full stop (.) 
 marking this ; set of figures marked off in large 
 number, as in numeration, recurring decimals, 
 &c. If. F periode f. L f. Gk PERi(odos = hodos 
 wavj] 
 
 perio'die, a. Of revolution of heavenly body, 
 as p. motion ; recurring at regular intervals, 
 so pepiodi'ciTV n.; recurring at intervals; 
 expressed in (rhetorical) periods, [f. Fp6riod- 
 ique f. L f. Gk periodikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 pepio'dical, a. & n. =prec. (not in last sense); 
 (magazine, miscellany) published at regular in- 
 tervals, e. g. monthly. Hence pepio'diealLY 2 
 adv. [-AL] 
 
 peripatetic, a. & n. (P-) Aristotelian (a. & 
 n. ; so called from Aristotle's custom of walk- 
 ing in Lyceum while teaching) ; walking from 
 place to place on one's business, itinerant, 
 whence pepipate'tiCALLY adv.; (n., chiefly 
 facet.) itinerant dealer. Hence pepipate'ti- 
 cism(2, 3) n. [f. F peripatetique f. L f. Gk peri- 
 patetikos f. VKR\(pateo walk), see -ic] 
 
 peripetei'a (la), -tia, n. Sudden change of 
 fortune in drama or in life. [Gk PERi(»e£ei'a f. 
 pet- fall)f 
 
 pepi'pnepy, n. Bounding line esp. of round 
 surface; external boundary or surface. Hence 
 pepi'phePAL a., pepi'ph"epalLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 periferie f . LL f. Gk peri( phereia t phero bear) 
 circumference] 
 
 pepi'phpasis, n. (pi. -ases). Roundabout 
 way of speaking, circumlocution ; roundabout 
 
 phrase. Hence or cogn. periphpa'stic a. r 
 pepiphpa'stiCALLY adv. [L f. Gk, f. peri- 
 {phrazo declare, vbl adj. -phrastos) ; also angli- 
 cized pe'riphrase (pi. pron. -Iz)] 
 
 pe'pish, v.i. Suffer destruction, lose life, 
 come to untimely end ; we were perished (much 
 incommoded) with cold, hunger, &c. [f. OF 
 perir (see -ish 2 ) f. L PER(t're go) perish] 
 
 perishable, a. & n. Liable to perish ; sub- 
 ject to speedy decay ; (n. pi.) things (esp. food- 
 stuffs in transit) subject to this. Hence pep- 
 ishableNESs n. [able] 
 
 perishing-, a. In vbl senses ; also : (of cold, 
 hunger, &c.) deadly, whence pepishingLV 2 
 adv. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 pe'Pispome, perispo'menon, a. & n. (Gk 
 gram.). (Word) with circumflex accent on last 
 syllable, [abbr. of Gk perispomenon (also used 
 in E) neut. part, of PERi(spao draw) draw round, 
 mark with circumflex] 
 
 peri'stalith, n. (archaeol.). Ring of stand- 
 ing stones round burial-mound &c. [irreg. f. 
 Gk TERi(statos standing) + -lith] 
 
 peristalsis, n. (physiol.). Automatic mus- 
 cular movement consisting of wave-like con- 
 tractions in successive circles, by which con- 
 tents of alimentary canal &c. are propelled 
 along it. Hence or cogn. perista'ltic a. , pepi- 
 sta'ltiCALLY adv. [Gk, f. PERi{stello send)] 
 
 pepistepd'nie, a. Of pigeons, [prob. f. Gk 
 peristcron dovecot (peristera dove)] 
 
 pe'Pistyle, n. Row of columns surrounding 
 temple, court, cloister, &c; space so surround- 
 ed, [f. F peristyle f. L f. Gk PERi(stulon f. stu- 
 los pillar)] 
 
 peritoneum, -naeum, n. (anat.). Double 
 serous membrane lining cavity of abdomen. 
 Hence peritone al a., pepitonrxis n. [L, f. 
 Gk PERi{tonaion f. ton- stem of teino stretch)] 
 
 pe'riwig", n. Wig. Hence peTiwiggrED 2 
 a. [earlier perwyke f. F as peruke] 
 
 pe'Piwinkle l , n. Genus of plants, esp. Les- 
 ser & Greater P., evergreen trailing shrubs 
 with light-blue flowers. [OE pervince f. L per- 
 vinca] 
 
 periwinkle 2 , n. Gastropod mollusc much 
 used for food. [OE has pinewinclan, wine-} 
 
 pep'jure (-jer), v. refl. P. oneself, forswear 
 oneself ; (p.p.) guilty of perjury. So pep'jup- 
 er j n. [f. OF parjurer f. L PERU' urare swear)] 
 
 pep'jupy, n. Swearing to statement known 
 to be false ; wilful utterance of false evidence 
 while on oath ; breach of oath. So perjuri- 
 ous (joor-) a., pepjup'iousLY 2 adv. [f. AF 
 perjurie f. L perjurium as prec] 
 
 perk, v.i. & t., & a. (Also p. up) lift one's 
 head, thrust oneself forward, briskly or im- 
 pudently ; (trans.) smarten up ; hold up (head, 
 tail) self-assertively ; (adj., rare) perky. [?] 
 
 per'ky, a. Self-assertive, saucy, pert. Hence 
 pep'kiLY 2 adv., pep*kiNESS n. [prec. + -y 2 ] 
 
 pep'lite, n. Obsidian or other vitreous rock 
 in form of enamel-like globules. [F, as pearl, 
 see -ite 1 ] 
 
 permanent, n. Lasting, intended to last, 
 indefinitely (cf. temporary); p. way, finished 
 road-bed of railway. Hence or cogn. pep*- 
 manENCE, pep'manENCY, nn., pep'man- 
 entLY 2 adv. ff. L PER(manere remain), -ent] 
 
 pep'meate, v.t. & i. Penetrate, pervade, 
 saturate ; diffuse itself through, among, Sec. 
 Hence or cogn. pepmeaBULiTY, pep'me- 
 ance, pepmeATiON,nn.,pep*meaBLE, pep*- 
 meANT, aa. [f. L PER(weare run), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 Pep'mian, a. Of the uppermost division of 
 the Palaeozoic series of strata, consisting ch iefly 
 
 
 For other words in peri- see peri-. 
 
PERMISSIBLE 
 
 611 
 
 PERSONAL 
 
 of red sandstone &magnesian limestone. [Perm, 
 E. -Russian province, + -ian] 
 
 permissible, a. Allowable. Hence pep- 
 mi'ssibLY 2 adv. [OF, prob. f. med.L permis- 
 sibilis (as permit 1 , see -ble)] 
 
 permi'ssion, n. Leave, licence, (to do), [f. 
 L permissio (as permit, see -ion)] 
 
 permi'ssive, a. Giving permission. Hence 
 pepmi*ssiveLY 2 adv., permi'ssiveNESS n. 
 [OF (-if, -ive), as foil., see -ive] 
 
 permi't 1 , v.t. & i. (-tt-). Allow, as p. me to 
 remark, appeals are permitted, p. it to be 
 altered; (intr.) admit of (alteration &c). [f. L 
 PEK(jnittere 77iiss- let go)] 
 
 pep*mit 2 , n. Written order giving permis- 
 sion esp. for landing or removal of dutiable 
 goods &c; (also permi't) permission, [f. prec] 
 
 permuta'tion, n. (Math.) variation of the 
 order of a set of things lineally arranged, any 
 one such arrangement; (rare) alteration, [f. 
 OF permutacion f. L permutationem (foil., 
 
 -ION)] 
 
 permirte, v.t. Alter the order of. [f. L per- 
 (mutare change)] 
 
 pern, l). HONEY-buzzard. [irreg. f. Gkpter- 
 nis, kind of hawk] 
 
 pernreious, a. Destructive, ruinous, fatal. 
 Hence perni'eiousLY 2 adv., perni'eious- 
 ness n. [f. F pernicieux f. L perniciosus (per- 
 nicies ruin f. per- + nex necis death, see 
 -ous)] 
 
 pernrekety, a. (colloq.). Fastidious; tick- 
 lish, requiring careful handling. [?] 
 
 pernocta'tion, n. Passing the night; (Eccl.) 
 all-night vigil, [f. L pemoctatio f. FER(noctare 
 f. nox noctis night), see -ation] 
 
 pe'porate, v.i. Sum up & conclude speech, 
 whence pePOPA'TiON n. ; speak at length, [f. L 
 PER(orare speak)] 
 
 perpe'nd, v.t. (archaic). Ponder, consider, 
 (matter or abs.). [f. L PKB.(pendere weigh)] 
 
 peppendi'culai*, a. & n. At right angles to 
 plane of horizon ; (loosely, of ascent &c.) very 
 steep ; erect, upright ; (facet.) in standing posi- 
 tion ; (Geom.) at right angles (to given line, 
 plane, or surface) ; p. style. (N.) plumb-rule or 
 other instrument for showing p. line ; p. line ; 
 the p., p. line or direction ; (slang) meal &c. at 
 which guests stand. Hence peppendieu- 
 la'PiTY n., peppendi'culaPLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 perpendiculer f. L perpendicularis (perpen- 
 diculum plumb-line, as prec, see -ar 1 )! 
 
 pep'petpate, v.t. Perform, commit, (crime, 
 blunder, pun or other thing viewed as out- 
 rageous). SopeppetPA'TiON, pep'petpatoR 2 , 
 nn. [f. L PEH(petrare = patrare effeet), -ate 3 ] 
 
 peppe'tual, a. Eternal; permanent during 
 life ; applicable, valid, for ever or for indefinite 
 time ; p. motion (of machine that should go on 
 for ever unless stopped by external force or 
 worn out); continuous; (colloq.) frequent, re- 
 peated, as this p. nagging. Hence peppe'tu- 
 alLY 2 adv. [f. F perpttuel f. L perpetualis f. 
 perpetuus (perh. f. per- + petere seek), see -al] 
 
 perpetuate, v.t. Make perpetual ; preserve 
 from oblivion. Hence or cogn. peppe'tUANCE, 
 peppetuA - TiON, peppe'tuatOR 2 , nn. [f. L 
 perpetuare (as prec), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 peppetu'ity, n. Quality of being perpetual ; 
 in, to, for, p., for ever; perpetual possession or 
 position ; perpetual annuity, [f. F perpe"tuite 
 f. L perpetuitatem (as perpetual, see -ty)] 
 
 pefpple'x, v.t. Bewilder, puzzle, (person, his 
 mind); complicate, confuse, (matter) ; entangle, 
 intertwine, (esp. in p.p. ). Hence pepple'xed- 
 ly 2 , pepple'xingLY 2 , advv. [f. obs. perplex 
 a. f. L per( plexus p.p. of plectere plait)] 
 
 pepple'xity, n. Bewilderment; whatcauses 
 
 this ; entangled state, [f. LL perplexitas (as 
 prec, see -TV)] 
 
 perquisite (-z-), n. Casual profit, esp. (Law) 
 that coming to lord of manor beyond regular 
 revenue ; thing that has served its primary use 
 and to which subordinate or servant has then 
 a customary right, as remains of the daily 
 commons are among the pp. of college scouts ; 
 customary gratuity, [f. L PEB.(quirere, quisit- 
 = quaerere seek) search narrowly for] 
 
 pe'ppon, n. Platform in front of door of 
 church or other large building, ascended by 
 steps. [F, f. L petra stone, see -oon] 
 
 pe'ppy, n. Drink from juice of pears ferment- 
 ed, [f. OF per6 f. LL pera = L pirum pear] 
 
 perse, a. & n. (archaic). Bluish-grey, bluish 
 grey. [ME, f. OF pers f. LL persus etym. dub.] 
 
 pep'seeute, v.t. Pursue with enmity and 
 injury (esp. holder of opinion held to be here- 
 tical) ; harass, worry ; importune (person with 
 questions &c). So pepseeu'tiON, pep'se- 
 eutOR 2 , nn. [f. F persicuter f. L PEK(sequi 
 secut- follow) pursue] 
 
 pepsevep'anee, n. Steadfast pursuit of an 
 aim, constant persistence, so pepsevep'ANT 
 a. (rare) ; (Theol.) continuance in state of grace, 
 [f. F perseverance f. L perseverantia (as folL, 
 see -ance)] 
 
 pepsevepe* (-er), v.i. Continue steadfastly, 
 persist, (in course, in doing, with task, or abs.). 
 Hence pePseveP'ingLY 2 adv. [f. F perse" • 
 v&rer f. L. perse verare f. PEH(severus severe)] 
 
 Pep*sian(-shn),a. &n. (Inhabitant) of Persia, 
 as P. carpet, cat (with long silky hair & thick 
 tail), [-an] 
 
 persiennes (-enz), n. pi. Outside window- 
 blinds of light horizontal laths. [F,= Persian 
 (fem. pi. adj.)] 
 
 persiflage (parsiflah'zh), n. Light raillery, 
 banter. [F, f. PEB.(sifler = siffler f. L sibilare 
 whistle), see -age] 
 
 persi'mmon, n. American date-plum, yel- 
 low fruit becoming sweet when softened by 
 frost, [corrupt, of native name] 
 
 pepsi'st (-si-), v.i. Continue firmly or obstin- 
 ately (in opinion, course, doing) esp. against 
 remonstrance &c Hence or cogn. pepsi'st- 
 ence, pepsi'stENCY, nn., pepsi'stENT a., 
 pepsi*stentLY 2 adv. [f. LPER(sistere stand)] 
 
 pep'son (-sn), n. Individual human being ; 
 (contempt.) who is this p. ? ; young p., young 
 man or (usu.) woman; living body of human 
 being, as he had a fine p., attracted by her for- 
 tune not her p.; acting, appearing, in his own 
 (proper) p. or in p. (himself, personally) ; found 
 a friend in (the p. of) his landlord ; (Law) hu- 
 man being (natural p.) or body corporate (arti- 
 ficial p.) with recognized rights & duties f 
 character in play or story ; the three pp. (modes 
 of being) of the Godhead, Father, Son, Hoty 
 Spirit; (Gram.) each of the three classes of 
 personal pronouns &c denoting respectively 
 the p. &c speaking (first p.), spoken to (second 
 p.), & spoken of (third p.) ; (Zool.) individual of 
 a compound or colonial organism, [f. OF per- 
 sone f. L persona player's mask, character in 
 play, (LL) human being, perh. cogn. w. per- 
 (sonare_ sound)] 
 
 perso'na, n. Person, as : p. grata, accept- 
 able person ; in 5 propria persona. [L] 
 
 pep'sonable, a. Handsome, comely, [-able] 
 
 per'sonage, n. Person of rank or impor- 
 tance ; person ; character in play &c [OF, = 
 med.L personaticum (as person, see -age)] 
 
 per*sonal, a. One's own, individual, pri- 
 vate, as to suit his p. convenience, this is p. to 
 myself i done, made, &c, in person, asp. service^ 
 acquaintance, interview) ; directed, referring- 
 
PERSONALITY 
 
 <esp. hostilely) to an individual, as p. abuse, 
 remarks', making, given to making, p. remarks, 
 as do not let us become p.; (Law) p. property, 
 estate, chattels or chattel interests in land, all 
 property except land and those interests in 
 land that pass to one's heir, (cf. real) ; (Gram.) 
 of, denoting, one of the three persons, esp. p. 
 pronouns. [OF, f. L personalis (person, -al)] 
 
 personality, n. Being a person ; personal 
 existence or identity ; distinctive personal 
 character ; person ; (of remarks) fact of being 
 aimed at an individual, (usu. pl.)suchremark(s); 
 (rare) = personalty. [f. OF personalU f. 
 med.L personalitatem (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 pep'sonalize, v.t. Personify. Henceper- 
 sbnalizATioN n. [personal + -ize] 
 
 pep'sonally, adv. In person, in one's own 
 person, as he conducted them p., a p.-condxicted 
 tour (conducted by some one in person), writ 
 was served on them p.; a God existing p. (as- a 
 person) ; for one's own part, asp. I see no objec- 
 tion. [-LY 2 J 
 
 pep'sonalty, n. Personal estate, [f. AF 
 personaltie personality] 
 
 pep'sonate 1 (-at), a. (bot). Having the 
 opening of the lips closed by upward projection 
 of the lower, as in snapdragon, [f. hx)crsona- 
 tun masked (as foil., see -ate' 2 )] 
 
 per'sonate 2 , v. t. Play the part of (charac- 
 ter in drama, also fig.); pretend to be (person) 
 esp. for fraudulent purpose. Hence person- 
 a'tion, pep'sonatOR 2 , nn. [f. LL personare 
 (as'PERSON), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 personification, n. Personifying ; person, 
 thing, viewed as striking example or embodi- 
 ment ©/(quality &c). [f. foil., see -fication] 
 
 pepsd'nify, v.t. Attribute personal nature 
 to (abstraction) ; symbolize (quality) by figure 
 in human form ; embody (quality) in one's own 
 person, exemplify typically, (esp. in p.p.). [prob. 
 f. F personnitier, see person & -FY] 
 
 personnel, n. Body of persons engaged esp. 
 in public institution. [F, = personal, adj. as n. ] 
 
 perspective, n. & a. Art of delineating 
 solid objects on plane surface so as to gi ve same 
 impression of relative positions, magnitudes, 
 &c, as the actual objects do when viewed from 
 particular point ; picture so drawn ; apparent 
 relation between visible objects as to position, 
 distance, &.c, linear p. (concerned with apparent 
 form, magnitude, & position, of objects) ; (fig.) 
 relation in which parts of subject are viewed 
 by the mind; view, prospect, (lit. & fig.); in 
 <drawn according to rules of)p.; (adj.)of, in, p., 
 whence pePspectiveLY 2 adv. [f. med.L 
 perspectiva(ars art) f. PER(spicere sped- look), 
 see -ive] 
 
 perspicacious, a. Having mental pene- 
 tration or discernment. Hence or cogn. per- 
 spica*eiousLY 2 adv., perspiea'eiTY n. [f. 
 L perspicax_ (as prec, see -acious)] 
 
 perspi*cuous,a. Easily understood, clearly 
 expressed; (of person) clear in expression. 
 Hence or cogn. perspieu'iTY, perspi'cu- 
 ousness, nn., perspicuousLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 perspicuus <as prec),+ -ous] 
 
 perspir'able, a. Allowing the passage of 
 perspiration ; that can be thrown off in per- 
 spiration, [f. PERSPIRE + -ABLE] 
 
 perspira'tion, n. Sweating ; sweat. So 
 pepspip'atORY a. [F (as foil., -ation)] 
 
 perspire*, v.i. & t. Sweat ; (trans.) give off 
 <hquid) through pores in form of vapour or 
 moisture, [f. L PER{spirare breathe) breathe, 
 <of wind) blow] 
 
 persua'de (-swad), v.t. Convince, (person, 
 oneself, of fact, that thing is so) ; induce (per- 
 son to do, into action); (P-P-) convinced (of 
 
 612 PESSARY 
 
 thing, thai). Hence or cogn. persua'dABLE, 
 persua'siBLE, aa., persuasiBiLiTY n. [f. L 
 
 PER(si<adere suas- advise)] 
 
 pepsua'sion (-s wazhn), n. Persuading ; per- 
 suasiveness ; conviction, as it is my private p. 
 that he is mad ; religious belief; sect holding 
 this, as he is of the Roman Catholic p.; (facet.) 
 race, kind, sort, as a man of the Jewishp. (Jew), 
 no one of the vi&le p. was there, [f. Ltpersuasio 
 (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 persua'sive, a. & n. Able to persuade, win- 
 ning; (n.) motive, inducement. Hence per- 
 sua*siveLY 2 adv., persua'siveNESS n. [f. 
 med.L persuasivus (as persuade, see -ive)] 
 
 pert, a. Forward, saucy, in speech or con- 
 duct. Hence per'tLY 2 adv., pep'tNESs n. 
 [earlier (& OF) apert f. L (1) apertus p.p. of 
 aperire open (2) expertus expert] 
 
 pertai'n, v.i. Belong as part, appendage, or 
 accessory, to ; be appropriate to ; have refer- 
 ence, relate, to. [f. OF partenir f. L PER(tinere 
 = tenere hold)] 
 
 pertinacious, a. Stubborn, persistent, 
 obstinate. Hence or cogn. pertinacious ly 2 
 adv., pertinaciousNESS, pertinaciiv, nn. 
 [f. L PER(tinax = tenax tenacious)] 
 
 per'tinent, a. & n. Pertaining, relevant, 
 apposite, (to matter in hand &c) ; to the point; 
 (n., usu. pi.) appurtenance(s). Hence or cogn. 
 per'tinENCE, pep'tinENCY, nn., pep'tin- 
 entLY 2 adv. [f. L as pertain, see -ent] 
 
 peptup'b, v.t. Throw into (physical) con- 
 fusion ; disturb mentally, agitate. So pep- 
 tupbA'TiON n., peptup'bativE (or per't-) a. 
 [f. L PER(turbare disturb)] 
 
 peru'ke (ook), n. Wig. [f. F perruque f. 
 It. perruca, parrucca, perh. ult. f. L pilus hair] 
 
 peru'se (ooz), v.t." Read thoroughly or care- 
 fully ; read; (fig.) examine (person's face &c> 
 carefully. Hence pepu'SAL (-zl) n. [(in earlier 
 sense ' use up ') per- + use] 
 
 Pepu'vian (oo), a. Of Peru ; P. bark (of 
 ci nchona tree), [f. mod. L Peruvia Peru+ -an] 
 
 pervade, v.t. Spread through, permeate, 
 saturate, (often fig. of influences &c). Hence 
 or cogn. pepva*siON (-zhn), pepva*siveNES3 
 (s-),nn.,pepva*sivEa., pepva*siveLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L PKR(vadere vas- go)] 
 
 pepvep'se, a. Persistent in error ; different 
 from what is reasonable or required; wayward; 
 peevish; perverted, wicked; (of verdict) against 
 weightof evidence or judge's direction. Hence 
 or cogn. pepvep*seLY 2 adv., pepvep*seNESS, 
 pepver'siTY, nn. [F (-r», -rse), f. L as foil.] 
 
 pepvep't 1 , v.t. Turn aside (thing) from its 
 proper use; misconstrue, misapply, (words &c); 
 lead astray (person, mind) from right opinion 
 or conduct or esp. religious belief. Hence or 
 cogn. pepvep'siON n., pepvep'sivE a. [f. F 
 pervertir f. L PER(vertere vers- turn)] 
 
 pep'vert 2 , n. Perverted person, apostate, 
 [f. prec, cf. convert] 
 
 pep'vious, a. Affording passage (to) ; per- 
 meable ; (fig.) accessible (to reason &c). Hence 
 pep'viousNESS d. If. L PER(vius f. via way) 
 + -ous] 
 
 pese'ta (-sa-), n. Spanish silver coin worth 
 about MM. [Sp.]- 
 
 Peshi'to, -itta, (-she-), n. Principal ancient 
 Syriac version of O. & N.T. [f. Syriac p'shit(t)d, 
 ■6, simple] 
 
 peshwa (pa - shwah), n. (hist.). Hereditary 
 sovereign (earlier, chief minister) of the Mah- 
 ratta state. [Pers. , = chief] 
 
 peso (pa'so), n. Silver coin worth about is., 
 used in most S.-Amer. republics. [Sp.] 
 
 pe'ssapy, n. (med.). Instrument worn in the 
 vagina to prevent uterine displacements, [f. 
 
PESSIMISM 
 
 613 
 
 PETTY 
 
 med.L pessarhan f. L. f. Gk pessos oval stone 
 used in game like draughts] 
 
 pe'ssimism, n. Tendency to look at the 
 ■worst aspect of things (cf. optimism) ; doctrine 
 that this world is the worst possible, or that all 
 things tend to evil. Sope'ssimiSTn., pessi- 
 mistic a., pessimi'stiCALLV adv. [f. L pes- 
 simus worst + -ism] 
 
 pest, n. Troublesome or destructive person, 
 animal, or thing; (now care) pestilence; p.- 
 house, hospital for plague &c. [f. Fjjestef. L 
 pestis plague] 
 
 pe'ster, v.t. Trouble, plague, [perh. f. f 
 r.M(pestrer f. L pastorium tether, as pastor)] 
 
 pesti'fei'ous, a. Noxious, pestilential ; (fig.) 
 bearing moral contagion, pernicious, [f . L pes- 
 ti/er (as pest, see -ferous)] 
 
 pestilence, n. Any fatal epidemic disease, 
 esp. bubonic plague. So pestile'ntiAL a. [F, 
 f. ti pestilentia (as foil., see -ence)] 
 
 pestilent, a. Destructive to life, deadly; 
 (fig.) injurious to morals &c; (colloq.) trouble- 
 some, plaguy. Hence pe*stilentLY a adv. [f. 
 L pestilens (also -lenttts) f. pestis plague] 
 
 pe'stle (-si), n., & v.t. & i. Club-shaped in- 
 strument for pounding substances in a mortar ; 
 kinds of appliance for pounding &c. ; (v.t.) 
 pound (as) with p.; (v.i.) use p. [f. OF pestel f. 
 L pistillum (pinsere pist- pound)] 
 
 pet 1 , n., & v.t. Animal tamed & kept as 
 favourite or treated with fondness ; darling, 
 favourite, (often attrib.) ; one's p. aversion, 
 what one specially dislikes ; p. name, one ex- 
 pressing fondness or familiarity ; (v.t.) treat as 
 a p., fondle. [?] 
 
 pet 2 , n. Offence at being slighted, ill-hu- 
 mour, esp. take (usu. the) p., be in a p. f?J 
 
 petal, n. Each of the divisions of the co- 
 rolla of a flower. Hence petaliNE (-in), (-)pe*- 
 tal(l)ED 2 , pe'taloiD, aa. [f. Gk petalon thin 
 plate, leaf, {pit- spread)] 
 
 pe'talon, n. Gold plate on mitre of Jewish 
 high priest, [as petal] 
 
 petar'd, n. Small engine of war formerly 
 used to blow in door &c; kind of firework, 
 cracker ; hoist 2 with his own p. [f . F pttard 
 {piter break wind ult. f. L pedere, see -ard)] 
 
 pe'tasus, n. Ancient Greek low-crowned 
 broad-brimmed hat, esp. as worn by Hermes ; 
 winged hat of Hermes, f L, f. Gk petasos] 
 
 petaup'ist, n. Genus of marsupials most of 
 which have a parachute enabling them to take 
 flying leaps, [f. Gk petauristes performer on 
 spring-board (petauron)] 
 
 PeteP 1 , n. A male Christian name; St P., 
 One of Christ's disciples ; rob P. to pay Paul, 
 take away from one to give to another, dis- 
 charge one debt by incurring another; blue 
 P.; P.'sfish, haddock or other fish with marks 
 supposed to have been made by St P.'s thumb 
 & finger ; P.-penny, P.'s-penny or pence, (Hist.) 
 annual tax of penny paid to papal see, (since 
 1860) voluntary payments to papal treasury, 
 [f. L f. Gk Petros stone] 
 
 pe'ter 2 , v.i. (slang). (Of stream, vein of ore, 
 « fig.) jo. out, give out, come to an end. [?] 
 
 pe'tepsham (-sh), n. Thick ribbed or corded 
 silk ribbon ; heavy overcoat or breeches former- 
 ly worn ; cloth for these. [Viscount P., c. 1812] 
 
 petiole, n. (bot.). Leaf-stalk. Hence pe*- 
 tiolAR 1 , pe*tiolATE 2 (2), aa. [f. L petiolus 
 little foot, stalkl 
 
 petit (pete'), a. Petits-chevaux (-vo), a gam- 
 bling game ; p.-maitre (matr), dandy, coxcomb ; 
 P. mal, mild form of epilepsy ; p. souper (soopa), 
 informal supper for a few intimajtes ; petits 
 soins, small attentions ; p. verre (var), glass of 
 
 liqueur. [F, = little] 
 
 peti'tio (-tishio, -titio), n. P.principii, beg- 
 ging the question. [L, as foil.] 
 
 petition (-tishn), n., & v.t. & i. Asking, 
 supplication, request; formal written supplica- 
 tion from one or more persons to sovereign &c; 
 (Hist.) P. & Advice, Parliament's remonstrance 
 to Cromwell, 1657, P. of Bight, parliamentary 
 declaration of rights & liberties of the people 
 assented to by Charles I in 1628 ; (Law) kinds 
 of formal written application to a court ; (v.t.) 
 make p. to (sovereign &c. for thing, to do) ; 
 (v.i.) ask humbly (for thing, to be allowed to 
 do &c). Hence or cogn. peti'tionARV l a., 
 peti'tionER 1 n. [f. ¥ petition f. Lpetitwnem 
 [petere -tit- seek, see -ion)] 
 
 pe'tpel, n. (Also storm-p., stormy p.) small 
 sea-bird with black & white plumage & long 
 wings, [perh. f. St peter + -rel] 
 
 petPifa'etion, n. Petrifying ; petrified sub- 
 stance or mass, [irreg. f. foil., see -faction; 
 the reg. petrification is now rare] 
 
 petrify, v.t. & i. Convert into stone ; (fig.) 
 paralyse, stupefy, with astonishment, terror, 
 &c; deprive (mind, doctrine, &c.) of vitality, 
 stiffen; (intr.) turn into stone (lit. & fig.), [f. 
 F petrifier f. L f. Gk petra rock, see -fy] 
 
 petpo- in comb. = Gk petra rock, as : -glyph, 
 rock-carving; -graph, rock-inscription; -graphy, 
 scientific description of formation & composi- 
 tion of rocks, so -grapher n., -gra'phic(al) aa.; 
 -logy, study of origin, structure, &c, of rocks, 
 so -lo'gic(al) aa., -lo'gically adv., -logist n. 
 
 pe'tpol, n.. & v.t. Refined petroleum as used 
 in motor-cars &c; (v.t.) supply (motor) with 
 this. [f. Fpitrolef. foil.] 
 
 petpd'leum, n. Mineral oil found in rocks 
 or on surface of water, used for illumination & 
 mechanical power, [med. L (L & Gk petra rock 
 + L oleum oil)] 
 
 petroleur (petroler'), n. (fern, -euse pron. -erz). 
 Incendiary who uses petroleum. [F] 
 
 petpo'lie, a. Of petrol or petroleum, [-ic] 
 
 petpolin, n. Oil got from petroleum ; sub- 
 stance got from Rangoon petroleum, [-in] 
 
 pe'tponel, n. (hist. ). Large pistol used esp. 
 by horse-soldiers in 16-17th cc. [f. F petrinal 
 (poitrine chest, ult. f. hpechis -oris, see -AL); 
 the butt end rested against chest in firing] 
 
 pe'tpous, a. Of, like, rock, esp. (Anat.) ap- 
 plied to hard part of the temporal bone. [f. L 
 petrosus (L & Gk petra rock, see -ous)] 
 
 pe'tticoat, n. Skirt dependent from waist, 
 worn by women, girls, & young boys, either 
 externally or beneath gown or frock; have 
 known him ever since he was in pp. (a small 
 child) ; she is a Cromwell in pp. (in all but sex); 
 woman, girl, (pi.) female sex ; (attrib.) feminine, 
 esp. p. government, predominance of woman in 
 the home or in politics. Hence pe'tticoatED 2 , 
 pe'ttieoatLESS, aa. [earlier petty coat] 
 
 pe'ttifog, v.i. Practise legal chicanery ; 
 quibble, wrangle, about petty points, [prob. 
 back-formation f. foil.] 
 
 pettifogrgep, n. Inferior legal practitioner ; 
 rascally attorney ; petty practitioner in any de- 
 partment. Hence pe*ttifog , g , ERY(l) n., pe*t- 
 tifoggiNG 2 a. [f. petty ; -fogger unexpl.] 
 
 pe'ttish, a. Peevish, petulant, easily put 
 out. Hence pe'ttishLY 2 adv., pe'ttishNESS 
 n. [f. pet 2 + -ish 1 ] 
 
 pettitoes, n. pi. Pig's trotters. [?] 
 
 pe'tto, n. In p., in one's own breast, in se- 
 cret. [It., f. L pectus] 
 
 pe'tty, a. Unimportant, trivial ; little-mind- 
 ed ; minor, inferior, on a small scale, as p. 
 princes, farmers ; p. cash, small cash items of 
 receipt or expenditure ; p. officer, officer in navy 
 corresponding in rank to N.C.O.; p. jury, lar- 
 
PETULANT 
 
 6U 
 
 PHENOMENAL. 
 
 ceny, session. Hence pe*ttiLY 2 adv., pe'tti- 
 ness n. [earlier petit f. F petit etym. dub.] 
 
 pe'tulant, a. Peevishly impatient or irrit- 
 able. Hence or cogn. pe'tulANCE n., pe'tu- 
 lantLY 2 adv r . [f. F petulant f. L petulantem 
 \*petulare dim. of petere seek, see -ant)] 
 
 petu'nia, n. Plant with white, purple, or 
 violet flowers of funnel shape; dark violet, 
 purple, (esp. attrib.). [f. F petun f. S.-Amer. 
 pety tobacco] 
 
 petu'ntse (-don-, -tin-), n. White earth used 
 in China for making porcelain, [f. Chin, pai- 
 tun-tze \pai white + tun stone + suf. -tze)\ 
 
 pew (pu), n., & v.t. Place (often enclosed & 
 raised) in church appropriated to a family 
 {family p.) or others ; fixed bench with back in 
 church ; p.-rent (for p. or seats in church) ; 
 (v.t.) furnish with pp., enclose in p. Hence 
 pew'AGE(l) n., pew'LESS a. [ME puwe prob. 
 f. OF puye balcony f. L podia pi. of podium 
 f. Gk podion pedestal (pous podos foot)] 
 
 pewit, peewit, (pe'wlt, pu"It), n. Lapwing ; 
 its cry ; p. (gull), black-headed gull, [imit.] 
 
 pewter (pu-), n. Grey alloy of tin & lead or 
 other metal ; utensils of this ; p. pot ; (slang) 
 prize-money. [ME & OF peutre, It. peltro, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 pfennig', -ing, n. Small German copper 
 coin worth £ of English penny. [G, cogn. w. 
 penny] 
 
 phaeton (fa'itn, fa'tn), n. Light four-wheeled 
 open carriage usu. drawn by pair of horses. 
 [f. Gk Phaethon, son of Helios (Sun-god) and 
 famous for bad driving of sun chariot] 
 
 phag-ed(a)e'na (-j-, -g-), n. Spreading ulcer. 
 So phag-edae'nic, -denic, a. [L, f. Gk 
 phagedama (phag- eat)] 
 
 pha'goey te, n. Leucocyte capable of guard- 
 ing the system against infection by absorbing 
 microbes, [f. Gk phag- eat + -o- + -cyte] 
 
 -phagous in comb. = Gk. -phagos -eating + 
 -ous. 
 
 pha'lange (-j), n. See phalanx. 
 
 phalangeal, a. (anat.). Of a phalanx, [-al] 
 
 phala'nger (-j-), n. Kinds of Australian 
 marsupial of arboreal habits, e. g. flying-squirrel 
 or -opossum, [f. Gk phalaggion spider's web 
 (phalanx), from webbed toes of hind feet] 
 
 pha'lanstery, n. (Buildingsof ) socialistic 
 phalanx. Hence phalanster'iAN a. & n. 
 [f. F phalanstere f. foil, after monastere] 
 
 pha'lanx, n. (pi. pha'lanxes, phala'nges). 
 (Gk Ant.) line of battle, esp. body of Mace- 
 donian infantry drawn up in close order ; set 
 of persons banded together for common pur- 
 pose ; socialistic community of about 1800 per- 
 sons as proposed by Fourier; (Anat., also pha'- 
 lange) each bone of finger or toe ; (Bot.) bundle 
 of stamens united by filaments. [L, f. Gk 
 phalagx -ggos] 
 
 pha'larope, n. Kinds of small wading and 
 swimming bird allied to snipe. [F, irreg. f. Gk 
 phalaris coot + pous foot] 
 
 pha'llus, n. (pi. -i ). Image of the penis, vene- 
 rated in religious systems as symbolizing gene- 
 rative power in nature. Hence or cogn. pna'l- 
 lic a., pha*ll(ie)iSM(3) nn. [L, f. Gk phallos] 
 
 phana'riot, n. Resident in the Phanar 
 quarter of Constantinople ; member of the 
 Greek official class under the Turks, [f. mod. 
 Gk phanariotes (phanari lighthouse f. Gk 
 phanarion, see -OT 2 )] 
 
 phanerogam, n. (bot.). Plant that has 
 stamens & pistils, flowering plant, (cf. crypto- 
 gam). So phanerogamic, phanero'gam- 
 ous a. [f. F phanerogame f. Gk phaneros 
 visible 4- -gamos -married] 
 
 pha'nsigrar,n. Thug. [Hind, (phansi noose)] 
 
 pha'ntasm (-zm), n. Illusion, phantom ; il- 
 lusive likeness (of) ; (Psychics) supposed vision 
 of absent (living or dead) person. Hence 
 phanta'smAL, phanta'smic, aa., phan- 
 ta'smalLY 2 adv. [f. F fantasme f. L f. Gk 
 phantasma (phantazo make visible f. phan- 
 stem otphaino show, see -m)] 
 
 phan tasmagor *ia, n. Exhibition of optical 
 illusions in London in 1802 ; shifting scene of 
 real or imagined figures. Hence pnantas- 
 mago'Pic a. [f. prec. + Gk agora assembly] 
 
 pha'ntom, n. Apparition, spectre; image 
 (of) ; vain show, form without substance or 
 reality; mental illusion; (attrib.) apparent, 
 illusive, as p. tumour, temporary swelling. 
 [ME & OF fantosme phantasm] 
 
 Phap'aoh (-ro), n. Generic name of ancient 
 Egyptian kings; P.'s serpent, chemical toy 
 fusing in serpentine form. [f. L f. Gk Pharao 
 ult. f. Egypt, pr'o great house] 
 
 Pha'Pisee, n. One of ancient Jewish sect 
 distinguished by strict observance of tradi- 
 tional & written law & pretensions to sanctity; 
 self-righteous person, formalist, hypocrite. 
 Hence or cogn. Phapisa'ic(AL) aa., Phapi- 
 sa'iealLY 2 adv., Pha'pisaiSM n. [f. L f. Gk 
 Pharisaios ult. f. Heb. parush separated] 
 
 pharmaceutical (-su-, -ku-), a. Of, engaged 
 in, pharmacy ; of the use or sale of medicinal 
 drugs. Hence or cogn. phapmaeeutiealLY 2 
 adv., phapmaceu'tics n. [f. L f. Gk phar- 
 makeutikos (pharmakeutes druggist f. pharma- 
 kon drug) + -al] 
 
 pharmacology, n. Theory of pharmacy. 
 Hence pharmaeo'logriST n. [f. Gk pharma- 
 kon drug + -logy] 
 
 pharmacopoeia (-pea), n. Book (esp. one 
 officially published) containing list of drugs 
 with directions for use ; stock of drugs. Hence ' 
 pharmacopoe'iu.a. [f. Gk pharmakopoiia 
 (as prec. + -poiia making f. poieo make)J 
 
 pnap'maey, n. Preparation & (esp. medi- 
 cinal) dispensing of drugs ; drug-store, dispen- 
 sary, [f. OF farmacie f. LL f. Gk pharmakeia 
 practice of the druggist (pharmakeus f. phar- 
 makon drug)] 
 
 phap'os, n. Lighthouse or beacon to guide 
 mariners. [L f. Gk Pharos, island off Alexan- 
 dria, lighthouse on this] 
 
 phapyngo- in comb. = foil., as: -cele, abnor- 
 mal enlargement at base of pharynx ; -tomy, 
 incision into pharynx. 
 
 pha'pynx, n. Cavity, with enclosing muscles 
 & mucous membrane, behind & communicating 
 with nose, mouth, & larynx. Hence phap- 
 y'ng-AL, phapyngeAL (-j-), aa., phapyn- 
 gi'Tis (-j.) n. [f. Gk pharugx -ggos] 
 
 phase (-z), n. Aspect of moon or planet, 
 according to amount of illumination (esp. 
 applied to new moon, first quarter, full moon, 
 last quarter) ; stage of change or development. 
 Hence pha'sic a. [f. Gk phasis appearance 
 (phan- show), also in E w. pi. pron. -sez] 
 
 phea'sant (fez-), n. A game-bird naturalized 
 in Britain & other parts of Europe ; p.-eyed, (of 
 flowers) marked like p.'s eye. [AFfesant, f. L 
 f. Gk Phasianos (bird) of the river Phasis] 
 
 phen(o)- in comb. = Gk phainos shining 
 (phan- show), in chem. names of substances 
 derived from coal-tar (orig. in manufacture of 
 illuminating gas), as : phena'cetin, an anti- 
 pyretic ; phe'nol, carbolic acid ; phe'nyl, radical 
 found in benzene, phenol, &c. 
 
 pheno'logy, n. Study of the times of re- 
 curring natural phenomena esp. in relation to 
 climatic conditions. So phenolo'giCAL a. [f. 
 phenomenon + -logy] 
 
 pheno'menal, a. Of the nature of a phe- 
 
PHENOMENALISM 
 
 615 
 
 PHLEGM 
 
 nomenon, sensible, perceptible; concerned 
 with phenomena; remarkable, prodigious. 
 Hence phenomenalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 pheno*men(al)ism, n. Doctrine that phe- 
 nomena are the only objects of knowledge. So 
 pheno*men(al)isTn.,phenomen(al)i*stic 
 a. [prec + -ism] 
 
 phencmenalize, v.t. Conceive, represent, 
 as phenomenal, [-ize] 
 
 pheno'menon, n. (pi. -na). Thing that ap- 
 pears or is perceived, esp. thing the cause of 
 which is in question ; (Philos.) that of which 
 the senses or mind directly takes note, im- 
 mediate object of perception : remarkable per- 
 son, thing, occurrence, &c. [f. LL f. Gk phai- 
 nomenon neut. part, of phainomai appear] 
 
 phew, int. expr. impatience or disgust. 
 
 phi'al, n. Small glass bottle, esp. for liquid 
 medicine, [f. Ffiole f. L f. Gk phiale broad flat 
 vessel] 
 
 phil- in comb. = philo- before vowel or h. 
 
 -phil, -phile,suf. forming nn. w. sense 'lover 
 of ' (also adjj. = loving), as bibliophil(e), Busso- 
 
 ghilie), gastrophil(e) ; repr. Gk philos dear, in 
 k found as suf. only in personal names w. 
 sense ' dear to ' (Diphilos dear to Zeus), the 
 sense 'loving' being given in Gk by philo-. 
 Hence -philous a. 
 
 philander, v.i. Make love esp. in trifling 
 manner, dangle after woman. Hence phil- 
 anderER 1 n. [f. philander n. f. Gk PHiUawd- 
 ros f. aner man) prop. = fond of men, taken in 
 sense 'lover'] 
 
 philanthrope, n. = philanthropist, [f. 
 Gk PHiUanthropos man)] 
 
 philanthropic, a. Loving one's fellow 
 men, benevolent, humane. Hence philan- 
 thro'piCALLY adv. [f. F philanthropique (as 
 prec, see -ic)] 
 
 philanthropist, n. Lover of mankind ; one 
 who exerts himself for the well-being of his 
 fellow men. So philanthropiSM n. [f. 
 
 PHILANTHROPY + -1ST] 
 
 philanthropize, v.i. & t. Practise philan- 
 thropy ; make (persons) objects of this ; make 
 philanthropic, [-ize] 
 
 philanthropy, n. Love, practical benevo- 
 lence, towards mankind, [f. LL f. Gk phil- 
 anthropia (as philanthrope)] 
 
 phila'tely, n. Stamp-collecting. Hence 
 philatelic a., phila'teliST n. [f. F phil- 
 (atelie f. Gk ateleia exemption from payment 
 f. a- not + telos toll, tax)] 
 
 philharmonic, a. & n. (Person) fond of 
 music, [f. F FHiLihamionique harmonic)] 
 
 phi'lhellene(-en), a. & n. (Person) loving or 
 friendly to the Greeks or supporting tjje cause 
 of Greek independence. So philhellenic a., 
 philhe'lleniSM, philhe'lleniST, nn. [f. Gk 
 pmUellen = Hellen Greek)] 
 
 phili'ppic, n. (PL) orations of Demosthenes 
 against Philip of Macedon, Cicero's orations 
 against Antony ; bitter invective, [f. L f. Gk 
 philippikos (Philippos Philip, see -ic)] 
 
 philippina (pe), -pine (en), philopoe*- 
 na, n. Almond or other nut with double 
 kernel, the finding of which at dessert &c. & 
 sharing it with another person involves the 
 giving or receiving of a present at next meet- 
 ing ; the present ; the custom, [perh. f. G viel- 
 liebchen darling (viel much + liebchen dim. of 
 lieb dear)]„ 
 
 Phi'listine, n. & a. One of an alien warlike 
 people in S. Palestine who harassed the Israel- 
 ites ; (facet. ) enemy into whose hands one may 
 fall, e. g. bailiff, critic, &c; (in German univv., 
 after G philister) non-student, outsider ; un- 
 cultured person, one whose interests are mate- 
 
 rial & commonplace, whence Phi'listiniSM 
 n.; (adj.) uncultured, commonplace, prosaic, 
 [f. F Philistin f. LL f. Gk Philistinos = Palais- 
 linos f. Assyr. Palastu, Pilistu] 
 
 philo- in comb, (before vowel or h, phil-) = 
 Gk philos, lover of, friend of, in wds f. Gk & 
 mod. formations, as: -bi'blic, fond of books; 
 -gynist (-J-), lover of women; -math, lover of 
 learning, esp. of mathematics ; -proge'nitive, 
 prolific,(Phrenol.)loving one's offspring, whence 
 -progenitivenesa ; -te'chnic, fond of (esp. the in- 
 dustrial) arts. 
 
 philology, n. Science of language; (now 
 rare) love of learning _& literature. Hence 
 philo'logER 1 , philolo'g-iAN, philo # logiST, 
 nn., philolo'g-iCALa., philolo*g , icalLY 2 adv. J , 
 philo*logTZE(2) v.i. [f. L f. Gk pmLO(logia L 
 logos word, speech) love of learning] 
 
 Phi'lomel, Philome'la, nn. (poet). The 
 nightingale, [f. F philomele f. L r. Gk philo- 
 (mela f. melos song or melon apple), cap. P in 
 reference to myth of P. transformed into night- 
 ingale] 
 
 philopoena. See philippina. 
 
 philo*sopher,n. Lover of wisdom; natural, 
 moral, p., studentof natural, moral, philosophy; 
 one who regulates his life by the light of philo- 
 sophy; one who shows philosophic calmness in 
 trying circumstances ; philosophers' (not -er's) 
 stone, supreme object of alchemy, substance 
 supposed to change other metals into gold or 
 silver, [var. of OF fllosofe f. L f. Gk philo- 
 sophos (as PHILOSOPHY)] 
 
 philoso'phic(al), aa. Of, consonant with, 
 philosophy ; skilled in, devoted to, philosophy 
 (often in titles of societies) ; wise ; calm ; tem- 
 perate. Hence philoso'phicalLY 2 adv. [£. 
 LL philosophicus f. Gk as prec, see -ic] 
 
 philo'sophism, n. Philosophizing system 
 (usu. contempt., esp. of the French Encyclopae- 
 dists). Sophilo'sophiSTn. [f. F philosophisme 
 (as philosopher, see -ism)] 
 
 philosophize, v.i. & t. Play the philo- 
 sopher ; speculate, theorize ; moralize ; render 
 philosophic, [as philosopher + -ize] 
 
 philosophy, n. Love of wisdom or know- 
 ledge, esp. that which deals with ultimate re- 
 ality, or with the most general causes & prin- 
 ciples of things ; natural p., study of natural 
 objects & phenomena ; moral p., study of prin- 
 ciples of human action or conduct; (w. pi.) 
 philosophical system ; system for conduct of 
 life ; serenity, resignation, [f. OF filosofie f. L 
 f. Gk PHiLO(sop/iia wisdom f. sophos wise)] 
 
 phi'ltre, -ter, n. Love-potion. [F (-tre) f. L 
 f. Gk philtron {phileo love + -tron suf. of in- 
 strument)] 
 
 phiz, n. (colloq.). Face; expression of face, 
 [abbr. of physiognomy] 
 
 phlebi'tis, n. Inflammation of walls of vein. 
 Hence phlebi'tic a. [f. Gk as foil. + -itis] 
 
 phle'bo- in comb. = Gk phleps phlebos vein, 
 as : -lite, -lith, morbid calcareous concretion in 
 vein, so -li't(h)ic a. 
 
 phlebo'tomize, v.i. & t. Practise phlebo- 
 tomy ; bleed (person, part of body). So phle- 
 bo'tomiST n. [f. F phUbotomiser (foil., -ize)] 
 
 phlebotomy, n. Blood-letting as medical 
 operation, [f. OF flebothomie f. L f. Gk phlebo- 
 tomia f. phlebo(£owos -cutter f. temno cut)] 
 
 phlegm (-em), n. Thick viscid (semi)fluid 
 substance secreted by mucous membranes (for- 
 merly regarded as one of the four*HUMOURs) 
 esp. when morbid or excessive & discharged by 
 cough &c, whence phlegm y 2 a.; coolness, 
 sluggishness, apathy, (supposed to result from 
 predominance of p. in constitution), so phleg- 
 ma # tic (-gm-) a., phleg-ma'tiCALLY adv. [f. 
 
PHLEGMON 
 
 m 
 
 PHOTOGRAPH 
 
 OTPfleume f. LL f. Gk phlegma -matos morbid 
 clammy humour (phlego burn, see -m)] 
 
 phle'gmon, n. Inflammatory tumour, boil. 
 Hence phlegmd'nic, phlegmonous, aa. 
 [ME f. L, f. Gk phlegmone (phlego burn)] 
 
 phld'em, n. (bot.). Bast with associated tis- 
 sues, [f. Gk phloos bark + -ema (see -m)] 
 
 phlogi'stie (-j -, -g-), a. Of phlogiston ; (Med. ) 
 inflammatory, [-ic] 
 
 phlogiston (-j-, -g-), n. Principle of inflam- 
 mability formerly supposed to exist in com- 
 bustible bodies. [Gk, f. phlogizo set on fire 
 ( phlox phlogos flame, see -ize)] 
 
 phlorizin (or floTi-), n. (chem.). Bitter sub- 
 stance got from bark of root of apple & other 
 trees, [f. Gk phloos bark + rhiza root + -in] 
 
 phlox, n. Genus of plants with clusters of 
 salver-shaped flowers of various colours. [L f. 
 Gk phlox (lit. flame), a plant] 
 
 -phobe, suf. forming aa. & nn.,= -fearing, 
 -fearer, f. P -phobe f. L f. Gk -phobos, adj. suf. 
 f. phobos fear, as in hydrophobe, Anglophobe, 
 Russophobe. 
 
 -phobia, suf. f. L f. Gk -phobia, forming 
 abstract nn. f. adjj. in -phobe, as hydrophobia, 
 A nglophobia. 
 
 Phoenician (-shn), a. & n. (Inhabitant) of 
 Phoenicia (ancient name for part of coast of 
 Syria) or its colonies ; Carthaginian, [f. F pht- 
 nicien f. L Phoenicia f. Gk Phoinike + -an] 
 
 phoe'nix, phe-, n. (Myth.) bird, the only 
 one of its kind, that after living five or six cen- 
 turies in Arabian desert burnt itself on funeral 
 pile & rose from the ashes with renewed youth 
 to live through another cycle ; paragon. [L, f 
 Gkphoinix Phoenician, purple, phoenix] 
 
 pho'nate, v.i. Utter vocal sound (usu. opp. 
 to articulate). Hence phonA'TiON n., pho'- 
 natORY a. [f. Gk phone voice + -ate 3 ] 
 
 phonau'togpaph, n. Apparatus for auto- 
 matically recording vibrations of sound, [as 
 prec.+ auto- + -graph] 
 
 phone 1 , n., & v.i. & t., (colloq.). Telephone. 
 
 phone 2 ,n. Simple vowel or consonant sound, 
 [f. Gk phone voice] 
 
 phone'ndoscope, n. Apparatus for making 
 small sounds (esp. in human body) distinctly 
 audible, [as prec. + Gk endon within + -scopeI 
 
 phone'tic, a. & n. Representing vocal 
 sounds, esp. (of systems of spelling) using al- 
 ways same letter for same sound, whence pno- 
 ne'tieiSM, phone'tieiST, nn., phone'ti- 
 cize(3) v.t; of vocal sounds ; (n. pi.) (study of) p. 
 phenomena of a language. Hence phone'trc- 
 ally adv., phonetrciAN n. [f. Gk phonetikos 
 {phoned speak, see -etic)] 
 
 pho'netist, n. Person versed in phonetics ; 
 advocate of phonetic spelling, [-ist] 
 
 pho'nic, a. Of sound, acoustic ; of vocal 
 sounds, [f. Gk phone voice + -ic] 
 
 phono- in comb. = Gk phone sound, as : 
 ■lite, kinds of volcanic rock ringing when 
 struck ; -logy, science of vocal sounds, system 
 of sounds in a language, so -lo'gic(al) aa., -lo'- 
 gically adv., -logist n.; -meter, instrument re- 
 cordiHg number or force of sound-waves ; -pore, 
 apparatus for transmitting telephone messages 
 along telegraph wire without interfering with 
 the current transmitting telegraph messages 
 [Gk poros passage], so -po'rica.; -scope, appar- 
 atus for testing musical strings, (also) instru- 
 ment for representing sound-vibrations in vis- 
 ible form ; -type, phonetic print, character used 
 in this, so -ty'pic(al) aa., -typist, -typy, nn. 
 
 pho'nogpani, n. Symbol representing spok- 
 en sound, esp. in Pitman's phonography; sound- 
 record made by phonograph, [phono-, -gram] 
 
 pho'nograph, n., & v.t. Instrument auto- 
 
 matically recording & reproducing sounds: 
 (v.t.)record,reproduce,byp. [phono- + -graph] 
 
 phono'graphy, n. Pitman's phonetic short- 
 hand, whence phono'graphER 1 , phono*- 
 gpaphiST, nn. ; automatic recording of sounds, 
 as by phonograph. Hence phonogpa'phic 
 a., phonogpa'phiCALLY adv. [phono- + 
 -graphy] 
 
 -phope, suf. = bearer, f. F -phore f. Gk 
 -phoros (pJiero bear), used to form technical 
 wds, as carpophore, semaphore. Hence 
 -phopous, adj. suf., = -phore + -ous, synony- 
 mous w. -ferous, but prop, used only in wds f. 
 Gk as carpophorous. 
 
 pho'sphate (-at), n. A salt of phosphoric 
 acid, esp. (pi.) of lime or iron & alumina as con- 
 stituents of cereals &c. Hence phospha'tic 
 
 a. [F (PHOSPHO- + -ATE !)] 
 
 pho'sphene, n. Appearance of rings of 
 light produced by pressure on eyeball, due to 
 irritation of retina, [irreg. f. Gk phos light + 
 phaino show] 
 
 pho'sphide, n. (chem.). Combination of 
 phosphorus with other element or radical, [f. 
 
 PHOSPHO- + -IDE] 
 
 pho'sphite, n. (chem.). A salt of phosphor- 
 ous acid. [F (phospho- + -ite ! )] 
 
 phosph(o)- in comb. = phosphorus. 
 
 pho'sph orate, v.t. Combine, impregnate, 
 with phosphorus, [-ate 3 J 
 
 phosphore'sce, v.i. Emit luminosity with- 
 out combustion, or by gentle combustion with- 
 out sensible heat. So phosphope'scENCE n., 
 phosphope'seENT a. [f. phosphorus + 1* 
 -escere of inceptive vbs] 
 
 pho'sphopite, n. A non-crystallized variety 
 of phosphate of lime. [f. phosphorus + -ite x ] 
 
 phosphopo- in comb. = phosphorus, as : 
 -ge'nic, causing phosphorescence; -graph, evan- 
 escent picture on phosphorescent surface, so 
 -gra'phic a., -graphy n.; -scope, apparatus for 
 measuring duration of phosphorescence, (also> 
 toy containing various phosphorescent sub- 
 stances glowing with different coloured light. 
 
 pho'sphopus, n. A non-metallic element, 
 a yellowish wax-like substance undergoing 
 slow combustion at ordinary temperatures & 
 hence appearing luminous in the dark; p.- 
 necrosis (colloq. phossy jaiv), gangrene of jaw- 
 bone due to p. fumes esp. in match-making. 
 Hence or cogn. phospho'Pic, pho'sphop- 
 ous, aa., pho*sphopiSM(5) n. (path.). [L,= 
 morning star, f. Gk phosphoros (phos light + 
 -phoros -bringing f. phero)] 
 
 pho*sphupet(t)ed, a. Combined chemically 
 with phosphorus, [f. obs. phosphVRKT phos- 
 phide + -ED 2 ] 
 
 pho'ssy. See phosphorus. 
 
 phd'tism, n. Hallucinatory sensation or 
 vision of light, [f. Gk photismos (photizo shine 
 f. phos photos light, see -ism)] 
 
 pho'to, n. (pi. -os), & v.t. = photograph. 
 
 photo- in comb. = Gkphos photos light (some- 
 times = photographic), as: -chromy, colour-pho- 
 tography ; -gen, kind of paraffin oil ; -ge'nic, 
 producing or emitting light ; -glyph, -glyphy, 
 engraved plate produced by action of light, art 
 of producing such plates; -meter, instrument 
 for measuring intensity of light, so -metric, 
 -metry; -pho'bia (path.), dread of light; -phone 
 apparatus in which sounds are transmitted by 
 light; -sphere, luminous envelope of sun or 
 star from which its light & heat radiate, so 
 -sphe'ric a.; -type, plate for printing from pro- 
 duced by photographic process, picture &c. 
 printed from this; -zinco' 'graphy, photographic 
 production of design on zinc plate. 
 
 pho'togpaph, n., & v.t. Picture, likeness, 
 
PHOTOGRAVURE 
 
 617 
 
 PIAFFE 
 
 taken by means of chemical action of light on 
 sensitive film on basis of glass, paper, metal, 
 &c; (v.t.) take p. of (person &c. or abs.) ; (quasi- 
 pass.) I alicays p. badly (come out badly in p.). 
 Hence photo'graphER *, photo'gpaphv l , 
 nn., photogra'phic a., photogra'phiCAL- 
 ly adv. [(vb f. n.) photo- + -graph) 
 
 photogravure* (ur), n., & v.t. Picture 
 produced from photographic negative trans- 
 ferred to metal plate & etched in ; this process; 
 <v.t.) reproduce thus. [F (photo- + gravure en- 
 graving)] 
 
 phrase (z), n., & v.t. Mode of expression, 
 diction, as in simple p., felicity of p. ; idiomatic 
 expression ; small group of words usu. without 
 predicate, esp. preposition with the word(s) it 
 governs, equivalent to adjective, adverb, or 
 noun (e.g. the house on the hill, I refuse to do 
 it); short pithy expression; (pi.) mere words, 
 as we have had enough of pp.; (Mus.) short & 
 more or less independent passage forming part 
 of longer passage or of whole piece ; p.-monger, 
 person addicted to fine-sounding phrases ; (v.t.) 
 express in words, as thus hephrased it. [(vb f. 
 n.) f. LL f. Gk phrasis (phrazo tell)] 
 
 phpa'seogpam, n. Written symbol repre- 
 senting a phrase esp. in shorthand, [as prec.-f 
 
 -0- + -GRAM] 
 
 phra'seogpaph, n. Phrase for which there 
 is a phraseogram. [as prec. + -graph] 
 
 phraseo'logy, n. Choice or arrangement of 
 words; mode of expression. Hence phraseo- 
 lo'giCAL a., phraseolo'g-iealfA - adv. [as 
 prec. +-logy] 
 
 phpa'try, n. (Gk Hist.) division of the peo- 
 ple, esp. (in Athens) each of three subdivisions 
 of the phyle or tribe ; tribal division among 
 primitive races, [f. Gk phratria (phrater, -tor, 
 clansman, cogn. w. brother)] 
 
 phrene'tic, a. Frantic; fanatic, [f. OF 
 frenetike f. L f. late Gk phrenetikos = Gk phreni- 
 tikos (phrenitis delirium, as foil., see -itis & 
 -IO] 
 
 phre'nie, a. (anat.). Of the diaphragm, [f. 
 Gkphren phrenos diaphragm, mind, see -ic] 
 
 phreno'logy, n. Study of external confor- 
 mation of cranium as index to development & 
 position of organs belonging to the various 
 mental faculties. Hence phrenolo'giCALa., 
 phrenolo'glealLYSadv., phreno'logiST n. 
 [as prec. + -logy] 
 
 phro'ntistery, n. (facet). Place for think- 
 ing in, thinkery. [f. Gk phrontisterion (phron- 
 tizo think f. phrontis thought)] 
 
 Phrygian, a. Of Phrygia, ancient country 
 in Asia Minor ; (Mus.) P. mode, ancient Greek 
 mode of warlike character ; P. cap, ancient 
 conical peaked cap now identified with cap of 
 liberty.,, [f. L Phrygianus (Phrygia, see -an)] 
 
 phthpsis (fth-, th), n. Progressive wasting 
 disease, esp. pulmonary consumption. [Gk 
 {phthino decay)] 
 
 phyla'etery, n. Small leather box contain- 
 ing Hebrew texts on vellum, worn by Jews to 
 remind them to keep the law; (usu. ostenta- 
 tious) religious observance; amulet, charm, [f. 
 L f. Gk phidakterion amulet (phulasso guard)] 
 
 phyle'tie, a. (biol.). Of a phylum, racial, [f. 
 Gk phuletikos (phidetes tribesman f. phule 
 tribe, see -ic)] 
 
 phyllo- in comb. = Gk phullon leaf, as : -pha- 
 gan, animal that feeds on leaves, so -phagous 
 a.; -pod a. &n., leaf- footed (crustacean); -stome, 
 leaf-nosed bat ; -ta'xis, arrangement of leaves 
 on axis or stem ; -xer'a [f. Gk xeros dry], genus 
 of plant-lice, vine-pest. • 
 
 phylo- in comb. = Gk phulon race, tribe, in 
 biol. wds, as : -ge'nesis, -geny, racial evolution 
 
 of animal or plant type, history of this, so -gc- 
 ne'tic, -ge'nic, aa., -gene'tically adv. 
 
 phy'lum, n. (biol.; pi. -la). Race of organ- 
 isms descended from common ancestral form. 
 [mod.L f. Gk phulon race] 
 
 phy'sie (-z-), n., & v.t. (-ck-). Art of healing ; 
 medical profession ; (colloq.) medicine, as a 
 dose of p.; (n. pi.) sciences treating of properties 
 of matter & energy or of action of different forms 
 of energy on matter in general (excluding chem- 
 istry & biology) ; (v.t.) dose with p. (lit. & fig.), 
 [(vb f. n.) f. OF fisique f. L f. Gk phusike (epis- 
 teme knowledge) of nature (phusis, see -ic)J 
 
 physical, a. Of matter, material, asp. force 
 (opp. to moral) ; of, according to laws of, 
 natural philosophy, as p. explanations of mir- 
 acles, a p. impossibility ; belonging to physics; 
 bodily, asp. exercise, strength, beauty ; p. geo- 
 graphy (dealing with natural features). Hence 
 phy'siealLY a adv., physieo- comb. form. 
 If. med.L physicalis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 physi'cian (-shn), n. One who practises the 
 healing art including medicine & surgery ; one 
 legally qualified in medicine as well as in sur- 
 gery ; (fig.) healer, [f. OF fisician (as physic, 
 see -ician)] 
 
 physicist, n. Student of physics or of na- 
 tural science in general ; believer in the material 
 origin of vital phenomena (cf. vitalist), so 
 physicis.M n. [physic + -ist] 
 
 physicky, a. Suggestive of physic, [-y 2 ] 
 
 physio- in comb. = Gk phusis nature, as : 
 -cracy, government according to natural order ; 
 -crat, advocate of this, esp. member of Ques- 
 nay's school in France in 18th c; -geny, genesis 
 of vital functions; -latry, nature-worship. 
 
 physiog'nomy (or -ogn-), n. Art of judging 
 character from features of face or form of body, 
 whence physiog*nomiST(3) (or -ogn-) n.; cast 
 of features, type of face ; (vulg.) face ; external 
 features of country &c; characteristic (moral 
 or other) aspect. Hence or cogn. physiogno*- 
 mic(AL)aa., physiogno'miealLY 2 adv., (-on-, 
 -ogn-). [ME fisnomye f. med.L phisonomia f. 
 Gk phusiognomonia judging of a man's nature 
 (by his features) f. phusis nature + gnomon 
 judge f. gno- know] 
 
 physio'graphy, n. Description of nature, 
 of natural phenomena, or of a class of objects ; 
 physical geography. Hence physio'graph- 
 er 1 n., physiogpa'phic(AL) ai„. [physio- + 
 -graphy] 
 
 physio'logy, n. Science of normal functions 
 and phenomena of living things (comprising 
 animal and vegetable p.). Hence or cogn. 
 physiolo'gic(AL) aa., physiolo'gicalLY 2 
 adv., physio'logiST n. [f. L f. Gk phusio- 
 logia, see physio- and -logy] 
 
 physique (-ek), n. Bodily structure, organ- 
 ization, and development. [F, n. f. adj. (as 
 physic)1 
 
 -phyte, suf. repr. Gk phuton plant, denoting 
 a vegetable organism, as protophyte, sapro- 
 phyte. See also zoophyte. 
 
 phyto- in comb. = Gk phuton plant, as : -ge'- 
 nesis, -geny, generation or evolution of plants ; 
 -giwphy, descriptive botany ; -mer, plant unit ; 
 -phagous, feeding on plants ; -tomy, dissection 
 of plants ; -zo'on (pi. -zo'a) plant-like animal or 
 zoophyte. 
 
 pi !, n. Greek letter p (77), esp. (Math.) as 
 symbol of ratio of circumference of circle to 
 diameter (3-14159). 
 
 pi 2 , a. (school slang). = pious, [abbr.] 
 
 pia'culap, n. Expiatory, [f. L piacularis 
 (piaculum expiation f. piare appease, see -ar l )] 
 
 pia'ffe, v.i. (Of horse &c.) move as in trot, 
 but slower, [f. F piaffer, etym. dub.] 
 
 20* 
 
PIAFFER 
 
 618 
 
 PICOTEE 
 
 pia'ffer, n. Movement of piaffing, [aspree.l 
 
 pi*a ma'tep, n. (anat.). Innermost meninx. 
 [med.L transl. of Arab, umm raquiqah tender 
 mother] 
 
 piane'tte, n. Low pianino, [piano, -ette] 
 
 piani'no (-ne-), n. Small upright piano. [It., 
 dim. of piano] 
 
 pianissimo, adv. & n. (mus.). (Passage to 
 be played) very softly. [It., superl. of piano 1 ] 
 
 pi-anist (pe-), n. Player on piano, [f. F 
 pianiste (also in E, usu. as fern.), see -1ST J 
 
 p/a'no 1 (pyah-), adv. & n. (mus.). (Passage 
 to be played) softly. [It,, f. It planus flat, (LL) 
 soft] • . ' 
 
 pia'no 2 , pia'noforte (or -t), nn. Musical 
 instrument with metal strings struck by ham- 
 mers worked by levers from a keyboard (vibra- 
 tion being stopped by dampers), and usu. 
 furnished with pedals for regulating volume ; 
 grand p., large harp-shaped p. with horizontal 
 strings; upright p., p. with vertical strings; 
 cottage p., low upright p. with strings ascend- 
 ing obliquely ; p. -organ, mechanical p. con- 
 structed like barrel-organ ; p.- player, con- 
 trivance for playing p. mechanically. [It., 
 earlier piano e forte soft and strong] 
 
 piano'la, n. Kind of mechanical piano- 
 player, [tradename] 
 
 pia'stpe, -ter, n. Spanish silver coin, about 
 4/ 2 ; small Turkish coin worth 2d. to 6d. [F 
 i-tre), f. It. piastra, ult. as plaster] 
 
 pia'zza (-aza), n. Public square or market- 
 
 Elace esp. in Italian town ; (U.S.) verandah of 
 ouse. [It., ult. f. L platea f. Gk plateia 
 (hodos) broad (street)] 
 
 pibroch (pe'broch), n. Series of variations 
 for bagpipe, chiefly martial, [f. Gael, pio- 
 baireachd (piobair piper f. piob f. E pipe)] 
 
 pi'ca, n. Size of tvpe. [earlier sense, col- 
 lection of rules about Easter and other movable 
 feasts, f. med.L pica, perh. = L pica magpie, 
 hist, unexpl.] 
 
 picador*, n. Mounted man with lance in 
 bull-fight. [Sp. (picar prick)] 
 
 pi'camar, n. Bitter oil got from wood-tar. 
 [f. lipixpicis pitch +amarus bitter] 
 
 picaresque (-k), n. (Of a style of fiction) 
 dealing with adventures of rogues, [f. Sp. 
 picaresco (picaro rogue, etym. dub., -esque)] 
 
 picaroo'n, n., & v.i. Rogue ; thief ; pirate ; 
 
 f urate ship; (v.i.) play the pirate or brigand, 
 f. Sp. picaron (as prec., see -oon)] 
 pi'ccalilli, n. Pickle of chopped vegetables 
 & hot spices. [?] 
 
 preeaninny , pi'ek-, n. & a. Child, esp. of 
 negroes or S. -African or Australian natives ; 
 (adj.) very small, baby. [f. Sp.pequefio or Port. 
 pequeno, dim. -nino, small] 
 prccolo, n. Small flute, octave higher than 
 the ordinary. [It., = small (flute)] 
 pice, n. E.-Ind. copper coin, i of anna. [f. 
 Hind, paisd] 
 
 pichicia'go (pitsh-), n. Small burrowing 
 animal of Chili, allied to armadillos, [f. Sp. 
 pichiciego perh. f. native pichey+Qp. ciego blind 
 f . L caecus] 
 
 pick 1 , n. Tool consisting of iron bar usu. 
 curved with point at one end & point or chisel- 
 edge at other, with wooden handle passing 
 through middle perpendicularly, used for 
 breaking up hard ground &c. ; instrument for 
 picking ; toothp. [prob. = pike] 
 pick 2, v.t. & i. Break surface of (ground &c.) 
 with or as with pick; make (hole &c.) thus; 
 (fig.) p. HOLEsm; probe (teeth &c.) with pointed 
 instrument to remove extraneous matter ; clear 
 (bone, carcass) of adherent flesh, pluck, gather, 
 (flower, fruit, &c.) from stalk &c; (of birds) 
 
 take up (grains &c.) in bill ; (of persons) eat 
 (food, or meal, or abs.) in small bits, (colloq.) 
 eat (t. &i.) ; select carefully, asp. one's words, 
 way, steps, p. & choose, select fastidiously ; p. 
 (contrive) a quarrel with ; p. (person's) pocket, 
 steal its contents; (intr.) p. & steal, pilfer; 
 p. a lock, open it (esp. with intent to rob) with 
 pointed instrument, skeleton key, &c. ; pull 
 asunder, esp. p. oakum ; p. to pieces, pull asun- 
 der, (fig.) criticize (person &c.) hostilely ; p. off, 
 pluck off, (also) shoot (persons &c.) deliberately 
 one by one ; p. oid, select, distinguish from sur- 
 rounding objects, relieve (ground colour with 
 another), make out (meaning of passage &c), 
 play (tune) by ear on piano &c. ; p. up, break 
 up (ground &c.) with pick, lay hold of & take 
 up, raise one.seZ/from a fall &c, gain, acquire 
 (livelihood, profit, tricks, information), take 
 (person or thing overtaken) along with one, 
 esp. train stops to p. up passengers, regain 
 (lost path &c, flesh, spirit), (intr.) recover 
 health, make acquaintance with ; picklock, 
 person who picks locks, instrument used for 
 this; p.-ine-up, stimulating drink (also fig.); 
 pickpocket, one who steals from pockets ; pick- 
 thank (archaic), sycophant; p.-up, picking up 
 (esp. of ball in cricket). [OE has piken, pik- 
 ken, hist, dub., cf. prec. & F piquer prick] 
 pick 3 , n. Picking; selection; the best part 
 of. [f. prec] 
 
 pi'ek-a-back, adv. On shoulders or back 
 like a bundle (of the way person or thing is 
 carried). [?] 
 
 pi'ckax(e), n., & v.t. & i. =pick 1 ; (v.t.) 
 break (ground &c.) with p.; (v.i.) work with p. 
 [ME & OF picois cogn. w. OF pic pike, assim. 
 to axe] 
 
 pi'eker, n. One who picks, gathers, or 
 collects, as hop, rag, -p.; kinds of instrument 
 for picking (in var. senses), [-er 1 ] 
 pi'ckepel, n. Young pike, [pike 1 , -rel] 
 pi'eket, n., & v.t. & i. Pointed stake or peg 
 driven into ground to form palisade, tether 
 horse, &c. ; (Hist.) (stake with pointed top on 
 which person stood as) form of military punish- 
 ment; (Mil., also piquet) small body of troops 
 sent out [outlying p.) to watch for enemy, or 
 (inlying p.) held ready in quarters, party of 
 sentinels, outpost; (usu. pi.) men stationed in 
 a body or singly by trade-union to dissuade 
 men from work during strike &c. ; (vb) secure 
 (place) with stakes, tether, post (men) as p. , beset 
 (workmen) with pp., act as p. [(vb f. n.) f. F 
 piquet pointed stake f. piquer prick] 
 pi'eking, n. In vbl senses, esp. : p. & steal- 
 ing; (pi.) gleanings, remaining scraps; (pi.) 
 pilferings. [-ing 1 ] 
 
 pi'ckle, n., & v.t. Brine, vinegar, or similar 
 liquor in which flesh, vegetables, &c, are pre- 
 served ; rod in p. ; food, esp. (pL ) vegetables 
 preserved in 'p. ; acid solution for cleaning 
 purposes &c; sad, sorry, nice, &c. p. (plight) ; 
 mischievous child ; (v.t.) preserve in p. (esp. in 
 p.p.), treat with p., (Naut.) rub salt or vinegar 
 on (person's back) after flogging, [prob. f. MDu. 
 pekel etym. dub.] 
 
 pi'eksome, a. Fastidious, [pick 2 + -some} 
 pi'ekwiek, n. Cheap kind of cigar, [see foil.] 
 Piekwi'ekian, a. (facet.). (Of words) used 
 in a P. (technical, constructive, or esoteric) 
 sense, [see Dickens Pickwick i] 
 pi'enic, n., & v.i. (-ck-). Pleasure party in- 
 cluding meal out of doors; (v.i.) take part in 
 this. Hence picniekER 1 n., pi'cniekv 2 a. 
 (colloq. ). [(vb f. n.) f. F pique-nique etym. dub.] 
 pieot* (-ko), n. Small loop of twisted thread 
 in edging to lace &c. [F,dim. of pic peak, pointj 
 picotee*, n. Carnation of which flowers have 
 
PICRIC 
 
 619 
 
 PIGEON 
 
 light ground with darker edging to petals. 
 [f. F picoti p.p. of picoter prick, as prec] 
 
 pi'eric, a. P. acid, yellow very bitter sub- 
 stance used in dyeing & in explosives, [f. Gk 
 pikros bitter + -ic] 
 
 Pict, n. One of an ancient people in N. 
 Britain. Hence Pi'etiSH 1 a. [LL has Picti 
 perh. f. pingere pict- paint] 
 
 pi'etograph, n. Pictorial symbol ; primitive 
 record consisting of these. Hence pieto- 
 gra'phic a., pieto'graphv ] n. [f. L pin- 
 gere pict- paint -f -graph] 
 
 pictor'ial, a. & n. Of, expressed in, pic- 
 ture^) ; illustrated ; picturesque ; (n.) journal 
 of which pictures are main .feature. Hence 
 pictop'ialLv 2 adv. [f. LL pictorius (pictor 
 painter, as foil.) + -al] 
 
 pi'ctupe (-tsher), n., & v.t. Painting, draw- 
 ing, of objects esp. as work of art; portrait; 
 beautiful object, as Tier hat is a p.; scene, totai 
 visual impression produced ; she looks the very 
 p. (a perfect type) of health; p.-book (for chil- 
 dren, consisting chiefly or wholly of pp.);.p.- 
 card, court-card; p.-gallery, (hall &c. contain- 
 ing) collection of pp. ; p. hat, lady's wide- 
 brimmed hat usu. black with ostrich-feathers 
 as in pp. of Reynolds & Gainsborough ; p. post- 
 card (with p. on back) ; p.-ivriting, mode of 
 recording events &c. by pp., as in early hiero- 
 glyphs &c. ; (v.t.) represent in p., describe gra- 
 phically, imagine (to oneself), [(vb f. n.) f. L 
 pictura (pingere, pict- paint, see -URE)J 
 
 pictupe'sque (-k), a. Like, fit to be the sub- 
 ject of, a striking picture; (of language &c.) 
 strikingly graphic, vivid. Hence pictup- 
 e'sque lv - adv., pictupe'squeNESS n. [f. F 
 pittoresque f. It. pittoresco (jnttore painter, as 
 
 PICTORIAL, See -ESQUE)] 
 
 pi'ddle, v.i. (Archaic) work, act, in trifling 
 way ; (colloq. or childish) make water. [?] 
 
 pi'ddoek, n. Bivalve mollusc used for bait. [?] 
 
 pi'dgin, pi'geon (jen), a. P.-English, jar- 
 gon chiefly of English words used between 
 Chinese & Europeans, [corrupt, of business] 
 
 pie 1 , n. = magpie; French, rain-, wood-, p., 
 kinds of woodpecker ; SEA-p. [OF, f. L pica] 
 
 pie 2 , n. Dish of meat, fruit, &c, enclosed in 
 or covered with paste & baked ; apple-/), (fig.); 
 have a finger in the p., be (esp. officiously) con- 
 cerned in the matter ; bran-p., tub of bran with 
 toys &c. hidden in it to be drawn at random 
 at Christmas festivities &c; mud-jj.; piecrust, 
 baked paste of p., (pro v.) promises are like pie- 
 crust, made to be broken ; pieman (-an), vendor 
 of pp. [perh.= prec, f. miscellaneous contents 
 compared to piebald appearance of magpie] 
 
 pie 3 , n., & v.t. (print.). (Also printers' p.) con- 
 fused mass of type; (fig.) chaos; (v.t.) mix (type), 
 [perh. as prec] 
 
 pie 4 , n. (Anglo-Ind.). Copper coin, twelfth 
 part of anna, [f. Hind. pa J i f. Skr. pad quarter, 
 prob. orig. same as pice] 
 
 pie'bald, a. Of two colours irregularly 
 arranged, esp. black & white (usu. of animal, 
 esp. horse); (fig.) motley, mongrel, [pie 1 + bald] 
 
 piece 1 , n. One of the distinct portions of 
 which thing is composed ; inpp., broken ; break 
 to pp. (fragments) ; enclosed portion of (land); 
 detached portion (o/a substance) ; a p. of one's 
 mind, one's candid opinion, rebuke ; definite 
 quantity (of wall-paper = 12 yds, of muslin = 
 10yds, &c) in which thing is made up; cask 
 (o/ wine &c) varying in capacity ; p. (product) 
 of work; example, specimen, as a p. of impu- 
 dence, fine p. of painting, cricket, &c; cannon, 
 gun, pistol ; man at chess, draughts, &c; coin, 
 as crown, penny , p.; p. of eight, Spanish dollar ; 
 picture ; literary or musical composition, usu. 
 
 short; drama; paid by the p. (according to 
 amount done ; of a piece, uniform, consistent, 
 in keeping (with) ; p.-goods, textile fabrics (esp. 
 Lancashire cotton goods) woven in recognized 
 lengths; p. -rvork (paid for by the p.). [ME & 
 OF pece, cf. It. pezza, -zo, &c, etym. dub.] 
 
 piece' 2 , v.t. Put together, form into a whole ; 
 join threads in spinning, whence pie'CER J n. 
 fit on (thing to another) ; eke out ; join together; 
 patch up. [f. prec] 
 
 piece cte r6sistance (F), n. Most substan- 
 tial dish at meal (also fig.). 
 
 piecemeal, adv., a., n. (Also by p.) piece by 
 piece, part at a time ; (adj.) done &c p. [-mealJ 
 
 pied (pid), a. Parti-coloured, [pie *, -ed ] ] 
 
 pied it terre (pya/dahtar - ), n. Rest for the 
 sole of one's foot, somewhere to stay. [F] 
 
 piep (per), n. Breakwater, mole ; structure 
 of iron or wood open below running out into 
 sea & used as promenade & landing-stage, 
 whence pieP'AGE(4) n.; support of spans of 
 bridge ; pillar ; solid masonry between win- 
 dows &c ; p.-glass, large mirror orig. used to 
 fill up this. [12th c. perf.med.L pemetym.dub.] 
 
 piepce (pers), v.t. & i. (Of sharp instrument 
 &c, also fig. of cold, pain, grief, glance, dis- 
 cernment, discerning person, shriek, &c) pene- 
 trate ; prick (substance with pin &c) ; make 
 hole in (cask &c); force one's way through 
 or into ; penetrate through, into, &c Hence 
 piepjeingLY 2 adv. [f. OF percer etym. dub.] 
 
 Piep'ian (or -er-), a. Of Pieria in N. Thessaly, 
 reputed home of Muses, [f. L Pierius + -an] 
 
 pieppot (pyer'6, pye'ro), n. (fern, pierrette), 
 French pantomime character ; itinerant min- 
 strel with whitened face & loose white dress. 
 [F, dim. of Pierre peter] 
 
 pieta (pyatah), n. Picture, sculpture, of Vir- 
 gin Mary holding dead body of Christ on her 
 lap. [It., f. L as piety] 
 
 pi'etism, n. Spener's movement for revival 
 of piety in Lutheran Church in 17th c ; pious 
 sentiment, exaggeration or affectation of this. 
 So pi'etiST n., pieti'stic(AL) aa. [f. G pietis- 
 mus (as piety, see -ism)] 
 
 pi'ety, n. Quality of being pious, [f. OF 
 piete f. L pietatem (as pious, see -ty)] 
 
 piezd'metep, n. Kinds of instrument for 
 measuring pressure or the sense of it. [f. Gk. 
 piezo press + -o- -f -meter] 
 
 pi'ffle, v.i., & n. (slang). Talk or act feebly, 
 trifle ; (n.) twaddle. Hence pi'filER x n. [?] 
 
 pig-, n., & v.i. & t. Swine, hog ; flesh of (usu. 
 young or sucking) p. as meat, esp. roast p.; 
 guinea-/), (lit. & fig.); (colloq.) greedy, dirty, 
 sulky, obstinate, or annoying person, whence 
 pi'ggiSH 1 a., pi'ggishLY 2 adv., pi'ggish- 
 ness n.; oblong mass of metal (usu. iron) from 
 smelting-furnace, esp. p.-iron ; segment of 
 orange ; buy a p. in a poke, buy thing without 
 seeing it or knowing its vaiue ; bring one's pp. 
 to a fine, a pretty, the wrong, market, fail in a 
 venture ; pi'gheaded, obstinate, stupid, whence 
 pigheadedly adv., pigheadedness n.; p.-jump, 
 (of horse) jump sportively from all four legs not 
 brought together as in buck-jumping ; pignut, 
 earth-nut ; pigskin, (leather made of) p.'s skin, 
 (slang) saddle ; pi'gsticking, hunting of wild 
 boar with spear, butchering of swine, so pi'g- 
 sticker n. ; pigsty, sty for pp., (fig.) dirty hovel ; 
 p.'s wash, pigwash, swill of brewery or kitchen 
 given to pp. ; pigweed, kinds of herb eaten by 
 pp.; (v.i. & t.) bring forth (pigs or abs.); (v.i.) 
 herd together like pigs (also p. it). Hence pi'g- 
 let, pi'gLiNG 1 , nn. dimm., pi'gLiKE a. [ME 
 pigge, etym. dub.] 
 
 pi'geon (-jn), n., & v.t. Dove (wild or domes- 
 ticated); carrier-p., homing p., (trained to carry 
 
PIGEONRY 
 
 620 
 
 PILOT 
 
 home messages tied to its neck &c.); simpleton, 
 gull, as pluck 2 a p.; clay p., clay saucer thrown 
 into air from trap as mark for shooting; p.- 
 breast, deformed human chest laterally con- 
 stricted, so p. -breasted ; pi'geongram, message 
 carried by p.; p.-English, see pidgin; p.-hole, 
 small recess for p. to nest in, one of a set of 
 compartments for papers &c. in cabinet &c, 
 (v.t.) deposit (document) in this, put aside (mat- 
 ter) for future consideration, assign (thin^*/ to 
 definite place in memory; p.'s milk, partly- 
 digested food with which pp. feed their young, 
 imaginary article for which children are sent 
 on fool's errand; (v.t.) cheat (person of thing), 
 [f. OF pijon f. LL pipionem (nom. -io) young 
 cheeping bird (pipire cheep)J 
 
 pi'geonpy, n. Pigeon-house, [-ry] 
 
 pi'gf&epy, n - Pig-breeding establishment; 
 pigsty; dirty place; piggishness. [-ery] 
 
 pi'gTgy* n- Little pig; (nursery) p.-.xoiggy, 
 little pig, dirty child ; game of tip-cat. [-Y 3 ] 
 
 pi'gfment, n. Colouring-matter used as paint 
 or dye ; natural colouring-matter of a tissue. 
 Hence pigme'ntAL, pi«g-mentARY », aa. [f. 
 L pigment um (]jig- root of pingere paint)] 
 
 pigmy. SeePVGMV. 
 
 pi'gtail, n. Tobacco twisted into thin roll ; 
 plait of hair hanging from back of head, esp. as 
 worn by Chinese & young girls, & formerly by 
 soldiers & sailors. Hence pi'gftailED 2 a. 
 
 pike 1 , n., & v.t. Long wooden shaft with 
 steel or iron head, formerly important weapon 
 of infantry; (dial) pickaxe, spike; [perh. diff. 
 wd of Norse orig.] peaked top of hill (in names 
 of hills in Lake district); [prob. abbr. olp.-fish, 
 from its pointed snout] large voracious fresh- 
 water fish, jack ; (v.t.) thrust through, kill, with 
 p. ; pikeman, miner who uses pickaxe, [(in first 
 sense f. F pique, cf. Fpiquer prick, pic pickaxe, 
 cogn. w.) OE pic, etym. dub.] 
 
 pike 2 , n. Toll-bar; toll; turnpike road ; pike- 
 man, keeper of turnpike, [abbr. of turnpike] 
 
 pi'kestaff, n. Wooden shaft of pike ; plain 
 as a p. [orig. packstaff, smooth staff used by 
 pedlar], quite plain, [pike 1 + staff] 
 
 pila'step, n. Rectangular column, esp. one 
 engaged in wall. [f. F pilastre f. It. pilastro 
 f. med.L pilastrum (hpila pillar, see -aster)] 
 
 pilau*, -aw, (-ow, -aw, -6), -afF, n. Oriental 
 dish of rice with meat, spices, &c. [Pers. (-aw)] 
 
 pilch, n. Triangular flannel wrapper for in- 
 fant. [OE pylece, as pelisse] 
 
 prlehard, n. Small sea-fish allied to her- 
 ring. [?] 
 
 pi'leopn, n. Kind of oat in which husk does 
 not adhere to grain. [ = pilled corn] 
 
 pile 1 , n.,& v.t. Pointed stake or post; heavy 
 beam driven vertically into bed of river &c. as 
 support for bridge &c. ; ]). -driver, machine for 
 dri ving pp. ; (v. t. ) furnish with pp. , drive pp. into. 
 [OE pil f. hpilum javelin] 
 
 pile 2 , n. Heap of things laid more or less 
 regularly upon one another ; {funeral) p., heap 
 of combustibles on which corpse is burnt; (col- 
 loq.) heapof money, fortune, as make a p., make 
 one's p. (as much as one wants) ; lofty mass of 
 buildings ; series of plates of dissimilar metals 
 laid one upon another alternately for producing 
 electric current. [F, f. L pila pillar] 
 
 pile 3 , v.t. Heap up (often up, on) ; p. arms, 
 place (usu. four) rifles with butts on ground & 
 muzzles together in pyramidal form so as to 
 be readily available ; (colloq.) p. up (or on) the 
 afironj/,intensifypainfuldescription&c.,p. ton, 
 exaggerate ; load (table &c. with), [f. prec.) 
 
 pile 4 , n. (archaic). Reverse of coin ; cross or 
 p., heads or tails, [as pile 2 , orig. =under iron 
 of minting apparatus] 
 
 pile 5 , n. Soft hair, down, wool of sheep; 
 nap on cloth, esp. on velvet, plush, &c, or on 
 carpet, as two, three, -p. carpet. Hence pi'lv 2 
 a. If. L pilus hair] 
 
 pile 6 , n. (PI.) haemorrhoids, disease marked 
 by tumours of veins of lower rectum; (sing.) 
 such tumour ; pilewort, lesser celandine (from 
 reputed efficacy against pp.). [f. L pila ball] 
 
 pi'lfer, v.t. Steal (thing or abs.) esp. in small 
 quantities. Hence pi'lfer age(3), pi'lfePER \ 
 nn. [ult. f. OF pelfre pelf] 
 
 pilgfar'lie, n. (archaic). Bald head ; bald- 
 headed man ; poor creature. [ = pilled or peeled 
 garlic] 
 
 pi'lgrim, n., & v.i. One who journeys to 
 sacred place as act of religious devotion ; P. 
 Fathers, English Puritans who founded colony 
 of Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620; (v.i.) 
 wander like a p. Hence pi'lgrpimiZE^) v.i. 
 [ME pelegrim f. OF *pelegrin f. L peregrinus 
 stranger f. PER(egr?'e f. ager field) abroad, -ine l ] 
 
 prlgrimag-e (-ij), n., & v.i. Pilgrim's jour- 
 ney, esp. go on (a) p.; (fig.) mortal life viewed 
 as a journey ; (v.i.) go on a p. [f. OF pelerin- 
 age f. peleriner go as a pilgrim (as prec.)] 
 
 pili'ferous, a. Having hair (esp. in Bot). 
 So prliFORM a. [f. L pilus hair, see -ferous] 
 
 pill 1 , n., & v.t. Small ball of medicinal sub- 
 stance for swallowing whole ; p.-box, shallow 
 cylindrical box for holding pp., (facet.) small 
 vehicle or building; gild 1 the p.; (slang or 
 facet.) ball, e.g. cannon-ball, tennis ball ; (pi.) 
 billiards ; pillwort, kinds of plant with small 
 globular involucres ; (v.t., slang) blackball, de- 
 feat, [f. L pilula dim. of pila ball] 
 
 pill 2 , v.t. (archaic). Pillage, plunder; (dial.) 
 = peel 3 . [prob. f. L pilare make bare of hair 
 {pilus), cf. peel 3 ] 
 
 pi'llage (ij), n., & v.t. Plunder, esp. as prac- 
 tised in war ; (v.t.) sack, plunder, (place, person, 
 or abs.). Hence pi'llagER 1 n. [(vb f. n.) F, f. 
 piller as prec, see -age] 
 
 pi'llar, n., & v.t. Vertical structure of stone, 
 wood, metal, &c, slender in proportion to 
 height, used as support or ornament ; post, 
 pedestal ; (fig.) person who is a main supporter, 
 as a p. of the faith ; upright mass of air, water, 
 &c; (Mining) solid mass of coal &c. left to sup- 
 port roof of the working; driven fromp. topost 
 (to & fro, from one resource to another); p.-box, 
 hollow p. about 5 ft high in which letters may 
 be posted; (v.t.) support (as) with pp. Hence 
 pMlaPET 1 n. [f. OF piler f. late pop. L pilare 
 (pila pillar, see -ar l )] 
 
 pi'llion, n. (hist.). Woman's light saddle ; 
 cushion attached to hinder part of saddle for 
 second rider, usu. woman, [prob. of Celt, orig., 
 ult. f. hpellis skin] 
 
 pi'lliwinks, n. (hist.). Instrument of torture 
 for squeezing fingers. [?] 
 
 pi'llopy, n., & v.t. Wooden framework with 
 holes for head & hands of offender exposed to 
 public ridicule &c; (v.t.) put in the p., (fig.) ex- 
 pose to ridicule, [f. OF pellori, etym. dub.] 
 
 pi'llow, n., & v.t. & i. Cushion of linen Sec. 
 stuffed with feathers &c. as support for head 
 in reclining esp. in bed ; take counsel of one's 
 p., take a night to reflect; (techn.) p. -shaped 
 block or support ; p.-case, (shop) slip, washable 
 case of linen &c. for p.; (v.t.) rest, prop up, 
 on p.; (v.i.) rest on p. Hence pi'llow Y 2 a. 
 [OE pyle, pylu, cf. Du. peluw, G pfiihl] 
 
 pi'lose, -ous, aa. Covered with hair. Hence 
 pilo'SiTV n. [f. Lpilos us (pilus hair, -ose 1 )) 
 
 pi'lot, n., & v.t. Steersman, esp. one qualified 
 by local knowledge; (fig.)guide, esp. in hunting- 
 field ; p. -cloth, blue woollen cloth for great-coat 
 &c; p. -engine (clearing the way for another); 
 
PILULE 
 
 621 
 
 PINNA 
 
 p. -jacket, = pea-jacket; p.-fish, small fish said 
 to act as p. to shark ; (v.t.) conduct as p. (lit. & 
 fig.), act as p. on (way, piece of water). Hence 
 or cogn. pi'lotAGE(3, 4) n., pi'lotLESS a. If. F 
 pillotte f. It. pilota perh. f. It. pedota, cf. It. 
 pcdoto rudder perh. f. Gk pedon oar, (pi. ) rudder] 
 
 pi'lule, pill-, n. Pill; small pill. Hence 
 pi'lulAK 1 , pi'lulous, aa. [F, as pill ] ] 
 
 pi'melode, n. Cat-fish. [f. Gk pimclodes 
 fatty (pimele fat, see -ode)] 
 
 pime'nto, n. Dried aromatic berries of a 
 certain tree, Jamaica pepper ; the tree. [f. Sp. 
 pimienta f. L %>igmentum pigment, (med.L) 
 spice] 
 
 pimp, n., & v.i. Pander, letym. dub.; Fhas 
 pimpant seductive in appearance] 
 
 prmpernel, n. Small annual found in corn- 
 fields &c waste ground, with scarlet (also blue 
 or white) flowers closing in cloudy or rainy 
 weather. If. OF pimprenele f. med.L pipinella 
 perh. corrupt, of bipinnella double dim. of Tii- 
 [pennis f. penna feather) two-winged] 
 
 pi'mpingr, a. Small, mean ; sickly. [?] 
 
 pi'mple, n. Small solid round tumour of the 
 skin, usu. inflammatory. Hence pi'mplED 2 , 
 pi'mplv 2 , aa. [?J 
 
 pin ', n. Thin piece of (usu. tinned brass or 
 iron) wire with sharp point & round flattened 
 head for fastening together parts of dress, 
 papers, &c. ; peg of wood or metal for various 
 purposes; each of the pegs round which strings 
 of musical instrument are fastened ; thole, 
 
 BELAVIM0, DRAWING, -p., 1IAIRJ)., NINEPIN ; 
 
 don't care a p. (at all) ; (pi., colloq.) legs, as quick 
 on his pp.; pp. & needles, tingling sensation in 
 limb recovering from numbness ; small cask of 
 4} gai.; pi'ncushion, small.cushion for sticking 
 pp. in to keep them ready for use; p.-feather, 
 ungrown feather; p. -fire cartridge (exploded 
 by means of p.); p. -head, (fig.) minute thing; 
 p.-hole (made by p. or into which peg fits) ; p.- 
 money, annual allowance to woman fbr dress 
 expenses &c, allowance settled on wife for 
 private expen iiUxre ; p.-prick, (fig.) trifling 
 irritation ; pintail, kinds of duck & grouse 
 with pointed tail ; p.-xvheel, small catharine- 
 wheel. [com. LG : OEpinn, Du. pin, Opin(ne) ; 
 perh. f. L pinna point] 
 
 pin 2 , v.t. Fasten (thing to another, up, &c, 
 things together) with pin(s) ; transfix with pin, 
 lance, &c; p. one's faith (reply implicitly) on 
 (person &c); seize & hold fast (against wall 
 &c.) ; bind (person &c, often doxon) to (promise, 
 arrangement); enclose by bars &c. [f. prec; 
 last sense perh. f. obs. pind impound] 
 
 pi'nafope, n. Child's washable covering 
 worn over frock to protect it from dirt. Hence 
 pi'nafoPED 2 n. [pin 2 + afore] 
 
 pina'sten, n. A pine indigenous to S.W. 
 Europe. [L, = wild pine (pimis, -aster)] 
 
 pince-nez (F), n. Pair of eyeglasses with 
 spring to clip nose. [F, lit. = pinch-nose] 
 
 pi'neers, n. pi. (Also a pair of pp.) gripping- 
 tool made of two limbs pivoted together form- 
 ing pair of jaws with pair of handles to press 
 them together with ; similar organ of crusta- 
 ceans &c. [MKpinsours (as pinch v., see -or 2 )] 
 
 pincette (F), n. Small pincers, tweezers. 
 
 pinch 1 , n. Nip, squeeze; (fig.) stress (of 
 poverty &c); at a p. (critical juncture); as 
 much as can be taken up with tips of finger & 
 thumb, as a p. of snuff, salt. [f. foil.] 
 
 pinch 2 , v.t. & i. Nip, squeeze, esp. between 
 tips of fi nger & thumb (also fig. of cold, hunger, 
 &c.) ; that is where the shoe pinches, that is the 
 difficulty or trouble ; extort (money &c. from, 
 out of, person &c.) ; stint (person &c. in, of, for, 
 food &c.) ; be niggardly ; urge (horse esp. in 
 
 race) ; sail (ship) close-hauled ; (slang) steal 
 (thing), rob (person), arrest, take into custody. 
 If. ONF 'pinchier (F/jmcer), etym. dub.] 
 
 pi'nchbeck, n. & a. Gold-like alloy of copper 
 & zinc used in cheap jewellery &c; counter- 
 feit, sham. [f. C. P., watchmaker, d. 1732] 
 
 Pindar'i (-e), n. Mounted marauder in 
 India in 17th & 18th cc. [f. Hind, pindari] 
 
 Pinda'rie, a. & n. Of, like, the Greek poet 
 Pindar; (n., usu. pi.) P. ode(s), metre, verse(s). 
 [f. L f. Gk Pindarikos (Pindaros, see -IC)] 
 
 pine 1 , n. Genus of trees with evergreen 
 needle-shaped leaves, many species of whicn 
 afford timber, tar, & turpentine ; p.-apple, 
 large collective fruit of the ananas, so called 
 from resemblance to p. -cone; p.-beauty,p. Car- 
 pet, moths whose larvae feed on p. -trees; p.- 
 cone, fruit of the p. IOE pin f. L pinus] 
 
 pine 2 , v.i. Languish, waste away, from grief, 
 disease, &c.; long eagerly (for, after, to do). 
 [OE pinian f. obs. pin pain f. L poena punish- 
 ment, pain] 
 
 pi'neal, a. (anat.). Shaped like a pine-cone ; 
 p. gland, gland of unknown function behind 
 third ventricle of brain, [f. F pineal £. hpinea 
 piNE-cone, see -al] 
 
 prnery, n. Place in which pine-apples are 
 grown ; plantation of pines, [-ery] 
 
 pi'nfold, n., & v.t. Pound for stray cattle 
 &c; (v.t.) confine in this. [OKpundfald (*pund 
 pound +fald FOLD)] 
 
 ping*, n., & v.i. Abrupt ringing sound as of 
 rifle bullet flying through air ; (v.i.) make, fly 
 with, this, limit.] 
 
 pi'ng'-po'ngr, n. Game like lawn-tennis 
 played on table with celluloid balls & (us«u.) 
 parchment bats, [iniit. f. sound of bat] 
 
 pi'ng-uid (gw-), a. (usu. facet.). Fat, oily, 
 greasy, [f. hpinguis fat + -id j ] 
 
 pi'nguin (gw-), n. W.-lnd. plant or fruit 
 allied to pine-apple. [?) 
 
 pi'nion 1 , n. Terminal segment of bird's 
 wing ; (poet.) wing ; any flight-feather of wing ; 
 (in carving) part of wing corresponding to 
 forearm, [f. OF pignon f. L penna feather, -oon] 
 
 pi'nion 2 , v.t. Cut off pinion of (wing, bird) 
 to prevent flight ; bind the arms of (person), 
 bind (arms) ; bind (person &c.) fast to (thing), 
 [f. prec] 
 
 pi'nion 3 , n. Small cog-wheel engaging with 
 larger one ; cogged spindle engaging with 
 wheel, [f. F pignon f. OF penon battlement f. 
 L pinna battlement, see -oon] 
 
 pink. ] , n. & a. Garden plant with sweet- 
 smelling white, pink, crimson, or variegated 
 flowers ; the p. (embodied perfection) of ele- 
 gance &c; the p. (most perfect condition) of 
 health &c.; (of a) pale red slightly inclining to 
 purple ; fox-hunter's red coat, cloth of this ; fox- 
 hunter; (adj.) of pale red colourof various kinds, 
 asrose^aZmoTVj^whencepi'nkiSH^pi'nkY 2 , 
 aa., pi'nkNESsn.; p.-eye, contagious fever of 
 horse, contagious ophthalmia in man. [?] 
 
 pink 2 , n. Yellowish pigment made by com- 
 bining vegetable colouring matter with some 
 white base (Broion, French, Dutch, &c. p.). [?] 
 
 pink 3 , n. (hist.). Sailing-vessel esp. with nar- 
 row stern (orig. small & flat-bottomed), [prob. 
 f. MDu. pincke etym. dub.] 
 
 pink 4 , v.t. Pierce with sword &c, (also p. 
 oid) ornament (leather &c.) with perforations; 
 adorn, deck. [cf. LG pinken strike, peck, perh. 
 var. of picken pick 2 ] 
 
 pink 5 , n. Young salmon; (dial.) minnow, 
 [also in dial. G] 
 
 pi'nna, n. (pi. -ae). Broad upper part of ex- 
 ternal ear ; primary division or pinnate leaf ; 
 fin, fin-like structure. [L, =penna] 
 
PINNACE 
 
 622 
 
 PIRATE 
 
 pi'nnace (-as), n. Man-of-war's double-bank- 
 ed (usu. eight-oared) boat; (Hist.) small usu. 
 two-masted vessel, [f. F pinassz prob. f. L 
 pinus pine] 
 
 pi'nnacle, n., & v.t. Small ornamental tur- 
 ret usu. ending in pyramid or cone, crowning a 
 buttress, roof , &c. ; natural peak; (fig.) culmin- 
 ation, climax ; (v.t.) set (as) on p., form the p. 
 of, furnish with pp. [ME & OF pinacle f. LL 
 pinnaculum (pinna wing, see -cule)J 
 
 pi'nnate (-at), a. (Bot., of compound leaf) 
 with series of leaflets on each side of common 
 petiole; (Zool.) with branches, tentacles, &c, 
 on each side of an axis. Hence pi'nnated. 
 [-ate 2 ] a., pi'nnateLV 2 adv. [f. L pinnatus 
 feathered (pinna, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 pi'nner, n. In vbl senses ; also : coif with 
 two long side-flaps pinned on. [f. pin v. + -er 1 ] 
 
 pinni- in comb. = pinna, fin, as: -grade, -ped, 
 aa. & nn., fin-footed (animal). 
 
 pi'nnot here, -tere, (-er), n. Genus of small 
 crabs commensally inhabiting shells of oyster, 
 mussel, &c. [f. L f. Gk pinnoteres (pina, bi- 
 valve mollusc, + tired guard)] 
 
 pi'nnule, n. (Bot.) secondary division of 
 pinnate leaf; (Zool.) part, organ, like small 
 wing or fin ; sight at end of index of astrolabe 
 &c. Hence pi'nnulAK * a. [f. L pinmila dim. 
 of pinna] 
 
 pi'nny, n. Childish abbr. of pinafore. 
 
 pi'nocle, n. (U.S.). Game like bezique. [?] 
 
 pino'le, n. (U.S.). Meal made from parched 
 corn-flour mixed with sweet flour, sugar, &c. 
 [Amer.-Sp., f. Aztec pinolli] 
 
 pint, n. Measure of capacity for liquids &c, 
 ith of gallon, [f. F pinte, etym. dub.] 
 
 pinta'do (-ah-), n. (Now usu. p. bird, petrel) 
 kind of petrel ; guinea-fowl. [f. Port, pintado 
 painted p.p. of pintar I. L pingere *pinct- for 
 pict-] 
 
 pi'ntle, n. Kinds of pin or bolt, esp. one on 
 which some other part turns. [OE pintel penis, 
 etym. dub., cf. Du. & G pint penis] 
 
 pi'nxit, pinxer'unt, v.t. (So-&-so) painted 
 it (in signature to picture, as fecit). [L] 
 
 pl'ny, a. Of, like, abounding in, pines. [-V 2 ] 
 
 p/o/et (pyola*), n. Alpinist's ice-axe. [F] 
 
 pioneer', n., & v.i. & t. (Mil.) one of body 
 of foot-soldiers marching in advance with 
 spades &c. to prepare road for main body ; be- 
 ginner of enterprise,original explorer, &c; (v.i.) 
 act as p.; (v.t.) open up (road &c.) as p., act as 
 p. to, conduct, [(vb f. n.) f. F pionnier foot- 
 soldier, pioneer, (pion, f. L as pawn *, -ier)] 
 
 pi'ous, a. Devout, religious ; p. founder (of 
 college &c. for glory of God & good of man); 
 (archaic) dutiful ; p. fraud. Hence pi'ous- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L pius dutiful, pious, -ous] 
 
 pip 1 , n. Disease of poultry, hawks, &c, 
 marked by thick mucus in throat & often by 
 white scale on tip of tongue (also facet, of 
 various human diseases), [prob. f. MDu. pippe 
 f. pop. L pip ita corrupt, of pituita] 
 
 pip 2 , n. Each spot on playing-cards, dice, or 
 dominoes ; single blossom of clustered inflores- 
 cence ; rhomboidal segment of surface of pine- 
 apple, [earlier peep, etym. dub.] 
 
 pip 3, v.t. (colloq.). Blackball; defeat; hit 
 with shot. [f. prec. or foil.] 
 
 pip 4 , n. Seed of apple, pear, orange, &c. 
 Hence pi'pLESS a. [earlier =, & prob. abbr. of, 
 pippin] 
 
 pipe i, n. Tube of wood, metal, &c, esp. for 
 conveying water, gas, &c; musical wind-in- 
 strument consisting of single tube ; each of the 
 tubes by which sound is produced in organ ; 
 (pi. ) = bag 1 pipes ; boats wain's whistle, sounding 
 of this ; voice, esp. in singing ; song, note, of 
 
 bird; tubular organ, vessel, &c, in animal 
 body; cylindrical vein of ore; channel of decoy 
 for wild fowl; (also tobacco-p.) narrow tube of 
 clay, wood, &c. with bowl at one end for draw- 
 ing in smoke of tobacco, quantity of tobacco 
 held by this, as light, smoke, a p.; PEACE-p.; 
 Queen's {tobacco-) p., furnace at London Docks 
 used formerly for burning contraband tobacco ; 
 put that in your p. & smoke it, digest that fact 
 &c. if you can ; cask for wine, esp. as measure 
 usu. = 105 gal. ; p.-clay, fine white clay used for 
 tobacco-pp. & (esp. by soldiers) for cleaning 
 white trousers &c, (fig.) excessive attention to 
 minutiae of dress &c. in regiment, (v.t.) whiten 
 with p.-clay; p.-light, spill for lighting p.; p.- 
 rack (for tobacco-pp.); p.-stone, hard red clay 
 usedbyAmer.-Indians for tobacco-pp. Hence 
 pi*peFUL,n.,pi , peLESS, pi'pv 2 , aa. [OEpipe, 
 cf. Du. pijp, G pfeife, ult. f. L as foil.] 
 
 pipe 2 , v.i. & t. Play (tune &c. or abs.) on 
 pipe; lead, bring, (person, &c.) by sound of 
 pipe ; summon (crew up, to meal, work, &c.) by 
 sounding whistle ; whistle ; utter in shrill voice; 
 p. up, begin to play or sing ; p. one's eye(s), 
 weep ; propagate (pinks &c.) by cuttings taken 
 off at joint of stem; trim (dress), ornament 
 (cake &c), with piping 1 ; furnish with pipes. 
 [OE pipian f. L pipare pipe, chirp] 
 
 pi'pep, n. One who plays on pipe, esp. stroll- 
 ing musician ; pay the p. (& call the tune), bear 
 the cost (& have control) of a proceeding &c; 
 kinds of fish ; broken-winded horse ; decoy-dog. 
 [OE pipere (pipe 1 + -er j )] 
 
 pipe'tte (-et), n. Slender tube for transfer- 
 ring &c. small quantities, esp. in chemistry. 
 [F, dim. of pipe 1 ] 
 
 pi'ping* \ n. In vbl senses, also : ornamenta- 
 tion of dress by means of cord enclosed in pipe- 
 like fold ; ornamental cord-like lines of sugar 
 on cake. [f. pipe 2 4- -ing *] 
 
 pi'ping 2 , a. In vbl senses; the p. time(s) of 
 peace ^marked by piping as opp. to martial 
 music) ; p. (hissing) hot. Tf. pipe 2 + -ing 2 ] 
 
 pipistre'l(le), n. Small kind of bat. [F (Ze) 
 f. It. pipistrello, vip-, f. L vespertilio bat (vesper 
 evening)] 
 
 pi'pit, n. Bird like lark. [prob. imit.] 
 
 pi*pkin,n. Small earthenware pot or pan. [?] 
 
 pi'ppin, n. Kinds of apple. [ME & OF pepin 
 seed, etym. dub.] 
 
 piquant (pe'kant), a. Agreeably pungent, 
 sharp, appetizing; (fig.) pleasantly stimulating 
 ordisturbing to the mind. Hence pi'quANCY 
 n., pi'quantLv 2 adv. [F (as foil., see -ant); 
 F fem. -te also as E fem., pron. pekah'nt or as F] 
 
 pique l (pek), v.t., & n. Irritate, wound the 
 pride of; arouse (curiosity, interest); plume 
 oneself on ; (n.) ill-feeling, enmity, resentment, 
 as in a fit of p., took a p. against me. [f. F 
 piauer vb prick, irritate, pique n., cf. pick 2 ] 
 
 pique 2 (pek), n., & v.t. & i. Winning of 30 
 points at piquet before opponent begins to 
 count ; (v.t.) score a p. against ; (v.i.) score a p. 
 [(vb f. n.) f. F pic etym. dub.] 
 
 pique (pe'ka), n. Stiff ribbed cotton fabric. 
 [F, p.p. olpiqxier, see pique 1 ] 
 
 pique't (-ket, or pi'k-), n. Card game for two 
 with pack of 32 cards. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 pira'g-ua, peria'gua, (wa), n. Long nar- 
 row canoe made from single tree-trunk; two- 
 masted sailing-barge. [Sp., f. Carib,= dug-out] 
 
 pip'ate (at), n., & v.t. & i. (Ship used by) sea- 
 robber ; marauder ; one who infringes another's 
 copyright; bus that encroaches on recognized 
 routes or overcharges or preys on passengers ; 
 (v.t.) plunder, (also) reproduce (book &c.) with- 
 out leave for one's_own profit ; (v.i.) play the p. 
 Hence or cogn. pip'acy n., pira'tic(AL) aa., 
 
PIROGUE 
 
 623 
 
 PITEOUS 
 
 pira*tiealLY2 adv. [(vb f. n.) f. L (-ta) f. Gk 
 
 peirates (peirao attempt, assault)] 
 
 pipo'g-ue (-6g) v n. = piragua. IF] 
 
 piroue-tte (-dbet), n., & v.i. Ballet-dancer's 
 
 spm round on one foot or on point of toe ; dance 
 
 thus, [(n.) F, =top, cf. It. piruolo top, pirone 
 
 iron peg; vb f. F pirouette?-] 
 
 pis alter (pizahla*), n. Last resource. [F(pis 
 
 worse + allcr go)] 
 
 pi'seapy, n. Common of p., right of fishing 
 
 in another's water in common with owner (& 
 others), [f. med. hpiscaria neut. pi. of piscarius 
 fishing (piscis fish, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 pi'seatopy, a. Of fishers or fishing, whence 
 piscatop'iALa.; addicted to fishing. [i.Lpis- 
 catorius {piscator fisher f. piscis fish)] 
 
 Pi' sees (-sez), n. pi. The Fishes, 12th zodiacal 
 constellation; 12th sign of zodiac. [L, pi. of 
 piscis fish] 
 
 pi'seieulture (-si-), n. Artificial rearing of 
 fish. Hence piseieirltuPAL a., piscicu'l- 
 tupiST n. [f. L piscis fish + culture] 
 
 pisci'na (se-, -si-), n. (pi. -ae, -as). Fishpond ; 
 ancient Roman bathing-pond; (Eccl.) perforated 
 stone basin for carrying away water used in 
 rinsing chalice &c. [L, t. piscis fish] 
 
 pi'seine 1 (or -en),n. Bathing-pool. [F,f. prec] 
 
 pi'scine 2 , a. Of fish, [f . L piscis fish, -ine l ] 
 
 pisci'vopous, a. Fish-eating, [as prec. + 
 -vorousJ 
 
 p/se (pe'za), n. Stiff clay for building rammed 
 between boards, which are removed when it 
 hardens. [F, p.p. olpiser pound f. L pinsare] 
 
 Pi'sgah (-z-), n. Mountain whence Moses 
 viewed the Promised Land {Deut. iii. 27) ; (fig.) 
 I*, glance, prospect. Sec. [Heb.] 
 
 pish, int. expr. contempt, impatience, or dis- 
 gust ; (v.i.) say p. [natural] 
 
 pisho'gue (-6g), n. (Ir.). Sorcery ; charm, 
 spell, [f. Ir. pis{r)eog] 
 
 pi'siform (pis-, piz-), a. Pea-shaped ; p. bone, 
 small bone of upper row of carpus, [f. L pisum 
 pea + -form] 
 
 pi'smire (-s-), n. Ant. [f. foil, (from smell 
 of anthill) + obs. mire ant, cf. Du. mier] 
 
 piss, v.i. & t., & n. (not now in polite use). 
 Make water; discharge (blood &c.) with the 
 urine; wet with urine ; (n.) urine, [(n. f. vb) f. 
 OF pissier, etym. dub.] 
 
 pista'chio (-ashio, -asho, -atsho), n. (Tree 
 yielding) nut withgreenishedible kernel; colour 
 of this. [f. It. pistacchio & Sp. pistacho f. L f. 
 Gk pistakion) 
 
 pi'stil, n. Female organ of flower, compris- 
 ing ovary, style, & stigma. Hence pi'stillARY 1 , 
 
 pi*StillATE 2 (2), pistllli'FEROUS, pi'StUllNE 1 , 
 
 aa. [as pestle] 
 
 pi'stol (-tl), n. , & v. t. (-11-). Small fire-arm held 
 & fired by one hand ; within, beyond, p. -shot 
 trange of p.); (v.t.) shoot with this. [f. obs. F 
 pistole prob. shortened f. pistolet dagger, pistol, 
 dim. f. It. pistolese (dagger) made at Pistoia] 
 
 pisto'le, n. (hist.). Foreign gold coin, esp. 
 Spanish coin worth about 18s. [F, prob. short- 
 ened f. pistolet, etym. dub., pern, as prec] 
 
 pi'stolgTaph,n. (Apparatts for obtaining) 
 instantaneous photograph, [-graph] 
 
 pi'ston, n. Disk or short cylinder of wood, 
 metal, &c, fitting closely within tube in which 
 it moves up & down, used in steam-engine, 
 pump, &c, to impart orreceive motion by means 
 of p.-rod ; sliding valve in cornet &c. [F, f. It. 
 pistone var. of pestone pestle] 
 
 pit 1 , n. Natural hole in ground ; hole made 
 in digging for mineral &c. or for industrial pur- 
 poses, as chalk, clay, gravel, coal, saw, tan, -p. ; 
 covered hole as trap for wild beasts or (esp. bibl. ) 
 for enemies ; (also p. of hell) hell ; cockpit ; hol- 
 
 low in animal or plant body or on any surface : 
 p. of the stomach, depression between cartilage 
 of false ribs ; depressed scar, as after small-pox : 
 that part of auditorium of theatre which is on 
 floor of house, now usu. the part of this behind 
 stalls ; people occupying this ; pitfall, covered 
 p. as trap for animals &c, (fig.) unsuspected 
 snare or danger; pitman, collier, (U.S.) con- 
 necting-rod in machinery. [OE pytt, cf. Du. 
 put, G pfiitze, f. L puteus well] 
 pit 2 , v.t. Put into a pit (esp. vegetables &c. 
 for storage); set (cock, dog, &c.) to fight in pit 
 (against another), (Rg.) match (person against); 
 make pits, esp. scars, in (esp. in p.p.). [f. prec] 
 pi*t-(a-)pat, adv. & n. With the sound p., 
 palpitatingly, palteringly, as his heart, feet, 
 wentp.; (n.) the sound p. [imit.] 
 pitch i, n., & v.t. Black or dark-brown tena- 
 cious resinous substance, semi-liquid when hot, 
 hard when cold, got from distillation of tar or 
 turpentine, used for caulking seams of ships &c; 
 p.-blende, native oxide of uranium, found in p.- 
 like masses ; p.-cap, cap lined with p., used as 
 instrument of torture ; p.-pine, specially resin- 
 ous kinds of p.-tree ; pitchstone, old volcanic 
 rock looking like p. ; (v.t.) cover, coat, smear, 
 with p. [(OE pician vb f.) OE pic f. L pix picis] 
 pitch 2 , v.t. & i. Fix & erect (tent, camp); 
 (abs.) encamp ; (Crick.) p. icickets, fix stumps in 
 ground & place bails ; fix, plant, (thing) in de- 
 finite position ; expose (wares) for sale in market 
 &c ; pave, prepare, (road) with stones set on 
 end; pitched (arranged) battle ; (Mus.)set at 
 particular pitch, (fig.) express in particular 
 style ; throw, fling ; (in games) throw (flat ob- 
 ject) towards a mark ; (slang) tell (tale, yarn); 
 fall heavily (on one's head, into, Sec.) ; (of ship) 
 plunge in longitudinal direction (cf. roll 2 ); 
 p. in (colloq.), set to work vigorously; p. into 
 (colloq.), assail forcibly with blows, words, &c, 
 make vigorous attack on, (person, food, &c); 
 p. upon, decide upon ; p.-dbtoss, game of skill 
 & chance in which coins are pitched at a mark ; 
 p.-farthing,= cnucK 3 -farthing. [ME pichen, 
 etj^m. dub., perh. cogn. w. pick] 
 pitch 3 , n. Pitching (e.g. of ship); mode of 
 delivering cricket-ball in bowling; quantity of 
 commodity pitched in market ; place at which 
 one (e. g. street performer, bookmaker) is sta- 
 tioned ; (Crick. ) place between & about wickets; 
 height to which falcon &c. soars before swoop- 
 ing on prey, as fly a high Sec. p. (also fig.); 
 height, degree, intensity, (o/quality &c); (Mus.) 
 degree of acuteness or graveness of tone ; de- 
 gree of slope ; steepness of roof's slope ; (Mech.) 
 distance between successive points er lines, 
 e.g. between successive teeth of cog-wheel; 
 p.-pipe, small pipe blown by mouth to set p. for 
 singing or tuning ; p.-xcheel, toothed wheel en- 
 gaging with another, [f. prec] 
 prtehep 1 , n. Large usu. earthenware vessel 
 with handle or two ears & usu. a lip, for hold- 
 ing liquids ; little pp. have long ears, children 
 are apt to overhear ; (Bot.) modified leaf in p. 
 form, p.-plant (with such leaves). Hence pi't- 
 chePFUL(2) n. [f. OF pichierf. med.L pic arium, 
 bic-, beaker] 
 
 pi'teher 2 , n. In vbl senses of pitch 2 , esp.: 
 player who delivers ball, esp. in baseball ; street 
 vendor who pitches stall in fixed place ; stone 
 used for paving, [-er 1 ] 
 
 pi'tchfopk, n., & v.t. Long-handled fork 
 with two sharp prongs for pitching hay &c; 
 (v.t.) cast (as) with p., (fig.) thrust (person) forci- 
 bly (into position, office, &c). [earlier also pick- 
 fork, prob. f. pick l + fork, assoc. w. pitch 2 ] 
 pi'tehy, a. Of, like, dark &c. as, pitch. [- Y 2 ] 
 pi'teous, a. Calling for pity, deplorable* 
 
PITH 
 
 624 
 
 PLAGIARIZE 
 
 Hence pi'teousLV 2 adv., pi'teousxESS n. 
 [ME pitous f. OF pitos f. L *pietosus (as piety, 
 see -itous)] 
 
 pith, n. Spongy cellular tissue in stems & 
 branches of dicotyledonous plants ; similar 
 tissue lining rind of orange &c; spinal cord; 
 (fig.) essential part, quintessence; physical 
 strength, vigour; force, energy; of p. (impor- 
 tance) & moment (Shaks. Ham. in. i. 86) ; (v.t.) 
 slaughter (animal) by severing spinal cord. 
 Hence pi'thLESS a. [(vb f. n.) OE pitha, cf. 
 MDu. pitte, Da. pit] 
 
 pithecanthrope ( -Ik-), n. Ape-man, hypo- 
 thetical link between ape & man. [f. Gk pithe- 
 kos ape + anthropos man] 
 
 pithecoid, a. Ape-like, [asprec, see -oid] 
 
 pi'thy, a. Of, like, abounding in, pith ; con- 
 densed & forcible, terse. Hence pi*thiLY 2 ad\\, 
 pi'thiNESS n. [v 2 ] 
 
 pi'tiabie, a. Calling for pity or contempt. 
 Hence pi'tiablexESsn., pi'tiabLY 2 adv. [OF 
 (as pity, see -able)] 
 
 prtiful, n. Compassionate ; (of things) call- 
 ing for pity ; contemptible. Hence pi'tifulLV 2 
 adv.. pi'tifulNESS n. [ful] 
 
 pi'tiless, a. Showing no pity. Hence pi'ti- 
 lessLY 2 adv., pi'tilessxESS n. [-less] 
 
 pi*tpan,n. Central American dug-out. [perh. 
 native] 
 
 pittance, n. (Hist.) pious bequest to reli- 
 gious house for extra food &c. ; allowance 
 remuneration, esp. scanty one, as a mere p.; 
 small number or amount, [f. OF pit a nee ; OF 
 has also pitance pity (as piety + -ance)] 
 
 pi'ttite, n. Person occupying seat in pit of 
 theatre, [-ite *] 
 
 pitu'itary, a. Of or secreting phlegm, mu- 
 cous. So pitu'itous a. [f. L j)ituitarius (pi- 
 tuita phlegm, see -ary j )] 
 
 pi'ty, n., & v.t. Feeling of tenderness aroused 
 by person's distress or suffering, as cannot help 
 feeling p. for him, felt no p. for him, in p. of 
 his fate; take p. on, feel or act compassionately 
 towards; (as form of entreaty) for p.'s sake ; 
 regrettable fact, ground for regret, as what a 
 p. .', more 's the p. (so much the worse), it is a 
 thousand pp. you did not mention it, (archaic) 
 it is or was p. of them, one feels sorry for them ; 
 (v.t.) feel (often contemptuous) p. for, as he is 
 much to be pitied, I p. you if you think that. 
 Hence pi'tying 1 ly 2 adv. [(vb f. n.) f. QFpitet 
 f. L as piety] 
 
 pi'vot, n., & v.t. & i. Short shaft or pin on 
 which something turns or oscillates ; (Mil. ) man 
 on whom body of troops wheels ; (fig.) cardinal 
 or central point ; (v.t.) furnish with, attach by, 
 
 g; (v.i.) turn as on p., hinge (upon, often fig.), 
 ence pi'votAL a. [F, etym. dub.] • 
 
 pi'xy, -xie, n. Being akin to fairy. [?] 
 
 pizzicato (pitslkahto), adv., a., n. (mus.). 
 (Played) by plucking string of violin &c. with 
 finger instead of using bow; (n.) passage, note, 
 so played. [It.] 
 
 pi'zzle, n. (now vulg.). Penis of animal esp. 
 that of bull formerly used as flogging instru- 
 ment. [16th c, cf. Du. pees] 
 
 pla'cable, a. Easily appeased, mild, forgiv- 
 ing. Hence or cogn. placaBrLiTY n., pla'e- 
 abLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L placabilis (placare 
 appease, see -ble)] 
 
 pla'card (or -ard), n., & v.t. Document 
 printed on one side of single sheet for posting 
 up, poster; (v.t) set up pp. on (wall &c), adver- 
 tise (wares &c.) by pp., display (poster &c.) as 
 p. [OF, f. plaquier vb plaster f. Du. plakken 
 glue, prob. imit., see -ard] 
 
 placa'te ( or pla "cat >, v.t, Pacify, conciliate. 
 If. L placare, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 place l , n. Particular part of space ; part of 
 space occupied by person or thing, as it has 
 changed its p.; city, town, village, &c; (in 
 names of groups of buildings) Ely &c. P.; resi- 
 dence, dwelling ; country-house with surround- 
 ings ; building, spot, devoted to specified pur- 
 pose, as p. of amusement, worship, bathing-p.% 
 (H. of Commons) another p., H. of Lords; par- 
 ticular spot on surface &c, as a sore p. on his 
 wrist ; sore ; passage of book &c; rank, station,, 
 as servants must know their p., keep him in his 
 p.; (Racing) position among placed competitors; 
 position of figure in series as indicating its value 
 in decimal or similar notation, as calculated to 
 50 decimal pp. ; step in progression of argument, 
 statement, «c, as in the first, second, p.; pro- 
 per or natural position, as take your pp., there 
 is nop. for doubt ; space, seat, accommodation, 
 for person &c. at table, in conveyance, &c, as 
 take two pp. in the coach, always a p. for you 
 at our table ; in p. of, instead of ; take the p. of r 
 be substituted for ; office, employment, esp. 
 government appointment; duties of office &c, 
 as it is not my p. to inquire into that ; in, out 
 of, p., (unsuitable, (in)appropriate ; give p. to T 
 make room for, be succeeded by ; take p., hap- 
 pen ; p. brick (imperfectly burnt from being 
 on windward side of kiln) ; p. (-kick) (Footb.), 
 kick made when ball is previously placed by 
 another player for that purpose on ground ; 
 placeman, holder of public office, esp. one 
 appointed from motives of interest. [F, f. L f. 
 Gk plateia (hodos) broad (way)] 
 
 place 2 , v.t. Put (thing &c.) in particular 
 place ; arrange (set of things) in their proper 
 places ; appoint (person, esp. clergyman) to 
 post ; find situation, living, &c, for ; invest 
 (money); dispose of (goods) to customer; put 
 (order for goods &c.) into hands of firm &c; 
 repose (confidence &c. in, on) ; assign rank to ; 
 locate; state position of (usu'any of first 3 
 horses or runners) in race, be placed, be among 
 first three ; get (goal) by place !-kick. [precj 
 
 place'nta, n. Flattened circular spongy vas- 
 cular organ in higher mammals, expelled in 
 parturition after nourishing foetus, which is 
 attached to it by umbilical cord ; (Bot.) part of 
 carpel to which ovules are attached. Hence 
 place'ntAL a. [f. L placenta = Gk plakoeis 
 -entos flat cake f. root of plax plakos flat plate) 
 
 pla'eer, n. Deposit of sand, gravel, &c, in 
 bed of stream &c. containing valuable minerals 
 in particles. [Amer. Sp., cogn. w. placet sand- 
 bank f. plaza place J ] 
 
 pla'cet, sentence & n. (Univv.). P., nonp., 
 it pleases me (not) (forms used in voting for or 
 against measure) ; (n.) such vote. [L] 
 
 pla'cid, a. Mild ; peaceful ; serene. Hence 
 or cogn. placi'diTY n., pla'cidLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 placidus (placere please, see -id *)] 
 
 pla'cket, n. Pocket, esp. in woman's skirt; 
 p.-h'ole, opening in outer skirt giving access to 
 this. [perh. var. of placard] 
 
 pla'coid, a. (Of scales) plate-shaped ; (of fish) 
 with p. scales, [f. Gk plax plakos plate, -oid] 
 
 plafond (F), n. Ceiling, esp. one enriched 
 with paintings ; such painting. 
 
 pla'g-al, a. (mus.). (Of ecclesiastical modes) 
 having their sounds comprised between the 
 dominant & its octave ; p. cadence (in which 
 chord of subdominant immediately precedes 
 that of the tonic). Cf. authentic, [f. med.L 
 plagalis f. plaga p. mode, prob. f. med.L f. Gk 
 plagios oblique, (med.Gk) plagal, f. plagos side] 
 
 plagiarize (-j-), v.t. Take and use another 
 person's (thoughts, writings, inventions, or 
 abs.) as one's own. So pla'giariSM, pla'- 
 g-iapiST, na. [f. foil. + -ize] 
 
PLAGIARY 
 
 625 
 
 PLANI- 
 
 pla'giary, n. = plagiarism ; = plagiarist. 
 [t. Lpiagiarius kidnapper ( plagiare kidnap)] 
 
 pla'gio- (-J-) in comb. = Gk ptagios oblique, 
 as: -cepha'li; having anterior part of skull 
 more developed on one side, posterior on the 
 other ; -cla 'stic (Min. ), having oblique cleavage; 
 -stome, fish with mouth placed transversely 
 beneath snout, as sharks & rays. 
 
 plague, n., & v.t. Affliction, csp. as divine 
 punishment; (colloq.) nuisance, trouble; pesti- 
 lence, esp. Me (oriental or bubonic) p.; (as impre- 
 cation)^?, on it ! &c; p.-spot, spot on skin char- 
 acteristic of p., locality infected with p.; (v.t.) 
 afflict with p., (colloq.) annoy, bother, whence 
 
 Ela'g-uesoME a. (colloq.). [ME & OF plage f. 
 plaga stroke (play- root of plangere beat 
 breast, cf. Gk plege stroke, plesso strike)] 
 
 pla*g-uy(-gi),a. &adv.(colloq.). Annoying(ly); 
 exceeding(ly), as was p. glad to get back again. 
 Hence pla'guiLY 2 adv. If. prec. + -v 2 ] 
 
 plaice, n. European flat-fish much used as 
 food. [f. OF plaiz f. LL platessa perh. f. Gk 
 platus broad] 
 
 plaid (plad), n. Long piece of twilled woollen 
 cloth, usu. with chequered or tartan pattern, 
 outer article of Highland costume ; cloth used 
 for this. Hence plai'dED 2 a. [cf. Gael, plaide, 
 Ir.ploid, etym. dub.] 
 
 plain 1 , a., adv., n. Clear, evident; simple, 
 readily understood, as p. words, English ; not 
 intricate, as p. sewing ; unembellished, (of 
 drawings &c.) not coloured ; (of food) not rich 
 or highly seasoned ; not luxurious, as p. living ; 
 outspoken, straightforward ; unsophisticated, 
 as / am a p. man ; of homely manners, dress, 
 or appearance ; ugly, as a pity the poor girl is 
 sop.; p. as aPiKESTAFF; (adv.) clearly, as learn 
 to speak p.; p.-chant,= p.-song ; p. clothes, un- 
 official dress; p. dealing, candour, straight- 
 forwardness; p. sailing, sailing in a p. course, 
 (fig.) simple course of action ; plai'n-song, vocal 
 music composed in mediaeval modes & in free 
 rhythm depending^ on accentuation of the 
 words, and sung in unison ; p.-spoken, out- 
 spoken ; p. tile, flat roofing-tile; (n.) level tract 
 of country ; plainsman, inhabitant of a p. 
 Hence plai'nLY 2 adv., plai'nxEss n. [OF, f. 
 L planus a., -num neut. adj. as n.] 
 
 plain 2 , v.i. (archaic, poet.). Mourn; com- 
 plain ; emit plaintive sound, [f. OF plaindre 
 (st. plaign-) f. L plangere planet- beat breast] 
 
 plaint, n. (Law) accusation, charge ; (poet.) 
 lamentation, complaint. [ME & OF (1) plaint 
 f. L planctus -us (2)plainte f. med.L plancta 
 fern. p.p. as n.; laoth as prec] 
 
 plarntiff, n. Party who brings suit into 
 court of law, prosecutor. [OF, as foil.] 
 
 plai'ntive, a. Expressive of sorrow ; mourn- 
 ful. Hence plai*ntiveLY 2 adv., plai'ntive- 
 NTsss n. [OF (-if, -ive), f. L as plain 2 , see -i ve] 
 
 plait (-at), n., & v.t. (Now usu. pleat) fold, 
 crease, esp. flattened fold in cloth made by 
 doubling it upon itself, (v.t.) fold (cloth &c.) 
 thus; (now rarely plat 2 ) contexture of three 
 or moreinterlaced strands of hair,ribbon, straw, 
 &c; (v.t.) form (hair, straw, &c.) into p. [(vbf. 
 n.) f. OF pleit, ploit, f. L plicare plicitum fold] 
 
 plan, n., & v.t. Drawing, diagram, made by 
 projection on flat surface (cf. elevation), esp. 
 one showing relative position of parts of (one 
 floor of) a building ; large-scale detailed map of 
 town or district; table indicating times, places, 
 &c, of intended proceedings &c; scheme of 
 Arrangement ; project, design ; way of proceed- 
 ing, as Me better p. is to peel them after boiling ; 
 p. of campaign ; (Perspective) any of the ima- 
 ginary planes, perpendicular to line of vision, 
 passing through objects shown in picture ; 
 
 make a p. of (ground, existing building), design 
 (building to be constructed &c), scheme, 
 arrange beforehand, (procedure &c). Hence 
 pla'nLESS a. [(vb f. n.) F, f. L as plain i] 
 
 planch (-sh), n. Slab of metal, stone, &c, 
 esp. of baked fire-clay used in enamelling, [f. F 
 planche plank] 
 
 pla'nchet, n. Plain disk of metal of which 
 coin is made. [prec. + -et l \ 
 
 planehettetplanshetorasF), n. Small usu. 
 heart-shaped board supported by two castors & 
 pencil, which when person's fingers rest lightly 
 on board is said to trace letters &c. without 
 conscious direction. [F, dim. of planche plank 1 ] 
 
 plane 1 , n. Genus of tall spreading trees 
 with broad angular palmately-lobed leaves ; 
 p.-tree (of this genus). [F, f. L f. Gk platanos 
 {platus broad)] 
 
 plane-, n., & v.t. Tool for smoothing surface 
 of woodwork by paring shavings from it, con- 
 sisting of wooden or metal stock from smooth 
 bottom of which projects a steel blade ; similar 
 tool for smoothing metal ; smoothing-p. (used 
 to finish surface, cf. jack 1 - & trying-/?.); 
 moulding-p. (for making mouldings); (v.t.) 
 smooth (wood, metal) with p., pare away or 
 down (irregularities) with p., (archaic) level, 
 esp. p. the way. [(n.) F, f. LL plana, (vb) f. F 
 planer; both f. hplanare (as plane 4 )] 
 
 plane 3 , n. Surface such that the straight 
 line joining any two points in it lies wholly in 
 it; imaginary surface of this kind in which 
 points or lines in material bodies lie; level 
 surface; incline *d p.; each of the natural 
 faces of a crystal; main road in mine; (fig.) 
 level (of thought, knowledge, &c), ashissuper- 
 stition places him on the same p. as the savage ; 
 p. sailing, art of determining ship's place on 
 the theory that she is moving on a p., (fig., now 
 usu. plain 1 sailing) simple course, [f. L pla- 
 num neut. as foil.] 
 
 plane 4 , a. Perfectly level, as a plane 3 ; (of 
 angle, figure, &c.) lying in a plane; p. chart 
 (on which meridians & parallels of latitude 
 are represented by equidistant straight lines, 
 used in plane 3 sailing); p.-table, surveying 
 instrument used for measuring angles in map- 
 ping, (v.t.) survey (area) with this. [f. L planus 
 flat, level, refash. f. plain a.] 
 
 pla'net 1 , n. (Hist.) heavenly body distin- 
 guished from fixed stars by having apparent 
 motion of its own (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, 
 Mars, Jupiter, Saturn), esp. (Astrol.) with refer- 
 ence to its supposed influence on persons & 
 events; (Astron.) primaj^y pp., heavenly bodies 
 revolving in approximately circular orbits 
 round sun (major pp., Mercury, Venus, Earth, 
 Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; 
 minor pp., the asteroids, whose orbits lie be- 
 tween those of Mars & Jupiter), secondary pp. 
 (also satellites), those that revolve round pri- 
 mary ; suN-<£-p. ; p. -struck, -stricken, bewil- 
 dered, terrified. [ME & OF planete f. LL f. Gk 
 pZaneieswanderer.planet, Lplanaomaixvander] 
 
 pla'net 2 , n. Chasuble, [f. med.L planeta 
 perh. as prec] 
 
 planetap'ium, n. Orrery, model of planet- 
 ary system, [as foil.] 
 
 pla'netary, a. Of planets, as p. influence, 
 motions ; p. hour, twelfth part of natural day 
 or night; p. (solar) system; terrestrial, mun- 
 dane ; wandering, erratic, [f. LL planetarius 
 (as planet 1 , see -ary 2 )] 
 
 pla'netoid, n. Minor planet 1 , [oid] 
 
 pla'ngrent, a. Loud-sounding, esp. like sound 
 of breaking waves. Hence pla'ng"ENCY n. 
 [f. L plangere beat the breast, see -ent] 
 
 plani- in comb. = L planus level, smooth, 
 
PLANISH 
 
 626 
 
 PLASTER 
 
 plane, as : -meter, instrument for mechanically 
 measuring area of irregular plane figure; 
 -metry, measurement of plane surfaces, so 
 -metric(al) aa. ; -pe'talous, with flat petals; 
 -sphere, map formed by projection of (part of) 
 sphere or plane, (revolving p., device for show- 
 ing the part of the heavens visible at given 
 time & place), so -sphe'ric a. 
 pla'nish, v.t. Flatten (sheet-metal &c.)with 
 smooth-faced hammer or otherwise; flatten 
 out (coining-metal) between rollers; polish 
 (photograph &c.) with roller &c. Hence pla*- 
 nishER 1 (1, 2) n. [f. obs. F planir smooth (plan 
 a. as plane 4 ), see -ish 2 J 
 plank 1 , n. Long flat piece of smoothed 
 timber, 2 to 6 in. thick, 9 or more in. wide (cf. 
 board 1 ) ; item of political or other programme 
 (cf. platform); walk the p., (of pirates' cap- 
 tive &c.) walk blindfold into sea along p. laid 
 over side of ship; p.-bed (of boards, without 
 mattress, used as prison discipline &c). [f. ONF 
 planke f. LL planca prob. f. root of Gk plax 
 plakos flat plate] 
 plank 2 , v.t. Furnish, cover, floor, with 
 planks, whence pla'nkiNG 1 (2, 3) n. ; (slang) put 
 down, esp. pay (money or abs.) down on the 
 spot. [f. prec.] 
 pla'nktdn, n. (biol.). The forms of drifting 
 or floating organic life found at various depths 
 in the ocean, taken collectively. [G, f. Gk 
 plagktos wandering (plazomai)] 
 piano- in comb. = L planus level, flat, as : 
 -co'ncave, -co'nvex, (of lens &c.) with one sur- 
 face plane & the other concave, convex ; 
 -meter, flat plate, usu. of cast iron, as gauge 
 for plane surfaces. 
 
 plant 1 , n. Member of the vegetable king- 
 dom (often restricted to the smaller pp., ex- 
 cluding trees and shrubs) ; crop ; growth, as 
 in p., growing, lose p., die off, miss p., fail to 
 spring from seed ; mode of planting oneself, 
 pose; fixtures, implements, machinery, &c, 
 used in industrial process, (fig.) machinery of 
 intellectual work &c. ; (slang) planned swindle 
 or burglary, hoax ; (slang) detective, picket of 
 these ; p.-louse, kinds of insect that infest pp., 
 esp. aphis. Hence pla'ntLET n., pla'ntLiKEa. 
 [OE plante f. L planta slip, cutting ; partly 
 also f. foil.] 
 plant 2 , v.t. Place (tree, shoot, bulb, seed, 
 crop, &c.) in ground that it may take root & 
 grow ; deposit (young fish, spawn, oysters) in 
 river &c; p. out, transfer (plant) from pot or 
 frame to open ground, set out (seedlings) at 
 intervals; fix firmly (in, on, ground &c); sta- 
 tion (person), esp. as spy ; p. oneself, take up 
 a position ; establish, found, (community, city, 
 church); settle (person) in a place as colonist 
 &c.; cause (idea &c.) to take root in (mind); 
 furnish (land ivith plants, district with settlers, 
 &c); deliver (blow, thrust) with definite aim; 
 (slang) conceal (stolen goods &c.) ; (slang) place 
 (gold dust, ore) in mining claim to encourage 
 prospective buyer, cf. salt v.; (slang) devise 
 (fraudulent scheme); abandon, as there I was, 
 fairly planted. Hence pla'ntABLE a. [OE 
 plantiani. L plantare, cf. prec] 
 pla'ntain 1 (-tin), n. Genus of plants, esp. 
 Greater P., low herb with broad flat leaves 
 spread out close to ground & seeds much used 
 for cage-birds. [ME & OF, f. L plantaginem 
 (nom. -go) prob. f. planta sole of foot, from its 
 prostrate leaves] 
 pla'ntain 2 (-tin), n. Tree-like tropical her- 
 baceous plant allied to banana and bearing 
 similar fruit ; its fruit. [16th-c. pla(n)tan f. Sp. 
 pld(n)tano; Sp. has also pld(n)tano plane *- 
 tree (obs. E plantain)] 
 
 pla'ntar, a. (anat.). Of the sole of the foot, 
 [f. hplantaris (planta sole, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 plantation, n. Assemblage of planted 
 growing plants, esp. trees; estate on which 
 cotton, tobacco, &c. are cultivated (formerly 
 by servile labour) ; p. song (of the kind sung by 
 negroes on American pp.; (Hist.) colonization, 
 colony, [f . L plantatio (as plant 2 , see -ation)] 
 
 pla'nter, n. Cultivator of soil ; (in Ireland) 
 English settler on forfeited lands in 17th c, 
 (19th c.) person settled in evicted tenant's hold- 
 ing; occupier of plantation, esp. in(sub-)tropical 
 countries, as coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, -p.; 
 machine for planting, as com, potato, -p. Hence 
 pla'ntepsHip n. Iplant 2 + -er 1 J 
 
 pla-ntigrade, a. & n. (Animal) that walks 
 on its soles (cf. digitigrade) ; (of human being) 
 placing whole sole on ground at once in walk- 
 ing. [F, f. L planta sole + -gradus -walking] 
 
 plan to'cracy, n. Dominant class of planters 
 inW.Indies&c. [irreg. f. planter+-o-+-cracy] 
 
 pla'nxty, n. (Ir. mus.). Animated harp tune 
 moving in triplets. [?] 
 
 plaque (-ahk), n. Ornamental tablet of metal, 
 porcelain, &c, plain or decorated ; small tablet 
 as badge of rank in honorary order; (Path.) 
 patch of eruption &c. So plaquE'TTE n. [F, 
 f. Flem. placke, small coin, whence Sc. plack] 
 
 plash i, n. Marshy pool ; puddle. Hence 
 pla'shv 2 a. [OEplaesc, cf. B\i.plas,uvob. iniit.] 
 
 plash 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Strike surface of 
 (water) so as to break it up; splash (t. & i.); 
 (n.) splash, plunge. Hence pla'shY 2 a. [cf. 
 Du. plassen, G platschen, prob. imit.] 
 
 plash 3 , v.t. Bend down and interweave 
 (branches, twigs) to form hedge ; make, renew, 
 (hedge) thus. [f. OF plaissier ult. f. hplectere 
 plait ; cf. pleach] 
 
 plasm (-zm), n. Living matter of a cell, 
 protoplasm, esp. general body of this as dis- 
 tinct from nucleus, [f. foil.] 
 
 pla'sma (-z-), n. Green variety of quartz; 
 colourless coagulable part of blood, lymph, or 
 milk, in which the corpuscles or oil-globviles 
 float, so plasma'tic a. ; = prec. , whence pla's- 
 mic a. [LL & Gk (gen. -matos), = thing moulded 
 (plasso mould, see -m)] 
 
 pla'smin, n. (chern.). A proteid obtained 
 from the plasma of the blood, [f. F plasmine 
 (as prec, see -in)] 
 
 plasmo- in comb. = plasm, as : -gen, true or 
 formative protoplasm; -geny, -gony, mode of 
 spontaneous generation, when the organism 
 arises in an organic formative fluid ; -logy, study 
 of ultimate corpuscles of living matter; -lysis, 
 contraction of protoplasm of vegetable cell un- 
 der action of certain reagents, so -lyse v.i., sub- 
 ject to this, -ly'tic a. 
 
 plasmo'dium, n.(bioL;pl.-ia). Massof naked 
 protoplasm formed by fusion or aggregation of 
 amoeboid bodies; parasitic organism found 
 in blood of patients with recent malaria &c. 
 [mod.L, f. plasma + -odium] 
 
 pla'ster 1 , n. Curative application consist- 
 ing of some substance spread upon muslin &c. 
 & capable of adhering at the temperature of 
 the body, as court 1 , mustard, sticking, -p.; 
 soft plastic mixture, esp. of lime, sand, & hair, 
 for spreading on walls &c. to form smooth sur- 
 face ; p. of Paris, fine white p. of gypsum used 
 for making moulds & as cement &c. | prepared 
 from gypsums of Montmartre, Paris]. Hence 
 pla'sterv 2 a. [OE, f. pop. L plastrum f. L f. 
 Gk emplastron for emplaston thing daubed oil 
 f. KM(plasso mould)] 
 
 pla'ster 2 , v.t. Cover (wall &c.) with plaster 
 or the like, whence pla'ster er l n. ; coat, be- 
 daub ; (fig.) load to excess (with praise &c); 
 
PLASTIC 
 
 627 
 
 PLAY 
 
 apply medical plaster to, (facet.) give compen- 
 sation for (blow, wound) ; stick, fix, (thing) 
 like plaster upon surface ; treat (wine) with 
 gypsum &c. to neutralize acidity, [f. prec.J 
 
 pla/stie, a. Moulding, giving form to clay, 
 wax, &c; p. arts, those concerned with model- 
 ling, e. g. sculpture, ceramics ; p. surgery (re- 
 pairingdeficiency of structure); causing growth 
 of natural forms, formative, procreative ; (fig.) 
 formative of immaterial things ; produced by 
 moulding; capable of being (easily) moulded ; 
 p. clay (Geol.), middle group of Eocene beds; 
 (fig.) pliant, supple ; (Biol.) capable of forming 
 living tissue, (also) accompanied by this pro- 
 cess, as p. bronchitis. Hence pla'stiCALLY 
 adv., plasti'ciTY n. [f. L f. Gk plastikos(plasso 
 mould, see -ic)] 
 
 pla'stieine, n. Proprietary name for a plas- 
 tic substance used esp. in schools as substitute 
 for modelling elay. [-ine 4 ] 
 
 pla*sti*on, n. Fencer's leather-covered 
 breast-plate; ornamental front to woman's 
 bodice ; man's starched shirt-front ; ventral 
 part of shell of tortoise or turtle, corresponding 
 part in other animals ; (Hist.) steel breast-plate. 
 IF, f. It. piastrone(piastra breastplate, as plas- 
 ter, see -oon)] 
 
 plat 1 , n. Patch, plot, of ground, as grass-p. 
 [collat. form of plot] 
 
 plat 2 , n., & v.t. = plait (2nd sense). 
 
 plat* (plah), n. Dish of food. [F, see plate 1 ] 
 
 pla'tan, n. Oriental plane-tree. [f. L pla- 
 tanus plane-tree] 
 
 plate \ n. Flat thin usu. rigid sheet of metal 
 &c. of even surface and more or less uniform 
 thickness ; this as part of mechanism ; smooth 
 piece of metal &c. for engraving ; impression 
 from this; = BOOK 1 -p. ; piece of metal with 
 nameor inscription for affixing to something, as 
 coffin, door, name, -p. ; thin sheet of metal, glass, 
 &c, coated with sensitive film for photograph 
 (whole-p., 8ix6£ in., half-p.,6^xii, quarter-p., 
 4ix3|); stereotype or electrotype castof page of 
 composed movable types, from which sheets are 
 printed ; horizontal timber laid along top of 
 wall or at top or bottom of a framing, as roof, 
 wall, window, p.', (also p.-rail) early form of 
 railroad; (collective sing.) table & domestic 
 utensils of silver, gold, or other metal, as pewter 
 p. , electro-p. ; silver or gold cup as prize for (orig. 
 horse-)race, such race; selling p., horse-race 
 winner of which must be sold at fixed price ; 
 shallow usu. circular vessel, now usu. of earth- 
 enware or china, from which food is eaten, as 
 dessert, dinner, soup, -py, contents of this, 
 as a p. of straxcberries ; similar vessel used for 
 collection in churches &c, asput a shilling in 
 thep. ; p. -basket (for spoons, forks, &c); p. -glass, 
 thick glass of fine quality cast in pp. for shop- 
 windows &c; p.-layer, man employed in fixing 
 & repairing railway ; p.-mark, = HALL-?narA; ; 
 p.-poitfderMforcleaning silver); p.-rack('m which 
 pp. are kept or placed to drain). Hence pla'te- 
 ful(2) n., pla'teLESS a. [ME & OF, fern, olplat 
 flat, pern. ult. f. Gk platus broad] 
 
 plate 2 , v.t. Cover (esp. ship) with plates of 
 metal for protection, ornament, &c. ; cover 
 (other metal) with thin coat of silver, gold, or 
 tin ; make a plate of (type) for printing, [f. prec] 
 
 plateau* (-to), n. (pi. -x, -s, pron. -z). Table- 
 land ; ornamented tray or dish ; decorative 
 plaque ; woman's hat with level top. [F, f. OF 
 platel dim. of plat 3 ] 
 
 pla'ten, -tt-, n. Iron plate used to press paper 
 against inked type in printing-press, [f. OF 
 platine (plat flat, see plate 1 , + -ine 4 )1 
 
 pla'ter, n. One who plates with silver &c. ; 
 one who makes or applies plates in ship-build- 
 
 ing ; inferior race-horse, competing chiefly for 
 plates, [-er 1 ] 
 
 pla'tferm, n., & v.t. & i. Raised level sur- 
 face, natural or artificial terrace ; raised surface 
 of planks &c. along side of line at railway sta- 
 tion ; raised flooring in hall or open air from 
 which speaker addresses audience, (fig.) the p., 
 p. oratory ; (fig.) political basis of party &c.,esp. 
 (U.S.) declaration issued by representatives of 
 party assembled to nominate candidates for 
 election; (v.t.) place (as) on p.; (v.i.) speak on 
 p. [f. F plateforme ground-plan, lit. flat form 
 (as plate l + forme form)] 
 
 planting", n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : coat- 
 ing of gold, silver, &c. ; plate-racing, [f. plate - 
 
 +-ING 1 ] 
 
 pla'tinize, v.t. Coat with platinum, [-ize] 
 
 pla'tinode, n. Negative plate or pole of vol- 
 taic cell, often consisting of platinum (cf. zin- 
 GODE). [f. platinum + Gk hodos path] 
 
 pla'tinoid, n. Alloy of nickel, zinc, copper, 
 &c, with some qualities of platinum ; kinds of 
 metal found associated with platinum, [-oid] 
 
 pla'tinotype, n. Process of photographic 
 printing in platinum-black. If. foil. + -o- +t ype] 
 
 pla'tinum, n. White heavy ductile malleable 
 metal unaffected by simple acids & fusible 
 only at very high temperature ; p.-black, p. in 
 form of powder like lamp-black; p. metals, 
 platinoids. Hence plati'nic, platini'FEROUS, 
 pla'tinous, aa. [f. Sp. (& earlier E) platina 
 dim. of plata silver, see plate 1 ] 
 
 pla'titude, n. Commonplaceness ; common- 
 place remark, esp. one solemnly delivered. 
 Hence platitu*dinizE(2) v.i., platitudin- 
 ous a., platitu'dinousLY 2 adv. [F, f. plat 
 (see plate 1 ) after latiTUOK &c] 
 
 platitudinarian, n. & a. Dealer in plati- 
 tudes ; (adj.) of the nature of platitude, [-arian] 
 
 Plato'nie, a. & n. Of Plato, Greek philoso- 
 pher (d. circ. 347 B.C.), or his doctrines ; P. love, 
 purely spiritual love for one of opposite sex ; 
 P. year, cycle in which heavenly bodies were 
 supposed to go through all their possible move- 
 ments & return to original positions. So Pla- 
 to'niCALLY adv., Pla'toniSM, Pla'tonisT, 
 nn., Pla*toniZE(2, 3) v.i. & t. [f. L f. Gk Pla- 
 tonikosJPlaton Plato, see -ic)] 
 
 platoo'n, n. Small body of foot-soldiers, esp. 
 half company detached for drill &c. (not now 
 in British army); volley fired by p.; (fig.) com- 
 pany, set, of people, [f. F peloton small ball (as 
 pellet, see -oon)] 
 
 pla'tter, n. (chiefly archaic). Flat dish or 
 plate, often of wood. [ME & OF plater (plat 3 )] 
 
 platy- in comb. = Gk platus broad, flat, as : 
 -pus, Australian duck-mole, ornithorhynchus ; 
 -(r)rhine, (of monkeys) with nostrils far apart 
 & directed forwards or sideways. 
 
 plau'dit, n. (usu. in pi.). Round of applause ; 
 emphatic expression of approval. [Shortened 
 f. L plaudite applaud (also as E noun) pi. ini- 
 perat. of plaudere plaus- applaud, said by 
 Roman actors at end of play] 
 
 plau'sible (-z-).a. (Of arguments, statements, 
 &c.) specious, seeming reasonable or probable; 
 (of persons) fair-spoken (usu. implying deceit). 
 Hence or cogn.plausiBi*LiTYn.,plau*sibLY 2 
 adv. [f. L plausibilis (as prec, see -ble)] 
 
 play 1 , v.i. & t. Move about in lively or ca- 
 pricious manner, frisk, flit, flutter, pass gently 
 (around, about, Sec), strike lightly (upon Sec), 
 alternate rapidly, as bees p. about flowers, 
 tresses p. on her neck, smile played on his lips, 
 wind plays on water, his fancy played rotind 
 the idea ; (of part of mechanism &c.) have free 
 movement ; wield freely, as p. a good knife & 
 fork, eat heartily, p. a good stick, fence well; 
 
PLAY 
 
 628 
 
 PLEASURE 
 
 allow (fish) to exhaust itself by pulling against 
 line ; discharge (guns &c. on), discharge guns 
 [on), (intr., of guns) be fired (on); direct (light 
 on, over, along, Sec), (intr., of light) pass (over, 
 along, Sec); perform, execute, (trick, prank, 
 joke, on person, or with double object); amuse 
 oneself, sport, frolic ; p. with, amuse oneself 
 with, trifle with, treat lightly ; p. upon words, 
 pun ; (dial., esp. of workmen on strike) abstain 
 from work; employ oneself in the game of 
 (cricket,whist,&c.,orabs.);£>. duck 1 sc£~ drakes, 
 p. fast 3 & loose; (in Cricket, Lawn Tennis, &c, 
 as bowler's warning to batsman &c.)p./; pre- 
 tend for fun (that we are gipsies Sec); (Crick., 
 of ground) p. well &c.,be in good &c. condition 
 for play ; p.-or-pay bet (holding good whether 
 horse runs or not); game, gamble; p. fair, foul, 
 p. or (fig.) act (un)fairly; p. (observe the rules 
 of) the gams (also fig.); p. into the hands of, act 
 so as to give advantage to (opponent or part- 
 ner) ; (slang) p. it on, p. it low on, p. (low) down 
 on, take mean advantage of (person) ; p. upon 
 the square; p. at, engage in (game), (fig.) en- 
 gage in (fighting Sec.) in trivial or half-hearted 
 way ; contend against (person) in game ; cm- 
 ploy (person) to play in game, include in team ; 
 p. booty ; move (piece in chess See.) ; take (play- 
 ing-card) from one's hand & lay it face upwards 
 on table in one's turn, (fig.) p. one's cards xvell, 
 make good use of opportunities; (Crick. &c.) 
 strike (ball) in specified esp. defensive manner ; 
 (Crick.) p. on (abs.), p. the ball on to one's own 
 wicket and so put oneself out; p. off, oppose 
 (person against another) esp. for one's own ad- 
 vantage, (also) cause (person) to exhibit himself 
 disadvantageously, (also) pass (thing) off as 
 something else; perform on (musical instru- 
 ment or abs.); perform (on instrument); per- 
 form (music on instrument); p. (congregation 
 &c.) in, out, p. ©n organ &c. as they come in, go 
 out ; p. (up)on, make use of (person's fears, cre- 
 dulity, &c); p. first, second, fiddle ; perform 
 (drama or abs.) on stage; act (in drama); act 
 (part) in drama, as p. Shylock, (fig.) act in real 
 life the part of (the deuce 2 or devil, the fool, 
 the man, truant, Sec, also p. one's part well 
 Sec); p. up to, act in drama so as to support 
 (another actor), (fig.) back up, flatter, toady. 
 Hence play able a. [OE plegan,plagian, plae- 
 gian, cf. MDu. plegen dance, be glad, cogn. w. 
 Du. plegen, G pflegen, take charge of] 
 play 2 , n. Brisk, light, or fitful movement ; 
 activity, operation, as lively p. of fancy, other 
 forces come into p., are in full p., are brought 
 or called into p., make p., act effectively, esp. 
 (Racing, Hunting) exercise pursuers or fol- 
 lowers ; freedom of movement, space for this, 
 scope for activity, as bolts should have half an 
 inch of p., allow full p. to curiosity; amuse- 
 ment, as at p., engaged in playing ; said it only 
 in p. (not seriously) ; p. of words, trifling with 
 words, p. on words, pun ; playing of game ; 
 manner, style, of this ; (Crick., Footb., &c.) ball 
 is in p. (being used in ordinary course of p.), is 
 out of p. (temporarily removed from p. accord- 
 ing to rules), so p., part of ground within 
 definite boundaries ; child'.s-p.; fair 2 , foul, 
 p.; cessation from work (of workmen on strike 
 &c); dramatic piece, drama; gaming, gamb- 
 ling; p.-actor (usu. contempt.); p.-bill, bill, 
 placard, announcing theatrical p. ; p.-club (G olf), 
 driver; p.-day, school holiday, week-day on 
 which miners &c. do not work ; p.-debt (incurred 
 in gaming) ; playfellow, companion in (usu. 
 children's) -p.; playgoer, frequenter of theatre ; 
 playground, piece of ground used for p., esp. 
 at school ; playhouse, theatre ; playmate, 
 playfellow; plaything, toy, (fig.) person &c. 
 
 treated as mere toy ; playtime ; iilay'wright, 
 dramatist. [OE plega as prec] 
 
 player, n. In vbl senses, esp.: person en- 
 gaged at the time, person skilful, in a game ; 
 professional p. at cricket &c; actor; (Pool, 
 Croquet) ball that after present p. has finished 
 break &c. will play on him. 1-er l ] 
 
 playful, a. Frolicsome, sportive ; humorous, 
 jocular. Hence playfulLV 2 adv., playful- 
 ness n. [-pul] 
 
 playing, n. In vbl senses ; p.-cards, set or 
 pack of cards used in games, [-ing 1 \ 
 
 plea, n. Pleading, argument, excuse; (Law) 
 formal statement by or on behalf of defendant, 
 defence, special p. (alleging new fact) ; Court 
 of common 1 Pp.; (Hist.) action at law. [ME 
 & OF plaid f. L placitum decree, neut. p.p. of 
 placere please] 
 
 pleach (-etsh), v.t. Entwine, interlace; esp. 
 = plash. [M E pleche, as flash] 
 
 plead (-ed), v.i. & t. Address court as ad- 
 vocate on behalf of either party, so plea'dER 1 
 n.; maintain (cause) in court; allege formally 
 as plea, (fig.) allege as excuse &c, as lean only 
 p.inexperiencc,so plea* d a ble a. ; p.(not) guilty, 
 deny, confess, liability or guilt ; p. with, make 
 earnest appeal to (person for person, for, 
 against, thing, decision, &c), whence plea'd- 
 ing-LV 2 adv. [f. OF plaidier (as plea)] 
 
 plea'dingr, n. In vbl senses, esp.: formal 
 (now usu. written) statement of cause of action 
 or defence ; special p. [-ing l ] 
 
 pleasance (pUVzans), n. (archaic). Pleasure, 
 enjoyment; pleasure-ground, esp. one attached 
 to mansion, (now chiefly surviving in proper 
 names), [f. OF plaisance (as foil., see -ance)] 
 
 pleasant (ple'znt), a. Agreeable to mind, 
 feelings, or senses, as a p. breeze, flavour, dis- 
 covery, companion, has a p. manner, spent a 
 p. evening ; (archaic) jocular, facetious. Hence 
 plea'santLY 2 adv., plea'santNESS n. [f. 
 OF plaisant (as please, see -ant)] 
 
 plea'santry (plez-), n. Jocularity ; humor- 
 ous speech, jest. [f. F plaisanterie (prec, -erv)} 
 
 please (plez), v.t. Be agreeable to, as meant 
 only to p. the eye, his last book will p. you; p. 
 yourself, do as you like ; be pleased with, derive 
 pleasure from ; / shall (vulg. will) be pleased 
 (glad) to (do, esp. as polite form of consent or 
 offer) ; think fit, as take as many as you p.; (in 
 formal or iron, deference) His Majesty has been 
 graciously pleased to confer Sec, your lordship 
 teas pleased to doubt my veracity ; (with it as 
 subject, expressed or omitted, representing a 
 prec. or foil, infinitive, clause, or sentence, now 
 chiefly as in last use) it has never pleased him 
 to explain, (may it) p. your honour, there was 
 no moon that night, the matter will be cleared 
 up some day, p. God ; (abs.) icas anxious to p.; 
 (as polite form of request esp. for trifling ser- 
 vices) if you p., with your permission, as I will 
 take another cup, if you p., (with iron, implica- 
 tion that nothing could be more reasonable) & 
 now, if you p., lie expects me to pay for it! ; 
 (imperat., orig. =may it please you) ring the 
 bell, p., may I come in, p.?, coffee for two, p., p. 
 (to) return it soon, v. dont (or p. not to) forget 
 the key. Hence pleasED 1 , plea'siNG 2 , aa., 
 plea'singLY 2 adv. [ME plaise f. OF plaisir 
 (F plaire) f. L placere] 
 
 pi ea'su rable (plezh-),a. Pleasant, agreeable. 
 Hence plea'surableNESs n., plea'supab- 
 
 LY 2 adv. [f. foil. + -ABLEl 
 
 pleasure (phVzher), n., & v.t. & i. Enjoy- 
 ment, delight; sensuous enjoyment as chief 
 object of life, as a life given up to p., man of p., 
 profligate ; will, desire, as shall not consult his 
 p., can be postponed during our p., can be 
 
PLEAT 
 
 629 
 
 PLIOCENE 
 
 altered at p.; (royal formula) it is our p. to, we 
 are graciously pleased to, (vulg.) it is our p. to 
 submit {we have p. in submitting) balance-sheet 
 &c; to converse with him is a (source of) p.; do 
 me the p. of (gratify me by) dining with me ; 
 he takes (a) p. in (likes) contradicting or contra- 
 diction ; (archaic) are noxo taking their p. (en- 
 joying themselves) at Bath ; p. -boat (used for 
 p., not business) : p. -ground (laid out for p.) ; 
 (v.t,) give p. to; (v.i.) take p. [in thing, in do- 
 ing). [(vb f. n.) ME & OF plcsir, plaisir, 
 please used as n.] 
 
 pleat (et), n., & v.t. =PLAIT (1st sense), [col- 
 lateral form of PLAIT I 
 
 pleb, n. (slang). Plebeian, person of lower 
 classes. [abbr.| 
 
 plebei'an (-bean), n. & a. Commoner in 
 ancient Rome (cf. patrician); commoner; 
 (adj.) of low birth, of the common people, 
 coarse, base, ignoble. Hence plebei'anNESS 
 n., plebei*anizE(3) v.t. [f. L plebeius (plebs 
 common people) + -ax] 
 
 plebiscite (-sit), n. (Rom. Hist.) law enacted 
 by commonalty in comitia tributa; (mod.) 
 direct vote of all electors of State on important 
 public question ; public expression of com- 
 munity's opinion, with or without binding force. 
 So plebi'seitARV ' a. [f. F plebiscite f. L ple- 
 biscitum {plebs plebis commons -t- scituni decree 
 f. sciscere vote for)] 
 
 ple'ctrum, n. Small instrument of ivory, 
 quill, &c, for plucking strings of zither &c. 
 [L, f. Gk plektron (plesso strike)] 
 
 pledge *, n. Thing handed over to person as 
 security (cf. replevin) for fulfilment of con- 
 tract, payment of debt, &c, & liable to forfei- 
 ture in case of failure; thing put in pawn ; (fig.) 
 one's child ; thing given as token of favour &c. 
 or of something to come; drinking of a health, 
 toast ; promise, as under p. of secrecy, solemn 
 engagement to abstain from intoxicants, as 
 take, sign, keep, the p.; state of being pledged, 
 as goods lying in p., taken out of p. [ME & OF 
 plege &c, prob. f. med.L plevire warrant, en- 
 gage, of G orig., cf. plight] 
 
 pledge 2 , v.t. Deposit as security, pawn; 
 (tig.) plight (one's honour, word, &c); drink to 
 the health of. Hcnceple'dgeABLEa. [f. prec] 
 
 pledgee', n. One with whom pledge is de- 
 posited, pawnee. So ple'dgER 1 n. [-ee] 
 
 ple'dget, n. Small compress of lint &c. for 
 wound &c. [?] 
 
 Plei'ad (pli-), n. (pi. -ads, -ades). (PI.) cluster 
 of small stars in Taurus, usu. spoken of as 7 ; 
 (fig., sing.) brilliant group of (usu. 7) persons or 
 things, [f. L Pleias f. Gk Pleias -ados] 
 
 plei'stocene (pll-), a. (geol. ). Of the division 
 immediately overlying the pliocene formation, 
 [f. Gk pleistos most + kainos new] 
 
 ple'napy, a. Entire, absolute, unqualified ; 
 (of assembly) frilly attended ; p. inspiration. 
 Hence ple*napiLY 2 a dv. [f. LL plenarius 
 { plenus full, sec -ary ] )] 
 
 ple'nipote'ntiapyja. &n. (Person) invested 
 with full power, esp. as ambassador deputed to 
 act at discretion ; (of power) absolute, [f. med.L 
 plenipotentiarius f. LL plcnipotens {plenus 
 full + potens potent), see -arv '] 
 
 ple'nitude, n. Fullness, completeness ; a- 
 bundance. [OF, f. L plenitudo {plenus full, see 
 
 -TUDE)] 
 
 ple'nteous, a. (chiefly poet.). Plentiful. 
 Hence ple'nteousLY 2 adv., ple'nteousNESS 
 n. [ME & OF plentivous (plenty, -ive, -eous)] 
 
 plentiful, a. Abundant, copious. Hence 
 ple'ntifulLY 2 adv., ple'ntifulNESS n. [f. 
 foil. + -ful] 
 
 ple'nty, n. & adv. Abundance, as much as 
 
 one couid desire, (o/thing or abs.),as p. of cake, 
 here is cake in p., we are in p. of time ; horn of 
 p., cornucopia ; (adv., colloq.) p. (quite) large 
 &c. enough, [f. OF plentet f. L plenitatem (ple- 
 nus full, see -TY)] 
 
 ple'num, n. Space completely filled with 
 matter ; full assembly. [L, neut. of plenus full] 
 
 ple'onasm, n. (gram.). Redundancy of ex- 
 pression. So pleona'stic a. , pleona'stic a ll y 
 adv. [f. L f. Gk pleonasmos (pleonazo add su- 
 perfluously f. pleon more)] 
 
 ple'siosauTus, n. Extinct marine reptile 
 with long neck, short tail, & four large paddles, 
 [f. Gk plesios near + sauros lizard] 
 
 ple'thora (or plethora), n. Morbid condi- 
 tion marked by excess of red corpuscles in the 
 blood; (fig.) unhealthy repletion. Hence or 
 cogn. plethd'pic a., pletho'piCALLY adv. 
 [med.L, f. Gk plethore (])letho become full)] 
 
 pleupa (ploora), n. Either of the two serous 
 membranes lining the thorax & enveloping the 
 lungs in mammals ; part of the body-wall in 
 invertebrates. Hence pleup'AL a. [Gk, = side 
 of body, rib] 
 
 pleup*isy,n. Inflammation of thepleura,usu. 
 caused by chill, & marked by pain in chest or 
 side, fever, &c. Sopleuri'tica. [f. OF pleurisie 
 f. LL pleurisis altered f. Gk pleuritis (as prec, 
 see -itis), also used in E] 
 
 pleuro- in comb, (before vowel pleur-) = Gk 
 pleura, side, pleura, rib, as : pleurody'nia, pain 
 in side caused by rheumatism in muscles of 
 chest; pleuro-pneumo'nia,, pneumonia compli- 
 cated with pleurisy, esp. as contagious disease 
 of horned cattle. 
 
 plexi'metep, n. (med.). Thin plate of ivory 
 &c. placed on part of tke body & struck with 
 plexor in medical percussion, [f. Gk plexis 
 stroke (jlesso strike) -f -meter] 
 
 ple'xop, n. (med.). Small hammer used with 
 pleximcter. [irreg. as prec. + -or 2 ] 
 
 ple'xus, n. (Anat.) network of fibres or ves- 
 sels in animal body, as gastric, pulmonary, p.', 
 network, complication. Hence ple'xiFORM a. 
 [L, gen. -us, f. plectere plex- plait] 
 
 ph'able, a. = foil. Hence pliaBi'LiTY n., 
 pli*abLY 2 adv. [F(plierbend f.LpZ*'ca?'c,-ABLE)] 
 
 pli'ant, a. Bending, supple; (fig.) yielding, 
 compliant. Hence pli'ANCY n., pli'antLY 2 
 adv. [F (as prec., see -ant)] 
 
 pli'ca, n. (pi. -ae). Fold, as of skin or mem- 
 brane ; p. (polo'nica Polish), matted filthy con- 
 dition of hair due to.disease. [med.L, as foil.] 
 
 pli'cate (-at), a. (bot., zool., geol.). Folded. 
 So pliea*tED * a. [f. L plicare fold, see -ate 2 ] 
 
 plica'tion, n. Folding ; fold ; folded con- 
 dition. [OF (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 pli'ers, n. pi. Pincers having long jaws with 
 parallel surfaces, for bending wire &c. [f. (now 
 dial.) ply bend (see pliable) + -ER 1 ] 
 
 plight 1 (plit), v.t,, & n. Pledge (one's troth, 
 faith, promise, esp. in p.p.); engage oneself (to 
 person, esp. in p.p. as plighted lovers) ; (n.) en- 
 gagement. [OE (plihtan vb f.) pliht danger, 
 cf. Du. pligt, G pjticht, responsibility, duty, f. 
 WG plegan take risk of] 
 
 plight 2 (plit), n. Condition, state, esp. a 
 sorry, evil, hopeless, &c. p. [ME plit, doublet 
 of plait] 
 
 Pli'msoll, a. P. line, P.'s mark*. [S. P., 
 agitator for Merchant Shipping Act of 1876] 
 
 plinth, n. Lower square member of base of 
 column ; projecting part of wall immediately 
 above ground, [f. L (= plinth) f. Gk plinthos 
 tile, brick] 
 
 pli'nthite. n. Kind of brick-red clay, [as 
 prec+ -iTE 1 ] 
 
 pll'ocene (-en), a. (geol.). Of the newest divi- 
 
PLOD 
 
 630 
 
 PLUMP 
 
 sion of Tertiary formation, [f. Gk pleion more 
 + fcainos new] 
 
 plod, v.i. & t., & n. Walk laboriously, trudge, 
 (on, along, &c); drudge, slave, (at &c); make 
 (one's way) laboriously ; (n.) laborious walk or 
 work. Hence plo'ddER 1 n., plo'ddingLY 2 
 adv. [prob. imit] 
 
 plop, n., adv., & v.i. & t. Sound as of smooth 
 object dropping into water without splash ; act 
 of falling with this ; (adv.) with a p. ; (v.i. & t.) 
 (cause to) fall thus. [imit. J 
 
 plot 1 , n. Piece (usu. small) of ground ; plan 
 of play, poem, novel, &c, whence plo'tLESS a.; 
 conspiracy ; sly plan. [?] 
 
 plot 2 , v.t. Make plan or map of (existing ob- 
 ject, place or thing to be laid out, constructed, 
 &c); plan, contrive, (evil object or abs.). Hence 
 plo'ttER 1 ^ [f. prec] 
 
 plough 1 (-ow), n. Implement for cutting 
 furrows in soil & turning it up, consisting of 
 cutting blade (ploughshare) fixed in frame 
 drawn by horses &c. & guided by man (plough- 
 man) ; put one's hand to the p., undertake task 
 (Luke ix. 62); ploughed land; kinds of instru- 
 ment resembling p., as ice-p. (for cutting up 
 blocks of ice), snow-p. (for clearing away snow); 
 = Charles's wain ; [f. foil.] rejection of candi- 
 date in examination ; p.-beam, central beam of 
 p.; p.-boy, boy who leads horses &c. at p.; p.- 
 land (Hist.), as much land as could be ploughed 
 by one team of 8 oxen in the year, unit of as- 
 sessment in N. & E. counties of England (cf. 
 hide 3 ); P.-Monday (first after Epiphany) ; p.- 
 shoe, appliance for protecting or supporting 
 ploughshare ; p.-staff (ending in small spade, 
 used to clear coulter &c. from earth &c); p.- 
 tail, rear of p., (fig.) farm-labour, as at the p.- 
 tail. [late OE ploh, cf. Du. ploeg, G pflug] 
 
 plough 2 , v.t. & i. Turn up (earth or abs.) 
 with plough, esp. before sowing (p. the sand 
 or sands, labour uselessly); root out, cast up, 
 thrust down, (roots, weeds) with plough ; fur- 
 row, scratch, (surface) as with plough ; pro- 
 duce (furrow, line) thus; produce wrinkles in 
 (brow &c.) ; advance laboriously (through snow 
 &c, through book &c); (of ship &c.) cleave (sur- 
 face of water, its way, &c); (slang) reject (can- 
 didate) in examination, [f. prec] 
 
 plo'ver (plu-), n. Kinds of gregarious gral- 
 latorial bird, esp. Golden, Grey, P., & (pop.) 
 lapwing (whose eggs are sold as p.'s) ; p.-page, 
 p.'s-page, dunlin & other birds said to follow 
 golden p. [f. OF plovier f. LL *plovarius (plu- 
 via rain, reference unexpl., see -ary 1 )] 
 
 pluck 1 , n. Plucking.twitch; rejection, failure, 
 in examination ; heart, liver, & lungs, of beast 
 as food ; courage, spirit, whence (-)pluekED 2 , 
 plu'ckLESS, plu'ckv '-, aa.,plu*ckiLV 2 adv., 
 plu'ckiNESS n. ; (Photog. slang) boldness of 
 effect, [f. foil.] 
 
 pluck 2 , v.t. & i. Pull off, pick, (flower, fea- 
 ther, hair); (archaic) pull, drag, snatch, (away, 
 off, &c); pull at, twitch; tug, snatch, at', strip 
 (bird) of feathers ; crow to p. ; plunder, swindle, 
 as p. a pigeon ; reject (candidate) in examina- 
 tion ; p. up one's heart, spirits, courage, take 
 courage. [com.-WG : OE ploccian, pluc-, MDu. 
 & ^tG T)Zoclccix\ 
 
 plug- 1 , n. Piece of wood &c. fitting tightly 
 into hole, used to fill gap or act as wedge (in 
 various techn. uses); natural or morbid concre- 
 tion acting thus ; kinds of stopper for vessel or 
 pipe; fire 1 -^.; tobacco pressed into cake or 
 stick, piece of this cut off for chewing. Iprob. 
 f. MDu. plugge, etym. dub.] 
 
 plug 2 , v.t. & i. Stop (hole &c, often up) with 
 plug; (slang) shoot; (slang) strike with fist; 
 (colloq.) plod (away at work &c). [f. prec] 
 
 plum, n. Roundish fleshy fruit with sweet 
 pulp & flattish pointed stone ; (also p.-tret) tree 
 bearing this ; dried grape or raisin as used for 
 cakes &c ; sugar-p.; French p., fine kind of 
 prune; (fig.) good thing, best of a collection, 
 prize in life &c; (slang) i?100,000 ; p.-cake (con- 
 taining raisins, currants, &c); p.-duff, plain 
 flour pudding with raisins or currants ; p.-pud- 
 ding, boiled pudding of flour, bread-crumbs, 
 suet, raisins, currants, eggs, spices, &c, eaten 
 at Christmas, (also) ordinary suet-pudding with 
 raisins, p.-pudding (Dalmatian or Spotted 
 Coach) dog, p.-pudding stone (Geol.), conglo- 
 merate of flint or other pebbles. [OE plume, cf. 
 G pflaume, Du. pruim, f. LL pruna (Lprunumj 
 f. late Gk prounon (Gk prou?nnon)] 
 
 plumage (ploo'mlj), n. A bird's feathers. 
 Hence (-)plu*magED 2 a. _[OF (plume, -age)] 
 
 plumassier (ploomaser - ), n. One who 
 trades or works in ornamental feathers. [F 
 ( plumasse augment, of plume, see -ier)] 
 
 plumb 1 (-m), n., a., adv. Ball of lead, esp. 
 that attached to mason's p.-line (string for test- 
 ing perpendicularity of wall &c, also fig.) ; out 
 of p., not vertical; sounding-lead, plummet; 
 p. -rule, mason's p.-line attached to board ; (adj.) 
 vertical, (fig.) downright, sheer, as p. nonsense, 
 (Crick., of wicket) level, true ; (adv.) vertically, 
 (fig.) exactly, as points p. in the same direction. 
 [(adj. &adv. f. n.) f. Fplombl. Lplu?nbumlea,d\ 
 
 plumb 2 (-m), v.t. & i. Sound (sea), measure 
 (depth, lit. & fig.), with plummet, whence 
 plu'mbLESsa.; make vertical ; (intr.) work as 
 plumber, [f. prec] 
 
 plumba'go (-nib-), n. Black lead, graphite, 
 a form of carbon used for pencils &c. & mixed i 
 with clay for making crucibles; lead wort, plant 
 with p. -coloured flowers. Hence plumba*- 
 ginous a. [L, gen. -ginis, f. plumbum lead] 
 
 plu'mbeous (-mb-), a. Of, like, lead ; lead- 
 glazed, [f. L plumbeus (as prec) 4- -ous] 
 
 plu'mber (-mer), n. Artisan who fits & re- 
 pairs pipes, cisterns, &c, with lead, zinc, or tin. 
 So plu*mbERY(2, 3) n. [f. OF plummier f. L 
 pluvibarius (as prec, see -ary *)] 
 
 plu'mbic (-mb-), a. (Chem.) combined with 
 lead, soplumbi'FEROUSa.; (Path.) due to pre- 
 sence of lead, so plu'mbiSMfo) n. [f. L plum- 
 bum lead + -ic] 
 
 plume , , n. Feather, esp. large one used for 
 ornament ; (fig.) borrowed pp. (referring to 
 fable of jackdaw in peacock's pp.) ; ornamental 
 feather or bunch of feathers, esp. as attached 
 to helmet or hat, or worn in hair, as court p. 
 (of ostrich feathers); (Zool.) feather-like part 
 or formation. Hence plu'meLESS, plu'me- 
 like, aa., plu'meLET n. [OF,f. LpZwwiadownl 
 
 plume 2 , v.t. Furnish with plume(s) ; dress 
 oneself with borrowed plumes ; pride oneself 
 (on esp. something trivial or to which one has 
 no claim); (of bird) trim,dress, (feathers). [f.prec.J 
 
 plu'mmer-block, n. (mech.). Metal case 
 for supporting revolving shaft, with movable 
 cover giving access to bearings. [?] 
 
 plu'mmet, n. (Weight attached to) plumb- 
 line; sounding-lead; ( fig.) oppressive or obstruc- 
 tive weight; weight attached to fishing-line to 
 keep float upright. [ME & OF plommet dim. 
 as PLUMB 1 ] 
 
 plu'mmy, a. Of. abounding in, plums ; (col- 
 loq.) rich, good, desirable, [-v 2 ] 
 
 plumo'se, a. Feathered ; featherlike. [f. L 
 plumosus (as plume 1 , see -ose j )] 
 
 plump 1 , a., & v.t. & i. (Esp. of person or 
 parts of body) full, rounded, fleshy, filled out; 
 (v.t.) make p., fatten up ; (v.i.) become p., swell 
 out or up. Hence plu'mpLV 2 adv., plu'mp- 
 xess n., plu'mpY- a. [cf. Du. plomp blunt] 
 
PLUMP 
 
 R31 
 
 PNEUMONIA 
 
 plump 2 , v.i. &t.,n.,adv., a. Droporplunge 
 
 (t. & i.) with abruptly checked movement {doicn 
 
 iipon Sec.) ; vote for (one candidate alone, when 
 
 one might vote for two) ; (n.) abrupt plunge, 
 
 heavy fall ; (adv.) with sudden or heavy fall, 
 
 as came p. into the river, (also) flatly, bluntly, 
 
 as I told him p., J lied p.; (adj.) direct, unquali- 
 fied, as answer with a p. No. [com.-LG : Du. 
 plompen, G plumpen, prob. imit.J 
 
 plump •*, n. (archaic). Company, troop, esp. 
 p. of spears (spearmen) ; cluster. [?] 
 
 plu'mpep ', n. Ball, disk, carried in mouth 
 to fill out hollow cheeks, [plump l + -er j ] 
 
 plu'mpep-, n. In vbl senses, esp.: (vote of) 
 one who plumps for candidate ; downright lie. 
 [plump 2 + -ER 1 ] 
 
 plu'mule, n. Rudimentary stem of embryo 
 plant, whence plu'mulAR l a.; little feather, 
 down-feather, whence plumulA'CEOUs a. [f. 
 L plumula, dim. as plume *] 
 
 plu'my, a. Plume-like; feathery; adorned 
 with plumes. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 plu'nder, v.t., & n. Rob (place, person) for- 
 cibly of goods, esp. as in war ; rob systematic- 
 ally; steal, embezzle, (goods or abs.); (n.) vio- 
 lent or dishonest acquisition of property ; pro- 
 perty so acquired ; (slang) profit, gain. Hence 
 plu'ndePER 1 n. [(n. f. vb) f. G pliindern 
 {plunder, bl-, bed-clothes &c.)] 
 
 plu'nderage (-Ij), n. Plundering, esp. em- 
 bezzling of goods on shipboard; spoil thus 
 obtained, [-age] 
 
 plung-e, v.t. & i., & n. Thrust violently {into 
 liquid, cavity, &c.) ; (fig.) thrust (person &c. 
 into, in, condition, action, &c.) ; sink (pot con- 
 taining plant) in ground ; throw oneself, dive, 
 {into water, difficulty, discussion, &c.) ; enter 
 impetuously {into room, up, doivn, stairs, &c); 
 (of horse) throw itself violently forward ; (of 
 ship) pitch; (slang) gamble deeply, run into 
 debt ; (n.) plunging, dive, (fig.) critical step, as 
 take the p. [f. OF plunjer f. LL *plumbicare 
 heave the lead {plumbum)] 
 
 plu'ngrep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: parts of 
 mechanism that work with plunging motion ; 
 (slang) cavalry man ; (slang) gambler, specula- 
 tor. [-ER *] 
 
 plu'pep'fect, a. & n. (Tense) expressing 
 action completed prior to some past point of 
 time specified or implied (expr. in E by had 
 with p.p., as he had called), [f. L plus quain 
 perfectum more than perfect] 
 
 plup'al (ploor-), a. & n. (Form of noun, verb, 
 &c.) denoting more than one (or, in languages 
 with dual, more than two) ; more than one in 
 number. Hence plup'alLY 2 adv. [f. Lplura- 
 lis (pluspluris more, see -al)] 
 
 plup'alism, n. Holding of more than one 
 office, esp. benefice, at a time ; (Philos.) system 
 that recognizes more than one ultimate princi- 
 ple (cf. monism). So plup'aliST n., plural- 
 istic a. [-ism] 
 
 plurality, n. State of being plural ; large 
 number, multitude ; holding of two or more 
 benefices or offices ; benefice, office, held with 
 another: majority {of votes &c). [f. OF plu- 
 ralite f. LL pluralitas (as plural, see -ty)] 
 
 plu'palize, v.t. Make plural, express in the 
 plural ; hold more than one benefice, [f. F 
 pluraliser (as plural, see -ize)] 
 
 plupi- in comb. = L plus pluris more, as : 
 ;7t^eraZ(Heb.Gram.),having more than 3 letters 
 in the root; -presence, presence in more than 
 one place at same time ; -ser'ial, -ser'iate, 
 consisting of several series. 
 
 plus, prep., a., n. (As oral rendering of sym- 
 bol +) with the addition of, as Sp.h (cf. minus); 
 (adj.) additional, extra, (Math.) positive, 
 
 (Electr.) positive, positively electrified ; (n.)the 
 symbol (+), additional quantity, positive quan- 
 tity. [L,= more] 
 
 plush, n. Kind of cloth of silk, cotton, &c, 
 with nap longer & softer than that of velvet ; 
 (pi.) footman's p. breeches. Hence plu'shv^ 
 a. If. F pluche shortened f. peluche f. LL *pilu- 
 ceus (cf. OSp. peluza) f. pilus hair] 
 
 plu'tapchy (ploo-, -ki), n. Plutocracy, [f. 
 Gk ploutos wealth + -arkhia -rule] 
 
 pluto'cpaey, n. Rule of the wealthy ; rul- 
 ing class of wealthy persons. So plu*tocRAT 
 n., plutocpa'tic a. [f. Gk ploutokratia (as 
 prec, see-CRACV)] 
 
 pluto'latpy, n. Worship of wealth, [as 
 prec, see -latry] 
 
 Plutd'nic, a. & n. Of Pluto, infernal ; (Geol. ) 
 igneous, as P. rocks, P. theory (attributing most 
 geological phenomena to action of internal 
 heat, whence Plu*toniSM(3), Plu*tonisT(2) r 
 nn.); (n.) P. rock. So Pluto'niAN a. [f. Gk 
 Plouton Pluto, god of infernal regions, + -ic] 
 
 pluto*nomy,n. Political economy. Hence 
 plutond'mic a., pluto'nomiST n. [f. Gk 
 ploutos wealth_+ -nomia arrangement] 
 
 plu'vial (ploo-), a. & n. Of rain, rainy, so 
 plu-viousa.; (Geol.) caused by rain; (n.,Eccl. 
 Hist.) long cloak as ceremonial vestment, 
 [(adj.) f. hpluvialis {pluvia rain, see -al) ; (n.) 
 f. med.L pluviale rain-cloak] 
 
 pluvio'metep, n. Rain-gauge. Hence plu- 
 viome'tPic(AL) aa. [f. L pluvia rain + -o- -f- 
 -meter] 
 
 ply K n. Fold, thickness, layer, of cloth &c; 
 strand of rope &c; two, 2, 3, -p., having 2 &c. 
 thicknesses or strands; (fig.) turn, tendency, 
 esp. take a p. [f. F pli fold f. OF ploi f. ployer 
 (F plier) f. Lplicare fold] 
 
 ply 2 , v.t. & i. Use, wield vigorously, (tool r 
 weapon); work at (one's business, task) ; supply 
 (person &c.) persistently with {food &c.) ; assail 
 vigorously (person with questions, arguments) ; 
 (Naut.) work to windward, (of vessel or its 
 master, coach, &c.) go to & fro between (places); 
 (of boatman, porter, cabman) attend regularly 
 for custom {at place), [aphetic form of apply] 
 
 Plymouth, n. P. Brethren, religious body 
 that arose at Plymouth c. 1830, with no formal 
 creed & no official order of ministers, whence 
 PlymouthisM(3), PlymouthiST(2), Ply- 
 mouthiTE 1 , nn.; P. Bock, large breed of do- 
 mestic fowl of Amer. origin. 
 
 pneuma'tic (n-), a. & n. Of, acting by means 
 of, wind or air ; p. tire (inflated with air) ; p. 
 dispatch, conveyance of parcels &c. along tubes 
 by compression or exhaustion of air ; p. trough 
 (for collecting gases in jars over surface of 
 water ormercury) ; containing, connected with, 
 air-cavities esp. in bones of birds; spiritual; 
 (n.) p. tire, cycle with such tires ; (n. pi.) science 
 of mechanical properties of air or other elastic 
 fluids or gases. Hence pneuma'tiCALLY adv., 
 pneumati'eiTY n. [f. L f. Gk pneumatikos 
 (pneuma wind f. pneo breathe, see -ic)] 
 
 pneumato- in comb. = Gk pneuma -matos 
 air, breath, spirit, as: -cyst, air-sac in body of 
 bird &c; -logy, theory of spiritual beings, doc- 
 trine of the Holy Spirit, psychology, so -lo'gical 
 a.; -meter, instrument for measuring amount 
 of air breathed at each inspiration ; -phore, part 
 of some compound hydrozoa containing air- 
 cavity. 
 
 pneumoga'stpic, a. Of lungs & stomach, 
 esp. p. nerves, tenth pair of cerebral nerves, 
 [irreg. f. Gk pneumon -monos lung + gastric] 
 
 pneumd'nia (n-), n. Inflammation of the 
 substance of one {single p.) or both (double p.) 
 lungs. So pneumd'nic a., pneumonitis n. 
 
PO 
 
 632 
 
 POINT 
 
 ff.Gk pneumonia (pneumon -mo?ws lung f. pneo 
 breathe)] 
 
 po. See pot K 
 
 poach l , v.t. Cook (egg) by dropping it with- 
 out shell into boiling water. Hence poa'eh- 
 er '(2) n. If. OF pochier [poche poke j )J 
 
 poach 2 , v.t. & i. Thrust (stick, finger, &c. 
 into Sec); trample, cut up (turf &c.) with hoofs ; 
 (of land) become sodden by being trampled ; en- 
 croach, trespass, (on person's preserves often 
 fig., lands, &c), whence poa'chER 1 n.; tres- 
 pass on (land &c); capture (game, fish) by illicit 
 or unsportsmanlike methods; obtain (advan- 
 tage, start, in race) by unfair means ; (Lawn 
 Tennis) strike (ball or abs.) in partner's court, 
 [prob. = poke v.] 
 
 po'chard (tsh-, -k-), n. European diving- 
 bird with bright reddish-brown head & neck. [I] 
 
 pock, n. Eruptive spot esp. in small-pox. 
 [OE poc, cf. Du. pok, G pocke ; see also pox] 
 
 po'eket *, n. Bag, sack, esp. as measure of 
 hops (1681b.) or wool (= half sack) ; small bag 
 inserted in garment for carrying purse &c, as 
 coat, ivaistcoat, trouser, watch, ticket, -p.; (fig.) 
 pecuniary resources, as he ivill suffer in his p.; 
 empty p., person without money ; be prepared 
 to put your hand in your p. (spend some money); 
 am oS. in p., have 5s. available ; am 5s. in p., 
 out of p., by the transaction (have gained, lost); 
 has him in Iter p. (completely under control) ; 
 pouch at each corner & on each side of billiard- 
 table into which balls are driven ; cavity in 
 earth filled with gold or other ore, whence 
 po*eketY 2 a.; cavity in rock esp. (Geol.) filled 
 with foreign matter; (attrib.) of suitable size 
 or shape for carrying in p. ; p. -book, note-book, 
 book-like case for papers &c, carried in p.; p. 
 borough (under control of one person or family); 
 p. (small personal) expenses; p. -handkerchief 
 (carried in p.); p.-money (for occasional ex- 
 penses, esp. that allowed to children); p.-piece, 
 lucky coin carried in p. as charm ; p.-pistol, 
 (facet.) p. spirit-flask. Hence po'eketFUL n., 
 po'eket less a. [ME poket f. Anglo-Norman 
 pokete dim. f. F poche poke *] 
 
 po'eket 2 , v.t. Put into one's pocket; confine 
 as in pocket ; hem in (competitor) in race ; ap- 
 propriate, usu. dishonestly; submit to (affront, 
 injury); conceal, suppress, (feelings) ; (Billiards) 
 drive (ball) into pocket. Hence po'eket- 
 able a. [f. prec] 
 
 p6edeupa*nte(-koorahnta, -kuranti), a. & n. 
 Indifferent (person). Hence pococura a nt(e)- 
 ISM n. [It., = caring little] 
 
 pod l , n. Socket of brace in which end of bit 
 is inserted. [?] 
 
 pod 2 , n., & v.i. & t. Long seed-vessel esp. of 
 leguminous plants; cocoon of silkworm; case of 
 locust's eggs; narrow-necked eel-net ; (v.i.) bear 
 pp.; (v.t.) shell (peas &c.) [?] 
 
 pod 3 , n. , & v. t. Small herd of seals or whales ; 
 (v.t.) drive (seals) into a p. [?] 
 
 pd'dagpa (orpoda'g-), n. (med.). Gout, esp. 
 in feet. Hence or cogn. po'dagTAL, poda*- 
 gpio, po'dagrous, aa. [L, f. Gk podagra 
 (pous podos foot + agra catching] 
 
 po'dded, a. Bearing pods ; growing in pod ; 
 (fig.) well-off, snug, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 podesta' (-ah), n. Magistrate in Italian mu- 
 nicipalities ; (Hist.) chief magistrate in mediae- 
 val Italian towns. [It., f. L potestatem power- 
 soft's able, see -ty)] 
 
 podge, n. Short fat person. Hence po'dgv 2 
 a. Jvar. of pudgeI 
 
 po'dium, n. (pi. -ia). Continuous projecting 
 base or pedestal ; raised platform round arena 
 Qf amphitheatre; continuous bench round room. 
 fL, f. Gk podion (pous podos foot)| 
 
 podophyliin, n. (chem.). Yellow bitter 
 resin of cathartic properties'got from root of 
 wild mandrake, [f. bot. L podophyllum, may- 
 apple, wild mandrake, (Gk pous podos foot -f 
 phullon leaf) + -in] 
 
 poe-bird, n. = PARSON-bird. [f. Otaheitan 
 wd for 'ear-rings ', from tufts under throat] 
 
 po'em(-ini), n. A metrical composition, esp. 
 of elevated character ; elevated composition in 
 prose or verse, as prose p. ; (fig.) something 
 (other than a composition of words) akin or 
 compared to a p., as their lives are a p. [f. F 
 poeme f. L f. Gk poema = poiema (poieo make)] 
 
 pd'esy, n. (archaic). Art, composition, of 
 poetry ; poems collectively, [f. OF poesie f. L 
 f. Gk poesis — poiesis making, poetry, (as prec.)] 
 
 pd'et, n. W riter of poems ; writer in verse, 
 esp. one possessing high powers of imagination, 
 expression, &c; Poets' Corner, part of West- 
 minster Abbey containing graves & monu- 
 ments of several poets, (facet.) part of news- 
 paper devoted to poetry. Hence po'etESS l n. 
 [f. OF poete f. L (-ta) f. Gk poetis = poietes 
 maker, poet, (as prec.)] 
 
 poeta'step, n. Paltry poet. So poe'ticULE 
 n. [-aster] 
 
 p6e*tic(al), aa. Of, proper to, poets or poetry ; 
 (usu. -ic) having the good qualities of poetry ; 
 (usu. -ical) written in verse, as p. works ; p. 
 
 JUSTICE, LICENCE l . HctlCC poe'tlCALLY adv., 
 
 poe'tics n. [f. F poetique f. L f. Gk po(i)etikos 
 (as poet, see -ic & -ai.)| 
 poe'ticize, v.t. Make poetic, treat poetically. 
 
 [-IZE] 
 
 poetize, v.i. & t. Play the poet, compose 
 poetry ; treat poetically ; celebrate in poetry, 
 [f. F poUiser (as poet, see -ize)] 
 
 po'etpy, n. Art, work, of the poet ; elevated 
 expression of elevated thought or feeling in 
 metrical form ; poems ; quality (in any thing) 
 that calls for poetical expression ; prose p., 
 prose having all the qualities of poetry except 
 metre, [f. OF poetrie f. LL poetria (as poet)| 
 
 pogrb'm, n. Organized massacre of a body 
 or class in Russia. [Russ.] 
 
 poig'nant, a. Sharp, pungent, in taste or 
 smell; painfully sharp, as p. hunger, regret, 
 sarcasm ; pleasantly piquant. Hence poig"- 
 n.wcy n., poig"nantLY 2 adv. [OF, part, of 
 poindre prick f. L pungere] 
 
 poinse'ttla, n. Plant with large scarlet 
 leaves & small yellowish flowers, [f. J. R. 
 Poinsett, discoverer] 
 
 point 1 , n. Small dot on a surface; full p., 
 full stop; dot, small stroke, used "in Semitic 
 languages to indicate vowels or distinguish 
 consonants ; dot separating integral from frac- 
 tional parts in decimals, as four p. six (1-6) ; 
 single item, detail, particular, as we differ on 
 these pp., it is a p. of conscience, stretch 
 a p.', (Mus.) important phrase or subject, (ar- 
 chaic) p. of war, short phrase sounded on in- 
 strument as signal ; possession is nine pp. of 
 the law (nine-tenths, almost the whole); give pp. 
 (odds) to (opponent in game), (fig.) be superior 
 to; unit in appraising qualities of exhibit in 
 show ; unit (of varying value) in quoting price 
 of stocks &c; (Print.) unit of measurement for 
 type bodies, esp. Didot p., 1/72 of French inch ; 
 (Geom.) that which has position but not mag- 
 nitude, e.g. p. of intersection of two lines; 
 (Hunt.)spot to which straight run is made, such 
 run, so p.-to-p. adj. ; (Herald.) any of nine par- 
 ticular spots on shield used for determining 
 position ; stage, degree, in progress or increase, 
 esp. of temperature, as boiling, freezing, -p. (at 
 which thing boils &c); precise moment for ac- 
 tion &c, as when it came to the p., he declined ; 
 
POINT 
 
 633 
 
 POKY 
 
 exact moment (o/death &c.); distinctive trait, 
 characteristic, as singing is not his strong p.; 
 the essential thing, the thing under discussion, 
 as that Is, just the p., come to the p.; make a p. 
 of, regard, treat, as essential; carry one's p., 
 secure one's object; make a p., establish pro- 
 position, prove contention ; (also p. lace) thread 
 lace made wholly with needle, (improp.) pillow 
 lace imitating this ; sharp end of tool, weapon, 
 pin, pen, &c; tip; promontory, csp. in names, 
 as Start P.; (Mil.) small leading party of ad- 
 vanced guard ; (pi.) extremities of horse, as bay 
 with black pp. ; sharp-pointed tool, e. g. etching- 
 needle ; tine of deer's horn ; (on railway) taper- 
 ing movable rail by which train is directed from 
 one line to another; tapered division on back- 
 gammon board ; (Hist.) tagged lace for lacing 
 bodice, attaching hose to doublet, &c; (Naut.) 
 short piece of cord at lower edge of sail for 
 tying up a reef ; pp. of the compass, 32 equidis- 
 tant pp. on compass (N, N by E, NNE, NE by N, 
 NE, NE by E, ENE, E by N, E, E by S, ESE, 
 SE by E, SE, SE by S, SSE, S by E, S, S by W, 
 SSW, SW by S, SW, SW by W, WSW, W by S, 
 W, W by N, WN W, N W by W, N W, N W by N, 
 NNW, N by W), at angular intervals of ll 6 15'; 
 salient feature of story, joke, &c, as don't see 
 the p.; pungency, effectiveness, as his remarks 
 lack p.; (Crick.) (position of) fieldsman placed 
 more or less in line with popping-crease a short 
 distance on off-side of batsman ; (of dog) act of 
 pointing, esp. make, come to, a p.; potatoes & p., 
 potatoes to eat & bacon &c. to look at ; at all 
 pp., in every part; at the p. (on the verge) of 
 death &c; in p., apposite, as the case yon take 
 is not in p.; in p. (as a matter) of fact ; (up)on 
 the p. of, on the very verge of (action, doing); 
 p. of (thing that vitally affects one's) honour, 
 esp. the p. of honour (obligation to demand 
 satisfaction, esp. by duel); p. of vieiv, position 
 from which thing is viewed, (fig.) way of look- 
 ing at a matter ; p.-duty (of constable stationed 
 at particular p. to regulate traffic &c); poi'nts- 
 man, man in charge of railway pp., constable 
 on p.-duty. [(partly thr. F point, pointe, & f. 
 foil.) f. L punctum, neut. p.p. of pungere prick] 
 
 point 2 , v.t. & i. Furnish (pencil &c.) with 
 point, sharpen ; mark (Psalms &c.) with points 
 for chanting ; give point to (words, actions), as 
 pointing his remarks xoith apt illustrations ; 
 fill in joints of (brickwork &c.) with mortar or 
 cement smoothed with trowel ; prick in (man- 
 ure), turnover (soil*, with point of spade; direct 
 attention (to, at, lit. & fig.); p. out, indicate, 
 show, (thing, fact, that &c.) ; (of hound) indi- 
 cate presence of (game or abs.) by standing 
 looking rigidly towards it ; direct (finger, wea- 
 pon, &c, at); direct attention of (person to); aim 
 at, tend towards, [f. OF pointer, as prec] 
 
 poi*nt-bla*nk, a. & adv. (Of shot) fired hori- 
 zontally, level ; p. distance (within which gun 
 may be fired horizontally); (adv.) with direct 
 aim, horizontally, in direct line, (fig.) directly, 
 flatly, as told him p. it woxdd not do, offhand, 
 as refused it p. tprob. f. prec. + blank, i.e. 
 white spot in centre of target! 
 
 point-devi'ee, a. &adv. (archaic). Perfectly 
 correct, extremely neat or precise ; (adv.) in p. 
 manner. [ME at point clevis prob. f. OF a point 
 devis to the point arranged, or arranged to 
 the proper point (see point 1 & device)] 
 
 poi'nted, a. Having, sharpened to, a point; 
 (of remark &c.) having point, penetrating, 
 cutting; emphasized, made evident. Hence 
 poi'ntedi.v 2 adv., poi'ntedNESS n. [-ed *■ 2 ] 
 
 poPntep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: index-hand 
 of clock, balance, &c; rod used for pointing to 
 words &c. on blackboard, map, &c; dog that 
 
 on scenting game stands rigidly, with muzzle 
 stretched towards it & usu. one foot raised ; 
 (pi.) two stars in Great Bear, straight line 
 through wh ich poi n ts nearly to pole-star. [er ] J 
 
 pointing-, n. In vbl senses, esp.: punctua- 
 tion ; filling up joints of brickwork &c. with ce- 
 ment, facing thus given to the joints, [-ing J ] 
 
 poi'ntless, a. Without a point, blunt ; with- 
 out point, meaningless; not having scored a 
 Jioint. Hence porntlessLV 2 adv., poPnt- 
 essNESS n. [-less] 
 
 poise (-z), v.t. & i., & n. Balance ; hold sus- 
 pended or supported ; carry (one's head &c. in 
 specified way) ; be balanced ; hover in air &c; 
 (n.) equilibrium (lit. & fig.), carriage (of head 
 &c.) ; state of indecision, suspense, [(vb) f. OF 
 peser (st. pois-) f. ~LLpesare f. hpensare weigh 
 frequent, of pendere pens- weigh ; (n.) f. OF 
 pois f. pop. L pesum f. hpensum weight] 
 
 poi'son (-zn), n., & v.t. Substance that when 
 introduced intoorabsorbed by a living organism 
 destroys life or injures health, esp. (pop.) one 
 that destroys life by rapid action & when taken 
 in small quantity ; sloiv p. (of which repeated 
 doses are injurious) ; hate each other like p. 
 (bitterly) ; (fig.) baneful principle, doctrine, &c; 
 p.-tree, -wood, kinds of tree or plant with poi- 
 sonous properties ; (v.t.) administer p. to (man, 
 animal), kill or injure thus, whence poi'sonER 1 
 n. ; produce morbid effects in (blood &c), whence 
 (-)poPsoniNG i n.; infect (air, water, &c.) with 
 p., smear (weapon) with p. (esp. in p.p.); cor- 
 rupt, pervert, (person, mind), "destroy, spoil, 
 (person's pleasure &c.) ; render (land, furnace, 
 &c.) foul & unfit for its purpose by noxious ap- 
 plication &c. Hence poPsonousa., poi'son - 
 ouslv 2 adv. [(n.) ME & OF pm'so?i (as potion, 
 see -son) ; (vb) f. OF poisonncr f. the n.] 
 
 potssar'de (pwos-), n. Parisian market- 
 woman leading riots during first revolution ; 
 French fishwife. [F] 
 
 poke 1 , n. Bag, sack, (now dial. cxc. buy a 
 pig in a p.) ; (Sc.) p.-pxidding (also pock-), cor- 
 pulent or gluttonous person, Englishman. [ME, 
 cf. F poche, Icel. poki,-8c perh. obs. E pough 
 (OEpohha)] 
 
 poke 5 , v.t. & i. Thrust, push, (thing in, up, 
 doxvn, &c.) with hand, arm, point of stick, &c; 
 stir (fire) with poker; (colloq.) shut (oneself 
 Sec.) xip in poky place; produce (hole &c. in 
 thing) by poking ; make thrusts with stick &c. 
 (at &c.) ; thrust forward, esp. obtrusively, as 
 (fig.) don't p. your nose into my affairs ; p. fun 
 at, assail with ridicule ; pry (into) ; p. one's 
 head, carry head thrust forward, stoop. [ME 
 & Du. poken, cf. Du. pook dagger, & poach 2 ] 
 
 poke 3 , n. Poking; thrust, nudge; device 
 fastened on cattle &c. to prevent their break- 
 ing through fences ; projecting brim or front 
 of woman's bonnet or hat ; p. (-bonnet), bonnet 
 with this, esp. as worn by Salvation Army 
 women, [f. prec] 
 
 po'kei* 1 , n., & v.t. Stiff metal rod with han- 
 dle, for poking fire ; (of person's carriage or 
 manner) as stiff as a p.; (Oxf. & Camb.) bedell 
 carrying mace or stave before Vice-Chancellor; 
 kinds of instrument used in p. -work; red-hot 
 p., plant with spikes of scarlet or yellow flow- 
 ers; (facet, asseveration) by the holy p.; p.-xcork, 
 burning of designs on white wood with heated 
 implement; (v.t.) execute (design) in, adorn 
 (thing) with, p. -work, [-er ! ] 
 
 po'ker 2 , n. American card -game for two or 
 more persons, each of whom if not bluffed into 
 declaring his hand bets on its value. [?] 
 
 po'ky, a. (Of place, room, &c.) confined, 
 mean, shabbv ; (of occupation &c.) pottering, 
 petty, [f. poke 2 +-y2] 
 
POLACRE 
 
 631 
 
 POLITICAL 
 
 pola'ere (-ahker), -a'cca, n. Three-masted 
 Mediterranean merchant vessel, [f. F polacre 
 -aque, Polish, Pole, hist, unexpl.] 
 
 po'lap, a. & n. Of, near, either pole of the 
 earth or of the celestial sphere ; p. (white) bear, 
 hare; p. circles (parallel to equator at distance 
 of 23° 28' from the poles) ; p. distance, angular 
 distance of point on sphere from nearer pole ; 
 having polarity, magnetic ; having positive & 
 negative electricity ; (of molecules) symmetric- 
 ally arranged in definite direction ; (Geom.) re- 
 lating to a pole, p. curve (related in particular 
 way to given curve & to fixed point called pole); 
 <fig.) analogous to the pole of the earth or to 
 the pole-star ; (fig.) directly opposite in charac- 
 ter; (n.) p. curve. Hence po'laPLY 2 adv. [f. 
 med.L polaris (as pole 2 , see -ar 1 )] 
 
 polari- in comb. =prec, as: polari'meter, 
 pola'riscope, instruments for showing polariza- 
 tion of light, so -me'tric, -sco'pic, aa., -metry n. 
 
 pola'Pity, n. Tendency of lodestone, mag- 
 netized bar, &c, to point with its extremities 
 to the magnetic poles of earth ; tendency of a 
 body to place its mathematical axis in particu- 
 lar direction ; possession of two poles having 
 contrary qualities (also fig.) ; electrical condi- 
 tion of body as positive or negative ; (fig.) mag- 
 netic attraction towards an object, [-ity] 
 
 po'lapize, v.t. & i. Modify the vibrations of 
 (light, radiant heat, &c. ) so that the ray exhibits 
 different properties on different sides, opposite 
 sides being alike & those at right angles show- 
 ing maximum difference ; (Magn., Electr.) give 
 polarity to (bar, coil) ; (fig.) give arbitrary direc- 
 tion, special meaning, &c, to (word &c), (also) 
 give unity of direction to. Hence or cogn. 
 po'lapizABLE a., polapizA'TiON, po'lariz- 
 er x (2), nn. [(partjy thr. F) f. polar, see -ize] 
 
 polatou'che (-ootsh), n. Small flying squir- 
 rel. [F, f. Russ. poletuchii flying] 
 
 po'lder, n. Piece of low-lying land reclaimed 
 from sea or river in Netherlands. [Du.] 
 
 pole *, n. , & v. t. Long slender rounded taper- 
 ing piece of wood or (rarely) metal esp. as sup- 
 port for tent, telegraph wires, &c; wooden 
 shaft fitted to fore-carriage of vehicle & at- 
 tached to yokes or collars of the horses &c; (as 
 measure) rod, perch, o£ yds.; p.-jumping (with 
 help of p. held in hands); (v.t.) furnish with pp., 
 push, move, (o#&c.) with p. [(vbf. n.) OE pal, 
 cf. Du. paal, G pfahl, f. L palus stake] 
 
 pole 2 , n. North, Soitth, p., the two points 
 in the celestial spbere about which the stars 
 appear to revolve, (also) X. & S. extremities of 
 earth's axis ; (Geom.) pp. of a circle of a sphere, 
 the two points in which axis of that circle cuts 
 surface of sphere, (also) fixed point to which 
 others are referred ; each of the two opposite 
 points on surface of magnet at which magnetic 
 forces are manifested ; each of two terminal 
 points (positive, negative, p.) of electric cell, 
 battery, &c; (Biol.) extremity of main axis of 
 any spherical or oval organ ; (fig.) each of two 
 opposed principles &c; p.-star, a star of Ursa 
 Minor, now about U° distant from N. pole of 
 heavens, (fig.) thing serving as guide, lodestar, 
 centre of attraction. Hence po'lewARD a., 
 po'lewARD(s) adv. [f. L f. Gk polos pivot, 
 axis, sky] 
 
 Pole 3 , n. Native of Poland. [G, f. Pol. Pol- 
 jane lit. field-dwellers (pole field)] 
 
 pole-ax(e), n. Battle-axe ; axe formerly 
 used in naval warfare as weapon & for cutting 
 ropes &c; halbert ; butcher's axe with hammer 
 at back. [ME pollax (poll 1 + axe)] 
 
 po'lecat, n. Small dark-brown carnivorous 
 quadruped of weasel family, native of Europe. 
 [ME polcat (pol- etym. dub. + cat)] 
 
 po'lemarch (-k), n. (Gk Hist.). Military 
 commander-in-chief with varying civil func- 
 tions ; (in Athens) third archon orig. with mili- 
 tary functions, [f. Gk polemarkhos (polemos 
 war + -arkhos -ruler)] 
 
 pole'mic, a. & n. Controversial, disputa- 
 tious; (n.) controversial discussion, (pi.) prac- 
 tice of this, esp. in theology, (also) contro- 
 versialist. Hence pole'mic a l a., pole'mic - 
 alLV 2 adv., pd'lemizE(2) v.i. [f. Gk polemikos 
 (polemos war, see -ic)] 
 
 pole'nta, n. Italian porridge made of barley, 
 chestnut meal, &c. [It.] 
 
 poli'ce (-es), n., & v.t. Civil administration, 
 public order ; department of government con- 
 cerned with this ; civil force responsible for 
 maintaining public order ; (as pi.) members of 
 this, as the p. are on his track ; p. court (of 
 summary jurisdiction, dealing with charges 
 preferred by the p.); p. magistrate (presiding 
 in p. court) ; poli'ceman, member of p. force ; 
 p. office, headquarters of p. in city or town ; p. 
 officer, policeman ; p. station, office of local p. 
 force ; (v.t.) control (country &c.) by means of 
 
 fi., furnish with p., (fig.) administer, control. 
 F, f. med.L politia = h politia policy 1 ] 
 
 policli'nic, n. Clinic in private houses, not 
 in hospital ; out-patients' department of hospi- 
 tal, [f. Gpoliklinik (Gk polis city, CLINIC)] 
 
 po'liey s n. Political sagacity ; statecraft ; 
 prudent conduct, sagacity ; craftiness ; course 
 of action adopted by government, party, &c; 
 (Sc.) park round country seat &c; Court of P., 
 legislative council in British Guiana, [f. OF 
 policie f. L f. Gk politeia citizenship, polity 
 (polites citizen f. polis city) ; in Sc. sense (ear- 
 lier = improvement of estate) confused w. L 
 politus polished] 
 
 po'liey 2 , n. (In full, p. of assurance, insur- 
 ance p.) document containing contract of as- 
 surance or insurance, [f. F police bill of lading, 
 contract of insurance, prob. f. med.L apodissa 
 f. L f. Gk apodeixis demonstration, proof, f. 
 APO(deiknumi show)] 
 
 po'ligar, n. Feudal chief in S. India ; pre- 
 datory follower of such chief; p. -dog (variety 
 from the p. country), [ult. f. Tamil palaiyak- 
 karan (palaiyam feudal estate)] 
 
 po'lish l , v.t. & i. Make, become, smooth & 
 glossy by friction; (fig.) make elegant or cul- 
 tured, refine, (esp. in p.p.); smarten up ; p. off, 
 finish off quickly. Hence po'lishABLE a. 
 po'lishER i (1, 2) n. [f. F polir (see -ish 2 ) f. L 
 polire -it-] 
 
 po'lish 2 ,n. Smoothness, glossiness, produced 
 by friction ; such friction ; substance used to 
 produce smooth surface, as French, furni- 
 ture, brass, -p.; (fig.) refinement, [f. prec] 
 
 Po'lish 3 , a. Of Poland or the Poles, [-ish ] ] 
 
 pd'litapch (-k), n. (hist.). Governor of some 
 Oriental cities, e.g. Thessalonica, under 
 Romans, [f. Gk politarkhes (polites citizen -f 
 -arkhes ruler)] 
 
 poli'te, a. Of refined manners, courteous; 
 cultivated, cultured ; well-bred ; (of literature 
 &c.) refined, elegant, as p. letters. Hence 
 poli'teLY 2 adv., poli'teNESS n. [f. L as 
 polish J ] 
 
 po'litic, a. & n. (Of person) sagacious, pru- 
 dent, (of actions &c.) judicious, expedient; 
 scheming, crafty; body l p.; (n. pi.) science & 
 art of government, political affairs or life, 
 political principles, as what are his pp. ? (fig.) 
 conduct of private affairs. Hence po'litieLY 2 
 adv. [f. F politique f. L f. Gk politikos (as, 
 policy !, see -ic)] 
 
 poli'tical, a. & n. Of the State or its govern- 
 ment ; of public affairs ; of politics ; (of person) 
 
POLITICIAN 
 
 635 
 
 POLY- 
 
 engaged in civil administration, as p. agent, 
 resident, (in India)government official advising 
 ruler of native State ; having an organized 
 polity ; belonging to, taking, a side in politics ; 
 p. economy; p. geography (dealing with 
 boundaries & possessions of States ; p. verse, 
 modern Greek verse composed by accent, not 
 quantity, with accent on last syllable but one ; 
 (n.) p. agent. Hence poli'ticalLV 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 politi'cian (-shn), n. One skilled in politics, 
 statesman ; one interested or engaged in poli- 
 tics, esp. as profession ; (U.S.) one who makes 
 a trade of politics, [f. politic, see -ician] 
 
 politicize, v.i. & t. Act the politician ; en- 
 gage in, talk, politics ; give political character 
 
 to. [-IZE] 
 
 poli'tico- in comb. = politically, political & 
 — , as -economical, -geographical, -moral, 
 -social; -religious, (usu.) pertaining to politics 
 as influenced by religion, [as politic] 
 
 po'lity, n. Condition of civil order ; form, 
 process, of civil government; organizedsociety, 
 state, [f. obs. F pohtie, as policy j ] 
 
 polk, v.i. Dance polka, [f. F polker as foil.] 
 
 po'lka, n. Lively dance of Bohemian origin 
 in binary time ; music for this ; woman's tight- 
 fitting jacket, usu. knitted. [F & G, etym. dub.] 
 
 poll 1 , n. (Now dial, or facet.) human head ; 
 part of this on which hair grows, as grey, 
 flaxen, p.; counting of voters esp. at parlia- 
 mentary or other election ; voting at election, 
 as exclusion of women from the p.; number of 
 votes recorded, as heavy, light, p. ; p.-tax (levied 
 on every person). [ME & obs. Du. polle top of 
 head, cf. Da. puld, Sw. dial, pull] 
 
 poll 2 , v.t. & i. (Archaic) crop the hair of ; cut 
 off top of (tree, plant), esp. make a pc-llard of ; 
 cut off horns of (cattle, esp. in p.p.) ; take the 
 votes of, (pass.) have one's vote taken ; (of can- 
 didate) receive (so many votes) ; give (vote) ; 
 give one's vote. Hence po'Hable a. [f. prec.j 
 
 poll 3 , a. & n. (Adj. in comb.) hornless, as p.- 
 beast, -ox; (n.) p.-beast, esp. one of a breed of 
 hornless oxen, [short for p.p. of prec] 
 
 poll 4 , n. (P-) conventional proper name of 
 parrot ; (also p.-parrot) parrot, [altered f. Moll 
 familiar equivalent of Mary] 
 
 poll 5 , n. (Camb. Univ. slang). The P., the 
 passmen ; go out in the P., take pass degree ; 
 (attrib.)p. degree, man. [perh. f. polloi] 
 
 po'llack, -ock, n. Sea-fish allied to cod. [?] 
 
 po'llam, n. Feudal estate of poligar. [f. 
 Tamil palaiyam] 
 
 po'llan, n. Irish fresh- water fish. [cf. Gael. 
 pollag, Ir. pollog, perh. f. Ir. poll inland lake] 
 
 pd'llard, n., & v.t. Animal that has cast or 
 lost its horns; ox, sheep, goat, of hornless 
 variety; tree polled so as to produce close 
 rounded head of young branches ; bran sifted 
 from flour, (techn.) fine bran containing some 
 flour; (v.t.) make a p. of (tree), [poll 1 + -ard] 
 
 pd'llen, n. , & v. t. Fi ne powdery substance dis- 
 charged fromantherofflower.maleelement that 
 fertilizes ovules ; (v.t.) convey p. to, cover with 
 p. Hence po'llenLESS, polli'nic, pollini*- 
 ferous, aa. [L, gen. -inis, = fine flour, dust] 
 
 pollicitation, n. (civil law). Promise not 
 yet formally accepted, & therefore revocable. 
 [f. L pollicitatio {pollicitari frequent, olpolli- 
 ceri promise, see -ation)] 
 
 po'llinate, v.t. Besprinkle with pollen, shed 
 pollen upon. Hence pollinA'TiON n. [-ate 3 ] 
 
 po'lloi, n. pi. Hoi p.,most people, the major- 
 ity, the rabble. [Gk, lit. the many] 
 
 pollu'te, v.t. Destroy the purity or sanctity 
 of ; make ( water &c. ) foul or filthy. So pollu*- 
 tiox n. [f. L polluere -lut- (pol- = pro forth + 
 luere wash)] 
 
 po'16, n. Game of Eastern origin like hockey 
 played on horseback ; water p., hockey played 
 on water by swimmers, [native] 
 
 polonai'se (az), n. Woman's dress consist- 
 ing of bodice with skirt open from waist down- 
 wards ; (music for) slow dance of Polish origin. 
 [F, fem. (as n.) olpolonais Polish] 
 
 polo'ny, n. (Also P. sausage) sausage of 
 partly cooked pork. [perh. f. med.L Polonia 
 Poland, or f. Bologna] 
 
 po'lt-foot, n. & a. (archaic). Club-foot(ed). 
 [polt pestle, club, etym. dub., + foot] 
 
 poltroo'n, n. Spiritless coward. So pol- 
 troo*nERY(4) n. [f. F poltron f. It. poltrone 
 (poltro sluggard, lazy, f. obs. poltro bed perh. f. 
 OHG polstar bolster, see -oon)] 
 
 poly- in comb. =Gk polus many, as: -adel- 
 phous, with stamens united in 3 or more 
 bundles ; -a'ndrist, woman with several hus- 
 bands ; -a'ndrous, of, practising, polyandry, 
 (Bot.) with numerous stamens ; -andry, plural- 
 ity of husbands ; -archy, government by many ; 
 •ato'mic, containing many (esp. replaceable 
 hydrogen) atoms ; -auto'graphy, lithography; 
 -bd'sic (chem.), having more than two bases or 
 atoms of a base ; -car'pellary, -car'pous, having 
 several carpels ; -chaete (ket) a. & n., -chae'tan, 
 -chae'tous, aa., (worm) with many bristles on 
 the foot-stumps ; -chro'ite, colouring matter of 
 saffron, exhibiting various colours under var- 
 ious reagents ; -da'ctyl a. & n., (animal) with 
 more than normal number of fingers or toes ; 
 -dae'monism, belief in many supernatural 
 powers ; -ga'stric, with many stomachs ; -gene- 
 sis, origination of a race or species from several 
 independent ancestors or germs, so -gene'sic, 
 -gene'tic, aa.; -ge'nic, (Chem.) forming more 
 than one compound with hydrogen &c, (Geol.) 
 = -genous; -genism, theory of polygeny ; -genist, 
 holder of this, so -geni'stic a.; -geno us, (Geol.) 
 composed of various kinds of rock, (Chem.) = 
 -genie; -geny, origination of mankind from 
 several independent pairs of ancestors; -gram, 
 many-lined figure or design ; -graph, kinds of 
 copying apparatus, (also) writer of many or 
 various works, so -gra'phic a., -graphy n.; 
 -gynous, of, practising, polygyny, (Bot.) with 
 many pistils, styles, or stigmas ; -gyny, plural- 
 ity of wives ; -he'drgn, many (usu. more than 
 six) -sided solid, so -he'dral, -he'dric, aa. ; -me'ric, 
 (of compounds) composed of same elements in 
 same proportions, but differing in molecular 
 weight ; -merism, condition of being polymeric 
 or polymerous ; -merize, render polymeric or 
 polymerous; -merous (nat. hist.), composed of 
 many parts; -mor'phic, -mor'phous, multiform, 
 esp. (Nat. Hist., Biol.) varying in individuals, 
 passing through successive variations, so -mor'- 
 phism n.; -no'mial a. & n. (alg.), = MULTino- 
 mial ; -6'nymous, called by several different 
 names ; -o'nymy, use of different names for 
 same thing; -6'pia, affection of the eyes in 
 which one object appears as two or more ; 
 -pe'talous, having many or (usu.) separate 
 petals ; -phagous, voracious, (Zool.) feeding on 
 various kinds of food ; -phone, letter, symbol, 
 standing for different sounds ; -pho'nic, -phon- 
 ous, many-voiced, (Philol.)standingfordifferent 
 sounds, (Mus.) contrapuntal ; -phony, quality 
 of being polyphonic, (Mus.) counterpoint ; -phy- 
 le'tic,= -genetic; -phy'llous, -se'palous, having 
 many or (usu.) separate leaves, sepals ; -stome 
 a. & n., (animal) with many mouths or suckers, 
 so -stomous a. ; -synthetic, (of languages) com- 
 bining several words of a sentence (e.g. verb & 
 object) into one ; -tha'lamous (nat. hist.), many- 
 chambered ; -type, kind of stereotype, copy of 
 engraving &c. made from this ; -zo'a, class of 
 
POLYANTHUS 
 
 636 
 
 POMPON 
 
 compound invertebrates, so -zo'ic a.; -zo'nal, 
 (of lighthouse lens) composed of several annular 
 segments. 
 
 polya'nthus, n. Kinds of cultivated prim- 
 ula, [f. poly- + Gk anthos flower] 
 
 polyehpoma'tie, a. Many-coloured, [polv-] 
 
 po'lychpome, a. & n. Painted, printed, de- 
 corated, in many colours ; work of aft in several 
 colours, esp. coloured statue; varied colouring. 
 Hence polyehro'mic, po'lyehromous, aa. 
 [F, f. Gk polukhromos (polv-, khroma colour)] 
 
 po'lyehromy, n. Art of painting in several 
 colours, esp. as applied to ancient pottery &c. 
 [f. F polychromie (as prec., see -v J )] 
 
 polyclinic, n. Clinic devoted to various 
 diseases ; general hospital, [poly- ; altered in 
 sense & form f. policlinic] 
 i poly'gamous, a. Having more than one 
 wife or (less usu.) husband at once, so polyga- 
 mic a., poly'gamiST, polygamy 1 , nn.; 
 (Zool.) having more than one mate ; (Bot.) bear- 
 ing some flowers with stamens only, some with 
 pistils only, some with both, on same or on 
 different plants, [f. late Gk polugamos (polu- 
 poly- + -gamos marrying)] 
 
 po'lyglot, a. & n. Of many languages ; (per- 
 son) speaking or writing several languages ; 
 (book, esp. Bible) written in several languages. 
 Hence polyglo'ttAL, polyglo'ttic, aa., 
 po'ly glottis m n. [f. Gk poluglottos (polu- 
 poly- + glotta tongue)] 
 
 po'lygon, n. Figure (usu. plane rectilineal) 
 with many (usu. more than four) angles or 
 sides ; p. of forces, p. illustrating theorem re- 
 lating to number of forces acting at a point. 
 Hence polygonAL a., polygonal ly 2 adv. 
 [f. L f. Gk polugonon neut. adj. as n. (polu- 
 polv- + -gonos -angled)] 
 
 polygonum, n. Genus of plants including 
 knotgrass, snakeweed, &c. [f. Gk polugonon 
 (polu- poly- + gonu knee)] 
 
 polyni'stop, n. Man of varied learning, 
 great scholar, [f. Gk poluistor (polu- poly- + 
 histor, see history)] 
 
 po'lymath, n. =prec. So polymathy l n. 
 [f. Gk polumathes (polu- polv- + math- st. of 
 manthano learn)] 
 
 Polyne'sia, n. Small islands in Pacific 
 Ocean east of Austi'alia, Hence Polyne'siAX 
 a. [f. poly- + Gk nesos island] 
 
 poly'nia, n. Space of open water in midst of 
 ice, -esp. in arctic seas. [f. Russ. poluinya (pole 
 field)] 
 
 po'lyp(e), n. Kinds of animal of low organ- 
 ization, e.g. hydra; individual of some com- 
 pound organisms. [F (-pe), as polypus] 
 
 po'lypary, n. Common stem or supporting 
 structure of a colony of polyps, [ary = -arium] 
 
 poly*pidom (or pol-), n_ =prec. [f. polypus 
 + L domus house] 
 
 po'lypite, n. Individual polyp, [ite J ] 
 
 po'lypod, a. & n. (Animal) with many feet, 
 [f. F polypode f. Gk as polypus] 
 
 po'lypody, n. Genus of ferns, esp. (common 
 
 fx) species growing on moist rocks, walls, &c. 
 f. L f. Gk polupodion, as polypus] 
 
 po'lypoid, a. Of, like, a polyp or a polypus. 
 So po'lypous a. [-om] 
 
 po'lypus, n. (pi. -pi). Kinds of tumour, usu. 
 with ramifications like tentacles. [L, f. Gk 
 polupous cuttle-fish, polypus in nose (polu- 
 poly- + -pous -podos footed)] 
 
 polysylla'bic, a. (Of word) having many 
 syllables ; marked by polysyllables. Hence 
 polysylla'biCALLY adv. [f. med.L f. Gk 
 polusullabos (as foil.) + -ic] 
 
 polysyllable, n. Polysyllabic word. [f. 
 med.L polysyllaba (vox word), see polv- & 
 svllable] 
 
 polytechnic, a. & n. Dealing with, devoted 
 to, various arts, as p. school ; P. (Institution), 
 technical school, esp. one in London orig. open- 
 ed 1838. [f. F polytechnique f. Gk polutekhnos 
 ( polu- polv- + tekhne art), see -ic] 
 
 po'ly theism, n. Belief in, worship of, many 
 gods or more than one god. So po'lytheiST n., 
 polythei'stic a. [f. F polytMismc f. Gk polu- 
 theos of many gods (polu- poly- + theos god), 
 see -ism] 
 
 pomace (pu'mis), n. Mass of crushed apples 
 in cider-making before or after juice is pressed 
 out.; any pulp ; refuse of fish &c. after oil has 
 been extracted, used as fertilizer, [ult. f. L 
 pomum apple] 
 
 poma'de (or -ahd), n., & v.t. Scented oint- 
 ment (perh. orig. from apples) for hair & skin 
 of head ; (Y.t.) anoint with p. [f. F pommade 
 ( pomme apple, pome,+ -ade)] 
 
 po'mander (or poma'n-), n. (hist.). Ball of 
 mixed aromatic substances carried in box, bag. 
 &c, as preservative against infection ; ball of 
 gold, silver, &c, in which p. was carried, [ear- 
 lier pomamber f. OF pomme d'ambre (pomme 
 apple, see prec, + ambre amber)] 
 
 poniard*, pomm-, n. A red Burgundy 
 wine. [P., village in France] 
 
 poma*tum,n.,&v.t. = pom ade. [LLpomum 
 apple + -atum -ate j J 
 
 pd'mbe, n. Intoxicating drink from various 
 kinds of grain & fruit in Africa, [native] 
 
 pome, n. (Bot.) succulent inferior fruit 
 with firm fleshy body inclosing carpels forming 
 the core, e.g., apple, pear, quince, so pomi*- 
 ferous a.; (poet.) apple ; metal ball. [OF, f. 
 L poma pi. of pomum fruit, apple] 
 
 pomegranate (pomgra'nat, po - m-, piim-). 
 Fruit of a tree native to N. Africa & W. Asia, 
 a large red berry about size of orange with 
 tough golden or orange rind & acid reddish 
 pulp enveloping seeds ; the tree. [f. OF pome 
 grenate f. L granata seeded (grain, -ate 2 )] 
 
 Pomera'nian, a. & n. Of Pomerania on S. 
 coast of Baltic ; P. (dog), small dog with long 
 silky hair, pointed muzzle, & pricked ears, [-an] 
 
 pd'mfret, n. Fish found in Indian & Pacific 
 Oceans, used as food. [prob. ult, f. Port. pampo] 
 
 po'mfret-eake (pu-), n. Liquorice cake 
 made at Pontefract (earlier Pomfret) in Yorks. 
 
 pd'mieulture, n. Fruit-growing, [f. L 
 pomum fruit + culture] 
 
 po'mmel (pu-), n., & v.t. Rounded knob esp. 
 at end of sword-hilt ; upward projecting front 
 part of saddle ; (v.t.) strike or beat (as) with p., 
 beat with fists, [(vb f. n.) f. OF pomel f. LL 
 ~pomellum dim. as pome] 
 
 pomo'logy, n. Science of fruitgrowing. 
 Hence pomohvgiCAL a., pomo'logiST n. 
 [as POME+ -logy] 
 
 Pomo'na, n. (Rom. Myth.) goddess of fruits ; 
 P. green (in which yellow predominates). [L] 
 
 pomp, n. Splendid display, splendour; (pi.) 
 the pp. & vanity of this wicked world, [f. F 
 pompe f. L f. Gkpojnpe procession, pomp, (pem- 
 po send)] 
 
 po'mpano, n. Kinds of W.-Ind. & N.-Amer. 
 fish esteemed for food. [f. Sp. pampano] 
 
 po'mpier, a. P. ladder, fireman's scaling 
 ladder. [F, = fireman (as pump, see -ier)J 
 
 po'm-pom, n. Maxim automatic quick- 
 firing gun. [imit,] 
 
 po'mpon (or as F), n. Ornamental tuft or 
 bunch of ribbon, flowers, &c, on women's & 
 
 For other words in poly- see poly-. 
 
POMPOUS 
 
 637 
 
 POORNESS 
 
 children'3 hats & shoes ; round tuft on soldier's 
 cap, front of shako, &c. [F, etym. dub.J 
 
 po'mpous, a. Magnificent, splendid ; self- 
 important, consequential, (of language) inflated, 
 sopompo'siTYn. Hence po'mpousLY-adw, 
 po'mpousNESS n. [f . LL pompos us (as pomp, 
 see -ous)] 
 
 ponceau (F), n. Poppy colour, bright red. 
 
 po'ncho (-tsho), n. S.-Amer. cloak, oblong 
 piece of cloth with slit in middle for head ; 
 cape for bicycling &c. on same plan, [native] 
 
 pond, n., & v.t. & i. Small body of still water 
 artificially formed by hollowing or embanking ; 
 (facet.) the sea, cf. herring-p.; p.-life, animals 
 esp. invertebrates that live in pp.; po'ndweed, 
 kinds of aquatic herb growing in still water; 
 (v.t.) hold back, dam up, (stream); (v.i., of 
 water) form a pool or p. fprob. var. of pound 2 ] 
 
 poundage (ij), n. Capacity of pond ; storage 
 of water, [-age] 
 
 po'nder, v.t. & i. Weigh mentally, think 
 over, (matter, how, &c): think on, muse over. 
 Hence po'nderingx y * adv. [f. OF ponderer 
 f. L ponderare {pondtis -eris weight)] 
 
 po*ndepable,a. Having appreciable weight 
 (lit. & fig.). Hence pondepaBi'LiTsrn. [f. LL 
 ponderabilis (as prec, see -ble)] 
 
 pondera'tion, n. Weighing, balancing, (lit. 
 & fig.), [f. L ponderatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 po'nderous, a. Heavy ; unwieldy ; labori- 
 ous; (of style) dull, tedious. Hence or cogn. 
 ponderosiTV, po*ndePousNESS,nn.,po*n- 
 depousr.Y-adv. [f. Fpondereiix f. hpondero- 
 sus (pondus -eris weight, see -ous)] 
 
 po'ne 1 , n. Leader('s partner) in some card 
 games. [L, 2nd sing, imperat. otponere place] 
 
 pone 2, n. Maize bread, esp. as made by N.- 
 Amer. Indians; fine light bread made with 
 milk, eggs, &c; cake, loaf, of this, [native] 
 
 pongee (punje - ), n. Soft unbleached kind of 
 Chinese silk. [perh. f. Chin, pun-chi own loom] 
 
 po'ngo, n. (Early name for) a large anthro- 
 poid African ape; (iniprop.) orang-outang, 
 [native] 
 
 pd*niapd,n.,&v.t. Dagger; (v.t.) stab with 
 p. [f. F poignard (poing fist f. L pugnus, -ard)] 
 
 pons, n. P. asinorum, bridge of asses, i. e. 
 oth proposition of 1st book of Euclid, hence, 
 anything found difficult by beginners; P. 
 < Varolii), band of nerve-fibres in brain [f. Va- 
 roli, Italian anatomist]. [L,=bridge] 
 
 po'ntifex, n. (pi. -flees). (Rom. Ant.) member 
 of principal college of priests in Rome, P. 
 maximus, head of this ; = foil. [L, f. pons -ntis 
 bridge or Osc.-Umbr. puntis sacrifice + -fex 
 -Jicis f. facere make] 
 
 po'ntiff, n. (Also sovereign p.) the Pope; 
 bishop ; chief priest, [f. F pontife f. prec] 
 
 ponti'fieal, a. & n. Of, befitting, a pontiff; 
 <n.) office-book of Western Church containing 
 forms for rites to be performed by bishops ; 
 <n. pi.) vestments & insignia of bishop. Hence 
 ponti*fiealL y 2 adv. [f. L pontificalis (as pon- 
 tifex, see -al)1 
 
 pontifica'fia, n. pi. Pontificals. [L, neut. pi. 
 as prec] 
 
 pontificate (-at), n. Officeofpontifex, bishop, 
 or pope ; period of this. [f. L pontificals (as 
 
 PONTIFEX, See -ATE 1 )] 
 
 po'ntify, v.i. Play the pontiff, assume airs 
 of infallibility, [f. F pontifier f. L pontificare 
 <as pontifex), see -fy] 
 
 pont'lB'vis (or as F), n. Drawbridge. 
 
 pontoneep*, -iep, n. One who has charge 
 of pontoons or of construction of a pontoon- 
 bridge, [f. F pontonnier f. med. L pontonarius 
 <as foil., see-EER)] 
 
 pontoo'n, n., & v.t. Flat-bottomed boat 
 
 used as ferry-boat &c ; one of several boats, 
 hollow metal cylinders, &c used to support 
 temporary bridge ; = caisson (last two senses) ; 
 (v.t.) cross (river) by means of pp. [f. F ponton 
 f. L ponto -onis (pons -ntis bridge, see -oon)] 
 
 po'ny, n. Horse of any small breed, esp. not 
 more than 13 or (pop.) 14 hands; (slang) £25. 
 [f. Sc. potency prob. f. OF poulenet little foal 
 dim. otpoulain f. LL pullanus {pidlus foal)] 
 
 pood, n. Russian weight, 36 lb. avoirdupois, 
 [f. Russ. pudu f. Norse pund pound] 
 
 poo'dle, n., & v.t. Kinds of pet dog with 
 long curling hair often clipped & shaved fan- 
 tastically ; clip & shave (dog) Ihus. [f. G pudel- 
 (hund) f. pudeln splash in water, cf. pudcl 
 puddle] 
 
 pooh (poo, pdbh), int. expr. impatience or con- 
 tempt, [unit. f. sound of blowing a thing away] 
 
 pooh-pooh*, v.t. Express contempt for, 
 make light of, as he pooh-poohed the idea. [f. 
 prec ] 
 
 pqo'ka, ph- (ph-), m Hobgoblin. [Ir. puca] 
 
 poo'koo, puku (poo\kdb), n. Red antelope 
 of S. Central Africa, [f. Zulu mpiitoi) 
 
 pool 1 , n., & v.t. Small body of still water, 
 usu. of natural formation; puddle of any liquid; 
 deep still place in river; (v.t.) make (hole) for 
 insertion of wedge in quarrying, undermine 
 (coal), [(vb f. n.) OE pol, cf. Du. poel] 
 
 pool 2 , n., & v.t. (Cards) collective amount of 
 players' stakes & fines; receptacle for these; 
 game on billiard-table in which each player has 
 ball of different colour with which he tries to 
 pocket the others in fixed order, winner taking 
 the whole stakes ; collective stakes in betting 
 &c ; arrangement between competing parties 
 by which prices are fixed & business divided to 
 do away with competition ; (v.t.) throw into 
 common fund, (of competing railway companies 
 &c) share (traffic, profits), [(vb f. n.) prob. f. 
 F poule hen (perh. in sense 4 booty'), in E early 
 assoc. with prec. ] 
 
 poon, n. E.-Indian tree ; p.-oil, oil from seeds 
 of this, used in medicine & for lamps, [f. Sing- 
 halese puna] 
 
 poo'nah, a. P. painting (on rice or other thin 
 paper in imitation of oriental work); p. brush, 
 paper, (used for this). [P., Indian city] 
 
 poop s n., & v.t. Stern of ship ; aftermost & 
 highest deck; (v.t., of wave) break over stern 
 of (ship), (of ship) receive (wave) over stern. 
 Hence (-)poo*pED 2 a. [f . OF p upe f . LL puppa 
 f; hpuppis] 
 
 poop 2 . See pope 9 . 
 
 poop, a. Wanting means to procure com- 
 forts or necessaries of life, needy, indigent ; ill 
 supplied, deficient, (in a possession or quality); 
 (of soil) unproductive ; scanty, inadequate, less 
 than is expected, as the crop was p., a p. three 
 iveeks' holiday; paltry, sorry, as that is a p. 
 consolation ; spiritless, despicable, as he is a p. 
 creature ; humble, insignificant, (often iron, or 
 facet., as in my p. opinion)', (expr. pity or sym- 
 pathy) unfortunate, hapless, as p. fellow !, the 
 p. child is inconsolable ; the p., (esp.) those de- 
 pendent on charitable or parochial relief; p.- 
 box, money-box esp. in church for relief of 
 the p.; p.-house, workhouse ; p.-law (relating 
 to support of paupers) ; p. man's weather-glass, 
 pimpernel ; p.-rate, rate, assessment, for relief 
 orsupportofthep.; p.-spmYed, timid, cowardly. 
 [ME & OF pov(e)re, poure, f. hpauper] 
 
 poor*ly,adv. & pred. a. Scantily, defectively ; 
 with no great success ; meanly, contemptibly ; 
 (pred. a.) unwell, as he is (looking) very p. [prec. 
 + -ly 2 ; pred. a. prob. orig. adv.] 
 
 poop'ness, n. ■ Defectiveness ; lack of some 
 good quality or constituent, [poor + -ness] 
 
POP 
 
 638 
 
 PORISM 
 
 pop 1 , v.i. & t. Make small quick explosive 
 sound as of cork when drawn ; let off (firearm 
 &c) ; fire gun (at bird &c.) ; put (thing in, out, 
 down, &c.) quickly or suddenly; move, go, 
 come, (in &c.) thus ; put (question) abruptly, 
 esp. (colloq.) p. the question, propose marriage; 
 (slang) pawn ; (slang) p. off (the hooks), die ; 
 (U.S.) parch (maize) till it bursts open, p.-corn, 
 maize so parched ; p.-gun, child's toy gun shoot- 
 ing pellets by compression of air with piston, 
 (contempt.) inefficient fire-arm; p.-shop, pawn- 
 broker's shop, [imit.] 
 
 pop 2 , n., adv., int. Abrupt explosive sound ; 
 dot, spot, esp. in marking sheep, &c; (colloq.) 
 effervescing drink, esp. ginger-beer or cham- 
 pagne ; (slang) pawning, esp. in p., in pawn ; 
 (int. or adv.) heard it go (make the sound) p .', 
 p. goes the weasel, country dance in which 
 dancer darted under arms of others to his part- 
 ner, [as prec] 
 
 pop 3 , n. (colloq.). Popular concert, as Satur- 
 day pp. [abbr.] 
 
 pope l t n. Bishop of Rome as head of Roman 
 Catholic Church; (fig.) person assuming or 
 credited with infallibility &c; P. Joan, fabu- 
 lous female p., a card-game ; p.'s eye, lymphatic 
 gland surrounded with fat in middle of leg of 
 mutton; p.'s head, round long-handled broom; 
 p.'s nose. = parson's nose. Hence po'peDOM 
 n., po'peLESS a. [OE papa f. eccl. L papa f. 
 late Gk papas = Gk pappas father, cf. papa] 
 
 pope 2 , n. Parish priest of Greek Church in 
 Russia &c. _[f. Russ. popit f. Gk as prec] 
 
 pope 3 , poop, n., & v.t. Place in thigh on 
 which blow is painful or paralysing, esp. take 
 person's p., strike this ; (v.t.) take the p. of. [?] 
 
 pd'pery, n. Papal system, Roman Catholic 
 religion, (in hostile use), [f. pope l + -erv] 
 
 pd'pinjay, n. (Archaic) parrot; (Hist.) 
 figure of parrot on pole as mark to shoot at ; 
 conceited person ; (dial.) green woodpecker, [f. 
 OF papingay &c, cf. med. Gk papagas, Arab. 
 babagha, prob. imit. & of Afr. orig.] 
 
 po'pish, a. Of popery, papistical. Hence 
 po'pishLY 2 adv. [f. pope * + -ish l ] 
 
 po'plap, n. Genus of large trees of rapid 
 growth (often w. allusion to straightness of 
 trunk) ; trembling p., aspen, [f. OF poplier f. 
 L populus + -ier] 
 
 po'plin, n. Woven fabric of silk warp & 
 worsted weft with corded surface, now made 
 chiefly in Ireland, [f. F popeline f. It. papalina 
 papal, from the papal town Avignon where it 
 was made] 
 
 popli'teal, a. Of the ham, of the hollow at 
 back of knee, as p. artery, tendons (hamstrings). 
 [f. L poples -itis ham, see -al] 
 
 po'ppet, n. (Now dial.) small person, esp. as 
 term of endearment ; lathe-head ; (Naut.) short 
 
 ffiece of wood for various purposes ; p.-head, 
 athe-head, (Mining) frame at top of shaft sup- 
 fjorting pulleys for ropes used in hoisting, [ear- 
 ier form of puppet] 
 
 po'pping', n. In vbl senses; (Crick.) p. -crease 
 [perh. = striking-crease], line 4 feet in front of & 
 parallel to wicket within which batsman must 
 stand. f-iNG 1 ] 
 
 po'pple, v.i., & n. (Of water) tumble about, 
 toss to & fro; (n.) rolling, tossing, ripple. 
 Hence po*pplY 2 a. [prob. imit.] 
 po'ppy, n. Genus of herbs having milky 
 juice with narcotic properties & showy flowers 
 of scarlet or ether colour ; opium p., species 
 from which opium is obtained; p.-head, seed 
 capsule of p., (Arch.) ornamental top to end of 
 church seat. Hencepo*ppiED 2 a. [OE popaeg, 
 papoeg, ult. f. ~Lpapave7*] 
 po'psy(-wopsy), n. An endearing appella- 
 
 tion for a girl. [prob. f. pop abbr. of poppet, 
 with dim. suf.] 
 
 po'pulace (-as), n. The common people ; the 
 rabble. IF, f. It. popolaccio (popolo people •+- 
 -accio pejorative suf. as -aceous)] 
 
 po'pular, a. Of, carried on by, the people, 
 as p. election, meetings, tumult ; adapted to 
 the understanding, taste, or means, of the 
 people, as in p. language, p. science, at p. (low) 
 prices; liked, admired, by the people or by 
 people generally, as p. preachers, the p. hero, 
 so popula'prrv n.; prevalent among the peo- 
 ple, as p. fallacies. Hence po'pulaPLY 2 adv. 
 [f. ttpopularis (as people, see -ak 1 )] 
 
 po'pulapize, v.t. Make popular, cause (per- 
 son, principle, &c.) to be generally known or 
 liked; extend (suffrage &c.) to the common 
 people; present (technical subject &c.) in popu- 
 lar form. Hence popularizA'TiON n. J-ize] 
 
 po'pulate, v.t. Inhabit, form the population 
 of, (country, town, &c.) ; supply with inhabi- 
 tants, as a densely populated district, [f. LL 
 populare (as people)] 
 
 population, n. Degree in which place is 
 populated ; total ni mber of inhabitants, [f. LL 
 populatio (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 pd'pulist, n. Adherent of U.S. political 
 party aiming at public control of railways, 
 graduated income-tax, &c, formed 1892 : ad- 
 herent of Russian political party advocating 
 collectivism. So po'puliSM n., populi'stic 
 a. [f. L populus PEOPLE + -1ST] 
 
 po'pulous, a. Thickly inhabited. Hence 
 po'pulousxESS n. [f. L populosus (as peo- 
 ple, see -ous)] 
 
 pop'beagle, n. Mackerel-shark. [Cornish 
 dial., etym. dub.] 
 
 pop'eelain (-slin, -silan), n. Fine kind of 
 earthenware with translucent body & trans- 
 parent glaze ; thing made of this ; (fig., attrib.) 
 delicate, fragile ; p. shell, cowrie ; p.-clay* 
 kaolin. Hence or cogn. pop'eelainous (-slin-), 
 popcella'nEOUs, popeella'nic, popce'l- 
 lanous, aa. [f. F porcelaine Venus shell, por- 
 celain, f. It. porcellana (porcella dim. of porco 
 hog f. hporcus, from resemblance of the shell 
 to hog's back)] 
 
 pop*eelainize,v.t. Convert (clay, shale, &c.) 
 into porcelain or similar substance, [-ize] 
 
 porch, n. Covered approach to entrance of 
 building; the P., colonnade at Athens to which 
 Zeno & his disciples resorted, (hence) Stoic 
 school or philosophy (cf. academy, garden, 
 lvceum). Hence popehED 2 , pop'chLESs, aa. 
 [f. F porche f. L porticus] 
 
 pop'eine, a. Of or like swine. [F (-in, -ine), 
 f. L porcinus ( porcus hog, see -ine j )] 
 
 pop'cupine, n. Rodent quadruped with 
 body & tail covered with erectile spines ; kinds 
 of machine with many spikes or teeth, e.g. for 
 heckling flax &c; (attrib., applied to animals 
 with spines &c) p. ant-eater, crab, fish, grass. 
 Hence pop'cupiniSH l . pop'cupin y 2 , aa. [f. 
 OF pore espin ult. f. L porcus hog + spina 
 thorn ; earlier also porkenpick f. F porc-tpic (L 
 spicus = spica spike) & porpentine] 
 
 pore 1 , n. Minute opening (esp. in skin of 
 animal body) through which fluids may pass. 
 [F, f. L f. Gk poros passage, pore] 
 
 pope 2 , v.i. & t. P. over, be absorbed in study- 
 ing (book &c), (fig.) meditate, think intently 
 upon, (subject); (archaic) look intently at, on* 
 over; p. one's eyes out, tire them by close read- 
 ing. (MEpuren., etym. dub.] 
 
 popgre, v.t. (Jew. ritual). Make (slaughtered 
 beast) ceremonially clean by removing sinews 
 &c. Hence pop'gER 1 n. [prob. f. L as purge], 
 
 pop'ism (or po'r-), n. (math.). Proposition 
 
PORK 
 
 639 
 
 concerned with the conditions that will render 
 a given problem capable of innumerable solu- 
 tions ; corollary. So popisma'tic, popi'stic, 
 aa. [f. L f. Gk porisma -matos (porizo deduce 
 f. poros way, see -m)] 
 
 pork, n. Flesh (esp. fresh) of swine used as 
 food ; p.-butcher, one who slaughters pigs for 
 sale; p. -pie (of minced &c. v.);p.-pie hat (with 
 flat crown & brim turned up all round), [f. F 
 pore f. L porcus hog] 
 
 por'ker, n. Pig raised for food ; young fat- 
 tened hog, so pop'kET 1 n. [prec. + -er 1 ] 
 
 pop'kling - , n. Young or small pig. [-ling 1 ] 
 
 pop'ky, a. Of, like, pork, esp. (colloq.) fleshy, 
 fat. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 porno- in comb. = Gk pome harlot, as: 
 -cracy, dominant influence of harlots, esp. in 
 government of Rome in 10th c; -graphy, de- 
 scription of manners &c. of harlots, treatment 
 of obscene subjects in literature, such litera- 
 ture, so -grapher n., -gra'phic a. 
 
 pop'opla'stic (or poT-), a. (surg.). (Of felt) 
 both porous & plastic, [as pore + plastic] 
 
 porous, a. Full of pores (lit. & fig.). Hence 
 or cogn. popo"sity, pop'ousness, nn. [-ous] 
 
 pop'phy py, n. Hard rock anciently quarried 
 in Egypt, composed of crystals of white or red 
 felspar in red ground-mass ; (Geol.) unstratified 
 or igneous rock having homogeneous base in 
 which crystals of one or more minerals are dis- 
 seminated, [ult. f. Gkporphuros purple] 
 
 pop'poise (-us), n. Cetaceous mammal five 
 feet long with blunt rounded snout, [f. OF 
 porpeis f . L porcus hog + piscis fish] 
 
 poppa'ceous (-shws), a. Leek-green, [f. L 
 porraceus (porrum leek, see -aceous)] 
 
 poppe'et, v.t. (Nat. Hist.) stretch out (part 
 of body) ; (Eccl. Law) tender, submit, (docu- 
 ment), [f. hporrigere -rect- (por- PRO-+regere 
 direct)] 
 
 pd'ppidg'e, n. Soft food made by stirring 
 oatmeal or other meal or cereal in boiling 
 water or milk ; keep one's breath to cool one's 
 
 fj., keep one's advice &c. for one's own use. 
 altered f. pottage] 
 
 poppi'g'O, n. (path.). Scaly eruption of scalp. 
 So poppi'ginous a. [L, gen. -ginis] 
 
 pd'PPingeP, n. Small basin from which 
 soup &c. is eaten esp. by children, [earlier po- 
 tagerfas porridge, see -er 1 ); for -n- cf. pas- 
 senger, messenger] 
 
 port 1 , n. Harbour (lit. & fig.) ; town, place, 
 possessing harbour, esp. one where customs 
 officers are stationed ; (in proper names) P. 
 Arthur, Said, Sec; free p., one open for mer- 
 chants of all nations to load & unload in, (also) 
 exemption for imports or exports ; close p. 
 (lying up river) ; cinque ports ; p.-admiral 
 <in command of naval p.). [OE, f. Jjportus] 
 
 port 2 , n. Gate, gateway, esp. of walled town 
 <chiefly Sc.) ; (Naut.) opening in side of ship for 
 entrance, loading, &c, (also) ■= p.-hole ; (Mech.) 
 aperture for passage of steam, water, &c; 
 curved mouthpiece of some bridle-bits ; p.-hole, 
 aperture in ship's side for admission of light & 
 air, or (formerly) for pointing cannon through, 
 [f. F porte f. L porta gate] 
 
 port 3 , n. External deportment, carriage, 
 bearing. [F, as foil.] 
 
 port 4 , v.t. (mil.). Carry (rifle, sword) diagon- 
 ally across & close to the body, with barrel or 
 blade opposite middle of left shoulder, esp. p. 
 arms .'. [f. F porter f. L portare carry] 
 
 port 5 , n., & v.t. & i., (naut.). (Also larboard) 
 left-hand side of ship looking forward (cf. star- 
 board), as put the helm top. or a-p.\ (attrib.) 
 on your p. (left) bow &c; (v.t.) turn (helm or 
 abs.) to left side of ship ; (v.i., of ship) turn to 
 
 PORTION 
 
 vb 
 
 her p. side. [etym. dub.; perh. f. port 
 earlier than n.J 
 
 port 6 , n. Strong sweet dark-red wine of 
 Portugal, [shortened f. Oporto, city of Portugal] 
 
 portable, a. Movable, convenient for carry- 
 ing, as p. furnace, railway. Hence poptaBr- 
 lit v n. [F, f. L portabilis ( pcrtare carry, -ble)] 
 
 pop'tagre (-ij), n., & v.t. Carrying, carriage ; 
 cost of this; mariner's p., space allowed to 
 mariner for own venture or to be let by him 
 for freight in lieu of wages ; carrying of boats 
 or goods between two lakes or rivers, place at 
 which this is necessary ; (v.t.) convey (boat, 
 goods) over a p. [F, as port 4 , see -ageJ 
 
 pop'tal \ n. Door(way), gate(way), esp. ela- 
 borate one. [obs. F, f. med.L portale neut. adj. 
 as n. (porta gate, see -al)] 
 
 pop'tal 2 , a. (anat.). Of the porta or trans- 
 verse fissure of the liver, as p. vein (conveying 
 blood to liver), [f. med.L portalis as prec] 
 
 portamento, n. (mus.). Gliding continu- 
 ously from one pitch to another. [It.] 
 
 pop'tative, a. Serving to carry or support. 
 [F (-if, -ive), f. Ij portare carry, see -ive] 
 
 poptcu'llis, n. Strong heavy grating sliding 
 up & down in vertical grooves at sides of gate- 
 way in fortress &c. Hence poptcu'llisED 2 
 a. [f. OF porte colei.ee sliding door (po7'te door 
 f. L porta, see coulisse)] 
 
 Porte, n. The (Sublime or Ottoman) P., 
 Ottoman court at Constantinople, Turkish 
 government. [F (in full la Sublime P.), transl. 
 of Turk, official title of central office of Otto< 
 man government] 
 
 porte- in comb. = F porte- imperat. of por- 
 ter carry in wds meaning ' -case ', ' -holder ', as : 
 port(e)-crayon, metal tube or other holder for 
 crayon ; portefeuille, portfolio ; porte-monnaie, 
 flat leathern purse or pocket-book. 
 
 porte-cochere (F), n. Carriage-entrance. 
 
 popte'nd, v.t. Foreshow, foreshadow, as an 
 omen ; give warning of, as this portends a re- 
 newal of the conflict, [f. L portendere -tent- 
 (por- pro- + tendere stretch)] 
 
 pop'tent, n. Omen, significant sign ; prodigy, 
 marvellous thing. So popte'ntous a., pop- 
 te'ntousLY 2 adv. [f. L portentum as prec] 
 
 poP'tep \ n. Gate-keeper, door-keeper. [ME 
 & AF, f. LL portarius ( porta door, see -er 2 )] 
 
 pop*teP 2 , n. Person employed to carry bur- 
 dens, esp. servant of railway company who 
 handles luggage, whence pop*tePAGE(4) n.; 
 dark brown bitter beer brewed from charred or 
 browned malt [perh. orig. made esp. for porters]; 
 p.-house, house at which p. & other liquors are 
 retailed, (also) one where steaks, chops, &c, 
 are served ; p.-house steak, choice cut of beef 
 between sirloin & tender-loin. [f. OF porteour 
 f. hportatorem (portare carry, see -or 2 )] 
 
 pop'tfipe, n. Device for firing rockets, ignit- 
 ing explosives in mining, &c [f. porte- -f 
 fire] 
 
 poptfo'lio, n. Case for keeping loose sheets 
 of paper, drawings, &c; (fig.) office of minister 
 of state, [f. It. portafogli (porta imperat. of 
 portare carry + foglio leaf f . L folium)] 
 
 pop'tieo, n. Colonnade, roof supported by 
 columns at regular intervals, usu. attached as 
 porch to a building. [It., f. L porticus (porta 
 door)] 
 
 portiere (portyar*), n. Curtain hung over 
 door(way). [F, f. med.L portaria fern. adj. as 
 n. (porta door, see -ary ] )T 
 
 pop*tion, n., & v.t. Part, share; dowry,, 
 whence pop'tionLESS a.; one's destiny, one's 
 lot; a p., some (o/ anything) ; (v.t.) divide 
 (thing) into shares, distribute out, assign (thing 
 to person) as share, give dowry to. [(vb f. F 
 
PORTLY 
 
 640 
 
 POSSIBLE 
 
 porcionner) f. OF portion f. L portionem (noru. 
 -io) cogn. w. pars part] 
 
 pop'tly, a. Bulky, corpulent ; of stately ap- 
 pearance. Hence pop'tliNESs n. [pout 3 , -ly 1 ] 
 
 poi'tma'nteau (-to), n. (pi. -s, -x pr. -z). Ob- 
 long stiff leather case for carrying clothes &c. 
 when travelling ; (fig.) factitious word blending 
 the sounds & combining the meanings of two 
 others (e.g. slithy = lithe & slimy), [f. F porte- 
 (manteau mantle)] 
 
 portola'no(-lah), n. (hist.). Book of sailing 
 directions with description of harbours &c. 
 (It. (porto PORT 1 )] 
 
 por'trait (-it), n. Likeness of person or ani- 
 mal made by drawing, painting, photography, 
 &c; (fig.) type, similitude ; verbal picture, gra- 
 phic description. [F, p.p. as portray] 
 
 pop'tpaitist, n. One who paints or takes 
 portraits, [-ist] 
 
 pop'tpaitupe, n. Portraying ; portrait ; 
 graphic description. [OF (portrait + -ure)] 
 
 portray, v.t. Make likeness of; describe 
 graphically. Hence portray *al(2) n. [f. OF 
 pourtraire f. L PRO(trahe?-e tract- draw)] 
 
 pop'tpeeve, n. (Hist.) chief officer of town 
 or borough ; (now) officer inferior to mayor in 
 some towns. [OE vort-gerefa {port town,= 
 
 PORT 1 Or 3 + REEVE] 
 
 gop'tpess, n. Female porter l . [-ess !] 
 OPtugue*se(-gez),a.& n. (Native.language) 
 of Portugal, [f. Port, portuguez i. med.Lpor- 
 tugalensis (see -ese)] 
 
 pose 1 (-z), v.t. &i., &n. Lay down (assertion, 
 claim, &c); propound (question); place (artist's 
 model &c.)in certain attitude ; assume an atti- 
 tude, esp. for artistic purposes ; set up, give 
 oneself out, as (the friend of the working man 
 &c.) ; (Dominoes) place first domino on table ; 
 <n.) attitude of body or mind, esp. one assumed 
 for effect, as his philanthropy is a mere p., 
 ■(Dominoes) posing, right to p. [(n. f. F pose) f. 
 F poser f. L pausare pause ; some senses by 
 confus. w. Jjponere place, cf. compose] 
 
 pose 2 (-z), v.t. Puzzle (person) with question 
 or problem, [short for oppose] 
 
 po'ser, n. In vbl senses of prec, esp. puz- 
 zling question or problem, [-er ] ] 
 
 poseur" (-zer), n. Affected person. [Fl 
 
 po'sit (-z-), v.t. Assume as fact, postulate ; 
 put in position, place, as posited by natural 
 agency, [f. Lpouere posit- place] 
 
 posi'tion (-zishn), n., & v.t. Proposition, 
 laying down of this ; bodily posture ; eastward 
 p. (of priest at eucharist standing in front of 
 altar & facing east) ; mental attitude, way of 
 looking at question ; place occupied by a thing; 
 in, out of, p. (proper place) ; situation of vowel 
 in syllable, esp. (Gk & L Pros.) of short vowel 
 before two consonants, making the vowel met- 
 rically long; (fig.) situation in relation to other 
 persons or things, as difficidt for a person in 
 my p.; rank, status ; official employment ; (v.t.) 
 place in p., determine p. of. Hence posi'tion- 
 al a. [F, f. L positionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 po'sitive, a. & n. Formally laid down, 
 artificially instituted, (opp. to natural), as p. 
 laws ; explicitly laid down, definite, admitting 
 no question, as p. assertion, have no p. proof, 
 here is proof p.; (c^pei^o^eoriviiTcedTccmfident 
 hro-pinion, -cocksure ; (Gram.) p. (degree of) ad- 
 jective, primary form expressing simple quality 
 without comparison (cf. comparative, super- 
 lative); absolute, not relative; (colloq.) down- 
 right, out-&-out, as he is a p. nuisance ; deal- 
 ing only with matters of fact, practical, as p. 
 philosophy ; marked by presence, not absence, 
 of qualities (cf. negative) ; (Alg., of quantity) 
 greater than zero (cf. negative), p. sign (+) ; 
 
 tending in the direction naturally or arbitrari- 
 ly taken as that of increase or progress, as 
 clockicise rotation is p.; p. electricity (of the 
 kind produced by rubbing glass with silk, vit- 
 reous) ; p. pole, (of magnet) north-seeking pole, 
 (of earth) south pole ; (Photog.) showing lights 
 & shades as seen in nature ; p. organ, small 
 (orig. portable) organ used to supplement large 
 one in church ; (n.) p. degree, adjective, quanti- 
 ty, &c. Hence po*sitiveLY 2 adv., po'sitive- 
 ness, positi'viTY, nn. [F (-if, -ive), f. hposi- 
 tivus (as posit, see -ive)] 
 
 po'sitivism, n. Philosophical system of 
 Auguste Comte, recognizing only positive facts 
 & observable phenomena; religious system 
 rounded on this. So po'sitiviST n., positiv- 
 i'stic a. [f. F positivisme 'as prec, see -ism)] 
 
 poso'logy (-S-), n. Study cf the quantities in 
 which drugs should be administered ; (Ben- 
 tham's word for) mathematics. Hence poso- 
 lo'g-iCAL a. [f. F posologie f. Gk posos how 
 much, see -logy] 
 
 po'sse, n. Body (of constables) ; strong force 
 or company ;p. comita'tus, body of men above 
 age of 15 in a county, whom sheriff may sum- 
 mon to repress riot &c. ; in 5 p. [L, = to be able, 
 (med.L) power] 
 
 posse'ss (-z-), v.t. Hold as property, own ; 
 have (faculty, quality, &c), as they p. a special 
 value for us ; maintain (oneself, one's mind, 
 sou!, in patience &c); (of demon or spirit) 
 occupy, dominate, (person, &c), as possessed 
 by a devil, you arc surely possessed, (fig.) he is 
 jjossessed by or xoith this idea, what possesses 
 you to think of such a thing?; p. oneself of, 
 take, get for one's own ; be possessed of, own, 
 have. So posse'ssoR 2 n., posse'ssoRY a. 
 [f. OF possess(i)er f. L possidere -sess- (*port- 
 towards + sedere sit)] 
 
 posse'ssion (poz-), n. Possessing; actual 
 holding or occupancy ; (Law) visible power of 
 exercising such control as attaches to (but may 
 exist apart from) lawful ownership ; in p., (of 
 thing) possessed, (of person) possessing ; p. is 
 nine points of the law ; thing possessed ; (pi.) 
 property, wealth; subject territory, esp. foreign 
 dominions ; self-£>. [OF, f. L possessionem (as 
 prec, see -ion)] 
 
 posse'ssive (poz-), a. & n. Of possession ; 
 (Gram.) indicating possession, as p. pronoun 
 (e.g. my, mine, his, ours), p. case (e.g. John's, 
 the baker's). Hence posse'ssiveLY 2 adv., 
 posse'ssiveNESs n. [f. L possessivus (as 
 possess, see -ive)] 
 
 po'sset, n. Drink made of hot milk curdled 
 with ale, wine, &c, often flavoured with spices 
 &c, formerly much used as remedy for colds 
 &c [MEposhote, etym. dub.] 
 
 possi'bilist, n. Member of (esp. Spanish re- 
 publican or French socialist) political party 
 aiming at those reforms only that are immedi- 
 ately practicable, [f. F possibiliste (as possi- 
 ble, see -ist)] 
 
 possibility, n. State, fact, of being possible, 
 as the p. of miracles, cannot by any p. be in 
 time, there is no p. of his coming, it is within 
 the range of p. ; thing that may exist or happen, 
 as' What are the pp. ?, there are three pp. [I. F 
 possibility f. L possibilitatem (possible, -ty)] 
 
 po'ssible, a. & n. That can exist, be done, 
 or happen, as that is quite p., it is scarcely p. 
 to say, it is p. (that) he knows or may know, 
 there are three p. excuses (that may be made), 
 provide against a p. loss of men (that may 
 occur), get all the assistance p. ; come if (it is) 
 p., come as early as p. (as you can) ; tolerable 
 to deal with, reasonable, intelligible, &c, as 
 only one p. man among them; (n.) highest p. 
 
POSSIBLY 
 
 641 
 
 POSTILION 
 
 score esp. in rifle practice, as scored a p. at 800 
 yds ; do one's p., do all one can (imit. of F/aire 
 son p.). [F, f. L possibilis (posse be able, -ble)] 
 
 po'ssibly, adv. In accordance with possi- 
 bility, as cannot p. do it, hoxo can I p.?; per- 
 haps, maybe, for all one knows to the contrary, 
 [f. prec. +-ly 2 ] 
 
 po'ssum, n. (colloq.). =opossum ; play p., 
 pretend to be ill (from p.'s habit of feigning 
 death when attacked). 
 
 post 1 , n., & v.t. Stout piece of timber usu. 
 cylindrical or square & of considerable length 
 placed vertically as support in building ; stake, 
 stout pole, for various purposes ; bed *, door, 
 goal, king, lamp, sign, -p.; starting, winning, 
 -p., p. that marks starting, finishing, point in 
 race ; thick compact stratum of sandstone &c. ; 
 vertical mass of coal left as support in mine ; 
 (v.t.) stick (paper &c, iisu. up) to p. or in pro- 
 minent place ; make known, advertise, (fact, 
 thing, person); (in colleges) place in list that is 
 posted up the names of (unsuccessful students) ; 
 publish name of (ship) as overdue or missing ; 
 placard (wall &c.) with bills, [(vb f. n.) OE, f. 
 L postis] 
 
 post 2 , n. & adv. (Hist.) one of a series of 
 men stationed with horses along roads at in- 
 tervals, the duty of each being to ride forward 
 with letters to next stage ; (Hist.) courier, 
 letter-carrier, mail-cart ; a single dispatch of 
 letters, letters so dispatched ; letters taken 
 from p. -office or pillar-box on one occasion, as 
 I missed the morning p.; letters delivered at 
 one house on one occasion, as the p. has come, 
 had a heavy p. to-day ; official conveyance of 
 letters, parcels, &c, as send it by p.; general, 
 parcel-, penny, p.; p. office or postal letter- 
 box, as take it to the p.; by return of p., (Hist.) 
 by same courier who brought the dispatch, 
 (mod.) by next mail in opposite direction ; (as 
 title of newspaper) Morning P. &c; sizes (about 
 20 X 16 in.) & kinds of writing-paper ; (adv.) 
 with p.-horses, express, with haste, as ride p.; 
 p.-bag, mail-bag ; p. -boat, mail-boat, (also) boat 
 conveying travellers between certain points ; 
 p.-boy, letter-carrier, (also) postilion ; po'stcard, 
 card of regulation size for conveyance by p.; 
 p.-chaise (-sh-), (Hist.) travelling carriage hired 
 from stage to stage or drawn by horses so 
 hired ; p.- free, carried free of charge by p., or 
 with postage prepaid ; p.-haste, n. & adv. 
 (archaic), (with) great expedition; p. -horse 
 (kept at inns &c. for use of p. or travellers) ; 
 po'stman, one who delivers or collects letters ; 
 po'stmark, (n.) official mark stamped on letter, 
 esp. one giving place, date, & hour of dispatch 
 or arrival, & serving to deface stamp, (v.t.) 
 mark (envelope &c.) with this; po'stmaster 1 , 
 official in charge of a p. office, p.-m. general, 
 administrative head of postal service ; po'st- 
 mastership, office of postmaster; po'stmistress, 
 woman in charge of p. office ; p. office, public 
 department for conveyance of letters &c. by p., 
 house or shop where postal business is carried 
 on(GENERALP.O.,p.-o.ORDER,sain'ngrs-&anfc,see 
 save 1 ); p.-paid,on which postage has been paid; 
 p.-town (with p. office, esp. one that is not sub- 
 office of another), [f. Fposte fem. f. It. f. LLposta 
 =posita fem. p.p. of ponere posit- place] 
 
 post 3 , v.i. & t. Travel with relays of horses ; 
 travel with haste, hurry ; put (letter &c.) into 
 post office or letter-box for transmission; (Book- 
 keep.) carry (entry) from auxiliary book to more 
 formal one, esp. from day-book br journal to 
 ledger, (also p. up) complete (ledger &c.) thus, 
 (fig., also p. up) supply (person) with full in- 
 formation, [f. prec] 
 
 post 4 , n., & v.t. Place where goldier is sta- 
 
 F.D. 
 
 tioned, (fig.) place of duty ; position taken by 
 body of soldiers, force occupying this; fort; 
 (also trading-p.) place occupied for purposes 
 of trade esp. in uncivilized country ; situation, 
 employment; (Naval, hist.) commission as 
 officer in command of vessel of 20 guns or more, 
 p. captain, holder of such commission (not of 
 courtesy title or inferior command) ; (Mil.) 
 first, last, p., bugle-call giving notice of hour of 
 retiring for night ; (v.t.) place, station, (soldiers 
 &c), (Mil., Nav.) commission (person) as cap- 
 tain, [(vb f. n.) f. Fposte masc. f. It. posto f. L 
 neut. p.p.' as post 2 ] 
 
 post- in comb. = L post after, behind, in wds 
 f. L ; & as living E prefix, as: -cla'ssical, occur- 
 ring later than the classical period of (esp. Greek 
 &Roman) language, literature, orart; -commw- 
 nion, part of eucharistic office following act of 
 communion ; -co'stal, behind a rib ; -cla'te, (v.t.) 
 affix, assign, a later than the actual date to 
 (document, event, &c), (n., po'st-) such date; 
 -dilu'vian, a. & n., (person) existing, occurring,, 
 after the Flood ; -entry, late or subsequent en- 
 try (for race, in book-keeping, &c.) ; .-exitian, 
 -exitic, subsequent to the Babylonian exile; 
 -fi'x, (v.t.) append (letters) at end of word, (n., 
 po'st-j suffix; -gla'cial, subsequent to the gla- 
 cial period; -gra'duatc, (of course of study) 
 carried on after graduation ; -millennial, of the 
 period following the millennium ; -millennial- 
 ism, doctrine that second Advent will follow 
 the millennium, so -mille'nnialist n.; -natal, 
 occurring after birth ; -nwptial, subsequent to 
 marriage ; -or'al, situated behind the mouth ; 
 -ph'ocene, of the formation immediately over- 
 lying the pliocene ; -tertiary, of the formations 
 subsequent to the tertiary. 
 
 po'stage (-ij), n. Amount charged for car- 
 riage of letter &c. by post, now usu. prepaid by 
 p. stamp, adhesive label to be affixed, or stamp 
 embossed or impressed on envelope &c, having 
 specified value, [-age] 
 
 pd'stal, a. Of the post 2 ; p. order ; p. tinion r 
 union of governments of various countries for 
 regulation of international postage. [F (poste 
 post 2 , see -al)] 
 
 po'ster, n. (Also bill-p.) one who posts bills ; 
 placard displayed in public place, [post 1 , -er 1 ] 
 
 poste restante (F), n. Department in post 
 office in which letters are kept till applied for. 
 [F.prop^ = remaining post] 
 
 posterior, a. & n. Later, coming after in 
 series, order, or time, so postepio'PiTY n.; 
 hinder, whence postep'ioPLY 2 adv. ; (n. sing.' 
 or pi.) the buttocks. [L, compar. of posterns 
 (post after)] 
 
 posteTity, n. The descendants of any per- 
 son ; all succeeding generations, as deservesthe 
 gratitude of p. [f.FposUriUt L posteritatem 
 (asjprec., see-TY)] 
 
 po'stepn, n. Back door ; side way or en- 
 trance; (attrib.)p. door, gate. [f. OF poster ne, 
 -rle, f. LL posterula dim. f. posterus coming 
 after (post)] 
 
 po'sthumous (-tu-h a. (Of child) born after 
 death of its father ; (of book &c. ) published after 
 author's death ; occurring after death. Hence 
 po'sthumousLY 2 adv. [f. L postumus last 
 (post after), in LL posth- by assoc. w. humus 
 ground, + -ous] 
 
 postreous, a, (bot.). Posterior, hinder, [f. 
 L posticus (post behind) + -ous] 
 
 po'stil, n. (hist.). Marginal note, comment, 
 esp. on text of Scripture ; commentary, [f. F 
 postille f. med.L postilla etym. dub.] 
 
 posti'lion, -llion, (po-), n. One who rides 
 the near horse of the leaders, or near horse 
 when one pair only ig used & there is no driver 
 
 21 
 
POSTLIMINY 
 
 642 
 
 POTENTIAL 
 
 on box. [f. F postilion f. It. postiglione (posta 
 post 2 + compd suf.)] 
 postliminy, n. (Rom. Law) right of ban- 
 ished person or captive to resume civic privi- 
 leges on return ; (Internat. Law) restoration to 
 their former state of persons & things taken in 
 war, when they come again into the power of 
 the nation they belonged to. [f. L postlimin- 
 ium f. limen -minis threshold)] 
 po'stmaster 2 (for p. 1 see post 2 ), n. Scholar 
 of Merton College, Oxford. Hence po'stmas- 
 tersmp n. [?] 
 
 post meri'di&m, art v. (usu. abbr. P.M., pron. 
 pe era). After midday, as 3.20 P.AL [L] 
 post mor'tem, adv., post-mortem, a. 
 & n. After death ; (examination) made after 
 death. [L] 
 
 post-6'bit, a. & n. Taking effect after death ; 
 (n.) bond securing to lender a sum to be paid on 
 death of specified person from whom borrower 
 has expectations, [f. L post after + obitus -us 
 decease f. OB(ire go) die] 
 
 postpo'ne, v.t. & i. Put off, defer; treat 
 (thing) as inferior in importance (to another) ; 
 (intr., Path., of ague &c.) be later in coming on. 
 Hence postpo'neMENT n. [f. L POST(ponere 
 posit- place)] 
 postposition, n. Particle, word, placed 
 after another, usu. as enclitic, (e.g. -wards). 
 Hence postposi'tionAL, postpd'sitiVE, aa. 
 [as prec, see -ion] 
 
 pdstppa'ndial, a. (usu. facet.). After-din- 
 ner, as p. oratory, eloquence, [f. post- 4- L 
 prandium lunch + -al] 
 
 post* script, n. (abbr. P.S.). Additional para- 
 graph esp. at end of letter after signature, [f. L 
 postscriptum neut. p.p. of POST(sc?*ifte?*e write)] 
 pd'stulant, n. Candidate esp. for admission 
 into religious order. [F (as foil., see -ant)] 
 po'stulate 1 (-at), n. Thing claimed or as- 
 sumed as basis of reasoning, fundamental con- 
 dition ; pre-requisite; (Geom.) claim to take for 
 granted the possibility of simple operation, e.g. 
 of drawing straight line between any two 
 points, [as foil., see -ate 2 ] 
 po'stulate 2 , v.t. & i. Demand, require, claim, 
 take for granted (thing, that, to do) ; stipulate 
 for', (Eccl. Law) nominate or elect subject to 
 superior sanction. Sc postulA'TioN, po'stu- 
 latOR 2 , nn. [f. L postulare demand, -ate s ] 
 po'sture, n., & v.t. & i. Carriage, attitude 
 of body or mind; condition, state, (of affairs 
 &c); p.-makcr, acrobat, contortionist ; p. -mas- 
 ter, teacher of callisthenics; (v.t.) dispose the 
 limbs of (person) in particular way; (v.i.) as- 
 sume p. (lit. & fig.). Hence po'stuPAL a., 
 po'stupER 1 n. [(vb f. n.) F, f. L positura 
 (ponere posit- place, see -ure)] 
 po*sy (-zi), n. (archaic). Short motto, line of 
 verse &c, inscribed within ring (p.-ri ng) &c; 
 nosegay. [= poesy] 
 
 pat 1 , n. Rounded vessel of earthenware, 
 metal, or glass, for holding liquids or solids, as 
 glue, ink, jam, water Hng, -p. ; suth vessel 
 for cooking; drinking vessel of pewter &c; 
 contents of p., as a p. of porter, honey ; coffee- 
 p.; TEAp.; (also, childish, po)= chamber-/?.; = 
 FLOWER-p. ; vessel, usu. of silver, as prize in 
 athletic sports, (slang) any prize in these ; lob- 
 STER-p.; CHiMNEV-p.; large sum, as made a 
 p. or pp. of money ; (Racing slang) large sum 
 staked or betted, as put the p. on, (also) favour- 
 ite ; big p., important person ; the p. calls the 
 kettle black, person blames another for fault 
 he too has; go to p. (vulg.), be ruined or de- 
 stroyed ; make the p. boil, make a living ; keep 
 the p. boiling, make a living, keep anything 
 going briskly ; p.-ale, completely fermented 
 
 wash in distillation ; p.-belly, (person with) pro- 
 tuberant belly ; p.-boiler, work of literature or 
 art done merely to make a living, writer or 
 artist who does this ; p.-bound, (of plant) whose 
 roots fill flower-p. & want room to expand (also 
 fig.); p.-boy, potman, publican's assistant; p.- 
 hat, bowler; p. -herb, any of those grown in 
 kitchen-garden ; p.-hole (geol.), deep cylindrical 
 hole worn in rock ; p.-hook, hook over fireplace 
 for hanging p. &c. on or for lifting hot p., curved 
 stroke in handwriting esp. as made in learning 
 to write (cf. hanger 2 ); p.-house, ale-house ; p.- 
 hunter, sportsman who shoots anything he 
 comes across, person who takes part in contest 
 merely for sake of prize ; p.-lead, black-lead 
 esp. as used for hull of racing-yacht; p.-luck, 
 whatever is to be had for a meal, as come & 
 take p.-luck with us ; p.-metal, stained glass 
 coloured in melting-p. so that the colour per- 
 vades the whole; p. -shot, shot taken at game 
 merely to provide a meal, shot aimed at ani- 
 mal &c. within easy reach ; potstone, granular 
 variety of soapstone ; p.-valiant, valiant be- 
 cause drunk, so p. -valour ; potwaller, potwallo- 
 per, man qualified as householder to vote (before 
 1832) [f. wall(op) boil]. Hence po'tFUL n. [late 
 OE pott, cf. Du. pot, G pott, F. pot, perh. cogn. 
 w. L potus drinking] 
 
 pot 2 , v. t. & i. Place (butter, fish, minced meat, 
 &c, usu. salted or seasoned) in pot or other ves- 
 sel to preserve it (esp. in p.p., as potted ham); 
 plant (plant) in pot; (Billiards) pocket; bag 
 (game), kill (animal) by pot-shot; (intr.) shoot (at 
 orabs.) ; seize, secure, [f. prec] 
 
 po'table, a. & n. (usu. facet.). Drinkable; 
 (n. pi.) drinkables. [F, f. LL potabilis (potare 
 drink, see -ble)] 
 
 pota'ge (-ahzh), n. Soup. [F] 
 
 pota'mic, a. Of rivers. So potamo'LOGY 
 n. [f. Gk potamos river + -ic] 
 
 pd'tash, (archaic) pota'ss (or po't-), n. An 
 alkaline substance, crude form of potassium 
 carbonate, orig. got by lixiviating vegetable 
 ashes & evaporating the solution in iron pots; 
 caustic p., hydroxide or hydrate of potassium; 
 p.-water, an aerated drink, [early mod. E pot- 
 ashes, prob. f. Du. pot-asschen] 
 
 pota*ssium,n. One of the elements, the basis 
 of potash, a lustrous white metal with slight 
 tinge of pink. Hence pota'ssic a. [-ium] 
 
 pota'tion, n. Drinking; (usu. pi.) tippling; 
 draught. So pd'tatORY a. [OF, f. L pota- 
 tionem (pot are drink, see -ation)] 
 
 pota'to, n. (pi. -oes). Plant with farinaceous 
 tubers used for food ; its tuber ; sweet, Spanish, 
 p., tropical plant with tuberous roots used for 
 food; pp. & point 1 ; (slang) quite the p. (proper 
 thing) ; (slang) p. -box, -trap, mouth ; p.-ring, 
 Irish (usu. silver) ring used as stand for bowl &c. 
 [f. Sp. patata var. of native Amer. batata] 
 
 potee'n, -theen, n. Irish whisky from illi- 
 cit still, [f. Ir. poitin dim. of pota pot] 
 
 po'tent, a. (Chiefly poet, or rhet.) powerful, 
 mighty; (of reasons &c.) cogent ; (of drugs &c.) 
 strong. Hence or cogn. po'tENCE, po'tENCY. 
 nn., po'tentL Y 2 adv. [f . L potens part, of 2>osse 
 be able] 
 
 po'tentate, n. Monarch, ruler, [f. Lpoten- 
 tatus -us (as prec, see -ate 1 )] 
 
 pote'ntial (-shl), a. & n. Capable of coming 
 into being or action, latent ; (Med.) p. cautery, 
 co-rrosive, (agent producing same effect on skin 
 as an actual one) ; (Gram.) p. mood, subjunctive 
 expressing possibility; (Physics) p. function 
 (by differentiation of which the force at any 
 point in space arising from any system of bodies 
 &c. can be expressed) ; p. energy (existing in 
 
 p. form, not as motion) ; (rare) powerful. (N.) 
 
POTENTIALIZE 
 
 643 
 
 POUR 
 
 p. mood, (amount of energy or quantity of 
 work denoted by) p. function ; possibility, as 
 reached its h ighest p. Hence or cogn. poten- 
 tia'liTY n., pote'ntialLY 2 adv. If. LL poten- 
 tialis {potentia, as potent, see -al)] 
 
 pote'ntialize, v.t. Make potential ; convert 
 energy) into potential condition, [-ize] 
 
 potentiate (shi-), v.t. Endow with power; 
 make possible. If. L as foil. + -ate 3 ] 
 
 potentio'meter, n. Instrument for measur- 
 itig differences of electrical potential, [f. L po- 
 tentia power (potent) + -o- + -meter] 
 
 po'ther (podh-, piidh-), n., & v.t. & i. Chok- 
 ing smoke or cloud of dust ; noise, din ; verbal 
 commotion, as made a p. about it ; display of 
 sorrow ; (v.t.)fluster, worry ; (v.i.) make a fuss. 
 [etym. dub.; prob. not connected w. powder] 
 
 potichoma'nia (-sh-), n. (Craze for) imita- 
 tion of Japanese porcelain by covering inner 
 surface of glass vessels with designs on paper 
 .Src. [f. F potichomanic (potiche oriental por- 
 celain, see -mania)] 
 
 po'tion (-shn), n. Dose, draught, of liquid 
 medicine or of poison. [OF, f. hpotionem (po- 
 ius drunk, see -ion)] 
 
 po'tlatch, -laen(e), n. Tribal feast of N.- 
 Amer. Indians given by aspirant to chiefship. 
 [native] 
 
 pot-pourri (popoore"), n. Mixture of dried 
 petals & spices kept in jar for its perfume ; mu- 
 sical or literary medley. [F, lit. rotten pot] 
 
 po'tsherd, n. (archaic). Broken piece of 
 earthenware, [pot 1 + sherd] 
 
 postage (-ij), n. (archaic). Soup ; (fig.) mess 1 
 of p. [f. F poto.ge (pot l + -age)] 
 
 po'tter 1 , n. Maker of earthenware vessels ; 
 p.'s wheel, horizontal revolving disk in p.'s 
 lathe (machine for moulding clay) ; p.'s asthma, 
 bronchitis, &c, (caused by dust in the pottery 
 industry). [OE rottere (-er 1 )] 
 
 po'tter 2 , v.i. & t. "Work in feeble or desul- 
 tory manner (at, in, subject or occupation) ; 
 dawdle, loiter, (about &c); trifle away (one's 
 time &c). [prob. f. obs. pote push, OE potian, 
 etym. dub.,+ -er 5 ] 
 
 po'ttepy,n. Earthenware; potter's work or 
 workshop ; the Pp., district in N. Staffordshire, 
 .seat of pf industry, [f. F poterie (pot 1 , -ery)] 
 
 po'ttle, n. (Archaic) measure for liquids, 
 half gallon, pot &c. containing this ; small 
 wicker or chip basket for strawberries &c. 
 [ME & OF potel (pot *, see -le)] 
 
 po'tto, n. W.-Afr. lemur ; kinkajou. [native] 
 
 pouch ! (powtsh), n. Small bag or detachable 
 outside pocket ; (archaic) purse ; soldier's leath- 
 ern ammunition bag: bag-like receptacle of 
 marsupials &c. : bag-like cavity, esp. seed-ves- 
 sel, in plant. Hence pouchii > 2 , pou'ehY 2 , 
 a a. [f. OXF pouche = OF poche poke 1 ] 
 
 pouch 2 , v. t. & i. Put into pouch ; take posses- 
 sion of, pocket ; (slang) give money to, tip ; make 
 (part of dress) hang like pouch, (intr., of such 
 part) hang thus. _[f. prec] 
 
 poudrette (poodret), n. Manure of night- 
 soil mixed with charcoal &c. [F, dim. of pou- 
 dre powder] 
 
 pouf (poof), n. Woman's high roll or pad of 
 hair ; part of dress gathered up in bunch ; soft 
 stuffed couch. _ [F] 
 
 poulp(e) (poo-), n. Octopus or other cepha- 
 lopod. [F (-pe), as polypus] 
 
 poult (polt), n. Young of domestic fowl, tur- 
 key, pheasant, &c. Jas pullet] 
 
 poult-d0soie (poodeswah'), n. Fine corded 
 (now usu. coloured) silk. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 pou'lterer (po-). n. Dealer in poultry, [f. 
 earlier povlterf. OF pouletier (as pullet, see 
 
 -KR2) + . er 1] 
 
 pou-ltice (po-), n., & v.t. Soft mass of bread, 
 linseed, &c, usu. made with boiling water & 
 spread on muslin &c. & applied to sore or in- 
 flamed part; (v.t.) apply p. to. [ult. f. L puis 
 -Itis thick pap &c] 
 
 pou'ltpy (po-), n. Domestic fowls, e.g. barn- 
 door fowls, ducks, geese, turkeys, [f- OFpoule- 
 trie (as pullet, see -ery)] 
 
 pounce » (pow-), n., & v.t. & i. Claw, talon, 
 of bird of prey ; pouncing, sudden swoop, esp. 
 make a p.; (v.t.) swoop down upon & seize; 
 (v.i.) make sudden attack upon, (fig.) seize 
 eagerly xipon (blunder &c). [?J 
 
 pounce 2 (pow-), n., & v.t. Fine powder used 
 to prevent ink from spreading on unsized paper 
 &c; powdered charcoal &c. dusted over per- 
 forated pattern to transfer design to object be- 
 neath ; (v.t.) smooth (paper, surface of hat, &c.) 
 with pumice or p., transfer (design) bv use of p.. 
 dust (pattern) with p. [(vb f. F ponce?-) f. F 
 ponce pumice] 
 
 pou*neet-box (pow-), n. (archaic). Small 
 box with perforated lid for perfumes, [in Shak- 
 spere ; f. prec, hist, unexpl.] 
 
 pound * (pow-), n., & v.i. (Abbr. lb. = L IWra) 
 measure of weight, 16 oz. avoirdupois, 12 oz. 
 Troy; p. of flesh (see Shak. Merchant of Venice, 
 iv. i) ; (also p. sterliiig) a money of account, 20 
 shillings, now represented by gold sovereign 
 ■diS five pp. (written £5 or 51), Jive p. ten (shil- 
 lings) ; (Hist.) p. Scots, Is. 8d.; pay 5s. in the p. 
 (for each p. owing) ; TENNY-wise & p.-foolish ; 
 p.,five-p., note, bank-note for one p., Ave pp.; 
 p.-cake, rich cake containing a p. (or equal 
 weight) of each of chief ingredients ; (v.i.) test 
 the weight of coins by weighing the number 
 that ought to weigh a p. [(vb f. n.) OE pund, 
 cf. Du. pond, G pfund, f. L pondo p. weight, 
 orig. abl. of *pondus -di = pondiis-eris weight] 
 
 pound 2 (pow-), n., & v.t. Enclosure for de- 
 tention of stray cattle or of distrained cattle or 
 goods till redeemed ; enclosure for animals ; 
 (fig.) place of confinement, (Hunt.) difficult 
 position ; (v.t.) shut (cattle &c, often up) in p., 
 (Hunt.) p. the field, (of barrier) be impassable, 
 (of rider) clear fence that others cannot, [(vb 
 f. n.)OE pund(fold), etym. dub.] 
 
 pound 3 (pow-), v.t. & i. Crush, bruise, as 
 with pestle; thump, pummel, with fists &c: 
 knock, beat, (thing to pieces, into a jelly, &c); 
 deliver heavy blows, fire heavy shot, (at, on, 
 away at) ; walk, run, ride, make one's way, 
 heavily (along &c). [OE piinian, cf. LG piin 
 chips of stone, Du. pain rubbish] 
 
 poundage (-ij), n. Commission, fee, of so 
 much per pound sterling ; percentage of total 
 earnings of a business, paid as wages ; payment 
 of so much per pound weight, [-age] 
 
 pou'nder 1 , n. In vbl senses, esp. instruments 
 for pounding with or in, pestle, mortar. 
 [pound 3 4- -er l ] 
 
 pou'nder 2 , n. Thing that, gun carrying shot 
 that, weighs a pound or (-p.) so many pounds, 
 as a three-p.; (-p.) thing worth, person possess- 
 ing, so many pounds sterling, [pound 1 , -er l ] 
 
 poup (por), v.t, & i. , & n. Cause (liquid, gran- 
 ular substance, light, &c.) to flow, discharge 
 copiously, as p. hot water over it, p. out the tea, 
 river pou?'s itself into the sea ; p. oil iipon 
 troubled waters, (fig.) calm disturbance with 
 soothing words &c; p. cold water on, (fig.) dis- 
 courage (person, zeal, plan); discharge (missiles, 
 crowd from building, &c, often forth, otrt) 
 copiously or in rapid succession ; sendfortli or 
 out (words, music, &c); (intr., of liquids &c.) 
 flow (usu. forth, out, dozen) in stream, (of rain) 
 descend heavily, whence poup'ing 2 a. ; it never 
 rains but it pours, (fig.) events esp. misfortunes 
 
POURBOIRE 
 
 always come together; (fig.) come in, out, &c. 
 abundantly, as letters p. in from all quarters ; 
 (n.) heavy fall of rain, downpour, (Found.) 
 amount of molten metal &c. poured at a time, 
 [(n. f. vb) ME pouren, etym. dub.] 
 pour bos re (poorbwar - ), n. Gratuity, tip. [F, 
 = pour boire (money) for drinking] 
 pourparler (poorparla"), n. Informal dis- 
 cussion preliminary to negotiation. [FJ^ 
 pour*point(poor), pur-,n. (hist.), Stuffed 
 & quilted doublet. [OF (pour-), p.p. of pour- 
 poindre perforate (pour pro- substituted for 
 par per- + poindre prick f. hpuxigere)] 
 poussette (poose't), v.i., & n. Dance round 
 & round with hands joined, as couple in coun- 
 try dance ; (n.) this action. L(vb f. n.) F, dim. 
 of pousse pvsh] 
 
 pou sto (pow), n. Standing-place, basis of 
 operation. [Gk pou sto where I may stand] 
 pout 1 (powt), n. Kinds of fish, as whiting, 
 eel, horn, -p. [OE -puta, cf. Du. puit, G -puttc] 
 pout 2 (powt), v.t. & i., & n. Protrude (lips), 
 protrude lips, (of lips) protrude, esp. as sign of 
 displeasure, whence pou'ting-LY 2 adv.; (n.) 
 such protrusion ; in the pp., sulky, [(n. f. vb) 
 pern. cogn. w. prec, cf. Da. pude cushion, Sw. 
 puta pad, dial, puta be inflated] 
 pou*ter,n. In vbl senses, esp.: kind of pigeon 
 with great power of inflating crop ; (also whit- 
 ing-2J0ut) kind of fish. [-ER 1 ] 
 pd'verty, n. Indigence, want ; scarcity, de- 
 ficiency, {of); deficiency in (a property); in- 
 feriority, poorness, meanness ; p. -stricken, poor, 
 esp. fig., as a p.-stricken language, [f. OF 
 poverte f. L paupertatem (as pauper, see -ty)] 
 powder, n., & v.t. Mass of dry particles or 
 granules, dust ; medicine in the form of p. ; cos- 
 metic p. applied to face, skin, or hair; = GUNp., 
 as smell of p., experience of fighting, food for 
 p.; (v.t.) sprinkle p. upon, cover (with powder 
 &c), apply p. to (hair, or abs. in same sense), 
 decorate (surface) with spots or small figures ; 
 p.-blue, powdered smalt esp. for use in laundry, 
 deep blue colour of this (also attrib.); p.-down, 
 down-feathers found in definite patches on 
 some birds; p.-flask, case for carrying gunp.; 
 p.-horn, p.-flask orig. & esp. of horn; p.-maga- 
 zine, place where gunp. is stored ; p.-monkey, 
 boy employed on board ship to carry p. to guns ; 
 p. -puff, soft pad usu. of down for applying p. 
 to skin. Hence powdepiNESsn., powder y 2 
 a. [(vb f. F poudrer) f. F poudre f. OF poire 
 f. L pidvis -eris] 
 
 power, n. Ability to do or act, as will do 
 all in my p., has the p. of changing its colour; 
 particular faculty of body or mind, as taxes 
 his pp. to the utmost, man of varied pp. ; vigour, 
 energy, as more p. to your elbow! (formula of 
 encouragement or approval) ; active property, 
 as has a high heating p.; government, influ- 
 ence, authority, (over) ; in one's p., under one's 
 control ; personal ascendency (over) ; political 
 ascendency, as the party now in p.; authoriza- 
 tion, delegated authority, as a bill to extend 
 & define their pp.; p. o/ attorney 2 ; influential 
 person, body, or thing, as the press had not be- 
 come a p. in the State ; the pp. that be, consti- 
 tuted authorities; State having international 
 influence; deity, as merciful pp.!; sixth or- 
 der 1 of angels ; (vulg.) large number or amount, 
 as saw a p. of people, did a p. of work ; (Math. ) 
 third, tenth, &c, p. of a number, product ob- 
 tained by multiplying the number into itself 
 three, ten, &c, times, as, the third p. of '2 is 8; 
 instrument for applying energy to mechanical 
 purposes, esp. the mechanical pp., the simple 
 machines ; mechanical energy as opp. to hand- 
 labour, esp. attrib., as p.-lathe, -loom, -mill; 
 
 644 PRAE- 
 
 capacity for exerting mechanical force esp., 
 horse i-p., whence (-)powerED 2 a.; magni' 
 f ying capacity of lens. [ME & OF poer (vb inf. 
 as n.) f. LL potere=h posse be able (potis)] 
 
 powerful, a. Having great (physical or 
 other) power or influence, as p. grasp, horse, 
 mind, ally, book, speech, odour. Hence 
 powerfulLY 2 adv. [-ful] 
 
 powerless, a. Without power ; wholly un- 
 able (to help &c). Hence powerlessLY 2 
 adv., powerlessNESs n. [-less] 
 
 powwow, pawaw, n., powwow, v.i. & 
 t. N.-Amer. -Indian medicine-man or sorcerer ; 
 magic ceremonial, conference, of N.-Amer. In- 
 dians, (U.S.) political or other meeting; (v.i.) 
 practise medicine or sorcery, hold a p., (U.S.) 
 confer, discuss, (about &c.) ; (v.t.) doctor, treat 
 with magic, [f. native powwaw, powah] 
 
 pox, n. Syphilis; CHiCKEN-p.; cowpox; 
 
 SMALL-p. [ = POCKs] 
 
 pozz(u)o!ana (potsolah'na, -tswo-), n. Vol- 
 canic ash found near Pozzuoli, much used for 
 hydraulic cement. [It,] 
 
 practicable, a. That can be done, feasible ; 
 (of road, passage, food) that can be used or tra- 
 versed ; (Theatr., of windows &c.j real, that 
 can be used as such. Hence praetieaBiLiTY, 
 pra'etieableNESS, nn., pra # etieabLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F praticable (pratiquer practise, -able)] 
 
 pra'etieal, a. Of, concerned with, shown in, 
 practice (cf. theoretical), as p. agricxdture, 
 philosophy; p. joke 1 ; available, useful, in 
 practice ; engaged in practice, practising ; in- 
 clined to action rather than speculation, as 
 does not appeal to p. minds; that is such in 
 effect though not nominally, virtual, as a p. 
 atheist, has p. control. Hence praetiea'liTY, 
 pra'etiealNESs, nn. [f. obs. practic n. & a. 
 f. obs. Fpractiquef. LLf. Gkpraktikos (prasso 
 do, see -ic) + -al] 
 
 pra'etically, adv. In a practical manner ; 
 virtually, to all intents & purposes, as there 
 was p. nothing left, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 pra'etiee, n. Habitual action or carrying on, 
 as naval p., the p. of advertising ; method of 
 legal procedure ; habit, custom ; repeated ex- 
 ercise in an art, handicraft, &c, as p. makes 
 perfect ; professional work, business, or con- 
 nexion, of lawyer or doctor, as has a large p., 
 sold his p.; (archaic) scheming, (usu. under- 
 hand) contrivance, artifice, (esp. in pi.) ; (Arith.) 
 mode of finding value of given number of 
 articles, or of quantity of commodity at given 
 price, when quantity or price or both are in 
 several denominations; in p., in the realm of 
 action, as quite useless, would never work, in 
 p.; put (plan, method) in(to) p., carry it out. 
 [earlier practize prob. f. practise, replacing 
 earlier practic (as practical)] 
 
 ppacti'cian (-shn), n. Worker, practitioner. 
 [£. obs. F practicicn (as practical, see-lciAN)] 
 
 pra'etise, v.t. & i. Perform habitually, carry 
 out in action, as p. the same method, p. what 
 you preach; exercise, pursue, (profession); 
 exercise oneself in or on (art, instrument, or 
 abs.), as p. the flute, the piano, music, running; 
 exercise (person, oneself, in action, subject), 
 whence pra'etiSED J a.; (archaic) scheme, con- 
 trive, as when first we p. to deceive ; p. (up)on, 
 impose upon, take advantage of, (person, his 
 credulity &c). [f. OF pra(c)tiser, -tiquer, f. 
 med.L practicare (as practical)] 
 
 praeti'tioner (-shoner), n. Professional or 
 practical worker, esp. in medicine ; general p. 
 (in both medicine & surgery), [erron. f. prac- 
 tician + -ER 1 ] 
 
 prae-, pref., the L form of pre-, kept only in 
 a few wds. 
 
PRAECOCIAL 
 
 645 
 
 PRE- 
 
 ppaecd'eial (-shal), a. (Of birds) whose young 
 can feed themselves as soon as hatched, [as 
 precocious, see -al] 
 
 praemunire,\\. (law). YVritchargingsheriff 
 to summon person accused of asserting or main- 
 taining papal jurisdiction in England; Statute 
 of p. (of 16th Richard II, on which the writ is 
 based). [med.L, = L PRAE(»ionere warn), the 
 wds p. facias warn^so-&-so to appear) occur- 
 ring in the writ] 
 
 praeno'men, n. (Rom. ant.). First or per- 
 sonal name (e.g. Marcus Tullius Cicero). 
 
 [PRAE-, Cf. COGNOMEN] 
 
 praepo'stor, pre-, n. (pub. school). = pre- 
 fect, monitor, [syncop. f. praepositor f. L 
 T>RAE.(ponere posit- place) set over, see -OR 2 ; 
 irreg. altered f. L p.p. -tus] 
 
 prae'top, n. (Rom. hist.). (Orig.) Roman 
 consul as leader of army ; (later) annually elect- 
 ed magistrate performing some duties of consul. 
 Hence praetor'iAL a., prae'torsmp n. [L, 
 f. FRAEyire it- go)] 
 
 praetor'ian, pre-, a. & n. Of a praetor; of 
 the body-guard of Roman general or emperor ; 
 (n.) man of p. rank, soldier of p. guard, [f. L 
 praetorianus (as prec., see -an)] 
 
 ppagma'tieCal), aa. Meddlesome; dog- 
 matic ; of pragmatism ; (4c) treating facts of 
 history with reference to their practical les- 
 sons ; i-ic) of the affairs of a State (p. sanction, 
 imperial or royal ordinance issued as funda- 
 mental law, esp. that of Charles VI in 1724 set- 
 tling Austrian succession). Hence pragma- 
 tica'liTV n., ppagma'tiealLV 2 adv. [f. F 
 pragmatique f. L f. Gk jwagmatikos (pragma 
 -matos deed f. p7*asso do), -ic, -al] 
 
 ppa'gmatism, n. Ofiiciousness; pedantry; 
 matter-of-fact treatment of things; (Philos.) 
 doctrine that estimates any assertion solely by 
 its practical bearing upon human interests. So 
 ppa'gmatiST n., ppag-mati'stic a. [f. Gk 
 pragma, see prec. & -ism] 
 
 ppa'gmatize, v.t. Represent as real ; ra- 
 tionalize (myth), [as prec, see -ize] 
 
 ppaip'ie, n. Large treeless tract of level or 
 undulating grass-land ; p. -chicken, -hen, N.- 
 Amer. kind of grouse; p.-dog, N.-Amer. rodent 
 of squirrel family with bark like dog's. [F, f . 
 Rom. ~prataria (L pratum meadow, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 ppaise (-z), v.t., & n. Express warm appro- 
 bation of, commend the merits of, (person, 
 thing) ; glorify, extol the attributes of, (God 
 &c.) ; (n.) praising, commendation, as won high 
 p., was loud in his pp. Hence ppai'seFUL a., 
 ppai'sefulNESS n. [(n. f. vb) f. OF preisier 
 price, prize, praise, f. LL preciare, pret-, (pre- 
 tium price)] 
 
 ppai'sewopthy, a. "Worthy of praise, com- 
 mendable, (often patronizing). Hence ppai'se- 
 wopthiLY 2 adv., ppai'sewopthiNESS n. 
 
 Ppa'kpit (prah-), n. Any of the dialects of 
 N. & Central India existing alongside of or 
 growing out of Sanskrit, [f. Skr. prakrta un- 
 refined] 
 
 pram 1 , praam, (prahm), n. Flat-bottomed 
 boat used in Baltic &c. for shipping cargo 
 &c. ; flat-bottomed boat mounted with guns. 
 [Du.] 
 
 ppam 2 , n. (colloq.). Perambulator; milk- 
 man's hand-cart. [abbr. of perambulator] 
 
 prance, v.i., & n. (Of horse) rise by spring- 
 ing from hind legs ; cause (horse) to do this ; 
 (fig.) walk, move, in elated or arrogant manner ; 
 (n.) prancing, prancing movement. [?] 
 
 ppa'ndial, a. (facet.). Of dinner, [f. Lpran- 
 dium lunch, see -al] 
 
 prank », n. Mad frolic, practical joke ; (fig., 
 of machinery &c.) erratic action. Hence 
 
 pramkFUL, ppa'nkisHi, aa., ppa'nkish- 
 
 ness n. [?] 
 
 prank-, v.t. & i. Dress, deck, (person, one- 
 self, thing, often out; adorn, spangle, (field 
 with flowers &c.) ; (v.i.) show oneself ofF. [cf. 
 Du. pronken, G prunken, show off, & obs. E 
 adj. prank smart, showy] 
 
 prate, v.i. & t, & n. Chatter ; talk too much ; 
 blab; tell, say, (thing) in prating manner; (n.) 
 prating, idle talk. Hence ppa'tER l n., ppa't- 
 ing 2 a. [(n. f. vb) f. loth c, cf. Du. praten, 
 Sw. prata, Da. prate] 
 
 ppa'tineole, n. Bird like swallow in ap- 
 pearance & habits, & allied to plover, [f. L 
 pratum meadow + incola inhabitant] 
 
 pra'tique ( -Ik, or prate"k), n. Licence to 
 hold intercourse with port, granted to ship 
 after quarantine or on showing clean bill of 
 health. [F, = practice, intercourse] 
 
 ppa'ttle, v.i. & t, & n. Talk in childish or 
 artless fashion ; say (thing) thus; (n.) childish 
 chatter, small talk. Hence ppa'ttlER* n., 
 ppa'ttliNG 2 a. [(n. f. vb) f. prate + -le(3)] 
 
 ppa'vity, n. (rare). Depravity ; badness, cor- 
 ruptness, (of food &c). [f. L pravit as (pravus 
 crooked, bad, see -tv] 
 
 ppawn, n., & v.i. Crustacean like large 
 shrimp; (v.i.) fish for pp., so prawniNG ] n. 
 [ME pra{y)ne, etym. dub.] 
 
 ppa'xis, n. Accepted practice, custom ; 
 (Gram.) set of examples for practice. [Gk,= 
 doing, f. prasso do] 
 
 ppay, v.t. & i. Make devout supplication to 
 (God, object of worship); beseech earnestly 
 (God, person, for thing, to do, that); ask earn- 
 estly for (permission &c); engage in prayer, 
 make entreaty, (to God, to person, for thing, 
 for or on behalf of person, to do, that) ; p. (I beg 
 you to) consider &c, what is the use of that, p. 
 (tell me) ?. [f. ^)F prcier f. LL precare (L -ri)\ 
 
 ppayep l (prar), n. Solemn request to God or 
 object of worship ; formula used in praying, 
 e. g. lord's p. ; form of divine service consisting 
 largely of pp., as morning p., evening p., family 
 pp.; action, practice, of praying; entreaty to a 
 person ; thing prayed for; p. -book, book of forms 
 of p., esp. Book of Common P., public liturgy of 
 Church of England ; p.-meeting, religious meet- 
 ing at which several persons offer p.; p.-wheel, 
 revolving cylindrical box inscribed with or 
 containing pp., used esp. by Buddhists of 
 Tibet. Hence ppayerruL, ppayep'LESS, 
 aa.. ppayep'fulLY 2 , ppayer'lessLV 2 , advv., 
 ppayep*fulNESS,ppayep*lessNESS, nn. [ME 
 & OYpreiere f. med.L precaria fern. sing. (orig. 
 neut. pi.) adj. as n. (as precarious)] 
 
 ppayep 2 , n. One who prays, [-er ] ] 
 
 pre-, pref., = med.L pre-, L prae- before (in 
 time, place, order, degree, or importance). Be- 
 sides wds of L orig. pre- as living E pref. forms 
 unlimited vbs & vbl nn., only the more impor- 
 tant of which are given in their alphabetical 
 place. In secondary wds such as those here 
 classified, the pron. is (pre-) & the hyphen is usu. 
 written. 1. Vbs & vbl nn. w. sense 'do, doing, 
 thing done, beforehand ', as : -acquaint ; -ad- 
 7ni'ssion; -admo'nish, -admoni'tion ; -advi'se; 
 -annou'nce(ment) ; -appoi'nt(ment) ; -arra'nge- 
 (ment) ; -au'dience, right (of lawyer at Bar) to 
 be heard before another; -ca'lcvlable, -calcu- 
 late, -calculation; -compo'se; -concer't ; -con- 
 demn; -condition, prior condition, one that 
 must be fulfilled beforehand ; -consider, -con- 
 sidera'tion; -contra'ct v.i., -co'ntract n.; -de- 
 cea'se, (v.t.) die before (person), (n.) such death; 
 -defi'ne ; -digest, render food easily digestible 
 before introduction into stomach, -digestion, 
 this process; -doo'm v.t.; -ele'et, -election (see 
 
PREACH 
 
 646 
 
 PRECIOUS 
 
 also in 2); -enga'ge(ment) ; -esta'blish ; -e'sti- 
 ■mdte v.t., -estimate (-at) n.; -exi'st v.i., -exi's- 
 ilence n., so -exi'stent a.; -i'ndicate; -i'ntimate 
 v.t.; -li'mit v.t.; -mo'tion, motion given before- 
 hand, esp. divine act as determining the will of' 
 the creature ; -ordai'n, appoint beforehand, 
 foreordain ; -perception. 2. Adjj. & nn. w. 
 sense '(person &c.) existing, dating from, be- 
 fore the time of — ', as: -add'mic a., -a'damite 
 n. & a., (one of supposed race) existing before 
 the time of Adam ; -Christian, before Christi- 
 anity); -cla'ssical, before the classical age (usu. 
 of Greek &Roman literature); -co'nqueror,-co'n- 
 quest, before the Norman conquest; -co'nscious, 
 antecedent to consciousness; -election, done, 
 given, before election, as p. promises; -exi'lian, 
 -exl Uc,beHore (usu. the Babylonian) exile ; -yld'- 
 cial, before the glacial period ; -hu'man, exist- 
 ing before man existed; -mille m nnial{ii>m), (be- 
 lief that Christ's Second Advent will occur) 
 before the millennium, so -milleaar'ian, -mil- 
 le'nnialist; -na'tal, existing, occurring, before 
 birth; -pra'ndial, before-dinner; -scientific, 
 before the rise of modern science. 3. Adjj., 
 chiefly anat. & zool., w. sense 'situated in front 
 of ', as : -cor'dial, in front of or about the heart ; 
 -co'stal, in front of the ribs ; -dor'sal, anterior 
 to the dorsal region; -frd'n:al,m front of frontal 
 boneof skull, inforepartof frontal lobe of brain ; 
 -maxi'llary, in front of the upper jaw ; -o'cular, 
 in front of the eye. 
 
 ppeaeh (-etsh), v.i. & t, & n. Deliver sermon 
 or religious address, deliver (sermon) ; give 
 moral advice in obtrusive way ; proclaim, ex- 
 pound, (the Gospel, Christ, that, &c.) in public 
 discourse; advocate, inculcate, (quality, con- 
 duct, principle, &c.) thus; p. zip, extol, com- 
 mend ; p. do en, disparage, putdown by preach- 
 ing or speaking ; (n., colloq.) preaching, sermon, 
 lecture. Hence or cogn. pi»ea*cliABLE a., 
 ppea'ehER 1 , prea'chepsHip, ppea'eh.M ent 
 (usu. contempt.), nn. [f. OF prechier f. L prae- 
 (dicare proclaim)] 
 
 ppea'ehify, v. i. Preach, moralize, hold forth, 
 tediously, [-fv] 
 
 ppea'chy, a. (colloq.). Fond of preaching or 
 holding forth. Hence ppea-ehix ess n. [-v 2 ] 
 
 ppea'mble, n., & v.i. Preliminary state- 
 ment in speech or writing ; introductory part 
 of statute, deed, &c; (v.i.) make p. [(vb f. n.) 
 f. Fpreambule f. med.L praeambulum f. hprae- 
 ambulits going before f. PRAE(a?nbulare walk)] 
 
 ppe'bend, n. Part of revenue of cathedral 
 orcollegiatechurchgranted to canon orinember 
 of chapter as stipend ; portion of land or tithe 
 from which this stipend is drawn ; = foil. So 
 ppe'bendALa. [f. OF prebende f. med.L prae- 
 benda pension, neut. pi. gerund, of L praebere 
 grant, = PRAE(hibe?-e = habere have, hold)] 
 
 ppe'bendapy, n. Holderof prebend ; p.-stall, 
 p.'s stall in cathedral or (fig.) benefice, [f. med.L 
 praebeiidar, us (as prec, see -arv ] )] 
 
 ppeeap'ious, a. Held during the pleasure 
 of another, asp. tenure; question-begging, taken 
 for granted, as a p. assumption ; dependent on 
 chance, uncertain, as males a p. living; peril- 
 ous, as the p. life of a fisherman. Hence pre- 
 cap'iousLV 2 adv., ppeeap'iousNESsn. ff. L 
 precarius obtained by entreaty {precem prayer, 
 see -arv 1 ) +-ous] 
 
 ppe'eatopy, a. (Gram., of word or form) ex- 
 pressing entreaty; (in wills) p. words (request- 
 ing that a thing be done), p. trust, p. words that 
 are held to be binding. So ppe'cativE a. [f. 
 LL precatorius (precari pray, see -orv)] 
 
 ppecau'tion (pri-), n. Prudent foresight; 
 
 measure taken beforehand to ward off evil or 
 ensure good result. Hence ppeeau'tionARV L 
 a. [f. F precaution f. med.L praecautionem f. L 
 PRAK(cavere caut- beware of), see -ion] 
 
 precede (pri-), v.t. & i. (Of person or thing) 
 go before in rank or importance, as such duties 
 p. all others, sons of barons p. baronets ; come 
 before (thing &c. or abs.) in order, as the words 
 that p. (this paragraph); walk in front of, as 
 preceded by our guide ; c9a\Q before in time, as 
 in the years preceding his accession; cause 
 (thing) to be preceded by, as must p. this mea- 
 sure by milder ones. [f. F preceder f. L prae- 
 (cedere cess- go)] 
 
 precedence (or prise'd-), (rarely) -ey, nn. 
 Priority in time or succession ; superiority, 
 higher position, as takes p. of (is recognized as 
 superior to)a^ others ; right of preceding others 
 in ceremonies & social formalities. [prob. f. 
 
 PRECEDENT 2 , see -ENCE, -ENCV] 
 
 precedent 1 , n. Previous case taken as ex- 
 ample for subsequent cases or as justifica- 
 tion, as there is no p. for this, it is without p., 
 do not take this as a' p.; (Law) decision, proce- 
 dure, &c, serving as rule or pattern, [as foil.] 
 
 precedent 2 (pri-, or as prec. ), a. (now rare). 
 Preceding in time, order, rank, &cc.,a.sconditiou 
 p. Hence ppeee'dentLY 2 adv. [L F pre" cedent 
 a. & n. f. L as precede, see -ent] 
 
 ppecedented, a. Having, supported by, 
 precedent, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 ppeeent (pri-), v.i. & t. Act as precentor ; 
 lead (psalm &c.) in singing, [back-form. f. foil.] 
 
 ppeee'ntop (pri-), n. One who leads the sing- 
 ing of choir or congregation, esp. (in cathedrals 
 of old foundation) member of chapter ranking 
 next to dean, whose duty as p. is now usu. per- 
 formed by succentor, (in those of new founda- 
 tion) minor canon or chaplain. Hence or cogn, 
 ppeee'ntopsHip, ppeee'nTRix, nn. [f. LL 
 praecentori. L PR \K(cinere cent- -canere sing)] 
 
 ppeeept, n. Command, maxim, so ppe- 
 ee'ptivE a.; moral instruction, as example is 
 better than p.; divine command ; writ, warrant; 
 written order to arrange for & hold election ; 
 order for collection or payment of money under 
 a rate. [f. L praecept um neut. p.p. of prae(ci- 
 pere cept- — capere take) instruct] 
 
 ppeee'ptop (pri-), n. Teacher, instructor. 
 Hence or cogn. ppeeeptop'iAL a., ppeee'p- 
 topsmp, ppece'ptPESS 1 , nn. [f. L praeceptor 
 (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 ppeee'ptopy, n. (hist). Subordinate com- 
 munity of Knights Templars; estate, buildings, 
 of this. [f. med.L praeceptoria fem. adj. as n. 
 (as prec, see -orv)] 
 
 precession (pri), n. P. of the equinoxes, 
 (earlier occurrence of the equinoxes in each 
 successive sidereal year, due to) retrograde mo- 
 tion of equinoctial points along ecliptic. Hence 
 ppece'ssionALa. [f. LL praecessio (as pre- 
 cede, see -ion)] 
 
 ppeeinet, n. Space enclosed by walls or 
 other boundaries of a place or building, esp. of 
 place of worship ; (pi.) the environs of; boun- 
 dary, [f. med. L praecinctum neut. p.p. of prae- 
 (cingere gird)] 
 
 precious (-shits), a. & adv. Of great price, 
 costly ; p. metals, gold, silver, (sometimes) pla- 
 tinum ; p. stone, gem ; of great non-material 
 worth, as p. words, privilege, knowledge, blood, 
 of Christ ; affectedly refined in language, work- 
 manship, &c,soppeeio , siTV(-shi-)n.; (colloq., 
 as intensive) made a p. mess of it, a p. sight 
 more than you think ; (ellipt.) my p. (dear &c); 
 (adv., colloq. intensive) took p. good care of that, 
 
 For other words in pre- see pre- 
 
PRECIPICE 
 
 647 
 
 PREDIKANT 
 
 p. little of it. Hence pre'eiousLY 2 adv., pre*- 
 ciousNESSn. [ME & OF precios f. hjjretio- 
 sus (pretium price, see -ous)] 
 
 ppe'eipiee, n. Vertical or steep face of rock, 
 clilr", mountain, &c. If. hpraecipitium tailing 
 headlong, precipice (as precipitous) J 
 
 preei pitate * (-at), n. (Chem.) body precipi- 
 tated from solution, so ppeei'pitaBiLiTY, 
 ppeci*pitANTi2), nn„ ppeci'pitABi.Ea.; (Phy- 
 sics) moisture condensed from vapour by cool- 
 ing & deposited, e.g. rain, dew. [as toll.] 
 
 ppecrpitate 2 (-at), a. Headlong, violently 
 hurried, as p. flight; (of person or act) hasty, 
 rash, inconsiderate. Hence or cogn. ppeei'- 
 pitANCE, ppeei'pitANC v, ppeei'pitateNESs, 
 iin., ppeci'pitateLV 2 adv. las foil., see -ate' 2 ] 
 
 ppeci'pitate 3 , v.t. Throw down headlong ; 
 (tig.) hurl, fling, (person &c. into condition &c); 
 hurry, urge on, (course of events &c.) ; hasten 
 the occurrence of, as served to p. his ruin ; 
 (Chem.) cause (substance) to be deposited in 
 solid form from solution in a liquid ; condense 
 (moisture) into drops from state of vapour & 
 so deposit. So ppeeipitA *tion, precipitat- 
 or* 2 , nn. [f. L praecipitare (as foil.), -ate 3 ] 
 
 ppeei'pitous, a. Of, like, a precipice ; steep ; 
 (rare) = precipitate 2 . Hence ppeei'pitous- 
 LY 2 adv., ppeei'pitousNESS n. [f. obs. F pre- 
 cipiteux f. L PKAE(ceps -eipitis f. caput head) 
 headlong, see-qus] 
 
 precis (pre'se), n. Summary, abstract. [F, 
 = foil.) 
 
 ppeci'se (-s), a. Accurately expressed, defin- 
 ite.exaet; punetilious.scrupulous in observance 
 of rules &c; the p. (exact, identical) moment 
 &e. Hence ppeei'sexESSn. [f. F 2.ricin, -ise, 
 f. L PHAE(videre cis- = caedere cut) cut short | 
 
 ppeci'sely, adv. In precise manner ; (in em- 
 phatic or formal assent) quite so. [-LY 2 ] 
 
 ppeci'sian (-zhn), n. One who is rigidly pre- 
 cise or punctilious, esp. in religious observance. 
 Hence ppeei'sianiSM n. [ian] 
 
 precision (-zhn), n. Accuracy ; arm of p., 
 fire-arm fitted with sights or other mechanical 
 aids. Hence ppeei'sioniST n. [f . L praecisio 
 (as precise, see -ion)] 
 
 ppeclu*de(pri-),v.t. Exclude,prevent,make 
 impracticable, as so as to p. all doubt. So 
 ppeclu'sivE a. [f. L PRAE(cZ«dere clus- = 
 claud^re shut)] 
 
 ppeco'cious (-shws), a. (Of plant) flowering 
 or fruiting early ; (of person) prematurely de- 
 veloped in some faculty ; (of actions &c.) indi- 
 cating such development. Hence or cogn. 
 ppeoo'ciousLY 2 adv., ppeeo'eiousxESS, 
 ppeeo env, nn. [f. L pratcox -cods f. prae- 
 (coqu re cook) 4- -ous] 
 
 precognition, n. Antecedent knowledge ; 
 (Sc. La\v)preliminary examination of witnesses 
 &c, esp. in order to know whether there is 
 ground for trial, [f. LL praecognitio f. prae- 
 (cognoscere, cf. recognize), see -iox] 
 
 ppeconeei've, v.t. Conceive beforehand, 
 anticipate in thought. So preconception 
 n. (osp. = r-rejudice). [pre-] 
 
 ppe'eonize, v.t. Proclaim publicly; com- 
 mend publicly ; summon by name ; (Horn. Cath. , 
 of pope) approve publicly the appointment of 
 (bishop). So ppeeonizA"TiON n. [f. med.L 
 pra°conizare (L p>aeco -onis herald, see -ize)] 
 
 ppeeup*sop(pri-),n. Forerunner, harbinger, 
 esp. John the Baptist; one who precedes in 
 office &c. [f. L praecursor f. prae(c urrere 
 curs- run), see -or 2 ] 
 
 ppecup'sopy, a. Preliminary, introductory, 
 
 serving as harbinger (of). So ppecup'siVE a. 
 
 If. L praecursorius (as prec; see -ory)] 
 
 ppeda'cious, a. (Of animals) naturally prey- 
 
 ing on others, predatory ; pertaining to such 
 animals, as p. instincts. So ppedA 'city n. (as 
 
 PREDATORY, See -ACIOUS] 
 
 ppeda'te, v.t. Antedate, [pre-] 
 
 ppe'datopy, a. Of, addicted to, plunder or 
 robbery ; (of animal) preying upon others, [f. 
 L praedatonus (praedari plunder f. praeda 
 booty, see -ory)] 
 
 predecessor, n. Former holder of any 
 office or position, aswiy, Wiuiani's, j^jj., hist?n- 
 mediate p.; thing to which another has suc- 
 ceeded, as wdl share the fate of its p.; fore- 
 father, [f. LL PRAE(decT6-sor, decease, -or 2 )] 
 
 ppede'lia, n. (Painting on vertical face of) 
 altar-step ; (painting, sculpture, on) raised shelf 
 at back of altar. [lt., = stool, prob. f. OHG pret 
 board + -ell a dim. suf.] 
 
 ppedestinap'ian (pri-), n. & a. (Holder of 
 the doctrine) of predestination, [-arian] 
 
 ppede'stinate, v.t. (Of God) foreordain (per- 
 son) to salvation or to (any fate), to (do) ; deter- 
 mine beforehand. So ppede*stinATE 2 (-at) a. 
 [f. h PR AE(destinare destine), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 predestination, n. God's appointment 
 from eternity of some of mankind to salvation 
 & eternal life ; God's foreordaining of all that 
 comes to pass; fate, destiny, [f. LL praede- 
 stinatio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 predestine (pri-), v.t. Determine before- 
 hand, appoint as if by fate ; (Theol.) = predes- 
 tinate, [as pkedestinate] 
 
 ppedetep'mine, v.t. Decree beforehand, 
 predestine, so ppedetep'minATE 2 (at) a.; (of 
 motive &c.) impel (person 6.G. to thing, to do) 
 beforehand. Hence ppedetepminATiON n, 
 [f. LL VKAV.(determinare determine)] 
 
 pre'dial, a. & n. Of land or farms; rural, 
 agrarian; (of slaves) attached to the land ; (n.) 
 p. slave, [f. med.L praediaLs (L praeaium 
 farm, see -al)] 
 
 ppe'dicable, a. & n. That may be predicated 
 oralfirmed, soppedicanrLiTY n.; (n.) p. thing, 
 esp. (pi. ) Aristotle's classes of predicates viewed 
 relatively to their subjects (viz. genus, defini- 
 tion, property, accident), [f. F predicable (as 
 predicate 2 , see -bee)] 
 
 ppedi'cament (pri-), n. Thing predicated, 
 esp L (pi.) Aristotle's ten categories, whence 
 ppedieame'ntAL a.; unpleasant, trying, or 
 dangerous situation, [f. LL praedicamentum 
 (as foil., see -ment)] 
 
 predicant, a. & n. (Of religious order, esp. 
 Dominicans) engaged in preaching; (d.) = pre- 
 dikant. [as foil., see -ant] 
 
 predicate 1 (-at), n. (Logic) what is predi- 
 cated, what is affirmed or denied of the subject 
 by means of the copula (e.g. a fool in he zs a 
 fool) ; (Gram.) what is said of the subject, in- 
 cluding the copula (e.g. is a fool in prec. ex.); 
 quality, attribute, [as foil., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 predicate 2 , v.t. Assert, affirm, as true or 
 existent, as many truths may be predicated 
 about humanity", we p. goodness or badness of 
 a motive, p. of a motive that it is good or bad ; 
 (Logic) assert (thing) about subject. Hence or 
 cogn. ppediCA 'tion n., ppedreati \Ea., pre- 
 di'eativeLY 2 adv. [f. L PRAE(di'care declare) 
 proclaim, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ppedieatopy, a. Of, given to, marked by, 
 preaching, [f. LL praedicatorius (prec, -ory)] 
 
 ppedi'ct (pri), v.t. Foretell, prophesy, (thing, 
 that, who, &c). Hence or cogn. ppedieta- 
 BruTv.ppedi'etioN.ppedi'etOR 2 , nn., ppe- 
 di'etABLE, ppedi'eti ve, aa., ppedi'etiveLY a 
 adv. [f. L PRAE(dicere diet- say)] 
 
 predika'nt (-ahnt), n. Minister of Dutch 
 Protestant church, esp. in S. Africa. [Du., as 
 
 PREDICANT] 
 
PREDILECTION 
 
 648 
 
 PRELATESS 
 
 ppedile'etion, n. Mental preference, parti- 
 ality, [for). [I. F predilection f. med.L prae- 
 (diligere), see diligent & -ion] 
 
 pre disperse, v.t. Render liable, subject, or 
 inclined, (to feeling, disease, &c, to do), [pre-] 
 
 predisposi'tion, n. State of mind or body 
 favourable to (mercy, malaria, &c. ). [pre-] 
 
 ppedd'minate (prl-), v.t. Have or exert 
 control (over person &c), be superior; be the 
 stronger or main element, preponderate, as 
 garden in which dahlias p. Hence or cogn. 
 ppedo'min ance n. , ppedo'min ant a. , ppe- 
 do*minantLY 2 ,ppedo , minating'LY 2 ,advv. 
 If. med.L *PRAE(dominare dominate)] 
 
 pre-e'minent, a. Excelling others ; dis- 
 tinguished beyond others in some quality. 
 Hence or cogn. ppe-e*minENCE n. , pre-e'm- 
 inentLY 2 adv. [f. LPRAE(emine?is eminent)] 
 
 pre-e'mpt, v.t. Obtain by pre-emption ; 
 (U.S.) occupy (public land) so as to have right 
 of pre-emption ; (fig.) appropriate beforehand, 
 [back-formation f. foil.] 
 
 ppe-e'mption (-shn), n. Purchase by one 
 person &c. before opportunity is ottered to 
 others ; right so to purchase. So ppe-e*mpti ve 
 a. [f. med.L PRAE(e??iere empt- buy), -ion] 
 
 ppeen, v.t. Trim (feathers) -with beak ; (of 
 person) trim oneself, [prob. var. of prune 3 , 
 assoc. w. Sc. & obs. E preen prick, pin] 
 
 ppe'face (-as), n. , & v. t. & i. Introduction to 
 book stating subject, purpose, scope, &c; pre- 
 liminary part of a speech ; introduction to cen- 
 tral part of eucharistic service; (v.t.) furnish 
 (book &c.) with p., introduce (act, speech, with), 
 as prefaced his remarks with a snort, (of 
 event &c.) precede (another); (v.i.) make pre- 
 liminary remarks. So ppefatop'iAL, ppe'fa- 
 tORY.aa. [f. F pre" face prob. f. med.Lprefatia 
 for L praefatio f. PRAE(/ari speak), see -ion] 
 
 ppe'feet, n. (Rom. Ant.) title of various offi- 
 cers, civil & military ; chief administrative offi- 
 cer of French department ; p. ef police, head of 
 Paris police ; (in some public schools) senior pu- 
 pil authorized to maintain discipline. So ppe- 
 fe'etoPAL, ppefeetop'iAL, aa [OF, f. \iprae- 
 fectus i.PRAE(ficerefect-=facere make) set over] 
 
 ppe'feetupe, n. (Period of) office, official 
 residence, district under government, of a pre- 
 fect. Hence ppefe'ctuPAL a. [f. L praefec- 
 tura (as prec, see -ure)] 
 
 prefer*, v.t. (-rr-). Promote (person to office), 
 whence ppefep'MENT n.; bring forward, sub- 
 mit, (statement, information, &c, to person in 
 authority &c, against offender &c): choose 
 rather, like better, as p. water to wine, p. to 
 leave it alone, p. that it should be left, so ppe*- 
 fePABLE a., ppe'fepabLY 2 adv. [f. Yprefirer 
 f. L PRAE(/erre lat- bear)] 
 
 ppe'fepenee, n. Liking of one thing better 
 than another; thing one prefers; prior right 
 esp. to payment of debts ; p. bond, share, stock, 
 (on which dividend is paid before any is paid 
 on ordinary stock) ; favouring of one person or 
 country before others in business relations, esp. 
 favouring of a country by admitting its pro- 
 ducts at lower import duty. [f. F preference f. 
 med.L praeferentia (prec, -ence)] 
 
 preferential, a. Of, giving, receiving, pre- 
 ference ; (of duties &c.) favouring particular 
 countries, esp. favouring trade between Great 
 Britain & her colonies, whence ppefepe'n- 
 tialiSM, preferential i st, nn. Hence ppe- 
 fepe'ntialLY 2 adv. [as prec. + -al] 
 
 ppefep'ped (-erd), a. In vbl senses ; p. shares, 
 stock, &c, preference shares &c. [-ed j ] 
 
 prefigure (-ger), v.t. Represent beforehand 
 
 by figure or type ; picture to oneself before- 
 hand. Hence or cogn. ppefiguPA tion, ppe- 
 frgrupeMENT (-ger-), nn., ppefi'gupatiVE a. 
 
 [f. LL pr ae( fig urare figure)] 
 
 ppe'fix l 3 n. Verbal element placed at begin- 
 ning of word to qualify meaning or (in some 
 languages) as inflexional formative ; title 
 placed before name, e. g. Mr, Mrs, Sir, Dr. [f. 
 L PRAE(figere fix)] 
 
 ppefi'x 8 (prl-), v.t. Add (chapter, paragraph, 
 &c, to book &c.) as introduction ; join (word, 
 verbal element) as prefix (to word), so ppefi'x- 
 ion, ppeFi'XTURE, nn. [f. OF pre( fixer fix 1 )] 
 
 ppefop'm, v.t. Form beforehand, [pre-] 
 
 ppefopma'tion, n. Previous formation; 
 (Biol.) theory of p. (that all parts of the per- 
 fect organism exist in the germ & are merely 
 developed, [pre-] 
 
 ppefop'mative, a. & n. Forming before- 
 hand ; (syllable, letter) prefixed as formative 
 element, [pre-] 
 
 ppe'gnable, a. Not impregnable. [ME & F 
 prenable, see impregnable] 
 
 ppe'gnant, a. (Of woman or female animal) 
 with child, gravid ; teeming with ideas, imag- 
 inative, inventive ; fruitful in results, big with 
 (consequences &c.) ; (of words or acts) having 
 a hidden meaning, significant, suggestive, 
 whence ppe'gnantLY 2 adv.; (Gram.) p. con- 
 struction (in which more is implied than the 
 words express). Hence ppe'gnANCY n. [f. L 
 praegnans -ntis perh. f. prae- +gna- root of 
 (g)nasci be bOrn ; but older L has praegnas -atis] 
 
 ppehe'nsfle, a. (zool.). (Of tail or limb) cap- 
 able of grasping. Hence ppehensi'liTY n. [f. 
 F prehensile f . L PRE(hendere hens- cogn. w. Gk 
 khandano grasp), see -ile] 
 
 ppehe'nsion, n. Grasping, seizing; mental 
 apprehension, [f. Jj prehensio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 ppehisto'pie, a. Of the period antecedent 
 to history. Hence ppehisto'PiCALLY adv. 
 [pre-] 
 
 ppehi'stopy, n. Prehistoric matters or 
 times, [pre-, after prec] 
 
 ppeju'dg-e, v.t. Pass judgment on (person) 
 before trial or proper inquiry; form premature 
 judgment upon (person, cause, action, &c). So 
 ppeju'dgMENT, ppejudieA'TioN, nn. [f. F 
 pr£juger f. L PRAE(judicare judge)] 
 
 ppe'judiee, n., & v.t. Preconceived opinion, 
 bias, (against, in favour of, person or thing), as 
 divest your mind of p., has a p. against 
 foreigners, has a p. in our favour, this is mere 
 p.\ injury that results or may result from, some 
 action or judgment, as to the p. of; without p., 
 without detriment to existing right or claim ; 
 (v.t.) impair the validity of (right, claim, state- 
 ment, &c), cause (person) to have a p. (against, 
 in favour of), esp. in p.p. [(vb f. F prejudicier) 
 f. F prijudice f. L prae( judicium judgment 
 f. judex judge) preceding judgment, prece- 
 dent, damage] 
 
 ppejudi'eial (-shl), a. Causing prejudice, 
 detrimental, (to rights, interests, &c). Hence 
 ppejudi'eialLY 2 adv. [f. L as prec, see -al] 
 
 ppe'laey, n. Office, rank, see, of a prelate ; 
 the prelates ; church government by prelates 
 (usu. hostile for episcopacy), [f. AF prelacie 
 f. med.L praelatia (as foil., see -acy)] 
 
 ppe'late (-at), n. High ecclesiastical digni- 
 tary, e.g. (arch)bishop, metropolitan, patriarch, 
 (hist)abbotor prior. Hence ppela'tic(AL)aa., 
 ppela*tiealLY 2 adv. [f. OF preiat f. L prae- 
 
 latU8 (as PREFER)] 
 
 ppe'latess, n. Abbess, prioress ; (facet.) pre- 
 late's wife, [-ess ] ] 
 
 For other words in pre- see pre-. 
 
PRELATIZE 
 
 649 
 
 PREPOSTEROUS 
 
 ppe'latize, v.t. Bring (church) under pre- 
 latical government, [f. prelate + -izeI 
 
 ppe'latupe, n. Office of prelate ; the pre- 
 lates, [f. F pHlature f. med.L praelatura (as 
 
 PRELATE, See -URE)] 
 
 prele'et (pri ), v.i. Discourse, lecture, (to 
 audience on subject, esp. in univv.). So pre- 
 le'ctiox. prele'etOR 2 , nn. [f. L PRAE(legere 
 lect- read)] 
 
 preliba'tion, n. Foretaste (usu. fig.), [f. LL 
 
 PRAE(ll'6allO LIBATION)] 
 
 ppeli'minapy (pri-), a. & n. Introductory, 
 preparatory; (n.) p. arrangement (usu. in pi.). 
 Hence ppeli'minariLY 2 adv. If. L prae- + 
 limen -77iinis threshold, see -ary x ] 
 
 preclude 1 , n. Performance, action, event, 
 condition, serving as introduction (to another) ; 
 (Mus.) introductory movement, esp. one pre- 
 ceding fugue or forming first piece of suite. 
 Henco ppelirdiAL a., ppe*ludizE(2) v.i. [f. 
 F prelude f. LL praeludium, as foil.] 
 
 ppe'lude 2 (or prilu'd), v.t. &i. Serve as pre- 
 lude to, introduce, foreshadow ; introduce with 
 a prelude ; be, give, a prelude to ; (Mus.) play a 
 prelude. So ppelirsiON (-zhn) n., ppelvrsiVE 
 (-S-) a. [f. L PRAK(ludere his- play)] 
 
 pperaature'( tur ; also pre"m-), a. Occur- 
 ring, done, before the usual or proper time, too 
 early, hasty, as p. decision, decay. Hence or 
 cogn. ppematupeLY 2 adv., ppematupe- 
 ness, ppematup'iTY, nn. [f. L PRAE(matic- 
 
 rus MATURE)] 
 
 ppeme'ditate (pri), v.t. Think out, design, 
 (action &c) beforehand (esp. in p.p.). Hence or 
 cogn. ppeme'ditatedLY 2 adv., ppemedi- 
 tA'TiOM n. [f. L pp.AE(meditari meditate)] 
 
 ppe'miep (or pre-), a. & n. (Now chiefly slang) 
 first in position, importance, order, or time, as 
 secured p. place (in race); (n.)prime minister of 
 Great Britain or British colony. Hence pre'- 
 miepsmp n. [F, = first, f. L as primary] 
 
 premiere' (ar ), n. First performance of play. 
 [F, fern. adj. as prec] 
 
 ppe'mise 1 , -ss(as below), n. (Logic, often 
 -ss) previous statement from which another is 
 inferred, esp. major 2 , minor, p. in syllogism; 
 (pi.) the aforesaid, the foregoing, esp. (Law) 
 the aforesaid houses, lands, or tenements; (pi.) 
 house, building, with grounds & appurten- 
 ances, as to be drunk' on the pp. [f. F jyrimisse 
 f. med.L praemissa (propositio proposition) set 
 in front f. L PP.AE(mittere 7niss- send)] 
 
 ppemrse (pri-, -z), v.t. Say, write, (thing, 
 that) by way of introduction, [f. prec] 
 
 ppe'mium, n. Reward, prize ; amount to be 
 paid in consideration of contract of insurance ; 
 sum additional to interest, wages, &c, bonus; 
 fee for instruction in profession &c; charge for 
 changing one currency into another of greater 
 value, agio; at a p., at more than nominal value 
 (cf. discount 1 ), (fig.) in high esteem, [f. hprae- 
 mium booty, reward, f. prae- + emere buy. take] 
 
 premonftion (-shn), n. Forewarning. So 
 ppemd'nitoR 2 n., ppemo'nitopiLY 2 adv., 
 ppemo'nitORYa. [f. obs. F premonicion f. LL 
 praemonitio f. L pp.AE(monere -it- warn), -ion] 
 
 Premonstrate'nsian (pri-), a. & n. (Mem- 
 ber) of order of regular canons founded at Pre- 
 montre in 1119, or of corresponding order of 
 nuns. [f. med.L Praemonstratensis(Praemon- 
 stratus Premontre, see -ese) + -an] 
 
 ppemop'se (pri), a. (bot., entom.). With the 
 end abruptly truncate, [f. L PRAE(mordere 
 mors- bite) bite off in front] 
 
 ppe'ntiee, n., & v.t. (archaic). = apprentice, 
 esp. p. (tiro's) hand. Hence ppe'ntieesmp n. 
 (archaic), [aphetic] 
 
 ppeoccupa'tion (pri), n. Prepossession, 
 
 prejudice ; occupation of a place beforehand ; 
 occupation, business, that takes precedence of 
 all others ; mental absorption, [f. L xiraeoccu- 
 patio (as foil., see -ation)] 
 
 ppeo'ceupy (pri-), v.t. Engage beforehand, 
 engross, (mind &c), whence ppecreeupiedLY 2 
 adv.; appropriate beforehand, [f. L prae(occk- 
 pare occupy)] 
 
 prep, n. (school slang). Preparation, [abbr.] 
 
 prepara'tion, n. Preparing; (usu. pi.) 
 thing(s) done to make ready (/o?-); make pp., 
 prepare ( f or) ; (abbr. prep) p. of lessons as part 
 of school routine; substance, e.g. food or medi- 
 cine, specially prepared ; (Mus.) preparing of a 
 discord, [f. F preparation f. Lpraeparationem 
 (as prepare, see -ion)] 
 
 ppepa'pative (pri-), a. & n. Preparatory ; 
 (n.) p. act, (Mil., Naut.) signal on drum, bugle, 
 &c, as order to make ready. Hence ppepa'- 
 rativeLY 2 adv. [F (-if, -ive), t. med.L prae- 
 parativus (as prepare, see -ive)] 
 
 ppepa'patopy, a. Serving to prepare, intro- 
 ductory (to) ; p. school (where pupils are pre- 
 pared for higher school); (quasi-adv.) am pack- 
 ing it up p. to sending it by post. Hence pre- 
 pa'patopiLY 2 adv. [f. med.L praeparatorius 
 (as foil., see -ory)J[ 
 
 prepare (pripar), v.t. & i. Make (person, 
 thing) ready (for) ; make ready (food, meal) for 
 eating ; make (person) mentally ready orfit (for 
 news, to hear, &c.) ; get (lesson, speech, sermon) 
 ready by previous study ; get (person) ready by 
 teaching (for college, examination, the army, 
 &c); be prepared, be ready or willing (to do) ; 
 make (chemical product &c.) by regular pro- 
 cess; (Mus.) lead up to (discord) by sounding 
 the dissonant note in it as consonant note in 
 preceding chord, [f. F preparer t L prae- 
 (parare make ready)] 
 
 prepay, v.t. Pay (charge) beforehand ; pay 
 (postage of parcel), pay postage of (parcel), be- 
 forehand e. g. by affixing stamp. Hence pre- 
 pay'ABLE a., prepay'MENT n. [pre] 
 
 prepense (pri), a. Deliberate, intentional, 
 chiefly in malice p., injury purposely done, of 
 malice p., with intent to injure. Hence ppe- 
 pe'nseLY 2 adv. [earlier prepensed p.p. of obs. 
 prepense altered f. earlier purpense f. OF PUR- 
 (penser, see pensive)] 
 
 preponderate (pri-), v.i. Weigh more, be 
 heavier ; p. over, exceed in number, quantity, 
 &c; be of greater moral or intellectual weight ; 
 be the chief element, predominate ; (of scale 
 of balance) sink. So ppepo'nderANCE n.. 
 ppepo'ndePANT a., ppepo'ndepantLY 2 
 adv. [f. L pp.AF.(ponderare ponder), -ate 3 ] 
 
 ppeposi'tion (-shn), n. Indeclinable word 
 serving to mark relation between the noun or 
 pronoun it governs & another word (e.g. the 
 italic wds in : found him at home, wait in the 
 hall, what did you do it for ?, the bed (that) he 
 slept on, won by waiting, came through the 
 roof, that is what I was thinking of). Hence 
 ppeposi'tionAL a., ppeposi*tionalLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L praepositio f. PRAE(ponere posit- place)] 
 
 prepo'sitive (pri-), a. (gram.). (Of word, par- 
 ticle, &c. ) proper to be placed before or prefixed, 
 [f. LL praepositivus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 prepo'sitop. See praepostor. 
 
 preposse'ss, v.t. Imbue, inspire, (person 
 with notion, feeling, &c.) ; (of idea &c) take 
 possession of (person, usu. pass.); prejudice, 
 usu. favourably, whence ppeposse*ssiNG a 
 a. , preposse'ssingx v 2 ad v. , prepossess- 
 ingfNESS, preposse'ssiON, nn. [pre ] 
 
 ppepo'sterous (pri), a. Contrary to nature, 
 reason, or common sense; perverse, foolish ; 
 absurd. Hence prepo'sterousLY 2 adv., 
 
 21* 
 
PREPOTENT 
 
 650 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 ppepo'stePOUSNESS n. [f. L PRAE(posterus 
 comingafter) reversed, absurd] 
 
 prepd'tent (pri-), a. Very powerful ; more 
 powerful than others ; (Biol.) having stronger 
 fertilizing influence. So ppepo'tENCE, ppe- 
 po*tENCY, nn. [f. L praepotens part, of prae- 
 [posse be able)] 
 
 ppe-ppe'ferenee, a. (Of shares, claims, &c.) 
 ranking before preference shares &c. [pre-] 
 
 pre'puee, n. Foreskin, loose integument 
 covering end of penis. So ppepu'tiAL (-shl), 
 a. [f. L PR ak( putiumverh. =Gk post kion penis)] 
 
 Ppe-Ra'phaelite, n. Artist who aims at 
 producing work in the spirit that prevailed be- 
 fore the time of Raphael ; P. Brotherhood 
 (abbr. P.R. B.), group of English artists includ- 
 ing Holman-Hunt, Millais, D. G. Rossetti. So 
 pre-Raphael a,, Ppe-Ra*phael(it)iSM n. 
 [pre- + Raphael + -ite »] 
 
 prere'quisite, a. & n. (Thing) required as 
 previous condition, [pre-] 
 
 prerogative, n. & a. (Also royal p.) right 
 of the sovereign, theoretically subject to no re- 
 striction ; peculiar right or privilege, as it is 
 oui p. to (do), we have the p. of (doing), the p. of 
 fright to show) mercy; natural or divinely-given 
 advantage, privilege, or faculty, as it is the p. 
 of man to drink without thirst; (pedantic) 
 right of giving first vote and thus influencing 
 those that follow ; (Hist.) p. court, archbishop's 
 court for probate of wills &c; (adj.) privileged, 
 enjoyed by privilege, (Rom. Hist.) having the 
 right to vote first, [adj. f. L PRAE(rogativus f. 
 rogare ask, see -ive) asked first; n. f. F pre- 
 rogative f. L praerogativa previous choice, 
 foretoken, privilege, fern. adj. as n.J 
 
 ppe'sage 1 (-ij). n. Omen, portent; presenti- 
 ment, foreboding. Hence ppesa'gfeFUL, a. [f. 
 F presage f. L praesagium f. PRAEisagus pre- 
 dicting)] 
 
 ppesa'g-e 2 (pri), v.t. Portend, foreshadow; 
 give warning of (event &c.) by natural means, 
 as such ideas are held to p. insanity ; (of per- 
 son) predict, (also) have presentiment of. [f. F 
 prbsager, as prec] 
 
 ppesbyo'pia (-s-, -z), n. Form of long- 
 sightedness incident to old age. Hence ppes- 
 byd'pio a. [f. Gk presbus old man + dps opos 
 eye] 
 
 ppe'sbytep (-s-, -z), n. (Tn early Church) one 
 of several officers managing affairs of local 
 church ; (in Episcopal church) minister of 
 second order, priest; (in Presbyterian church) 
 eldei\_ Hence or cogn. presby'terAL. pres- 
 byter'iAL, aa., ppesbytePATE 1 (at), ppe's- 
 bytePSHiP^jin. [LL. f. Gk presbuteros elder] 
 
 Ppesbytep'ian, a. & n. P. church, one 
 governed by elders, all (including ministers) of 
 equal rank ; United P. church, that formed in 
 1847 by union of United Secession & Relief 
 churches, now embodied in the United Free 
 church of Scotland; (n.) adherent of P. system, 
 member of P. church. Hence PpesbyteP'- 
 ianiSM n., Ppesbytep'ian ize(3) v.t. [f. Las 
 
 foil. + -AN] 
 
 ppe'sbytepy, n. Eastern part of chancel 
 beyond choir, sanctuary ; body of presbyters, 
 esp. court next above kirk session, district re- 
 presented by this; (R.-C. Ch.) priest's house, 
 [f. OF presbiterie f. LL f. Gk presbuterion (as 
 
 PRESBYTER)] 
 
 pre'seient (-shi-), a. Having foreknowledge 
 or foresight. Hence or cogn. ppe'seiENCE n., 
 ppe*scientLY 2 adv. [F, f. L PRAE(scire know), 
 see -ent] 
 
 prescind (prisi - nd), v.t. & i. Cut off (part 
 
 from whole) esp. prematurely or abruptly ; p. 
 from, leave out of consideration. If. L prae- 
 (scmdere cut)] 
 
 prescpi'be (pri-), v.t. & i. Lay down or im- 
 pose authoritatively, as do not p. to me what I 
 am to do or how to do it, the statutes p. the prac- 
 tice; (Med.) advise use of (medicine, treatment, 
 to or for patient, for complaint; also fig.); 
 assert prescriptive right or claim [to, for, 
 thing). If. L pra E(scribere script- write) direct 
 in writing, (Law) bring exception against] 
 
 ppe'seript, a. Ordinance, law, command, 
 [as prec] 
 
 prescription, n. Prescribing ; physician's 
 (usu. written) direction for composition & use 
 of medicine ; (Law) (positive) p., uninterrupted 
 use or possession from time immemorial or for 
 period fixed by law as giving title or right, 
 such title or right, negative p., limitation of 
 the time within which action or claim can be 
 raised ; (fig. ) ancient custom viewed as authori- 
 tative, claim founded on long use. [f. L prae- 
 scriptio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 ppesepi'ptive, a. Prescribing ; based on 
 prescription, asp. right ; prescribed by custom. 
 Hence ppeseprptiveLY 2 adv. If. LL prae- 
 scriptivus (as prescribe, see -ive)] 
 
 ppe'sence (z), n. Being present, as your p. 
 is requested, in the p. of a large company ; 
 real 2 p.; place where person is, as admitted 
 to, banished from, his p., in this (august &c) 
 p., in the p. of this (&c) person; the p., cere- 
 monial attendance on person of high esp. royal 
 rank, as remained in, retired jrom, the p.; car- 
 riage, bearing, as a man of (a) noble p.; p. of 
 mind, calmness & self-command in sudden 
 emergencies; p. -chamber (in which great per- 
 sonage receives guests &c). [OF, f. L prae- 
 sentia (as foil., see ence)] 
 
 pre'sent 1 (-z-), a. Being in the place in 
 question (chiefly pred.), as no one else was p.; 
 being dealt with, discussed, &c. as no excuse 
 in the p. case, the p. volume (the book you are 
 reading or I am reviewing), the p. xcriter (I) 
 could not verify this ; p. to (felt, remembered, 
 by) the mind, the imagination ; (archaic) ready 
 at hand, ready with assistance, as a very p. 
 help in trouble ; existing, occurring, being 
 such, now, as the p. Duke of York, in the p. 
 fashion ; the p. worth of (sum that with com- 
 pound interest dating from now will amount 
 to) £100 in 12 years ; (Gram.) p. tense (denoting 
 action &c now going on). [OF, f. L praesens 
 -ntis part, of PRAE(e.s.se be) be at hand] 
 
 pre'sent 2 , n. The present time, the time 
 now passing; at p., now, as do not want any 
 more at p., is at p. in Egypt ; for the p., just 
 now, as far as the p. is concerned, as- that will 
 do for the p.; (know all men &c) by these pp., 
 by this document (now legal or facet.), [prec] 
 
 present 3 , n. Gift; make a /<. of, present 
 (thing to person). [OF (as prec), orig. in phr. 
 mettre une chose en p. a. que/qu'un, put a 
 thing into the presence of a person] 
 
 prese'nt 4 (pri-). v.t. & i., & n. Introduce 
 (person to another); introduce (person) to 
 sovereign at court ; p. oneself, appear esp. as 
 candidate for examination &c; (of theatr. 
 manager) cause (actor) to take part in play ; re- 
 commend (clergyman) to bishop for institution 
 (to benefice); exhibit (thing to person &c). as 
 p. a ragged appearance, presented its front to 
 me ; show (quality &c), as cases that p. some 
 diffiadty; (Mil.) hold (fire-arm) in position for 
 taking aim, also, p. arms, hold fire-arm &c. in 
 deferential position in saluting ; (of idea &c.) 
 
 For other words in pre- see pre-. 
 
PRESENTABLE 
 
 651 
 
 PRESS 
 
 offer, suggest, itself; (La w)bringformally under 
 notice. subruit,(complaint, offence, to authority); 
 aim (weapon at), hold out (weapon) in position 
 for aiming (also abs. p.! as word of command ; 
 offer, give, (thing to person) as present; offer 
 (compliments, regards, to) ; deliver (bill &c. to 
 person &.c» for acceptance &c; p. person with 
 thing, p. it to him ; (n.) act of aiming weapon 
 esp. lire-arm, position of weapon when aimed. 
 i(n. f. vb) f. OF presenter f. L praestntare (as 
 
 PRESENT MJ 
 
 ppese'ntable, a. Of decent appearance, fit 
 to be introduced or go into company ; suitable 
 f or presentation as agift&c. Hence ppesenta- 
 bi'litv n.. prese'ntabLV- adv. 1-ableJ 
 
 ppesenta'tion, n. Presenting; p. (gratis) 
 copy o., book &c; exhibition, theatrical repre- 
 sentation, &c. ; formal introduction esp. at 
 court ; (Metaphys.) all the modification of con- 
 sciousness directly involved in the knowing or 
 being aware of an object in a single moment of 
 thought, whence presenianonAL a. If. LL 
 praesentatio (as present 4 , sue -ation)] 
 
 presenta'tionism, n. (metaphys.). Doctrine 
 that in perception the mind has immediate cog- 
 nition of the object. So presenta*tion(al)- 
 ist nn. [prec + -ism] 
 
 ppese'ntative, a. (Of benefice) to which 
 patron has right of presentation ; serving to 
 presentan h.ea to the mind; (Metaphys.) of (the 
 nature of) presentation. [-ativeJ 
 
 presentee*, n. Clergyman presented to 
 benefice ; person recommended for office ; per- 
 son presented at court ; recipient of present. 
 [AF (as present 4 , see -ee)J 
 
 ppese'ntient (pri ), a. Having a presenti- 
 ment [of event &c. or abs.). [f. L PRAK{sentienti 
 sentient)] 
 
 presentiment (priz-, -s-), n. Vague ex- 
 pectation, foreboding, (of coming event esp. 
 evil), [f. obs. F pre(sentiment)] 
 
 ppese'ntive (priz-), a. (Of word) presenting 
 an object or conception directly to the mind 
 (opp. to symbolic)* [-ive) 
 
 ppe'sently, adv. Soon, after a short time ; 
 (archaic) as direct result, necessarily, as it docs 
 not p. j ollow that he knew, [present 1 +-lv] 
 
 ppese'ntment, n. (Law) statement on oath 
 by jury of fact within their knowledge ; formal 
 complaint of offence made by parish authorities 
 to bishop or archdeacon at his visitation; 
 theatrical representation; delineation, portrait; 
 statement, description, (of) ; act, mode, of pre- 
 senting to the mind. [f. OF presentement (as 
 present 4 , see -ment)] 
 
 preservation (-z-), n. Preserving, being 
 preserved, from injury or destruction ; state of 
 being well or ill preserved, as in an excellent 
 state oj p., in (a state of) fair p. [f F preserva- 
 tion f." med.L praeservatio (as preserve, see 
 
 -ATION 1 ] 
 
 ppesep'vative (priz). a. & n. (Drug, mea- 
 sure, &c.) tending to preserve; chemical sub- 
 stance for preserving perishable food-stuffs, 
 whence ppesep'vatiZE(o) v.t. If. F preserva- 
 tiff.med. L praeservativus (as prec, see -ative)] 
 
 ppesep've J (priz-), n. Jam ; ground set apart 
 for protection of game (often fig.); piece of 
 water for fish ; (pi.) goggles used as protection 
 from dust &c. [f. foil.] 
 
 ppesep've 2 (priz I, v.t. Keep safe (from 
 harm &c); keep alive (name, memory, &c); 
 maintain (state of things); retain (quality, con- 
 dition); prepare (fruit, meat, &c.) by boiling 
 with sugar, pickling, &c, to prevent decompo- 
 sition or fermentation : keep from decompo- 
 sition by chemical treatment &c. ; keep (game, 
 game run, river, or abs.) undisturbed for private 
 
 use. Hence ppesep'VABLE a., ppesep'VERi 
 
 n. [f. F preserver f. LL PRAE(.sermre keep)] 
 
 ppesi'de (priz-), v.i. Occupy chair of au- 
 thority at meeting of society or company (often 
 over) ; sit at head of table ; exercise control, sit 
 or reign supreme, (often fig.); p. at the organ, 
 piano, &c. act as organist &c. [f. F presider f. 
 L PRAE(.sidere = sedere sit)] 
 
 ppe'sidency (-z-), n. Office of president; 
 period of this ; district administered by presi- 
 dent, esp. division of E. India Company's terri- 
 tory (Bengal, Madras, Bombay, P.; not now 
 official). |f. med.L praesidentia (prec, -ency)] 
 
 president (-z), n. Head of temporary or 
 permanent body of persons, presiding over their 
 meetings & proceedings ; head of some colleges ; 
 person presiding over meetings of academy, 
 literary or scientific society, &c; (U.S.) person 
 presiding over proceedings of bankor company; 
 head of advisory council, board, &c, as P. of 
 the Board of A gri cult lire, Trade, &c; Lord P. 
 of the Council, English crown officer presiding 
 at meetings of Privy Council; elected head of 
 government in U.S. & other modern republics ; 
 (Hist. ) governor of province, colony, &c Hence 
 orcogn.ppeside , ntiALa.,ppeside , ntialr.Y 2 
 adv., ppe'sidentsmp n. [f. F president f. L 
 as preside, see -ent] 
 
 ppe'sidentess, n. Female president; wife 
 of president, [-ess 1 ] 
 
 ppesi'diapy (prls-), a. Of, having, serving as, 
 a garrison, [f. L praesidiarius (pracsidium 
 garrison, as preside, see -ary *)] 
 
 presidio (pris-), n. (In Spain & Sp. America) 
 fort, garrison town. [Sp., as prec] 
 
 ppess^n. Crowding; crowd (o/people &c); 
 throng, crush, in battle ; pressure, hurry, of 
 affairs, as the p. of modern life ; pressing, as 
 give it a slight p.\ (Xaut.) p. of sail, canvas, (as 
 much as wind &c will allow); kinds of instru- 
 ment for compressing, flattening, or shaping, 
 or for extracting juice &c; (also print ing-p.) 
 machine for printing; printing-house or -estab- 
 lishment; the art, practice, of printing; in the 
 p., being printed, send, go, come, to (the) p. (to 
 be printed*, correct the p. (errors in printing); 
 Jreedom o the p., right to print & publish any- 
 thing without censorship ; the newspapers gen- 
 erally, asjavourably noticed by the p.; (as name 
 of newspaper) Liverpool P. &c ; large usu. 
 shelved cupboard for clothes, books, &c, esp. 
 in recess in wall; p.-box, shelter for newspaper 
 reporter at cricket match &c; p. cutting ; p.- 
 gallery (for reporters esp. in House of Com- 
 mons); 23rf.s.s'??za?i. journalist, operator of print- 
 ing-p. ; p. -mark, mark, number, in book showing 
 its place in library. [ME & F presse, as foil.] 
 
 ppess 2 , v.t. & i. Exert steady force against 
 (thing in contact), as let a heavy weight p. it, p. 
 it under or with a stone, p. the two plates to- 
 gether; (as sign of affection &c) he pressed my 
 hand, pressed her to his side ; move (thing up, 
 down, against, &c)by pressing; exert pressure, 
 bear with weight or force, (on, against, &c); 
 squeeze (juice &c out of, from, &c); compress, 
 squeeze, (thing) to flatten or shape or smooth it, 
 or to extract juice &c, as 7 ressed beef; (of ene- 
 my, attacking force, &c) bear heavily on, esp. 
 in p.p. hard pressed; weigh down, oppress, 
 (feelings, mind, spirits); (pass.) am pressed for 
 (have barely enough) space, time, funds, Sec; 
 producestrong mental ormoral impression, esp. 
 weigh heavily, (np)on (mind, person); be urgent, 
 demand immediate action, as time presses, no- 
 thing remains that presses ; urge, entreat, (per- 
 son to do, person or without object for answer 
 &c); insist on strict interpretation of (words, 
 metaphor); urge (course, opinion, upon person); 
 
PRESS 
 
 652 
 
 PRETTILY 
 
 force (offer, gift, &c«pon);(intr.)crowd, throng, 
 (wp, round. Sec); hasten, urge one's way, on, 
 forward, &c.). [f. OF presser f. hpressare fre- 
 quent, of premere press-] 
 press 3 , v.t.,&n. Force (man or abs.) to serve 
 in army or navy (also fig., esp. p. thing into the 
 service of); take (horses, boats, &c.)for royal or 
 public use; (n., Hist.) compulsory enlistment 
 in navy or (less usu.) army; p.-gang, body of 
 men employed to p. men. [earlier prest f. OF 
 prest loan, advance, f. prester lend f. L prae- 
 (stare stand) vouch for, furnish, (LL) lend] 
 pressing 1 , a. In vol senses, esp. : urgent, 
 as p. need, danger; importunate, persistent, 
 as a p. invitation, since you are so p. Hence 
 ppe'ssingL v 2 adv. [press 2 + -ing 2 ] 
 pre'ssupe (-sher), n. Exertion of continuous 
 force, force so exerted, upon or against a body 
 by another in contact with it ; amount of this, 
 expressed by the weight upon a unit area ; at- 
 mospheric p. (of the atmosphere); affliction, 
 oppression ; trouble, embarrassment, as finan- 
 cial p.; urgency, as wrote hastily & under p.; 
 constraining influence, asp. must be brought to 
 bear upon him ; high p., (orig.) p. higher than 
 atmospheric (now indefinite, used esp. of com- 
 pound engines in which steam is used at differ- 
 ent pp. in different cylinders, so low p.), (fig.) 
 high degree of activity, speed, &c, as working 
 at high p., highp. work. [obs. F, f. L pressura 
 (as press' 2 , see -urei] 
 
 Pre'ster John, n. Alleged Christian priest 
 & king in Abyssinia or some eastern country in 
 Middle Ages. [f. OF prestre (as presbvter) 
 Jehan priest John] 
 ppestidi'gitatop (j), n. Juggler, conjurer. 
 SoppestidigltA'TlONn. " [f. F prestidigitateur 
 (preste, as presto + L digitus finger, see -or 2 )] 
 ppesti'ge ( ezh, or pre-stij), n. Influence, re- 
 putation, derived from past achievements, as- 
 sociations, &c. [F, = illusion, glamour, f. L 
 praestigium (for -strig-) f. PRAE(stringere bind) 
 blindfold, dazzle] 
 prestissimo, a., adv., n., (raus.). Very 
 quick (piece, movement), fit., super!, as foil.) 
 presto^, a., adv., n., (mus.). Quick (piece, 
 movement). [It., f. LL praestus f. L praesto 
 ready] 
 
 ppe'sto 2 , adv. & a. (Tn conjurer's formulae) 
 quickly, as hey p., pass! ; (adj.) rapid, juggling. 
 [ = prec. ] 
 
 presu'me (priz-), v.t. & i. Take the liberty, 
 venture, {to do) ; assume, take for granted, as 
 I p. that he has seen them, Ip. this decision to 
 be final ', you had better p. no such thing,whencc 
 ppesu'niABLE a., presirmabLY 2 , ppe- 
 su'medLY 2 , advv.; p. (up)on, take advantage 
 of, make unscrupulous use of, (person's good- 
 nature, one's acquaintance with him, &c), 
 whence ppesirmingLY 2 adv. [f. L prae- 
 (sumere sumpt- take)] 
 
 ppesirmption, n. Arrogance, assurance ; 
 taking for granted, thing taken for granted, as 
 this was a mere p.; the (only natural) p. is that 
 he had lost it ; ground for presuming, as there 
 is a strong p. against its truth ; (Law) p. of fact, 
 inference of fact from known facts, p. of laio, 
 (1) assumption of truth of thing until the con 
 trary is proved, (2) inference established by law 
 as universally applicable to certain circum- 
 stances. If. OF presumption f. L praesump- 
 tionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 ppesirmptive, a. Giving grounds for pre- 
 sumption, as p. evidence, whence ppesu'mp- 
 tiver.Y 2 adv.; heir p. (whose right of inherit- 
 ance is liable to be defeated by birth of nearer 
 
 heir, cf. apparent), [f. F presomptif f. LL 
 praesumptivus (as presume, see -ive)] 
 
 presu'mptuous, a. Unduly confident, ar- 
 rogant, forward. Hence presirmptuousrA 2 
 adv., ppesu'mptuousNESS n. If. OF pre- 
 suntueux f. LL praesumptuosus = LL prae- 
 sumptiosus (as presume, see -ious)] 
 
 presuppo'se, v.t. Assume beforehand 
 (thing, that); involve, imply, aseffectsp. caicses. 
 [f. F jprisupposer (see pre- & suppose)] 
 
 presupposition, n. Presupposing; thing 
 assumed beforehand as basis of argument &c. 
 [f. med.L PRAE(.siippos#io supposition)] 
 
 ppete'nce (pri-), n. Claim (to merit &c.) ; os- 
 tentation, display, as devoid of all p. ; false pro- 
 fession of purpose, pretext, as under the p. of 
 helping, on the slightest p.; pretending, make- 
 believe, [f. late AF pretensse, as foil.] 
 
 ppete'nd, v.t. & i. Feign, give oneself out, 
 (to be or do), as does not p. to be a scholar ; make 
 believe (to do, that) in play ; profess falsely to 
 have, as you should p. illness ; allege falsely 
 (that) ; venture, aspire, presume, (to do) ; lay 
 claim to (right, title, &c.) ; p. to, try to win (per- 
 son, person's hand) in marriage ; p. to, profess 
 to have (quality &c). Hence ppete'ndedLY 2 
 adv. [f. L PRAK(tendere tent- later tens- stretch)] 
 
 ppete'ndep, n. One who makes baseless pre- 
 tensions (to title &c. or abs.); Old, Young, P., sow, 
 grandson, of James II as claimants to British 
 throne. Hence ppete'ndePSHiP n. [-er 1 ] 
 
 ppete'nding", a. Making professions.preten- 
 tious. Hence ppete'ndingLY 2 adv. [ing 2 ] 
 
 ppete'nsion (-shn), n. Assertion of a claim 
 (to thing or abs.) ; justifiable claim (to thing, to 
 be or do), as he has no pp. to the name, has some 
 pp. to be chosen as the site, what p. has he ? ; 
 pretentiousness, [prob. f. med.L praetensio, 
 
 tio, (as pretend, see -ion)] 
 
 ppete'ntious, a. (Of person, book, speech, 
 &c.) making claim to great merit or impor- 
 tance ; ostentatious. Hence ppete'ntiousLY 2 
 adv., ppete'ntious \ ess n. [f. F pretentieux 
 f. L *praetentiosus (as prec, seo -ious)] 
 
 ppeter-, pref. = L praetcr past, beyond, in 
 senses 'beyond, outside the range of, more than', 
 as: -ca'nine, more than canine; -hu'man, be- 
 yond what is human, superhuman ; -na'txiral, 
 outside the ordinary course of nature, (also) 
 supernatural, whence -na'turally adv. ; -na'- 
 turalism, system, doctrine, of the preternatural; 
 ■se'nsual, beyond the domain of the senses. 
 
 ppe'terite, -it, a. & n. (Gram.) p. (tense), one 
 expressing past action or state, p.-present 
 (tense), one originally p. but now used as present 
 (e.g. can, may, shall); (facet.) past, bygone, 
 whence ppe'teriteNESS n. [f. L praeteritus 
 p.p. of praeterire pass (ire it- go, see prec)] 
 
 ppetepi'tion (shn), n. Omission, disregard, 
 (of) ; (Theol.) passing over of the non-elect, [f. 
 LL praeteritio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 ppetepmi't, v.t. (tt-). Omit to mention (fact 
 &c); omit to do or perform, neglect ; leave off 
 (custom, continuous action) for a time ;(improp.) 
 leave off. So pretepmi'ssroN n. [f. Lprae- 
 termittere (mittere miss- let go, sec preter-)] 
 
 ppe'text l f n. Ostensible reason, excuse, [f. 
 L PRAEUexere text- weave)] 
 
 ppete'xt 2 (pri), v.t. Allege (thing, that) as 
 pretext, [f. F pretexter, as prec] 
 
 ppe'tone, n. Syllable, vowel, preceding the 
 stressed syllable. So ppetd'nic a. [pre-] 
 
 ppetop &c See praetor &c 
 
 ppe'ttify, v.t. Make pretty, represent pret- 
 tily in painting, writing, &c [-fy] 
 
 ppe'ttily, adv. In a way that pleases the eye, 
 
 For other words in pre- see pre-, 
 
PRETTINESS 
 
 653 
 
 PRIDE 
 
 ear, or aesthetic sense, as p. dressed ; (Nursery) 
 cat, ask, behave, p. (in the approved manner). 
 
 If. PRETTY + -LY 2] 
 
 pre'ttiness, n. Beauty of a dainty or child- 
 ish kind ; pretty thing, ornament, &c; affected 
 or trivial beauty of style in literature or art, so 
 pre'ttyiSM n. [-ness] 
 
 pre'tty (pri-), a. & adv. (Of woman or child) 
 beautiful in dainty or diminutive way ; attrac- 
 tive to eye, ear, or aesthetic sense, as p. cot- 
 tage, song, scene, stor]/ ; fine, good of its kind, 
 as has a p. wit, very j). spoilt, (iron.) a p. mess 
 you have made ; (archaic) fine, stout, as a p. 
 fellow; (archaic) considerable in amount or ex- 
 tent, as earned a p. sum; (ellipt.) my p. (one, 
 child); (adv.) fairly, moderately, as amp. well, 
 find it p. difficult, that is p. much (very nearly) 
 the same thing ; pretty-pretty, overdoing the p., 
 aiming too much at prettiness, (n. pi.) pretty- 
 pretties, ornaments, knick-knacks. Hence 
 pre'ttyiSH l a. [OE praettig (prxtt trick, cf. 
 Du. part, pret, Norw. pretta, see -v 2 )J 
 pre'tzel, b- t n. Crisp knot-shaped biscuit 
 flavoured with salt, used esp. by Germans as 
 relish with beer. [G] 
 
 preux chevalier (F), n. Gallant knight. 
 prevai'l (pri-), v.i. Gain the mastery, be vic- 
 torious, (against, over); be the more usual 
 or prominent, predominate ; exist, occur, in 
 general use or experience, be current, whence 
 or cogn. ppevai'ling-LY 2 , pre'valentLY 2 , 
 advv., ppe'valENCE n., pre'valENT a. [f. L 
 FRAEivalere have power)] 
 preva*rieate(pri-),v.i. Speak, act, evasively; 
 quibble, equivocate. So prevarieA'TioN, 
 preva'rieatOR 2 , nn. [f. L PRAE(raro'caW 
 straddle f. varicus straddling f. varus bent) 
 walk crookedly, deviate, practise collusion] 
 preve'nient (pri-), a. Preceding, previous ; 
 having in view the prevention (of); (Theol.) p. 
 grace (preceding repentance & predisposing the 
 heart to seek God), [as foil., see -ent] 
 prevent (pri-), v.t. Hinder, stop, as this may 
 p. him from writing, p. his (pop. him) writing, 
 wish to p. all dispute; (archaic) meet, deal with, 
 (wish, question, &c.) before it is expressed &c; 
 (Theol.) God prevents (goes before, guides) us 
 withHis grace. Hence or cogn. preve'ntABLE, 
 ppeve'ntiBLE, aa., preve'ntiON n. [f. L 
 VRAE(venire vent- come) come before, hinder] 
 preventer, n. In vbl senses, also : (Naut.) 
 rope, chain, bolt, &c, used to supplement an- 
 other. [-ER ! 1 
 
 preventive, a. & n. Serving to prevent, esp. 
 (Med.) to keep off disease; P. (Coast-Guard) 
 Service ; (n.) p. agent, measure, drug, &c. Hence 
 or cogn. preventATiVE a. & n., preven- 
 tiveLY 2 adv. [-ive] 
 
 previous, a. & adv. Coming before in time 
 or order; prior to; (slang) done or acting hastily, 
 as you have been a little too p., whence pre'- 
 viousNESS n. ; (Pari.) p. question, question 
 whether vote shall be taken on main question 
 (put to avoid putting of main question) ; P. Ex- 
 amination,- LiTTLE-firo ; (eidv.)had called p. to 
 (before) writing, &c. Hence previousLY 2 
 adv. If. L prae(i?i'ms f. via way)+ -ous] 
 previ'se (privi'z), v.t. Foresee, forecast, 
 (event &c. or abs.). So previ'siON (-zhn) n., 
 ppevPsionAL a., previ'sionalLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L PRAE(videre vis- see)] 
 
 prey 1 (pra), n. Animal hunted or killed by 
 carnivorous animal for food (also fig.); (bibl.) 
 what one brings away safe from contest &c. 
 (Jer. xxi. 9) ; person, thing, that falls a victim 
 (to enemy, disease, fear, &c). [f. OF preie,proie, 
 f . L praeda] 
 ppey 2 (pra), v.i. P. upon, seek, take, (animal 
 
 &c.)as prey, plunder (persons); (of disease, emo- 
 tion, &c.) exert baneful or wasteful influence 
 upon. [f. OF preer f. LL praedare as prec] 
 
 priapism, n. Licentiousness ; (Path.) per- 
 sistent erection of penis, [f. LL f. Gk priapis- 
 mos (Priapos, god of procreation, see -ism)J 
 
 price, n., & v.t. Money for which thing is 
 bought or sold, as what is the p. of this ?, try 
 our superb tea, p. 2s. per lb., offered at reduced 
 pp.; p.-current, -list, list of current pp. of com- 
 modities ; long i, cost l , p. ; above, beyond, with- 
 out, p., so valuable that no p. can be stated; 
 set p. on (person's) head, offer reward for his 
 capture or death ; (Betting) odds, as the start- 
 ing p. of a horse ; (fig.) what must be given, 
 done, sacrificed, &c, to obtain a thing, as must 
 be done at any p. ; every man has his p. (can be 
 won over by some inducement) ; (archaic) pre- 
 ciousness, value; (v.t.) fix, inquire, the p. of 
 (thing for sale), (fig.) estimate the value of. 
 [(n.) f. OF pris f. L pretium ; ME pris became 
 prise to secure i, and price to avoid z sound of s 
 between vowels ; (vb) earlier prise prize l ; 
 price, prize, praise, ecre all variants of same wd] 
 
 priced (-ist), a. To which a price is assigned, 
 esp. in comb., as high, low, -p. ; p. catalogue Sec. 
 (in which prices are named). £ed *> 2 ] 
 
 priceless, a. Invaluable. Hence pri'ee- 
 lessNESS n. [-less] 
 
 prick 1 , n. Pricking, puncture; (fig.) pp. 
 (stinging reflections) of conscience ; mark made 
 by pricking ; (archaic) goad for oxen, esp. fig. 
 kick against the pp., hurt oneself by useless re- 
 sistance (Acts ix. 5) ; p.-ears, erect pointed ears 
 of some dogs &c, conspicuous ears of person, 
 esp. of Roundheads, p.-eared, having such ears. 
 [OE prica, -ce, cf. Du. & Da. prik, Sw. pHck, 
 cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 prick 2 , v.t. & i. Pierce slightly, make minute 
 hole in; (fig.) cause sharp pain to, as my con- 
 science pricked me ; make a thrust (at, into, Sec); 
 (archaic) spur, urge on, (horse), (intr.) advance 
 on horseback; mark off (name &c. in list) with 
 a prick, select (sheriff) thus ; mark (pattern off, 
 out) with dots ; p. in, out, off, plant (seedlings 
 &c.) in small holes pricked in earth ; p. up one's 
 ears, (of dog) erect the ears when on the alert, 
 (fig., of person) become suddenly attentive, 
 [late OE prician, cf. Du. prikken. Da. prikke] 
 
 pri'eker, n. In vbl senses, esp., pricking in- 
 strument, e.g. bradawl. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 pri'eket, n. Buck in second year, with 
 straight unbranched horns ; p.'s sister, female 
 fallow deer in second year ; spike to stick candle 
 on. [prob. f. med.L prikettus f. prick, see -et] 
 
 pri'ekle 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Thorn-like process 
 developed from, & capable of being peeled off 
 with, epidermis of plant; (pop.) small thorn ; 
 hard-pointed spine of hedgehog &c; (v.t. &i.) 
 affect, be affected, with sensation as of pricks, 
 whence pri'ekliNG 1 n., pri'ekliNG 2 a. [OE 
 pricel f. stem of prick, cf. Du. prikkel] 
 
 pri'ckle 2 , n. Kinds of wicker basket or mea- 
 sure. [?] 
 
 pri'ckly, a. Armed with prickles (esp. in 
 names of plants & animals) ; tingling ; p. heat, 
 inflammation of sweat glands with eruption of 
 vesicles & p. sensation, common in hot coun- 
 tries ; p. pear, (p. plant bearing) pear-shaped 
 edible fruit. Hence pri'ckliNESS n. [- y 2 ] 
 
 pride, n., & v. refl. Overweening opinion of 
 one's own qualities, merits, &c, a deadly sin, 
 often personified, as P. will have a fall ; arro- 
 gant bearing or conduct ; (also proper p.) sense 
 of what befits one's position, preventing one 
 from doing unworthy thing, false p., mistaken 
 feeling of this kind ; feeling of elation & plea- 
 sure, as take a p. in, be proud of (person, thing, 
 
PRIE-DIEU 
 
 651 
 
 PRIMITIVE 
 
 doing) ; object of this feeling, as he is his 
 mother's p., esp. in names of plants, as London 
 p.; (Herald.) peacock in his p. (with tail expand- 
 ed and wings drooping) ; best condition, esp. 
 p. of grease l ; (vb) p. oneself (up)on, be proud 
 of (thing, quality, doing). Hence ppi'deFUL 
 (chiefly Sc), pri'deLESs, aa., ppi'defulLY 2 
 adv. [(vb) ME priden, (n.) OE pryto, -tu, -te, 
 (prut proud] 
 
 pWe-t#/eu(pre'dyer # ),n. Kneeling-desk; (also 
 p. chair) chair with tall sloping back for use in 
 praying. [F, lit. pray God] 
 
 ppiest(prest), n., & v.t. (Nowusu. clergyman 
 exc. inofficial &Rom.Cath. use) clergyman, esp. 
 one above deacon & below bishop with author- 
 ity to administer sacraments & pronounce ab- 
 solution ; (fig.) p. of nature, science. Sec. ; min- 
 ister of the altar, esp. officiant at Eucharist ; 
 high p.; official minister of non-Christian re- 
 ligion, whence prie'stESS 1 n.; mallet used to 
 kill fish when spent (chiefly in Ireland) ; prie'st- 
 craft, ambitious or worldly policy of pp.; p.'x 
 hood, p.-in-the-pulpit, wild arum ; p.-ridden, 
 held in subjection by pp.; p.-vicar, minorcanon 
 in some cathedrals; (v.t.) make (person) a p. 
 Hence ppie'stHOOD, ppie'stLiNG 1 , nn., 
 ppie'stLESS, ppie'stLTKE, aa. [(vb f. n.) OE 
 priost, ult. as presbyter] 
 
 ppie'stly, a. Of, like, befitting, a priest; 
 (O. T. criticism) p. code, one of the constituent 
 elements in the Hexateuch, p. tvriter (of this). 
 Hence ppie'stliNESS n. [-ly] 
 
 ppig", n., & v.t. Precisian in speech or niau 
 
 thief ; (v.t., slang) steal, [orig. cant, etym. dub.] 
 ppim, a., & v.i. & t. (Of persons, manner, 
 
 speech, &c.) formal, demure; (v.i.) assume p. 
 
 air; ( v. t. (form (face, lips, &c.) into p. expression. 
 
 Hence ppi'mi.Y 2 adv., ppi'mNESS n. [f. 17th 
 
 c., orig. cant] 
 pri'ma (:ire-), a. First, chief, as: p. buffa 
 
 (bob-), chief female comic singer or actress ; 
 
 p. donna, (pi. -ma -nas, -me -ne pron. pre'ma 
 
 do'na), chief female singer in opera. [It., fern. 
 
 adj.] 
 
 pprmaey, n. Office of a primate ; pre-emin- 
 ence, [f. OF primacie f. med.L primatia (as 
 
 PRIMATE, see -ACY)] 
 
 pri'ma fcrc/'e (-shle), adv. & a. (Arising) at 
 first sight.(based) on the first impression, as has 
 p. f. a good case, see a p. f. reason for it. [L] 
 
 ppi'mage'.n. Percentageaddition to freight, 
 paid to owners or freighters of vessels. [med.L 
 primagium, etym. dub.] 
 
 pprmage 2 , n. Amount of water carried off 
 suspended in steam from boiler, [f. prime v. + 
 -age] 
 
 ppi'mal, a. Primitive, primeval ; chief, fun- 
 damental. Hence ppi'mal^v 2 adv. If. med.L 
 primalis (as prime a., see -al)] 
 
 pprmary.a. & n. Earliest, original ; of the 
 first rank in a series, not derived, as the p. vowel 
 sounds, p. meaning of a word ; of the first im- 
 portance, chief ; (Geol.) of the lowest series of 
 strata; (Biol.) belonging to first stage of de- 
 velopment; p. amputation (performed before 
 inflammation supervenes) ; p. education, that 
 which begins with the rudiments of knowledge, 
 esp. that provided for children liable to compul- 
 sory attendance, sop. school, scholar (cf. secon- 
 dary); (Gram.) p. tenses, present, future, per- 
 fect, & future perfect, (cf. historic) ; p. assem- 
 bly, meeting, (for selection of candidates for 
 election); p. colour; p. planets (revolving 
 directly round sun as centre) ; p. battery (in 
 which currentis produced) ; (n.) p. planet, meet- 
 
 ing, &c. Hence ppi'mapiLY 2 adv. [f. L pri- 
 marius (as prime a., see -ary ] )] 
 
 ppi'mate (-at), n. Archbishop; p. of Eng- 
 land, archbishop of York, p. of all England, 
 archbishop of Canterbury. Hence prima't i \ i 
 (-ashl) a. [f. LL primas -atis (as prime a.)l 
 
 ppi'ma'tes, n. pi. (zool.). Highest order of 
 mammals, including man, monkeys, lemurs, & 
 (in Linnaean order) bats, [as prec] 
 
 ppime l , n. State of highest perfection, as in 
 the p. of life, manhood, &c; the best part (of 
 thing) ; beginning, first age, of anything ; a ca- 
 nonical hour of the divine office, appointed for 
 firsthourof day (i.e. 6 a.m. orsunrise); (archaic) 
 this time ; (archaic) golden number ; prime 
 number; (Chem.) single atom as unit in com- 
 bination ; a position in fencing, [partly abs. 
 use of foil.; OE has prim, the canonical hour, f. 
 L prima (hora) first (hour)] 
 
 ppime 2 ,a. Chief, most important, as p. agent, 
 motive ; first-rate (esp. of cattle & provisions), 
 excellent, whence ppi'meLY 2 adv., ppi'me- 
 ness n.; primary, fundamental; (Arith., of a 
 number) having no integral factors except itself 
 and unity (e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11), (of numbers) having 
 no common measure but unity; p. cost 1 , 
 mover ; p. vertical (circle), great circle of the 
 heavens passing through E. & W. points of 
 horizon & through zenith, where it cuts meri- 
 dian at right angles ; p. minister, principal 
 minister of any sovereign or State (now official 
 title of first minister of State in Great Britain), 
 [f. L primus first] 
 
 ppime 3 , v.t. & i. (Hist.) supply (fire-arm or 
 abs.) with gunpowder for firing charge ; equip 
 (person with information &c); fill (person ivith 
 liquor); cover (wood &c.) with first coat of paint 
 or with oil &c. to prevent paint from being 
 absorbed ; (of engine boiler) let water pass with 
 steam into cylinder in form of spray. [?] 
 
 ppi'mep J , n. Elementary school-book for 
 teaching children to read ; small introductory 
 book, as P. of Evolution, Latin P.; (Hist.) 
 prayer-book for use of laity esp. before Reforma- 
 tion; great, long, p., sizes of type. [f. med.L 
 primarius adj. (as prime 2 , see -er 2 (2)] 
 
 ppi'mep 2 , n. In vbl senses of prime 3 , esp. 
 cap, cylinder, &c, used to ignite powder of 
 cartridge &c. [-er 1 ] 
 
 prtmer'o, n. (hist.). Gambling card-game 
 fashionable in 16th & 17th cc. If. Sp. primera 
 fern, of primero, as primary] 
 
 primeur (premer'), n. First-fruits; fruit&c. 
 before its season ; early news. [F ; affected by 
 E journalists] 
 
 ppime'val, -aeval, a. Of the first age of 
 the world ; ancient, primitive. Hence ppime*- 
 valLY 2 adv. [f. hprimaevus (primus first 4- 
 aevum age) -f -al] 
 
 pprmingi, n. In vbl senses of prime 3 ; also 
 or esp.: gunpowder placed in pan of fire-arm; 
 train of powder connecting fuse with charge 
 in blasting &c; mixture used by painters for 
 preparatory coat ; preparation of sugar added 
 to beer ; hasty imparting of knowledge, cram- 
 ming. [-ING 1 ] 
 
 ppi'ming" '-, n. Acceleration of the tides tak- 
 ing place from neap to spring tides (cf. lag ] ). 
 If. rare vb prime f. prime a.] 
 
 ppimrpapous, a. Bearing child for the first 
 time. [f. L primipara p. woman (also used in 
 E) f. primus first + parere bring forth] 
 
 ppi'mitive, a. & n. Early, ancient, &sthe P. 
 Church (Christian Church in its earliest times); 
 old-fashioned, simple, rude ; original, primary; 
 (Gram., of words) radical, not derivative; 
 (Math., of line, figure, &c.) from which another 
 is derived, from which some construction be- 
 
PRIMO 
 
 655 
 
 PRINT 
 
 gins, &c; (of colours) primary; (Geol.) of the 
 earliest period ; (Biol.) appearing in earliest or 
 very early stage of growth &c.; P. Methodist 
 Connexion, society of Methodists founded 1810 
 hy Hugh Bourne by secession from main body, 
 P. Methodist, Methodism, member, principles, 
 of this ; (n. ) painter of period before Renascence, 
 picture by such painter, p. word, line, &c, P. 
 Methodist. Heneepri'mitiveLV 2 adv., pri*- 
 mitiveNESS n. [ME & F primitif f. L primi- 
 tivus (as prime a.)] 
 
 pri'mo (-e-), n. (mus.). First or principal part 
 in duet &c. [it.] 
 
 primog , e , nitor,n. Earliestancestor; (loose- 
 ly) ancestor. [med.L, f. L primo (at) first + 
 genitor begetter (gignere gcnit-bring forth, see 
 -or 2 ), after Lprimogenitus first-born] 
 
 primogeniture, n. Fact of being the first- 
 born of the children of the same parents ; (right 
 of) p., right of succession belonging to the first- 
 born, esp. feudal rule by which whole real 
 estate of intestate passes to eldest son. So pri- 
 mog-e'nitAL, primog'e'nitARY 1 , aa. [f. 
 med. L primogeniture, (as prec., see -ure)] 
 
 ppimop'dial, a. Existing at or from the be- 
 ginning, primeval; original, fundamental. 
 Hence primordia'liTY n., primor'dialLY 2 
 adv. [f. LL primordialis (L primordium f. 
 primus first + ordiri begin, see -al)] 
 
 pri'mrose (-z), n. Plant bearing pale yellow 
 flowers in early spring; flower of this; (attrib.) 
 of the colour of this flower ; P. Day, League, 
 anniversary of the death (Apr. 19th, 1881) of, 
 Conservative association formed in memory of, 
 Benjamin Disraeli Earl of Beaconsfield, P. 
 dame, knight, habitation, (of the P. League) ; 
 p. peerless, two-flowered narcissus, (formerly) 
 any species of narcissus. Hence pri'mrosv 2 
 a. [late ME primerose f. med.L prima rosa 
 lit. first rose, sense unexpl.] 
 
 ppi'mula, n. Kind of herbaceous perennial 
 with yellow, white, pink, or purple flowers. 
 [med.L, fern. adj. as n., dim. as prime 2 ] 
 
 pri'mum mb'blle, n. Outermost sphere 
 added in Middle Ages to Ptolemaic system, 
 supposed to revolve round earth in 24 hours 
 carrying with it the contained spheres; (fig.) 
 prime source of motion or action. [med.L, lit. 
 first moving thing] 
 
 ppi'mus, a. & n. (In boys' school) eldest (or 
 of longest standing) of the name, as Jones p.; 
 (L) p. inter par'es, first among equals ; (n.) pre- 
 siding bishop in Scottish Episcopal Church. 
 [L, = first] 
 
 ppince, n. (Now rhet.) sovereign ruler ; P. 
 of Peace, Christ ; p. of darkness, the air, the 
 world, &c, Satan ; ruler of small State, actual- 
 ly or nominally feudatory to king or emperor ; 
 male member of royal family, esp. (in Great 
 Britain) son or grandson of king or queen (also 
 p. of the blood) ; P. of Wales, heir apparent to 
 British throne ; P. Consor£,husbandofreigning 
 female sovereign being himself a p.; (as English 
 rendering of foreign titles) noble usu. ranking 
 next below duke ; (as courtesy title in some 
 connexions) duke, marquis, earl; (title of car- 
 dinal) p. of the {Holy Roman) Church; (fig.) 
 chief, greatest, (of novelists, liars, &c.) ; p.- 
 bishop, bishop who is also a p.; P. Regent, p. 
 who acts as regent, e.g. George (afterwards IV); 
 p. royal, eldest son of reigning monarch ; P. 
 Rupert's drops, pear-shaped lumps of glass 
 bursting to pieces when thin ends are broken 
 off; p.\s feather, kinds of plant, esp. tall plant 
 with feathery spikes of small red flowers ; p.'s 
 metal, alloy of copper & zinc. Hence pri'nee- 
 dom, ppi'neeKiN, ppi'neeLET, ppi'nce- 
 lingM2), ppi'neesHip, nn., ppi'neeuKE a. 
 
 [F, f. L princeps -cipis first, prince, (primus 
 first + -cipere = capere take)] 
 
 ppi'neely, a. (Worthy] of a prince ; sump- 
 tuous, splendid. Hence pprneeliNEssn. [-lv ] ] 
 
 ppi'ncess (or -e"s exc. when followed by 
 name), n. (Archaic) queen; wife of prince; 
 (also p. of the blood), daughter, grand-daughter, 
 of sovereign ; (in Great Britain) p. royal, eldest 
 daughter of sovereign ; P. Regent, p. acting as 
 regent, (also) wife of prince regent ; p. dress* 
 lady's robe of which the lengths of bodice & 
 skirt are cut in one piece. Hence ppi'neess- 
 SHiPn. [ME&F princesse (as prince, see-Ess 1 )] 
 
 principal, a. & n. First in rank or impor- 
 tance, chief, as their p. food is potatoes, the p. 
 toicn of the district, the p. persons concerned ; 
 main, leading, as a p. cause of his failure ; (of 
 money) constituting the original sum invested 
 or lent; (Gram.) p. sentence, clause, one to 
 which another is subordinate, p. parts of verb, 
 those from which the others can be derived ; 
 (n.) head, ruler, superior; head of some colleges, 
 lady p., female head, whence ppi'neipalsHiP 
 n. ; person for whom another acts as agent &C.,. 
 as / must consult my p. ; person directly respon- 
 sible for crime, either (p. in the first degree) as 
 actual perpetrator or (p. in the second degree) 
 as aiding ; person for whom another is surety ; 
 combatant in duel ; any of the main rafters on 
 which rest thepurlinsthat support the common 
 rafters ; capital sum as distinguished from in- 
 terest or from income ; an organ-stop. [f. L 
 principalis adj. (as prince, see -al)] 
 
 principality, n. Government of a prince ; 
 State ruled by a prince ; the P., Wales ; (pi.) an 
 order of angels, [f. OF principalite f. LL 
 principalilatem (as prec, see-TY)] 
 
 principally, adv. For the most part, chiefly. 
 
 [-LY2] 
 
 ppi'neipate (at), n. (Rom. hist.) rule of 
 early emperors while some republican forms 
 were retained ; State ruled by a prince, [f. L 
 principalis (as prince, see -ate 1 )] 
 
 principle, n. Fundamental source, primary 
 element, as held water to be the first p. of all 
 things ; fundamental truth as basis of reason- 
 ing &c, as (first) pp. of pohtical economy; 
 (Physics) general law (often with discoverer's 
 name, as Pascals p.) ; general law as guide to 
 action, as moral, conservative,pp., a dangerous 
 p., whence -prineiplED 2 a.; (pi. & collect, 
 sing.) personal code of right conduct, as a man 
 of high p., has ability but no pp., p. is every- 
 thing ; on p., from settled moral motive, as / 
 refuse on p. (not from selfish motive &c.) ; law 
 of nature seen in working of machine &c, as in 
 all these instruments the p. is the same; (Chem.) 
 constituent of a substance, esp. one giving rise 
 to some quality &c, as bitter, colouring, p. [f. 
 L principium beginning, as prince] 
 
 prink, v.t. & i. Make (onese//&c.) spruce ; 
 dress oneself up ; (of bird) trim (feathers) ; dress 
 oneself up. [cogn. w. prank 2 ] 
 
 print J , n. Indentation in surface preserving 
 theformleftby pressure of some body, a,sfinger- 
 p.,footp., whence pri'ntLESS a.: printed cot- 
 ton fabric, as (attrib.) p. dress ; language em- 
 bodied in printed form, printed lettering, as 
 large, small, clear, p. ; state of being printed ; 
 book is in p., (1) in printed form, (2) on sale, not 
 out of p. (sold out) ; (of writer) rush into p., 
 publish book, write to newspaper, &c, on in- 
 sufficient grounds; (chiefly U.S.) printed pub- 
 lication, esp. newspaper ; picture, design, print- 
 ed from block or plate ; (Photog.) picture pro- 
 duced from negative ; p. hand, letters, (imitat- 
 ing p.) ; p.-seller, dealer in engravings &c; p.- 
 shop, his shop ; p.-works, factory where cotton 
 
PRINT 
 
 656 
 
 PRIVITY 
 
 fabrics areprinted. [ME prent f. OF priente, 
 -nt, p.p. oipreindre press f. L premere] 
 
 print 2 , v.t. Impress, .stamp, (surface, e.g. pat 
 of butter, with seal, die, &c; mark, figure, on, 
 in, yielding or other surface) ; (fig.) impress 
 (idea, scene, &c. on mind, memory) ; produce 
 (book, picture, &c, or abs.) by applying inked 
 types, blocks, or plates, to paper, vellum, &c; 
 (of author or editor) cause (book, MS) to be so 
 printed ; express, publish, in print, as not bound 
 to p. every opinion you hold; write (words or 
 abs.) in imitation of typography ; mark (textile 
 fabric) with decorative design in colours; trans- 
 f er(coloured design) from paper &c. to unglazed 
 surface of pottery ; (Phot., also p. out, off) pro- 
 duce (picture) by transmission of light through 
 negative. Henceppi'ntABLEa. [M.E prenten, 
 prob. f. prec] 
 
 ppi'ntep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: one who 
 prints books; ownerof printing business; print- 
 ing instrument; p. 's devil 1 ; p. 'siitark (device, 
 trade-mark) ; p. 's pie, = pie 3 n. [-er l ] 
 
 ppi'nting, n. In vbl senses ; p.-ink, p.-press, 
 (for p. on paper &c. from types &c). [-ing x ] 
 
 ppi'OP 1 ,!!. Superior officer of religious house 
 or order, (in abbey) officer next under abbot, so 
 ppi'OPESS l n.; (Hist.) chief magistrate in some 
 Italian republics. Hence orcogn. ppPopateMI), 
 ppi'opsmp, nn. [OE as foil.] 
 
 ppi'op 2 , a. & adv. Earlier ; antecedent in 
 time, order, or importance, [to) ; (adv.) existing 
 
 f). to his appointment, &c. So ppid'PiTV n. 
 L, f. OL pri before] 
 
 ppi'opy, n. Monastery, nunnery, governed 
 by prior(ess) ; alien p., p. alien, (dependent on 
 abbey in foreign country), [f. AF priorie f. 
 aued.L prioria (as prec, see -y 1 )] 
 
 prise. See prize 3 . 
 
 ppi'sm (-zm), n. Solid figure whose two ends 
 are similar, equal, & parallel rectilineal figures, 
 & whose sides are parallelograms ; transparent 
 body of this form, usu. triangular, with refract- 
 ing surfaces at acute angle with each other ; 
 (loosely) spectrum produced by refraction 
 through p., (pi.) prismatic colours ; prune l s & 
 p. Hence ppi'smALa. [f. LL f. Gk prisma 
 -matos thing sawn (prizo saw, see -m)] 
 
 ppisma'tic, a. Of, like, a prism ; p. powder, 
 gunpowder whose grains are hexagonal prisms ; 
 (of colours) formed, distributed, &c, by trans- 
 parent prism, (also) brilliant, so ppi'smv 2 a.; 
 the p. colours, seven into which ray of light is 
 separated by prism. Hence ppisma'tiCALLY 
 adv. [as prec, see -ic] 
 
 ppi'smoid, n. Body like prism, with similar 
 but unequal parallel polygonal ends. Hence 
 prismord al a. [-oid] 
 
 ppi'son (-zn), n., & v.t. Place in which per- 
 son is kept in captivity, esp. building to which 
 person is legally committed while awaiting 
 trial or for punishment ; custody, confinement, 
 as lie, put (person), in p.; p. -bird, - GAOL-bird ; 
 p.-breaking, breaking out of lawfully confined 
 person from p., so -breaker ; p. editor, editor of 
 newspaper who takes legal responsibility for 
 its contents & serves terms of imprisonment en- 
 tailed by conviction; p.-house (usu. rhet.), p.; 
 (v.t., poet., rhet.) imprison, [(vbf. n.)ME&OF 
 prisun, -on, f. L prensionem (pre(he)ndere 
 prens- seize, see -ion, -son)] 
 
 ppi'sonep (-zner), n. Person kept in prison; 
 p. at the bar, person in custody on criminal 
 charge & on trial ; p. of state, state p., (con- 
 fined for political reasons) ; (also p. of war) one 
 who has been captured in war ; take (person) p., 
 seize & hold as p.; (fig.) am a p. (confined by 
 illness &c) to my room or chair, made her hand 
 . a p. (secured it) ; prisoners' bars, base, game 
 
 played by two parties of boys &c, each occupy- 
 ing distinct base or home. [f. F prisonnier (as 
 prec, see -er 2 (2)] 
 
 ppi'stine, a. Ancient, primitive, good old. 
 [f. hpristinus, cf. priscus ancient, primus first] 
 
 ppi'thee (-1), int. (archaic). Pray, please, as 
 tell me, p. [ = (I) pray thee] 
 
 ppi*vaey,n. Being withdrawn from society 
 or public interest, as lived in absolute p., must 
 disturb your p.; avoidance of publicity, as in 
 such matters p. is impossible, [private, -AC v] 
 
 privat-docent, -zent, (prevah't dotse'nt), 
 n. (In German univv.) private teacher or lec- 
 turer recognized by university but not on 
 salaried staff. [G] 
 
 private (-it), a. & n. (Of person) not holding 
 public office or official position ; p. {soldier), 
 ordinary soldier without rank or distinction ; 
 p. member of House of Commons (not member 
 of Ministry) ; kept, removed, from public know- 
 ledge, as the matter was kept p., had p. reasons ; 
 not open to the public, as p. door, news came 
 through p. channels, p. boarding-house, car- 
 riage, hotel, theatricals, view (of exhibition of 
 pictures esp. before it is opened to the public) ; 
 p. house, dwelling-house of p. person (opp. to 
 his shop or office, to public-house, or to public 
 building); p. school, one carried on for owner's 
 profit (cf. public), p. schoolmaster, master of 
 or in this ; one's own, as my p. goods, property ; 
 individual, personal, not affecting the com- 
 munity, as motives of p. malice, (Pari.) p. bill, 
 act, (affecting individual or corporation only) ; 
 confidential, as asked for some p. conversation; 
 this is for your p. ear (confidential) ; (of place) 
 retired, secluded ; (archaic, of person) given to 
 retirement; in p., privately, in p. company or 
 life. Hence ppi'vateLY 2 adv. [l.hpHvatus, 
 orig. p.p. of privare deprive] 
 
 ppivateep", n. Armed vessel owned & offi- 
 cered by* private persons holding commission 
 from government (letters of marque) & au- 
 thorized to use it against hostile nation esp. in 
 capture of merchant shipping, whence ppi- 
 vateeP'iNGMl) n. ; commander, (pi.) crew, of 
 this. [f. prec + -eer, prob. after volunteer] 
 
 ppiva'tion, n. Loss, absence, (of quality), 
 as cold is the p. of heat ; want of the comforts 
 or necessaries of life,a.s died of p., suffered many 
 pp. [F, f. L privationem (private, -ation)] 
 
 ppi'vative, a. Consisting in, marked by, the 
 loss or removal or absence of some quality or 
 attribute, as cold is merely p. (cf. prec); (of 
 terms) denoting privation or absence of quality 
 &c; (Gram., of particles &c) expressing priva- 
 tion, as (Gk Gram.) alpha p. Hence ppi'va- 
 tiveLY 2 adv. [f. Lprivativus (as private, see 
 -ive)] 
 
 ppi'vet, n. Bushy evergreen shrub with 
 small white flowers & small shining black ber- 
 ries, much used for hedges ; p. hawk, large spe- 
 cies of moth depositing eggs on p. [?] 
 
 ppi'vilege (-ij), n., & v.t. Right, advantage, 
 immunity, belonging to person, class, or office; 
 special advantage or benefit, as to converse with 
 himwasap.; p. (benefit ^of clergy ; billofp., 
 petition of peer demanding to be tried by his 
 peers ; writ of p., writ to deliver privileged per- 
 son from custody when arrested in civil suit ; 
 monopoly, patent, granted to individual, cor- 
 poration, &c; p. cab (admitted to stand for 
 hire in private place esp. railway station) ; (v.t.) 
 
 invest with p., allow (person to do) as p., ex- 
 empt (person/rom burden &c ). Hence ppi'vi- 
 le^ED 1 a. [(vb f. F priviligier f. med.L privi- 
 legiare) f. L privilegium bill, law, affecting an 
 individual {privus private + lex legis law)] 
 
 ppi'vity, n. Law) any relation between two 
 
PRIVY 
 
 657 
 
 PROBLEM 
 
 parties that is recognized by law, e.g. that of 
 blood, lease, service; being privy (to designs 
 &c). [f. OF privets f. L privus private, see -ty] 
 
 pri'vy, a. & (archaic exc. in law) n. (Of 
 things, places, &c.) hidden, secluded ; p. parts, 
 external organsof sex; (of action)secret, whence 
 ppi'viLv 2 adv.; p. to, in the secret of (person's 
 designs &c); P. Council, sovereign's private 
 counsellors, (in Great Britain) body of advisers 
 chosen by sovereign (now chiefly as personal 
 dignity, most functions being performed by 
 Cabinet, committees, &c. ) together with princes 
 of blood, archbishops, &c. ; p. counsellor, -cillor, 
 private adviser, esp. (abbr. P.C.) member of 
 P. Council; p. purse, allowance from public 
 revenueformonarch's private expenses, keeper 
 of this ; p. seal, seal affixed to documents that 
 are afterwards to pass, or that do not require, 
 the Great Seal, Lord (keeper of the) P. Seal ; 
 (n.) private place of ease, latrine, (Law) person 
 having a part or interest in any action, matter, 
 or thing, [f. F prive private] 
 
 prize ', n., & v.t. Reward given as symbol of 
 victory or superiority to student in school or 
 college who excels in attainments, tocompetitor 
 in athleticcontest, to exhibitorof best specimen 
 of manufactured products, works of art, &c, 
 in exhibition; (fig.) anything striven for or 
 worth striving for, as many pp. in the Church, 
 missed all the great pp. of life; money ormoney's 
 worth offered for competition by chance, in 
 lottery, &c; (attrib.)p. ox, poem, ice. (to which 
 p. is adjudged in show, competition, &c); p.- 
 fellowship (given as reward for eminence in ex- 
 amination), p.-fellow, holder of this ; p.-fight, 
 boxing match for money, so -fighter, fighting, 
 nn.; pri'zeman, winner of (often specified) p., 
 as Smith's prizeman, winner of Smith's P.; p.- 
 ring, enclosed area (now usu. square) for, (flg.) 
 practice of, p.-fighting; (v.t.) value highly, as 
 vie p. liberty more than life. Hence pri'ze- 
 less a. [(n.) differentiation of price ; (vb) f. OF 
 X>risier, preisier, praise] 
 
 prize 2 , n., & v.t. Ship, property, captured 
 at sea in virtue of rights of war ; p. court, de- 
 partment of admiralty court concerned with 
 pp. ; p.-money (realized by sale of p.); make p. of 
 (cargo, ship, &c), seize thus; become (lawful 
 &c.) p., be thus seized ; (v.t.) make p. of. [(vb 
 f. n.) f. F prise taking, capture, f. Rom. prensa 
 f. L pre(he)ndere -hens- seize] 
 
 prize 3 , -se, v.t., & n. Force (lid &c. up, out, 
 box &c. open) by leverage; (n.) leverage, pur- 
 chase, [(vb f. n.) as prec] 
 
 pro 1 , prep. P. forma adv. & a., (done) fqr 
 form's sake ; p. hac vfee, for this occasion only ; 
 p. rata adv. & a., proportional(ly); p. re natd 
 adv. & a., for an occasion as it arises, as a meet- 
 ing held p. r. n., a p. r. n. meeting ; p. tdnto, so 
 far, to that extent ; p. tempore adv.& a. (abbr. 
 ?>ro tern.), for the time, as made secretary pro 
 tern., the pro tern, secretary. [LI 
 
 pro 2 , n. (pi. pros). Colloq. abbr. of profes- 
 sional. 
 
 pro- 1 , pref. (before vowel somet. in earlier 
 form prod- =L pro in front of, for, on behalf of, 
 instead of, on account of. As living E pref. 
 (1) in sense 'substitute(d) for', as -cathedral 
 a. &n., (church) used as substitute for cathedral, 
 -pro'ctor, assistant or deputy proctor in univv., 
 -re'etor, vice-rector in univv. &c; -leg, fleshy 
 abdominal limb of larvae of some insects, e.g. 
 caterpillars. (2) in sense ' (person) favouring or 
 siding with' (cf.ANTl-) as -Boer a,. & i\. y -British, 
 -educational, -negro a. & n., -papist a. & n., 
 -slavery, -tariff-reform. 
 
 pro- 2 , pref. = Gk pro before (in time, place, 
 order, &c.)in wds f. Gk & in mod. scientific wds. 
 
 prd'a, n. Malay boat, esp. a type of sailing 
 boat. [f. Malay pra(h)u, also used in E] 
 
 pro & eon, adv. & n. (Of arguments or rea- 
 sons) for & against, on both sides ; pros & cons, 
 reasons for & against. If. L pro et contra] 
 
 probabi'liorism, n. (R.C. casuistry). Doc- 
 trine that the side on which evidence prepon- 
 derates ought to.be followed (cf. foil.). So pro- 
 babi'lioriST n. [f. L probabilior more pro- 
 bable + -ism] 
 
 pro'babilism, n. Doctrine that where au- 
 thorities differ any course may be followed for 
 which recognized doctor of the Church can be 
 cited (cf. prec); theory that there is no certain 
 knowledge, but may be grounds of belief suffi- 
 cient for practical life. So pro'babiliST n. 
 [as probable + -ism] 
 
 probability, n. Quality of being probable ; 
 in all p., most likely ; there is no p. (likelihood) 
 of his coming; (most) probable event, as what 
 are the pp. ?, the p. is that he will come ; (Math.) 
 likelihood of an event, measured by the ratio 
 of the favourable cases to the whole number of 
 cases possible, as from a bag containing 3 red 
 balls & 7 white the p. of a red ball's being drawn 
 first is 3/10. [f. FprobabiliU f. Ijprobabilitatem 
 (as foil., see -xv)J 
 
 pro'bable, a. That may be expected to hap- 
 pen or prove true, likely, as reckon the p. cost, 
 it is p. that he forgot, gives a p. account of the 
 matter. Hence pro'babLY 2 adv. [f. L pro- 
 babilis (probare prove, see -ble)] 
 
 pro'bang, n. Surgeon's strip of whalebone 
 with sponge, button, &c, at end for introducing 
 into throat, [altered f. inventor's wd provang 
 (etym. dub.), perh. on pro&e] 
 
 pro'bate (-at), n. Official proving of will; 
 verified copy of will with certificate as handed 
 to executors ; p. duty, tax on personal property 
 of deceased testator, now merged in estate duty, 
 [f. L probatum neut. p.p. of probare prove] 
 
 proba'tion, n. Testing of conduct or char- 
 acter of person esp. of candidate for member- 
 ship in religious body &c. ; moral trial or disci- 
 pline ; system of releasing young criminals esp. 
 first offenders on suspended sentence during 
 good behaviour under supervision of person (p. 
 officer) acting as friend & adviser, [f. OF pro- 
 bacion f. L probationem (as prove, see -ation)] 
 
 probationary, a. Of, serving for, done in 
 the way of, probation, so proba'tion al a.; 
 undergoing probation, [-ary 1 ] 
 
 proba'tioner, n. Person on probation, e. g. 
 novice in religious house ; offender under pro- 
 bation. Hence proba'tionersHip n. [-er l ] 
 
 pro'bative, a. Affording proof, evidential, 
 [f. L probativus (as prove, see -ive)] 
 
 probe, n., & v.t. Blunt-ended surgical in- 
 strumentusu. of silver for exploring wound &c; 
 (v.t.) explore (wound, part of body) with p., 
 penetrate (thing) with sharp instrument, (fig.) 
 examine closely, sound, (person, motive, report, 
 &c). [(vb f. n.) f. LL proba proof] 
 
 pro'bity, n. Uprightness, honesty, [f. Lpro- 
 bitas (probus good, see -ty)] 
 
 prd'blem, n. Doubtful or difficult question, 
 as how to prevent it is a p. , the p. of ventilation ; 
 (attrib.) p. play, novel, (in which social or other 
 p. is treated) ; thing hard to understand, as his 
 whole conduct is a p. to me ; (Geom.) proposi- 
 tion in which something has to be done (cf. 
 theorem); (Log.) the question (usu. only im- 
 plied) involved in a syllogism ; (Physics, Math.) 
 inquiry starting from given conditions to in- 
 vestigate a fact, result, or law, as Kepler's p. ; 
 (Chess) arrangement of pieces on the board in 
 which player is challenged to accomplish speci- 
 fied result, often under prescribed conditions. 
 
PROBLEMATICAL 
 
 658 
 
 PROCURATION 
 
 Tf. F probleme f. L f. Gk problema -matos f. 
 pR0 2 (ballo throw), see -m] 
 ppoblema*tie(al), aa. Doubtful, question- 
 able, as its success is p., the whole quest ion is 
 p.; (Log.) enunciating or supporting what is 
 
 fiossible but not necessarily true. Hence ppob- 
 ema'tiealLY 2 adv. [f. F problemaicque f. 
 LL f. Gk problematikos (as prec, see -ic)j 
 ppo*blem(at)ist, nn. One who studies or 
 composes (esp. chess) problems. L-lSTJ 
 ppobosei'dean, -ian, aa. 6c nn. Having a 
 proboscis ; of, like, a proboscis ; (mammal) of 
 the order Proboscidea, containing elephant & 
 extinct allies, [f. mod. L Proboscidea + -an J 
 ppobo'scis, n. Elephant's trunk ; long flex- 
 ible snout of tapir &c; elongated part of mouth 
 of some insects ; sucking organ in some worms; 
 (facet.) human nose ; p.-monkey (with nose pro- 
 jecting far beyond mouth). So ppoboseidr- 
 ferous, ppobosei'diFORM, aa. [L, gen. 
 -cidis, f. Gk proboskis f. pko -(bosko feed)] 
 procedure (-yer), n. Proceeding; mode of 
 conducting business (esp. in parliament) or legal 
 action, [f. F procedure (as foil., see -ure)] 
 ppoeee'd, v.i. Go on, make one's way, (to 
 place); go on {with, in, action, investigation, 
 remarks, &c, to another subject, to do) ; adopt 
 course of action, as how shall ice p.? ; (abs.) go 
 on to say, as Hn either case' he proceeded 'our 
 course is clear'', p. to (take) the degree of M.A., 
 p. (take degree of) M.A.; (of action) be carried 
 on, take place, as the case, the play, will now 
 p.\ come forth, issue, originate, as sobs heard 
 to p. from next 1 oom, vol urnes p. from the 
 Pitt Press, exertions p. from a false hope. [f. 
 F proceder f. L pro i (cedere cess- go)] 
 ppoeee'dingr, n. In rbl senses, esp.: action, 
 piece of conduct, as a high-handed p.; legal 
 pp., (steps taken in) legal action, as shall in- 
 stitute legal pp. (go to law) ; (as title) Pp. of 
 Royal Society &c. [-INQ 2 ] 
 ppo'ceeds, n. pi. Produce, outcome, profit, 
 as the pp. will be devoted to charity, [f. pro- 
 ceed v.; sing, now obs.] 
 ppoceleusma'tic, a. & n. (prosody). P. 
 {foot), metrical foot of four short syllables, [f. 
 LL f. Gk prokeleusmatikos f. prokeleusjna in- 
 citement f._PR0 2 (keleud command), see-M &-ic] 
 ppoeellap'ian, a. & n. (Bird) of the genus 
 or family to which petrels belong, [f. L pro- 
 eeZZc^storm, see -arian] 
 
 ppo'cess 1 , n., & v.t. Progress, course, esp. 
 in p. of construction &c, being constructed 
 &c, in p. of time, as time goes on ; course of 
 action, proceeding, esp. method of operation in 
 manufacture, printing, photography, &c. ; na- 
 tural or in voluntary operation, series of changes; 
 (print from block produced by) method other 
 than simple engraving by hand ; action at law, 
 formal commencement of this ; (Anat., Zool., 
 Bot.) outgrowth, protuberance ; (v.t.) institute 
 legal p. against (person), treat (material), pre- 
 serve (food), reproduce (drawing), by a p. [(vb 
 partly thr. OF processer) f. F proces f. L pro- 
 cessus -us, as proceed] 
 ppoee'ss 2 , v.i. (colloq.). Walk in procession, 
 [back-formation f. foil.] 
 ppoce'ssion, n., & v.i. & t. Proceeding of 
 body of persons (or of boats &c.) in orderly suc- 
 cession, esp. as religious ceremony or on festive 
 occasion, as go, walk, in p.; body of persons 
 doing this; (fig.) ill-contested race; (Theol.) 
 emanation of the Holy Ghost; p. caterpillars, 
 kinds that go in p., so p. moth, whence ppo- 
 ee'ssionARY 1 a.; (v.i.) go in p.; (v.t.) walk 
 along (street) in p. [(vb f. n.) F, f. L proces- 
 sionem (as proceed, see -ion)] 
 ppoee'ssional, a. & n. Of processions ; \ised. 
 
 carried, sung, in processions; (n.) p. 
 (Feci.) office-book of p. hymns &c. [f. med.L 
 processionalis a., -le n., (as prec, see -alj] 
 
 ppoce'ssionist, n. One who goes in pro- 
 cession. 80 ppoce'ssion 1 ze v.i. [-ist] 
 
 proces-ifertoa/iprosavarbalrl), n. (pi. -baux 
 pron. -bo). Written report of proceedings, 
 minutes ; (Fr. Law) written statement of facts 
 in support of charge. |FJ 
 
 ppo'ciiponism, n. Referring of event &c. 
 to an earlier than the true date, as races held 
 in J une & cahed by a p. the Mays. [f. pro- 2 on 
 anachronism] 
 
 ppoelarm, v.t. Announce publicly & official- 
 ly (thing, that) ; declare (war, peace) ; announce 
 officially the accession of (sovereign) ; declare 
 (person, thing) officially to be (a traitor &c.) ; 
 declare publicly or openly (thing, that); place 
 (district &c.) under legal restrictions by de- 
 claration, a& the whole county is proclaimed . 
 So ppoelamATiON n., ppocla'matORv a. 
 If. L pro 1 (ciamare cry out)] 
 
 ppocli'tie, a. & n. (Gk gram.). (Mono- 
 syllable) closely attached in pronunciation to 
 following word & having itself no accent, [f. 
 pro- 2 on enclitic] 
 
 ppocli'vity, n. Tendency uo, towards, 
 action or habit, esp. bad one, to do), [f. Lpro- 
 clivitas f. pro Hclivis f. clivus slope), see -tv] 
 
 ppoeo'nsul, n. (Rom. Hist.) governor of 
 Roman province, in later republic usu. an ex- 
 consul ; (under empire) governor of senatorial 
 province; (rhet.) governor of modern colony 
 &c; (pro-consul) deputy consul. Hence or 
 cogn. ppoco'nsulAR 1 a., ppocotisuIateMI), 
 ppoco'nsulsHiP, nn. [L, earlier pro consnle 
 (one acting) for consul] 
 
 ppoepa'stinate, v.i. & t. Defer action, be 
 dilatory ; (rare) postpone (action). Hence or 
 cogn. ppoepa*stinating-LY 2 adv., ppocpa- 
 stinAiTON, ppocpa'stinatOK 2 , nn., ppo- 
 cra'stinatiVE, ppocpa'stinatORV, aa. [f. L 
 pro l (crastinare f. crastinus of tomorrow f. 
 ci'as), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ppo'create, v.t. Beget, generate, (offspring 
 or abs.). Hence or cogn. pPO'CPeANT, ppo'- 
 epeatiVE, aa., ppocpoa'tion n. [f. L pro 1 - 
 (creare create)] 
 
 Ppocpu'stean, a. Tending to produce uni- 
 formity by violent methods, [f. Gk Prokrous- 
 tes, lit. stretcher, name of fabulous robber who 
 fitted victims to his bed by stretching or mu- 
 tilation, see -an] 
 
 ppo'ctop, n. (Univv.) each of two officers 
 (senior,.)' unior, p.) appointed annually & charg- 
 ed with various functions esp. discipline of 
 persons in statu pupillari; (Law) person 
 managing causes in court (now chiefly eccl.) 
 that administers civil or canon law, King's, 
 Queen's, P., official who has right to intervene 
 in probate, divorce, & nullity cases when col- 
 lusion or suppression of facts is alleged. Hence 
 ppoctOP'iAL a., ppo'ctoPSHiP n. [syncop. of 
 procurator] 
 
 ppo'ctopize, v.t. Exercise proctor's au- 
 thority on (undergraduate &c). Hence ppoc- 
 
 tOPiZA'TION n. [-1ZE] 
 
 ppoeirmbent, a. 'Lying on the face, pros- 
 trate; (Bot.) growing along the ground, [f. L 
 pro Hcumbere lay oneself) fall forwards, -entJ 
 
 ppocupa'tion, n. Procuring, obtaining, 
 bringing about, so ppoeup'AL(2), procup'- 
 ance, nn.; function, authorized action, of at- 
 torney; (Eccl.) provision of entertainment for 
 bishop or other visitor by incumbent &c, now 
 commuted to money payment ; (fee for) negotia- 
 tion of loan ; pimping. [F, f. L procurationem 
 (as procure, see -ation)] 
 
PROCURATOR 
 
 659 
 
 PROFICIENT 
 
 pro'cupator, n. (Rom. Hist.) treasury 
 officer in imperial province ; agent, proxy, esp. 
 one who has power of attorney ; magistrate in 
 some Italian cities ;p.-jiscal, public prosecutor 
 of district in Scotland. Hence or cogn. pro- 
 cupatop'iAL a., ppo'cupatoPSHiP n. [L, as 
 
 PROCURE, See -OK- 1 
 
 ppb'cupatopy, n. Authorization to act for 
 another, esp. tetters of p. [i. LL procurator turn 
 neut. adj. (as pkocuke, see -oky)J 
 
 ppocupa'tPix, n. Inmate of nunnery manag- 
 ing its temporal concerns. [L, as foil., -tkixJ 
 
 procure*, v.t. & i. Obtain by care or effort, 
 acquire, as must p. a copy, cannot p. employ- 
 ment ; (archaic) bring about, as procured Ins 
 death by i oison ; act as procurer or procuress. 
 Hence ppocup'able a., ppoeupe'MENT n. 
 [f. F procurer f. L pko ^(curare see to)] 
 
 ppocup'ep, n. In vbl senses, esp. man or 
 woman who procures women for gratification 
 of another's lust. So ppocup'ess l n. [ME 6c 
 AF procurour f. L as procurator] 
 
 ppod, v.t., & n. Poke with pointed instru- 
 ment, end of stick, &c; (fig.) goad, irritate; (n.) 
 poke, thrust, pointed instrument. [?] 
 
 ppodeli'sion (-zhn), n. (prosody). Elision of 
 initial vowel, [f. L prod = PRO- 1 + elision] 
 
 ppo'dig'al (-gl), a. & n. Recklessly wasteful 
 (person); lavish of; p. soil (Luke xv. 11-32). 
 Hence or cogn. ppodiga'liTY n., pro'di^al- 
 LY 2 adv. [obs. F, f. L prodigus f. prodigere 
 squander (prod pro- 1 <f agere drive), -al] 
 
 ppo'digralize, v.t. Spend lavishly, [-ize] 
 
 prodi'gious (-jws), a. Marvellous, amazing; 
 enormous; abnormal. Hence ppodi'glousLY 2 
 adv., ppodi'giousNESS n. [f. hprodigiosus 
 (as foil., see -o us)] 
 
 ppo'digy (-ji), n. Marvellous thing, esp. one 
 out of the course of nature,; wonderful example 
 of (some quality); person endowed with sur- 
 prising qualities, esp. precocious child, as 
 (attrib.) a p. violinist, [f. L prodigium portent 
 
 (prod- PRO- 1 , Cf. ADAGE)] 
 
 ppo'drome (-om), n. Preliminary book or 
 treatise (to another) ; (Med.) premonitory 
 symptom (of), whence ppo'dPomAL, ppo- 
 dPO'mic, aa. [f. mod.L prodromus, pi. -mi, 
 also in E, f. Gk pro 2 (dromos running, -er) a. & 
 n.; E has also in med. sense prodroma n. pi. 
 & (improp.) n. sing, with pi. -mata] 
 
 ppo'duce 1 , n. Amount produced, yield, esp. 
 in assay of ore; (also raw p.) agricultural & 
 natural products collectively ; result (o/labour, 
 efforts, &c.) ; (of ordnance or military or naval 
 stores) brought to p., broken up & assorted into 
 classes to be disposed of. ff. foil.] 
 
 ppodu'ee 2 , v.t. Bring forward for inspection 
 or consideration, as will p. evidence, witnesses, 
 reasons, p. your tickets; bring (play, performer, 
 book, &c.) before the public; (Geom.) extend, 
 continue, (line to a point); manufacture (goods) 
 from raw materials &c. ; bring about, caus"e, (a 
 sensation &c.) ; (of land &c.) yield (produce) ; 
 (of animal or plant) bear, yield, (offspring, fruit). 
 So ppodueiBruTY n., ppodireiBLE a. [f. L 
 pro ^(ducere duct- lead)] 
 
 ppodu'eep, n. In vbl senses, esp. (Pol. Econ.) 
 one who produces article of consumption (cf. 
 consumer), [f. prec.-f -er ] ] 
 
 ppo'duet, n. Thing produced by natural pro- 
 cess or manufacture; result, as the p. of his 
 labours; (Math.) quantity obtained by multi- 
 plying quantities together ; (Chem.) compound 
 not previously existing in a body but formed 
 during its decomposition, [as produce 2 ] 
 
 ppodu*ction,n. Producing; thingproduced, 
 esp. literary or artistic work. [F, f. L produc- 
 tionem (asprec., see -ion)] 
 
 ppodu'ctive, a. Producing, tending to pro- 
 duce, as p. of Jigs, p. of great annoyance ; (Pol. 
 Econ.) producing commodities of exchangeable 
 value, asp. labourer); producing abunuantly, 
 as a p. soil, mine, writer. Hence ppodu'e- 
 tiveLY2adv., ppodiretiveNEss, ppoduc- 
 ti'viTY, nn. (f. med.L productivus (as pro- 
 duce 2 , see -ive)] 
 
 ppo'em (-im), n. Preface, preamble, to book 
 or speech ; beginning, prelude. Hence ppo- 
 e'miALa. If. OF proemef. L f. Gk pro 2 (oi»mm 
 f. oimos way or oime song)] 
 
 ppota-ne 1 , v.t. Treat (sacred thing) with 
 irreverence or disregard ; violate, pollute,(what 
 is entitled to respect). So ppofanATiON n. 
 If. hprojanare, as foil.] 
 
 ppofa*ne 2 , a. Not belonging to what is sa- 
 cred or biblical, asp. history, literature, writer; 
 not initiated into religious rites or any esoteric 
 knowledge ; (of rites &c.) heathen ; irreverent, 
 blasphemous, so ppofa'niTY n. Hence ppo- 
 fa'neLY 2 adv., ppofa'neNESs n. [f. obs. F 
 prophane f. L pro Hjanus f. fanum temple) be- 
 fore i.e. outside the temple] 
 
 ppofe-ss, v.t. & i. Lay claim to (quality, feel- 
 ing), pretend (to be or do), as they p. extreme re- 
 gret, do not p. to be a scholar; openly declare, 
 as they p. themselves quite content, I p. (that) 
 this is news to me ; affirm one's faith in or alle- 
 giance to (religion, God, Christ) ; make (law, 
 medicine, flute-playing, the flute, &c.) one's pro- 
 fession or business ; teach (subject) as professor; 
 perform duties of a professor. If. L pro l (Jiteri 
 Jess- — fateri confess)] 
 
 ppofe'ssed (-st), a. Self-acknowledged, as a 
 p. Christian ; alleged, ostensible, whence ppo- 
 fe'ssedL v 2 adv. ; claiming to be duly qualified, 
 as a p. anatomist ; p. monk, nun, (that has 
 taken vows of religious order), [p.p. of prec] 
 
 profession, n. Declaration, avowal, as in 
 practice if not in p., accept my sincere pp. of 
 regard, spare me these pp. ; declaration of be- 
 lief in a religion ; vow made on entering, fact 
 of being in, a religious order; vocation, calling, 
 esp. one that involves some branch of learning 
 or science, as the learned pp. (divinity, law, 
 medicine), the military p., a carpenter by p., 
 whence ppofe'ssionLESS a.; the body of per- 
 sons engaged in this, esp. (Theatr. slang) actors, 
 as lets apartments to the p. [F, f. L profession- 
 em (as profess, see -ion)J 
 
 professional, a. & n. Of, belonging to, con- 
 nected with, a profession, as p. nun, etiquette, 
 jealousy ; p. politician, agitator, &c. (making 
 a trade of politics &c.) ; p. cricketer, golfer, &c. 
 (playing for money, cf. amateur) ; (n.) p. man, 
 esp. (abbr. pro) p. cricketer, golfer, &c. Hence 
 ppofe'ssionalLv 2 adv. [al] 
 
 professionalism, n. Qualities, stamp, of 
 a profession ; practice of employing profession- 
 als. So ppofe*ssionalizE(3) v.t. [-ism] 
 
 ppofe'ssop, n. One who makes profession 
 (of a religion ) ; public teacher of high rank, esp. 
 holder of a chair in university (prefixed as title, 
 abbr. Prof), whence ppofe'ssoPATEMl), ppo- 
 fessoPESS 1 , ppofessop'iATEMD, ppofe's- 
 sopship, nn., ppofessop'iAL a., ppofes- 
 sop'ialL Y 2 adv. ; (as grandiose title) JP. Smith's 
 Boxing Dormice &c. ; (slang) professional. [L 
 (as profess, see -or 2 )] 
 
 ppo'ffep, v.t., & n., (literary). Offer(gift, ser- 
 vices, &c, archaic to do; esp. in p.p.); (n.) 
 offer, [(n. f. A F prof re) f. AF projfrir (pro- 1 + 
 offrir offer)] 
 
 profreient (-shnt), a. & n. Adept, expert, 
 (in, at, an art &c, in doing). Hence ppofl*- 
 ciENCY n., ppofi'cientLY 2 adv. [f. L as pro- 
 fit 1 , see -ent] 
 
PROFILE 6 
 
 ppo'file (-el), n., & v.t. Drawing, silhouette, 
 or other representation, of side view esp. of 
 human face, whence ppo'filiST n.; drawn &c. 
 in p. (as seen from one side) ; side outline esp. 
 of the human face ; (Fortif .) transverse vertical 
 section of fort, comparative thickness of earth- 
 work &c. ; flat outline piece of scenery on stage; 
 (v.t.) representin p., give ap. to. [(n. f. It. pro- 
 filo now proff-) f. It. (now proff-) pro l (Jilare 
 spin f. Lfilare f. filum thread)] 
 
 ppd'fit 1 , n. Advantage, benefit, as have 
 studied it to my p., no p. in such pursuits-, 
 pecuniary gain, excess of returns over outlay, 
 (usu.pl.); (Bookkeep.)p.& loss account, account 
 in which gains are credited & losses debited so 
 as to show net p. or loss atany time ; p.-sharing 
 (of pp. esp. between employer & employed). 
 Hence pro'fltLESS a., ppo'fitlessLY 2 adv., 
 ppo'fitlessNESs n. [OF, f. liprofectus -us f. 
 pro M ficerefect- =facere do) advance] 
 
 ppo'fit 2 , v.t. & i. (Of thing) be of advantage 
 to (person &c, orig. indirect object), as it will 
 not p. him, xchat will it p. him ? ; be of advant- 
 age ; (of person &c.) be benefited or assisted, as 
 hope to p. by your advice, profited by his confu- 
 sion to make my escape. If. F projiteras prec] 
 
 ppo'fitable, a. Beneficial, useful, as p. con- 
 versation ; yielding profit, lucrative, as a p. 
 speculation. Hence ppo*fltable\Essn.,ppo*- 
 fltabLY 2 adv. [F (profit i + -able)] 
 
 ppd'fligate (-at), a. & n. Licentious, disso- 
 lute; recklessly extravagant; (n.) p. person. 
 Hence ppo'fligACY n., ppo'fligateLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L pro ^(fiigare = fligere strike down) over- 
 throw, ruin, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ppofou'nd (-ow-), a. & n. Having, showing, 
 great knowledge or insight, as p. statesman, 
 inquiry, treatise ; demanding deep study or 
 thought, as p. doctrines ; (of state or quality) 
 deep, intense, unqualified, as fell into a p. sleep, 
 take a p. interest, simulated a p. indifference ; 
 having, coming from, extending to, a great 
 depth, as p. crevasses, a p. (deep-drawn) sigh, 
 j). (deep-seated) gangrene', (n., poet.) the vast 
 depth (0/ ocean, futurity, the soul, &c). Hence 
 or cogn. ppofoirndLY 2 adv., ppofou'nd- 
 ness, ppofirndiTY, nn. [f. OF profund f. L 
 pro 2 ( fundus bottom) deep] 
 
 ppofu'se (-s), a. Lavish, extravagant, (in, of, 
 gifts, promises, expenditure, &c); (of things) 
 exuberantly plentiful. Hence or cogn. pro- 
 fu'seLY 2 adv., ppofirseNESS, ppofu'siox 
 (zhn), nn. [f. L pro Hfunderefus- pour)] 
 
 ppog 1 , n. (slang). Food, esp. for journey or 
 excursion. [?] 
 
 ppog 2 , nn. & vv.t. ppo'ggins, (slang). 
 Proctor at Oxford or Cambridge ; (v.t.)proctor- 
 ize. [abbr.] 
 
 ppoge'nitive, a. Capable of, connected 
 with, the production of offspring, las foil., -ive] 
 
 ppoge'nitop (-j-), n. Ancestor of person, ani- 
 mal, or plant ; (fig.) political or intellectual pre- 
 decessor, original of a copy. Hence ppogeni- 
 top'iAL a., ppog-e'nitopsHip, ppoge'ni- 
 tPESS \ nn. [f. obs. F progeniteur f. L progeni- 
 torem f. pro Hgignere genit- beget), see -or 2 ] 
 
 ppoge'nitupe, n. (Begetting of) offspring. 
 [as prec, see -ure] 
 
 ppd'geny, n. Offspring of person, animal, 
 or plant; descendants; (fig.) issue, outcome, 
 [f. obs. F progenief. hprogeniesi. VRO l (gigne?'e 
 
 beget)] 
 
 ppoggins. See prog 2 . 
 
 ppoglo'ttis, n. (pi. -ides). Sexually mature 
 
 segment of tapeworm, [f. Gk pro 2 (glossis f. 
 
 glossa, -tta, tongue), from its shape] 
 
 pro'gnathous, a. With projecting jaws; 
 
 (of jaws) projecting. So ppogna'thic a., 
 
 PROJECT 
 
 ppo'gnathiSM(2) n. [f. pro- 2 + Gk gnathos 
 jaw + -ous] 
 ppogno'sis, n. (pi. -oses). Prognostication, 
 esp. (Med.) forecast of course of disease. LL, f. 
 Gk pro 2 (gnosis f. gno- know)] 
 ppogno'stie, n. & a. Pre-indication, omen, 
 (of); prediction, forecast ; (adj.) foretelling, pre- 
 dictive, (of), [(n. f. OF pronostique) f. med.L f. 
 Gk prognostikos f. pro 2 (gignoskd learn), -ic] 
 prognosticate, v.t. Foretell (event, that); 
 (of things) betoken. Hence or cogn. progno*- 
 stieABLE, ppogno'stieativE, ppogno'sti- 
 catORY, aa., prognostic a tion, ppogno*- 
 sticatoR 2 , nn. [f. med.L prognosticare (as 
 prec), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 pp6'gram(me), n., & v.t. Descriptive notice 
 of series of events, e. g. of course of study, con- 
 cert, &c ; definite plan of intended proceedings ; 
 (colloq.) what is the p. for (what are we going 
 to do) to-day ? ; p.-music (intended to suggest 
 series of scenes or events) ; (v.t.) make a p. or 
 definite plan of. [f. L f. Gkprogramma f. pro 2 - 
 (grapho write) write publicly, see -m ; -me now 
 usu. t butcf. diagram, telegram, &c] 
 
 ppo'gpess 1 , n. Forward or onward move- 
 ment in space, as made sloio p., continued his 
 p.; an inquiry is noioinp. (going on) ; advance, 
 development, as made nop. in his studies, the 
 p. of civilization, disease made rapid p.; (ar- 
 chaic) state journey, official tour, esp. royal p. 
 [ult. f. L pro l (gredi gress- = gradi walk)] 
 
 ppogpe'ss 2 , v.i. Move forward or onward ; 
 be carried on, as the controversy stillprogresses ; 
 advance, develop, as we p. in knowledge, science 
 progresses, [f. prec; Amer. revival of obs. E] 
 
 progression (-shn), n. Progress, as mode 
 of p.; (Math.) arithmetical, geometrical, 
 harmonic, p.; (Mus.) passing from one note or 
 chord to another. Hence progression a L a. 
 [ F, f. L progressionem (as progress l , see -ion)] 
 
 progressionist, n. Advocate of progress 
 e.g. in political or social matters (also ppo*- 
 gpessiST n.); one who holds that life on the 
 earth has been marked by gradual progression 
 to higher forms, [-ist] 
 
 ppogpe'ssive, a. & n. Moving forward, as 
 p. motion ; proceeding step by step, successive ; 
 p. whist &c (played by several sets of players 
 at different tables, certain players passing after 
 each round to next table); advancing in social 
 conditions, character, efficiency, &c, as a p. 
 nation; (of disease) continuously increasing: 
 favouring progress or reform, as p. principles, 
 party, whence ppogre'ssiviSM n.; (n.) advo- 
 cate of p. policy. Hence progressive ly 2 
 adv., ppogpe'ssiveNESS n. LF (-if, -ive), as 
 progress 1 , see -ive] 
 
 ppohi'bit, v.t. Forbid, debar, (action, thing, 
 person from doing). Hence or cogn. ppohi*- 
 bitERi, ppohi'bitoR 2 , nn. [f. L pro Hhibere 
 hibit- - habere hold)] 
 
 prohibition, n. Forbidding ; edict, order, 
 that forbids ; forbidding by law of sale of in- 
 toxicants for common consumption, whence 
 ppohibi'tioniST n. (Law) writ from High 
 Court of Justice forbidding inferior court to 
 proceed in suit as being beyond its cognizance. 
 [F, f. L prohibitionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 ppohrbitive, a. Prohibiting; serving to 
 prevent the (ab)use of a thing, asp. tax, pub- 
 lished at a p. price. Hence or cogn. ppohi'bi- 
 tiveLY 2 adv., ppohi'bitiveNESS n., ppo- 
 hi'bitORY a. [F (-if, -ive), as prohibit, see -ive] 
 
 ppoje'et 1 , v.t. & i. Plan, contrive, (scheme, 
 course of action, &c); cast, throw, impel, (body 
 into space &c); (Chem.) cast (substance into, 
 on, &c) ; cause (light, shadow) to fall on sur- 
 face &c; (fig.) cause (idea &c) to take shape; 
 
PROJECT 
 
 Wil 
 
 PROMISE 
 
 (Geoni.) draw straight lines from a centre 
 through every point of (given figure) to produce 
 corresponding figure on a surface by intersect- 
 ing it, draw (such lines), produce (such corre- 
 sponding figure); make projection of (earth, sky, 
 &c.) ; (intr.) protrude, [f. L pro Mjicere ject- = 
 jacere throw)] 
 
 prd'jeet 2 , n. Plan, scheme, [as prec] 
 
 projectile, a. & n. Impelling, as p. force ; 
 capable of being projected by force, esp. from 
 cannon ; (n.) p. missile, [as prec.+ -ile] 
 
 projection, n. Throwing, casting ; trans- 
 mutation of metals, as powder of p., alchemist's 
 powder of philosophers scone ; planning ; pro- 
 truding ; protruding thing ; thrusting forward ; 
 (Geom.) projecting of a figure (see project l ), p. 
 of a point, line joining point in original figure 
 to one in derived figure ; representation on plane 
 surface of (any part of) surface of earth or of 
 celestial sphere, as Mercsitor's p. (in which 
 points of compass preserve same direction all 
 over the map); mental image viewed as objec- 
 tive reality, [f. hprojectio (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 projective, a. (Geom.) of, derived by, pro- 
 jection, p. property of a figure (unchanged after 
 projection); mentally projecting or projected, 
 asp. imagination. Hence proje'etiveLY 2 
 adv. [as prec, see -I ve] 
 
 proje'etor, n. One who forms a project; 
 promoter of bubble companies ; apparatus for 
 projecting rays of light, [as prec, see -or 2 ] 
 
 prola'pse, v.i., & n., (path.). Slip forward or 
 down out of place; (n.) = foll. [f . L PRoMta&i 
 laps- slip)] 
 
 prola'psus, n. (path.). Slipping forward or 
 down of part of organ esp. of uterus or rectum. 
 [L, gen. -iis, as prec] 
 
 pro'late, a. (Geom., of spheroid) lengthened 
 in direction of polar diameter (cf. oblate) ; 
 growing, extending, in width; (fig.) widely 
 spread; (Gram.) = foil. Hence pro'lateLY 2 
 adv. [f. L PRoU/crre lat- carry) prolong] 
 
 prola'tive, a. (gram.). Serving to extend or 
 complete predication, as in ' you can go ' go is a 
 p. infinitive, [t LL prolativus (prec, -ive)] 
 
 ppolego'menon, n. (usu. in pi. -na). Pre- 
 liminary discourse or matter prefixed to book 
 &c. Hence prolegfO'menARY 1 , prolegfo*- 
 menocs, aa. [Gk prolegomenon neut. pass, 
 part, of pro 2 (tefiro say)] 
 
 prole'psis, n. Anticipation ; (Gram.) anti- 
 cipatory use of predicative word as attributive. 
 Hence orcogn. prole'ptic a., prole'ptiCALLY 
 adv. s [Gk prolepsis f. pro 2 (lambano take)] 
 
 prdletaire* (-ar), n. = foil. n. Hence pro- 
 letair*iSM(2) n. [f. F proUtaire, as foil.] 
 
 proletarian, a. & n. (Member) of the pro- 
 letariate. Hence or cogn. proletar*ianiSM(2) 
 n., pro'letARY 1 a. [f. hproletarius one who 
 served the State not with property but with 
 offspring (proles), see -ary i & -an] 
 
 proletariate) (-at), n. (Rom. Hist. ; & mod., 
 often contempt.) lowest class of community; 
 (Pol. Econ.) indigent wage-earners, labouring 
 classes.^ jf. F proletariat (as prec, see -ate *)] 
 
 prolicide, n. Killing of offspring esp. before 
 or soon after birth. Hence proliei'dAL a. If. 
 L proles offspring -f -cide] 
 
 proliferate, v.i. & t. Reproduce itself, grow, 
 by multiplication of elementary parts; produce 
 (cells &c) thus. So proliferA'TiON n., pro- 
 li'feratiVE a. [back-formation f. proliferation 
 f. F proliferation (as foil., see -ation)] 
 
 proli'ferous, a. (Bot.) producing leaf- or 
 flower-buds from leaf or flower, (also) producing 
 new individuals from buds ; (Zool.) multiplying 
 by budding ; (Path.) spreading by proliferation. 
 [f.med.LproZi/er(profesoffspring),see-FEROus] 
 
 prolrfie, a. Producing (much) offspring ; a- 
 bundantly productive of, abounding in. Hence 
 proli*ficACY[irreg.], prolifi'eiTY, proli'flc- 
 NESS, nn. [f. med. Lprolificus (as prec, see -fic)] 
 
 proli'gerous, a. Bearing offspring, genera- 
 tive, [as prec. + L -ger -bearing + -ous] 
 
 proli'x (or pro'-), a. Lengthy, wordy, tedious, 
 as p. speech, writer. Hence or cogn. proli'x- 
 ity n., proli'XLY 2 adv. [f. L pro l (Hixus p.p. 
 of liquere be liquid)] 
 
 pro'loeutor (or prolo'-),n. Chairman esp. of 
 lower house of convocation of either province 
 of Church of England. Hence prolo'cutor- 
 SHip n. [L, f. pro l(loqtii locut- speak), -or 2 ] 
 
 pro'log-ize (-j-), -guize f-glz), vv.i. Write, 
 speak, a prologue, [(-gize) f. Gk prologizo as 
 foll.,J-firw-) f. foil. +-ize] 
 
 pro'logue (-6g), n., & v.t. Preliminary dis- 
 course, poem, &c. esp. introducing play (cf. 
 epilogue) ; (fig.) act, event, serving as intro- 
 duction (to) ; (v.t.) introduce, furnish, with a p. 
 [(vb f. n.) F, f. L f. Gk pro Hlogos speech)] 
 
 prolo'ng, v.t. Extend (action, condition, &c) 
 in duration ; extend in spatial length ; lengthen 
 pronunciation of (syllable &c). So prolo'ng"- 
 able (-nga-) a., prolongATJON (ngg-) n. [f. 
 OF prolonguer f. LL pro 1 (longare, as long 1 )] 
 
 prolu'sion (-zhn), n. Preliminary essay, ar- 
 ticle, or attempt. So prolu'soRY (-s-) a. [f. L 
 prolusio f. PB.o 1 (ludere his- play) practise be- 
 forehand] 
 
 prdmena'de (-ahd, -ad), n., & v.i. & t. Walk, 
 ride, drive, taken for exercise, amusement, or 
 display, or as social ceremony ; place, esp. paved 
 public walk, for this ; p. concert (at which au- 
 dience walk about); (v.i.) make a p., whence 
 promena'dER 1 n,; (v.t.) make a p. through 
 (place), lead (person) about a place esp. for dis- 
 
 Elay. [(vb f. n.) F, f. proviener take for walk f . 
 L pro ^(minare threaten) drive (beasts), -ade] 
 
 prd'merops, n. S.-Afr. genus of birds, esp. 
 Cape p. , small bird with long curved bill & very 
 long tail, [pro- 2 + Gk merops bee-eater] 
 
 Prome'thean, a. Of, like, Prometheus in 
 his skill or punishment, [f. Gk P r rometheus, 
 demigod who made man from clay, stole fire 
 from Olympus & taught men the use of it & 
 various arts, & was chained by Zeus to rock in 
 Caucasus, see -an] 
 
 pro'minent, a. Jutting out, projecting; 
 conspicuous ; distinguished. Hence or cogn. 
 pro'minENCE, pro'minENCY, nn., pro*- 
 minentLY 2 adv. [f. L pro 1 (minere, see emin- 
 ent)] 
 
 ppomi'scuous, a. Of mixed & disorderly 
 composition, as a p. 7nass ; (w. pi. n.) of various 
 kinds mixed together; indiscriminate, as p. 
 massacre, hospitality ; making no distinction 
 esp. of sex, as p. bathing; (colloq.) casual, as 
 took a p. stroll ; (vulg., facet.) p.-like, casually, 
 for no particular reason. Hence or cogn. pro- 
 miscu'iTY n., promi'scuousLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 PRO^tyiiscuus f. miscere mix) + -ous] 
 
 pro'mise 1 (-s), n. Assurance given to a per- 
 son that one will do or not do something or will 
 give or procure him something ; thing pro- 
 mised, as/ claim your p.; breach 1 ©/ p.; land 
 of p. (see foil.); (fig.) ground of expectation of 
 future achievements or good results, as book, 
 xvriter, of great p. [f.'L promissum p.p. of PRO ] - 
 (mittere send) put forth, promise] 
 
 pro'mise 2 (-s), v.t. & i. Make (person) a pro- 
 mise to give or procure him (thing), as I p. you 
 a fair hearing ; make (person) a promise (to do, 
 that thing shall be don e &c ) ; (abs. ) cannot posi- 
 tively p. ; p. oneself, look forward to (a pleasant 
 time &c); (colloq.) I p. (assure) you, it will not 
 be so easy ; (fig.) afford expectation of, as these 
 
PROMISEE 
 
 662 
 
 PROOF 
 
 discussions p.future storms, seem likely (to do); 
 (abs.)£>. well &c, hold out good &c. prospect; 
 promised land (also land of promise) Canaan 
 [Gen. xii. 7 &c.), heaven, any place of expected 
 felicity. Hence ppo'misER l n. [f. precj 
 
 promisee*, n. (law). Person to whom promise 
 is made. So ppo'misoR 2 n. (law). |-ee] 
 
 ppo'mising", a. Likely to turn out well, 
 hopeful, full of promise, as p. boy, sky, begin- 
 ning. Hence ppoTnisingLV 2 adv. [-ing J J 
 
 prd'missory, a. Conveying or implying a 
 promise ; (rare) full of promise (oj ) ; p. note, 
 signed document containing written promise 
 to pay stated sum to specified person or to 
 bearer at specified date or on demand, [f. med. 
 L promissoriim (as promise 1 , see -orv)] 
 
 ppd'montopy, n. Pointof high land jutting 
 out into sea &c, headland; (Anat.) kinds 
 of protuberance in the body. Hence pro'- 
 montoriED 2 a. [f. med.L promontorium 
 altered (on mons -ntis mount) f. L promun- 
 turium (perh. as prominent)] 
 
 ppomo'te, v.t. Advance, prefer, (person to 
 position, higher office) ; help forward, en- 
 courage, (process, result) ; support actively the 
 passing of (law), take necessary steps for pass- 
 ing of (local or private act of parliament) ; 
 (Chess) raise (pawn) to rank of queen &c. 
 Hence or cogn. ppomo'trox n., ppomo'tivE 
 a. [f. L pro l (movere mot- move)] 
 
 ppomo'tep, n. In vbl senses, esp. (also com- 
 pany-p.) one who promotes formation of joint- 
 stock company (esp. in opprobrious sense, 
 whence ppomo'tepiSM n.). [-er 1 ] 
 
 prompt •, a. & n. Ready in action, acting 
 with alacrity, as a p. assistant, made, done, 
 &c, readily or at once, as p. reply, decision, 
 payment, whence or cogn. ppo'mptixuDE, 
 ppo'mptNESS, nn., ppo'mptLV 2 adv.; for p. 
 ca.s/i(jnthespot);(Commerc.,ofgoods)forimme- 
 diate delivery & payment, as p. iro t, (n.) time 
 limit for payment of account, stated on p.-note, 
 as what is the p.?. l(n. f. adj.) f. L promere 
 prompt- produce (pro- 1 + emere take)] 
 
 prompt 2 , v.t., & n. Incite, move, (person &c. 
 to action, to do); supply (actor, reciter, or abs.) 
 with the words that come next, assist (hesitat- 
 ing speaker) with suggestion ; inspire, give rise 
 to, (feeling, thought, action) ; (n.) thing said to 
 help the memory esp. of actor ; p.-book, copy of 
 play for prompter's use ; p.- (prompter's) box on 
 stage ; p.-side of stage (to actor's right; abbr. 
 p.s.). f(n. f. vb) f. prec] 
 
 ppo'mptep, n. One who prompts, esp. 
 (Theatr.) person stationed out of sight of 
 audience to assist actor's memory, [-er x ] 
 
 ppo'mpting - , n. In vbl senses, esp. the pp. 
 of conscience Sec. [-ing 1 ] 
 
 ppo'm alg-ate, v.t. Make known to the 
 public, disseminate (creed &c). proclaim (de- 
 cree, news). Hence or cogn. ppomulgWTioN, 
 ppo'mulg'atOR 2 , nn. [f. L promulgare pcrh. 
 corrupt, of pro Hvulgare publish f. vulgus the 
 people), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 promu'lge, v.t. (archaic). =prec. fas prec] 
 
 ppona-ds, n. (Gk ant.j. Space in front of 
 body of termle, enclosed bv portico & project- 
 ing si e walls. [L f. Gk pro Hnaos temple ] 
 
 pro'nate, v.t. (physiol.). Put (hand, fore 
 limb) into prone position (cf. supinate). So 
 pponA'TiON n. ff. LL pronare (as prone), see 
 
 -ATE :i ] 
 
 ppona'top, n. (anat). Muscle that effects or 
 helps pronation. [med.L (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 prone, a. Having the front or ventral part 
 downwards, lying face downwards, (loosely) 
 lying flat, prostrate, as fell/p., whence ppo'ne- 
 LY 2 adv.; (of ground) having downward aspect 
 
 or direction, (loosely) steep, headlong ; disposed, 
 liable, (to quality, action, or condition, to do). 
 Hence ppo'neNESS n. If. L pronus) 
 
 proneuf (-er), n. Extoller, eulogist. [F] 
 
 prong-, n., & v.t. Forked instrument, e.g. 
 hay-fork ; each pointed member of fork, whence 
 (-)ppongED 2 a.; (v.t.) pierce, stab, turn up 
 (soil &c), with p.; p.-buck, -horn, -horned ante- 
 lope, N.-Amer. deer-like ruminant. [?] 
 
 ppond'minal, a. Of (the nature of) a pro- 
 noun. Hence pponcminalLV 2 adv. If. LL 
 pronoininaliS i. L PRO l (nomen -minis noun), 
 see -alJ 
 
 ppo'noun, n. Word used instead of (proper 
 or other) noun to designate person or thing 
 already mentioned or known from context or 
 forming the subject of inquiry (used also to in- 
 clude pronominal & other adjectives, see below); 
 personal pp. (I, we, thou, you, he, she, it, they) ; 
 interrogative pp. (who, what, which) ; rdative 
 pp. (who, that, which); possessice pp., adjec- 
 tives representing possessive case (my, her, 
 our, &c, with absolute forms mine, hers, ours) ; 
 demonstrative pp. (this, that) ; distr^uut.ve pp. 
 (each, every, either, &c.) ; indefinite p A j. (any, 
 some, &c). [pro- 1 ] 
 
 pponoirnce (-ow-), v.t. & i. Utter, deliver, 
 (judgment, sentence, curse, &c.) formally or 
 solemnly, state, declare, as one's opinion, as 1 
 p. the pears unripe, cannot p. him (or that he 
 is) out of danger, whence pponou'neeMENT 
 n.; pass judgment, give one's opinion, (on, for, 
 against, in favour of) ; utter, articulate, (words 
 or abs.), as p. more distinctly, esp. with refer- 
 ence to different modes, as how do you p. 'ful- 
 some ' ?, cannot p. French, whence pro- 
 nou'nceABLE a. [f. OF •pronunzier f. LL 
 pro l (nuntiare announce f.?i/m,:/..3iiiussenger)] 
 
 pponou'nced, a. In vbl senses, also : strong- 
 ly marked, decided, as p. tenuenry, mag nta, 
 flavour. Hence pponou'needLY 2 adv. [-ed 2 ] 
 
 pronouncing", n. In vbl senses; (attrib.) 
 p. dictionary (in which pronunciation is indi- 
 cated), [-ing •] 
 
 pronuneiame'nto (si-), n. Proclamation, 
 manifesto, esp. (in Spanish-speaking countries) 
 one issued by insurrectionists, [f. Sp. pronun- 
 ciamiento, also used in E, f. L as pronounce, 
 see -ment] 
 
 pponuneiation (si), n. Mode in which a 
 word is pronounced ; a perso?i's way of pro- 
 nouncing words, as his p. is ojten faulty, [f. L 
 pronuntiatio (as pronounce, see -ation)] 
 
 ppdbf ] , n. Evidence sufficing or helping to 
 establish a fact, as this regui?*es no p., as a p. 
 of his esteem, p. positive ofh is intention or that 
 he intended, whence proo'fLESS a.; spoken or 
 written legal evidence ; proving, demonstra- 
 tion, as not capable of p., in p. of my assertion ; 
 (Sc law) trial before judge instead of by jury ; 
 test, trial, as must be brought to the p., will 
 stand a severe p., the p. of t. e pudding is in 
 the eating ; (place for) testing of firearms or ex- 
 plosives ; (archaic) proved impenetrability, as 
 armour of p.; standard of strength of distilled 
 alcoholic liquors; (first) p., trial impression 
 taken from type, in which corrections &c may 
 be madelcf. revise), p.-reader,-r' adingAperson 
 employed in) reading & correcting pp., p. -sheet. 
 sheet of p. ; each of a limited number of careful 
 impressions made from engraved plate before 
 printing of ordinary issue & usu. (also p. before 
 letters) before inscription is added, artist's, en- 
 graver's, p. (taken for examination oralteration 
 by him), signed p., early p. signed by artist; 
 test-tube ; rough edges left to some leaves of 
 book to show it has not been cut down ; p.- 
 plane, conductor fixed on insulating handle 
 
PROOF 
 
 663 
 
 PROPORTION 
 
 & used in measuring electrification of a body, 
 [f. OF prueve f. LL proba, as prove] 
 
 proof 2 , a., & v.t. (Of armour) of tried 
 strength ; impenetrable, as p. against the 
 severest weather, the pricks of conscience, esp. 
 in comb., as bomb, bultet, fire, rain, sound, 
 burgiar, thief, weather, -p., WATER l p.; (v.t.) 
 make (thing p., esp. make (fabric &c.) water- 
 proof, [(vb f. adj.) f. prec] 
 
 ppop, n., & v.t. Rigid support, esp. one not 
 forming structural part of thing supported, 
 e.g. pole ; clothes-jej.; (rig.) person &c who up- 
 holds institution &c; (v.t.) suppurt (as) by prop 
 (lit. & rig.), hold up thus. L(vb prob. f. n.) cf. 
 Du. proppe, etym. dub.] 
 
 ppopaedeirtie (-du-), a. & n. (Subject, 
 study) serving as introduction to higher study ; 
 (n. pi.) preliminary learning, hence pro- 
 paedeu'ticAL a. If. Gk pro Hpaideud teach f. 
 pais paidos child), see -ic] 
 
 propaganda (-a), n. {Congregation, Col- 
 lege, oj ) thz P., committee of cardinals in 
 charge of foreign missions ; association, organ- 
 ized scheme, for propagation of a doctrine or 
 practice ; (improp., as pi.) efforts, schemes, 
 principles, of propagation. [It., f. mod.L con- 
 gregatio de propaganda fide congregation for 
 propagation of the faith] 
 
 propagandist, n. Member, agent, of a 
 propaganda, whence propag'a'ndisM n., 
 propagandists a., propagandize 2, 4) 
 v.i. &c I.; proselytizer ; missionary, convert, of 
 the Propaganda, [-isti 
 
 propagate, v.t. Multiply specimens of 
 (plant, annual, disease, &c) by natural process 
 from parent stock ; (of plant &c.) reproduce (it- 
 selfov abs.) ; hand down (quality &c.) from one 
 generation to another ; disseminate, ditfu.se, 
 (statement, belief, practice) ; extend the oper- 
 ation of, transmit, (vibration, earthquake, &c). 
 Hence or cogn. ppopagATioN, ppo'pagat- 
 or 2 , nn., pro'pag'ativ.: a. [f. L propagure 
 multiply plants from layers, f. pro l (pago perh. 
 f . root of pangere fix, set), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ppoparo'xytone (-tn), a. & n. (Gk gram.). 
 (Word) with acute accent on antepenult, [f. 
 Gk PR0 2 i paroxidonos paroxytone)J 
 
 ppope'l, v.t. (-11-). Drive forward, give on- 
 ward motion to, (lit. & fig.), [f. L pro ^{pellere 
 puis- drive)] 
 
 ppope'llent, a. & n. Propelling (agent) ; ex- 
 plosive propelling bullet from fire-ami. [-ent] 
 
 ppope'llep, n. In vbl senses, esp. : revolving 
 shaft with blades usu. (screw p.) set at an angle 
 & twisted like thread of screw, for propelling 
 ship. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 propensity, n. Inclination, tendency, {to 
 condition, quality, thing, to do, for do ng). [f. 
 now rare propensef. hpropensus inclined, p.p. 
 of pro Upendere hang) + -ity] 
 
 ppd'pep, a. (Archaic, usu. w. possessive 
 pron. & sometimes w. own) own, as with my 
 own p. eyes ; (Astr.) p. motion, that part of the 
 apparent motion of fixed star &c. supposed to 
 be due to its actual movement in space ; belong- 
 ing, relating, exclusively or distinctively {to, 
 or abs. as p. psalms, lessons, p. to particular 
 day); (Gram.) p. noun or name, name used to 
 designate an individual person, animal, town, 
 ship, &c. (e.g. Jane, Smith, France, London) ; 
 accurate, correct, as in the p. sense of the icord ; 
 (usu. foil, its noun) strictly so called, real, 
 genuine, as within the sphere of architecture 
 p., p. fraction (less than unity); (colloq.) 
 thorough, complete, as wi I be a p. row about 
 this ; (archaic) handsome, as a p. man : fit, 
 suitable, right, as choose the p. time, do it the 
 p. way ; in conformity with demands of society, 
 
 decent, respectable, as she is so distressingly 
 p., would it be quite p. ?; (Herald.) in the natural, 
 not conventional, colours, as apeacock p. [ME 
 & F propre f . L proprius) 
 pro-perispo-menon, a. & n. (Gk gram.). 
 (Woro) with circumflex accent on penult. [Gk 
 
 PR0 2 (PERISPOMENON)] 
 
 ppo'peply, adv. Fittingly, suitably, as do it 
 p. or not at at I; rightly, duly, as he very p. re- 
 j used ; with good manners, as behave p.; (col- 
 loq.) thoroughly, as puzzled him p. [-ly 2 ] 
 
 ppo'pepty, n. Owning, being owned, as p. 
 has its duties; thing owned, possession(s), as 
 the book is his p., regards him as her exclusive 
 p., a man of (great) p., has a small p. (estate) 
 in Norfolk, personal, real 2 , p.; p. qualifica- 
 tion (based on possession of p.), p. tax (levied 
 directly on p.) ; (Theatr.) article of costume, 
 furniture, &c, used on stage, p.-man, -master, 
 man in charge of stage pp. ; attribute, quality, 
 as the pp. of soda, has the p. oj dissolving 
 grease ; (Logic) quality common to a whole 
 class but not necessary to distinguish it from 
 others, [f. OF proprieU f. L proprietatem (as 
 proper, see -ty)J 
 
 ppo'pheey, n. Faculty of a prophet, as the 
 gift of p.; prophetic utterance; foretelling of 
 future events, [f. OF profecie f. LL f. Gk pro- 
 pheteia (as prophet)] 
 
 ppo'phesy, v.i. & t. Speak as a prophet; 
 foretell future events; (archaic) expound the 
 Scriptures ; foretell (event, that, who, &c). [f. 
 OF profecier, as prec] 
 
 ppo'phet, n. Inspired teacher, revealer or 
 interpreter of God's will ; the pp., prophetical 
 writers of O.T., major pp., Isaiah, Jeremiah, 
 Ezekiel, Daniel, the rz minor pp., Hosea to Ma- 
 lachi ; the P., Mohammed, (also) Joseph Smith, 
 founder of Mormons ; spokesman, advocate, 
 {of principle, cause, &c); one who foretells 
 events, as am no weather-p., (slang) one who 
 foretells result of race, tipster. Hence ppo*- 
 phetEss l , ppo'phetHOOD, ppo'phetsHip, 
 nn. [f. Fprophetet. L {-ta) f. Gk pro 2 ( phetes 
 speaker f. phemi speak) spokesman] 
 
 ppephe'tic, a. Of a prophet ; predicting, 
 containing a prediction of (event &c). Hence 
 ppophe'ticAL a., ppophe'tiealLV 2 adv. [f. 
 LL f. Gk projihetikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 ppophyla'etic, a. & n. (Medicine, measure) 
 tending to prevent disease, [f. Gk prophulakti- 
 kos f. pro ^{phxdasso guard), see -ic] 
 
 ppopi'nquity, n. Nearness in place ; close 
 kinship ; similarity, [f. obs. F propinquity f. 
 L propinquitatem {propinquus near f. prope 
 near, see -tv(] 
 
 ppoprtiate (-shl-), v.t. Appease (offended 
 person &c) ; make propitious, [f. Lpropitiare 
 (as propitious, see -ate 3 )] 
 
 I popitia'tion, n. Appeasement; atone- 
 ment ; (archaic) gift &c meant to propitiate, 
 as he is the p. for our sins. [I. LL propitiatio 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 ppepi'tiatopy (-shat-), a. & n. Serving, 
 meant, to propitiate, as a p. smile', (n.) the 
 mercy-seat (esp. fig. of Christ). Hence ppopi'- 
 tiatopiLY 2 adv. [f. LL propitiatorius (as 
 pi'Opitiate, see -ORV)j 
 
 ppopi'tious (-sh?/s), a. Well-disposed, favour- 
 able, as the fates were p. ; (of omens &c ) favour- 
 able ; (of weather, occasion, &c) suitable for, 
 favourable to, (purpose). Hence ppopi'tious- 
 i.v 2 adv. [f. OF propicius f. L jropitius, -ous] 
 
 ppo'polis, n. Red resinous substance got by 
 bees from buds to stop up crevices with. [Gk 
 pro 2 (polis city) suburb, bee-glue] 
 
 proportion, n., & v.t. Comparative part, 
 share, as a large p. of the earth's surjace, of the 
 
PROPORTIONAL. 
 
 664 
 
 PROSENCHYMA 
 
 profits ; comparative relation, ratio, as the p. 
 of births to the population, price will be raised 
 in p. {to the labour &c. or abs.) ; due relation of 
 one thing to another or between parts of a 
 thing, as windows are in admirable p., his 
 success bore no p. to his abilities, whence pro- 
 pop'tionLESS a.; teas out of (all) p. to, too 
 great for ; (pi.) dimensions, -as athlete, building, 
 of magnificent pp.', (Math.) equality of ratios 
 between two pairs of quantities, as 3, 5, 9, & lo 
 are in p., set of such quantities, (Arith.) rule 
 of three; (v.t.) make (thing &c.) proportionate 
 to, as must p. the punishment to the crime, 
 whence (-)ppopop*tionED 1 a., ppopop'tion- 
 ment n. [(n.) F, f. L pro( portionem portion) ; 
 vb f. OF proporcioner] 
 
 ppopop'tional, a. & n. In due proportion, 
 corresponding in degree or amount, as a p. in- 
 crease in the expense, resentment p. to his in- 
 juries, p. REPRESENTATION, SO pPOpOP'tion- 
 
 able, ppopop'tionATE 2 , aa., ppopop'tion- 
 
 abLY 2 , ppopop'tionateLY 2 , advv.; (n.) one 
 of the terms of a proportion, as 5, 3, 10, 6, are pp., 
 6 is a mean p. between 3 & 12. Hence or cogn. 
 ppopoptiona'liTY n., ppopop'tionalLY 2 
 adv. [f. L proportionalis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 ppopop'tionalist, n. One who plans pro- 
 portions ; advocate of proportional representa- 
 tion. [-1ST] 
 
 ppopo'sal (-z-), n. Act of proposing some- 
 thing ; offer of marriage, as have had a p.; 
 scheme of action &c. proposed, as the p. was 
 never carried out. [-al] 
 
 ppopo'se (-z), v.t. Put forward for consider- 
 ation, propound ; setup as an aim, as the object 
 I p. to myself ; nominate (person) as member of 
 society &c; offer (person's health, person) as 
 toast; (abs.) make offer of marriage ; put for- 
 ward as a plan, as we p. (to make) a change, 
 that a change should be made ; intend, purpose, 
 (to do, doing) ; (abs.) man proposes, God dis- 
 poses, [f. F pro M poser, see compose)] 
 
 ppdposi'tion (-z-), n. Statement, assertion, 
 as a p. too plain to need argument, esp. (Logic) 
 form of words consisting of predicate & subject 
 connected by copula; (Math.) formal statement 
 of theorem or problem, often including the 
 demonstration, as Euclid, Book I, p. 5; propo- 
 sal, scheme proposed. Hence ppoposi'tionAL 
 a. [F, f. L propositionem (as foil., see -ion)] 
 
 ppopou*nd (-ow-), v.t. Offer for considera- 
 tion, propose, (question, problem, scheme, mat- 
 ter, &c, to person) ; produce (will) before pro- 
 Eer authority in order to establish its legality, 
 [ence ppopou'ndER 1 n. [earlier propone f. 
 L PRO l (ponere posit- place), cf. compound &c] 
 
 ppoppae'top, n. (Rom. hist.). Ex-praetor 
 with authority of praetor in province not under 
 military control. [L, earlier pro praetore (one) 
 acting for praetor] 
 
 ppoppi'etapy, a. & n. Of a proprietor, as p. 
 rights ; holding property, as the p. classes ; held 
 in private ownership, as p. medicines (sale of 
 which is restricted by patent &c.) ; (n.) propri- 
 etorship, as an exclusive p., body of proprietors, 
 as the landed p. [f. LL proprietaries (as pro- 
 perty, see -ary *)] 
 
 ppoppi'etop, n. Owner. Hence ppoppie- 
 top'iAL a., ppoppietop'ialLY 2 adv., ppo- 
 ppi'etopsHiP, ppoppi'etPESS 1 , nn. [altered 
 
 in 17th c. f. prec] 
 ppoppi'ety, n. Fitness, Tightness, as doubt 
 
 the p. of the term, of refusing him ; correctness 
 
 of behaviour or morals, as a breach of p., (pi.) 
 
 details of correct conduct, as must observe the 
 
 op. [(in earlier senses 'ownership, peculiarity') 
 
 !. F proprUte' property] 
 
 ppops, n. pi. (slang). Stage properties, [abbr.] 
 
 I' 
 
 prdpto'sis, n. (path.). Prolapse, protrusion, 
 esp. of eye. Hence ppopto'SEO 1 a. [LL, f. 
 Gk proptosis f. pro 2 (pipto fall)] 
 ppopu'lsion, n. Drivingor pushing forward ; 
 (tig.) impelling influence. So ppopu'lsiVE a. 
 [F (as propel, see -ion)] 
 
 ppdpylae'um, n. (pi. -a). Entrance to tem- 
 ple ; the Pp., entrance to Acropolis at Athens. 
 [L, f. Gk PR0 2 (pwtaio?i f. pttZegate)] 
 ppd'pylite, n. Volcanic rock found in some 
 silver-mining regions. Hence ppopyli'tic a. 
 [f. foil. + -ite 1 , as opening a volcanic epoch] 
 ppo'pylon, n. (pi. -ons, -a). = propylaeum. 
 [L, f. Gk pro 2 ( p\don f. pule gate)] 
 ppopd'g-ue (-g), v.t. & i. Discontinue meet- 
 ings of (British parliament &c.) without dis- 
 solving it; (of parliament &c.) be prorogued. 
 So ppo'POgA'TiON n. [f. Fproroger f. L PRO 1 - 
 (rogare ask) prolong (term of office &c.)] 
 ppos- in comb. = Gk pros to, towards, in 
 addition. 
 
 pposa'ie, a. Like prose, lacking poetic beau- 
 ty ; unromantic, commonplace, dull, as a p. life, 
 person, view of things. Hence pposa'iCALLY 
 adv., pposa'ieNESs n. [f. med.L prosaicus 
 (as prose, see -ic)] 
 
 ppo'saist, n. Prose author ; prosaic person. 
 So ppo*sais.M(4) n. [as prose, see -ist] 
 pposce*nium,n. (pi. -a). (In ancient theatre) 
 the stage; (mod.) space between curtain or 
 drop-scene & orchestra. [L, f. Gk pro 2 (skenion 
 f. Skene background of stage)l 
 pposcpi'be, v.t. Put (person) out of protec- 
 tion of law ; banish, exile, (esp. fig.) ; reject, de- 
 nounce, (practice &c.) as dangerous &c. So 
 pposcpi'ptioN n., pposcpi'ptiVE a. [f. L 
 pro ^[scHbere script- write)] 
 prose (-z), n., & v.i. & t. Ordinary non-met- 
 rical form of written or spoken language (often 
 attrib., as Milton's p. ivorks) ; p. -poem, p. work 
 of poetical style ; plain matter-of-fact quality, 
 as the p. of existence ; tedious discourse ; (v.i.) 
 talk prosily (about &c), whence ppo'SER 1 n.; 
 (v.t.) turn (poem &c.) into prose. [F, f. L prosa 
 (oratio) straightforward (discourse), fern, of 
 prosus, earlier prorsus, contraction of PRO l - 
 (vo'sus p.p. of vertere turn)] 
 ppose'etop, n. One who dissects dead bodies 
 in preparation for anatomical lecture &c. [LL, 
 = anatomist, f. pro 1 (secare sect- cut)] 
 ppo'secute, v.t. Followup, pursue,(inquiry, 
 studies) ; carry on (trade, pursuit) ; institute 
 legal proceedings against (person), as trespass- 
 ers will be prosecuted, (abs.) shall not p. [f. L 
 pro l (sequi secut- follow)] 
 pposecu'tion, n. Prosecuting (of pursuit 
 &c.) ; (Law) exhibition of criminal charge be- 
 fore court ; carrying on of legal proceedings 
 against person ; prosecuting party, usthep. de- 
 nied this; director of public pp., English pub- 
 lic prosecutor, [f. LL prosecutio (prec, -ion)] 
 ppo'seeutop, n. One who prosecutes esp. in 
 criminal court ; pu6Zi'cp.,lawofficerconducting 
 criminal proceedings in public interest. Hence 
 pposecu'TRix n. (pi. -trices). [med.L (as pro- 
 secute, see -or 2 )] 
 
 ppo'selyte, n., & v.t. Convert from one 
 opinion, creed, or party, to another, as made 
 many pp.; Gentile convert to Jewish faith, 
 p. of the gate (not submitting to circumcision 
 &c); (v.t, now rare) make a p. of (person or 
 abs.). Hence ppo*selytis.M(l, 2), ppo'selyt- 
 Izer 1 , nn., ppo*selytizE(2) v.t. (often abs.). 
 [(vb f. n.) f. LL f. Gk PROS(eh^os f. st. eluth- 
 come) one who has come, convert] 
 ppdse'nehyma (-k-), n. (bot). Tissue of 
 elongated cells placed with their ends inter- 
 penetrating (cf. parenchyma), esp. fibro-vascu- 
 
PROSIFY 
 
 665 
 
 PROTEST 
 
 lar tissue. Hence pposenehy'matous a. 
 [f. Gk pros toward, as parenchyma] 
 
 prd'sif y (-z-), v. t. & i. Turn into prose, make 
 prosaic; write prose. [-FY] 
 
 pro'sit, int. used in drinking person's health, 
 wishing him success, &c lit. = may it benefit 
 you. IL] 
 
 ppd'sody, n. Science of versification. Hence 
 prosodl'ACAL, pposo'diAL, pposo'dic, aa., 
 ppo'sodisr n. [f. L f. Gk RR0S(6idia as ode)] 
 
 prosopopoeia (-peia), n. (rhet.). Introduc- 
 tion of pretended speaker; personification of 
 abstract thing. [L, f. Gk prosopopoiia { proso- 
 pon person + poied make)] 
 • ppd'speet, n., & v.i. & t. Extensive view of 
 landscape &c, as a fine, striking, p.', mental 
 scene, as opened a new p. to his mind ; expecta- 
 tion, what one expects, as offers a gloomy p., 
 his pp. were brilliant, no p. of success, have 
 nothing in p. at present, whence ppo'spect- 
 less a.; (Mining) spot giving pp. of mineral de- 
 posit, sample of ore for testing, resulting yield ; 
 (v.i.) explore region (for gold &c), so ppo- 
 spe'etOR 2 {or pro's-) n., (fig.) look out for, (of 
 mine) promise {well, ill) ; (v.t.) explore (region) 
 for gold &c, work (mine) experimentally, (of 
 mine) promise (specified yield), [(vb f. n.) as 
 prospectus] 
 
 prospective, a. Concerned with, applying 
 to, the future (cf. retrospective), as the law 
 was held to be exclusively p., implies a p. obli- 
 gation ; expected, future, some day to be, as p. 
 peer, bridegroom, profit. Hence prospe'e- 
 tiveLY 2 adv., ppospe'etiveNESS n. [f. med.L 
 prospectivus (as foil., see -ive)] 
 
 ppospe'ctus, n. (pi. -tiises). Circular de- 
 scribing chief features of school, commercial 
 enterprise, forthcoming book, &c. IL, gen. -us, 
 = prospect, f. pro Hspicere = specere look)] 
 
 ppo'spep, v.i. & t. Succeed, thrive, as cheats 
 never p., nothing will ever p. in his hands ; 
 make successful, as Heaven p. our attempt. [I. 
 F prosperer f. \jprospcrare, as foil.] 
 
 ppo'spepous, a. Flourishing, successful, 
 thriving, as a p. merchant, enterprise, whence 
 or cogn. ppospe'PiTY n., ppo'spepousLY 2 
 adv.; auspicious, as a p. gale, in a p. hour. [f. 
 obs. F prospereus f. L pi'osper(us), see -ous] 
 
 ppo'state, n. Large gland, each of several 
 small glands, accessory to male generative or- 
 gans in mammals. Hence pposta'tic a. [f. 
 med.L (-ta) f. Gk PR0 2 (states f. sta- stand) one 
 who stands before] 
 
 prosthesis, n. (gram.). Addition of letter 
 or syllable at beginning of word. So ppos- 
 the'tic a. [L, f. Gk prosthesis f. TROS(tilhemi 
 put, vbl adj. thetos)] 
 
 ppd'stitute, n., & v.t. Woman who offers 
 her body to indiscriminate sexual intercourse 
 esp. for hire ; (v.t.) make a p. of oneself, (fig.) 
 sell for base gain (one's honour &c), put (abili- 
 ties &c.) to infamous use. So ppostitu'tiox 
 n. [f. L pro l {stituere -ut--statuere set up, 
 place) offer for sale] 
 
 ppo'strate 1 (-at), a. Lying with face to 
 ground, esp. as token of submission or humility; 
 lying in horizontal position ; overcome, over- 
 thrown, as had laid the Whig party p.; physi- 
 cally exhausted; (Bot.) lying flat on ground. 
 If. L p.p. as foil.] 
 
 ppostra'te 2 {or pro's-), v.t. Lay (person &c.) 
 flat on ground ; cast oneseZ/down prostrate (at 
 shrine, before person, &c); (fig.) overcome, 
 make submissive; (of fatigue &c.) reduce to 
 extreme physical weakness. So ppostpa*- 
 tiON n. [f. L pro Hsteriiere strat- lay flat)] 
 
 ppo'style, n. & a. Portico of not more than 
 four columns in front of Greek temple ; (adj.) 
 
 having a p. [f. L (-os) f. Gk * pro Hstulos 
 
 STYLE)] 
 
 ppo'sy (-zi), a. Commonplace, tedious, dull, 
 as p. talk(er). Hence ppo'siL Y 2 adv. , pro'si- 
 ness n. If. prose + -y l ] 
 
 ppota'gonist (also -ago'-), n. Chief person in 
 drama or plotof story ; leadingperson in contest, 
 champion of cause, &c. [f. Gk protagonistes 
 (protos first + agonistes actor, as agonize)] 
 
 ppd'tasis,n. (pi. -ases). Introductory clause, 
 esp. clause expressing condition (cf. apodosis). 
 So ppota'tic a. [LL, f. Gk PR0 2 (tasis f. teino 
 stretch) stretching forward, proposition] 
 
 ppo'tean, a. Variable, versatile ; of or like 
 PROTEUS, [-an] 
 
 ppote'et, v.t. Keep safe, defend, guard, (per- 
 son, thing, from, against, danger, injury, &c); 
 (Pol. Econ.) guard (home industry) against com- 
 petition by imposts on foreign goods ; (Com- 
 merc.) provide funds to meet (bill, draft) ; pro- 
 vide (machinery &c.) with appliances to pre- 
 vent injury from it, as protected rijles. Hence 
 ppote'etivE a., ppote*etiveLY 2 adv., ppo- 
 te'ctiveNESS n. [f. L pro l (tegere tcct- cover)] 
 
 ppote'ction, n. Protecting, defence, as is 
 safe under your p. , affords p. against weather ; 
 patronage, as book was indebted to your kind 
 p.; protecting person or thing, as man, dog, is 
 a great p. against burglars; safe-conduct; 
 (U.S.) certificate of American citizenship issued 
 to seaman ; (Pol. Econ.) system of protecting 
 home industries, whence ppote*ctioniSM(3), 
 ppote*ctioniST(2), nn. [F, f. LL proiectionem 
 (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 ppote'etop, n. Person who protects ; regent 
 in charge of kingdom during minority, absence, 
 &c, of sovereign, Lord P. of the Common- 
 u-ealth, title of Oliver Cromwell (1653-8) & 
 Richard Cromwell (1658-9), whence ppote'c- 
 toPAL a., ppote'ctopsHiP n.; thing, device, 
 that protects, as CHEST-p., point-p. (for pencil). 
 Plence ppote'ctPESS l n. [f. OF protectour £. 
 LL protector (as protect, see -OR 2 )] 
 
 ppote'ctorate (-at), n. Office of protector of 
 kingdom or state ; period of this, esp. of the p. 
 of O. & R. Cromwell ; protectorship of weak 
 state by stronger one, esp. of territory inhabited 
 by native tribes ; such territory, [-ate l ] 
 
 ppote'ctopy, n. (Rom. Cath.). Institution 
 for care of destitute or vicious children, [f. LL 
 protectorius a. (as protect, see -ory)] 
 
 ppo'te^re" (ezha), n. (fern. -gee). Person to 
 whom another is (usu. permanent) protector 
 or patron. [F, p.p. of proteger protect] 
 
 ppo'teid, n. = protein (1st sense), [-id 4 ] 
 
 ppo'teifopm, a. Very changeable in form, 
 [f. PROTEUS + -form] 
 
 ppo*tein,n. (chem.). (Nowpreferred inscient. 
 use to proteid) albuminoid; (orig.) supposed 
 basis of albuminoids. Hence protein a "ceous, 
 ppotei'nic, ppote'inous, aa. [G, f. Gk pro- 
 teios primary (protos first), see -in] 
 
 ppotep(o)- in comb. = Gk proteros former, 
 anterior, as : protera'ndrous, protero'gynous, 
 having stamens (pistil) mature before pistil 
 (stamens). 
 
 ppo'test \ n. Formal statement of dissent or 
 disapproval, remonstrance, as made a p., paid 
 it under p.; written statement of dissent from 
 motion carried in H. of Lords signed by any 
 peer of minority ; written declaration usu. by 
 notary-public that bill has been duly presented. 
 & payment or acceptance refused ; solemn de- 
 claration, [obs. F, as foil.] 
 
 ppote'st 2 , v.t. & i. Affirm solemnly (one's 
 innocence &c.,that, or abs.); write a protest in 
 regard to (bill, see prec); make (often written) 
 protest against (action, proposal), whence pro- 
 
PROTESTANT 
 
 666 
 
 PROVERB 
 
 te'stER 1 , ppote'stOR 2 , nn„ ppote'sting-LY 2 
 adv. If. F protester f. L YRO^testari aver f. 
 testis witness)] 
 
 ppo'testan t, P-, n. & a. (Member, adherent) 
 of any Christian church outside Roman com- 
 munion, esp. of any of those severed from it in 
 the Reformation (16th c), whence Pro'tes- 
 tantiSM(3) n., Pro*testantiZE(3) v.t. & i.; 
 (Hist., pi.) those who dissented from decision 
 of Diet of Spires (1529), adherents of reformed 
 doctrines in Germany ; (also prote's-) making, 
 maker of, a protest, f F or G (as prec, -ant)] 
 
 ppotesta'tion, n. Solemn affirmation (of, 
 that) ; protest (against). [F, f. LL protestatio 
 (as prec, see -ation)J ' 
 
 Ppo'teus (-tus), n. Changing or inconstant 
 person or thing ; (earlier name for) amoeba ; 
 kinds of bacteria ; kinds of tailed amphibian 
 with eel-like body & four short legs. [L, f. Gk 
 Proteus, sea-god taking various shapes] 
 
 ppothala'mium, -on, n. Preliminary nup- 
 tial song, [[-on) made by Spenser on epithala- 
 mium (PRO-*)] 
 
 ppd'thes.s, n. (Placing of eucharistic ele- 
 ments on) credence-table, part of church where 
 this stands; (Gram.) = prosthesis, so ppo- 
 the'tic a. | Gk prothesis f. pro mtithemi place)] 
 
 ppoti'sta, n. pi. Kingdom of organized be- 
 ings not distinguished as animals or plants. 
 [Gk protista, double superl. f. protos first] 
 
 ppoto- in comb. = Gk proton first. (l) = chief, 
 original, primitive, as: -A'ra'dc, -Ce'ltic, &c, 
 of the original Arabs &c; -gene'tic, -ge'nic, of 
 first period of formation or growth ; -gine (-jin), 
 kind of granite found in Alps, assumed to be 
 the most ancient ; -hi'ppus, extinct quadruped 
 related to horse ; -mar'tyr, first martyr (esp. of 
 Christians, St Stephen) ; - hyta n.pl., the most 
 simply organized plants, each consisting of 
 single cell, -phyte, such plant; -ther'ia n. pi., 
 mammals of the lowest subclass, their hypo- 
 thetical ancestors ; -zo'a n.pl., greatdivision of 
 animal kingdomcomprisinganimalsof simplest 
 type consisting of single cell & usu. microsco- 
 pic, -zo'on, such animal ; -zo'al a., -zo'an a. & n., 
 (animal) of the protozoa, (of disease) caused by 
 parasitic protozoon; -.so'ic, (Geol., of strata) con- 
 taining earliest traces of living beings, (also) = 
 -zo'al ; -zoo'lo'ty, study of protozoa. (2) in chein. 
 names of compounds in which the element or 
 radical combines in smallest proportion with 
 another element, as protochloride, -sulphide, 
 protoxide, compound containing minimum of 
 chlorine, sulphur, oxygen. 
 
 ppo'tocol, n., & v.i. & t. (-11-). Original 
 draught of diplomatic document, esp. of terms 
 of treaty agreed to in conference & signed by 
 the parties; formal statement of transaction ; 
 (in France) etiquette department of Ministry 
 of Foreign Affairs; official formulas at begin- 
 ning & end of charter, papal bull, &c. ; (v.i.) 
 draw up pp. ; ( v.t.) record in p. f(vb f. n.)f. OF 
 prothocol ■ f. med.L f. Gk PROTO(kollon f. kolia 
 glue) fly-leaf glued to book] 
 
 ppotono'tapy, ppotho-, (or proto'n). n. 
 Chief clerk in some law courts, esp. (Hist.) 
 Chancery, Common Pleas, & King's Bench, 
 (orig. in Byzantine court); Pp. Apontolic(al), 
 twelve prelates who register papal acts, direct 
 canonization of saints, &c. [f. LL f. late Gk 
 
 PROTO(?lO>aWo.V NOTARY)] 
 
 pro'toplasm, n. Semifluid semitransparent 
 colourless substance consisting of oxygen, hy- 
 drogen, carbon, & nitrogen, basis of life in 
 plants & animals. Hence ppotoplasma'tic, 
 ppotopla'smic, aa. If. G protoiplasma)] 
 
 ppo'toplast, n. The first created man ; ori- 
 ginal, model; unit or mass of protoplasm. 
 
 Hence ppotopla'stic a. [f. LL f. Gk proto- 
 (plastos moulded, as plasma)] 
 ppo'totype, n. First or primary type, model. 
 Hence ppo'totypAL, ppo'toty'picUL), aa. 
 
 [F, f. Gk PROTO(tupon f. tupos type)] 
 
 ppotra'et, v.t. Prolong, lengthen out, as 
 protracted their stay for some weeks, whence 
 ppotpa'etedLY 2 adv. ; draw (plan of ground 
 &c) to scale, [f. L PRO(trahere tract- draw)] 
 
 ppotpa'etile, a. (zool.). (Of organ &c.) that 
 can be extended, [-ile] 
 
 ppotpa'etion, n. Protracting; action of 
 protractor muscle ; drawing to scale, [f. LL 
 protractio (as protract, see -ion)J 
 
 ppotpa'ctop, n. Instrument for measuring 
 angles, usu. in form of graduated semicircle ; 
 muscle serving to extend limb &c. [med.L (as 
 prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 ppotP%rde, v.t. & i. Thrust forth, cause to 
 project; (rig.) obtrude; stick out, project. 
 Hence or cogn. ppotPU'dEXT, ppotPU'siBLE 
 (-s-),ppotPirsivE(-s-), aa.,ppotPU*siON(-zhn) 
 n. [I". L pro Htrudere trus- thrust)] 
 
 ppotpirsile (-s), a. (Of limb &c) that may 
 be thrust forth, [as prec, see -ile] 
 
 ppotu'bepant, a. Bulging out, prominent 
 (lit. & fig.). Hence ppotu'bePANCE n. [f. L 
 pro 1 (tube Tare f. tuber hump), see -ant] 
 
 ppo'tyle, n. (chem.). Supposed original un- 
 differentiated matter of which chemical ele- 
 ments may be composed, [f. proto- + -yl] 
 
 ppcud(-ovvd),a. &adv. Valuing oneself high- 
 ly or too highly, esp. on the ground of (quali- 
 ties, rank, possessions, &c) ; (also p.-hearted) 
 haughty, arrogant ; feeling oneself greatly 
 honoured, as am p. of his acquaintance, of 
 knowing him, to know him; having a proper 
 pride, as too p. to complain; (of actions &c.) 
 showing pride ; of which one is or may be justly 
 p., as a p. day for us, a p. sight ; (of things) 
 imposing, splendid ; (of waters) swollen, in 
 flood ; p. flesh, overgrown flesh round healing 
 wound; (adv., colloq.) you do me p. (honour 
 me greatly). Hence ppoirdLY 2 adv. [OK 
 •>rut, -d, prob. f. OF prud (F preux) f. LL *pro- 
 dis useful, cf. L prodesse be of use] 
 
 ppove (-obv), v.t. & i. (archaic p.p. -en). 
 (Archaic) test qualities of, try; subject (gun 
 &c) to testing process; (Arith.) test accuracy 
 of (calculation) ; take proof impression of 
 (stereotype plate &c); make certain, demon- 
 strate, (fact, the truth of, thing &c. to be, that), 
 whence ppo'vable a., ppo'vableNESS n., 
 ppo'vabLY 2 adv.; (Sc Law, as verdict in 
 criminal trial) not proven ; establish genuine- 
 ness & validity of (will) ; (intr.) turn out (to be, 
 to do), turn out to be, as will p. (to be) the heir, 
 to know nothing about it. [I. OF prover f. L 
 probare test] 
 
 ppove'ditop, ppovedope*, nn. (-tor) officer 
 of Venetian republic ; caterer, purveyor, [f. 
 obs. It. proveditore, Port, provedor, ult. f. L as 
 provide, see -OR 2 ] 
 
 pro'venance, n. (Place of) origin, as vases 
 of doubtful p. [F, f. provenir f. L pro i (venire 
 come), see -ance] 
 
 Provencal (F), a. & n. (Inhabitant, lan- 
 guage) of Provence, [as provincial] 
 
 ppo'vendep (in), n. Fodder; (facet.) food 
 for human beings, [f. OF provend(r)e corrupt, 
 f. L as prebend] 
 
 rpove'nienee, n. = provenance, [f. L as 
 provenance, see -ence] 
 
 ppo'verb, n. Short pithy saying in general 
 use, adage, saw ; ignorant &c to a p. (notorious- 
 ly) ; their fickleness is a p. (notorious), he is a 
 p. (byword) for inaccuracy ; play (usu. French) 
 based on p.; <d1.) kinds of round game ; Book 
 
PROVERBIAL. 
 
 667 
 
 PRUDENT 
 
 of Pp. (in O.T.). [f. F proverbe i". L pro Hverb- 
 ium f. verbum word)] 
 
 ppovep'bial, a. Of, expressed in, proverbs, 
 as p. wisdom ; that has become a proverb, no- 
 torious. Hence proverbia'ln'Y n., pro- 
 ver'bialLY * adv. [f. LL proverbialis (as prec, 
 see -al)[ 
 
 ppo'viant, n.- Food supply esp. of army. 
 [G, ult. f. L as provendek] 
 
 ppovi'de, v.i. & t. Make due preparation 
 (for person's safety, entertainment, &c, 
 against attack &c, rarely jor undesirable 
 thing); (of person, law, &c.) stipulate (that); 
 supply, furnish, (person with thing, thing J or or 
 to person) ; equip with necessaries, as you must 
 p. yourselves; make provision, esp. secure 
 maintenance, (for oneself, family, &c); (Hist.) 
 appoint (incumbent to benefice), (of pope) ap- 
 point (successor to benefice not jet vacant) ; 
 provi'ding (that) conj., = foll. [f. h pro 1 (videre 
 vis- see) J 
 
 ppovi'ded, a. & conj. (Adj.) in vbl senses. 
 as p. school, public elementary school p. by 
 local authority; (conj.) on the condition or 
 understanding, as p. [that) all is safe, p. (that) 
 he does no harm. [-ED 2 ] 
 
 ppo'vidence, n. Foresight, timely care; 
 thrift ; beneficent care of God or nature, sjjecial 
 p., particular instance of this ; (P-) God. [F, f. 
 L providentia (as foil., see -ence)] 
 
 ppo'vident, a. Having or showing fore- 
 sight; thrifty. Hence ppcvidentLV 2 adv. 
 [as provide, see-ENT] 
 
 ppovide'ntial (-shl), a. Of, by, divine fore- 
 sight ; opportune, lucky. Hence ppovide'n- 
 tialLY 2 adv. [f. L as providence + -al] 
 
 ppovi'dep, n. In vbl senses ; lion's p., jackal 
 (lit. & fig.) ; universal p., tradesman dealing in 
 all or many kinds of goods &c. [-er l ] 
 
 ppo'vinee, n. (Rom. Hist.) territory outside 
 Italy under Roman governor; principal division 
 of kingdom &c. ; (Eccl.) district under arch- 
 bishop or metropolitan ; the pp., whole of a 
 country outside the capital ; sphere of action, 
 business, as (is not within) my jj.; branch of 
 learning &c, as in the p. of j olite letters. [F, f. 
 Lp>rovineia official duty, province, etym. dub.] 
 
 ppovi'Rcial (-shl), a. & n. Of a province ; of 
 the provinces; having the manners, speech, 
 narrow views, &c, prevalent in these, whence 
 ppovineia'liTY (-shl-) n.; (n.) inhabitant of a 
 province or the provinces (also ppovi'ncial- 
 ist n.), countrified person, (Eccl.) head of, chief 
 of religious order in, a province. Hence ppo- 
 vrneializE v.t., ppovi'ncialLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 provincialis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 ppovi'neialism, n. Provincial manner, 
 fashion, mode of thought, &c; word, phrase, 
 peculiar to province(s); attachment to one's 
 province rather than country, [-ism] 
 
 provision (-zhn), n., & v.t. Providing (for, 
 against), esp. make p.; (pi.) supply of food, eat- 
 ables & drinkables, whence ppovi'sionLESS 
 a.; legal or formal statement providing for 
 something, clause of this; (Hist.) appointment 
 to benefice not yet vacant; (Hist.) Pp. o> 
 Oxford, ordinances for checking king's misrule 
 drawn up by barons under Simon de Montfort 
 in 1258; (v.t.) supply with pp., whence ppo- 
 vi'sionM ent n. IF, f. L provisionem (as pro- 
 vide, see -ion)] 
 
 provisional, a. For the time being, tempo- 
 rary. Hence ppovisiona'liTY, ppovi'sion- 
 alNESS, nn., ppovi'sionalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 ppovrso (-7.6), n. (pi. -oes). Stipulation ; 
 clause of stipulation or limitation in document. 
 [L, neut. abl. p.p., = provided that] 
 
 ppovi'sop (-Z-), n. (Hist.) holder of a pro- 
 
 vision, Statute of Pp. (preventing pope from 
 granting provisions); (R.-C. Ch.) vicar-general. 
 If. AF provisour f. L provisorem (as provide, 
 see -or 2 )] 
 
 ppovi'sopy (-z-), a. Conditional ; making 
 provision, as p. care. Hence ppovi'sopiLY '- 
 adv._ [f. prec, see -orv] 
 
 ppovoca'tion, n. Incitement, instigation, 
 irritation, as did it under severe p. |F, f. L 
 provocat onem (as provoke, see -ation)] 
 
 ppovo'cative, a. & n. (Thing) tending to 
 provocation (oj curiosity &c); intentionally 
 irritating, [f. LL provocativus (toll., ~ixe)\ 
 
 provo'ke, v.t. Rouse, incite, (person to 
 anger, to do); irritate; instigate, tempt, allure; 
 call forth (indignation, inquiry, a storm, &c); 
 cause, as will p. J ermentation. Hence ppo- 
 vo'kiNG 2 a., ppovo'king-LY 2 adv. [f. L 
 pro Hvocare call)] 
 
 ppo'vost, n. Head of some colleges at 
 Oxford, Cambridge, &c; (Hist.) head of chapter 
 or religious community ; head of Scotch muni- 
 cipal corporation or burgh (in some cities. Lord 
 P.) ; Protestant clergyman in charge of princi- 
 pal church of town &c. in Germany &c; p.- 
 marshal, head of military police in camp or on 
 active service, master-at-arms of ship on which 
 court-martial is to be held, chief police ofiieial 
 in some colonies, (Hist.) French semi-military 
 officer ; p.-sergeont, sergeant of military police. 
 Hence ppo'vostSHip n. [OE has projost, pra -, 
 cf. OF provost, pre-, G propst, ult. f. Ljiroposl- 
 tus-praepositus, see praepostor] 
 
 ppow 1 , n. Fore-part immediately about 
 stem of boat or ship ; (Zool., also prora) p. -like 
 projection in front, [f. F proue prob. ult. f. L 
 prora f . Gk pro{i)ra] 
 
 prow 2 , a. (archaic). Worthy, gallant, [f. 
 OF i rou, prod, (F prt use) f. LL as proud] 
 
 prowess, n. Valour, gallantry, [f. OF 
 proece (as prec, see -ess 2 )] 
 
 ppowl, v.i. & t., & n. Go about in search of 
 plunder or prey (also fig.); traverse (streets-, 
 place) thus ; (n.) prowling, esp. on the p. Hence 
 PPO'wIer 1 n. [ME proilen, etym. dub.] 
 
 ppo'ximal, a. (anat). Situated towards 
 centre of body or of point of attachment (cf. 
 distal). Hence ppo'ximalLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 proximus nearest + -al] 
 
 ppo'ximate (-at), a. Nearest, next before 
 or after (in place, order, time, connex'on of 
 thought, &c.) ; approximate. Hence ppo'xi- 
 mateLY 2 adv. [f. LL proximare draw near 
 (as prec), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 pro'xime aace'ssit, sent. & n. (Placed in 
 list after name of candidate for prize &e.) he 
 came very near (the winner) ; (n.) I v as, he got 
 a, p. a. (was very near). [L] 
 
 ppoxrmity, n. Nearness in space, time, &c, 
 (to) ; p. oj blood, kinship, [f. F proximiti f. L 
 proximitatem (as proximal, see -TV)] 
 
 pro'ximo, a. (abbr. prox.). Of next month, 
 as the ad prox. [L, = in next (mense month)] 
 
 pro'xy, n. Agency of substitute or de] uty, 
 as married, voted, by p.; person authorised to 
 act for another, as made me his ] .; writing 
 authorizing person to vote on behalf of another, 
 vote so given ; (attrib.) done, given, made, by 
 p. |f. obs. procuracy f. med.L procuratia (as 
 
 PROCURATION, see -ACY)] 
 
 ppude, n. Woman of extreme (esp. affected ) 
 propriety in conduct or speech. Hence or cogn. 
 ppu*dERY(4), ppu*dishNESs, niL.pPU'dlSH 1 
 a., ppu*dishLY 2 adv. [mod. F, f. OF prude, 
 prode, good, modest, fern. adj. as prow 2 , as n. 
 perh. back-formation f. prudefemme] 
 
 ppu*dent,a. (Of person or conduct) sagacious, 
 discreet, worldly-wise. Hence or cogn. ppu*- 
 
PRUDENTIAL 
 
 668 
 
 PSYCHIATER 
 
 dENCE n. , ppu'dentLY 2 adv. [f . L prudens = 
 providens provident] 
 
 ppude'ntial, a. & n. Of, involving, marked 
 by, prudence, as p. motives, policy ; (n. pi.) p. 
 considerations or matters. Hence ppude'n- 
 tialiSM(2), ppude*ntialisT(2), nn., ppude'n- 
 tialLY 2 adv. [f. prudence + -al] 
 
 prud'homme (¥), n. Member of French 
 tribunal appointed to decide labour disputes. 
 
 ppirinose, a. (nat. hist.). Covered with 
 white powdery substance, frosted, [f. hprui- 
 nosus {pruina hoar-frost, see -ose J )] 
 
 prune 1 , n. Dried plum ; colour of its juice, 
 dark reddish purple (esp. attrib.); pp. & prism 
 (of mincing way of speaking &c, Little Dorrit 
 II. v). [F, f. med.L prima (L -num) f. Gk 
 prou(m)non plum] 
 
 ppune 2 , v.t. Trim (tree &c, often down) by 
 cutting away superfluous branches &c. ; lop off, 
 away, (branches &c); (fig.) remove (superflui- 
 ties); pruning-hook (used for this purpose) ; 
 clear (book &c. of what is superfluous), [f. OF 
 prooing(n)ier, etyrn. dub.] 
 
 ppune 3 , v.t. (now rare). = preen. [?] 
 
 ppune'lla 1 , n. Strong silk or worsted stuff 
 used formerly for barristers' gowns &c. & later 
 for uppers of women's shoes, [etym. dub.; F 
 has prunelle] 
 
 ppune'lla 2 , n. Kinds of fever & of throat 
 disorder; p. salt, preparation of fused nitre 
 used for p.; genus of plants including the weed 
 Self-heal used to cure p. [earlier br-, dim. of 
 med.L brunus brown] 
 
 ppune'llo, n. Finest kind of prune, made 
 esp. from greengages, [f. obs. It. prunella dim. 
 of pruna prune J ] 
 
 ppunt, n. Piece of (esp. blackberry-shaped) 
 ornamental glass laid on to vase &c, tool for 
 applying this. [perh. dial, form of print] 
 
 ppup'ient (-oor-), a. Given to indulgence of 
 lewd ideas; (rare) having morbid desire or 
 curiosity. Hence ppup*1ence, -encv, nn., 
 ppup'ientLY 2 adv. If. L prurire itch, be 
 wanton, see -ent] 
 
 ppupi'gro (-oor-), n. Diseased state of skin 
 marked by violent itching. So ppupi'ginous 
 (-J-) a. [L (gen. -ginis),- itching, as prec] 
 
 Ppu'ssian, a. & n. (Native, inhabitant) of 
 Prussia ; P. blue, a deep blue pigment, P. brown, 
 green, (d-erived from or allied to this) ; P. (small 
 kind of) carp. Hence PpirssianiZE(3) v.t. 
 [f. med.L Pruzzi (also Borussi &c.) + -an] 
 
 Ppu'ssie, a. Of, got from, Prussian blue; 
 p. acid (HVDROcyanic). [f. F prussique (Prusse 
 Prussia, see -ic)] 
 
 ppy, v.i. Look, peer, inquisitively (often into, 
 about adv.); inquire impertinently into (per- 
 son's affairs, conduct, &c). Hence ppyiNG 2 
 a., ppying-LY 2 adv. [ME prien, etym. dub.] 
 
 ppytane'um, n. (Gk ant.). Public hall, esp. 
 one in Athens for entertainment of ambassa- 
 dors, presidents of senate, & specially honoured 
 citizens. [L, f. Gk prutaneion (prutanis presi- 
 dent, member of presiding division of Council)] 
 
 psalm (sahm), n. Sacred song, hymn ; the 
 (Book of) Pp., (pop.) the Pp. of David, book in 
 O.T.; p.-book, book containing the Pp., metri- 
 cal version of these for public worship, [f. L f. 
 Gk psalmos song sung to harp (psallo twang, 
 sing to harp)] 
 
 psal'mist, n. Author of a psalm (also as 
 title of book of psalmody) ; the P., David or 
 author of any of the Psalms, [f. LL psalmista 
 (as prec, see -ist)] 
 
 psal'mody (also sal-), n. Practice, art. of 
 singing psalms, anthems, &c, esp. in public 
 worship, whence psalmo*dic(sal-)a.,psal*m- 
 odiST (or Bal-) n., psal*modizE(2) (or sal-) v.L; 
 
 arrangement of psalms for singing, psalms so 
 arranged, [f. LL psalmodia f. Gk psalmoidia 
 singing to harp (as psalm + 6(i)de song)] 
 
 psa'ltep (sawl-), n. The Book of Psalms; 
 version of this, as Latin, English, Prayer-book, 
 Scotch Metrical, P. ; copy of the Psalms esp. for 
 liturgical use. [AF sauter f. Lf. Gk psalterion 
 instrument played by twanging (psallo twang)] 
 
 psa'ltepy, n. Ancient & mediaeval instru- 
 ment like dulcimer but played by plucking 
 strings with fingers or plectrum, [f. OF saltere 
 f. L as prec] 
 
 pse'phism (ps-, s-), n. (Gk ant.). Decree en- 
 acted by vote of (esp. Athenian) public assem- 
 bly, [f. Gk psephisma (psephizo vote f. psephos 
 pebble, -m)j 
 
 pseu'dechis (-k-), n. (zool.). Genus of venom- 
 ous snakes, as p. poisoning, whence pseu- 
 de'chic a. [f. pseudo- + Gk ekhis viper] 
 
 pseudepi'g;papha, n. pi. Spurious writ- 
 ings, esp. Jewish writings ascribed to various 
 O.T. prophets &c Hence pseudepi'gpaph- 
 al, pseudepig-pa*phic(AL), aa. [neut. pi. of 
 Gk PSEUD(epigraphos, see epigraph)] 
 
 pseud(o)- (psu-, su-) in comb. = Gk pseudo- 
 false(ly), seeming(ly) or professed(ly) but not 
 real(ly), in compp. f. Gk, &as living pref. (some- 
 times written separately without hyphen as 
 adj., as the p. penitent), as: pseudo-archa'ic, 
 artificially archaic in style &c, so -ar'chaism, 
 -ar'chaist ; -carp (bot.), fruit formed from parts 
 other than the ovary; -ca'tholic; -Christ', 
 -Christian; -cla'ssic, pretending or wrongly 
 held to be classic ; -Go'thic, sham-Gothic in 
 style; -mar'tyr; -pro'phet. 
 
 pseu'dogpaph, n. A spurious literary work, 
 [f. LL f. Gk YSKUDO(graphos -graph)] 
 
 pseudo'logep, n. (facet). Systematic liar. 
 So pseudolo'giCAL a., pseudo'logiST n. 
 [f. Gk ps e u do (logos, see -loger)] 
 
 pseu'domorph, n. False form, esp. (Min- 
 eral. ) crystal &c consisting of one mineral with 
 form proper to another. Hence pseudo- 
 mop'phic, pseudoraop-phous, aa., pseu- 
 domop*phiSM(2), pseudoraopphosis, nn. 
 If. pseudo- + Gk morphe form] 
 
 pseu'donym, n. Fictitious name, esp. one 
 assumed by author, [f. Gk neut. adj. as foil.] 
 
 pseudo'nymous, a. Writing, written, un- 
 der a false name. Hence pseudonymiTY n. 
 [f. Gk PSEUD(om«nos f. onoma name) + -ous] 
 
 pseu'doscope, n. Optical instrument mak- 
 ing convex object seem concave & vice versa. 
 Hence pseudosco'pic a. [-scope] 
 
 pshaw (psh-, sh-), int., n., & v.i. & t. (Int.) 
 expr. contempt or impatience; (n.) this excla- 
 mation ; (v.i.) say p. (often at) ; (v.t.) show con- 
 tempt for (thing &c.) thus, [natural] 
 
 pslla'nthpopism, n. Doctrine that Christ 
 was a mere man. So psilanthpo'pic a., 
 psila'nthpopisx n. [f. eccl. Gk psilanthro- 
 pos merely human (psilos bare, mere, + an- 
 thropos man) + -ism] 
 
 psi'ttacine, a. Of parrots, parrot-like. [f. L 
 psittacinus (psittacus parrot, see -ine l )] 
 
 pso'dS; n. P. magnus, parvus, two hip 
 muscles. [Gk, ace pi. of psoa, taken as sing. J 
 
 psop'a, n. A contagious skin disease, itch. 
 [L, f. Gk psora] 
 
 psopi'asis, n. Skin disease marked by red 
 patches covered with scales, [prec, -asis] 
 
 psyehe (psi'ki, s-), n. Soul, spirit, mind, (in 
 Gk Myth, personified as beloved of Eros, & re- 
 presented with butterfly wings) ; genus of day- 
 flying moths, [f. Gk psukhe breath, life, soul] 
 
 psychratep, n. One who treats mental dis- 
 ease. So psychia*tPic(AL)aa.,psychi , atPY 1 
 n. [f. Gk as prec. + iatros physician] 
 
PSYCHIC 
 
 669 
 
 PUCK 
 
 psy'ehie, a. & n. = foil.; p. force, non-physi- 
 cal force assumed to explain spiritualistic phe- 
 nomena; (n.) person susceptible to p. influence, 
 medium ; (n. pi.) psychology, [f. Gk psukhikos 
 (as psyche, see -id] 
 
 psy'ehieal, a. Of the soul or mind, whence 
 psychicalLY 2 ad v. ; of the animal life of man; 
 of phenomena & conditions apparently outside 
 domain of physical law, esp. p. research, so 
 psychiciSM, psychiciST, nn. [-al] 
 
 psy'eho- in comb. — Gk psukhe soul, mind, 
 as: -dyna'viic(s), (science)of the mental powers; 
 •ge'nesis, -gony, genesis of soul or mind, so 
 -gene'tic(al), -go'nical, aa.; -gram, writing sup- 
 posed to come from a spirit, graph, instru- 
 ment for writing this ; -graphy, descriptive 
 branch of psychology ; -mancy, occult commu- 
 nication between souls or with spirits ; -metry, 
 faculty of divining from physical contact or 
 proximity the qualities of an object or of per- 
 sons &c. that have been in contact with it, so 
 -me'tric(al) aa.; -mo'tor a., inducing movement 
 by psychic action ; -path , men tally deranged per- 
 son, -pa 'th ic,-pathist, -patho'logy, -pathy, of, one 
 who treats, science of, mental disease; -physics, 
 science of general relations between mind & 
 body, so -physical a., -physicist n.; -physio'- 
 logy, branch of physiology dealing with mental 
 phenomena, so -physiolo'gical a., -physio'logist 
 n.; -therapewtic, -the'rapy, (of) treatment of 
 disease by hypnotic influence. 
 
 psychological, a. Of psychology ; p. mo- 
 ment [f. F ruistransl. of G moment neut. potent 
 element as moment masc. moment of time], the 
 psychologically appropriate moment, (improp., 
 esp. facet.) nick of time. Hence psycholo- 
 gical ly 2 adv. [-ical] 
 
 psychology, n. Science of nature, func- 
 tions, & phenomena, of human soul or mind ; 
 treatise on, system of, this. So psycho'lo- 
 giST a., psyeho'logizE(2, 3) v.t. & i. [-logy] 
 
 psychosis, n. (pi. -oses). Mental derange- 
 ment esp. one not due to organic lesion or neu- 
 rosis, [f. late Gk psukhosis (psukhoo give life 
 to, as psyche, see -osis)] 
 
 psyehro'meter, n. "VVet-&-dry-bulb ther- 
 mometer, [f. Gk psukhros cold + -meter] 
 
 ptap'migan (t-), n. Bird of grouse family, 
 with black or grey plumage in summer & white 
 in winter. [ = Gaelic tdrmachan, etym. dub.; 
 p- is pseudo-etym. after Gk wds in pt-] 
 
 ptepidoiogy (pt-, t-), n. Study of ferns. So 
 pteridolo'g'iCAL a., ptepido'logiST n. [f. 
 Gk pteris -idos, a feathery fern (pteron wing) 
 
 + -0- + -LOGY] 
 
 ptero- (pt-, t-) in comb. = Gk pteron wing, 
 as : -da'ctyl, extinct winged reptile ; -graphy, 
 description of feathers, so -gra'phic(al) aa. ; -pod, 
 mollusc with middle part of foot expanded in- 
 to pair of wing-like lobes ; -saur, extinct flying 
 saurian reptile. 
 
 pte'popus (pt-, U), n. (pi. -pi), flying fox. 
 [f. Gk ptero( pons foot) wing-footed] 
 
 pte'pygoid (pt-, t-), a. P. process, each of 
 two processes descending from j unction of body 
 & great wing of sphenoid bone ; connected with 
 these. So pte'rygo- comb. form. [f. Gk pte- 
 rugoeides wing-like (pterux-ugos wing, -oid)] 
 
 ptisan (ti'zn, tlza/n), n. Nourishing decoc- 
 tion, esp. barley-water [f. F tisane f. L f . Gk 
 ptisane peeled barley (ptisso peel)] 
 
 Ptdlema'ie (t-). a. Of Ptolemy, Alexandrine 
 astronomer of 2nd c, esp. P. system (of astro- 
 nomy, in which earth was held to be stationary); 
 of the Ptolemies, rulers of Egypt from death of 
 Alexander the Great to Cleopatra, [f. Gk 
 Ptolemaios + -ic] 
 
 pto'maine (or toma'n), n. Kinds of (often 
 
 poisonous) alkaloid body in putrefying animal 
 & vegetable matter, esp. p. poisoning, [f. It. 
 ptomaina f. Gk ptoma corpse (pipto fall), -ine 5 ] 
 
 pto'sis, n. Drooping of upper eyelid from 
 paralysis of a muscle. [Gk ptosis falling] 
 
 pub, n. (colloq.). Public house, [abbr.] 
 
 pu'bepty, n. Being functionally capable of 
 procreation ; age of p. (at which p. begins ; in 
 England, legally, 14 in boys, 12 in girls), [f. L 
 pubertas (pvber of the age of p., see -ty)] 
 
 pubescence (-sns), n. Arrival at puberty ; 
 soft down on leaves & stems of plants, downi- 
 ness; soft down on parts of animals esp. in- 
 sects. So pube'seENT a. [F, f. L pubescere 
 become hairy, reach puberty (pubes groin, 
 private parts, hair on these), see -ence] 
 
 pu'blic, a. & n. Of, concerning, the people 
 as a whole, as p. utility, offence, holiday, {Pari.) 
 p. act, bill; done by or for, representing, the 
 people, as p. prosecution, prosecutor, assembly; 
 (Univv.) of, for, acting for, the university, as 
 p. orator, lecture, examination ; open to, shared 
 by, the people, as p. baths, library, road ; p. 
 house, inn, tavern, providing food & lodging, 
 esp. alcoholic liquors to be consumed on pre- 
 mises ; p. educationist school, also, at p. school); 
 p. school, oneunder p. management, esp. endow- 
 ed grammar (usu. boarding-) school preparing 
 pupils chiefly for universities or public services, 
 often maintaining discipline with help of 
 pupils; open to general observation, done or 
 existing in p., as made a p. protest, gave it p. 
 utterance, whence or cogn. publi'ciTY n., 
 pu'blicLY 2 adv.; of, engaged in, the affairs or 
 service of the people, as p. life, a p. man, 
 notary p.; p. spirit, patriotism, so p. -spirited 
 a., -spiritedly adv., -spiritedness n.; of the na- 
 tions, international, as proscribed Napoleon as 
 a p. enemy. (N.) the (members of the) commun- 
 ity in general, as the p. is the best judge, are 
 the best judges, the British, American, p.; 
 section of the community, as the reading p., 
 the most gullible of pp. ; =p. house ; in p. , openly, 
 publicly. [F, f. L publicus, earlier poplicus 
 (populus people, earlier poplus, see -id] 
 
 pu'blican, n. (Rom. Hist.) tax-farmer, tax- 
 gatherer ; keeper of public house, [f. F publi- 
 cain f. L publicanus (as prec, see -an)] 
 
 publication, n. Making publicly known ; 
 issuing of book, engraving, music, &c, to the 
 public ; book &c. so issued, [f. L publicatio (as 
 publish, see -ation)] 
 
 pu'blicist, n. Writer on, person skilled in, 
 international law ; writer on current public 
 topics, esp. journalist. So pu'blieiSM n., 
 publiei'stic a. [f. F publiciste (public, -ist)] 
 
 pu'blish, v.t. Make generally known, noise 
 abroad ; announce formally, promulgate (edict 
 &c. ) ; ask, read, (banns of marriage) ; (of author, 
 editor, or publisher) issue copies of (book, en- 
 graving, &c.) for sale to the public. Hence 
 pu'blish able a. [f. OF puplier f. L publicare 
 (as public), altered on -ish^] 
 
 pu'blishep, n. In vbl senses, esp. one who 
 produces copies of book &c. & distributes them 
 to booksellers or to the public, [-er j J 
 
 puccoo'n, n. N.-Amer. plant yielding red or 
 yellow dye. [native] 
 
 puce, a. Flea-colour, purple-brown. [F,= 
 flea(-colour), f. L pulicem (nom. -ex)] 
 
 puck i, n. (P-) the goblin Robin Goodfellow 
 or Hobgoblin ; any mischievous sprite or (fig.) 
 child. Hence pu'ekiSHi.pu'ckLiKE.aa. [OE 
 puca, cf. ON pukt, W pwca, Ir. puca] 
 
 puck 2 , n. (Disease in cattle attributed to) 
 nightjar, goatsucker. [?] 
 
 puck 3 , n. Rubber disk used for hockey on 
 ice in Canada. [?] 
 
PUCKA 
 
 670 
 
 PULL 
 
 pu'cka, pa'kka (pu-), a. (Anglo-Ind.). Of 
 full weight ; genuine ; permanent, solidly built. 
 IHind. (pak-)\ 
 
 pu'ckep, v.i. & t., & n. Contract, gather, (t. 
 <Sc i. of brow, seam, material, often up) into 
 wrinkles, folds, or bulges, intentionally or as 
 fault e.g. in sewing ; (n.) such bulge &c. Hence 
 pu'ekepy 2 a. [prob. cogn. w. poke 1 , -er 5 J 
 
 pud, n. (nursery). Child's hand ; fore-foot of 
 some animals. [?] 
 
 pu'dding (po~b-), n. Soft or stiffish mixture 
 of animal or vegetable ingredients, esp. mixed 
 or enclosed in flour or other farinaceous food, 
 <-ooked by boiling, steaming, or baking (batter, 
 beefsteak, bread-&-b utter, currant, hasty, 
 lemon, milk l , plum, suet, Yorkshire, p.) ; 
 kinds of sausage of stomach or entrails of pig 
 &c, as black, hog's, white, p.; more praise 
 than p. (material reward); the proof 1 of the 
 p. &c; thing of p. -like appearance &c; (slang) 
 drugged liver &c. given by burglars &c. to 
 dogs ; (Xaut., also pa'ddening) pad, tow bind- 
 ing, to prevent chafing &c. ; p. face, large fat 
 face; p.-head, dolt ; p. -heart, coward ; p. -pie, 
 forms 01 pastry ; p.-sione, composite rock of 
 rounded pebbles in siliceous matrix. Hence 
 pu'ddingY 2 a. [ME poding, prob. conn. w. 
 F boudin, ctym. dub.] 
 
 pu'ddle l , n. Small dirty pool esp. of rain on 
 road &c.; (colloq.) muddle, mess ; clay (& sand) 
 mixed with water as watertight covering for 
 embankments &c. Hence pu*ddlY 2 a. [ME 
 podcl, puddel, prob. dim. of OE pudd ditch, 
 of. G dial. p(f)udcl] 
 
 pu'ddle 2 , v.i. & t. Dabble, wallow, (often 
 about) in mud or shallow water ; busy oneself 
 in untidy way ; make (water, also fig. ) muddy ; 
 knead (clay &sand) into, make, line (canal &c.) 
 with, puddle l ; stir about (molten iron) to 
 make it malleable by expelling carbon. Hence 
 pu'ddlER ] (1, 2) n. [f. prec., & cf. Du. poedelen, 
 G pud(d)eln, buiteln, dabble) 
 
 pu'deney, n. Modesty, [f. LL pudentia (as 
 folk, see -ency)] 
 
 pudendum, n. (usu. in pi. -da). Privy parts. 
 Hence or cogn. pude'ndAL, pu'dic, aa. [L 
 ( pudere be ashamed, -nd l )\ 
 
 pudge, n. (colloq.). Short thick or fat per- 
 son, animal, or thing. Hence pu'dgY 2 a. 
 [etyrn. dub., cf. podge] 
 
 pu'dsy (-zi), a. Plump. Icf. prec. & pud} 
 
 pue'blo (pwe-), n. Spanish(-Amer.) town or 
 village, esp. settlement of Indians. [Sp.] 
 
 pu'erile, a. Boyish, childish ; trivial, whence 
 or cogn. pu'erileLY 2 adv., pueri'iiTY n.; p. 
 breathing (with loud pulmonary murmur as in 
 children, usu. sign of disease in adult), [f. L 
 puerilis ( puer boy, see -ile)] 
 
 puen*per»al, a. Of, due to, child-birth, [f. L 
 puerperus ( puer child + -parus bearing) + -At] 
 
 puff 1 , n. Short quick blast of breath or wind ; 
 sound (as) of this; small quantity of vapour, 
 smoke, &c, emitted at one p.; round soft pro- 
 tuberant mass of material in dress, of hair of 
 head, &c. ; (also powder-p.) small pad of down 
 or the like for applying powder to skin ; piece, 
 cake, &c, of light pastry esp. of p. paste ; un- 
 duly or extravagantly laudatory review of 
 book, advertisement of tradesman's goods &c, 
 esp. in newspaper ; p.-adder, large venomous 
 African viper inflating upper part of body 
 when excited ; p.-ball, fungus with ball-shaped 
 spore-case; p.-box (containing powder & p.); 
 p.-paste, light flaky flour paste ; p.-p. (nursery), 
 steam-engine, train. [ME puf, imit.] 
 
 puff 2 , v.i. & t. Emit puff of air or breath ; 
 (of air &c.) come out, up. in puffs; breathe 
 hard, pant, esp. p. & blow; put out of 
 
 breath, as was rattier puffed; p. out, utter 
 pantingly ; (of steam-engine, person smoking, 
 &c.) emit puffs, move with puffs, as puffed 
 away at his cigar, puffed out of the terminus; 
 blow (dust, smoke, light object, out, up, away, 
 &c.) with puff; smoke (pipe) in puffs; blow 
 out, up, inflate ; become inflated, swell up, out ; 
 p. up, elate, make proud, (esp. in p.p.) ; adver- 
 tise (goods) with exaggerated or false praise ; 
 bid at auction to raise price. Hence pu'ffER 1 
 n. [ M E p uffen, imi t. ] 
 
 pu'ffery, n. Advertisement, puffing; puff 
 frilling, puffs, [-ery] 
 
 pu'ttin, n. N.-Atlantic sea-bird with large 
 furrowed parti-coloured bill. I?] 
 
 pu'ffy, a. Gusty ; short-winded ; puffed out ; 
 corpulent. Hence pu'ffixESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 pug 1 , n. (Also p.-dog) dwarf squat-faced 
 breed of dog like bull-dog, whence pu'ggiSH \ 
 pu'ggv" a.; p.-nose(d), (with) short squat or 
 snub nose ; (among servants) upper servant in 
 large establishment ; (quasi-proper name for) 
 fox ; small locomotive for shunting &c. [?] 
 
 pug" 2 , n., & v.t. Loam or clay mixed & pre- 
 pared for brickmaking &c; prepare (clay) thus, 
 pack (space esp. under floor, to deaden sound) 
 with p., sawdust, &c; p.-mill (for preparing p.). 
 Hence pu'ggiNG ] (3) n. [?] 
 
 pug 3 , n., & v.t. (Anglo-Ind.). Footprint of 
 beast; (vb) track by pp. [(vb f. n.) f. Hind- pag\ 
 
 pu*gg(a)ree (-ri), n. Indian's light turban ; 
 thin scarf of muslin &c. worn round hat & fall- 
 ing down behind to keep off sun. Hence pu'g- 
 gapeED 2 a. [f. Hind, pagri turban] 
 
 pu'gilist, n. Boxer, fighter ; (fig.) vigorous 
 controversialist. So pU'giliSM n., pugili's- 
 tioa., pugili'stiCALLYadv. [f. Lpugil boxer 
 ( pugnus fist, pugna fight) + -ist] 
 
 pugna'cious, a. Disposed to fight, quarrel- 
 some. Hence or cogn. pugna*eiousLY 2 adv., 
 pugna'ciT Y n. [f. L pugnax {pugnare fight, 
 see-ACious)] 
 
 puisne (pu'ni), a. & n. P. {judge), inferior or 
 junior judge in superior courts of common law; 
 (Law) later, subsequent (to), as p. mortgagees, 
 mortgagees p. to the plaintiff. [OF {puis after 
 f. L postea + ne born f. L natus)] 
 
 puissant {or puTsnt or pwi'-), a. (archaic). 
 Havinggreat power or influence, mighty. Hence 
 or cogn. puissANCE n., puissantLY 2 adv. 
 [F, f. Rom. *possentem part, of L posse be able] 
 
 puke, v.i. & t., & n. Vomit. [?] 
 
 pule, v.i. Cry querulously or weakly, whine. 
 Hence pu'lingLY 2 adv. [imit., cf. F piauler] 
 
 pull 1 (pool), v.t. & i. Exertupon (thing) force 
 tending to drawit to oneself, as don't p.my hair, 
 p. his ears or him by the ear (as chastisement), 
 p. his nose or him by the nose (as insult), p. his 
 sleeve or him by the sleeve (to gain attention), 
 p. the (bell-rope or handle to ring the) bell, p. 
 person's leg, p. ( = draw) the long 1 -6ow, p. the 
 strings, wires ; draw (thing &c. ) towards one- 
 self or in direction so regarded, as p. it nearer, 
 p. him into the room, p. your cap over your 
 ears, p. off one's hat (as salutation), p. on one's 
 stockings ; p. (thing) to pieces, separate its parts 
 forcibly, (fig. ) criticize (person, thing) unfavour- 
 ably; exert pulling force, as horse pulls well, 
 pulled (aic&y) at the handle ; proceed with 
 effort {up hill &c.) ; (of horse) strain, esp. habit- 
 ually, against bit ; p. devil, p. baker ; draw, 
 suck, at (pipe, cigar, &c.) ; pluck (plant, often 
 up) by root ; pulled, reduced in health or spirits ; 
 pulled bread, pieces from inside of new loaf, 
 rebaked till crisp ; p. caps, wigs, scuffle, quarrel; 
 tear, pluck, at (thing) ; print upon (sheet), print 
 (copy, proof), orig. in old hand-press by pulling 
 bar towards one ; move boat, move (boat), by 
 
PULL 
 
 671 
 
 PUMP 
 
 pulling oar, (of boat) be rowed, be rowed by (so 
 many oars), as she pulled in shore, pulls 6 
 oars ; p. (row with effect in proportion to) one's 
 weight ; (slang) arrest ; (slang) make raid on 
 (gambling-house &e.) ; check (horse) esp. so as 
 to make him lose race; (Crick.) strike (ball or 
 abs.), strike ball bowled by (bowler), from off to 
 leg ; (Golf) drive (ball or abs.) widely to left; 
 p. a face 1 ; p. a sanctimonious &c. face, as- 
 sume such expression ; p. about, p. from side to 
 side, treat roughly ; p. down, demolish (build- 
 ing &c), lower in health, spirits, price, &c; p. 
 off, win (prize, contest); p. out, row out, (of 
 train) move out of station ; pull through adv. 
 (S: prep., get (person), get oneself, safely through 
 (danger, illness, &c. or abs.) ; p. oneself together, 
 rally, recover oneself ; p. together, work in har- 
 mony ; p. up, cause (person, horse, vehicle) to 
 stop, reprimand, check oneself, advance one's 
 relative position in race See; p. -back, retarding 
 influence, check, contrivance for pulling full- 
 ness of woman's skirt to back. [OE pidlian, 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 pull 2 , n. Act of pulling, wrench, tug ; force 
 thus exerted; (Print.) rough proof; pulling at 
 bridle to check horse esp. in racing ; spell of 
 rowing; (Crick., Golf) pulling stroke; (in public 
 house) supply of beer &c. exceeding tbat asked 
 for; have the p. (advantage) of (person) ; deep 
 draught of liquor; handle &c. by which p. is 
 applied, as beer 1 , bell 1 , -p. [f. prec] 
 
 pu'llep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: kinds of in- 
 strument or machine for pulling; horse that 
 pulls esp. against bit. [-er 1 ] 
 
 pu'Uet (pdb-), n. Young fowl, esp. hen from 
 time she begins to lay till first moult, [f. F 
 poulet dim. of poxde f. LL pvllo. fern, of L pul- 
 sus young animal, cogn. w. foal] 
 
 pu'lley (pdb-), n., & v.t. Grooved wheel(s) 
 for cord &c. to pass over, mounted in block & 
 used for changing direction of power, one of 
 the simple mechanical powers ; wheel, drum, 
 rixed on shafr»& turned by belt, used esp. to in- 
 crease speed or power; (v.t.) hoist, furnish, 
 work, with p. [ME & OF polie ult. f. Gk *poli- 
 dion pivot dim. of polos tole 2 ] 
 
 pu'llicate (-at), n. (Material for) coloured 
 handkerchief, orig. one made at Pulicat on 
 Madras coast. 
 
 Pu'llman (pdb-), a. & n. P. (car), railway 
 valoon carriage usu. arranged for use as sleep- 
 ing car. [G. M. P., designer] 
 
 pu'llulate, v.i. (Of shoot, bud) sprout out, 
 bud ; (of seed) sprout ; (fig., of doctrines &c.) de- 
 velop, spring up. Hence pu'llulANT a., pul- 
 IuIa'tion n. [f. L pullulare sprout (pullulus 
 dim. of pullns chick), see -ate 3] 
 
 pu'lly-hau'ly, a. & n. (colloq.). (Of) pull- 
 ing & hauling. So pu'lly-haul v.t. & i. [-v 2 ] 
 
 pulrao- in comb. = L pulmo -motiis lung, 
 as: -bra'nchiate, with gills modified for air- 
 breathing ; -meter, instrumentrneasuring capa- 
 city of lungs, so -metry. 
 
 . pii'lmonapy, a. Of, in, connected with, the 
 lungs, as p. artery, main artery conveying 
 blood from heart to lungs, p. disease ; having 
 lungs or lung-like organs, so pul'monATE 2 a.; 
 affected with, subject to, lung-disease. So pul- 
 md'nic a. [f. L pulmonarius (pulmo -monis 
 lung, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 pulp,n.. & v.t. & i. Fleshy part of fruit ; any 
 fleshy or soft part of animal body, e.g. nervous 
 substance in interior cavity of tooth ; soft form- 
 less mass, esp. that of linen, wood, &c, from 
 which paper is made ; ore pulverized & mixed 
 Avith water ; (v.t.) reduce to p., remove p. from 
 (coffee-beans), whence pu'lpER 1 (2) n., (v.i.) be- 
 come pulpy. Hence or cogn. pu'lplFY v.t., 
 
 pu'lpiNESsn., pu'lpLESS, pu'lpous,pu*lpY 2 , 
 
 aa. Pf. L pulpa\ 
 
 pu'lpit (poo-), n. Raised enclosed platform 
 usu. with uesk & seat from which preacher in 
 church or chapel delivers sermon ; the profes- 
 sion of preaching ; preachers ; (in title of book* 
 collected sermons; (attrib.)j). eloquence, orator ', 
 style, [f. L pulpitum scaffold, platform] 
 
 pulpiteer*, n., & v.i. Professional preacher 
 (usu. contempt.), sopulpitAR'iANa. &n.; (v.i.) 
 preach, whence pulpiteep'iNG 1 n. [-eer] 
 
 pulque (pob"lki), n. Mexican fermented 
 drink from sap of agave &c. ; p. -brandy, intoxi- 
 cant made from p. ISp.-Amer.] 
 
 pulsa'te (or pui-), v.i. & t. Expand & con- 
 tract rhythmically, beat, throb (lit. & fig.) ; vi- 
 brate, quiver, thrill ; agitate (diamonds) with 
 machine (pulsa*tOR 2 n.) to separate them from 
 earth in which they are found. Hence or cogn. 
 PuIsa'tion n., pu'lsatORY a. [f. L pulsare 
 push, beat, frequent, of pe Here puis- drive, see 
 -ate 3 ] « 
 
 pu'lsatile, a. Of, having' the property of, 
 pulsation ; (of musical instrument) played by 
 percussion, [as prec. 4- -ile] 
 
 pulse l , n., & v.i. & t. Rhythmical throbbing 
 ! of arteries as blood is propelled along them esp. 
 as felt in wrists, temples, &c; feel person's p. 
 (as indicating by its rate & character his state 
 of health, fig., sound hia intentions &c); each 
 successive beat of arteries or heart ; (fig.) throb, 
 thrill, of life or emotion ; rhythmical recurrence 
 of strokes e.g. of oars ; single beat or vibration 
 of sound, light, &c; (v.i.) pulsate (lit. & fig.); 
 (v.t.) send out,in,8cc, by rhythmic beats. Hence 
 pu'lseLESS a., pu'lselessNESS n. [(n.) ME 
 & OF pous f. L pidsus -us f. pcllerepxds- drive; 
 vb as pulsate] 
 
 pulse 2 , n. (Collective sing., sometimes with 
 pi. vb) edible seeds of leguminous plants e.g. 
 peas, beans, lentils ; (with pi. ) any kind of these, 
 [f. OF pols f. L puis -Itis pottage of meal &c] 
 
 pulsrmetep, n. Instrument for measuring 
 rate or force of pulse. If. pulse 1 + -i- + -meter] 
 
 pulso'metep, n. Steam-condensing vacuum 
 pump, so called from pulsatory action of the 
 steam, [as prec, see -o-] 
 
 pulta'ceous, a. Of (the nature of) pap or a 
 poultice, soft, pulpy, [as pulse 2 , see -aceous] 
 
 pu'lverize, v.t. & i. Reduce to powder or 
 dust, divide (liquid) into spray, whence pu'i- 
 verizatc-R 2 (2), pu , lverizER 1 (2), nn.; (fig.) de- 
 molish, crush, smash ; (intr.) crumble to dust. 
 Hence pu'lverizABLE a., pulvepizATiON n. 
 [f. LL pulverizare (pulvis -eris dust, see -ize)] 
 
 pulve'pulent (or -rob-), a. Powdery ; cover- 
 ed with powder ; (of rock &c.) of slight cohesion, 
 apt to crumble, [f. L pidverulentus (pulvis 
 -eris dust, see -lent)] 
 
 pu'lvinate (at), -ated, a a. (Arch., -ed) 
 swelling, esp. (of frieze) with convex face ; 
 (Bot., Entom.) cushion-like, having cushion-like 
 swelling, [f. L pulvinatus ( pidvinus cushion), 
 see-ATE 2 (2>] 
 
 pu'ma, n. = cougar. [Sp. f. Peruv.] 
 
 pu'mice(-stone), n., & v.t. (Piece of) light 
 spongy kind of lava used for removing stains 
 from hands &c, polishing, &c; (v.t.) rub, 
 clean, with p.; p. hoof of horse, made spongy by 
 disease. Sopumi'eeousa. [ME 8c OF pomis 
 f. LL piimicem, L pit- (nom. -mex)] 
 
 pummel, v.t. (-11-). Strike repeatedly esp. 
 with fist, [altered f. pommel] 
 
 pump *, n. Machine, usu. cylinder in which 
 piston &c. is moved up & down by rod, for 
 raising water ; kinds of machine for raising or 
 moving liquids,compressing or rarefying gases, 
 &c. (fig. of heart, insect's suckers, &c); air 1 , 
 
PUMP 
 
 672 
 
 PUNT 
 
 force 1 , stomach, -p.; bicycle-p. (for inflating 
 tires) ; pumping, stroke of pump ; attempt, 
 person skilful, at pumping others; p. -brake, 
 handle of ship's p. esp. with transverse bar for 
 several persons to work at ; p.-handle v.t. (col- 
 loq.), shake (person's hand) effusively ; p.-room, 
 building where p. is worked esp. at spa where 
 medicinal water is dispensed. [ME pumpe, cf. 
 Du. pomp, etym. dub.] 
 
 pump-, v.i. & t. Work a pump; remove, 
 raise, (water &c., usu. out, up) thus; make 
 (ship, well, &c.) dry by pumping ; p. up, inflate 
 (pneumatic tire), inflate tires of (bicycle &c); 
 bring out, pour forth, (abuse &c. upon) as by 
 pumping; elicit information from (person), 
 elicit (information, usu. out of person), by art- 
 ful or persistent questions ; (of exertion) put 
 completely out of breath (esp. pass.); (of mer- 
 cury in barometer) rise & fall instantaneously ; 
 pii'mpship v.i. (not in polite use), make water. 
 Hence pu'mpEK * n. [f. prec] 
 
 pump 3 , n. Kind of light .shoe now usu. of 
 patent leather & without fastening, worn with 
 evening dress & for dancing. [?] 
 
 pu'mperniekel (poo-), n. German whole- 
 meal rye bread. [G, etym. dub.] 
 
 pu'mpkin, n. (Cucurbitaceous plant bear- 
 ing) large egg-shaped or globular fruit with 
 edible layer next to rind, used in cookery & for 
 cattle, [f. earlier pumpion, po-, f. obs. Fpo(m)- 
 pon f. L pepo f. Gk pepon large melon + -kin] 
 
 pun 1 , n., & v.i. Humorous use of word to 
 suggest different meanings, or of words of same 
 sound with different meanings, play on words ; 
 (v.i.) make pp. (upon word, subject). Hence 
 pu'nningXY 2 a dv. [?] 
 
 pun 2 , v.t. Consolidate (earth, rubble) by 
 pounding or ramming ; work up to proper con- 
 sistency with punner. [dial. var. of pound 3 ] 
 
 pu'na (poo-), n. High bleak plateau in Peru- 
 vian Andes; difficulty in breathing caused by 
 rarefied atmosphere. [Peru v., in first sense] 
 
 punch \ n. Instrument or machine for cut- 
 ting holes in leather, metal, paper, &c, driving 
 bolt &c. out of hole (starting- p.), forcing nail 
 beneath surface (driving-p.), &c; tool or ma- 
 ohine for impressing design or stamping die on 
 material ; bell-p., conductor's ticket p. with bell 
 to announce punching of ticket, [prob. var. of 
 
 POUNCE 1 , but Cf. PUNCHEON 1 ] 
 
 punch 2 , v.t., & n. Strike esp. with closed 
 fist, as p. his head ; punching-ball, inflated ball 
 held by elastic bands &c. & punched as form of 
 exercise ; prod with stick &c, esp. (U.S.) drive 
 (cattle) thus ; pierce (metal, leather, tram-ticket, 
 &c.) as or with punch; pierce (hole) thus; drive 
 (nail &c. in, out) with punch; (n.) blow with 
 fiat, as a p. on the head. Hence pu'nehER Ml, 2) 
 n. [(n. f. vb) as prec] 
 
 punch 3 , n. Drink usu. of wine or spirits 
 mixed with hot water or milk, sugar, lemons, 
 spice, &c, as brandy, rum, milk, p. ; bowl of p. ; 
 party at which p. is drunk ; p.-boul, bowl in 
 which p. is mixed, round deep hollow in hill(s). 
 [perh. f. Hind, panch five, from number of in- 
 gredients ; or abbr. of puncheon 2 ] 
 
 punch 4 , n. (Suffolk) p., short-legged thick- 
 set draught horse; (dial. ) short fat man or thing ; 
 (P-) grotesque hump-backed figure in puppet- 
 show called P. & Judy, esp. as title of a London 
 weekly comic paper; as pleased, as proud, as P. 
 (much, very), [perh. different wds ; inlastsense 
 abbr. of Punchinello] 
 
 pu'ncheon 1 (-shn), n. Short post esp. one 
 supporting roof in coal-mine; (now. rare) = 
 punch ». [f. OF poincon f. LL *punctionem 
 {puncta point f. pungere punct- prick, see -ion)] 
 
 pu'ncheon 2 (-shn), n. (hist.). Large cask for 
 
 liquids &c. holding from 72 to 120 gals, [identi- 
 cal in form w. prec. in E & OF] 
 
 Punchinello, n. Chief character in Italian 
 puppet-show ; short stout person, [f. It. poli- 
 chinello] 
 
 pu'nctate (-at), a. (nat. hist., path.). Marked 
 or studded with points, dots, or spots. So 
 punetA •tion n. [f . L as point 1, see -ate 2 (2)] 
 
 puncti'lio, n. (pi. -os). Nice point of cere- 
 mony or honour ; petty formality, [f. It. pun- 
 tiglio dim. of punto point 1 , cf. F pointille] 
 
 punctilious, a. Attentive to punctilios. 
 Hencepuncti*liousLY 2 adv.,puneti'lious- 
 ness n. [f. F pointilleux (as prec, -ous)] 
 
 pu'nctual, a. Observant of appointed time ; 
 in good time, not late; (archaic) punctilious ; 
 (Geom.)of a point. Hence punetua'liTY n., 
 pu'netualLY 2 adv. [f. med.L punctualis 
 (punctus -us point ! see -al)] 
 
 pu'netuate, v.t. Insert stop3 in (writing), 
 mark or divide with stops; (fig.) interrupt 
 (speech) vrith exclamations &c; (improp.) em- 
 phasize, accentuate, as flung it on the ground 
 to p. his refusal. Hence or cogn. pu'netua- 
 tiVE a., pu*netuatOR 2 n. [f. med.L punctuare 
 (as prec), see -ate s ] 
 
 punctua'tion, n. Insertion of vowel & other 
 points in Hebrew &c; practice, art, of punctu- 
 ating, [f. med.L punct uatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 pu'nctum, n. (pi. -ta). Speck, dot, spot of 
 colour or elevation or depression on surface. 
 So pu'nctULEn., whence pu*nctulATE 2 (2) a., 
 punetulA # TioN n. [L, = point 1 \ 
 
 pu'netupe (-tsher), n., & v.t. & i. Pricking, 
 prick, esp. accidental pricking of pneumatic 
 tire; hole thus made ; (v.t.) prick, pierce; (v.i., 
 of tire, bicycle &c, rider &c) experience a p. 
 [(vb f. n.) f. Lpunctura (as point 1 , -ure)] 
 
 pu'ndit, n. Hindu learned in Sanskrit & in 
 philosophy, religion, & jurisprudence, of India; 
 (facet.) learned teacher, [f. Hind, pandit] 
 
 pu'ngent, a. (Nat. Hist.) sharp-pointed ; (of 
 reproof, satire, &c) biting, caustic; mentally 
 stimulating, piquant ; affecting organs of smell 
 or taste, or skin &c, with pricking sensation, 
 asp. gas, smoke, sauce. Hence pu'ngENCY n., 
 pu'ngrentL Y 2 adv. [f. L pungere prick, -ent] 
 
 Pu'nie, a. & n. Carthaginian ; P. Wars 
 (between Rome & Carthage); P. faith; (n.) 
 P. language, [f. L Punicus, Poen-, (Poenus f. 
 Gk Phoinix Phoenician, see -ic)] 
 
 pu'nish, v.t. Cause (offender) to suffer for 
 offence ; chastise ; inflict penalty on (offender); 
 inflict penalty for (offence); (colloq.) inflict se- 
 vere blows on (opponent in boxing), (of race, 
 competitor) tax severely the powers of (compe- 
 titor), take full advantage of (weak bowling, 
 bowler, stroke at tennis), make heavy inroad 
 on (food &c), whence pu'nishiNG 2 a. Hence 
 punishaBixiTY, pu'nishER 1 , pu'nish- 
 ment, nn„ pu'nishABLE a., pu'nishabLY 2 
 adv. [f. F punir (-ISH 2 ) f. L punire (poena=Gk 
 poine fine)] 
 
 pu'nitive, a. Inflicting punishment, retri- 
 butive, as p. justice, expedition. So pvrnitORY 
 a. [f. med.L punitirus (as prec, see -ive)] 
 
 punk 1 , n. (archaic). Prostitute. [?] 
 
 punk 2 , n. (chiefly U. S. ). Rotten wood, fungus 
 growing on wood, used as tinder. [?] 
 
 pu'nka(h), n. (E.-Ind.). Portable fan usu. 
 of leaf of palmyra ; large swinging cloth fan on 
 frame worked by cord. [f. Hind, pankha] 
 
 pu'nner, n. Tool for ramming earth about 
 post&c [f. PUN 2 + -ER 1 ] 
 
 pu'nnet, n. Small round chip basket for 
 fruit or vegetables. [?] 
 
 pu*nstep,n. Professed maker of puns, [ster] 
 
 punt 1 ,n„&v.t. Flat-bottomed shallow boat, 
 
PUNT 
 
 673 
 
 PURIST 
 
 broad & square at both ends, propelled by long 
 pole thrust against bottom of river &c. ; (v.t.) 
 propel (p., boat, or abs.) thus; convey in a p. 
 Hence pirntep 1 [-er 1 ], pirntiST, nn. [(vbf. 
 n.) OE, f. hponto, kind of Gallic transport J 
 
 punt 2 , v.t., & n. Kick (football) after it has 
 dropped from the hands & before it reaches 
 ground ; (n.) such kick ;p.-about, kicking about 
 of football for practice, ball so used. [?] 
 
 punt 3 , v.i., & n. (At faro & other card-games) 
 lay stake against bank; (colloq.) bet on horse 
 &c. ; (n.) player who punts, point in faro. Hence 
 pu'ntep 2 [-er *] n. [f. F ponte(r), etym. dub.] 
 
 pu'nty, pd-, n. Iron rod used in glass-blow- 
 ing, [prob. f. F pontil prob. f. It. pontello dim. 
 of punto point 1 \ 
 
 pu'ny, a. Undersized ; weak, feeble; petty. 
 Hence pu'niNESS n. Opuisne] 
 
 pup, n., & v.t. & i. Young dog ; in p., preg- 
 nant ; conceited &c. p. (boy, young man) ; sell 
 person a pup, swindle him esp. by selling thing 
 on prospective value ; (vb) bring forth (pups or 
 abs.). [shortened f. puppy] ' 
 
 pu'pa, n. (pi. -ae). Chrysalis. Hence pu°pAL 
 a. [L,= girl, doll] 
 
 pu'pate, v.i. Become a pupa. Hence pupa- 
 tion n. 1-ate 3 ] 
 
 pu'pil, n. One who is taught by another, 
 scholar ; (Law) person below age of puberty & 
 under care of guardian ; p.-teacher, boy, girl, 
 teaching in elementary school under head 
 teacher & concurrently receiving general edu- 
 cation from him or elsewhere ; circular opening 
 in centre of iris of eye regulating passage of 
 light to the retina. Sopu*pil(l)ARi, pvrpil(l)- 
 ary 2 , aa. [f. F pupille f. L pupillus, -la, ward, 
 minor, (-la) p. of eye] 
 
 pu*pil(l)age (-ij), n. Nonage, minority (fig. 
 of country, language, &c), so pupil(l)a*PiTY 
 n. (law); being a pupil. So pu'pilSHip n. [-age] 
 
 pu*pil(l)ize, v.t. & i. Take pupils ; coach 
 (pupil), [-ize] 
 
 pupi'papous, a. (entom.). Bringing forth 
 young already advanced to pupal state, [f. 
 pupa + L -parus -bearing] 
 
 pu'ppet, n. Figure, usu. small, representing 
 human being, esp. one with jointed limbs moved 
 by wires &c. in p. -show ; person whose acts are 
 controlled by another ; p.-play, -show, (with pp. 
 as characters); p.-clack, -valve, disk valve 
 opened by lifting bodily from its seat, not 
 hinged. Hence pu*ppetRY(L 5) n. [ME po- 
 pet{te) = F poupette doll dim. f. pupa] 
 
 pu'ppy, n. Young dog (also, childish, p.- 
 dog); vain empty-headed young man, coxcomb, 
 whence pu'ppyiSM n. Hence pu'ppyDOM, 
 pu'ppyHOOD, nn., pu'ppyisn 1 a. [prob. = F 
 poupie doll, irreg. f. pupa] 
 
 pup-, pref. AF form of OF po?'-, pur-, f. L 
 por-, pro- (purchase, imrpoi-t, pursue). 
 
 pupa'na (poorah-), n. Any of a class of San- 
 skrit sacred poems. Hence pupa'nic (-rah-) a. 
 {i. Skr. pur and of former times {pur a formerly)] 
 
 Pup'beeki a. P. stone, hard limestone from 
 P. in Dorset ; P. marble, finer qualities of this. 
 
 pup*bllnd, a., & v.t. Partly blind, dim- 
 sighted ; (fig.) obtuse, dull ; (v.t.) make p. Hence 
 pup'blindNESS n. [earlier pur(e) blind ; pur- 
 perh. = pure in sense 'quite ' or = pur- intensive, 
 with changed sense] 
 
 pup'chase 1 (-as), n. Buying ; p.-money, price 
 (to be) paid; (Hist.) practice of buying com- 
 missions in army ; thing bought ; annual return 
 from land, as sold at 20 years' p. , (fig. ) life is not 
 worth an hour's p., cannot be trusted to last an 
 bour ; (Law) acquisition of property by one's 
 personal action not by inheritance ; mechanical 
 advantage, leverage, (often fig.); appliance for 
 
 F.D. 
 
 gaining this, esp. (Naut.) rope, windlass, pulley, 
 [ME, f. OF porchas, pur-, as foil.] 
 
 pur-chase- (-as), v.t. Buy ; acquire (victory, 
 freedom, &c, with one's blood, toil, &c. ) ; 
 (Naut.) haul up (anchor &c.) by means of pul- 
 ley, lever, &c. So pup'chasABLE a., pup*- 
 chasER 1 n. [ME, f. AF FUR(chacer chase) 
 procure, bring about] 
 
 pur'dah, n. (E.-Ind.). Curtain, esp. one serv- 
 ing to screen women from sight of strangers ; 
 (fig. ) Indian system of secluding women of rank; 
 striped cotton or other cloth for curtains, [f. 
 Hind. & Pers. pardah] 
 
 pure, a. Unmixed, unadulterated, as p. 
 white, air, alcohol, water ; (of sounds) not dis- 
 cordant, esp. (Mus.) perfectly in tune ; of un- 
 mixed descent, p. -blooded ; p. mathematics 
 (not including practical applications, opp. to 
 applied, mixed) ; (Gram., of vowel) preceded 
 by another vowel, (of stem) ending in vowel, 
 (of consonant) not accompanied by another ; 
 mere, simple, nothing but, sheer, as knowledge 
 p. & simple, p. nonsense, prejudice ; not cor- 
 rupt, as his taste teas severe & p.; morally un- 
 defined, guiltless, sincere ; sexually undefiled. 
 Hence pupe'LY 2 adv., pupcness n. [f. OF 
 pur, fern, pure, f. Lipurus] 
 
 puree (F), n. Soup of vegetables, meat, &c, 
 boiled to pulp & passed through sieve. 
 
 pup'fle, n., & v.t. (archaic). Border esp. em- 
 broidered edge of garment; (v.t.) adorn (robe) 
 with p., ornament (edge of building with crock- 
 ets &c), beautify. Hence pup'fliNG 1 n. [f. 
 OF porfil(er), as profile] 
 
 pupga'tion, n. Purification ; purging of 
 bowels; spiritual cleansing, esp. (R.-C. Ch.) of 
 soul in purgatory ; (Hist.) clearing of oneself 
 from accusation or suspicion by oath or ordeal. 
 [f. OF pur gacion f. L purgationem (as purge, 
 see -ation)] 
 
 pup'grative, a. & n. Aperient (medicine) ; 
 serving to purify. [F (-if, -ive), f. LL purgati- 
 vus (as purge, see -ative)] 
 
 pup'sratopy, n. & a. Condition, place, of 
 spiritual purging, esp. (R.-C. Ch.) of souls de- 
 parting this life in grace of God but requiring 
 to be cleansed from venial sins &c; place of 
 temporary suffering or expiation ; (a.) purify- 
 ing. So pupgatoP'iAL a. [f . LL purgatorius 
 a. (med.L -tim n.), as foil., see -ory] 
 
 purge, v.t., & n. Make physically or spiritu- 
 ally clean (of, from, impurities, sin, &c; re- 
 move by cleansing process (lit. & fig., often 
 away, off, oxd) ; (of medicine) relieve (bowels 
 or abs.) by evacuation ; clear (person, oneself, 
 of charge, suspicion) ; (Law) atone for, wipe 
 out (offence, sentence) by expiation & submis- 
 sion. (N.) purgation, esp. (Hist.) Pride's P., 
 exclusion by Col. Pride of Presbyterian & 
 Royalist members from Long Parliament; 
 aperient, [(n. f. vb) f. OF purger f. L purgare] 
 
 purification, n. Purifying ; ritual cleans- 
 ing, esp. that of woman after child-birth en- 
 joined by Jewish law, as the P. (of the Virgin 
 Mary), Feb. 2nd (Luke ii. 22). So pup'ifleat- 
 ory a. [f. h puinficatio (as purify, see -ation)] 
 
 pup'ifieatop, n. (eccl.). Cloth used at com- 
 munion for wiping chalice & paten & fingers & 
 lips_of celebrant, [as foil., see -or 2 ] 
 
 pup'ify, v.t. Make pure, cleanse, (of,fro?n, 
 impurities, sin, &c.) ; make ceremonially clean ; 
 clear of foreign elements, whence pup'i- 
 fiER 1 (2) n. [f. F purifier f. LL purificare (as 
 pure, see -FY)] 
 
 Pup'im, n. Jewish festival commemorating 
 defeat of Haman's plot (Esth. ix). [Heb., pi. of- 
 pw)%_perh. — lot] 
 
 pup'ist, n. Stickler for, affectcr of, scrupu- 
 
 22 
 
PURITAN 
 
 671 
 
 PURSUE 
 
 lous purity esp. in language. So pup'iSM n., 
 purl'sticUU aa. [f. F puriste (pure, -ist)1 
 Pup'itan, n. & a. (Hist. ) member of the party 
 of English Protestants who regarded reforma- 
 tion of Church under Elizabeth as incomplete 
 & sought to abolish unscriptural & corrupt 
 ceremonies &c; member of any non-religious 
 purist party ; person of or affecting extreme 
 strictness in religion or morals ; (adj.) of the 
 Pp., scrupulous in religion or morals. Hence 
 pupita'nic(AL) aa., pupita'niealLY 2 adv., 
 pup'itaniSM n., pur'itanizE(2, 3) v.i. & t. 
 
 If. foil. + -AN] 
 
 pup'ity, n. Pureness, cleanness, freedom 
 from physical or moral pollution. [ME & OF 
 purte f. L puritatem (as pure, see -ty)J 
 
 purl x , n., & v.t. & i. Cord of twisted gold or 
 silver wire for bordering ; chain of minute 
 loops, each loop of this, ornamenting edges of 
 lace, ribbon, &c; (Knitt., also pearl) inversion 
 of stitches, producing ribbed appearance ; (vb) 
 border (material or abs.) with p., in vert (stitches 
 or abs.), invert stitches of (stocking &c). [in 
 1st sense prob. = archaic & Sc. pirl twist, etym. 
 dub.; other senses perh. different wds) 
 
 purl 2 , v.i., & n. (Of brook &c.) flow with 
 whirling motion & babbling sound ; (n.) such 
 motion or sound, [cf. Norw. purla bubble up, 
 & perh. pirl (see prec.)] 
 
 pupl 3 , n. (hist.). Ale or beer with wormwood 
 infused ; hot beer mixed with gin as morning 
 draught, dog's nose. [?] 
 
 purlS v.t. & i., & n., (colloq.). Turn (t. & i.) 
 upside down, upset; (n.) cropper, heavy fall, 
 [prob. var. oipirl (see purl 1 )] 
 
 pup'ler, n. (colloq.). Throw, blow, that hurls 
 one head foremost, [prec. + -er l \ 
 
 pup'lieu (-lu), n. Tract on border of forest 
 esp. one earlier included in it & still partly 
 subject to forest laws; one's bounds, limits; 
 (pi.) outskirts, outlying region (lit: & fig.); 
 squalid street or quarter of town. [prob. altered 
 after lieu f. pur(a)ley f. obs. & AF PUR(aZ^ 
 allev) perambulation to settle boundaries] 
 
 pup'lin, n. Horizontal beam running along 
 length of roof, resting on principals & support- 
 ing common rafters or boards. [?] 
 
 puploi'n, v.t. Steal, pilfer. Hence pur- 
 loi'nER 1 n. [f. AF puR(loigner f. loing far f. 
 L longe) put away, do away with] 
 
 pup'ple, n., a., & v.t. & i. (Of) a colour mixed 
 of red & blue in various proportions with some 
 black or white or both ; (anciently, also Tyrian 
 p.) (of) the colour got from the molluscs pur- 
 pura & murex, crimson ; p.-red &c, red &c. 
 inclining to p.; p. robe, esp. as dress of emperor, 
 king, consul, &c, as bom in the p., or of car- 
 dinal, as raised to the p. (cardinalate) ; (pi.) 
 swine fever, disease in wheat ; p. emperor, a 
 butterfly ; (vb) make, become, p. Hence pup*- 
 pliSH i, pup*pl v 2 , aa. [ME purpel f. OE pur- 
 pur(e) f. purpura] 
 
 pup'popt l i n. Meaning, sense, tenor, of 
 document or speech ; (rare) object, purpose. 
 [AF, as foil.] 
 
 puppop't 2 , v.t. (Of document or speech) 
 have as its meaning, convey, state, (fact, that) ; 
 profess, be intended to seem, (to do), as a letter 
 purporting to be written by you, to contain 
 your decision, [f. AF & OF PUR(porter f. L 
 portare carry) extend, embody] 
 
 purpose 1 (-us), n. Object, thing intended, 
 as could not effect my p., this will answer (or 
 serve) our (or the) p., what was the p. of this 
 law ? ; fact, faculty, of resolving on something, 
 as honesty of p., is wanting in p.', novel with a 
 p., p.-novel, (written to defend some doctrine 
 &c); 071 p., in order (to do, that), (abs.) design- 
 
 edly, not by accident, whence pup'poseLY 2 
 adv.; to the p., relevant, useful for one's p.; to 
 little, some, no, p., with such result or effect. 
 Hence pup*poseFUL, pup'poseLEss, aa., 
 pup'posefulLY 2 , pup'poselessLY 2 , advv., 
 pup'posefulNESS, pup'poselessxESS, nn. 
 If. AF & OF purpos, as foil.] 
 
 pup'pose 2 (-ms), v.t. Design, intend, as I p. 
 (arranging or to arrange) an interview, p. that 
 an interview shall be arranged ; (archaic) am 
 purposed, intend (to do, doing, that), [f. OF 
 punposer propose] 
 
 pup'posive, a. Having, serving, done with, 
 a purpose ; (of person or conduct) having pur- 
 pose & resolution, [-ive] 
 
 pup'pupa, n. Disease marked by purple 
 or livid spots on skin ; genus of molluscs in- 
 cluding some from which purple dye was de- 
 rived. [L, f. Gk porphura (shell-fish yielding) 
 purple] _ 
 
 puppup'ic, a. Of purpura, as p. fever ; p. 
 acid, a hypothetical acid the salts of which are 
 purple, [-ic] 
 
 pup'pupin, n. Red colouring matter orig. 
 got from madder, [f. purpura + -in] 
 
 pupp, v.i. & t., & n. (Of cat or other feline 
 animal, fig. of person) make low continuous 
 vibratory sound expressing pleasure ; utter, 
 express, (words, contentment) thus ; (n.) such 
 sound, [unit.] 
 
 pu'ppee, n. Yellow colouring matter from 
 India & China. Hence puppe'ic a. tf Hind. 
 peori] 
 
 purse 1 , n. Small pouch of leather &c. for 
 carrying money on the person, orig. closed by 
 drawing strings together; (fig.) money, funds, 
 asacommonp. (fund), heavy or long p., wealth, 
 light p., poverty, the public p., national trea- 
 sury; privy p.; sum collected, subscribed, or 
 given, as present or as prize for contest, as will 
 any gentleman give or put up a p.?; (in Turk, 
 empire) p. of silver, gold, 500 piastres, 10,000 
 piastres ; bag-like natural or other receptacle. 
 pouch,cyst,&c.;j).-oearer,one who has charge of 
 another's or a company's money, official carry- 
 ing Great Seal before Lord Chancellor in p. ; p.- 
 net, bag-shaped net for catching rabbits Sec, 
 mouth of which can be closed with cords; p.- 
 proud, puffed up by wealth; p.-seine, p.-net 
 for fishing ; p.-strings, strings for closing mouth 
 of p., holdthep.-s., have control of expenditure, 
 tighten, loosen, the p.-s., be sparing, generous, 
 of money. Hence pup'seFUL n., pup'seLESS 
 a. [OE purs prob. f. LL bursa purse f. Gk 
 bursa hide] 
 
 purse 2 , v.t. & i. Contract (lips, brow, often 
 up) in wrinkles ; become wrinkled ; (rare) put 
 (often up) into one's purse, [f. prec] 
 
 pur'sep, n. Officer on ship who keeps ac- 
 counts & usu. has charge of provisions. Hence 
 pup'sepsHip n. [f. purse 1 + -er j ] 
 
 pup'slane (-In), n. Low succulent herb used 
 in salads & pickled, [f. OF porcelaine altered 
 f. L porcillaca, portulaca, on porcelain] 
 
 pupsu'ance, n. Carrying out, pursuing, 
 (of plan, object, idea, &c), esp. in p. of. [as 
 foil., see -ance] 
 
 pupsu'ant, a. & adv. Pursuing ; (adv.) con- 
 formably to (the Act &c), whence pupsu'* 
 antLY 2 adv. [f. OF porsuiant part, as foil.] 
 
 pursue* (-u), v.t. & i. Follow with intent to 
 capture or kill ; (fig., of consequences, penalty, 
 disease, &c.) persistently attend, stick to ; seek 
 after, aim at, (pleasure &c, one's object); pro- 
 ceed in compliance with (plan &c); proceed 
 along, continue, (road, inquiry, conduct); follow 
 (studies, profession); goin pursuit (after or abs.). 
 Hence pupsu'able a. [f. AF ruRshver f. OF 
 
PURSUER 
 
 675 
 
 PUT 
 
 porsievre, f. L VRO(sequere, -ire, pop. varr. of 
 sequi follow)) 
 
 pupsu'ep, n. In vbl senses, also : (Civil & 
 Sc. Law) prosecutor, [-ek ] J 
 pupsui't (-ut), n. Pursuing, esp. in p. of (ani- 
 mal, person, otie's object); profession, employ- 
 ment, recreation, that one follows. If. AF puk- 
 seute, fern. p.p. & n. as pursue] 
 
 pursuivant (-sw-), n. Officer of College of 
 Armsbelow herald ; (poet.) follower, attendant, 
 [f. OF porsivant (as pursue, see -ant)] 
 pup'sy i, a. Short-winded, puffy ; corpulent. 
 Hence pur*sL\Ess n. (earlier -ive f. OF polsif 
 {polser breathe with labour as pulsate)] 
 pur'sy 2 , a. Puckered, [f. purse j + -v 2 ] 
 DUP'tenance, n. (archaic). Inwards, pluck, 
 of animal. | earlier form of pertinence] 
 pur'ulent, a. Of, full of, discharging, pus. 
 Hence or cogn.pup*ulENCE,-ENCV,nn.,pup'u- 
 lentLY 2 adv. [f. L purulentus (pus, see -lest)] 
 purvey* (-va), v.t. & i. Provide, supply, (ar- 
 ticles of food) as one's business ; make provision, 
 act as purveyor, (for person, army, &c). [f. AF 
 ruRveier provide] 
 
 purveyance, n. Purveying; rightof crown 
 to provisions &c. at fixed price & to use of 
 horses &c. If. OF porveance, as providence] 
 purveyor, n. One whose business it is to 
 supply articles of food, esp. dinners &c. on large 
 scale, as P. to the Royal Household', (Hist.) 
 officer making purveyance for sovereign, (f. 
 AF purveour (as PURVEY, see -or 2 )] 
 pur'view(-vu), n. Enacting clauses of stat- 
 ute ; scope, intention, range (of act, document, 
 scheme, book, occupation. &c.) ; range of phy- 
 sical or mental vision. If. AF purveu provided, 
 p.p. as purvey] 
 
 pus, n. Yellowish viscid matter produced by 
 suppuration. [L, gen. pur is] 
 Pu'seyism (-zi), n. (Hostile term for) trac- 
 tarianism. So Pu'seyiTE i n. [E. B. Pusey 
 d. 1882 + -ism] 
 push 1 (poo-), v.t. & i. Exert upon (body) force 
 tending to move it away ; move (body tip, 
 down, away, back, &c.) thus ; exert such pres- 
 sure, as do not p. against the fence ; (Billiards) 
 make push-stroke ; (of person in boat) p. off, p. 
 against bank with oar to get boat out into 
 stream &c; (bibl.) butt (t. & i.) with the horns; 
 (cause to) project, thrust out, forth, &c, as 
 plants p. out new roots, cape pushes out into 
 sea ; make one's way forcibly or persistently, 
 force (one's tcay) thus; exert oneself esp. to 
 surpass others or succeed in one's business &c, 
 whence pu'shiNG 2 a., pu'shingLY 2 adv.; 
 urge, impel, (often on, to do, to effort &c.) ; fol- 
 low \ip, prosecute, (claim &c. , often on) ; engage 
 actively in making (one's fortune); extend (one's 
 conquests &c); p. (matter) through, bring it to 
 a conclusion ; press the adoption, use, sale, &c. 
 of (goods &c.) esp. by advertisement ; press (per- 
 son) hard, as do not wish to p. him for payment, 
 esp. in pass., as am pushed for (can scarcely 
 find) time, money, p. -pin, a child's game. Hence 
 pu'shER Ml, 2) n. [f. F pousser as pulsate] 
 push 2 , n. Act of pushing, shove, thrust ; 
 (Billiards) stroke in which ball is pushed, not 
 struck ; exertion of influence to promote per- 
 son's advancement ; thrust of weapon or of 
 beast's horn ; vigorous effort, as must make a 
 p. to get it done, for home ; continuous pressure 
 of arch &c; pressure of affairs, crisis, pinch ; 
 enterprise, determination to get on, self-asser- 
 tion, whence pu'shFUL a. ; (slang) gang of 
 thieves, convicts, &c. [f. prec] 
 pu'shtoo, -tu (-oo), n. Afghan language. 
 If. Pers. pashto] 
 pusilla'nimous, a. Faint-hearted, mean- 
 
 spirited. Hence or cogn. pusillani'miTV n.. 
 pusilla'nimousLY 2 adv. [f. eccl. L pusil- 
 lanimis (pusillus petty + animus soul) + -ous] 
 puss (pdbs), n. Cat (esp. as call-name); (quasi- 
 proper name for) hare, tiger ; (colloq.) girl, as 
 alyp>', p. -moth, large European moth. [cf. Du. 
 poes, Norw. puse, perh. orig. a call] 
 pu'ssy, n. (nursery). P.(-cat), cat ; (nursery) 
 soft furry thing, e. g. hazel catkin, [-v 3] 
 pu'stulate, v.t. & i. Form into pustules. 
 So pu'stulATE 2 (at) a., pustulA'Tiox n. [f. 
 LL pustulare, as foil.] 
 
 pu'stule, n. Pimple; malignant p., disease 
 caused by anthrax bacillus ; (Bot., Zool.) wart, 
 wart-like excrescence. Hence or cogn. pu*s- 
 tulAR^pu'stulous, aa. [f. Lpustula (pus)] 
 put 1 (pobt), v.t. & i. (put). 1. Propel, hurl, 
 (the weight, stone) from hand placed close to 
 shoulder as athletic exercise ; thrust (weapon), 
 send (missile), as p. a knife into, stab, pxit a 
 bullet through, shoot; (Naut.) proceed, take 
 one's course, back, forth, in (to harbour &c), 
 out, in ship; move (thing &c, lit. & fig.) so 
 as to place it in some situation, as p. it in your 
 pocket, on the table, up the chimney, down the 
 well, p. (mark, write) a tick against his name, 
 your signature to it, p. the horse to (the cart), 
 harness him, p. bull to cow or cow to bull (for 
 breeding), p. (convey) him across the river, p. 
 the children to bed, p. him in prison, cannot p. 
 (deliver) Russian stock at present prices, has p. 
 (infused) new life into him, will p. (present) the 
 matter clearly before her, p. a spoke in his 
 wheel, p. the words into his mouth l , p. one's 
 foot 1 in it, one's shoulder to the wheel, hand 
 to the plough l ; (with less or no idea of physi- 
 cal motion in space) bring into some relation or 
 state, as p. yourself, the matter, in(to)my hands, 
 time he was p. (began to go habitually ) to school, 
 p. it to (offer it for) sale, on the market, p. O- 
 thello on (the stage), produce it, p. (add) milk to 
 your tea, should p. (price) it at 2/6, puts (esti- 
 mates) the circulation at 60,000, p. (translate) it 
 into DuU h, ca nnotp. it into (express it in ) words, 
 what a way you have of putting things !, puts 
 (sets) no value on my advice, I p. (base) my de- 
 cision on the grounds stated, p. (apply) it to a 
 good use, p. (imagine) yourself in his place, p. 
 (substitute) the will forthe deed, p. a good face 1 
 on it, p. an end, period, stop, to it, stop it, p. a 
 check ovstopjier on it, a veto on it, check it, for- 
 bid it, p. an end to (destroyed) himself or his 
 life, p. (stake) money on a horse, p. his money 
 into (invested it in) land, p. (submit) the case 
 to him, to the vote, I p. it (appeal) to yon, I p. it 
 to you (invite you to acknowledge) that you 
 were after no good, dues were p. (imposed) on 
 cattle, every insult teas p. (inflicted) on him, 
 don't be p. upon (victimized) 6?/ him, p. (lay) 
 the blame on me, p. him (caused him to be) at 
 his ease, in fear of his life, out of temper, on 
 his guard, on his mettle, p. him (make him 
 speak) on (his) oath, p. the servants on (allow 
 them) board wages, p. the proposal into shape, 
 p. his nose 1 out of joint, a feiv words will p. 
 (make) the matter right, ahcays manages to p. 
 me (make me appear) in the wrong, p. out of 
 countenance 1 , must have p. (made) the clock 
 fast (by advancing hands), p. (subject) them to 
 death, torture, ransom, expense, inconvenience, 
 the test or trial, the rack, the sword, confusion, 
 shame, land was p. into or under (sown with) 
 turnips, p. (set) him to mind the furnace, what 
 has p. him on meddling (induced him to med- 
 dle)?, on this wild scheme ?, p. my horse to or 
 at (invited him to jump) the fence, (of horse & 
 fig. of person) must be p. through (made to per- 
 form) his paces, p. /ii»i (make him read) through 
 
PUT 
 
 676 
 
 PYLORUS 
 
 <> book of Livy, was p. (forced, driven) to flight, 
 to his shifts, to the blush 2 , was p. to (forced to 
 play) his trumps, surprising xohat he can do 
 when he's p. to it (pressed), was hard p. to it to 
 (could scarcely) keep them off. 2. Special senses 
 with advv. P. about: lay (sailing vessel) on 
 opposite tack, cause (horse, body of men) to 
 turn round, (of vessel) go about; (chiefly Sc.) 
 trouble, distress. P. away : (archaic) divorce ; 
 lay by (money &c.) for future use ; (slang) con- 
 sume (food, drink) ; (slang) imprison ; (slang) 
 pawn. P. back : check the advance of, retard ; 
 move back the hands of (clock) ; restore to for- 
 mer place. P. by : evade (question, argument) ; 
 p. off (person) with evasion ; lay aside esp. for 
 future use. P. down: suppress by force or 
 authority ; take down, snub, put to silence ; 
 cease to maintain (expensive thing) ; account, 
 reckon, as I p. him doivn for nine years old, at 
 nine, as a fool, for a fool; attribute, as p. it 
 down to his nervousness ; p. one's foot 1 down. 
 P. forth', exert (strength, effort, eloquence); 
 p. in circulation; (of plant) send out (buds, 
 leaves, or abs.). P. forward: thrust (oneself 
 Sec.) into prominence; ad vance,set forth, (theory 
 &c). P. in: install in office &c, asp. in a care- 
 taker, bailiff, (hence) distress, execution ; pre- 
 sent formally (document, evidence, plea, claim, 
 hail) as in law court ; p. in (make) a n appear- 
 ance; make a claim (for election &c); inter- 
 pose (blow, shot, remark, quoted words), p. in 
 one's oar ; throw in (additional thing) ; perform 
 (piece of work) as part of a whole ; (colloq.)pass, 
 spend, (time). P. off: postpone; postpone en- 
 gagement with (person); evade(person, demand, 
 often with excuse, compromise) ; hinder, dis- 
 suade, from; foist (thing upon person); remove, 
 take off, (clothes) ; p.-offn., evasion, postpone- 
 ment. P. on: clothe oneself or another with ; 
 (colloq.) p. it on, overcharge, simulate exagger- 
 ated emotion, suffering, &c; assume, take on, 
 (character, appearance); develop additional 
 (flesh, weight); add (so much to price, runs &c. 
 to score) ; stake (money upon horse &c.) ; ad- 
 vance the hands of (clock) ; bring into action, 
 exert, (force,pressure, speed, STKAM,the screw); 
 appoint, arrange for, (person) to bowl &c, train 
 to run &c. P. out: dislocate (shoulder &c); 
 (Crick.) cause (batsman) to be out; extinguish 
 (candle, gas, fire, &c); disconcert, confuse; 
 annoy, irritate ; p. to inconvenience ; exert 
 (strength &c); lend (money) at interest, invest ; 
 give (work) to be done off the premises. P. 
 through: carry out (task); place (person) in 
 telephonic connexion with (to) another through 
 exchange(s). P. together: form (whole) by com- 
 bination of parts; p. two <£- two together; (Crick.) 
 compile (score). P. up : p. person's back up, en- 
 rage him; p. one's hair up ; employ (person) as 
 jockey ; produce (play) on stage ; cause (game) 
 to rise from cover ; raise (price) ; offer (prayer), 
 present(petition) ; propose for election; publish 
 jbanns); offer for sale by auction or for compe- 
 tition ; pack up in parcel, place in receptacle 
 for safe keeping ; sheathe (sword); lodge & en- 
 tertain (man, horse) ; take up one's lodging (at 
 inn &c.) ; p. up with (archaic p. up) submit to, 
 tolerate, (insult, annoying person or thing); p. 
 (person) up to, inform him of, instruct him in, 
 (also) instigate him (to do, to doing or action) ; 
 construct, build ; concoct (underhand piece of 
 work); p. -up a., fraudulently concocted. Hence 
 pu'ttER 1 n. [OE putian (late), potian (late), 
 pf/tan, cf. Da. putte] 
 put 2 (pdbt), n. Throw, cast, of the weight or 
 stone; option of delivering fixed amount of a 
 ^toek at fixed price within fixed time. [f. prec] 
 put 3 , putt, v.i. & t, & n. (putted). Strike 
 
 golf-ball, strike (golf-ball) gently with club to 
 get itinto hole on smooth piece of ground called 
 putting-green; (n.) such stroke. Hence pu't- 
 tERMl, 2) n. [differentiated f. put 1 - 2 ] 
 
 pu'tative, a. Reputed, supposed, as his p. 
 father. Hence pu'tativeLY 2 adv. [f. LLpu- 
 tativus (putare think, see -ative)] 
 
 pute, a. (archaic). Pure (&) p., mere. [f. L 
 putus in phr. purus ac putus) 
 
 pu'teal, n. (Rom. ant.). Stone curb round 
 mouth of well. [L (puteus well, see -al)] 
 
 pu'tlog, -lock, n. Short horizontal timber 
 on which scaffold-boards rest. [?] 
 
 pu'trefy, v.i. & t. Become putrid, rot, go 
 bad ; fester, suppurate ; become morally cor- 
 rupt ; (rare) cause to p. So putpeFA - CTiox n., 
 putpefa'etiVE a. If. F putrefier f. L put re- 
 jacere (putrere be rotten, see -FY)] 
 
 putpe'seent, a. In process of rotting ; of, 
 accompanying, this process. Hence putPe'- 
 scexce n.\ putre'seiBLE a. [f. L putrescere 
 incept, of putrere rot, see -ent] 
 
 pu'tpid, a. Decomposed, rotten ; foul, nox- 
 ious; (fig.) corrupt ; p. fever, typhus; p. sore 
 throat, gangrenous pharyngitis, diphtheria. 
 Hence putpi'diTY, pu'tpidNESS, nn., pu p - 
 tPidLY 2 adv. [f. L putridus {putrere rot, -id *)] 
 
 putt. See put 3 . 
 
 pu'ttee, n. Long strip of cloth wound spir- 
 ally round leg from ankle to knee for protec- 
 tion & support, [f. Hind, patti bandage] 
 
 pu°tty, n., & v.t. (Also jewellers' p.) powder 
 of calcined tin (& lead) for polishing glass or 
 metal; (also plasterers' p.) fine mortar of lime 
 & waterwithoutsand; (also glaziers'p.) cement 
 of whiting, raw linseed oil, &c, for fixing panes 
 of glass, filling up holes in woodwork, &c; (v.t.) 
 cover, fix, join, fill up, with p. [f. F potee lit. 
 POTful, see -Y 4 ] 
 
 puy (pwe), n. Small volcanic cone esp. in 
 Auvergne. [F] 
 
 pu'zzle *, n. Bewilderment, perplexity ; per- 
 plexing question, enigma ; problem, toy, con- 
 trived to exercise ingenuity & patience, as 
 Chinese p.; p.-head(ed), -pate(d), (person) with 
 confused ideas ; p.-peg, piece of wood so fixed 
 to dog's lower jaw as to prevent him from put- 
 ting nose close to ground. [?] 
 
 pu'zzle 2 , v.t. & i. Perplex; be perplexed 
 (about, over, problem &c); make out (solution 
 of problem &c); moxkey-p. Hence pu'zzle- 
 
 DOM, pU'ZZleMEXT, pU'ZZlER 1 , lin., pU'ZZ- 
 
 ling"LY 2 adv. [?] 
 
 puzzolana. See pozzolana. 
 
 pyaemia, n. Blood-poisoning marked by 
 formation of pus-foci. Hence pyae'mic a. 
 [f. Gk puon pus + haima blood + -ia 2 ] 
 
 pyeno- in comb. = Gk puknos thick, dense, 
 as -style a. & n., (building) with close arrange- 
 ment of columns, i.e. at interval of one diameter 
 & a half. 
 
 pygmy, pi-, n. & a. One of a diminutive 
 race of men said to have inhabited parts of 
 Ethiopia or India; the Pp., a dwarf race in 
 equatorial Africa ; dwarf (fig. of intellectual 
 inferiority &c); elf, pixy; (adj.) of the pp., 
 dwarf. So pygmae'A.v a. [f. L f. Gk pug- 
 ma ios (pvgme length from elbow to knuckles)] 
 
 pyja'mas, pa-, (-jah-), n. pi. Loose silk or 
 cotton trousers tied round waist, worn by both 
 sexes among Mohammedans & adopted esp. for 
 night wear by Europeans ; sleeping suit of 
 loose trousers & jacket, [f. Pers. pae jamah 
 (pae, pay, foot, leg, + jamah clothing)] 
 
 py'lon, n. Gateway esp. of Egyptian temple, 
 [f. Gk pulon (ptde gate)] 
 
 pylop'us, n. (anat.). Opening from stomach 
 into duodenum ; part of stomach where this is. 
 
PYO- 
 
 677 
 
 QUACK 
 
 Hence pyld'Pic a. [LL, f. Gk puloros gate- 
 keeper (pule gate + oiiros warder)] 
 
 pyo- in comb. = Gk puon pus, as -genesis for- 
 mation of pus. So py'oiD a. 
 
 pyp'aeanth, n. Evergreen thorny shrub 
 with white flowers & scarlet berries, [f. L f. 
 Gk purakant ha, etym. dub.] 
 
 py'pamid, n. Monumental (esp. ancient 
 Egyptian) structui'e of stone &c. with poly- 
 gonal or (usu.) square base, & sloping sides 
 meeting at apex ; solid of this shape with base 
 of three or more sides ; p. -shaped thing or pile 
 of things ; fruit-tree trained in p. shape ; poem 
 successive lines of which increase or decrease 
 in length ; (Billiards, pi.) game played with 
 (usu. 15) coloured balls & one cue-ball. Hence 
 or cogn. pyra'midAL a., pyra'midalLV 2 , 
 pyramid wise, advv. [f. L f . Gk p^lramis 
 ■idos, perh. of Egypt, orig. ] 
 
 pypamidist, n. Student of structure & 
 history of Egyptian pyramids. [-1ST] 
 
 pyre, n. Heap of combustible material, esp. 
 funeral pile for burning corpse, [f. L f. Gkpwa 
 {pur fire)] 
 
 pyre'thrum, n. Genus of composite plants, 
 feverfew. [L, f. Gk purethron] 
 
 pyre'tie (or pi-), a. Of, for, or producing 
 fever, [f. Gk puretos fever + -ic] 
 
 pype'xia, n. (path.). Fever. Hence pyre'x- 
 iAL, pype*xic(AL), aa. [f. Gkpurexis (puresso 
 be feverish, as prec.)] 
 
 pyrhelio'meter (per-), n. Instrument for 
 measuring heat given off by sun. [f. Gk pur 
 fire + helios sun + -meter] 
 
 pyp'idine (or pi-), n. (chem.). A volatile 
 liquid alkaloid from dry distillation of bone-oil, 
 used for asthma, [f. Gkp?trfire + -iD 4 + -iNE 5 ] 
 
 pypi'tes, n. (Also iron p.) either of two sul- 
 phides of iron ; copper p., double sulphide of 
 copper & iron. Hence pyri'tic, pypiti'FER- 
 ous, pyp'itous, aa., pyp'itizE v.t. [L, f. Gk 
 purites of fire (pur, see -ite 1 )] 
 
 pypo. See pv nogallic. 
 
 pypo- in comb. = Gk pur fire, as: 'ele'etric, 
 -electri'city, (property of) becoming electrically 
 polar when heated ; -ga'llic acid (abbr. pyro), 
 acid used as reducing agent in photography 
 &c.; -genetic, productive of heat, esp. in the 
 body, or (also -ge'nic) of fever ; -genous, (of rock) 
 igneous, (of substance) produced by combustion 
 of another; -graphy, = POKE^-icork, so -graph 
 v.i., -grapher, -graphist, nn. ,' -gra'phic a.; -gra- 
 vure', piece of poker-work; -latry, fire-worship; 
 -li'gneous, produced by action of fire or heat on 
 wood, as p. acid; -ma'nia, incendiary mania, 
 so -ma'niac n., mani'acal a. ; -meter, instrument 
 for measuring high temperatures, so -metric(al) 
 aa., -metrically adv., -metry n.; -phorus, sub- 
 stance that takes fire spontaneously on exposure 
 to air, so -pho'ric, -phorous, aa. ; -rho'tograph, 
 one burnt in on glass or porcelain, so -photogra'- 
 phic a., -photo'graphy n. Also in scientific wds 
 denoting (Chem.) new substance fornfed from 
 another by destructive distillation &c, (Min.) 
 minerals &c. showing some property or change 
 under action of heat, or having fiery red or 
 yellow colour. 
 
 pyp'ope, n. A deep-red garnet. [f. OF 
 pirope f. L f. Gk puropos gold-bronze, lit. fiery- 
 eyed (pur fire 4- ops eye)] 
 
 pypote'ehnie, a. & n. Of (the nature of) 
 fireworks, as p. display ; (fig., of wit &c.) bril- 
 liant, sensational; (n. pi.) art of making, dis- 
 play of, fireworks (lit. & fig.). Hence or cogn. 
 pypote'ehnie At a., pypote'ehniealLv 2 
 adv., pypote'ehnisT, pyp'oteehnY 1 , nn. 
 [f. pyro- + Gk tekhnikos (tekhne art, see -ic)j 
 
 pypo'xylin, n. Kinds of explosive, includ- 
 
 ing gun-cotton, produced by treating vegetable 
 fibre with nitric acid &c. Hence pypoxy'lic 
 a. If. pyro- + Gk xulon wood + -in] 
 
 Pypphie *, p-, n. & a. P. (dance), war dance 
 of ancient Greeks; the metrical foot uu ; (adj.) 
 consisting of such feet, [(in pros, sense f. L f. 
 Gk purrhikhios) f. purrhikhe, said to be named 
 f. Purrhikhos, the inventor] 
 
 Pypphie 2 , a. P. victory (gained at too great 
 cost, like that of Pyrrhus king of Epirus over 
 the Romans at Asculum). [f. Gk purrhikos 
 (Purrhos Pyrrhus, see -IC)] 
 
 Pypphonism, n. Sceptic philosophy of 
 Pyrrho of Elis (c. 300 B.C.), doctrine that cer- 
 tainty of knowledge is unattainable; scepti- 
 cism, philosophic doubt. Hence or cogn. Pyp- 
 pho*niAN, Pypphd'nic, aa. & nn., Pyp- 
 phonisr n. [f. Gk Purrhon Pyrrho -f -ism] 
 
 pyp'us, n. Genus of rosaceous trees & shrubs 
 including pear & apple, esp. P. japonica, scarlet 
 p. Jmed.L, = hpirus pear-tree] 
 
 Pythag-ope'an, a. & n. (Follower) of Pytha- 
 goras, philosopher of Samos (6th c. B.C.) said to 
 have believed in transmigration of souls ; P. 
 proposition, Euclid 1.47. [f. L f. Gk Putha- 
 goreios + -an] 
 
 Pythian, a. & n. Of (Apollo's oracle & 
 priestess at) Delphi; the P., Apollo, his priestess 
 at Delphi, [f. L f. Gk Pidhios (Pidho, older 
 name of Delphi) + -an] 
 
 python 1 , n. (Gk Myth.) huge serpent or 
 monster slain near Delphi by Apollo; large 
 snake that crushes its prey. So pytho'nie L 
 [-ic] a. If. L f. Gk Ptdhon] 
 
 python 2 , n. Familiar spirit ; person pos- 
 sessed by this. Hence or cogn. pythonESS ! 
 n„ pytho-nie2 [-ic] a. [f. LL (o) f. N. T. Gk 
 puthon; connexion w. prec. unexpl.] 
 
 pyx, n., & v.t. (Eccl.) vessel in which con- 
 secrated bread is kept; box at Royal Mint in 
 which specimen gold & silver coins are de- 
 posited to be tested at the annual trial of the p. 
 by jury of Goldsmiths' Company ; (v.t.) deposit 
 (coin) in p., test (coin) by weight & assay, [(vb 
 f. n.) f. pyxis] 
 
 pyxi'dium, n. (bot,, pi. -ia). Capsule of 
 which the top comes off like lid of box. [f. Gk 
 puxidion, dim. as foil. ] 
 
 pyxis, n. Small box, casket ; = prec. [L, f . 
 Gk puxis f . puxos box-tree] 
 
 Q 
 
 Q (ku), letter (pi. Qz, Q's). (Skating) change 
 of edge followed by turn (reverse Q, turn fol- 
 lowed by change of edge) ; mind one's Ps <£' 
 Qs, see p. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : Q : quarter, Q.M.(-mas- 
 ter), Q.M.G.(-master-general) ; Queen's, Q.C. 
 (Counsel); quod, Q.E.D., Q.E.F., Q.E.I., (see 
 quod) : q. : quantum, q.l., q.p., q.s., (see 
 quantum) ; quod, q.v. (see quod). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : qr, quarter ; q.t. (slang), 
 quiet (on the strict q.t., privately, avoiding 
 notice); qu.(asi) ; Que.(bec) ; qu.(eryoraere). 
 
 qua, conj. As, in the capacity of, (objects to 
 the Church not q. Church, but q. Establishment). 
 [L, abl. fern. sing, of qui rel. pron.] 
 
 quack l , v.i., & n. (Utter) harsh sound made 
 by ducks; talk loudly & foolishly; q.-q. (nur- 
 sery), duck, [imit.; cf. Du. kwakken, G quacken] 
 
 quack 2 , n., & v.i. & t. Ignorant pretender to 
 skill esp. in medicine or surgery, one who offers 
 wonderful remedies ordevices, charlatan,(often 
 attrib., as q. doctor, remedies) ; hence qua'ek- 
 ery(4) n., qua'ckiSH l a. (Vb) play the q.; 
 talk pretentiously ; puff or advertise (cure &c). 
 [abbr. of foil.] 
 
QUACKSALVER 
 
 678 
 
 QUAIL 
 
 qua'eksal vep, n. (Orig. form, now rare, of) 
 
 QUACK 2 n. [Du. (QUACK 1 , SALVE, -ER 1 )] 
 
 quad (-6d), n. See quadrangle, quadrat. 
 
 qua'dpable (-6d-), a. (math.). Capable of 
 being represented by an equivalent square or 
 expressed in finite number of algebraic terms. 
 
 [as QUADRATE ^^BLE] 
 
 quadragenarian (-6d-), a. & n. (Person) 
 forty years old. [f. L quadragenarius (quad- 
 rageni distrib. of quadraginta forty, -ary 1 )] 
 
 Quadrag-e'sima (-6d-), n. (Also Q. Sunday) 
 first Sunday in Lent. [med.L (earlier sense, the 
 forty lays of Lent), fern, of L quadragesimus 
 fortieth (quadraginta forty)] 
 
 quadrag-e'simal, a. Lasting forty days (of 
 fast, esp. Lent); Lenten, [f. LL quadragesi- 
 malis (prec., -al)] 
 
 qua'drangle (-6d-),n. Four-sided figure, esp. 
 square or rectangle ; so quadra'ngrulAR x a., 
 quadpa'ngulaPLY 2 adv.; (also quad) four- 
 sided court (partly) enclosed by parts of large 
 building, such court with buildings round it. 
 [F, f. LL quadrangulum (quadri-, angle)] 
 
 qua'drant (-6d-), n. Quarter of circle's cir- 
 cumference ; plane figure enclosed by two radii 
 of circle at right angles & arc cut off by them ; 
 quarter of sphere ; thing, esp. graduated strip 
 of metal, -shaped like quarter-circle, instru- 
 ment properly so shaped & graduated for tak- 
 ing angular measurements. Hence quad- 
 ra'ntAL a. [f. L quadrans -antis (quadri-)J 
 
 qua'drat (-6d-), n. (Also quad) small metal 
 block used by printers in spacing (em q., en q., 
 broader, narrower, size), [var. of foil.] 
 
 qua'drate x (-at), a. & n. Square, rectangular, 
 (chiefly in anat. names, as q. bone in birds' & 
 reptiles' heads, q. muscle in loins, thigh, fore- 
 arm, &c). (X.) rectangular block or plate 
 (rare) ; q. bone or muscle, [f. L quadrat us 
 (foil., -ATE 2)] 
 
 quadra'te 2 (or kwo*-), v.t. & i. (rare). Make 
 square ; (Math.) square (circle &c); correspond 
 or conform (with, or abs. of pi. subj.); make 
 conform with or to or abs. [f. L quadrare 
 
 (QUADRI-), -ATE 3 ] 
 
 quadpa'tic, a. & n. Square (rare) ; (Math.) 
 involving second & no higher power of un- 
 known quantity or variable (esp. q. equation). 
 (N.) q. equation ; (pi.) branch of algebra dealing 
 with these, [quadrate 1 , -ic] 
 
 qua'dpatupe (-6d-, -tsher, -tur), n. (Math.) 
 finding of square with area precisely equal to 
 that of figure bounded by curve (esp. <j. of the 
 circle); (Astron.) one of two points in space 
 or time at which moon is 90° from sun, position 
 of heavenly body in relation to another 90° 
 away. [f. L quadratura (quadrate 2 , -ure)] 
 
 quadrennial, a. Occurring every, lasting, 
 four years, [(incorrectly) f. L quadrienmum 
 four-year period (foil., annus year), -al] 
 
 quadri- (-6d-), L comb, form = four-, in a 
 few L words (quadriduum period of four days, 
 quadripartitus quadripartite), & in many of 
 later L & mod. formation, esp. in scientific use : 
 qua'dpifid, a., cleft into four divisions or 
 lobes ; quadrilateral, a. & n., four-sided 
 (figure or area; the Q., four fortresses in N. 
 Italy & district protected by them) ; quadri- 
 li'ng*ual, a., using, in, four languages ; quad- 
 rillion, n., fourth power of million (1 followed 
 by 21 ciphers), (U.S.) fifth power of a thousand 
 (cf. billion) ; quadpind'mial, a., consisting 
 of four algebraic terms ; quadpipap'tite, a., 
 consisting of four parts, shared by or involv- 
 ing four parties ; qua'dpipeme, ancient gal- 
 ley with four banks of oars ; quadrisylla*- 
 bie, a., four-syllabled ; quadrisyllable, n., 
 word of four syllables ; quadpi'valent, a. 
 
 (chem.), capable of combining with four univa- 
 lent atoms; quadri* vium,n. (hist.), medieval 
 university course of arithmetic, geometry, 
 astronomy, & music (cf. trivium). 
 
 quadri'ga, n. (pi. -ae). Ancient chariot 
 drawn by four horses abreast, esp. as seen in 
 sculpture or on coins. [L (pTec.,jugum yoke)] 
 
 quadri'lle l (as foil.), n. Fashionable 18th-c. 
 game for four persons with forty cards. [F, 
 perh. f. Sp. cuartillo w. assim. to foil.] 
 
 quadri'lle 2 (ka-, kwa-), n. Square dance for 
 four couples & containing five figures (also set 
 ofqq.); piece of music for such dance. [F, f. 
 Sp. cuadrilla (cuadra square) squadron, band] 
 
 quadroo*n,*n. Offspring of white & mulatto, 
 person of quarter-negro blood ; hybrid of simi- 
 larly proportioned descent between other hu- 
 man, animal, or vegetable stocks, [f. Sp. cuar- 
 teron (cuarto fourth) w. assim. to quadri-] 
 
 quadpu'manous (-roo-), a. Four-handed, 
 belonging to the order Quadrumana of mam- 
 mals with opposable digit on all four limbs, 
 [after foil. f. L manus hand] 
 
 qua'druped (-6d-), n. & a. Four-footed ani- 
 mal, esp. four-footed mammal ; so quadru'- 
 pedAL (-roo-)a.; (adj.) four-footed, [f. L quad- 
 rupes -pedis a. & n. (quadru- form of quadri- 
 somet. used before p-, pes foot] 
 
 qua'druple (-6d-), a., n., & v.t. & i. Four- 
 fold, consisting of four parts or involving four 
 parties, (q. algebra, using four independent 
 units ; q. rhythm or time, with four beats to a 
 measure; q. alliance &c); amounting to four 
 times the amount or number of, equivalent to 
 fourfold the amount of, superior by four times 
 in amount or number to, (has a light &heat q., 
 or q. of or to, that of the earth); hence qua'd- 
 pupLY 2 adv. (N.) number or amount four times 
 greater than another (esp. the q. of). (Vb) mul- 
 tiply (t. & i.) by four. [F, f. L quadruplets 
 (prec, -phis as in duplus double)] 
 
 qua*dpuplet,n. (PI.) four children at a birth; 
 four things working together ; bicycle for four, 
 [f. prec. after triplet] 
 
 quadruplicate l (-roo-, -at), a. & n. Four- 
 fold, four times repeated or copied ; (n.)in q., in 
 four exactly similar examples or copies ; (pi.) 
 four such copies, [f. L quadruplicare (quacl- 
 ruplex fourfold, cf. quadruped, duplex), 
 
 -ATE 2 ] 
 
 quadruplicate 2 , v.t. Multiply by four ; 
 make in q. HencequadPuplieATiONn. [as 
 prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 quadpupli'eity, n. Fourfold nature, being 
 fourfold, [f. lA-tas), as prec, -ty] 
 
 quaere (kwer'D.v.t. imperat., &n.(abbr. qu.). 
 Inquire (imperat.), it is a question, I should like 
 to know, (most interesting, no doubt ; but q., is 
 it true ?); (n.) a question, query. [L, imperat. 
 of quaerere ask] 
 
 quae'stop, n. Ancient-Roman official, state- 
 treasurer, paymaster, &c Hence or cogn. 
 quaestop*iALa.,quae*stopsHipn. [h(quaer- 
 ere quaesit- seek, -or 2 )] 
 
 quaff, v.i. & t. Drink (t. & i.), drain (cup &c), 
 in copious or long draughts. [?] 
 
 quag*, n. Marshy or boggy spot, quaking bog. 
 Hence qua'ggy l a. [imit. ; cf. wag, swag] 
 
 qua'gga, n. S.-Afr. quadruped related to 
 ass & zebra, less striped than latter ; Burchell's 
 zebra. [S.-Afr.] 
 
 qua'gmire, n. Quaking bog, fen, marsh, 
 slough (lit. & fig.), [prob. f. quag, mire] 
 
 quail ', n. Kinds of migratory bird allied to 
 partridge esteemed as food ; q.-call, q.-pipe, 
 whistle with note like q.'s for luring. Hence 
 quai*lERY(3) n. [f. OF qttaille prob. f. Teut., 
 cf. OHG quatala prob. imit.] 
 
QUAIL 
 
 679 
 
 QUARE IMPEDIT 
 
 quail 2 , v.i. & t. (Of person, or his heart, 
 courage, spirit, or eyes) flinch, be cowed, give 
 way before or to ; (rare) cow, daunt, [etym. 
 dub.; from 1410; common 1520-60 ; then disap- 
 pears till revived prob. by Scott] 
 
 quaint, a. Attractive or piquant in virtue 
 of unfamiliar, esp. old-fashioned, appearance, 
 ornamentation, manners, &c, daintily odd. 
 Hence quai'ntLY 2 adv., quai'ntNESS n. 
 [earlier senses wise, cunning, ingenious ; f. OF 
 cointe f. L cognitus pp. of cognoscere learn] 
 
 quake, v.i. Shake, tremble, rock to & fro, 
 (of earth with earthquake, person usu. for or 
 with fear or cold, bog when trodden on, &c); 
 quaking-grass, kinds with slender foot-stalks 
 trembling in wind. Hence qua'kingxy 2 adv. 
 [OE cwaeian cf. quag] 
 
 Qua'ker, n. (Outsiders' name for) member 
 of Society of Friends founded by George Fox 
 1618-50, & devoted to peace principles, plainness 
 of dress (esp. the use of drab or grey), simplicity 
 of speech (esp. the use of thee & avoidance of 
 titles & words, such as the names of the days, 
 suggestive of paganism), & peculiar priestless 
 religious meetings ; (also q.-bird, -moth) kinds 
 of plain-coloured bird & moth ; q., or q.'s, -meet- 
 ing, religious meeting of Friends, silent till 
 some member is moved by the spirit, (transf.) 
 silent meeting, company in which conversa- 
 tion flags. Hence qua'kePDOM, qua'kePESs 1 , 
 qua*kepiSM(3,4), nn., qua'kerisn l , qua'k- 
 ePLV J , aa. [name given 1650 w. ref. to ' quak- 
 ing at the Word of the Lord ' ; -er j ] 
 
 qualification (-61-), n. Modification, recog- 
 nition of contingency, restricting or limiting 
 circumstance, detraction from completeness or 
 absoluteness, (statement with many qq. ; hedged 
 about u'ith qq. ; requires q. ; his delight had one 
 q.); quality fitting person or thing ( for post &c, 
 or abs.); condition that must be fulfilled before 
 right can be acquired or office held (the q. for 
 citizenship may be a certain income), document 
 attesting such fulfilment ; attribution of quality 
 (the q. of his policy as opportunist is unfair). 
 So qua'lificatORY a. [r. med.L qualificatio 
 
 (foil., -FICATION)] 
 
 qua'lify (-61), v.t. & i. Attribute some quality 
 to, describe as, (q. documents as heretical, per- 
 son as a scoundrel, proposal as iniquitous; 
 adjectives q. nouns); invest or provide with the 
 necessary qualities, make competent, fit, or 
 legally entitled, (for being or doing, to be or do, 
 for post or sphere, or abs. ; qualifying examin- 
 ation, to ascertain that candidates are not be- 
 low a fixed standard, often followed by com- 
 petitive), (intr.) fulfil some condition, esp. pass 
 examination or take oath, to make oneself eli- 
 gible (for office, or abs.); modify (statement, 
 opinion), make less absolute or sweeping, sub- 
 ject to reservations or limitation ; moderate, 
 mitigate, make less complete or pleasing orun- 
 pleasing; diminish strength or flavour of (spirit 
 Sec. with water, also facet, water with spirit). 
 [f. med.L qualificare (L qualis such as, -FY)] 
 
 qualitative (-61-), a. Concerned with, de- 
 pending on, quality (opp. quantitative ; esp. 
 q. analysis), [f. LL qualitativus (foil., -ative)] 
 
 qua'lity (-61-), n. Degree of excellence, re- 
 lative nature or kind or character, (opp. quan- 
 tity ; of good, high, poor, &c, q.; is made 
 in three qq.; q. matters more than quantity), 
 general excellence (has q. , is excellent) ; faculty, 
 skill, accomplishment, characteristic trait, men- 
 tal or moral attribute, (give a taste of one's q., 
 show what one can do ; has many good qq.,the 
 defects of his qq., the qq. of a rider, the q. of 
 inspiring confidence or of courage); (archaic or 
 vulg.) high rank or social standing {people of, 
 
 the, q., the upper classes); (Log.; of proposition) 
 being affirmative or negative ; (of sound, voice, 
 &c.) distinctive character apart from pitch & 
 loudness, timbre, [f. F qualiU f. L qualitatem 
 (qualis of what kind, -ty)] 
 
 qualm (-ahm, -awm), n. Momentary faint or 
 sick feeling, queasiness ; misgiving, sinking of 
 heart ; scruple of conscience, doubt of one's own 
 rectitude in some matter. Hence qual'miSH 1 
 a. [cf. G qiialm vapour (dial, swoon)] 
 
 quandary (-on-; also kwo'ndari), n. A state 
 of perplexity, difficult situation, practical di- 
 lemma, (am in a q.). [from 1580 ; etym. dub.] 
 
 quand meme (F), adv. Despite conse- 
 quences, even so, all the same. 
 
 quant (-6-), n., & v.t. & i. Punting-pole with 
 disk to prevent its sinking in mud used by E.- 
 coast bargemen &c; (vb) propel (boat), propel 
 boat, with q. [perh. f. L f. Gk kontos] 
 
 qua'ntic (-on-), n. (math.). Rational integral 
 homogeneous f unction'of two or more variables, 
 [f. L quantus how much, -ic] 
 
 qua'ntify, v.t. .(Log.) define application of 
 (term, proposition) by use of all, some, &c. ; de- 
 termine quantity of, measure, express as quan- 
 tity. Hence qua'ntifiABLE a., quantiFiCA'- 
 tion n. [f. med.L quantxficare (prec, -fy)] 
 
 quantitative (or -ta-), a. Measured or mea- 
 surable by, concerned with, quantity (opp. qua- 
 litative ; esp. q. analysis) ; of, based on, the 
 quantity of vowels (q. accent, scansion, verse, 
 Sec). Hence qua'ntitativeLY 2 adv. [f. med.L 
 qxiantitativus (quantity, -ative)] 
 
 qua'ntitive, a. = prec. (rare), [foil., -ive] 
 
 qua'ntity (-on-), n. The property of things 
 that is estimable by some sort of measure, the 
 having of size, extension, weight, amount, or 
 number, (mathematics is the science of pure q.; 
 stated in terms of q. ; the q. of a surface is its 
 area); amount, sum, (the q. of the current de- 
 pends on the size of the plates) ; specified or 
 considerable portion or number or amount of 
 something, the amount of something present, 
 (a small q. of blood ; a q. of baskets ; biiys in 
 large qq. ; the q. of heat in an animal body), (pi. ) 
 large amounts or numbers, abundance,( isjound 
 in qq. on the shore); (Pros.) length or shortness 
 of vowel sounds (see long 1 ; q.-mark, put over 
 vowel to indicate q. ; false q.); (Log.) extension 
 given to subject of proposition ; (Math.) thing 
 having q., figure or symbol representing it, (in- 
 commensurable qq. have no aliquot parts ; un- 
 knoxon q. transf., person or thing whose action 
 cannot be foreseen ; negligible q. transf., person 
 &c. that need notbe reckoned with), [f. OFquan- 
 tite f. L quantitatem (quantus how much, -ty)] 
 
 quanti'va lenee (-on-, -an-), n. (chem.). Ex- 
 tent to which one of element's atoms can hold 
 other atoms in combination, [f. L quantus how 
 much, after equivalence see equivalent] 
 
 qua'ntum (-on-, in L j:hrr. -an-, -on-), n. (pi. 
 -a, rare). Amount ; share, portion ; required, 
 desired, or allowed amount; q. libet or placet, 
 abbr. q.l., q.p., as much as is desired (in pre- 
 scriptions) ; q. sufficit, abbr. quant, sujf. or q. s., 
 as much as suffices (in prescriptions), (gen. ) suffi- 
 cient quantity, to sufficient extent. [L, neut. 
 of quantus how much, as much as] 
 
 quaquavep'sal (-av-), a. (geol.). Pointing 
 in every direction, [f. LL quaquaversus (qua- 
 qua wheresoever, versus towards)] 
 
 quarantine (kwoTanten), n., & v.t. (Period 
 of) isolation imposed on voyagers, travellers, 
 sick persons, or infected ship, that might spread 
 contagious disease ; (vb) impose such isolation 
 on, put in q. [prob. f. It. quarantina (quaranta 
 f. L quadraginta forty (days)] 
 
 quar'e irnpedit, n. Writ issued in cases of 
 
QUARENDEN 
 
 680 
 
 QUARTERING 
 
 disputed presentation to benefice against ob- 
 jector, f L, = why does he hinder?] 
 * qua'penden, -der, (kwo-). Kind of Devon- 
 shire & Somerset apple. [?] 
 qua'rrel 1 (kwo-), n. (hist.). Short heavy 
 arrow or bolt used in crossbow or arbalest. [OF, 
 cf. It. quadrello dim. of quadro a square (LL 
 quadras a.)] 
 
 qua'rrel 2 (kwo-), n. Occasion of complaint 
 against person or his actions (have no q. against 
 or with him ; pick a q., invent or eagerly avail 
 oneself of such occasion to commence hostili- 
 ties ; espouse one's q., fight one's qq.for him, 
 assist him in get ting redress ; in a good q. .justly 
 taken up); violent contention or altercation be- 
 tween persons, rupture of friendly relations. 
 Hence qua'rrelso.ME a., qua'rrelsomeLY 2 
 adv., qua'rrelsomeNESS n. If. OF querele 
 f. L querela complaint (queri complain)] 
 qua'rrel 3 , v.i. (-11-). Take exception, find 
 fault with {I never q. with Providence ; q. with 
 one's bread & butter, abandon employment by 
 which one lives) ; contend violently (with per- 
 son, about or for thing), fall out, have dispute, 
 break off friendly relations, [f . prec. ] 
 qua'rry 1 (-6-), n. Object of pursuit by bird 
 of prey, hounds, hunters, &c; intended victim 
 or prey. [f. OF curee (cuir skin f. L corium, 
 -y 4 ), orig. sense, parts of deer placed on hide & 
 given to hounds] 
 
 qua'rry 2 (-6-), n., & v.t. & i. Excavation 
 made by taking stone for building &c. from its 
 bed, place whence stone, or fig. information &c, 
 may be extracted ; qua'rryman, worker in q.; 
 (vb) extract (stone) from q.; extract (facts &c.) 
 laboriously from books &c. ; -expend toil in 
 searching documents &c. (quarrying in the 
 Harleian MSS.). If. med.Lquareia,quad?'aria, 
 (L quadrare to square)] 
 
 quart 1 (-ort), n. Measure of capacity, quarter 
 of gallon or two pints (put q. into pint pot, make 
 less contain greater); pot or bottle containing 
 this amount ; (abs. for) q. of beer (still takes his 
 q.) ; q.-pot. [F, f. neut. of L quartus fourth] 
 quart 2 (kart), n., & v.i. & t. A position in 
 fencing, carte, (q. & tierce, fencing-practice); 
 sequence of four cards in piquet &c. (q. major, 
 ace, king, queen, knave). ( Vb) use the position 
 q.; drawback (head & shoulders) in doing this. 
 If. F quarte f. fern. L as prec] 
 quar'tan (-or-), a. & n. (Ague or fever) with 
 paroxysm every third (by inclusive reckoning 
 fourth) day. [f. F (fievre) quartaine f. L (febris) 
 quartana {quartus fourth, -an)] 
 quarta'tion (-or-), n. Combining of three 
 parts of silver with one of gold as preliminary 
 in purifying gold. [L quartus fourth, -ation] 
 quar'ter J (-or-), n. Fourth part, one of four 
 equal or corresponding parts, fourth part of, 
 (divide the apples into qq.; q. of a century, any 
 period of 25 years ; second &c. q. of the century, 
 26th to 50th &c. years of it ; q. of an hour, any 
 consecutive 15 minutes ; bad q. of an hour, 
 short unpleasant experience ; can get it at the 
 stores for a q. the or of the, or for q. the, price ; 
 is not a q. as good as it should be, q.-mile, 
 -yard, &c, q. of a mile &c.) ; one of four parts, 
 each including leg or arm, into which beast's 
 or bird's carcase is divided (of beast, often fore, 
 hind, -q.), (pi.) similar parts of traitor quartered 
 after execution, (usu. in pi., often hind-qq.) 
 haunch(es) of living animal or man, (sing. ) either 
 side of ship aft of main-chains (on the q., be- 
 tween astern & on beam); (Herald.) one of four 
 divisions of quartered shield (dexter & sinister 
 chief, dexter & sinister base), charge occupying 
 q. placed in chief; grain-measure of eight 
 bushels, used in stating large quantities, prices, 
 
 &c; (abbr. q?') fourth of cwt, 281b.; fourth of 
 fathom (& a q. Jive, ok fathoms ; a q. less Jive, 
 Ij); fourth of year for which payments become 
 due on q.-day, instalment of allowance &c. for 
 the q., (now chiefly Sc.) school term ; fourth of 
 lunar period, moon's position between first & 
 second or third & fourth of these ; point of time 
 15' before or after any hour o'clock (at a q. to, 
 past, six; it is not the q. yet; strikes the hours, 
 half -hours, & qq.', it has gone the q., clock has 
 sounded for it); (Channel I.) unit of property or 
 income, reckoned as £25, for assessment of taxes 
 &c; (region lying about) point of compass, di- 
 rection, district, locality, source of supply or 
 help or information, (wind blows from all four 
 qq. at once ; what q. is the wind in ? lit., & fig. 
 how are things going? &c; Jlocked in from all 
 qq.; no help to be looked for in that q.; had the 
 newsfrom a good q.); division of town, esp. one 
 appropriated to or occupied by special class 
 (the Jewish, manufactiiring, residential, &c, 
 q. ); (pi. ) lodgings, abode, esp. place where troops- 
 are lodged or stationed (UKXD-qq.; winter-qq.< 
 occupied, esp. by troops, for winter; take up 
 one's qq., lodge in, with, &c; beat 1 up qq. of; 
 beat to qq. naut., summon crew to appointed 
 stationsasforaction; oiCLOSEigg.Kexemption 
 from death offered or granted to enemy in bat 
 tie who will surrender (give, receive, q.; ask for 
 or cry q.; no q. to be given); quarter-mile race 
 or running-distance (won the q. ; has done the 
 q. in 50"). Q.-bell, sounding the q. -hours; q.- 
 binding of book, with narrow leather at back 
 & none at corners, so q.-bound a. ; q.-butt in 
 billiards, cue shorter than half-butt; q.-day, on 
 which quarterly payments are due, tenancies 
 begin & end, &c. (Lady Day 25 Mar., Midsum- 
 mer Day 24 June, Michaelmas 29 Sep., & Christ- 
 mas 25 Dec); q.-deck, part of upper deck be- 
 tween stern & after-mast, used by superior 
 officers & cabin passengers; q.-ill, cattle & 
 sheep disease causing putrefaction in one or 
 more of the qq. ; q.-left, -right, (mil.), q. of a 
 right angle to left, right; q.-light, window in 
 body of closed carriage apart from door-window; 
 q.-line (naut.), disposition in which bow of each 
 ship is abaft beam of one in front ; quarter- 
 master, (naut.) petty officer in charge of steer- 
 ing, binnacle, signals, hold-stowing, &c, (mil., 
 abbr. Q.M.) regimental officer with duties of 
 assigning qq., laying out camp, & looking after 
 rations, ammunition, &c (Q.-m.-gen-ral, abbr. 
 Q.M.G., staff officer at head of department con- 
 trolling quartering, equipment, &c); q.-miler, 
 runner whose distance is the q. ; q. -plate, 
 photographic plate 3i in. x 4|. photograph pro- 
 duced from it ; g. -sessions, court of limited, 
 criminal & civil jurisdiction & of appeal held 
 quarterly by justices of peace in counties & by 
 recorder in boroughs ; quar'terstaff, stout pole 
 6-8 ft long formerly used by peasantry as wea- 
 pon ; q.-tone (mus.), half a semitone; q.-wind, 
 blowing on ship's q. (most favourable sailing 
 wind). [OF, f. L quartarius fourth part (of a 
 measure) f. quartus fourth, see -er 2 (2)] 
 
 quar'ter 2 , v.t. Divide into four equal parts, 
 divide (traitor's body) into qq.; (Herald.) place 
 or bear (charges or coats of arms) quarterly on 
 shield, add (another's coat) to one's hereditary 
 arms, place in alternate qq. with, divide (shield) 
 into qq. or into divisions formed by vertical & 
 horizontal lines; put (esp. soldiers) into qq., 
 station or lodge in specified place ; (of dogs) 
 range or traverse (ground) in every direction, 
 [f. precl 
 
 quar'teraare (ij), n. Quarterly payment, a 
 quarter's wages, allowance, pension, &c. [-age] 
 
 quar'tering", n. In vbl senses ; esp. (herald., 
 
QUARTERLY 
 
 681 
 
 QUEER 
 
 pi.) coats marshalled on shield to denote alli- 
 ances of family with heiresses of others, [-ing j ] 
 
 quarterly, a., n., & adv. Occurring every 
 quarter of a year ; (n.) q. review or magazine ; 
 (adv.) once every quarter of a year; (Herald.) 
 in the four, or in two diagonally opposite, quar- 
 ters of shield (q.-quartered, with one or more 
 quarters divided in four). [-LY *• 2 ] 
 
 quar'tern ( ort-), n. (Also q.-loaf) four- pound 
 loaf. [f. OF quarlron quarter ; orig. sense, 
 quarter of stone or peck] 
 
 quarte*t(te) (or-), n. Musical composition 
 for four voices or instruments, players or sing- 
 ers rendering this; set of four. [F (-te), f. It. 
 quartetto (quarto fourth f. L quartus, -et 1 ] 
 
 quar'to (-or-), n. (also written 4to, 4°). Size 
 given by folding sheet of paper twice ; book 
 consisting of sheets so folded ; q. -paper, so fold- 
 ed. [L (in) quarto (in) fourth (of sheet) ; abl. of 
 quartus fourth] 
 
 quartz (-orts), n. Kinds of mineral, massive 
 or crystallizing in hexagonal prisms, consisting 
 in pure form of silica or silicon dioxide, & often 
 containing gold. [f. G quarz etym. dub.] 
 
 quash (-6-), v.t. Annul, make void, rejectas 
 not valid, put an end to, (esp. by legal procedure 
 or authority), [f. OF quasser (now cause?-) f. L 
 quassare frequent, of quatere shake] 
 
 Qua'shee (-6-), n. Negro (as national nick- 
 name), [f. Ashantee or Fantee Kwasi common 
 personal name] 
 
 qua'si, conj. & pref. (Introducing etymolo- 
 gical explanation, abbr. <?*/.) that is to say, as if 
 it were, (Earls of Wilbraham, q. Wild boar 
 ham) ; (hyphened esp. to noun or adj.) seeming- 
 (ly), not real(ly), practical(ly), half-, almost, (en- 
 gaged in a q.-war ; the q.-art of making enemies', 
 has a q. episcopal position). [L, = as if] 
 
 qua'ssia (or -asha, -osha), n. S.-Amer., esp. 
 Surinam, tree; (wood, bark, or root of this & 
 other trees, yielding) bitter medicinal decoction. 
 If. name of negro (cf. quashee) who discovered 
 its virtues 1761] 
 
 quater-eente'nary, n. Four-hundredth 
 anniversary. IL quater four times] 
 
 quaternary, a. & n. Having four parts, 
 esp. compounded of four chemical elements or 
 radicals; concerned with the number four; 
 (Geol.) belonging to most recent period, subse- 
 quent to Tertiary. (N.) set of four things ; the 
 number four; the Pythagorean q., 1+2 + 3 + 4 
 = 10, with mystic significance in Pythagorean- 
 ism, [f. L quaternarius (quaterni distrib. of 
 quatuor four, -ary l )] 
 
 quater'nion, n. Set of four ; quire of four 
 sheets folded in two ; Pythagorean quaternary, 
 mystic number 4 or 10 (see prec.) ; (Math.) quo- 
 tient of two vectors or operator that changes 
 one vector into another (named as depending 
 on four geometrical elements), (pi.) form of cal- 
 culus of vectors in which this operator is used, 
 [f. LL quaternio (prec.)] 
 
 quater'nity, n. Set of four, being four, (esp. 
 as analogous to Trinity, in describing heresies 
 &c). (f. LL quaternitas (quaternary, -tv)] 
 
 quatorzain (ka'terzan), n. Fourteen-line 
 poem, irregular sonnet, [f. F quatorzaine 
 (quatorze fourteen f. L quatuordecim] 
 
 qua'train (-6t-), n. Stanza of four lines usu. 
 with alternate rhymes. [F (quatre four f. L 
 quatuor)] 
 
 qua'tre (ate?'), n. = cater'. 
 
 qua'trefoil (katre-, kater-), n. Four-cusped 
 figure, esp. as opening in architectural tracery, 
 resembling symmetrical four-lobed leaf or 
 flower, [f. OF quatre (quatrain), foil 1 ] 
 
 quattroee'ntist, n. & a. (Artist &c.) of the 
 quattrocento, [-ist] 
 
 quattroce'nto (ah-, -tshe), n. Fifteenth 
 century as period in Italian art. [It., lit. 400, 
 but used = 1400] 
 
 qua'ver >, v.i. & t. Vibrate, shake, tremble, 
 (esp. of voice or musical sound) ; use trills in 
 singing; sing (note, song) with trills, say (usu. 
 out) in trembling tones. Hence qua'vering- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. obs. quave cogn. w. quake, qui- 
 ver -,+-er 5 ] 
 
 qua'veP 2 , n. Trill in singing; tremulous- 
 ness in speech, whence qua'vePYU.; (Mus.) 
 note equal in length to half crotchet, [f. prec] 
 
 quay (ke), n. Solid stationary artificial land- 
 ing-place usu. of stone or iron lying along or pro- 
 jecting into water for (un)loading ships. Hence 
 quay'AGE(M) n. [earlier & OF kay, cf. Sp. cayo 
 shoal, W cae hedge, w. assim. to F quai) 
 
 quean, n. Impudentor ill-behaved girl, jade, 
 hussy. [OE cwene woman, cf. Du. kween barren 
 cow ; cogn. w. Gk gune woman & w. queen] 
 
 quea'sy (zl), a. (Of food) unsettling the 
 stomach, causing or tending to sickness, ful- 
 some ; (of person, his stomach, orhis conscience) 
 easily upset, weak of digestion, overscrupulous 
 or tender or delicate, in fastidious condition. 
 Hence quea'siNESS n. [earlier coisy ; etym, 
 dub.; cf. OF coisier hurt] 
 
 queen 1 , n. King's wife (also q.-consort for 
 distinction from next sense ; q.-doicager, wife 
 of late king; q.-mother, q. -dowager who is 
 mother of sovereign, & see next sense; also pre- 
 fixed as title, as Q. Alexandra)', female sove- 
 reign of kingdom (q.-mother, q. having child or 
 children ; also prefixed as title, as Q. Victoria ; 
 Q.'s counsel 1 , abbr. Q.C.; Q. Anne isdead, re- 
 tort to stale news; Q.Anne's bounty; Q.-Anne, 
 in the architectural or decorative style of Q. 
 Anne's time; Q. of Scots, Mary Stuart) ; adored 
 female, e.g. the Virgin Mary (Q. oj grace &c), 
 ancient goddess (Q. of heaven, Juno, of love, 
 Venus, of night, Diana, &c), person's sweet- 
 heart or wife or mistress ; majestic woman ; 
 belle, mock-sovereign, on some occasion (Q. of 
 the may 3 &c); personified best example of any- 
 thing that can be regarded as fern, (the q. of 
 watering x>la.ces, roses, nurses) ; person, coun- 
 try, &c, regarded as ruling over some sphere 
 (<?. of hearts, any beautiful woman ; q. of the 
 Adriatic, Venice ; q. of the seas, Gt Britain ; 
 q. of the meadows, meadowsweet) ; (also<?.-bee, 
 -tuasp, -ant) perfect female of bee &c; piece in 
 chess (q.'s bishop, knight, pawn, &c, those 
 placed nearest q. at start; q. s gambit) ; one of 
 court-cards in each suit; q.-cake, small soft 
 currant cake often heart-shaped ; q.-posts, two 
 upright timbers between tie-beam & rafters of 
 roof(cf. KiNG-posty, q.'s colours, one of regiment- 
 al pair of colours.royal colours; q.'s pincushion, 
 flower of guelder-rose; q.'s pipe, furnace for- 
 merly used for destroying confiscated tobacco ; 
 q.'s shilling ; q.-stitch, fancy-stitch in em- 
 broidery; q.'s-ware, cream-coloured Wedgwood; 
 q.'s weather, sunshine. Hence quee'nDOM, 
 quee'nHOOD, quee'nsHip, nn., quee'nLESS, 
 quee'nLiKE, aa. [OE cwfn, cf. ON kvxn; 
 cogn. w. quean] 
 
 queen 2 , v.t. & i. Make (woman) q.; q. it, 
 play the q.; (Chess) advance (pawn) to oppon- 
 ent's end of board & have it converted to q. or 
 other piece, (intr., of pawn) be converted thus. 
 If. prec] 
 
 queening 1 , n. Kind of apple, [-ing 3 ] 
 
 quee'nly, a. Fit for, appropriate to, queen ; 
 majestic, queenlike. Hence quee'nliNESS n. 
 1-lv 1 ] 
 
 queer, a. , & v. t. (slang). Strange, odd, eccen- 
 tric; of questionable character, shady, suspect; 
 out of sorts, giddy, faint, (esp. feel q.) ; (slang) 
 
 22* 
 
QUELL 
 
 682 
 
 QUICK 
 
 drunk ; in Q. street (slang), in a difficulty, in 
 debt or trouble or disrepute ; hence queep'iSH 1 
 a., queep'LY a adv., queep'NESS n. (Vb) 
 spoil, put out of order, (esp. q. the pitch for 
 one, spoil his chance beforehand by secret deal- 
 ings); make feel q. [perh. f. G quer crosswise] 
 
 quell, v.t. (poet. & rhet.). Suppress, forcibly 
 put an end to, crush, overcome, reduce to sub- 
 mission, (fear, opposition, rebellion, rebels, 
 &c). Hence (-)que'llER 1 n. [OEcwellan, cf. 
 G qudlen] 
 
 quench, v.t. Extinguish (fire, light, eyesight ; 
 chiefly poet, or rhet.) ; cool, esp. with water 
 (heat, heated thing ; poet, or rhet.) ; stifle, sup- 
 press, (desire, speed, motion ; poet, or rhet.) ; 
 slake (thirst); (slang) reduce to silence, shut up, 
 (opponent). Hence que'nehABLE, que'neh- 
 less, aa. [cf. Fris. kwinka] 
 
 que'neher, n. In vbl senses ; esp. (slang) 
 something to drink (usu. a modest q.). [-er 1 ] 
 
 quene'lle (ke-), n. Seasoned ball of fish or 
 rueatreduced to paste. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 queP'ist, n. Person who asks question, [f. 
 L quaerere ask, -ist] 
 
 quern, n. Hand-mill for grinding corn ; 
 small hand-mill for pepper &c. ; q.-stone, mill- 
 stone. [OE cweorn, cf. Du. kweern. Da. kvaern] 
 
 que'PUlous (-rod-), a. Complaining, peevish. 
 Hence que'PulousLY 2 adv., que'pulous- 
 ness n. [f. LL querulosus (L querulus f. queri 
 complain, -ose ')] 
 
 quep'y, n., & v.t. & i. (Used abs. to introduce 
 question ; abbr. qu.) pray, one would like to 
 know, (Query, or qu., ivas the money ever 
 paid ?) ; a question, esp. of the nature of ob- 
 jection {was prepared to suppress all qq.); 
 mark of interrogation or the word query or qu. 
 written against statement, or the word query 
 interjected in speech, to question accuracy. 
 (Vb) ask, inquire, (whether, if, &c.) ; put a 
 question ; call (thing) in question in speech or 
 writing, question accuracy of. [anglicized 
 form of quaere] 
 
 quest *, n. Official inquiry or jury &c. mak- 
 ing it (now only in vulg. crowner's q., coroner's 
 inquest) ; seeking or thing sought by inquiry 
 or search, esp. object of medieval knight's pur- 
 suit (in q. of, seeking), [f. OF queste f. pop. L p.p. 
 of quaerere seek] 
 
 quest 2 , v.i. & t. (Of dogs &c.) search for game 
 (often about)-, go (about) in search of some- 
 thing; (poet.) search for, seek out. [f. OF 
 quester (prec.)] 
 
 que'stion 1 (-stshon), n. Sentence adapted 
 by order of words, use of interrogative pronoun 
 or stop, or other means, to elicit answer, inter- 
 rogative sentence, (put a q. to one, ask him 
 something; q. & answer, alternation of qq. 
 & answers, catechetic procedure; leading 2 , 
 rhetorical, q.; indirect, oblique, q., made into 
 dependent clause; q.-mark or -stop, mark of 
 interrogation) ; (raising of) doubt about or ob- 
 jection to thing's truth, credibility, advisability, 
 &c. (allowed it without q.; beyond all or be- 
 yond, out of, past, without, q., certainly, un- 
 doubtedly ; call in q., raise objections to ; make 
 no q. of fact &c, but that it is so &c, admit it ; 
 there is no q. but that. . .), whence que'stion- 
 less adv. & a.; problem requiring solution, 
 matter or concern depending on conditions of, 
 (eastern q.; a difficult q.; beg the q.; success 
 is merely a q. of time, will certainly come, but 
 may come sooner or later ; it is only a question 
 of putting enough coffee in) ; subject being dis- 
 cussed or for discussion, thing to be voted on, 
 (the person in q., that we are referring to; 
 come into q., be discussed, become of practical 
 importance; that is not the q., is irrelevant; ' 
 
 the q. is, introducing or recalling exact matter 
 of debate ; Q.! in public assemblies, used to re- 
 call speaker from digression ; the previous 
 q.; out of the q., too impracticable to be worth 
 discussing ; put the q., require supporters & 
 opponents of proposal to record their votes, 
 divide meeting &c; open q.); (archaic) tor- 
 ture to elicit confession (was put to the q.). 
 [OF, f. L quaestionem (quaerere seek, -tion)] 
 
 que'stion 2 , v.t. Ask qq. of, interrogate, 
 subject to examination, (person); seek informa- 
 tion from study of (phenomena, facts) ; call in 
 q., throw doubt upon, raise objections to, (q. 
 the honesty, accuracy, fitness, &c, o/; it cannot 
 be questioned but that or but, it is certain that), 
 whence que'stionABLE a., que'stionabLY 2 
 adv. Hence que*stioning-Lv 2 adv. [f. OF 
 questionner (prec.)] 
 
 que'tzal, n. Beautiful Central- Amer. bird. 
 [Sp., f. Aztec quetzalli the bird's tail-feather] 
 
 queue (ku), n., & v.i. Hanging plaited tail of 
 hair or wig, pigtail ; line of persons, vehicles, 
 &c, awaiting their turn to be attended to or 
 proceed. (Vb) dress (hair) in q.; (of persons 
 &c.) form up in q. [F, f. L Cauda tail] 
 
 qui'bble, n., & v.i. Play on words, pun ; 
 equivocation, evasion, unsubstantial or purely 
 verbal argument &c. esp. one depending on 
 ambiguity of word ; (vb) use qq.; hence qui'b- 
 blER i n., qui'bbliNG 2 a. [perh. dim. of obs. 
 quib f. L quibus abl. pi. of qui who (familiar f. 
 use in legal documents)] 
 
 quick, a., n., & adv. Living, alive, (archaic; 
 esp. the q. & the dead, go down q. into hell ; q. 
 with child, orig. with q. child, at stage of preg- 
 nancy when motion has been felt) ; vigorous, 
 lively, ready, sensitive, prompt to act, perceive, 
 be affected, learn, think, or invent, (a q. child, 
 intelligent; q. temper, easily irritated, whence 
 quiektempePED 2 a.; q. sight, acute or alert, 
 whence quicksightnu -a.; has a q. eye, ear, 
 &c, whence quiek-eyED 2 , quiek-eaPED 2 , 
 aa. ; is q. to take offence ; has q. toils, is ready 
 at grasping situation, making repartees, &c, 
 whence quick- wittED 2 a.; N.B. these com- 
 pounds have quick stressed when attrib., un- 
 stressed when pred.) ; moving rapidly, rapid, 
 swift, done in short time or with little interval, 
 (q. succession; at a q. trot ; a q. way of doing 
 it ; his q. growth ; be q., make haste ; did a q. 
 mile ; was followed by q. vengeance), whence 
 qui'ekLY 2 adv.; q.-change (of actor &c), 
 quickly changing costume or appearance to 
 play another part; qui'ckLiME 1 ; q. march 
 (mil.), march in q. time (see below ; esp. as word 
 of command for starting at usual pace) ; qui'ck- 
 sand, (bed oQ loose wet sand readily swallow- 
 ing up ships, animals, &c; qui'ckset, (adj., of 
 hedge) formed of living plants esp. hawthorn, 
 (n.) live slips of plants esp. hawthorn set in 
 ground to grow, hedge formed of these ; qui'ck- 
 silver, (n.) mercury, (fig.) mobility of tempera- 
 ment or mood, (v.t.) coat (mirror-glass) with 
 amalgam of tin ; q. step, step used in q. time 
 (mil.), rate of marching reckoned at 128 paces 
 of 33 in. to the minute or four miles an hour, 
 the usual British-army rate. (N.) tender or 
 sensitive flesh below skin or esp. nails, tender 
 part of wound or sore where healthy tissue 
 begins, seat of feeling or emotion, (bites his 
 nails to the q. ; probed it to the q. ; the insult 
 stung him to the q. ; is a Tory to the q., through 
 & through) ; =quickset a. & n. (Adv., with 
 compar. -er, -est, always after vb) at rapid rate, 
 in comparatively short time, (ran as q. as I 
 could ; who will be there quickest ?) ; (ellipt. for 
 imperat. of go, come, be, q.) make haste; quick- 
 (prefixed to partt. esp. in -ing) quickly, soon* 
 
QUICKEN 
 
 683 
 
 QUINT 
 
 (q.-fadinq. -forgotten, &c; q.-firing gun, or 
 quiek-fip'ER 1 n., gun with special mechan- 
 ism for firing shots in q. succession). [Aryan ; 
 OE ciuicu, cf. Du. kwik, G keck pert, Skr.jivd, 
 L vivus, Gk bios life] 
 
 qui'cken, v.t. & i. Give or restore natural 
 or spiritual life or vigour to, animate, stimu- 
 late, rouse, inspire, kindle, whence qui'eken- 
 iNG 2 a.; receive, come to, life; (of woman or 
 embryo) reach quick stage in pregnancy ; ac- 
 celerate, make or (of pace, motion, &c.) become 
 quicker, [-ex 6 ] 
 
 qui'ckness, n. Readiness or acuteness of 
 perception or apprehension ; speed, rapidity, 
 suddenness, (rare ; esp. of single gesture or 
 motion); hastiness of temper, [-ness] 
 
 quid 1 , n. (slang; pi. quid). A sovereign, £1, 
 (at two q. a week). [?] 
 
 quid 2 , n. Lump of tobacco held in mouth & 
 chewed, [var. of cud] 
 
 qui'ddity, n. Essence of a thing, what 
 makes a thing what it is ; quibble, captious 
 subtlety, [f. med.L quidditas (L quid what, 
 
 -ITY)J 
 
 qui'dnune, n. Newsmonger, person given 
 to gossip, [f. L quid what, nunc now] 
 
 quid pro quo, n. Blunder made by using 
 or putting one thing for another (now rare) ; 
 compensation, return made, consideration, 
 (must get, must find him, a q. p. q.). [f. L quid 
 something pro for quo something] 
 
 quiescent (snt), a. Motionless, inert, silent, 
 dormant. Hence or cogn. quie'seENCE, qui- 
 e'seEXCY, nn., quie'seentLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 quiescere (quies quiet 1 , -escent)] 
 
 quret 1 (-et), n. Undisturbed political con- 
 dition, public tranquillity ; silence, stillness ; 
 being free from disturbance or agitation or 
 urgent tasks, rest, repose, peace of mind ; un- 
 ruffled deportment, calm. [f. L quies -etis] 
 
 qui'et 2 (-et), a. "With no or slight or gentle 
 sound or motion ; of gentle or inactive dis- 
 position ; (of colour, dress, &c.) unobtrusive, 
 not showy ; not overt, private, disguised, (q. 
 resentment ; had a q. dig at him ; esp. on the 
 q., or slang abbr. on the q.t., secretly) ; un- 
 disturbed, not interfered with or interrupted, 
 free or far from strife or uproar ; enjoyed in 
 q.; tranquil, not anxious or remorseful. Hence 
 qui'etLY 2 adv., qui'etNESs, qui'exuDE, nn. 
 [f. L quietus p.p. (quiescent)] 
 
 qui'et 3 (-et), v.t., & i. Reduce to quietness, 
 soothe, calm ; become q. (rare ; usu. q. down). 
 [f. med.L quietare (prec.)] 
 
 qui'eten, v.t. & i. =prec. (vulg.). [-en 6 ] 
 
 qui'etism, n. Passive attitude towards life 
 withdevotional contemplation & abandonment 
 of the will as form of religious mysticism, non- 
 resistance principles. So qui*etiST(2) n. & a., 
 quieti'stic a. [f. It. quietismo (quiet 2 , -ism)] 
 
 quie'tus, n. Acquittance, receipt, given on 
 payment of account &c. (now rare) ; release 
 from life, death, extinction, final riddance, 
 (got, gave him, his q.). [f. med.L quietus (est he 
 is) quit (quiet 2 ) used as receipt form] 
 
 quill 1 , n. Hollow stem of feather, (also q.- 
 feather) whole large feather of wing or tail ; 
 pen (also q.-pen), plectrum, fishing-float, or 
 toothpick, made of this ; one of porcupine's 
 spines ; bobbin of hollow reed, any bobbin ; 
 musical pipe made of hollow stem ; curled-up 
 piece of cinnamon or cinchona bark ; q.-coverts, 
 feathers covering base of q.-feathers ; q.-driver, 
 clerk or journalist or author, [etyni. dub.; cf. 
 LG quiele, G kiel] 
 
 quill 2 , v.t. & i. Form into q.-like folds, goffer, 
 whence qui*lliNG 1 (2) n.; wind thread or yarn 
 on bobbin, [f. prec] 
 
 qui'llet, n. Quibble, nice distinction, [perh. 
 abbr. of obs. quillity perh. corrupt, of quiddity] 
 
 quilt, n., & v.t. Bed-coverlet made of pad- 
 ding enclosed between two layers of linen &c. 
 & kept in place by cross lines of stitching; any 
 coverlet or counterpane (PATCK-icork q.\. (Vb) 
 cover with padded material ; make or join to- 
 gether after the manner of a q. ; sew up (coin, 
 letters, &c.) between two layers of garment &c. ; 
 compile (literary work) out of extracts or bor- 
 rowed ideas ; (slang) thrash. Hence qui'lt- 
 ing^I, 3) n. [f. OF cuilte f. L culcita cushion] 
 
 qui'nary, a. Of the number five ; consisting 
 of five things, [f. L quinarius (quini distrib. 
 of quinque five, -ary *)] 
 
 qurnate (-at), a. (bot.). (Of leaf) composed 
 of five leaflets, [f. L quini (prec), -ate 2 ] 
 
 quince, n. Hard acid yellowish pear-shaped 
 fruit used as preserve or jam-flavouring, tree 
 bearing it. [orig. pi. of obs. quint, coyn, f. OF 
 cooin f. L cotonetim var. of cydonium neut. of 
 Cydonius of Cydonia in CreteJ 
 
 quincentenary, irreg. for quing 1 -. 
 
 qui'ncunx, n. (Arrangement of) Ave objects 
 set so that four are at corners of square or rect- 
 angle & the other at its centre (e. g. the Ave on 
 dice or cards ; plantation is laid out in quin- 
 cunxes, in the diagonal cross lines given by 
 combining qq.). So quincu'ncial (-shl) a., 
 quincu*neialLY 2 adv. [L,=5/12 (quinque Ave, 
 uncia ounce), also q. pattern] 
 
 quing-ente'nary (or -je'n-), a. & n. Of, in, 
 500th year ; (n.) 500th anniversary, [f. L quin- 
 genti 500 after centenary] 
 
 qui'nia, n. (med.). = quinine, [f. Sp. quina f. 
 Peruv. kina bark] 
 
 quini'ne (-en, -in), n. Alkaloid found esp. in 
 cinchona bark & used as febrifuge, tonic, & an- 
 tiperiodic; (pop.) sulphate of q., the usu. form 
 in which q. is taken. Soqui'niZE(l) v.t.,qurn- 
 ism(5) n. [as prec, -ine 5 ] 
 
 quinquagenarian, a. & n. (Person) fifty 
 years old. [f. L guinquagenarius (quinqua- 
 geni distrib. of quinquaginta fifty, -ary 1 ), -an] 
 
 quinquage'nary (or-kwa - j-),a. & n. =prec 
 a. & n.; fiftieth anniversary, [prec] 
 
 quinquage'sima, n. (Also Q. Sunday) 
 Sunday before Lent. [f. med.L q. (dies) lit. 50th 
 (day), so called either as 50th day before Easter 
 by incl. reckoning, or loosely (cf. scxagesima, 
 septiiagesima) as before Quadragesima] 
 
 quinqu(e)-, comb, form of L quinque five, 
 in some wds taken f. L, & in many mod., esp. bot. 
 & zool., formations. So quinqua'ng-ular 
 five-angled ; quinqueco'state five-ribbed ; 
 quinque'nniad, quinque'nnium (pi. -a), 
 five-year period ; quinque'nnial five-year- 
 long, five-yearly, whence quinque'nnialLY 2 
 adv.; quinquela'teral a. & n., five-sided 
 (figure or object); quinquelo'batefive-lobed; 
 quinquepar'tite divided into, consisting of, 
 five parts ; qui'nquereme ancient galley 
 with five banks of oars ; quinqueva'lvular 
 five-valved ; qui'nquifid cleft in five ; quin- 
 quivalent capable of combining with five 
 univalent atoms. 
 
 quinqui'na(kinke'-, kwinkwl - -), n. (Kinds of 
 tree producing) Peruvian bark yielding quinine 
 & other febrifuge alkaloids, [f. Peruv. kinkina 
 redupl. form as quinia] 
 
 qui'nsy (-zi), n. Inflammation of throat, sup- 
 puration of tonsils. Hence qui*nsiED 2 a. [f. 
 med.L quinancia f. Gk kunagkhe (kun- dog, 
 agkho throttle)] 
 
 quint (in piquet usu. klnt), n. Musical in- 
 terval of fifth ; organ-stop of tone one-Af th 
 above normal ; (Piquet) sequence of Ave of 
 same suit (q. major, of ace to ten ; q. minor y 
 
QUINTAIN 
 
 684 
 
 QUONDAM 
 
 of knave to seven), [f. F quinte f. L fern, of 
 quintus fifth] 
 
 qui'ntain (tin), n. (hist). (Medieval mili- 
 tary exercise of tilting at) post set up as mark 
 & often provided with sandbag to swing round 
 & strike unskilful tilter. [f. OF quintaine perh. 
 f. L quint ana {quintus fifth) camp market] 
 
 qui'ntal, n. 1001b.; 1121b. or hundredweight; 
 100 kilograms. [OF, f. Arab, qintar] 
 
 qui'ntan, a. & n. (Ague or fever) with par- 
 oxysm every fourth (by incl. reckoning fifth) 
 day. [f. L (febris) quintana (quintus fifth, -an) 
 fifth-day (fever)] 
 
 quinte (as F), n. Fifth fencing thrust or 
 parry, [as quint] 
 
 quintessence, n. (Ancient philos.) fifth 
 substance, apart from four elements, compos- 
 ing the heavenly bodies entirely & latent in all 
 things ; most essential part of any substance, 
 refined extract ; purest & most perfect form, 
 manifestation, or embodiment, o/some quality 
 or class. Hencequintesse'ntiALa. [f. med.L 
 quinta essentia] 
 
 quinte*t(te), n. (Performers of) piece for five 
 voices or instruments ; set of five. [F (-te), f. 
 It. quintetto (quinto fifth f. L quintus)] 
 
 quinti'llion, n. Fifth power of million (1 
 with 30 ciphers). [L quintus fifth, billion] 
 
 quintuple, a., n., & v.t. & i., qui'ntuply, 
 adv., qui'ntuplet, n., quintu'plicate (at), 
 a. & n., (at), v.t., quintupiica'tion, n. Five- 
 fold &c. (for detailed senses see quadruple & 
 wds in quadimpl-, substituting five for four), 
 [uple F, f. L quintus fifth, after quadruple] 
 
 quip, n. Sarcastic remark, clever hit, smart 
 saying, verbal conceit; equivocation, quibble, 
 [var. of obs. quippy perh. f. L quippe forsooth] 
 
 quipu (ke'pdb, kwe), n. Ancient-Peruvian 
 substitute for writing by variously knotting 
 threads of various colours. [Peruv., = knotl 
 
 quire 1 (ii), n. Four sheets of paper &c. fold- 
 ed to form eight leaves as in medieval MSS.; 
 any collection of leaves one within another in 
 MS. or book [in qq., unbound, in sheets); 21 
 sheets of writing-paper, [f. OF quaer, now ca- 
 hier (L quaterni see quaternary)] 
 
 quire' 2 , n., & v.t. & i. See choir. 
 
 quirk, n. Quibble, quip; trick of action or 
 behaviour; twist or flourish in drawing or 
 writing ; (Arch.) acute hollow between convex 
 part of moulding & soffit or fillet, [etym. dub. ; 
 from 16th c] 
 
 quit \ pred. a. Free, clear, absolved, (archaic ; 
 the others can go q.; teas q. for a clucking, got 
 off with that); rid of (glad to be q. of the trouble); 
 qui'tclaim, (n.) renunciation of right, (v.t.) re- 
 nounce claim to, give up (thing) to ; qui'trent, 
 lusu. small) rent paid by freeholder or copy- 
 holder in lieu of service, [f. OF quit(t)e L *L 
 quietus quiet 2 ] 
 
 quit 2 , v.t. (quitted, rarely quit). Rid oneself 
 of (archaic) ; (refl., usu. w. archaic refl. pron. 
 without self) behave, acquit, conduct, oneself 
 well &c. (esp. q. you like men ; archaic) ; give 
 up, let go, abandon, (q. hold of, loose ; q. office 
 &c.); depart from, leave, (place, person, &c; 
 quitted Paris at midnight ; quitted him in 
 anger), (abs., of tenant) leave occupied pre- 
 mises (esp. give, have, &c, notice to q.); (poet.) 
 requite, repay, clear off, (q. love with hate; 
 death quits all scores), [f. OF quit(t)er quiet 3 ] 
 
 qui tarn, n. (legal). (Action brought by) in- 
 former. [L, = who as well (for the King as for 
 himself sues)] 
 
 quitch, n. (Also q. -grass) co\icn s -grass. 
 [OE cwice, cf. Du. kweck, G queeke] 
 
 quite, adv. Completely, wholly, entirely, al- 
 together, to the utmost extent, nothing short 
 
 of, in the fullest sense, positively, absolutely, 
 (q. covers it; teas q. by myself; q. other, very 
 different; q. another, a very different; is q. a 
 hero, disappointment, good thing ; 1 q. like 
 him ; is q. too delightful colloq., i.e. to be done 
 justice to in words ; isq. the thing, fashionable; 
 not q. proper, rather improper), [f. obs. quite 
 a. = quit 1 ] 
 
 quits, pred. a. On even terms by retaliation 
 or repayment (will be quits with him yet, will 
 have revenge ; now we are q.; cry q„ acknow- 
 ledge that things are now even, agree not to 
 proceed further in quarrel &c; double 2 or q.). 
 [perh. abbr. of med.L quittus = quietus quit l ; 
 
 or = QUIT 1 +-ES] 
 
 quittance, n. (archaic, poet.). Release/rowi 
 something ; acknowledgment of payment, re- 
 ceipt, (omittance is no q., debt is not annulled 
 by not being pressed) ; requital, reprisal. If. 
 OF quitance (quiter quit 2 )] 
 
 qui'ver ', n. Case for holding arrows (have 
 an arrow, shaft, left in one's q., not be resource- 
 less ; q. full of children, large family, see Ps. 
 exxvii. 5). Hence qui*vePFUL(2) n. [f. OF 
 quivre f. Teut. (OE cocer, cf. G kocher)] 
 
 qui'ver 2 , v.i. & t., & n. Tremble or vibrate 
 with slight rapid motion (of person, leaf, wing, 
 voice, light, &c); (of birds, esp. skylark) make 
 (wings) q.; hence qui'veringLV 2 adv. (N.) 
 quivering motion or sound, [prob. imit.; cf. 
 quaver] 
 
 qui vive (ke vev). On the q. v., en the alert, 
 watching for something to happen. [F. = lit. 
 (long) live who ?, i.e. on whose side are you ?, 
 as sentinel's challenge] 
 
 Qui'xote (-ot), n. Enthusiastic visionary, pur- 
 suer of lofty but impracticable ideals, person 
 utterly regardless of his material interests in 
 comparison with honour or devotion. Hence 
 quixo'tic a. (quixotics n. pi., quixotic senti- 
 ments), quixo'tiCALLV adv., qui*xotiSM(2), 
 qui'xotRV(l), nn., qui*xotiZE(2, 3) v.t & i. 
 [hero of Cervantes's Don Q.\ 
 
 quiz, n., & v.t. Odd or eccentric person, per- 
 son of ridiculous appearance, (now rare) ; per- 
 son given to quizzing; hoax, ridicule, thing 
 done to expose or burlesque another's oddities, 
 (now rare) ; hence qui'zzicAL a., qui'zzical- 
 ly 2 adv. (Vb) make sport of (person or his 
 ways), whence qui'zzABLE a.; regard with 
 mocking air; look curiously at, observe the 
 ways or oddities of, survey through an eye-glass 
 or (now va.vo)quizzing-glass ; hence qui'zzing*- 
 LY 2 adv. [?1 
 
 quo'ad, prep. As regards ; q. hoc, in this re- 
 spect, so far as thisgoes. [ L (quo whither, ad to)] 
 
 qudd 1 , n., & v.t. (slang). Prison [in, out of, 
 q.) ; (vb) imprison. [?] 
 
 quod 2 , neut. of L qui which (q. erat demon- 
 strandum abbr. Q.E.I)., q. erat faciendum abbr. 
 Q. E. F. , q. erat inveniend um abbr. Q. E. T. , which 
 was the thing to be proved, made or done, found; 
 formulae in geometrical demonstrations, &, esp. 
 Q. E. D., in gen. use ; quod vide, abbr. q.v., which 
 see, in cross & other references). 
 
 quoin (koin), n., & v.t. External angle of 
 building ; stone or brick forming angle, corner- 
 stone, whence quoi'niNG 1 ^) n.; internal corner 
 of room; wedge for locking type in form, raising 
 level of gun, keeping barrel from rolling, &c; 
 (vb) secure or raise with qq. [var. of coin] 
 
 quoit (koit), n., & v.t. Heavy flattish sharp- 
 edged iron ring thrown to encircle iron peg or 
 to stick in ground near it iti game of qq.; (vb; 
 rare) fling like q. [?] 
 
 quo'ndam, adj. That once had but no longer 
 has the specified character, sometime, former, 
 (a q. friend of mine). [L, = formerly] 
 
QUORUM 
 
 685 
 
 RACEME 
 
 quor'um, n. Fixed number of members tbat 
 must be present to make proceedings of assem- 
 bly or society or board valid. [L, = of whom (we 
 will that you &c. be)] 
 
 quo'ta, n. Share that individual person or 
 company is bound to contribute to or entitled 
 to receive from a total, [f. L quota (pars) how 
 great (a part) ; fern, of quotas how-manyeth 
 (quot how many)] 
 
 quota'tion, n. (Print.) quadrat used for fill- 
 ing up blanks ; quoting, passage quoted ; a- 
 mount stated as current price of stocks or com- 
 modities ; q.-marks, inverted commas & apos- 
 trophes, single or double, used to mark begin- 
 ning & end of quoted passage, [f. med.L quo- 
 
 tatiO (QUOTE, -ATION)] 
 
 qud'tative, a. Of quoting ; given to quota- 
 tion. If oil., -ativeJ a 
 
 quote, v.t., & n. Cite or appeal to (author, 
 book) in confirmation of some view, repeat or 
 copy out passage(s) from ; repeat or copy out 
 (borrowed passage) usu. with indication that it 
 is borrowed, (abs.) make quotations, {from au- 
 thor, book, speech, &c); adduce or cite as; 
 state price of (usu. at figure); hence quo'tABLE, 
 quo'tewoRTHY, aa. (N.; colloq.) passage quot- 
 ed ; (usu. pl.)quotation-mark(s). [earliersense 
 mark with numbers,!. med.L quotare (quota)] 
 
 quoth, v.t. 1st & 3rd pel's, past indie. Said I, 
 he, she, & rarely ive or they (placed amidst, 
 after, or before the words quoted ; quotha ar- 
 chaic for quoth he, used in quoting contemp- 
 tuously = forsooth), [past of obs. quethe, OE 
 cwethan cf. OHG quedan] 
 
 quoti'dian, a. & n. Daily, of every day, (q. 
 fever, ague, recurring every day) ; common- 
 place, trivial ; (n.) q. ague or fever, [f. L quoti- 
 dianus (quotidie daily, -AN)] 
 
 quo'tient (-shnt), n. Result given by divid- 
 ing one quantity by another, [erron. f. L quo- 
 tients how many times, by confusion w. -ent] 
 
 R 
 
 R (ar), letter (pi. Rs, R's). TJie r months, those 
 with r in their names (Sep.-Ap.) as season for 
 oysters; the three R.s\ reading, (w)riting, & 
 (a)rithmetic, as basis of elementary education. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : R.: railway, R.S.O. (sub- 
 office); R.(eaumur) ; R.(egina) ; religious, 
 R.T.S. (tract society) ; repondez. R.S.V.P. 
 {s'il vous plait) ; requiesca(n)t, R.I.P. {in pace); 
 resident, R.M.(agistrate) ; revised, R.V.(er- 
 sion) ; R.(fx) ; Rhode, R.I.(sland) ; Roman, 
 R.C.(atholic) ; Royal, as R.A. (academy or 
 academician ; artillery), R.E.(ngineers), R.I.C. 
 (Irish constabulary), R.M.(arines), R.M.A. 
 (military academv), R.M.C. (military college), 
 R.N.(avy), R.S.P.C.A. (society for prevention 
 of cruelty to animals) : r.: r.(ight). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Rev.(elation) ; Rev.(e- 
 rend) ; Roffen., Bishop of Rochester ; Ro- 
 m.(ans) ; Rs, rupees ; Rx, tens of rupees. 
 
 ra'bbet, n., & v.t. Groove or slot cut along 
 edge or face or projecting angle of wood &c. 
 usu. to receive edge or tongue of another piece 
 (vb, join or fix with i\, make r. in) ; elastic beam 
 arranged to give rebound to hammer striking 
 it in ascent, [f. OF rabat abatement, recess, 
 (rabattre rebate ] )] 
 
 pa'bbi, n. Jewish doctor of the law (as form 
 of address by itself or prefixed to name, or as 
 ordinary noun), esp. one authorized by ordina- 
 tion to deal with law & ritual & perform cer- 
 tain functions. [L, f. Gk f. Heb.=my master 
 (rabh master + pronom. suf.)] 
 
 pa'bbin, n. Rabbi (usu. the rr., chief Jewish 
 
 authorities on law & doctrine, most of them 
 between 2nd & 13th cc). Hence pa'bbin ate 1 
 pa*bbiniSM(3),pa , bbiniST(2,3),nn.,pabbrn- 
 ical a., pabbi'nicalLY 2 adv. [F (prec); -n 
 perh. originated as supposed Heb. pi. term.] 
 pa'bbit 1 , n., & v.i. Burrowing rodent of 
 hare family, brownish-grey in natural state, 
 also black or white or pied in domestication ; 
 r. -hutch, -warren; welsh 1 ?*.; hence pa*b- 
 bitY 2 a.; (vb) hunt rr. [cf. "Walloon robctt, 
 Flem. robbe] 
 
 pa'bbit 2 , v.t. (vulg.). Odd r. it &c, form of 
 imprecation, [perh. alteration of -rat in drat] 
 pa'bble J , n. Disorderly crowd, mob ; con- 
 temptible or inferior set of people ; the lower 
 part of the populace, [etym. dub.; earliersense 
 pack or string of animals &c] 
 pa'bble 2 , n. Iron bar with bent end for stir- 
 ring molten metal, [f. F rdble f. L rutabulum 
 {ruere, rut- rake up) fire-shovel] 
 pa'bblement, n. (now rare). (Tumult as of) 
 a rabble, [-ment] 
 
 Rabelai'sian, -aesian, (z), a. & n. Of, 
 like, Rabelais or his writings, marked by ex- 
 uberant imagination & language & coarse hu- 
 mour & satire; (n.) admirer or student of 
 Rabelais. [Rabelais, French humorist, -ian] 
 pa'bid, a. Furious, violent, (r. hate) ; un- 
 reasoning, insensate, headstrong, (r. democrat) : 
 (esp. of dog) affected with rabies, mad ; of 
 rabies. Hence pabi'diTY, pa'bidxESS, nn., 
 pajbidL y 2 adv. If. L rabidus (rabere rave)] 
 pa'bies (-z), n. Canine madness, hydro- 
 phobia. [L (prec.)] 
 
 pace l , n. Onward sweep or movement, esp. 
 strong current in sea or river (tide set with a 
 strong r.; the R. of Aldemey &c.) ; course of 
 sun or moon, course of life, (ere he had run half 
 his r.) ; channel of stream (esp. in comb., as 
 mill-r.) ; channel along which shuttle moves ; 
 contest of speed between runners, ships, horses, 
 &c, or persons doing anything, (pi.) series of 
 these for horses at fixed time on regular course 
 (SELLmf/ r.) ; r. ball, dance held in connexion 
 with rr. ; r.-card, programme of rr. ; ra'cecourse, 
 ground for horse-racing; ra'cehorse, bred or 
 kept for racing ; r. -meeting, horse-racing fix- 
 ture, [f. ON rds, cf. OE raes swift motion] 
 pace 2 , v.i. & t. Compete in speed with; in- 
 dulge in horse-racing (a racing man ; the racing 
 world, the turf) ; go at full speed, (of propeller, 
 paddle-wheel, &c.) work violently from dimin- 
 ished resistance when out of the water ; have 
 r. with, try to surpass in speed ; cause (horse 
 &c. ) to r. (raced his bicycle against a motor-car). 
 make (person, thing) move at full speed (raced 
 me along at five miles an hour ; raced the Bill 
 through the House); fling (fortune &c.) away 
 on horse-racing, [f. prec] 
 pace 1 ', n. Group of persons or animals or 
 plants connected by common descent, posterity 
 of (person), house, family, tribe or nation re- 
 garded as of common stock, distinct ethnical 
 stock (the Caucasian, Mongolian, &c, ?•.), genus 
 or species or breed or variety of animals or 
 plants, any great division of living creatures 
 (the human, feathered, four-footed, finny. &c, 
 r.); descent, kindred, (of noble. Oriental, &c. 
 r. ; separate in language & r.) ; class of per- 
 sons &c. with some common feature (the r. of 
 poets, dandies, &c). [F, f. It, razza etym. dub.] 
 pace 4 , n. Root (of ginger), [f. OF rais f. L 
 radicem nom. -ix root] 
 
 paee'me, n. (bot.). Flower-cluster with the 
 separate flowers attached by short equal stalks 
 at equal distances along central stem. Hence 
 pa'eemosE 1 a. (bot., also anat. of compound 
 glands), [f. L racemus grape-bunch] 
 
RACER 
 
 686 
 
 RADICLE 
 
 pa*eer, n. In vbl senses ; esp., racehorse ; 
 yacht, bicycle, &c. used for racing, [-er l ] 
 
 pa'ehis, rha-, (-k-), n. (pi. -ides). Stem of 
 grasses &c. bearing flower-stalks at short inter- 
 vals ; axis of pinnately compound leaf or frond ; 
 vertebral column or cord from which it deve- 
 lops, whence pachi(o)- comb, form; feather- 
 shaft, esp. the part that bears the barbs, [f . Gk 
 rhakhis spine ; the E pi. -ides is irreg.] 
 
 pachi'tis, n. (Learned form for) rickets. 
 [f. Gk rhakhitis (prec, -ins)] 
 
 pa'cial (-shl), a. Of, in regard to, due to, 
 race. Hence pa'eialLY 2 adv. [race 3 , -ial] 
 
 pack 1 , n., & v.i. 1. Driving clouds ; (vb ; of 
 clouds) drive before wind. 2. Destruction (usu. 
 go to r. & ruin), [with sense 1 cf. Norvv. & Sw. 
 dial, rak wreckage ; sense 2 perh. var. of 
 wrack, wreck] 
 
 pack 2 , n., & v.i. & t. Fixed or movable frame 
 of wooden or metal bars for holding fodder ; 
 framework with rails, bars, pegs, or shelves, 
 for keeping articles on or in (plate, hat, tool, 
 pipe, &c, -?*.) ; cogged or indented bar or rail 
 gearing with wheel or pinion or worm, or serv- 
 ing with pegs &c. to adjust position of some- 
 thing; r.-railway, with cogged rail between 
 bearing rails ; r.-wheel, cog-wheel. (Vb) fill up 
 stable-r. with hay or straw for the night (also 
 trans., r. up horse, provide it thus) ; fasten 
 (horse) up to r.; place in or on r. [prob. f. MDu. 
 rec (Du. rek, cf. G reck) rail &c. (recken stretch)] 
 
 pack 3, v.i, & n. Stretch joints of (person) by 
 pulling esp. with instrument of torture made 
 for the purpose ; (of disease or bodily or mental 
 agony) inflict torture on (a racking headache) ; 
 shake violently, injure by straining, task 
 severely, (cough that seemed to r. his whole 
 body; r. one's brains for something to say, 
 a plan, &c.) ; exact utmost possible amount of 
 (rent), oppress (tenants) with excessive rent, 
 exhaust (land) with excessive use ; r.-rent n., 
 extortionate rent equal or nearly equal to full 
 value of land, v.t., exact this from (tenant) or 
 for (land) ; r. -renter, tenant paying or landlord 
 exacting r.-rent. (N.) instrument of torture, a 
 frame with roller at each end to which victim's 
 wrists& ankles were tied so that his joints were 
 stretched when rollers were turned (on the r., 
 being racked, lit., or fig. of person in distress or 
 under strain), [prob. f. MDu. recken stretch] 
 
 pack 4 , n. Arrack (esp. r.-punch). [for arrack] 
 
 pack 5 , n., & v.i. Horse's gait between trot 
 be canter, both legs of one side being lifted 
 almost at once, & all four feet being off ground 
 togetner at moments ; (vb) progress thus. [?] 
 
 pack 6 , v.t. Draw off (wine &c.) from the 
 lees (often off), [f. Pr. arracar (raca stems & 
 husks of grapes, dregs)] 
 
 pa'cket 1 , pa'cquet (-kit), n. Cat-gutted 
 bat used in tennis, rackets, &c; (pi.) ball-game 
 for two or four persons played in plain four- 
 walled court with rr.; snowshoe resembling r.; 
 r.-ball, small hard kid-covered ball of cork & 
 string ; r.-press, for keeping rr. taut & in shape; 
 r.-tail, kinds of small bird with i\ -shaped tail. 
 [f. F raguette etym. dub.] 
 
 pa'cket 2 , n., & v.i. Disturbance, uproar, din ; 
 social excitement, gaiety, dissipation ; (slang) 
 dodge, game, line of business, lay ; ordeal, try- 
 ing experience, (stand the r., come successfully 
 through test, face consequences of action); 
 hence pa'eketY 2 a. ( Vb) live gay life (often 
 about), move about noisily, [prob. imit.] 
 
 raconteur (F), n. (fern. -euse). Teller of anec- 
 dotes (usu. good, skilful, &c., r.). 
 
 pacCc^o'ii (ra-), n. Greyish-brown furry 
 bushy-tailed sharp-snouted American noctur- 
 nal carnivore. [Algonquin] 
 
 pa'cy, a. Having the qualities that charac- 
 terize the kind in high degree (esp. r. flavour); 
 of distinctive quality or vigour, not smoothed 
 into sameness or commonness, retaining traces 
 of origin (esp. r. of the soil, of homely direct- 
 ness, spirited, lively, piquant). Hence pa'eiLY. 2 
 adv., pa'eiNESS n. [race 3 , -y 2 ] 
 
 pad. See radical, n. 
 
 pa'ddle, n., & v.t. Red ochre. (Vb) paint 
 with r. ; plaster with rouge, [var. of ruddle] 
 
 pa'dial, a. & n. Of, in, rays ; arranged like 
 rays or radii, having position or direction of a 
 radius (r. axle, maintaining such direction to 
 curve of track as car &c. travels round it); hav- 
 ing spokes or radiating lines, whence pa'dial- 
 ized a. , padializa'tion n. ; acting or moving 
 along lines that diverge from a centre ; of ra- 
 dium ; of the radius of the forearm (r. artery, 
 vein, nerve); hence pa'dialLY 2 adv. (N.) r. 
 nerve or artery, [radius, radium, -al] 
 
 pa'dian, n. Angle at centre of circle sub- 
 tending arc whose length is equal to the radius. 
 [radius, -an] 
 
 pa'diant, a. & n. Emitting rays of light, (of 
 eyes or looks) beaming with joy or hope or love, 
 (of light) issuing in rays, (of beauty) splendid or 
 dazzling, whence or cogn. pa'diANCE, pa'di- 
 ancy (rare), nn., pa'diantLY 2 adv.; operating 
 radially (esp. r. heat); (Bot. &c.) extending ra- 
 dially, radiating ; r. point, from which rays or 
 radii proceed, (Astron.) apparent focal point of 
 meteoric shower. (N.) point or object from 
 which light or heat radiates ; (Astron.) r. point, 
 [f. L radiare (radius), -ant] 
 
 pa'diate 1 (-at), a. Having divergent rays 
 or parts radially arranged; radially arranged. 
 Hence pa'diateLY 2 ad v. [as foil., -ate 2 ] 
 
 pa'diate 2 , v.i. & t. Emit rays of light or 
 heat, (of light or heat) issue in rays ; diverge or 
 spread from central point ; emit (light or heat) 
 from centre; disseminate (life, love, joy, &c). 
 Hence or cogn. padiA'TiON n., pa'diATiVE a. 
 [f. L radiare (radius), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pa*diatop,n. In vblsenses; esp., small cham- 
 ber heated with hot air or otherwise & radiat- 
 ing warmth into room &c. [-OR 2 ] 
 
 pa'dical, a. & n. Of the root(s) ; naturally 
 inherent, essential, fundamental, (r. humour, 
 heat, &c, in medieval philos. & still joe, mois- 
 ture, heat, &c, essential to life ; a r. ei'ror; the 
 r. rottenness of human nature) ; forming the 
 basis, primary, (the r. idea or principles of a 
 system); affecting the foundation, going to the 
 root, root-&-branch, (r. change, cure, reform), 
 (of politicians) desiring such reforms, belong- 
 ing to extreme section of Liberal party, (of mea- 
 sures &c.) advanced by or according to prin- 
 ciples of r. politicians, whence pa*dicaliSM(2) 
 n., pa*diealizE(3) v.t. & i., padicaliZA'TioN 
 n.; (Math.) of the root of a number or quantity 
 (r. sign, */, ty, fy , Sec, indicating that square, 
 cube, fourth, &c. root of number folio wing is to 
 be extracted ; (Philol.) of the roots of words (r. 
 word, not analysable into root & other known 
 element); (Mus.) belonging to the root of a 
 chord ; (Bot.) of, springing direct from, the 
 root or the main stem close to it ; hence pa'di- 
 ealLY 2 adv. (N.): (Philol.) root; fundamental 
 principle; (Math.) quantity forming or ex- 
 pressed as root of another, also the r. sign ; 
 (Chem.) element or atom, or group of these, 
 forming base of compound & remaining un- 
 altered during compound's ordinary chemical 
 changes ; (Pol.; also colloq. rad) person holding 
 r. views or belonging to r. party, [f. LL radi- 
 calis (radix -ids root, -al)] 
 
 pa'dicle, n. Part of plant embryo that de- 
 velops into primary root ; rootlet ; (Anat.) root- 
 
RADIO- 
 
 687 
 
 RAIL 
 
 like subdivision of nerve or vein. Hence ra- 
 di'eulAR J a. [f. L radicula (prec., -ule)] 
 
 radio-, comb, form of L radius & E radium, 
 w. sense of the radius, of rays or radiation, of 
 radium, as -car'pal, of radius & wrist ; -a'ctive, 
 capable of affecting electrometer &c. by radia- 
 tion, (of radium, uranium, polonium, &c.) hav- 
 ing power of emitting invisible rays that pene- 
 trate opaque matter & produce electrical effects, 
 so -activity ; -graph, instrument recording in- 
 tensity & duration of sunshine, also image on 
 sensitive plate given by Rontgen rays, (vb) se- 
 cure such image of, & so radio 'graphy, radio- 
 graphic, radiographically; -meter, instrument 
 illustrating conversion of radiant energy into 
 mechanical force ; -phony, production of sound 
 by radiant light or heat ; -scopy, examination 
 by Rontgen rays ; -telegram, message by wire- 
 less telegraphy. 
 
 ra'dish, n. (Cruciferous plant with) fleshy 
 pungent root eaten raw as relish or in salads. 
 [f. F radis f. L radicem nom. -ix root] 
 
 pa'dium, n. Metal resembling barium, yield- 
 ed by pitch-blende, discovered 1898 & named 
 from its RADio-active power, [-ium] 
 
 pa'dius, n. (pi. -ii). Thicker & shorter bone 
 of fore-arm in man, corresponding bone in 
 beast's foreleg or bird's wing ; (Math.) straight 
 line from centre to circumference of circle or 
 sphere, radial line from focus to any point of 
 curve (r. vector, variable line drawn to curve 
 from fixed point, esp. in Astron. from sun or 
 planet to path of satellite); any of a set of lines 
 diverging from a point like rr. of circle, object 
 of this kind, e.g. spoke ; circular area as mea- 
 sured by its r. (knows everyone within a r. of 
 %0 miles; the four-mile r., that of which Char- 
 ing Cross is centre, outside which cab-fares are 
 higher); (Bot.) outer rim of composite flower- 
 head, e.g. daisy, also radiating branch of um- 
 bel. tL,= staff, spoke, ray] 
 
 ra'dix, n. (pi. ra'dices, radi'ces). Number 
 or symbol used as basis of numeration scale (ten 
 is the r. of decimal numeration, db of common 
 logarithms); source or origin of. [L,=root] 
 
 raff. = RIFF-RAFF. 
 
 Raffaelesque. = raphaelesque. 
 
 pa'ffia, n. Kind of palm ; fibre from its leaves 
 used for tying up plants. [Malagasy] 
 
 pa'ffish, a. Disreputable, dissipated, fast- 
 looking. Hence pa'ffishLY 2 adv., pa'ffish- 
 ness n. [-ISH ] ] 
 
 pa'ffle \ n., & v.i. & t. Sale of article by tak- 
 ing entrance-fee from any number of persons 
 & assigning it by lot to one of them. (Vb) enter 
 one's name in r. for article ; sell by r. [earlier 
 sense kind of dice-game f. F rafie etym. dub.] 
 
 pa'ffle 2 , n. Rubbish, refuse, lumber, debris. 
 Icf. OF rifle ou raHe anything whatever] 
 
 raft, n., & v.t. & i. Collection of logs, casks, 
 &c, fastened together in the water for trans- 
 portation ; flat floating structure of timber or 
 other materials for conveying persons or things, 
 esp. as substitute for boat in emergencies ; float- 
 ing accumulation of trees, ice, &c. ; raftsman, 
 worker on r. (Vb) transport as or on r.; form 
 into a r. ; cross (water) on raft(s); work r. [f. 
 ON raptr rafter 2 ] 
 
 pa'ftep \ n. Man who rafts timber, [-er J ] 
 
 pa'ftep 2 , n., & v.t. One of the sloping beams 
 forming framework on which slates &c. of roof 
 are upheld. (Vb) : (usu; in p.p.) provide with 
 rr. ; plough (land) so that contents of furrow 
 are turned over on same breadth of unploughed 
 ground next it, half-plough. [OF rsefter, cf. 
 MLG rafter, ON raptr] 
 
 pag \ n. Torn or frayed piece of woven ma- 
 terial, one of the irregular scraps to which cloth 
 
 &c. is reduced by wear & tear (in rr., torn), (pi.) 
 tattered clothes (in rr., in old clothes), (usu. 
 with neg.) smallest scrap of cloth or sail (not a 
 r. to cover him; spread every r. of sail); (collect.) 
 rr. used as material for paper, stuffing, &c; 
 remnant, odd scrap, irregular piece, (jlying rr. 
 of cloud; cooked to rr., till it falls to pieces; 
 not a r. of evidence); (contempt.) flag, handker- 
 chief, curtain, newspaper, &c; jagged projec- 
 tion (rare); r.-baby, doll made of rr.; r.-bag, in 
 which scraps of linen &c. are kept for use ; r.- 
 bolt n., with barbs to keep it tight when driven 
 in, v.t. join together with these ; r.fair, old- 
 clothes sale held in Houndsditch; r.-paper, 
 made of rr.; ragtag, ragtag & bobtail, the riff- 
 raff, ragged or low or disreputable people; r.- 
 wheel, with projections catching in links of 
 chain that passes over it, sprocket-wheel ; rag- 
 wort, yellow-flowered ragged-leaved plant, [f. 
 ON rogg tuft of fur] 
 
 rag 2 , n. Large coarse roofing-slate ; kinds of 
 hard coarse stone breaking up in thick slabs 
 (esp. coral- r., Kentish, Rowley, r.). [?] 
 
 pag 3 , v.t. & i., & n., (slang). Scold, reprove 
 severely ; tease, torment, play rough jokes up- 
 on, disarrange (person's room &c.) by way of 
 practical joke ; engage in ballyragging, be noisy 
 & riotous; (n.) noisy disorderly conduct, [cf. 
 ballyrag] 
 
 ra'gamuffln, n. Ragged dirty fellow. 
 Hence pagamu'ffinLY l a. [prob. f. rag l w. 
 fancy termination] 
 
 rage \ n. (Fit of) violent anger ; violent 
 operation of some natural force or some senti- 
 ment (the r. of the wind, of faction) ; vehe- 
 ment desire or passion for (has a r. for, or 
 for collecting, first editions), object of wide- 
 spread temporary enthusiasm or fashion (M7-s 
 Siddons, the open-air cure, is the or all the r.) ; 
 poetic or prophetic or martial ardour. [F, f. LL 
 rabia f. L rabies] 
 
 page 2 , v.i. & refl. Rave, storm, speak madly 
 or furiously, (at, against, or abs.), be full of an- 
 ger ; (of wind, sea, passion, feeling, battle, pain, 
 disease, &c.) be violent, be at the height, oper- 
 ate unchecked, prevail, be violent, whence 
 pa'gingLY 2 adv.; (refl., esp. of storm &c.) r. 
 itself out, cease raging, [f. F rager (prec.)] 
 
 pa'gged, a. Rough, shaggy, hanging in tufts; 
 of broken jagged outline or surf ace, full of rough 
 or sharp projections ; faulty,imperfect, wanting 
 finish or smoothness or uniformity, (r. rhymes, 
 time in rowing, &c.) ; rent, torn, frayed, (of per- 
 sons) in r. clothes ; r. robin, crimson-flowered 
 wild plant ; r. school, free school for poor child- 
 ren. Hence pa'ggedL y 2 ad v. , ra'ggedNESS 
 n. [rag 1 , -ed 2 ; cf. Norw. ragget shaggy] 
 
 ragout* (-00), n., & v.t. Meat in small pieces 
 stewed with vegetables & highly seasoned ; (vb) 
 cook thus. [f. F ragoid (ragotdtr revive taste 
 of, see RE-, gust)] 
 
 paid, n., & v.i. & t. Military expedition esp. 
 of mounted men, predatory incursion in which 
 surprise & rapidity are usu. relied upon, foray, 
 inroad ; sudden descent of police &c. upon sus- 
 pected premises or illicit goods. (Vb) make r. 
 into &c; make r. on (person, place, cattle); 
 hence pai'dER 1 n. [Sc. form of OE rod road] 
 
 pail 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Horizontal or inclined 
 bar or continuous series of bars of wood or me- 
 tal used to hang things on, as top of banisters, 
 as part of fence, as protection against contact 
 or falling over, or for similar purpose ; iron bar 
 or continuous line of bars laid on ground as one 
 side or half of railway track (off the rr., disor- 
 ganized, out of order, not working right ; by r., 
 by railway), (pi.; St. Exch.) railway shares ; r.- 
 chair, iron holder, attached to sleeper, in which 
 
RAIL 
 
 688 
 
 RAKE 
 
 railway r. rests ; railroad, railway (esp. now 
 in U.S.) ; railway, road laid with ri\ for heavy 
 horse-carts, track or set of tracks of iron or 
 steel rr. for passage of trains of cars drawn by 
 locomotive engine & conveying passengers & 
 goods, (also railway line) the tracks of this 
 kind worked by single company or the whole of 
 the organization & persons required for their 
 working, (attrib. in many phrr., as railway 
 accident-, railway act, regulating duties & 
 rights of railway companies ; railway bill, pro- 
 posal in Parliament esp. for constructing new 
 railway ; railway bridge, carriage, company, 
 contractor, director, engine, journey, shares ; 
 at railway speed, very quickly ; railway sub- 
 office, abbr. R.S.O., place on r.-w. with post- 
 office subordinate to that of another place ; rail- 
 way rug, station, stock, systemfrainfravelling, 
 tunnel), whence rai'lwayLESsa., railway v.i., 
 travel by r. ; hence pai'lLESS a. ( Vb) furnish or 
 enclose (place) with r. (often in, off), provide 
 (bench &c.)withr., whence pai'lingr 1 [-ing^,!)] 
 n.; lay (railway route) with rr.; convey (goods), 
 travel, by r. [f. OF reille (L regula rule)] 
 
 pail 2 , n. Kinds of bird, esp. land h\, water- 
 r. [f. F rale etym. dub.] 
 
 pail 3 , v.i. Use abusive language (usu. at or 
 against, or archaic upon). Hence pai'lER 1 n., 
 pai'ling 2 [-ingMI)] n., railing" 3 [ing 2 ] a., 
 pai'lingLY 2 adv. [f. F railler etym. dub.] 
 
 pai'llepy, n. (Piece of) good-humoured ridi- 
 cule, rallying, [f. F raillerie (prec, -ery)] 
 
 rai'ment, n. (poet. & rhet.). Clothing, dress, 
 apparel, [f. obs. arrayment (array 1 , -ment)] 
 
 pain 2 , n. Condensed moisture of atmosphere 
 falling visibly in separate drops, fall of such 
 drops (r. or shine, whether it rains or not), (pi.) 
 showers of r., esp. the rr., rainy season in tro- 
 pical countries, (Xaut.) the Rr., rainy region of 
 Atlantic 4-10° N. lat.; (r.-like descent of) falling 
 liquid or solid particles or bodies (a r. of ashes, 
 frogs, pearls, rice, fire ; also fig. a r. of melody, 
 kisses, congratidations) ; r.-bird, kinds of bird, 
 esp. Green Woodpecker; r.-box, theatre con- 
 trivance imitating sound of r.; r.-doctor, pro- 
 ducer of r. by incantations ; rai'ndrop, single 
 drop of r.; rai'nfall, shower, quantity of r. fall- 
 ing within given area in given time (usu. reck- 
 oned by inches of depth per annum) ; r.-gauge, 
 instrument measuring rainfall; r.-glass, baro- 
 meter ; r.-water, collected from r., not got from 
 wells &c.; r.-xoorm, common earthworm. Hence 
 pai'nLESS. pai'nPROOF 2 , pai'nriGHT, aa. 
 [com.-Teut.; OE regn, rin, cf. Du. & G regen] 
 
 pain 2 , v.i. & t. It raiixs, r. comes down (it 
 rained blood, frogs, invitations, tracts, &c, 
 there was a shower of them ; it rains cats &• 
 dogs, violently ; it never rains but it pours, 
 events usu. happen several together ; it rains 
 in r. penetrates house &c; it has rained itself 
 out, r. has ceased) ; God, the sky, the clouds, r., 
 send down r.; fall or send down in showers or 
 like r. (flowers rained from their hands ; tears 
 rained down her cheeks ; blows r. upon him ; 
 his eyesr. tears ; r. influence ; he rained benefits 
 upon us). [OE regivian (prec.)] 
 
 rai'nbow (-6), n. Arch showing prismatic 
 colours in their order formed in sky (or across 
 cataract &c.) opposite sun by reflection, double 
 refraction, & dispersion, of sun's rays in falling 
 dropsof rain (lunar r., similar effect from moon's 
 rays, rarely seen ; sea r„ formed on sea spray ; 
 secondary r., additional arch with colours in 
 reverse order formed inside or outside of r. by 
 double reflection & double refraction ; all the 
 colours of the r., many colours) ; (attrib.) many- 
 coloured ; r. -trout, Calif ornian kind. [OE rbn- 
 boga (rain 1 , bow 1 )] 
 
 pai'ny, a. In or on which rain is falling or 
 much rain usually falls (r. weather, climate, 
 day, month, county, &c; r. day fig., time of 
 esp. pecuniary need, as provide against a r. d.); 
 (of clouds, wind, &c.) laden with, bringing, r. 
 Hence pai'niLY 2 adv., pai'niNESS n. [-y 2 J 
 
 raise (-z), v.t. (often followed by up in most 
 senses). Set upright, make stand up, restore to 
 or towards vertical position, rouse, (raised him 
 from his knees ; r. the standard of revolt ; raised 
 pastry, pie, &c, standing without support of 
 dish at sides ; r. one from the dead, restore him 
 to life ; r. the country, city, &c, rouse inhabit- 
 ants in some emergency, often against or upon 
 enemy &c. ; tlie danger raised his spirits ; r. the 
 wind fig., procure money for some purpose ; r. 
 a dust, lit., & fig. cause turmoil, also obscure 
 the truth) ; build up, construct, create, pro- 
 duce, breed, utter, make audible, start, give 
 occasion for, elicit, set up, advance, (r. palace, 
 large family, blister, one's own vegetables, 
 storm, shout, hymn, controversy, prejudice, 
 claim, demand, objection, question; a deliverer 
 was raised up, caused by Providence to ap- 
 pear ; r. a laugh, cause others to laugh ; no one 
 raised his voice, spoke) ; elevate, put or take in- 
 to higher position, extract from earth, direct 
 upwards, promote to higher rank, make higher 
 or nobler, cause to ascend, make (voice) louder 
 or shriller, (Naut.) come in sight of (land, ship), 
 increase amount of, heighten level of, (r. one's 
 hat, bow; r. one's glass to, drink health of; 
 thousands of tons of coal were raised ; r. one's 
 eyes, look upwards ; raised him to the see of 
 York ; trying to r. a degraded class ; undertook 
 to r. the spirit of King Solomon, cf. lay ; r. 
 Cain, hell, the devil, the mischief, &c, make 
 disturbance ; their voices were raised as in an- 
 ger ; r. income-tax from 6d. to 9d.\ r. cloth, make 
 nap on it; r. bread, cause it to rise with yeast; 
 r. one's rep utation, add to it; the price of the 
 Ub. loaf is raised a penny ; r. colour in dyeing, 
 brighten it) ; levy, collect, bring together, pro- 
 cure, manage to get, (r. tax, loan, subscrijrtion, 
 money, army, fleet) ; relinquish, cause enemy 
 to relinquish, (siege, blockade), [f. OX reisa ; 
 causative of rise 1 , cf. bait 1 , bite 1 ] 
 
 pai'sin (-zn), n. Partially dried grape, [f. OF 
 raizin f. L as raceme] 
 
 raison d'etre (F), n. Purpose &c. that ac- 
 counts for or justifies or originally caused 
 thing's existence. 
 
 pait. See ret. 
 
 paj (rahj), n. (Anglo-Ind.). Sovereignty (the 
 British r. in India). [Hind.] 
 
 pa*ja(h) (rah-), n. Indian king or prince (also 
 as title of petty dignitary or noble in India, or of 
 Malay or Javanese chief). Hence pa'jansHii* 
 n. [Hind, (a), f. raj to reign] 
 
 Rajpoot, -put, (rah'jpoot), n. Member of 
 Hindu soldier caste claiming descent from 
 Kshatriyas. [Hind, (-ut), f. prec, putra son] 
 
 pake *, n. Implement consisting of pole with 
 cross-bar toothed like comb at end for drawing- 
 together hay &c. or smoothing loose soil or 
 gravel, wheeled implement drawn by horse for 
 same purpose ; kinds of implement resembling 
 r. used for other purposes. [OE raca, cf. Du. 
 raak, G rechen, (also Goth, rikan heap up)] 
 
 pake 2 , v. t. & i. Collect, draw together, gather 
 up, pull out, clear off, (as) with r. (r. out the 
 fire ; r. up or together all possible charges ; r. 
 off the leaves) ; clean or smooth with r.; search 
 (as) with r., ransack, (has raked all history for 
 proofs) ; m&kelevel, clean, &c, with r.; scratch, 
 scrape ; sweep with shot, enfilade, send shot 
 along (ship) from stem to stern, sweep with the 
 eyes, (of window &c.) have commanding view 
 
RAKE 
 
 689 
 
 RANCOUR 
 
 of ; use r., search as with r. (have been raking 
 among or in or into old records), [f. ON raka 
 cogn. w. prec.] 
 
 pake 3 , n. Dissipated or immoral man of fa- 
 shion, [for rakehell] 
 
 pake 4 , v.i. & t., & n. (Of ship or its bow or 
 stern) project at upper part of bow or stern 
 beyond keel ; (of masts or funnels) incline from 
 perpendicular towards stern ; give backward 
 inclination to (bicycle's front forks are raked); 
 (n.) amount to which thing rakes, raking posi- 
 tion or build. [?] 
 
 pa'kehell, n. (archaic). =rake 3 . Hence 
 pa*kehelly 2 a. (archaic), [rake 2 , hell] 
 
 pa'kish 1 , a. (As) of, like, a rake 3 . Hence 
 pa*kishLV 2 adv., pa'kishNESS n. [-ish l ] 
 
 pa'kish 2 , a. (Of ship) smart & fast looking, 
 seeming built for speed & therefore open to sus- 
 picion of piracy, [perh. = prec. with extra as- 
 sociation of raking masts (rake 4 )] 
 
 pale (rahl), n. (path.). Sound additional to 
 that of respiration heard in auscultation of un- 
 healthy lungs. [F, f. rdler to rattle, etym. dub.J 
 
 ra/lentct'ndo, mus. direction. Gradually 
 slower. [It. | 
 
 ralli eap(t), n. Light two-wheeled driving- 
 trap for four. [Ralli, first purchaser, 1885] 
 
 pa'lly 1 , v.t. & i., & n. Reassemble, get to- 
 gether again, (t. & i.; esp. of army or company) 
 after rout or dispersion, (cause to) renew con- 
 flict ; bring or come together as support or for 
 concentrated action (rallied his party, his 
 party rallied, round or to him); revive (faculty 
 &c.) by effort of will, pull oneself together, as- 
 sume or rouse to fresn energy, throw off pros- 
 tration of illness or fear. (N.) act of rallying 
 (intr.), reunion for fresh effort; recovery of 
 energy after or in the middle of exhaustion or 
 illness ; (in tennis, rackets, &c.) strokes quickly 
 exchanged, [n. f. vb, f. F rallier (re-, ally 1 )] 
 
 pa'lly 2 , v.t. Banter, chaff. Hence pa'lly- 
 ingLY 2 adv. [as rail 3 ] 
 
 ram ] , n. Uncastrated male sheep, tup ; (R-) 
 zodiacal sign Aries ; = BATTEKing-r. ; (battle- 
 ship with) projecting beak at bow for charging 
 side of other ships; falling weight of pile- 
 driving machine; rammer; hydraulic water- 
 raising or lifting machine ; piston of hydrosta 
 tic press ; plunger of force-pump ; r.'s-horn, lit., 
 also scroll ornament imitated from r.'s head & 
 horns. [OE, also Du. & OHG ; perh. cogn. w. 
 ON rammr strong] 
 
 ram 2 , v.t. Beat down (soil &c.) into solidity 
 with wooden block &c, (abs.) use rammer, make 
 (post, plant, &c.) firm by ramming soil round 
 it; drive (pile &c.) down, in, into, by heavy 
 blows; force (charge) home, pack (gun) tight, 
 with ramrod ; squeeze or force into place by 
 pressure (rammed his clothes into a bag, his 
 hat down on his head ; had the list rammed 
 into me by repetition ; r. the argument home, 
 lay sufficient stress on it) ; cram with stuffing 
 &c; (of ship) strike with r.; dash or violently 
 impel (thing) against, at, on, or into (rammed 
 his head againstthe wall, his horse at a fence); 
 ra'mrod, for ramming home charge of muzzle- 
 loader. Hence pa'mmER M2) n. [perh. f. prec] 
 
 pam 3 , n. (naut). Boat's length over all. [?] 
 
 Ramada'n, n. Ninth month of Mohamme- 
 dan year,duringalldaylighthoursof which rigid 
 fasting is observed. [Arab, (ramada be hot) ; 
 perh. orig. one of hot months, now passing 
 through all seasons owing to lunar reckoning] 
 
 ra'mal, a. (bot.). Of, proceeding from, a 
 branch, [f. L ramus branch, -al] 
 
 pa'mble, v.i., & n. Walk (v. & n.) for plea- 
 sure & without definite route ; wander in dis- 
 course, talk or write disconnectedly. [?J 
 
 pa'mblep, n. In vbl senses ; also, kinds of 
 climbing rose, esp. the Crimson R. [-er i] 
 
 ra'mfoling-, a. Peripatetic, wandering ; dis- 
 connected, desultory, incoherent; (of plants) 
 straggling, climbing ; (of house, street, &c.) irre- 
 gularly planned. Hence ra'mbling-LY 2 adv. 
 
 l-ING 2 ] 
 
 ramekin, -quin (-kin), n. Small quantity 
 of cheese with bread-crumbs, eggs, &c, baked 
 in small mould. [F (-quin), etym. dub.] 
 
 ramification, n. Ramifying, (arrangement 
 of) tree's branches; subdivision of complex 
 structure comparable to tree's branches (the rr. 
 of a river, society, frade, plot, inquiry, &c). 
 I foil., -ation] 
 
 ra'mify, v.i. & t. Form branches or subdi- 
 visions or offshoots, branch out; (usu. pass.) 
 cause to branch out, arrange in branching man- 
 ner (railways were ramified over the country). 
 [f. F ramifier f. med.L ramificare (L ramus 
 branch, -i-, -FY)] 
 
 ra*mmish,a. Rank-smelling, [ram 1 , -ish 1 ] 
 
 ramo'se, a. Branched, branching, [f. L ra- 
 mosus (ramus branch, -ose 1 )] 
 
 ramp *, n. Slope, inclined plane joining two 
 levels of ground esp. in fortification, or of wall- 
 coping; difference in level between opposite 
 abutments of rampant arch ; upward bend in 
 stair-rail. [f. F rampe (foil.)] 
 
 ramp 2 , v.i. & t. (Chiefly of lion) stand on 
 hind-legs with fore-paws in air, assume or be in 
 threatening posture; (now usu. facet.) storm, 
 rage, rush about; (Archit., of -wall) ascend or 
 descend to different level ; (Archit., Mil.) fur- 
 nish or build with r. [f. OF ramper etym. dub.] 
 
 rampa'ge, v.i., & n. Behave violently, storm, 
 rage, rush about; (n.) violent behaviour (esp. 
 be on the r.). Hence rampa'geous (-jus) a., 
 rampa'geousLY 2 adv., rampa'geous- 
 ness n. [perh. f. prec] 
 
 ra'mpant, a. (Chiefly of lion, esp. in Herald. ) 
 ramping (in Herald., & in allusive imitations, 
 placed after nouns, as lion r., the snob r.); vio- 
 lent or extravagant in action or opinion, arrant, 
 aggressive, unchecked, prevailing, (is a r. the- 
 orist; popery is r. among us); rank, luxuriant, 
 (a rich soil makes nasturtiums too r.); (of arch 
 &c)havingone abutment higher than theother, 
 climbing. Hence ra'mpANC y n., ra'mpant- 
 ly 2 adv. [F (ramp 2 , -ant)] 
 
 pa'mpart, n., & v.t, Broad-topped & usu. 
 stone-parapeted defensive mound of earth, (fig. ) 
 defence, protection ; (vb) fortify or protect (as) 
 with r. [f. F rempart (remparer fortify, f. re-, 
 emparer take, possession of, f. L ante before, 
 parare secure)] 
 
 ra'mpion, n. Kind of bell-flower with white 
 tuberous roots used as salad, [cf. F raiponce, 
 It. ramponzolo, etym. dub.] 
 
 ra'mpire, n., & v.t. (Archaic for) rampart. 
 
 ra'mshackle, a. Tumbledown, crazy, 
 rickety, (usu. of house or vehicle), [earlier -ed, 
 perh. p.p. of obs. ransackle ransack] 
 
 ra'mson (-sn), n. (Root, eaten as relish, of) 
 broad-leaved garlic, [prop. pi. in -en of OE 
 hramsa, cf. G rams, Gk kromuon onion] 
 
 pan i, n. A certain length of twine. [?] 
 
 pan 2 . See run 1 . 
 
 ranee, n. Kind of red marble with blue & 
 white veins & spots. [?] 
 
 ranch (-tsh), n., & v.i. Cattle-breeding es- 
 tablishment in U.S.; (vb) conduct r. [f. Sp. 
 rancho mess, persons feeding together] 
 
 ra'neid,a. Smelling or tasting like rank stale 
 fat. Hence panei'diTY, pa'neidNESS, nn. [f. 
 L rancidus stinking] 
 
 pa'neoup (-ngk-), n. Inveterate bitterness, 
 malignant hate, spitef ulness. Hence pa'neor- 
 
RAND 
 
 690 
 
 RAPACIOUS 
 
 ous a., pa'ncorousLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L ran- 
 corem nom. -or (prec, -OR 1 )] 
 
 rand, n. Strip of leather between heel & shoe 
 or boot; (S.-Afr.) highlands on either side of 
 river valley (the R., Johannesburg). [OE& Du., 
 =bank, rim esp. of shield] 
 
 panda'n, n. Style of rowing for three men, 
 the middle using sculls & the others oars ; boat 
 for such use. [?] 
 
 pa'ndem, adv. & n. "With three horses 
 harnessed tandem ; (n.) carriage or team so 
 driven, [prob. formed on random & tandem] 
 
 random (-om), n. & a. At r., at haphazard, 
 without aim or purpose or principle, heedlessly. 
 (Adj.) made, done, &c, at r.; (of masonry) with 
 stones of irregular size & shape ; hence pa*n- 
 domLY 2 adv. (rare), [orig. sense great speed ; f. 
 OF randon {randir gallop); for -m cf. ransom] 
 
 pa'ndy, a. Loud-tongued, boisterous, lusty, 
 (Sc); (of cattle &c; dial.) wild, restive ; lustful, 
 in lustful mood. Hence pa'ndiXESS n. [prob. 
 f. obs. rand var. of rant, -y 2 ] 
 
 ra'nee (rah-), n. Hindu queen, [f. Hind, rani 
 f. Skr. rajni fern, of rajah] 
 
 pang". See ri ng 2 . 
 
 pange 1 (-j), v.t. & i. Place or arrange in a 
 row or ranks or in specified situation or order 
 or company (usu. pass, or refl. ; ranged their 
 troops ; ranged themselves on each side ; was 
 ranged against, among, on the side of, with, 
 &c. ; trees ranged in an ascending scale of 
 height ; r. oneseZ/imit. F, take up definite posi- 
 tion in society, 'settle down, e.g. by marrying); 
 run in a line, reach, lie spread out, extend, be 
 found or occur over specified district (often 
 from . . . to), vary between limits, (ranges north 
 '& south, along the sea; nightingaleranges from 
 the Channel to Warwickshire); be level (with ; 
 a 12mo does not r. well with a folio), rank or 
 find right place with or among (ranges with the 
 great writers) ; rove, wander, (often over, along, 
 through, &c, district or coast ; his thoughts r. 
 over past, present, & future ; ranging fancy, 
 inconstant affections); (of gun) throw projectile 
 over, (of projectile) traverse, (distance; ranges 
 over a mile); go all about (place), sail along or 
 about (coast, sea), [f. OF ranger (rang rank l )] 
 
 range 2 , n. Row, line, tier, or series of things, 
 esp. of buildings or mountains ; lie, direction, 
 (the r. of the strata is east & west ; keep the two 
 buoys in r. with the lighthouse); stretch of graz- 
 ing or hunting ground ; piece of ground with 
 targets for shooting ; area over which plant &c. 
 is distributed, area included in or concerned 
 with something, sphere, scope, compass, regis- 
 ter, limits of variation, limited scale or series, 
 distance attainable by gun or projectile, dis- 
 tance between gun &c. & objective, (gives the 
 rr. of all species ; the thorniest question in the 
 whole r. of politics ; the r. of her voice is as- 
 tonishing ; his reading is of very wide r. ; the r. 
 of the barometer readings is about % in. ; He- 
 brew is out of my r. ; there is a lower r. of prices 
 today ; the enemy are out ofr., have found the 
 r. of our camp) ; cooking fireplace usu. with 
 oven(s), boiler(s), & iron top plate with open- 
 ings for saucepans &c; r. -finder, instrument 
 for estimating distance of object to be shot at. 
 [OF, = row, rank, (prec.)] 
 
 pa'ngep, n. In vbl senses ; also : keeper of a 
 royal park, whence pa'ngepsHiP n.; (pi.) body 
 of mounted troops (esp. the Connaught Rr., a 
 British regiment), [-er l ] 
 
 rank *, n. Row, line, queue, (now chiefly of 
 cabs standing in line); nurnberof soldiers drawn 
 up in single line abreast (usu. one r. behind an- 
 other, called front, rear, r. ; the rr. were broken, 
 could not keep the formation ; the rr. or the r. 
 
 d: file, comxnon soldiers, i. e. privates & corporals, 
 & transf. lower classes or ordinary undistin- 
 guished people ; rise from the rr., said of com- 
 mon soldier or sergeant who is given commis- 
 sion, or of selfmade man); order, array, (keepr., 
 bi*eak r., remain, fail to remain, in line); dis- 
 tinct social class, grade of dignity, station, high 
 station, (people of all rr.; persons of r., mem- 
 bers of nobility ; r. & fashion, high society ; 
 the p^ride ofr.) ; place in a scale (the first r. rmist 
 be given to the rose), [f. obs. F ranc (now rang), 
 perh. f. OHG hrinc ring ] ] 
 
 pank 2 , v.t. & i. Arrange (esp. soldiers) in r.; 
 classify, give certain grade to ; have r. or place 
 (ranks among the Oreat Powers, next to the 
 king, &c); (Mil.) march past or off. [f. prec] 
 
 pank 3 , a. Too luxuriant, gross, coarse, over- 
 productive, choked with or apt to produce 
 weeds, (looses are growing r., running too much 
 to leaf ; land toor. to grow corn); foul-smelling, 
 offensive, rancid ; loathsome, indecent, corrupt; 
 strongly marked, unmistakable, flagrant, viru* 
 lent, gross, (r. treason, pedanh^y, poison, non- 
 sense). Hence pa'nkLY 2 adv., pa'nkNESS 
 n. [OE ranc, cf. LG rank long & thin, ON rakkr 
 slender, bold] 
 
 pa'nkep, n. (Commissioned officer who has 
 been) a soldier in the ranks, [-er 1 ] 
 
 pa'nkle, v.i. (Of wound, sore, &c.) fester, 
 continue painful, (archaic); (of envy, disap- 
 pointment, &c, or their cause) be bitter, give 
 intermittent or constant pain. [f. OF rancler 
 (r ancle, drancle, draoncle, festering sore = 
 med.L dracunculus dim. of draco serpent)] 
 
 ra'nsack, v.t. Thoroughly search (place, 
 receptacle, person's pockets, one's conscience, 
 &c); pillage, plunder, (house, country, &c). [f. 
 ON rannsaka (rami house, sxkja seek] 
 
 ra'nsom, n., & v.t. (Liberation of prisoner 
 of war in consideration of) sum of money or 
 value paid for release (hold one to r„ be willing 
 to release him for such consideration); black- 
 mail, sum &c. exacted in return for privilege 
 or immunity, (graduated income-tax & death- 
 duties are no more than a fair r. paid by the 
 rich) ; r.-bill, -bond, undertaking, esp. on part 
 of captured ship, to pay r. ; hence ra'nsom- 
 less a. (Vb) redeem, buy freedom or restora- 
 tion of ; atone for, expiate ; hold to r., release 
 for a r. ; exact r. from. [f. OF ranso7i(ner) f. L 
 redemptionem redemption] 
 
 pant, v.i. & t., & n. Use bombastic language; 
 declaim, recite theatrically ; preach noisily, 
 whence (esp. of Primitive Methodists) pa'ntER 1 
 n. (N.) piece of ranting, tirade ; empty turgid 
 talk. [f. obs. Du. randten rave, cf. G ranzen to 
 frolic] 
 
 ranu'nculus (ra-), n. (pi. -luses, -li). Genus 
 of plants including the buttercups, crowfoot. 
 [L, orig. dim. of rana frog] 
 
 ranz-des-vaches (F), n. Swiss herdsmen's 
 melody made of harmonic notes of Alpine horn. 
 [Swiss dial.] 
 
 pap 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Smart slight blow (a r. 
 on the knuckles, punishment inflicted on child, 
 also fig. reproof); sound made by knocker on 
 door &c, or by some agency on table or floor in 
 spiritualistic stances. ( Vb) strike (esp. person's 
 knuckles) smartly ; make the sound called a r. 
 (rapped at the door, on the table, &c); r. out 
 (oath, pan, &c), utter abruptly or on the spur 
 of the moment; (of spirits) r. out (message, 
 word), express by rr. [prob. imit.] 
 
 pap 2 , n. Skein of 120 yds of yarn. [?] 
 
 pap 3 , n. An atom, the least bit, (don't care 
 a r.). [earlier sense 18th-c. Irish counterfeit 
 halfpenny ; etym. dub.] 
 
 rapa'cious, a. Grasping, extortionate, pre- 
 
RAPE 
 
 691 
 
 RATCHET 
 
 datory. Hence or cogn. papa'eiousLY 2 adv., 
 papa'eiTYn. [f. Lrapax (rapere seize.-ACious)] 
 
 rape 1 , v.t., &n. Take by force (poet.); ravish, 
 force, violate, (woman). (N.) carrying off by 
 force (poet.); ravishing or violation of a woman, 
 [prob. f. L rapere seize] 
 
 rape 2 , n. Any of six administrative divisions 
 of Sussex, [from 1086; etym. dub.] 
 
 rape 3 , n. Plant grown as food for sheep; 
 plant cultivated for its seed from which oil is 
 made, coleseed; tuild r., charlock; r.-cake, r.- 
 seed pressed into flat shape after extraction of 
 oil& used as manure ; r.-oil, made from r.-seed 
 & used as lubricant & in making soap & india- 
 rubber, [f. L rapum turnip] 
 
 pape 4 , n. Refuse of grapes after wine-making 
 used in making vinegar ; vessel used in vinegar- 
 making, [f. F rape, cf. Pr. raspa, It. raspo] 
 
 Raphaele'sque (k), Raff-, a. In style of 
 Raphael. [Raphael (It. Raffaello), -esque] 
 
 pa'pid, a. & n. Speedy, quick, swift; acting 
 or completed in short time ; (of slope) descend- 
 ing steeply ; hence or cogn. papi'dirv n., ra*- 
 pidLY 2 adv. (N.) steep descent in river-bed, 
 with swift current, [f. Lrapidus {rapere seize)] 
 
 pa'piep, n. Light slender sword for thrusting 
 only, small-sword, (r. -thrust, often fig. of deli- 
 cate or witty repartee), [f. F rapiere etym. dub.] 
 
 pa'pine, n. (rhet.). Plundering, robbery, [f. 
 L rapina (rapere seize, -ine 4 )] 
 
 pappapee*, n. (hist.). 17th-c. Irish irregular 
 soldier or freebooter, [f. Ir. rapaire short pike] 
 
 rappee', n. Coarse kind of snuff, [f. F (tabac) 
 rdpi, RASPecZ (tobacco)] 
 
 pappor't (or rapor*), n. Communication, re- 
 lationship, connexion, (be in, or F en, come into, 
 or F en, r. with). [F (rapporter f. re-, ap-, por- 
 ter f. L port are carry)] 
 
 rapprochement (F), n. Re-establishment 
 or recommencement of harmonious relations, 
 esp. between States. 
 
 papsca'llion, n. Rascal, scamp, rogue, [ear- 
 lier rascallion, prob. f. rascal] 
 
 papt, p.p., & a. Snatched away bodily or car- 
 ried away in spirit from earth, from life, from 
 consciousness, or from ordinary thoughts & per- 
 ceptions (often away, up, &c); absorbed, en- 
 raptured, intent, (esp. listen with r. attention). 
 [f. L raptus p.p. of rapere seize] 
 
 paptop*ial, a. & n. (zool.). (Member) of the 
 Raptores, an order of birds of prey ; predatory, 
 (as) of predatory birds or animals, [f. L raptor 
 (prec., -or 2 ) plunderer + -ial] 
 
 pa'ptupe (-tsher), n. Mental transport, ec- 
 static delight, (be in, go into, rr., be enthusiastic, 
 talk enthusiastically; rr., vehement pleasure 
 or the expression of it). Hence pa'ptupous a., 
 pa*ptupousLY 2 adv. [f. rapt -f -ure] 
 
 pa'ptured, a. Enraptured, in ecstasy, [f. 
 obs^rapture vb (prec), -ed 1 ] 
 
 rar'a a'vis, n. Rarity, kind of person or thing 
 rarely encountered. [L, = rare bird] 
 
 pape, a. Of loosely packed substance, not 
 dense, (the r. atviosphere of the mountain 
 tops); few & far between, uncommon, unusual, 
 exceptional, seldom found or occurring, (it is r. 
 for person &c. to do, or it is rarely that he &c. 
 does) ; of uncommon excellence, remarkably 
 good, very amusing, (a miracle ofr. device ; had 
 r.funwith him). Hence pare'L y 2 adv. , pape*- 
 ness n. [f. L rams] 
 
 pape'bit, n. See welsh rabbit 
 
 pap*ee-show, n. Show carried about in a 
 box ; any show or spectacle, [perh. —rare show 
 as pronounced by Savoyard showmen] 
 
 pap'efy, v.t. & i. Lessen density or solidity 
 of (esp. air); purify, refine, (person's nature &c); 
 make (idea &c.) subtle ; become less dense. So 
 
 rareFA'CTiON, pareFiCA'TiON, nn., pap*e- 
 faeti ve a. [f. L rarefacere (iovrarifacere perh. 
 on anal, of arefacere) f. rams rare Jacere make] 
 pap'ity, n. Rareness (see rare); uncommon 
 thing, thing valued as being rare. [f. L raritas 
 
 (RARE, -TY)J 
 
 pa'seal, n. & a. Rogue, knave, scamp, (often 
 playfully to child &c. ; you lucky r.!)\ (adj.) be- 
 longing to the rabble (archaic ; the r. rout, the 
 common people). Hence pa'scalDOiM, pa*s- 
 ealiSM(2), pasea'liTY nn., pa'scalLY 1 a. [f. 
 OF rascaille rabble, etym. dub.] 
 
 rase. See raze. 
 
 pash 1 , n. Eruption of the skin in spots or 
 patches, [cf. OF rache scurf, It. raschia itch ; 
 from 18th c. only] 
 
 pash 2 , a. Hasty, impetuous, overbold, reck- 
 less, acting or done without due consideration. 
 Hence pa'shLY 2 adv., pa'shxESS n. [cf. Du. 
 & G rasch quick] 
 
 pa'sher, n. Thin slice of bacon or ham. 
 [perh. f. obs. rash to slice, prob. var. of raze] 
 
 rasp, v.t. & i., & n. (Scrape with) coarse 
 kind of file having separate teeth raised with 
 pointed punch ; scrape roughly ; grate upon 
 (person or his feelings), irritate ; scrape off or 
 away ; make grating sound, [f. OF raspe(r), 
 now rdpe(r), perh. f. Teut., cf. OHG rasp&n 
 scrape together] 
 
 pa'spatopy, n. Rasp used in surgery, [f. 
 med.L raspatorium (raspare rasp, -tory)] 
 
 pa'spbeppy (zb), n. (Plant bearing) white, 
 yellow, or usu. red subacid fruit of many small 
 juicy grains arranged on conical receptacle ; 
 r.-canes, the plants ; r.-xinegar, kind of syrup, 
 [f. rasp (now Sc. & north.), raspis, etym. dub.] 
 
 passe (ra'si, ras), n. Kind of civet-cat. [f. Ja- 
 vanese rase] 
 
 pat ! , n., & v.i. Rodent of some larger species 
 of the mouse kind (musk, water, -?■.; black or 
 old-English r., variety now nearly ousted by 
 common grey, brown, or Norway r.; smell a r., 
 have suspicions ; like a drowned r., said of per- 
 son wet through; Rats! slang, nonsense!, in- 
 credible!, &c); (Pol.) person who deserts his 
 party in difficulties as rr. desert doomed house 
 or ship, turncoat ; workman who refuses to 
 join strike, takes striker's place, or accepts less 
 than trade-union wages; r. -catcher, person who 
 makes living by ridding houses of rr.; ra'tsbane, 
 r.-poison (now only in literary fig. use); r.'s- 
 tail, thing shaped like r.'s tail, e.g. kind of file ; 
 r.-tail, (horse with) hairless horse's tail, whence 
 pa't-tailED 2 a. (r.-t. spoon, with tail-like pro- 
 longation of handle along back of bowl) ; r.- 
 trap, lit., also (cycle pedal) made of two parallel 
 iron plates with teeth ; hence pa'tty 2 a. (Vb) 
 hunt or kill rr. (of person or dog) ; play the r. in 
 politics ; hence pa'ttER 1 n. [OE rxt, cf. Du. 
 rat, G ratz, also F rat, etym. dub.] 
 
 pat 2 , v.t. 3rd sing. pres. subj. (vulg.). =drat. 
 
 pa'ta, n. Large handsome New-Zealand tree 
 with crimson flowers & hard red wood. [Maori] 
 
 pa'table, a. Proportional (archaic) ; liable 
 to payment of municipal rates, whence pata- 
 bi'lity n. Hence pa'tabLY 2 adv. [rate 2 , 
 -able] 
 
 patafra (-ea), -fee*, n. Liqueur flavoured 
 with almonds or kernels of peach, apricot, or 
 cherry ; kind of biscuit similarly flavoured ; 
 kind of cherry. [F (-ia), etym. dub.] 
 
 ra'tal, n. Amount on which rates are as- 
 sessed (also attrib., as the r. qualification for 
 vestries), [f. rate *, prob. after rental] 
 
 patapla'n, n., & v.t. & i. (-nn-). Drumming 
 sound. ( Vb) play (as) on drum; make r. [F, imit.] 
 
 pa'tehet, patch, nn., & vv.t. Set of teeth 
 on edge of bar or wheel by which in combina- 
 
RATE 
 
 692 
 
 RATTLE 
 
 tion with a catch motion in one direction may 
 be prevented while possible in the other ; (also 
 r.-wheel) wheel with rim so toothed; (vb) pro- 
 vide with r., give r. form to. [f. F rochet kind 
 of lance-head, cf. rocket 2 ] 
 
 pate l t n. Statement of numerical proportion 
 prevailing or to prevail between two sets of 
 things either or both of which may be unspeci- 
 fied, amount &c. mentioned in one case for 
 application to all similar ones, standard or way 
 of reckoning, (measure of) value, tariff charge, 
 cost, relative speed, (going at the r. of six miles 
 an hour; can have them at the r. of 11- a 
 thousand ; the death-r. xoas 19permille ; the r. 
 of interest, wages, &c, is to be regulated ; the 
 high rr. charged by the railways ; at that r. 
 colloq., if this is a fair specimen, if this assump- 
 tion is true, &c; at any r., in either or any 
 possible case, even if a stronger statement is 
 doubtfully true, &c; the low r. at which you 
 value it ; sell at a high r.; win success at an 
 easy r. ; went off at a great r. , speed ; pauperism 
 increases at a fearfxd r.) ; assessment levied by 
 local authorities for local purposes (rr. & taxes ; 
 a Id. r. is raised for the free library) ; class 
 (archaic except in first, third, &c, -r.) ; rate- 
 payer, person liable to have municipal rr. ex- 
 acted from him. [OF, f. med.L rata (L pro ra- 
 ta parte according to the proportional share, f. 
 ratus p.p. of reri reckon] 
 
 pate 2 , v.t. & i. Estimate worth or value of, 
 (I do not r. his merits high; each offence is 
 rated at a fixed sum by way of penalty ; esp. in 
 over-r., under-r.), assign fixed value to (coin, 
 metals) in relation to monetary standard (the 
 copper coinage is rated much above its real 
 value) ; consider, regard as, (Ir. him among my 
 benefactors); (usu. in pass.) subject to payment 
 of a local r., value for purpose of assessing rr. 
 on, (ive are highly rated for education, have to 
 pay a high r.; houses are rated at a sum small- 
 er than the rent, the sum on which rr. are 
 charged is less) ; r. up, impose higher insurance 
 1*. on (persons &c, liable to exceptional risks) ; 
 (Naut.) class under a certain rating 1 , (intr.) 
 rank or be rated as. [f. prec] 
 
 pate 3 , v.t. & i. Scold (trans.) angrily ; (rare) 
 storm at. [?] 
 
 pate 4 . See i-;et. 
 
 ra'tel, n. S.-Afr. carnivorous quadruped, 
 honey-badger. [Cape-Du., etym. dub.] 
 
 -pa'tep, n. Racing yacht of specified tonnage 
 (10-r., 2\-r., &c). [rate l, -er 1 ] 
 
 rathe (-dh), a. (poet.). Coming, blooming, 
 &c, early in the year or day ; r.-ripe, rathripe 
 (-th-), ripening early, precocious, (n.) early kinds 
 of pea, apple, &c. [f. obs. rathe adv., OE hrathe 
 (hrad quick)] 
 
 pa'thep (rahdh-), adv. More truly, to a great- 
 er extent, as a more accurate description or 
 preferable account of the matter, or to be more 
 precise, (Isr. good than bad. Derived r. from 
 imagination than reason. Orderliness is not 
 the result of law ; r. it is the cause of it. Late 
 last night, or r. early this morning), the r. that, 
 so much the more because ; in a modified way, 
 to some extent, slightly, somewhat, (/ r. think 
 you know him ; the performance was r. a fail- 
 ure, was r. good, fell r. flat) ; by preference, for 
 choice, sooner, as an alternative chosen sooner 
 than another of same grammatical form or 
 than to (would much r. not go ; he vjould r. 
 nave died than refused ; use soft water r. than 
 hard ; the desire to seem clever r. than honest ; 
 he resigned r. than stifle his conscience ; also 
 with had, as / had r. err with Plato than be 
 right with Horace) ; (colloq., in answers) most 
 emphatically, yes without doubt, assuredly, 
 
 (Have you been here before ?— Rather !). [com- 
 par. of obs. rathe adv., see prec] 
 
 pa'tify, v.t. Confirm or make valid (compact 
 made in one's name) by formal consent, signa- 
 ture, &c. So patiFiCA'TiON n. [f. Fratifier f. 
 med.L ratificare (rate 1 , -fv>] 
 
 pa'ting \ n. In vbl senses of rate 2 ; also or 
 esp.: amount fixed as municipal rate ; (Naut.) 
 person's position or class on ship's books, (col- 
 lect.) all persons of a particular r.; any of the 
 classes into which racing yachts are distributed 
 by tonnage, [rate 2 , -ing j ] 
 
 pa'ting-^n. Angry reprimand, [rate 3 , -ing 1 ] 
 
 pa'tio (-shio), n.(pl. -os). Quantitative relation 
 between two similar magnitudes determined by 
 the number of times one contains the other in- 
 tegrally or fractionally (are in the r. of three to 
 two or 3 : 2 ; the rr. 1:5 &20 : 100 are the same). 
 
 IL (RATE 1 , -ION)] 
 
 pa'tid'einate (or -shi-), v.i. Go through lo- 
 gical processes, reason formally, use syllogisms. 
 So patioeinATiON n., patio'einATiVE a. [f. 
 L rjitiocinari (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pa'tion(-shn), n., & v.t. Fixed daily allowance 
 of food served out for man or animal esp. in 
 army or navy ; single portion of provisions, 
 fuel, &c; (pi.) provisions; (vb) limit (persons, 
 food) to fixed r. [f. L ratio] 
 
 pactional (-sho-), a. & n. Endowed with rea- 
 son, reasoning ; sensible, sane, moderate, not 
 foolish or absurd or extreme ; of, based on, 
 reasoning or reason, rejecting what is unreason- 
 able or cannot be tested by reason in religion 
 or custom, (r. dress, esp. of knickerbockers worn 
 by women instead of skirts ; has r. leanings in 
 religion, has doubts about the truth of revela- 
 tion, the possibility of miracles, &c) ; (Math., 
 of quantity or ratio) expressible without radi- 
 cal signs (opp. surd) ; hence or cogn. ration- 
 a'liTV n., pa*tionalLY 2 adv. (N., pi.) r. dress. 
 [f. L rationalis (prec, -al)] 
 
 rationale, n. Reasoned exposition, state- 
 ment of reasons, (now rare) ; fundamental rea- 
 son, logical basis, of. [L, neut. as prec] 
 
 rationalism, n. Practice of explaining the 
 supernatural in religion in a way consonant with 
 reason, or of treating reason as the ultimate 
 authority in religion as elsewhere ; theory that 
 reason is the foundation of certainty in know- 
 ledge (opp. empiricism, sensationalism). So 
 pa*tionaliST(2) n. & a., pationali'stic a., 
 pationali'stiCALLY adv. [-ism] 
 
 rationalize, v.t. & i. Explain, explain 
 away, by rationalism, bring into conformity 
 with reason ; be or act as a rationalist ; 
 (Math.) clear from irrational quantities. [-izej 
 
 pa'tite, a.(ornith.). Belonging to the Ratitae, 
 a genus of birds, including ostrich, emu, casso- 
 wary, &c, with keelless breastbone (opp.CARix- 
 \te). [f. L ratis raft, -ite 2 ] 
 
 pa'tlin(e), -ling", n. (usu. pi. ). (One of) small 
 lines fastened across ship's shrouds like ladder- 
 rungs, [cf. OF raalingue small cordage streng- 
 thening saihedge] 
 
 patoo'n, n., & v.i. New shoot springing from 
 sugar-cane root after cropping ; ( vb) send up rr. 
 [f. Sp. retono sproutl 
 
 pat(t)a*n, n. Kinds of E.-Indian climbing 
 palm with long thin many-jointed pliable 
 stems ; piece of r. stem used as cane or for other 
 
 fmrposes ; rr. used as a material in building &c 
 f. Malay rotan (rant pare)] 
 pat-ta't, patata't, pa*t-tat-ta*t, n. Rap- 
 ping sound, esp. of knocker on door, [imit.] 
 pa'tten, v.t. Molest (workman or employer) 
 by abstracting or injuring tools or machinery 
 &c in trade-union or similar disputes. [?] 
 pa'ttle ] , v.i. & t. Give out rapid succession 
 
RATTLE 
 
 693 
 
 RAZE 
 
 of short sharp hard sounds, cause such sounds 
 by shaking something (he rattled at the door) ; 
 talk in lively thoughtless way (often on, away, 
 along) ; move or fall with rattling noise, drive 
 vehicle or ride or run briskly, (usu. down, along, 
 past, &c); (part.) brisk, vigorous, (a rattling 
 ivind, pace), (preceding good &c.) remarkably 
 (had a rattling good run, dinner, &c.) ; make 
 (chain, window, crockery, &c.) r.; say or recite 
 (verses, stories, lists, oaths) rapidly (usu. off, 
 out, over, away, Sec); stir up from dullness; 
 make move quickly (r. fox, hunt it close ; r. up 
 the anchor; r. bill through the House). [ME 
 & Du. ratelen, cf. G rasseln, prob. imit.] 
 
 pa'ttle 2 , n. Instrument or plaything made to 
 r. esp. in order to give alarm or to amuse babies ; 
 set of horny rings in rattlesnake's tail ; kinds 
 of plant with seeds that r. in their cases when 
 ripe (esp. Yellow, Red, r.) ; rattling sound, up- 
 roar, bustle, Koisy gaiety, racket, (death-r., 
 such sound in throat immediately before death ; 
 the rr., croup) ; noisy flow of words, empty 
 chatter, trivial talk ; lively incessant talker ; 
 r.-bag, -bladder, -box, rr. constructed of bag 
 &c. with objects inside to r.; r.-brain, -head, 
 •pate, (person with) empty brain &c, whence 
 pa'ttlebrainED 2 , pa'ttleheadED 2 , ra*t- 
 tlepatiio '-, aa.; rattlesnake, venomous Ameri- 
 can snake with rattling apparatus in tail ; 
 rattletrap n. & a., rickety (vehicle &c), (pi.) 
 curiosities, odds & ends. If. prec] 
 
 pa'ttler, n. In vbl senses; esp., remarkably 
 good specimen of anything. 1-er 1 ] 
 
 pair eo us, a. Hoarse, harsh-sounding. Hence 
 pau'cousLV 2 adv. [f. L raumcs, -ous] 
 
 raug-hty. See rorty. 
 
 pauque(-k),a. (rare). Raucous. [F(raucous)] 
 
 pa'vage ( -ij), v.t. & i., & n. Devastate, 
 plunder, (t. & i.), make havoc ; (n.) devastation, 
 damage, (esp. pi.) destructive effects of. [f. F 
 ravage(r), vb f. n., (ravir ravish, -age)] 
 
 pave 1 , n. Rail of cart; (pi.) permanent or 
 removable framework added to sides of cart to 
 increase capacity, [also rathe dial. ; etym. dub.] 
 
 pave 2 , v.i. & t., & n. Talk wildly or furious- 
 ly (as) in delirium (often about, against, at, of, 
 for; raving mad, uncontrollably, so as tor.); 
 (of sea, wind, &c.) howl, roar; speak with rap 
 turous admiration about or of, go into raptures ; 
 utter with ravings (r. one's grief &c.) ; r. one- 
 self hoarse, to sleep, &c; storm raves itself 
 out, to an end ; hence (often pi.) pa'viNG Ml) n. 
 (N.) raving sound of wind &c. [perh. f. OF 
 raver var. of rever dream (reverie)] 
 
 pa'vel, v.t. & i. (-11-), & n. Entangle or be- 
 come entangled, confuse, complicate, (thread 
 &c, or fig. question, problem ; esp. in p.p., as 
 the ravelled skein of life); fray (i. & t.) out, 
 whence pa'velliNG '(2) n.; disentangle, un- 
 ravel, distinguish the separate threads or sub- 
 divisions of, (often out). (N.) entanglement, 
 knot, complication ; frayed or loose end. [prob. 
 f. Du. ravelen] 
 
 pa'velin (-vl), n. (fortif.). Outwork of two 
 faces forming salient angle outside main ditch 
 before curtain. [F, f. It. ravellino etym. dub.] 
 
 ra'ven l , n. & a. Large black-plumaged 
 hoarse-voiced bird of crow kind feeding chiefly 
 on flesh, often kept tame, & popularly held of 
 evil omen ; (adj.) of glossy black (esp. r. locks, 
 black hair). [com.-Teut.; OE hrxfn, cf. Du. 
 raaf, G rabe] 
 
 ra'ven 2 , v.i. & t. Plunder (intr.), go plunder- 
 ing about, seek after prey or booty, prowl for 
 Erey; eat or devour (t. & abs.) voraciously; 
 ave ravenous appetite for, be ravenous, [f. 
 OF raviner ravage (L rapina rapine)] 
 
 p&'venous, a. Rapacious (now rare); vo- 
 
 racious (esp. r. hunger, eagerness, &c.) ; fam- 
 ished, very hungry. Hence ra'venousLY 2 
 adv., pa'venousNESS n. (rare), [f. OF ravin- 
 eux (prec, -ous)] 
 
 pa'vin, n. (poet., rhet.). Robberv, rapine; 
 seizing & devouring of prey (beast of r., of 
 prey); spoil. If. F ravine (now obs. in this 
 sense) f. L rapina rapine] 
 
 pavi'ne (-en), n. Deep narrow gorge, moun- 
 tain-cleft. Hence pavi'nED 2 a. [F,= violent 
 rush, ravine, (prec.)J 
 
 pa'vish, v.t. Carry off (person, thing) by 
 force (now rare) ; (of death, circumstances, &c.) 
 take from life or from sight ; commit rape 
 upon, violate, (woman), whence pa'vishER 1 
 n.; enrapture, charm, entrance, fill with de- 
 light, whence pa'vishiNG 2 a., ra'vishing-- 
 ly 2 adv., so pa'vishMENT n. If. F ravir (L 
 rapere seize), -ish 2 ] 
 
 paw, a., n., & v.t. Uncooked (r. cream, got 
 without scalding of milk; r^brick, not harden- 
 ed by fire) ; in un wrought state, not or not com- 
 pletely manufactured, (r. silk, as reeled from 
 cocoons ; r. cloth, unfulled ; r. hide, untanned 
 leather, also rope or whip of this ; r. spirit, un- 
 diluted ; r. grain, unmalted ; r. material, that 
 out of which any process of manufacture makes 
 the articles it produces, as the finished product 
 of one industry is the r. material of another, 
 the r. material of an army is men) ; artistically 
 crude ; inexperienced, untrained, unskilled, 
 fresh to anything, (is a r. lad ; r. recruits) ; 
 stripped of skin, having the flesh exposed, ex- 
 coriated, sensitive to a touch from being so 
 exposed ; (of atmosphere, Avind, day, &c.) damp 
 & chilly ; r. -boned, w r ith bones almost exposed, 
 gaunt ; r. head & bloody bones, nursery bug- 
 bear, death's-head & cross-bones, (attrib., of 
 narrative style &c.) crudely horrible; hence 
 pawiSH '(2) a., paw'NESs n. (N.) r. place on 
 person's or esp. horse's skin ; touch one on the 
 r., wound his feelings on the point on which he 
 is sensitive. (Vb) rub (esp. horse's back) into 
 rawness. [com.-Teut.; OE hriaiv, cf. Du. rauw, 
 G roh ; cogn. w. L cruor blood, Gk Ureas flesh] 
 
 pay l , n. Single line or narrow beam of light, 
 (in scientific use) straight line in which radiant 
 energy capable of producing sensation of light 
 is propagated to given point (Rontgen, pr. runt- 
 yen or as G, or X, -rr., form of radiation pene- 
 trating many substances impervious to ordin- 
 ary light ; Becquerel rr., rr. emitted by radio- 
 active bodies) ; analogous propagation-line of 
 heat or other non-luininous physical energy, 
 (fig.) remnant or beginning of enlightening or 
 cheering influence (ar., notar., of hope, truth, 
 genius, &c.) ; radius of circle (rare), any of the 
 lines forming a pencil or set of straight lines 
 passing through one point, any of a set of 
 radiating lines or parts or things; (Bot.) mar- 
 ginal part of composite flower, as daisy ; radial 
 division of starfish. Hence payED 2 , pay*- 
 less, aa., pay 'let n. [f. OF rai (nom. rais f. 
 
 L RADIUS)] 
 
 pay 2 , v.i. & t. (Of light &c, or fig. of thought, 
 hope, &c.) issue, come forth, or o^Tor out, in rr. ; 
 radiate (t. & i.; poet.), [f. prec] 
 
 pay 3 , n. Kinds of large sea-fish allied to 
 shark, with broad flat body, used as food, esp. 
 the skate, [f. F raie f. L raia\ 
 
 Rayah (ri-), n. Non-Mohammedan Turkish 
 subject, [f. Arab, ra'iyah flock (ra'a feed)] 
 
 raze, rase (-z), v.t. Wound slightly, graze, 
 (rare) ; erase, scratch out, (rare exc fig. as r. 
 person's name from remembrance); completely 
 destroy, level with the ground, (town, house, 
 walls, &c; usu. to the ground), [f. F raser f. 
 pop, L frequent, of L radere ras- scrape] 
 
RAZEE 
 
 694 
 
 RE- 
 
 razee*, n., & v.t. Ship reduced in height hy 
 removal of upper deck(s) ; (vb) turn into a r. [f. 
 F rasee fern. p.p. as prec.] 
 
 pa'ZOP, n., & v.t. Instrument used in shav- 
 ing hair from skin {safety r., kinds with guard 
 to obviate risk of gashing skin) ; r.-back, back 
 sharp as r.'s edge (often attrib., as r.-b. whale 
 or rorqual, r.-b. hill, &c), whence pa'zor- 
 baekED 2 a.; r.-bill, kinds of bird with r. bill 
 or bill shaped like r., whence ra'zor-billED' 2 
 a.; r.-edge, keen edge, sharp mountain ridge, 
 critical situation, sharp line of division (keep 
 on the r.-e. of orthodoxy ; be on a r.-e. or r. s 
 edge imit. Gk, be in great danger) ; r.-Jish, 
 -shell, kinds of bivalve with shell like handle 
 of ordinary r.; r.-grinder, lit., also kinds of 
 bird ; r.-strop. ( Vb ; rare) use r. upon, shave, 
 cut down close, [f. OF rasor (prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 ra'zzia (z), n. Raid, plundering or slave- 
 collecting expedition, esp. as carried out by 
 African Mohammedans. [F, f. Arab, ghazwah 
 (ghasw make war)] 
 
 pa'zzle-dazzle, n. (slang). Excitement, 
 bustle, stir, spree, [redupl. of dazzle] 
 
 pe 1 (ra), n. Second note of octave; (rare) note 
 D, the second in natural scale of C major, [see 
 gamut] 
 
 re 2 , abl. of res. (As prep.) in the matter of 
 (chiefly in legal & business use as first word of 
 head-line stating matter to be dealt with ; also 
 vulg. as substitute for about, concerning, in or- 
 dinary use); re infe'ctd, without having accom- 
 plished one's object (esp. return r. i.) 
 
 pe- (see * Pronunciation, ** Hyphen, below), 
 pref. f. L re-, red-, again, back, un-. Re- both 
 forms part of large numbers of already com- 
 pounded words borrowed f. L or Rom., & is 
 treated as a living pref. In the latter capacity 
 it may be prefixed for the occasion to any vb or 
 vbl derivative ; this is esp. common in such 
 phrr. as traverse & re-traverse = traverse again 
 & again, reckoning & re-reckoning, translation 
 & re-translation ; but many vbs &c. that ori- 
 ginated as nonce- wds have become established, 
 often with restriction to one or some only of 
 the simple word's senses ; the more common or 
 important words of this class, & others whose 
 simplicity of meaningallows them to be grouped 
 with it, are given with any necessary informa- 
 tion under senses 8, 9, below. Those senses are 
 the simple ones, found also in many of the wds 
 compounded before being adopted by E; but 
 in others of the pre-E compds the sense of the 
 pref. has been so developed as to be obscure or 
 unrecognizable. & senses 1-7 are given as a 
 rough classification. 
 
 * Pronunciation :— re in all wds (esp. all given 
 under senses 8, 9) that arc historically, or are 
 capable of being taken for, simple modifica- 
 tions of existing E wds by one of those senses 
 (even when a similarly spelt compd exists in 
 senses not capable of being so regarded ; so re- 
 cover = cover again, cf. recover 1 , recount = 
 count again, cf. recount 1 , recreation second 
 or new creation, cf. recreation in recreate •); 
 re before vowels, and before h (exc. in rehearse); 
 re also in reflex, regress n., rescript, retail n.; 
 re also in recalesce, recrudesce, regelate, Sc their 
 derivv., & recantation, retardation, retracta- 
 tion, retractility : elsewhere, ri when the next 
 syllable bears the word-accent (reflect, repo'- 
 sitory), & otherwise re (recollect, revocable). 
 
 ** Hyphen :— The hyphen is often used when 
 a writer wishes to mark the factthathe is using 
 not a well-known compd vb, but re- as a living 
 
 J)refix (senses 8, 9) attached to a simple vb 
 re-pair = pair again, cf. repair mend) ; also 
 usu. before e {re-emerge), & sometimes before 
 
 other vowels (re-assure, usu. reassure) ; also 
 when the idea of repetition is to be emphasized, 
 esp. in such phrr. as make & re-make. 
 
 1-7: Special senses chiefly in pre-E compds. 
 
 1. In return, mutual(ly) : react, reciprocal, re- 
 compense, recrimination, rejoinder, remuner- 
 ate,repartee, repay, requite, result, revenge, &c. 
 
 2. Opposition : rebel, recalcitrant, recusant, 
 reluctance, remonstrate, repugnant, resist, re- 
 volt. Sec. 
 
 3. Behind, after : relic, relinquish, relish, re- 
 main, remorse, rest 3 > 4 , &c. 
 
 4. Retirement, secrecy : recluse, recondite, re- 
 course, refuge, remote, repository, reticent, &c. 
 
 5. Off, away, down : rebate, relax, release, re- 
 legate, remiss, renounce, repress, repudiate, 
 rescind, reside, resolve, retail, &c. 
 
 6. Frequentative or intensive: redolent, re- 
 double, redoubtable, redound, reduplicate, re- 
 fine,refulgent, regard, rejoice, remark, renown, 
 repine, repute, research, respect, resplendent, 
 revere, revile, revolve, &c. 
 
 7. Negative, un-: reproach, reproof, repro- 
 bate, resign, reveal. 
 
 8, 9: Ordinary senses as living prefix. 
 
 8. Once more, again, anew, afresh, repeated, 
 (often with implication that previous doing &c. 
 was deficient or erroneous or now requires 
 alteration or improvement or renewal ; many 
 wds may be classed indifferently under 8 or 9) : 
 readdre'ss v.t., change address of (letter) ; re- 
 adjwst v.t. ; so readjustment n.; reaffir'mv.t.; 
 so reaffirmation n.; reappa'rel v.t.; rear'm v.i. 
 & t., esp. provide (troops) with arms of new 
 pattern ; so rear'mament n. ; rearrange v.t. ; 
 so rearrangement n. ; reasser't v.t. ; so reasser'- 
 tion n.; reassess v.t.; so reassessment n.; re- 
 assig'nv.t.; rebapti'ze v.t., lit., & fig. give new 
 name to; soreba'ptism n.; rebir'th n., esp. fresh 
 incarnation ; so rebor'n p.p.; rebi'te v.t., (de- 
 fective parts of etched &c. plate with acid); 
 rebui'ld v.t.; recapitulate v.t., go over head- 
 ings of, summarize, go quickly through again ; 
 so recapitxda'tion n. (spec, in Biol., reproduc- 
 tion in embryos of successive type-forms in 
 line of development), recapitulative, recapi'tu- 
 lat ory, aa. ;reca*s£ v. t.,&n., (put into) newshape, 
 improve(d) arrangement &c. (of); rechri'sten 
 v.t., = rebaptize above ; reclo'the, v.t.; recoa'l 
 v.t.; recoa't v.t., put new coat of paint on ; re- 
 coin v.t.; so recoi'nage n.; reco'lonize v.t.; so 
 recoloniza'tion n. ; reco'lour v.t.; recombine 
 v.t. ; so recombina lion n. ; recommence v.t. & i. ; 
 so recommencement n.; recommi't v.t., esp. re- 
 fer back (bill &c.) for further consideration to 
 committee; so recommitment, recommittal, 
 mi.; recompo'se v.t.; recompou'nd v.t,; recon- 
 sider v.t. ; so reconsideration n.; reconsti'tu- 
 ent a. & n., (remedy) that builds up strength or 
 tissue anew; reconstitute v.t., esp. piece to- 
 gether (past events) into an intelligible whole ; 
 so reconstitu'tion n. ; reconstruct v.t. ; so re- 
 constru'etion n., reconstructive a.; recount 
 v.t., (esp. votes at election as security against 
 error), &see recount '; so re-cou'ntn.; re-co'ver 
 v.t., (esp. umbrellas &c), & see recover 1 ; re- 
 create v.t., create over again, & see recreate 1 ; 
 so recreation, & see in recreate 1 ; redirect 
 v.t., esp. = readdress above ; soredirection n.; 
 redistribute v.t.; so redistribution n., esp. of 
 seats in Parliament or voting-power in elec- 
 tions, rcdistri'butive a.; redivi'de v.t.; so re- 
 divi'sion n.; redo' v.t.; redye v.t.; re-edit v.t.; 
 sore-edi'tionn.; re-engine v.t., supply(ship&c.) 
 with new engines ; re-exa'mine v.t., esp. of 
 opening side's second examination of witness 
 after opponents' cross-examination ; so re-ex- 
 amina'tion n. ; refa'ce v.t., put new facing on 
 
RE- 
 
 695 
 
 REACH 
 
 (building); refa'shion v.t.; so refa'shionment 
 n.; refi't v.t. & i., restore (ship) by, (of ship) un- 
 dergo, renewal & repairs ; so refi't, refi'tment, 
 nn.; refoo't v.t., supply new foot to (stocking) ; 
 refur'nish v.t.; rege'nesis n. ; regrou'p v.t.; 
 reha'ndle v.t., esp. = recast above ; reha'ng v.t., 
 (esp. pictures); reha'sh v.t., & n., (put) stale 
 materials esp. of literary kind in new shape ; 
 rehear' v.t., (case in lawcourt) ; so rehear'ing 
 n.; rehou'se v.t., provide with new house(s) ; 
 reincar'nate v.t. ; so reincarna'tion n., rein- 
 car'nate (at) a.; rei'nk v.t.; reinsure' v.i. & t., 
 (esp. of underwriter &c. devolving risk upon 
 another) ; so reinsur'ance n.; reinter' v.t.; re- 
 inve'st 1 (see also sense 9) v.t., shift (money) to 
 other investment ; so reinvestment n.; rei'ssue 
 v.t.; so rei'ssuable a. (esp. of bills or notes), re- 
 i'ssue n., esp. part of already published edition 
 to be sold with change of form or price ; re- 
 i'terate v.t., say or do over again or several 
 times, repeat ; so reitera'tion n., rei'terative a.; 
 rela'bel v.t. ; reli've, v.i. & t.; reloa'd v.t.; re- 
 ma'ke v.t.; rema'n 1 (see also sense 9) v.t., equip 
 with fresh men ; remar'ginv.t., (esp. of second- 
 hand booksellerrepairing worn book); rema'rry 
 v.i. & t. ; so rema'rriage n.; rema'st v.t.; re- 
 mi'ntv.t.;remo'del\\t.;remou'ldx.t.;remownt 
 (see also remount 2 ) v.t., esp. provide with 
 fresh horse &c; remou'nt n., supply of fresh 
 horses for regiment &c, fresh horse; rena'me 
 v.t.; renu'mber v.t., esp. change numbers of 
 series &c. ; rcor'ganize v.t. ; so reorganization, 
 reor'ganizer, nn. ; repa'per v.t. ; repartition 
 v.t.; reperu'se v.t.; so rcperu'sal n.; repla'nt 
 v.t.; so replantation n.; repo't v.t. (esp. plant 
 into larger pot); repri'nt v.t.; re'printu., hook, 
 article, &c, reprinted ; reproduce v.t. &i., esp. 
 (trans.) produce copy or representation of,(intr.) 
 multiply by generation ; so reproduction n., 
 reprodu'ceable, reprodu'cible, reprodu'ctive, 
 aa,, reprodu'ctively adv., reprodu'ctiveness n.; 
 reprovi'sion v.t.; repu'blish v.t. (esp. book&c); 
 so republication n.; rerea'd v.t.; resea't v.t., 
 esp. provide church, theatre, &c, with fresh 
 seats ; resee'k v.t.; rese't v.t. (esp. gems); reset- 
 tle v.t.; so resettlement n.; resha'pe v.t. ; re- 
 shufflexX. (esp. cards); reso'le xX.;respe'll v.t., 
 esp. spell phonetically; resta'mp v.t.; restar t 
 v.t. & i., & n.; resta'te v.t., esp. put into more 
 intelligible or convincing words ; so restate- 
 ment n.; resto'ck v.t. & i., provide with or take 
 in fresh stock; resu'mmons n., renewed legal 
 summons ; re survey v.t.; so resur'vey n.; re- 
 ta'ste- v.t.; rete'll v.t.; retou'eh v.t. (esp. com- 
 position, picture, &c), & n.; re£r£*niv.t.; retry 
 x.t.=rehear above; so retri'al n.; retur'f v.t. ; 
 reur'ge v.t. ; reva'ceinate v.t. ; so revaccina'tion 
 n.; revalue v.t., assess value of anew; so re- 
 valua'tionw.; revic'tual v.t.; revi'sit (often ri) 
 v.t.; reicor'd v.t., change wording of ; rewri'te 
 v.t. 
 
 9. Back, with return to previous state after 
 lapse or cessation or occurrence of opposite 
 state or action, (often corresponding to com- 
 pounds in dis- or UN-; many words may be as- 
 signed indifferently to 9 or 8):— reaffo'rest v.t.; 
 so reafforesta'tion n.; rea'nimate v.t.; so re- 
 animation n.; reappear' v.i.; soreappear'ance 
 n.; reappoi'nt v.t.; so reappointment n.; re- 
 ari'se v.i.; rearou'se v.t.; reasce'nd v.i. & t.; 
 reassemble v.i. & t.; reassu'me v.t. (now rare, 
 ousted by resume); so reasswmption n.; 7*eas- 
 
 swre* v.t., restore to confidence, dispel appre- 
 hensions of; so reassur'ing a. (of words, man- 
 ner, &c), reassnr'rngty adv.; rebar'barize v.t.; 
 rebi'nd v.t., (esp. book); reca'pture v.t., & n.; 
 
 rcchar'ge v.t.; rechar'ge n., amount of sub- 
 stance used in recharging; reci'vilize v.t.; so 
 reciviliza'tion n.; reco'mfort v.t.; reco??dn.'c£ 
 v.t.; reconquer v.t.; so reco'nquest n.; recon- 
 vert v.t.; so reconver'sion n. ; rccro'ss v.t.; 
 redescend v.i. & t.; redisco'ver v.t. ; so redis- 
 co'very n.; re-ele'ct v.t.; so re-election n.; re- 
 eligible a.; re-embar'k v.i. & t. ; so re-embark- 
 a'tion n.; re-emer'ge v.i.; so re-emer'gence n., 
 re-emer'gent a.; re-ena'ble v.t.; re-ena'ct v.t.; 
 sore-ena'ctment n. ; re-enter v. i. & t. (part, some- 
 times = re-entrant); re-e'ntrance, re-entry, 
 nn.; re-esta'blish v.t.; so re-esta'blishment n.: 
 reexi'st v.i.; re-export v.t.; re-export n., com- 
 modity imported & then exported esp. without, 
 further manufacture; so re-exportation, n.; re- 
 ./t -7 7 v.t.; refill n.,=recharge above; re/?oa*tv.t., 
 (stranded ship); reflux n., backward flow; re- 
 fo'rest v.t., turn into forest again ; so reforest- 
 a'tionn.; refur'bish v.t.; reger'minate v.i.; so 
 regermina'tionx\.;regildxX.;rehabi'litatexX., 
 restore to privileges, reputation, or proper con- 
 dition ; so rehabilita'tion n.; rehu'manize v.t.; 
 reigni'te v.t. & i.; reimpor I v.t., import (same 
 goods) after exporting ; so rei'mport n.; reim- 
 po'sexX.; so reimposi'tion n.; reincorporate 
 v.t.; reingra'tiate v.t.; reinsert v.t.; so rein - 
 ser'tion n.; reinre's^ 2 (see also sense 8) v.t., re- 
 place in office, wirA, privilege ; so reinvestiture 
 n.; reinvi'gorate v.t.; so reinvigora'tioxin.; re- 
 ki'ndle v.t. & i.; reli'ne v.t., renew lining of 
 (esp. garment) ; re??ia*n 2 (see also sense 8) v.t., 
 restore to manhood or courage ; remigra'te v.i., 
 esp. return after migrating ; so remigra'tion n. ; 
 reo'ecupy v.t.; so reoccupa'tion n.; reo'pen v.t. 
 & i. ; repa'ganize v.t.; repai'nt v.t., restore 
 paint or colouring of ; repa'ss v.t. & i., esp. pass 
 again on way back ; so repa'ssage n.; repeo'ple 
 v.t.; repercu'ssion a., echo, sound flung back, 
 rebound, recoil after impact; so repercu'ssive 
 a.; repiece v.t., put pieces of together again, 
 reconstruct ; repoi'nt v.t., (joints of masonry); 
 repo'lishxX.; repo'pulate v.t.; repossess v.t.; 
 so repossession n.; repurchase v.t., & n.; re- 
 pur'ify v.t. ; requi'eken v.t. ; resa'ddle v.t. & 
 abs. ; resa'le n., esp. sale of thing bought; so 
 resa'lable a.; resei'ze v.t.; so resei'zure n.; re- 
 sets v.t., esp. sell after buying ; reshi'p v.t. & i., 
 put, go, on board ship again ; so reshi'pment 
 ri.; restu'ff v.t. ; reta'kc v.t.; retransfer' v.t.; 
 so retra'iisfer n.; retransfor'm v.t.; retrans- 
 late v.t., (esp. back into the original language); 
 so retransla'tion n.; retrea'd v.t.; reuni'te v.t. 
 &i.; revi'talize v.t.; rewri"nv.t. 
 reach ', v.t. & i. Stretch out, extend, (t. & i.; 
 often ont &c; reached out his hand, its 
 branches ; a dominion reaching from the Ebro 
 to the Carpathians) ; stretch out the hand &c, 
 make reaching motion or effort lit. or fig., (yon 
 niitsi r. oid further ', mind reaches forward to 
 an ideal ; s&ip reaches ahead in race) ; get as 
 far as, attain to, arrive at, (specified point or 
 object or destination ; also abs.), succeed in af- 
 fecting, either simply or with the hand or in- 
 strument or missile or missive or influence (r. 
 bottom ! ; reached land ; could not r. his enemy, 
 esp. in fencing, boxing ; 7ior« is Tier conscience 
 to be reached?; libels that the ordinary law 
 reaches ; the steps by which you r. the entrance ; 
 your letter reached me today ; every syllable 
 reached the audience ; has reached middle age. 
 its eighth edition; cannot r. so high, far enough, 
 down, up to it. Sec. ; as far as eye coxdd r. ; my 
 income will not r. to it) ; hand, pass or take with 
 outstretched hand, (reached him the book ; 
 reached down his hat) ; rea'ch-me-down a. & 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REACH 
 
 696 
 
 READY 
 
 u., ready-made (garment). Hence rea'ehABLE 
 a. [OE rxcan, cf. Du. reiken, G reichen] 
 peach 2 , n. Act of reaching out; extent to 
 which hand &c. can be reached out, influence 
 be exerted, motion be carried out. or mental 
 powers be used, range, scope, compass, (within, 
 above, out of, beyond, one's r„ possible, impos- 
 sible, of attainment or performance; has a wide 
 r.\ within easy r. of the railway ; no help was 
 within r.); continuous extent, esp. part of river 
 that can be looked along at once between two 
 bends, [f. prec] 
 
 rea*et, v.i. Produce reciprocal or responsive 
 effect, act upon the agent, [they r. upon each 
 other ; tyranny reacts upon the tyrant, has 
 effects upon him as well as upon his victims), 
 (Chem., of substance applied to another) call 
 out activity, cause manifestation, (nitrous 
 oxide reacts upon the metal) ; respond to stimu- 
 lus, undergo change due to some influence ; be 
 actuated by repulsion against, tend in reverse 
 or backward direction. Hence rea'etiVE a., 
 reaeti'viTY n. [he- 1] 
 
 rea'etion, n. Responsive or reciprocal action 
 (esp. action & r.) ; (Chem.) action set up by one 
 substance in another ; response of organ &c. to 
 external stimulus ; return of previous condition 
 after interval of opposite (e.g. glow felt after 
 cold bath, depression after excitement) ; retro- 
 grade tendency esp. in politics, whence re- 
 a'ctionAKY 1 a. & ( = reactionary person) n., 
 pea*etioniST(2) n. & a. [re- 1] 
 read (red), v.t. & i. (read, pr. red), &n. In- 
 terpret mentally, declare interpretation or 
 coming development of, divine, (r. dream, 
 riddle, omen, futurity, men's hearts or thoughts 
 or faces; r. person's hand, as palmist; r. the 
 sky, as astrologist or meteorologist) ; (be able 
 to) convert into the intended words ormeaning 
 (written or printed or other symbols or things 
 expressed by their means, or abs. ; reads or can 
 r. hieroglyphs, shoi'thand, the clock, the Morse 
 system, music, several languages ; does not r. 
 or write); reproduce mentally or (often aloud, 
 out, off. &c, or with'ind. obj.) vocally, while 
 following their symbols with eyes or fingers, 
 the words of (author, book, tale, letter, &c, or 
 abs.; often over, through, advv.; reads well, 
 with good intonation &c, expressively ; was 
 reading Plato ; r. me off the list ; r. it through 
 six times ; does he preach extempore or r. ? ; 
 have no time to r.; the bible is the most r. of 
 all books ; r. one a lesson, admonish him ; the 
 Bill icas r. for the first &c. time, was allowed 
 its first &c. reading; invalid is r. to for 
 several hours daily; seldom reads French, 
 anything written in it) ; study (t. & i.) by read- 
 ing (often up ; is reading law ; shall not r. for 
 honours ; reading man, who devotes most of 
 his time to study ; has r. much), (p.p. in active 
 sense as adj. with well, deeply, slightly, little, 
 &c.) versed in subject by reading, acquainted 
 with literature ; find (thing) stated, find state- 
 ment, in print &c. (revenge, we r., is wild jus- 
 tice; I have r. somewhere that.. . , have r. of 
 it); interpret (statement, action) in certain 
 sense (may be read several ivays ; my silence is 
 not to be r. as consent) ; assume as intended in 
 or deducible from writer's words, find implica- 
 tions, (you r. too much into the text; in their 
 pleas for reform Ir. Protection; r. between the 
 lines, search for or discover hidden meanings) ; 
 (of editor) give as the word(s) probably used by 
 author (Bentley reads peraeque ; also facet, in 
 correcting statements, as for white read black, 
 c£* the account may be accepted) ; bring into 
 
 specified state by reading (r. me to sleep, him- 
 self stupid, hoarse, &c; r. oneself in of incum- 
 bent, enter upon office by public reading of 
 xxxix articles &c); (of recording instrument) 
 present (figure &c.) to one reading it (thermo- 
 meter reads 33°) ; sound or affect hearer or 
 reader well, ill, &c, when r. (play reads better 
 than it acts ; reads like a threat, translation, 
 &c). (N.) time spent in reading (have a short, 
 long, good, quiet, r.). [com.-Teut.; OE rxdan 
 consider, discern, cf. Du. raden, G rathen ; 
 cogn. w. Skr. radh- accomplishj 
 pea'dable, a. Interestingly written ; (rare) 
 legible. Hence peadaBi"LiTY, rea'dable- 
 ness, nn., pea'dabLY 2 adv. [-able] 
 readdress. See re- 8. 
 rea'der, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp.: per- 
 son employed by publisher to read & report on 
 offered MSS.; printer's proof corrector ; person 
 appointed to read aloud, esp. (often lay-r.) parts 
 of service in church ; lecturer in some univer- 
 sities &c. (r. in Roman law &c.) ; book of 
 selections for use by students of a language &c. 
 Hence rea'dersmp n. [-er *] 
 rea'dily (red), adv. Without showing re- 
 luctance, willingly; without difficulty (the 
 facts may r. be ascertained), [ready,- -ly 2 ] 
 pea'diness (red-), n. Prompt compliance, 
 willingness ; facility, prompt resourcefulness, 
 quickness in argument or action ; ready or pre-* 
 pared state (all is in r.). [ready, -nessJ 
 rea'ding, n. In vbl senses; also or esp.: 
 literary knowledge (a man of vast r.); first, 
 second, third, r„ successive occasions on which 
 Bill must have been presented for acceptance 
 to each House before it is ready for royal 
 assent (first r., permitting introduction; second, 
 approving general principle ; third, accepting 
 details as amended in committee) ; entertain- 
 ment at which something is read to audience 
 (penny r., for poor of parish &c); word(s) read 
 or given by an editor or found in MS. in text 
 of a passage (the right, true, best, MS., &c, r.\ 
 various rr.) ; (specified quality of) matter to be 
 read [is good, dull, r. ; there is plenty ofr. in it); 
 figure &c. shown by graduated instrument 
 (ko° difference between day & night rr.) ; inter- 
 pretation, view taken^rendering, (what is your 
 r. of the facts ? ; hisfr. of Iago was generally 
 condemned) ; r.-desf/, for supporting book &c, 
 lectern ; r.-room, in club &c. for persons wish- 
 ing to read. [-ING 1 ) 
 readjust &c. See re- 8. 
 peady (re'di), a., adv., n., & v.t. With pre- 
 parations complete, iuJitLsJtate, with resolution 
 nerved, willing, apt, inclined, about to, prompt, 
 quick, facile, provided beforehand, within 
 reach, easily secured, unreluctant, easy, fit for 
 immediate use, (Are you r.l Go!, formula for 
 starting race; Ready, present, fire, successive 
 orders, the first = make rifle r.; dinner is r.; are 
 r. to march ; am r. to risk my life ; is too r. to 
 suspect; wasr. to swear with rage ; a bud just 
 r. to burst ; is r. for death ; the r. ministers of 
 vengeance ; is very r. at excuses ; has a r. pen, 
 wit, whence ready- wittED 2 a., &c; gave a 
 r. consent ; found r. acceptance ; its r. solubility 
 in water ; found an instrument r. to hand, ar. 
 source of revenue; the readiest way to do it; 
 make r., prepare i. & t., as they made r. for the 
 attempt or to fight, or made everything r.; r. 
 money, actual coin, also payment on the spot); 
 r. reckoner, book of r. -reckoned (see adv.) com- 
 putations of kind commonly wanted in business. 
 (Adv.; chiefly with p.p., usu. hyphened, prop, 
 a pred. use of adj.) beforehand, so as not to re- 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REAFFIRM 
 
 697 
 
 REASON 
 
 quire doing when the time comes, (please pack 
 everything r. ; boxes are r. packed or packed r. ; 
 r. -built houses ; r.-made clothes, made in stand- 
 ard shapes & sizes, not to customer's individual 
 measure ; r.-made shop, selling these) ; (rare 
 exc. in conip. & superl.) quickly {the child 
 that answers readiest). (N.) position in which 
 rifle is held before the present (co?»e to the r. 
 Scc.)\ (slang) r. money (planked down the r.). 
 (Vb; racing slang) qualify (horse) for good 
 handicap in race by preventing its winning in 
 another. [MKrxdig-pevh. f. Ok, gerxde --MH.G 
 gereit, cf. G bereit + -v 2 on false anal.] 
 reaffirm &c, see re- 8; reafforest &c, 
 re- 9. 
 
 rea'greney, n. Reactive power or operation 
 (see REACT). 
 
 pea'gent, n. (Chem.) substance used to de- 
 tect presence of another by reaction ; reactive 
 substance or force (see react). 
 re'al 1 (re-, ra-), n. Silver coin & money of 
 account (about 6i<f.) still used in some Spanish- 
 speaking countries ; present Spanish monetary 
 unit (about 2kd.), quarter of peseta. [Sp., n. 
 use of adj. f. L rcgalis regal] 
 re'al 2 , a. Actually existing as a thing or oc- 
 curring in fact, objective, genuine, rightly so 
 called, natural, sincere, not merely apparent 
 or nominal or supposed or pretended or artificial 
 or hypocritical or affected, (r. money, coin, 
 cash ; the r. presence, of Christ's body & blood 
 in the Eucharist as disputed by theologians ; a 
 r. object & its image ; r. & paper roses ; effected 
 a r. cure ; should tike a r. fine day ; r. lije, that 
 lived by actual people, opp. fictitious & drama- 
 tic imitations; there is no ?-. doubt about it; 
 who is the r. manager ?;isa r. man, unaffected, 
 also worthy of the name ; the r. thing, not a 
 makeshift or inferior article) ; (Law ; cf. per- 
 sonal) consisting of immovable property such 
 as lands or houses (esp. r. estate) ; (Philos.) 
 having an absolute & necessary & not merely 
 contingent existence; (abs.) the r., what is r., 
 esp. opp. the ideal (also rarely as n. with pi. =r. 
 thing, as / deal only with rr.). [f. LL realis 
 (res thing, -al)] 
 
 pea'lgap, n. Disulphide of arsenic, red 
 arsenic, red orpiment, used as pigment & in 
 fireworks. [med.L, f. Arab, rehj algahr pow- 
 der of the cave] 
 
 realism, n. Scholastic doctrine that \vc\\- 
 versals or general ideas have objective exis- 
 tence (cf. nominalism, conceptualism) ; belief 
 that matter as object of perception has real 
 existence (cf. idealism) ; practice of regarding 
 things in their true nature & dealing with them 
 as they are, freedom from prejudice & conven- 
 tion, practical views & policy, (cf. idealism) ; 
 fidelity of representation, truth to nature, in- 
 sistence upon details. So re*aliST(2) n. & a., 
 reali'stic a., reali'stiCALLY adv. [-ism] 
 rea'lity, n. Property of being real ; resem- 
 blance to original (reproduced with startling 
 r.) ; real existence, what is real, what underlies 
 appearances, (in r., in fact, opp. in words, in 
 appearance, Sue.) ; existent thing ; real nature 
 of. [f. med.L realitas (real 2 , -ty)] 
 re'alize, v.t. Convert (hope, plan, &c.) into 
 fact (usu. pass.) ; give apparent reality to, 
 make realistic, present as real, (these details 
 help to r. the scene) ; conceive as real, apprehend 
 clearly or in detail (noun, that, how, &c.) ; con- 
 vert (securities, property) into money (often 
 abs.,=sell one's property); amass (fortune, 
 specified profit) : fetch as price. Hence re'al- 
 Izable a., realiZATiON n. [-ize] 
 really (reril), adv. In fact, in reality, (often 
 r. & truly) ; positively, indeed, I assure you, I 
 
 mean what I say, I protest ; r.?, do vou mean 
 it ?, is that so ?. [-ly 2 J 
 
 realm (relm), n. Kingdom (chief! v rhet., & 
 in some legal phrr., as the laws of the r., per- 
 sons who are out of the r.) ; sphere, province, 
 domain, (the rr. of fancy, pottry, Sec), [f. OF 
 reaume f. pop. L *regalimen (regal, -men)] 
 
 re*alty,n. Real estate (cf. personalty). [-ty] 
 
 ream 1 , n. Twenty quires or 480 sheets of 
 paper (often 500, to allow for waste ; printers' 
 r., 516); (often pi.) large quantity of paper 
 (wrote rr. & rr. of verse), [ult. f. Arab, rizmah 
 bundle, cf. Du. mem, OF revime, It. risma] 
 
 ream 2 , v.t. Widen (hole in metal) with 
 borer or pea'mER ) (2) n.; turn over edge of 
 (cartridge-case &c); (Naut.) open (seam) for 
 caulking. [OE ryman (room), cf. G rawm] 
 
 reanimate &c. See re- 9. 
 
 reap, v.i. & t. Cut (grain or similar crop), 
 cut grain &c, with sickle in harvest; gather 
 in thus or with machine or fig. as harvest (r. as 
 one has soum, soio wind & r. whirlwind, r. the 
 fruits of, take consequences of one's actions ; 
 r. where one has not sown, profit by others' 
 toil) ; harvest crop of (field &c.) ; reaping-hook, 
 sickle; reaping-machine, for cutting grain & 
 often binding sheaves without manual labour. 
 Hence rea'pER HI, 2) n. [OE ripan, excl. E] 
 
 reapparel, see re- 8 ; reappear &c, re- 
 appoint &c, re- 9. 
 
 rear 1 , n. Hindmost part of army or fleet 
 (hang on the r. of, follow with view to attack- 
 ing) ; back of, space behind, position at back 
 of, army or camp or person (bring, close, up 
 the r., come last ; take enemy in r., attack from 
 behind; saw them far in ther., behind ; was 
 sent to the r. for safety) ; back part of anything 
 (at the r. of, behind) ; rear-, r. attrib., hinder, 
 back-; so rear'MOST a.; r.-admiral, flag- 
 officer below vice-admiral ; r.-guard, body of 
 troops detached to protect r. esp. in retreats 
 (r.-g. action, engagement between r.-g. & 
 enemy); rearward n. [f. A F rerewarde = rear- 
 guard], rear (esp. in prep, phrr., as to rearward 
 of, in the rearward)', rearward a. & adv., 
 rearwards adv., towards the rear [-ward(s)]. 
 [shortened f. arrear] 
 
 rear 2 , v.t. & i. Raise, set upright, build, up- 
 lift, hold upwards, (rhet.; r. a pillar, cathedral, 
 Sec; reared his mighty stature ; r. one's head. 
 one's voice, a hand, Sec); raise, bring up, breed, 
 foster, nourish, educate, cultivate, grow, (cat- 
 tle, game, children, crops, &c); (of horse &c; 
 intr. & rarely refl.) rise, raise itself, on hind 
 feet. Hence rear'ER l n. [OE rxran, native 
 form corresp. to & largely ousted by raise] 
 
 rear*-areh, rere-, n. Inner arch of window 
 or door opening when of different size &c. from 
 the outer, [f. F arriere see arrear] 
 
 rearise, see re- 9 ; rearm &c, re- 8 ; re- 
 arouse, re- 9 ; rearrange &c, re- 8. 
 
 rear'-vault, n. Vaulted space connecting 
 arched window or door head with arch in inner 
 face of wall, [as rear-arch] 
 
 reascend. See re- 9. 
 
 reason * (re'zn), n. (Fact adduced or serving 
 as) argument, motive, cause, or justification 
 (give rr. for; prove with rr.; the woman's r.. 
 repetition of fact as its own explanation, as in / 
 Zore him because I love him ; for no other rea- 
 son than that I forgot, but this ; there is no r. 
 to sxippose ; r. of State, political justification 
 esp. for immoral proceeding ; the r. of your 
 isolation, of eclipses, is that — ; failed by r. 
 of its bad organization ; there was r. to believe ; 
 I savj r. to suspect him ; he complains with r., 
 not unjustifiably); (Log.) one of premisses of 
 syllogism, esp. minor premiss when given after 
 
REASON 
 
 693 
 
 RECEDE 
 
 conclusion ; the intellectual faculty character- 
 istic esp. of human beings by which conclusions 
 are drawn from premisses {whether dogs have 
 r. is really a question of definition ; there can 
 be no opposition between r. & common sense) ; 
 intellect personified {God & r. are identical) ; 
 (as transl. of G Vemunft in Kant) faculty tran- 
 scending the understanding ( Verstand) & pro- 
 vidingapWori principles, intuition ; sanity {has 
 lost his, is restored to, r.) ; sense, sensible con- 
 duct, what is right or practical or practicable, 
 moderation, (without rhyme or r.; bring to r., 
 induce to cease from vain resistance ; will do 
 anything in r., within the bounds of modera- 
 tion ; it stands to r., cannot be denied without 
 paradox, would be generally admitted ; hear 
 or listen to r., suffer oneself to be persuaded ; 
 as r. was, as good sense bade ; have r. archaic 
 or transl. of F, be right; there is r. in xchat you 
 say). Hence rea'sonLESS a. [f. OF raisun f. 
 L rationem (reri rat- consider, -ion)] 
 
 pea'son 2 , v.i. & t. Use argument with per- 
 son by way of persuasion ; form or try to reach 
 conclusions by connected thought silent or ex- 
 pressed (fi'om premisses ; about, of, upon, sub- 
 ject), whence pea'sonER 1 n.; discuss what, 
 whether, why, Sec; conclude, assume as step 
 in argument, say by way of argument, that (or 
 parenth.) ; express in logical or argumentative 
 form (areasonedexposition, manifesto, article); 
 persuade by argument out of, into (tried to r. 
 him out of his fears ; reasoned himself into 
 perplexity) ; think out (consequences &c). 
 Hence rea'soniNG 1 (1) n. [f. OF raisoner f. LL 
 rationare (prec.)] 
 
 reasonable, a. Endowed with reason, 
 reasoning, (rare); sound of judgment, sensible, 
 moderate, not expecting too much, ready to 
 listen to reason; agreeable to reason, not ab- 
 surd, within the limits of reason, not greatly 
 less or more than might be expected, inexpen- 
 sive, not extortionate, tolerable, fair. Hence 
 rea'sonablexESS n., pea'sonabLY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF raisonable (reason 1 , -able)] 
 
 reassemble, see re- 9; reassert, re- 
 assess &c, reassign, re- 8; reassume 
 Sec, reassure &c, re- 9. 
 
 Reaumur (F), name of French physicist ap- 
 pended (abbr. R.) to readings of the thermo- 
 meter introduced by him with freezing-point 
 0° & boiling-point 80° (a temperature of more 
 than 55° R. or Reaumur). 
 
 reave, reive, (rev), v.i. & t, (archaic, poet.; 
 reft). Commit ravages (usu. reiv-), whence 
 rei'VER 1 n.; forcibly deprive of (esp. in p.p.) ; 
 take by force, carry off, {away, from), [com.- 
 Teut.; OE r&afian, cf. Du. rooven, G rauben] 
 
 rebaptize &c, see re- 8; rebarbarize, 
 
 RE- 9. 
 
 reba'te 1 , v.t. (archaic). Diminish, reduce 
 force or effect of ; blunt, dull. [f. OF rabattre 
 (re- 5, ABATE)] 
 
 reba'te 2 , n. Deduction from sum to be paid, 
 discount, drawback, [f. F rabat (prec.)] 
 
 rebate 3 (ra'bit, riba't), n., & v.t. = rabbet. 
 
 re'beek, n. Medieval three-stringed instru- 
 ment, early form of fiddle, [f. F rebec var. of 
 OF \rehebel. Arab, rebab] 
 
 re'bel l , n. Person who rises in arms against, 
 resists, or refuses allegiance to, "the established 
 government; person or thing that resists au- 
 thority or control ; (attrib.) rebellious, of rr., in 
 rebellion, [orig. a. & n.; the pred. a. use now 
 obs. ; f. F rebelle f. L rebellis (re- 2, bellum war)] 
 
 rebe'l 2 , v.i. (-11-). Act as r. (against); feel or 
 manifest repugnance to some custom &c. (a- 
 
 gainst). [f. F rebeller f. L RE-2(be?Zare make 
 war) revolt] 
 
 rebellion, n. Organized armed resistance 
 to established government (the Great R., period 
 of English history 1642-60) ; open resistance to 
 any authority, [f. F rebellion f. L rebellionem 
 (rebel 1 , -ion)] 
 
 rebellious (-y«s), a. In rebellion, disposed 
 to rebel, insubordinate, defying lawful autho- 
 rity ; (of diseases, things) diiii<*ult to treat, un- 
 manageable, refractory. Hence i-ooe'llious- 
 ly 2 adv., rebe'lliousNEss n. las rebel 1 or 
 prec. + -ous] 
 
 rebe'llow, v.i. & t. Re-echo loudly, [re- 6 ; 
 after L RE-6(6oare bellow) j 
 
 rebind, see re- 9; rebirth &c, rebite, 
 
 RE- 8. 
 
 re'boant, a. (poet.). Rebellowing, resound- 
 ing, re-echoing, [f. L reboare rebellow, -ant] 
 
 rebou'nd 1 , v.i. Spring back after impact; 
 have reactive effect, recoil upon agent, (our 
 evil example will r. upon ourselves), [f. OF 
 rebonder (re- 1, bound 3 )] 
 
 rebou'nd 2 , n. Act of rebounding, recoil; 
 reaction after emotion (take one on or at the r., 
 utilize such reaction to persuade him to con- 
 trary action &c). [f. prec] 
 
 rebu'fT, n., & v.t. Check given to one who 
 makes advances, proffers help or sympathy, 
 shows interest or curiosity, makes request, &c., 
 repulse, snub ; (vb) give r. to. [f. obs. F re- 
 buffed) f. It. ribuffo, ribuffare, (re-2, buffo puff)] 
 
 rebuild. See re- 8. 
 
 rebu'ke, v.t., & n. Reprove, reprimand, 
 censure authoritatively ; hence rebu'king- 
 ly 2 adv. ( Vb) rebuking or being rebuked ; a 
 reproof, [f. ONF re- 5(buker - OF bucher beat)] 
 
 re*bus,n. Enigmatic representation of name, 
 word, &c, by pictures &c. suggesting its sylla- 
 bles, [prob. =abl. pi. of L res thing ; origin of 
 sense (in F & E) doubtful] 
 
 rebu't, v.t. (-tt-). Force or turn back, give 
 check to ; refute, disprove, (evidence, charge), 
 whence rebu*ttAL(2), rebu'tMENT, rebu't- 
 tER 4 , nn. [f. OF re- 9{buter butt 4 )] 
 
 reea'leitrate, v.i. Kick against or at rules 
 &c, refuse compliance, be refractory. So re- 
 ea'leitrANT(l) a. & n., reea'leitrANCE, re- 
 CaleitrA'TiON, nn. [f. L re- 2(cal~itrare strike 
 with heel f. calx -cis heel), -ate 3 ] 
 
 reeale'see (-es), v.i. Grow hot again (esp. 
 in techn. use of iron allowed to cool from white 
 heat, which recovers heat at certain point for 
 short time). Hence reeale'seENCE^n. [f. L 
 RE-9(ca/e.9ce?'e grow hot)] 
 
 reea'll 1 (-awl), v.t. Summon back from a 
 place or from different occupation, inattention, 
 digression, &c; cancel appointment of (official 
 sent to distance, esp. overseas) ; bring back to 
 memory, serve as reminder of, recollect, re- 
 member; revive, resuscitate; revoke, annul, 
 (action, decision), take back (gift). Hence re- 
 ea'llABLE a. [re- 9] 
 
 reea'll 2 , n. Summons to come back; can- 
 celling of appointment abroad ; signal to ship 
 &c. to return ; possibility of recalling esp. in 
 sense of an nulling (esp. beyond, past, r.). [re- 9] 
 
 reea'nt, v.t. & i. Withdraw & renounce 
 (opinion, statement, &c.) as erroneous or here- 
 tical ; disavoAv former opinion, esp. with public 
 confession of error. Hence reeantA'TioN n. 
 [f. L re- Kcantare sing) revoke] 
 
 recapitulate &c, see re- 8; recapture, 
 re- 9 ; recast, re- 8. 
 
 reee'de, v.i. Go or shrink back or further 
 off ; be left by observer's motion at increasing 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
RECEIPT 
 
 699 
 
 RECIPROCATE 
 
 distance ; slope backwards ; withdraw (from 
 engagement, opinion, &c); decline in character 
 or value, [f. L KE-5(cedere go)] 
 
 peeeip't (-et), n., & v.t. = recipe ; amount of 
 money received ; fact or action of receiving or 
 being received into person's hands or possession 
 (on r. of a postal order for 1/- the goods tm.ll be 
 sent ; beg to acknowledge r. of your book ; en- 
 trusted uith the r. of subscriptions), written 
 acknowledgment of such r. esp. of payment of 
 sum due ; (archaic) place where money is offi- 
 cially received, esp. r. of custom, custom-house ; 
 (vb) write or print *r. on (bill). [ME receit f. 
 ONF receite f. L recepta fern. p.p. of recipere 
 receive w. -p- inserted on L] 
 
 peeei've (-ev), v.t. Accept delivery of, take 
 (proffered thing) into one's hands or possession, 
 (Lord, r. my soul, dying man's prayer ; r. stolen 
 goods, as thief's accomplice ; r. person's con- 
 fession, oath, consent to hear ; r. a petition, 
 take it to consider ; r. the sacrament, eat & 
 drink the bread & wine, also abs. as attend 
 without receiving)', bear up against, stand force 
 or weight of, encounter with opposition, (re- 
 ceived his body in their hands ; arch receives 
 weight of roof; received the sword-point with 
 his shield ; prepare to r. cavalry, order to in- 
 fantry); admit, consent or prove able to hold, 
 provide accommodation for, submit to, serve 
 as receptacle of, (had to r. the visits, attentions, 
 ofy r. an impression, stamp, mark, &c, be 
 marked lit. or fig. more or less permanently 
 with it ; sensitive paper receives the record of 
 signals ; the basin that received his blood ; the 
 house received a new guest ; hole large enough 
 to r. two men ; fitted to r. the knowledge of God ; 
 has received our yoke ; town receives a French 
 garrison ; was received into the Church, ad- 
 mitted to membership); entertain as guest, 
 greet, welcome, give specified reception to, 
 (shall not be received at my house ; he that re- 
 ceiveth me receiveth him that sent me ; you stay 
 here & r. him ; how did sher. h is offer ? ; was 
 received with cries 0/ Judas ; news was received 
 with horror; Ir. it as certain, as a prophecy, 
 regard it in that light), (abs.) r. company, hold 
 reception ; give credit to, accept as true, (an 
 axiom universally received ; they r. not our re- 
 port), whence reeei'VED 1 a. ; acquire, get, come 
 by, be given or provided with, have sent to or 
 conferred or inflicted on one, (have not yet re- 
 ceived my dividend ; r. a letter, news ; awindow 
 that has not received a frame ; r. the name of 
 John; n Christ in baptism, have Christian 
 character conferred ; pleasant to r. sympathy; 
 deserves more attention than it receives ; r. or- 
 ders to march ; received many insults, a thrust, 
 a broken jaw, the contents of his pistol) ; par- 
 take of. Hence peeei'VABLE a. [f. ONF re- 
 ceivre f. L re- 9(cipere = capere take) recover] 
 
 peeei'vep, n. In vbl senses, esp.: person ap- 
 pointed by court to administer property of 
 bankrupt or property under litigation, whence 
 pecei'vePSHip n.; person who receives stolen 
 goods, fence ; receptacle &c. for receiving 
 something in machine or instrument, [-er 2 ] 
 
 recension, n. Revision of, revised, text, 
 [f. L recensio f. re- 8(censere -cens- review)] 
 
 pe'eent, a. Not long past, that happened or 
 existed lately, late ; not long established, lately 
 begun, modern. Hence pccency n., pe'eent- 
 ly 2 adv., pe'centNESS n. [f. L recens -entis) 
 
 peee'ptaele, n. Containing vessel, place, or 
 space ; (Bot.) common base of floral organs, axis 
 of cluster, [f. L receptaculum (recept- p.p. st. 
 of recipere receive)] 
 
 pece'ption (-shn), n. Receiving or being re- 
 ceived (rare in gen. sense); receiving esp. of per- 
 
 son, being received, into a place or company (the 
 rooms were prepared for his r. ; was honoured 
 by r. into the Academy ; r. order, authorizing 
 r. of lunatic in asylum); formal or ceremonious 
 welcome (the r. of the delegates is arranged for 
 Monday next), occasion of receiving guests, as- 
 sembly held for this purpose, (after the review 
 there will be ar.; r. room, used, forrr.); receiv- 
 ing of ideas or impressions into the mind (has 
 a great faculty ofr. , but little originative power) ; 
 (rare) mental acceptance, recognition of some- 
 thing as true or advisable, (the generalr. of the 
 Newtonian hypothesis); welcome or greeting of 
 specified kind, demonstration of feeling towards 
 person or project, (warm r., vigorous resistance 
 or enthusiastic welcome ; his r. teas frigid, all 
 that he could desire ; proposal, book, had a 
 favourable r.). [f. L receptio (as prec, -ion)] 
 
 peee'ptive, a. Able or quick to receive im- 
 pressions or ideas (a mind more r. than reten- 
 tive or creative); (rare) concerned with receiv- 
 ing. Hence pece*ptiveLY 2 adv., peee'ptive- 
 ness, peeepti'viTY, nn. [f. med. L receptivus 
 (as prec, -ive)] 
 
 peee'ss, n., & v.t. Temporary cessation from 
 work, vacation, esp. of Parliament ; receding of 
 water, land, glacier, &c, from previous limit, 
 amount by which it recedes, recession, (rare) ; 
 retired or secret place (in the inmost rr. of the 
 Alps, of the heart); receding part of mountain 
 chain &c, niche or alcove of wall ; (Anat.) fold 
 or indentation in organ. (Vb- place in a r., set 
 back ; provide with recess(es). [f. L recesstis 
 (recess- p.p. st. of receded)] 
 
 peee'ssion, n. Receding, withdrawal, from 
 a place or point; receding part of object, recess. 
 So peee'ssiVE a. [f. L recessio (as prec, -ion)] 
 
 recessional, a. & n. M. hymn or r.. hymn 
 sung while clergy & choir withdraw after ser- 
 vice ; of the parliamentary recess, [-al] 
 
 Re*ehabite(-k-),n. Total abstainer. [Rechab, 
 see Jer. xxxv. 6, -ite 1 (l)] 
 
 recharge. See re- 9. 
 
 re'chaufFe' (reshofa*, risho'fa), n. Warmed- 
 up dish ; rehash (re> 8). [F] 
 
 recherche (reshar'sha), a. Devised or got 
 with care or difficulty, choice, far-fetched, 
 thought out, (esp. of meals or words). [F] 
 
 peenpisten,, See re- 8. 
 
 peei'divist, n. One who relapses into crime. 
 So peei'diviSM n. [f. F recidiviste f. L recidi- 
 vus f. re- 9(cidere = cadere fall), -ive, -ist] 
 
 pe'eipe, n. Medical prescription or remedy 
 prepared from it ; statement of ingredients & 
 procedure for preparing dish &c; expedient, 
 nostrum, device for effecting something. [2nd 
 sing, imperat. as used (abbr. R) in prescriptions 
 of L recipere recewe] 
 
 peei'pient, a. & n. Receptive, whence pe- 
 ei'piENCY n.; person who receives something, 
 [f. L recipere receive, -ent] 
 
 peerppoeal, a. & n. In return (if I helped 
 him, I had r. help from him) ; mutual (r. love, 
 protection, injuries) ; inversely correspondent, 
 complementary, (I took the chamois for a man, 
 & it made the r. mistake) ; (Gram.) expressing 
 mutual action or relation ('each other 1 is ar. 
 pronoun), (formerly also) reflexive ; hence pe- 
 ei'ppoealLY 2 adv. (N. , math. ) function or ex- 
 pression so related toanother that their product 
 is unity (1/5 is the r. of 5). [f. L reciprocus (prob. 
 f. re- back & pro forward), -al] 
 
 peei'ppoeate, v.t. & i. (Mech.)go with alter- 
 nate backward & forward motion (reciprocat- 
 ing engine &c, with work done by part that 
 moves thus, opp. rotatory see rotate 2 ), give 
 such motion to ; give & receive mutually, in- 
 terchange, (influence &c.) ; return, requite, 
 
RECIPROCITY 
 
 700 
 
 RECONCILE 
 
 (affection &c), make a return (often with thing 
 given in return). SopeeippoeATiON n. [f. L. 
 
 reciprocare (prec.), -ate 3 ] 
 
 peeippo'city, n. Reciprocal condition, mu- 
 tual action ; principle or practice of give-&- 
 take, esp. interchange of privileges between 
 States as basis of commercial relations, [f. F 
 reciprocity (reciprocal, -ity)] 
 
 peci'tal, n. Detailed account o/a number of 
 connected things or facts, relation of the facts 
 of an incident Sec, a narrative ; part of docu- 
 ment stating facts ; act of reciting ; instru- 
 mental musical performance by, or of works of, 
 one man. [recite, -al] 
 
 peeitati've (-ev), n., & v.t. & i. Musical de- 
 clamation of kind usual in narrative & dialogue 
 parts of opera & oratorio ; words, part, given in 
 r.; (vb) perform (t. & i.) in r. [f. It, recitativo 
 (foil., -ive)] 
 
 peei'te, v.t. & i. Repeat aloud or declaim 
 (poem, passage) from memory esp. before audi- 
 ence, give recitation (reciting-note, that held on 
 for indefinite number of syllables in chanting); 
 (Law) rehearse (facts) in document ; mention 
 in order, enumerate. So peeitA"TioN n. [f. L 
 re- 8(citare cite)] 
 
 , peei'tep, n. Person who recites ; book of 
 passages for recitation, [-er x ] 
 
 pecivilize &c. See re- 9. 
 
 peck, v.i. &t. (rhet., poet.; in neg. & interrog. 
 sentences only). R. of, pay heed to, take ac- 
 count of, care about ; care, be troubled, concern 
 oneself, (if, though, that, how, whether, &c, or 
 abs. ; also* impers. with same construction fol- 
 lowing, as what recks it him that . . . ?). [com.- 
 Teut.; OE reccan, cf. OHG ruohen, ON rvekja] 
 
 pe'ckless, a. Devoid of caution, regardless 
 of consequences, rash ; heedless of danger &c. 
 Hence pe'eklessLY 2 adv., pe'eklessxESS n. 
 [OE recceUas (prec, -less)] 
 
 pe'ekon (-kn), v.t. & i. Ascertain (number, a- 
 mount), ascertain number or amount of, by 
 counting or usu. by calculation, compute; start 
 from, go on to, in counting t. & i.; count up, 
 sum up character of ; arrive at as total (/ r. 53 
 of them) ; include in computation, count in, 
 place in class among or with or in, take/or, re- 
 gard as, consider to be (or with obj. & compl. as 
 r. him wise, beyond redemption)', conclude after 
 calculation, be of the confident opinion, (that ; 
 also, chiefly U.S., parenth., cf. calculate, guess); 
 make calculations, cast up account or sum, (r. 
 without one's host 2 ), settle accounts with per- 
 son ; rely or count or base plans upon. [OE 
 (ge)recenian, cf. MDu. rekenen, G rechnen ; 
 cogn. w. reck] 
 
 pe'ekonep (-kn-), n. In vbl senses; esp., 
 ready r. f-ER 1 ] 
 
 reckoning (-kn-), n. In vbl senses; esp.: 
 tavern bill ; day of r., time when something 
 must be atoned for or avenged ; dead?*.; out 
 in one's?'., mistaken in a calculation or expecta- 
 tion. [-ING 1 ] 
 
 peelai'm, v.t. & i., & n. "Win back or away 
 froni vice or error or savagery or waste con- 
 dition, reform, tame, civilize, bring under cul- 
 tivation, whence peelai'mABLE a.; make pro- 
 test, say in protest, (rare) ; so reclamATiON 
 n. (N.) reclaiming, reclamation, (rare, chiefly 
 in past or beyond r.). [f. OF reclamerl. L re- 2- 
 (clamare shout) cry out against] 
 
 reclame (re'klahm), n. Art or practice by 
 which notoriety is secured. [Fl 
 
 pe'elinate (-at), a. (bot.). Bending down- 
 wards, [f. L reclinatus (foil., -ate 2 )1 
 
 peeli'ne, v.t. & i. Lay (esp. one's head, body, 
 
 limbs) in more or less horizontal or recumbent 
 position (p.p., of person, lying thus) ; assume or 
 be in recumbent position, lie or lean, sit with 
 back or side supported at considerable inclina- 
 tion ; (fig.) rely confidently upon, [f. L recli- 
 nare (re- 9), see decline •] 
 
 reelothe. See re- 8. 
 
 peelirse (-loos), a. & n. (Person) given to or 
 living in seclusion or retirement or isolation esp. 
 as religious discipline, hermit, anchorite or 
 anchoress. [F (-us, -use) p.p. of reclure f. L 
 re- Mcludere = claudere shut)] 
 
 r eeoai, recoat. See re- 8. 
 
 peeog-ni'tion, n. In vbl senses (recognize). 
 So peeo'gTiitORY a. (rare), [f. L recognitio 
 
 (RECOGNIZE, -ION)] 
 
 recog'nizanee, n. Bond by which person 
 engages before court or magistrate to observe 
 some condition, e. g. to keep the peace, pay a 
 debt, or appear when summoned ; sum pledged 
 as surety for such observance, [f . OF reconuis- 
 sance (reconoistre recognize, -ance)] 
 
 pe*eognize(-gn), v.t. Acknowledge validity 
 or genuineness or character or claims or exis- 
 tence of, accord notice or consideration to, dis- 
 cover or realize nature of, treat as x acknowledge 
 for, realize or admit that ; know again, identify 
 as known before. Hence pe'cogniZABLE a., 
 peeognizaBi'LiTY n., pe'cog-nizabLY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF reconuiss- part. st. of reconoistre f. Lre-8- 
 (cognoscere -gnitum learn), w. assim. to -ize] 
 
 peeoi'l, v.i., & n. Retreat before enemy (now 
 rare) ; start or spring back, shrink mentally, in 
 fear or horror or disgust ; rebound after impact, 
 (of fire-arms) be driven backwards by discharge, 
 kick ; (n.) act or fact or sensation of recoiling, 
 [n. f. vb, f. OF reader (re- 9, cul the posterior 
 f. L ch/m.s)] 
 
 pecoin &c. See re- 8. 
 
 pecolle'et, v.t. Succeedin remembering, re- 
 call to mind, remember, [f. p.p. st. of L re- 8- 
 (colligere collect 2 )] 
 
 peeblle'ction, n. Act, power, of recollect- 
 ing ; thing recollected, reminiscence; person's 
 memory, time over which it extends, (it is in 
 my r. that, I remember that ; happened within 
 my r.). So peeolle'ctiVE a. [f. med.LrecoZ- 
 lectio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 pecolonize &a, pecoloup, reeombine 
 &c, see re- 8; peeomfopt, re- 9; recom- 
 mence &c, re- 8. 
 
 pecomme'nd, v.t. Give (oneself, one's spirit, 
 a child, &c.) in charge to God or a person or his 
 care &c; speak or write of or suggest as fit for 
 employment or favour or trial (to person, or 
 with ind. obj. as can your, me a cook, abook ?; 
 as servant &c; for post); (of qualities, conduct, 
 &c.) make acceptable, serve as recommenda- 
 tion of ; advise (course of action or treatment, 
 person to do, that thing should be done). Hence 
 or cogn. recommendATiON n., recom- 
 me'ndABLE, peeomme'ndatORY, aa. [f. 
 med.L re- 5(commendare commend)] 
 
 recommit &c. See re- 8. 
 
 pe'eompense, v.t., & n. Requite, reward or 
 punish, (person, action, person/or action, action 
 to person or with ind. obj.); make amends to 
 (person) or for (another's loss, injury, &c, or 
 rarely one's own misconduct). (N.) reward, re- 
 quital, atonement or satisfaction given for in- 
 jury, retribution, [f. OF reconvpenser f. LL 
 re- Kcompensare compensate)] 
 
 pecompose, recompound. See re- 8. 
 
 pe'eoncile, v. t, Make f riend ly after estrange- 
 ment (persons to one another, person to or with 
 another, person to oneself) ; purify (consecrated 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
RECONDITE 
 
 701 
 
 RECRUIT 
 
 place &c.) by special service after desecration ; 
 make resigned or contentedly submissive (to 
 disagreeables, to doing, or abs.; usu. in pass.) ; 
 heal, compose, (quarrel &c.) ; harmonize, make 
 compatible, show compatibility of by argument 
 or in practice, (apparently conflicting facts, 
 statements, qualities, actions, or one such with 
 or & or rarely to another). Hence or cogn. re*- 
 concilABLE a., peeoneilaBULiTY, re*eon- 
 cile.MENT, reconciliA'Tiox, nn. [f. L re- 9- 
 (conciliare conciliate)] 
 
 pe'eondite (or -ko - -), a. (Of subjects of know- 
 ledge) abstruse, out of the way, little known ; 
 (of author or style) dealing in r. knowledge or 
 allusion, obscure. Hence re'eonditeLV 2 adv., 
 re'conditeNESS n. [f. L re- i{conditus p.p. 
 of condere hide)] 
 
 reconduct. See re- 9. 
 
 reco'nnaissance Hsans), n. Military or 
 naval examination of tract by detachment to 
 locate enemy or ascertain strategic features 
 (r. in force, made by strong party) ; reconnoi- 
 tring party ; preliminary survey made by any- 
 one for any purpose. [F (earlier -oissance), as 
 foil., -ance] 
 
 peeonnoi'tre (-tcr), v.t. & i., & n. Make re- 
 connaissance of (enemy, district), approach & 
 try to learn position & condition &c. of ; make 
 reconnaissance. Hence peeonnoi'tPER l n. 
 [f. F reconnoitre f. L rccognoscere recognize] 
 
 reconquer &c, see re- 9 ; peconsidep &c. , 
 reconstitute &c, reconstruct &c, re- 8 ; 
 reconvert &c, re- 9. 
 
 reeor'd 1 , v.t. (Of birds) practise (tune, or abs.) 
 by singing in an undertone ; register, set down 
 for remembrance or reference, put in writing 
 or other legible shape, represent in some per- 
 manent form, (his thoughts have been recorded 
 for us by himself, his features by Watts, & his 
 voice by the phonograph ; recording angel, who 
 registers men's good & bad actions; minimum 
 thermometer recorded 10° below zero). Hence 
 pecop'dABLEa. [f. OF recorder f. l^recordare 
 <cl. -ari) remember (re-, cor heart)] 
 
 pe'eopd 2 , n. State of being recorded or pre- 
 served in writing esp. as authentic legal evi- 
 dence (is on r., legally or otherwise recorded; 
 matter of r., something established as fact by 
 being recorded; court ofr., whose proceedings 
 are recorded & valid as evidence of fact) ; offi- 
 cial report of proceedings & judgment in cause 
 before court of r., copy of pleadings &c. consti- 
 tuting case to be decided by court (travel out of, 
 keep to, the r., introduce, abstain from intro- 
 ducing, irrelevant matter) ; piece of recorded 
 evidence or information, account of fact pre- 
 -served in permanent form, document or monu- 
 ment preserving it, object serving as memorial 
 of something, portrait &c, series of marks &c. 
 given by recording instrument or plate &c. con- 
 taining these (second-hand gramophone rr. for 
 sale); facts known about person's past (has an 
 honourable r. of service ; his r. is against him); 
 best performance or most remarkable event of 
 its kind on r. (break or beat the ?\, outdo all pre- 
 decessors). [OF (prec.)] 
 
 peeop'dep 1 , n. In vbl senses ; also : city or 
 borough magistrate with criminal & civil juris- 
 diction & holding court of Quarter-sessions, 
 whence pecoP'dePSHiP n. ; recording-appa- 
 ratus in instruments ; obsolete instrument of 
 flute kind [record 1 , 1st sense]. [-er 2 (4), -er 1 ] 
 
 pecou'nt 1 (-ow-), v.t. Narrate, tell in detail. 
 If. ONF re- 8(conter count 2 )] 
 
 re-eou'nt 2 . See re- 8. 
 
 pecou'p (-oop), v.t. & i. (Law) deduct, keep 
 back, (part of sum due), make such deduction ; 
 compensate (person loss, person for loss, loss ; 
 
 r. oneself, recover what one has expended or 
 lost). Hence recou'pMENT n. [f. F re- 5(cou- 
 per cut, see coup)] 
 
 recourse (-ors), n. Resorting or betaking of 
 oneself to possible source of help (r. to brandy 
 is deprecated ; usu. in phr. have r. to, adopt as 
 adviser, helper, or expedient) ; thing resorted 
 to (rare ; their usual r. is perjury), [f. F recours 
 f. L re- §(cursus course 1 )] 
 
 reco'ver 1 (-ku-), v.t. & i., & n. Regain pos- 
 session or use or control of, acquire or find (out) 
 again, reclaim, (has recovered his kingdom, his 
 friends' affection, the meaning of the hierO' 
 glyphs, the track, health, his appetite, his voice, 
 much land from the sea ; r. oneself, regain con- 
 sciousness or calmness or control of limbs or 
 senses ; horse recovers itself after stumble ; r. 
 one's legs, stand up after fall) ; secure restitu- 
 tion or compensation, secure (damages), by legal 
 process (plaintiff shall r. according to verdict', 
 his remedy is to r. in a court of law ; an action 
 to r. damages for false imprisonment) ; bring 
 or come back to life, consciousness, health, or 
 normal state or position (he recovered slowly ; 
 the mention of a bxicket of water recovered her; 
 I recovered the heat of his body with fomenta- 
 tions ; corpse cannot be recovered to life ; re- 
 covered me from a lingering illness ; am quite 
 recovered from my cold ; sat down to r. from 
 his agitation ; r. sword, bring it back after 
 thrust &c); retrieve, make up for, get over, 
 cease to feel effects of, (must try to r. lost time ; 
 never recovered the blow, his losses, this faux 
 pas); make one's way back to (rare ; recovered 
 the shore icith difficulty); hence peco'vePABLE 
 a. (N.) position to which sword &c. is brought 
 back in fencing or drill, act of coming to this, 
 [f. OF recovrerf. Y^recuperarc recuperate] 
 
 pe-eoveP 2 . See re- 8. 
 
 reco'very, n. Act or process of recover *- 
 ing or being recovered, [f. OF recovree (re- 
 cover 1 , -v 4 )] 
 
 re'ereant, a. & n. (rhet., poet.). Craven, 
 coward(ly), apostate. Hence pe'creANCV n., 
 pe'epeantLY 2 adv. [OF, part, of re- 6(croire 
 f. L credere entrust) yield in trial by combat] 
 
 pe'epeate l , v.t. & i. (Of pastime, relaxation, 
 holiday, employment, &c, or refl. of person in- 
 dulging in them) refresh, entertain, agreeably 
 occupy, (it recreates him to invent histories for 
 his neighbours ; recreates himself with cricket, 
 climbing, lying in a hammock, political argu- 
 ment); amuse oneself, indulge in recreation. 
 Hence peepeA'TioN n., pe*cpeATiVE a. [f. L 
 re- 8(creare create), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pe-epeate 2 &c. See re- 8. 
 
 re'erement, n. Waste product, refuse, (now 
 rare) ; (Physiol.) fluid separated from blood & 
 again absorbed in it, e.g. saliva, bile. Hence 
 peepementrTious l a. [f. L re- 5(crementiim 
 f. cernere cret- sift, -ment)] 
 
 peepi'minate, v.i. Retort accusation, in- 
 dulge in mutual or counter charges. Hence or 
 cogn. peepiminA'TiON n., peeprminATivE, 
 peepi'minatORY, aa. [f. med.L re- l(crimi- 
 nari accuse f. crimen crime)] 
 
 peeposs. See re- 9. 
 
 recrude'sce, v.i. (Of sore, disease, &c, or 
 fig. of discontent &c.) break out again. Hence 
 peepudESCENT a., pecpude'seENCE n. [f. L 
 re- 8(crudescere f. crudiis raw, see -escent)] 
 
 pecpui't l (-oot), n. Newly enlisted & not yet 
 trained soldier ; person who joins a society &c. ; 
 tiro (often raw ?*.). [earlier sense reinforce- 
 ment, f. obs. F rec j rute=recrue fern. p.p. of re-8- 
 (croitre, OF creistre, f. L crescere increase)] 
 
 pecpui't 2 , v.t. & i. Enlist rr. for (army, regi- 
 ment, crew, society, party), enlist (person) as r.. 
 
RECTAL 
 
 702 
 
 RED 
 
 get or seek rr. (esp. recruiting-sergeant); re- 
 plenish, fill up deficiencies or compensate wear 
 & tear in, refresh, reinvigorate ; (seek to) re- 
 cover health &c (has gone to the country tor.), 
 whence peePui*tAL(2) n. Hence reerui't- 
 ment n. [f. F recruter (obs. recrute, see prec.)] 
 re-ctal, a. Of or by the rectum, [-al] 
 pe'etangle, n. Plane rectilinear four-sided 
 figure with four right angles, esp. one with ad- 
 jacent sides unequal. [f. LL rectianguius (rec- 
 tus straight, angle 1 ) right-angled] 
 pecta'ng-ulap, a. Shaped, having base or 
 sides or section shaped, like rectangle ; placed, 
 having parts or lines placed, at right angles. 
 Hence reetangulaTiTY n., peeta'ngular- 
 ly 2 adv. [as prec, -ar : ] 
 pe'etify, v.t. Put right, correct, amend, re- 
 form, adjust, (method, calculation, statement, 
 position, instrument) ; abolish, get rid of, ex- 
 change for what is right, (abuse, anomaly, error, 
 omission, grievance) ; (Chem.) purify or refine 
 by renewed distillation orother process; (Geom.) 
 find straight line equal to (curve). Hence or 
 cogn. pe'ctif i able a. , peetiFic a *tion, pe'cti- 
 fiERMl,2), nn. [f. F rectifier f. LL rectificare 
 (L rectus right, -FY)] 
 
 pectili'neap, -li'neal, aa. In or forming 
 a straight line ; bounded or characterized by 
 straight lines. Hence pectilinea'PiTY n., 
 pectili'neaPLY 2 adv. [f. LL rectilineus (L 
 rectus straight, linea line 2 ), -ar 1 , -al] 
 pe'ctitude, n. Moral uprightness, righteous- 
 ness ; (rare) correctness, Tightness. [F, f. LL 
 rectitudo (L rectus right, -tude)] 
 pe'cto, n. Right-hand page of open book ; 
 front of leaf (opp. verso), [f. L recto (folio) on 
 the right (leaf)] 
 
 pe'etop (-er), n. Parson of parish whose tithes 
 are not impropriate (cf. vicar) ; head of uni- 
 versity, college, school, or religious institution 
 (esp. abroad ; in England only of heads of Exeter 
 & Lincoln Colleges, Oxford ; in Scotland of 
 head masters of secondary schools &c. , also, usu. 
 Lord R. , of triennially elected presidents of uni- 
 versities), whence pe'etPESS l n. Hence pe*e- 
 tOPATE i, pe'ctoPSHiP, nn., pectop'iAL a. [L, 
 = ruler (regere rect- rule, -OR 2 )] 
 pe*ctopy,n. Rector's benefice; rector's house. 
 [f. med.L rectoria (prec, -Y 1 )] 
 pe'etum, n. Final section of large intestine, 
 terminating at anus. [f. L rectum (intestinum) 
 straight (intestine)] 
 
 peeirmbent, a. Lying down, reclining. 
 Hence peeu'mbENCY n., peeirmbentLY 2 
 adv. ff. L recumbere (re- 9), -ent] 
 pecu'pepate, v.t. & i. Restore, be restored 
 or recover, from exhaustion, illness, loss, &c 
 So peeupePATioN n., peeu'pePATivE a. [f. L 
 recuperare, recip-, extended form of recipere 
 
 RECEIVE, -ATE 3 ] 
 
 peeup', v.i. (-rr-; part, -u'rring or -ur'ring). 
 Go back in thought or speech to ; (of idea &c.) 
 come back to one's mind &c, return to mind ; 
 (of problem &c.) come up again ; occur again, 
 be repeated, (recurring decimals, figures in 
 decimal fraction that r. in same order again & 
 again) ; recurring curve, that returns upon it- 
 self, e. g. circle. Hence pecuTPENCE n. [f. L 
 re- 9(currcre run)] 
 
 peeu'ppent, a. & n. (Of nerve, vein, branch, 
 &c) turning back so as to reverse direction ; 
 occurring again or often or periodically ; hence 
 peeu*ppentLY 2 adv. (N.) r. artery or nerve, 
 esp. one of the two r. laryngeal nerves, [as 
 prec, -ent] 
 
 pecup've, v.t. & i. Bend backwards. So 
 
 pecup'VATE 2 a., pecup'vatURE n. [f. L re-9- 
 (curvare bend)] 
 
 pecu'sant (-z), n. & a. (Hist.) (person) who 
 refused to attend Church-of-England services ; 
 (person) refusing submission to authority or 
 compliance with regulation (against). Hence 
 pecu'SANCE, -ancy, nn. [f. L recusare recuse] 
 recu'se (-z), v.t. (now rare). Reject (person, 
 his authority), object to (judge) as prejudiced, 
 [f. L recusare (re- 2, causa cause) refuse] 
 red, a. & n. Of or approaching the colour 
 seen at least refracted end of spectrum, of 
 shades varying from crimson to bright brown 
 & orange, esp. those seen in blood, sunset 
 clouds, rubies, glowing coals, human lips, & 
 fox's hair, (r. as a rose &c ; blood, fiery, yellow- 
 ish, deep, &c, -r.; r. with anger &c, flushed in 
 face ; with r. hands, bloodstained ; r. gold 
 archaic & poet., real gold, money; r. cent U.S., 
 smallest coin orig. of copper, esp. don't care a 
 r. cent; r. eyes, bloodshot, or with lids sore 
 from weeping, also of bird &c with r. iris ; as 
 distinctive epithet with many varieties of ani- 
 mal & plant & mineral, as r. deer, partridge, 
 mullet, ant, currant, campion, arsenic) ; 
 having to do with bloodshed, burning, violence, 
 or revolution (r. battle, ruin, vengeance ; a r. 
 republican, radical, anarchist); r. admiral; 
 r. bark, superior kind of cinchona; r.-blind, 
 colour-blind to r.; r. box, used by Ministers for 
 official documents ; redbreast, the robin ; re'd- 
 coat, soldier of British army ; r. cross, St 
 George's cross or national emblem of England, 
 also Christian side in crusades, also (emblem 
 of) ambulance service organized according to 
 Geneva Convention ; r. ensign, used by British 
 merchant ships ; r.-eye, the fish rudd ; r.-fish, 
 male salmon in spawning season, also (market 
 name for) salmon (opp. white fish of all other 
 kinds) ; r.flag, symbol of revolution, signal for 
 battle, danger signal on shooting-ranges & rail- 
 ways ; r. gum, teething-rash in children, also 
 (kinds of eucalyptus yielding) reddish resin ; 
 r. -handed, in the act of crime (take r.-h.); r. 
 hat, cardinal's ; r.-heat, being r.-hot lit. & fig., 
 temperature of r.-hot thing; r. herring, her- 
 ring(s) reddened by being cured in smoke 
 (neither fish, flesh, nor good r.h., of ambiguous 
 indefinite nature; draw a r.h. across the 
 track, divert attention from subject in hand 
 by starting irrelevant but exciting question, 
 with ref. to use of r.h. in exercising hounds); 
 r.-hot, heated to redness, highly excited, en- 
 thusiastic, furious ; r.-hot volcer, garden plant 
 with flame-coloured spikes of flower; r. lamp, 
 night-sign of doctor or chemist; r. lane, (nur- 
 sery name for) throat ; r. lead, pigment made 
 from r. oxide of lead (v.t., coat with this) ; r.- 
 legged, with r. legs (of birds &c, esp. the r.-l. 
 or French partridge) ; r.-legs, kinds of bird, 
 also the plant bistort ; r.-letter, (of day) marked 
 with r. letter(s) in calendar as saint's day or 
 festival, (fig.) memorable as date of joyful 
 occurrence, (v.t., record as memorable for 
 joy) ; r. man, N.-Amer. Indian ; r. meat, beef, 
 mutton, &c (opp. veal & pork & chicken) ; r. 
 mass, at which priest wears r.; r.-poll, kinds of 
 r.-crested bird, esp. male linnet, also (pi.) r.- 
 haired polled cattle ; r. rag, thing that excites 
 person's rage as r. object enrages bull (is a r.r. 
 to him), also kind of rust in grain ; r. rattle, 
 lousewort; r. ribbon, ribboH, membership, of 
 Order of Bath ; r. sanders 1 . wood of E.-Ind. tree 
 used in dyeing ; redshank, kind of snipe ; r.- 
 short, (of iron) brittle while r.-hot ; redskin,- 
 r. man above ; r. snow, reddened by kind of 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
RED- 
 
 703 
 
 REDUCTION 
 
 alga & common in Arctic & Alpine regions ; r. 
 
 soldier, (pig affected with) kind of swine fever 
 
 with redness of skin ; r. spider, insect infesting 
 
 hot-house plants esp. vines ; re'dstart, r.-tailed 
 
 European songbird [OE steort tail] ; r.-streak, 
 
 kind of cider apple ; r. tape, excessive use of or 
 
 adherence to formalities esp. in public business, 
 
 whence red-ta'pERY, red-ta*piSM, red- 
 ta'piST, nn.; r.-water, malarial cattle & sheep 
 disease with r. urine ; r. weed, corn-poppy ; r.- 
 wing, kinds of thrush & other birds ; re'dwood, 
 kinds of tree ; r. worm, kind used as fishing- 
 bait ; hence re'ddEN 6 v.t, & i., re'ddiSH 1 (2), 
 re*dd v --, aa., re'dLY 2 adv. (rare), re'dNESS n. 
 (N.)r. colour; a shade of r.; ther. colour in rou- 
 lette & rouge-et-noir; the r. ball at billiards; r. 
 cloth or clothes {dressed in r.) ; one of former 
 three squadrons or divisions (ther., white, blue) 
 of British fleet ; radical or republican or anar- 
 chist. [com.-Teut.; OE read, cf. Du. rood, G 
 rot; cogn. w. L rufus, ruber, Gk eruthros, Skr. 
 rudhird-] 
 
 red-, pref. =re-, only in wds of L origin; 
 numbers as in re-. 
 
 peda'et, v.t. Put into literary form, arrange 
 for publication, edit. So peda'etOR 2 n. [in 
 mod. use a back-formation f. foil.] 
 
 peda'ction, n. Preparing or being prepared 
 for publication, revision, editing, rearrange- 
 ment ; new edition, [f. F redaction f. L red- 8- 
 (igere -act- = agere bring), -ion)] 
 
 peda'n, n. Field-work with two faces form- 
 ing salient angle. [F (re-, dent tooth)] 
 
 pe'ddle, n., & v.t. Red ochre, ruddle; (vb) 
 colour with r. [var. of ruddle] 
 
 pede *, n. (archaic). Counsel, advice ; resolve, 
 design ; narrative. [OE rxd, cf. Du. raad, G 
 rat, f. st. of foil, or read] 
 
 pede 2 , v.t. (archaic). Advise (person, with 
 inf. with or without to, or with imperat.) ; read 
 (riddle, dream), [var. of read] 
 
 pedee'm, v.t. Buy back, recover by expen- 
 diture of effort or by stipulated payment, (r. 
 one's rights, position, honour, mortgaged land, 
 pledged goods) ; compound for, buy off, (charge 
 or obligation) by payment; perform (promise); 
 purchase the freedom of (another, oneself), 
 save (one's life) by ransom ; save, rescue, re- 
 claim ; (of God or Christ) deliver frorn sin & 
 damnation ; make amends for, compensate, 
 counterbalance, (fault, defect ; has one redeem- 
 ing feature) ; save from a defect {the eyes r. the 
 face from ugliness). Hence pedee'mABLE a., 
 (esp. of Christ, see above) pedee'mER 1 n. [f. 
 L red- 8(imere -empt- -einere buy)] 
 
 pede'mption, n. REDEEMing or being re- 
 deemed, esp. the deliverance from sin & dam- 
 nation wrought by Christ's atonement (past, 
 beyond, without, r., so that r. is hopeless; in 
 the year of our r. 1900 &c, a.d. 1900 &c.) ; thing 
 that redeems (that blow teas or 'proved his r.); 
 purchase (became a member of a livery com- 
 pany by r.). Hence pede'mptiVE a. [f. Lre- 
 demptio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 pedescend. See re- 9. 
 
 redi'f, n. (Soldier of) Turkish military re- 
 serve.^ [Turk.] 
 
 re'ding-ote, n. Woman's long double-breast- 
 ed outer coat with skirts sometimes cut away 
 in front. [F, = kind of (orig. man's) coat, cor- 
 rupt, of E riding-coat] 
 
 redi'nteg'pate, v.t. Restore to wholeness 
 or unity ; renew or re-establish in united or 
 perfect state. So pedintegTATiON n. [f. L 
 red- 9(integrare integrate 2 ), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pedipeet &c, see re- 8; rediscover &c, 
 re- 9; pedis tribute &c, pedivide &c, re- 
 do, RE- 8. 
 
 pe'dolent, a. Fragrant (now rare) ; having 
 a strong smell, (fig.) strongly suggestive or re- 
 miniscent, of. Hence pe'dolENCE n. [f. L 
 red- <o(olere smell), -ent] 
 
 pedou'ble (du-), v.t. & i. Intensify, increase 
 make or grow greater or more intense or nu- 
 merous, (r. one's efforts ; the clamour redoubled) 
 [f. F re- 6(doubler double 3 )] 
 
 pedoub't (-owt), n. (fortif.). Outwork or 
 field work usu. square or polygonal &z without 
 flanking defences, [f. F redoute f. nied.L rc- 
 ductus refuge f. p.p. of L reduced; -b- on 
 false anal, of doubt] 
 
 pedo'ub'table (-owt-), a. (Of opponent, war- 
 rior, controversialist, &c.) formidable, [f. F 
 redoutabte f. re- 6(douter doubt 2 ) fear] 
 
 pedoub'ted, a. (archaic). Dreaded, redoubt- 
 able, [f. obs. redoubt f. F as prec] 
 
 pedoirnd (-ow-), v.i. Contribute in the end, 
 make great contribution, to one's advantage, 
 credit, &c. (this procedure will r. to our ad- 
 vantage; the tale, fact, redounds to their 
 credit) ; come as final result to, come back or 
 recoil tipon, person (the benefits that r. to us 
 from his self-sacrifice ; his praises r. upon 
 himself), [earlier sense overflow, f. F rfdonder 
 f. L red- 6(undare f. unda wave)] 
 
 pedre'ss, v.t,, & n. Readjust, set straight 
 again, (usu. r. the balance, restore equality); 
 set right, remedy, make up for, get rid of, 
 rectify, (distress, wrong, damage, grievance, 
 abuse); (n.) reparation for wrong, redressing 
 of grievances &c. [n. f. vb, f. F RE-8(dresser 
 dress)] 
 
 pediree, v.t. Restore to original or proper 
 position, remedy by such restoration, (now 
 only surg.; had the shoulder, dislocation, re- 
 duced), bring back to (r. person to discipline) ; 
 convert physically or mentally to other form, 
 subject to such conversion, make suitable or 
 conformable or adapted to, bring by classifica- 
 tion or analysis to, (r. rule to practice, act on 
 it ; observations taken at surface must be re- 
 duced to centre ; r. anomalies to rule, discover 
 formula covering them ; the facts may all be 
 reduced to three heads ; r. it to English ortho- 
 graphy & spell it employee ; the unwritten cus- 
 toms were reduced to writing; r. dissimilar 
 quantities to one denomination, integer to form 
 of fraction; can we r. these ripples to their 
 mechanical elements ? ; r. clods to powder, ore 
 to metal, compound to components, surface by 
 harrowing, or simply r. clods, compound, Sec; 
 r. syllogism of one form to another) ; compelfo 
 do (rare), bring by force or necessity to some 
 state or action , subdue, bring back to obedience, 
 (r. the Crown to submission, the revolted towns, 
 all the other Powers of the continent ; reduced 
 him to assert or usu. asserting an absurdity ; 
 was reduced to despair, to weakness; to bor- 
 row or usu. borrowing clothes, to borrowing) ; 
 bring down, lower, weaken, impoverish, dimin- 
 ish, contract, (r. Pope to place of chief bishop ; 
 N.C.O. wasreducedtotheranks, madeaprivate; 
 is in a very redxueed state, feeble ; r. liquid to 
 two-thirds of its bulk ; this reduces the temper- 
 ature ; the 16 may be reduced to 5, by omission 
 of 11, or by reclassification &c. ; have reduced 
 our outfit to almost nothing ; he reduced him- 
 self into the least possible compass ; to be sold 
 at reduced prices ; reduced circumstances, po- 
 verty after prosperity ; r. the establishment? 
 dismiss officials or cut down expenses ; reduced 
 officers &c, dismissed in such reduction). Hence 
 pedu'eiBLE a. [f. L. re- 9(ducere duct- bring)] 
 
 redu'etio ad absur'dum, n. Reduction 
 to absurdity (see foil.). [L] 
 
 pedu'etion, n. Reducing or being REDUCEd ; 
 
REDUIT 
 
 704 
 
 REFECTORY 
 
 also: reduced copy of picture, map, &c; r. to 
 absurdity, proof of the falsity of a principle 
 &c given by producing a logical consequence 
 of it that is absurd, (loosely) pushing of a prin- 
 ciple to unpractical lengths. If. L reductio (re- 
 duck, -ion)] 
 
 peduit(redwe - ), n.(fortif.). Keep for garrison 
 to retire to & hold when outworks are taken. 
 [f. F rkduit redoubt] 
 
 redirndant, a. Superfluous, excessive, ple- 
 onastic ; copious, luxuriant, full. Hence or 
 cogn. redvrndANCE, pedu'ndANcy, nn., re- 
 du'ndantLV 2 adv. [f. L as redound, -ant] 
 
 pedu'plieate, v.t. Make double, repeat; 
 (Gram.) repeat (letter, syllable), form (tense) by 
 reduplication. So pedu'plieATiVE a. [f. 
 med.L re- 8(duplica?'e duplicate 2 ), -ate 3] 
 
 reduplica'tion, n. Doubling, repetition ; 
 counterpart; (Gram.) repetition of syllable or 
 letter in word-formation, part so repeated, [f. 
 LL reduplicatio (prec, -ATION)] 
 
 pedye. See re- 8. 
 
 pee. = reeve 2 . 
 
 pe-e*eho, v.i. & t. Echo (t. & i.), echo (t. & 
 i.) again & again, resound, [re- 6] 
 
 peed, n., & v.t. (Tall straight stalk of) kinds 
 of firm-stemmed water or marsh plant (broken 
 r., unreliable person or thing ; lean on a ?*., put 
 trust in weak thing or person), whence pee'd- 
 ed 2 a.; (collect.) reeds growing in a mass or 
 used as material esp. for thatching, wheat-straw 
 prepared for thatching ; (poet.) arrow, musical 
 pipe of r. or straw, pastoral poetry ; vibrating 
 part, of various shape & material, inserted in 
 some musical wind-instruments (esp. oboe, bas- 
 soon, clarinet, bagpipe, & some organ-pipes) to 
 produce the sound, (usu. pi., cf. strings, brass) 
 r. instrument(s) ; weaver's implement for sepa- 
 rating warp-threads & beating up weft ; (usu. 
 pi.) set of semicylindrical adjacent mouldings 
 like rr. laid together ; r. -babbler or -warbler ov 
 -wren, r.-bunting or -sparrow, two kinds of 
 bird; r.-mace, bulrush; r.-pheasant, Bearded 
 Titmouse ; r.-pipe, musical pipe of r., also reed- 
 ed organ-pipe ; r.-stop, organ-stop consisting of 
 r.-pipes. (Vb) thatch with r.; make (straw) in- 
 to r.; decorate with r. -moulding; fit (musical 
 instrument or organ-nipe) with r. [com.-WG ; 
 OE hreod, cf. Du. & G riet] 
 
 pe-e*dify, v.t. Rebuild (house &c.) ; build 
 up again (hopes, wasted tissue, &c). [re- 8] 
 
 pe-e'dit &c. See re- 8. 
 
 pee'dling, n. Bearded Titmouse, [-ling 1 ] 
 
 pee'dy, a. Abounding with reeds ; made of 
 reed (chiefly poet., as r. pipe, couch) ; like a 
 reed in weakness, slenderness, or (of grass &c.) 
 thickness ; (of voice) like reed-instrument in 
 tone, scratchy, not round & clear. Hence 
 pee'diNESS n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 peef 1 , n., & v.t. One of three or four strips 
 across top of square & bottom of fore-&-aft sail 
 that can be taken in or rolled up to reduce sail's 
 surface (take inar., lit., &fig. proceed cautious- 
 ly) ; r.-knot, consisting of two bights each en- 
 closing the other's parallel-laid shanks,ordinary 
 double-knotmadesymmetrically(opp.GRANNY). 
 
 | Vb) take in reef (s) of (sail ; single, double, treble, 
 
 -reefed, with 1, 2, 3, rr. taken in) ; shorten (top- 
 mast, bowsprit, also paddles of paddle wheel 
 by shifting them nearer centre), [ult. f. OX 
 r if in same sense, perh. a spec, use of rif rib] 
 
 peef 2 , n. Ridge of rock or shingle or sand at 
 •or just above or below surface of water ; (Gold- 
 mining) lode of auriferous quartz, also the bed- 
 .rock. [as prec. prob. through Du. rif~\ 
 
 pee'fep, n. One who reefs ; (slang) midship- 
 
 man ; reef !-knot ; (also reefing-jacket) close 
 double-breasted stout jacket, [reef l , -er 1 ] 
 
 peek !, n. Smoke (Sc & literary) ; vapour, 
 visible exhalation, (chiefly Sc. & lit.); foul or 
 stale odour (the r. of tobacco), fetid atmosphere 
 (amidr. & squalor). Hencepee*kY 2 a. (chiefly 
 Sc. & literary; Auld Reekie, Edinburgh). 
 [com.-Teut.; OE r£c, cf. Du. rook, G ranch] 
 
 peek 2 , v.i. Emit smoke (chiefly of houses 
 after conflagration or object that has been 
 burning in open air) ; emit vapour, steam, (of 
 hot drink or food, sweating person &c, or shed 
 blood or thing smeared with it); smell un- 
 pleasantly (usu. of; reeks of patchouli, tobacco, 
 blood, or fig. of murder, affectation, &c). [OE 
 reocan, cf. Du. rieken, G riechen, smell, & Du. 
 rooken, G rauchen, smoke, & see prec] 
 
 peel 1 , n., &v.t. &i. Kinds of rotatory ap- 
 paratus on which thread, silk, yarn, paper, 
 wire, &c, are wound at some stage of manu- 
 facture ; contrivance for winding up & unwind- 
 ing cord as required, esp. in cod-fishing (off the 
 r. fig., straight ofF, without hitch or pause, in 
 rapid succession) ; small cylinder on which 
 sewing-cotton &c. are wound for convenience; 
 revolving part in various machines. ( Vb) wind 
 (thread, fishing-line, &c.) on r.; take (cocoon 
 silk &c.) off, draw (fish, logline, &c.) in or up, 
 by use of r.; rattle (story, list, verses) off with- 
 out pause or apparent effort ; (of grasshopper 
 &c) make clicking noise like r. iu motion, [vb 
 f. n., OE hreol, excl. E] 
 
 peel 2 , v.i., & n. (Of eyes, mind, head) be in a 
 whirl, be dizzy, swim ; sway, stagger, stand or 
 walk or run unsteadily, be shaken physically or 
 mentally, rock from side to side, swing violent- 
 ly, (his mind, the front rank, the ship, the tow- 
 er, reeled under the shock ; r. to & fro like a 
 drunken man ; went reeling down the street ; 
 the State was reeling to its foundations) ; seem 
 to shake (the mountains r. before his eyes); 
 hence pee'lingLY 2 adv. (N.) reeling motion 
 lit. or fig. (without a r. or a stagger; the r. of 
 vice & folly around us), [perh. cogn. w. prec] 
 
 peel 3 , n., & v.i. Lively esp. Scotch dance, 
 usu. of two couples facing & describing figures 
 of 8 ; (vb) dance r. [perh. f. reel 2 n.] 
 
 pe-eleet&c,pe-emfoapk&c,pe-emepg , e 
 &c See re- 9. 
 
 peen, n. =rhine 1 . 
 
 pe-enable, pe-enaet &c, see re- 9; pe- 
 engine, re- 8 ; pe-entep &c, re- 9. 
 
 pe-e'ntrant, a. & n. (Angle) that points in- 
 ward (opp. salient; esp. in fortification), 
 [re- 9, entrant] 
 
 pe-establish &c See re- 9. 
 
 peeve 1 , n. (Hist.) chief magistrate of town 
 or district ; (Canada) president of village or 
 town council. [OE gerefa etym. dub.; prob. 
 unconnected w. obs. grave steward, landgrave 
 &c, G graf count] 
 
 peeve 2 , pee, n. Female of ruff 2 . [?] 
 
 peeve 3 , v.t.(naut.; past & p.p. rove or reeved). 
 
 Thread (rope, rod, &c) through ring or other 
 aperture, (aperture, block, &c) with rope ; 
 fasten (rope, block or other object) in, on,round, 
 to, something by reeving ; (of ship) thread 
 (shoals, ice-pack), [perh. f. Du. revennKEF 1 vb] 
 
 pe-examine &c, see re- 8; pe-exist, re- 
 export &c, re- 9 ; pefaee, refashion &c, 
 
 RE- 8. 
 
 pefe'etion, n. Refreshment by food or drink 
 (milk & eggs were offered for our r.); slight 
 meal, repast, [f. F refection I. L RE- 8(fection- 
 em = factionem faction)] 
 
 pefe'etopy , n. Room used for meals in mon- 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REFER 
 
 705 
 
 REFLEX 
 
 asteries Sec. [f. med.L refectorium f. L re-8- 
 (ficere -feet- = jacere make) refresh, -ory] 
 
 refer*, v.t. & i. (-rr-). Trace or ascribe to per- 
 son or thing as cause or source, assign to certain 
 date or place or class, (r. one's victories to Pro- 
 vidence, miraculous tales to ignorance, ill tem- 
 per toindigestion,thelake-dwcllingsto the sixth 
 century, the origins of sculpture to Egypt, bar- 
 nacles to the molluscs), whence pe'ferABLE a.; 
 commit, hand over, {oneself, question for de- 
 cision) to person &c. (/ r. myself to your gene- 
 rosity ; let us r. the dispute to Socrates) ; send 
 on or direct (person), make appeal or have re- 
 course, to some authority or source of informa- 
 tion, (abs.) cite authority or passage, {ostler re- 
 ferred me to landlord ; for my proof I r. to the 
 facts of human nature, to 1 Kings in. 7; re- 
 ferred to his watch for the exacttime); (of state- 
 ment &c.) have relation, be directed, (of hearer 
 &c.) interpret (statement &c.) as directed, to 
 {these remarks r. only to deliberate, are not to 
 be referred to involuntary, offences); (of person 
 speaking &c.) make allusion, direct attention, 
 to {he several times referred to the modern in- 
 crease in expenditure; found myself on the 
 peak referred to), [f. L re- 9(ferre latum bring)] 
 
 referee*, n., & v.i. Arbitrator, person to 
 whom dispute is tobe oris referred fordecision, 
 umpire esp. in football ; (vb) act as r. esp. in 
 • football, [-ee] 
 
 re'ferenee, n., & v.t. Referring of matter 
 for decision or settlement or consideration to 
 some authority, scope given to such authority, 
 (thepeeragewas alloiced withoutr. tothe House 
 of Lords ; the r. is very wide, strictly limited ; 
 the Commission must confine itself to, that is a 
 question outside, the r.); relation, respect, cor- 
 respondence, to {the parts of a machine all have 
 r. to each other ; success seems to have little r. 
 to merit ; in, with, r. to, regarding, as regards:, 
 about; without r. to, irrespective of) ; allusion 
 to (?*., a or no r., several rr., to a previous con- 
 versation was or were made); direction more or 
 less precise to (page Sec. of) book &c. where in for- 
 mation may be found {loads his pages with, 
 does not give, rr.; cross r., to another passage 
 in same book ; r. bible, with marginal cross rr. ; 
 legislation by r., use in bill-drafting of rr. to 
 previous statutes instead of restatement), mark 
 used to refer reader of text to note or to part of 
 diagram ; act of looking up passage &c, or of 
 referring another or applying to person, for in- 
 formation (?•. or a r. to the dictionary would 
 have enlightened him; please give me a r., I 
 shoidd like to maker., to your last employer; 
 book ofr., to be used not for continuous read- 
 ing, but to consult on occasion; r.library, where 
 books may be consulted without being taken 
 away), person named by one applying for post 
 or offering goods Sec. as willing to vouch for him 
 or them (icho are your rr.l); hence referen- 
 tiAL a. (Vb) provide (book) with rr. to autho- 
 rities, [-ence] 
 
 referendary, n. (rare). Referee ; assessor 
 to commission; reporting or revising official, 
 [f. med.L referendarius (foil., -ary 1 )] 
 
 refere'ndum, n. Referring of certain poli- 
 tical questions or of such questions under cer- 
 tain circumstances to the electorate for direct 
 decision by a general vote on the single ques- 
 tion. [L (REFERre, -ND 1 )] 
 
 refill. See re- 9. 
 
 refi'ne, v.t. & i. Free from dross or impuri- 
 ties or defects, purify, clarify ; make elegant or 
 cultured, imbue with delicacy of taste, polish 
 manners or appearance of ; become pure or clear 
 or improved in polish or delicacy ; employ 
 subtlety of thought or language, make fine 
 
 F.D. 
 
 distinctions, discourse subtly {up)on; improve 
 (up)on by refinements. Hence refrnedLY 2 
 adv. [re- 6, fine 2 v.] 
 
 refinement, n. Refining or being refined ; 
 fineness of feeling or taste, polished manners 
 &c; subtle or ingenious manifestation of, piece 
 of elaborate arrangement, {alltherr. of luxury; 
 a countermine was a r. beyond their skill); piece 
 of subtle reasoning, fine distinction, [-ment] 
 
 refi'ner, n. In vbl senses ; esp., person whose 
 business is to refine metal, sugar, &c, whence 
 refi*nERY(3) n. [-ek 1 ] 
 
 refit &c. See re- 8. 
 
 reflect, v.t. & i. Fold back (rare ; r. the cor- 
 ner of the paper) ; {of surface or body) throw 
 (heat, light, sound, rarely ball &c.) back, cause 
 to rebound, (shine with reflected light, not one's 
 own, borrowed); (of mirror&c.,ortransf.)show 
 image of, reproduce to eye or mind, exactly 
 correspond in appearance or effect to, {laws r. 
 the average moral attitude of a half century 
 earlier); (of action, result, &c.) bring back or 
 cause to redound (credit, discredit, &c), (abs.) 
 bring discredit, (iip)on person or method re- 
 sponsible ; go back in thought, meditate, or con- 
 sult with oneself {on, upon, or abs.), remind 
 oneself or consider (that, how, Sec), whence 
 refle'etingLY 2 adv.; make disparaging re- 
 marks upon. [f. L re- 9(flectereflex- bend)] 
 
 reflection, -exicn, n. (-x- etym. correct but 
 now rare exc. in scientific use). REFLECTing or 
 being reflected (angle of r., made by reflected 
 ray with perpendicular to surface) ; reflected 
 light, heat, colour, or image; reflex action; 
 (piece of) censure (usu. on or upon); thing bring- 
 ing discredit (up)on ; reconsideration (on r., I 
 doubt whether Iwasright); mental facultydeal- 
 ing with products of sensation & perception ; 
 'idea arising in the mind, mental or verbal com- 
 ment, apophthegm, (often on or upon). Hence 
 refle'ctionAL, refleetionLESS, aa. [f. LL 
 reflexio (prec, -ion) w. assim. to reflect] 
 
 reflective, a. (Of surface &c.) giving back 
 reflection or image; (of light &c.) reflected 
 (rare); (Gram.) reflexive (now rare); (of action) 
 reflex, reciprocal, (now rare) ; (of mental facul- 
 ties) concerned in reflection or thought ; (of per- 
 son, mood, &c.) thoughtful, given to medita- 
 tion. Hence refleetiveLY 2 adv., reflee- 
 tiveNESS n. [reflect, -ive] 
 
 reflector, n. Body or surf ace reflecting rays, 
 esp. piece of glass or metal usu. concave for re- 
 flecting in requii'ed direction ; (telescope &c. 
 provided with) apparatusfor reflecting images; 
 person, book, &c. , that gives or affords conscious 
 or tmconscious representation of prejudices, 
 habits, &c. [-or 2 ] 
 
 reflet (F), n. Lustre, iridescence, esp. on pot- 
 tery. 
 
 reflex 1 , n. Reflected light or colour or glory 
 
 the fame of Greece teas a r. from the glory of 
 Athens), (Paint.) part of picture represented as 
 affected by the light or colour of another part; 
 image or reflection in mirror &c; reproduction, 
 secondary manifestation, correspondent result, 
 (legislation should be a r. of public opinion; 
 lamb & mint sauce is a popidar r. of the pass- 
 over with bitter herbs); ar. action (doctor tested 
 patient's rr.). [f. LL reflexus -us (reflect)] 
 
 reflex 2 , a. Recurved (rare); (of light &c.) 
 reflected (rare) ; (of thought &c.) introspective, 
 directed back upon itself or its own operations, 
 (of effect or influence) reactive, coming back 
 upon its author or source; (Physiol.) r. action, 
 independent of the will, excited as involuntary 
 response to nerve-stimulation ; (Gram.) reflex- 
 ive (now rare). Hence re'flexLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 reflexus p.p. (reflect)] 
 
REFLEXED 
 
 706 
 
 REGAL 
 
 pefle'xed, a. (bot,). Recurved, [f. obs. reflex 
 
 vTl = TiF*FF FOTl 
 
 pefle'xible, a. Capable of being reflected. 
 Hence peflexiBi'LiTY n. las prec, -ible] 
 reflexion. See reflection. 
 pefle'xive, a. & n. (gram.). (Word, form) im- 
 plying agent's action upon himself ; (verb) in- 
 dicating identity of subject & object ; (pers. pro- 
 noun or poss. adjective) referring to subject. 
 Hence pefle'xiveLY 2 a dv. Las prec, -iveJ 
 refloat. See re- 9., . 
 
 pe'fluent, a. Flowing back (r. tide, blood). 
 Hence pe'fluENCE n. [f. L re- 9(Jluere flow)] 
 reflux, see re- 9 ; pefoot, re- 8 ; reforest 
 &c, re- 9. 
 
 pefop'm 1 , v.t. & i. Make (person, institu- 
 tion, procedure, conduct, oneself) or (of person 
 or body of persons) become better by removal 
 or abandonment of imperfections, faults, or 
 errors (reformed churches, see reformation); 
 abolish, cure, (abuse, malpractice). Hence pe- 
 fop'mABLE a. [f. L re- 8{formare form 2 )] 
 pefop'm 2 , n. Removal of abuse(s) esp. in 
 politics (R. Bill, Act, those of 1831-2 amending 
 parliamentary representation) ; improvement 
 made or suggested, [f. prec] 
 pe-fop*m 3 , v.t. & i. Form again. So pe- 
 fopma'tion 1 n. [re- 8] 
 pefopma'tion 2 , n. Reforming or being re- 
 formed, esp. radical change for the better in 
 political, religious, or social affairs; the R., 
 16th-c movement for reform of abuses in Roman 
 Church ending in establishment of Reformed 
 or Protestant Churches, whence pefopma*- 
 tionAL a. [f. L reformatio (reform l , -ation)] 
 pefop'mative a., pefop'matopy a. & n. 
 Tending or intended to produce reform; (n.) 
 institution to which juvenile offenders are sent 
 for r. purposes, [reform l , -ative, -orv] 
 pefop'mep, n. In vbl senses; esp.: leaderin 
 the 16th-c reformation ; advocate of the re- 
 form 2 bill. [-erM 
 
 pefpa'et, v.t. (Of water, air, glass, &c) de- 
 flect (light) at certain angle where it enters ob- 
 liquely from another medium of different den- 
 sity {refracting telescope, with object-glass con- 
 verging rays to focus) ; (Chem.) analyse (nitre) 
 to discover percentage of impurities. Hence 
 or cogn. pefpa'etiON n., pefpa'ctionAL, pe- 
 fpa'etiVE, aa. [f. L re- 5(fringere -fract- = 
 frangere break)] • 
 
 pefpa'etop, n. Refracting medium or lens 
 or telescope, [-or 2 ] 
 
 pefpa'etopy, a. Stubborn, unmanageable, 
 rebellious ; (of wound, disease, &c) not yield- 
 ing to treatment ; (of substances) hard to fuse 
 or work. Hence pefpa'etopiLY 2 adv., pe- 
 fpa'etopiNESS n. If. L refractarius (refract, 
 -art J ) w. assim. to -orv] 
 pefpai'n \ n. Recurring phrase or line esp. 
 at end of stanzas. fOF, ult. f. pop. L* refrangerc 
 =refringere refract] 
 
 pefpai'n 2 , v.t. & i. Put restraint upon, curb, 
 (oneself, one's tears, feelings, soul, &c; archaic); 
 abstain from doing sometbing, abstain from 
 act or doing, [f . OF refrener f. L» re- 9(frenare 
 f. frenum bridle)] 
 
 pefpa*ng-ible, a. That can be refracted. 
 Hence pefpangiBrLrrv n. [incorrect for re- 
 fringible (refract, -ible)] 
 pefpe'sh, v.t. & i. Make cool again (rare) ; 
 reanimate, reinvigorate, (of food, drink, rest, 
 amusement, &c, or person providing these esp. 
 in r. oneself; refreshing innocence Sec, inter- 
 esting to blase" observer) ; freshen up (memory) ; 
 restore (fire, electric battery, &c.) with fresh 
 
 supply ; take esp. liquid refreshment. Hence 
 pefpe*shingL y 2 adv. [f. OF re- difrescher f. 
 fresche fresh] 
 pefre'shep, n. In vbl senses; esp.: extra 
 fee to counsel in prolonged case ; (colloq.) a 
 drink, [er 1 ] 
 
 ref re'shment, n. Refreshing or being re- 
 freshed in mind or body ; thing, esp. (usu. in 
 pi.) drink or food, that refreshes (the sight was 
 a r. to him ; take some r. or rr. ; r. room at rail- 
 way station or car on train), [f. OF refresche- 
 ment (prec, -ment)] 
 
 pef pi'gepate, v. t. & i. Make, rarely become, 
 cool or cold ; expose (provisions) to extreme 
 cold in order to freeze or preserve, whence pe- 
 fpi'gepatOR 2 (2) n. Hence or cogn. pefpigep- 
 ANT(2)a. &n., pe frige paction n. [f. Lre-9(/W- 
 gerare Lfrigus -oris cold), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pefpi'gepatopy, n. & a. Cold-water vessel 
 attached to still for condensing vapour ; refri- 
 gerator ; (adj.) refrigerant, [f. It refrigerator - 
 ius (prec, -ory)] 
 
 pert. See reave. 
 
 pe'fuge, n., & v.t. & i. (Place of) shelter 
 from pursuit or danger or trouble (seek r. ; has 
 found a r. ; take r. in a cave, in lying ; city of 
 r., see Josh, xx ; house ofr., institution for the 
 homeless &c); person, thing, course, that 
 gives shelter or is resorted to in difficulties (he 
 is the r. of the distressed ; books are the r. of the ■ 
 destitute) ; raised piece in middle of busy road 
 for crossers to halt on. (Vb, rare) give r. to; 
 take r. [F, f. L re- i(fugium f. fugere flee)] 
 
 refugee*, n. Person escaped to foreign 
 country from religious or political persecution, 
 [f. P refugie p.p. of refugier (prec)] 
 
 pefu'lgent, a. Shining, gloriously bright. 
 Hence or cogn. pefu'lgENCE n., pefu'lgent- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L re- 6(fulgere shine), -ent] 
 
 pefu'nd, v.t. & i., & n. Pay back (money re- 
 ceived or taken, expenses incurred by another); 
 reimburse- ; make repayment ; hence peftrnd- 
 ment n. (N.) refundment, [earlier sense pour 
 back, f. L re- 9(funderefus- pour)] 
 
 pefupbish, see re- 9 ; pef urnish, re- 8. 
 
 refu'sal, n. In vbl senses (will take no r., is 
 importunate) ; also, right or privilege of de- 
 ciding to take or leave a thing before it is 
 offered to others (have, stipulate for. give per- 
 son, the r. of), [foil., -al(2)] 
 
 pefu'se 1 (-z), v.t. & i. Say or convey by action 
 that one will not accept or submit to or give or 
 grant orgratify or consent (r. offer, gift, chance, 
 office, candidate, person as husband, &c; horse 
 refuses fence &c orabs., will not jump, whence 
 pefu'SERin.; r. orders, control, &c; r. obedi- 
 ence, compliance ; refused me satisfaction, tri- 
 bute to suzerain, my request', r. one, not 
 grant his request; have never been refused, 
 had request rejected ; r. to do) ; make refusal, 
 (whist &c.) not follow suit. Hence pefu'SABLE 
 a. [f. F refuser (L refundere see refund)] 
 
 pe'fuse 2 (-s), a. & n. (What is) rejected as 
 worthless or left over after use. [perh. f. OF 
 refuse p.p. as prec] 
 
 pe-fu'se 3 , v.t. Fuse again, [re- 9] 
 
 refu'te, v.t. Prove falsity or error of (state- 
 ment, opinion, argument, person advancing it), 
 rebut or repel by argument. Hence or cogn. 
 pe'futABLE a., pefu*tAL(2), pefutA'TiON, nn. 
 [f. L RE-9(/w£are see confute)] 
 
 pegai'n, v.t. Recover possession of (esp. r. 
 consciousness) ; reach (place) again ; recover 
 (one's feet or footing), [f. F re- 9(gagner gain 2 )] 
 
 pe'gal, a. Of or by kings (r. government, 
 title, office) ; fit for a king, magnificent, (lives 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REGALE 
 
 707 
 
 REGISTER 
 
 in r. splendour). Hence Pe'galLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 regalis (rex regis king, -al)] 
 
 pega'le 1 , n. Choice repast lit. or fig., feast 
 o/some dainty ; a dainty (rare) ; choice flavour 
 (rare ; viands of higher r.). [f. obs. F rigale f. 
 It. regalo gift, etym. dub.] 
 
 pega'le 2 , v.t. & i. Entertain choicely (often 
 iron.) with food or with talk &c; (of beauty, 
 flowers, &c.) give delight to; feed oneself 
 choicely (usu. on). Hence pega'leMENT n. [f. 
 F regaler (prec.)] 
 
 reg-a'iia \ n. pi. Royal privileges (now rare) ; 
 insignia of royalty used at coronations &c. [L, 
 
 neut. pi. Of REGALiS] 
 
 pega'lia 2 , n. Large cigar of good quality. 
 [f. Sp. regalia royal privilege (regal, -y 1 )] 
 
 pe'galism, n. Doctrine of sovereign's eccle- 
 siastical supremacy, [-ism] 
 
 pega'lity, n. Attribute of kingly power, 
 being king, (things that touch his r.) ; mon- 
 archical State, kingdom, (rare) ; royal privi- 
 lege, [f. OF regalite (regal, -ity)] 
 
 pegap'd 1 , v.t. & i. Gaze upon (usu. with 
 adv. phr. or adv.; found him regarding vie 
 with curiosity, intently) ; give heed to, take 
 into account, let one's course be affected by,* 
 (esp. in neg. context ; fears not God nor regards 
 man ; does not r. my advice), give heed, pay 
 attention, take notice ; look upon or contem- 
 plate mentally with reverence, horror, &c, or 
 with adv. specified sentiment (/ still r. him 
 kindly),; consider (usu. as with compl., also 
 in the light of, under an aspect, &c, also 
 vulg. with compl. & without as— consider; is 
 to be regarded as a wild beast ; r. it as mad- 
 ness or indispensable, him as among my 
 friends) ; (of things) concern, have relation to, 
 (does not r. me &c, has nothing to do with ; 
 esp. as regards, or regarding as part, or prep., 
 = about, touching; as regards wheat, prices 
 are rising ; considerations regarding peace ; 
 am innocent regarding the former), [f . F re- 6- 
 (garder guard 2 ), cf. reward] 
 
 pegap'd 2 , n. Gaze, steady or significant 
 look ; respect, point attended to, (in this &c. r.; 
 esp. in r. to or of, with r. to, regarding, as touch- 
 ing, about ; in one's r., concerning or about or 
 towards him) ; attention, heed, care, (to, for ; 
 r. must be had or paid to general principles ; 
 the next object ofr. is his conduct ; act without 
 r. to or for decency ; pays no r. to expostu- 
 lations or adviser), whence regap'dFUL a. 
 (of), pegap'dLESs a. & adv. (of; also slang as 
 ellipt. adv. =r. of expense, as got up r., ex- 
 pensively dressed), pega,p*dfulLY 2 (rare), 
 pegap'dlessLY 2 , advv., pegap'dfulNESS 
 (rare), pegap'dlessNESS, nn.; esteem, kindly 
 feeling or respectful opinion, (for; have a 
 great, little, r. for him, no, a high, r. for his 
 judgment or advice), (pi. ) expression of friendli- 
 ness in letter &c, compliments, (kindrr. to you 
 all ; give him my rr. or best &c. rr.). [F (prec.)] 
 
 pegap'dant, a. (Herald. ) looking backward ; 
 observant, with steady or intent gaze. [F (re- 
 gard 1 , -ant)] 
 
 pega'tta, n. Meeting for boat or yacht races. 
 {It._ (earlier sense contention), etym. dub.] 
 
 pegela'te, v.i. (Of fragments of ice, heaped 
 snow, &c.) be fused by temporary thawing of 
 surfaces into frozen mass. Hence pegel a 'tion 
 n. [re- 9, L gelare freeze, -ate 3 ] 
 
 pe*g*eney, n. Rule, control, (rare) ; office of 
 regent ; commission acting as regent ; regent's 
 or regency-commission's period of office (the It. 
 in Eng. Hist., 1810-20). [regent, -ency] 
 
 peg-e'nepate, v.t. & i. Invest with new & 
 higher spiritual nature ; improve moral con- 
 dition of, breathe new & more vigorous & 
 
 higher -life into, (person, institution, &c); 
 generate again, bring or come into renewed 
 existence, (must r. his self-respect ; polypus 
 regenerates after extraction) ; reform oneself. 
 Hence or cogn. pege'nePATE 2 (at), pe- 
 ge'nePATiVE, aa., pegenePATioN n. [f. L 
 re- S(generare generate)] 
 
 pege'nepatop, n. In vbl senses ; also, fuel- 
 saving fire-brick device in furnaces, [-or 2 ] 
 
 regenesis. See re- 8. 
 
 pe'gent, n. & a. Ruler, ruling principle, 
 (rare) ; person appointed to administer king- 
 dom during minority, absence, or incapacity of 
 monarch ; (adj., following n.) acting as r. 
 (Queen, Prince, &c, r.). [n. f. a., f. L regere 
 rule, -ent] 
 
 peg-epminate &c. See re- 9. 
 
 pe'gieide, n. Killer or participator in kill- 
 ing of a king (the rr., those concerned in trying 
 & executing Charles I) ; king-killing. Hence 
 pegiei'dAL a. [L rex regis king, -cide] 
 
 regie (rezhe"), n. Revenue in some countries 
 with sole control of tobacco trade. [F] 
 
 pegild. See re- 9. 
 
 regime, regime, (rezhe'm), n. Method of 
 government, prevailing system of things, 
 (ancien regime F, system of government in 
 France before the revolution, also transf. any 
 now abolished or past method; under the r. of 
 purchase, privilege, protection, competition. 
 
 Whig ascendancy, &c). [F (ri-) f. L regimen] 
 
 pe'gimen, n. Rule, system of government, 
 regime, (now rare) ; (Med.) prescribed course of 
 exercise, way of life, & esp. diet; (Gram.) re- 
 lation of syntactic dependence between words, 
 government. [L (regere rule, -men)] 
 
 pe'giment (-jm-), n., & v.t. Rule, govern- 
 ment, (now rare); permanent unit of army usu. 
 commanded by ( Lieut. -)Colonel & divided into 
 several companies or troops & often into two 
 battalions; (often pi.) large array or number, 
 legion, (usu. of). (Vb) form (men) into r. or rr.; 
 organize (workers, labour) in groups or accord- 
 ing to a system, whence pegimentA'TiON n. 
 [f. LL regimentum (prec, -ment)] 
 
 peglme'ntal, a. & n. Of a regiment ; hence 
 peglme'ntalLY 2 adv. (N., pi. ) dress worn by 
 regiment, military uniform, [-al] 
 
 Regrna, n. (abbr. R.). Reigning queen (in 
 signatures to proclamations, as V.R., Victoria 
 R., titles of crown law-suits, as R. v. Jones, In- 
 versus Jones, &c). [L (rex regis king, -ina ] )] 
 
 pegrnal, a. (rare). Queenly, of or befitting 
 a queen, [f. med.L reginalis (prec, -al)J 
 
 pe'gion (-jn), n. Tract of country, space, 
 place, of more or less definitely marked boun- 
 daries or characteristics (a desert, fertile, r. ; 
 the r. betiveen the Elbe & the Rhine; earth 
 is divided into rr. characterized by different 
 farina & flora) ; separate part of world or uni- 
 verse (often pi.; lower rr., hell, realm of the 
 dead ; upper rr., sky, heaven ; the r. beyond 
 the grave); sphere or realm of (you are getting 
 into the r. of metaphysics); ripper, middle, 
 lower, layer of atmosphere or sea ; part of the 
 body round or near some organ &c (the lumbar, 
 abdominal, &c, r. ; the r. of the eyes). Hence 
 pe'glonAL a. [f. AF regiun f. L regionem norm 
 -o direction (regere direct, -ion)] 
 
 pe'gister 1 , n. Book in which entries are 
 made of details to be recorded for reference ; 
 official or authoritative list kept e.g. of births, 
 marriages, & burials or deaths, of shipping, of 
 qualified voters in constituency (r. office, a 
 registry) ; slider in organ controlling set of 
 pipes; compass of voice or instrument, part of 
 voice-compass (head, chest, throat, upper, mid- 
 dle, lower, r.) ; adjustable plate for widening 
 
REGISTER 
 
 708 
 
 REIFY 
 
 or narrowing an opening & regulating draught 
 esp. in fire-grate ; recording indicator of speed, 
 force, &c. ; (Print.) exact correspondence of 
 printed matter on two sides of leaf (in v., so 
 corresponding), (Photog.) correspondence of 
 focussing screen with plate or film. [f. med.L 
 regestrum for regestum (LL regesta things re- 
 corded f. re- 8, L gerere carry)] 
 pe'gistep' 2 , v.t. & i. Set down (name, fact, 
 &c.) formally, record in writing, (fig.) make 
 mental note of ; enter or cause to be entered in 
 particular r. [r. letter, entrust to post office with 
 special precautions for safety ; r. luggage, on 
 railway &c; v. oneself or abs., put one's name 
 on electoral r.); (of instrument) record auto- 
 matically, indicate; (Print. &c.) correspond, 
 make correspond, exactly. Hence or cogn. re*- 
 gistPABLE a., regis tPA'Tiox n. {f. med.L re- 
 gistrare (prec.)] 
 
 pe'gistpap, n. Official recorder, person 
 charged with keeping register. Hence re'- 
 gistrapsHiP n. [prec,-AR 2 ] 
 pe'gistpapy, n. Registrar of Cambridge 
 University, [register 1 , -ary 1 ] 
 pe'gistpy, n. Registration ; place, office, 
 where registers are kept ; register (rare), [re- 
 gister 1 , -rv] 
 
 Re'gius, a. R. professor of Greek &c, holder 
 of chair at Oxf. or Camb. instituted by Henry 
 VIII or of later one placed on same footing. 
 [L, = royal (rex regis king)] 
 pe'gnal, a. Of a reign (r. year, beginning 
 with king's accession or an anniversary of it ; 
 r. day, anniversary of accession), [f. med.L 
 regnalis (reign, -al)] 
 
 re'gnant, a. Reigning (Queen R., ruling in 
 her own right & not as consort; Prince R., &c); 
 (of things, qualities, opinions,&c.)predominant, 
 prevalent, [f. L regnare reigx 2 , -ant] 
 pegOP'ge, v.t. & i. Bring or cast up again, 
 vomit, disgorge ; gush or flow back from pit, 
 channel, &c; swallow again, [re- 9] 
 pegpa'te, v.t. (hist.). Buy up (goods, esp. 
 victuals) with view to retailing at a profit (a 
 practice formerly prohibited). Hence pe- 
 gpa'tER 1 , pegpa'tOR 2 , nn. [f. OF regrater 
 perh. f. re-, grater (now gratter) scrape, grate 2 ] 
 pe'gpess ! , n. Going back ; declension, back- 
 ward tendency, [f. L regressus (foil.)] 
 pegpe'ss 2 , v.i. Move backwards (chiefly as- 
 tron.). [f. L re- 9(gredi — gradi gress- step)] 
 pegpe'ssion (-eshn), n. Backward move- 
 ment, retreat ; return of curve ; relapse, rever- 
 sion. So pegpe'ssivE a., pegpe'ssiveLV 2 
 adv.,pegpe*ssiveN T ESsn. [f. L -io (prec, -ion)] 
 pegpe't, v.t. (-tt-) & n. Be sorry for loss of, 
 wish one could have again ; be distressed about 
 or sorry for (event, fact), grieve at, repent (ac- 
 tion &c.) ; be sorry to say &c. or that (esp. in 
 polite refusal of invitation &c); hence pe- 
 gpe'ttABLE a., pegpe'ttabL y 2 adv. (X.) sor- 
 row for loss of person or thing (often for) ; re- 
 pentance or annoyance concerning thing (left 
 un)done (has no rr. ; express r.for, esp. make 
 apology or ask pardon for) ; vexation or dis- 
 appointment caused by occurrence or situation 
 (hear with r. of or that ; refuse with much r. or 
 many rr.) ; hence (of person or feeling) pe- 
 gpe'tFUL a., pegpe'tfulLY 2 adv. [f. F re- 
 gi*et(ter), OF also register, regrater, etym. dub.] 
 regroup. See re- 8. 
 
 pe'gulable, a. Admitting of regulation. 
 [regulate, -able] 
 
 pe'gulap, a. & n. (Eccl.) bound by religious 
 rule, belonging to religious or monastic order, 
 (cf. secular ; the r. clergy in R.-C. countries, 
 
 monks as opp. parish priests &c.) ; (of shape, 
 structure, arrangement, or objects in these re- 
 spects) following or exhibiting a principle, har- 
 monious, consistent, systematic, symmetrical, 
 (r. nomenclature, formation, features, curve, 
 figure, flower) ; acting, done, recurring, uni- 
 formly or calculably in time or manner, habi- 
 tual, constant, not capricious or casual, orderly, 
 (r. working, steps, procedure, sequence, pulse, 
 bowels, salary, orbit, bed-time, employ; keepr. 
 hours, do same thing at same time daily ; a r. 
 life, lived in orderly manner, esp. without ex- 
 cesses ; r. people, living r. lives ; also vulg. as 
 adv., as comes, happens, r.); conforming to a 
 standard of etiquette &c, not transgressing 
 conventions, in order, (had no r. introduction; 
 the attitude of the Foreign Office has been quite 
 r.); (Gram., of verbs, nouns, &c.) following a 
 normal type of inflection ; properly constituted 
 or qualified, not defective or amateur, devoted 
 exclusively or primarily to its nominal func- 
 tion, (cooks as well as a r. cook ; has no r. pro- 
 fession ; r. soldiers, opp. volunteers or militia 
 or temporary levies ; r. army, of r. soldiers), 
 (colloq.) complete, thorough, indubitable, (is a 
 r. rascal, brick, hero ; a r. royal queen ; had a 
 r. smash, overhauling, &c; also vulg. as adv., 
 as is r. angry); hence pegula'PiTY n., pe'gu- 
 laPiZE(3)v.t.,P6 , gulapizATioxn.,P6 , gulap- 
 ly 2 adv. (N., usu. in pi.) one of the r. clergy ; 
 r. soldier; (colloq.) person permanently em- 
 ployed, [f. L regularis (regula rule f. regere 
 direct, -ar 1 )] 
 
 pe'gulate, v.t. Control by rule, subject to 
 restrictions, moderate, adapt to requirements; 
 adjust (machine, clock) so that it may work ac- 
 curately. Hence pe*gulatOR 2 (l,2) n., pe'gu- 
 Iative a. [f. LL regulare (L regulamle), -ate 3 ] 
 
 regulation, n. Regulating or being regu- 
 lated ; prescribed rule, authoritative direction, 
 (attrib.) fulfilling what is laid down by rr., of 
 correct pattern &c, ordinary, usual, formal, 
 (of the r. size ; exceed the r. speed ; a r. sword, 
 cap ; the r. mourning), [prec, -ation] 
 
 pe'gulus, n. (pi. -li). Bright star in Leo (R-) ; 
 (Chem.) purer or metallic uart of mineral sepa- 
 rated by sinking to bottom in crucible, impure 
 metallic product of smelting various ores, 
 whence pe'guliNE * a. ; golden-crested wren. 
 [L, dim. of rex regis king ; chem. sense orig. of 
 metallic form of antimony, perh. as title of 
 honour due to its readiness to combine with 
 gold] 
 
 pegup'gitate, v.i. & t. Gush back; (of 
 stomach or receptacle) pour" or cast up again. 
 Hence pegupgitATio.v n. [f. med.L re- 9- 
 (gurgitare f. L gurges -itis whirlpool), -ate 3 ] 
 
 rehabilitate &c, see re- 9; pehandle, pe- 
 hang, rehash, rehear &c, re- 8. 
 
 rehear'sal (-her-), n. Rehearsing ; prepa- 
 ratory performance of play or other entertain- 
 ment (dress r., such r. in costume, i.e. when 
 practice is far advanced). [-al(2)] 
 
 peheap'se (-ers), v.t. Recite, say over, re- 
 peat from beginning to end, give list of, re- 
 count, enumerate ; have rehearsal of (play &c 
 or part in it), practise for later public perform- 
 ance, [f. OF rehercer prob. f. re- 8, hercer har- 
 row (herse harrow f. L hirpex rake)] 
 
 rehouse, see re- 8 ; rehumanize, re- 9. 
 
 reichsrat(h) (rl'ksraht), n. Parliament of 
 Cisleithan Austria-Hungary. [G] 
 
 reichstag (ri'kstahch), n. Parliament of the 
 German empire ; parliament of Transleithan 
 Austria-Hungary. [G] 
 
 pe'ify, v.t. Convert (person, abstract con- 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REIGN 
 
 709 
 
 RELATIVE 
 
 cept) into thing, materialize. So pelFlCATION 
 n. [f. L ?*es thing, -1-, -FY] 
 
 peign 1 (ran), n. Sovereignty, rule, sway, 
 (uncle?- the r. of Queen Victoria; his r. was a 
 gentle one; the r. of law in nature; night re- 
 sumed her r.); realm, sphere, (rare); period dur- 
 ing which sovereign reigns, (in the r. of John ; 
 during Jive successive ?*r.). [f. OF regne f. L 
 regnum (regere rule)] 
 
 reign 2 , v.i. Hold royal office, be king or 
 queen lit. or fig., (reigned over Great Britain 
 for GO years ; a king who desired to ride as well 
 as r. ; better to r. in hell than serve in heaven ; 
 reigning beaidy, acknowledged as supreme for 
 the time) ; hold sway, prevail, (dissension & 
 improvidence reigned ; silence reigns, all is 
 quiet), [f. OF regner f. L regnare (prec.)J 
 
 peignite. See ke- 9. 
 
 peimbup'se, v.t. Repay (person who has 
 expended money, out-of-pocket expenses, per- 
 son expenses). Hence peimbup'seMENf n. 
 [re- 9, obs. imburse put in purse f. LL imbur- 
 sare (IM- 1 , bourse)] 
 
 reimport, reimpose &c. See re- 9. 
 
 rein (ran), n., & v.t. Long narrow strap with 
 each end attached to bit used to guide or check 
 horse &c. in riding or driving, (fig.) means of 
 control, (often pi. in same senses ; draio r., stop 
 one's horse, pull up, abandon effort, retrench 
 expenditure, &c; give horse therr. or r., let it 
 go its own way; so throw the rr. to ; give r. or 
 therr. to one's imagination &c, let it have free 
 scope ; assume, drop, the rr. of government, 
 enter upon, resign, office) ; hence pei'nLESS a. 
 (Vb) check or manage with rr., (fig.) govern, 
 restrain, control ; pull up or back with rr., hold 
 in with rr. or fig. [vb f. n., f. OF resne, AF 
 redne, cf. It. redina, perh. ult. f. L as retain] 
 
 peineapnate &c., see re- 8 ; reincorpo- 
 rate, RE- 9. 
 
 rei'ndeep (ra-), n. (collect, sing. usu. for pi.). 
 Subarctic deer used for drawing sledges & kept 
 in herds for its milk, flesh, & hide. [f. ON 
 hreindyri (hreinn reindeer, deer)] 
 
 peinfop'ee, v.t., & n. Strengthen or support 
 by additional men or material or by increase of 
 numbers, quantity, size, thickness, &c. (r. fort- 
 ress, army, provisions, party, the basses &c. in 
 band or chorus, person's health &c. with food 
 &c, one's argument with fresh points) ; (rare) 
 enforce again, re-enforce. (N.) thicker part of 
 gun next breech; strengthening part, band,&c, 
 added to object, [re- 8, inforce = enforce] 
 
 peinfop'eement, n. Reinforcing or being 
 reinforced; (often pi.) additional men, ships, 
 &c, for military or naval force ; anything that 
 reinforces, [-ment] 
 
 peingpatiate, see re- 9 ; peink, re- 8. 
 
 reins (ranz), n. pi. (archaic). The kidneys ; 
 the loins. [OF, f. L renes, sing, ren] 
 
 reinsert &c. See re- 9. 
 
 peinsta'te, v.t. Restore to, replace in, lost 
 position, privileges, &c; restore to health or 
 properorder. Hence peinsta'teMENTn. [re- 9, 
 obs. instate (in- l , state n.)] 
 
 reinsure &c., peintep, see re- 8; rein- 
 vest &c, re- 8, 9 ; peinvigopate &c, re- 9. 
 
 i-eis (ras), n. pi. Portuguese money of account 
 (1/20(7. in Portugal, l/40rf. in Brazil). [Port, 
 (sing. REAL 1 )] 
 
 reissue &c, reiterate &c. See re- 8. 
 
 peje'et, v.t. Put aside as not to be accepted, 
 practised, believed, chosen, used, complied 
 with, &c. (r. doctrine, custom, evidence, candi- 
 date, literary contribution, food, request, suit- 
 or, vote ; sorting -machine rejects all defective 
 Eecimens) ; cast up again, vomit, evacuate. 
 3nce or cogn. peje'etABLE a., peje'ctER 1 , 
 
 peje'etiON, peje*ctOR 2 , nn. [f. L re- 9(jicere 
 -ject- = jacere throw)] 
 
 pejeetame'nta, n. pi. Refuse, waste mat- 
 ters ; things cast up by the sea; excrements. 
 [mod.L (prec., -ment)] 
 
 pejoree, v.t. & i. Cause joy to, make glad, 
 (the news rejoiced him ; Jamrcjoiced to hear it, 
 that it should be so, at it, by it. See); feel great 
 joy, whence rejoi'eingLY 2 adv.; be glad that 
 or to do, take delight in or at, (r. in, be blessed 
 in the possession of, often facet, for have) ; 
 make merry, celebrate some event, whence pe- 
 jorciNG^ n. pi. [f. OF re- 6(joir -iss- joy 2 )] 
 
 pejoi'n \ v.i. & t. (Law) reply to charge or 
 pleading, esp. to plaintiff's replication ; say in 
 answer, retort ; join (one's companion, regi- 
 ment, &c.) again, [f. F re- 9(joindre join), or 
 perh. partly as foil.] 
 
 pe-joi'n 2 , v.t. & i. Join (t. & i.) together 
 again, reunite, [re- 9 -f join, or as prec] 
 
 pejoi'ndep, n. What is rejoin !ed or said 
 in reply, retort, [as rejoin *, -er-}] 
 
 peju*venate,peju*venize, vv.t. &i. Make 
 or become young again. Hence pejuvenA*- 
 tion, peju'venatoR 2 , nn. [re- 9, hjuvenis 
 young, -ate 3 , -ize] 
 
 pejuvene'see (es), v.i. & t. Become young 
 again ; (Biol., i. & t. of cells) acquire, fill with, 
 fresh vitality. Hence pejuvene'seENT a., 
 pejuvene'scENCE n. [f. LL re- 9(juvenescere 
 f. hjuvenis, -ESCENT)] 
 
 rekindle. See re- 9. 
 
 -pel, also -erel, suf. of dim. & depreciating 
 tendency, somet. repr. OF-e?-eZ, mod. F -ereau, 
 but usu. in native wds of obscure origin. 
 
 relabel. See re- 8. 
 
 pela'pse, v.i., & n. Fall back, sinkagain, in- 
 to wrong-doing, error, heresy, weakness or ill- 
 ness, quiescence or indolence, (often into) ; (n.) 
 act or fact of relapsing, esp. deterioration in 
 patient's condition after partial recovery, [f. L 
 re- 9(labi laps- slip)] 
 
 pela'te, v.t. & i. Narrate, recount, whence 
 pela'tER 1 n.; bring into relation, establish re- 
 lation between, (to, with, or abs.; cannot r. the 
 phenomena with or to anything we know or to 
 each other), (p.p.) connected, allied, akin by 
 blood or marriage, (the law extends to several 
 related groups ; is related to the royal family), 
 whence pela'tedNESS n.; have reference to, 
 stand in some relation to, (notices nothing but 
 what relates to himself; howpartsr. to parts). 
 [f. L relat- (refer)] 
 
 pela'tion, n. Narration, a narrative, (Law) 
 laying of information before Attorney-General 
 for him to take action tipon (proceeding at the 
 r. of the Board of Works) ; what one person or 
 thing has to do with another, way in which one 
 stands or is related to another, kind of con- 
 nexion or correspondence or contrast or feeling 
 that prevails between persons or things, (the 
 rr. primarily expressed by prepositions are 
 those of place dfrtime ; the outlay seems to bear 
 no r., is out of all r., to the object aimed at; 
 the r. between them is that of guardian & ward; 
 rr. are rather strained, cordiality is impaired; 
 the report has r. to a state of things now past), 
 whence pela'tionA La., pela'tionalLV 2 adv.; 
 (rare, usu. now pela'tionsHip n.) kinship lit. 
 or fig.; kinsman, kinswoman, relative (somet. 
 with mixture of prec. sense, as is he any, what, 
 r. is he to you ?, he is nor.). Hence pela'tion- 
 less a. [f. L relatio (prec, -ion)1 
 
 pe'lative, a. & n. (Gram.) referring, & at- 
 taching a subordinate clause, to an expressed 
 or implied antecedent (r. pronoun, as in The 
 man whom you saio ; r. adjective, as in Which 
 things arc an allegory ; r. adverb, as in The 
 
RELATIVISM 
 
 710 
 
 RELIGION 
 
 place where he died), (of clause) attached to an- 
 tecedent by r. word ; (rare) having mutual rela- 
 tions, corresponding in some way, related to 
 each other, (different yet r. designs) ; (rare) per- 
 tinent, relevant, related to the subject, (without 
 some more r. proof) ; comparative (what are 
 the r. merits of the two ? ; made the next attempt 
 withr. coolness), in relation to something else 
 (their r. positions are the same though they are 
 miles apart), proportioned to something else 
 (supply is r. to demand), implying comparison 
 (heat, speed, strength, are r. words), correla- 
 tive or essentially involving a different but 
 corresponding idea (the conceptions of husband 
 & wife are r. to each other), not having abso- 
 lute existence but conditioned (she is beautiful 
 to me, but beauty is r. to the beholder's eye); hav- 
 ing reference, relating, to (detailed the facts r. 
 to the matter ; also loosely as adv., as i" wrote to 
 him r. to renewal of the lease) ; hence pe'la- 
 tiveLY 2 adv., relati'vrrv n. (N.): (Gram.) 
 r. word, esp. pronoun (the principal rr. are who, 
 * which, that, what), whence relati'VAL a.; 
 (Philos.) r. thing or term; kinsman, kinswo- 
 man, relation by blood or marriage, [f. Lrela- 
 
 tiVUS (RELATE, -IVE)] 
 
 pe*lativism,n. Doctrine thatknowledge is of 
 relations only. Sope*lativiST(2)n. [prec.,-is.M] 
 
 rela'tor, n. Relater (now rare) ; (Law) ma- 
 ker of relation (legal sense). [L(relate,-or 2 )] 
 
 rela'x, v.t. & i. Cause or allow to become 
 loose or slack or limp, enfeeble, enervate, miti- 
 gate, abate, (r. the boicels, the muscles, one's 
 grasp, discipline, a rule, one's attention, one's 
 efforts ; relaxed throat, form of sore throat ; 
 place has a relaxing climate, opp. bracing) ; 
 grow less tense or rigid or stern or ceremoni- 
 ous or energetic or zealous (his hold, hands, 
 severity, features, manner, endeavours, relax- 
 ed ; m ust not r. in one's efforts), [f. L re- 9(lax- 
 are see lax)] 
 
 relaxa'tion, n. Partial remission 0/ penal- 
 ty, duty, &c; cessation from work, recreation, 
 amusements; diminution of tension, severity, 
 precision, &c. [f. L relaxatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 relay \ n., & v.t. & i. Set of fresh horses 
 substituted for tired ones ; gang of men, supply 
 of material, &c, similarly used ; (Teleg.) instru- 
 ment reinforcing long-distance current with 
 local battery, (vb) arrange in, provide with, 
 replace by, get, relay (s). [f. OF relais n., re- 
 layer vb, etym. dub.] 
 
 re-lay 2 , v.t. Lay again, [re- 8] 
 
 relea'se ', v.t. (Law) remit, surrender, make 
 over to another, (debt, right, property), whence 
 peleasEE', pelea'soR 2 , nn.; set free, liberate, 
 deliver, unfasten, (from). Hence pelea'SABLE 
 a. [f. OF relesser f. L RELAXare] 
 
 relea'se 2 , n. Deliverance, liberation, from 
 trouble, sorrow, duty, confinement, or fixed 
 position ; written discharge, receipt ; legal con- 
 veyance of right or estate to another, document 
 effecting this; handle, catch, &c, that releases 
 part of machine &c. [f. OF reles (prec.)] 
 
 re'legrate, v.t. Banish to someplace of ex- 
 ile ; consign or dismiss to some usu. inferior 
 position, sphere, &c; transfer (matter) for de- 
 cision or execution, refer (person) for informa- 
 tion &c, to. Hence pe'legABLE a., pelegA'- 
 tion n. [f. L re- 5(legare send), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pele'nt, v. i. Relax severity, become less stern , 
 abandon harsh intention, yield to compassion. 
 Hence pele'nting-LY 2 adv., rele'ntLESS a., 
 pele'ntlessLY 2 adv., rele'ntlessNESs n. 
 lult. f. re- 9, L lentxis soft ; cf. F ralentir] 
 
 re'levant, a. Bearing upon, pertinent to, the 
 
 matter in hand. Hence re'levANCE, pe'lev- 
 axcv, nn., pe'leyantLV 2 ad v. [f. L relevare 
 relieve, -ant ; from 16th c] 
 
 releve (F),n. Fresh course ordishatdinner&c. 
 
 reliable, a. That may be relied upon, of 
 sound & consistent character or quality. Hence 
 peliaBi'LiTY, peli'ablexEss, nn., reli'abLY 2 
 adv. [rely, -able ; from 16th c; an established 
 wd avoided by purists as of irreg. formation] 
 
 reli'anee, n. Trust, confidence, (usu. upon, 
 on, in ; have, place, feel, r. upon &c; my r. is 
 upon God) ; thing depended upon (the well is 
 our chief r.). So reli'ANT a. [rely, -ance] 
 
 re'lie, n. Part of holy person's body or be- 
 longings kept after his death as object of re- 
 verence; memento, souvenir; (pi.) dead body, 
 remains, of person ; (pi.) what has survived de- 
 struction or wasting, remnant, residue, scraps ; 
 surviving trace or memorial o/a custom, belief, 
 period, people, &c; object interesting for age 
 or associations, [f. F relique f. reliquiae] 
 
 re'liet, n. Widow (usu. his Sec. r„ or r. of) ; 
 (rare) = prec. [f. p.p. of L RE-3(linquere -lict- 
 leave)] 
 
 relie'f *, n. Alleviation of or deli verance from 
 pain, distress, anxiety ,&zc. (themedicinebroug ht 
 r. ; it is a r. to come across an optimist)', feature 
 &c. that diversifies monotony or relaxes tension 
 (a blank wall without r.; a comic scene follows 
 by way ofr.); assistance given to the poor esp. 
 under the Poor Law (recipients of public r. 
 shall not be eligible) or to persons in special 
 danger or difficulty (a r. fund for the earth- 
 quctke victims ; r. works, building &c. opera- 
 tions started to give work to the unemployed); 
 reinforcement & esp. raising of siege of be- 
 sieged town ; (replacing of person or persons 
 on duty by) person(s) appointed to take turn of 
 duty; redress of hardship or grievance. IOF 
 (relever relieve)] 
 
 relie'f 2 , n. Method of moulding or carving 
 or stamping in which design stands out from 
 plane or curved surface with projections pro- 
 portioned & more or less (high, low, r.) closely 
 approximating to those of objects imitated (the 
 profile of Julius in r.) ; piece of sculpture &c. 
 in r.; appearance of being done in r. given by 
 arrangement of line or colour or shading, dis- 
 tinctness of outline lit. or fig., vividness, (stands 
 out in r.; bring out the facts in full r.). [f. It. 
 rilievo (rilevare raise f. L as relieve)] 
 
 relie've, v.t. Bring, give, be a, relief" 1 to 
 (town was relieved ; am much relieved to hear 
 it', devotes himself to relieving distress ovthe 
 distressed ; relieving officer, parish or union 
 official charged with care of the poor ; relieving 
 arch, built in substance of wall to r. part below 
 from weight; r. one's feelings, by strong lan- 
 guage or some ebullition ; r. nature, evacuate 
 bladder or bowels ; a black bodice relieved with 
 white lace ; r. guard, come & take one's turn 
 on guard ; you shall be relieved at 10.30; r. one 
 of load, take it off him, also facet., as a tramp 
 relieved him of his purse); bring into relief 2 , 
 exhibit with appearance of solidity or detach- 
 ment, (esp. in p.p., often against background). 
 Hence relie'VABLE a. [f. OF relever f. L re- 9- 
 (levare f. levis light)] 
 
 relie'vo, n. = relief 2 esp. in lit. senses (alto, 
 basso, mezzo, -r.). [f. It. rilievo relief 2 w. 
 anglicized spelling & pronunc] 
 
 reli'gion (-ijn), n. Monastic condition, being 
 monk or nun, (enter into, be in, r.), (rare) a 
 monastic order ; (rare) practice of sacred rites ; 
 one of the prevalent systems of faith & worship 
 (the Christian, Mohammedan, r.; established 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re-; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
RELIGIONER 
 
 711 
 
 REMEMBER 
 
 r., that of established church 1 ; natural, re- 
 veal l ed, r. ; all rr. are the same to him) ; hu- 
 man recognition of superhuman controlling 
 power & esp. of a personal God entitled to obe- 
 dience, effect of such recognition on conduct & 
 mental attitude, (getr. vulg. or facet., be con- 
 verted to such belief); action that one is bound 
 to perform' (make a r. of doing). Hence reli*- 
 gionLESS a. [f. L religio perh. connected w. 
 RE-9{ligare bind)] 
 
 peli'gioner, n. Member of monastic order ; 
 person zealous for religion, [-er ] ] 
 
 reli'gionism, n. Excessive religious zeal. 
 So religion ist(2) n. [-ism] 
 
 reli'gionize, v.t. & i. Convert to or imbue 
 with religion ; exhibit religious zeal, [-ize] 
 
 reli'giose, a. Morbidly religious, [as re- 
 ligious, -ose 1 ] 
 
 peligld'sity, n. Being religious or religiose. 
 [f. LL religiositas (foil., -ity)] 
 
 reli'g-ious (-jus), a. & n. Imbued with re- 
 ligion, pious, god-fearing, devout ; of, belong- 
 ing to, a monastic order; of, concerned with, 
 religion ; scrupulous, conscientious, (with r. 
 care, exactitude, &c); hence reli'glousLY 2 
 adv., reli'giousNESS n. (N.; as sing, with a 
 &c. , & as pi. i n same form with the, some, several, 
 &c.) person bound by monastic vows. [f. L re- 
 ligiosus (religion, -ose ] )] 
 
 reline. See re- 9. 
 
 relinquish, v.t. Give up, abandon, cease 
 from, resign, surrender, (habit, plan, hope, be- 
 lief, right, possession) ; loose hold of (object 
 held). Hence reli'nquishMENT n. |f. OF 
 relinquir f. L re- 3(linquere leave), -ish 2 ] 
 
 pe'liquapy, n. Receptacle for relic(s). [f. F 
 reliquaire (relic, -ary l )\ 
 
 reli'quiae, n. pi. Remains ; (Geol.) fossil re- 
 mains of animals or plants; (Bot.) withered re- 
 mains of leaves decaying on stem. [L (reliquus 
 remaining, f. relinquere relinquish, -ia 1 )] 
 
 pe'lish ', n. Flavour, distinctive taste of', 
 slight dash or tinge of some quality ; appetizing 
 flavour, attractive quality, (meat has nor. when 
 one isill ; horseplay loses its r. after childhood); 
 thing eaten with plainer food to add flavour; 
 enjoyment of food or other things, zest, liking 
 for, (eat, read, appreciatejest, 8cc.,'tvithgreatr.; 
 has no r. for poetry), [earlier & OF reles after- 
 taste (relesser release ] ) w. assim. to -ish 2 ] 
 
 pe'lish 2 , v.t. & i. Serve as r. to, make piquant 
 &c; get pleasure out of, like, be pleased with, 
 (thought he cotrfd r. a lobster ; does not r. the 
 prospect), whence pe'lishABLE a. ; taste, sa- 
 vour, smack, suggest presence, of; affect the 
 lit. or fig. taste ivell, badly, &c. [f. prec] 
 
 relive, reload. See re- 8. 
 
 pelu'cent (-oo-), a. (rare). Shining, bright, 
 [f. L TtE-6(lucere shine), -ent] 
 
 pelu'et, v.i. Feel or show reluctance, make 
 opposition, (at, against). So pelu'ctATE 3 (in 
 same sense) v.i., peluetA'TiON n. [f. L re- 2- 
 (luctari struggle)] 
 
 pelu'etant, a. Struggling, offering resist- 
 ance, hard to work or get or manage, (esp. poet. ); 
 unwilling, disinclined, to do or abs. (am very r. 
 toadmit; gave me r. assistance). Hence pelu'e- 
 tANCE n., pelu*etantLV 2 adv. [as prec, -ant] 
 
 pelu'me (-oo-, -u-), v.t. Rekindle (light or 
 flame lit. or fig.); make (eyes &c.) bright again ; 
 light (sky &c.) up again, [re- 9, & as illume] 
 
 pely, v.i. Put one's trust, depend with con- 
 fidence, (up)on person or thing (is relying upon 
 a broken reed ; Ir. upon you to finish it, its be- 
 ing finished, today ; you may r. upon it that he 
 will be here), [earlier senses rally, adhere to, 
 
 be vassal of; f. OF relier bind together, f, L 
 re- 9(ligare bind)J 
 
 remai'n \ v.i. Be left over after abstraction 
 or use of or dealing with the rest (the few plea- 
 sures that r. to an old man; \worse things r. 
 to be told ; nothing remains but to draw the 
 moral); abide, stay in same place or condition, 
 continue to exist, be extant, be left behind, (r. 
 three weeks in Paris ; let it r. as it is ; as things 
 have been they r. ; the Parthenon remains to 
 attest or as a proof of it ; this visit will always 
 r. in my memory ; the luggage unfortunately 
 remained on the platform ; victory remained 
 with the Thebans); (with compl.) continue to 
 be (one thing remains certain ; r. faithful &c. ; 
 / r. yours truly &c, formula concluding letter), 
 [f. OF remainare f. L HE-3(manere stay)] 
 
 remai'n 2 , n. (Usu. pi.) what remains over, 
 surviving members or parts or amount, (therr. 
 of a nation, family, meal, stock, building, of 
 one's conscience or strength, Sec; also in pi. as 
 sing., & in sing., as here there is the rr., an, 
 of a temple); (usu. pi.) relics or relic of obsolete 
 custom or of antiquity ; (pi.) works, esp. those 
 not before or yet published, left by author 
 (rarely in sing, of single work); (pi.) dead body» 
 corpse. [OF (prec.)] 
 
 remai'nder, n. (Law) residual interest in 
 estate devised to another (cf. reversion) simul- 
 taneously with creation of estate (r. man, de- 
 visee of r.), right of succession to title or posi- 
 tion on holder's decease, whence remai'nder- 
 ship n.; residue, remaining persons or things ; 
 (Arith.) number left after subtraction ; (Book- 
 selling) copies left unsold when demand has 
 ceased & often offered at reduced price; (attrib.) 
 left over. [AF (remain ] dre, -er 4 )] 
 
 remake, see re- 8 ; reman, re- 8, 9. 
 
 rema'nd, v.t.,& n. Send back io, reconsign, 
 (now rare in gen. sense); send back (prisoner) 
 into custody to allow of further evidence's be- 
 ing obtained ; (n.) recommittal to custody, [f. L 
 re- 9(mandare commit)] 
 
 re'manet, n. Remaining part, residue ; post- 
 poned lawsuit ; parliamentary bill left over for 
 another session. [L, = it remains (remain ] )] 
 
 remargin. See re- 8. 
 
 remar'k 1 , v.t. &i. Take notice of, perceive, 
 regard with attention, observe, (person, thing, 
 fact, that Sec) ; say by way of comment ; make 
 comment (up)on. [f. F re- 6(marquer mark)] 
 
 remar'k 2 , n. Noticing, observing, (worthy 
 of r., remarkable), commenting (is the theme of 
 general r.; let it pass without r.) ; a written or 
 spoken comment, anything said, (his rr. are 
 often interesting ; did you make a r.?, did you 
 speak ?). If. F remarque (prec.)] 
 
 remar'kable, a. Worth notice, exceptional, 
 extraordinary, striking, conspicuous. Hence 
 pemap'kableNESS n., pemap'kabLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F rcmarquable (remark *, -able)] 
 
 remarque(F), n. Mark.usu.marginal sketch, 
 indicating certain state of engraving plate. 
 
 remarry &c, remast. See re- 8. 
 
 remedy, n., & v.t. Cure for disease, healing 
 medicine or treatment, means of removing or 
 counteracting or relieving any evil, redress, 
 legal or other reparation, whence or cogn. re- 
 me'diAL a., reme'dialLY 2 adv., (now poet, 
 or rhet.) reme'diLESS (or re-) a., reme'di- 
 lessLY 2 adv. (Vb) cure medically (now rare); 
 rectify, make good ; so peme'diABLE a. [vb 
 f. hremediare, n. f. AF remedie, f. L re- \(me- 
 dium f. mederi heal)] 
 
 reme'mber, v.t. Retain in the memory, not 
 forget, recall to mind, recollect, know by heart, 
 (person, thing, fact, that, to dp, how to do, 
 when, why, &c, or abs.; r. oneself, bethink one- 
 self of one's manners or intentions after a lapse; 
 also refl. with me, him, &c, archaic as Ir. me 
 
REMEMBRANCE 
 
 712 
 
 REMOVE 
 
 that, they remembered them of), whence re- 
 me'mbePABLE a.; make present to, tip, (re- 
 membered me in his ivill ; r. the waiter) ; men- 
 tion in one's prayers ; convey greetings from 
 (person) to another [r. me kindly to them ; begs 
 to be remembered to you). [f. OF remembrer 
 f. LL re- 9(memorari f. L memor mindful)] 
 
 reme*mbpance, n. Remembering or being 
 remembered,memory,recollection, (has escaped 
 my r.; have in, call to, r.; put in r„ remind; 
 have no r. of it ; more than once within my r. ; a 
 pillar in r. of the exploit) ; keepsake, souvenir, 
 memorial ; (pi.) greetings conveyed through 
 third person. IF (prec, -ance)] 
 
 peme'mbraneen, n. Kings, Queens, It., 
 officer collecting debts due to sovereign ; City 
 B., representing Corporation of City of London 
 before parliamentary committees &c; remind- 
 er, memento, of. [AF (prec, -ek l )\ 
 
 remigpate &c. See re- 9. 
 
 remrnd, v.t. Put (person) in mind of, to do, 
 that, how, &c, or abs. [re- 8, mind vb] 
 
 remi'nder, n. Thing that reminds or is 
 meant to remind, [-er 1 ] 
 
 remi'ndful, a. Acting as a reminder, re- 
 viving the memory, of. [-ful] 
 
 pemini'scence, n. Remembering, recovery 
 of knowledge by mental effort, (Platonic doc- 
 trine of r., that all knowledge is such recovery 
 of things known to the soul in previous exis- 
 tences) ; remembered (& related) fact or inci- 
 dent, (pi.) collection in literary form of incidents 
 that person remembers ; point in thing remind- 
 ing or suggestive of other thing (there is a r. 
 of the Greek type in her face). Hence re- 
 minisce'ntiAL a. [f. LL reminiscentia f. L 
 re- 9(minisci cogn. w. mind) remember, -ence] 
 
 remini'seent, a. Recalling past things, 
 given to or concerned with retrospection, mind- 
 ful or having memories of; reminding or sug- 
 gestive of. Hence reminrseentLY 2 adv. 
 [as prec, -ent] * 
 
 remint. See re- 8. 
 
 remi'se 1 (ez), n., & v.i. (Archaic) coach- 
 house, carriage bired from livery-stable; ( Fenc.) 
 second thrust made before recovery from first 
 (vb, make r). [F, vbl n. f. remettre remit l ] 
 
 remi'se 2 (-iz), v.t. (legal). Surrender, make 
 over, (right, property), [f. Fre??u's(e)p.p. asprec] 
 
 pemi'ss, a. Careless of duty, lax, negligent ; 
 lacking force or energy. Hence pemrssLY 2 
 adv., remi'ssxESS n. [f. L REMiTtere] 
 
 remi'ssible, a. That may be remitted, [f. 
 L remissibilis (remit, -ible)] 
 
 pemi'ssion(-shn), n. Forgiveness o/sins&c, 
 forgiveness of sins ; remitting of debt, penalty, 
 &c; diminution of force, effect, degree, vio- 
 lence, &c; act of remitting in other senses (rare). 
 So pemi'ssiVE a. [OF, f. L remissioncm (foil., 
 
 -ION)] 
 
 pemi't, v.t. & i. (-tt-). (Usu. of God) pardon 
 (sins &c); refrain from exacting or inflicting 
 or executing (debt, punishment, sentence) ; 
 abate (t. & i.), slacken, mitigate, partly or en- 
 tirely cease from or cease, (r. one's anger or 
 efforts, thesiege; pain, enthusiasm, begins tor.); 
 refer(matter for decision Sec.) to some authority, 
 send back (case) to lower court ; send or put 
 back (in)to previous state; postpone, defer, to 
 or till ; transmit (money &c), get conveyed by 
 post &c, whence remi'ttep l [-er 1 ]. remit- 
 tEE% mi. Hence pemi*ttAL(2) n. [f. L re- 5- 
 (mittere miss- send)] 
 
 remittance, n. Money sent to person ; 
 consignment of goods sent (rare) ; sending of 
 money, [prec, -ance] 
 
 pemi'ttent, a. & n. (Fever) that abates at 
 intervals (cf. iSTERMirtent). |remit, -ent] 
 
 pemi'ttep 2 , n. (legal; for r. 1 see remit). 
 Substitution, in favour of holder of two titles 
 to estate, of the more valid for the other by 
 which he entered on possession ; remitting of 
 case to other court ; restoration to rights, re- 
 habilitation, (rare). [-er 4 J 
 
 pe'mnant, n. The little or few that remain(s), 
 small remaining quantity or piece or number 
 of persons or things ; surviving trace of; frag- 
 ment, scrap, esp. piece of cloth &c offered at 
 reduced price when greater part has been used 
 up. [short for obs. & OF r^menant, -manant, 
 (remanoir remain 1 , -ant)] 
 
 remodel. See re- 8. 
 
 pemo'netize (or -mu-), v.t. Restore (metal 
 &c) to former position as legal tender. Hence 
 remonetizA'TiON a. [re- 9] 
 
 rerao'ns trance, n. (Hist.) formal state- 
 ment of public grievances (the Grand R., from 
 House of Commons to Crown 1641) ; remonstrat- 
 ing, expostulation, a protest. [OF (foil., -ance)] 
 
 remo'nstrate, v.i. & t. Make protest, ex- 
 postulate, (against course, with person, on or 
 upon matter, or abs.); urge in remonstrance 
 (that or parenth.). Hence or cogn. remo'n- 
 stPANTa. & n., pemo'nstpantLV 2 ,pemo*n- 
 stPatingLY 2 , advv., remo'nstratiVE a., 
 remo'nstratOR 2 n. [f. med.L RE-2(mon- 
 strare show), -ate 3 ] 
 
 remo'ntant, a. & n. (Rose) blooming more 
 than once in year. [F (remonter reMOUNT 2 , -ant)] 
 
 re'mora, n. The sucking-fish, formerly sup- 
 posed to stay course of ship to which it adhered; 
 obstruction, impediment, (now rare). [L (re- 2, 
 mora delay), — impediment, sucking-fish] 
 
 remop'se, n. Bitter repentance for wrong 
 committed, whence Pemop'seFUL a., re- 
 mop'sefulLY 2 adv.; compunction, compas- 
 sionate reluctance to inflict pain or be cruel, 
 (chiefly in without r.), whence remor'seLESS 
 a., pemop'selessi.v 2 adv., remor'seless- 
 ness ii. [f. OF remors f. LL re- 3(morsus -us f. 
 mordere mors- bite)] 
 
 remo'te, a. (-er, -est). Far apart ; far away 
 or off in place or time, not closely related, 
 distant or widely different or by nature separ- 
 ate from, (lies r. from the road; came from the 
 remotest parts of the earth ; memorials of r. 
 ages; a r. ancestor, descendant, kinsman; r. 
 causes, effects; introduces considerations r. 
 from the subject) ; out-of-the-way, secluded, (a 
 r. village; lives r.) ; (chiefly superl., of idea 
 &c) slight(est), faint(est), least, (havenot the re- 
 molest, have only a very r., conception of what 
 he means). Hence pemo'teLV 2 adv., re- 
 mo'teNESS n. [f. L remotus (remove j )] 
 
 remould, remount '. See re- 8. 
 
 remou'nt 2 , v.t. & i. Go up, get on to, (hill, 
 ladder, horse, &c) again ; go up again, get on 
 horseback again, make fresh ascent ; go back 
 to specified date, period, source, &c [f. OF 
 re- 9(monter mount)] 
 
 pemo'vable, a. & n. In vbl senses ; esp., (of 
 magistrate or official) subject to removal from 
 office, holding office during pleasure of Crown 
 or other authority ; (n. ) r. magistrate in Ireland. 
 Hence removaBiUTY n. [foil., -able] 
 
 pemo've 1 (-oov), v.t. & i. Take off or away 
 from place occupied, convey to another place, 
 change situation of, get rid of, dismiss, (r. one's 
 hat, the tea-things, all traces ; r. mountains, do 
 miracle; cardinal teas removed by poison; r. 
 magistrate from office ; boy is removed from 
 school, taken away by parents &c; this will r. 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REMOVE 
 
 713 
 
 RENT 
 
 all apprehension, thelast doubts ; r. furniture, 
 for persons changing house, as special trade, 
 whence remo'VER 1 n.), (pass., of course at 
 dinner &c.) be succeeded by (boiled haddock re- 
 moved by hashed mutton) ; change one's resi- 
 dence, go away from, {am removing from Lon- 
 donto Oxford ; truth has removed from earth); 
 (p.p.) distant or remote/?*o?n (is not many de- 
 grees removed from the brute), (of cousins) 
 once, twice, &c, removed, with difference of 
 one, two, &c, generations (my first co usin once, 
 twice, remorec/, cousin's child or parent's cousin, 
 cousin's grandchild or grandparent's cousin). 
 Hence remo*VAM2) n. (not of cousinship). [f. 
 OF remouvoir f. L re- i(movere move)] 
 
 remo've 2 , n. Dish that succeeds another at 
 table ; promotion to higher form at school (has 
 not got his r.); (in some schools) a certain form 
 or division ; (rare) change of residence, depar- 
 ture, removal ; (rare) distance (at a certain r. 
 its shape seems to change); stage in gradation, 
 degree, (is but one r., few rr., from), esp. in 
 consanguinity (cf. prec). [f. prec] 
 
 remu'nerate, v.t. Reward, pay for service 
 rendered ; serve as or provide recompense for 
 (toil &c.) or to (person). Hence pemunePA- 
 tion n., pemu'nePATiVE a., remirnera- 
 tiveLv 2 adv., remirnerativeNESS n. [f. L 
 RE- \(munerari f. munus -eris reward)] 
 
 renaissance (or as F), n. Revival of art & 
 letters under influence of classical models in 
 14th-16th cc, period of its progress, style of art 
 & architecture developed by it, (often attrib., 
 as r. painters, architecture, church); any simi- 
 lar revival. [F (renaitre be born again) after 
 naissance birth, cf. renascence] 
 
 re'nal, a. Of the kidneys, [f. LL renalis 
 (ren kidney, -al)] 
 
 rename. See re- 8. 
 
 rena'seenee, n. Rebirth, renewal ; = re- 
 naissance, [foil., -ence] 
 
 rena'seent, a. Springing up afresh, being 
 reborn, [f. L re- S(nasci be born), -ent] 
 
 reneoirnter (-ow), renco'ntre (-er, or as 
 F), n. (now rare). Encounter, battle, skirmish, 
 duel ; casual meeting, [f. F rencontre (rencon- 
 trer, see re-, encounter)] 
 
 rend, v.t. & i. (rent). Tear or wrench (off, 
 away, out of , from, asunder, apart, &c.,orabs.; 
 archaic orrhet.; a province rent from the em- 
 pire ; r. one's garments, hair, in sign of grief 
 &c. ; turn & r. one, fig., abuse him unexpect- 
 edly); split or divide (t. & i.) in two or in pieces 
 or usu. into factions (r. laths, make them by 
 splitting wood ; Europe was rent in two by the 
 question; shouts r. the air, sound explosively; 
 heart is rent by contending emotions ; the veil 
 rends). [OE rendan cf. OFris. renda] 
 
 re'nder, v.t. Give in return (r. thanks, good 
 for evil); give back (archaic), hand over, de- 
 liver, giveup, surrender, (chiefly archaic ; r. to 
 Caesar the things that are Caesar's ; grave 
 renders up its dead ; fortress was rendered on 
 terms); pay (tribute &c), show (obedience &c), 
 do (service &c), (usu. to or with ind. obj.); pro- 
 duce for inspection, submit, present, send in, 
 (account, reason, &c. ; will have to r. an account 
 of; account rendered, bill previously sent in & 
 not yet paid, phr. used as substitute for repeti- 
 tion of items); reproduce, portray, give repre- 
 sentation or performance or effect of, execute, 
 translate, (painter has hardly rendered the 
 expression; the quartet, lago, the dramatist's 
 conception, were well rendered; how would 
 you r. solvitur ambulando ?; poetry can never 
 be adequately rendered in another language), 
 whencere'nderiNG 1 (1,2) n.; (with obj. &compl.) 
 make, cause to be, convert into, (age had ren- 
 
 dered him peevish ; the tone rendered it an in- 
 suit); melt (fat) down, extract by melting, clari- 
 fy ; cover (stone, brick) with first coat of plas- 
 ter; r.-set v.t., plaster (wall &c.) with two coats, 
 n. & a., (plastering) of two coats, [f. OF rendre 
 ult. f. L reddere reddit- (re-, dare give)] 
 
 rendezvous (rawndivoo), n. (pi. same, pr. 
 -ooz), & v.i. (-ouses, -oused, -o\ising, pr. -dbz, 
 -ood, -ooing). Place appointed for assembling 
 of troops or ships ; place of common resort ; 
 meeting-place agreed on, meeting by agree- 
 ment (place o/r.); (vb) meet at r. [F, f. rendez 
 vous (rendre, see prec.) betake yourselves] 
 
 rendition, n. (now rare). Surrender of place 
 or person. [F (obs.), f. rendre render, -ion] 
 
 pe'negade n. & v.i., renega'do (archaic) 
 n. Apostate, esp. from Christianity to Moham- 
 medanism; deserterof party orprinciples, turn- 
 coat. (Vb) turn r.; so reneg-A'TiON n. [Sp. 
 (o), f. med.L re- 9(negatus f. negare deny)] 
 
 renew*, v.t. & i. Restore to original state, 
 make (as good as) new, resuscitate, revivify, 
 regenerate, {nature dies & is renewed ; r. per- 
 son's life, soi'row, energy ; r. the golden age ; 
 rose from her knees renewed by the Holy Spirit ; 
 renewed by baptism) ; patch, fill up, reinforce, 
 replace, (coat renewed in places ; r. the water 
 in the bowl ; r. garrison, tires, &c); get, begin, 
 make, say, or give, anew, continue after inter- 
 mission, (r. one's youth, strength, &c, grow 
 young &c. again ; r. attack, correspondence, 
 speech, game, efforts ; r. one's vows, statements, 
 &c; r. lease, bill, grant or be granted continu- 
 ation of it), (abs.) r. lease or bill ; (rare) become 
 new again (the clamour renewed ;feel my youth 
 renewing). Hence renew'ABLE a., renew - 
 al(2) n. [re-, new] 
 
 re*niform,a. Kidney-shaped. [reins,-form] 
 
 re'nnet ] , n. Curdled milk found in stomach 
 of unweaned calf, or preparation of stomach- 
 membrane or of kinds of plant, used in curdling 
 milk for cheese &c. [f. renne obs. form of run l ] 
 
 re'nnet 2 , n. Kinds of dessert apple, [f. F 
 reinette, prob. f. reine queen f. L regina, -ette] 
 
 renou-nee (-ow-), v.t. & L, & n. Consent 
 formally to abandon, surrender, give up, (claim, 
 right, possession); repudiate, refuse to recog- 
 nize longer, decline association or disclaim re- 
 lationship with, withdraw from, discontinue, 
 forsake, (r. treaty, principles, person's autho- 
 rity, all thought of, design, attempt, so?i &c, 
 friend, friendship; r. the world, abandon so- 
 ciety or temporal affairs); (Law) refuse or resign 
 right or position esp. as heir or trustee ; (Cards) 
 follow with card of other suit for want of right 
 one (cf. revoke), (n.) playing of such card, op- 
 portunity of doing so (has a r. inhearts). Hence 
 renoirneeMENT n. [f. F renoncer f. L re- 5- 
 (nuntiare announce)] 
 
 re'novate, v.t. Make new again, repair, re- 
 store to good condition or vigour. Hence re- 
 novATiox, re'novatOR 2 , nn. [f. L re- 9(no- 
 vare f. novus new), -ate 3 ] 
 
 renown, n. Celebrity, fame, high distinc- 
 tion, (man, town, &c., ofr. or great &c. r., fa- 
 mous). [AF renoun = OF renon f. renomer 
 make famous f. L RE-8(nominare nominate)] 
 
 renowned, a. Famous, celebrated. [obs : 
 renown celebrate f. OF renomer see prec] 
 
 rent 1 . See rend. 
 
 rent 2 , n. Tear in garment &c, opening in 
 clouds &c. resembling tear ; cleft, fissure, gorge 
 [f. obs. rent vb, var. of rend] 
 
 rent 3 , n., & v.t. & i. Tenant's periodical pay- 
 ment to owner or landlord for use of land or 
 house or room ; payment for hire of machinery 
 &c; r. -charge, periodical charge on land &c. 
 reserved by deed to one who is not the owner ; 
 
 23* 
 
RENTAL 714 
 
 r.-free a. & adv., with exemption fromr. ; r.-roll, 
 register of person's lands &c. with it. due from 
 them, sum of one's income from r.; r. -service, 
 (tenure by) personal service in lieu of or addi- 
 tion to r.*; hence (of land &c, with low, high, 
 Sec.) -re'ntED 2 a. (Yb) take, occupy, use, at 
 a r.; let or hire for p.; be let at specified r.; im- 
 pose r. on (tenant ; rents his tenants low); hence 
 pe'ntABLE a. [f. OF rente ult. f. L reddita fern, 
 p.p. as render] 
 
 re'ntal, n. Income from rents ; amount paid 
 or received as rent. [AF (prec, -al)] 
 
 rente (F), n. Income, esp. that consisting of 
 life-annuity or dividends. 
 
 rentier (F), n. Person living on rente, person 
 not needing to earn his living. 
 
 penu'mber. See re- 8. 
 
 renuneia'tion (-sia-), n. Renouncing, docu- 
 ment expressing it; self-denial, giving up of 
 things. So FentrneiANT(l) n. & a. (-shi-), re- 
 nu'neiATiVE (sha-),renu*neiatOR v (-shatri), 
 aa. If. L renunciatio (renounce, -ation)] 
 
 reo-. See rheo-. 
 
 peoccupy &c, reopen, see re- 9; reor- 
 ganize &C, RE- 8. 
 
 rep ] , repp, reps, n. Textile fabric with 
 corded surface used in upholstery, [f. F reps 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 rep 2 , b. (school slang). Verse &c. learnt by 
 heart, [abbr. of repetition] 
 
 rep 3 , n. (slang). Person of loose character, 
 [perh. for reprobate 2 J 
 
 pepaganize &c, repaint. See re- 9. 
 
 repair* 1 , v.i., & n. Resort, have recourse, 
 go often or in numbers, to ; (n., archaic) resort 
 {have r. to), haunt, being visited by numbers 
 {a place of great, little, r.). [f. OF repaire(r) f. 
 LL re- 9(patriare f. hpatria native land)] 
 
 repair* 2 , v.t. Restore (building, machine, 
 garment, tissue, strength, &c.) to good condi- 
 tion, renovate, mend, by replacing or reflxing 
 parts or compensating loss or exhaustion, 
 whence repair'ABLE a. ; remedy, set right 
 again, make amends for, (loss, wrong, error), 
 [f. OF reparer f. L re- 9(parare make ready)] 
 
 repair* 3 , n. Restoring to sound condition 
 (health, bicycle, house, boots, need r.; shop is 
 closed during rr. ; rr. done while you wait)', 
 good condition, relative condition, for working 
 or using (is in, out of, r.\ must be kept in good, 
 is in bad, ?\). [f. prec] 
 
 repa'nd, a. (bot., zool.). With undulating 
 margin, wavy. Hence repa'ndo- comb. form, 
 [f. L re- 9(pandus bent)] 
 
 repaper. See re- 8. 
 
 re'parable, a. (Of loss &c. ) that can be made 
 good. [F, f. L reparabilis (repair 2 , -able)] 
 
 reparation, n. Repairingor being repaired, 
 repair, (pi.) repairs, (now usu. repair, repairs); 
 
 making of amends, compensation. So re*- 
 
 parATiVE (or repa - -) a. [f. OF rcparacion f. L 
 
 reparationem (repair 2 , -ation)] 
 
 repartee*, n., & v.i. Witty retort : (making 
 
 of) witty retorts (a great power, a storehouse, 
 
 ofr.); (vb, now rare) make rr. [f. F repartie 
 
 fern. p.p. of RE.-8(7)artir part 2 ) start fresh] 
 
 repartition, see re- 8 ; repass &c, re- 9. 
 
 repa'st, n. (Food supplied for or eaten at) 
 
 meal (usu. rich, plentiful, slight, delicate, 
 
 luxurious, Sec, r.). [OF, f. repaistre f. LL 
 
 RE- 8(j>ascere past- feed)] 
 
 repatriate, v.t. & i. Restore or return to 
 
 native land. Hence repatri ation n. [f. LL 
 
 re- 9( patriare f. L patria fatherland)] 
 
 repay, v.t. & i. (paid). Pay back (money) ; 
 
 return, retaliate, (blow, visit, service, &c.) ; 
 
 REPIECE 
 
 give in recompense for ; make repayment to 
 (person) ; make return for, requite, (action) ; 
 make repayment. Hence repay'ABLE a., re- 
 pay'MENT n. [f. OF HE-9(paier pay 2 )] 
 
 repea'l, v.t., & n. Revoke, rescind, annul, 
 (law &c); hence repea'lABLE a. (NT) abro- 
 gation, repealing ; (Irish Pol.) cancelling of 
 the Union demanded by O'Connell &c, whence 
 repea'lER 1 n. [f. OF rapel(er) (re- 9, appeal *j] 
 
 repea*t, v.t. & i., & n. Say or do over again, 
 recite, rehearse, report, reproduce, give imita- 
 tion of, (r. action, statement, poem, conversa- 
 tion, attempt, pattern, signal, Sec; action was 
 repeated several times, whence repea'tedLY 2 
 adv.; language will not bear repeating, is too 
 foul &c. to r.), (of watch &c, abs.) strike last 
 quarter &c. over again when required (so re- 
 peating watch Sec. or repea'tER 1 n.), (of fire- 
 arms) fire several shots without reloading (re- 
 peating rifle Sec.) ; recur, appear again or 
 repeatedly, (the last three figures r.; food, re- 
 peats, is tasted intermittently for some time) ; 
 (refl.) recur in same form, say or do same thing 
 over again, (history repeats itself; does nothing 
 but r. himself); hence repea'tABLE a. (N.) 
 repeating, esp. of item in programme in response 
 to encore; (Mus.) passage intended to be re- 
 peated, mark indicating this ; pattern repeated 
 in wall-paper &c; (Commerc.) fresh consign- 
 ment similar to previous one, order given for 
 this. [f. F repiter f. L re- Z(petere seek)] 
 
 repe*l, v.t. (-11). Drive back, repulse, ward 
 off, refuse admission or acceptance or approach 
 to, (r. assailant, attack, temptation, weapon, 
 blow, suggestion, plea, offer, person's advances ; 
 first attracts & then repels the magnet) ; be re- 
 pulsive or distasteful to, exert mental repulsion 
 upon, whence repe'llENT a., repe'llentLV 2 
 adv. [f. L re- 2( pellere jjuls- drive)] 
 
 re'pent 1 , a. (chiefly bot.). Creeping, esp. 
 growing along or just under surface of ground, 
 [f. L repere creep, -ent] 
 
 repe'nt 2 , v.t. Se i. (Refl., with archaic refl. 
 pron.) feel regret or penitence about something 
 or of (archaic; I now r. me; he repenteth him 
 of the evil) ; (impers.) affect with penitence or 
 regret (archaic ; it repents me that I did it) ; 
 think with contrition of, think with contrition 
 of, be regretful about or of, be contrite, wish 
 one had not done, (you shall r. this, of this, or 
 abs.; have nothing to r. of; r. my kindness, 
 setting off when I did). So repe'nt a nce n., 
 repe'ntANT a., repe'ntantLY 2 adv. [f. F 
 re- 3(nentir f. L paenitere make sorry)] 
 
 repeople. See re- 9. 
 
 repercussion, &c. See re- 9. 
 
 re'pertoire (-twar), n. Stock of pieces &c. 
 thatcompany or performerknowsor isprepared 
 to give (r. company or system, relying on r. & 
 not on long runs). [F (re-), f. L as foil.] 
 
 re'pertory, n. Place for finding something, 
 store or collection esp. of information, in- 
 stances, facts, &c; = prec. [f. L repertorium 
 (reperire -pert- find f. RE-, OL par ire = L 
 parere produce, -ory)] 
 
 reperuse, &c. See re- 8. 
 
 repete'nd, n. Recurring figures of decimal ; 
 recurring word or phrase, refrain, [f. L as re- 
 peat, -nd 1 ] 
 
 repetition, n. REPEATing or being repeat- 
 ed ; piece set to be learnt by heart ; copy, 
 replica ; ability of musical instrument to repeat 
 note quickly. Hence repetition a l, repeti*- 
 tionARv ', repeti'tious, repe'titivE, aa. 
 (rare), [f. L repetitio (re- 8, petition)] 
 
 repieee. See re- 9. 
 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REPINE 
 
 715 
 
 REPRESENT 
 
 repi'ne, v.i. Fret, be discontented, (at, 
 against, or abs.). Hence repi'ning'LY 2 adv. 
 [re- 6, PINE 2 ] 
 
 repi'que (-ek), n., & v.t. & i. Winning of 30 
 points on cards alone before beginning to play 
 in piquet ; (vb) score r. ' against (opponent), 
 make r. [f. F repic (re-, pique 2 )] 
 
 repla'ee, v.t. Put back in place ; take place 
 of, succeed, besubstituted for, (pass.) be succeed- 
 ed or have one's or its place filled by, be super- 
 seded ; fill up place of (xoith, by), find or provide 
 substitute for. Hence repla'eeABLE a., re- 
 pla'ceMENT n. [re- 9, place 2 ] 
 
 replant &c. See re- 8. 
 
 replenish, v. t. Fill up again (with or abs.) ; 
 (p.p.) filled, fully stored, full, (with or abs.). 
 Hence reple'nish.MEXT n. [f. OF re- 9(plenir 
 ult. f. L plants full), -ish 2 ] 
 
 reple'te, a. Filled, stuffed, fully imbued, 
 well stocked, with; gorged, sated, (with). So 
 reple'tiox n. [f. L re- 6(plere plet- fill)] 
 
 reple'vin, n. Restoration or recovery of 
 distrained goods on security given for sub- 
 mission to trial & judgment ; writ granting r.; 
 action arising out of r. [AF, f. OF as foil.] 
 
 reple'vy, v.t. Recover by replevin, [f. OF 
 HE-y(plevi)' etym. dub.; see pledge 1 )] 
 
 re'plica, n. Duplicate made by original 
 artist of a picture &c; facsimile, exact copy. 
 [It. (replicare reply)] 
 
 re'plieate l (-at), n. Tone one or more oc- 
 taves above or below given tone, [as foil.] 
 
 re'plieate 2 (-at), a. (bot.). Folded back on 
 itself, [as foil., -ate 2 ] 
 
 re'plieate 3 , v.t. (rare). Repeat; make re- 
 plicaof; fold back. [L-RE-9(plicare fold), -ate 3 ] 
 
 repliea'tion, n. Folding back, fold, (rare) ; 
 replying, rejoinder, answer, esp. reply to an- 
 swer, (Law) plaintiffs reply to defendant's plea ; 
 echo ; copy, copying. [OF, f. L re- 9( plica- 
 tionem f. plicare fold, -ation)] 
 
 reply*, v.i. & t, & n. Make answer, respond, 
 in word or action (to; abs., that&co.., orparenth.; 
 rose to r. for the ladies, represent them in re- 
 turning thanks for toast ; the batteries replied 
 to our fire ; he replied that I must please my- 
 self; 'Please yourself he reptlied) ; (n.) act of 
 replying (what he says in r.), what is replied, 
 response, [f. OF replier f. L as replicate 3 ] 
 
 repoint, repolish. See re- 9. 
 
 repondez s'il vous plait (F), formula ap- 
 pended (usu. in abbr. M.S. V.P.) to invitation 
 or other letter, = please answer. 
 
 repopulate. See re- 9. 
 
 repor't ', v.t. & i. Bring back account of, 
 state as ascertained fact, tell as news, narrate 
 or describe or repeat esp. as eye-witness &c. (to), 
 relate as spoken by another, make official or 
 formal statement about, inform against (of- 
 fence, offender) to authorities or abs., announce 
 oneself as returned or arrived, (reports open 
 water at pole, pole to be accessible, that he 
 reached pole ; it is reported, commonly said ; 
 reported cdl details of the scene to me ; my 
 actual $cords & those reported to you were 
 quite different; reported speech, oblique oration ; 
 chairman of committee reports bill to House, 
 announces conclusion of committee's dealings 
 with it between 2nd & 3rd reading ; r. progress, 
 state what has been done so far, move to r. 
 progress in House of Commons, propose that 
 debate be discontinued, often for obstructive 
 purposes ; cdl variations are to be reported 
 daily; shall r. you, your unpunctuality, to 
 senior partner) ; take down word for word or 
 epitomize pv write description of for publica- 
 tion (r. law case, proceedings, meeting; also 
 abs., as reports for the Times) ; make, draw up, 
 
 or send in r. usu. (up)on; give r. of conveying 
 that one is well or badly impressed (reports 
 well of the prospects ; is badly reported of). 
 Hence repor'tABLE a., repor'tER i n. [f. OF 
 reporter f. L re- 9(por£are bring)] 
 
 repor't 2 , n. Common talk, rumour, (merer, 
 is not enough to go -upon ; the r. goes, it is said) ; 
 way person or thing is spoken of, repute, 
 (things of good r. ; faithful through good & evil 
 r.) ; account given or opinion formally express- 
 ed after investigation or consideration, descrip- 
 tion or epitome or reproduction of scene or 
 speech or law case esp. for newspaper publica- 
 tion, (r. stage in House of Commons, treatment 
 of bill when committee has reported, see prec); 
 sound of explosion (went off with a loud r.). 
 [OF (reporter see prec.)] 
 
 repo-se 1 <-z), v.t. Place (trust &c.) in. 
 Hence repo*SAL(2) n. [f. L re- Mponere posit- 
 place) w. assim. to depose, foil., &c.] 
 
 repo-se 2 (-z), v.t. & i., & n. Rest (oneself or 
 abs.) ; lay (one's head &c.) to rest (often on pil- 
 low &c.) ; give rest to, refresh with rest ; lie, be 
 lying or laid, esp. in sleep or death (in, on, or 
 abs.), be supported or based on (the whole 
 system reposes on fear) ; (of memory &c.) dwell 
 on. (N.) rest, cessation of activity or excite- 
 ment, respite from toil, sleep, peaceful or quies- 
 cent state, stillness, tranquillity ; restful effect, 
 harmonious combination in art, composure or 
 ease of manner, (esp. in lacks r.; hence re- 
 po'seFUL a., repo'sefulLY 2 adv. [f. F re- 
 pos(er) f. LL re- 5(pausare pause; meaning 
 influenced by prec] ' 
 
 repository (-z-), n. Receptacle ; place 
 where things are stored or may be found, 
 museum, warehouse, store, shop, (book, person, 
 &c, ts a r. of curious information); burial- 
 place ; recipient of confidences or secrets, [f. L 
 repositorium (repose 1 , -ory)] 
 
 repossess &c. See re- 9. 
 
 repost. See riposte. 
 
 repot. See re- 8. 
 
 repousse (repoo'sa), a. & n. (Ornamental 
 metal work) hammered into relief from reverse 
 side. [F, p.p. of re- 3(pousser push l )] 
 
 repp. See rep l . 
 
 repped, a. Having surface like rep. [-ed 2 ] 
 
 reprehend, v.t. Rebuke, blame, find fault 
 with. So reprehe'nsiBLE a., reprehe'n- 
 sifoLY 2 adv., reprehe'nsiON n. [f. L re- 2- 
 (prehendere seize)] 
 
 represe'nt (-z-), v.t. Call up by description 
 or portrayal or imagination, figure, place like- 
 ness of before mind or senses, serve or be meant 
 as likeness of, (can you r. infinity to yourself?; 
 can only r. it to you by metaphors ; picture re- 
 presents murder of Abel; is represented in 
 hunting costume); try to bring (facts influenc- 
 ing conduct) home (to), state by way of expos- 
 tulation or incentive, (represented the rashness 
 of it, that it could not succeed); make out to be 
 &c, allege that, describe or depict as, (am not 
 what you r. me to be or as ; in the corner is the 
 Pope represented as a beggar ; represents that 
 he has or himself to have seen service) ; act 
 (play &c), play part of on stage; symbolize, 
 act as embodiment of, stand for, correspond to, 
 be specimen of, (sovereign represents majesty 
 of State ; inch of rain represents 100 tons to 
 acre ; globe represents totality ; camels are re- 
 presented in the New World by llamas ; Welsh 
 football isrepresented in the team by Morgan); 
 fill place of, be substitute or deputy for, be en- 
 titled to speak for, be sent as member to House 
 of Commons by, (King was represented by the 
 Duke of Norfolk ; members representing urban 
 constituencies). Hence or cogn. represe'nt- 
 
REPRESENTATIVE 
 
 716 
 
 REPULSION 
 
 able a., peppesentA - TiON n. (proportional r., 
 electoral system so arranged that minorities 
 are represented in proportion to their strength), 
 peppesenta'tionAL a. [f. L re- Sipraesen- 
 tare present 4 )] 
 
 representative, a. & n. Serving as por- 
 trayal or symbol of (a group r. of the theologi- 
 cal virtues); that presents or can present ideas 
 to the mind {imagination is a r. faculty); typi- 
 cal of a class or classes, containing typical spe- 
 cimens of all or many classes, (the truth of an 
 allegory is r., not literal ; call a meeting ofr. 
 men ; a very r. selection, collection); (of species 
 in nat. hist. &c.) corresponding or analogous in 
 a locality to others elsewhere ; consisting of 
 elected deputies or rr. (r. chamber, house, &c), 
 based on representation of constituencies by 
 such deputies (r. government, system, institu- 
 tions); hence peppese'ntativeLV 2 adv., pe- 
 ppese'ntativeNESSn. (N.) sample, specimen, 
 typical embodiment, analogue, of; person's 
 agent, delegate, substitute, successor, or heir; 
 deputy in r. chamber (Ho use ofRr., lower house 
 of U.S. Congress), [f. med.L repraesentativus 
 
 (REPRESENT, -ATIVE)] 
 
 peppe'ss, v.t. Check, restrain, put down, 
 keep under, quell, suppress, prevent from 
 sounding or bursting out or rioting. So pe- 
 ppe'ssiON (-shn) n., peppe'ssiVE a. [f. L re- 5- 
 (primere press- =premere press 2 )] 
 
 peppie've, v.t., & n. Suspend or delay exe- 
 cution of (condemned person), (fig.) give respite 
 to. (N.) reprieving or being reprieved ; (war- 
 rant for) remission or commutation of capital 
 sentence ; respite, fn. f. vb, earlier reprie, -pry, 
 in sense remand, first in p.p., prob. f. F re-8- 
 (pris p.p. of prendre f. L prehendere take); -v- 
 unexplained] 
 
 pe'ppimand, n., & v.t. Official(ly) rebuke, 
 [f. F riprimande(r) f. reprimer repress] 
 
 peppint. See re- 8. 
 
 pepprsal (-zl), n. (Hist.) forcible seizure of 
 foreign subjects' persons or property in retalia- 
 tion (letters ofr., official warrant authorizing 
 this); act of retaliation (usu. make rr. or ?•.). 
 [f. F reprisaille as foil. + -al(2)] 
 
 peppi'se (-iz), n. (Law) rent-charge 6r other 
 payment to be made yearly out of estate (be- 
 yond, besides, above, rr., remaining after all rr. 
 have been paid) ; (rare) resumption of action, 
 one of the times devoted to something notdone 
 all at once. [F, fern, of repris see reprieve] 
 
 peppoa*eh (-otsh), v.t., & n. Upbraid, scold, 
 (person, often with offence); rebuke (offence); 
 (of look &c.) convey protest or censure to (his 
 eyes r. me) ; hence peppoa'ehingr.v 2 adv. 
 (rare for reproachfully). (N.) thing that brings 
 disgrace or discredit (to ; the state of the roads 
 is a r. to civilization), whence peppoa'ehLESS 
 a. (rare for irreproachable) ; opprobrium, dis- 
 graced or discredited state, (live in r. & igno- 
 miny; the things that had brought r. upon 
 him; has taken away my r.); upbraiding, re- 
 buke, censure, (abstain from r.; heap rr. on; 
 the mute r. in his eyes ; term ofr., word imply- 
 ing censure), whence peppoa'ehFUL a., pe- 
 ppoa'ehfulLv2adv., peppoa'ehfulNESS n.; 
 (pi.) Good-Friday chiefly R.-C. set of antiphons 
 & responses representing rr. of Christ to 
 people, [f. F reproche(r) perh. ult. f. L repro- 
 bare reprove] 
 
 pe'ppobate 1 , v.t. Express or feel disap- 
 proval of, censure; (of God) cast off, exclude 
 from salvation. Hence peppobA"TiON n. [f. L 
 re- Kprobare apPROVE), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pe'ppobate 2 (at), a. & n. (Person) cast off 
 
 by God, hardened in sin, of abandoned charac- 
 ter, without principles, [as prec, -ate 2 ] 
 
 reproduce &c. See re- 8. 
 
 peppoo'f, n. Blame (a xoord, glance, of r.; 
 spoke in r. of idleness) ; a rebuke or expression 
 of blame, [f. OF reprove (reprover reprove)] 
 
 peppo've (-oov), v.t. Rebtfke, chide, (person, 
 rarely sin &c). Hence peppo'vingLY 2 adv. 
 [f. OF reprover f. L as reprobate *] 
 
 peppovision. See re- 8. 
 
 peps. See rep 1 . 
 
 pe'ptant, a. (nat. hist.). Creeping, [f. L rep- 
 tare frequent, of repere crawl, -ant] 
 
 pe'ptile, n. & a. Crawling animal ; member 
 of the Reptilia or class of animals including 
 snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, & tortoises, 
 whence pepti'liAN a. & n., peptiliTEROUS, 
 pepti'liFORM, aa. ; mean grovelling person. 
 (Adj.) (of animals) creeping; mean& grovelling 
 (the r. press, subservient semi-official news- 
 papers esp. in Germany), [(n. f. reptile neut.) 
 f. LL reptilis (repere rept- crawl, -il)] 
 
 pepu'blic, n. A State in which the govern- 
 ment is carried on nominally & usu. in fact also 
 by the people or its elected representatives, 
 commonwealth, (fig.) society of persons or ani- 
 mals with equality between members (the r. of 
 letters, literary men, literature), [f. L respub- 
 lica (abl. republica) f. res concern, publichs] 
 
 pepirblican, a. & n. Of, constituted as, 
 characterizing, republic(s); (person) advocating 
 or supporting r. government ; (member) of U.-S. 
 political party favouring liberal interpretation 
 of constitution, extension of central power, & 
 protective tariff; (of birds) social, living in 
 large communities. Hence pepirbliean- 
 ism(3) n., pepirblican i ze(3) v.t. [-an] 
 
 republish &c. See re- 8. 
 
 pepirdiate, v.t. & i. Divorce (one's wife; 
 esp. of the awcients or non-Christians); disown, 
 disavow, reject, refuse dealings with, deny; 
 refuse to recognize or obey (authority) or dis- 
 charge (obligation, debt), (of State) r. public 
 debt. Hence pepudiA-nox, pepirdiatOR 2 , 
 mi. [f. L repudiare (repudium divorce, f. re-, 
 pudere be ashamed, -ate 3 )] 
 
 pepug'n, v.i. & t. (rare). Offer opposition; 
 strive against; strive against; affect disagree- 
 ably, be repugnant to. [f. L re- 2( p ugnare 
 fight) oppose] 
 
 pepu'gnanee, n. Inconsistency, incompati- 
 bility, of ideas, statements, tempers, &c. (of, 
 between, to, with); antipathy, dislike, aversion, 
 (to, against), [f. L repugnantia (prec, -ance)] 
 
 repu'gnant, a. Contradictory (to), incom- 
 patible (ivith) ; (poet.) refractory, resisting ; dis- 
 tasteful, to. [f. L as REPUGN +-ANT] 
 
 pepu'llulate, v.i. Sprout afresh, shoot out 
 again ; (of diseases) start again, recur. Hence 
 pepullulA-rioN n. [f. L KK-\)(pullulare pul- 
 lulate), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pepirlse, v.t, & n. Drive back (attack, at- 
 tacking enemy) by force of arms, (fig.) foil in 
 controversy; rebuff (friendly ad vancesor maker 
 of them), refuse (request, offer, or maker of it). 
 (N.) repulsing or being repulsed, rebuff? (inflict, 
 meet with, suffer, &c, r. or usu. a r.). [(n. f. L 
 repulsa or repulsus -us) f. REPEL?e?*e] 
 
 pepirlsion, n. Repulsing (rare); (Physics) 
 tendency of bodies to repel each other or in- 
 crease their mutual distance (opp. attraction; 
 also fig.), capillary r., tendency in some liquids 
 (e.g. quicksilver in glass) to shrink from wall of 
 capillary tubes so that upper surface is convex ; 
 dislike, aversion, repugnance, [f. LL repidsio 
 
 (REPEL, -ION)] 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see RE- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REPULSIVE 
 
 717 
 
 RESERVE 
 
 repu'lsive, a. Offering resistance (poet.) ; 
 (Physics) exercising repulsion ; (archaic, of be- 
 haviour &c.) repellent, cold, unsympathetic; 
 exciting aversion or loathing, loathsome, dis- 
 gusting, whence repirlsiveLY 2 adv., repu'l- 
 siveNESs n. [repulse v., -ive] 
 
 repurchase, repurify. See re- 9. 
 
 reputable, a. Of good repute, respectable. 
 Hence reputabLY 2 adv. [repute n., -able] 
 
 reputa'tion, n. What is generally said or 
 believed about a person's or thing's character 
 {has not justijied his r.); state of being well 
 reported of, credit, distinction, respectability, 
 good fame, (persons of v.; has a r. for integrity); 
 the credit or discredit of doing or of being (has 
 the r. of racking his tenants, of being or of the 
 best shot in England), [f. L reputatio (repute, 
 
 -ATION)] 
 
 repu'te, v.t., & n. (Rare in active) consider 
 or reckon, (pass.) be generally considered or re- 
 ported of, (with compl., to be, or as ; is reputed 
 the best doctor or to be or rarely as the best) ; 
 (pass.) be generally well, ill, &c, thought or 
 spoken of; (p.p.) passing as but probably not 
 being [his reputed father, clemency, &c, re- 
 puted pint &c, bottle of beer &c. sold as pint 
 &c. but not guaranteed as containing imperial 
 pint &c); hence repu'tedLY 2 adv. (X.) re- 
 putation. If. L RE- 6(putare think)] 
 request, n., & v.t. Act of asking for some- 
 thing, petition made, thing asked for, (came at 
 his r.; shall make two rr.; you shall have your 
 r.', make r. for ; by ?*., in response to expressed 
 wish) ; state of being sought after, demand, (is 
 now in great, came into, r.>. (Vb) seek permis- 
 sion to do ; ask to be given or allowed or favour- 
 ed with (r. candid consideration, person's pre- 
 sence, &c.) ; ask that ; ask (person) to do. If. OF 
 requested), see re- 6, quest] 
 
 requicken. See re- 9. 
 
 re'quiem, n. Special mass for repose of 
 souls of the dead ; musical setting for r.; dirge, 
 [initial L wd ( = rest) of the mass] 
 
 requieseat, n. Wish for dead person's re- 
 pose ; r., requiescant, in pace, abbr. R.I. P., in- 
 scription = may he, they, rest in peace, used 
 esp. on R.-C. tombs. [L, = may he rest] 
 
 require*, v.t. & i. Order (person), demand 
 (o/ person), to do (theyr. me or ofmeto appear); 
 demand or ask in words (person's action, act of 
 person, thing at person's hands, that, &c.) esp. 
 as of right (they r. my appearance, an oath of 
 me, a gift at my hands, that I should appear); 
 lay down as imperative (had done all that was 
 required by the Act); need, call for, depend for 
 success &c. on, (the emergency requires it, that 
 it shoidd be done ; irony requires care in its 
 use ; land requires 10 lb. of seed to the acre ; 
 place would r. an army to take it ; machine 
 requires no attention; it required all his au- 
 thority to keep them in hand) ; (rare) be neces- 
 sary (do not tie it more tightly than requires). 
 Hence require'MENT n. [f. L RE-6(gui'rere 
 -quisit- = quaerere seek)] 
 
 re'quisite (-izit), a. & n. Required by cir- 
 cumstances, necessary to success &c, called 
 for; hence requisiteNESS n. (N.) require- 
 ment, thing needed for accomplishment of 
 some purpose, [f. L p.p. as prec] 
 
 requisition (z), n., & v.t. Requiring, de- 
 mand made, esp. formal & usu. written demand 
 that some duty should be performed ; order 
 given to town &c. to furnish certain military 
 supplies ; being called or put into service (is 
 under or in r., being used or applied ; put in, 
 call into, r., have recourse to). (Vb) demand 
 use or supply of for military purposes ; demand 
 such supplies &c. from (town &c.) ; press into 
 
 service, call in for some purpose, [f. L requisi- 
 te (REQUIRE, -ION)] 
 
 requi'te, v.t. Make return for, reward or 
 avenge, (service, wrong, injury, treatment ; 
 often with) ; make return to, repay with good 
 or evil, (person ; often for treatment received, 
 with treatment given) ; give in return (/*. like 
 for like). Hence requi*tAL(2) n. [re- 1, quite 
 var. of quit 2 ] 
 re-read. See re- 8. 
 
 reredos, n. Ornamental screen covering 
 wall at back of altar, [earlier artrtdos (rear - 1 , 
 F dos back f. L dorsum)] 
 res (-z), n. (L). Thing (r. judicata,^ chose 
 jugee) ; property (r. angusta domi, poverty). 
 resaddle, resale &c. See re- 9. 
 rescind (-si-), v.t. Abrogate, annul, revoke, 
 cancel. So resei'ssiON (-zhn) n. [f. L re- 5- 
 (scindere sciss- cut)] 
 
 rescript, n. Roman emperor's written reply 
 to appeal for guidance esp. from magistrate on 
 legal point ; Pope's decretal epistle in reply to 
 question, any papal decision ; ruler's or govern- 
 ment's or official edict or announcement ; thing 
 rewritten, rewriting; palimpsest, [f. L p.p. 
 neut. of re- l(scri'bere script- write)] 
 rescue, v.t., & n. Deliver from attack, 
 custody, danger, or harm ; (Law) unlawfully 
 liberate (person), forcibly recover (property) ; 
 hence rescuER 1 n. (N.) rescuing or being 
 rescued, succour, deliverance, illegal liberation, 
 forcible recovery, [f. OF rescoure (L re-, 
 Kxarfe7°e = quatere shake)] 
 
 resear'ch (-ertsh), n., & v.i. Careful search 
 or inquiry after or for; (usu. pi.) endeavour to 
 discover facts by scientific study of a subject, 
 course of critical investigation, (his rr. have 
 been fruitful ; is engaged in r.). (Vb) make 
 rr.; hence resear'ehER l n. [f. obs. F recer- 
 che(r), now rechercher, see RE- 6, SEARCH'] 
 
 reseat. See re- 8. 
 
 resect, v.t. (surg.). Pare down (bone, carti- 
 lage, &c). So resectiON n. [f. Lre- 5(secare 
 sect- cut)] 
 
 reseda, n. Genus of plants including 
 mignonette & Dyer's weed ; (usu. reseda F) pale 
 green colour as of mignonette. [L, perh. im- 
 perat. of re- 5(sedare quiet) allay, used as first 
 wd of charm in applying plant to tumours] 
 
 r eseek, see re- 8 ; reseize &c. , resell, re- 9. 
 
 resemble (-z-), v.t. Be like, have similarity 
 to or feature(s) in common with or same appear- 
 ance as, & so resemblANCE (to, between, of) 
 n., resemblANT (to) a. (rare) ; (archaic) liken 
 to. [f. OF re- \(sembler f. L similare, simulare, 
 i. similis similar)] 
 
 rese'nt (-z-), v.t. Show or feel indignation 
 at or retain bitter feelings about (insult or in- 
 jury sustained). Hence resentFUL [perh. 
 through obs. resent resentment] a., resent- 
 fulLY 2 adv., rese'ntMENT n. [f. F rtssentir 
 (re- 1, L sentire feel)] 
 
 reservation, n. In vbl senses : also or esp.: 
 (Eccl.) right reserved to Pope of nomination to 
 vacant benefice, power of absolution reserved 
 to superior, practice of retaining for some pur- 
 pose a portion of the Eucharistic elements (esp. 
 the bread) after celebration ; (Law) right or in- 
 terest retained in estate being conveyed, clause 
 &c. reserving it ; (U.S.) tract of land reserved 
 esp. for exclusive occupation by native tribe ; 
 express or tacit limitation or exception made 
 about something(ra«ntaZr., qualification tacitly 
 added in making statement, oath, &c). [f. LL 
 reservatio (foil., -ation)1 
 
 reserve 1 (-z-), v.t. Postpone use or enjoy- 
 ment or treatment of, hold over, keep back for 
 later occasion, (r. oneself for, not put forth 
 
RESERVE 
 
 718 
 
 RESIST 
 
 one's energies till) ; retain possession or control 
 of esp. by legal or formal stipulation (for or to 
 oneself or another; reserved seats at entertain- 
 ment &c., that may be booked ; reserved list, 
 of naval officers removed from active service 
 but liable to be called ouU. (pass.) be left by 
 fate for, fall first or jnly to; set apart, destine, 
 for some use or fate ; (p.p. as adj.) reticent, 
 slow to reveal emotions or opinions, uncom- 
 municative, whence peser'vedLV 2 adv. [f. 
 OF reserver f. L re- 3(servare keep)] 
 
 peser've' 2 , n. Something reserved for future 
 use, extra stock or amount, (banker's r., amount 
 kept on hand to meet probable demands ; has 
 a great r. of energy; often attrib., as his r. 
 strength); (Mil., sing, or pi.) troops withheld 
 from action to reinforce or cover retreat, forces 
 outside regular army & navy liable to be called 
 out in emergencies, member of such forces 
 (also reser'viST n.), (in games) extra player 
 chosen in case substitute should be needed ; 
 being kept unused but available (has it in r.) ; 
 place reserved for some special use; (at exhibi- 
 tions) distinction conveying that exhibit will 
 have prize if another is disqualified; limitation, 
 exception, restriction, or qualification, attached 
 to something (I accept your statement without 
 r., fully; sale or auction without r., not sub- 
 ject to a fixed price's being reached ; r. price, 
 than which less will not be accepted ; we pub- 
 lish this with all r., all proper rr., without en- 
 dorsing it) ; self-restraint, abstinence from ex- 
 aggerated or ill-proportioned effects, in artistic 
 or literary expression ; reticence, avoidance of 
 plain speaking, coolness of manner, lack of 
 cordiality ; intentional suppression of truth, [f. 
 F reserve (rt server, OF reserver, reserve >)] 
 
 re'servoir (-vwar), n., & v.t. Receptacle 
 constructed usu. of earthwork or masonry in 
 which large quantity of water is stored ; any 
 natural or artificial receptacle esp. for or of 
 fluid, place where fluid &c. collects, part of 
 machine or organ of body holding fluid (r.-pen, 
 containing its own supply of ink), reserve 
 supply or collection of something e.g. know- 
 ledge or facts, &c; (vb) store in r. [f. F reser- 
 voir (LL reservatorium, cf. counter 1 , par- 
 lour) f. reserver see prec, -ory(2)J 
 
 rese't 1 , v.t. & i. (-tt-; archaic). Receive 
 (stolen goods) ; receive stolen goods. So pe- 
 se'ttER 1 n. [f. OF receter f. L receptare fre- 
 quent, of recipere receive] 
 
 reset 2 , resettle &c, reshape, see re- 8; 
 reship &c, re- 9; reshuffle, re- 8. 
 
 resi'de (-z-), v.i. (Of persons) have one's 
 home, dwell permanently, (at, in, abroad, &c.) ; 
 (of officials) be in residence ; (of power, rights, 
 &c.) rest or be vested in person &c; (of quali- 
 ties) be present or inherent in. [f. L re- 3(sidere 
 —sedere sit)] 
 
 residence, h. Residing (have, take up, 
 one's r., dwell, begin to dwell ; honoured the 
 place with her r.; r. is required, official &c. 
 must live on the spot for certain periods or al- 
 together; so in r.) ; place where one resides, 
 abode of; house esp. of considerable preten- 
 sions, mansion, (desirable family r. for sale). 
 [f. F residence f. L residentia (prec, -ENCE)] 
 
 residency, n. Official residence of Governor- 
 general's representative at Indian native court, 
 las prec, -ency] 
 
 resident, a. & n. Residing (whether r. at 
 
 home or abroad ; the r. population) ; (of birds 
 
 &c) non-migratory ; bound to residence, having 
 
 quarters on the spot, (r. surgeon, tutor, politi- 
 
 » cal agent) ; inherent, located, in (a right r. in 
 
 the nation; powers of sensation r. in the 
 nerves). (N.) permanent inhabitant of town or 
 neighbourhood (opp. visitor) ; Indian Governor- 
 general's political agent residing at native 
 court, British government agent in other semi- 
 dependent State, whence residentsmp n. 
 
 [f. L (RESIDE, -ENT)] 
 
 residential (-shl), a. Suitable for or occu- 
 pied by private houses (r. estate, street, quarter); 
 connected with residence (the r. qualification 
 for voters), [residence, -al] 
 
 residentiary (-sha-), n. & a. Ecclesiastic 
 bound to residence ; (adj.) bound to, requiring, 
 of or for, official residence (usu. after n. ; Canon, 
 Canonry, r.; at his r. house), [f. med.L resi- 
 dentiarius (residence, -ary 1 )] 
 
 resi'dual, a. & n. (Math.) resulting from 
 subtraction (n., r. quantity); remaining, left 
 over, left as residuum, (n., remainder, substance 
 of the nature of a residuum) ; (of error in calcu- 
 lations) still unaccounted for or not eliminated. 
 [residuum, -al] 
 
 resi'duary, a. Of the residue of an estate 
 (?*. bequest, clause, legatee, &c) ; of, being, a 
 residuum, residual, still remaining, (mere r. 
 substances ; the r. aberration ; some r. odds & 
 ends), [residuum, -ary] 
 
 residue, n. Remainder, rest, what is left or 
 remains over; what remains of estate after 
 payment of charges, debts, & bequests ; (Chem. 
 &c.) residuum, [f. F residu residuum] 
 
 resi'duum (-z-), n. (pi. -dim). What remains, 
 esp. (Chem. &c) substance left after combustion 
 or evaporation, (in calculations) amount not 
 accounted for or residual error ; lowest stratum 
 or dregs of population. [L, neut. of residuus 
 remaining (reside)] 
 
 resi'g-n • (-z-), v.t. & i. Relinquish, surrender, 
 give up, hand over, (office, right, claim, property, 
 charge, task, life, hope ; often to person, into 
 person's hands &c ; r. oneself to another's 
 guidance, to sleep, rest, meditation, &c); re- 
 concile oneself, one's mind, &c (to one's fate 
 &c, to doing, or abs. = accept the inevitable 
 without repining), whence resi'gnEDia., re- 
 si'gnedLY 2 adv.; give up office, retire, [f. OF 
 resigner f. L re- Ksignare seal) unseal, cancel] 
 
 re-sign 2 , v.t, & i. Sign again, [re- 8] 
 
 resignation (-zig-), n. In vbl senses (re- 
 sign ') ; esp.: resigning of an office, document 
 conveying it (give, send, in one's r.); being re- 
 signed, uncomplaining endurance of sorrow or 
 other evil. [f. F resignation (resign l , -ation)] 
 
 resi'le (-z-), v.i. (Of elastic bodies) recoil, re- 
 bound, resume shape & size after stretching or 
 compression ; have or show elasticity or buoy- 
 ancy or recuperative power. Hence resi'li- 
 ence, resi'liENCY, nn., resMiENT a. [f. L 
 re- 9(silire = satire jump)] 
 
 re'sin (-z-), n., & v.t. Adhesive substance 
 secreted by most plants & exuding naturally or 
 upon incision esp. from fir & pine ; kinds of 
 similar substance got by chemical process. 
 Hence resinA'CEOus, resini'FEROUs, re- 
 siniFORM, resinous, aa., re'sinoiD a. & n., 
 re'sinATE '(3) n., resiniFY v.t. & i., resi'ni- 
 fica'tion n., re'sino- comb. form. [f. F resine 
 f. L resina cogn. w. Gk retine j 
 
 resipi'seenee, n. Recognition of error, re- 
 turn to good sense. So resipi'seENT a. [f. L 
 i-ntia) f. re- ^(sipiscere f. sapere see sapient)] 
 
 resi'st (z-), v.t. & i., & n. Stop course of, 
 successfully oppose, keep off or out, prevent 
 from penetrating, repel, be proof against or un- 
 affected or uninjured by, abstain from, (pro- 
 jectile, weapon, edge, frost, heat, moisture, 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
RESISTANCE 
 
 719 
 
 RESPECT 
 
 attack, temptation, power, infection, influence, 
 suggestion, &c; who canr. God's will?-, cannot 
 r. a joke, must make it if it suggests itself, or 
 must be amused by it), whence resi'stiBLE a., 
 resi'stLESS a. (poet.), resi # stlessLY - adv.; 
 strive against, oppose, try to impede, refuse to 
 comply with ; offer resistance, make opposition, 
 whence or cogn. resi'stAXT, resi'stE.vr, re- 
 si'stiVE, aa., resi'stER * n. ( passive r., person 
 refusing on grounds of justice to pay education 
 rate). (N.) composition applied to surfaces for 
 protection from some agent employed on them, 
 esp. to parts of calico that are not to take dye. 
 [f. L re- 2{sistere redupl. of stare stand)] 
 
 resi'stance, n. (Power of) resisting (pas- 
 sives, refusal to comply; something with great- 
 er r. for its weight than steel) ; hindrance, im- 
 peding or stopping effect, exercised by material 
 thing upon another (overcome the r. of the air ; 
 r. of fluids varies with their specific gravity; 
 line of r., direction in which it acts ; take line 
 of least r. fig., adopt easiest method or course); 
 (Electr., Magnet., Heat) non-conductivity; 
 (Electr.) part of apparatus used to offer definite 
 r. to current, [f. F resistance (prec, -ance)] 
 
 resistibi'lity, n. Being resistible ; power 
 of offering resistance. [RESiSTiWe, -bilityJ 
 
 resole. See re- 8. 
 
 resoluble (-zoldb-, -lu-), a. That can be re- 
 solved, (usu.) analysable into, resolvable, [f. 
 LL resolubilis (resolve, & see soluble)] 
 
 re'solute (-zoloot, -ut), a. (Of person or his 
 temper or action) determined, decided, bold, not 
 vacillating, unshrinking,firm of purpose. Hence 
 re'soluteLY 2 adv. [f. L p.p., see resolve] 
 
 resolu'tion (-loo-, -lu-), n. Separation into 
 components, decomposition, analysis, conver- 
 sion into other form, (Med.) disappearance of 
 inflammation without suppuration, (Pros.) sub- 
 stitution of two short syllables for one long, 
 (Mus.) making of discord to pass into concord, 
 (Mech.) replacing of single force by two or more 
 jointly equivalent ; solving oj doubt, problem, 
 question, &c; formal expression of opinion by 
 legislative body (cf. motion) or public meeting, 
 form proposed for this ; resolve, thing resolved 
 on, (good rr., intentions that one formulates 
 mentally for virtuous conduct) ; determined 
 temper or character, boldness & firmness of 
 purpose, [f. L resolutio (resolve, -ion)] 
 
 resolutive, a. & n. Having dissolving 
 power (chiefly rued.; r. cataplasm, &c; n., r. ap- 
 plication or drug) ; (Law) r. condition, whose 
 fulfilment terminates contract &c. [prec, -ive] 
 
 reso'lve (z-), v.t. & i., & n. Dissolve (t. & i.; 
 into), disintegrate, analyse, break up into parts, 
 dissipate, convert or be converted into, reduce 
 by mental analysis into, (used vinegar to r. the 
 rocks ; blood first coagulates & then resolves ; 
 r. thing, thing is resolved or resolves itself or 
 resolves, into its elements ; telescope resolves 
 nebida into stars ; inflammation, tumour, is 
 resolved or resolves, passes away without sup- 
 puration ; House resolves itself into a commit- 
 tee ; might r. Christianity into a system of mor- 
 ality), (Mus.) convert (discord) or be converted 
 into concord ; solve, explain, clear up, settle, 
 (all doubts were resolved; r. me this archaic, 
 answer this question ; the problem of its origin 
 has not yet been resolved) ; decide upon, make 
 up one's mind upon action or doing or to do, 
 form mentally or (of legislative body or public 
 meeting) pass by vote the resolution that, (of 
 circumstances &c) bring (person) to resolution 
 to do or upon action or domg, (he resolved up- 
 on or rarely resolved amendment ; resolved 
 that nothing should induce him, that he would 
 do, upon doing ; the House began by resolving 
 
 that . . . ; this discovery resolved us on going 
 or to go ; p.p. used in minutes of meeting, - the 
 following resolution was passed, namely that t 
 p.p. as adj., resolute, whence reso'lvedLV * 
 adv.); hence reso'lvABLE a. (X.) resolution 
 come to in the mind (& she kept her r.) ; (poet.) 
 resolution, stedfast purpose, (a mind, deeds, of 
 high r.). [f. L re- ^(solvere solut- solve)] 
 reso'lvent, a. & n. (chiefly med. & chem.). 
 (Drug, application, substance) effecting resolu- 
 tion of tumour &c or division into component 
 parts, [prec, -ent] 
 
 resonant (-z-), a. (Of sound) echoing, re- 
 sounding, continuing to sound, reinforced or 
 prolonged by vibration or reflexion ; (of bodies, 
 rooms, &c) tending to reinforce or prolong 
 sounds esp. by vibration ; (of places) resounding 
 with. Hence or cogn. re'sonANCE n., re'son- 
 antLv 2 adv. [f. L re- 6(sonare sound), -ant] 
 re'sonator, n. Instrument responding to 
 single note & used for detecting it in combina- 
 tions ; appliance for giving resonance to sounds, 
 [as prec, -or 2 ] 
 
 resor*b,v.t. Absorb again. Hence resor'b- 
 ence n., resor'bENT a. [f. L re- 9(sorbae 
 sorpt- ABSORB)] 
 
 resor'ein (-z-), n. Compound got by action 
 of potash on resin used chiefly as dye-stuff. 
 [resin, orcin] 
 
 resorption, n. Resorbingor being resorbed. 
 [resorb, -ion] 
 
 resor't 1 (-z-), v.i. Turn for aid to (r. to force, 
 experiment, &c, or rarely concrete object or 
 person) ; go in numbers or often to (visitors re- 
 sorted to him, to the shrine, by the hundred ; 
 watched the inn to which he was known to r.). 
 [f. OF re- 8(sortir come out, etym. dub.)] 
 resor't 2 , n. Thing to which recourse is had, 
 what is turned to for aid,expedient,(a carriage, 
 repetition of the experiment, was the only r.) ; 
 recourse (cannot be done without r. to compul- 
 sion ; in the last r., when all else has failed, as 
 final attempt) ; frequenting or being frequented 
 (encouraged the r. of scholars ; a place of great 
 r.) ; place frequented usu. for specified purpose 
 or quality (health, holiday, r.; mountain, sea- 
 side, ?•.). [OF (prec)] 
 re-sor't 3 , v.t. Sort again, [re- 8] 
 resou'nd (-zow-), v.i. & t. (Of place) ring or 
 echo (with) ; (of voice, instrument, sound, &c) 
 produce echoes, go on sounding, fill place with 
 sound ; (of fame, event, &c)be much talked of, 
 produce sensation, (often through Europe &c); 
 repeat loudly (usu. thepraises &c of); (of place) 
 give back (sound). Hence resou'ndingLY 2 
 adv. [re- 9, sound, after L as resonant] 
 resour'ee (-ors), n. (Usu. in pi.) means of 
 supplying a want, stock that can be drawn on, 
 (pi.) country's collective means for support & 
 defence ; (after French ; now rare) possibility 
 of aid (lost withoidr.); expedient, device, shift, 
 (flight was his onlyr.; am at the end of my rr.); 
 leisure occupation (reading is a great r. ; a man 
 of no rr.); skill in devising expedients, practi- 
 cal ingenuity, quick wit, (isftdl ofr.). Hence 
 resoup'ceFUL, resour'eeLESS, aa., re- 
 sour'eefulNESS, resour'eelessNESS, nn., 
 resour'eefulLY 2 adv. [f. F ressoitrce f. OF 
 re(s)sourdre f. re- 9, L surgere rise] 
 respe'et 1 , n. Reference, relation, (to; the- 
 terms have r. to position alone ; is true with r. 
 to the French ; with r. to possible routes, there 
 are three ; ablative, accusative, of r. in Lat. 
 Gram., those translatable by with r. or as to); 
 heed or regard to or of, attention to, (have not 
 had or paid r. to anything but colour ; did it 
 quite withoid r. to the results ; r. of persons, 
 partiality or favour shown esp. to the powerful);- 
 
RESPECT 
 
 720 
 
 REST 
 
 particular, detail, point, aspect, (of; is admir- 
 able in r. of style ; in all, many, some, rr. ; in 
 one, this, r.); (archaic) consideration that {is out 
 of the question, in r. that it stultifies the whole 
 plan); deferential esteem felt or shown towards 
 person or quality (has won the r. of all ; have 
 the greatest r.for him', is held inr.; SELF-r.); 
 (pi., with my &c.) polite messages or attentions 
 (give him my, sends his, rr. ; went to pay his rr. 
 to), [f. L rcspectus -us (respicere see foil.)] 
 
 respect 2 , v.t. Pay heed to (archaic ; r. per- 
 sons, discriminate unfairly between them under 
 influence of wealth &c, whence respeetER ' 
 n. of persons)', relate to, be concerned with, 
 (now rare exc. in part., as legislation respecting 
 property, also used as prep., as am at a loss re- 
 specting his whereabouts)', regard with defer- 
 ence ; avoid degrading or insulting or injuring 
 or interfering with or interrupting, treat with 
 consideration, spare, (r. oneself, refrain from 
 unworthy conduct or thoughts, have self-r.; 
 r. innocence or the innocent, refrain from offend- 
 ing or corrupting or tempting ; respected my 
 silence, let me remain silent ; r. privileges, pro- 
 perty, neutral territory, Sec), [t Lb.e-6 (spicere 
 sped- - specere look at)] 
 
 respectability, n. Being, those who are, 
 a person who is, socially respectable, [foil., 
 -bility] 
 
 respectable, a. & n. Deserving respect 
 (did it from r. motives); not inconsiderable in 
 amount &c, of some merit or importance, fairly 
 good or many or much, tolerable, passable, (a r. 
 hill, antiquity, painter, minority; r. talents); 
 of fairsocial standing, havingthe qualities ne- 
 cessary for such standing, not disreputable, 
 honest& decent in conduct,(of pursuits.clothes, 
 &c.) befitting r. persons; hence respeet- 
 abLY 2 adv. (N.)ar. person (usu. in pi.), [-able] 
 
 respectful, a. Showing deference (r. be- 
 haviour ; stood at a r. distance). Hence re- 
 spe , etfulLY 2 adv.,respe , ctfulNESsn. [ful] 
 
 respective, a. Each's own, proper to each, 
 individual, several, comparative, (go to your, 
 put them in their, r. places; were given places 
 according to their r. rank or ranks ; A & B con- 
 tributed the r. sums of Ad. c&M. ; the election de- 
 pends on the r. popularity of the candidates). 
 Hence respe*ctiveL\* 2 adv. [f. Lhrespectivus 
 (respect 2 , -ive)] 
 
 respell. See re-_8. 
 
 re'spirable (or -iv-), a. (Of air, gas, &c.) that 
 can. fit to, be breathed, [f. LL respirabilis (re- 
 spire, -able)] 
 
 respira'tion, n. Breathing; single inspira- 
 tion & expiration ; plant's absorption of oxygen 
 & emission of carbon dioxide, [f. L respiratio 
 
 (RESPIRE, -ATION)] 
 
 re*spirator,n. Apparatus of gauze &c. worn 
 over mouth (& nose) to warm or filter inhaled 
 air. [f. Las foil. + -or 2 ] 
 
 respire, v.i. & t. Breathe, inhale & exhale, 
 air, whence re'spiratORV a.; breathe (air &c); 
 (rare) exhale (perfume, amiability, &c. ); breathe 
 again, take breath, recover hope or spirit, get 
 rest or respite, [f. L re- 9(spirare breathe)] 
 
 respite, n., & v.t. Delay permitted in the 
 discharge of an obligation or suffering of a 
 penalty; interval of rest or relief. (Vb) grant 
 r. to, reprieve, (condemned person); postpone 
 execution or exaction of (sentence, obligation); 
 give temporary relief from (pain, care) or to 
 (sufferer) ; (Mil.) withhold (pay), withhold pay 
 from. ff. OF respit f. L respect his] 
 
 resplendent, a. Brilliant, dazzlingly or 
 gloriously bright. Hence or cogn. resple'nd- 
 
 ence, resple'ndENCV, nn., resple'ndent- 
 
 lv 2 adv. [f. L re- G(splendere glitter), -ent] 
 
 pespo'nd 1 , v.i. Make answer (esp. of con- 
 gregation making set answers to priest &c); 
 perform answering or corresponding action (re- 
 sponded with a drop-kick, left-hander, &c.) ; 
 show sensitiveness to by behaviour or change 
 (does not r. to kindness ; nerve responds to sti- 
 mulus, string to note, &c); (rare) correspond, 
 be analogous, whence or cogn. respo'ndENCE, 
 respendENC v, nn. [f. L re- l(spondere spons- 
 pledge) answer] 
 
 respend 2 , n. (Eccl.) = responsorv, also 
 response to versicle ; (Arch.) half-pillar or half- 
 pier attached to wall to support arch. [OF (re- 
 spondre answer, as prec.)] 
 
 respendent, a. & n. Making answer ; re- 
 sponsive to; in position of defendant. (N.)one 
 who makes answer, defends thesis, &c; defend- 
 ant esp. in divorce case, [as respond 1 , -ent] 
 
 respo'nse, n. Answer given in word or act, 
 reply, retort, (made no r.; the rr. of the oracles ; 
 his r. was the 2)roclamation of martial law) ; 
 feeling, movement, &c, elicited by stimulus or 
 influence (called forth nor. inhisbreast); (Eccl.) 
 = responsorv, also any part of liturgy said or 
 sung in answer to priest. If. L responaum ueut. 
 
 p.p. (RESPOND 1 )] 
 
 responsibility, n. Being responsible (de- 
 clines all r. for it ; will take the r. of doing it ; 
 did it on his own r., without authorization ; is 
 not afraid of >., of having to act without de- 
 tailed guidance) ; charge for which one is re- 
 sponsible (a family is a great r. ; asked to be 
 relieved of his r. or rr.). [foil., -bility] 
 
 responsible, a. Liable to be called to ac- 
 count, answerable (to person, for thing, orabs.; 
 r. ruler, government, not autocratic), morally 
 accountable for actions, capable of rational con- 
 duct; of good credit or position or repute, re- 
 spectable, apparently trustworthy ; involving 
 responsibility (a r. office). Hence respen- 
 sibr,Y 2 adv. [obs. F (L respond 1 ^, -ible)] 
 
 respo'nsions, n. pi. First of three examina- 
 tions for Oxford B. A. degree (also smalls colloq. ; 
 cf. moderations, greats, final schools). [I, L re- 
 
 SponsiO (RESPOND 1 , -ION)] 
 
 respo'nsive, a. Answering, by way of an- 
 swer, (of liturgy &c.) using responses ; respond- 
 ing readily to or to some influence, impression- 
 able, sympathetic. Hence respo'nsiveLY 2 
 adv., respo'nsiveNESS n. [f. LL responsivus 
 (respond K -ive)] 
 
 respo'nsory, n. Anthem said or sung by 
 soloist & choir after lesson, [f. LL responsoria 
 neut. pi. (RESPOND 1 , -ORY)] 
 
 ressaldar*, n. Native captain in Indian ca- 
 valry regiment, [f. Hind, risaladar (risalah 
 squadron f. Arab, arsala he sent, dar having)] 
 
 rest 1 , v.i. & t. Be still, cease or abstain or 
 be relieved from exertion or action or move- 
 ment or employment, lie in sleep or death, be 
 tranquil, be let alone, (waves that never r.; r. 
 upon one's oars, temporarily cease rowing or 
 any exertion ; never let your enemy r.; lei us r. 
 here, cease walking &c; r.from one's labours; 
 rests in the church-yard, lies buried ; let her r. 
 in peace ; is too feverish to r.; could not r. un- 
 der an imputation, till he got his wish ; land 
 was allowed to ?*., left fallow; the matter can- 
 not r. here, must be further examined &c), give 
 relief or repose to (stayed a day to r. myself; 
 r. your men for an hour; says the goggles r. 
 his eyes ; must r. the ground ; r. or God r. his 
 soul, may God give it repose), (p.p.) refreshed 
 or reinvigorated by resting (are you quite rest- 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re-; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REST 
 
 ed ?); lie, be spread out, be supported or based, 
 depend, rely, (of eyes &c.) aligbt or be steadily 
 directed, (up)07i (shadow, light, 7~ests on his 
 face ; roof rests on four arches ; their left rested 
 on the river; hand resting on the table; sci- 
 ence rests on phenomena; Ir. upon your pro- 
 mise; his gaze rested on a strange object), be 
 propped against, repose trust in (be content to r. 
 in God), place for support or foundation (up)on 
 (r. one's elbow, load, on the table ; r. one's case 
 on equity, unimpeachable evidence); resting- 
 place, provided or used for resting (last r.-j)-, the 
 grave). [OE raestan, cf. G rasten, Du. msten] 
 
 rest-, n. Repose or sleep esp. in bed at night 
 igo, retire, to ?\; take r. or one's r.) ; abstinence 
 or freedom from or absence of exertion or 
 activity or movement or care or molestation, a 
 period of such abstinence &c., (day ofr., Sun- 
 day ; a r. from work &c; give person, horse, 
 machine, &c., a r.; take a short r.\ at r., still, 
 not agitated or troubled, often of the dead ; set 
 question, person's mind, at r., settle, relieve ; 
 lay to r., bury) ; lodging-place or shelter pro- 
 vided for sailors, cabmen, or other class ; prop 
 or support or steadying-piece, e.g. for gun in 
 aiming, billiard-cue, cutting-tool in lathe, or 
 foot on bicycle ; (Mus.) appointed interval of 
 silence or sign denoting it ; pause in elocution, 
 caesura in verse ; r.-balk, ridge left unplough- 
 ed between furrows ; r.-cure, r. usu. of some 
 weeks in bed as medical treatment ; r.-day, day 
 spent in r., (rare) Sunday; r.-house, dawk- 
 bungalow. [OE ? sest, cf. G rast, Du. rust] 
 
 pest 3 , v.i. Remain over (archaic ; whatever 
 rests of hope) ; r. with, be left in the hands or 
 charge of (it rests with you to propose terms ; 
 the management of affairs rested with Wolsey); 
 remain in specified state (the affair rests a 
 mystery ; r. assured, satisfied, &c. ; also archaic 
 in epistolary forms, as Ir. your devoted friend). 
 [f. F rester f. L re- Z(stare stand)] 
 
 pest 4 , n. The remaining part(s) or individuals 
 of, the remainder of some quantity or number, 
 the others, (& the or all the r. of it, & all else 
 that might be mentioned ; for the r., as regards 
 anything beyond what has been specially men- 
 tioned); (Banking) reserve fund; (Commerc.) 
 stocktaking & balancing ; (Tennis &c.) spell of 
 continuous returns, [f. F reste (prec.)j 
 
 pest 5 , n. (hist.). Check holding butt of 
 medieval tilter's spear when couched for charg- 
 ing (with, lay or set one's, lance in r.). [for 
 
 ARREST 1 , & see REST 3 ] 
 
 res t a m p, restart, restate &c. See re- 8. 
 
 pe'staupant (or-, or as F), n. Place where 
 meals or refreshments may be had. [F (re- 
 staurer restore, -ant)] 
 
 restaurateur (F), n. Restaurant-keeper. 
 
 pe'stful, a. Favourable to repose, free from 
 disturbing influences, soothing. Hence pe'st- 
 fulLY 2 adv., pe'stfulNESS n. [-ful] 
 
 pe'st-harrow, n. A tough-rooted shrub, 
 cammock. [obs. rest v. as rest 5 , harrow ] J 
 
 pestifT. See restive. 
 
 pe'stitute, v.t. & i. (rare). Make restitution 
 (of), [f. L re- 8(stituere -tut- = statuere set up)] 
 
 restitution, n. Restoring of or of thing to 
 proper owner, reparation for injury, (esp. make 
 r. ; r. of conjugal rights, name of a matri- 
 monial lawsuit) ; restoring of thing to its 
 original state (esp. theol. the r. of all things) ; 
 resumption of original shape or position by 
 elasticity, [f. L restitutio (prec., -ion)] 
 
 pe'stive, pe'stiff (archaic), a. (Of horse) re- 
 fusing to advance, stubbornly standing still 
 or moving backwards or sideways, jibbing, re- 
 fractory ; (of person) unmanageable, rejecting 
 control. Hence pe'stiveLY 2 adv., pe'stive- 
 
 721 RESUME 
 
 ness n. [earlier sense inert ; orig. form -iff, f. 
 OF restij (rest 3 , -ive)] 
 
 re'stless, a. Finding or affording no rest, 
 uneasy, agitated, never still, ever in motion, 
 unpausing, fidgeting. Hence Pe'stlessLY 2 
 adv., pe°stlessNESs n. [rest 2 , -lessJ 
 
 restock. See re- 8. 
 
 pestopa'tion, n. In senses of restore ; also 
 or esp.: (period of) re-establishment of mon- 
 archy in 1660 ; model or drawing representing 
 supposed original form of extinct animal, ruin- 
 ed building, &c. [earlier restauration f. L res- 
 tauratio (restore, -ion) w. assim. to restore] 
 
 pestopa'tionism, n. Doctrine that all men 
 will ultimately be restored to happiness in 
 future life. So pestopa*tioniST(2) n. [-ism] 
 
 pesto'pative, a. & n. Tending to restore 
 health or strength ; (n.) r. food, medicine, or 
 agency. Hence pesto'pativeLV 2 adv. [f. OF 
 restauratif -ive (foil., -ive)] 
 
 restore*, v.t. Give back, make restitution 
 of ; (attempt to) bring back to original state by 
 rebuilding, repairing, repainting, emending, 
 &c. (church, picture, text, has been restored, 
 spoilt in restoring, restored out of all recogni- 
 tion, &c.) ; make representation of supposed 
 original state of (extinct animal, ruin, &c); 
 reinstate, bring back to dignity or right; bring 
 back to or to health &c, cure (person); re- 
 establish, renew, bring back into use ; reinsert 
 by conjecture (missing words in text, parts of 
 extinct animal, &c); replace, put back, bring 
 to former place or condition. Hence pestop*- 
 able a., pestop'ERi n. [f. OF restorer t L 
 re- 9(staurare cf. Gk stauros stake)] 
 
 pestrai'n 1 , v.t. Check or hold in from, keep 
 in check or under control or within bounds, re- 
 press, keep down ; confine, imprison. Hence 
 pestpai'nABLE a., pestparnedLY 2 adv. [f. 
 OF restrai(g)n- st. of restraindre f. L RE-2(strin~ 
 gere strict- tie)] 
 
 pe-stpai'n 2 , v.t. Strain again, [re- 8] 
 
 pestpai'nt, n. Restraining or being restrain- 
 ed, stoppage, check, controlling agency or in- 
 fluence, confinement esp. in asylum, (without 
 r., freely, copiously; is under r., esp. as luna- 
 tic) ; constraint or reserve of manner; self- 
 control, avoidance of excess or exaggeration, 
 austerity of literary expression ; r. of princes, 
 embargo, [f. OF restrainte (restrain *)] 
 
 pestpi'et, v.t. Confine, bound, limit, (to, 
 within ; has a very restricted application ; am 
 restricted to advising ; is restricted within nar- 
 row limits). Hence or cogn. pestpi'etiON n., 
 pestpretivE a., pestpi'etedLv 2 , pestpi'e- 
 tiveLY 2 , advv. [f. L, see restrain] 
 
 pestuff. See re- 8. 
 
 pesu'lt (z), v.i., & n. Arise as actual or fol- 
 low as logical consequence (from conditions, 
 causes, premisses, &c. or abs.) ; have issue or 
 end in specified manner esp. in failure &c. (re- 
 sulted badly, in a large profit). (N.) conse- 
 quence, issue, or outcome or something (without 
 r., in vain, fruitless, fruitlessly), whence pe- 
 su*ltFUL,pesu*ltLESS,aa.; quantity, formula, 
 &c, given by calculation, [n. f. vb, f. L re-9- 
 (sultare = saltare frequent, of satire jump)] 
 
 pesu'ltant, a. & n. Resulting, esp. as total 
 outcome of more or less opposed forces ; (n.) 
 composite effect of two or more forces acting 
 in different directions at same point (esp. in 
 Mech., also transf.). [prec, -ant] 
 
 resu'me (-z-), v.t. & i. Get or take again or 
 back, recover, reoccupy, (r. one's spirits, sway, 
 liberty, seat ; r. gift, grant, territory) ; begin 
 again (upon), go on (with) after interruption, 
 begin to speak or work again, recommenee t. 
 & i., (House resumed work or its labours, or 
 
RESUME 
 
 722 
 
 RETIRE 
 
 resumed; r. thread of one's discourse ; r. pipe, 
 go on smoking again; ' No, it is hopeless' he 
 resumed) ; make resume of, recapitulate, sum- 
 marize. If. L re- 8(sumere sumpt- take)] 
 
 resume (re'zdbma, or as F), n. Summary, 
 epitome, abstract. [F, p.p. of ?^s«»u;r resume] 
 
 resummons. See re- 8. 
 
 resu-mption (-z-), n. Resuming. So re- 
 su'mptivE a., resu*mptiveLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 resumptio (resume, -ion)] 
 
 resu'pinate (-at), a. (bot.). (Of leaf &c.) in- 
 verted, bottom up. Hence resupinATioN n. 
 [f. L re- 9{supi)iare make supine)] 
 
 resur'ge, v.i. (rare exc. facet.). Experience 
 resurrection, revive, rise or arise again. So 
 (in ordinary use) pesup'gEN'r(l) n. Be a., re- 
 sup'gEXCE n. [f. L re- 9(surge7*e surrect- rise 
 f. SUR-, regere direct)] 
 
 resurre'et, v.t. (colloq.). Raise from the 
 dead (rare); revive practice or memory of; take 
 from grave, exhume, [back-form. f. foil. J 
 
 resurrection (-z-), n. (Festival in memory 
 of) rising of Christ from the grave ; rising again 
 of men at the last day; exhumation lit. or fig., 
 resurrecting (r. man, BODV-snatcher), whence 
 resurre'etionisT(l) n.; revival from disuse 
 or inactivity or decay, restoration to vogue or 
 memory, (r. pie, made from remains of previous 
 meals). Hence resurre'etionAL a. [f. LL 
 resurrectio (resurge, -ion)] 
 
 resurvey. See re- 8. 
 
 resu'scitate (-si-), v.t. & i. Revive, return 
 or usu. restore to life, consciousness, vogue, 
 vigour, or vividness. Hence or cogn. resus- 
 eltA'TiON, resu*scitatOR 2 (l, 2), nn., resu's- 
 eitATiVE a. [f. L re- 9(susci/are cite), -ate 3 ] 
 
 ret, rate, rait, v.t. & i. Soften (flax, hemp) 
 by soaking or exposing to moisture ; (of hay 
 &c, in pass, or intr.) be spoilt by wet, rot. [cf. 
 Du. relen, roten, Sw. rota; cogn. w. rot-] 
 
 reta'ble, n. Shelf, or frame enclosing deco- 
 rated panels, above back of altar, [f. F retablc 
 (re-, table), cf. med. L retrotabulum] 
 
 re'tail ', n. Sale of goods in small quantities 
 (esp. by r., or attrib. as r. trading, dealer ; also 
 adv., esp. in conjunction w. wholesale, as Do 
 you buy wholesale or r.?). [OF, = piece cut off 
 f. re- oitaillier cut, see tailor)] 
 
 retai'l 2 , v.t. & i. Sell (goods) by r.; (of goods) 
 be retailed (esp. at or for specified price) ; re- 
 count, relate details of. Hence retarlER 1 n. 
 [prob. f. prec] 
 
 retai'n, v.t. Keep in place, hold fixed, (re- 
 taining wall, supporting & confining mass of 
 earth or water; retaining force mil., posted to 
 keep part of enemy inactive &c.) ; secure ser- 
 vices of (esp. barrister) by engagement & pre- 
 liminary payment (retaining fee, retainer) ; 
 keep possession of, not lose, continue to have ; 
 continue to practise or recognize, allow to re- 
 main or prevail, not abolish or discard or alter; 
 succeed in remembering, not forget. Hence 
 retai'n able a. [f. OF retenir f. L re- Z(tinere 
 tent- = tenere hold)J 
 
 retainer, n. 1. (Law) formal retention of 
 something as one's own, authorization to retain 
 thus ; being retained to serve in some capacitv ; 
 fee paid to barrister &c. for right to his services 
 if required. 2. In vbl senses; esp. (hist.), de- 
 pendant or follower of person of rank, [retain 
 + (sense 1) -er-*, (sense 2) -ek 1 ] 
 
 retake. See re- 9. 
 
 retaliate, v.t. &i. Repay (injury, insult, &c, 
 rarely kindness &c.) in kind; retort (accusa- 
 tion) upon person ; do as one is done by, esp. 
 return evil, make reprisals, (Pol. Econ.) impose 
 
 duties on imports from foreign State in return 
 for its import duties. Hence retaliA'Tio.v 
 n.,reta*liATivE,reta*liatORY, aa. If. L re- 1- 
 (taliare f. talis such)] 
 
 retar'd, v.t. & i., & n. Make slow or late, 
 delay progress or arrival or accomplishment or 
 happening of; (esp. of physical phenomena, e.g. 
 motion of tides, waves, or celestial bodies) hap- 
 pen", arrive, behind normal or calculated time ; 
 hence or cogn. retardLVTiox, retar'dME.vr. 
 nn., retar'dATivE, retar'datORV, aa. (X.) 
 retardation (/'. of tide or high water, interval 
 between.full moon & following high water), [f. 
 F retard(er) f. L re- 3(ta?'dare f. tardus slow)] 
 
 retaste. See re- 8. 
 
 retch, v.i., & n. Make motion of vomiting 
 esp. ineffectually & involuntarily; (n.) such 
 motion or sound of it. [OE hrxcan spit (hraca 
 spittle, cf. OX hraki)] 
 
 retell. See re- 8. 
 
 rete*ntion,n. retaining; esp. (Med.) failure 
 to evacuate urine or other secretion. [OF, f. L 
 retentionem (retain, -ion)] 
 
 rete'ntive, a. (Of memory, or rarely of per- 
 son in that respect) tenacious, not forgetful; 
 (of substances) r. of moisture &c, apt to retain 
 it (also r. abs., retentive of moisture); (Surg., of 
 ligature &c.) serving to keep something in place. 
 Hence rete'ntiveLY 2 adv., rete'ntiveNESS 
 n. [OF (-if, -ivc), see retain, -ive] 
 
 retenue (F), n. Reserve, self-control. 
 
 re'tiary (-sha ), n. Xet-making or geometri- 
 cal spider, [f. L retiarius (gladiator) with net 
 (rele net, -arv ')] 
 
 re'tieence, n. Reserve in speech, avoidance 
 of saying all one knows or feels ; holding back 
 of some fact ; disposition to silence, taciturnity. 
 So re'ticENT a., re*ticentLV 2 adv. [f. L re- 
 ticentia f. re- i(ticere = tacere be silent)] 
 
 re'ticle, n. Network of fine threads or lines 
 in object-glass of telescope to help accurate ob- 
 servation, [f. L reticulum] 
 
 reti'culate, v.t. & i. Divide or be divided 
 in fact or appearance into a network, arrange 
 or be arranged in small squares or with inter- 
 secting lines. So(seeetym.)reti'eulATE 2 (-at) 
 a., reti'culateLv 2 adv., retieulATio.v n., 
 reti'eulato- comb. form, [vb by back-form. f. 
 reticulated f. reticulate a. (reticulum, -ate 2 )] 
 
 re'tieule, n. = reticle ; lady's netted or 
 otherbag for carryingon arm or in hand to serve 
 purpose of pocket ; (Astron.) a Southern con- 
 stellation, [f. F reticule f. L (foil.)] 
 
 reti'eulum, n. (pi. -la). Ruminant's second 
 stomach or honeycomb; netlike structure, re- 
 ticulated membrane &c, whence reti'eulAR 1 , 
 reti'culosE 1 , aa., reti'eulo- comb. form. [L, 
 (rete net, -cule)] 
 
 re'tiform, n. Netlike, reticulated, [f. L rete 
 net, -i-, -form] 
 
 re'tina, n. (pi. -as, -ae). Layer at back of eye- 
 ball sensitive to light. Hence re'tinAL a., re- 
 tlniTiS n. [med.L, perh. f. L rete net] 
 
 re'tinue, n. Suite or train of persons in at- 
 tendance upon some one. [f. OF retenue fern, 
 p.p. of retenir retain] 
 
 retire*, v.i. & t., & n. Withdraw (intr.), go 
 away, retreat, seek seclusion or shelter, recede, 
 go (as) to bed, (r. fro?n the u-orld, become re- 
 cluse ; r. into oneself, be uncommunicative or 
 unsociable, whence retir'iNG 2 a., retir'ing 1 - 
 lv 2 ad v., retir'ing-NESS n. ; the ladies r„ leave 
 dining-room after dessert; always retires be- 
 fore midnight, often to rest, to bed,forthe night, 
 &c.; general, army, was forced to r., retired in 
 good order, otten/rom position, to place, before 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
RETIREMENT 
 
 723 
 
 RETROGRADE 
 
 enemy, &c. ; background does notr. as it should; 
 retiring-room, for retiring to, esp. lavatory) ; 
 (p.p., f. obs. trans, use) withdrawn from society 
 or observation, secluded, (lives retired ; a re- 
 tired life ; in a retired valley), whence re- 
 tire'dNESS n. ; cease from or give up office 
 or profession or employment or candidature, 
 (Cricket) voluntarily terminate one's innings, 
 compel (officer, employee) to r., (r. from the 
 army, from business, on a pension; batsman 
 retired hurt ; was compulsorily retired as in- 
 competent ; retiring pension, allowed to one 
 who retires at normal time), (p.p., see-ED J (2) 
 for sense) that has retired (a retired general, 
 grocer; retired pay, pension; retired list, of 
 retired officers); (Mil.) order (troops) to r. ; 
 (Finance) withdraw (bill, note) from operation 
 or currency. (N., mil.) signal to troops to r. (usu. 
 sound the r.). [n. a use of imperat. of vb, f. F 
 RE-9(£irer drawf. Teut., cf. Goth, tairan, OHG 
 zeran, teak v.)] 
 
 retipe'ment, n. In vbl senses ; also : seclu- 
 sion, privacy ; secluded place. | F (precv,-MENT)] 
 
 retOP't 1 , v.t. &i.,&n. Requite (humiliation, 
 insult, attack) in kind ; turn (mischief &c), fling 
 (charge, sarcasm, jest), back (on or upon author 
 or aggressor), make (argument) tell against or 
 against its user ; make, say by way of, repartee 
 or counter-charge or counter-argument; (p.p.) 
 recurved, twisted or bent backwards. (N.) in- 
 cisive reply, repartee ; turning of charge or 
 argument against its author; piece of retalia- 
 tion, [f. L KE- ( J(torquere tort- twist)] 
 
 retOP't 2 , n., & v.t. Vessel usu. of glass with 
 long downward-bent neck used in distilling 
 liquids; kinds of receptacle of various shapes 
 & materials used in purifying mercury & mak- 
 ing gas & steel ; (vb) purify (mercury) by heat- 
 ing in r. [f. med.L retorta fem. p.p. as prec] 
 
 petop'tion, n. Bending back(lit.& fig.); (In- 
 ternat. law) retaliation by State upon subjects 
 of another, [f. med.L retortio (retort 1 , -ion)] 
 
 retouch. See re- 8. 
 
 petpa'ce, v.t. Trace back to source or be- 
 ginning; look over again ; recall the course of 
 in memory ; go back over (one's steps or way ; 
 often fig. of undoing actions), [f. F retracer 
 
 (RE- 8, TRACE Y.)\ 
 
 petra'ct, v.t. & i. 1. Draw (esp. part of one's 
 body) back or in, (of such part &c.) shrink back 
 or in or be capable of being retracted, (snail 
 retracts its horns ; cat's claxvs r. or can be re- 
 tracted ; surgeonretractsskinwithinstrument, 
 organ is retracted by muscle, called petpa'e- 
 tOR 2 n.; if the piston is suddenly retracted); 
 hence or cogn. petra'etable 1 [-able] & (in 
 same sense) petra'ct ile aa., petpacti'lrrv 
 n., petpa'ctivE a., petpa'ction * [ion] n. 2. 
 Withdraw, revoke, cancel, refuse to abide by, 
 acknowledge falsity or error of, expressly a- 
 bandon, (statement, promise, opinion), (abs.) r. 
 opinion or statement; hence orcogn. retract- 
 able 2 [able] a., petpaetA'TioN, petpa'c- 
 tion 2 [-ionj, nn. [sense 1 f. L re- 4(trahere 
 tract- draw); sense 2 partly as 1, but chiefly f. L 
 re- 9(tractare draw frequent, of trahere draw) 
 & L RE- S(tractare pull about or handle) as in 
 archaic retractation rehandling now only in 
 title of Augustine's Retractations] 
 
 pe'tpal, a. (nat. hist. &c). Hinder, posterior, 
 at the back, [retro-, -al] 
 
 petransfep, petpansfopm, pe translate 
 &c, retread. See re- 9. 
 
 petpea't *, v.i. & t., & n. Go back, retire, re- 
 linquish a position, (esp. of army &c); (trans., 
 chiefly in chess) move (piece) back from forward 
 or threatened position; recede (a retreating 
 chin, forehead). (N.) act of, (Mil.) signal for, 
 
 retreating (sound the or a r. mil.; beat a r., r., 
 abandon undertaking ; make good one's ?•., get 
 safely away; intercept r. of, cutoff ; are in full 
 r.), (Mil.) drum-beat at sunset; withdrawing 
 into privacy or security, (place of) seclusion, 
 (Keel.) temporary retirement for religious ex- 
 ercises, asylum for inebriates or lunatiesorpen- 
 sioners,lurking-place,placeof shelter, [f. OF?*e- 
 trait(tr) f. p. p. olretraire f. L as retract(I)] 
 
 petpe'nen, v.t. & i. Cut down, reduce a- 
 mount of, (expenses, things causing outlay); 
 cut off, deduct, (retrenched a year from the es- 
 tablished period) ; make excisions in or of, 
 shorten or remove, (literary work or passages 
 in it); cutdown expenses, introduceeconomies; 
 (Fortif.) furnish with inner line of defence usu. 
 consisting of trench & parapet. Hence re- 
 tpe'nehMENT n. [f. obs. F retrencher var. of 
 rciranchcr (re-, trench)] 
 
 petpial. Sec re- 8. 
 
 petpibu'tion, n. Recompense for evil or 
 rarely for good done, vengeance, requital. So 
 petPi'butivE a., petpi'butiveLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 re- \(tributio f. tribuere -ut- assign, -ion)] 
 
 petpie've, v.t. & i., & n. (Of dogs, esp. of 
 special breed) find & bring in (killed or wound- 
 ed bird &c, or abs.), whence petPie'VER 1 n. 
 Recover by investigation or effort of memory, 
 restore to knowledge or recall to mind; regain 
 possession of ; rescue from bad state &c. ; re- 
 store to flourishing state, revive, (esp. one's for- 
 tunes, &c.) ; make good, repair, set right, (loss, 
 disaster, error); hence petpie'vABLE a., re- 
 tPie*VAL(2) n. (N.) possibility of recovery (be- 
 yond, past, r.). [f. OF RK-Q(trover, troucer, find, 
 devise (verse &c), ult. f. L f. Gk tropos trope)] 
 
 petpim. See re- 8. 
 
 petPO- (usu. re- exc. in the commoner wds, 
 esp. retrograde, retrospect), pref. f. L retro adv. 
 & pref.: (1) chiefly in L derivatives (retroact, 
 retrograde) or wds formed on L anal, of L ele- 
 ments (retroflex, retroject) with senses back- 
 wards, back again, in return; (2) chiefly in 
 scientific esp. anat. wds with sense behind (re- 
 trosternal a. behind the breastbone), hinder 
 (retrochoir part behind high altar). 
 
 petpoa'ct, v.i. React; operate in backward 
 direction ; have retrospective effect. Hence 
 petPoa'ctivE a., petPoa'ctiveLV 2 adv., re- 
 tpoacti'virv, petroa'ctiON, nn. [f. L retro- 
 (agere act- act)] 
 
 pe'tpocede », v.i. Move back, recede ; (of 
 gout) strike inward. So petPOce'dENCE n., 
 petPoee'dENT a. [f. L RETRolcedere cess- go)] 
 
 petpoee'de 2 , v.t. Cede (territory) back again, 
 [f. F HtrocMer (retro-, cede)] 
 
 petpoee'ssion, n., petroee'ssive, a. In 
 vbl senses (retrocede '» 2 ). [-ion, -ive] 
 
 pe*tPoehoip(-kwir), n. Part of cathedral or 
 large church behind high altar, [f. med.L re- 
 
 THO(ch07'US CHOIR)] 
 
 pe'tpofleeted, -flex, -flexed, aa. (anat., 
 path., hot., &c). Turned backwards. So pe- 
 tPofle'xioN (ekshn) n. [f. L RETROt/Zectere 
 flex- bend)] 
 
 petpog-pada'tion, n. (Astron.) apparent 
 backward motion of planet in zodiac, motion 
 of heavenly body from E. to W., backward 
 movement of lunar nodes on ecliptic ; = (the 
 now usu.) retrogression, [f. L RETRO(^ra- 
 datio f. -gradare f. -gradus -walking, -ation)] 
 
 pe'tpog-pade, a., n., & v.i. (Astr.) in or show- 
 ing retrogradation ; directed backwards (r. 
 motion), retreating; reverting esp. to inferior 
 state, declining ; inverse, reversed, (inr. order; 
 r. imitation in music, with notes of passage re- 
 peated backwards); hence pe'tPOgpadeLY 2 
 adv. (N., rare) degenerate person ; backward 
 
RETROGRESS 
 
 724 
 
 REVENGE 
 
 tendency. (Vb): (Astr.) show retrograda- 
 tion ; move backwards, recede, retire, decline, 
 revert, [f. L retrogradus,-gradare, (prec.)] 
 
 pe'tPOgpe'ss.v.i. Go back, move backwards, 
 deteriorate. Hence retrogre'ssivE a., re- 
 trogpe'ssiveLY 2 adv. ]f. L R.wvRO(gradi 
 gress- walk)] 
 
 retrogression, n. (Astr.) retrogradation ; 
 backward or reversed movement; return to 
 less advanced state, reversal of development, 
 decline, deterioration, [f. L (prec.) + -ion] 
 
 pe'tpojeet, v.t. Cast back (chiefly as opp. 
 project in lit. senses), [retro-, & as project l ] 
 
 petpopu'lsion, n. (path.). Shifting of ex- 
 ternal disease to internal part, [retro-, L pel- 
 lere pids- drive, -ion] 
 
 petPOP'se, a. (nat. hist.). Turned back, re- 
 verted. Hence petPor'seLY 2 adv. [f. L re- 
 trorsus - RETRO(ver.sus p.p. of vertere turn)] 
 
 pe'tpospeet, n. Regard (to be) had to pre- 
 cedent or authority or previous conditions ; 
 (rare) retrospective force, retroaction ; back- 
 ward view (rare), survey of past time or events 
 (is pleasant in the r., when looked back on ; a 
 short r.is now necessary), [f. Lretro(.sp icere 
 sped- = specere look) after prospect n.J 
 
 petpospe'etion, n. Action of looking back 
 esp. into the past, indulgence or engagement in 
 retrospect, fas prec, -ion] 
 
 petrospe'etive, a. Of, in, proceeding by, 
 retrospection ; (of statutes &c.) not restricted 
 to the future, licensing or punishing &c. past 
 actions, having application to the past, retro- 
 active ; (of view) lying to the rear. Hence re- 
 trospective LY a adv. [as prec, -ive] 
 
 retrou'sse,(-oo *sa), a. Turned up (of nose}. \F] 
 
 pe'tpovept, v.t. Turn backwards (esp. path, 
 in p.p. of womb). So petPOvep'SiON n. [f. LL 
 KETRO(vertere vers- turn)] 
 
 petpy &c See re- 8. 
 
 pe'ttepy, n. Flax-retting place, [ret, -erv] 
 
 petupf. See re- 8. 
 
 petup'n 1 , v.i. & t. Come or go back (gone 
 never to r.; r. home, the way one came; p.p. 
 somet. as in -ed 1 (2), as a returned emigrant, 
 they are or usu. have returned)', revert (shall r. 
 to the subject; unto dust shalt thou r.; r. to 
 one's old habits; property returns to original 
 oivner); bring, convey, give, yield, put, send, or 
 pay, back or in r. or requital (fish must be re- 
 turned to the water ; r. borrowed book or sum ; 
 investments r. a profit ; r. sword to scabbard, 
 or r. swords mil.; r. ball, strike &c it back in 
 tennis &c; r. like for like, the compliment, a 
 blow, an answer; r. thanks, express them esp. 
 in grace at meals or in response to toast ; r. per- 
 son's love, greeting. &c, reciprocate it; returned 
 empties, packing-cases &c. sent back; r. clubs 
 &c or partner's lead at cards, lead from same 
 suit); say in reply, retort; state, mention, or 
 describe, officially esp. in answer to writ or for- 
 mal demand (liabilities were returned at £5000 ; 
 were all returned guilty, unfit for work; re- 
 turning officer, official conducting election & 
 announcing name of person elected), (of con- 
 stituency) elect as M.P. Hence retup'nABLE 
 a. [f. OF re- ^(turner turn)] 
 
 petup*n 2 ,n. Corningback (hisr. was thesignal 
 for 7-iots ; r. o/post 2 ; r. ticket ovr., ticket for 
 there-&-back journey, as took a first-class r. to 
 Leeds; r. passenger, voyage, cargo, &c; many 
 happy rr, of the day or rr., birthday or festival 
 greeting ; have had a, no, r. of the symptoms) ; 
 (Archit.) part receding from line of front, e.g. 
 side of house or of window-opening (r. angle* 
 side, wall, &c); (coming in of) proceeds or profit 
 
 of undertaking (often pi. ; the rr. were large ; 
 brings an adeq uate r. ; small profits & q uick rr. , 
 motto of cheap shop &c. relying on large trade) ; 
 giving, sending, putting, or paying, back, or 
 thing so given &c, esp. sheriff's report on writ, 
 (returning officer's announcement of) candi- 
 date's election as M.R, or formal report with 
 statistics &c compiled by order (sheriff made 
 a r. o/nulla bona ; secured his r.for Colchester ; 
 table littered with rr. & pamphlets ; must ask 
 for the r. of the book or loan ; received a ticket 
 in r.for his J are, neglect in r. for attention; 
 fencer's r., i.e. riposte, is slow; fielder has a 
 good r. in cricket, sends ball in fast& straight ; 
 r. match or game, or r., between same sides as 
 before); (pi.) kind of mild pipe-tobacco (orig. 
 sense refuse of tobacco). Hence petup'nLESS 
 a. [AF(prec)] 
 
 petu'se, a. (bot., entom.). With broad end & 
 central depression (of leaf or similar part), [f. 
 L re- d(tundere tus- beat)] 
 
 reu'nion, n. Reuniting or being reunited, 
 reunited state ; social gathering, esp. of inti- 
 mates or persons with common interests (often 
 in F form re-), [f. F reunion (re-, union)] 
 
 reu'nionist, -ism, nn. Seeker, seeking, of 
 reunion between R.-C. & Anglican Churches. 
 [-1ST, -ism] 
 
 reunite, see re- 9 ; reurge, pevaeeinate 
 
 &C, RE- 8. 
 
 revale'nta, n. Food prepared from lentil & 
 barley flour, [orig. erv- (L ervum lens lentil)] 
 
 revalue &c. See re- 8. 
 
 revea'l l , v.t. (Esp. of God) make known by 
 inspiration or supernatural means (revealed re- 
 ligion, opp. natural); disclose, divulge, betray, 
 bewray ; display, show, let appear. Hence pe- 
 vea'l able a. Jf. L re- 1(velare f. velum veil)] 
 
 revea'l 2 , n. Internal side surface of opening 
 or recess, esp. of doorway or window-aperture, 
 [f. obs. vb revale f. OF re- i(valer lower iTdval 
 downwards f. L ad vallem to the valley)] 
 
 revei'Ile (-veil, -valye). Military waking- 
 signal sounded in morning on bugle or drums, 
 [f. F rive illez im-pera.1. pi. of i'6veiller(RE-, veiller 
 f. L vigilare watch see vigil)] 
 
 re'vel, v.i. & t. (-11), & n. Make merry, be 
 riotously festive, feast, carouse, whence re'- 
 vellER 1 n.; take keen delight in; throw away 
 (money, time) in revelry. (N.) revelling, (oc- 
 casion of indulgence in) merry-making, (often 
 pi., as the rr. began ; r. rout, party of revellers, 
 f. obs. r.rout revelry); hence re'velRY(l,5) n. 
 [f. OF revel(er) riot f. L REBEL 2 Zare] 
 
 revela'tion, n. Disclosing of knowledge, 
 knowledge disclosed, to man by drvine or super- 
 natural agency ( The R., also pop. Rr. or the Rr., 
 abbr. Rev., last book of N.T., Apocalypse), 
 whence revela'tionALa.; striking disclosure 
 (it was a r. to me; what a r.!); revealing of 
 some fact. [f. L revelatio (reveal 1 , -ation)] 
 
 revela'tionist, n. The R., author of Apo- 
 calypse; believer in divine revelation, [-ist] 
 
 revenant (F), n. One returned from the dead, 
 or from exile &c 
 
 revendiea'tion, n. (diplom.). Formal claim- 
 ing back, or recovery by such claim, of lost ter- 
 ritory &c. IF (re-, vindication)] 
 
 peve'nge 1 ( j), v.t. & i. Satisfy oneself, (pass.) 
 be satisfied, with retaliation (for offence, on, 
 upon, of ', offender); retaliate, requite, exact re- 
 tribution for, (offence to oneself or another; on, 
 upon, offender); avenge (person); take ven- 
 geance, [f. obs. F re- l(vetiger f. L vindicare 
 
 VINDICATE)] 
 
 1 peve'nge 2 , n. Revenging, act done in re- 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re-, see re-; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 
REVENUE 725 
 
 venging; desire tor., vindictive feeling, whence 
 peve'ngepui, a., reve'ngefulLY 2 adv., pe- 
 ve'ngefulXESS n.; (Games) opportunity given 
 for reversing former result by return game {give 
 one his r.). (f. prec] 
 
 revenue [in Pari, usage often -ve'-), n. In- 
 come, esp. of large amount, from any source 
 (pi., collective items of it, usu. w. possess, as 
 hisrr.); State's annual income from which pub- 
 lic expenses are met (inland?*.; r. tax, imposed 
 solely to raise r., not to affect trade, opp. pro- 
 tective; r. cutter, officer, &c, employed to pre- 
 vent smuggling), department of civil service 
 collecting it. [OF, p.p. of revenir f. L re- 9(re- 
 nire come) return] 
 
 pevep'bepate, v.t. & i. Return, beat back, 
 echo, reflect, (t. & i. of sound, light, heat ; re- 
 verberating furnace or kiln, constructed to r. 
 heat on substance dealt with, whence pever*- 
 beratORY, pr. -ra-, a. & n.) ; (of emotion &p., 
 rare) react upon', (of ball &c, rare) rebound. 
 So peverbePATioN n., pevep'bep.ATivE, 
 Fevep'bePANT (poet.), aa. [f. L re- 9(rer- 
 berare beat), -ate 3 ] ( 
 
 pevep'bepatop, n. Reflector, reflecting 
 lamp, [or 2 ] 
 
 revere*, v.t. Regard as sacred or exalted, 
 hold in deep & usu. affectionate or religious 
 respect, venerate, [f. L KE(vereri fearf] 
 
 pe'vepenee, n., & v.t. Revering (see prec; 
 hold in, regard with, r.; feelr. for, pay r. to), 
 capacity for it (the rising generation lacks ?•.), 
 (archaic) gesture showing it, bow, curtsy, 
 obeisance; so pevepe'ntiAL a., pevepe'n- 
 tialLY 2 adv.; being revered (saving your r. 
 archaic, apology for use of coarse term ; your, 
 his, r. archaic or vulg. or facet., titles used to, 
 of, clergyman) ; (vb) regard with r., venerate, 
 [f. L reverentia (prec, -ence)] 
 
 pe'verend, a. & n. Deserving reverence by 
 age, character, or associations (of person, place, 
 custom, &c; esp. as title, abbr. Rei\, or other- 
 wise, of clergyman ; Very JR., of dean ; Right 
 R., of bishop; Most R., of archbishop; the 
 Right R. John Smith or the Right R. the bishop 
 of — ; Re i\ or the Rev. John or J. Smith, or vulg. 
 Rev. or the Rev. Smith; the r. gentleman, the 
 clergyman in question; as n., usu. pi., = clergy- 
 man &c, as rr. & right rr., clergy & bishops) ; 
 of the clergy (r. utterances &c.) ; (archaic) = 
 foil. [f. L reverendus (revere, -nd 1 )] 
 
 pe'vepent, a. Feeling or showing reverence. 
 Hence pe'vepentLY 2 adv. [f. L reverens (re- 
 vere, -ent)] 
 
 pe'verie (-T, -e), n. (Fit of) musing, day- 
 dream(ing), (was lost in r. or a r.); (archaic) 
 fantastic notion or theory, delusion; (Mus.) 
 dreamy instrumental piece. [OF (rever, resver, 
 now rever dream etym. dub., -ery) ; cf. rave 2 ] 
 
 revers (revar*), n. (pi. the same). Turned- 
 back edge of coat, bodice, &c. displaying lin- 
 ing. [F] 
 
 pevep'se 1 , a. Opposite or contrary (to or 
 abs.) in character or order, inverted, back- or 
 backward, upside down, (in the r. direction to 
 the time before ; the r. side &c. of a coin, pic- 
 ture, &c; r. q ; r.fire, battery, Scc.i playing on 
 enemy's rear or into works from rear ; r. flank, 
 opposite to pivot end in wheeling). Hence pe- 
 vep'ser.v 2 adv. ff. L re- 9(vertere vers- turn)] 
 
 pevep'se 2 , v.t & i. Turn (trans.) the other 
 way round or up or inside-out, invert, trans- 
 pose, convert to opposite character or effect, 
 (r. ar??is, hold rifles butt upwards ; r. motion, 
 policy, order, &c; r. engine, make it work 
 backwards) ; revoke, annul, (decree, attainder, 
 &c.) ; (Dane, esp. in waltz) begin to revolve in 
 opposite direction. Hence pevep*SAL(2) n., 
 
 REVIVAL . 
 
 pevep'siBLE a., pevepsiBPLiTY n. [f. F re- 
 verser (re-, L versare frequent, of vertere turn)] 
 
 pevep'se :i , n. The contrary (of or abs. ; with 
 others the r. of this or the r. happens; on the 
 r. in motoring, with car moving backwards ; 
 often w. adj. as periphr. for its opposite, as 
 made remarks the r. of complimentary); (de- 
 vice on) subordinate side of coin &c. (opp 
 obverse); = verso; piece of misfortune, dis- 
 aster, esp. defeat in battle (the rr. of fortune; 
 suffered a r.). [OF (-rs, -rse) as reverse i] 
 
 rever'si (or -e), n. Game on draught-board 
 with counters coloured differently above & 
 below. [F] 
 
 pevep'sion, n. (Return to grantor or his 
 heirs or passing to ultimate grantee or pe- 
 vep'sionERi n. of, also right of ultimate suc- 
 cession to) estate granted till specified date or 
 event, esp. death of original grantee (in r., on 
 such conditions) ; sum payable on person's 
 death esp. by way of life-insurance ; thing to 
 which one has a right or expects to succeed 
 when relinquished by another; return to a 
 previous state, habit, &c, esp. (Biol.) to ances- 
 tral type. Hence pevep'sionAL, revep'sion- 
 ary 1 , aa., pevep'sionalLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L 
 re- 9(versionem f. vertere vers- turn, -ion)] 
 
 pevep't, v.i. & t., & n. Go back (rare) ; (of 
 property, office, &c) fall in by reversion, 
 whence revep'tER^ n. (legal) ; return to former 
 state &c. (cf. prec; n., after convert, pervert, 
 person who readopts his original faith), (abs.) 
 fall back into wild state ; recur to subject in 
 talk or thought; turn (eyes, rarely steps) back, 
 [f. OF revertir f. L as prec] 
 
 pevep'tible, a. (Of property) subject to re- 
 version, [prec, -ible] 
 
 peve't, v.t. <-tt-). Face (rampart, wall, Sec.) 
 with masonry &c. esp. in fortification, [f. F 
 revetir f. L re- 8(vestire clothe f. vestas)] 
 
 peve'tment, n. Retaining-wall or facing 
 (as prec). [f. F revetement (prec, -ment)] 
 
 pevietual. See re- 8. 
 
 peview 1 (-vu), n. Revision (esp. legal ; is 
 not subject to r.; court of r., before which sen- 
 tences &c. come for revision); display & formal 
 inspection of troops, fleet, &c (r. order, dress 
 & arrangement usu. at rr., & transf. full fig; 
 pass in r. fig. t. & i., examine or be examined); 
 retrospect, survey of the past ; critique of book 
 &c; periodical publication with articles on 
 current events, new books, art, &c; second 
 view. [f. F reveue (now -vue) orig. fern. p.p. of 
 revoir f. L re- Q(viderc see)] 
 
 peview 2 , v.t. & i. View again; subject to 
 esp. legal revision ; survey, glance over, look 
 back on ; hold r. of (troops &c); write r. of 
 (book &c), write rr., whence peview'ER 1 n. 
 Hence peview'ABLE a., peview'AL,2) n. 
 [re-, view] 
 
 pevi'le, v.t. & i. Call by ill names, abuse, 
 rail at ; talk abusively, rail. Hence pevi'lER 1 , 
 pevi'liNG HI), nn., revi'lingLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 rcviler (re- 6, vile)] 
 
 pevi'se (-z), v.t,, & n. Read or look over or 
 re-examine or reconsider & amend faults in 
 (literary matter, printers' proofs, law, constitu- 
 tion, &c; Revised Version, abbr. R.V., revision 
 made 1870-84 of Authorized or 1611 Version of 
 Bible); hence or cogn. pevi'SABLE, pevi'soRY, 
 aa., pevi*SAL(2), pevi'siON <-zhn), nn., pevi*- 
 sioriAL a., pevi'SERi (esp. in pi. of authors of 
 R. V.), n. (X.). revision, revising, (rare) ; revised 
 form (rare); (Print.) proof-sheet embodying 
 corrections made in earlier proof, [n. f. vb, f. 
 F re- 8(viser look at f. L videre vis- see)] 
 
 revisit, see re- 8 ; re vitalize, re- 9. 
 
 pevi'val, n. Bringing or coming back into 
 
REVIVE 
 
 726 
 
 RHETOR 
 
 vogue (r. of learning, letters, &c, at Renais- 
 sance ; r. of architecture, 19th-c. reversion to 
 Gothic; r. of book, play, word, custom, &c), 
 (special effort with meetings &c. to promote) 
 reawakening of religious fervour, whence re- 
 vi*valiSM(3), pevi*valiST(2), nn.; restoration 
 to bodily or mental vigour or to life or con- 
 sciousness, [foil., -al(2)J 
 
 revi've, v.i. & t. Come or bring back to 
 consciousness, life, existence, vigour, notice, 
 activity, validity, or vogue: (Chem.) restore 
 (metal, esp. mercury) to natural form. Hence 
 revi'VABLE a. [f. LL re- 8(vivere live) ; trans, 
 use prob. f. is &c. revived as -ed x (2)] 
 
 revi'ver, n. In vbl sensas; esp.: (slang) 
 stimulating drink; preparation for restoring 
 faded colour &c. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 revi'vify, v.t. Restore to animation, ac- 
 tivity, vigour, or life; (Chem.) = revive. 
 Hence reviviFiCA'TiON n. [f. LL re- S(vivifi- 
 care vivifv)] 
 
 revivi'seenee, n., revivi'seent, a. Re- 
 turning to life or vigour, [f. L re- S(viviscere 
 incept, of vivere live), -en t ce, -ent] 
 
 revi'vor, n. (law). Proceeding for revival of 
 suit after death of party. &c. [revive, -or 2 ] 
 
 revo'ke, v.t. & i., & n. Repeal, annul, with- 
 draw, rescind, cancel, (decree, consent, pro- 
 mise, permission ; also rarely abs., withdraw 
 promise &c), so re'voeABLE, re'voeatORV, 
 aa., pevoeA'Tiox n.; (Whist &c.) make r. (X T .) 
 card-player's failure to follow suit though he 
 could ; (rare) revocation {beyond r.). [f. L re- 9- 
 (vocare call)] 
 
 revo'lt, v.i. & t, & n. Cast off allegiance, 
 make rising or rebellion, fall away/ro»i or rise 
 against ruler, go over to rival power, (n., act 
 of revolting or state of having revolted, rising, 
 insurrection ; so in r.; p.p. as -ed 1 (2), as his re- 
 volted subjects) ; feel revulsion or disgust at, 
 rise in repugnance against, turn in loathing 
 from, (common sense, nature, one's heart, re- 
 volts at or against or from it; n., sense of 
 loathing, rebellious or protesting mood) ; affect 
 with strong disgust, nauseate, whence revo'lt- 
 ing 2 a., revo'lting-i-v 2 adv. [f. F rivolte(r) f. 
 re- 2, L volutare frequent, of volvere volut- roll] 
 
 re'vclute 1 (-oot, -ut), a. (bot. &c). With 
 back-rolled edge._ [f. L revolver] 
 
 revolu'te 2 (-oot), v.i. (slang). Engage in 
 political revolution, [back-formation f. foil.] 
 
 revolution (-ooshn, -u-), n. Revolving, 
 motion in orbit or circular course or round 
 axis or centre, rotation, single completion of 
 orbit or rotation, time it takes, cyclic recur- 
 rence ; complete change, turning upside down, 
 great reversal of conditions, fundamental recon- 
 struction, esp. forcible substitution by subjects 
 of new ruler or polity for the old (the R., expul- 
 sion of Stuarts 1688; French R., overthrow of 
 monarchy 1789 &c; American R., overthrow 
 of British rule 1775 &c), whence revolu'tion- 
 ize(1, 3) v.t., revolirtionis.M(3), revolu*- 
 tioniST(2>, nn. [f. LL (tio) as revolve, -ion] 
 
 revolutionary, a. & n. (Instigator) of re- 
 volution ; involving great & usu. violent 
 changes; (rare) of rotation or revolving, [-arv x ] 
 
 revo'lve, v.t. & i. Turn (t. & i.) round or 
 round & round, rotate, go in circular orbit<»roll 
 (intr.) along, (r, problem, fact, in the mind &c. 
 orabs.,ponderover it; mechanism for revolving 
 the turn-table ; Earth revolves both round or 
 about sun & on its axis; seasons, years, r.). 
 \ f. L re- ^(volvere volut- roll)] 
 
 revo'lver, n. Pistol with revolving mechan- 
 
 ism enabling user to fire several shots without 
 reloading (policy of the big r„ of threatening 
 foreign States with retaliatory tariiffj. [-er x ] 
 
 revu'lsion, n. Counter-irritation, treat- 
 ment of one disordered organ &c. by acting 
 upon another; (rare) drawing or being drawn 
 away (the r. of capital from other trades) ; sud- 
 den violent change of feeling, sudden reaction 
 in taste, fortune, trade, &c. [f. L RE- 9(vulsio 
 f. vellere vuls- pull)] 
 
 revu'lsive, a. & n. (chiefly med.). Of, pro- 
 ducing, revulsion ; (n.) counter-irritantapplica- 
 tion. [prec, -iveJ 
 
 rewar'd (ord), n., & v.t. Return or recom- 
 pense for service or merit, requital for good or 
 evil, retribution ; sum offered for detection of 
 criminal, restoration of lost property,&c. ; hence 
 rewar'dLESS a. (Vb) repay, requite, recom- 
 pense, (service or doer of it, offender, offence), 
 ff. OXF reward(er) = OF regard 1 (er)] 
 
 rewin, see re- 9 ; reword, rewrite, re- 8. 
 
 Rex, n. (abbr. R.). Reigning king (in use as 
 regina). [LI 
 
 Reynard (re-, ra,-), n. (Proper name for) the 
 fox ; a fox. [f. OF Renart name of fox in the 
 Roman de Renart] 
 
 rha*bdomaney,n. Use of divining-rod, esp. 
 for discovering subterranean water or ore. [f. 
 LLf. Gk. rhabdomanteia(rhabdos rod,-MANCV)] 
 
 Rhadama'nthus, n. Stern & incorruptible 
 judge. Hence Rhadama'nthiNE 2 a. [name 
 of judge in Gk Hades] 
 
 Rhae'tian (-shn), a. & n. R. Alps, part of 
 Alps about the Engadine ; = rhaetoromanic 
 a. & n. [L Rhaetia, -ian] 
 
 Rhae'tie, a. & n. (Of) the set of strata inter- 
 mediate between lias & trias prevailing in 
 Rhaetian Alps. [f. L Rhaeticus (prec, -IC)J 
 
 Rhaeto-Roma*nie, -a'nee, aa. &nn. (Of, 
 in) any of the Romance dialects of S.E. Switzer- 
 land & Tyrol, esp. Romansh & Ladin. [L Rhae- 
 tus Rhaetian, -o-] 
 
 rha'psode (od), n. Ancient-Greek minstrel 
 or reciter of epic poems, [f. Gk rhapso(i)dos 
 (rhapto stitch, ode)] 
 
 rha'psodize, v.t. & i. Recite (t. & i.) as 
 rhapsode ; talk or write rhapsodies (usu. about, 
 on, &c). So rha*psodiST(l) n. [foil., -ize] 
 
 rha'psody, n. (Gk Ant.) epic poem, or part 
 of it, of length for one recitation; enthusiastic 
 extravagant high-flown utterance or composi- 
 tion, emotional irregular pieceof music, whence 
 rhapso'diCAL a., rhapso'diealLY 2 adv. 
 Hence rhapso'dic a. [f. L rhapsodia f. Gk 
 ?*hapsoidia (rhapsode, -ia ')] 
 
 rha*tany,n. (Extract, used medicinally & in 
 adulterating port, of root of) S.-Amer. shrub, 
 [f. Port, ratanhia f. native ratafia] 
 
 rhe*a,n. S.-Amer. three-toed ostrich, [name 
 of Gk goddess] 
 
 Rhe'mish, a. Of Rheims (R. Bible, Testa- 
 ment, version, translation, N.T. translated by 
 Roman Catholics of English College at Rheims 
 1582). [obs. E Rhemes, -ish] 
 
 Rne'nish, a. & n. (archaic). Of the Rhine & 
 districts on its banks (now usu. Rhine attrib.); 
 (n.) R. wine (now usu. Rhine wine or hock), [f. 
 OF rinois or MHG rinisch or MDu. rijnsch w. 
 assim. to L Rhenus Rhine] 
 
 rheo-, reo-, comb, form in electr. terms of 
 Gk rheos stream, — current-, as rheo 'meter, 
 rhe'oscoPE ; rhe'otome, device for interrupting 
 current; rheostat, instrument regulating cur- 
 rent to constant degree of force. 
 
 rhe'tor, n. Ancient Greek or Roman teacher 
 
 For pronunciation & hyphening of re- see re- ; for words in re- not given see re- 8, 9. 
 In words beginning with rh- h is mute. 
 
RHETORIC 
 
 727 
 
 RHYTHM 
 
 or professor of rhetoric ; (mere) orator (rare). 
 [L, f. Gk rhetor (eiro, perf. eireka, speak)] 
 
 rhe'torie, n. (Treatise on) the art of per- 
 suasive or impressive speaking or writing ; 
 language designed to persuade or impress (often 
 w. implication of insincerity, exaggeration, 
 &c.) ; persuasiveness of or of looks or acts. [f. 
 L f. Gk rhetorike (tekhne art) of rhetor (-ic)J 
 
 rhetd'rieal, a. Expressed with a view to 
 persuasive or impressive effect, artificial or ex- 
 travagant in language, of the nature of rhetoric, 
 (r. question, asked not for information but to 
 produce effect); of the art of rhetoric ; given to 
 rhetoric, oratorical. Hence rheto'riealLV 2 
 adv. [f. L f. Gk rhetorikos (rhetor, -ic) + -al] 
 
 rhetori'eian, n. = rhetor; rhetorical speak- 
 eror writer. lf.OFreMoWcien(RHETORic,-ici an)] 
 
 rheum (room), n. (archaic). Watery secre- 
 tion ordischarge of mucous membrane &c. such 
 as tears, saliva, or mucus ; catarrh ; (pi.) rheu- 
 matic pains, [f. OF reume f. L f. Gk rheuma 
 •atos stream (rheo flow, -M)] 
 
 rheuma'tie, a. & n. Of, suffering from, sub- 
 ject to, producing, or produced by, rheumatism 
 [r. fever, non-infectious fever with inflamma- 
 tion & pain in joints ; r. walk &c, impeded by 
 r. stiffness); hence rheuma'tiCALLY adv., 
 rheu'mato- comb, form, rheu'matoio a. 
 (N.): (pi.) rheumatism (colloq.); r. patient, [f. 
 L f. Gk rheumatikos (prec., -ic)| 
 
 rheu'matism, (vulg.) -tiz,n. Disease mark- 
 ed by inflammation & pain in joints (acute ?*., 
 rheumatic fever), [f. LL f. Gk rheumatismos 
 (rheumatizo f. rheumct, -ize, -ism)] 
 
 pheu'my, a. (archaic). Consisting of, flow- 
 ing with, rheum ; (of air) damp, raw. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 rhrnal, a. (anat. &c). Of nostril or nose. 
 [rhino-, -al] 
 
 rhine 1 , n. (S.-W. dia'l.). Large open ditch, 
 [prob. f. OE ryne rune] 
 
 Rhine 2 , n. German river (R.-wine, kinds esp. 
 of white wine from R. vineyards, cf. rhenish ; 
 Rhinestone, kind of rock-crystal, also paste gem 
 imitating diamond). 
 
 rhi'no^n. (slang). Money (often ready r.). [?] 
 
 rhi'no 2 , n. (slang). (Short for) rhinoceros. 
 
 rhino-, comb, form of Gk?*his rhinos nostril, 
 nose, as -pharyngeal, of nose & pharynx ; -plas- 
 tic, -plasty, (of) plastic surgery of the nose ; rhi'- 
 woscoPE, -sco'pxc, rhino'scopY 1 . 
 
 rhlno'eeros (os), n. Large unwieldy Afri- 
 can & S.-Asiatic quadruped with horn or two 
 horns on nose & thick folded & plated skin. So 
 rhinoeero'tic a. [f. LL f. Gk mi\xo(kerds f. 
 keras horn)] 
 
 rhlzo-, comb, form of Gk rhiza root chiefly 
 in bot. terms as -carp, plant with perennial 
 root but perishing stems. 
 
 rhrzome, n. Prostrate rootlike stem emit- 
 tingroots,rootstock. [f. Gkrhiz6ma(rhizoomai 
 take root as prec, -m)] 
 
 Rho'dian, a. & n. (Xative) of Rhodes. [L 
 Rhodius f. L f. Gk Rhodos Rhodes +-an] 
 
 rho'dium *, n. (Also r.-wood) scented wood 
 of Canary convolvulus, rosewood, (oil o/r., rose- 
 wood oil got from it). [mod.L, neut. adj. (sc. 
 lignum wood) = roselike f. Gk rhodon rose] 
 
 pho'dium 2 , n. Hard white metal of platinum 
 group (r. pen, steel pen tipped with it). Hence 
 rho'dic, rho'dous, aa. (chem.). [Gk rhodon 
 rose, -ium, from colour of solution of its salts] 
 
 phodo-, comb, form of Gk rhodon rose, as 
 •spermous with red spores. 
 
 rhododendron (-on), n. Kinds of large- 
 flowered evergreen shrubs akin to azalea. [LL 
 f. Gk (prec, dendron tree)] 
 
 rhomb (b usu. mute exc before vowel), n. 
 Oblique equilateral parallelogram, diamond or 
 
 lozenge, object orpart with such outline; (Cryst.) 
 rhombohedron. Hencerho , mbica.,rnombo- 
 comb. form. r [f. L f. Gk rhombos] 
 
 rhombohe'dron, n. (chiefly cryst.; pi. -ra, 
 -rons). (Crystal in shape of) solid bounded by 
 six equal rhombs. Hence phombohe'drAL a. 
 [rhombo- (prec), Gk hedra base] 
 
 rho'mboid, a. & n. Of or near the shape of 
 a rhomb (r. muscle, connecting scapula with 
 vertebrae). (X.) quadrilateral of which only 
 opposite sides & angles are equal ; r. mus*cle. 
 [f. LL f. Gk rhomboeides (rhomb, -oid)] 
 
 rhomboi'dal, a. Having shape of a rhom- 
 boid (prec, n.); = prec (adj.). Hence phom- 
 boi'dalLV 2 adv. [prec, -al] 
 
 rho'mbus, n. (pi. -i, -uses). = rhomb; kinds 
 of flat-fish including turbot & brill. [L (rhomb)] 
 
 rho'taeism n., rho'taeize v.i. (Speak 
 with) excessive or peculiar pronunciation of r ; 
 conversion of, convert, other sounds into r. [n. 
 f. vb f. Gk rhotakizo (rho r, -ize)] 
 
 rhu'barb (roo-), n. (Purgative made from) 
 root of Chinese & Tibetan plant (usu. Chinese, 
 East Indian, Russia, or Turkey r., from chan' 
 nelsof importation); (stalks of) kinds of garden 
 plant with fleshy stalks cooked in spring as sub- 
 stitute for fruit (sometimes English, French, 
 common, or garden r.); (attrib., of colour) yel- 
 lowish-brown like Chinese r. Hence rhu*- 
 barbv 2 a. [f. OF rubarbe f. med.L rhabar- 
 barum foreign rha or rhubarb (rha Gk, perh. f. 
 Rha the Volga, barbarous), w. assim. to L f. 
 Gk rheon rhubarb] 
 
 rhumb (-in), n. (naut.). (Also r.-line) line 
 cutting all meridians at same angle, line fol- 
 lowed by ship sailing on one course; angular 
 distance between two successive points of com- 
 pass, 11° 15'. [thr. F or Sp. f. L rhombus] 
 
 rhyme 1 , rime, n. Identity of sound between 
 words or verse-lines extending from the end to 
 the last fully accented vowel & not further 
 (greet dt deceit, shepherd & leopard, quality & 
 frivolity, stationary & probationary, is it & 
 visit, give rr., but seat & deceit, station & 
 crustacean, visible & invisible, do not ; single 
 or male or masculine, double or female or 
 feminine, treble or triple, quadruple, r., ac- 
 cording to number of syllables included; im- 
 perfect r., as in love & move, phase & race; 
 without r. or reason, quite unaccountable, 
 -bly) ; verse marked by rr. (pi. or sing.), a poem 
 with rr., the employment of i\, (should be writ- 
 ten in r.; prefer blank verse to r.; am sending 
 you some rr.; nursery r.; was reading an old 
 r.; r. royal, stanzas of seven ten-syllable lines 
 with rr. as ababbec, named from use by James I 
 of Scotland) ; word providing a r. (to another ; 
 cant find a r. to teacups ; English is badly 
 off for double rr.). Hence rhymeLESS a., 
 rny'melessNESS n. [rhyme assim. to 
 rhythm of earlier & OF rime f. L f. Gk rhuth- 
 mos rhythm] 
 
 rhyme 2 , rime, v.i. & t. Write rr., versify 
 (intr.), whence phymER 1 , rhymesTER, nn.; 
 put or make (story &c) into r. (rhymed verse, 
 opp. blank verse) ; while (time) away in rhym- 
 ing ; (of words or lines) exhibit r., (of word) 
 supply or act as r. to or with, (of person) treat 
 (word) as rhyming with, select rr., (rhymes 
 carelessly ; rhymes law with four ; rhymiKG 1 - 
 dictionary, of words arranged by terminations 
 for versifiers' use), whence rhy'miST(l) n. [f. 
 OF rimer as prec] 
 
 rhy'thm (-dhm, -thm), n. Metrical move- 
 ment determined by various relations of long 
 & short or accented & unaccented syllables, 
 measured flow of words & phrases in verse or 
 prose ; (Mus.) systematic grouping of notes ac- 
 
RIANT 
 
 728 
 
 RIDDLE 
 
 cording to duration, structure resulting from 
 this ; (Art) harmonious correlation of parts ; 
 (Physics, Physiol., & gen.) movement with 
 regular succession of strong & weak elements. 
 Hence or cogn. phy'thmic(AL) aa., rhyth- 
 mical l y 2 ad v. , rhythm less a. , rhythm- 
 ist(3) n. [f. L f. Gk rhuthmos cf. rheo flow] 
 
 Pi'ant, a. Smiling, cheerful, (of face, eyes, 
 &c, & csp. of landscape). [F (rire f. hridere 
 laugh, -ant)] 
 
 pib, n., & v.t. One of curved bones reaching 
 from spine round upper part of body (true, 
 sternal, r., joined also to breastbone, opp. false, 
 floating, asternal, short, r. ; poke one in the rr., 
 to draw his attention facetiously; smite under 
 fifth r. bibl., stab ; r. or rr. of beef Sec, as joint 
 of meat ; spare-t\) ; ridge or long raised piece 
 often of thicker material across thinner sur- 
 face serving to support as part of framework 
 or strengthen or adorn, e.g. vein of leaf, shaft 
 of feather, spur of mountain, vein of ore, ridge 
 between furrows, wave-mark on sand, raised 
 line in knitting, one of ship's curved timbers to 
 which planks are nailed or corresponding iron- 
 work, arch supporting vault, groin, raised 
 moulding on groin or across ceiling &c. , wooden 
 or iron beam helping to carry bridge, hinged 
 rod of umbrella-frame ; r.-grass, -wort, Narrow- 
 leaved Plantain; hence (-)pibbED 2 , pi'bLESS, 
 aa. (Vb) provide with rr., act as rr. of, whence 
 pi'bbiNGMS, 6) n.; mark with ridges; plough 
 with rr. between furrows, half-plough, rafter. 
 [com.-Teut., cf. ON riff, G rippe, Du. rib] 
 
 pi'bald (-a-), n. & a. Irreverent jester, user 
 of scurrilous, blasphemous, or indecent lan- 
 guage ; so pi'baldRv(4, 5) n. (Adj., of language 
 or its user) scurrilous, obscene, irreverent, 
 [earlier sense lowborn retainer, menial, f. OF 
 ribant, -auld, ctym. dub.] 
 
 pi'band n., pi'bandeda. = RiBBON(ec£). [f. 
 Yriban (now ru-), etym. dub.] 
 
 pi'bband (-a-), n. Wale, strip, scantling, or 
 light spar, of wood, used esp. in shipbuilding 
 to hold ribs in position, launching, & making 
 of gun-platform or pontoon-bridge, [f. rib, 
 band ', or var. of prec] 
 
 pi'bbon, n. (Piece or length of) silk or satin 
 or other fine material woven into narrow band 
 esp. for adorning costume ; r. of special colour 
 &c. worn to indicate membership of knightly 
 order, club, college, athletic team, &c. (blue 1 
 r.; R. Society, Irish R.-C. secret society formed 
 in early 19th c. & associated with agrarian 
 crime, whence Rrbbonis.M n.); long narrow 
 strip of anything, r.-like object or mark, (pi.) 
 driving reins, (hang in, torn to, rr., ragged 
 strips; handle, take, the rr., drive); r.-jish, 
 long slender flat kinds ; r.-grass, slender-leaved 
 kind ; r.-man, member of R. Society. Hence 
 (-)pibbonED 2 a. [var. of riband] 
 
 pi'bes (-z), n. (bot.). Currant or gooseberry 
 plant. [med.L, = sorrel, f. Arab, ribas] 
 
 Ri'bston pi'ppin, n. Kind of dessert apple. 
 \R. Park in Yorks.] 
 
 Rieap'dian, a. & n. (Adherent) of the poli- 
 tical economist Ricardo (d. 1823), according to 
 his views, [-ian] 
 
 pice, n. (Pearl-white seeds, used as staple 
 food in many Eastern countries, & in England 
 in puddings, cakes, &c, or as table- vegetable, 
 of) chiefly oriental plant grown in marshes; 
 r.-bird, Java sparrow, also bobolink ; r.-milk, 
 boiled & thickened with r.; r. -paper, kind 
 made from pith of a Formosan plant & used by 
 Chinese artists for painting on (named after r. 
 in error), ff. OF ris f. It. riso (L f. Gk oruza 
 prob. f. Oriental source)] 
 
 plch (-tsh), a. (Of persons, societies, States, 
 
 &c.) wealthy, having riches, (also as n. in the 
 r., r. & poor) ; (of countries, periods, soil, &c.) 
 abounding in or in natural resources or some 
 valuable possession or production, fertile ; 
 valuable (r. offerings, a r. harvest) ; (of dress, 
 furniture, buildings, banquets, &c.) splendid, 
 costly, elaborate ; (of food or diet) containing 
 or involving large proportion of fat, oil, butter, 
 eggs, sugar, spice, &c; (of colours, sounds, 
 smells) mellow, deep, full, not thin; abundant, 
 ample ; (of incidents) highly amusing, full of 
 entertainment or material for humour; rich-, 
 richly (r.-clad, -botind, -glittering, &c). Hence 
 pi*ehEN6 v.i. &t. (rare), pi'ehxESS n. [com.- 
 Teut.; OF rice, cf. Du. rijk, G reich, ON rikr ; 
 perh. early Teut. adoption of L rex king] 
 
 Ri'ehapd, pers. name. R. Roe, typical name 
 for defendant in ejectment suit (cf. john Doe) ; 
 Poor R.'s sayings, maxims from almanacs 
 issued by Benjamin Franklin with Poor R. as 
 pseudonym; R.'s himself again (f. interpola- 
 tion in Cibber's version of Shak. R. Ill), said, 
 by or of person recovered from despondency, 
 fear, illness, &c. 
 
 pi'ches (-tshiz), n. (usu. as pi.). Abundant 
 means, wealth, valuable possessions, being 
 rich. [f. obs. & OF richesse (riche rich, -ess 2 )] 
 
 pi'ehly, adv. In adj. senses ; also (chiefly 
 with deserve) fully, thoroughly, (r. deserves a 
 thrashing, to succeed), [-ly 2 ] 
 
 pick 1 , n., & v.t. Stack of hay, corn, peas, 
 &c, esp. one regularly built & thatched; r.- 
 barton,=r.-ya.vd ; r.-cloth, canvas cover for un- 
 finished r.; r.-stand, short wooden or stone 
 pillars bearing joists to raise r. from ground ; 
 r.-yard, enclosure for rr.; (vb) form into rick(s). 
 [OE hrtac, cf. Du. rook, Norw. rauk] 
 
 pick 2 . See wrick. 
 
 ri'ckets, n. (as sing, or pi.; ~et in comb. &c., 
 as rickct-prodncing, rickety). Children's dis- 
 ease with softening of bones, esp. of spine, & 
 bow-legs &c, rachitis, [etym. dub.; taken by 
 writer (1645) of treatise on it for corrupt, of 
 rachitis, which he introduced as its sci. name] 
 
 pi'ekety, a. Suffering from, of (the nature 
 of), rickets; feeble, shaky, tottering, weak- 
 jointed, fragile, insecure, (of persons or things, 
 esp. furniture). Hence pi'cketiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 picksha(w). See jinricksha. 
 
 preoehet (-sha. -shet), n., & v.i. & t. (-£- or -it-, 
 pr. -shad or -shetid, -shaing or -sheti-ng, &c.). 
 Skipping on water or ground of cannon-ball or 
 bullet, hit made after it, (often attrib., asr.fire, 
 shot, battery). (Vb); (of bullet &c.) skip once or 
 more; (of gun, gunner, &c.) hit or aim at with 
 r. shot(s). [vb f. n., F, etym. dub.] 
 
 pi'etus, n. Expanse or gape of person's or 
 animal's mouth, bird's beak, or flower with 
 two-lipped corolla. [L (ringi open the mouth)] 
 
 pid, v.t. (past ridded, rid', p.p. rid, rarely 
 ridded). Make (person, place) free, disencum- 
 ber, o/(usu. in p.p. with be or get; glad to be, 
 must get, r. of him) ; (archaic) abolish, clear 
 away, get r. of, (pest). Hence pi'ddANCE n. 
 (esp. a good r. as excl. of joy ; person &c. is a 
 good r„ better awav). [earlier sense clear (land 
 &c); f. ON rydhja] 
 
 ridden. See ride. 
 
 pi'ddle 1 , n., & v.i. & t. Question, statement, 
 or description, designed or serving to test in- 
 genuity of hearers in divining its answer or 
 meaning or reference, conundrum, enigma; 
 puzzling or mysterious fact, thing, or person. 
 (Vb) speak in, propound, (part.) expressed in, 
 rr., whencepi , ddling , LY 2 adv.; solve (r.; often 
 r. me as challenge). [OE raedels (read, suf. -els 
 as in burial), cf. Du. raadsel, G rdtsel] 
 
 pi'ddle 2 , n., & v.t. Coarse sieve for corn, 
 
RIDE 
 
 729 
 
 RIGGER 
 
 gravel, cinders, &c; plate with pins used in 
 straightening wire. ( Vb) pass (corn &c. ) through 
 l\, sift, (fig.) test (evidence, truth) ; fill (ship, 
 person) with holes esp. of gunshot, (fig.) pelt 
 with questions, refute (person, theory) with 
 facts. [OE hriddel, earlier hridder (hrid- 
 shake), cf. G reiter, L cribrum] 
 
 ride, v.i. & t. (rode, archaic rid; ridden, ar- 
 chaic rid), & n. Sit on & be carried by horse 
 &c, go on horseback &c. or on bicycle &c. or in 
 train or other public conveyance (cf. drive 1 ), 
 sit or go or be on something as on horse esp. 
 astride, sit on & manage horse, lie at anchor, 
 float buoyantly, (of sun &c.) seem to float, (of 
 things normally level or even) project or over- 
 lap, (V. a-COCK-HORSE, bodkin, uovGH-shod, 
 50 miles, full speed, a race ; r. to hounds, hunt; 
 r.for a fall, r. or fig. act recklessly ;r. 12 st. &c, 
 weigh that in riding-trim ; r. over, in horse- 
 racing as walk over; r. one down, overtake 
 him by riding, also put one's horse at him ; r. 
 one o#at polo, edge him away ; r. & tie, of two 
 or more travellers sharing horse, one riding a- 
 head & then leaving it tied to await the other; 
 riding on his father's shoulders, back, knee, 
 foot ; rides well, cannot r., learn to r., riding- 
 lessons or -school ; bird, ship, rides on the wind, 
 waves; ship rode at anchor; r. out the storm 
 lit. & fig., come safely through it; moon was 
 riding high ; bone rides in fracture, one part 
 overlaps other ; rope rides, has one turn cross- 
 ing over another), traverse on horseback &c, 
 r. over or through, (r. the country, deser't, &c. ; 
 r. a ford, pass through it on horseback); r. on, 
 sit heavily on, oppress, haunt, dominate, tyran- 
 nize over, (r. horse ; r. one's horse at fence or 
 enemy, urge it forward ; r. one's horse, & fig. 
 hobby or method or jest, to death, kill or overdo 
 it; nightmare rides sleeper; r. the whirlwind, 
 direct it ; shiprides the waves ; ridden by fears, 
 prejudices, &c; priest &c. -ridden); give r. to, 
 cause to r.,(r. child on one's back; r. one onrail, 
 carry him astride on it as torture) ; (of ground) 
 be of specified character for riding on (rides 
 well, soft, hard, &c); hence pi'dABLE a. (N.) 
 journey in public conveyance, spell of riding on 
 horse, bicycle, person's back, &c. ; road esp. 
 through wood for riding on ; (Mil.) batch of 
 mounted recruits. [com.-Teut.; OE ridan, cf. 
 Du. rijden, G reite?i\ 
 
 pi'dep, n. In vbl senses; also or esp.: (Naut., 
 pi.) additional set of timbers or iron plates 
 strengthening ship's frame, (sing.) overlying 
 rope or rope-turn ; (Curl.) stone that ousts an- 
 other ; additional clause amending or supple- 
 menting document, esp. parliamentary bill at 
 third reading; corollary, naturally arising sup- 
 plement; expression of opinion, recommenda- 
 tion &c, added to verdict; (Math.) problem 
 testing student's mastery of principles on which 
 its solution depends ; piece in machine &c. that 
 surmounts or bridges or works over others. 
 Hence pi'dePLESS a. [OE ridere (prec.)] 
 
 ridge, n., & v.t. &i. Line of junction in which 
 two sloping surfaces meet (the r. of a roof, the 
 nose, &c); long narrow hill-top, mountain- 
 range, watershed ; ( Agric. ) one of a set of raised 
 strips separated by furrows ; (Gard.) raised hot- 
 bed formelons &c. ; any narrow elevation across 
 surface ; r.-piece, beam along r. of roof ; r.-pole, 
 horizontal pole of long tent, also = r.-piece ; ?*.- 
 tile, used for roof-r. ; r.-tree, = r.-piece ; ridge- 
 way, road along r. ; hence pi'dgY 2 a. (Vb) break 
 up (land) into rr.; mark with rr.; plant (cucum- 
 bers &c.) in rr.; gather (t. & i. esp. of sea) into 
 rr.Jcom.-Teut.; OE hrycg, cf. LG rug, G riicken] 
 
 pi'dicule, n., & v.t. Ridiculous thing, ridicu- 
 lousness, (archaic); holding or being held up as 
 
 laughing-stock, derision, mockery ; (vb) make 
 fun of, subject to r., laugh at. If. L ridiculum 
 neut. of ridicidus laughable (ridere laugh)] 
 
 pidi'culous, a. Deserving to be laughed at, 
 absurd, unreasonable. Hence pidreulousLY 2 
 adv., pidi'culousNESS n. [as prec. + -ous, or 
 f. hridiculosiis] 
 
 pi'ding 1 , n. In vbl senses; also, road for 
 riders, esp. green track through or beside wood ; 
 r.-habit, lady's r. -costume, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 prding 2 , n. Administrative division (East, 
 W., or N. JR.) of Yorkshire ; similar division of 
 other U.-K. or colonial county, [for thriding 
 (third, -ing 3 ) third part, with loss of th- owing 
 to preceding -t(h) of east &c] 
 
 rifacime'nto (-ahtsh-), n. (pi. -ti pr. -te). Re- 
 modelled form of a literary work or the like. [It.] 
 
 pife,pred. a. Of common occurrence, met with 
 in numbers or quantities, pi*evailing, current, 
 numerous, (usu. be, also grow, wax, &c, r.); 
 well provided with (language is r. with max- 
 ims). Hence pi'feNESS n. [OE ryfe, cf. MDu. 
 rijf, ON rifr] 
 
 pi'flT-pafF, n. The rabble, disreputable per- 
 sons, [earlier riff & raff f . F rij et raf] 
 
 pi'fle l , v.t. & i. 1. Search & rob, esp. of all 
 that can be found in various pockets or storing- 
 places; carry off as booty; 2. make spiral grooves 
 in (gun or its barrel or bore) to produce rotatory 
 motionin projectile (p.p. of projectile, withstuds 
 fitting such grooves) ; 3. shoot (t. & i.) with r. 
 Hence pi'fliNG l n. [1 f . OF rifler graze, scratch ; 
 2 (from 1635) ult. f. same source, cf. LG rifeln, 
 G riefeln, Da. rifle, Sw. reffla ; 3 f. foil.] 
 
 pi'fle 2 , n. One of the grooves made in rifling 
 a gun ; (formerly r.-gun) musket or carbine with 
 rifled barrel, (pi.) troops armed with rr. ; r.-bird, 
 dark-green Australian bird ; r. brigade, certain 
 regiments of British army ; r.-corps, of volun- 
 teer riflemen ; r.(-)green n. & a., (of) dark green 
 asinrifleman'suniform;r(/?e??mn,soldierarmed 
 with r., esp. member of r. brigade, also = r.-bird; 
 r.-pit, excavation as cover for riflemen firing at 
 enemy; r.-range, distance r. carries, place for 
 r.-practice ; r.-shot, distance r. carries, good &c. 
 r. -marksman, shot fired with r. [f. prec. 2] 
 
 rift, ii., & v.t. Cleft, fissure, chasm, in earth 
 or rock ; rent, crack, split, in an object, opening 
 in cloud, &c. (little r. within the lute, often fig. 
 of incipient madness or dissension) ; r.-valley, 
 steep-sided formed by subsidence of earth's 
 crust ; hence pi'ftLESS, pi'ftY 2 , aa. (Vb, usu. 
 in p.p.) rend apart, cleave, [f. Scand.; cf. Da. 
 rift a cleft, ON ripta to break (a bargain &c.)] 
 
 pig- 1 , v.t. & i., & n. Provide (ship), (of ship) 
 be provided, with necessary spars, ropes, &c, 
 or Pi'ggiNG ] (3) n., prepare (t. & i.) for sea in 
 this respect ; fit (out, up, or rarely abs.) with or 
 with clothes or other equipment ; set up (struc- 
 ture) hastily or as makeshift or by utilizing odd 
 materials ; rigging-loft, gallery in dockyard for 
 fitting rigging, (Theatr.) space over stage from 
 which scenery is worked. (N.) way ship's masts, 
 sails, &c, are arranged, whence -piggED 2 a. ; 
 (transf.) person's or thing's look as determined 
 by clothes &c. (r.-up, -out, such accessories), 
 [etym. dub. ; cf. Norw. rigga bind up] 
 
 pig" 2 , n., & v.t. Trick, dodge, way of swind- 
 ling; (Commerc.) = corner; (vb) manage or 
 conduct fraudulently (?\ the market, cause arti- 
 ficial rise or fall in prices). [?] 
 
 Rl'ga, n. A Russian Baltic port (i?. deal, 
 hemp, &c.; JR. balsam, essential oil distilled 
 from kind of pine & used medicinally). 
 
 pige'seent, a. Growing rigid, rather stiff. 
 So pige'SCENCE n. [f. L rigescere (rigere be 
 stiff, -ESCENT)] 
 
 pl'ggep,n. In vbl senses (fig 1 - 2 ); also: (Mech.) 
 
RIGHT 
 
 730 
 
 RIGOUR 
 
 band-wheel; = outrigger; =thimble-?\; -r., 
 ship rigged in specified way. [-er l ] 
 pight (rit), a., v.t. & i., n., & adv. (Archaic) 
 straight (now only in r. line, r.-lined); (of angle) 
 neither acute nor obtuse, of 90°, made by lines 
 meeting not obliquely but perpendicularly, 
 (at r. angles, turning or placed with such angle), 
 whence pight-anglED 2 a.; involving r. an- 
 gle(s), not oblique, (r. sailing, due N., S., E., or 
 W.; r. ascension; r. cone, cylinder, prism. Sec, 
 with ends or base perpendicular to axis); (of 
 conduct &c.) just, morally good, required by 
 equity or duty, proper, (acted a r. part ; it is 
 onlyr. to telly ou, thatyoushoiddknoiv),whence 
 pight-mindED 2 a., pight-mi'ndedNESS n.; 
 correct, true, (r. use of loords ; did not give a r. 
 account of the matter; your opinions are r. 
 enough); the preferable or most suitable, the 
 less wrong or not wrong, (which is the r. way 
 to —?; the r. man in the r. place ; does not do it 
 the r. way ; the r. heir ; cf. Mr, Miss, R., des- 
 tined husband, wife ; took the r. way to offend 
 us ; a fault on the r. side ; the r. side of a fabric 
 &c, that meant for show or use ; so r. side up ; 
 on the r. side of forty Sec, not yet 40 years old); 
 in good or normal condition, sound, sane, satis- 
 factory, well-advised, not mistaken, (in one's 
 r. mind, not mad &c; is not r. in his head; 
 are you r. now?, comfortable, recovered, &c, 
 all's r. with the world ; is as r. as a trivet, as 
 rain, Sec, quite ; set or put r., restore to order, 
 health, &c, also correct mistaken ideas of, 
 also justify oneself usu. with person; get r., 
 bring or come into r. state; r., r. you are, 
 forms of approval, or, & so also all r., r. oh! 
 slang, of assent to order or proposal', whence 
 pigh'tEN 6 v.t. (rare); (archaic) rightful, real, 
 veritable, properly so called, (r. whale; r. co- 
 gnac Sec); (of position) having the relation to 
 front & back that equinoctial sunrise has to 
 north & south, on or towards thatside of human 
 body of which the hand is normally more used, 
 on or towards that part of an object which is 
 analogous to person's r. side or (with opposite 
 sense) which is nearer to spectator's r. hand, 
 (cf. left l ; r. side, eye, Sec ; r. wing or flank of 
 army &c; r. bank, on r. side of one looking 
 down stream ; r. centre 1 . R. & left; adv., to 
 or on both sides, on all hands, as the crowd di- 
 vided, he was abused, r.&l.; adj., with or of or 
 to both hands or sides, as a r.-dfc-l. shot, with 
 both barrels, r.-&-l. screw, with contrary threads 
 at two ends ; n., r.-&-l. shot, also pugilist's two 
 blows in quick succession with different hands. 
 R. hand : hand of r. side ; this as the better 
 hand, as put one's r. h. to the work ; this w. ref. 
 to hand-shaking, as give the r. h. of fellowship ; 
 region or direction on this side of person, as at, 
 on, to, one's r. h. ; one's indispensable or chief 
 assistant ; r.-h, placed on the r. h.; r.-h. man, 
 soldier on one's r. h. in line, also assistant as 
 above; r.-h. screw, with thread turning to r.; 
 r.-handed, using r. h. more than left; r. -handed 
 blow Sec, struck with r. h.; r.-handed tool Sec, 
 made to suit r. h.; r.-handed rotation Sec; r.- 
 hander, r.-handed blow orperson. R. turn, into 
 position at r. angles with original one ; r.-about 
 tumor face, r. turn prolonged till previous rear 
 is front ; r.-about, = r.-a. turn, reversal of front, 
 hurried retreat as in sendtother.-a., send pack- 
 ing, also as v.t. Se i. = reverse or make reverse 
 front) ; hence pigh'tNESS n. (Vb) restore to 
 proper or straight or vertical position (r. helm, 
 put it amidships ; boat rights herself; could not 
 r. the boat, car ; r. oneself, recover balance), (of 
 ship) recover vertical position ; make repara- 
 tion for or to, avenge, (wrong, wronged person); 
 vindicate, justify, rehabilitate ; correct (mis- 
 
 takes &c), correct mistakes in, set in order, 
 (often refl., as that is afaidt that will r, itself); 
 hence pigh'tABLE a. (N.) what is just, fair 
 treatment, (r. & might, r. & wrong ; do one r., 
 treat or think of him fairly ; by r. or now usu. 
 rr., if r. were done ; the r., the juster cause, as 
 God defend the r.; be in the r., have justice or 
 truth on one's side); justification, fair claim, 
 being entitled to privilege or immunity, thing 
 one is entitled to, (has a, the, no, r. to thing, to 
 do, of doing, of search Sec; r. divine or divine 
 r. ; claims in r. of his wife ; reigns by r. of worth ; 
 belongs to him of or by r. ; rr.S duties; woman's 
 rr., of equality with men, whence woman's- 
 righ'tER 1 n. ; r. of way, r. established by usage 
 to pass over another's ground, also path subject 
 to such r.; Declaration or Bill of Rr., consti- 
 tutional settlement of 1689 ; assert or stand on 
 one's rr., refuse to relinquish them ; peeressin 
 herownr., not by marriage ; admirationis her 
 r.), whence Pigh'tLESS a.; (pi.) r. condition,, 
 true state, (set or put to rr., arrange properly ; 
 have not heard, do not know, the rr. of the case); 
 r.-hand part or region or direction (is on your 
 or the, to the, r. ; to, from, r. & left ; work round 
 the enemy's r.), (Pol.) reactionary or conserva- 
 tive membersof foreign parliament &c, whence 
 pigh'tWARD a. & adv., PiglvtWARDS adv., 
 (rare). (Adv. ) straight (wind was r. behind us ; 
 go r. on; wentr. at him ; r. off, away, chiefly 
 U.S.. immediately, without pause) ; all the way 
 to, round, Sec, completely off, out, Sec, (sank r. 
 to thd bottom; veranda r. round house; took 
 gate r. off hinges ; turned r. round) ; exactly, 
 quite, (r.inthe middle); very, to the full, (knoior. 
 well ; banqueted r. royally ; was r. glad to hear ; 
 r. honourable, reverend ;r.-down,thorough, 
 -ly, as is a r.-d. scoundrel, was r.-d. sorry); 
 justly, properly, correctly, aright, truly, satis- 
 factorily, (whether they act r. or wrong ; does 
 not hold his pen, do the stim, r.; serves him r., 
 is no worse than he deserves ; nothing goes r. 
 with me; if I remember r.; guessed r.); tor. 
 hand (eyes r.!, order to soldiers dressing ; looks 
 neither r. nor left). [com.-Teut.; OErihta. & n., 
 rihtan v., rihte adv., cf. Du. & G recht Sec, also 
 L rectus direct 2 ] 
 
 pigh'teous (-tshws, -tyws), a. Just, upright, 
 virtuous, law-abiding, (of person, life, action). 
 Hence pigh'teousLY 2 adv., righ'teous- 
 ness n. [OE rihtwis (prec. n. + wise a., or 
 prec. a. + wise n.) w. assim. to bounteous &ec] 
 
 pigh'tful, a. (Of actions &c.) equitable, fair ; 
 (of persons) legitimately entitled to position 
 &c. (the r. king, heir, owner), (of office, pro- 
 perty, &c.) that one is entitled to. Hence 
 pigh'tfulLY 2 adv., pigh'tfulNESS n. [ful] 
 
 pigh'tly, adv. Justly, fairly, properly, cor- 
 rectly, accurately, justifiably, [-ly 2 ] 
 
 pi'gid, a. Not flexible, stiff, unyielding, (a r. 
 bar, stem, frame, air-ship) ; inflexible, harsh, 
 strict, precise, punctilious, (r. justice, princi- 
 ples, Catholics, adherence to rules,^ economy). 
 Hence or cogn. pigl'diTY n., pi'gidLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L rigidus (as rigor)] 
 
 pi'gmapole, n. Rambling or meaningless 
 talk or tale ; (attrib.) incoherent, [prob. f. obs. 
 ragmanroll— catalogue, etym. dub.] 
 
 rTgor (-or), n. (path.). Sudden chill with 
 shivering before fever &c; r. mortis, stiffening 
 of body after death. [L (rigere be stiff, -OR *)] 
 
 pi'goup (-er), n. Severity, strictness, harsh- 
 ness, (pi.) harsh measures ; strict enforcement 
 of rules &c. (with the utmost r. of the law) ^ex- 
 tremity or excess of weather, hardship, famine, 
 &c, great distress ; austerity of life, Puritanic 
 strictness of observance or doctrine, so pi'gop- 
 1 ism(3), pi'gopiST(2), nn.; logical accuracy, ex- 
 
RIG-VEDA 
 
 731 
 
 RINK 
 
 actitude. So pi'gopous a., pi'gfOPOUSL y 2 
 adv. [OF, f. L (prec.)] 
 
 Rig-ve*da (-va-), n. The chief veda. [f„ 
 Skr. rigveda (ric praise)] 
 
 ri'ksdag, n.' Swedish parliament. [Sw.] 
 
 pile, v.t. (slang). Raise anger in, irritate, 
 [var. of obs. & U.S. roil make muddy, cf. obs. 
 F ruiler mix mortar] 
 
 Hlie'vo (relya-), n. = relief 2 , relievo. [It.] 
 
 pill, n., & v.i. Small stream, runnel, rivulet; 
 hence pi'llET 1 n. (Vb) issue or flow as r. [cf. 
 Du. ril, G rille] 
 
 r-ille, n. (astr.). Trench or narrow valley of 
 moon's surface. [G (prec.)] 
 
 pille*tt(e)s, n. pi. Tinned preparation of 
 minced ham, chicken, fat, &c. [F i-es)] 
 
 pirn J , n., & v.t. Outer ring of wheel's frame- 
 work, not including tire ; frame of sieve ; 
 (poet.) circular object (goldenr., crown) ; (Naut.) 
 surface of the water ; raised edge or border, 
 margin, verge, esp. of something more or less 
 circular ; r.-brake, acting on r. of wheel ; hence 
 pi'mLESS, (-)pimmED 2 , aa. (Vb) furnish 
 with r., serve as r. to, edge, border. [OE rima, 
 cf. ON rime ridge] 
 
 pirn 2 , n. (archaic). R. (of the belly), peritoneum. 
 [OE reoma, cf. Du. riem, G riemen, strap] 
 
 rime l , n., & v.t. = rhyme j » 2 . [earlier rime 
 (rhyme) was corrected c. 1560 to rhythm, 
 which served for senses rhythm & rhyme till 
 rhyme was established c. 1700 as different.; 
 obs. rime was revived c. 1870 & is often used by 
 writers on prosody & literature] 
 
 pime 2 , n., &y.t., (chiefly poet.). Hoar-frost ; 
 hence pi*mY 2 *a. (Vb) cover with r. [OE & 
 ON hrim, cf. Du. rijm] 
 
 pi'mep, n. =REAM 2 er. [dial, rime var. of 
 
 REAM 2 , -ER 1 ] 
 
 prmose, pi'mous, aa. (bot. &c). Full of 
 chinks or fissures, [f. L rimosus (rima chink, 
 -ose 1 ), -ous] 
 
 rind, n., & v.t. Bark of tree or plant (vb, strip 
 r. from) ; peel of fruit or vegetable ; harder en- 
 closing surface of cheese or other substance ; 
 skin of bacon &c; external aspect, surface. 
 Hence -pindED 2 a. [OE, cf. Du. run, G rinde] 
 
 pi'ndeppest, n. Disease of ruminants esp. 
 oxen, cattle-plague. [G (rinder pi. of rind ox)] 
 
 ping 1 , n., & v.i. & t. Circlet usu. of precious 
 metal & often set with gem(s) worn round finger 
 as ornament or token (esp. of betrothal or mar- 
 riage) or signet, or (usu. nose, arm, &c, -r.) 
 hung to or encircling other part of body ; circu- 
 lar appliance of any material & any (but esp., 
 cf. hoop, no great) size ; raised or sunk or other- 
 wise distinguishable line or band round, rim 
 of, cylindrical or circular object ; circular fold, 
 coil, bend, structure, part, or mark (rr. of tree, 
 concentric bands of wood corresponding in 
 number to tree's years ; has livid rr. round his 
 eyes ; puffing out rr. of smoke ; rr. in water, 
 circular ripples expanding from centre of 
 agitation) ; persons, trees, &c, disposed in a 
 circle, such disposition, (Commerc. &c.) com- 
 bination of traders or politicians acting to- 
 gether for control of market or policy ; circular 
 enclosure or space for circus-riding, prize-fight- 
 ing (PRizE-r.), betting at races (the r., book- 
 makers), showing of cattle, &c; circular or 
 spiral course (make rr. round, go or do things 
 incomparably quicker than) ; r.-bark v.t., cut 
 r. in bark of (tree) to kill it or to check its growth 
 & bring it into bearing ; r.-bolt, bolt with r. 
 attached for fastening rope to &c; r.-bone, 
 (horse-disease with) deposit of bony matter on 
 pastern-bones ; r. -cartilage, cricoid ; r.-dove, 
 wood-pigeon ; r. -fence, completely enclosing 
 estate Sec; r. -finger, third esp. of left hand ; r.- 
 
 goal, game in which light hoop is thrown to- 
 wards goal with sticks; r.-hunt, in which 
 beasts are driven inwards by r. of fire ; ring- 
 leader, (one of) chief instigator(s) in mutiny, 
 riot, &c; r.-lock, opened by right adjustment 
 of several grooved rr.; r.-man, bookmaker; r.- 
 master, manager of circus performance; r.- 
 ncck, r. -necked plover or duck ; r. -necked, with 
 band(s) of colour round neck ; r.-net, kind of 
 salmon net, also of lace ; r.-ouzel, kind of bird 
 allied to blackbird ; r. -snake, common European 
 grass-snake (from coiling) ; r. -stand, for keeping 
 finger-rr. on; r.-straked (bibl.), marked with 
 rr. of colour round body ; r.-tail, female of hen- 
 harrier, also golden eagle till its third year, 
 also r.-tailed opossum or phalanger; r.-tailed, 
 with tail ringed in alternate colours, also (of 
 phalanger) with tail curled at end; r.-taw, 
 game with marbles in r.; r.-wall, as r.-fence ; 
 ringworm, skin-disease esp. of children in cir- 
 cular patches ; hence HpingED 2 , prngLESS, 
 aa. (Vb): (of hawk &c.) rise in spirals; (of 
 hunted fox) take circular course ; encompass 
 (usu. round, about, in; often in p.p.), hem in 
 (game, cattle) by riding or beating in circle 
 round them ; put r. upon, put r. in nose of (pig, 
 bull), (r.-the-bull, game with r. to be thrown or 
 swung on to hook); =r.-bark above; cut 
 (onions, apples) into rr. [com.-Teut.; OE hring, 
 cf.^ON hringr, Du. & G ring] 
 
 ping 2 , v.i. & t. (rang, now rarely rung; rung), 
 & n. Give forth clear resonant sound (as) of 
 vibrating metal (bell, trumpet, coin, sound, 
 rings, often out, &c; with a ringing laugh ; a 
 shot rang out ; a ringing frost, in which ground 
 rings under foot ; r. true, false, of coin tested 
 by throwing on counter, & fig. of sentiments 
 &c), (of bell) r. to or for prayers, dinner, &c, 
 convey summons by ringing ; (of place) resound, 
 re-echo, (with sound, to sound or its cause, with 
 fame &c. or its theme, with talk of; often 
 again) ; (of utterance or other sound) r. in one's 
 ears, heart, &c, linger in one's hearing, haunt 
 the memory ; (of ears) be filled with sensation 
 as of bell-ringing (so has a ringing in the ears) 
 or with sound ; make (bell) r. (r. the bell, esp. as 
 summons to servant ; r. up bell, raise church 
 bell over beam & r. it there ; ringing engine, 
 pile-driver worked by ropes like peal of bells), 
 throw (coin) on counter to test it; r. bell as 
 summons (r. at door, to get admittance &c; 
 r. for servant, coffee, one's boots, &c; did you 
 r., sir?); sound (peal, knell, bob 4 -nwjor, the 
 change **j on bells (or with bell or bells as subj. ; 
 r. the knell of, announce or herald abolition &c. 
 of); announce (hour &c.) by sound of bell(s); 
 summon up &c. by ringing bell (r. up on tele- 
 phone, get or seek communication with ; r. off, 
 terminate telephone interview ; r. curtain up 
 or down in theatre, direct it by bell to be raised 
 or lowered) ; usher in, out, with bell-ringing. 
 (N.) set oj (church) bells ; ringing sound, ringing 
 tone in voice &c, resonance of coin or vessel ; 
 act of ringing bell, sound so produced, (three 
 rr. for the hall-porter ; give bell a r. ; heard 
 a lovd r. at the door). [OE hringan, cf. ON 
 hring n 'a, G ringen, perh. imit.] 
 
 pi'rigent (-j-), a. Gaping, grinning, (esp. hot. 
 of wide labiate corolla), [as rictus, -ent] 
 
 pi'ngep (-nger), n. Quoit that falls round 
 pin ; fox that runs in ring when hunted ; bell- 
 r.; device for ringing bell, [ring 1 ' 2 , -er x ] 
 
 pi'nglet (-ngl-), n. Small ring, fairy ring on 
 grass, ring-shaped mark &c, (rare); curly lock 
 of hair, curl, whence pi'ngletED 2 , rrng- 
 letv 2 , aa. [-let] 
 
 pink, n., & v.i. Stretch of ice used for game 
 of curling ; sheet of natural or artificial ice, 
 
RINSE 
 
 732 
 
 RISE 
 
 floor, for (rollcr-)skating. (Vb) skate on r. esp. 
 ■with roller-skates, whence ri'nkER l n. [earlier 
 sense jousting -ground; from 14th c.; prob. f. 
 OF renc rank 1 ] 
 
 rinse, v.t., & n. Wash out or out (vessel, 
 mouth) by filling with water &c., shaking, & 
 emptying ; pour-liquid over or wash lightly ; put 
 (clothes) through clean water to remove soap ; 
 clear (impurities) out or away by rinsing ; wash 
 (food) down with liquor; (n.) rinsing (give it a 
 r. ). [f. F rincer, OF raincer perh. = med. L re- 8- 
 (sincerare f. sincerus pure)] 
 
 ri'ot (-ot), n., & v.i. & t. Loose living, de- 
 bauchery ; loud revelry, a revel ; unrestrained 
 indulgence in or display or enjoyment of some- 
 thing (a r. of emotion, colour, sound)', (Hunt.) 
 following of any scent indiscriminately (runr., 
 orig. of hounds doing this, now usu. fig. of per- 
 son or his tongue or fancy throwing off all re- 
 straint); disorder, tumult, disturbance of the 
 peace, outbreak of lawlessness, on part of a 
 crowd (R. Act, by which persons not dispersing 
 after official reading of part of it incur guilt of 
 felony ; read the R. A., lit., & joe. of parent &c. 
 announcing that noise &c. is to cease) ; hence 
 orcogn. ri'otous a.,rrotousLY 2 adv.,ri'ot- 
 ousness, (rare) ri*otRY(2), nn. (Vb) live wan- 
 tonly, revel ; throw away (time, money), wear 
 out (life), in dissipation; make or engage in a 
 political r. orofFenceagainstthe It. Act, whence 
 pi*otER2(l) n. [f. OF riotc{r), cf. Pr. riota, It. 
 riotta, etym. dub.] 
 
 rip 1 , n. Worthless horse, screw; dissolute 
 person, rake. [perh. var. of rep 3 ] 
 
 rip 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Cut or tear (thing) quickly 
 or forcibly away from something (r. out the 
 lining ; r. the boards off) ; make long cut or 
 tear in (n., such cut &c), cut or tear vigorously 
 apart (of ten up ; had his belly ripped up); split 
 (wood, rock), saw (wood) with the grain (r.-saw, 
 used thus); strip (roof) of tiles or slates & laths ; 
 make (fissure, passage) by ripping; open up 
 (wound, quarrel, sorrow, the past) again ; come 
 violently asunder, split (intr.); rush along (of 
 ship, & transf.; so let her r., do not check speed 
 or interfere), (part., slang, cf. rattling) fine, 
 splendid, enjoyable, firstrate, (also as adv. with 
 good &c, as a ripping good time), whence ri'p- 
 ping , LY 2 adv. [cf. Fris. rippe] 
 
 rip 3 , n. Stretch of broken water in sea or 
 river ,_overf all. [perh. f. prec] 
 
 ripar'ian, a. & n. Of, on, river-bank (esp. 
 r. proprietor, rights); (n.) r. proprietor. [L ri- 
 parius {ripa bank, -ary ] ) + -an] 
 
 ripe, a., & v.t. & i. Ready to be reaped, ga- 
 thered, eaten, drunk, used, or dealt with, fully 
 developed, mellow, mature, prepared or able to 
 undergo something, in fit state for, (r. corn, 
 fruit, cheese, wine, seed ; r. lips, red & full like 
 r. fruit; r. beauty, of grown woman; r. scho- 
 lar, scholarship, judgment, experience, under- 
 standing ; die at a r. age, old ; persons of riper 
 years, not immature; opportunityr.tobeseiz d; 
 is r. to hear the truth ; mood or person, plan, 
 disease, r.for mischief, execution, treatment ; 
 soon r. soon rotten, pro v. depreciating preco- 
 city) ; hence ri'pEN 6 v.t. & i., ri'peLV 2 adv., 
 ri'peNESS n. (Vb, chiefly poet.) = ripen. [OE 
 ripe, cf. Du. rijp, G reif] 
 
 ripo'ste, n., & v.i. Quick return thrust in 
 fencing, (transf.) counterstroke, retort ; (vb) de- 
 liver r. [F, f. It. risposta response] 
 
 ri'pper, n. In vbl senses; esp.: tool for rip- 
 ping roof ; rip-saw ; (slang) ripping person or 
 thing. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 ri'pple 1 , n. , & v. t. Toothed implement used 
 to clear a wav seeds from flax ; (vb) treat with r. 
 [cf. Du. repel(en), G riffel{n)] 
 
 ri'pple 2 , n., & v.i. & t. Ruffling of water's 
 surface, small wave(s) ; wavy or crinkled ap- 
 pearance in hair, ribbons, &c. ; gentle lively 
 sound that rises & falls (esp. a r. of conversa- 
 tion); r.-mark, ridge, ridged surface, left on 
 sand or mud or rock by water or wind ; hence 
 ri'pplET 1 n., ri'pplY 2 a. ( Vb) form, flow in, 
 show, agitate or mark with, sound like, rr. [vb 
 found earlier than n. ; etym. dub. ; cf. rip 3 (found 
 later), -le(3)] 
 
 Ripuar'ian, a. Of the ancient Franks living 
 on Rhine between Meuse & Moselle (esp. R. law, 
 code observed by them), [f. lned.L Ripuarnis 
 (perh. irreg. f. L ripa bank) + -an] 
 
 Rip van Winkle, n. Person of utterly an- 
 tiquated ideas or information, [hero of tale by 
 W. Irving who slept 20 years] 
 
 rise 1 (-z), v.i. & t. {rose pr. -z, risen pr. -zn ; 
 p.p., see -ed J (2), often with is &c.). Get up from 
 lying or sitting or kneeling position, get out of 
 bed, (of meeting &c.) cease to sit for business, 
 recover standing or upright position, become 
 erect, leave ground, come to life again or usu. 
 again or from the dead, (r.from table, leave 
 meal ; all rose to receive him ; found he could 
 not, was too weak to, r.; r., Sir Thomas &c, 
 formula in knighting; r. betimes, at 5.0 a.m., 
 with the lark ; r. up early ; Parliament will r. 
 next week ; fell never to r, again ; the hair rose 
 on his head; horse rises on its hind-legs ; horse 
 rises to a fence, takes off for leap ; birds r. well 
 today); cease to be quiet, abandon submission, 
 make revolt, (if a ivind should r.; r. in arms, 
 rebellion, &c; r. against oppression, oppressor; 
 toivn rose on its garrison ; gorge, stomach, rises, 
 indignation or disgust is felt; viy whole soul 
 rises against it, finds it intolerable) ; come or 
 go up, grow upwards, ascend, mount, soar, pro- 
 ject or swell upwards, become higher, reach 
 higher position or level or amount, increase, in- 
 cline upwards, come to surface, become or be 
 visible above or above surroundings, develop 
 greater energy or intensity, be progressive, (sun, 
 star, morning, dawn, rises ; the risen sun ; ris- 
 ing cupboard, kitchen lift; the rising genera- 
 tion, the young; smoke rises straight up ; tree 
 rises 20ft, attains that height ; fabric rose like 
 a dream; blisters r., form ; bread will not r., 
 swell with yeast; balloonrises; shouldr. above 
 petty jealousies, be superior to ; picture, idea, 
 rises before the mind ; river, tide, flood, level, 
 rose 6ft, is rising; the mercury, barometer or 
 glass, is rising ; spirits r., become more cheer- 
 ful ; prices, demands, r.; the funds, sugar, r., 
 increase in value or price ; a rising lawyer ; a 
 man likely to r.; r. in the world, attain higher 
 social position ; r. to greatness ; rising ground, 
 sloping up ; in a rising series ; rises in a gentle 
 curve ; the interest rises with each act ; bubbles 
 r. ; fish 7'ises, comes to surface to feed ; drown- 
 ing man rises three times ; in the foreground 
 rtses a castle ; does not r. above mediocrity ; the 
 xvindis rising; hercolourrose,bec<nnebvighter 
 or deeper ; risings, Ik, getting on for that age); 
 develop powers equal to (does not r. to an oc- 
 casion ; rose to the emergency, requirements, 
 &c); have origin, begin to be, flow, from, in, 
 at, &c. (river rises from a spring, in the Gram- 
 pians, &c; earth & heaven rose at His word ; 
 the difficulty rises from misapprehension) ; 
 (rare, usu. poet.) arise (a feud, rumour, rose); 
 (causative in spec, senses) make or see r. (did 
 not r. a fish, a bird, all day; r. ship, see it ap- 
 pear from top downwards in approaching it), 
 [corn. -Tout.; OE risan (usu. arisan arise), cf. 
 Du. rijzen, G (of sun) reisen] 
 
 rise 2 , n. Coming up o/sun &c. (rare ; at r. of 
 sun, day ; cf. sunr. &c); ascent, upward slope, 
 
RISIBLE 733 
 
 knoll, hill, (came to a r. in the road ; chapel 
 stands on a r.); social advancement, upward 
 progress, increase in power, rank, value, price, 
 amount, height, pitch, wages, &c, {has had a r. 
 in life ; the r. & fall of statesmen ; the r. of the 
 tide is 30 ft ; asks for a r., higher wages ; prices 
 are on the r., increasing) ; movement of fish to 
 surface (not a sign ofar.; fig., get or take a r. 
 out of one, draw him into display of temper or 
 other foible) ; vertical height of step, arch, in- 
 cline, &c, (also pi'SER 1 f. prec) vertical piece 
 connecting two treads of staircase ; origin, start, 
 (has, takes, tts r. in, from ; give r. to, occasion, 
 suggest), [f. prec.J 
 
 pi'sible (-z-), a. Inclined to laugh, so pisi- 
 bixity n.; of laughter (r. nerves, faculties, Sec.); 
 (rare) laughable, ludicrous, [f. LL risibilis 
 (ridere ris- laugh, -ible)] 
 
 pi'singf, n. In vbl senses; esp. : r. (-again), 
 resurrection; insurrection, revolt, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 risk, n., & v.t. Hazard, chance of or o/bad 
 consequences, loss, &c, exposure to mischance, 
 (there is ther. of his catching cold ; runrr., ar., 
 the r., often of, expose oneself or be exposed to 
 loss &c; take rr. &c, expose oneself 60 ; at the 
 r. of his life ; at owner's &c. r., he to bear any 
 contingent loss) ; r. -money, allowance to cashier 
 to cover accidental deficits; hence pi'skFUL, 
 pi'skLESS, aa. (Vb) expose to chance of injury 
 or loss ; venture on, take the chances of, (r. the 
 jump, a battle, a sprained ankle), [f. F risque(r) 
 f. It. risco n., riscare v., etym. dub.] 
 
 pi'sky, a. Hazardous, full of risk ; (also, & 
 after, F risque) involving suggestion of inde- 
 cency, offending against propriety, (of story, 
 dramaticsituation, &c). Hence Pi # skiLY 2 adv., 
 pi'skiNESS n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 risque. See prec. 
 
 pi'ssole, n. Fried ball or cake or meat or fish 
 mixed with bread-crumbs &c. [F, perh. ult. f. 
 L russeolus reddish] 
 
 ritarda'ndo (re-), mus. direction. Slower. 
 [It.] 
 
 pite, n. (Form of procedure, action required 
 or usual, in) a religious or solemn ceremony or 
 observance (the rr. of hospitality ; the r. of con- 
 firmation', burial or funeral rr.; conjugal or 
 nuptial rr., sexual intercourse between hus- 
 band & wife ; the Latin, Anglican, &c, r., body 
 of usages characteristic of a Church). Hence 
 pi'teLESS a. [f. L ritus -us] 
 
 pi'tual, a. & n. Of, with, consisting in, in- 
 volving, religious rites ; hence pi'tualLY 2 adv. 
 (N.) prescribed order of performing religious 
 service ; book containing this ; performance of 
 r. acts, whence (w. implication of excess) pi # - 
 tualis.M(3), pi*tualiST(2), nn.,pituali*stica., 
 pitualrstiCALLY adv., pi*tualizE(2, 3) v.i. & 
 t. [f. L ritualis (prec, -al)] 
 
 ppvag-e (-ij), n. (poet). Coast, shore, bank. 
 [F (OF rive f. L ripa bank, -age)] 
 
 prval, n., attrib. a., & v.t. & i. (-11-). Person's 
 competitor for some prize (esp. a woman's or 
 man s love) or m some pursuit or quality (also 
 of things; without a r., unapproached for 
 excellence &c); hence pi*valRY(2, 4), pi'val- 
 ship, nn. (Adj.) that is a r. or are rr. (Vb) vie 
 with, be comparable to, seem or claim to be as 
 good &c. as ; (rare) be in rivalry, [f. L rivalis 
 (rivus stream, -al) orig. =on same stream] 
 
 pive, v.t. & i. (rived ; riven, rarely rived). 
 Rend, cleave, wrench away or off or from, 
 strike asunder, (archaic, poet.) ; (of artisan) 
 split (wood, stone), make (laths) by splitting, 
 whence pi'vep 1 [-er!(D] n.; be split, gape 
 under bio w &c. , (of wood &c. ) admit of splitting, 
 [f. ON rifa perh. cogn. w. G reiben rub] 
 
 pi*vel, v.i. & t. (-11- ; archaic). Wrinkle, 
 
 ROAN 
 
 crumple, shrivel. Iprob. back-formation f. 
 rivelled, OE rifelcde perh. f. *rifel a fold + -ED 2 ] 
 
 piven. See rive. 
 
 pi'vep 2 , n. (for river ^ see rive). Copious 
 stream of water flowing in channel to sea or 
 lake or marsh or another r. (the r. often pre- 
 fixed to name, as the r. Thames) ; the boundary 
 between life & death ; copious flow or stream 
 of (a r. of lava ; rr. of blood, much bloodshed) ; 
 (attrib., prefixed to many names of animals, 
 plants, & things) living in, of, situated or used 
 on, river(s); r.-BED 1 ^'); r.-god, mythological 
 being dwelling in & personifying a r.; r. -horse, 
 hippopotamus ; riverside, ground along r.'s 
 bank (often attrib., as a r.-s. villa). Hence 
 (-)pivePED 2 , pi'vePLESS, aa. [f. OF rivere f. 
 pop. L *riparia (L ripa bank, -ary *)] 
 
 pi'vepain, a. & n. Of river or its neighbour- 
 hood ; situated, dwelling, by river ; (n.) person 
 dwelling by river. [F (riviere as prec, -an)] 
 
 pi'vepine, a. Of, on, river or its bank?, 
 riparian, [-ine *] 
 
 Pi'vet, n., & v.t. Nail or bolt for holding to- 
 gether metal plates &c, its headless end being 
 beaten out after passing through two holes. 
 (Vb) clinch (bolt); join or fasten with rr. (to- 
 gether, doicn, to, into, on adv. or prep., &c); 
 fix, make immovable, (r. error &c); concen- 
 trate, direct intently, (eyes, attention, &c, 
 upon); engross (attention), engross attention 
 of ; hence pi'vetER J (l, 2) n. [vb f. n., OF (river 
 clinch, etym._dub.)] 
 
 pi'viepe (-iar, or as F), n. Gem necklace, esp. 
 of more than one string. [F, as river 2 ] 
 
 Pi'vulet, n. Small stream; kinds of moth, 
 [perh. f. It. rivoletto (L rivus stream, -ul, -et 1 )] 
 
 pi'x-dollap, n. (hist.). Silver coin & money 
 of account (4/6-2/3) of 16th-19th cc in some 
 continental States, [f. Du. rijcksdaler, cf. G 
 reichstaler, see (bishop)ric, dollar] 
 
 poach 1 (rotsh), n. Small freshwater fish 
 allied to carp (sound as a r., in firstrate health 
 &c). ff. OF roche etym. dub.] 
 
 roach 2 , n. (naut.). Upward curve in foot of 
 square sail. [?] 
 
 poad 1 , n. (Also roadstead) piece of water 
 near shore in which ships can ride at anchor ; 
 line of communication between places for use 
 of foot-passengers, riders, & vehicles (on the r., 
 travelling; take the r., set out; the r., the high- 
 way ; take to the r. archaic, become highway- 
 man; rule of the r., custom regulating side to 
 be taken by vehicles, riders, or ships, meeting 
 or passing each other) ; way of getting to (the 
 r. to York, ruin, success; royal r. to, way 
 of attaining without trouble) ; one's way or 
 route; r.-book, describing rr. of country &c, 
 itinerary ; r.-hog, bicyclist or motorist regard- 
 less of others'safety &c ; r.-metal, broken stone 
 for r. -making ; r.-side, border of r. (esp. attrib., 
 as r.-s. plants, inn) ; roadway, v., central part 
 of r. (opp. side-path), part of bridge or railway 
 used for traffic; roadworthy, fit to be used on 
 the r., (of person) fit to travel. Hence (-)poad- 
 ed 2 , Poa'dLESS, aa. [OE rdd (ridan ride)] 
 
 road 2 , v. t. (Of dog) follow up (game-bird, or 
 abs.) by foot-scent. [1] 
 
 poa'dstep, n. Ship at anchor in roadstead ; 
 horse, bicycle, &c, for use on the road; ex- 
 perienced traveller, [-ster] 
 
 roam, v.i. & t., & n. Ramble (v., & rarely n. 
 as a half-hour's r.), wander; walk or travel 
 unsystematically over or through or about 
 (country, seas, Sec). [?] 
 
 roan 1 , a. & n. (Of animal) with coat of 
 which the prevailing colour is thickly inter- 
 spersed with another, esp. bay or sorrel or 
 chestnut mixed with white or grey (often with 
 
ROAN 
 
 734 
 
 ROCKER 
 
 chief colour prefixed, as black, blue, red, -r.); 
 
 (n.) r. horse, cow. [OF, cf. Pr. rouant, It. & Sp. 
 roano, etym. dub.] 
 
 poan 2 , n. Soft sheepskin leather used in 
 bookbinding as substitute for morocco, [perh. 
 f. Rouen in France] 
 
 roar, v.i. & t., & n. (Utter, send forth) loud 
 deep hoarse sound (as) of lion, person or com- 
 pany in pain or rage or loud laughter, the sea, 
 thunder, cannon, furnace, &c. (the r. of the 
 xoaves ; rr. of laughter ; lions roaring after 
 their prey ; roared with pain or laughter or 
 for mercy; you need not r., talk so loud ; set 
 table in a r., make company laugh loud) ; (of 
 horse) make loud noise in breathing due to dis- 
 ease, whence roar'ER 1 , roar'iNG 1 , nn.; (of 
 place) be full of din, re-echo, (often again); say, 
 sing, utter, (words, chorus, oath, &c, often 
 out) in loud tone ; make deaf, hoarse, &c, put 
 down, by roaring; (part.) riotous, noisy, bois- 
 terous, brisk, (a roaring night, stormy, also 
 spent in revelry ; a roaring blade archaic, fast 
 liver ; the roaring game, curling ; roaring 
 forties, see forty ; in roaring health; drive a 
 roaring trade), [n. f. vb, OE rdrian, cf. LG 
 raven, G rehren, prob. imit.] 
 
 roast, v.t. & i. (p.p. in vb forms -ed, as adj. 
 roast), & n. Cook (esp. meat) by exposure to 
 open fire or (improp. for bake) in oven (prefers 
 r. beef, his meat roasted) ; heat or calcine (ore) 
 in furnace ; heat (coffee-beans) as preparation 
 for grinding ; expose (victim for torture, one- 
 selfov some part for warmth) to fire ; ridicule, 
 banter, chaff; undergo roasting; (part.) very 
 hot ; roasting-jack, appliance keeping meat in 
 motion while roasting. (N.) r. meat or a dish 
 of it (rule the r., be master) ; operation of roast- 
 ing, [n. partly f. OF rost, partly f. vb, f. OF 
 rostir f. Teut. (OHG rosten f. rost gridiron)] 
 
 roa'ster, n. In vbl senses; esp.: kind, of 
 oven for roasting; ore-roasting furnace; coffee- 
 roasting apparatus; pig, potato, &c, fit for 
 roasting, [-er 1 ] 
 
 rob, v.t. Despoil (person &c.) of or o/property 
 by violence, feloniously plunder (person, place, 
 often of), deprive of what is due, (r. peter) ; 
 (abs.) commit robbery. So ro*bber [-er 1 , 
 -er2(4)], ro-bbERY(2, 4), nn. [f. OF rob(b)ert 
 Teut. (REAVE)] 
 
 robe, n., & v.t. & i. Any long loose outer 
 garment (rare, poet., metaph.) ; (trade name of) 
 kind of lady's dress in one piece; outer garment 
 of baby in long-clothes; (often pi.) long outer 
 garment worn as indication of wearer's rank, 
 office, profession, &c, gown, vestment, (the 
 long r., legal or clerical dress ; gentlemen of the 
 r., lawyers) ; r.-de-chambre (F), dressing-gown, 
 wrapper. (Vb) invest (person) in r., dress ; as- 
 sume one's rr. or vestments. [OF, conn. w. 
 prec, orig. sense booty] 
 
 rd'bin, R-, n. (Also r.-redbreast) small red- 
 breasted bird; (with or without distinctive 
 epithet) kinds of Amer.; Colonial, & Indian 
 bird ; r.-, r.'s-, in plant names, as R.-run-the- 
 hedge ^ground-ivy, r.'s-eye herb-Robert; R. 
 Goodjellow, a sportive goblin ; R. Hood, (tvpe 
 of) medieval forest outlaw; round i-r. [OF, 
 fam. for Robert} 
 
 ro'borant, a. & n. (med.). Strengthening 
 (drug). [L roborare (robur -oris strength), -ant] 
 
 ro'burite (er-), n. A strong nameless ex- 
 plosive. [L robur (prec), -ite M2)] 
 
 robu'St, a. (-er, -est). Of strong health & 
 physique, not slender or delicate or weakly, (of 
 persons, animals, plants, body, health, &c); 
 (of exercise, discipline, &c.) tending to or re- 
 quiring strength, invigorating, vigorous; (of 
 intellect &c.) sensible, straightforward, not 
 
 given to nor confused by subtleties. Hence 
 robu'stLY 2 ad v. , robu'stNESS n. [f. L robu- 
 stus (robur strength)] 
 
 robu'stious, a. Boisterous, self-assertive, 
 noisy, [earlier in common use = prec; now 
 chiefly w. ref. to Hamlet in. ii. 10] 
 
 roc, n. Gigantic bird of Eastern tales, [f. 
 Arab. rokh\ 
 
 ro'cambole, n. Kind of leek, Spanish garlic. 
 [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 rd'ehet (-tsh-), n. Surplice-like vestment 
 used chiefly by bishops & abbots. [OF, f. Teut. 
 (G rock coat)] 
 
 rock 1 , n. Solid part of earth's crust under- 
 lying soil (dug down to the living r.; often bed- 
 r.; built, founded, on ther., lit., & fig. secure ; 
 R. of ages, Christ), mass of this projecting & 
 forming a hill, cliff, &c, or standing up into or 
 out of sea &c. from bottom (the R., Gibraltar ; 
 run upon the rr., see rr. ahead, &c. of lit. or 
 fig. shipwreck or danger of it ; r. of water &c, 
 ref. to Numb. xx. 11) ; stone as a substance (a 
 mass, needle of r.); large detached stone, 
 boulder; (Geol.) any particular igneous or 
 stratified mineral constituent of earth's crust 
 including sands, clays, &c; kinds of hard sweet- 
 meat (usu. almond &c r.) ; (also blue r.)=r.- 
 pigeon ; r.-bed, base of r., rocky bottom ; r.-bird, 
 esp. puffin ; r.-cake, bun with hard rough sur- 
 face ; r.-cork, variety of asbestos; r. -crystal, 
 transparent colourless silica or quartz usu. in 
 hexagonal prisms ; r.-dove, r.-pigeon ; r.-drill, 
 r. -boring tool or machine; r. English, mixed 
 language of Gibraltar ; r. fever, kind of enteric 
 prevalent at Gibraltar ; r.fish, kinds of goby, 
 bass, wrasse, &c; r.-goat, ibex; r.-hewn, cut 
 out of the r. ; r.-leather, as r.-cork; rockling 
 [-lixg 1 ], kinds of fish esp. sea-loach; r.-oil, 
 native naphtha; r. -paper, as r.-cork ; r.-pigeon, 
 kind of dove haunting rr. & supposed source of 
 domestic pigeon; r.-ribbed, (of earth, coast, 
 &c) with ribs of r.; r.-rose, kinds of cistus with 
 yellow, rose, or salmon flowers ; r.-salt, found 
 stratified in free state; r.-silk, as r.-cork; r.- 
 sucker, sea-lamprey ; r.-tar, petroleum ; r.- 
 whistler, Alpine marmot ; r.-wood, as r.-cork ; 
 r.-work or ro*ekERY(3) n., pile of rough stones 
 with soil in interstices for growing ferns &c 
 on, also natural group or display of rr. Hence 
 ro'ekLESs, ro'ekLiKE, aa., ro'ekLET n. [f. 
 OF roke, rocque, roche, etym. dub.] 
 
 rock 2 , n. (hist.). Distaff, [cf. Du. rok(ken), 
 G rockcn, It. rocca] 
 
 rock 3 , v.t. & i., & n. Move (t. & i.) gently to 
 & fro (as) in cradle, set or keep (cradle &c) or 
 (of cradle &c) be in such motion, (r. him to 
 sleep ; ship rocking on, rocked by, the waves ; 
 sat rocking himself or rocking in his chair ; 
 rocked in security, hopes, &c); (Gold-min.) work 
 (cradle), work cradle, shake in cradle ; sway 
 (t. & i.) from side to side, shake, oscillate, reel, 
 (earthquake rocks house, house rocks, a rocking 
 gait); ro'cking-chair, mounted on rockers, or 
 with seatarranged to r. ; ro'cking-horse, wooden 
 horse on rockers for child ; rocking-stone, poised 
 boulder easily rocked ; rocking-turn in skating, 
 from any edge to same in opposite direction 
 with body revolving away from convex of first 
 curve (counter-r.-t. or -rocker or counter, same 
 turn with body revolving away from concave); 
 r. -shaft, that oscillates about axis without mak- 
 ing complete revolutions; r.-stajf, part of ap- 
 paratus working smith's bellows ; (n.) rocking 
 motion, spell of rocking. [OE roccian ; cf. Du. 
 rukken, G vueken, tug] 
 
 ro'eker, n. In vbl senses; esp.: one of the 
 curved bars on which cradle &c rocks ; gold- 
 miner's cradle ; skate with highly curved blade ; 
 
ROCKET 
 
 735 
 
 ROLL. 
 
 (Skat. )r., co unter-r., = (counter-) rock Hng-tur n. 
 [rock 3 , -er 1 ] 
 
 PO'cket l , n. Kinds of plant of which some 
 are used as salad & some grown for flowers 
 (Garden, Roman, &c M r.; R. gentle; Base r., 
 wild mignonette; Blue r., kinds of wolfsbane 
 & larkspur, also bluebell)., [f. F roquette f. It. 
 ruchetta (ruca f. L eruca, -ette)] 
 
 PO'cket 2 , n., & v.t. & i. Cylindrical paper or 
 metal case that can be projected to height or 
 distance by ignition of contents, used in fire- 
 work displays, for signalling, to carry line to 
 ship in distress, &c. (Vb) bombard with rr.; 
 (of horse or its rider) bound upwards or dart 
 like r.; (of pheasant &c.) fly straight upwards, 
 fly fast & high, whence PO'eketER 1 n. [f. F 
 roquet or It. rocchetta (rocca rock 2 , -ette, w. 
 ref. to cylindrical shape)] 
 
 po'cky, a., & n. (pi.). Of rock, full of or a- 
 bounding in rocks, (the R. Mountains, or as n. 
 the Rr., western N.-Amer. range); like rock in 
 ruggedness, firmness, solidity, &c; (rare) un- 
 steady, tottering. Hence PO'ckiLY 2 adv., 
 po'ekiNESS n. [rock J> 3 , -y 2 ] 
 
 poeo'co, a. & n. (Of furniture, architecture, 
 &c.) with much conventional decoration, taste- 
 lessly florid, in the Louis-Quatorze or Louis- 
 Quinze style, (n., the r. style); antiquated, out 
 of date. [F, perh. f. rocaille pehble-work] 
 
 pod, n. Slender straight round stick growing 
 as shoot on tree or cut from it or made from 
 wood, switch, wand, (somet. as symbol of office 
 &c, see esp. black l r.; aaron's-rod ; divining, 
 dowsing, -r., see dowse); such stick, or bundle 
 of twigs, for use in caning or flogging (the r., 
 use of this ; spare the r. & spoil the child ; make 
 &c. a r. for one's own back, prepare trouble for 
 oneself; kiss the r., take punishment meekly 
 or gladly ; have a r. in pickle for, be ready to 
 punish when time comes); = fish Hng-r. ; (also 
 rodman & po'dSTER n.) angler ; (as measure) = 
 perch 2 ; slender metal bar, connecting bar, 
 shaft, (curtain, piston, &c, -r.); (Physiol.) r.- 
 shaped structure. Hence PO'dLESS, PO'dLiKE, 
 aa., po'dLET n. [OE rodd, cf. ON rudda clubj 
 
 pode. See ride. 
 
 po'dent, a. & n. (Animal) of the order Ro- 
 dentia with strong incisor & no canine teeth, 
 whence Pode'ntiALa.; gnawing (esp. in Path, 
 of ulcers), [f. L rodere ros- gnaw] 
 
 podomonta'de, n., a., & v.i. Boastful, brag- 
 ging, (saying or talk). (Vb)brag, talk big; hence 
 rodomonta'dER 1 n. [vb & adj. f. n., F (Ro- 
 domont f. It. Rodomonte character in Orlando 
 Ftirioso, -ade] 
 
 poe 1 (ro), n. (collect, sing, somet. for pi.). 
 Small kind of European & Asiatic deer ; roe- 
 buck, male r. ; r.-deer, r. [com.-Teut. ; OE rdha, 
 cf. Du. ree, G reh] 
 
 roe 2 (ro), n. Mass of eggs (also hard r.) in 
 fish's ovarian membrane (r.-corn, one egg) ; soft 
 v., male fish's milt ; r.-stone, oolite. Hence 
 (-)poed 2 a. [cf. MDu., MLG, MHG, roge] 
 
 POg"a*tion,n. (PI.) litany of the saints chant- 
 ed on the three days before Ascension Hay 
 [r. days, these; r. week, Sunday, including, 
 preceding, them; r. flower, milkwort), whence 
 POga'tionAL a.; (Rom. Ant.) law proposed be- 
 fore the people by consul or tribune (Licinian 
 &c. rr., proposed by Licinius &c). [f. L rogatio 
 (rogare ask, -atiox)] 
 
 Ro'gev (-J-), male name (the jolly R., pirates' 
 black flag ; R. or Sir R. de Coverley, a country- 
 dance & tune). 
 
 pogue (-g), n., & v.t. Idle vagrant (archaic) ; 
 knave, rascal, swindler, (often playfully of mis- 
 chievous child or waggish or arch-mannered 
 person) ; inferior plant among seedlings(vb, weed 
 
 out rr. from) ; (also r.-elephant, -buffalo, &c.) 
 wild beast, esp. elephant, driven or living apart 
 from the herd & of savage temper; shirking 
 racehorse or hunter. Hence PO'gUERY(4) n., 
 po'guiSH 1 a., PO'guishLY 2 adv., po'guish- 
 ness n. [16th-c. cant wd, etym. dub.] 
 
 roi'nek, n. (S.-Afr.-Du. opprobrious name, 
 lit. red- neck, for) British soldier. 
 
 poi'step, v.i. Revel noisily, be uproarious, 
 (esp. in part, as adj.). Hence POi'stePER 1 , 
 poi'stepiNG l , nn. [f. obs. roister roisterer f. F 
 rustre var. of ruste f. L rusticws] 
 
 Ro'land, name of nephew of Charlemagne 
 celebrated in legend often with his comrade 
 Oliver (a R.for an Oliver, effective retort). 
 
 role, n. Actor's part ; one's task or function, 
 what one is appointed or expected or has un- 
 dertaken to do. [F (foil.)] 
 
 poll J , n. Cylinder formed by turning flexible 
 fabric such as paper or cloth over & over upon 
 itself without folding (rr. of carpet, printing- 
 paper, &c; swiss r.), (in Ionic capital) volute; 
 document, esp. official record, in this form 
 (Master of the Rr., judge of Court of Appeal 
 with charge of certain public records ; the Rr., 
 buildings in which these were formerly kept 
 now superseded by Public Record Office, also 
 court of Master of the Rr. ), register or catalogue 
 (in the r. of saints : a long r. of heroes ; on the 
 rr. of fame ; rent 3 -?'.) esp. official list of quali- 
 fied solicitors (strike off therr., debar from prac- 
 tising for dishonesty &c.) or list of persons esp. 
 soldiers or schoolboys used to detect absentees 
 (r.-call, calling over of this); more or less (semi)- 
 cylindrical straight or curved mass of anything 
 however formed (a r. of butter, soap, straw, 
 tobacco, hair ; has rr. of fat on him ; r. of bread 
 or usu. r., small loaf esp. for breakfast use), 
 (Arch., also r.-moulding) moulding of convex 
 section ; turned-back edge of something, e.g. 
 coat-collar; (Book-bind.) revolving patterned 
 tool for marking cover ; cylinder or roller, [f, 
 OF rolle (now role) f. L rotulus collat. form of 
 rotula (foil.)] 
 
 poll 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Move (t, & i.) or send or 
 go in some direction by turning over & over 
 on axis often with aid of gravitation (r. barrel ; 
 ban^el started rolling ; ball, coin, rolled under 
 the table, into a hole ; river rolls down stones ; 
 rolling stone gathers no moss ; planets r. on 
 their courses ; years r. on or by, go smoothly ; 
 r. one over, send him rolling or sprawling), 
 make revolve between two surfaces (rolling a 
 marble between his palms), wrap usu. up in by 
 rolling motion (rolled himself up in the blan- 
 kets); (t. & i. of eyes) change direction (of) with 
 rotatory motion (his eyes r. strangely ; rolled 
 his eyes on us); wallow, turn about in fluid or 
 loose medium, (of horse &c.) lie on back & kick 
 about, (porpoise, swimmer, rolls in the water ; 
 rolling in money, luxury, ease ; mule tried to r., 
 as way of getting rid of rider or load) ; sway or 
 rock (t. &i.),w r alk with swaying gaitas of sailor, 
 reel, (rolled himself from side to side; ship rolls 
 & pitches ; he rolled up to her); undulate, show 
 undulating surface or motion, go or propel or 
 carry with such motion, (sea, river, rolls ; river 
 rolls its waters to sea ; waves r. in ; smoke rolls 
 up ; chimney rolls up smoke ; the mist rolled 
 away; a rolling expanse or plain); (t. & i. of 
 sound) utter or be uttered, sound, with vibra- 
 tory orundulating or trilling effect (r. outverses, 
 song, &c. ; thunder, drum, organ, voice, echo, 
 rolls ; r. one's vs); (of w r heeled vehicle) advance 
 or convey usu. along, by. Sec, (of person) be so 
 conveyed, (carriage rolled along, rolled them, 
 by ; he rolled past in his carriage ; rolling-stock, 
 railway company's wagons & trucks) ; flatten 
 
ROLLER 
 
 736 
 
 ROMANTIC 
 
 by passing roller over or by passing between 
 rollers (r. lawn, metal, paste for pies, &c.; roll- 
 ing-pin, roller for paste ; rolling-press, copper- 
 plate-printer's press with revolving cylinder, 
 also press with rollers for various purposes); 
 turn (t. & i.) over & over upon itself into more 
 or less cylindrical shape (usu. up ; the way to r. 
 a great-coat; hedgehog rolls itself into a ball 
 or rolls up) ; form (t. & i.) in(to) cylindrical or 
 spherical shape, or accumulate into mass, by 
 rolling (r. cigarettes, a huge snowball, snow or 
 string into ball ; the reckoning is rolling up, in- 
 creasing in amount; saint & philosopher rolled 
 into one); r. -top desk, with flexible cover sliding 
 in curved grooves ; hence PO'llABLEa. (N.) roll- 
 ing motion (the r. of the sea, ship); spell of 
 rolling (a r. on the grass) ; rolling gait ; quick 
 continuous beating of drum ; long peal of thun- 
 der or shout ; rhythmic flow of words, [f. OF 
 roller = It. rotolare (Lrotula dim. of rota wheel)] 
 
 po'llep, n. In vbl senses; esp.: cylinder or 
 rod of wood, stone, metal, &c, & of various 
 sizes & proportions used alone or usu. as rotat- 
 ing part of machine for lessening friction, 
 smoothing ground, pressing, stamping, crush- 
 ing, spreading printer's ink, rolling up cloth 
 &c. on, & other purposes; (usu. r.-bandage) 
 long surgical bandage rolled up for convenience 
 of applying; kind of tumbler- pigeon ; long 
 swelling wave; brilliant-plumaged bird allied 
 to crows [G, f. rollen to roll]; ?vskate 2 , -skat- 
 ing ; r. -towel, endless, working on r. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 pd'lliek, v.i., & n. Be jovial, indulge in high 
 spirits, enjoy life boisterously, revel, (esp. in 
 part, as adj.). (N.) exuberant gaiety; frolic, 
 spree, escapade. [?] 
 
 po'ly-po'ly, n. & a. (Also r. pudding) pud- 
 ding made of sheet of paste covered with jam 
 &c, formed into roll, & boiled ; (adj., usu. of 
 child) podgy, plump, [prob. formed on roll 2 ] 
 
 Rom, n. (pi. Roma). Male gipsy, (pi.) gipsies. 
 [Romany wd] 
 
 Romaic, a. & n. (Of, in, &c.) the vernacular 
 language of modern Greece, [f. Gk Romaikos 
 Roman (used esp. of Eastern empire)] 
 
 Roma'ika, n. National dance of modern 
 Greece, [mod. Gk (-ke), orig. fern. adj. (prec.)] 
 
 Ro'man i, n. Citizen, soldier, native, or in- 
 habitant, of ancient Rome, member of ancient- 
 R. State, (King, Emperor, of the Rr., sovereign 
 head of Holy R. Empire) ; inhabitant of medie- 
 val or modern Rome ; (pi.) Christians of ancient 
 Rome (Rr., or in full Epistle to the Rr., N.-T. 
 book, abbr. Rom.) ; (Print.) ROMAN 2 type (abbr. 
 in press-correcting, rom.); =roman catholic. 
 [f. L Romanus (rome, -an)] 
 
 Ro'man 2 , a. Of ancient Rome or its territory, 
 people, or (rarely; usu. Latin) language (R. 
 Empire, that established by Augustus 27 B. c. 
 & divided by Theodosius a. d. 395 into western 
 or Latin & eastern or Greek empires, of which 
 the eastern lasted till 1153, & the western, after 
 lapsing in 476, was revived 800 by Charlemagne 
 & continued to exist as the Holy Roman Em- 
 pire till 1806; R. laio, code developed by ancient 
 Rr. & forming basis of many modern codes ; R. 
 pottery, bricks, road, &c. , surviving from period 
 of R. rule ; R. cement, trade name fora hydraulic 
 cementnamedafterancient-R.kind;i?.&aZance, 
 beam, or steelyard, ordinary steelyard ; R. sim- 
 plicity, honesty, virtue, patriotism, &c, as of 
 Rr. of early Republic; R. nose, with high 
 bridge, aquiline, whence, of person or horse, 
 Roman-nosED 2 a. ; R. letters or type, of the 
 plain upright type used in ordinary print, opp. 
 Gothic or black letter & italic ; R. alphabet, 
 that used by Rr. & still with slight modifications 
 in W. Europe ; R. numerals, the letters I, V, 
 
 &c. used in composing number-symbols, see 
 below* for mod. use, & cf. Arabic ; R. architec- 
 ture, composite, & see order 1 ; R. history, 
 historian, &c, of ancient Rome) ; of papal 
 Rome, esp. = roman catholic, whence Ro'- 
 maniSH 1 ^) a., Ro'manizER 1 n.; of medieval 
 or modern Rome (R. school, painting school of 
 Raphael ; R. fever, malaria prevalent at Rome ; 
 R. snail ; R. vitriol, sulphate of copper ; R. 
 candle). Hence Ro*maniSM(3, i), Ro'man- 
 ist(2, 3), nn., Romani'stic a., Ro*manizE(2, 
 3, 4) v.t. & i., RomanizATiON n., Roma'no- 
 comb. form. *Mod. use of R. numerals, differ- 
 ing in some respects from the ancient: The 
 only symbols now used are 1 = 1, V = 5, X = 10, 
 L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, M = 1000; the letters com- 
 posing a number are ranged in order of value, 
 & the number meant is found by addition, e.g. 
 MDCLXVI = 1666 ; if a letter or set of letters is 
 placed before a letter of higher value, it is to be 
 subtracted from it before the addition is done, 
 e.g. IIC=98, MCM = 1900; IIII is usu. preferred 
 to IV on clock-faces, [as prec] 
 
 Roman Catholic, a. & n. (Member) of the 
 Church of Rome. Hence Roman-Catho'l- 
 icallv, Roman-Ca*tholicLY 2 , advv., Ro- 
 man-Catho*lieiSM(3) n. [f. c. 1600, perh. 
 orig. as non-controversial compromise between 
 Roman(ist), Romish, &c. & Catholic] 
 
 poma'nce, n. & a., & v.i. 1 (R-): Vernacular 
 language of old France mainly developed but 
 distinguished from Latin, corresponding lan- 
 guage of Spain, Provence, &c, (collect.) the 
 languages descended from Latin (adj., of lan- 
 guages, thus descended). 2 (?*-) : Medieval tale 
 usu. in verse of some hero of chivalry (named 
 as written in R.) ; prose or rarely verse tale 
 with scene & incidents remote from every -day 
 life, class of literature consisting of such tales ; 
 set of facts, episode, love affair, &c, suggesting 
 such tales by its strangeness or moving nature ; 
 atmosphere characterizing such tales, mental 
 tendency to be influenced by it, sympathetic 
 imaginativeness, whence Poma'neeLESS a.; 
 (an) exaggeration, (a) picturesque falsehood, 
 (vb., exaggerate, draw the long-bow); (Mus.) 
 short piece of simple character, [f. OF romanz 
 f. pop. L *romanice (opp. Latine in Latin) adv. 
 
 f. ROMANICttS] 
 
 roma'ncer, n. Medieval or other writer of 
 romances ; fantastic liar. [f. romance vb (prec.) 
 partly in obs. sense] 
 
 R6'manes,n. Gipsy language. [Gipsy (adv.)] 
 
 Romanesque (-k), a. &n. = romance 1 (a. 
 & n.); (Arch.) (in) style of building prevalent 
 in Romanized Europe between the classical & 
 Gothic periods, [-.esque] 
 
 Roma'nic, a. & n. Descended from Latin, 
 Romance (a. & n.); descended from, inheriting 
 civilization &c. of, the Romans, Romance- 
 speaking, [t L Romanicus (roman 1 , -ic)] 
 
 Roma'nity, n. (rare). Civilization & influ- 
 ence of Roman empire, [roman 2 , -ity] 
 
 Roma'nsh, Rou-, Ru-, n. & a. (In) the 
 rhaeto-romanic tongue of N.-W. part of E. 
 Switzerland; = Rhaeto- Romanic, [as romance] 
 
 poma'ntic, a. & n. Characterized by or 
 suggestive of or given to romance, imaginative, 
 remote from experience, visionary, (a r. story, 
 scene, adventure, girl) ; (of music) subordinat- 
 ing form to theme, imaginative, passionate; 
 (of projects &c.) fantastic, unpractical, quixotic, 
 dreamy; (of literary or artistic method &c.) 
 preferring grandeur or picturesqueness or pas- 
 sion or irregular beauty to finish & proportion, 
 subordinating whole to parts or form to matter, 
 (opp. classic, classical), whence poma'nti- 
 1 cist(2) n.; hence poma'ntiCALLY adv., po- 
 
ROMANY 
 
 737 
 
 ROOT 
 
 ma*ntieiSM(2, 3) n., poma'ntieiZE(2, 3) v.i. 
 
 & t. (N.) : (pi.) r. ideas or talk ; romanticist, [f. 
 F romantique (romant tale, now roman, var. 
 of romanz romance, -ic)] 
 Ro'many, n. & a. Gipsy (n. & a.) ; (pi., also 
 collect, sing.) the gipsies, (pi.) gipsies; the gipsy- 
 language, [f. Gipsy Romani fern. & pi. of 
 Romano adj. (ROM)] 
 
 pomau'nt, n. (archaic). A romance or tale 
 of chivalry &c. [f. OF romant see romantic] 
 Rome, n. City or ancient State of R. (R. was 
 not built in a day, encouragement to faint- 
 hearted)* Roman empire; Church of R, 
 whence Ro'mewARDft. & adv., Ro'me wards 
 adv., Ro'miSHi a. (contempt.). [OF, f. L 
 Roma] 
 
 pomp, v.i., & n. (Of children &c.) play about 
 together, chase each other, wrestle, &c. ; (Racing 
 slang) get along, past, &c, without effort, 
 come in or home as easy winner. (N.) child or 
 woman fond of romping, tom-boy ; spell of 
 romping, boisterous play, (often game of rr.); 
 hence ro'mpr 2 a. [perh. n. f. vb.var. of ramp 2 ] 
 ro'ndeau (-do), n. Ten-line or thirteen-line 
 poem with only two rhymes throughout & 
 opening words used twice as refrain. [F, ear- 
 lier rondel] 
 
 po'ndel, n. (Special form of) rondeau. [F, 
 rond round 1 , -le(2)] 
 
 ro'ndo, n. Piece of music with leading theme 
 to which return is made. [It., f. F rondeau] 
 PO*ndure,n. (poet.). Round outline or object 
 [f. F rondeur (round 1 , -or 2 )] 
 Rontgen pays. See ray *. 
 pood, n. The cross of Christ (archaic ; often 
 in oaths, as by the R.); crucifix, esp. one raised 
 on middle of r. -screen, wooden or stone carved 
 screen separating nave & choir) r.-arch, be- 
 tween nave & choir; r.-beam, cross-beam, usu. 
 as head of r. -screen, supporting r.; r.-cloth, 
 veiling r. in Lent; r.-loft, gallery on top of r.- 
 screen) ; quarter of an acre (esp. as loose term for 
 small piece of land ; not a r. remained to him). 
 [OErod cross, cf. OFris. rdde, cogn. w. rod] 
 Poof, n., & v.t. Upper covering of house oi 
 building usu. supported by its walls (under 
 one's roof, in one's house, esp. w. ref. to hospi- 
 tality; also fig., as the r. of heaven; r. of the 
 world, high mountain range ; r. of the mouth, 
 palate ; under a r. of foliage), top of covered 
 vehicle esp. when used for outside passengers ; 
 r.-tree, ridge-pole of r. ; hence POO*fAGE(l) n., 
 (-)POOfED 2 , poo'fLESS, aa. (Vb) cover with 
 r., be r. of, (often in, over) ; hence POO'ftNGr 1 ^) 
 n. JOE hrof cf. OFris. rhoof MDu. roof] 
 rook \ n., & v.t. Black hoarse-voiced bird of 
 crow tribe nesting in colonies ; sharper, esp. at 
 dice or cards, person who lives on inexperienced 
 gamblers &c, (cf. pigeon); r.-pie, of young rr. ; 
 r.-rifle, of small bore for r. -shooting; hence 
 poo'kLET, Poo'kLiNG \ nn., pdb'kv 2 a. ( Vb) 
 win money from at cards &c. esp. by swindling ; 
 charge (customer) extortionately. [OE hroc, 
 cf. Du. roek, G ruch ; prob. imit.] 
 pdbk 2, n. (chess). = castle 2 . [f . OF roc ult. 
 f. Pers. rukh] 
 
 poo'kepy, n. (Clump of trees with) colony of 
 rooks; colony of penguins &c. or seals; crowded 
 cluster of mean houses or tenements, [-ery] 
 room, n. Space occupied or that might be 
 occupied by something, capaciousness orability 
 to accommodate contents, {takes up too muchr. ; 
 there is plenty of r. ; no r. to turn in, to swing 
 a cat 1 ; would rather have his r. than his com 
 pany, wish him away ; ice have no r. here for 
 tdlers ; make r., vacate standing-ground &c. or 
 post &c. for or for another, withdraw, retire, 
 iUso clear a space/or person or thing by removal 
 
 F.D. 
 
 of others ; R. for archaic, ellipt, command to 
 make way for some one ; in one's r„ in the r of 
 instead of, in succession to, as substitute for) 
 whence poo'mv 2 a., Poo'miNESS n., poo'mi- 
 lv 2 adv.; opportunity, scope, to do or for (r to 
 deny ourselves ; no r. for dispute ; leave r for 
 evasion); part of house enclosed by walls or par- 
 titions, floor, & ceiling, (pi.) set of these occupied 
 by person or family, apartments or lodgings 
 (transf.) the company in a r. (setther. inaroar) 
 whence Poo*mFUL<2) n., -PoomED 2 a. [com.- 
 Teut, ; OE rum, cf. G raum, Sw. & Da. rum] 
 
 poost \ n., & v.i. & t. Bird's perching or rest- 
 ing place, esp. hen-house or part of it in which 
 fowls sleep, (transf.) sleeping-accommodation, 
 bed(room), (go to r., retire for the night ; at r., 
 perched, in bed; curses come home to r., recoil 
 upon curser). (Vb) : (of birds or persons) settle 
 for sleep, be perched or lodged for the night ; 
 p f°^ e with sl eeping-place. [vb f. n., OE hrost, 
 cf. MDu. roest] 
 
 poost 2 , n. Tidal race about Orkneys & Shet- 
 lands. [f. ON rost] 
 
 pocstep, n. Domestic cock (esp. U.S.). [er 1 ] 
 
 root l , n. Part of plant normally below earth's 
 surface & serving to attach it to earth & convey 
 nourishment from soil to it, (pi.) such part di- 
 vided into branches or fibres, corresponding 
 organ of epiphyte, part attaching ivy to its 
 support (also poo'tLET n.), permanent under- 
 ground stock of plant, small plant with r. for 
 transplanting, (plant, such as turnip or carrot, 
 with) edible r., (pull up by the rr., uproot lit. & 
 fig.; take, strike, r., begin to draw nourishment 
 from soil, fig. get established ; lay axe to r. of 
 tree or institution, set about destroying it ; r. & 
 branch »); (bibl.) scion, offshoot, (there shall be 
 a r. of Jesse) ; imbedded part of some bodily 
 organ or structure, part of thing attaching it 
 to greater or more fundamental whole, (r. of 
 tongue, tooth, nail, &c. ; r. of a gem, esp. of 
 emerald, cloudy part by which it adhered to 
 stone ; rr. of mountain, its base) ; source or 
 origin (of; love of money is the r. of all evil ; a 
 r. of bitterness; r. fallacy, idea, &c., the one 
 from which the rest originated); basis, depen- 
 dence, means of continuance or growth, (has its 
 r. or rr. in selfishness ; has no r. in the nature 
 of things) ; bottom, essential substance or na- 
 ture, (get at the rr. of thirigs ; has the r. of the 
 matter in him, is essentially sound, w. ref. to 
 Job xix. 28); (Math.) r. of, number or quantity 
 that when multiplied by itself a usu. specified 
 number of times gives (specified number &c; 
 square or second r. of U, or ellipt. r. of U or r. It, 
 symbol V i, is 2; Vs is irrational ; cube or third 
 r. of 27, symbol ^21, is 3); (Philol.) ultimate un- 
 analysable element of language, basis (whether 
 itself existing as a word or not) on which words 
 are made by addition of prefixes or suffixes or by 
 other modification, (symbol V, as sopor is from 
 Vswep); (Mus.) fundamental note of chord; 
 r.-stock,= rhizome, also primary form whence 
 offshoots have arisen. Hence Poo*tAGE(l,3) n., 
 poo'tLESs, poo'tv 2 , aa. [OE f. ON rot ; cogn. w. 
 L radix, & w. wort] 
 
 poot 2 , v.t. & i. (Cause to) take r., fix firmly 
 to the spot, establish, (some kinds r. freely ; take 
 care to r. them firmly ; fear rooted him to the 
 ground ; esp. in p.p., as her affection was deeply 
 rooted, rooted objections to, obedience rooted in 
 fear, whence Poo'tedLY 2 adv., POO'tedNESS 
 n. ) ; drag or dig up by the rr. ; r. out, exterminate ; 
 uproot, tear away, from (poet.), [f. prec] 
 roots, pout (rowt), v.i. & t, (Of swine &c.) 
 turn up ground with snout, beak, &c, in search 
 of food ; turn up (ground) thus ; (transf.) search 
 
 24 
 
ROOTERY 
 
 738 
 
 ROSEO- 
 
 out, hunt up, rummage (among, in), [earlier 
 wroot, f. OE wrotan (rot root 1 )] 
 
 poo'tepy, n. Pile of roots & stumps for grow- 
 ing garden plants on (cf. rock } ery). [-erv] 
 
 poo'tle, v.i. & t. =ROOT 3 . [-LE(3)] 
 
 pope, n., & v.t. & i. (Piece of) stout cordage 
 (prop, over lin. in circumf., cf. cable 1 , cord) 
 made by twisting strands of hemp, flax, hide, 
 or wire, into one (the r., halter for hanging per- 
 son, also = tight-?*.; on the high rr.; the rr., 
 those enclosing prize-ring or other arena; know, 
 learn, put one up to, the rr., the conditions in 
 some sphere of action ; give one r., r. enough to 
 hang himself, plenty of r., &c, not check him, 
 trust to his bringing about his own discom- 
 fiture ; r. of sand, delusive security ; r. of onions, 
 ova, pearls, these strung together ; on the r. of 
 mountaineers, roped together); viscid or gela- 
 tinous stringy formation in beer or other liquid ; 
 r. -dancer, -cing, performer, -rning, on tight-r.; 
 r. -drill, in which a r. stretched by two men re- 
 presents company &c; r.-ladder, two long rr. 
 connected by short cross-rr. as ladder ; rope- 
 manship, skill in r. -walking or r.-climbing ; r.- 
 moulding, cutspirally in imitation of r. -strands; 
 r.-quoit, ring of r. used in quoits played on 
 board ship ; r.'s-end, short piece of r. used to 
 flog (esp. sailor) with ; r.-walk, long piece of 
 ground used for twisting r.; r.-walker, -king,= 
 r. -dancer, -cing ; r.-yard, r. -making establish- 
 ment; r.-yam, (piece of the) material (esp. when 
 unpicked)of which r.-strandsconsist,mere trifle; 
 hence po'ping 1 ^) n., po*py 2 a., PO'piNESS n. 
 (Vb) fasten or secure with r.; (Mountaineering) 
 connect (party) with reattach (person) to r., put 
 on r.; use rr. in towing &c; enclose, close in, 
 (space) with r. ; r. in, secure adherence of, decoy ; 
 (Racing) check (horse), check horse, (of athlete) 
 not put forth full powers, in order to lose race; 
 become ropy or viscid. [com.-Teut. ; OE rap, cf. 
 Du. reep, G reif, Icel. & Norw. reip] 
 
 Roquefort (ro'kforr), n. Kind of French 
 cheese of goats'&evves'milk resembling Stilton. 
 [R. in France] 
 
 pd'quelaupe (-ke-), n. (hist). Man's cloak 
 reaching to knees (18th c). [F (Duke of R. )] 
 
 pd'quet (-ke), v.t. & i. (-eting, -eted, pr. -iing, 
 -id), & n. Cause one's ball to strike, (of ball) 
 strike, another ball at croquet; strike another 
 ball thus ; (n.) act or fact of roqueting, [arbi- 
 trary f. croquet 2 & orig. in same sense] 
 
 POP'qual, n. Whale! with dorsal fin, fin-back. 
 [F, f. Norw. royrkval (raud red, kval whale)] 
 
 POP'ty, paugirty,a. (slang). Enjoyable (had 
 a r. time); fond of amusement & excitement. [?] 
 
 po'sace (-zas), n. Rose- window ; rose-shaped 
 ornament or design. [F (rose)] 
 
 posa'ceous (-z-), a. Of the order Rosaceae, 
 of which the rose is the type. So posa'cean 
 n. [f. L rosaceus (rose, -aceous)] 
 
 posa'niline (-z-), n. (Kinds of red dye ob- 
 tained from) an organic base derived from ani- 
 line. _[rose, aniline] 
 
 posap'ian, n. Rose-fancier; (R.-C. Ch.) mem- 
 ber of a Confraternity of the Rosary, [f. L ro- 
 sarium ROSARY, -AN] 
 
 rosarium, n. Rose-garden. [L(foll.)l 
 
 PO'sapy (-z-), n. Rose-garden, rose-bed ; (R.-C. 
 Ch.) form of prayer in which fifteen decades of 
 Aves are repeated, each decade preceded by Pa- 
 ternoster & followed by Gloria, book containing 
 this, string of 165 beads for keeping count in 
 this (lesser r., of 55). [f. L rosarium (rose, 
 -arium) ; R.-C. sense f. LL sense chaplet] 
 
 Ro*seian(-shi-),a. Like or worthy of Roscius, 
 famous Roman actor of 1st c. B.C. [-an] 
 
 pose 1 (-z), n., a., & v.t. (Prickly bush or shrub 
 bearing) a beautiful & usu. fragrant flower usu. 
 
 of red oryellow or white colour (blush 2 , brier 1 ,. 
 
 CABBAGE, DAMASK, MOSS 1 , MUSK, TEA, &C, r.% 
 
 also in names of other flowering plants, as 
 banksia r., Christmas r., R. of Jericho, the 
 Resurrection plant with dried fronds unfolding 
 under moisture, R. of Sharon, unidentified 
 eastern flower, R. of May, white narcissus ; 
 attar, otto, of rr. ; red as a r.; gather rr. or 
 life's rr., seek pleasure; path strewn with rr., 
 life of delights ; bed of rr., pleasant easy post or 
 condition, esp. in is no b. ofrr. ; so is not all »•»*. ; 
 r. without a thorn, impossible happiness, un- 
 alloyed delight; the white r. of virginity, inno- 
 cence, &c; the r. of with place-name, most 
 beautiful girl or woman in ; Wars of the Rr., 
 15th-c. civil wars between Yorkists with white 
 & Lancastrians with red r. as emblem ; under 
 ther., = s\JBrosa), whence po*sery(3) n.; repre- 
 sentation of the flower in heraldry or decora- 
 tion (esp. as national emblem of England, cf. 
 thistle, shamrock, leek; Golden r., orna- 
 ment blessed by Pope on 4th Sunday in Lent & 
 sent as compliment to some R.-C. sovereign, 
 city, &c), r.-shaped design; rosette worn on 
 shoe or clerical hat ; protuberance round base 
 of animal's horn or some birds' eye ; sprink- 
 ling-nozzle of watering-pot or hose, whence 
 (-)POSED 2 a.; = r.-diamond ; — r.-window; light 
 crimson colour, pink, (usu. pi.) rosy complexion 
 (has quite lost her, spoiled her natural, rr.); 
 ther., erysipelas; r.-apple, tropical tree culti- 
 vated for foliage & fruit, its fruit ; r.-bay, ole- 
 ander, rhododendron, azalea, willow-herb; rose- 
 bud, bud of r. (often attrib., as r.-b. mouth), 
 pretty girl, (U.S.) debutante ; r.-bush, r. plant ; 
 r. -chafer, green or copper-coloured beetle fre- 
 quenting rr.; r.-colour, rosy red, pink,(fig.) plea- 
 sant state of things or outlook (life is not all 
 r.-c.)', r.-coloured, rosy, (fig.) optimistic, san- 
 guine, cheerful, (takes r.-c. views ; see things 
 through r.-c. spectacles); r.-cut, cut as a r.-dia- 
 mond, hemispherical with eurved part in tri- 
 angular facets ; r.-drop, skin-disease with red 
 blotches ; r.-engine, appendage to lathe for en- 
 graving curved patterns ; r.-gall, excrescence 
 on dog-r. &c. made by insect ; r.-leaf, leaf, usu. 
 petal, of r. (crrumpled r.-l., slight vexation al- 
 loying general felicity) ; r.-lipped, with rosy 
 lips; r.-nail, with head shaped like r.-diamond; 
 r. noble, 15th-16th c. gold coin of varying value 
 stamped with r.; r.-pink, pigment of chalk or 
 whiting coloured with Brazil-wood decoction, 
 also — r.-colour(ed) lit. & fig. ;r.-rash,= roseola; 
 r.-red a. & n., red as (of) a r.; r.-root, kinds of 
 plant with root smelling like r. when dried or 
 bruised ; r.-tree ; r.-vinegar, infusion of rr. in 
 vinegar for application in headache &c; r.- 
 water, perfume made from rr., (fig.) compli- 
 ments, gentle handling, &c. (r.-water surgery ; 
 revolutions are not made with r. -w.); r. -window, 
 circular, usu. with spokelike mullions ; rose- 
 wood, kinds of cabinet wood named from their 
 fragrance ; hence po'soless, PO'seLiKE, aa. 
 (Adj.) coloured like a pale red r., of warm pink. 
 (Vb) make (face, snow-slope, &c.) rosy (esp. in 
 p.p.). [OE rose, rose, f. L rosa pro b.f. Gkrhodea 
 rose-tree (rhodon rose)] 
 
 pose 2 . See rise 1 . 
 
 po'seate (-ziat), a. = ROSE-coloured (lit. & 
 fig.). Hence PO'seateLY 2 adv. [f. L roseus 
 (rose l ) rosy + -ate 2 J 
 
 po'semary (-zm-), n. Evergreen fragrant 
 shrub with leaves used in perfumery &c. & 
 taken as emblem of remembrance, [earlier 
 rosmarine f. L ros marinus (ros dew, marine^ 
 w. assim. to rose, Mary (prob. the Virgin)] 
 
 po'seo-, comb, form in names of salts & 
 alkalis of L roseus rose-coloured, as -cobalt. 
 
ROSEOLA 
 
 739 
 
 ROUGE 
 
 rose'ola (-ze-), n. Rosy rash in measles &c. ; 
 German measles. Hence pose'olAR *, pose'o- 
 lous, aa. [mod. L (prec, -olu dim. term.)] 
 
 pose'tte (-z-), n. Rose-shaped ornament for 
 dress or harness made of ribbons, leather strips, 
 &c.; (Arch.) carved or moulded conventional 
 rose on wall &c, also rose-window; (Biol.) 
 rose-like cluster of organs, markings resem- 
 bling rose ; =B.osK-diamond ; roselike object or 
 arrangement of parts. Hence POse'ttED 2 a. 
 
 [F (ROSE l , -ETTE)J 
 
 Rosicpu'cian (-z-, -shn), n. & a. (Member) 
 of a society devoted to occult lore & magic said 
 to have been founded 1484 by Christian Rosen- 
 kreuz. Hence RosicPU*eianis.M(3) n. [f. L 
 rosa, rose, crux cruets cross, + -an, as latiniza- 
 tion of Rosenkreuzian] 
 
 pd'sin (-z-), n., & v.t. = resin (esp. of solid 
 residue after distillation of oil of turpentine 
 from crude turpentine); hence po'sinv 2 a. 
 (Vb) smear, seal up, rub (esp. bow or string of 
 fiddle &c), with r. [changed f. resin] 
 
 Rosina'nte (-z-), Roz-, n. Worn-out horse, 
 jade. [f. Sp. Rocinante (rocin jade, cf. obs. E 
 rouncy riding-horse) Don Quixote's horse] 
 
 poso'lio (-z-), n. A S.-Europ. sweet cordial. 
 [It., f. L ros dew, solis of the sun, cordial being 
 orig. made from plant sundew] 
 
 PO'step, n. List or plan showing turns of 
 duty for individuals or companies esp. of a 
 military force, [f. Du. rooster list, orig. grid- 
 iron (roosten roast), w. ref. to parallel lines] 
 
 PO'stpal, a. (Of column &c.) adorned with 
 beaks actual or sculptured &c. of ancient war- 
 galleys; (Zool. &c.) of, on, the rostrum, [f. LL 
 rostralis (rostrum, -al)] 
 
 rostrated, a. (Of column &c.) = prec; 
 (Zool. &c.) having, ending in, a rostrum, [f. L 
 rostratus (rostrum, -ate 2 )] 
 
 po'stpum, n. (pi. -ra, -rums). (Sing., or pi. 
 -ra of single specimen but usu. w. pi. constr.; 
 pi. in pi. sense, -ra or -rums) platform for pub- 
 lic speaking (orig. that in Roman forum adorned 
 with beaks of captured galleys), pulpit, office 
 &c. that enables one to gain the public ear; 
 (Rom. Ant.) beak of war-galley (pi. usu. -ra) ; 
 (Zool., Ent., Bot.) beak, stiff snout, beaklike 
 part, whence PO'stPATE 2 , POStpi'FEROUS, 
 PO'stPiFORM, aa., postpo- comb. form. [L,= 
 beak (rodere gnaw)] 
 
 po'sulate <-z-), a. (bot.). (Of leaves) packed 
 over each other like rose-petals. [LL rosula 
 
 (ROSE l , -ULE), -ATE 2 , See -UL-] 
 
 po'sy (-zl), a. Coloured like a red rose (esp. 
 of complexion as indicating health, of blush, 
 wine, sky, light, &c), (fig.) = ROSE-coZowred ; 
 (now rare) smelling like a rose, made of or 
 covered or strewn with roses ; r. cross, emblem 
 of rosicrucians ; r.-fingered, epithet of dawn 
 Sec. Hence PO'siLY 2 adv., po'sIness n. [-v 2 ] 
 
 pot 1 , n. & int. Decay, putrefaction, rotten- 
 ness, (esp. in timber, cf. DRY 1 -r.); virulent 
 liver-disease of sheep (usu. the r.) ; (slang) non- 
 sense, absurd statement or argument or pro- 
 posal (often as int. of incredulity or ridicule), 
 foolish course, undesirable state of things, 
 (don't talk r.; it is perfect r. to trust him ; what 
 r. that it is not open on Sundays !) ; (Cricket, 
 War, &c.) sudden series of unaccountable 
 failures on one side (a r. set in), [prob. f. Scand. 
 (Icel., Norw., rot), cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 pot 2 , v.i. & t. Undergo natural decomposi- 
 tion, decay, putrefy, (r. off, drop from stem 
 &c. through rottenness), (fig., of society, insti- 
 tutions, &c.) gradually perish from want of 
 vigour or use, (of prisoner) pine away (left to r. 
 in gaol) ; cause to r., make rotten, (slang) spoil 
 or disconcert (has rotted the whole plan) ; 
 
 (slang) chaff, banter, tease, (abs.) talk ironically 
 (he is only rotting) ; r.-gut a. & n., (liquor) in- 
 jurious to stomach. [com.-Teut.; OE rotian, 
 cf. Fris. rotsje, Du. rotten, Icel. rota] 
 
 PO'ta, n. List of persons acting, or duties to 
 be done, in rotation, roster; (R.-C. Ch.) supreme 
 ecclesiastical & secular court. [L, = wheel] 
 
 po'tapy, a. & n. Acting by rotation ; (n.) r. 
 machine, [f. LL rotarius (prec, -ary 1 )] 
 
 po'tate 1 , a. (bot.). Wheel-shaped. [rota,-ate 2 } 
 
 pota'te 2 , v.i. & t. Move (t. & i.) round axis 
 or centre, revolve ; arrange (esp. crops) or take 
 in rotation. Hence PO'tATiVE, PO'tatORY, 
 POta'tABLE, aa. [f. L rot Are, -ate 3 ] 
 
 pota'tion, n. Rotating ; recurrence, recur- 
 rent series or period, regular succession in office 
 &c, (often 171, by, r.; r. of crops, growing of 
 different crops in regular order to avoid ex- 
 hausting soil). Hence POta'tionAL a. [f. L 
 rotatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 POta'tOP, n. (Anat.) muscle that rotates a 
 limb &c; revolving apparatus or part. [L (ro- 
 tate 2 , -or 2 )] 
 
 poteh(e), n. The little auk. [earlier rotge, 
 cf. Fris. rotgies brent-goose] 
 
 pote, n. Mere habituation, knowledge got 
 by repetition, unintelligent memory, (only byr., 
 as say, know, do, by ?*.). [perh. OF, = route] 
 
 po'tifep, n. Wheel-animalcule, member of 
 class Rotifera with rotatory organs used in 
 swimming. [L rota, -ferous] 
 
 po'tten, a. Decomposed or decomposing, 
 putrid, perishing of decay, falling to pieces or 
 friable or easily breakable or tearable from age 
 or use ; (of sheep) affected with the rot ; morally, 
 socially, or politically corrupt, effete, (r. 
 borough); inefficient, worthless ; (slang; of 
 state of things, plan, &c) disagreeable, regret- 
 table, beastly, ill-advised ; r. -stone, decomposed 
 siliceous limestone used as polishing-powder. 
 Hence po'ttetfiLY 2 adv., PO'ttenNESs n. [f. 
 ON rotinn cogn. w. rot 2 , ret] 
 
 Ro'tten Row (ro), n. (Now usu. the Row) 
 road in Hyde Park, fashionable resort for riding 
 & driving, [perh. f. prec] 
 
 po'ttep, n. (slang). Useless or inefficient per- 
 son or thing ; person one dislikes, [rot 2 , -er *] 
 
 potu'nd, a. Circular, round, (rare), whence 
 potirndATE 2 a., potu'ndi-, potirndo-. 
 comb, forms, (bot.); (of mouth) rounded in 
 speaking &c, (of speech, literary style, &c) as 
 from r. mouth, sonorous, sounding, grandilo- 
 quent; (of persons) plump, podgy. Hence or 
 cogn. potirndiTY n., Potu*ndLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 rotundus cogn. w. rota] 
 
 potu'nda, n. Building of circular grounn- 
 plan, esp. one with dome ; circular hall or room, 
 [earlier rotonda, It., fern, of rotoudo = prec] 
 
 roturier(F), n. Plebeian. [F(roture plebeian 
 tenure, prob^f. L ruptura breaking, -ier)] 
 
 POU'ble (roo-), n. The Russian monetary unit 
 (now a silver coin = 2/ls). [F, f. Russ. ruble] 
 
 poucou (rookoo*), n. (W.-Ind. tree yielding) 
 orange dye. [F, f. Braz. urucu] 
 
 pou^ (rob'a), n. Debauchee, rake. [F, p.p. 
 of rouer break on wheel, = one deserving this] 
 
 rouge 1 (roozh), a., n., & v.t. & i. Red (only 
 in R. Croix pr. krwah, R. Dragon, two pursui- 
 vants of English college of Arms, & in r. -royal 
 marble, reddish Belgian kind). (N.) fine red 
 powder made from safflower & used for colour- 
 ing cheeks & lips ; plate-powder of oxide of 
 iron ; revolutionary politician ; r. et noir (-an- 
 wah'r), card-game played on table with red & 
 black marks on which money staked is laid (r., 
 the red in this). (Vb) colour, adorn oneself, 
 with r. [F, f. L rubeus cogn. w. red] 
 
 pougfe 2 (rooj), n. Scrummage, also touch- 
 
ROUGH 
 
 740 
 
 ROUND 
 
 down counting as point to opponents, in Eton 
 football. [?J 
 
 pougfh(ruf),a.,adv.,n.,& v.t. Of uneven or ir- 
 regular surface, not smooth or level or polished, 
 diversified or broken by prominences, hairy, 
 shaggy, coarse in texture, rugged, (r. skin, 
 hands, paper, bark, road, cloth, country; book 
 itrith r. edges, in which edges of original sheets 
 are left untrimmed ; r. leaf, first true leaf of 
 springing plant after the smooth leaves or coty- 
 ledons, in the r. I., at this stage; r. rice, un- 
 husked rice, paddy); not mild or quiet or gentle, 
 unrestrained, violent, stormy, boisterous, disor- 
 derly, riotous, inconsiderate, harsh, unfeeling, 
 drastic, severe, grating, astringent, (r. manners, 
 soldier, play; r. tuater, sea, weather, wind; r. 
 xoords ; r. element of the population, quarter of 
 the town ; r. usage, handling ; r. remedies ; r. 
 barytone voice; r. claret; r. tongue, habit of 
 rudeness; ga ve him a lick xoith the r. side of my 
 tongue, spoke severely to him ; r. passage, 
 crossing over r. sea ; r. xcork, violence, also task 
 requiring it, &see below; have a r. time, suffer 
 r. handling or hardship ; horse has r. paces, jolts 
 rider; fact &c. is r. on person, worse luck than 
 he deserves; r. music); deficient in finish or 
 elaboration or delicacy, incomplete, rudimen- 
 tary, entirely or partly un wrought, merely pass- 
 able, inexact, approximate, preliminary, (r. 
 nursing, style, welcome, kindness, plenty, ac- 
 commodation, sketch, drawing; r. work, & see 
 above ; r. state, attempt, makeshift, circle ; r. 
 stone, not dressed ; r. diamond ; r. justice ; r. 
 translation, estimate; r. copy of picture &c, 
 reproducing only essentials ; r. draft ; r. cop y 1 ; 
 r. coat, first coat of plaster on lath ; r. coating, 
 r.-cast; r. & ready, not elaborate, just good 
 enough, not over-particular, roughly efficient or 
 effective); r.-&-tumble, (adj.) irregular, scram- 
 bling, disorderly, regardless of pr,ocedure-rules, 
 (n.) haphazard fight, scuffle; r.-cast, (adj., of 
 wall &c.) coated with mixture of lime & gravel, 
 (of plan &c.) imperfectly elaborated, (n.) plaster 
 of lime & gravel for walls, (v.t.) coat (wall) with 
 r.-c, prepare (plan, essay, &c.) in outline; r. -dry, 
 dry (clothes) without ironing &c. ; r.-footed, 
 with feathered feet (in names of birds); r.-grind, 
 give preliminary grinding to (edged tool &c.) ; 
 r.-hew, shape out roughly, give crude form to, 
 (p.p., uncouth, unrefined); r.-hound, kind of 
 dogfish ; r.-legged, with hairy or feathered legs 
 (of breeds of horse & bird) ; r. -rider, horse- 
 breaker, man who can ride unbroken horses, 
 (Mil.) irregular cavalryman ; roughshod, (of 
 horse) having shoes with the nail-heads pro- 
 jecting (ride r.-s., domineer over); r. -spoken* ; 
 r.-wrought, with the earlier processes done ; 
 hence rou'ghEx 6 v.t. & i., rou-g-hiSH 1 ^) a., 
 POU*ghLY 2 adv. {roughly sPEAKin-gr), rou'g-h- 
 ness n. (Adv.) in r. manner (land should be 
 ploughed r. ; play r. ; chiefly in compds, of 
 which some are given above). (N.) r. ground 
 (esp. over r. & smooth), (Golf) the r. ground 
 bordering, or between greens of, links ; one of 
 the spikes inserted in roughing horse ; hard 
 part of life, piece of hardship (usu. the r. & the 
 smooth, therr.&the smooths); rowdy, hooligan, 
 man or boy of lower classes ready 'for lawless 
 violence ; the unfinished or the natural state, 
 the general way, (shape it from the r. ; have 
 seen it only in the r. ; is true in the r.). (Vb) 
 turn xip (feathers, hair, &c.) by rubbing against 
 the grain (r. one up the wrong way, irritate 
 him) ; secure (horse or its shoes) against slipping 
 by insertion of spikes or projecting nails in 
 shoes ; r. it, do without ordinary conveniences 
 of life ; break in (horse) ; shape or plan out 
 roughly ; sketch in roughly ; tune up (piano) 
 
 roughly; give first shaping to (gem, lens, &c). 
 [OE ruh, cf. Du. ruig, G rauh] 
 
 roulade (roolatrd), n. Quick succession of 
 notes rhythmically equivalent to one. [F(rouler 
 roll 2 , -ade)]_ 
 
 rouleau (roolo"), n. (pi. -x or -s, pr. -z). Cylin- 
 drical packet of gold coins ; coil or roll. [F (role 
 
 ROLL 1 )] 
 
 roulette (roo-), n. Gambling game on table 
 with revolving centre ; (Math.) curve generated 
 by point on rolling curve ; device for keeping 
 hair in curl ; revolving toothed wheel used in 
 engraving, similar wheel for perforating post- 
 age stamps. [F, dim. of rouelle dim. of roue 
 f. L rota wheel] 
 
 Rou'man, Rouma-nian, (roo), nn. & aa. 
 (Native or language) of Roumania. [f. F JRou- 
 main f. native Ronia.nl. L Romanes; -ian] 
 
 Roumeliote, (roo-), n. Native of Rounielia. 
 
 [-OT 2 ] 
 
 rou'neival (row-), n. (Also r. pea) large 
 variety of pea. [from 16th c. ; perh. f. Bonces- 
 valles place-name] 
 
 round 1 (row-), a. Spherical or circular or 
 cylindrical or approaching these forms, pre- 
 senting convex outline or surface, (ther. world; 
 r. shot, spherical ball for smooth-bore cannon ; 
 r. buckler, hole, mat, of circular outline ; r. 
 table, with disk top; the B. Table, at which 
 Arthur & his knights sat that none might have 
 precedence ; r. table conference, held at r. table 
 for same purpose ; r. game, proper for r. table, 
 players being of any number & without sides 
 or partners ; r. face, as broad as long ; r. jacket, 
 cut level below, without skirts; r. hand or text, 
 writing with bold curves; r. tower, post,\limbs; 
 r. arch, semicircular as in Romanesque, opp. 
 pointed ; r. cheeks, plump, not hollow ; r. shoxd- 
 ders, sobent forward that back isconvex, whence 
 round-shoulder ed 2 a. ; r. vowel in Phonet., 
 pronounced with rounded lips); done with or 
 involving circular motion (r. dance, waltz ; r. 
 trip, voyage, with return to starting-point ; r. 
 or r.-arm or r.-hand bowling, with arm swung 
 horizontally, cf. underhand, overhand ;r. towel, 
 endless on roller ; r. robin, written petition with 
 signatures in circle to conceal order in which 
 they were written) ; entire, continuous, all to- 
 gether, not broken ordef ective orscanty, sound, 
 smooth, plain, genuine, candid, outspoken, (r. 
 dozen, score, that & no less, so many together; 
 r. numbers, tens, hundreds, &c, with neglect 
 of minor denominations, whence = roughly cor- 
 rect ; a r. sum, considerable ; a r. style, flowing; 
 at a r. trot, vigorous; a r. voice, not harsh ; r. 
 unvarnished tale, the plain truth ; be r. with 
 one, archaic, speak home-truths to him ; a r. 
 oath, unmistakable) ; roundhead, member of 
 Parliament party in 17th-c. civil war (from 
 custom of wearing hair close cut); r.-house, 
 (Hist.) lock-up or place of detention, (Naut.) 
 cabin or set of cabins on after part of quarter- 
 deck (chiefly in old sailing-ships) ; r.-top, plat- 
 form about masthead, formerly circular. Hence 
 rou , ndiSH 1 (2)a.,rou*ndxESsn. [f. OF rund-, 
 rond- (F rond), f. L rotuxdms] 
 
 round 2 , n. R. object (this earthly r., earth; 
 rr. of ladder, rungs ; r. of beef, thick disk from 
 haunch as joint ; r. of toast, disk &c. cut across 
 loaf); (Sculpt.) solid form as opp. relief; cir- 
 cumference, bounds, extent, of (in all the r. of 
 Nature) ; revolving motion, circular or cir- 
 cuitous or recurring course, circuit, cycle, 
 series, (the earth in its daily or yearly r. ; the 
 daily r., ordinary occupations of the day; go 
 for a good r., long walk out & home ; a r. of 
 days, pleasures, visits ; make, go, one's rr., 
 take customary walk esp. of inspection ; make 
 
ROUND 
 
 741 
 
 ROVB 
 
 the r. of, go r. ; news, story, goes the r., is 
 passed on), (Mil.) watch that goes r. inspecting 
 sentinels or circuit it makes, (Golf) playing of 
 all holes in course once, (Mus.) kind of canon 
 for three or more equal voices ; allowance of 
 something distributed or measured out, one of 
 set or series, one bout or spell, one stage in 
 competition, (serve out a r. of spirit, 20 rr. of 
 ball cartridge ; never fired a single r.; r. after 
 r. of cheers ; a fight of ten rr. ; threw up the 
 sponge after the third r. ; the winners in the 
 first r. are paired for the second) ; roundsman, 
 tradesman's employee going r. for orders & 
 with goods, [f. F rond (prec.) & prec] 
 
 pound 3 , adv. & prep. With more or less cir- 
 cular motion, with return to starting-point 
 after such motion, with rotation, with change 
 to opposite position lit. or fig., (sun goes, sum- 
 mer comes, r. ; brings us r. to winter ; sleep the 
 clock r., for twelve or twenty-four hours ; all 
 the year r. ; 6in. r., in girth ; wheels go r. ; he 
 turned short r. ; soon won him r. ) ; to or at or 
 affecting all or many points of a circumference 
 .or area or members of a company &c, in every 
 direction from a centre or within a radius, 
 (glasses r., for all present to drink ; tea was 
 served r.\ send r. the hat; Home Rule all 
 r., for each nationality; an all-r. man, one 
 of varied talents ; show one r., take him to 
 all points of interest; room hung r. with por- 
 traits ; spread destruction r. ; all the neigh- 
 bours for a mile r.) ; by circuitous way (will 
 you jump or go r. ? ; go a long way r.; ask one 
 r., out of his house into one's own ; order the 
 carriage r., from coach-house to door) ; all r., 
 right r., r. & r., emphatic forms of r.; r. about, 
 in a ring (about), all r. (adv. & prep.), on all 
 sides (of), with change to opposite position, 
 circuitously ; roundabout, (n.) circuitous way, 
 piece of circumlocution, merry-go-r., (adj.) cir- 
 cuitous, circumlocutory, plump or stout. (Prep. ) 
 so as to encircle or enclose (tour r. the world ; 
 has a wrapper r. her) ; with successive visits 
 to, at or to points on the circumference of, 
 (hawks them r. the cafbs; station them r. the 
 field ; seated r. the table) ; in various directions 
 from or with regard to (diffuses cheerfulness r. 
 her ; shells bursting r. me) ; having as axis of 
 revolution or central point (turns r. its centre 
 of gravity ; argue r. & r. subject, not come to 
 close quarters with it ; write bookr. a subject) ; 
 so as to double or pass in curved course, having 
 thus passed, in the position that would result 
 from thus passing, (go, be, find person, r. the 
 corner; get r.); all r., right r., r. & r\, em- 
 phatic forms of r. [f. round *» 2 ] 
 
 pound 4 , v.t. & i. Invest with, assume, r. 
 shape (rounded eyes, mouth; her form is 
 rounding; r. vowel, pronounce it with rounded 
 lips ; r. off or r. the angles, make them less 
 sharp ; r. dog's ears, crop them) ; bring to com- 
 
 J)lete or symmetrical or well-ordered state 
 often off; r. off or r. a sentence, estate, career) ; 
 gather up (cattle, & transf . ) by riding r., whence 
 pou'nd-up n.; pass r., double, (cape &c); 
 turn (t. & i.) r. (rare, chiefly naut.; rounded on 
 his heel to look at me ; r. boat off&c, turn her 
 to meet wave &c; ship rounds to, comes to 
 wind & heaves to ; r. on of informer, peach 
 
 Upon), [f. ROUND h 3] 
 
 pound 5 (row-), v.i. & t. (archaic). Whisper 
 (t. &i. ; chiefly w. double obj. as rounded him 
 in the ear that, told him secretly that). [OE 
 runian (run rune)1 
 
 pou'ndel (row-), n. Small disk, esp. decora- 
 tive medallion &c; rondeau or rondel, [f. OF 
 rondel, see round 1 , -le(2)] 
 
 pou'n delay (row-), n. Short simple song 
 
 with refrain ; bird's song. [f. Frondelet (ron- 
 del, -et 1 ) w. assim. to lav ] ] 
 pou'ndep, n. In vbl senses of round 4 ; also, 
 (pi.) game with bat & ball between two sides 
 with r. (or complete run of player through all 
 the bases arranged in a round) as unit of scor- 
 ing, [round 4 > 2, -er l ] 
 
 pou'ndly, adv. In thorough-going manner 
 (go r. to work) ; bluntly, with plain speech, 
 without qualification, severely, (told him r. 
 that he would not; r. asserts that it is true; 
 ivas r. abused) ; in circular way (r. oval ; swells 
 outr.). [-LY 2 ] 
 
 roup 1 (roop), v.t., & n., (Sc. & north.). Sell 
 by auction; (n.) an auction, [n. f. vb (orig. 
 sense shout), cf. Icel. raupa boast] 
 poup 2 (robp), n. Kinds of poultry-disease (a) 
 with swellings on rump, (b) with purulent 
 catarrh. Hence pou*py 2 a. [(a) etym. dub., 
 (b) perh. imit. of hoarse breathing] 
 rouse 1 (rowz), n. (archaic). Draught of liquor, 
 bumper, toast, revel, drinking-bout, (take one's 
 r., carouse ; give a r., propose or drink toast), 
 [prob. for carouse, perh. f. wrong division of 
 drink carouse] 
 
 rouse 2 (rowz), v.t. & i., & n. Startle (game) 
 from lair or cover ; wake or stir up or startle 
 (person) from sleep or inactivity or confidence 
 or carelessness (often up, from, out of, to action, 
 to energy, to do, &c; r. oneself, overcome one's 
 indolence ; wants rousing, is indolent ; a rous- 
 ing cheer, song, sermon, lie) ; provoke temper 
 of, inflame with passion, (is terrible when 
 roused) ; evoke (feelings) ; stir (liquid, esp. beer 
 while brewing) ; (Naut.) haul vigorously in, 
 out, up ; cease to sleep, become active, (usu. 
 up) ; (n., mil.) the reveille, [orig. as hunting 
 term ; etym. dub.] 
 
 pouse 3 (rowz), poose (z), v.t. Sprinkle (her- 
 ring &c.) with salt in curing, [earlier arrouse 
 f. F arrouser f. L AT>(rorare f. ros roris dew)] 
 pou'sep, n. In vbl senses of rouse 2 ; esp.: 
 implement for rousing beer ; outrageous or 
 rousing lie. [-er '] 
 
 Rousseau'ism (rooso-), n. (Adherence to) 
 views on religion, politics, education, &c, of 
 Jean Jacques Rousseau, French author 1712-78. 
 So RousseauE'SQUE, Rousseau'iAN, 
 Rousseau'iSH 1 , Rousseau'AN, aa., Rous- 
 seau*iST(2), Rousseau'iTE '(1), nn. & aa. 
 [-ism] 
 Roussillon (F), n. A red wine. [R., old 
 French province] 
 
 pout l (rowt), n., & v.t. Assemblage or com- 
 pany esp. of revellers or rioters, (Law) assem- 
 blage of three or more persons engaged in un- 
 lawful act ; riot, tumult, disturbance, clamour, 
 fuss ; (archaic) large evening party or recep- 
 tion (r.-seat, light bench hired out for rr.) ; dis- 
 orderly retreat of defeated army or troops (put 
 to r., utterly defeat) ; (vb) put to r. [f. OF 
 route in senses now lost in F] 
 pout 2 (rowt), v.i. & t. =root 3 ; also, force 
 or fetch out (of bed or from bed or house or 
 hiding-place), [var. of root 3 ] 
 route (root & in mil. use rowt), n. Way 
 taken in getting from starting-point to destina- 
 tion ; (Mil.) marching orders (get, give, the r.), 
 column ofr., formation of troops on the march ; 
 en r. (F), on the way (is, did it, en r.). [F (now 
 = road), f. L rupta (via way) fem. p.p. of rum- 
 pere break, with other senses in OF, see rout 1 ] 
 routine (roote'n), n. Regular course of pro- 
 cedure, un varyi ng performance of certain acts, 
 (attrib.) performed by rule (r. duties &c). 
 Hence Pouti*niSM(3), pouti'niST(2), nn. [F 
 (prec, -ine 4 )] 
 pove J , v.i. & t., & n. Wander without settled 
 
ROVE 
 
 742 
 
 RUBBER 
 
 destination, roam, ramble (roving sailor, kinds 
 of creeper), (of eyes) look in changing direc- 
 tions ; wander over or through; (Angling) 
 troll with live bait; (n.) act of roving (esp. on 
 the r.). [orig. term in archery = shoot at casual 
 mark with range not determined ; etym. dub.] 
 
 rove 2 , n., & v.t. Sliver of cotton, wool, &c, 
 drawn out & slightly twisted. (Vb) form into 
 rr.; hence PO'vep'I-EK 1 ] n. [?] 
 
 rove 3 , n. Small metal plate or ring for rivet 
 to pass through & be clinched over. [f. ON ro] 
 
 pove 4 . See reeve 3 . 
 
 PO'veP 2 (for r. 1 see rove 2 ), n. 1. (Archery) 
 mark chosen at undetermined range, also mark 
 for long-distance shooting, (usu. shoot at rr.); 
 wanderer; (Croquet) ball that has passed all 
 hoops but not pegged out, its owner. 2. Sea- 
 robber, pirate. [1 f. rove i, -er i; 2 MDu. (roven 
 rob cogn. w. reave, -er ')] 
 
 row K (ro), n. Number of persons or things in 
 a more or less straight line (in a ?:, rr., so ar- 
 ranged); r. of houses, street with this on one or 
 each side (often in street names) ; the R., rot- 
 ten row ; line of seats in theatre &c. (in the 
 front, third, See, r.) ; r. of plants in garden (a 
 hard r. to hoe U.S., difficult task). [OE raw, 
 cf. G reihe] 
 
 row 2 (ro), v.i. & t., & n. Propel boat, propel 
 (boat), convey (passenger) in boat, with oars or 
 sweeps (r. over, walk over in boat-race; also 
 with cogn. obj., as r. a race, a few strokes, a 
 fast stroke, 30 to the minute) ; r. race wr'th ; r. 
 down, overtake in rowing, esp. bumping, race ; 
 be oarsman of specified number in boat (rows 5 
 in the Oxford crew); (of boat) be fitted with (so 
 many oars); r.-boat, rowing-boat; (n.) spell of 
 rowing, boat-excursion. Hence power l n. 
 [OE rowan, cf. Du. roeijen, ON roa; cogn. w. 
 L remus, Gk eretmon, oar] 
 
 row 3 (-ow), n., & v.t.. (colloq.). Disturbance, 
 commotion, noise, dispute, (what 's the r. ?, 
 what is the matter? ; make, kick up, a r., raise 
 noise, also make protest); shindy, free fight, 
 (town-&-GO\\ x r.) ; being reprimanded (shall 
 get into a r.). (Vb) reprimand, rate; hence 
 powmngMI) n. [from 1787; etym. dub.] 
 
 rowan (ro-, row-), n. (Sc. & north.). (Scarlet 
 berry of) mountain ash (also r.-tree). [f. Scand. 
 (Sw. ron, Icel. reynir)] 
 
 row-de-dow, n. Din, uproar, [imit.] 
 
 rowdy (row-), n. & a. Rough & disorderly 
 & noisy (person); so r. -dowdy a. Hencerow- 
 diNESS, rowdyis\i(2),nn., row*dyiSH , (2) a. 
 [U.S., etym. dub.; orig. sense backwoodsman] 
 
 rowel (row-), n., & v.t. (-11-). Spiked revolv- 
 ing disk at end of spur (vb, urge with r.) ; cir- 
 cular piece of leather &c. with hole in centre 
 inserted between horse's skin & flesh to dis- 
 charge humours (vb, insert r. in), [f. OF rouel 
 f. roue f. L rota wheel, -le(2)] 
 
 rowloek (ru), n. Pair of thole-pins or other 
 contrivance on boat's gunwale serving as ful- 
 crum for oar. [prob. assim. of earlier oarlock, 
 OE arloc (oar, lock 2 ), to row 2 ] 
 
 Ro'xbupgheiurw), n. Style of book-binding 
 with plain leather gilt-lettered backs, cloth or 
 paper sides, & leaves with is n trimmed edges & 
 bottoms. [Duke of R. 1740-1804] 
 
 roy'al, a. & n. Of, from, suited to, worthy of, 
 belonging to family of, in service or under 
 patronage of, a king or queen (after its noun in 
 some phrr., as the blood r., r. family, rhyme 1 
 r., princess R., cf. R. Princess used of any of 
 r. family: R. highness; r. or king's evil: R. 
 Navy, Artillery, &c, official titles of State 
 forces ; r. burgh, holding charter from Crown; 
 r. oak, tree in which Charles II hid after Wor- 
 cester ; r. standard, square banner with na- 
 
 tional arms; r. road 1 to; R. academy, so- 
 ciety ; r. charter, warrant, &c. ; the r. anger, 
 hands, &c, those of the sovereign) ; kingly, 
 majestic, stately, splendid, first-rate, on great 
 scale, of exceptional size &c, (r. magnanimity; 
 gave us r. entertainment ; in r. spirits ; had a 
 r. time ; battle j r. ; r. paper, 24 x 19 in. for 
 writing & 25 x 20 for printing; r. octavo &c, 
 folded from this ; r. fern, osmund ; r. stag, 
 with head of 12 or more points ; r. sail, mast, 
 above topgallant sail & mast ; r. arch, degree 
 in free-masonry); hence roy'alLY 2 adv. (N.) 
 member of r. family (colloq.); r. stag; r. sail or 
 mast ; (pi.) first regiment of foot. |f. OF roial 
 f. L regalis (rex king, -al)] 
 
 royalist, n. Monarchist, supporter of mon- 
 archy as an institution or of the royal side in 
 civil war &c. (also attrib.). So royaliSM(3) 
 n., royali*stic a. [-ist] 
 
 royalty, n. Office or dignity or power of 
 king or queen, sovereignty ; royal persons ; 
 member of royal family (usu. in pi.); (usu. in 
 pi.) prerogative(s) or privilege(s) of the sove- 
 reign ; royal right (now esp. over minerals) 
 granted by sovereign to individual or corpora- 
 tion, lessee's payment to land-owner for privi- 
 lege of working mine, sum paid to patentee for 
 use of patent or to author &c. for each copy of 
 his book &c. sold. [f. OF roialte (royal, -ty)] 
 
 Royston crow, n. Hooded or grey crow, 
 [place-name] 
 
 rub l , v.t. & i., & n. Subject to friction, slide 
 one's hand or an object along over or up & down 
 the surface of (r. one's hands, each with the 
 other usu. in sign of keen satisfaction ; r. shoul- 
 ders, come into contact with other people ; r. 
 noses of some savages, greet each other ; r. the 
 wrong way, stroke against the grain, irritate 
 or repel as by stroking cat upwards); polish, 
 clean, abrade, chafe, make dry, sore, bare, &c, 
 by rubbing; reproduce design of (sepulchral 
 brass or stone) by rubbing paper laid on it with 
 coloured chalk &c, whence ru , bbiNG 1 (2) n.; 
 slide (hand, object) against or on or over some- 
 thing, (objects) together or together, with fric- 
 tion ; bring (stain &c.) out, (nap &c, or fig. no- 
 velty, shyness, &c.) o^or away, force (liniment 
 &c, or fig. lesson, humiliating fact, &c.) in, re- 
 duce to powder &c, force through sieve, bring 
 size or level of down, spread (ointment &c. ) over, 
 groom (horse, oneself) down, freshen or brush 
 (tarnished object, or fig. one's memory, Greek, 
 &c.) up, mix (chocolate, pigment, &c.) up into 
 paste, by rubbing lit. or fig.; come into or be in 
 sliding contact, exercise friction, against or on; 
 (of bowl) be retarded or diverted by uneven- 
 ness of ground, (fig., of person, process, &c.) go 
 on, along, through, with more or less restraint 
 or difficulty ; (of cloth, skin, &c.) get frayed or 
 worn or sore or bare with friction ; r.-stone, 
 (piece of) stone used for sharpening, smoothing, 
 &c. (N.) spell of rubbing (give it a r., r.-up, r.- 
 down, &c); (Bowls) inequality of ground im- 
 peding or diverting bowl, the being diverted 
 &c. by this (prov., those who play at bowls nuist 
 look for rr.), (transf.) impediment or difficulty 
 (there's the r., that is the point at which doubt 
 or difficulty arises ; the rr. & worries of life), 
 (Golf) r. of or on the green, accidental interfer- 
 ence with course or position of ball. [etym. 
 dub.; cf. LG rubben] 
 
 rub 2 . See rubber 2 . 
 
 pu'b-a-dub, n., & v.i. (Make) rolling sound 
 of drum, [imit.] 
 
 ru'bber 1 , n., & v.t. In vbl senses; also or 
 esp.: masseur or masseuse; Turkish-bath at- 
 tendant ; implement used for, part of machine 
 operating by, rubbing; caoutchouc or india-r. 
 
RUBBER 
 
 743 
 
 RUFF 
 
 {often attrib.; vb, coat with r.). [-er 1 ; last 
 sense from use in rubbing out pencil-raarksj 
 
 pu'bbep' 2 , n. Three successive games be- 
 tween same sides or persons at whist, cribbage, 
 backgammon, &c. (havear. of whist 8cc. orar.); 
 the r. (also abbr. the rub), winning of two games 
 in r., third game when each side has won one. 
 (etym. dub.; as term in bowls from c. 1600 ; in 
 early use often a rubbers] 
 
 pu'bbish, n. & int. Waste material, debris, 
 refuse, litter ; worthless material or articles, 
 trash, (a good riddance of bad r., esp. at de- 
 parture of person one dislikes), absurd ideas 
 or suggestions, nonsense (often as excl. of con- 
 tempt), whence pu'bbishv 2 & colloq. in same 
 sense pu'bbishing, aa. [ME roboivs, robeux, 
 perh. AF pi. of foil. J 
 
 pu'bble, n. Waste fragments of stone, brick, 
 &c, from old houses ; pieces of undressed stone 
 used, esp. as fllling-in, for walls ; (Geol.) loose 
 angular stones &c. as covering of some rocks, 
 also water-worn stones. Hence pu'bblY 2 a. 
 [cf. Icel. rubb(i) refuse] 
 
 pirbefy, -il'y, (roo-), v.t. Make red ; (Med., 
 of counter-irritant) stimulate (skin &c.) to red- 
 ness, so pubeFA'ciENT a. &, see -ent(2), n., 
 PubeFA'cxiON n. [ult. f. hrubefacere (rubere 
 be red, -FY)] 
 
 pu'bieelle (rob-), n. Orange-red precious 
 stone, kind of spinel ruby. [F, prob. dim. of 
 rubis or rubace_ ruby] 
 
 Ru'bicon (rob-), n. The boundary by passing 
 which one becomes committed to an enterprise 
 (usu. pass or cross the R.). [name of stream 
 limiting Caesar's province & crossed by him 
 before war withPompey] 
 
 pu'bieund. (roo), a. (Of face, complexion, or 
 person in these respects) ruddy, high-coloured. 
 Hence Pubieu'ndiTY n. [f. L rubicundus 
 {rubere be red, -nd j )] 
 
 Publ*dium(rob-),n. Softsilverymetal grouped 
 with caesium, lithium, potassium, & sodium. 
 [L rubidus red (w. ref. to spectrum lines), -ium] 
 
 pubrgrinous (roo-), a. Rust-coloured. [L 
 rubiqo -inis rust, -ous] 
 
 PU*bious,ji. (poet.). Ruby-coloured, [-ous] 
 
 pu'bpie (roo), n. Heading of chapter, section, 
 &c, also special passage or sentence, written 
 or printed in red or in special lettering ; direc- 
 tion for conduct of divine service (prop, in red) 
 inserted in liturgical book, whence PUbrieAL 
 a., pu'bPiealLY 2 adv., pubprciAN (-Ishn), 
 PU*bpieiSM(3), PU'bpieiST(2), nn.; (red-letter 
 entry in) calendar of saints (now rare), [f. L 
 rubrica {ruber rubr- red)] 
 
 pu'bpieate, v.t. Mark with, print or write 
 in, red ; furnish with rubrics. Hence pubpie- 
 a'tion, PU'JtjpieatOR 2 , nn. [Lrubricare, -ate 3 ] 
 
 pu'by (roo), n. & a., & v.t. Rare precious 
 stone (also true or Oriental r. ) of colour varying 
 from deep crimson or purple to pale rose (balas, 
 spinel, r., stones of less value resembling r.; 
 above rr., of inestimable value); (of) glowing 
 purple-tinged red colour ; red pimple on nose or 
 face ; red wine ; (Pugil.) blood ; a size of type ; 
 r. glass; coloured with oxides of copper, iron, 
 lead, tin, &c. ; r.-tail, insect of deep metallic 
 bluish-green with upper side of abdomen bright 
 red (also Gold wasp)', (vb) dye or tinge r.-colour. 
 [f. OF rubiis), prob. ult. f. L rubeus red] 
 
 ruche (roosh, or as F), n. Frill or quilling of 
 gauze, lace, &c. Hence PuehED 2 a. [F] 
 
 puck. J , n. Main body of competitors left out 
 of the running, [earlier senses stack of fuel, 
 heap, large quantity ; perh. cogn. w. rick l ] 
 
 puck 2 , pu'ekle 1 , nn., & vv.i. & L Crease, 
 wrinkle, (as vb usu. r. up), [ruck vb f. n., f. ON 
 hrukka ; ruckle f. ruck, -le(3)] 
 
 PU'ckle 2 , v.i., & n. (Make) gurgling sound 
 esp. in throat of dying person, [f. Scand. (Norw. 
 dial, rukla vb)] 
 
 rwcksack (rob-), n. Bag slung by straps from 
 both shoulders & resting on back for carrying 
 walker's or climber's necessaries. [G] 
 
 pu'ction, n. (slang). Disturbance, tumult, 
 row, {there will be rr., things will not be allowed 
 to proceed quietly), [from 1825; etym. dub.] 
 
 pudd, n. Fresh- water fish resembling roach, 
 red-eye. [prob. f. obs. rud red colour ; cogn. w. 
 red] 
 
 pu'ddep, n. Broad flat wooden or metal piece 
 hinged to vessel's stern-post for steering with, 
 (fig.) guiding principle &c; (Brewing) paddle 
 for stirring malt in mash-tub; r.-fish, kinds 
 that follow ships. Hence pu'ddePLESS a. [OE 
 rother, cf. Du. roer, G ruder, f. st. of row 2 ] 
 
 pu'ddle, n., & v.t. Red ochre, esp. of kind 
 used for marking sheep ; (vb) mark or colour 
 (as) with r. [as rudd] 
 
 pu'ddock, n. Robin redbreast. [OE rudduc 
 
 (RUDD, -OCK)] 
 
 pu'ddy, a., & v.t. & i. (Of face or its owner) 
 freshly or healthily red, rosy, (r. health, youth, 
 &c, marked by ruddiness); (of light, fire, sky, 
 object lighted up, &c, also in animal names as 
 r. plover, squirrel) reddish ; hence PU'ddiLY 2 
 adv., PU'ddiNESS n. (Vb) make or grow r. 
 [OE rudig (rud see rudd, - y 2 )] 
 
 pude, a. Primitive, simple, unsophisticated, 
 in natural state, rugged, unimproved, uncivi- 
 lized, uneducated, roughly made or contrived 
 or executed, coarse, artless, wanting subtlety 
 or accuracy, (r. times, men, simplicity, ignor- 
 ance, chaos ; r. produce, ore ; r. scenery ; r. 
 plough, beginnings, methods ; r. path, verses, 
 drawing ; r. fare, plenty ; r. writer, style ; r. 
 observer, version, classification); violent, not 
 gentle, unrestrained, startling, sudden, abrupt, 
 (r. passions,blast, shock, awakening, reminder); 
 vigorous, hearty, (r. health); insolent, imper- 
 tinent, offensive, (r. remarks ; say r. things ; 
 be r. to, insult). Hence PU'deLY 2 adv., pu'de- 
 ness n., PU'diSH 1 (2) a. [f. Lrudis] 
 
 Ru'desheimep (roodes-hi-), n- A white 
 Rhine wine. [GjRii-)] 
 
 pu'diment (roo-), n. (PI.) elements or first 
 principles of or of knowledge or some sub- 
 ject; (pi.) imperfect beginning of something 
 that will develop or might under other condi- 
 tions have developed, (sing.) part or organ im- 
 perfectly developed as having no function (e.g. 
 the breast in males). Hence PUdime'ntAL, 
 (rare), pudime'ntARY *, aa. [f. L rudimentum 
 
 (RUDE, -MENT)] 
 
 pue 1 , v.t., & n. Repent of, bitterly feel the 
 consequences of, wish undone or unbefallen, 
 (you shall r. it ; r. the day, hour, &c, when — ). 
 (N., archaic) repentance, dejection at some oc- 
 currence, whence (in ordinary & esp. facet, use) 
 pucful a., pue'fulLY 2 adv., pucTuIness 
 n.; compassion, ruth. [OE h?'6oic(an), cf. Du. 
 rouw(en), G reu(en)] 
 
 pue 2 , n. Perennial evergreen shrub with 
 bitter strong-scented leaves formerly used in 
 medicine. [F, f. L ruta f. Gk rhute] 
 
 pue'-raddy, n. Belt or rope passed over 
 shoulder to dragsomething with. [?] 
 
 pufe'seent (roo-), a. (zool. &c). Reddish. [L 
 rufescere (rufus red, -escent)] 
 
 puff 1 , n. Deep projecting frill of several folds 
 of linen ormuslin starched & separately goffer- 
 ed worn round neck esp. in 16th c, projecting 
 or conspicuously coloured ring of feathers or 
 hair round bird's or beast's neck, whence 
 (-)puffbD 2 a. ; kind of domestic pigeon, [perh. 
 shortened f. ruffle] 
 
RUFF 
 
 744 
 
 RUMBUSTIOUS 
 
 puff 2 , n. (fern, reeve). Bird of sandpiper kind 
 of which male has r. & ear-tufts in breeding 
 season, [perh. f. prec.; but the fem. apparently 
 made from it by vowel change (ct fox vixen) 
 suggests that it is an older wd & separate] 
 
 puff 3 , n. Small freshwater fish of perch 
 family with prickly scales, [perh. f. rough] 
 
 puff 4 , n., & v.i. & t. Trump(ing) at whist; 
 (also cross or double r.) state of game in which 
 partners out of different suits give each other 
 alternate chances of trumping, [perh. f. ruff 
 obs. card-game f. OF roffle, ronjle, perh. corrupt, 
 of triomphe triumph, cf. trump] 
 
 pu'ffian, n. Brutal violent lawless turbulent 
 
 Serson, desperado, bully, rough. Hence pu*f- 
 laniSM(2) n., pu'ffianLY 1 a. [OF, cf. Pr. & 
 Sp. ruffan, It. ruffiano, etym. dub.] 
 
 pu'ffle, v.t. & i., & n. Disturb smoothness or 
 tranquillity of (feathers, hair, water, temper or 
 person in regard to it, brow ; bird ruffles up its 
 feathers, in anger or to keep off cold ; nothing 
 ever ruffled him); (of sea, hair, temper, &c; 
 rare) suffer ruffling, lose smoothness or calm- 
 ness ; swagger about, behave arrogantly or 
 quarrelsomely, whence pu'ffiER 1 n. (N.) per- 
 turbation, bustle, (rare; without r. or excite- 
 ment), rippling effect on water ; ornamental 
 gathered or goffered frill of lace &c. worn at 
 opening of garment esp. about wrist or breast 
 or neck, ruff 1 of bird &c, whence PU'fflED 2 
 a.; (now rare) a contention, dispute, [etym. 
 dub.; cf. LG ruffelen crumple, goffer; senses 
 swagger, contention, perh. independent] 
 
 pu'fous (roo-), a. (chiefly nat.-hist.). Reddish- 
 brown. So pufi-, pufo, comb, forms. IL 
 rufus, -ous] 
 
 rug, n. Large wrap or coverlet of thick 
 woollen stuff; floor-mat of shaggy material 
 or thick pile, esp. (often heart h-r.) laid down 
 before fireplace, [perh. f. Scand. (Xorw. dial. 
 rugga coverlet, Sw. rugg ruffled hair)] 
 
 Ru'gby, n. R. football or R., also ru'ggER 1 
 n. slang, one of the two chief forms of football, 
 distinguished from Association or socker esp. 
 by players' being permitted to carry the ball & 
 to hold opponent doing this ; R. Union, of clubs 
 using R. football rules. [R. school] 
 
 ru'gged (-gid), a. Of rough uneven surface 
 (r. bark; r. ground, country, full of abrupt 
 ups & downs, craggy, wooded, &c. ; r. features, 
 strongly marked, of irregular outline) ; un- 
 eoftened, unpolished, lacking gentleness or re- 
 finement, harsh in sound, austere, unbending, 
 involving hardship, (r. manners, grandeur, 
 kindness, honesty, character, verse, times, life). 
 Hence PU'g'g'edLV 2 adv., PU'g'g'edNESs n. 
 [prob. f. Scand., cogn. w. rug, rag 1 , rough] 
 
 pugo'se (roo-), a. (chiefly nat. hist.). Wrink- 
 led, corrugated. Hence or cogn. pugro'ser.v 2 
 adv., pupate 2 , pu'g-ous, aa., pugxrsiTY n. 
 [f. L rugosus (ruga wrinkle, -ose ] )] 
 
 PU'in,* n., & v.t. & i. Downfall or fallen or 
 wrecked or impaired state, lit. (of building or 
 structure ; the crash of r.; tumble, lie, lay, inr.) 
 or fig. {the r. of my hopes; bring to r., complete 
 loss of property or position ; dates her r. from 
 his arrival ; rack i & r.); (often pi.) what re- 
 mains of building, town, structure, &c, or fig. 
 of person, that has suffered r. (the rr. of Rome, 
 remains of ancient Rome or of the Roman im- 
 perial system ; is but the r. of what he ivas ; 
 lies in rr.; is a r.; lives in an old r.) ; what 
 causes r., destroying agency, havoc, (will be the 
 r. of us ; blue l r.; rapine & red r.), so [f. obs. 
 ruinate vb] PuinATiON n. (Vb) reduce (place) 
 to rr. (esp. in p.p.); bring to r. (her extravagance 
 ruined him ; so r. oneself; r. girl, seduce her; 
 r. one's new hat, prospects) ; (poet.) fall head- 
 
 long or with a crash, [f. F ruine(r) f. (vb thr. 
 med.L ruinare) L ruina (ruere fall, -ine 4 )] 
 
 PU*inous,a. In ruins, dilapidated ; bringing 
 ruin, disastrous, (r. folly, expense), whence 
 PU'inousLY 2 adv. Hence PU'inousxESS n. 
 [f. L ruinosus (prec, -ose 1 )] 
 
 pule, n., & v.t. & i. Principle to which action 
 or procedure conforms or is bound or intended 
 to conform, dominant custom, canon, test, 
 standard, normal state of things, (deduce rr. of 
 action; the rr. of decorum, cricket, &c; r. of the 
 road 1 ; there was a r. that—; standing r., made 
 by corporation to govern its procedure ; r. 
 of thumb, based on experience or practice, not 
 theory, often r.-of-t. attrib.; r. of three, , method 
 of finding number that bears same ratio to one 
 given as exists between two others given, also 
 attrib., as r.-o.-t. sum; golden r.; by r., in 
 regulation manner, mechanically; hard &fast 
 r., precise criterion or rigid formula ; excep- 
 tion proves r.; large families are the r. & not 
 the exception ; asar., usually, more often than 
 not) ; sway, government, dominion, (bear r., 
 hold sway ; under British r. ; the r. of force ; 
 entmisted with the r. of half the tribe) ; (Eccl.) 
 code of discipline observed by religious order ; 
 (Law) order made by judge or court w. ref. to 
 particular case only (r. nisi ; r. absolute, mak- 
 ing r. nisi no longer contingent); (Hist.) the rr., 
 limited area outside Fleet & King's-Bench 
 prisons in which prisoners were allowed to live 
 on certain terms; graduated often jointed 
 straight measure used by carpenters &c. (often 
 foot-r., 2ft r., &c); (Print.) thin slip of metal 
 for separating headings, columns, &c, also 
 short (en r.) or long (em r.) dash in punctuation 
 &c. ; r.-joint, of kind usual in jointed carpenter's 
 r. ; hence PU'leLESS a. (Vb) exercise sway or 
 decisive influence over, keep under control, 
 curb, (person, conduct, one's passions ; ruling 
 passion, motive that habitually directs one's 
 actions), (pass.) consent to follow advice, be 
 guided by ; be the ruler(s) or have the sovereign 
 control of or over, bear r., (r. the roast ; rules 
 over many millions; kings should r. by love); 
 (of prices, or goods &c. in regard to them or 
 to quality &c.) have a specified general level, 
 be for the most part, (corn, prices, the market, 
 ruled high &c; crops r. good; riding prices, 
 those current) ; give judicial or authoritative 
 decision (usu. that ; also r. person or thing out 
 of order ; r. out, exclude, pronounce irrelevant 
 or ineligible), whence pu*1ingM2) n.; make 
 parallel lines across (paper), make (straight 
 line), with ruler or mechanical help. [f. OF 
 riule(r) f. L regula, regulare, see regular] 
 
 pu'lep, n. Person or thing bearing (esp. 
 sovereign) rule (often of), whence ru'lePSHip 
 n.; straight strip or cylinder usu. of wood used 
 in ruling paper or lines, [er 1 ] 
 
 pum •, n. Spirit distilled from sugar-cane ; 
 r.-SHRUB 2 . [formerly rumbullion, rumbustion, 
 rumbo, etym. dub.] 
 
 pum 2 , pu'mmy, aa. (slang). Odd, strange, 
 queer. Hence PU'mLY 2 , PU'mmiLY 2 , advv., 
 pu'itiness, PU'mmiNESS, nn. [16th-c. cant, 
 orig. = fine, spirited, perh. var. of ROM ; -Y 2 ] 
 
 pu'mble, v.i. & t., & n. Make sound (as) of 
 thunder, earthquake, heavy cart, air in the 
 bowels, &c; go along, by, &c, making or in 
 vehicle making such sound; utter, say out, 
 give forth, with such sound. (N.) rumbling 
 sound ; hind part of carriage arranged as extra 
 seat or for luggage ; r.-tumble, lumbering 
 vehicle, rough motion. [ME romblen, cf. Du. 
 rommelen, G rummeln, prob. imit.] 
 
 rumbu'stious, a. (colloq.). Boisterous, up- 
 roarious, [perh. var of robustious] 
 
RUMEN 
 
 745 
 
 RUN 
 
 FU'men (roo-), n. Ruminant's first stomach. 
 [L, = throat] 
 
 ru'minant, n. & a. Animal that chews cud. 
 (Adj.) belonging to the it.; contemplative, 
 given to or engaged in meditation, [foil., -ant) 
 
 ru'minate, v.i. & t. Chew the cud ; medi- 
 tate, ponder, (i., rarely t.; often over, about, of, 
 on), whence or cogn. ru'minATivE a., ru'- 
 minativeLY 2 adv., rirminatOR 2 n. So pu- 
 minATiON n. [f. L ruminari (rumen), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pu'mmage (-Ij), v.t. & i., & n. Ransack 
 (ship, house, pockets, records, book), make 
 search in or in, make search ; fish out or up 
 from among other things ; disarrange, throw 
 about, in searching. (N.) things got by rum- 
 maging, miscellaneous accumulation ; rum- 
 maging, search (esp. of ship by Customs officer); 
 r.-sale, clearance sale of unclaimed articles at 
 docks &c, sale of odds & ends contributed to 
 raise money for charity bazaar, [n. in mod. 
 senses f. vb ; vb orig. f. n. in obs. sense arrang- 
 ing oj casks &c. in hold, f. F arrumage (now 
 arri") f. arrumer etym. dub.] 
 
 pu'mmep, n. Large drinking-glass. [f. 
 WFlem. rummer or Du. romer or G romer perh. 
 = Roman glass] 
 
 rummy. See rum 2 . 
 
 PU'moup(roo-), n., & v.t. General talk, report, 
 or hearsay, of doubtful accuracy ; a or the 
 current but unverified statement or assertion 
 (often that, of). (Vb, chiefly in pass.) report by 
 way of r. (it is rumoured that — ; he is rumour- 
 ed to be &c; the rumoured disaster). [OF, f. 
 L rumorem nom. -or] 
 
 rump, n. Tail-end, posterior, buttocks, of 
 beast or bird or rarely of person, whence (of 
 tailless fowl) ru'mpLESS a.; small or contemp- 
 tible remnant of a parliament or similar body, 
 esp. (hist.) that of Long Parliament either after 
 its restoration 1659 or from Pride's Purge 1648 
 to its first dissolution 1653 ; r. -steak, cut from 
 ox's r. [prob. f. Scand. (Da. rumpe, Sw. & 
 Norw. rumpa)] 
 
 ru'mple, v.t. "Wrinkle, crease, touzle, dis- 
 order, (fabric, leaves, garment, hair, &c). [cf. 
 MDu. rompelen, MLG rumpen] 
 
 pu'mpus, n. (slang). Disturbance, brawl, 
 row, uproar. [?] 
 
 pu'mpy, n. Manx tailless cat. [rump, -y 2 ] 
 
 pum-tum, n. Light sculling-boat on lower 
 Thames. [?] 
 
 run 1 , v.i. & t. (ran, run; p.p. rarely as -ed 1 (2), 
 as a fresh-r. salmon). (Of men) progress by 
 advancing each foot alternately never having 
 both on ground at once (cf. walk * ; running 
 jump, in which jumper runs to the take-off), 
 (of animals) go at quicker than walking pace, 
 amble, trot, canter, gallop, &c; ( tart to) cross 
 cricket pitch to score r.; flee, abscond, (chiefly 
 now in r.for it, cut & r. slang ; running fight 
 naut., kept up by retreating ship or fleet with 
 pursuer) ; go or travel hurriedly, precipitately, 
 &c. (r. to meet one's troubles, anticipate them ; 
 r. riot ; r. to help another ; r. over or down or 
 up, to place for flying visit ; he who runs may 
 read, said of easily intelligible exposition &c); 
 be allowed to grow or stray wild ; compete in 
 or in race (r. second &c, come in so), seek 
 election &c. (for parliament, president, &c.) ; 
 (of fish, ship, &c.) go straight & fast (a running 
 whale ; salmon r., go up river from sea ; ship 
 runs before the wind, into port, ashore, on the 
 rocks, foul of or aboard another); advance 
 (as) by rolling or on wheels, spin round or along, 
 revolve (as) on axle, go with sliding or smooth 
 or continuous or easy motion, be in action, 
 work freely, be current or operative, (ball, car- 
 riage, wheel, spindle, sledge, time, runs ; rope 
 
 runs in pulley ; his life runs smoothly ; run- 
 ning knot, that slips along rope & enlarges or 
 diminishes running noose; running hand, 
 writing in which pen &c. is not lifted after 
 each letter; how your tongue runs!, how in- 
 cessantly you talk ! ; verse runs, is smooth ; 
 tune runs in head, seems to be heard over & 
 over again ; lease, contract, runs for seven &c. 
 years ; play ran 100 nights, was kept on stage ; 
 courage rw/is in the family, is found in all 
 members of it ; the works have ceased running ; 
 place where writs do not r., are not valid or re- 
 spected) ; (of public conveyance by land or 
 water) ply (from, to, between), (of fire, news, 
 enthusiasm, &c.) spread rapidly from point to 
 point (nexcs ran like wild-fire', a cheer ran 
 down the line ; running fire, successive shots 
 from different points); (of colour in fabric) 
 spread from the dyed to the undyed parts ; (of 
 thought, eye, memory, &c.) pass in transitory 
 or cursory way (thoughts r. through one's head ; 
 eyes r. over object ; running commentary, 
 touching on a point here & there ; r. back over 
 the past, survey it summarily); (of liquid, 
 grain, sand, &c, also of vessel containing or 
 object emitting &c, & fig.) flow, be wet, drip, 
 flow with, (till the blood ran; ran blood; 
 fountains r. wine ; is running with oil ; tide 
 runs strong ; river runs clear, thick ; feeling 
 ran high ; one's blood runs cold, he is horrified ; 
 the sands are running out, time of grace &c. is 
 nearly up ; running sore, suppurating ; nose, 
 eyes, r., drop mucus or tears ; r. at the nose ; r. 
 with sweat ; r. dry, cease to flow, be exhausted ; 
 r. low, short, become scanty; candle runs, 
 gutters) ; extend, be continuous, have a certain 
 course or order, progress, proceed, have a ten- 
 dency or common characteristic or average 
 price or level, (fence runs round the house ; 
 running head-line, head, or title, repeated or 
 different heading of page ; whereof the memory 
 of man runneth not to the contrary, phr. applied 
 to immemorial tradition or custom; running ac- 
 count, = current account 2 ; road runs at right 
 angles to, along, the ridge ; story, title, docu- 
 ment, runs in these words ; must not r. to ex- 
 tremes ; runs to sentiment ; our pears r. big 
 this year, are so for the most part ; prices r. 
 high ; oats r. hk lb. to the bushel), (in part., 
 placed after pi. n. ) following each other without 
 interval, in succession, (happened three days, 
 hit the bulVs-eye seven times, running) ; (w. 
 cogn. obj. ) pursue, f olldAv, traverse, cover, make 
 way swiftly through or over, wander about in, 
 perform, essay or be exposed or submit to, 
 (course, way, race, a mile, r. at cricket ; things 
 must r. their course, be left to themselves ; r. 
 a scent, follow it up ; r. the streets, be street 
 arab ; r. errands, messages, be a messenger ; 
 the Derby was r. in a snow-storm ; r. the 
 gauntlet 2 ; r. risks; rims a chance of being, 
 may be ; r. rapids, shoot them ; r. croquet- 
 hoop, send ball clear through it ; r. blockade *); 
 sew (fabric) slightly ; chase, hunt, have running 
 race with, (r. fox Jive miles ; r. to earth, chase 
 to its lair, & often fig. = discover after long 
 search ; will r. you for £50 a side ; r. one hard 
 or close, press him severely in race, competi- 
 tion, or comparative merit &c.) ; (in causative 
 senses) make r. or go (r. cattle &c, turn out to 
 graze ; r. brandy, &c, smuggle it in by evading 
 coast-guard &c; r. ship aground, to New 
 York ; r. boat down to the water ; r. train 
 through ; r. one's head against ; r. cart into 
 wall ; r. sword, pin, into ; r. one's hand, eye, 
 along, down, over, something ; r. rope through 
 eyelet ; r. coach, steamer, business, person, 
 keep them going, manage them, conduct their 
 
 24*' 
 
RUN 
 
 746 
 
 RUNNER 
 
 operations ; r. the show slang, dominate in an 
 undertaking &c.; r. horse, send him in for race, 
 so r. candidate ; r. metal into mould ; r. the 
 water off; r. parallel, simile, &c., too far; 
 ran his fingers, comb, through his hair ; r. 
 thing fine, leave very little margin of time or 
 amount concerning it); ru'nabout a., roving; 
 ru'nawayn. & a., fugitive, bolting (horse), r.-a. 
 match or marriage, after elopement, r.-a. ring 
 or knock, given at door by practical joker who 
 immediately makes off. Withprepp.: r. across, 
 fall in with ; r. after, pursue with attentions, 
 seek society of, give much time to (pursuit 
 &c.) ; r. against, fall in with ; run at, assail by 
 charging or rushing ; r. in, incur debt ; r. into, 
 fall into (practice, absurdity, &c), be con- 
 tinuous or coalesce with, have collision with, 
 reach or attain (some length, five editions, &c); 
 r. on, be concerned with (talk, mind, runs on a 
 subject) ; r. over, review, glance over, peruse, 
 recapitulate, touch (notes of piano &c.) in quick 
 succession, (of vehicle) pass over (prostrate 
 person) ; r. through, examine cursorily, peruse, 
 deal successively with, consume (estate &c.) by 
 reckless or quick spending, pervade ; r. to, reach 
 (amount, number, &c), have money or ability 
 or (of money &c.) be enough for (some expense 
 or undertaking), fall into (ruin), (of plants) tend 
 to develop chiefly (seed), (of persons) indulge 
 inclination towards (coarseness &c); r. upon, 
 (of thoughts &c.) be engrossed by, dwell on, (of 
 person) encounter suddenly. With advv.: r. 
 about, bustle, hurry from one person &c. to an- 
 other, (esp. of children) play or wander without 
 restraint; r. away, flee, abscond, elope, (of 
 horse) bolt, (of horse or person) get clear away 
 from competitors in race ; r. away with, carry 
 off (person, stolen property, &c. ), accept (notion ) 
 hastily, (of expense &c.) consume (money &c), 
 (of horse &c.) bolt with (rider, carriage or its 
 occupants); r. down, (of clock &c.) stop for 
 want of winding, (of person or his health &c.) 
 become enfeebled from overwork, poor feeding, 
 &c. (also in p.p., as is, feels, much r. d.), knock 
 down or collide with (person, ship, &c), over- 
 take (game, person) in pursuit, discover after 
 search, disparage ; r. in, (of combatant) rush to 
 close quarters, (Rugby footb.) carry ball over 
 opponents' goal-line & touch it down, pay short 
 visit (to person or house), (colloq.) arrest & take 
 to prison, (colloq. ) secure election of (candidate); 
 r. off, flee, flow away, digress suddenly, write 
 or recite (poem, list, &c.) fluently, drain (liquid) 
 off, decide (race) after tie or trial heats ; r. on, 
 be joined together (of written characters), con- 
 tinue in operation, elapse, speak volubly, talk 
 incessantly, (Print.) begin (t. & i. of sentence 
 &c.) in same line as what precedes ; r. out, 
 come to an end (of period, also of stock of some- 
 thing or its owner; r. out of, exhaust one's 
 stock of), escape from containing vessel, ad- 
 vance from block to hit ball in cricket, pass or 
 be paid out (of rope), jut out, come out of con- 
 test in specified position &c. or complete re- 
 quired score &c, complete (race), advance (gun 
 &c.) so as to project, put down wicket of (bats- 
 man while running), exhaust one.se?/by run- 
 ning ; r. over, overflow (of vessel or contents), 
 recapitulate, review, glance over ; r. through, 
 pierce with sword &c, draw line through 
 (written words); r. up, grow quickly, rise in 
 price, amount to, be runner-up, accumulate 
 (number, sum, debt) quickly, force (rival bidder) 
 to bid higher, force up (price or commodity in 
 that respect), erect (wall, house) togreat height 
 or in unsubstantial or hurried way ; add up 
 (column of figures). [ME rinnen, rennen, prob. 
 f. ON rinna, cf. MJJu. & G rinnen ; OE has 
 
 rinnan very rarely, & usu. the metathetic 
 forms irnan intr. & xrnan trans.] 
 
 pun 2 , n. Act or spell of Running (have a r. 
 for one's money, get some enjoyment &c. out of 
 expenditure or effort, orig. w. ref . to scratching 
 of horse after bets ; had a goodr., esp. in hunt- 
 ing or on ship, train, &c; on ther., fleeing, also 
 bustling about ; atar., running ; ar.on the 
 Continent, to Paris, &c, short excursion or 
 visit) ; (Cricket) traversing of pitch by both 
 batsmen without either's being put out, point 
 scored thus or otherwise, notch ; rhythmical 
 motion, way things tend to move, direction, 
 (cannot get the r. of the metre, or of some pro- 
 cess or operation, see how it goes ; the r. of the 
 market was against us; the r. of the hills is 
 N.W.); rapid fall (come down with a r., of build- 
 ing &c, person, mercury in barometer &c, 
 prices, &c); (Mus.) roulade; continuous stretch 
 or spell or course, long series or succession, 
 general demand, (a 500 ft r. of pipe ; a long r. of 
 power, office ; ar.of luck ; in the long l r.; ar. 
 on the bank, sudden demand from many cus- 
 tomers for immediate payment ; r. on rubber, 
 book, &c, great demand for it ; so book &c. has 
 a considerable r.; r. on the red in rouge-et-noir, 
 its coming many times running ; play has a r. 
 of 50 nights, a long r., &c); common, general, 
 average, or ordinary type or class (the common 
 r. of men, average men), class or line of goods, 
 batch or drove of animals born or reared to- 
 gether, shoal of fish in motion ; regular track 
 of some animals, enclosure for fowls &c, range 
 of pasture (usu. sheep &c. -r.); trough for water 
 to run in ; part of ship's bottom narrowing to- 
 wards stern ; licence to make free use of (al- 
 lowed him the r. of their books, house ; the r. of 
 one's teeth, free board); r.-in, act of running in 
 (see prec.) at football ; r.-off, deciding race after 
 dead-heat ; r.-up, race between greyhounds up 
 to hare's first turn. [f. prec] 
 
 ru'nag'ate, n. (archaic). Vagabond, [assim. 
 of renegade to run & obs. agate away] 
 
 ru'neinate(-at), a. (hot.). Saw-toothed, with 
 lobes curved towards base. [L runcina plane 
 (wrongly supposed to be saw), -ate 2 ] 
 
 ru'ndale, n. Joint occupation of (esp. Irish) 
 land, each holder having several strips not con- 
 tiguous, [run 1 , obs. dale north, var. of dole ! ] 
 
 rune, n. Any letter of earliest Teutonic al- 
 phabet used esp. by Scandinavians & Anglo- 
 Saxons, dating from as early as 2nd c. & formed 
 by modifying Roman or Greek characters to 
 suit carving; similar mark of mysterious or 
 magic significance ; (divisionof) Finnish poem ; 
 r.-staff, magic wand inscribed with rr., also 
 runic calendar, [f. ON riin, cogn. w. OE run 
 whisper, secret counsel, whence round 5 ] 
 
 rung 1 , n. Short stick attached at each end 
 as rail, spoke, or cross-bar in chair &c. or esp. 
 in ladder (often fig., as the lowest, topmost, r. of 
 Fortune's ladder). Hence rung-ED 2 , PU'ng- 
 less, aa. [OE hrung, cf. Du. rong, G rimge] 
 
 rung 2 . See ring 2 . 
 
 ru'nie, a. & n. Of, in, marked with, runes ; 
 (of poetry &c.) of the ancient-Scandinavian 
 type ; (of ornament) interlacing as on r. monu- 
 ments & metal-work. (N.) r. inscription ; kinds 
 of moth ; (Print. ) ornamental type of thick face 
 & condensed form, f-ic] 
 
 ru'nlet 1 , n. (archaic). Cask of varying size 
 for wine &c. [f, OF rondelet dim. of rondelle 
 dim. of ronde (round 1 )] 
 
 ru'nlet 2 , n. Small stream, [run 2 , -let] 
 
 ru'nnel, n. Brook, rill ; gutter. [OE rynel 
 
 f. RUN 1 , -LE(1)] 
 
 ru'nner, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp.: mes- 
 senger, scout, collector or agent for bank &c, 
 
RUNNING 
 
 747 
 
 RUSTICATE 
 
 tout ; (Hist., esp. bow-street r.) police officer ; 
 the bird water-rail ; = blockade 1 --*. ; revolving 
 millstone ; (Naut.) rope in single block with one 
 end round tackle-block & other having hook ; 
 creeping stem that issues from main stem of 
 strawberry &c. & takes root; kinds of twining 
 bean, esp. scarlet r.; ring &c. that slides on 
 rod, strap, &c; one of the long pieces of wood 
 &c. on which sledge &c. slides, (blade of) fen j - 
 r. ; groove or rod for thing to slide along, roller 
 for moving heavy article ; r.-up, dog beaten 
 only in final heat at coursing, competitor simi- 
 larly beaten at golf &c. [-er l ] 
 
 pu'nning, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: (w. ref. to 
 racing) make, take up, the r., take the lead, set 
 the pace, (lit., & fig. of talk &c), in, out of, 
 the r. (of competitor), with good, no, chance 
 of winning; r. powers, right granted by railway 
 to another to run trains over its line. [-ING l ] 
 
 pu'npig-, n. (Sc). = rundale. [run l , Sc. & 
 north, rig ridgeJ 
 
 runt, n. Ox or cow of small esp. Scotch- 
 Highland or Welsh breed ; large breed of do- 
 mestic pigeon. [?] 
 
 rupee* (roo-), n. Indian monetary unit & sil- 
 ver coin, now Is. id. (pi. abbr. Rs ; Rx, tens of 
 rr., in statistics &c). [f. Hind, rupiyah f. Skr. 
 rupya wrought silver] 
 
 ru'pture (-tsher), n., & v.t. & i. Breach of 
 harmonious relations, disagreement & parting; 
 (Path.) tumour formed by protrusion of part of 
 an organ through breach in wall of contain- 
 ing cavity esp. in abdomen, hernia ; breaking, 
 breach. (Vb) burst, break, (cell, vessel, mem- 
 brane); sever (connexion, marriage, &c); affect 
 with hernia; suffer r. [f. L ruptura (rumpere 
 rupt- break, -ure)J 
 
 PUP'al (roor-), a. In, of, suggesting, the coun- 
 try (opp. urban), pastoral or agricultural, (r. 
 dean 1; in r. seclusion ; r. policeman, constitu- 
 ency, sports, &c). Hence PUPa'liTY n.,pup*al- 
 ize(2, 3) v.i. & t., pupalizA'TiON n., PUP'alLY 2 
 adv. [f. L ruralis (rus ruris country, -al)] 
 
 pupideca'nal (roor-; aZso-de - ka-),a. Of rural 
 dean 1 or deanery. [L riis (prec), -i-] 
 
 pu'sa, n. Large E.-Ind. deer. [Malay] 
 
 puse (rooz, orasF), n. Stratagem, feint, trick. 
 [OF (ruser drive back, retreat, cogn. w. rush 2 )] 
 
 ruse (F), a. (fem. -ee). Given to ruses, sly, 
 cunning, (of person, procedure, look, &c). 
 
 push 1 , n., & v.t. Marsh or water-side plant 
 with naked slender tapering pith-filled stems 
 (prop, leaves) formerly used for strewing floors 
 & still for making chair-bottoms & plaiting 
 baskets &c, a stem of this, (collect.) rr. as a 
 material; thing of no value (don't care, not 
 worth, ar.); r.-bearing, annual northern festi- 
 val on occasion of carrying rr. & garlands to 
 strew floor & decorate walls of church ; r. -can- 
 dle, made by dipping pith of a r. in tallow; 
 rushlight, r. -candle (usu. fig. of feeble glimmer 
 of intelligence, scanty information, &c. ; r.-ring. 
 ring made of rushfes) formerly used in (esp. 
 mock) weddings ; hence PU'shLiKE, PU'shY 2 , 
 aa. (Vb) supply (chair-bottom), strew (floor), 
 with rr. [OE rise & rare rysc, cf. MDu. risch, 
 also Du. & G rusch] 
 
 push 2 , v. t. & i. , & n. Impel , drag, force, carry 
 along, violently & rapidly (rushed them into 
 danger, round the sights ; ball is rushed doum 
 the field ; r. bill through, get it hurriedly passed ; 
 refuse to be rushed, insist on doing things at 
 one's own pace); (Mil.) take by sudden vehe- 
 ment assault; pass (obstacle, stream, fence, &c.) 
 with a rapid dash ; swarm upon & take posses- 
 sion of (goldfield, platform at meeting, &c); 
 run precipitately, violently, or with great speed, 
 go or resort without proper consideration (in)to, 
 
 jr. into, out of, the room ; r. at, charge ; dark 
 horse rushed past the favourite ; r. into ex- 
 tremes ; r. into print, write to newspaper, pub- 
 lish book, &c); flow, fall, spread (intr.), roll 
 (intr.), impetuously or fast (river rushes past; 
 a rushing mighty wind ; avalanches r. down ; 
 blood, rushed to his face ; his past life rushed 
 into his memory). (N.) act of rushing, violent 
 or tumultuous advance, spurt, charge, on- 
 slaught, (the r. of the tide ; carry the citadel 
 with a ?-.; a r. of blood to the head ; a great r. 
 of business); (Footb.) combined dash of several 
 players with the ball ; sudden migration of 
 large numbers esp. to new goldfield ; strong 
 run on or for some commodity, [n. f. vb, AF 
 russheri. OF 7-e[h)usser, ruser, perh. f. L re- 9- 
 (funderefus- pour) cause to flow back] 
 
 rusk, n. Piece of bread pulled or cut from 
 loaf & rebaked. [f. Sp. or Port, rosea twist, 
 coil, roll of bread] 
 
 Ruski'nian, a. & n. After the manner or 
 principles, follower, of John Ruskin writer on 
 art & social subjects d. 1900. So RuskinE'SE, 
 RuskinE-SQUE, aa. & nn., Ru'skiniSM(3) n., 
 Ru-skiniZE(2, 3, 4) v.i. & t. [-ian] 
 
 Russ, n. & a. A Russian ; the Russian lan- 
 guage ; (adj.) Russian. Hence Ru'ssIfy v.t., 
 RussiFiCA'TiON n.,Russo- comb, form, Ru's- 
 sophil n. & a., Russo'philisM (3) n., Ru'sso- 
 phobe n. & a., Russopho'bia n. [f. Russ. 
 Husi Russian people or country] 
 
 Russell (eopd), n. Ribbed fabric of cotton 
 & wool used for scholastic gowns &c. [?] 
 
 pu'sset, n. & a. (Hist.) coarse home-spun red- 
 dish-brown or grey cloth worn by peasants ; 
 reddish brown ; kind of rough-skinned r. -col- 
 oured apple. (Adj.) reddish-brown (also ru's- 
 setY 2 a.); (archaic) rustic, homely, simple, 
 [f. OF rousset (rous red f. L missus, -et ] )] 
 
 Russia (leather) (-sha), n. Durable book- 
 binding leather from skins impregnated with 
 birch-bark oil. [Hiissia (the country)] 
 
 Ru'ssian (-shn), n. & a. Native, language, 
 of Russia. (Adj.) of or from Russia ; of or in 
 R.; hence Ru*ssianiZE(3) v.t. [f. med.L Bus- 
 sianus (prec, -an)] 
 
 Ru'ssniak, n. & a. (Member, language) of 
 the Little Russian or Ruthenian race inGalicia. 
 [f. native Itusnyak] 
 
 pust, n., & v.i. & t. Yellowish-brown coating 
 formed on iron or steel by oxidation esp. as 
 effect of moisture & gradually corroding the 
 metal, similar coating on other metals, (fig.) 
 impaired state due to disuse or inactivity, in- 
 actionasdeterioratinginfluence; (plant-disease 
 with rust-coloured spots caused by) kinds of 
 fungus, blight, brand; hence pu'stLESS a. 
 (Vb) contract r., undergo oxidation or blight; 
 (of bracken &c. ) become r. -coloured ; lose quality 
 or efficiency by disuse or inactivity ; affect 
 with r., corrode. [OE rust, cf. Du. roest, G 
 rost ; cogn. w. red] 
 
 pu*stie, a. & n. (Now less usual for) rural ; 
 having the appearance or manners of country- 
 people, characteristic of peasants, unsophisti- 
 cated, unpolished, unrefined, uncouth, clown* 
 ish ; of rude or country workmanship (r. seat, 
 bridge, work, of untrimmed branches or rough 
 timber), (of lettering) irregularly formed, 
 (Arch.) with rough-hewn or roughened surface 
 or with chamfered joints (r.-work, such mason- 
 ry) ; hence or cogn. PU'stiCALLY, pu'stiCLY 2 
 (rare), advv., pusti'eiTY n. (N.) countryman, 
 peasant, [f. L rustic^is (rus the country)] 
 
 pu'stieate, v.i. & t. Retire to, sojourn in, 
 the country, lead a rural life ; send down tem- 
 porarily from university as punishment ; coun- 
 trify ; mark (masonry) with sunk joints or 
 
RUSTLE 
 
 748 
 
 SABREUR 
 
 roughened surface. Hence pusticA-fioN n. 
 [f. L rusticari live in the country (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 pu'stle (-si), v.i. & t., & n. (Give forth) sound 
 (as) of dry leaves blown, rain pattering, or silk 
 garments in motion ; go with r. (along &c. ; r. 
 in silks, be clad in silk) ; cause to r. by shaking 
 &c. Hence pirstling-LY 2 adv. [n. f. vb, imit. ; 
 cf Du vicl-sclcixl 
 
 pirsty, a. liusted, affected with rust; of 
 antiquated appearance; (of voice) croaking, 
 creaking ; stiff with age or disuse, antiquated, 
 behind the times, impaired by neglect, in need 
 of furbishing, (his Greek is a little ?\); (of black 
 clothes) discoloured by age] rust-coloured. 
 Hence pirstiLY 2 adv., rirstiNESS n. [-v 2 J 
 
 put^n., & v.t. Track sunk in road or ground 
 by passage of wheels ; established mode of pro- 
 cedure, beaten track, groove ; hence pu'ttv 2 
 a. (Vb) mark with rr. (usu. in p.p.). [?] 
 
 put 2 , n., & v.i. Periodic sexual excitement 
 of male deer (also of goat, ram, &c), heat; (vb) 
 be affected with r. [OF, also ruit, f. L rugitus 
 •us (rugire roar)] 
 
 puth (rooth), n. (archaic). Pity, compassion. 
 Hence (mod.) pu'thi.ESS a., pu'thlessLY 2 
 adv., pirthlessNESS n. [rue 1 v., -th 1 ] 
 
 -py, suf., shortened form of -erv (which see 
 for numbered meanings), as in chantry (ME 
 chaunlerie), Jewry, bottomry, foundry, poultry, 
 jewel(le)ry ; somet. also in direct formations, 
 as rivalry. 
 
 pye (ri), n. (Grain of) a N.-Europ. cereal used 
 for bread in northern Continental countries & 
 for fodder in U. K. [OE ryge, cf. ON rugr, Da. 
 rug ; cogn. w. Du. rogge, G roggen] 
 
 pye'-grpass, n. Kinds of fodder grass, [f. 
 obs. ray etym. dub. w. assim. to prec.J 
 
 pye'peck (ri-), n. Ironshod pole for securing 
 punt &c. [.?] 
 
 pymep, n. One of the posts in weir or lock 
 holding paddles. [?] 
 
 py'ot, n. Indian peasant, [f. Hind, raiyat f. 
 Arab, as rayah] 
 
 S 
 
 S (es), letter (pi. Ss, S's). (Also) S-shaped ob- 
 ject (collar 1 of S, Ss, SS, or esses) or curve 
 (river makes a great S). 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : Saint, as S. John (pi. SS., 
 as SS. Peter & Paul) ; screw, in s.s.(teamer); 
 Senatus, in S.P.Q.R. (populusque Romanics; 
 also for small p?°oJits & quick returns as motto 
 of cheap shops); Signor, as S.Tittoni ; Society, 
 as S.J. (of Jesus), S.P.C.K. (for promoting 
 Christian knowledge), S.P.G. (for propagation 
 of Gospel) ; solidus, as 9s. (9 shillings) ; South, 
 a^ S., S.E.(ast), S.W.(est), points of compass 
 & London postal districts, S.A.(frica), S.C.(aro- 
 lina), S.Dak.(ota); steam, in S.S.(hip) ; sub, 
 in s. y/.ioce). 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Salop., Shropshire ; Sa- 
 m.(uel ; O.-T. book); Sapum., bp of Salisbury; 
 so.(ilicet) ; se.(idpsit, -ulpserunt) ; soil.(icet); 
 sen.(ior); seq(q)., sequentes, -tia; Sepgft, 
 Sergeant ; Song of Sol.(omon) ; sq.(uare, as 
 200 sq.ft; St, Saint, as St Peter; Staffs., 
 Staffordshire ; stg, sterling, as £50 stg- ; su- 
 p.(ra); sus.(pensio) pep co11.(h?«). 
 
 's, used for (1, archaic) God's in 'sblood & other 
 oaths ; (2, colloq.) is in he's, she's, it's, Smith's, 
 &c; (3, colloq.) has as in (2), esp. before p.p. as 
 he's done it ; (1, colloq.) ?/.<? in let ■w.s, as let's go. 
 
 Sab(a)e*an, a. & n. (Native) of ancient Ye- 
 men ; (erron.) = SABiAN. [f. L f. Gk Sabaios 
 (Saba f. Arab. Saba' people of Yemen) +-an] 
 
 Sa'baism (-ba-), n. Star-worship, [f. Heb. 
 cuba host, -ism] 
 
 Sa'baoth, n. pi. Lord of S. in N.T. & Te 
 Deum, Lord of Hosts, [f. Heb. pi. (prec.)] 
 
 Sabbatarian, n. & a. Sabbath-keeping 
 Jew ; Christian who accepts (& inculcates) the 
 obligation to observe Sunday strictly as sab- 
 bath ; Christian individual or member of sect 
 observing Saturday as sabbath, seventh-day 
 baptist &c. ; hence sabbatap*ianiSM(3) n. 
 (Adj.) of s. tenets, [f. L sabbatarius (foil., 
 -arv J )+ -an, see -arian] 
 
 sa'bbath, n. (Also s.-day) seventh day of 
 week as day of religious rest appointed for Is- 
 rael (s.-day' s journey , distance Israelite might 
 travel on s., about % m., also transf. easy jour- 
 ney); (also s.-day) Christian Sunday esp. as day 
 of obligatory abstinence from work & play 
 (chiefly in Presbyterian, nonconformist, & dis- 
 tinctively protectant use, or facet. ; keep, break, 
 the s.; s.-breaker), whence sa'bbath less a.; 
 period of rest; (usu. witches' s.) annual mid- 
 night orgy of the devil, demons, sorcerers, & 
 witches, [f. L sabbatum, Gk -ton, f. Heb. shab- 
 bath (shabath to rest)] 
 
 sabba'tic(al), aa. Of, appropriate to, the 
 sabbath (-alriver, one in Jewish legend flowing 
 only on sabbath ; s. year, seventh year in which 
 Israelites were to cease tilling & release debt- 
 ors & Israelite slaves). Hence sabba'tical- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. Gk sabbatikos (prec, -ic), -al] 
 
 sa'bbatize, v.i. & t. Keep the, have a, sab- 
 bath ; make (day) into, keep as, a sabbath. \f. L 
 sabbatizare f. Gk sabbatizo (sabbath, -ize)] 
 
 Sabe'llian, a. & n. (Rom. hist.). (Member) 
 of the group of tribes in ancient Italy including 
 Sabines, Samnites, Campanians, &c. [f. L Sa- 
 belli sabines + -ian] 
 
 Sa'bian, a. & n. (Member) of a sect classed 
 in Koran with Moslems, Jews, & Christians, as 
 believers in the true God ; (erron.) (adherent) 
 of saba ism. [f. Arab, cabi' (perh. f. Aram. vb= 
 baptize) 4- -an] 
 
 Sa'bine, a. & n. (One) of the Ss., ancient 
 Italians of central Apennines, [f. L Sabinus) 
 
 sa'ble l , n. Small brown-furred arctic & sub- 
 arcticcarnivorousquadruped allied to martens; 
 its skin or fur. [OF, = s.-fur, prob. f. Slav. (Pol. 
 & Czech sobol, Hung, czoboly, the s.)] 
 
 sa'ble 2 , n. & a. Black as a heraldic colour ; 
 (poet., rhet.) the colour black ; (poet. & rhet.; 
 pi.) mourning garments, whence sa*blF.D 2 a.; 
 (also s. antelope) large stout-horned antelope of 
 which male is black. (Adj., poet. & rhet.) black, 
 dusky, gloomy, dread, (of negro, sky, sea, night, 
 Fate, &c); hence sa*bLY 2 adv. [F (herald.), 
 perh. f. prec] 
 
 sa'bot (-6), n. Shoe hollowed out from one 
 piece of wood worn by French lower classes ; 
 wooden-soled shoe ; (Mil.) wooden disk riveted 
 to spherical, metal cup strapped to conical, pro- 
 jectile ; (Mech. ) shoe or armature of pile, boring- 
 rod, &c Hence sa'botED 2 (-od) a. [F, cf . savate 
 shoe, etym. dub.] 
 
 sa'bpe (-er), n., & v.t. Cavalry sword with 
 curved blade (the s., military force or rule) ; 
 (in pi.) cavalry unit (cf. rifle), cavalry soldier & 
 horse, (has 3000 ss.); copper tool for skimming 
 molten glass ; s.-bill, -icing, kinds of bird ; s.- 
 cut, blow with s., wound made or scar left by 
 it; s.-toothed lion or tiger, extinct mammal 
 with long s. -shaped upper canines; (vb) cut 
 down or wound with s. [F, earlier sable f. G 
 sabel prob. of Oriental orig.] 
 
 sa'bretache (-ertash), n. Cavalry officer's 
 satchel on long straps from left of waistbelt. 
 [F, f. G sdbeltasche (prec, tasche pocket)] 
 
 sabreur (sahbrer"), n. Cavalryman with sa- 
 bre, esp. (often beau s.) cavalry officer of dash- 
 ing appearance. [F] 
 
SABULOUS 
 
 749 
 
 SACRED 
 
 sa'bulous, a. Sandy, of sand, (pedant.); 
 (Med., of secretions esp. in urinary organs) 
 granular, [f. L sabidosus(sabtdum sand, -ose 1 )] 
 
 sabu'ppa, n. (med.). Foul granular matter 
 deposited in stomach. [L, = sand, cf. prec] 
 
 sac, n. Bag-like membrane-enclosed cavity 
 in animal or vegetable organism ; membranous 
 envelope of hernia, cyst, tumour, &c; (of dress) 
 =sack 1 . [f. L saccus sack J ] 
 
 sa'ceate, a. (Bot.) dilated into bag; contained 
 in sac. [f. med. L saccatus (prec, -ate 2 )] 
 
 sa'cchap- (-k-), stem, f. Gk sakkharon sugar, 
 of many words chiefly in scientific use : sa'c- 
 charATE i (3), salt of saccha'r'ic acid, a dibasic 
 acid formed by nitric acid on dextrose, also a 
 monobasic acid formed by bases on glucoses ; 
 sacchari'FEROUS, sugar-bearing ; sa'cchariFY, 
 convert (starch) into sugar ; sacchari "meter, 
 instrument fortestingsugarsby polarized light; 
 sa'ccharix(e) n., intensely sweet substance got 
 from coal-tar & used to sweeten food for the 
 gouty, diabetic, &c. ; sa'cchariNE 1 a., sugary, 
 of or containing or like sugar ; saccharo-, sugar- 
 &- ; sa'ccharom a. (geol.), granular like sugar, 
 (n.) sugarlike substance ; saccharo "meter, hy- 
 drometer used, esp. in brewing, to estimate 
 amount of sugar in solution by specific gravity ; 
 sa'ccharosE 2 , any of the group of sugars dis- 
 tinguished from the glucose group. 
 
 sa*eciform(-ks-),a. Sac-shaped, [sac, -form] 
 
 sa'eeule, n. Small sac or cyst. Hence (see 
 -ul) sa'eculAR 1 , sa'eeulATE 2 , -a ted, aa., 
 saceulA - TiON n. [f. L sacculus (sac, -ule)] 
 
 sa*eerd6ey,n.(rare). Sacerdotalism; priestly 
 function, [f. hsacerdotium(sacerdos -ofa'spriest 
 lit. sacrifice-giver f. sacer holy, dare give)] 
 
 sa'eerdotag'e, n. (joe). Sacerdotalism; 
 priest-ridden state, [as prec. w. ref. to dotage, 
 cf. anecdotage] 
 
 sacer do'tal, a. Of priest(s) or priesthood, 
 priestly ; (of doctrines &c.) ascribing sacrificial 
 functions & supernatural powers to ordained 
 priests, claiming excessive authority for the 
 priesthood. Hence saeerdo'talLY 2 ad v., sa- 
 eerdo*taliSM(3), saeerdo*taliST(2), nn., sa- 
 eerdo*talizE(3) v.t. [F, f. L sacerdotalis (as 
 sacerdocv, -al)] 
 
 sa'chem (-tsh-), n. Supreme chief of some 
 Amer.-Ind. tribes; big- wig, eminent person. 
 [Amer.-Ind.] 
 
 sa'chet (-sha),n. Small perfumed bag; (packet 
 of) dry perfume for laying among clothes &c. 
 [F, dim. of sac f. L saccus] 
 
 sack K n., & v.t. Large usu. oblong bag for 
 storing 8c conveying goods usu. open at one end 
 & made of coarse flax or hemp (give one, get, 
 the s., dismiss him, be dismissed, from service, 
 cf. ' On luy a donne son sac, hee hath his pas- 
 port given him ' in Cotgrave), whence sa'ck- 
 iNG^n.js.with contents (usu. of; alsosa'ek- 
 ful n.), amount (of corn, coal, flour, wool, po- 
 tatoes, &c.) usu. put in s. as unit of measure or 
 weight (at 12/- the s.); (of dress ; also as pseudo- 
 ~Fsacque,sac)kind of lady'sjoose gown (archaic), 
 also pleated silk appendage attached to shoul- 
 ders of dress & failing to ground & forming 
 train, also man's or woman's loose-hanging coat 
 not shaped to back ; sackcloth, coarse fabric of 
 flax or hemp, sacking, (fig.) mourning or peni- 
 tential garb (esp. in s.-c. & ashes bibl.); s.-race, 
 between competitors tied in ss. up to the neck. 
 (Vb) put into sack(s) ; (colloq.) give the s. to, 
 dismiss from service ; (colloq.) defeat in match 
 or fight. [OE sacc f. L f. Gk sakkos f. Heb. sag] 
 
 sack 2 , v.t., & n. (Of victorious army or its 
 commander) plunder, give over to plunder, 
 (captured city &c.) ; (of burglars &c.) carry off 
 contents of; (n.) sacking of captured place, [vb 
 
 prob. f. n. f. F sac in phr. mettre a sac put to 
 sack, f. It. sacco etym. dub. (perh. f. saccare 
 put in sack 1 )] 
 
 sack 3 , n. (hist). Kinds of white wine for- 
 merly imported from Spain & the Canaries 
 (sherry, Canary, &c, s. ; s.-posset, -whey, &c, 
 beverages containing it; halfpennyworth of 
 bread to intolerable deal ofs., absurd excess of 
 the unessential, w. ref. to 1 Henry IV, n. iv. 
 592). [earlier wyne seek f. F vin sec dry wine] " 
 
 sa'ckbut, n. Obsolete bass trumpet with 
 slide for altering pitch, [f. F saquebute sackbut 
 from loth c, prob. =ONF saqueboute hook for 
 pulling man off horse (saquier pull, boute of 
 doubtful sense) ; in Dan. iii s. is mistransl. of 
 Aram, sabbeka (a stringed instrument) due to 
 accidental likeness of the wds] 
 
 sa'ckless, a. (archaic, Sc. & north.). Inno- 
 cent (of), harmless, feeble-minded. [OE sacleas 
 (sacu litigation, -less)] 
 
 sacque. See sack *. 
 
 sa'eral, a. (Anat.) of the sacrum ; (Anthro- 
 pol.) of or for sacred rites, [sacrum, -al] 
 
 sa'crament, n., & v.t. Religious ceremony 
 or act regarded as outward & visible sign of in- 
 ward & spiritual grace (applied by the Eastern, 
 pre-Reformation Western, & R.-C. Churches 
 to the seven rites of baptism, confirmation, the 
 eucharist, penance, extreme unction, orders, & 
 matrimony ; restricted by most Protestants to 
 baptism & the eucharist; the s., the s. of the 
 altar, the Blessed or Holy S., the eucharist, 
 also the consecrated elements esp. the bread or 
 Host ; take, receive, the s. to do or upon, as 
 confirmation of some promise or oath) ; thing 
 of mysterious & sacred significance, sacred in- 
 fluence, symbol, &c; oath or solemn engage- 
 ment taken (vb, bind by oath, esp. in p.p.). [f. 
 F sawement f. L sacramentum military oath, 
 legal caution-money, f. sacrare (sacer sacr- 
 sacred), -ment, used in Christian L as transl. 
 of Gk musterion mystery] 
 
 sacramental, a. & n. Of (the nature of) a 
 or the sacrament, whence saeramenta'liTY 
 n.; (of doctrine &c.) attaching great importance 
 to the sacraments, whence sacrame'ntal- 
 ism(3), saerame*ntaliST(2), nn.; hence sae- 
 rame'ntalLY 2 adv. (N.) observance analo- 
 gous to but not reckoned among the sacraments, 
 3. g. use of holy water or sign of the cross, [f. 
 LL sacramentalis (prec, -AL)] 
 
 sacramentar'ian, a. & n. (Hist.; also 
 «acramentary) denying, denier of, the Real 
 Presence (as holding that 'body & blood of 
 Christ' was used only in a sacramental, i.e. 
 symbolic, sense); (mod.) holding or involving, 
 holder of, high sacramental doctrine, whence 
 saeramentar'ianisM (3) n. [f. med.LsACRA- 
 
 MENT(C*WWS -ARY *), See -ARIAN] 
 
 sacrar'ium, n. (pi. -ia). (Rom. Ant.) shrine, 
 adytum, room of Penates in house ; (also sanc- 
 tuary) part of church within altar-rails ; (R.-C.) 
 piscina. [L (sacer sacr- holy, -arium)] 
 
 sa'cre' (-a), v.i. (-cred, -creing). (Of French- 
 man) say sacrb, swear, [f. F sacrd interj. =foll.] 
 
 sa'cred, a. (rarely -est:). Consecrated or held 
 dear to a deity, dedicated or reserved or appro- 
 priated to some person or purpose ; made holy 
 by religious association, hallowed, (.9. book, 
 urritings, embodying laws &c. of a religion ; s. 
 history, related in Bible ; .9. number, associated 
 with religious symbolism, e.g. 7; s. poetry, 
 music, on religious themes ; s. concert, of s. 
 music ; as specific epithet of beasts &c. now or 
 once s. to some god, as s. ibis, monkey, beetle) ; 
 safeguarded or required by religion or rever- 
 ence or tradition, indefeasible, inviolable, sac- 
 rosanct, (His most S. Majesty the King • %he s. 
 
SACRIFICE 
 
 750 
 
 SAFETY 
 
 right of insurrection ; regards it as a s. duty ; 
 their property, persons, will be held s.; no 
 place was s.from him, from outrage). Hence 
 sa'epedLY 2 adv., sa'epedNESS n. [p.p. of 
 obs. sacre consecrate f. F sacrer f. L sacrare 
 (sacer sacr- holy)] 
 
 sa'erifiee, n., & v.t. & i. Slaughter of animal 
 or person, surrender of a possession, as offering 
 to a deity, (fig.) act of prayer or thanksgiving 
 or penitence as propitiation ; what is thus 
 slaughtered or surrendered or done, victim, 
 offering ; (Theol. ) the Crucifixion, the Eucharist 
 as either a repetition of this or an act of thanks- 
 giving ; giving up of thing for the sake of an- 
 other that is higher or more urgent, thing thus 
 given up, loss thus entailed, {will gain nothing 
 by the s. of your princi}iles ; at some s. of regu- 
 larity ; surplus stock for sale at a large s.; his 
 health was' the s. demanded of him; self-.s. ) ; 
 sosaepifi"eiAL 1 (-ishl)a.,saepifi , eialLY 2 adv. 
 <Vb) offer (as) s. (to) ; give up, treat as secondary 
 or of inferior importance, devote, to, (has saa~i- 
 ficed herself, her whole life, her pleasures, to 
 his interest ; s. accuracy to vividness) ; resign 
 oneself to parting with, [vb f. n., F, f. L sacri- 
 ficium (sacrificus as prec, -fic)] 
 
 sa'cpilegre (ij), n. Robbery or profanation 
 of sacred building, outrage on consecrated per- 
 son or thing, violation of what is sacred. Hence 
 saepile'gious (-jus) a., saepile'giousLV- 
 adv. , saepile'g'iST(l) n. (rare). [OF, f. L sacri- 
 legium f. sacrilegus (sacred, legere collect)] 
 
 sa'epingTj n. (archaic). Consecration of ele- 
 ments in the mass ; ordination & consecration 
 of bishop, sovereign, &c; s.-bell, rung at eleva- 
 tion of Host. [obs. sacre (sacred), -ing 1 ] 
 
 sa'CPist, n. Official keeping sacred vessels 
 &c. of religious house or church. [OF (-e), f. L 
 sacrista (sacred, -ist)] 
 
 sa'epistan, n. Sexton of parish church (ar- 
 chaic) ; = prec. [f. med. L SACRiSTa?i?/,s- (-an)] 
 
 sa'episty, n. Repository for vestments, 
 vessels, &c, of a church. [F (-ie), f. med.L 
 sacristia (sacrist, -ia *)] 
 
 sa'eposanet, a. (Of person, place, law, &c.) 
 secured by religious sanction against outrage, 
 inviolable. Hence saeposa'netiTY n. [f. L 
 sacrosanctus (sacro abl. of sacrum sacred 
 rite, saint a.)] 
 
 sa'epum, n. Composite triangular bone of 
 ankylosed vertebrae forming back of pelvis. 
 Hence sa'CPAL a., sacro- comb. form. [f. L 
 os sacrum sacred bone (from sacrificial use)] 
 
 sad, a. Sorrowful, mournful, showing or 
 causing sorrow, (a sadder & a wiser man, of 
 one who has had distressing experience ; in s. 
 earnest, seriously) ; (contempt., usu. joc.Vshock- 
 ing, deplorably bad, incorrigible, (is a s. slut, 
 coward, &c; s. dog, rake, scapegrace ; write* s. 
 stuff) ; (of pastry, bread, &c.) heavv, doughy : 
 (of colour) dull, neutral-tinted; s.-iron, solid 
 flat-iron. Hence sa'ddEN 6 v.t, & i., sa'dr.v 2 
 adv., sa'dNESS n., sa'ddiSH ] (2) a. [earlier 
 senses sated, iveary, solid, serious; com.-Teut.; 
 OE sied cf. Du. zat, G satt, cogn. w. L sat( s), 
 Gk haden, enough] 
 
 sa-ddle, n., & v.t. Rider's seat placed on 
 back of horse &c. (usu. concave-shaned of 
 leather with side-flaps & girths & stirrups) or 
 forming part of bicycle &c. or of some agricul- 
 tural machines (pack*, side, -s.; in the s. 
 mounted, fig. in office or control ; put s. on 
 right, icrong, horse, blame right, wrong, per- 
 son); part of shaft-horse's harness that bears 
 shafts ; s. -shaped thing, e.g. ridge between two 
 summits, support for cable or wire on top of 
 
 suspension-bridge pier or telegraph-pole, joint 
 of mutton or venison consisting of the two 
 
 loins ; saddleback, (Arch.) tower roof with two 
 opposite gables, saddlebacked hill, kinds of 
 bird (esp. the Grey Crow) & fish, (adj.) saddle- 
 backed ; saddlebacked, with upper outline con- 
 cave, (Arch.) having saddleback; s.-bag, one of 
 pair of bags laid across horse behind s., kind 
 of carpeting (in imitation of Eastern s.-bb. of 
 camels) used in upholstering chairs &c; s.- 
 boiler, of concave form used in heating-appara- 
 tus; s.-bow, arched front of s. [bow 1 ]; s.-cloth, 
 laid on horse's back under s. ; saddlefast', firmly 
 seated in s.; s.-horse, for riding; s.-pin, by 
 which bicycle &c. s. fits into socket; s.-tree, 
 frame of s., also N.-Amer. tulip-tree (with s.- 
 shaped leaves); hence sa'ddleLESS a. (Vb) 
 put s. on (hcvse &c.) ; burden (person) with 
 task, responsibility, &c; put (burden) (up)on 
 (person). [com.-Teut.; OE sadol(ian), cf. Du. 
 zadeUen), G sattel(n) ; perh. cogn. w. sit] 
 
 sa'ddlep, n. Maker of or dealer in saddles 
 & other equipment for horses; (Mil.) man in 
 charge of cavalry regiment's saddlery. Hence 
 sa-ddlERY(l, 2, 3) n. [-er i] 
 
 Sa'ddueee, n. Member of a Jewish sect or 
 party (cf. Pharisee, essene) of time of Christ 
 that denied resurrection of the dead, existence 
 of spirits, & obligation of the traditional law. 
 Hence or cogn. SaddueE'ANa., Sa'ddueee- 
 ism(2) n. [f. LL f. Gk Saddoukaios I. Heb. 
 Cadd^lqi prob. = descendant of Zadok] 
 
 sa'dism (sah-), n.' Form of sexual perversion 
 marked by love of cruelty, [f. F sadisme 
 (Count de Sade 1740-1814, -ism)] 
 
 safe 1 , n. (Also meats.) ventilated cupboard 
 for provisions ; fire-proof & burglar-proof re- 
 ceptacle for valuables, [orig. save, f. save *] 
 
 safe 2 , a. (Pred., after come, arrive, bring, 
 keep, Sec.) uninjured (parcel came s.; saw them 
 s. home ; often .s. & sound) ; secure, out of or 
 not exposed to danger (from), (now we are, can 
 feel, s.; is s. from his enemies). Affording se- 
 curity or not involving danger (put it in a s. 
 place ; is it s. to leave him ? ; s. custody, convoy, 
 &c; err, error, on the s. side, with margin of 
 security against risks ; dog is not s. to touch ; 
 it is s. to say, may be said without risk of ex- 
 aggeration or falsehood), debarred from escap- 
 ing or doing harm (have got him .<?.); cautious 
 & unenterprising, consistently moderate, that 
 can be reckoned on, unfailing, certain to do or 
 be, sure to become, (a s. critic, statesman ; s. 
 methods ; a s. catch 2 , winner ; is a s. first, 
 sure to take a first class ; is s. to win. be there); 
 hence sa'feNESS n. S.-conduct, (document 
 conveying) privilege granted by sovereign, 
 commander, &c, of being protected from arrest 
 or harm on particular occasion or in district ; 
 s.-guard, — s.-conduct, (also & usu.) proviso or 
 stipulation or quality or circumstance that 
 tends to prevent some evil or protect, (v.t.) 
 guard, protect, (esp. rights &c.) by precaution 
 or stipulation; s.-keeving, custody. Hence 
 sa'feLV 2 adv. [ME & F sauf f. L salvus un- 
 injured cogn. w. Gk holos whole] 
 
 sa*"ety (-fti), n. Being safe, freedom from 
 danger or risks, (there is s. in numbers prov. ; 
 is in s.; cannot do it with s.; play for s., avoid 
 risks in game or fig.); safeness, being sure or 
 likely to bring no danger, (is the s. of the experi- 
 ment certain ? ; factor or coefficient of s. in 
 engineering, ratio of material's strength to 
 strain to be allowed for) ; (also s.-bolt) contriv- 
 ance for locking gun-trigger, gun with this ; 
 (also s. -bicycle) bicycle of usual low-saddled 
 modern form (opp. ordinary) ; s.-fuse, that can 
 be ignited at safe distance; s.-lamp, miner's so 
 protected as not to ignite fire-damp ; s.-match, 
 only igniting on prepared surface ; s.-pin, with 
 
SAFFIAN 
 
 751 
 
 SAINT 
 
 point that returns to head & is caught in a 
 guard so that wearer may not be pricked nor 
 pin come out; s.-razor, kinds with guard to 
 prevent cutting chin &c. ; s.-ralve in steam- 
 boiler, opening automatically to relieve exces- 
 sive pressure, (fig.) means of giving harmless 
 vent to excitement &c (sit on the s.-v., follow 
 policy of repression), [f. F sauvetk f. med.L 
 salvitatem (prec, -i-, -ty)] 
 
 sa'fnan, n. Leather of goatskin or sheep- 
 skin tanned with sumach & dyed in bright 
 colours, [f. Russ. safiyanu] 
 
 sa'fnower (-owr), n. A thistle-like plant 
 yielding red dye used esp. in rouge ; its dried 
 petals; the dye made from them. [f. Du. saffloer 
 f. OF saffieur f. early It. saffiore etym. dub.] 
 
 sa'ffpbn, n., a., & v.t. Orange-coloured stig- 
 mas of the Autumnal Crocus used for colouring 
 & flavouring confectionery & liquors (Bastard 
 S., the plant safflower); (a; & n.) s.-colour(ed), 
 whence sa'ffponY 2 a.; s.-cake, cake flavoured 
 with s., also tablet of pressed s. ; ( vb) colour with 
 or like s. [f. F safran uit. f. Arab, za'faran] 
 
 sa'franin, n. Colouring-matter of saffron ; 
 yellowish-red coal-tar colour, [prec, -in] 
 
 sag*, v.i. & t., & n. Sink or subside under 
 weight or pressure ; hang sideways, be lop- 
 sided, (gate, bridge, sags) ; have downward 
 bulge or curve in middle (ceiling, beam, stretched 
 rope, ladder, sags), (trans.) cause to curve thus; 
 (Commerc.) decline in price ; (of ship) drift from 
 course (esp. s. to leeward); hence sasggY 2 a. 
 (N.) amount that rope &c. sags, distance from 
 middle of its curve to straight line between 
 supports; sinking, subsidence; decline in price; 
 (Naut.) tendency to leeward, [cf. Du. zakken 
 subside, Da. sakke lag; perh. cogn. w. sink] 
 
 sa'ga (sah-), n. A medieval Icelandic or Nor- 
 wegian prose narrative, esp. one embodying 
 history of Icelandic family or Norwegian king, 
 (transf.) story of heroic achievement or adven- 
 ture. [ON, = narrative, cogn. w. saw 2 ] 
 
 saga'cious (shws), a. Mentally penetrating, 
 gifted with discernment, practically wise, acute- 
 minded, shrewd; (of sayings, plans, &c.) showing 
 sagacity ; (of animals) exceptionally intelligent, 
 seeming to reason or deliberate. Hence or cogn. 
 saga'ciousLYSadv., sagfA'crrYn. [f.hsagax 
 (sagire discern acutely), -acious] 
 
 sa'gamore, n. = sachem (1st sense), [f. 
 Amer.-Ind. sagamo] 
 
 sage 1 , n. Aromatic herb with dull greyish- 
 green leaves ; its leaves used in cookery (s. & 
 onions, stuffing used for goose, duck, pork, &c); 
 s.-brush, growth of alkaline plants character- 
 izing some sterile districts of U.S. (s.-cock, 
 -grouse, -hare, &c, found in this) ; s.-cheese, fla- 
 voured and mottled by addition of s. -infusion to 
 the curd ; s.-green, colour of s. -leaves; s. tea, 
 medicinal infusion of s. -leaves. Hence sa'gY 2 
 a. [ME & F sauge f. L salvia] 
 
 sage 2 , a. & n. Wise, discreet, judicious, hav- 
 ing the wisdom of experience, of or indicating 
 profound wisdom, (often iron.) ; wise-looking, 
 solemn-faced; hence sa'geLY 2 adv., sa'ge- 
 ness n. (N.) profoundly wise man (often iron.), 
 esp. any of the ancients traditionally reputed 
 wisest of their time (the seven ss., 7 Greeks each 
 credited with a notable saying) ; hence sa'ge- 
 ship n. [F, f. com. -Rom. sabio f. pop. L *sapius 
 (L sapere be sapient)] 
 
 sa'ggap, n. Case of baked fireproof clay en- 
 closing pottery while it is baked, [perh. contr. 
 of safeguard] 
 
 Sagl*tta, n. A northern constellation, the 
 Arrow. [L, = arrowl 
 
 Sagittap'ius, n. Constellation & ninth sign 
 of zodiac, the Archer. [L (prec, -ary j )] 
 
 sa'g-ittate(d), aa. (bot., zool.). Shaped like 
 arrow-head, [sagitta, -ate 2 ] 
 
 sa'g-o, n. (Kinds of palm & cycad with pith 
 yielding) kind of starch used as food in puddings 
 &c [f. Malay sagu] 
 
 Sahara, n. Great Libyan desert ; arid 
 tract (lit. & fig.). Hence Sahar'AN, Sahar*- 
 ian, Sahar'ic, aa. [f. Arab, cahra desert] 
 
 Sah*ib,n. (Anglo-Ind.). Englishman or Euro- 
 pean in India as spoken of or to by natives 
 (mem-sahib) ; (appended to name of S.) Mr, as 
 Jones S. [Hind., f. Arab, cah-ib friend] 
 
 said. See say 2 . 
 
 sai'ga (or si-), n. Antelope of steppes. [Russ.l 
 
 sail I, n. Piece of canvas or other textile 
 material extended on rigging to catch wind & 
 propel vessel, (collect.) some or all of ship's ss. 
 (carry, crowd 2 , hoist, lower, make 1 , set 1 , 
 shorten, strike, s. ; take in s. fig., moderate 
 one's ambitions ; take wind l out of ss. ; full s. 
 adv., with all s. spread lit. & fig. ; under s., 
 with ss. set) ; (collect.) ships (in giving number 
 of ships in squadron or company ; a fleet of 
 twenty s.), ship (esp. in s. ho!, cry announcing 
 that ship is in sight) ; wind-catching apparatus, 
 now usu. set of boards, attached to arm of wind- 
 mill ; s. -fish's dorsal fin, tentacle of nautilus; 
 (also winds.) funnel-shaped bag on ship's deck 
 or above mine giving ventilation ; s.-arm, arm 
 of windmill ; s.-axle, on which s.-arms revolve; 
 s. -cloth, canvas for ss., also dress-material; 
 s.-fish, kinds with large dorsal fin, esp. Basking 
 shark. Hence (-)sailED 2 , sai'lLESS, aa. [com.- 
 Teut. ; OE seg(e)l, cf. Du. zeil, G segel] 
 
 sail 2 , v.i. & t., & n. (Of vessel or person on 
 board) travel on water by use of ss. (sailing- 
 ship, -vessel, opp. steamer ; s. close to or near 
 the wind, nearly against it, also fig. come near 
 transgressing a law or moral principle) ; (of 
 vessel or person on board) travel on water by 
 use of ss. or engine-power, start on voyage, (we 
 s. next week; list of saillXGs from London; 
 sailing orders, instructions to captain for de- 
 parture, destination, &c); (of bird, cloud, 
 moon, &c) glide in air; (esp. of women) walk 
 in stately manner ; travel over or along, navi- 
 gate, glide through, (the sea, Spanish main, 
 sky, &c); control navigation of (ship; plain 
 sailmG 1 , used pred. to describe task &c that 
 is not perplexing ; sailing-master, officer navi- 
 gating yacht), set (toy-boat) afloat. (N.) voyage 
 or excursion in sailing-vessel (go for a s.); 
 voyage of specified duration (is ten days' s. 
 from Plymouth). [OE siglan, segl(i)an, (prec)] 
 
 sai'ler, n. Ship of specified sailing-power 
 (fast, good, bad, s.). [-er 1 ] 
 
 sai'lop, n. Seaman, mariner, esp. one below 
 rank of officer (good, bad, s., person not, very, 
 liable to sea-sickness; s.-hat, of straw with 
 straight narrow brim & flat top worn by women, 
 also with turned-up brim in imitation of sailor's 
 worn by children ; s.-man, (vulg. & joe for) s.; 
 sailors' home, institution for lodging ss. cheaply 
 ashore ; s.'s knot, way of tying neck-tie. Hence 
 sai'loriNGMD n., saMoPLESS, sai'loPLY 1 , 
 aa. [var. of prec, see -er *, -OR 2 ] 
 
 sain, v.t. (archaic). Make sign of the cross 
 on, bless, protect by divine power or enchant- 
 ment. [OE segnian, cf. G segnen bless, f. L 
 signare mark (sign l um)] 
 
 sai'nfoin, n. Low-growing herb used as 
 fodder. [F (sain sane, foin hay f. L faenum)] 
 
 saint, a.(snt;abbr. St. S.,inpl.Sts,SS.).n.,&v.t. 
 Holy, canonized or officially recognized by the 
 Church as having won by exceptional holiness 
 a high place in heaven & veneration on earth, 
 (usu. as prefix to name of person or archangel 
 as St Paul, St Michael, whence ellipt. names 
 
SAINT-SIMONIAN 
 
 752 
 
 SALICIONAL. 
 
 of churches as St Peter's, & of towns called 
 after their churches often with loss of posses- 
 sive sign as St Andrews & St Albans, & many 
 Christian & family names taken either from 
 patron s. or from local names as above ; also in 
 some names of churches not called after ss., as 
 St Saviour's, Sepulchre's, Faith, Cross; St—'s 
 day, Church festival in memory of particular 
 s.; St valentine's day ; St Monday, Monday 
 as made by many workmen into a holiday or 
 s.'s-day ; St Lubbock's day, any of the bank 3 - 
 holidays instituted 1871 by Sir J. Lubbock's Act ; 
 St Anthony's, Elmo's, fire 1 ; -Si Vitus's dance 2 ; 
 St Bernard dog or St Bernard, breed kept by 
 monks of Hospice on Great St Bernard pass for 
 rescue of travellers; St Leger, horse-race at 
 Doncaster for three-year-olds, f. founder's name; 
 St Michael, kind of orange, f. one of the Azores 
 so called). (N T .) one of the blessed dead or other 
 member of the company of heaven {departeds., 
 phr. used by or attributed to mourners, = de- 
 ceased person); canonized person (see adj. sense; 
 patron s., selected as heavenly protector of per- 
 son or place, esp. church, often named after 
 him) ; (bibl., archaic, & with some mod. sects) 
 one of God's chosen people, member of the 
 Christian Church or speaker's branch of it; 
 person of great real or affected holiness (would 
 provoke, try the patience of, a s. ; young ss. old 
 devils or sinners, early piety is no good sign ; 
 LATTER-day ss.); s.'s-day, Church festival in 
 memory of a s., often observed as holiday at 
 schools &c; hence sai'ntDOM, sai'ntuc-OD, 
 sai'ntSHip, sai'ntLiNG 1 , nn., sai'ntLiKE, 
 sai'ntLY 1 , aa., sai'ntliNESS n. (Vb) canon- 
 ize, admit to the calendar of ss.; call or regard 
 as as.; (p.p.) worthy to be so regarded, of saintly 
 life, (of place &c.) sacred, [vb f. n. f. adj., OF, 
 f. L sanctus p.p. of sancire consecrate] 
 Saint-Simd'nian, a. & n. (Advocate) of 
 the socialism of the Comte de Saint-Simon 
 (1760-1825) with State control of property & dis- 
 tribution of produce. So Saint-SI'mon- 
 ist(2), Saint-SI'moniTEMl), Saint-SI'- 
 monis.M(3), Saint-Simo*nianiSM(3), nn. 
 
 [IAN] 
 
 sal th. See say 2 . 
 
 Sai'tie, a. Of Sais, ancient capital of Lower 
 Egypt (S. dynasties, 26th-30th of Egyptian 
 kings), [f. L f. Gk Saitikos (Saites f. Sais, -ite »)] 
 
 sake, n. For the s. of—, for —'s or my &c. 
 s., out of consideration for, in the interest of, 
 because of, owing to, in order to please or ho- 
 nour or get or keep, (common n. with sibilant 
 ending does not take the extra syllable of the 
 possessive before s., but has usu. the apostro- 
 phe, as for peace', conscience', goodness', s., cf. 
 for God's, the children's, Phyllis's, s.; for my 
 oivn s. as well as yours ; for both, all, ourss. or 
 rarely s.; for his name's s., because he bears 
 the name he does or in the interest of his repu- 
 tation ; persecuted for opinion's s.; for any s. 
 in entreaties, for one reason if not for another; 
 for old s.'s s., in memory of old days). [OP] sacu 
 contention, charge, fault, sake, cf. Du zaak law- 
 suit, cause, thing, G sache affair, also OE sacan 
 to quarrel ; cogn. w. seek] 
 
 sd'ke (-a), n. Japanese fermented liquor made 
 from rice. [f. Jap. sake] 
 
 sa'kep, n. Large lanner falcon used in hawk- 
 ing, esp. the female larger than the male or 
 sa'kePET 1 n.; (Hist.) old form of cannon, [f. F 
 sacre (in both senses) f. Sp., Port., sacro prob. 
 f . Arab, caqr] 
 
 sal (sahl), saul, n. Valuable Indian timber 
 (tree). [Hind.] 
 
 salaa'm (-lahm), n., & v.i. & t. Oriental 
 salutation ' Peace '; Indian obeisance with this, 
 
 low bow of head & body with right palm on 
 forehead ; (vb) make s. (to), [f. Arab, salam] 
 
 sa'lable, a. Fit for sale, finding purchasers ; 
 s. price, that article will fetch. Hence sala- 
 BI'LITY n. [-able] 
 
 sala'cious (-shws), a. Lustful, lecherous. 
 Hence or cogn. sala'eiousLY 2 adv., sala*- 
 ciousNESS, salA'ciTY, nn. [f. L salax (satire 
 leap), -acious] 
 
 sa'lad (-ad), n. Cold dish of uncooked usu. 
 sliced vegetables such as lettuce or endive sea- 
 soned with oil, vinegar, &c, & eaten with or 
 including cold fish, meat, hard-boiled eggs, &c. ; 
 vegetable or herb suitable for eating raw ; s.- 
 days, inexperienced youth ; s.-dressing, mix- 
 ture of oil, vinegar, cream, &c, taken with s.; 
 s.-oil, superior quality of olive-oil. [f. OF salade 
 ult. f. L sal salt, -ade(1)] 
 
 salamander, n. Lizard-like animal sup- 
 posed to live in fire ; person who can endure 
 great heat, fire-eating soldier &c; spirit living 
 in fire (cf. sylph, gnome, nymph); (Zool.) kinds 
 of tailed amphibian, whence salama'ndPOiD 
 a. & n. ; red-hot iron for firing gun-powder, 
 hot iron plate for browning omelettes &c. 
 Hence salama'ndPiAN, salama'ndpiNE 1 , 
 aa. [F (-dre), f. L f. Gk salamandra] 
 
 sal-ammo'niac, n. Ammonium chloride. 
 [L sal salt, ammoniac] 
 
 sa'langane (-ngg-), n. Swallow making 
 edible nest. [F, f. salamga name in Luzon] 
 
 sa'lapy, n., & v.t. Fixed periodical payment 
 made to person doing other than manual or me- 
 chanical work (cf. wages); (vb; chiefly in p.p.) 
 pay s. to. [AF (-ie), = OF salaire f. hsalarium 
 orig. soldier's salt-money (sal salt, -ary x )] 
 
 sale, n. Exchange of a commodity for money 
 or other valuable consideration, selling (on, for, 
 s., offered for purchase ; s. &, or or, return, ar- 
 rangement by which retailer takes quantity of 
 goods with right of returning all that he fails 
 to sell), amount sold (the ss. were enormous) ; 
 public auction (put up for s., offer at auction) ; 
 rapid disposal at reduced prices of shop's stock 
 at end of season; bill 4 of s. ; s. ring, ring of 
 buyers at auction ; salesman, -woman, person 
 engaged in selling goods in si op or as middle- 
 man between producer & retailer. [OE sala 
 prob. f. ON sala cogn. w. si? ll] 
 
 Sa'lem, n. Nonconformistchapel. [Heb.vii.2] 
 
 sa'lep, n. Nutritive meal from dried tubers 
 of some orchidaceous plants. [F f. Turk., f. 
 Arab, tha'leb] 
 
 salepa'tus, n. (U.S.). Impure bicarbonate 
 of potash or sodium bicarbonate as ingredient 
 in baking-powders, [f. mod. L sal aeratus 
 AERATEd salt] 
 
 Sa'lian J , a. Of the Salii or priests of Mars. 
 [L Salii pi. (satire leap), -an] 
 
 Sa'lian 2 , a. & n. (Member) of Frankish tribe 
 near Zuyder Zee from which the Merovingians 
 were descended. [LL Salii the tribe, *an] 
 
 Sa'lic, Sali'que (-ek), aa. (Form -ic) = prec. 
 adj. (S. lata, Frankish law-book extant in Mero- 
 vingian & Carolingian times); (-ic, -ique) S. law, 
 law excluding females from dynastic succes- 
 sion, esp. as alleged fundamental-law of French 
 monarchy (based on a quotation, not .referring 
 to such succession, from the law-book above). 
 [F (-que) f. Salii (prec), -ic] # 
 
 sa'licin, n. Bitter crystalline principle got 
 from willow-bark & used medicinally. So sa'- 
 lic yl n., saliey'lic a. (-ic acid, used as anti- 
 septic & for rheumatism), sali'eylATEMS) n., 
 sali'eyliZE(o) & in same sense sali'eylATE 3 
 vv.t., sali'eyliSM(5) n., sali'cylous (chem.)a. 
 [F (-ine), f. L salix -ids willow, -in] 
 
 sali'cional (-shon-), sa'licet, nn. Organ 
 
SALIENT 
 
 753 
 
 SALT 
 
 stop of soft reedy tone as of willow pipe. [G, f. 
 L salix (prec) w. suff.] 
 
 sa'lient, a. & n. Leaping or dancing (pedant, 
 facet.), (of water &c, poet.) jetting forth, (s. 
 point archaic, initial stage or origin or first 
 beginning, from old med. use = heart as it first 
 shows in an embryo) ; (of angle, esp. in Fortif., 
 opp. re-entrant) pointing outwards ; jutting 
 out, prominent, conspicuous, most noticeable, 
 (s. points, features, characteristics). Hence 
 sa'liENCE, sa'liENCY, nn., sa'lientLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L satire leap, -ent] 
 
 sali'f erous, a. (geol. ). (Of strata) containing 
 much salt. [L sal salt, -I-, -ferous] 
 
 sa'line {or sali'n), a. & n. (Of natural waters, 
 springs, &c.) impregnated with salt or salts, 
 whence salino'METER n.; (of taste) salt; of 
 chemical salts, of the nature of a salt; (of 
 medicines) containing salt(s) of alkaline metals 
 or magnesium; hence sali'niTY n., sali'no- 
 comb. form., (sa). (N.) salt lake, spring, 
 marsh, &c; salt-pan, salt-works; s. substance; 
 s. purge, [prec, -ine x J 
 
 Salique. See salic. 
 
 sali'va, n. Colourless liquid given by mixed 
 secretions of salivary & mucous glands dis- 
 charged into mouth & assisting mastication, 
 spittle. So sa'livARV " a. [L] 
 
 sa'livate, v.t. & i. Produce unusual secre- 
 tion of saliva in (person) usu. with mercury ; 
 secrete or discharge saliva esp. in excess. So 
 salivA'TiON n. [f. L salivas, -ate 3 ] 
 
 salfe (F), n. Hall, room, (of foreign countries ; 
 s.-d-manger, dining-room, coffee-room; s.- 
 (Vattente, waiting-room at station). 
 
 sa'llenders, n. pi. Dry eruption inside hock 
 of horse's hind-leg (cf. malanders). [cf. F 
 solandre ; etym. dub.] 
 
 sa'llow 1 (-6), n. Willow-tree, esp. of low- 
 growing or shrubby kinds, whence sa'llowY 2 
 a.; a shoot, the wood, of this. [OE sealh, cf. 
 OHG salaha, ON selja, also L salix, Gk helike\ 
 
 sa'llow 2 (-6), a., n., & v.t. & i. (Of human 
 skin or complexion or person in these respects, 
 rarely of foliage) of sickly yellow or pale brown ; 
 hence sa'llowiSHM2) a., sa'llowNESs n. 
 (N.) s. hue. (Vb) make or grow s. [OE salo, 
 cf. MDu. salu discoloured, OHG salo dark] 
 
 sa'lly 1 , n., & v.i. Rush of besieged upon 
 besiegers, sortie ; a going forth, excursion ; 
 sudden start into activity, outburst; escapade 
 (rare) ; witticism, piece of banter, lively remark 
 esp. by way of attack upon person or thing or 
 of diversion in argument; s.-port, opening in 
 fortification for making ss. from. (Vb) make 
 military s. (often out) ; go forth or out on a 
 journey, for a walk, &c; issue, come out, sud- 
 denly (rare), [vb f. n., f. F saillie (saillir issue, 
 in OF also dance, f. L satire leap)] 
 
 sa'lly 2 , n. First movement of bell when set 
 for ringing (also hand-stroke, opp. back-stroke), 
 bell's position when set ; part of bell-rope pre- 
 pared with inwoven wool for holding ; s.-hole, 
 through which bell-rope passes, [perh. f. prec. 
 in obs. sense swinging motion] 
 
 Sa'lly 3 , fam. for Sarah (aunt SI; & Lunn, 
 sweet light tea-cake served hot, perh. f. name 
 of girl hawking them at Bath c. 1800). 
 
 salmag-uTidi, n. Dish of chopped meat, 
 anchovies, eggs, onions, &c, & seasoning; 
 general mixture, miscellaneous collection, of 
 articles, subjects, qualities, &c. If. F salmi- 
 gondis etym. dub.] 
 
 sa'lmi (e), n. Ragout esp. of game-birds. [F, 
 prob. short for prec] 
 
 sal'mon, n. (collect, sing, usual for pi.), & a. 
 Large silver-scaled pink-fleshed anadromous 
 fish much prized for food & sport ; s. -coloured), 
 
 (of) the orange-pink colour of s.-flesh ; s.-ladder, 
 -leap, -pass, -stair, series of steps or other 
 arrangement for allowing s. to pass dam & 
 ascend stream ; s. -steak, fried slice of s. ; s.-trout, 
 N.-Europ. fish resembling s.; hence sa'lmon- 
 oid a. & n. (Adj.) s. -coloured, orange-pink. 
 [AF samoun f. L salmonem nom. -o prob. cogn. 
 w. salire leap] 
 
 Salomd'nie, Salomo'nian, aa. • Of, as of, 
 Solomon. [L Salomon Solomon, -ic, -ian] 
 
 salon (F), n. Reception-room in continental, 
 esp. French, great house ; (reunion of notabili- 
 ties in) reception-room of (esp. Parisian) lady of 
 fashion ; the S., annual exhibition of living 
 artists' pictures in Paris. 
 
 saloo'n, n. Hall or large room, esp. in hotel 
 or place of public resort, fit for assemblies, ex- 
 hibitions, &c; large cabin for first-class or for 
 all passengers on ship ; (also s.-car, -carriage) 
 luxurious railway carriage without compart- 
 ments furnished as drawing-room &c (also 
 sleeping, dining, -s.) ; public room(s) or gallery 
 for specified purpose {billiard, dancing, shav- 
 ing, shooting, &c, -s.) ; (U.S.) drinking-bar ; s.- 
 deck, reserved for s. -passengers ; s. -keeper 
 (U.S.), of bar; s. pistol, rifle, adapted for short- 
 range practice in shootings, [f. prec, f. It. 
 salone \sala hall f. Teut. cf. G saal, -oon)] 
 
 saloo'p, n. =salep; hot drink of salep or 
 sassafras formerly sold as substitute for coffee 
 at London street-stalls, [var. of salep] 
 
 Salo'pian, a. & n. (Native) of Shropshire. 
 [Salop Shropshire f. AF Sloppcsberie corrupt, 
 of OE Scrobbesbyrig Shrewsbury, -ian] 
 
 salpiglo'ssis, n. Herbaceous showy-flower- 
 ed garden-plant allied to petunia, [irreg. f. Gk 
 salpigx trumpet, glossa tongue] 
 
 sa'lsify, n. British & Continental plant with 
 long cylindrical fleshy roots eaten as vegetable, 
 Purple Goat's-beard. [f. F salsifis cf. It. sas.se- 
 frica etym. dub.] 
 
 salt (sawlt, solt), n., a., & v.t. (Often common 
 s. ) substance that gives sea- water its character- 
 istic taste got in crystalline forms from strata 
 consisting of it or by evaporation of brine 
 pumped from these or of sea- water & used for 
 seasoning or preserving food & other purposes, 
 sodium chloride, (bay-salt, sea-s., rock j -s.; 
 white s., refined for household use from the 
 brownish rock-s.; table s., powdered or easy to 
 powder for the s a -cellar ; in s., sprinkled with s. 
 or immersed in brine as preservative ; eat s. 
 with, be guest of ; eat one's s., be his guest or 
 dependant; is not, any one, xcorth his s., effi- 
 cient, worth keeping ; drop pinch of s. on tail 
 of, capture, w. ref. to directions given children 
 for catching bird ; take with a grain of s., re- 
 gard as exaggerated, be incredulous about, 
 believe only part of ; am not made of s., can go 
 out in rain without fear of dissolving; the s. of 
 the earth, people or classes for whose existence 
 the world is better, moral 61ite, see Matt. v. 13) ; 
 sting, piquancy, pungency, wit, (no s. in such 
 tears; talk full of s.; attic 1 s.) ; (Old Chem.) 
 solid soluble non-inflammable sapid substance 
 (obs. exc. in some compd names, as s. of lemon 
 or citric acid, Glauber's salt, smell^tio ss., 
 epso.m s.); (Chem.) compound of basic & acid 
 radicals, acid with whole or part of its hydro- 
 gen replaced by a metal ; =s. -cellar (chiefly now 
 in trade use ; & hist, in above, below, &c, the 
 s., seated at table among the family & their 
 equals, among the servants & dependants);, 
 (also s. -marsh, sa'ltiNG J n.) marsh overflowed 
 by sea, often used as pasture or for collecting 
 water for s.-making; (pi.) exceptional rush of 
 sea- water up river ; experienced sailor (esp. old 
 s.); sa'lt-cat[cat unexpl.], mass of s. mixed with 
 
SALTARELLO 
 
 754 
 
 SALVER 
 
 gravel, urine, &c, to attract pigeons & keep 
 them at home ; sa'lt-cellar [assim. of obs. saler 
 (f. OF salier salt-box f. L as salary) to cellar], 
 vessel holding s. for table use ; s.-glaze, glaze 
 on stone-ware made by throwing s. into fur- 
 nace ; s.-lick, place where animals collect to 
 lick earth impregnated with s.; s.-mine, yield- 
 ing rock-Sy s.-pan, depression near sea, vessel, 
 used for getting s. by evaporation ; s.-pit, pit 
 yielding s.; s.-pond, natural or artificial for 
 evaporating sea- water; s.-spoon, usu. with 
 short bandle & roundish deep bowl for helping 
 s.; s.-voell, bored well yielding brine ; s.-ivorks, 
 s. manufactory; sa'ltiuort, kinds of maritime 
 & s. -marsh plants; hence sa'ltLESS, sa'ltv 2 , 
 «.a., sa'ltiNESS n. (Adj.) impregnated with, 
 containing, tasting of, cured or preserved or 
 seasoned with, s. (cf. fresh) ; (of plants) grow- 
 ing in sea or s.-marshes, (of tears, grief, &c.) 
 bitter, afflicting; (of wit &c.) pungent; (of 
 stories, jests, &c.) indecent, spicy; (of bill, 
 charge, §cc; slang) exorbitant ; s. -horse naut. 
 slang, s. beef; s. junk 1 ; s. water, sea water, 
 tears; s.-icater, of, living in, the sea; hence 
 sa'ltisH M2) a., sa'ltLY 2 adv., sa'ltNEss n. 
 (Vb) cure or preserve with s. or brine (s. down 
 money or stock slang, put it by) ; sprinkle (esp. 
 snow to melt it in street) with s.; make s., sea- 
 son, (lit. & fig.); (p.p.; of horses or persons) 
 proof against diseases incident to climate or 
 special conditions by habituation, hardened; 
 treat (esp. paper in Photog.) with solution of s. 
 or mixture of ss.; (Commerc, slang) s. an 
 account &c, put down extreme price for 
 articles, s. the books, represent receipts as larger 
 than they have been ; (Mining, slang) s. a mine, 
 introduce extraneous ore &c. to make it seem 
 rich. [com.-Teut.; OE sealt(an), cf. Du. zout(en), 
 G salz(en) ; cogn. w. Gk hals, L sal] 
 
 saltare'llo, n. Ital ian & Spanish dance with 
 sudden skips for one couple. [It. & (-elo) Sp.] 
 
 salta'tion, n. Leaping, dancing, a jump; 
 sudden transition or movement. So sa'ltat- 
 ory, saltatoP'iAL, aa. [f. L saltatio (saltare 
 frequent, of satire salt- leap, -ation)] 
 
 sa'lter, n. Manufacturer of, dealer in, salt; 
 = dry i-s.; workman at salt-works ; person who 
 salts fish &c. [OE sealtere (salt n. & v., -er 1 )] 
 
 sa'ltern, n. A salt-works ; set of pools for 
 natural evaporation of sea- water. [OE sealtxrn 
 (salt, aern hut)] 
 
 sa/ltigrade, a. & n. (Spider) with legs 
 adapted for jumping. [L saltus -us leap (satire 
 salt-), -gradus -walking] 
 
 sa'Itimbct'nco, n. Mountebank, quack. [It.] 
 
 sa*ltipe,n. (herald.). Ordinary formed by bend 
 & bend sinistercrossinglike a St Andrew's cross 
 (in s.,pers., so arranged). Hence sa'ltirewiSE 
 adv. [f. OF sautoir stile, saltire, f. hsaltatoriuni 
 
 (SALTATION, -ORY)] 
 
 saltpe'tre (-X.er), n. Potassium nitrate, nitre, 
 white crystalline salty substance used as con- 
 stituent of gunpowder, in preserving meat, & 
 medicinally (Chili or cubic s., sodium nitrate); 
 s.-paper, TOUCH-paper; s. rot, white efflores- 
 cence on new or damp walls, [earlier & OF 
 salpetre f. med.L salpetra prob. for sal petrae 
 salt of stone (i.e. found as incrustation) w. 
 assim. to salt ; petrae f. LL f. Gk petra rock] 
 
 sa'ltus, n. (pi. -us). Sudden transition, breach 
 of continuity. [L, = leap] 
 
 salirbrious (-do-, -u-), a. Healthy (chiefly 
 of climate, air, &c. ; rarely of food, exercise, 
 &c). Hence or cogn. saltrbriousLY 2 adv., 
 salu'bniTY n. [L salubris (foil.), -ousl 
 
 sa'lutapy, a. Salubrious (now rare) ; pro- 
 ducing good effects, beneficial, [f. hsalutaris 
 (salus -utis health, -ar 1 ), -ary 2 ] 
 
 saluta'tion, n. (Use of) words spoken or 
 written to convey interest in another's health 
 &c, pleasure at sight of or communication 
 with him, or courteous recognition of his arrival 
 or departure, (rarely, now usu. salute) gesture 
 of similar import, (the Angelic S., the Ave 
 Maria). Hence or cogn. saluta'tion a l, sa- 
 lu'tatORY (-00-, -ti-), aa. [OF (-don), f. L salu- 
 tationem (foil., -ation)] 
 
 salvrte (-00 1, -ut), v.t. & i., &n. Make saluta- 
 tion to, greet; (rare) hail as (king &c.) ; perform 
 s. to or to, perform s. ; (archaic) kiss (person, 
 cheek, hand) esp. at meeting or parting; accost 
 or receive with a smile, oath, volley, &c. ; be- 
 come perceptible to (eye, ear, person arriving). 
 (X.) gesture expressing respect, homage, or 
 courteous recognition, to person esp. when 
 arriving or departing, (Mil., Naut.) prescribed 
 movement or position of body or weapons, or 
 use of flag(s) or discharge of gun(s) in sign of 
 respect, (a s. of 7 guns wasfi?*ed; the s., atti- 
 tude taken by individual soldier, sailor, police- 
 man, &c, in saluting; take thes. esp. of highest 
 officer present, acknowledge it as meant for 
 him by gesture), (Fenc.) formal performance of 
 certain guards &c. by fencers before engaging ; 
 kiss given, prop, as greeting (archaic or facet. ; 
 often a chaste s.). [vbf. Lsalutare (salus -utis 
 health) ; n. f. F salut partly f. L salutem nom. 
 -us & partly f. com.-Rom. & L salutare] 
 
 saluti'fepous, a. (now rare). Promoting 
 health, [f. L salutifer (prec, -ferous)] 
 
 sa'lvage (-ij), n., & v.t. (Payment made or 
 due for) saving of a ship or its cargo from loss 
 by wreck or capture (also attrib., as s. money) ; 
 rescue of property from fire &c. ; property sal- 
 vaged ; (vb) make s. of, save from wreck, fire, 
 &c. [OF (L salvare save 1 , -age)] 
 
 sal va'tion, n. Saving of the soul ; deliver- 
 ance from sin & its consequences & admission 
 to heaven brought about by Christ (find s., be 
 converted, also joe. discover formula that will 
 enable one to abandon one's principles &c); 
 preservation from loss, calamity &c, thing that 
 preserves from these (esp. be the s. of); S. Army, 
 organization on military model for revival of 
 religion among the masses, whence (& w. ref. 
 to religious revivals in general) salva'tion- 
 ism(3), salva*tioniST(2), nn. [OF (-cion), f. L 
 salvationem (save *, -ation)] 
 
 salve *, n., & v.t. Healing ointment for sores 
 or wounds (now chiefly poet. & in lip-s.); mix- 
 ture of tar & grease for smearing sheep; some- 
 thing that soothes wounded feelings or uneasy 
 conscience or (archaic) glozes over discrepancy 
 or palliates fault (usu. for). ( Vb) anoint (wound. 
 &c. ; archaic exc. in fig. use = soothe as below) ; 
 smear (sheep) ; smoothe over or make good 
 (defect, disgrace, &c. ; archaic) ; soothe (pride, 
 self-love, conscience, &c); account for, dispose 
 of, harmonize, vindicate, (difficulty, doubt, dis- 
 crepancy, person's honour) ; save (ship, cargo) 
 from loss at sea or (property) from fire, whence 
 sa'lvABLE a. [n. in 1st sense OE sealf, cf. Du. 
 zalf, G salbe, cogn. w. Skr. sarpis clarified 
 butter & perh. Gk olpe oil-flask, in 2nd sense f. 
 vb ; vb partly f. n., partly f. L salvare save esp. 
 as connected w. salvo 1 , & in last sense back- 
 formation f. salvage] 
 
 sa'lve 2 , n. (Also S. regina) R.-C. antiphon 
 beginning with s. recited after Divine Office 
 from Trinity Sunday to Advent, music for it. 
 [L (vb imperat. = hail)] 
 
 sa'lver, n. Tray usu. of gold, silver, brass, 
 or electro-plate, on which servants hand re- 
 freshments, letters, cards, &c. [f. F salve tray 
 for presenting certain things to king f. Sp. 
 salva assaying of food (salvo safe 2 ) + -er x ] 
 
SALVO 
 
 755 
 
 SANCTIFY 
 
 sa'lvo ", n. (pi. -oes). Saving clause, reserva- 
 tion, (often of; with an express s. of their 
 rights) ; tacit reservation, quibbling evasion, 
 bad excuse ; expedient for saving reputation 
 or soothing pride or conscience, ff. L abl. of 
 salmis safe 2 as used in salvo jure &c. without 
 prejudice to the right &c.J 
 
 sa'lvo 2 , n. (pi. -oes). Simultaneous discharge 
 of cannon or other fire-arms esp. as salute; 
 round or volley of applause, [earlier & It. salva 
 salutation, pern. com. -Rom. f. L salve 2 ] 
 
 sal vola'tile, n. (Aromatic solution, taken 
 for faintness &c, of) ammonium carbonate, 
 [mod. L, = volatile salt] 
 
 sa'lvor, n. Person, ship, making or assisting 
 in salvage, [salve 1 vb, -or 2 ] 
 
 Sam, n. (slang). Stand S., bear the expense 
 esp. of drink ; upon my S., asseveration. [?] 
 
 Sama'pitan, n. & a. Native, language, of 
 Samaria (good S., genuinely charitable person, 
 w. ref. to Luke x. 33 &c); adherent of the S. 
 religious system; (adj.) of Samaria or the Ss. 
 (the S. pentateuch, recension used by Ss. of 
 which MSS. are in S. or archaic-Hebrew char- 
 acters). HenceSama*pitaniSM(2, 3, 4) n. [f. 
 LL Samaritanus f. Gk Samareites (Samareia 
 Samaria) + -an] 
 
 sa'mbo, n. (pi. -os, -oes). Half-breed esp. of 
 negro & Indian parents; (S-; nickname for) 
 negro. [1st sense f. Sp. zambo perh. = sambo 
 bandy-legged ; 2nd sense etym. dub.] 
 
 sa'mbup, n. Indian elk. [f. Hind. sa(i?i)bar] 
 
 same, a. Monotonous, uniform, unvarying, 
 (the lije is perhaps a little s.), whence sa'me- 
 ness n.; (with this, these, that, those ; often w. 
 depreciatory intention) aforesaid, previously 
 alluded to or thought of, (what is the ust of 
 this s. patience ?) ; (vulg. or commerc.) = the s. 
 (pron. & adv., as specified below). The s., a., 
 pron., & adv. : (Adj.) identical, not different, 
 indifferent, unchanged, (also the very s., just 
 the s., & in sing, one & the s.; t. s. causes pro- 
 duce t. s. effects ; the difference between a body 
 in motion & t. s. body at rest; t. s. observations 
 are true of the others also ; all planets travel 
 in t. s. direction ; belong to one & t. s. class ; 
 say t. s. thing twice over ; several of the very 
 s. birds ; bigotry is t. s. in every age ; she was 
 always t. s. to me ; it is all, just, t. s. to me, 
 makes no difference; much t. s., not appreciably 
 different ; at t. s. time, often introducing fact 
 &c. in apparent conflict with what precedes 
 but also true or to be remembered ; by t. s. 
 token) ; identical with (words of t. s. nature 
 with those he had first heard ; expectation of 
 pleasureist. s. thing with desire); (emphaticsub- 
 stitute— before full or elliptical relative clause 
 with that, where &c, or esp. as which often re- 
 places that under its influence— for) the, that, 
 those, (at t. s. time that I am endeavouring ; 
 to t. s. place where I had found it; on t. s. 
 grounds that he would defend suicide ; I have 
 t. 8. bible my mother gave me ; Rhenish wine 
 at t. s. price as French is sold at ; sailors re- 
 ceived t s. pay as soldiers ; Olympia, t. s. city 
 as Pisa ; gave t. s. answer as before) ; (pron.) 
 t. s. person (now rare exc. in To, From, t. s. as 
 heading of letter or poem addressed to or 
 coming from s. person as the preceding one), 
 t. s. thing (we must all say, do, t. s.; would do 
 t. s. again), the aforesaid thing or person 
 (archaic, legal, commerc, & vulg. ; somet. in 
 commerc. & vulg. use with omission of the ; 
 grace <& power faith fully to fulfil t. s.; he that 
 shall endure unto the end, t. s. shall be saved ; 
 dfr never met, found, t. s. again ; to repairing 
 sleeve of s. 1/3); (adv.) in t. s. manner (think 
 t, s. of, feel t. s. to, remain in t. s. mind regard- 
 
 ing ; we take what pleasure we can get t. s., or 
 vulg. s., as you do ; all t. s., nevertheless, not- 
 withstanding, even under different circum- 
 stances; just t s., in spite of changed con- 
 ditions). [ON, cf. OHG & Goth, sama ; cogn. w. 
 Skr. sama, Gk. homos] 
 
 sa'mel, a. (Of brick, tile) imperfectly baked, 
 soft, from being outmost in the baking, [perh. 
 f. OE sam- half, cogn. w. semi-, xlan burn] 
 
 Sa'mian, a. & n. (Native) of Samos (S. ware, 
 fine pottery found on Roman sites). [L f. Gk 
 Samios_ (Samos), -an] 
 
 sa'mite, n. (archaic). Rich medieval dress- 
 fabric of silk sometimes interwoven with gold, 
 [f. (OF samit or) med.L samitum f. late Gk hexa- 
 mitum (hex six, mitos thread) perh. = fabric in 
 which weft-threads are caught only at every 
 sixth warp-thread, cf. dimity] 
 
 sa'mlet, n. Young salmon, [salmon, -let] 
 
 Sa'mnite, n. & a. Member of an ancient- 
 Italian people at war with republican Rome ; 
 (adj.) of the Ss. [f. L Samnites pi.] , 
 
 Samo'an, a. & n. (Native, language) of Sa- 
 moa, [-an] 
 
 samovar', n. Russian tea-urn with interior 
 heat-tube. [f. Russ. samovaru = self-boiler] 
 
 Sa'moyed (-o-), n. Member of a race of Si- 
 berian Mongols (also attrib.); their language, 
 [f. Russ. Samoyedu] 
 
 Samoye'dic, a. & n. Of the Samoyeds ; (n.) 
 their language, [-ic] 
 
 sa'mpan, n. Any small boat of Chinese pat- 
 tern, [f. Chin, san-pan (san three, pan board)] 
 
 sa'mphire, n. Cliffplant with aromatic sa- 
 line fleshy leaves used in pickles, [earlier sam- 
 pere f. F (herbe de) St Pierre St Peterfs herb)] 
 
 sa'mple, n., & v.t. Small separated part of 
 something illustrating the qualities of the mass 
 &c. it is taken from, specimen, pattern, (esp. as 
 offered by dealer in commodities sold by weight 
 or measure ; also of immaterial things, as if 
 that is a fair s. of his proceedings); s.-card, 
 card with sample(s) of goods attached. (Vb) 
 take or give ss., try the qualities, get a repre- 
 sentative experience, of; hence sa'mpleP 1 
 [-er 1 ] n. [f. obs. essample var. of example] 
 
 sa'mpleP 2 , n. Piece of embroidery worked 
 by girl as specimen of proficiency & often pre- 
 served & displayed on wall &c. ; young tree left 
 standing when others are cut down. [f. OF es- 
 semplaire f. LearempZar H is(EXAMPLE,-AR 1 ,-ER 2 )] 
 
 Sa'mson,-pson,n. Person of greatstrength 
 or resembling S. (Judg. xiii-xvi) in some re- 
 spect; (Naut.) S.'s-post, strong pillar passing 
 through hold or between decks, post in whaler 
 to which harpoon rope is attached. [L, f. Gk 
 (-pson) f. Heb. Shimshon] 
 
 sa'murai (-dbri), n. (Jap.; pi. same). Military 
 retainer of daimios, member of military caste, 
 (hist.) ; army officer. [Jap.] 
 
 sa'native, -tory, aa. Healing, tending to 
 or concerned with physical or moral health, 
 curative, \-ive f. med.L sanativus, -ory mod., 
 f. L sanare cure, -ive, -ORv] 
 
 sanatorium, n. (pi. -ia). Establishment for 
 treatment of invalids esp. convalescents & 
 consumptives ; place with good climate &c. 
 frequented by invalids, [as prec, -ory(2)] 
 
 sanbeni'to (-ne-), n. (pi. -os). Penitential 
 scapular-shaped yellow garment with red St 
 Andrew's cross before & behind worn by con- 
 fessed & penitent heretic under Spanish Inqui- 
 sition ; similar black garment painted with 
 flames & devils worn by impenitent heretic at 
 auto-da-fe. [Sp. (samb-), f. San Benito St Bene- 
 dict (shaped like scapular introduced by him)] 
 
 sa* notify, v.t. Consecrate, set apart or ob- 
 serve as holy ; purify or free from sin (p.p. often 
 
SANCTIMONIOUS 
 
 756 
 
 SANE 
 
 iron. = sanctimonious ; such sanctified airs) ; 
 impart sanctity to, make legitimate or binding 
 by religious sanction, give colour of innocence 
 to, justify, sanction [the end, sanctifies the 
 means) ; make productive of or conducive to 
 holiness. So sanctiFiCA'TiON n. [f. OF sain- 
 tifier f. eccl. L sanctificare (L sanctus holy, -FY)] 
 
 sanetimo'nious, a. Making a show of sanc- 
 tity or piety. Hence sanetimo'niousLY 2 
 adv., sanctimo'niousNESS n. [foil., -ous] 
 
 sa'netimony (-mo-), n. Sanctimoniousness. 
 [OF (-ie), f. L sanctimonia sanctity (sancttis 
 
 SAINT, -MONY)] 
 
 sa-nction, n., & v.t. Law, decree, (hist.; 
 pragmatic s.); penalty (also vindicatory or 
 punitive s.) or reward (also remuneratory s.) 
 for (dis)obedience attached to a law, clause con- 
 taining this, (Eth.) consideration operating to 
 enforce obedience to any rule of conduct ; con- 
 firmation or ratification of law &c. by supreme 
 authority, express authoritative permission, 
 countenance or encouragement given to action 
 &c. by custom &c; hence sa'netionLESS a. 
 (Vb) ratify, invest with authority, make bind- 
 ing ; authorize; countenance (action &c); at- 
 tach penalty or reward to (law), [vb f. n., f. L 
 sanctio (sancire sanct- make sacred, -ion)] 
 
 sa'nctitude, n. (now rare). Saintliness. [f. 
 L sanct it udo (saint, -tude)] 
 
 sa'netity, n. Holiness of life, saintliness, 
 (odour ofs.); sacredness, being hallowed, right 
 to reverence, inviolability, (pi.) sacred obliga- 
 tions, feelings, &c. {the ss. of the home), [f. OF 
 sainctete f. L sanctitatem (saint, -ty)J 
 
 sa'nctuary, n. Place recognized as holy, 
 church, temple, tabernacle, holy place, holy 
 of holies, sacrarium, penetralia, inmost recess, 
 (lit. & fig.) ; sacred place by retiring to which 
 fugitive from law or debtor was secured by me- 
 dieval Church law against arrest or violence, 
 place in which similar immunity was estab- 
 lished by custom or law, asylum or place of re- 
 fuge (London, the s. of political refugees); (right 
 of affording) such immunity (violate or breaks., 
 arrest or use violence to person in a s.; take, 
 seek, &c, s., resort to a s.; rights &c. of s.); 
 (Hunt. &c.) close time or place for beast, bird, 
 or fish. [f. OF sainctuarie f. L sanctuarium 
 (irreg. as saint, -ary 1 )] 
 
 sa'nctum (sanctor'um), n. Holy place 
 (s.), Holy of holies (s.s.), in Jewish temple (usu. 
 transf. of inner retreat, esoteric doctrine, &c); 
 person's private room, study, den. [L, transl. 
 of Heb.l 
 
 sa'netus, n. The hymn 'Holy, holy, holy' 
 closing the Eucharistic preface, music for this ; 
 s. bell, bell in turret at junction of nave & chan- 
 cel, or hand-bell, rung at the s. [L, = holy] 
 
 sand, n., & v.t. Minute fragments resulting 
 from wearing down of esp. silicious rocks & 
 found covering parts of theseashore, riverbeds, 
 deserts, &c, (also pi.) shoal or submarine bank 
 of s., (usu. in pi.) grain of s., (pi.) expanse or 
 tracts of s., (numberless as the s. or ss.; rope 
 of s.; built &c. on s., unstable ; plough the s. 
 orss.; the ss. are running out &c, time of grace 
 &c. is nearly at end, w. ref. to hourglass &c; 
 children playing on the ss.; scour saucepan, 
 adulterate sugar, dry ink or writing, toith s.); 
 s.-bag n., filled with s. for use (a) in fortification 
 for making temporary defences, (b) as ballast 
 esp. for boat or balloon, (c) as ruffian's weapon 
 inflicting heavy blow without leaving mark, 
 (d) as support for engraving-plate, (e) to stop 
 draught from window or door ; sa'ndbag v.t., 
 barricade or defend, provide (window, chink), 
 with s.-bag(s), fell with blow from s.-bag; s.- 
 bank, shoal in sea or river; s.-bar f s.-bank at 
 
 mouth of harbour or river ; s.-bath, vessel of 
 heated s. as equable heater in chem. processes; 
 s.-bed, stratum of s.; s.-blast, jet of s. impelled 
 by compressed air or steam for giving rough 
 surface to glass &c. ; s.-box, castor for sprinkling 
 s. over wet ink (hist.), mould of s. used in found- 
 ing, box of s. on locomotive for sprinkling slip- 
 pery rails, (Golf) receptacle for s. used in teeing ; 
 s.-boy, (prob.) boy hawking s. for sale (now only 
 injollyasa s.-b.); s.-cloud, driving s. in simoom ; 
 s. -crack, disease of horses' hoofs, crack in human 
 foot from walking on hot s., crack in brick due 
 to imperfect mixing ; s.-eel, an eel-like fish ; s.- 
 jly, kind of midge, kind of fishing-fly ; s.-glass, 
 wasp-waisted reversible glass with two bulbs 
 containing enough s. to take a definite time 
 (hour, minute, &c, -glass) in passing from upper 
 to lower bulb; s.-hill, dune; s.-iron, golf-club 
 for lifting ball from s.; s.-man, (also dustman) 
 power causing children's eyes to smart towards 
 bed-time ; s.-martin, kind nesting in side of s.- 
 pit or sandy bank ; s. -paper, with s. stuck to it 
 for polishing, (v.t.) polish with s.-p.; s. -piper, 
 kinds of bird haunting open wet sandy places ; 
 s.-pump, for clearing drill-hole, caisson, &c, 
 of wet s.; s. -shoes, usu. of canvas with rubber 
 or hemp soles for use on ss.; s.-spout, pillar of 
 s. raised by desert whirlwind ; sandstone, rock 
 of compressed s. (old, new, red s.-s., series of 
 British rocks below, above, carboniferous)'; s.- 
 storm, desert storm of wind with clouds of s. 
 ( Vb) sprinkle with s. ; overlay with, bury under, 
 s.; adulterate (sugar, wool, &c.) with s.; polish 
 with s. [com.-Teut. ; OE ; cf. G sand, Du. zand] 
 
 sa-ndal 1 (-dl), n., & v.t. (-11-). Sole without 
 uppers attached to foot by thongs passing over 
 instep & round ankle (worn chiefly by ancient 
 Greeks & Romans, by some Orientals, & as 
 modern revival esp. by children); strap for 
 fastening low shoe passing over instep or round 
 ankle. (Vb)putss. on (feet, person; esp.in p.p.); 
 fasten or provide (shoe) with s. [f. L f. Gk san- 
 dalion cf. sanbalon etym. dub.] 
 
 sa'ndal ^wood), n. Kinds of scented wood 
 (white, yellow, red, s.-iv.); sandal-tree, the Ma- 
 labar white s.-w. tree. [f. med.L sandalum, cf. 
 Arab, caudal] 
 
 sa'ndarac, n. = realgar; (also gum s.) 
 kind of resin used in preparing spirit varnish & 
 pounce, [f. L f. Gk sandarake] 
 
 sa'nd-blind, a. (archaic). Dim-sighted, pur- 
 blind, [prob. for samblind cf. samelI 
 
 sa'nderling 1 , n. A small wading bird. [?] 
 
 sa'ndeps, saun-, n. = sandalwood; red 
 s. [f. OF sandre var. of sandle sandal 2 ] 
 
 sa'ndiven, n. Glass-gall, liquid saline mat- 
 ter given off in glass-making, [prob. f. F suin 
 de verre exhalation (suer sweat) of glass] 
 
 sa'ndwich (tsh), n., & v.t. Two slices of 
 bread with meat or other relish between (ham, 
 egg, caviare, cucumber, &c, s.;also fig., as a s. 
 of good & bad); (usu. s.-man, -boy, &c.) man 
 &c. walking street with two advertisement- 
 boards hung one before & one behind; s.- 
 board, one of such boards ; s.-boat in bumping 
 race, boat rowing last in higher & first in lower 
 division on same day ; (vb) insert (thing, state- 
 ment, &c.) between two of another character, 
 [perh. f. Earl of S. (said to have eaten slices cf 
 bread & toast while gaming for 24 hrs)] 
 
 sa'ndy 1 , a. In n. senses; also, (of hair) 
 yellowish-red, (of person) with such hair. Hence 
 sa'ndiNESS n., sa'ndy ish J (2) a. f-v 2 ] 
 
 Sa'ndy 2 , n. (Nickname for) Scotchman, 
 [usual Sc. shortening of Alexander] 
 
 sane, a. Of sound mind, not mad ; (of views 
 &c.) moderate, sensible. Hence sa'neLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L samis healthy] 
 
SANGAR 
 
 757 
 
 SAPONACEOUS 
 
 sa'nga(p) (-ngg), n. Stone breastwork used 
 by Indian hill-tribes, [f. Hind, sunga] 
 
 sangaree' (ngg-), n. Cold drink of wine 
 diluted & spiced. If. Sp. sangria (lit. bleeding) 
 drink of lemon water & red wine| 
 
 sang-de-boeuf (F), a. & a. (Of) a deep red 
 colour found on old Chinese porcelain. [F,= 
 ox's blood] 
 
 sang-froid (F), n. Composure, coolness, in 
 danger or under agitating circumstances. [ F, - 
 cold blood J 
 
 sangrail, -real. See grail 2 . 
 
 sang-uifica'tion (-gwi-), n. Formation of, 
 conversion of food into, blood. [L sanguis 
 blood, -ficationJ 
 
 sa'ng-uinapy (-gwi-), a. Attended by, de- 
 lighting in, bloodshed or slaughter, bloody, 
 bloodthirsty, (of laws) inflicting death lightly ; 
 (euphem., substituted in reporting foul Ian 
 guage, or used orig. as milder form, for) bloody. 
 Hencesa*nguinariLY 2 adv.,sa , ng , uinari- 
 ness n. [f. L sanguinarius (sanguis -inis 
 blood, -ary M] 
 
 sa'nguine (nggw), a., n., & v.t. Blood-red 
 (literary, & in Nat. Hist. = L sanguineus, as &. 
 ant, sponge, turtle) ; of blood (rare ; s. rain), 
 sanguinary (rare; s. slaughter); (hist.) of the 
 temperament in which the blood predominates 
 over the other humour's, with ruddy com- 
 plexion & courageous hopeful amorous dispo- 
 sition ; (of complexion) bright, ruddy, florid ; 
 habitually hopeful, confident, expecting thing 
 to go well, whence (& rarely in other senses) 
 sa'nguineLV 2 adv.. sa'nguinexEss n. (N.) 
 crayon coloured red with iron oxide ; a drawing 
 in red chalk. (Vb, poet.) stain with blood, 
 stain red. [f. F sanguin f. L sanguineus (prec.)j 
 
 sangui'neous, a. Of blood (med.); blood- 
 coloured (esp. bot.) ; full-blooded, plethoric, [f. 
 L as prec, -ous] 
 
 sa'nhedrim (-ni-h n. Highest court of jus- 
 tice & supreme council in ancient Jerusalem, 
 of 71 members, [f. late Heb. sanhedrin f. Gk 
 stmedrion (svn-, hedra seat)] 
 
 sa'nicle, n. An umbelliferous plant. [OF, f. 
 med.L sanicula prob. f. L sanus sane] 
 
 sa'nify, v.t. Make healthy, improve sanitary 
 state of, (place), [f. L sanus healthy, -i-, -fv] 
 
 sa'nitary, a. Of the conditions that affect 
 health esp. with regard to dirt & infection ; 
 free from or designed to obviate influences 
 deleterious to health. Hence sanitAR'lAN 
 (ar) n. & a.. sa'nitariLY 2 adv., sa'nitari- 
 ness, sa*nitapiST(2), nn. [f. F sanitaire (L as 
 
 SANITY, -ARY J )] 
 
 sa'nitas, n. (Trade name of) an antiseptic & 
 disinfectant preparation. [L, see sanity] 
 
 sanita'tion, n. Improving of sanitary con- 
 ditions. Hence sanita*tioniST(2) n. , (by back- 
 formation) sa'nitate v.t. & i. [irreg. f. sani- 
 tary, -ation] 
 
 sa'nity, n. Being sane, mental health; ten- 
 dency to avoid extreme views, [f. F sanite f. 
 L sanitatem (sane, -ty)] 
 
 sa'njak, n. One of the administrative dis- 
 tricts of a Turkish vilayet. [Turk.] 
 
 sank. See sink *. 
 
 sans, prep. Without (as E wd, pr. sanz, now 
 chiefly w. ref. to Shaks. A. Y. L. 11. vii. 166, s. 
 teeth, s. eyes, s. taste, s. everything. As F wd, 
 pr. as F, in phrr. & compounds : s. c6r6monie 
 adv., with rude or hurried or kindly neglect of 
 usual formalities ; sansculo'tte, pr. as F or E, 
 lit. =breechless, republican of Parisian lower 
 classes in French Revolution, any extreme re- 
 publican or revolutionary, whence sansculo t- 
 terie [-ery(4, o)] n., sanscrdo'ttxc a., sansculo'tt- 
 ism n.; s. doute adv., doubtless ; s.facon adv., 
 
 outspokenly, unceremoniously; s.-gene n., ab- 
 sence of constraint, familiarity, making oneself 
 at home ; s. peur et s. reproche a., of chivalrous 
 character, cf. bayard; s. phrase adv., in a 
 word, without qualification ; s.-souci n., gay 
 carelessness, unconcern). [OF, ult. f. L sine] 
 
 sanse'Pif, n. & a. (Form of type) without 
 serifs, [prob. f. prec. + serif, but found ear- 
 lier than serif] 
 
 Sa'nskpit, -scpit, n. & a. (Of, in) the 
 ancient & sacred language of India, oldest 
 known member of in do- European family. 
 Hence Sanskprtic a., Sa*nskpitiST(3) n. 
 [f. Skr. samskrta composed (sam together, 
 cogn. w. same, kr make)] 
 
 Sa-nta Clau's (z), n. Personage who fills 
 children's stockings with Christmas presents 
 by night. [U.S., f. Du. Sint Klaas St Nicholas] 
 
 sa'nton, n. Mohammedan monk or hermit. 
 [Sp. (santo saint)] 
 
 santd'nica, n. Kind of wormwood. [L 
 (Santones Aquitanian tribe, -ic)| 
 
 sa'ntonin, n. Extract of santonica used as 
 anthelmintic, [-in] 
 
 sap 1 , n., & v.t. Vital juice circulating in 
 plants (also fig., as the .<?. of youth, there is no s. 
 in a urritten constitution) ; (also s.-tvood) soft 
 outer layers of wood, alburnum ; s. -green n. & 
 a., pigment made from buckthorn berries, (of) 
 colour of this ; s.-lath, made of s.-wood ; hence 
 sa'pFUL, sa'pLESS, sa'ppv 2 , aa., sa'ppi- 
 ness n. (Vb) drain or dry (wood) of s., (fig.) 
 exhaust vigour of (his energy, constitution, 
 belief, had been sapped by; cf. foil.) ; remove 
 s.-wood from (log). [OE ssep, cf. Du. sap, G 
 saft ; perh. cogn. w. L sapere taste] 
 
 sap 2 , n., & v.i. & t. Making of trenches to 
 cover assailants' approach to besieged place, 
 (fig.) insidious or slow undermining of belief, 
 resolution, &c; covered siege-trench ; s.-head, 
 front end of s.; s.-roller, large gabion covering 
 s.-head. (Vb) dig s., approach (i. & t.) by s.; un- 
 dermine, make insecure by removing founda- 
 tions, (fig.) destroy insidiously (cf. prec), {walls, 
 cliffs, sapped by the stream, tide ; health sap- 
 ped by the damp climate ; science teas sapping 
 old beliefs), [(vb f. F saper) f. F sappe or It. 
 zappa spade, sap, etym. dub.] 
 
 sap 3 , v.i., & n., (school slang). Be studious, 
 work hard at books or lessons. (N.) studious or 
 hard-working person ; fatiguing task, trouble, 
 grind, {it is such a, too much, s.). [prob. fig. 
 use of prec. ] 
 
 sa'pajou (-joo), n. Small S.-Amer. monkey 
 often kept as pet. [F, earlier -iou, said to be 
 Cayenne wd] 
 
 sa'pan-wood, -pp-, n. Wood yielding red 
 or yellow dye from tropical Asia. [Malay 
 sapan, cf. Tamil shappangam] 
 
 sa'pid, a. Having (esp. agreeable) flavour, 
 savoury, palatable, notinsipid, (of talk, writing, 
 &c.) not vapid or uninteresting. So sapi'diTY 
 n. ^[f. L sapidus (sapere taste, -id !)] 
 
 sa'pient, a. Wise (now rare) ; would-be 
 wise, of fancied sagacity, aping wisdom. Hence 
 or cogn. sa'piENCE n., sa'pientLY 2 adv. [f. 
 L sapient- part. st. of sapere be wise] 
 
 sapie'ntial, a. Of wisdom (esp. the s. books, 
 Prov., Eccl., Ecclus, Cant., Wisd., &c). [f. 
 eccl. L sapientialis (L sapientia wisdom as 
 prec, -al)] 
 
 sampling", n. Young tree, (fig.) a youth , 
 greyhound in first year (s. stakes in coursing). 
 
 [SAP 1 , -LING 1 ] 
 
 sapodi'lla, n. Large evergreen trop.-Amer. 
 tree with durable wood & edible fruit, [f. Sp. 
 zapotilla dim. of zapote f. Mex. zapotl] 
 
 sapona'ceous, a. Of, like, containing, soap 
 
SAPONIFY 
 
 758 
 
 SASH 
 
 soapy (lit. &, in joe. use, fig.), [f. L sapo onis 
 soap, -aceous] 
 
 sapo'nify, v.t. & i. Turn (t. & i. of fat or 
 oil) into soap by combination with alkali. 
 Hence or cogn. sapo'nifiABLE a., saponin- 
 OA'tion n. [f. F saponifier (prec, -fv)] 
 
 sa'pop (or), n. Quality perceptible by taste, 
 e. g. sweetness ; distinctive taste of substance ; 
 sensation of taste. [L (sapere taste, -or 1 )] 
 
 sa'ppep, n. In vbl senses of sap j > 2 » 3 ; also, 
 (not now in official use) private of Royal 
 Engineers (Royal Ss. & Miners, former title of 
 R.E.). I-ER 1 ] 
 
 sapperme'nt, a German oath, [corrupt, of 
 G sakrament sacrament] 
 
 Sa'pphie (saf-), a. & n. Of Sappho (Lesbian 
 lyric poetess 600 B.C.; & vice, also Sa'pphis.M 
 n., unnatural sexual relations between women ; 
 S. verse, stanza, in Gk metres invented by 
 Sappho & imitated in L by Horace, esp. the 
 four-line stanza with short fourth line roughly 
 copied in E light verse as Needy knife-grinder, 
 whither do you toandcr?); (n. pi.) verse in S. 
 stanzas, [f. F saphique f. L f. Gk Sapphikos 
 {Sappho, -ic)] 
 
 sa'pphire (saf-), n. & a. A transparent blue 
 precious stone, (Mineral.) any precious native 
 crystalline alumina including s. & ruby; bright 
 blue of s., azure; kinds of humming-bird; so 
 sa*pphiPiNE 2 a. (Adj. )of s. blue. [f. OF safir 
 i. L f. Gk sappheiros lapis lazuli] 
 
 sapp(o)-, comb, form of Gk sapros rotten in 
 scient. terms: saprae'mia, septic poisoning, so 
 sapraemic a., [Gk haima blood]; -ge'nic, caus- 
 ing or produced by putrefaction ; -philea. & n., 
 (bacterium) inhabiting putrid matter ; -phyte, 
 vegetable organism living on decayed organic 
 matter. 
 
 sap, n. A fish, the sea-bream. [F, f. L sargus] 
 
 sa'paband, n. Slow Spanish dance in triple 
 time, piece of music for or in rhythm (with 
 second note of measure lengthened) of this. 
 [F (-de), f. Sp. zarabanda prob. of oriental orig.] 
 
 Sa'pacen, n. & a. (General name among 
 later Greeks & Romans for) nomad of Syro- 
 Arabian desert ; Arab or Moslem of time of 
 crusades; S. corn, buckwheat; S.'s head, as 
 heraldic charge or inn-sign ; hence (esp. of Mos- 
 lem archit.)Sapace*nica. (Adj.) = Saracenic. 
 [f. LLf. late Greek Sarakenos etym. dub.] 
 
 Sapatd'ga (trunk), n. Lady's large tra- 
 velling-trunk, [prob. f. Saratoga Springs, New- 
 York watering-place] 
 
 sap'casm, n. Bitter or wounding remark, 
 taunt, esp. one ironically worded; language 
 consisting of, faculty of uttering, use of, such 
 remarks; so sapea'stic a., sapea'stic ally 
 adv. [f. LL f. late Gk sarkasmos (sarkazo 
 gnash the teeth, tear flesh, see sarco, -asm 
 corresp. to -ism)] 
 
 sar 'east, n. (rare). Sarcastic person, [as 
 prec, -ast cf. -ist] 
 
 sapce'lle, n. Kinds of small duck or teal, 
 [f. OF cerrelle f. L querquedxda] 
 
 sarcenet. See sarsenet. 
 
 sarco-, comb, form of Gk sarx sarkos flesh : 
 -logy, anatomy of fleshy parts of body ; -plasm, 
 interfibrillar substance of muscle. 
 
 sap*eode,n. Animal protoplasm, [prec, -ode] 
 
 sarco'ma, n. (pi. -ata). Tumour of embry- 
 onic connective tissue, [f. Gk sarkoma (sarkoo 
 see sarco- become fleshy, -m)] 
 
 sareo-phagus, n. (pi. -gi pr. -gi, -ji). Stone 
 coffin usu. adorned with sculpture or inscrip- 
 tion. IL, f. Gk sarkophagos orig. = flesh-con- 
 suming (stone) as sarco- + -phagos -eating] 
 
 sap'cous, a. Consisting of flesh or muscle. 
 [sarco-, -ous] 
 
 sard, n. Yellow or orange cornelian. [F (e), 
 f. L sarda, L f. Gk sardios (Sardis in Lydia)] 
 
 Sardanapa'lian, a. As of, like, Sardana- 
 palus king of Nineveh notorious for effeminate 
 luxury. T-ian] 
 
 sarde'lle, n. Fish like & treated lrke sardine, 
 [f. It. sardella dim. of L sarda sardine! 
 
 sap'dine 1 , n. Precious stone in Rev. iv. 3. 
 [prob. erron.; RV gives sardius (sard)] 
 
 sardi*ne 2 (-en), n. Small fish of herring kind 
 found off Sardinia & Brittany.or young pilchard 
 of Cornish coast, cured & tinned in oil (packed 
 like ss., of crowded company). IF, f. It. f. L sar- 
 dina (sarda f. Gk sarde cf. Sardo Sardinia)] 
 
 Sapdi*nian,a. &n. (Inhabitant)of the island 
 or of the kingdom (1720-1859, including also 
 Piedmont &c) of Sardinia. 1-an] 
 
 sardo'nic, a. Bitter, scornful, mocking, 
 sneering, cynical, (of laugh, laughter, affected 
 merriment, &c). Hence sapdo'niCALLV adv. 
 [f. F sardonique (L f. Gk sardonios assim. of 
 Homeric sardanios etym. dub. to Sardonios 
 Sardinian, owing to belief that convulsive 
 laughter ending in death resulted from eating 
 a Sardinian plant, + -ic] 
 
 sap'donyx, n. Onyx with white layers al- 
 ternating with sard. [L, f. Gk sardonux (sar- 
 
 DlO-9, ONYX)] 
 
 sapga'sso, n. (pi. -os, -oes). (Also gulfiveed) 
 kinds of seaweed with berry-like air-vessels 
 found floating in island-like masses in the Gulf- 
 stream & esp. in N.-Atlantic region called S. 
 sea. [f. Port, sargaco] 
 
 sari'ssa, n. (Gk ant.; pi. -ae). Long lance of 
 ancient Macedonians. [Gk] 
 
 sapk, n. (Sc). Shirt or chemise. [OEse?'C, cf. 
 ON serkr] 
 
 Sapma'tian (-ashn), a. & n. (Inhabitant) of 
 ancient Sarmatia (Russia & Poland); (poet.) 
 Pole, Polish, [-an] 
 
 sap'mentose, -e'ntous, aa. (hot.). With 
 long thin trailing shoots, [f. L sarmentosus 
 (sarmenta pi. twigs, brushwood, f. sarpere 
 prune, -ment, -ose », -ous)] 
 
 sarsaparrlla, n. Kinds of tropical- Ameri- 
 can smilax esp. the Jamaica s. (so called as chief 
 source of the medicinal s. for which Jamaica 
 was emporium); dried roots, or extract of these 
 used as tonic &c, of (esp. Jamaica) s. [f. Sp. 
 zarzaparrilla (zarza bramble, perh. + dim. of 
 parra vine)] 
 
 sar 'sen, n. Sandstone boulder on chalkdowns 
 esp. in Wilts, [prob. f. saracen] 
 
 sar'senet, -ce-, (-sn-), n. Fine soft silk ma- 
 terialnow used chiefly for linings. [AF sarzinett 
 (prob. f. sarzin saracen + -et l after OF drap 
 sarrasinois Saracen cloth)] 
 
 sartor'ial, a. Of tailor, tailoring, or men's 
 clothes, [f. L sartorius (sartor tailor f. sarcire 
 patch), -al] 
 
 Sap*um,eccl. name of Salisbury (S.use, order 
 of divine service used in diocese of Salisbury 
 from 11th c to Reformation). [med.L. prob. f. 
 misread abbr. of L Sarisburia Salisbury, cf. 
 viz. for videlicet] 
 
 sash 1 , n. Ornamental scarf worn by man 
 usu. as part of uniform or insignia over one 
 shoulder or round waist or by woman or child 
 round waist. Hence sashed l [ed 2 ] a. [earlier 
 sense turban-band, f. Arab, shash muslin] 
 
 sash 2 , n. Frame usu. of wood holding pane(s) 
 of glass & usu. made to slide up & down in 
 grooves of window aperture, glazed sliding 
 lightof glass-house or garden-frame, (opp. case- 
 ment) ; (rare) = casement ; s.-cord, -line, strong 
 kind attaching s. -weights to s.; s.-pocket, space 
 on each side of window-frame in which s.- 
 weights run ; s.-pulley, for s.-cord to work over ; 
 
SASIN 
 
 759 
 
 SATRAP 
 
 s.-tool, glazier's brush ; s.-weight, attached to 
 each end of s. to balance it at any height ; s.- 
 window, with s. or usu. two ss. of which one or 
 each can be slid overthe other to make opening. 
 Hence sashed 2 [ed 2 ], sa'shLESs, aa. (cor- 
 rupt, of chassis prob. taken for pi.] 
 
 sa*sin, n. Indian antelope. [Nepalese] 
 
 sassa'by, n. Large S.-Afr. antelope, [native] 
 
 sa'ssafras, n. (Small N.-Amer. tree yield- 
 ing) a bark used medicinally; infusion of this. 
 ISp. (sasa-), etym. dub.] 
 
 Sassa'nian, Sa'ssanid, nn. & aa. (Mem- 
 ber, esp. a king) of family of Sa(s)san, rulers of 
 Persian empire a.d. 211-651. F-ian, -id 3 ] 
 
 Sa'ssenaeh (-ch), n. & a. (Sc & Ir. for) Eng- 
 lishman), [thr. Gael. & Ir. f. Saxon] 
 
 sat. See sit. 
 
 Sa'tan, (archaic) Sa'tanas, n. The Devil, 
 Lucifer. [L f. Gk, f. Heb. satan adversary] 
 
 Sata*nic(al rare), a. 'Of, like, or befitting 
 Satan, diabolical, hellish, (his S. majesty, Sa- 
 tan ; S. school, orig. Byron, Shelley, &c, also any 
 set of writers accused of defiant impiety &c). 
 Hence Sata*nicalLV 2 adv. [-ic, -ical] 
 
 Sa'tanism, n. Deli berate wickedness.pursuit 
 of evil for its own sake, diabolical disposition, 
 soSa*tanizE(3)v.t.; characteristics of Satanic 
 school ; (esp. French 19th-c.) professed worship 
 of Satan. So Sa*taniST(2) n. [-ism] 
 
 Satano'logy, n. (History or collection of) 
 beliefs concerning the Devil, [-o-, -logy] 
 
 satap'a, n. Heavy broadcloth with horizon- 
 tal rib. [S. in India] 
 
 sa'tchel (-tshl), n. Small bag usu. of leather 
 & hung from shoulder with strap for carrying 
 books &c. esp. to & from school. Hence sa'teh- 
 ellED 2 a. [f. OF sachelf. L saccellus (sack 1 ,-el)] 
 
 sate, v.t. Gratify (desire, person feeling it) to 
 the full ; cloy, surfeit, weary with over-abun- 
 dance. Hence sa'teLESS a. (poet.), [earlier 
 sade.OK sadian (sad), assim. to Lsat(is) enough] 
 
 satee'n, n. Cotton or woollen fabric with 
 glossy surface, [f. satin after velveteen] 
 
 satellite, n. Person's follower or henchman 
 or hanger-on, member of great man's retinue, 
 underling; planet revolving round another 
 (often fig.), whence satellrtic a. [F, f. L sa- 
 tellitem nom. -les guard] 
 
 sati. See suttee. 
 
 sa'tiate 1 (-shyat), a. Satiated. [L satiare 
 
 (SATIS), -ATE 2 ] 
 
 sa'tiate 2 (-shi), v.t. = sate. So sa'tiABLE 
 (-sha-) a. (rare), satiA'TiON (sasl-, sashi-) n. [as 
 prec, -ATE a ] 
 
 sati'ety, n. Glutted or satiated state, feeling 
 of having had too much of something, cloyed 
 dislike of, (to s., to extent beyond what is de- 
 sired); (rare) over-abundance, [f. F satttte f. L 
 satietatem (satis enough, -ty)] 
 
 sa'tin, n. & a., & v.t. Silk fabric with glossy 
 surfaceononesidegotby catching warp-threads 
 only at intervals {Denmark s., smooth worsted 
 material used for ladies' slippers ; white s., the 
 plant Honesty, also kind of moth ; 8. or white s. 
 slang, gin ; (adj. or attrib.) smooth ass.; s.beauty, 
 -carpet, kinds of moth ; s. cloth, a woollen cloth 
 woven like s.; .<?. finish, polish given to silver 
 with metallic brush ; s.-floiver, Honesty, also 
 Greater Stitchwort ; s. gypsum, fibrous kind 
 with pearly lustre; s. paper, fine glossy writ- 
 ing-paper ; s. pug, pygmy, kinds of moth ; s. 
 sheeting, fabric of waste silk & cotton ; s.-spar, 
 fibrous carbonate of lime ; s. -stitch, giving ap- 
 pearance of 8. in embroidery & wool-work ; .<?.- 
 stone, s.-gypsum ; s.-straiv, soft & flexible for 
 hats; s.-white, artificial sulphate of lime; s.- 
 wood, choice timber of an Indian tree; hence 
 sa'tinY 2 a., satinE'TTE(2) & in same sense 
 
 sa'tinET 1 nn. (Vb) give glossy surface to 
 (paper). [F, prob. ult. f. L seta silk, -ink j ] 
 
 sa'tire, n. (Rom. Ant.) poetic medley, esp. 
 poem aimed at prevalent vices or follies ; a 
 composition in verse or prose holding up vice 
 or folly to ridicule or lampooning individual(s), 
 this branch of literature, (often upon) ; thing 
 that brings ridicule upon something {our lives 
 are a s. upon our religion); use of ridicule, 
 irony, sarcasm, &c, in speech or writing for 
 the ostensible purpose of exposing & discour- 
 aging vice or folly, [f. L satira in 1st sense 
 above, var. of satura (lanx satura full dish)] 
 
 sati'pie, a. Of satires or satire, containing 
 satire, writing satires, (.9. verse, poem, poet, 
 writer, intent, stroke). [F {-ique), f. LL satiri- 
 cus (prec, -ic)] 
 
 sati'Pical, a. =prec ; given to the use of 
 satire in speech or writing or to cynical obser- 
 vation of others, sarcastic, humorously critical. 
 Hence sati'piealLY 2 adv. [prec, -al] 
 
 sa'tirist, n. Writer of satires ; satirical per- 
 son. [-1ST] 
 
 sa'tirize, v.t. Assail with satire, write sa- 
 tire(s) upon, describe satirically, [f. F satiriser 
 
 (SATIRE, -IZE)] 
 
 sa'tiSf Latin adv. & n. =enough.used in phrr. 
 jam s. already enough, .9. super'que enough & 
 too much. 
 
 satisfa'ction, n. Payment of debt, fulfil- 
 ment of obligation, atonement (for), thing ac- 
 cepted by way of s., (Eccl.) performance of 
 penance, (Theol.) atonement made by Christ 
 for sins of men, (make s.; in s. of; enters, legal, 
 place on record of court that payment ordered 
 has been made ; Christ is the s. foi our sins) ; 
 opportunity of fighting duel with person one 
 complains of (give, demand, s.) ; satisfying or 
 being satisfied in regard to desire or want or 
 doubt, thing that satisfies desire or gratifies 
 feeling, (find s. in ; give s. ; to the s. of; heard 
 it with great s.; their s. at or with the results ; 
 if you can prove it to my s. ; the s. of not having 
 to do it, it is a great s. that it need not be done; 
 would be a s. to me ; thinks only of present s.). 
 [F, f. L satis/ 'actionem (satisfy)] 
 
 satisfa'ctopy, a. (Theol.) serving as atone- 
 ment for sin ; satisfying expectations or needs, 
 leaving no room for complaint, causing satis- 
 faction, adequate, (s. proof, method, result, 
 pupil, pair of boots, expedition, marriage, 
 compromise). Hence satisfa'etopiLY 2 adv., 
 satisfa'etopiNESS n. [f. F satisfactoire f. 
 med.L xatisfaclorius (satisfy, -ory)J 
 
 sa'tisfy, v.t. & i. Pay (debt, rarely creditor), 
 fulfil (obligation), comply with (demand), (of 
 Christ) make atonement for sins of men ; meet 
 the expectations or desires of, come up to (no- 
 tion, preconception, &c), be accepted by (per- 
 son, his taste, &c) as adequate, content, (s. the 
 examiners at univv., receive pass without 
 honours); (pass.) be content or pleased (with), 
 demand no more than or consider it enough to 
 do, (rest satisfied, make or take no further de- 
 mands or steps); (intr.) give satisfaction, leave 
 nothing to be desired ; dispose of (an appetite 
 or want), rid (person) of an appetite or want, 
 by sufficient supply ; furnish with adequate 
 proof, convince, (of fact, that it is so ; s. one- 
 self, attain to practical certainty); adequately 
 meet (objection, doubt, request, conditions). 
 Hence sa'tisf iable a., sa'tisfyiNG 2 a., sa'- 
 tisfyingLY 2 adv. [f. OF satisjier f. L satis- 
 facere fact- (-FY)] 
 
 sa'tpap, n. Holder of provincial governor- 
 ship or sa'trapv 1 n. in ancient-Persian em- 
 pire, viceroy ; modern subordinate ruler, colo- 
 nial governor, &c. (esp. rhet. with implication 
 
SATSUMA 
 
 760 
 
 save: 
 
 of luxury or tyranny), [f. L f. Gk satrapes f. 
 OPers. khsatra-pava province-guardian] 
 
 Sa'tsuma (ware), n. Cream-coloured Jap- 
 anese pottery, [name of province] 
 
 sa'tunate (or -tsher-), v.t. Impregnate, soak 
 thoroughly, imbue with; (Chem. &c) charge 
 (substance, air, vapour, metal) with or cause 
 to combine with or absorb or hold the greatest 
 amount possible of another substance, mois- 
 ture, magnetism, electricity, &c.,(p.p., of colour) 
 free from admixture of white, full, rich. Hence 
 or cogn. sa'tuPATE 2 (-at) a. (poet. exc. of col- 
 our), sa'tuPABLE a., satuPA'TioN n. [f. Lsa- 
 turare (satur full cogn. w. satis), -ate 3 ] 
 
 Sa'turday (-di), n. Seventh day of week 
 (holy, hospital, S. ; S.- to- Monday, = the now 
 usu. WEEK-end). [OE Sxtern(es)dxg transL of 
 L Satumi dies day of saturn] 
 
 Sa'tupn, n. (Rom. Ant.) Italic god of agri- 
 culture later identified with Greek Cronos 
 father of Zeus, ruler of the world in a golden 
 age of innocence and plenty; a planet, the fur- 
 thest ofFof the 7 anciently known, with 8 moons 
 & broad flat ring, credited in astrology with 
 producing cold sluggish gloomy temperament 
 in those born under its influence, [f. L Satur- 
 nus (severe sat- sow)] 
 
 satur na'lia, n. pi. & (see below) sing. An- 
 cient-Roman festival of Saturn in December 
 observed as time of unrestrained merrymaking 
 with temporary release of slaves, predecessor 
 of modern Christmastide (S-); scene or time of 
 wild revelry or tumult (.<?-, S- ; often as sing, as 
 a s. of crime). Hence satupna'liAN a. [L, 
 neut. pi. of Saturnalis (prec, -AD] 
 
 SatUP'nian, a. & n. Of the god or the planet 
 Saturn ; S. metre, verse, metre used in early 
 Latin poetry before introduction of Greek me- 
 tres & generally taken to have been an iambic 
 dimeter catalectic followed by three trochees 
 (e.g. dabunt malum Metelli Naevio poetae). 
 (N.) inhabitant of Saturn ; (pi.) S. verse, [f. L 
 SATURNitt.s", -an] 
 
 satup'nic, a. (path.). Affected with lead- 
 poisoning. So Sa'tupniSM(o) n. [saturn in 
 alch. sense lead, -ic] 
 
 sa'turnine, a. Of sluggish gloomy tempera- 
 ment, (of looks &c.) suggestive of or produced 
 by such temperament, whence sa'tupnineLY 2 
 adv.; of lead (a s. poidtice, red, &c); of, affect- 
 ed by, lead poisoning (s. vatients, symptoms). 
 [saturn (cf. prec), -ink ] ] 
 
 sa'typ (-er), n. One of a class of Greek wood- 
 land deities in human form with horse's ears& 
 tail (oi% as represented by Romans, with goat's 
 ears, tail, legs, & budding horns); lustful or 
 beastly-minded man ; (rare) orang-utan. [f. L 
 f. Gk satia'os] 
 
 saty'Pic, a. Of satyrs (esp. s. drama, kind of 
 Greek play with chorus of satyrs), [f. L f. Gk 
 saturikos (prec, -IC)] 
 
 sauce, n., & v.t. Liquid preparation taken 
 as relish with some article of food (bread, egg, 
 mint, parsley, tomato, &c, -s., with these as 
 prominent ingredient; white s., of melted but- 
 ter, flour, &c. ; hunger is the best s. ; s. for the 
 gander ; serve with the same s., subject to 
 same usage), (fig.) something that adds piquan- 
 cy [is tame without the s. of danger); solution 
 of salt & other ingredients used in some manu- 
 facturing processes ; sauciness, impertinent 
 speech, cheek, (none of yours.!); s.-alone, hedge- 
 weed formerly used to flavour salads & ss. ; 
 s.-boat, vessel in which s. is served ; s.-box, im- 
 pudent person ; saucepan (-an), metal vessel 
 usu. cylindrical with long handle projecting 
 from side for boiling things in cookery ; hence 
 sau'eeLESS a. (Vb) season with ss. or condi- 
 
 ments (rare), (fig.) make piquant, add relish to; 
 (vulg.) be impudent to, cheek, (person), [vb f. 
 n., F, f. pop. L salsa fern, of salsus (salere sals- 
 to salt f. sal salt)] 
 
 sau'cep, n. Shallow vessel for standing cup 
 on to ntercept spillings of tea &c (s. eye, large 
 & round as a s., whence saueep-eyED 2 a.); 
 vessel placed under flowerpot to prevent water 
 from running away at once; any small shallow 
 round vessel resembling tea-s. Hence sau*- 
 cePFUL(2) n., sau'eePLESS a. [earlier sense 
 condiment-dish, f. OF saussier (sauce, -ary ')] 
 
 sau'cy, a. Impudent to superiors, cheeky ; 
 (slang) sprightly, smart, stylish. Hence sau'- 
 eiLY 2 adv., sau'ciNESS n. [earlier sense sa- 
 voury ; sauce, -v 2 ] 
 
 sauerkraut (sowr'krowt), n. German dish 
 of pickled cabbage. [G] 
 
 saul. See sal. 
 
 saunders. See sanders. 
 
 sau'ntep, v.i., & u. Walk in leisurely way 
 or without destination, stroll, (also fig., as a. 
 through life); hence sau'ntePER 1 n., sau'n- 
 tepingLY 2 adv. (X.) leisurely ramble or gait, 
 [prob. ult. f. LL *KX(adventurare adventure)] 
 
 saup'ian, a. & n. (One) of the Sauria or 
 order of lizards including crocodiles, alliga- 
 tors, & extinct kinds such as ichthyosaurus & 
 plesiosaurus. Sosaupo- comb, form, saup'oiD 
 a. & n. [Gk sauros lizard, -ian] 
 
 saup*y, n. A long-billed sea-fish. [prob. f. 
 F saur sorrel] 
 
 sausage (so'sij), n. Pork or other meat 
 minced, seasoned, & stuffed into long cylin- 
 drical cases prepared from entrails & divided 
 when full into lengths of a few inches by twist- 
 ing or tying, a length of this, (Bologna s„ large 
 kind made of bacon, veal, pork-suet, &c, & sold 
 ready for eating cold; s. -filer, -grinder, -ma- 
 chine, s.-making appliances; s.-meat, used as 
 stuffing for turkeys &c instead of being en- 
 closed in skins; s.-roll, s.-meat enclosed in 
 pastry & cooked, [f. F saucisse f. LL salsicia 
 (L salsus see sauce)] 
 
 saute (so'ta), a. (in fern, -it ; pi. -is, fern. -ies). 
 Quickly fried in hot pan with little grease. [F] 
 
 Sautepne(sotam), n. Kinds of sweet white 
 French wine, [place-name] 
 
 sauve-qui-peut (so'vkeper'), n. Precipitate 
 flight in various directions. [?, f. phr. sauve 
 qui peut let him find safety who can] 
 
 sa'vage (-Ij), a., n., & v.t. Uncultivated, 
 wild, (archaic ; a s. scene) ; uncivilized, in primi- 
 tive state, (s. tribes, life) ; fierce, cruel, furious, 
 (.9. persecution, persecu'or, revenge, cri icism, 
 bloiv) ; (colloq.) angry, out of temper; (Herald. ; 
 of human figure) naked ; hence or cogn. sa'v- 
 ag-eLY 2 adv., sa'vageNESS, sa'vagERV(2,4), 
 nn. (X.) member of s. tribe esp. of one living by 
 hunting & fishing, whence sa*vageDOM n. ; 
 brutally cruel or barbarous person. (Vb; of 
 horse) attack & bite or trample (person ; was 
 savaged by hi<* horse), [earlier & OF salvage f. 
 L silvaticus (silva a wood, -atic, cf. -age)] 
 
 sava'nna(h), n. Treeless plain, great tract 
 of meadow-like land, esp. in tropical America, 
 [f. Sp. sabana perh. of Carib. orig.] 
 
 savant (F), n. Man of learning esp. dis- 
 tinguished scientist, [part, of F savoir know, 
 as sapient] 
 
 sava'te (-aht), n. French boxing, in which 
 feet & head are used as well as fists. 
 
 save 1 , v.t. & i., & n. Rescue, preserve, de- 
 liver, from or from danger or misfortune or 
 harm or discredit (saved my life, me from 
 drowning, the State ; s. me or God s. me from 
 my friends &c, comment upon well-meant in- 
 opportune officiousness ; s. us !, excl. of surprise ; 
 
SAVE 
 
 761 
 
 SAXIFRAGE 
 
 s. one's bacon, face 1 ; s. the situation, find or 
 provide way out of difficulty, avert disaster ; s. 
 appearances, put a good face on something), 
 (Footb.) prevent opponents from scoring (n., 
 such prevention, as a clever s.) ; bring about spi- 
 ritual salvation of, preserve from damnation, 
 (who then can be saved ? ; the saving of souls) ; 
 keep for future use, husband, reserve, abstain 
 from expending, lay by money, live econo- 
 mically, (s. one's breath, be silent; a saving 
 housekeeper ; is saving his strength ; has never 
 saved, put by money ; you may s. your pains 
 or trouble, need not take, will take in vain), 
 whence sa'VERMl) n., sa*viNG 1 (2) n. (usu. in 
 pi.), sa'vingLY 2 adv. ; relieve (person) from 
 need of expending (money, trouble, &c.) or from 
 exposure to (annoyance &c), obviate need of, 
 reduce requisite amount of, (that will s. me £50; 
 his secretary saved him much time or labour, 
 many interviews', s. the follow-on in cricket, 
 get enough runs to prevent it; stitch in time 
 saves nine ; soap saves rubbing), whence -sav- 
 erM'2) n., -saviNG 2 a. ; avoid losing, be in time 
 for, succeed in catching, {write hurriedly to s. 
 the post ; shall we s. the tide ?, get in or out 
 while it serves); make reservation concerning, 
 make reservation, (esp. saving clause, contain- 
 ing stipulation of exemption &c. ; saving your 
 reverence, apology for unseemly expression &c, 
 cf. s. the mark 1 ), (part, as prep.) except, with 
 the exception of, save 2 ; s.-all, pan with spike 
 for burning up candle-ends ; savings-bank, 
 receiving small deposits from the poor & con- 
 ducted solely in depositors' interests (Post-office 
 s.-b., with branches at local post offices). Hence 
 sa'VABLEa. [f.Fsauverf.hsalvare(salvussa.fc)\ 
 
 save 2 , prep. & conj. Except, but, (with n. in 
 obj. case, or with that clause ; archaic, poet., or 
 with formal or pretentious effect in ordinary 
 writing ; forty stripes s. one ; all s. him, & see 
 conj.; lam well s. that I have a cold). (Conj. ; 
 archaic) unless, but, (thou seest no beauty s. thou 
 make it ; all the conspirators s. only he ; happy 
 s. for one want), [f. OF sauf f. L salvo l ] 
 
 sa'veloy, n. Highly seasoned dried sausage, 
 [earlier & OF cervelat f. It. cervellata (cervello 
 brain f. L cerebellum), named as orig. made 
 of pig's brain] 
 
 sa'vin, n. (Tree or shrub with) tops yielding 
 a volatile oil used medicinally, [f. L sabina 
 (herba) sabine (herb)] 
 
 sa'vioup, n. Deliverer, redeemer (the, our, S., 
 Christ), person who saves a State &c. from de- 
 struction &c. [f. OF salveor (save *, -iour)] 
 
 savoir faire' (-vwar), n. Quickness to see 
 & do the right thing, address, tact. [F] 
 
 savoir vi'vre (vwar-ve'vr), n. Good breed- 
 ing, being at home in society. [F] 
 
 sa'vopy, n. Herb of mint family used in 
 cookery, [f. OF savereie f. L satureia prob. w. 
 assim. in F to foil.] 
 
 sa'voup, n., & v.i. & t. Characteristic taste, 
 flavour, relish, or (now rare) smell, power to 
 affect the taste (lit. or fig.); quality suggestive, 
 perceptible admixture, suspicion, smack, of (a 
 not unpleasing ft. of preciosity) ; hence sa'- 
 voupless a. (Vb) appreciate or perceive the 
 lit. or fig. taste of (archaic) ; give flavour to 
 (rare); smack, offer suggestion, suggest presence, 
 of (the offer savours of impertinence), [f. OF 
 savour(er) f. L saporem (sapere taste, -OR 1 )] 
 
 sa'voupy (-veH), a.&n. With appetizing taste 
 or smell; (of places &c; only w. neg.) free from 
 bad smells ; (of dishes &c.) of salt or piquant & 
 not sweet flavour (sweet or s. omelette) ; hence 
 sa'vouriLY 2 adv., sa'voupiNESS n. (N.) s. 
 dish, esp. one served at beginning or end of 
 dinner as stimulant or digestive. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 savoy, n. Kind of cabbage with wrinkled 
 leaves. [S. in France] 
 
 Savoyard, n. & a. (Native) of Savoy. [F 
 (Savoie Savoy, -ard)] 
 
 sa'vvy, corrupt, of Sp. sabe knows, in slang 
 use = do you understand? (no s., I do, he &c. 
 does, not know or understand), also as n. = 
 understanding, wits, savoir-faire. 
 
 saw i, n., & v.t. & i. (p.p. saion, rarely sawed). 
 Implement usu. of steel worked by hand qr me- 
 chanically& with variously shaped blade or edge 
 having teeth of various forms cut in or attached 
 to it for dividing wood, metal, stone, «Scc, by reci- 
 procating or rotatory motion (annular, crown, 
 cylinder, s., cylinder with toothed edge for 
 making circular hole; band 1 , bow 1 , circular, 
 frame 2 , fret 1 , s.; cross-cut, rip, s., for cutting 
 wood across, along, the grain; hands., held with 
 one hand ; jig-s., frame-s. worked mechanically 
 in connexion with table holding the wood &c. 
 (j.-s. puzzle, of pieces sawn with j.-s. to be put 
 together); pits., worked by two men one above 
 &one in pit; reciprocating s., worked mechani- 
 callywith backward &forwardstrokes; stone-s., 
 toothless frame-s. cutting stone by friction with 
 sand & water); (Zool. &c.) serrated organ or part; 
 s.-doctor, machine for making teeth of s.; saw- 
 dust, wood fragments produced in sawing used 
 in packing, pugging, stuffing, drying moisture, 
 &c. (let the s.-d. out of fig., expose pretentious- 
 ness or unsubstantial character of, w. ref. to 
 doll's stuffing); s.-fish, large kind with toothed 
 snout used as weapon ; s.-fly, kinds injurious to 
 plants with serrated ovipositor; s.-frame, in 
 which s. -blade is held taut; s.-gate, s.-frame; 
 s.-gin, cotton-GiN 1 with s. -teeth; s.-horse, rack 
 supporting wood for sawing; s.-mill, driven by 
 water or steam for mechanical sawing ; s.-pit, in 
 which lower of two men working pit-s. stands; 
 s.-set, tool for wrenching s. -teeth in alternate 
 directions to give kerf wider than blade & let 
 s. work freely ; s.-wort, plant yielding yellow 
 dye named from serrated leaves ; s. -wrack, a 
 serrated seaweed ; s.-icrest, s.-set. (Vb) cut 
 (wood &c.) with, make (boards &c.) with, use, 
 s. ; move (t. & i.) backward & forward, divide 
 (the air &c), with motion as of s. or person saw- 
 ing; (quasi-pass.) admit of being sawn'easily, 
 badly, &c. ; (Bookbind.) make incisions to re- 
 ceive binding-bands in (gathered sheets); saw- 
 bones slang, surgeon, [vb f. n., OE saga, cf. Du. 
 zaag, G sage, cogn. w. L secare cut] 
 
 saw 2 , n. Proverbial saying, old maxim, (usu. 
 old or wise s.). [OE sagu (secgan sa v ")] 
 
 saw 3 . See see *. 
 
 sawder, n. Soft .<?., compliments, flattering 
 speeches, blarney. [=solder] 
 
 Sawney, n. (Nickname for) Scotsman ; 
 simpleton, [prob. as sandy 2 ] 
 
 sawyer, n. Man employed in sawing tim- 
 ber (TOP-*?.); (U.S.) uprooted tree floating or 
 stranded in river (named as sawing up & down); 
 kinds of wood-boring larva.- [-yer] 
 
 sax, n. Slate-cutters' hammer with point for 
 making nail-holes. [OE seax knife (see saxon), 
 cf. Icel. sax, MDu. sas] 
 
 sa'xathe, a. (nat. hist.). Living, growing, 
 on or among rocks, [f. L saxatilis (saxum 
 rock, -atile)] m 
 
 saxe, n. Kind of photographic paper. [F, = 
 Saxony (where it is made)] 
 
 sa'xhopn, n. Instrument of trumpet class. 
 [A. Sax, inventor] 
 
 saxi'coline, -lous, aa. (nat. hist). =saxa- 
 tile. [L -cola inhabitant of (colere inhabit)] 
 
 sa'xifrage (or -ij), n. Kinds of Alpine or 
 rock plant with tufted foliage & panicles of 
 white or yellow or red flowers. [F, f. L saxi- 
 
SAXON 
 
 762 
 
 SCALE 
 
 /rasra spleenwort (saxwrn stone, /ranflrere break) 
 named as used against calculus] 
 
 Sa*xon, n. & a. Member, language (often 
 old S.), of the Teutonic N.-German people by 
 which England was conquered in 5th &6th cc; 
 =anqlo-saxo.v, whence Sa*xonDO.\in.; native 
 of modern Saxony; Teutonic (opp. Latin or 
 Romance) elements of English. (Adj.) of the 
 Ss. (S. architecture, rude Romanesque preced- 
 ing Norman in England); in S. (S. words in 
 English, of Teutonic origin), whence Sa'xon- 
 ism(2, 4), Sa*xoniST(2), no.; S. blue, solution of 
 indigo in sulphuric acid asdye ; hence Sa'xon- 
 ize(2, 3) v.i. & t. [f. LL Saxones pi. f. OE 
 Seaxan pi. (seax knife cogn. w. L saxum stone)] 
 
 sa'xony, n. Fine kind of wool, cloth made 
 from it. [f. & in Germany] 
 
 sa'xophone, n. Powerful instrument of 
 clarinet kind used in military bands, [as sax- 
 horn, Gk phone sound] 
 
 sa'xtuba, n. Large saxhorn, [tuba] 
 
 say ', n. (now rare). Fine serge-like cloth, [f. 
 F saie f. L saga pi. of sdgum military cloak] 
 
 say 2 , v.t. & i. (said, pr. sed ; archaic 3rd sing, 
 pres., saith pr. selh), & n. Utter, make (speci- 
 fied remark), recite, rehearse, in ordinary 
 speaking voice (s. the word, give the order &c. ; 
 s. no more, cease speaking; s. a good word for, 
 commend or excuse ; to be said or sung ; s. no. 
 yes, refuse, grant, request, also deny, confirm or 
 accept, statement;. s.ow^, express fully or candid- 
 ly ; 8. one nay, refuse him something ; has said 
 his .?., finished what he had to s. ; s. lesson, repeat 
 it to teacher ; s. grace, prayer ; <<?. something, s. 
 grace, also make a speech ; that is to a., in other 
 words, as the whole family, t. i. t.s. four per- 
 sons, also = or at least, as he never went, t. i. t. s. 
 it is not recorded that he did, also ellipt. s. in 
 giving sum in words after figures, as £500, s. 
 Jive hundred pounds ; he said ' You lie ' ; says 
 or said he &c, said I, says /colloq., forms in- 
 serted in repeating conversation ; saying & do- 
 ing, speech & action; Is., excl. used to draw 
 attention, open a conversation, or express sur- 
 prise, as Is., who was that?, I s., what a 
 beauty !, or in same sense I say ! alone) ; state, 
 promise, prophesy, {he says all men or that all 
 men are liars; you said you would', dares.; 
 they s., it is said, forms introducing rumour; 
 it says in the Bible, the Bible says ; goes without 
 saying, is too obvious to need mention ; hear 
 s., hear it reported ; so he says, he says so ; you 
 may wells, so, your statement is fully justified); 
 speak, talk, (rare ; s. away, s. what you have to 
 s.; he said, & turned his back, in narrative 
 poetry &c); put into words, express, {that was 
 well said); adduce or allege in argument or 
 excuse (there is much to be said on both sides; 
 have you nothing to s. for yourself?) ; form & 
 give opinion or decision as to or abs. (there is 
 no saying, it is hard to s., who it xvas; I can- 
 not s., do not know whether &c. or abs.; do s. 
 which you wi-ll have ; what s. you to a theatre ?, 
 are you inclined for it? ; & sos. all of us, & that 
 is our opinion too); select as example, assume, 
 take (specified number &c.) as near enough, 
 (let us s., or usu. ellipt. s.; any country, let us s. 
 Sweden, might do the same ; well, s. it were 
 true, what then ? ; a few of them, s. a dozen or 
 so). (N.) : (opportunity of saying) what one has 
 to s., share in decision, is. your s.;let him have 
 his*.; had no s. in the matter). [OE secgan, cf. 
 ON segja, G sagen] 
 
 saying", n. In vbl senses ; esp., sententious 
 remark, maxim, adage, (as the s. is, form used 
 in quoting proverb or phrase), [-ing ^] 
 
 sbi'ppo, n. (pi. -ri pr. -e). Italian policeman, 
 fit. I 
 
 scab, n., & v.i. Dry rough incrustation 
 formed over sore in healing, cicatrice ; mange, 
 itch, or similar skin-disease ; kinds of fungous 
 plant-disease ; mean dirty fellow (archaic), 
 (Trade unionism) workman who refuses to join 
 strike or union or takes striker's place, black- 
 leg ; s.-wort, elecampane; hence seabbED 2 , 
 sca'bbv 2 aa., sca'bbiLV 2 adv., sca'bbi- 
 nessii. (Vb; of sore) form s., heal over. [f. Da., 
 Sw., skabb, cf. OE sceab, scxb, (shabby)] 
 
 sca'bbapd, n. Sheath of sword, bayonet, 
 &c; s.-Jish, silvery- white sea-fish shaped like 
 sword-s. [earlier scawberk cf. AF escaubers 
 pi.; proh ult. f. Teut. (shell, hauberk)] 
 
 sca'bies, n. The itch. [L (scabere scratch)] 
 
 sca'bious, a. & n. Scabby, affected with 
 mange, itch, &c; (n.) kinds of wild & cultivated 
 annual or perennial herb with blue, pink, or 
 white, pincushion-shaped flowers. l(n. f. sea- 
 biosa herba named as specific against itch) f. L 
 scabiosus (prec, -ose 1 )] 
 
 sca'bpous, a. (Zool., Bot., &c.) with rough 
 surface, scurfy ; (Literature ; of subject, situa- 
 tion, &c.) requiring tactful treatment, hard to 
 handle with decency. Hence sca'bPOUSNESS 
 n. [f. L scab?'Osus (scaber rough, cf. prec.)] 
 
 scad, n. Kind of fish called also horse- 
 mackerel, [perh. var. of shad] 
 
 sca'ffold n. & v.t., sca'ffolding* n. Elevat- 
 ed platform of timber usu. for execution of 
 criminals (old ; the s., death by executioner's 
 hands) or rarely (old, -ing) for display of some- 
 thing or accommodation of spectators; (usu. 
 -ing) temporary structure of poles & planks 
 providing workmen with platform(s) to stand 
 on while building or repairing house &c, (-ing) 
 materials for this ; (Anat., Embryol.; -old, -ing) 
 framework outlining parts to be formed on it 
 later (the s. of the skidl) ; siaffolding-pole, 
 mastlike polo helping to support building-plat- 
 form ; (vb) attach scaffolding to (house), [f. OF 
 escadafault (now ichafaud) perh. f. EX- -fit. 
 catafalco catafalque] 
 
 scag'Ha, n. Reddish Italian limestone. [It.] 
 
 scag-lio'la (-alyo-), n. Imitation stone of 
 plaster mixed with glue & variously coloured 
 or diversified. [It. (iuola)] 
 
 scalable, a. In vbl senses of scale 1 ' 2 < 3 . 
 [-able] 
 
 scala'pifopm,a. (bot, zool.). Ladder-shaped 
 (of veins in insects wings, or of alternating 
 thick & thin strips in structure). [L scalaria 
 staircase (neut. pi. of scalaris f. scala scale 3 , 
 -ar 1 ), -form] 
 
 scalawag, -11a-, -lly-, n. Undersized or 
 ill-fed animal ; good-for-nothing person, scamp, 
 scapegrace. [U.S., explained as f. Scalloway 
 in Shetland w. ref. to Shetland ponies] 
 
 scald ■ (aw), v.t., & n. Injure or pain (skin, 
 or person or animal or part in regard to it) with 
 hot liquid or vapour (was scalded to death by 
 the steam ; scalding tears, of bitter grief) ; 
 raise (milk) to near boiling point (scalded cream, 
 from milk scalded & allowed to stand), whence 
 sca'ldER '(2) n.; cleanse (vessel ; often out) by 
 rinsing with boiling water ; (n.) injury to skin 
 by scalding (for ss. & burns), [f. ONF escalder 
 f. L ~EX(caldare f. calidus hot)) 
 
 scald 2 (-aw-), sk-, n. Ancient-Scandinavian 
 composer & reciter of poems in honour of great 
 men. Hence sca'ldic a. [ON (sk-)\ 
 
 sca'ld-head(-aw-), n. Scalp-disease of child- 
 ren. [SCALL, -ED 2 ] 
 
 scafdi'no (-e), n. (pi. -ni pr. -e). Covered 
 earthenware brazier used in Italy for warming 
 the hands &c. [It.] 
 
 scale \ n., & v.t. & i. One of the thin horny 
 overlapping plates protecting the skin of many 
 
SCALE 
 
 763 
 
 SCANT 
 
 fishes & reptiles ; plate or thin outer piece with 
 some resemblance to fish-s. in organic or other 
 object, e.g. pod, husk, rudimentary leaf or 
 feather, bract, metamorphosed hair of lepidop- 
 tera, bulb-layer, flake of skin, scab, lamina on 
 surface of rusty iron ; (without a) incrustation 
 inside boiler &c, tartar on teeth; s.-armour, 
 of metal ss. attached to leather &c; s.-board, 
 very thin for back of mirror, picture, &c; s.- 
 borer, machine for removing s. from boiler- 
 tubes ; s.-fern, ceterach ; s.-insect, kinds that 
 cling fast to plants & secrete a shield-like s. as 
 covering; s.-moss, kinds of plant with s.-like 
 leaves resembling moss ; s.-winged, lepidopter- 
 ous; s.-xvork, overlapping arrangement, imbri- 
 cation; hence (-)sealED, sea'leLESS, sea'lv 2 , 
 aa., sea'liNESS n. (Vb) take away scale(s) from 
 (s. fish, almonds, peas, teeth, iron) ; (of skin, 
 metal, &c.) form, come off in, drop, ss.; (of ss.) 
 come off. If. OF escale f. OHG scala cf. OE 
 scealu; cogn. w. shell, & w. foil.] 
 
 scale 2 , n., & v.t. Dish of simple balance 
 (throiv sword into s., back claim with arms; 
 turn the s. of motive or circumstance, he de- 
 cisive) ; (pi.) a simple balance (also pair ofss.) 
 or weighing-instrument (hold the ss. even, be 
 impartial judge). (Vb) weigh in ss. (rare) ; (of 
 thing weighed) show (specified weight.) in the 
 SB. [scales 10 st., 100 lb.), [f. OF escale cup f. ON 
 skal ; cogn. w. prec] 
 
 scale 3 , n., & v.t. & L Series of degrees, lad- 
 derlike arrangement or classification, graded 
 .system, (is high in the s. of creation or social, 
 intellectual, &c. s.; sink in the s., fall to lower 
 rank or level ; at the top, bottom, of thes.; slid- 
 ing-s., see slide 1 ); (Mas.) set of sounds belong- 
 ing to a key 1 arranged in order of pitch (dia- 
 tonic, CHROMATIC, MAJOR 2 , MINOR, S.; play, 
 sing, run over one's, ss., as exercise for fingers 
 or voice) ; (often s. of notation) basis of numeri- 
 cal system as shown in ratio between units in 
 different places of number (binary, decimal, 
 Sec, s.)', relative dimensions, ratio of reduc- 
 tion & enlargement in map &c, (philanthropy, 
 armies, on a vast s.; a building of small s. but 
 fine proportions ; large, small, -s. map ; the s. 
 to be one to fifty thousand, an inch to the mile, 
 1/1000, &c); set of marks at measured distances 
 on a line for use in measuring or making pro- 
 portional reductions & enlargements, rule de- 
 termining intervals between these, piece of me- 
 tal &c. or apparatus on which they are marked 
 (gunter'-s s.). (Vb) climb (wall, steep place, or 
 abs.) with ladder or by clambering ; represent 
 in dimensions proportional to the actual ones, 
 reduce to common s., (s. up, down, make larger, 
 smaller, in due proportion) ; (of quantities &c.) 
 have common s., be commensurable ; scaling- 
 ladder, used in escalades, [f. L scala ladder 
 (scandere climb)] 
 
 scalene, a. & n. Unequal-sided (s. triangle, 
 with no two sides equal ; s. cone, cylinder, with 
 axis inclined to base ; s. muscle, any of several 
 connecting spine & ribs); (n.) s. triangle or mus- 
 cle, [f. L f. Gk skalenos cf. skolios crooked] 
 
 seail (-awl), n. (archaic). Scaly eruption on 
 skin (dry s., the itch; 7noist s., eczema), [f. 
 ON skalli bare head] 
 
 scallawag. See scalawag. 
 
 sca'llion, n. Kind of onion or shallot, [f. 
 ONF escalogne shallot] 
 
 sca*llop,sco-,n.,&v.t. Bivalve mollusc with 
 shell divided into grooves & ridges radiating 
 from middle of hinge & edged all round with 
 small semicircular lobes ; (also s.-shell) one 
 valve of this (hist.) as pilgrim's badge, (mod.) 
 asutensil in whichoysters. shredded fish, mince, 
 &c, are cooked & served, small shallow pan 
 
 1 
 
 similarly used ; (pi.) ornamental edging cut in 
 material in imitation of s.-edge. (Vb) cook in 
 s.; ornament (edge, material) with ss. or sea'l- 
 lopiNGMG) n. [f. OF escalope I. Teut. (Du. 
 schelp cogn. w. scale *> 2 , shell)] 
 
 scally wag. See scalawag. 
 
 scalp, n., & v.t. Top of head ; skin with hair 
 &c. of head excluding face, this or part of it 
 cut as trophy from enemy's head by Red Indians 
 (takes.; out for ss., on the war-path, often fig.= 
 in aggressive or pugnacious or savagely critical 
 mood); bare rounded hill-top; whale's head 
 without lower jaw ; s.-lock, single lock on Red 
 Indian's shaven head left as challenge to ene- 
 mies; hence sea'lpLESS a. (Vb) take s. of; 
 criticize savagely, [cf. MSw. skalp, ON skdlpr, 
 sheath, MDu. schelpe shell ; cogn. w. scallop, 
 scale 1 , shell] 
 
 sca*lpel,n. Surgeon'ssmalllightknifeshaped 
 for holding like pen. [f. L,scalpellum(scalpru7)i 
 chisel f. scalpere scrape, -el)] 
 
 sca'lping-iron, n. Surgeon's scraping in- 
 strument^ |L scalpere scrape, -ing 2 ] 
 
 sea'lpriform, a. Chisel-shaped (of incisor 
 teeth). [L scalprum see scalpel, -i-, -form] 
 
 sea'mmony, n. (Kind of Asiatic convolvu- 
 lus yielding) a gum-resin used as drastic pur- 
 gative. [OF (-ie), f. L f. Gk skammonia] 
 
 scamp 1 , n. Rascal, knave, (also in playful 
 use as term of endearment). Hence sea*mp- 
 ish ] a. [prob. of same orig. as scamper] 
 
 scamp 2 , v.t. Do (work &c.) in perfunctory 
 or inadequate way. [prob. var. of scant] 
 
 sca*mpep, v.i., & n. Run impulsively like 
 (or of) frightened animal or playing child ; take 
 s. through. (N. ) hasty run ; gallop on horseback 
 for pleasure ; rapid tour or course of reading 
 (through Normandy, Dickens, &c). [earlier 
 sense flee (of army &c), f. ONF (s^escamper 
 (ex-, L campus field) + -er 5 ] 
 
 scan, v.t. & i. Test metre of (line &c.) by 
 examining number & quantity of feet & syl- 
 lables, read over with emphasis on rhythm ; be 
 metrically correct (line does not s.), admit of 
 rhy thmic reading (line will not s. ,; sea ns smooth- 
 ly, badly); look intentlyatall parts successively 
 of (face, horizon, &c). [f. L scandere climb, 
 perh. with loss of -d by confus. w. -ed x ] 
 
 sca'ndal (-dl), n. (Thing that occasions) 
 general feeling of outrage or indignation esp. 
 as expressed in common talk, opprobrium, (it is 
 a s. that such things should bepossible ; a grave 
 s. occurt^ed; gave rise to s.); malicious gossip, 
 backbiting, whencesca'ndal.MONGERn.; (Law) 
 public affront, irrelevant abusive statement in 
 court, (cf. libel, slander). So sea'ndalous 
 a. , sca'ndalousLY 2 adv. , sea* n dalous mss 
 n. [F (-e), f. L. f. Gk skandalon snare, stum- 
 bling-block] 
 
 sca'ndalize, v. t. Offend moral feelings, sense 
 ofpropriety, or ideas of etiquette, of, shock, [f. 
 OF scandaliser f. L f. Gk (-izo) as prec, see -ize] 
 
 scci'ndalutn magnd'tum, n. (hist.). Of- 
 fence of defaming magnates of the realm. 
 [med.L (scandal, magnate)] 
 
 Scandinavian, a. & n. (Native, family of 
 languages) of Scandinavia or the region includ- 
 ing Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, & ad- 
 jacent islands, [-an] 
 
 sca'nsion, n. Metrical scanning, way verse 
 scans. [F (L scandere scans- climb, -ion)] 
 
 scansop'ial, a. Habitually climbing, adapt- 
 ed for climbing, (of birds, their feet, &c). [L 
 scansorius (prec, -orv), -al] 
 
 scant, a., & v.t. Barely sufficient, deficient, 
 with scanty supply of, (archaic, poet., & in iso- 
 lated phrr. as with s. courtesy, s. of breath); 
 hence sea'ntLY 2 adv. (Vb; archaic) skimp, 
 
SCANTLING 
 
 761 
 
 SCARUS 
 
 stint, provide grudgingly, (supply, material, 
 person), [f . ON skamt short, whence also sc a m p 2 J 
 
 sea'ntling', n. Specimen, sample, (archaic); 
 modicum, small amount, one's necessary supply 
 of ; small beam under 5 in. in breadth & depth ; 
 size to which stone or timber is to be cut ; set 
 of standard dimensions for parts of structure 
 esp. in ship-building ; trestle for cask. [f. ONF 
 escantillon (OF esch-), see ex-, cantle, -oonJ 
 
 sea # nty,a. Of small extent or amount, barely 
 sufficient, (opp. ample). Hence sea'ntiLY 2 
 adv., sea'ntixESS n. [-Y 2 ] ,„..„. 
 
 scape 1 , n., & v.t. (archaic). Escape (still in 
 hairbreadth ss. ). [for escape] 
 
 scape 2 , n. (Bot.) radical stem bearing fruc- 
 tification & no leaves as in primrose; (Entom.) 
 base of antenna ; shaft of feather ; spring, usu. 
 with cxirve, of column from base. [f. L scapus 
 
 sca'pegroat, n. (O.T.) goat allowed to escape 
 when Jewish chief priest had laid sins of people 
 upon it (Lev. xvi); person bearing blame due to 
 others, [scape j ] 
 
 sea'pegpaee, n. Harebrained person, esp. 
 child, who constantly gets into trouble. [ = one 
 who gets no grace (scape *)] 
 
 scapement. = escapement. 
 
 sca-phoid (-f-), a. & n. (anat). Boat-shaped 
 (s. bone, one in tarsus & one in carpus); (n.) s. 
 bone. [f. Gk skaphoeides (skaphe, skaphos, 
 bowl, boat, -oid)] 
 
 sca'pula, n. (pi. -lae). SHOULDER-blade. [LL, 
 sing, of L scapulae] 
 
 sea'pular, a. & n. Of shoulder or shoulder- 
 blade (s. arch, = shoulder ■g\rd\.'E. 1 \ s. feathers, 
 growing near insertion of wing). (N.) monastic 
 or ecclesiastical garment of two strips of cloth 
 hanging down breast & back & joined across 
 shoulders (also scapulary); bandage for shoul- 
 der-blade ; s. feather, [(n. in first sense f. F 
 scapidaire) f. LL scapularis (prec, -ar 1 )] 
 
 scapulo-, comb, form of scapula, as -hw- 
 meral, -ra'dial, -u'lnar, of scapula & humerus, 
 & radius, & ulna, [o] 
 
 sear 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Mark left after healing 
 of wound or burn or sore, cicatrice, (also fig. of 
 abiding effects of grief &c); mark on plant left 
 by fall of a leaf &c.,hilum; hence seapv.ESsa. 
 (Vb) mark with s. or ss. (esp. in p.p.); heal (i. & t.) 
 over, form s. [f. OF escare f. L eschara scar f. 
 Gk eskhara hearth, burn] 
 
 sear 2 , scaup, n. Precipitous craggy part of 
 mountain-side. [f. ON sker isolated rock in sea, 
 cogn. w. SHEAR 1 ] 
 
 sea'Pab, n. Sacred beetle of ancient Egypt ; 
 = foil.; ancient-Egyptian gem cut in form of 
 beetle & engraved with symbols on flat side. 
 [f. F scarabee f. L scarabaeus] 
 
 scarabae'id, n. Member of Scarabaeidae, 
 family of beetles including prec, cockchafer, 
 &c. [prec, -id 3 ] 
 
 searabae'oid, a. & n. Like a scarab or a 
 scarabaeid; (n.) counterfeit scarab, [-oid] 
 
 sca'ramouch (owtsh), n. (archaic). Boast- 
 ful poltroon, braggart. [F (-e), f. It. Scaramuc- 
 cia a_famous Italian buffoon] 
 
 scarce, a. & adv. Insufficient for the de- 
 mand or need, not plentiful, scanty, (usu. pred., 
 & of food, money, or other necessaries of life) ; 
 whence seap'eiTY n. (of, or abs.=dearth of 
 food) ; seldom met with, rare, hard to find, 
 (a s. book, moth', make oneself s. colloq., re- 
 tire, make off, keep out of the way), whence 
 seap'eeNESS n.; (adv.; archaic, poet., rhet.) 
 scarcely, [f. ONF escars, cf. It. scarso perh. f. 
 LL scarpsus for L EX(cerptus=carptus f. car- 
 pere pluck) select] 
 
 scap'cely, adv. Hardly, barely, only just, 
 
 (is s. seventeen years old ; had s. arrived when 
 he vias told that — ; Ts. know him); surely not, 
 not unless the unlikely happens or is true, (you 
 will s. maintain that ; he can s. have said so) ; 
 (mild or apologetic substitute for) not (/ s. 
 thinkjso, know ivhat to say). [-tiY 2 ] 
 
 sear-cement, n. Set-back in a wall, ledge 
 resulting from this. [?] 
 
 scape, v.t., & n. Strike (esp. child, foolish 
 person, or animal) with sudden terror, frighten 
 (as) with a bugbear, (scaredface, expression, 
 &c, betraying terror; s. away, drive off by 
 fright); keep (birds) away from sown land &c; 
 scarecrow, figure of man hung with old clothes 
 & set up in field to keep birds away, bugbear, 
 badly dressed or grotesque-looking or skinny 
 person. (N.) unreasoning terror, esp. baseless 
 general apprehension of war, invasion, &c, 
 whence scape'MOXGERn.; commercial panic, 
 [prob. f. obs. skerre timid f. ON skjarr] 
 
 seapf \ n. (pi. -fs, -ves). Long narrow strip 
 of material worn for ornament or warmth 
 round neck, over shoulders, or baldric-wise ; 
 man's neck-tie (s.-pin, -ring, usu. of gold or 
 jewelled for holding ends of this together) ; s.- 
 loom, for weaving narrow fabrics ; s.-skin. 
 outermost layer of skin constantly scaling off 
 (esp. of that adhering to base of nails); scarf - 
 wise, baldric- wise. Hence scapf ed 2 a. [f. Du. 
 scherf shred, shard, cf. G scherbe] 
 
 scapf 2 , v.t., & n. Join ends of (pieces of 
 timber, metal, or leather) by bevelling or 
 notching so that they overlap without increase 
 of thickness & then bolting, brazing, or sewing 
 them together ; flench (whale). (N.) joint 
 made by scarfing timber or leather (also s.- 
 joint) or metal (also s.-xveld) ; notch, groove, 
 [n. f._yb, f. Sw. skarfva join (.<?fca?*/seam)J 
 
 scap'ificatop, n. In vbl senses; esp., surgi- 
 cal instrument for scarifying, in which several 
 lancet-points protrude at once from plane sur- 
 face_on touching of trigger, [scarify, -or 2 ] 
 
 scap'ifiep, n. In vbl senses; esp.: =prec. ; 
 agricultural machine with prongs for stirring 
 without turning soil, [foil., -er 1 ] 
 
 scap'ify, v.t. (Surg.) make superficial inci- 
 sions in, cut ofFskin from, (fig.) pain by severe 
 criticism &c. ; stir (soil) with scarifier. So 
 seapiFiCATiON n. [f. F scarifier f. L scarifi- 
 care by assim. to -ficare -FY of scarifare f. Gk 
 skariphaomai (skariphos style, cogn. w. L 
 scribeye write)] 
 
 scap'ious, a. (bot). Thin, dry, & membra- 
 naceous (of bracts &c). [L scaria (in glossa- 
 ries) thorny shrub, -ous] 
 
 seaplati'na(-te-), n. Scarlet fever. [It. (-U-), 
 f. scarlatto scarlet] 
 
 scap'let, n. & a. (Of) brilliant red colour in- 
 clining to orange; s. cloth or clothes (dressed 
 in s.); s. admiral, kind of butterfly; s. fever, 
 infectious fever with s. rash; s. -grain, scale- 
 insect from which red dye is made in Russia 
 & Turkey ; s. hat, cardinal's, (alius.) cardinal- 
 ate ; s. rash, roseola; s. runner, s.-flowered 
 trailing bean-plant; s. woman, whore, pagan 
 Rome, papal Rome, or the worldly spirit (ace. 
 to interpretation put on Rev. xvii). [f. OF es- 
 carlate f. Pers. saqalat s. cloth (also saqlatun, 
 whence ME ciclatoun)] 
 
 sca'poid (or skar-), a. & n. (Fish) of scarus 
 genus, resembling scarus. [oid] 
 
 scarp, n., & v.t. Inner wall or slope (cf. 
 counterscarp) of ditch in fortification ; any . 
 steep slope ; (vb) make (slope) perpendicular or 
 steep, provide (ditch) with steep s. & counters., 
 (p.p., of hillside &c.) steep, precipitous, [f. OF 
 escarpe f. It. scarpa perh. f. Teut. (sharp 2 )] 
 
 scap'us, n. Kinds of bright-hued fish with 
 
N 
 
 SCATHE 
 
 765 
 
 SCEPTRE 
 
 parrotlike beak (also parrotfish) of wrasse 
 family. [L, f. Gk skaros] 
 
 scathe (dh), v.t., & n. Injure esp. by blast- 
 ing or withering up (now rare exc. in part, 
 used by exag. of severe speech, as scathing sar- 
 casm, ridicule, remarks, whence sea* thing* - 
 ly 2 adv.), (in neg. context) do the least harm 
 to (shall not be scathed ; esp. unscathed) ; (n. ; 
 rare. & usu. in neg. context) harm, injury, 
 (without, guard from, s.), whence sea'theLESS 
 a. (usu. pred.). [n. f. vb, f. ON skatha cf. OE 
 sceathan, G & Du. schaden ; cogn. w. Gk aske- 
 thes unharmed, in which a- = a- (7)] 
 
 seato'logry, n. Study of coprolites. [Gk 
 skor skatos dung, -loot] 
 
 seato'phagous.a. Feeding on dung, [prec, 
 Gk -phagos -eating] 
 
 sca'ttep, v.t. & i. Throw here & there (s. 
 seed), strew (s. gravel on road, road with 
 gravel), sprinkle ; disperse (t. & i.), turn (t. & i.) 
 in dispersed flight, rout, be routed ; dissipate 
 (cloud, hopes) ; diffuse (light) ; (of gun) send 
 charge, send (charge), in spreading manner; 
 (p.p.) not situated together, wide apart, sporad- 
 ic, (scattered hamlets, garrisons, instances) ; 
 s.-brain, heedless person ; s. -brained, heedless, 
 desultory. Hence sea'tteringLY 2 adv. [prov. 
 scat scatter, shatter, + -er 5 ; cogn. w. Gk 
 skedannumi scatter, Skr. skhad cut] 
 
 scaup(-duck), n. Kinds of duck named 
 from frequenting mussel-scaups or beds of 
 mussels exposed at low tide. [var. of scalp] 
 
 seau'per, n. Gouge used by engravers, 
 [prob. = scalper (as scalping-iron, -er 1 )] 
 
 scaup. See scar 2 . 
 
 sca*vengep, n., & v.i. Person employed to 
 keep streets clean by carrying away refuse; 
 animal feeding on carrion (esp. s.-beetle, -crab), 
 writer &c. delighting in filthy subjects ; hence 
 sca'venge (by back-formation) v.t. &i.,sea*- 
 vengERY(2, 5) n. (Yb) be, act as, s. [earlier 
 scavager (cf. messenger, passenger) inspector 
 of imports (AF scavage inspection f. ONF es- 
 cauwer inspect f. Teut. cf. show + -age, -er 1 )] 
 
 sea'zon, n. Greek & Latin iambic, ending 
 with ^ — o instead of a - ^ •=-, used in short 
 poems, choliamb ; other metres of limping 
 character, [f. Gk skazon (skazo limp)] 
 
 scena (sha/nah), n. (mus.). Scene orjportion 
 of opera ; elaborate dramatic solo usu. includ- 
 ing recitative. [It.] 
 
 scenario (shanar-), n. (Table of) scene-dis- 
 tribution, appearances of characters, &c., in 
 dramatic work, skeleton libretto. [It.] 
 
 scene (sen), n. Stage of theatre (archaic ; 
 still in fig. use quit the s., esp. =die), place on 
 which something is exhibited as on the stage 
 (this xcorld is a s. of strife) ; place in which 
 events set forth in drama or tale are supposed 
 to occur, locality of event, (the s. is laid in 
 India ; the s. of the disaster was tlie North Sea); 
 portion of a play during which action is con- 
 tinuous or (esp. of French plays) in which no 
 intermediate entries or exits occur, subdivision 
 (or rarely the whole) of an act, (in the third s. of 
 Act II; Act II. s. III. I. 220 ; the famous duel s.; 
 carpenters.), (transf.) description with more 
 or less abrupt beginning & end of an incident 
 or part of person's life &c. (ss. of clerical life, 
 from a gold-field, &c), actual incident that 
 might occasion such description (distressing ss. 
 occurred), agitated colloquy esp. with display 
 of temper (now don't make a s.); any of the 
 pieces of painted canvas, woodwork, &c, used 
 to help in representing s. of action on stage, or 
 whole of these together (behind the ss., among 
 the stage machinery or the actors off the stage, 
 usu. fig. = having information not accessible to 
 
 the public; carpenter-s.; ss. painted by—; 
 set s., made up of many parts fitted together ; 
 drop-scene), (transf.) landscape or view spread 
 before spectator like s. in theatre (a silvan, de- 
 solate, s.; as. of destruction ; change of s., va- 
 riety of surroundings esp. secured by travel); 
 s.-dock, space near stage where ss. are stored ; 
 s. -painter, -ting, of theatre ss.; s.-shifter, per- 
 son helping to change ss. in theatre, [f. L f. Gk 
 skene tent, stage] 
 
 see'nepy, n. Accessories used in theatre to 
 make stage resemble supposed scene of action ; 
 spectacles presented by natural features of a 
 district (the s. is imposing, tame), [earlier scen- 
 ary f. L scenaritis (prec, -ary 1 ) of the stage, 
 assim. to -ery] 
 
 scenic, a. Of, on, the stage (s. performances); 
 of the nature of a show, picturesque in group- 
 ing; (of picture &c.) telling a tale, crystallizing 
 an incident; (of emotion &c) dramatic, affect- 
 ed, put on. Hence see'niCALLY adv. [f. L f. 
 Gk skenikos (scene, -ic)] 
 
 seeno'graphy, n. Drawing or painting in 
 perspective (esp. of representing building not 
 in ground-plan or elevation, but as spectator 
 sees it). Sosce'noGRAPH(l), seeno'GRAPHER, 
 nn., scenoGRA'PHica., scenogra'phiCALLY 
 adv. [f. Gk skenographia (scene, -graphy)] 
 
 scent (se-), v.t. & i., & n. Discern by smell (s. 
 game &c), (fig.) begin to suspect presence or 
 existence of (s. treachery, a job) ; s. out, dis- 
 cover by smelling about or search ; make fra- 
 grant or rank (rose, carrion, scents the air), 
 apply perfume to (handkerchief &c; scented 
 dames, cigarettes) ; exercise sense of smell, ap- 
 ply this to, (goes scenting about ; lifts its head 
 & scents the air). (N.) odour, esp. of agreeable 
 kind, proceeding from or belonging to some- 
 thing (the s. of hay), whence sce'ntLESS a.; 
 (Hunt.) trail perceptible to hounds' sense of 
 smell left by animal (often fig.; follow up, 
 lose, recover, &c, the s., lit., & of investiga- 
 tion ; on the s., having clue ; put off the s., de- 
 ceive by false indications; cold 1 , hot 1 , s.), 
 paper strewn by paperchase hares (false s., 
 laid to deceive about course, also fig.) ; power 
 of detecting or distinguishing smells or of dis- 
 covering presence of something, flair, (some 
 dogs have practically no s.; keen-scented ; has 
 a wonderful s. for snobbery, young talent, &c); 
 liquid perfume distilled from flowers &c; s.- 
 bag, pouch containing special odoriferous sub- 
 stance in some animals, also bag of aniseed &c. 
 as substitute for fox in hunting ; s.-bottle, for 
 perfume; s. -gland, secreting musk, civet, 8cc; 
 s. -organ, s. -bag or s. -gland; hence (-)see'ntED 2 
 a. (s. caper, kind of tea; s.fern, kind smelling 
 like citron), [n. f. vb, earlier sent, f. F sentir 
 perceive, smell, f. L sentire perceive] 
 
 sce'psis (sk-, se-), sk-, n. Philosophic doubt, 
 sceptical philosophy, [f. Gk skepsis inquiry 
 (skeptomai examine)] 
 
 sceptic (sk-, se-), sk-, n 
 holder of Pyrrhonism ; 
 truth of the Christian or of all religious doc 
 trines, agnostic, (pop.) atheist; person of 
 sceptical habit of mind, or unconvinced of 
 truth of particular fact or theory, or who takes 
 cynical views. So sce*pticiSM(3) n. [ult. f. 
 Gk skeptikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 sceptical (sk-, se-), sk-, a. Inclined to 
 suspense of judgment, given to questioning 
 truth of facts & soundness of inferences, criti- 
 cal, incredulous ; accepting Pyrrhonism, deny- 
 ing possibility of knowledge ; holding, designed 
 to support, inspired by, the ideas of sceptics. 
 Hence sce'pticalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 sceptpe (se'pter), n. Staff borne as symbol 
 
 Ancient or modern 
 person who doubts 
 
SCHEDULE 
 
 766 
 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 of personal sovereignty ; royal or imperial au- 
 thority. Hence sce'ptPED 2 (-terd), see'ptre- 
 less, aa. [OF, f. L f. Gk skeptron (skepto prop)] 
 
 schedule (she-), n., & v.t. Tabulated state- 
 ment of details, inventory, list, &c., esp. as 
 appendix or annexe to principal document; 
 (vb) make s. of, include in s. [OF, f. L schedula 
 (scheda, scida, papyrus-strip, f. Gk skhide 
 splint f. skhizo split, -ule)J 
 
 scheik. = sheikh. 
 
 sche'ma (sk-), n. (pi. -ta). Synopsis, outline, 
 diagram; (Log.) syllogistic figure; (Gram., 
 Rhet.) figure of speech; (Kantian Philos.) 
 general type, essential form, conception of 
 what is common to all members of a class. So 
 sehema'tic a., sehema'tiCALLY adv. [L, 
 f. Gk skhema -atos shape (ekho, skh-, hold, be)] 
 
 scheme (sk-), n., & v.i. & t. Systematic ar- 
 rangementproposedorin operation (s. of colour, 
 principle on which colours have been chosen & 
 grouped in picture &c), table of classification 
 or of appointed times, outline, syllabus; plan 
 for doing something ; artful or underhand de- 
 sign. (Vb) make plans, plan esp. in secret or 
 underhand way {to do, for. or abs.), intrigue, 
 whence sche'mER 1 n., sehe'mixG 2 a.; plan 
 to bring about, [f. L schema] 
 
 sehe'me-apch (sk-), n. Arch forming less 
 than half of circle, [assiro. of It. (arco) scemo 
 defective (arch) to prec.] 
 
 scherzerndo (skarts-), mus. direction. In 
 playful manner. [It.] 
 
 scherzo (skartso), n. Light playful passage 
 or movement usu. following slow one in sonata 
 or symphony. [It., f. Teut. (G scherz jest)] 
 
 Sehieda'm (skid-), n. Holland gin. [place] 
 
 sehi*pperk.e(sk-,sh-), n. Kindoflapdog. [Du.] 
 
 schism (si"zm), n. Division of a community 
 into factions (rare in gen. sense), esp. separation 
 of a Church into two Churches or secession of 
 part of a Church owing to difference of opinion 
 on doctrine or discipline ; offence of causing or 
 promoting such separation, [f. F schismel. L 
 f. Gk skhi-sma -atos (skhizo split, -m)] 
 
 schisma'tic a. & n., -ical a. Tending or 
 inclined to, guilty of, schism; hence schis- 
 ma'tiealLY 2 adv. (N.) holder of s. opinions, 
 member of s. faction or seceded branch of a 
 Church, [f. F schismatique f. L f. Gk skhis- 
 matikos (prec, -ic), -al] 
 
 schist (sh-), n. Kinds of foliated rock pre- 
 senting layers of different minerals & splitting 
 in thin irregular plates. Hence sehi'stc-SE 1 
 a. [f. F schiste f. L f. Gk skhistos split (schism)] 
 
 schiza'nthus (sk-), n. Kinds of flowering 
 annual with handsome white, violet, or crimson 
 flowers & much-divided leaves. [Gk skhizo 
 split, anthos flower] 
 
 sehi'zomyee'te, n. Any of the Schizomy- 
 cetae, a class of minute often single-cell vege- 
 table organisms between algae & fungi includ- 
 ing bacilli, bacteria, microbes, &c. [Gk skhizo 
 split, mukes -etos mushroom] 
 
 schme'lze (-tse), n. Kinds of coloured glass, 
 or esp. Bohemian glass prepared to receive 
 colour, for decorative use. [f. G schmelz enamel, 
 
 Cf. SMELT 1 , SMALT] 
 
 schnap(p)s, n. Holland gin. [G (-pps), f. 
 .Du. snaps dram, lit. mouthful (SNAPpe?i)] 
 
 sehd'lap (sk-), n. Schoolboy, schoolgirl, (ar- 
 chaic or vulg.); person's disciple (rhet.); per- 
 son who learns {proved an apt, dull, s.; at 90 
 he teas still as.) ; learned person, person versed 
 in literature esp. that of ancient Greece & 
 Rome, (a s. & a gentleman, person of good 
 education & breeding), whence seho'laPLY 1 
 a., seho'laPSHiP(3) n.; (Univv., Pub. Schh.) 
 undergraduate or boy admitted to foundation 
 
 usu. after competitive examination & receiving 
 education gratis or for reduced fees, whence 
 seho'larsHiPd) n. [AF eseoler (school, -er 1 ) 
 refash. on L scholaris (-ar 1 )] 
 
 schola'stic, a. & n. Of universities, schools, 
 schooling, dons, or schoolmasters, educational, 
 academic, pedantic, formal, (a s. education, 
 post ; s. attire, manners, precision, life ; s. 
 agent, finding posts for teachers) ; (as) of the 
 school imen, dealing in logical subtleties, (s. 
 theology, much concerned with precise defini- 
 tion of & deduction from dogma) ; hence or 
 cogn. sehola'stiCALLV adv., sehola'stieiSM 
 (2, 3) n. (N.) scHOOLman; modern theologian 
 of s. tendencies ; Jesuit between novitiate & 
 priesthood, [f. F scolastique f. L f. Gk skholas- 
 tikos (skholazo be at leisure, see school, -ic)] 
 
 seho'liast, n. Commentator, esp. ancient 
 grammarian who wrote scholia on the classics. 
 Hence scholia'stic a. [f. Gk skholiastes 
 (skholiazo write scholia (foil.)] 
 
 scho'lium, n. (pi. -ia). Marginal note, ex- 
 planatory comment, esp. one by ancient gram- 
 marian on passage in classical author, [f. med. 
 L f. Gk skholion (skhole see foil.)] 
 
 school 1 (sk-), n., & v.t. Institution for edu- 
 cating children or giving instruction usu. of 
 more elementary or more technical kind than 
 that given at universities (board 1 , boarding, 
 
 DAY, GRAMMAR, MIXED, NIGHT, NORIVIAL, PRI- 
 MARY, PRIVATE, PUBLIC, RAGGED, SECONDARY, 
 
 Sunday, s.; national s., one founded by the 
 National Society started 1811 to promote edu- 
 cation of the poor: continuation s., at which 
 those who have left esp. primary s. for an occu- 
 pation can have further teaching in leisure 
 time; evening-s., = nights.; free s., open with- 
 out fees; high s., secondary s., or chief s. of a 
 town &c; technical s., giving technical edu- 
 cation ; keep as., manage private s.), buildings 
 of such institution, any of its rooms used for 
 teaching in {the fifth-form, chemistry, s.), its 
 pupils {the whole s. knows), time during which 
 teaching is done (there will be no s. today ; go 
 to s., attend lesson); being educated in a s. (go 
 to, leave, s., begin, cease, this; go to s. to 
 transf., imitate or learn from), (fig.) circum- 
 stances or occupation serving to discipline or 
 instruct (in the s. of adversity ; learnt his 
 generalship in a severe s.; the duel is a good 
 s. of manners); medieval lecture-room (the ss., 
 medieval universities & their professors & 
 teaching & disputations ; the theology of the ss.; 
 s. doctors, schoolmen), any of the branches of 
 study with separate examinations at university 
 (the history, mathematical, Greats, s.), hall in 
 which university examinations are held, (pi.) 
 such examination (in the ss., undergoing this ; 
 in for his ss., of candidate) ; disciples or imita- 
 tors or followers of philosopher, artist, &c, 
 band or succession of persons devoted to some 
 cause or principle or agreeing in typical 
 characteristics, (left no s. behind him ; s. of 
 Epicurus, Raphael, &c; Bolognese, Venetian, 
 Roman, British, Sec, s., of painters; lake, ro- 
 mantic, Sec, s., of literature ; peripatetic, 
 Hegelian, &c, s., of philosophy ; laissez-faire , 
 blue-water, &c. s., of politics, strategy ; Tubin- 
 gen s., of rationalistic theological criticism; a 
 gentleman of the old s., according to the older 
 acceptation of the word); (Mus.) manual of 
 ( — 's violin s., s. of counterpoint) ; s. -board, 
 local education authority responsible (1870-1902) 
 for providing board 1 -ss.; s.-book, for use in ss.; 
 schoolboy, boy at s. (often attrib., as s.-b. slang, 
 mischief, spirits); s.-dame, keeper of old- 
 fashioned dame-s.: s.-days, time of being at s. 
 esp. as looked back upon ; s. divine, scholastic 
 
SCHOOL 
 
 767 
 
 SCISSORS 
 
 theologian, so s. divinity; s. fee(s), amount 
 periodically paid by pupil's parent &c.; school- 
 fellow, member past or present of same s.; 
 schoo'lgirl (as s.-boy); schoo'lhouse, building 
 of esp. village s.; school-howse, headmaster's 
 or central boarding-house at public s.; s.-in- 
 spector, reporting on efficiency of ss. provided 
 at public expense; s.-ma'am, -marm colloq., 
 U.-S.s. -mistress; schoolman, teacher in medie- 
 val European university, theologian dealing 
 with religious doctrines by rules of Aristote- 
 lian logic; schoo'lmaster, head or assistant 
 male teacher in s., pedagogue ; s.-mate, con- 
 temporary at same s. ; s.-miss, inexperienced or 
 bashful girl ; schoo'hnist?°ess (as s.-master) ; s. 
 pence, money brought weekly by elementary-s. 
 child as fee ; schoo'lroom, used for lessons in 
 s. or private house ; s.-ship, training-ship ; s.- 
 teacher, master or mistress esp. in elementary 
 s.; s.-time, lesson-time at s. or home, also=s.- 
 days. (Vb) send to s., provide for education of, 
 (rare), whence (in common use) sehoo'liNG 1 
 n.; discipline, bring under control, deliberately 
 train or accustom to, induce to follow advice, 
 (must s. his temper ; s. oneself to patience, to 
 take an interest in ; will not be schooled), [f. 
 OF cscole f. L schola school f. Gk skhole leisure, 
 philosophy, lecture-place] 
 
 school 2 (sk-), n., & v.i. Shoal of or o/fish 
 s.-Jish, kinds that s., esp. the menhaden ; (vb, 
 form ss. [Du., cf. shoal 2 ] 
 
 schoolable, a. Liable by age &c. to com- 
 pulsory education, [-able] 
 
 schoo'ner (sk-), n. Fore-&-af t-rigged vessel. 
 [f . Sc. & New-England scun, scoon, skim or skip, 
 cogn. w. shunt, -er 1 ; orig. (c. 1713) scooner, 
 name given by first designer, now sch- by assim. 
 to its derivative Du. schooner] 
 
 schorl (sh-),n. Black tourmaline. [F, f. G (-6-)] 
 
 schotti'sche (sh-, -esh), n. Kind of polka ; 
 music for it. [G i-sch), = Scottish] 
 
 seia'graphy (si-), ski-, n. Art of shading 
 in drawing &c; photography by Rbntgen rays; 
 (Arch. ; also & usu. -graph) vertical section 
 showing interior of house Sec; (Astron.) finding 
 of time by shadows as in sundial. So sci'a- 
 graph(1, 2, 3) n. & v.t., scia'GRAPHER n., 
 seiaGRA'PHic a., seiagra'phiCALLY adv. 
 [f. Gk skiagraphia (skia shade, -graphy)] 
 
 seia'maehy (si-, -ki), seio-, n. Fighting 
 with shadows, imaginary or futile combat, [f. 
 Gk skiamakhia (prec, -makhos -fighting f. ma- 
 khomai fight, -ia 1 )] 
 
 seia'metry (si), n. Theory of eclipses, [prec, 
 
 -METRY] 
 
 sciathe'pic, a. Of, by, sundial. Hence scia- 
 the'PiCALLY adv. [f. Gk skiatheras sundial 
 (prec, therao chase), -ic] 
 
 scia'tic (si-), a. Of the hip (s. nerve, artery, 
 Sec); of, affecting, the s. nerve; suffering from 
 or liable to sciatica. Hence scia'tiCALLY adv. 
 [f. F sciatique f. LL sciaticus f. L f. Gk iskhi- 
 adikos subject to sciatica (iskhias -ados loin- 
 pain f. iskhion socket of thigh-bone)] 
 
 scia'tica, n. Neuralgia of hip & thigh, pain 
 in sciatic nerve. [med.L, fern, of LL as prec] 
 
 sci'ence (si-), n. Knowledge (archaic), whence 
 (in mod. use)seie*nti al a. , seie'ntialLY 2 adv. ; 
 systematic & formulated knowledge (moral, po- 
 litical, natural, &c, s., such knowledge in re- 
 ference to these subjects), pursuit of this or 
 principles regulating sueh pursuit (man of s.); 
 (also natural s.) the physical or natural ss. col- 
 lectively (s. now shares the curriculum icith 
 literature, history, & mathematics) ; (with a Se 
 pi.) branch of knowledge, organized body of the 
 knowledge that has been accumulated on a 
 subject, (the s. of optics, ethics, philology; exact 
 
 s. , admitting of quantitative treatment; pure s. , 
 one depending on deductions from self-evident 
 truths, as mathematics, logic ; natural, physi- 
 cal, s., one dealing with material phenomena 
 & based mainly on observation, experiment, & 
 induction, as chemistry, biology, whence esp. 
 sci'entisx, sei'entiSM, nn. ; the dismal s., po- 
 litical economy) ; expert's skill as opp. strength 
 or natural ability, esp. in pugilism or other 
 fighting. [F, f. L scientia (scire know, -ence)] 
 
 scienter, adv. (legal). Wittingly. [L (prec, 
 -ent, -er adv. term.)] 
 
 scientific, a. (Of investigation &c) accord- 
 ing to rules laid down in science for testing 
 soundness of conclusions, systematic, accurate; 
 of, used or engaged in, esp. natural science (s. 
 instr-uments, books, terminology, men) ; (of act 
 or agent) assisted by expert knowledge (a s. 
 boxer, game ; s. cruelty). Hence seienti'fic- 
 ally adv. [OF (-ique), see science, -fic)] 
 
 sci'licet (si-), adv. (abbr. sc. , sett. ). To wit, that 
 is to say, namely, (introducing word to be sup- 
 plied or explanation of ambiguous one). [L,= 
 scire licet it is allowed to know] 
 
 sci'metap (si-), n. Oriental curved sword usu. 
 broadening towards point, [f. It. scimitarra 
 perh. f. Pers. shimshir] 
 
 scinti'lla (si-), n. Spark, atom, (esp. not a s. 
 of evidence Sec). [L] 
 
 sci'ntillate, v.i. Sparkle, twinkle, emit 
 sparks. So sci'ntillANT a., seintillATioN n. 
 [f. L scintillare (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 sci'olist (si-), n. Superficial.. pretender to 
 knowledge, smatterer. Hence or cogn. sei°o- 
 1ism(2) n., scioli'stic a. [L sciolus smatterer 
 (scire know), -ist] 
 
 scio'/to (sho-), mus. direction. In free man- 
 ner, according to taste ; staccato. [It.] 
 
 seiomachy. See sciamachy. 
 
 sci'on (si-), n. Shoot of plant, esp. one cut 
 for grafting or planting; descendant, young 
 member of (esp. noble) family. [F (earlier also 
 cion), perh. f. scier saw, cut, f. L secare cut] 
 
 seio*pt(p)ic (si-), a. Of, by, the camera ob- 
 scura or its use. Hence seio*pt(p)ics n. [Gk 
 skia shadow, optic, cf. catoptric] 
 
 Sei*6t(e) (si-), a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Scio, 
 the ancient Chios. _[-ot 2 ] 
 
 scip'e fa'cias (siri, -shi-), n. Writ to enforce 
 or annul judgment, patent, &c [L, = make 
 know (i. e. show catise)] 
 
 scipocco. See sirocco. 
 
 sei'PPhus (si-, ski-), n. Hard tumour as early 
 stage of cancer. Hence or cogn. sei'PPhoiD, 
 sci'pphous, aa., seipphosiTY n. [LL, f. Gk 
 skir(r)os (skiros hard)] 
 
 sci'ssel (si-), n. Waste clippings of metal or 
 remainder of metal plate from which disks 
 have been punched in coining, [f. OF cisaille 
 f. ciseler chisel, -al(2)] 
 
 sci'ssile (si-), a. Able to be cut. [f. L scissilis 
 (scindere sciss- cut, -il)] 
 
 scission (si'shn), n. Cutting, being cut, divi- 
 sion, split. [F, f. LL scissionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 sci'ssop, v.t. Cut (off, up, into, Sec.) with 
 scissors ; clip out or out (cutting from book 
 Sec), whence sei*ssoPiNG 1 (2) n. [f. foil.] 
 
 sci'ssops (siz-), n. pi. Instrument for cutting 
 fabrics, paring nails, &c, made of two blades 
 with handles for thumb & one finger or the 
 fingers & so pivoted that their cutting edges 
 work by leverage against each other (often 
 pair of s. ; I want a pair of, some, s. ; where 
 are my s. ?; buttonhole s., with gaps in blades 
 near pivot so that cutting begins inside edge 
 of cloth ; lamp, nail, -s., of special shapes for 
 trimming wicks, nails ; s. & paste, compiling 
 of books out of cuttings from others) ; scissor- 
 
SCIURINE 
 
 768 
 
 SCORE 
 
 bill, the bird skimmer; scissor-bird or -tail, 
 kinds of bird with long forked tail esp. fork- 
 tailed fly-catcher; scissor-tooth, tooth in car- 
 nivora acting like s. against one in other jaw. 
 Hence scI'ssopwise adv. [ME sisoures f. OF 
 cisoires f. L cisoriuin (as chisel, -ory)] 
 
 seiup'ine (si-), a. Of the squirrel tribe; 
 squirrel-like. So seiup'oro a. [L f. Gk ski- 
 ouros squirrel (skia shade, oura tail), -ine 1 ] 
 
 Sclav, Sclavonic, &c. See Slav &c. 
 
 seler'a, n. = sclerotic n. (anat.). Hence 
 scleri'Tis, selepoTOMY, nn. [f. fern, of Gk 
 skier os hard] 
 
 selePi'asis, n. (path.). Hardening of tissue. 
 [Gk (sk-),= induration of eyelid (foil., -asis)J 
 
 selep(o)-, comb, form of Gk skleros hard: 
 sclere'nchyma, hard tissue of coral, tissue form- 
 ing hard parts of plants such as nutshell or 
 seed-coat ; -der'm(at)ous, with hard outer skin 
 (of reptiles, fish, &c); -gen, hard matter de- 
 posited on inner surface of plant-cells, e.g. that 
 lining walnut shell; -me'ninx, dura mater; 
 -skeleton, hard parts resulting from ossifica- 
 tion of tendons as in turkey's leg &c. ; scler- 
 o'steous, of the nature of scleroskeleton. 
 
 sclep'oid, a. (bot., zool.). Of hard texture, 
 [f. Gkjsklwoeides (prec., -oid)] 
 
 sclerema, sclepo'sis, nn. (pi. -mata, -sis). 
 Morbid hardening of tissue ; (Bot. ; -sis) harden- 
 ing of cell- wall by scLEROgen. Hence selep*- 
 osedj; a. [Gk (sk-), see sclero-, -m, -osis] 
 
 selepo'tie, a. & n. Of, with, sclerosis ; of the 
 s. (N.) membrane coating eye round iris, white 
 of eye_; hence sclepotins n. [sclero-, -otic] 
 
 selep'ous, a. (path., anat., bot.). Indurated, 
 bony. [Gk skleros hard, -ous] 
 
 scobs, n. Sawdust, shavings, filings, dross. 
 So sco'biFORM a. (bot., of seeds). [L] 
 
 scoff, n., & v.i. Mocking words, taunt, gibe ; 
 object of ridicule, laughing-stock. (Vb) speak 
 derisively esp. of religion or object of respect ; 
 aim 88. or mockery at; hence sco'ffER 1 n., 
 seo'fflngLY2 adv. [f. MDa. skof, cf. MDu. 
 schobben, -ppen, vb ; prob. cogn. w. shove] 
 
 scold, v.i. & t., & n. Find fault noisily, rail ; 
 rate, rebuke, (chiefly of parent, employer, speak- 
 ing to child, servant), whence seo'ldiNG Ml) n. 
 (N.) railing or nagging woman, [n. f. vb, cf. Du. 
 schelden, G schelten] 
 
 sco'lex, n. (pi. -fees). Tape-worm in em- 
 bryonic stage, [f. Gk skolex worm] 
 
 scolio'sis, n. Lateral curvature of spine. 
 Hence scolio'Tic a. [Gk {sk-), f. skolioo make 
 crooked (skolios), -osis] 
 
 scollop. See scallop. 
 
 sc61opa*ceous,scol6'pacine,scol6'pa- 
 coid, aa. Of, like, the snipes. [Gk skolopax 
 -akos perh. = woodcock, -aceous, -ine l , -oid] 
 
 scolope'ndpine, a. Of, like, related to, cen- 
 tipede^). [L f . Gk skolopendra millepede, -ine l ] 
 
 scolope'ndpium, n. Kinds of fern, hart's- 
 tongue &c. [L, f. Gk skolopendrion (prec.)] 
 
 seo'mbep, n. Mackerel or kinds of fish allied 
 to it. Hence seo*mbPiD 3 (l) n., seo'mbPOiD 
 a. & n. [L, f. Gk skonibros] 
 
 scon. See scone. 
 
 sconce, n., & v.t. Lantern ; movable or fixed 
 candlestick hung or attached to wall ; socket of 
 candlestick ; a shelter, screen, penthouse, (ar- 
 chaic) ; (Fortif.) small detached fort, block- 
 house, bulwark; (colloq.) person's head (f. obs. 
 sense helmet) ; fine imposed at university for 
 trivial offence esp. at table (vb, fine thus ; orig. 
 of sense doubtful); fragment of ice-floe. [f. OF 
 esconse hiding-place (cf. ensconce), dark lan- 
 tern w f. Labsconsa var. of ABSCONDiYa fern, p.p.] 
 
 seon(e), n. Soft cake of barley-meal or wheat- 
 flour of size for single portion & usu. triangular 
 
 cooked on griddle, [f . MDa. skon(roggen) muffin 
 of bolted ryeflour (LG schon fine)] 
 
 scoop, n., & v.t. Short-handled deep shovel 
 for taking up & transferring such things as 
 grain, sugar, coal, specie ; large long-handled 
 ladle-shaped dipping- vessel for liquids ; gouge- 
 like instrument e.g. for surgical use or for help- 
 ing cheese ; coal-scuttle ; motion as of, act of. 
 scooping (with a, at one,s.), (slang) large profit 
 made quickly or by anticipating competitors ; 
 s.-net, formed for sweeping river-bottom, also 
 hand-net for catching bait ; s.-wheel, with 
 buckets on circumference raising water for ir- 
 rigation &c. (Vb) lift (usu. up), hollow (usu. out), 
 (as) with s.; (slang) secure (large profit &c.) by 
 sudden action or stroke of luck. [f. OF escope 
 f. Sw. skopa, cf. G schopfen draw (water)] 
 
 scoo'pep, n. In vbl senses; esp.: engraver's 
 tool ; kind of avocet. [-er l ] 
 
 scoot, v.i. (slang). Run, dart, make off. [var. 
 of SHOOT 1 ] 
 
 sco # pa,sc6*pula,nn. (entom.; pl.-ae). Small 
 brushlike tuft of hairs esp. on bees' legs. Hence 
 
 SCO'PATE 2 , SCO'pulATE 2 , SCO'piFORM, SCO'- 
 
 puliFORM, scopi'FEROUS, aa. [scopa L,= 
 twigs, broom, -la mod. sing, of L scopulae pi. J 
 
 scope, n. End aimed at, purpose, intention, 
 (now rare); outlook, purview, sweep or reach 
 or sphereof observationor action, tether, extent 
 to which it is permissible or possible to range, 
 opportunity, outlet, vent, (mind, undertaking, 
 of wide s. ; is beyond my s. ; gives no, ample, 
 s. for expatiating, to ability ; seeks s. for his 
 energies); (Naut.) length of cable out when ship 
 rides at anchor, [earlier sense target (perh. thr. 
 It. scopo) f . Gk skopos mark to shoot at, watcher, 
 (skeptomai look at, cf. L specere)] 
 
 -scope, suf. repr. Gk skopos watcher (prec). 
 Horoscope is f. Gk horoskopos (watcher of) a 
 nativity. Telescope is f. Gk teleskopos far-see- 
 ing. In wds of mod. formation the suf. usu. has 
 the sense instrument for observing or showing, 
 as stetho-,gyro-, laryngo-, and the hybrid muto-. 
 Hence -sco' pic, adj. suf., pertaining tothe-scope, 
 somet. w. extended meaning also, as in tele- 
 scopic, microscopic ; -scopy, n. suf., use of or 
 examination by the -scope, as laryngoscopy. 
 
 scopbu'tic, a. & n. Of, like, (person) affected 
 with, scurvy. Hence scopbu'tiCALLY adv. 
 [med.L scorbutus scurvy prob. f. SCURF or cogn. 
 wd in other lang., -ic] 
 
 scopch, v.t. & i., & n. Burn surface of with 
 flame or heat-rays so as to discolour or injure 
 or pain, affect with sensation of burning (a 
 wit that scorches), whence seoP'chiNG 2 a#t 
 seop*ching , LY 2 adv.; become discoloured &c. 
 with heat ; (of motorist or cyclist ; slang) go at 
 utmost speed (n. , spell of such driving or riding), 
 [f. OF escorcher flay f. LL EX(corticare f. L cor- 
 tex -icis bark)] 
 
 seop'ehep, n. In vbl senses; also, (slang) 
 fine specimen of its kind, [-er 1 ] 
 
 scope, n., & v.t. & i. Notch cut or line cut or 
 scratched or drawn (rock covered with ss. or 
 striations ; the ss. of the u'hip showed on his 
 back ; made a s. in the tally ; lightning had 
 made ss. in the mountain-side), mark showing 
 starting-point in race or standing-place in shoot- 
 ing-match (now rare; hence perh. go off at s., 
 start off vigorously esp. to discourse on pet sub- 
 ject), (Naut.) groove in block or dead-eye to hold 
 strap ; running account kept by ss. against cus- 
 tomer's name esp. for drink in old inns, reckon- 
 ing esp. for entertainment, (pay one's s., settle 
 reckoning ; death pays all ss. ; pay off old ss. 
 fig., pay person out for past offence ; so quit ss. 
 with) ; number of points made by player or side 
 in some games, register of items of this, (make 
 
SCORIA 
 
 769 
 
 SCOURGE 
 
 a good .<?.; ichat is the s. now ? ; s.-book, -card, 
 -sheet, prepared, for entering esp. crieket-s. in ; 
 keep s., register it as it is made); (Mus.) copy of 
 a composition on set of staves braced & barred 
 together (named from bar drawn through all 
 staves; full s., with separate staff for each 
 part ; compressed, close, short, s. in vocal music, 
 with treble & alto on one staff, tenor & bass on 
 another; ins., with parts arranged below each 
 other & corresponding); twenty, set of twenty, 
 (for use of s.,ss., see dozen ; three s. & ten, phr. 
 for normal length of human life ; ss. of people, 
 great numbers); category, head, (rejected on the 
 s. of absurdity, as being absurd ; you may be 
 easy on that s., so far as that matter is con- 
 cerned); (slang) remark or act by which per- 
 son scores off another (given to making cheap 
 ss.), piece of good fortune (what a s.!). (Vb) 
 mark with notches or incisions cr lines, slash, 
 furrow, make (line &c.) with something that 
 marks, (s. out words, draw line through them ; 
 s. under, underline); mark up in inn-score, enter 
 (item of debt against or to customer ; often i/p), 
 (fig.) mentally'record (offence against or to of- 
 fender), record (point in cricket &c. s.; abs., 
 keep the s., whence scop'er 1 n.); win & be 
 credited with (has scored a success, a century 
 at cricket), make points in game (failed to s.), 
 secure an advantage or have good luck (that is 
 where he scores ; we shall s. by it); s. off slang, 
 worst in argument or repartee, inflict some 
 humiliation on; (Mus.) orchestrate, whence 
 seop'iNG 1 ^) n., arrange for another instru- 
 ment, write out in s. [OE scoru twenty f. ON 
 skor twenty, notch; cogn. w. shear; sense 
 twent y perh. from twentieth notch's larger size] 
 
 seop'ia, n. (pi. -ae). Cellular lava or frag- 
 ments of it. Hence scopIa'ceous a. [L, f. Gk 
 skoria refuse (skor dung)] 
 
 scop'ify, v.t. Reduce to dross, assay (pre- 
 cious metal) by scorifying a portion of its ore 
 fused with lead & borax. Hence seopiFiCA - - 
 tion, scop'ifiERMS), nn. [prec, -fv] 
 
 scoPn,n., & v.t. Disdain, contempt, derision, 
 {think s. of, despise; laugh to s.), whence 
 scop'nFLL a., scop*nfulLY 2 adv., seop'n- 
 fulNESS n.; object of contempt, (usu. a .<?. to, 
 the s. of, persons &c). (Vb) hold in contempt, 
 consider beneath notice, abstain from or refuse 
 to do as unworthy (scorns lying, a lie, to lie) ; 
 hence scop'iier 1 n. (archaic exc. w. of), [vb 
 f. n., f. OF escorne (escorner humiliate, orig. 
 dishorn, f. ex-, L cornu horn)] 
 
 Seop'pio, n. Zodiacal constellation & eighth 
 sign of zodiac, the Scorpion. [L, also scorpius 
 f. Gk skorpios scorpion, skorpion ballista] 
 
 scop'pioid, n. & a. (bot.). (Inflorescence) 
 curled up at end like scorpion's tail & uncurl- 
 ing as flowers develop, [f. Gk skorpioeides 
 (prec, -oiD)] 
 
 scop'pion, n. Insect with lobster-like claws 
 & jointed tail that can be bent over to inflict 
 poisoned sting on prey held in claws, falsely 
 reputed to sting itself to death if encircled with 
 fire & to contain a substance serving as anti- 
 dote for its poison; (bibl.; prob.) whip armed 
 with metal points (1 Kings xii. 11); = scorpio; 
 kind of ballista ; s. -broom, kind of genista ; «.- 
 fish, kind with spines on head & fins ; s. -plant, 
 Javan orchid with creamy-white flower, also 
 s. -broom ; s.-shell, kind of shell-fish with long 
 spines fringing outer lip of aperture ; s. -thorn, 
 s. -broom. [F, f. L scorpionem scorpio] 
 
 seot 1 , n. (hist.). Payment corresponding to 
 modern tax. rate, or other assessed contribu- 
 tion (pay s. & lot, share pecuniary burdens of 
 borough &c); s.-free (in mod. use), not having 
 to pay (rare), (usu.) unharmed, unpunished, 
 
 F.D. 
 
 safe, (esp. go s.-f). [I. OF escot f. ON skot shot, 
 contribution, cf. OE sceot whence shot 3 ] 
 
 Scot 2 , n. (Fl.) Gaelic tribe that migrated from 
 Ireland to Scotland about 6th c. (often picts <£• 
 Ss.) ; native of Scotland. IOE Scottas pi.] 
 
 Scotch !, a. & n. Of Scotland or its inhabit- 
 ants, in the dialect(s) of English spoken in Low- 
 lands of Scotland, (the S. themselves usu. pre- 
 fer the form Scottish also used by the English 
 esp. in dignified style or context, or Scots rare 
 in Engl, use exc. in compliment to S. hearers ; 
 the S., S. people or nation ; S. fir, kale, mist ; 
 pound Scots; S. catch or snap in music, short- 
 ening of first of two tones played to same beat ; 
 S. cap, of shapes worn with Highland costume, 
 Glengarry, Tam-o'-Shanter, &c. ; S. whisky, kind 
 with smoky flavour orig. made in Scotland ; & 
 pebble, kinds of agate & jasper, cairngorm, &c; 
 S. collops, see foil. ; S.-&-English, prisoners' 
 base); Scotchman, -woman, Scotsman (Sc), 
 Scotsicoman (Sc), natives of Scotland (flying 
 Scotchman, a northern express train). (N.) the 
 S. dialect of English (Sc. Scots ; also Loxcland S. ; 
 broad S.) ; S. whisky (S. & soda, glass of this 
 with soda-water), [contr. of Scottish] 
 
 scotch 2 , v.t., & n., (archaic). Make incisions 
 in, score, wound without killing, slightly dis- 
 able, (esp. 4 We have scotch'd the snake, not 
 killed it ', see Macbeth in. ii. 13) ; scotched col- 
 lops (erron. Scotch), beef cut small &stewedwith 
 seasonings; (n.) slash, mark on ground for 
 hop 2 -s. [prob. var. of score or scorch] 
 
 seo'tep, n. Large sea-duck. [perh. f. ON skoti 
 shooter] 
 
 sed'tia (-t-), n. Concave moulding esp. in base 
 of column, [f. Gk skotia darkness (scoto-) w. 
 ref. to shadow produced] 
 
 Sco'tism, n. (hist). Metaphysical doctrines 
 of Duns Scotus (d. 1308). So Seo'tiST(2) n. [L 
 Scotus the Scot, -ism] 
 
 scoto-, comb, form of Gk skotos darkness : 
 -dVnia, giddiness [Gk dine whirl]; -graph, 
 machine for writing in dark or by the blind. 
 
 Scots. See scotch 1 . [ME Scottis Scottish] 
 
 Sco*t(t)iee (e), adv. In Scotch. [mod.L(LL 
 Scot(t)icus Scotch) after gallice &c) 
 
 Seo'tticism, -oti-, n. Scotch phrase, word, 
 or idiom, [as prec, -ism(4)] 
 
 Seo'ttieize, -oti-, v.i. & t. Imitate the 
 Scotch in idiom or habits ; imbue with, model 
 on, Scotch character or methods, [prec, -ize] 
 
 Seo'ttish, a. See scotcp J . [scot 2 , -ish 1 ] 
 
 scou'ndpel (-ow-), n. Unscrupulous person, 
 villain, rogue, rascal. Hence seou'ndpelDOM, 
 seou , ndpeliSM(3), nn., seoirndpelLY 1 a. [f. 
 prov. E & Sc. scunner (OE snmmwsHUN, -er 5 ) 
 feel or stir disgust, -rel ; -d- as in thunder] 
 
 scoup 1 (-owr), v.t., & n. Cleanse or brighten 
 by friction (s. metal, with sand &c; s. clothes 
 «fec, with soap or chemicals); (of water, or per- 
 son with water) clear out (channel, harbour, 
 pipe, &c.) by flushing or flowing through or 
 over; (of drug, physician, &c) purge (bowels) 
 drastically (s. xcorms, purge them by placing in 
 damp moss &c to fit them for bait); clear (rust, 
 stain, &c.) away, off, by rubbing &c (also fig.); 
 scouring-rush, kind of horse ] -tail with sili- 
 cious coating used for polishing wood &c : 
 hence (-)scouper *(1, 2) n. (N.) clearing action 
 of swift current on channel &c (the s. of the 
 tide); diarrhoea in cattle ; substance used for 
 scouring fabrics, [f. med.L scurare (L EXc?/ra- 
 txis taken good care of, see cure 2 )] 
 
 scoup 2 (-owr), v.i. &t. Rove, range, go along 
 hastily, esp. in search or pursuit ; hasten over 
 or along, search rapidly, (s. the plain, coast, 
 woods), [f. OF escourre f. L EX(currc re run)] 
 
 scourge (skerj), n., & v.t. Whip for chas- 
 
 25 
 
SCOUT . 
 
 770 
 
 SCRAWL 
 
 tising persons (archaic); person or thing regard- 
 ed as instrument or manifestation of divine or 
 other vengeance or punishment (e.g. barbarian 
 conqueror, pestilence, war). (Vb) use whip on 
 (archaic); chastise, afflict, oppress, harass, [vb 
 f. n., AF escorge cf. It. scoria n., scoriare vb, f. 
 L EX(coriare f. corium skin) flay] 
 
 seout 1 (-owt), n., & v.i. (Mil. &c.) man sent 
 out to get information about enemy or sur- 
 roundings (boys., member of organization re- 
 cently, founded for instilling spirit of military 
 discipline &c); (Oxf.) college servant (cf. gyp, 
 skip 2 ); (Crick.; archaic) fielder ; act of seeking 
 (esp. mil.) information (onthe s.); kinds of bird, 
 auk, guillemot, puffin ; s.-master, officer direct- 
 ing ss. (Vb) act as s. (esp. out scouting), [vb f. 
 n., f. OF escoute spy, eavesdropper, {escouter 
 listen f. L as auscultation)] 
 
 seout 2 (-owt), v.t. Reject (proposal, notion) 
 with scorn or ridicule, [cf. ON skuti a taunt, 
 Sw. skjuia to shoot; prob. cogn. w. shoot] 
 
 scow, n. Kind of flat-bottomed boat (esp. 
 U.S.). [f. Du. schouw ferry-boat] 
 
 scowl, v.i. & t., & n. Wear sullen look, look 
 sour, frown ill-temperedly ; s. down, master or 
 overbear (person, opposition, &c. ) with s. ; hence 
 seowiing-LY 2 adv. (N.) scowling aspect, an- 
 gry frown, [f. Da. skule look do wn, cf. ON skolla 
 to skulk (skjol a cover)] 
 
 sera'bble, v.i. Scrawl, scribble, (bibl.); 
 scratch or grope about to find or collect some- 
 thing (usu. about). [SCRAPE, -LE(3)] 
 
 scrags n., & v.t. Lean skinny person, animal, 
 plant, <Scc. ; bony part of animal 'scarcase as food, 
 esp. neck of mutton or inferior part of it, (slang) 
 person's neck ; hence sera'ggfY 2 a., scra'g- 
 giLY 2 adv., sera'g'giNESS n. (Vb) put to 
 death by hanging, garotte, wring neck of, (slang); 
 (Footb. (tackle by the neck; (school slang) sq ueeze 
 neck of with arm by way of torture, [cf. Norw. 
 skragg weak creature, Da. skrog carcase] 
 
 sera'mble, v.i. & t., & n. Make way as best 
 one can over steep or rough ground by .clam- 
 bering, crawling, &c; take part in physical or 
 other struggle to secure as much as possible of 
 something from competitors (usu. for; s. for 
 pennies, of children &c. among whom coin is 
 thrown ; s.for place, wealth, a living); throw 
 (coins &c.) to be scrambled for ; cook (eggs) by 
 breaking into pan with butter, milk, &c, stir- 
 ring slightly, & heating ; hence sera'mbling'- 
 ly 2 adv. (N.) climb or walk over rough ground 
 &c; eager struggle or competition for or for 
 something, [perh. as scrabble] 
 
 sera'nnel, a. (archaic). (Of sound) weak, 
 reedy, feeble, (chiefly w. alius, to Milton, Lyci- 
 das 124). [cf. Norw. skran thin, lean, dry] 
 
 scrap 1 , n., & v.t. Small detached piece of 
 something, fragment, remnant, (pi.) odds & 
 ends, useless remains, whence sera'ppv 2 a., 
 scra'ppiLY 2 adv., sera'ppixESS n. ; picture, 
 paragraph, &c, cut from book or newspaper 
 for keeping in a collection (s.-book, for pasting 
 these into); (collect.) rubbish, waste material, 
 clippings &c. of metal collected for reworking 
 (also s.-ii-on, metal), (s. -heap, collection of waste 
 stuff, also fig.; s.-h. policy, practice of discard- 
 ing promptly what is past its prime); (sing, or 
 pi.) residuum of melted fat or of fish with the 
 oil expressed (s.-cake, compressed fish s.). (Vb) 
 consign to s.-heap, condemn (ships, supplies,&c.) 
 as past use, discard, [f. ON skrap (scrape)] 
 
 scrap 2 , n. (slang). Fight, scrimmage, esp. of 
 unpremeditated kind (hadabitofa s. with). [?] 
 
 scrape, v.t. & i., & n. Level surface of, clear 
 of projections, abrade, smooth, polish, shave, 
 or graze, by drawing sharp or angular edge 
 breadthwise over or by causing to pass over 
 
 such edge (s. ship's bottom, clear of barnacles 
 &c. ; s. one's chin, shave ; s. one's boots, remove 
 dirt from soles by drawing over scraper ; & one's 
 plate, leave no food on ; ship scraped her side, 
 paint, against the pier ; s. away, reduce by 
 scraping; s. down, s. away, also s. all over, & 
 see below); take (projection, stain, &c.) off, out, 
 or away, by scraping (s. offthepaint); excavate 
 (hollow) by scraping (often out); draw along 
 with scraping sound, produce such sound from, 
 emit such sound, (s. one's feet, in restlessness or 
 to drown speaker's voice, also s. abs., esp. = 
 draw back foot in making clumsy formal bow; 
 s. down, silence by scraping feet ; s. bow across 
 fiddle-strings, s. fiddle, also 8. abs. - play fiddle 
 &c; branches scraping against the window); 
 pass along something so as to graze or be grazed 
 by it or just avoid doing so (scraped against, 
 along, the wall; s. through adv. or prep., get 
 through with a squeeze or narrow shave, often 
 lig. of passing examination Sec); amass by scrap- 
 ing or with difficulty or by parsimony, contrive 
 to gain, (usu. tip, together ; must s. up enough 
 for ; s.-penny, miser ; s. acquaintance with, 
 thrust one's acquaintance on), (abs.) practise 
 economy (work & s. as one may); hence scra'p- 
 ixg 1 (esp. 2), sepa'pEpJd/J), nn. (N.) Actor 
 sound of scraping (a s. of the pen, writing of a, 
 esp. important, word or two e.g. signature); 
 scraping of foot in bowing ; awkward predica- 
 ment esp. resulting from escapade, [f. ON skra- 
 pa ; cogn. w. OE screpan scratch] 
 
 scratch x , v.t. & i., n., & a. Score surface of, 
 make long narrow superficial wounds in, with 
 nail, claw, or something more or less pointed 
 (threatened to s. my face; s. the surface of, 
 not penetrate far into; stones scratched with 
 rude letters or pictures ; much scratched with 
 thorns), get (some part of one) scratched (have 
 scratched my hands badly) ; form (letters, re- 
 presentation ), excavate (hole), by scratching, 
 scribble (a few lines &c); scrape without mark- 
 ing^ esp. with nails to relieve itching (s. one's 
 head, esp. as sign of perplexity), (abs.) s. one- 
 self, s. ground &c. in search (s. about for stray 
 seeds, evidence, &c); scrape together or up; 
 score (written words &c.) out or through, strike 
 off with pencil &c, erase (horse's name in list 
 of entries for race, competitor's name), with- 
 draw (horse, candidate, or intr. for reft.) from 
 competition ; s. along slang, manage to live 
 &c. (N.) mark or sound made by scratching; 
 spell of scratching oneself; slight wound (got 
 off with a s. or two); line from which competi- 
 tors in race start (toe, come to or up to, the s., 
 put in appearance at right time, not shirk, 
 often transf. ; s.-race, with all on equal terms, 
 opp. handicap; s. man or s., competitor in 
 handicap receiving no start) ; (pi. ) horse-disease 
 with dry chaps above heel; (also 8.<oig) wig 
 covering part only of head; s.-ivork, graffito 
 decoration. (Adj.) collected by haphazard, 
 scratched together, heterogeneous, (a s. crew, 
 collection, teo.m). [perh. mixture of ME scratten 
 (perh. f. Sw. kratta scrape w. AF pref. es- ex-> 
 with ME cracchen f. MDu. kratsen] 
 
 Scratch 2 , n. Old S., the devil. [?] 
 
 sera'tehy, a. (Of drawing &c.) done in 
 scratches, careless or unskilful; (of pen) making 
 sound of scratching or given to catching in 
 paper; (of crew &c.) of scratch character, not 
 well matched or working well together. Hence 
 sera'tchiLY 2 adv., sera'tehixEss n. [- y 2 ] 
 
 scrawl, v.i. & t, & n. Write (t. & i.) in 
 hurried more or less illegible way; mark (paper 
 &c.) over, all over, with bad writing or lines 
 like writing ; (n.) piece of bad writing, hurried 
 note or letter, [perh. contr, of scrabble] 
 
SCRAY r 
 
 scray, n. Common tern, sea-swallow, [f. W 
 yscraen f. F screau small gull] 
 
 scream, v.i. & t, & n. Utter piercing cry- 
 expressing terror, pain, or pretence of these, 
 (of steam-engine &c.) whistle or hoot shrilly; 
 laugh uncontrollably (usu. s. with laughter; 
 scrca'mixG 1 farce, fun, &c, causing spectators 
 to s., intensely funny); utter, say, in screaming 
 tone (usu. out; screamed that she did not 
 dare jump ; s. out a curse, order, &c.) ; hence 
 scpea'mingLY 2 adv. (N.) screaming cry or 
 sound {88. of pain, laughter); (without article) 
 violent over-emphasis in style or sentiment, 
 whence [screa'mv 2 a., serea'miLY 2 adv., 
 serea'miNESS n. If. ON skrxma scare] 
 
 screa'mep, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 kinds of bird, e.g. the swift; (slang) tale &c. 
 that raises screams of laughter, extraordinarily 
 fine specimen of anything, [-er 1 ] 
 
 scree, n. (Mountain slope covered with) 
 small stones that slide down when trodden on 
 (often pi. in same sense), [f. ON skritha (skritha 
 glide, cogn. w. G schreiten stride)] 
 
 screech, v.i. & t., & n. Scream (vb & n.) 
 with, of, fright or pain or anger, or in harsh or 
 uncanny tones (usu. contempt, or facet., &esp. 
 w. ref. to disagreeable nature of sound); s,-owl, 
 kinds that s. instead of hooting, esp. the barn- 
 owl. [ME scrUeen, schrichen, schrikcn, f. ON 
 skrxkja, cf. Gk krizo] 
 
 screed, n. Long tiresome harangue, esp. 
 list of grievances &c. reeled off; one of the 
 fillets of mortar or strips of wood by which a 
 surface to be plastered is divided into compart- 
 ments, [northern var. of shred] 
 
 screen, n., & v.t. Partition of wood or stone 
 separating without completely cutting off one 
 part of church or room from another, esp. that 
 between nave & choir of cathedral &c. (rood- 
 s.), decorated wall enclosing court &c, facade 
 of church; movable piece of furniture designed 
 to shelter from excess of heat, light, draught, 
 &c.,or from observation (fire, window, J olding, 
 &c, -.<?.); any object utilized as shelter esp. from 
 observation, expression of face or measure a- 
 dopted for concealment, protection afforded by 
 these, (prepared the attack behind a s. of trees; 
 put on a s. of indifference; a cavalry s. , cavalry 
 throAvn out to keep enemy's scouts from getting 
 in touch with main body ; under s. cf night) ; 
 board, often with wire-netting cover, on which 
 notices are posted ; sheet on which lantern or 
 shadow pictures are thrown ; body proof against 
 electric or magnetic induction or having pro- 
 perty of interrupting other such physical pro- 
 cesses; large sieve or riddle esp. for sorting coal 
 &c. into sizes. (Vb) afford shelter to, hide 
 partly or completely, (often fig. of protecting 
 another from deserved censure &c. by taking 
 blame upon oneself or diverting it); riddle 
 (coal &c. ; screened coal, from which dust &c. 
 has been removed: screenings, refuse separated 
 by sifting), ff. OF escren prob. f. OHG skrank 
 (G schranke) barrier, limit] 
 
 screw 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Cylinder with spiral 
 ridge called the thread running round it out- 
 side (male or exterior s.) or inside (female or 
 interior s.), metal male s. with slotted head & 
 sharp point for fastening pieces of wood to- 
 gether with more security than nail (also wood-, 
 common, s.) or with blunt end to receive nut & 
 bolt things together (also s.-bolt), wooden or 
 metal male or female s. as part of appliance 
 or machine acting as one of the mechanical 
 powers to exert pressure in various ways, 
 (Archimedean 8. ; endless or perpetual s., 
 threaded revolving shaft engaging with & 
 working cogwheel ; differential or Hunter's s., 
 
 [ SCRIBE 
 
 arrangement of ss. with threads of different 
 pitch working inside each other giving great 
 lifting-power; left-handed s., advanced by turn- 
 ing leftwards contrary to usu. arrangement; 
 right-&-left s., cylinder with threads in oppo- 
 site directions at the two ends ; interrupted s., 
 with parts of thread cut away ; have, there is, 
 as. loose, phrr. suggesting that something, esp. 
 person's brain, is out of working order; put the 
 s. on, exert pressure esp. in way of extortion 
 or intimidation); (also s.-propeller) revolving 
 shaft with spiral blades projecting from ship 
 or airship at stern & propelling it by acting on 
 s. principle upon water or air; (also s. -steamer, 
 abbr. s.s.) steamer propelled by s. or ss. ; one 
 turn of a s. (give it another s.) ; oblique curling 
 motion or tendency as of billiard-ball struck 
 sideways; small twisted-up paper o/tobacco &c. ; 
 miser, stingy or extortionate person ; (slang) 
 amount of salary or wages; s. -coupling, right- 
 &-left female s. for joining ends of pipes or 
 rods; s. -cutter, hand-tool for cutting ss. ; s.- 
 driver, tool like blunt chisel for turning ss. by 
 the slot; s.-eye, s. with loop for passing cord 
 &c. through instead of slotted head ; s.-gear, 
 endless s. with cogwheel or pinion ; s.-hook, 
 hook to hang things on with s. at end of shank 
 to fasten it in with ; s.-jack, dentist's imple- 
 ment for regulating distance between crowded 
 teeth ; s.-pile, with s. at lower end, & sunk by 
 rotation ; s.-jnne, plant with leaves arranged 
 spirally & resembling those of pine-apple ; s.° 
 plate, metal plate for holding s. -cutting dies, 
 also steel plate with threaded holes for making 
 male ss. ; s.-pod, kind of mesquit with spirally 
 twisted pods ; s.-j:ress, press worked by simple 
 s. used esp. by printers & binders ; s.-tap, tool 
 for making female ss.; s. -valve, stopcock opened 
 & shut by s. , valve moved by s. ; s. -wheel, worked 
 by endless s. ; s.-wrench, for turning ss. with 
 angular head or nuts, also wrench with jaws 
 worked by s. (Vb) fasten, tighten, &c, by use 
 of s. or ss. (s. tip door, make fast, esp. as prac- 
 tical joke at university; s. up person, s. up his 
 door; boards are screwed down); turn (s.), twist 
 round like s., (w. ref. to twisting pegs of fiddle; 
 usu. up) make tenser or more efficient (s. one's 
 courage to the stii king-point, s. up one's cour- 
 age, gather resolution ; he, the management, 
 wants strewing tip) ; put the s. upon, press 
 hard on, oppress ; be miserly; squeeze, extort, 
 (consent, money, &c.) otit of; contort, distort, 
 contract, (s. one's face into wrinkles ; s. up 
 one's eyes) ; (of s.) revolve (s. stiffly, to the right, 
 &c); (of rolling ball, also of person &c.) take 
 curling course, swerve; hence serew'ABLE a. 
 [f. OF escro(u)e etym. dub. ; cf. scroll] 
 screw 2 , n. Vicious, unsound, or worn-out 
 horse. Hence screwy 2 a. [var. of shrew] 
 screwed, a. (slang). Drunk, drunken, [prob. 
 f. screw i, -ed J ] ' . ', 
 
 seri'bble 1 , v.t. & i., & n. Write (t. & 1.) hur- 
 riedly or carelessly in regard either to hand- 
 writing or composition ; be a journalist or 
 author (w. implication, often mock-modest, of 
 inferiority), write poetry &c, whence seri'b- 
 bier 1 i-er 1 ] n.; scribbling-paper, -diary, for 
 casual jottings; hence seri'bbleMENxn. (rare). 
 (N.) careless handwriting or thing written in it, 
 scrawl, hasty note, &c. [f. scribe, or Lscribere 
 write, + -le(3)| 
 
 scri'bble 2 , v.t. Card (wool, cotton) coarsely, 
 pass through scribbling-machine or scri'b- 
 bler 2 [-ER'jn. [f. Sw. skrubbla frequent, of 
 skrtibba scrub vb] 
 
 scribe, n., & v.t. Person who writes or can 
 write (rare ; am no great s., do not write well); 
 (bibl.) ancient- Jewish maker & keeper of re- 
 
SCRIM t 
 
 cords &c, also Jewish theologian & jurist of 
 type prevalent in time of Christ ; hence seri*- 
 bAL a. (Also s.-awl) pointed instrument for 
 marking lines on wood, bricks, &c. , to guide saw 
 &c, or writing words on barrel &c. (vb, mark 
 with s.; scribing-compass, for scratching cir- 
 cles &c. ; scribing-iron, seribER 1 n., = s. n.). 
 (vb f. n., f. L scriba (scribeve write)] 
 
 serim, n. Lining-cloth in upholstery &c. [?] 
 
 scpi'mmage, seru-, (-ij), n. Tussle, con- 
 fused struggle, row, brawl, skirmish, (usu. sa'i-); 
 (Rugby footb.; usu. scru-; also abbr. scrum) 
 tight mass of all the forwards with ball on 
 ground in middle, [varr. of skirmish] 
 
 scrimp, v.t, &i. Skimp. Hence scri'mpv 2 
 a. [f. OE serimman shrink, cf. shrimp] 
 
 seri'mshaw, v.t. & i., & n. Adorn (shells, 
 ivory, &c), adorn shells &c, with carved or 
 coloured designs (as sailors' amusement at sea); 
 <n.) piece of such work. [perh. f. person's name] 
 
 serrnium, n. (Rom. ant; pi. -ia). Cylindri- 
 cal or other box for rolled MSS. [L, see shrink] 
 
 scrip J , n. (archaic). Beggar's or traveller's or 
 pilgrim's wallet, satchel. [OE scripp, cf. OX 
 skreppa; cogn. w. scrap 1 ] 
 
 sepip 2 , n. Provisional certificate of money 
 subscribed to bank or company entitling holder 
 to formal certificate in due time & to dividends 
 &c, (collect.) such certificates, [earlier sense 
 piece of icriting, schedule; shortened f. foil.] 
 
 script, n. (Law) original document (opp. 
 copy) ; handwriting, written characters (opp. 
 print); printed cursive characters, imitation of 
 handwriting in type. [f. OF escript f. L scrip- 
 turn thing written (scribcre script- write)] 
 
 sepiptop'ium, n. (pi. -s, -ia). Room set apart 
 for writing esp. in monastery. [LL (prec, -orv)] 
 
 sein'ptural (-tshdb), a. Founded on, recon- 
 cilable with, laying stress on, appealing to, doc- 
 trines contained in the Bible, whence seri'p- 
 tura!iSM(3), scri*pturalisT(2), nn.; of, taken 
 from, the Bible (rare ; usu. now scripture at- 
 trib.). Hence seri'pturalLV 2 adv., seri'p- 
 tupalxEss n. [foil., -al] 
 
 seri'pture (-tshe?-), n. The Bible with or 
 without the Apocrypha (usu. without article; 
 also Holy S. or the Ss.; a doctrine not found in 
 S. or the Ss.); a or the quotation from the Bible ; 
 <attrib.) taken from or relating to the Bible (a 
 s. text, lesson; cf. scriptural); sacred book 
 of non-Christian community; (archaic) inscrip- 
 tion ; s.-reader, person who reads Bible to the 
 poor in their homes, [f. OF escripture f. L scrip- 
 tura (script, -ure)] 
 
 scpi*venep,n. (hist.). Writer, drafter of docu- 
 ments, notary, broker, moneylender ; (in mod. 
 use) s.'s-pals-y, WRiTER's-cramp. [f. OF escri- 
 vain f. LL scribanus (scribe, -ax) + -ER' 1 ] 
 
 scpobi'culate (-at), -atecl, aa. (bot., zool.). 
 Pitted, furrowed. [L scrobiculus (scrobis ditch, 
 
 -CULE), -ATE 2 ] 
 
 scpo'fuia, n. Morbid constitutional condi- 
 tion with glandular swellings & tendency to 
 consumption. Hence sepo'iulous a., scpo*- 
 fulousLV - adv., scpo'fulousxESS n. [L, = a 
 
 scrofulous swelling, orig. dim. of scrofa a sow] 
 scroll, n., & v.t. & i. Roll of parchment or 
 paper, book or volume of the ancient roll form, 
 (archaic) schedule or list ; ornamental design 
 esp. in architecture carved or drawn or other- 
 wise made to imitate s. of parchment more or 
 less exactly, volute of Ionic capital or of chair 
 &c, head of fiddle, flourish in writing* ribbon 
 bearing heraldic motto, &c. ; any tracery of 
 spiral or flowing lines; s.-bone, turbinated; s. 
 gear, with s.-wheel ; s.-head, volute at ship's 
 bow ; s.-lathe, for spiral work ; s.-saw, fretsaw ; 
 s.-wheel, cogwheel in shape of disk with cogs in 
 
 I SCRUTINY 
 
 spiral lines on one side causing variation of 
 pace according as outer or inner parts are in 
 action ; s.-work, ornament of spiral lines esp. 
 as cut by s.-saw. (Vb) curl up (t. & i. ; rare) like 
 paper ; adorn with ss. (chiefly in p.p.). [earlier 
 scrotal dim. of ME scrowe f. OF escro(u)e (cf. 
 screw ] ) f. Teut. (MDu. schroode strip, shred)] 
 
 scpo'tum, n. (pi. -ta). Bag containing testi- 
 cles. Hence scro'tAL a., sepotrTis, sepo'to- 
 cele, nn. [L (perh. var. of scortum skin)] 
 
 scrub, n., & v.t. & i. (Ground covered with) 
 brushwood or stunted forest growth ; worn 
 broom or brush ; stunted or insignificant per- 
 son, animal, or plant ; scrubbing or being 
 scrubbed (give it, he xcants, a good s.); s.-oak, 
 American dwarf kinds ; hence scPU'bbY 2 a., 
 sePU'bbixESS n. (Vb) rub hard for purpose 
 of cleaning or brightening esp. with soap & 
 waterapplied with scrubbing-brush ; use scrub- 
 bing-brush (would leather s. for my living) ; 
 scrubbing board, corrugated board used in 
 wash-tub for rubbingclotheson;hencescpu*b- 
 biXG ] (l) n. [f. MDa. skrubbe n. & v. ; n. =shrub '; 
 vb prob. connected, cf. senses of broom, brush] 
 
 scpu'bbep, n. In vbl senses : also, apparatus 
 for purifying coal-gas from ammonia & tar by 
 spraying with water. [-erMU 2)] 
 
 scruff, n. Back of the neck as used to grasp 
 & lift or drag animal or person by (take by the s. 
 of the neck), [earlier also scuft, f. ON skept hair 
 of head, & cf. scut] 
 
 scrummage. See scrimmage. 
 
 scpu'mptious (-shws), a. (slang). Delightful, 
 delicious, first-rate, [arbitrary; cf. goluptious] 
 
 scpunch. =cruxch. [s- as in smash &c] 
 
 sepirple (-00-), n., & v.i. & t. Weight-unit 
 (in apothecaries' wt) of 20 grains ; very small 
 quantity (archaic) ; feeling of doubt or hesita- 
 tion on grounds of morality or propriety about 
 acting or approving of action, conscientious ob- 
 jection, (make no s. to do, do without such hesi- 
 tation or with easy conscience ; have ss. about 
 doing; man of no ss., unscrupulous; did it 
 icithout s.). (Vb) feel or be influenced by ss. 
 (rare); be deterred from or hindered in (doing 
 or n. of action ; archaic ; woidd s. lying or a lie) 
 by ss. ; hesitate owing to ss. to do (esp. w. neg.; 
 does not s. to say), [vb f. n., f. F scrupule f. L 
 scrupulus (scrupus sharp stone, -ule)] 
 
 scpu'pulous, a. Careful to offend in nothing, 
 conscientious even in small matters, not ne- 
 glectful of details, punctilious, marked by ex- 
 treme thoroughness, unfailing, (s. persons', s. 
 honesty, cleanliness, care, methods, respect, at- 
 tention, &c); over-attentive to details, esp. to 
 small points of conscience, whence scpupulo*- 
 siTvn. Hence scpu'puIously 2 adv., scpu*- 
 PuIousxess n. [f. OF scrupuleux f. L scrupu- 
 losus (prcc, -ose 1 )] 
 
 scputa'top, n. Person given to scrutiny 
 (chiefly as signature to newspaper letters &c.). 
 [L(scrutixv, -or' 2 )] 
 
 scrutin (F), n. S. d'arrondisscment, de liste, 
 contrasted methods by which voter votes for one 
 or more representatives of small district only, 
 or for large number representing wide area. 
 
 scrutineer*, n. Person examining ballot 
 papers for irregularities, [scrutiny, -eer] 
 
 sepu'tinize, v.t. Look closely at, examine in 
 detail. Hence sePU'tinizingxY 2 adv. [foil., 
 -ize] 
 
 scpu'tiny (-oo-), n. Critical gaze, close in- 
 vestigation, examination into details ; official 
 examination of votes cast in election to test 
 their validity when closeness of contest or sus- 
 picion of irregularity makes it desirable (de- 
 mand a 8.). [F. L scrutinium (sendari search 
 f. scruta broken pieces, cogn. w. shred)] 
 
scud \ 
 
 scud, v.i., & 11. Run or fly straight & fast 
 esp. with smooth or easy motion, skim along ; 
 (Naut.) run before the wind. (X.) spell of scud- 
 ding ; vapoury driving clouds, [f . Norw. sk udda 
 push, cogn. w.shoot, scoot] 
 
 seu'do (or -oo-), n. (pi. -di pr. -e). Old Italian 
 silver coin of about 4 - ; Italian five-franc piece. 
 [It., f. L scutum shield] 
 
 scuff, v.i. AValk with dragging feet, shuffle 
 with the feet. [f. Svv. skuffa shove] 
 
 scu'ffle, v.i., & n. (Engage in) confused 
 struggle in which disputants chiefly push each 
 other about, disorderly fight, [prec, -le(3)] 
 
 scull, n., & v.t. & i. One of pair of small 
 oars used by single rower each with one hand ; 
 oar resting in nick on boat's stern & worked 
 with twisting strokes to propel like ship's 
 screw ; (vb) propel (boat), propel boat, with 
 scull(s). [different, f. skull; named w. ref. to 
 hollow shape of blade] 
 
 scu'llep, n. User of scull(s) ; boat intended 
 for sculling, [-er l ] 
 
 seu'llery, n. Back kitchen, room for wash- 
 ing-up dishes &c. [OF escuelier dish-keeper f. 
 L scidellarius (scuttle 1 , -ary l ), -ery] 
 
 scu'llion, n. (archaic, poet., rhet.). Cook's 
 boy, washer of dishes & pots. [f. OF escouillon 
 dishclout=Sp. escobillon gun-sponge (escobilla 
 brush, dim. of escoba f. L scopa broom, -oon)] 
 
 sculp, v.t. (Colloq. for) sculpture, [f. L 
 sculpere ; now regarded as abbr.] 
 
 scu'lpin, n. Kinds of small American sea- 
 fish with large spiny head. [perh. corrupt, of 
 ncorpene f. It. scorpina_L L scorpaena] 
 
 scwfpsit, sculpser'untf (abbr. sc. or 
 scirfps.), v. sing. & pi. 3rd pers. (So-&-so) carved 
 or sculptured or engraved (this work ; used 
 with artist's signature). [L, see sculpture] 
 
 seu'lptop, n. One who sculptures. Hence 
 scu'lptPESS 1 n. [L (foil., -or 2 )] 
 
 scu'lptupe (-tsher), n., & v.t. & i. Art of 
 forming representations of objects in the round 
 or in relief by chiselling stone, carving wood, 
 modelling clay, casting metal, or similar pro- 
 cesses ; a work of s.; (Zool., Bot.) raised or sunk 
 markings on shell &c; hence seu'lptuPAL, 
 seulptuPESQUE, aa., seu'lptupalLY 2 adv. 
 (Vb) represent in s.; adorn with s.; be a sculp- 
 tor, do s.; (p.p., Zool. & Bot.) havings, [vb f. 
 n., F, f. L sculptura {sculpere sculpt-, perf. 
 sculpsi, -URE)] 
 
 scum, n., & v.t. & i. Impurities that rise to 
 surface of liquid esp. in boiling or fermentation, 
 floating film ; (fig.) worst part, refuse, offscour- 
 ing, {of)', hence seu'mmY 2 a. (Vb) take s. 
 from, skim ; be or form a s. on ; (of liquid) de- 
 velop s. [f. Da. skum, cf. Gschaum & see skim] 
 
 scu'mble, v.t., & n. Soften (oil-painting) by 
 covering with very thin coat of opaque colour ; 
 (n.) softening of tints produced, [prec, -le(3)] 
 
 seu'neheon (-tshn), n. Stones or arches 
 across angles of square tower supporting alter- 
 nate sides of octagonal spire, [sconce, -oon] 
 
 seu'ppep, n. Hole in ship's side to carry 
 off water from deck. [f. OF escope f. S w. scopa 
 scoop I 
 
 scupf, n. Flakes on surface of skin cast off 
 as fresh skin develops below, esp. those of 
 head (also dandruff) ; any scaly matter on a 
 surface. Hence scup'fY 2 a., scup'fiNESS n. 
 [OE, cogn. w. sceorfan scarify, cf. Sw. skorf] 
 
 scu'ppilous, (archaic) scu*ppil(e), aa. 
 Grossly or obscenely abusive (of person or lan- 
 guage), given to or expressed with low buffoon- 
 ery. Hence or cogn. scu'ppHously 2 adv., 
 scuppi'liTY n. [f. obs. scurril f. L scurrilis 
 (scurra buffoon, cogn. w. scorn), -ous] 
 
 scu'ppy, v.i., & n. Run hurriedly esp. with 
 
 3 SCYTHIAN 
 
 short quick steps, scamper, (the scurrying 
 mice); (n.) act or sound of scurrying, [length- 
 ened f. SCOUR 2 ] 
 
 scup'vy, a. & n. Paltry, low, mean, dis- 
 honourable, contemptible, (a s. trick, felloic) ; 
 hence seup'viLY 2 adv. (N.) diseased state of 
 blood with swollen gums, livid spots, & pros- 
 tration, attacking sailors & any who feed on 
 salt meat & lack vegetables; s.-g7'ass [corrupt, 
 of -cress], plant of mustard family used against 
 s.; hence scup'viED 2 a. [n. (expressing piti- 
 ful state) f. adj. orig. =scurfy (scurf, -y 2 )] 
 
 scut, n. Short tail esp. of hare, rabbit, or 
 deer. [etym. dub.; cf. OX skott fox's tail] 
 
 seu-tage (-ij), n. (hist.). Money paid by feu- 
 dal landowner in lieu of personal service, [f. 
 med.L scutagium (scutum shield, -age)] 
 
 scutch, v.t., & n. Dress (fibrous material, 
 esp. retted flax) by beating; s.-blade, scutch- 
 ing-sxcord, scu*tchERi(2) n., implements for 
 scutching flax. (X.) scutcher; coarse tow 
 separated in scutching flax. [perh. f. OF es- 
 cousser f. L EX(cussare = qtiassare frequent, of 
 quatere quass- shake)] 
 
 scu'teheon (-tshn), n. = escutcheon ; pivot- 
 ed cover of keyhole ; plate for name or inscrip- 
 tion, [short for escutcheon] 
 
 scute. See scutum. 
 
 scute'llum, n. (nat. hist.; pi. -lla). Small 
 shield, plate, or scale, in plants, insects, birds, 
 &c, esp. one of the horny scales on birds' feet. 
 Hence scu*tellATE 2 (d), scute'llAR 1 , aa., 
 seutellA'TioN n. [mod.L, dim. of scutum] 
 
 scu'ttep, v.i. Scurry, [var. of scuttle 3 ] 
 
 seu'ttle 1 , n. (Usu. coal-s.) metal or other 
 vessel in which small supply of coal esp*. for 
 single fireplace is brought & kept. [OE scidel 
 dish f. L scutella salver, dim. of scufra tray] 
 
 seu'ttle 2 , n., & v.t. Hole with lid in wall or 
 roof of house or ship's deck, side, or hatchway- 
 covering ; s.-butt, -cask, water-butt usu. on 
 deck with hole in top for dipping from ; (vb) 
 make hole(s) in (ship) esp. for purpose of sink- 
 ing, [f. OF escoirtilles pi. hatches, f. Sp. escotilla 
 (escotar make neck-hole in garment, f. escote 
 tucker, f. Teut., cf. G schoos bosom)] 
 
 seu'ttle 3 , v.i., & n. Hurry along, scurry, 
 run away, make off, fly from danger or diffi- 
 culty ; (n.) hurried gait, precipitate flight or 
 departure, [earlier also scuddle, f. scud, -le(3)] 
 
 scu'tum, n. (pi. -ta). (Rom. Ant.) legionary's 
 shield of oblong, oval, or semi -cylindrical 
 shape; (Anat.) knee-pan; (Zcol. &c; also 
 scute) shield-like plate or scale, piece of bony 
 armour in crocodile, sturgeon, turtle, armadillo, 
 &c, whence seu'tAL, seu'tATE 2 , aa. Hence 
 seu'tiFORM a. [L, cogn. w. Gk skidos hide, 
 sky, scum, &c] 
 
 Seylla (si-), n. S. & Charybdis, six-headed 
 monster living on a rock, & whirlpool, so placed 
 on opposite sides of Straits of Messina that it 
 was hard to steer clear of one without being 
 caught by the other (see Homer, Od. xii). 
 
 seyphus (si-), n. (pi. -phi). (Gk Ant.) footless 
 drinking-cup with two handles not higher than 
 rim; (Bot.) cup-shaped part as in narcissus 
 flower or in lichens, w r hence seyphosE l a. 
 Hence seyphiFORM a. [L, f. Gk skvphos] 
 
 scythe (sidh), n., & v.t. Mowing & reaping 
 implement of long slightly curved blade swung 
 over ground by usu. crooked pole about 5 ft. 
 long with two short handles projecting at right 
 angles from it ; blade continuing axle of ancient 
 war-chariot at each end, whence scythED - a, ; 
 (vb) cut with s. [OE sithe, cf. Du. zeis, OX 
 sigdhr ; cogn. w. L secare cut, sickle] 
 
 Scythian (sidh-, -th-), a. & n. (Inhabitant) 
 of ancient Scythia, the region north of the 
 
'SDEATH 7 
 
 Black Sea: = turanian. [L f. Gk Skuthia 
 (Shuttles a. S.), -an] 
 
 'sdeath, int. (archaic) expressing anger, 
 surprise, &c. [short for God's death] 
 
 se-, L pref. = apart, without. 
 
 sea, n. Expanse of salt water that covers 
 most of earth's surface & encloses its continents 
 & islands, the ocean, any part of this as opposed 
 to dry land or fresh water, (by s. & land ; at 
 the bottom of the s.; jumped into the s.; on the 
 s., in ship &c, also situated on s.-shore ; go to 
 s., become sailor ; folloio the s., be sailor; put 
 to s., leave port or land ; arm of the s., deep 
 gulf ; at s., away from & esp. out of sight of 
 land, also rig. = perplexed, not knowing condi- 
 tions &c. or what to do ; between devil 1 & 
 deep s.; as good fish 1 in the s. ; xchen the s. 
 gives up its dead, at the resurrection ; also pi. 
 in same sense, as beyond, over, s. or ss., to or in 
 countries separated by s.; the high ss., the open 
 s. outside the three-mile limit to which nearest 
 country's jurisdiction extends ; mistress of the 
 s. or ss., chief naval power at any time) ; par- 
 ticular tract of s. partly or sometimes wholly 
 •enclosed by land & usu. distinguished by special 
 name {the North, Mediterranean, Caspian, 
 Dead, 8.; inland s., entirely landlocked as the 
 Caspian, also rarely of great fresh-water lakes; 
 closed s., = mare 1 clausum; the four ss., those 
 enclosing Great Britain) ; local motion or state 
 of the s., swell, great billow, (a heavy s., with 
 great waves ; s.s. mountains high ; of boat &c. 
 ship a s., be flooded by a wave ; long s., with 
 long regular waves; short s., choppy & ir- 
 regularly agitated ; half ss. over, having 
 drunk too much) ; vast quantity or expanse of 
 (a s. of troubles, care, flame, upturned faces ; 
 also pi., as ss. of blood, ruthless bloodshed) ; 
 (bibl.) brazen or molten s., = laver 2 ; (attrib. & 
 in comb.) living or used in or on, of, near, like, 
 the s. (often prefixed to name of animal, fruit, 
 &c, to form name of marine thing with merely 
 superficial resemblance to what it is named, 
 after, as s. -canary, -cucumber, -fox, -raven, be- 
 low) ; s.-acorn, barnacle ; s.-air, air at s.-side 
 esp. as recommended for invalids &c. ; s. -anchor, 
 DRAG 2 -anchor ; s.-anemone; s. -angel, angel- 
 fish ; s.-arroic, flying squid; s. -asparagus, kind 
 of soft-shelled crab; s.-barrow, skate's egg- 
 case ; s.-bathing, in s.; s.-bear, polar bear, also 
 kind of fur-seal ; s. -bells, seashore bindweed : 
 s.-belt, sweet fucus, a seaweed with belt-like 
 fronds ; seaboard, sea-shore, coast region, line 
 of coast ; s.-boat, ship &c. of specified seagoing 
 qualities {is a good, bad, &c, s.-b.) ; s.-born, 
 born of the s. (poet., esp. of Aphrodite) ; s.-borne, 
 conveyed by s. (s.-b. commerce, goods) ; s.-bow, 
 rainbow effect in s. -spray; sea'-breeze, blowing 
 landward from s. esp. during day in alternation 
 with land-breeze at night ; s.-bree'ze, any breeze 
 at s.; s.-calf, common seal; s.-canary, white 
 whale (from its whistling); s. -captain, (poet., 
 rhet.) great sailor or commander at sea, (in ord. 
 use, chiefly where army-captain is to be exclud- 
 ed) past or present captain of ship in navy or 
 merchant service; s. -change, transformation 
 (w. ref. to Tempest I. n. 400) ; s.-chestnut, s.- 
 urchin; s. -cloth, used in theatre to represent 
 shore ; s.-coal archaic, coal (orig. of coal brought 
 from Newcastle by sea, opp. charcoal &c.) ; s.- 
 coast; s. -colander, brown seaweed with fronds 
 perforated like colander; s.-cook, naut. term 
 of abuse; s.-coiv, sirenian, also walrus; s.-croiv, 
 kind of gull; s.-cucumber, any holothurian, 
 esp. beche-de-mer ; s.-devil, kinds of fish ; s.-dog, 
 kinds of seal, also dogfish, also old sailor (esp. 
 of the Elizabethan sea-captains), & see sea- 
 dog 1 ; s.-eagle, kinds of fishing eagle, also 
 
 i SEA 
 
 osprey ; s.-ear, ormer ; s. elephant, large kind of 
 seal with proboscis ; s.-fan, kind of coral; sea'- 
 faring a. & n., traversing the s. esp. habitually 
 is.-f. man, sailor), so sea'faPER 1 n. (rare) ; s;- 
 fennel, samphire ; s. -fight, between war-ships ; 
 s.-fiower, s. -anemone ; s.-fog, caused by differ- 
 ence of land & s. temperature & extending only 
 short way inland; s.-fowl; s.-fox, long-tailed 
 shark; s. -front, part of town facing s.; s.-fur- 
 below, kinds of brown seaweed ; s. -gauge, ship's 
 draught, also kind of sounding-instrument; s.- 
 gherkin, s.-cucumber ; s.-gilliflower, s.-pink ; 
 s.-girt, surrounded by sea (poet., rhet., of island 
 &c.) ; s.-god(dess) ; sea' going, (of ship) for cross- 
 ing s. not coasting, (of person) seafaring ; s.- 
 grape, shrub allied to firs, also gulf- weed, also 
 (pi.) cuttle-fish-eggs ; s.-green a. & n., (of) bluish 
 green as of s.; s.-gull; s.-hedgehog, s. -urchin ; 
 s.-hog, porpoise ; s. -horse, creature harnessed 
 to s. -god's chariot having horse's head & fish's 
 tail, also walrus, also hippocampus ; s.-kale, 
 kind of colewort with young shoots used as 
 table vegetable ; s.-kidney, kidney-shaped poly- 
 pidom ; s.-king, medieval Scandinavian pirate 
 chief ; s.-lace, kind of seaweed with long cord- 
 like fronds; s. lawyer, (naut. term of contempt 
 for) captious person ; s.-legs, ability to walk on 
 deck of rolling ship (has not yet got his s.-l.) ; s.- 
 lemon, a yellow oval mollusc ; s.-leopard, kinds 
 of spotted seal ; s.-level, level continuous with 
 that of s. half-way between high & low water 
 (also mean s.-l.) as used in reckoning height of 
 hills &c. & for barometric standard (corrected 
 to 8.-1.) ; s.-lily, crinoid ; s.-line, horizon at s.; 
 s.-lion, kinds of large eared seal, esp. one with 
 mane ; sea'man (pi. -men), sailor, (Nav.) sailor 
 below rank of officer (xmsE-bodied s.-m.; ordin- 
 ary s.-m., below rating of A.B.), person expert 
 in practical management of ship, good, bad, no, 
 &c, navigator, whence sea'manLiKE, sea'- 
 manLY ', aa., sea*mansHiP(3) n.; s.-mark, 
 beacon, lighthouse, &c, or elevated conspicu- 
 ous object, used to direct course at s. ; s.-mat, 
 polyzoan forming flat matted coralline ; s.- 
 melon, kind of holothurian ; s.-mew, gull ; s.- 
 rnile, geographical mile; s. -monster, any huge, 
 terrible, or strange s. -animal ; s.-moss, mosslike 
 polyzoan or seaweed ; s. -mouse, an iridescent 
 s.-worm ; s.-mud, saline deposit of salt marshes 
 &c. used as manure ; s. -necklace, string of 
 whelk egg-cases ; s.-needle, garfish ; s.-nettle, 
 jelly-fish; s. -nymph; s.-oak, kind of seaweed; 
 s.-ooze, s.-mud ; s. -orange, globose orange- 
 coloured holothurian ; s. -orb, globe-fish ; s.-oivl. 
 = lump 2 ; s.-ox, walrus; s.-pad, starfish; s.- 
 parrot, puffin ; s.-pass, neutral ship's passport 
 in time of war; s.-pay, for active service at s. ; 
 s. -peach, -pear, kinds of ascidium ; s.-pen, 
 feather-shaped polyp; s.-pie, sailors' pie of salt 
 meat &c, also a shore- bird, the oyster-catcher ; 
 s. -piece, picture of scene at s.; s.-pi'et, s.-pie 
 (bird); s.-pig, porpoise, also dugong; s.-pike, 
 garfish, hake, & other fish ; s. -pilot, s.-pie (bird) ; 
 s. -pincushion, skate's egg -case; s.-pink, com- 
 mon coast-flower, thrift; s. -poacher, a small 
 fish ; sea'port, town with harbour; s.-pumpkin. 
 s.-melon; s.-purse, skate's egg-case; s.-raven. 
 sculpin ; s. -robin, red gurnard ; s. -room, clear 
 space at s. allowing ship to turn &c; s.-rover, 
 pirate or piratical ship ; s.-salt, got by evapor- 
 ating s.-water; s.-scape, s.-piece; s.-serpent, 
 kinds of snake living in sea, also (the s.-s.) enor- 
 mous serpentine s.-mons ter occasionally report- 
 ed as seen but disbelie ved in by naturalists ; 
 s.-shore, land close to s., (Law) space between 
 high & low water marks ; sea'sick, vomiting or 
 inclined to vomit from motion of ship &c, 
 whence sea'siekNESS n.; seasi'de, places or 
 
SEAL 
 
 775 
 
 SEASON 
 
 some unspecified place close to s. as permanent 
 or esp. as holiday residence (do you like the .<?.- 
 s.?; must go to the s.-s.); s.-sleeve, cuttlefish; 
 s.-snail, small slimy fish, the unctuous sucker, 
 also periwinkle or similar shellfish ; s.-snipe, 
 the dunlin, also the snipe-fish ; s. -squirt, any 
 ascidium; s. -strawberry, kind of polyp ; s.-sxm- 
 flowcr, s.-anemone ; s.-sxcalloxv, tern ; s.-tang(le), 
 kinds of seaweed ; s.-toad, the angler ; s.-urchin, 
 echinus ; s.-xcall. wall or embankment made 
 to check encroachment of s.; s.-ware, seaweed 
 collected for manure or other uses ; s.-water; 
 s.-xcay, ship's progress, also place where ship 
 lies in rough water (in a s.-iv.) ; sea'iceed, any 
 alga or other plant growing in s. ; s.-xvhip, whip- 
 shaped coral ; s.-whipcord, kind of seaweed ; 
 s.-xcife, fish allied to wrasse ; s.-wind, s. -breeze 
 (1st sense) ; s.-xving, a bivalve mollusc ; sea'- 
 itrithwind, s. -bells ; s.-wolf, s. -elephant, also 
 kinds of fish, also viking or pirate ; sea'worthy, 
 (of ship) in fit state to put to s., strong & well 
 rigged &c, whence sea* worthiNESSn. Hence 
 sea* ward a., adv., & n., sea'WARDS adv. 
 [OE sx, cf. Du. zee, G see] 
 
 seal 1 , n., & v.i. Kinds of carnivorous am- 
 phibious marine mammal with short limbs 
 modified to serve chiefly for swimming but 
 having fur or hair & beastlike face, feeding 
 on fish & hunted for their oil & skin & the 
 valuable fur of some species (eared s. or otary, 
 kinds distinguished from common s. by having 
 visible external ears, & including the larger 
 kinds, as sea-bear, sea-lion, sea-elephant, & 
 the fur-ss.); s.-fishery; s.-rookery, sea'lERY n., 
 seals' breeding-place; sea'lskin, skin of s., or 
 usu. prepared fur of ss. as material for women's 
 jackets &c, jacket of this; (vb) hunt ss. [OE 
 seolh, cf. ON selr, Da. sxl] 
 
 seal 2 , n., & v.t. Piece of wax, lead, or other 
 such material, impressed with device & at- 
 tached in some way to document usu. in addi- 
 tion to signature as guarantee of authenticity 
 {given under my hand & s., signed & sealed by 
 me ; set one's s. to, authorize or confirm) or to 
 envelope or to any receptacle such as box or 
 room or house to prevent its being opened with- 
 out knowledge of owner &c. (leadens., stamped 
 piece of lead holding ends of a wire used as 
 fastening ; under s. of confession, confidence, 
 silence, &c, fig. of communications for which 
 secrecy is stipulated or obligatory), impression 
 stamped on or paper disk stuck to document 
 as symbol equivalent to wax s. ; (fig.) signifi- 
 cant or prophetic mark (has the s. of death in 
 his face) ; gem, piece of metal, &c, serving as 
 stamp to produce s. on wax &c. or paper (s.- 
 ring, finger-ring with s.; Great S., s. in charge 
 of Lord Chancellor or Lord Keeper used in 
 sealing Parliament- writs, treaties, & impor- 
 tant State papers ; privy S. ; Fisher's S., papal 
 s. with St Peter fishing as device) ; act done, 
 thing given, event regarded, as confirmation 
 or guarantee of (s. of love, kiss, birth of child, 
 &c. : baptism & the Lord's Supper are ss. of 
 God's covenant with us); substance used to close 
 aperture &c, esp. water standing in drain-trap 
 to prevent ascent of foul air (s.-pipe, DiP^pipe); 
 s.-wort, Solomon's s. (Vb) affix s. to, stamp or 
 fasten with s., certify as correct with s. or stamp 
 (Sealed Book, one of perfect copies of Book of 
 Common Prayer certified by Great S. under 
 Charles II), show genuineness of (devotion &c.) 
 with one's life &c. ; close securely or hermeti- 
 cally, stop up or up, (my lips are sealed, I must 
 not speak; sleep sealed his eyes; is a sealed 
 book to me, is something of which I have & can 
 get no knowledge ; windows must be sealedup, 
 e. g. by pasting paper along all crevices ; s. up 
 
 tin, solder it so that air has no access ; s. pipe 
 &c, provide it with water-s. by means of trap 
 &c); set significant mark on, set apart, destine, 
 decide irrevocably, (death has sealed her for 
 his oicn ; is sealed to or for salvation, damna- 
 tion, &c. ; his fate is sealed), (of Admiralty, v 
 officially adopt (design); confine securely (often 
 up); fix (staple &c.) into wall &c. with cement 
 &c. ; sealing-xcax, mixture of shellac & rosin 
 with turpentine & pigment used for ss. [vb f. 
 n., f. OF seel f. L sigillum see sigillate] 
 
 sea'ler, n. In vbl senses of seal 1 - 2 ; esp., 
 ship or man engaged in seal-hunting, [-er 1 ] 
 
 seam, n., & v.t. Line of junction between 
 two edges esp. those of two pieces of cloth &c. 
 turned back & sewn together or of boards 
 fitted edge to edge, fissures left by gaping of 
 parallel edges (ship's ss. xvant caxdking) ; scar, 
 cicatrice ; line of separation between two stra- 
 ta ; thin stratum of coal &c. between thicker 
 strata; (Anat.) suture; s.-lace, seaming-lace ; 
 s.-presscr, agricultural implement for flatten- 
 ing down furrow-ridges after the plough, also 
 tailor's goose ; hence sea'mLESS a. ( Vb) unite 
 with s. (rare); mark or score with s., fissure, or 
 scar (chiefly in p.p. ;seamed withwoxinds, cracks, 
 &c); (Knitting) make ridges in (stocking &c); 
 seaming-lace, galloon or other trimming sewn 
 over ss. in upholstery &c. [OE s6am, cf. Du. 
 zoom, G sauxxi ; cogn. w. sew] 
 
 sea-mstress (sem-), semp-, n. Sewing- 
 woman. [OE seaxnestre (prec, -ster) + -ess *] 
 
 sea'my, a. Showing seams (s. side, inside of 
 garment &c. where turning-back of seams is 
 visible, chiefly fig. of the less presentable or 
 attractive aspect of life &c). [-Y 2 ] 
 
 seance (F), n. Sitting of a society or delibera- 
 tive body; meeting held for exhibition or in- 
 vestigation of spiritualistic phenomena. 
 
 sear 1 a. & v.t., sere a. (Of leaves, flowers, 
 &c, & fig. of age &c.) withered, dried up. (Vb) 
 wither up, blast, (rare); scorch surface of esp. 
 'with hot iron, cauterize, brand; make callous 
 (a seared conscience) ; seaxnng-iron, for cauter- 
 izing, [vb f. adj., OE sear, cf. ODu. sore dry ; 
 cogn. w. Gk aiios dry, & austere] 
 
 sear 2 . See sere 1 . 
 
 search (sertsh), v.t, & L, & n. Look or feel 
 or go over (person or his face or pockets, recep- 
 tacle, place, book) for what may be found or to 
 find something of which presence is suspected, 
 probe (lit. & fig.; s. a xvound, men's hearts); 
 .(archaic) look for, seek out; make s. or inves- 
 tigation (for or abs.); (part., of examination 
 &c.) thorough, leaving no loopholes, whence 
 seap'ehing-LY 2 adv.; hence seap'ehERMl^) 
 n., seap'ehLESS a. (poet.). (N.) act of search- 
 ing, investigation, quest, (am in s. of, trying 
 to find ; the s. for or of; right of s. in internat, 
 law, belligerent's right to stop neutral vessel & 
 s. it for contraband ; s.-light, electric arc-light 
 with concentrated beam that can be turned in 
 any direction for use esp. on ships for discover- 
 ing enemy or lighting-up channel; s.-pax'ty, per- 
 sons going out to look for lost or concealed 
 person or thing ; s.-xcarx^ant, granted by justice 
 of peace to enter premises of person suspected 
 of concealing stolen property &c. [ME serchen, 
 cerchen, f. OF cercher (F chercher) f. L circax'e 
 go round (circus)] 
 
 seap*ehing",n. Invblsenses;esp.,ss. of heart, 
 misgivings caused by guilt or otherwise, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 sea'son (-zn), n., & v.t, & i. Proper time, 
 favourable opportunity, time at which some- 
 thing is plentiful or in vogue or active, (a xcox-d 
 ins., advice given when it is likely to be taken 
 or is needed; in s. & out of s., at all times with- 
 out selection; oysters, venison, strawberries, 
 
SEASONABLE 
 
 776 
 
 SECOND 
 
 are in s., to be had in good condition & without 
 special difficulty; the holiday s., any of the 
 times "when most people keep holiday, esp. 
 Christmas, Easter, Whitsuntide, or August; 
 the London, Brighton, Parisian, s., when so- 
 ciety is busy or visitors many there ; London 
 in the s. ; the theatrical, publishing, cricket, s. ; 
 close, open, s., when hunting &c. of some animal 
 is prohibited, permitted); period of indefinite 
 or various length (may endure for a s. ; a s. of 
 inaction ; s.-tickct, issued at reduced rates for 
 any number of journeys taken, performances 
 attended, &c, within a year, six months, or 
 other period); one of the divisions of the year 
 with distinguishable characteristics of tem- 
 perature, rainfall, vegetation, &c. (the four ss., 
 spring, summer, autumn, winter, beginning 
 astronomically each at an equinox or solstice 
 but popularly having different dates in differ- 
 ent countries; the dry, rainy, s., two ss. recog- 
 nized in the tropics instead of the four of tem- 
 perate countries); hence sea'sonAL, sea'son- 
 less, aa., sea*sonalLY2adv. (Vb) bring into 
 efficient or sound condition by habituation, 
 acclimatization, exposure, special preparation, 
 use, or lapse of .time, inure, mature, (seasoned 
 soldiers, timber, wine) ; make palatable or pi- 
 quant by introduction of salt, condiments, wit, 
 .jests, &c., give zest to, flavour, (highly seasoned 
 dishes; conversation seasoned with humour), 
 whence sea'sonER 1 ^), sea'soniNG 1 !!), nn. ; 
 temper, moderate, (let mercy s. justice); become 
 fit for use by being seasoned, [vb f. n., f. OF 
 seson, f. L sationem (sercre sat- sow, -ion) in 
 LL sense season] 
 
 seasonable, a. Suitable to, of the kind 
 usual at, the season (esp. s. weather, frost &c. 
 in winter); opportune, meeting the needs of the 
 occasion, (s. aid, caution, &c. ; the s. arrival of). 
 Hence sea'sonablexESS n., sea'sonabLY 2 
 adv. [prec. n., -able] 
 
 seat, n., & v.t. Thing used, esp. one made, 
 for sitting on, chair, throne, stool, bench, or 
 other sitting-accommodation, (the ss. are un- 
 comfortable), occupation of a s. (took his s. on 
 the throne, a rock; pray take as., sit down), 
 whence sea'tiNG 1 ^) n.; part of chair &c. on 
 which sitter's weight directly rests, part of 
 machine that supports another part (s. of valve, 
 surface &c. on which it slides or works) ; the 
 buttocks, part of trousers &c. covering them ; 
 site or location, temporary or permanent scene, 
 abiding-place, of (the liver is the s. of disease;' 
 the disease has its s. in the liver ; the s. of war 
 is mountainous; an ancient s. of learning); 
 country mansion esp. with park or large grounds 
 (has as. in Norfolk ;thecountry-ss. of England); 
 rightto sitting-accommodation ortositas mem- 
 ber of board or esp. House of Commons (have 
 taken two ss. for Macbeth ; has a s. on the 
 Board ; lost his or the s., failed to secure re- 
 election to Parliament) ; manner of sitting 
 horse, bicycle, &c. (has a good, firm, graceful, 
 s.) ; hence sea'tLESS a. (Vb) make sit, place 
 onese//in sitting posture, (p.p.) sitting, (took up 
 the child & seated him on the bookcase ; s. can- 
 didate, elect him to Parliament ; seated himself 
 instate ; found him seated onareversedbucket; 
 pray be seated, sit down); fit orprovide (church, 
 room. &c.) with ss. (is seated for 5000); (of room 
 &c.) have ss. for (number); mend s. of (--.hair, 
 trousers); establish in position, fix in particular 
 place, (s. machinery, put it on its supports ; the 
 seated hills poet. ; a deep-seated disease ; the 
 Turks seated themselves on the Bosporus), [vb 
 f. n., f. ON sseti, cogn. w. sit] 
 seba'ceous (-shws), a. Of tallo w or fat, fatty, 
 s. gland follicle, duct, secreting or conveying 
 
 oily matter or s. humour to lubricate hair & 
 skin). [L sebaceus (sebum tallow, -acea), -ous] 
 
 sebe'stan, -en, n. The Assyrian plum(-tree) 
 used medicinally in the East & formerly in 
 Europe. [Arab, (-an)] 
 
 sgc, a. (Of wine) dry. [F] 
 
 se'cant, a. & n. (math.). Cutting ; (n.) s. line, 
 esp. radius of circle produced through end of 
 arc to meet tangent to other end, ratio of this 
 to radius, s. of angle, ratio of greater to less of 
 its containing lines as bounded by a perpendi- 
 cular to either (abbr. sec ; sec C0° =2). [L secare 
 cut, -ant] 
 
 se'eco, n. Tempera-painting. [It. J 
 
 sece'de, v.i. Withdraw formally from mem- 
 bership of some body, esp. a Church or federal 
 or other State. Hence seee'dER l n. [f. L se- 
 (cedere cess- go)] 
 
 secer'nent, a. & n. (physiol.). That secretes 
 or can secrete. (N.) secreting organ ; drug that 
 promotes secretion, [as secrete, -ent] 
 
 seee'ssion, n. Act of seceding ( War ofS., 
 American civil war of 1861-5 caused by s. of 
 eleven Southern States). Hence seee'ssion- 
 ism(3), sece*ssiomsT(2), nn. [OF, f. L seces- 
 sionem (secede, -ion)] 
 
 seclu'de, v.t. Keep (person, place, esp. one- 
 self) retired or away from company or resort 
 (s. oneself from society; a secluded spot, life, 
 &c). Hence seelu'dedLY 2 adv. [f. L se- 
 (cludere -clus- = claudere shut)] 
 
 seclu'sion (-zhn), n. Secluding or being se- 
 cluded, retirement, privacy, avoidance of in- 
 tercourse, whence seclu'sioniST(2) n. ; seclud- 
 ed place, [f. med.L seclusionem (prec, -ion)} 
 
 se'eond, a., n., & v.t. Next after first (the, 
 a, s., often as n. with ellipse of n., esp. = s. day 
 of month ; often further defined, as the s. man 
 you meet, was the s. to come ; in the s. place, 
 secondly ; s. class; s. cabin, s.-class accommo- 
 dation in passenger-ship ; come in, finish, s., be 
 s. in race ; s. floor, that two floors above ground- 
 floor; s. distance, space in landscape between 
 foreground & background); other besides one 
 or the first, additional, supplementary, (s. ad- 
 vent, return of Christ esp. as preliminary to His 
 expected personal reign on earth, whence se- 
 eond-a*dventiST n. ; s. chamber, upper House 
 in bicameral parliament ; s. coming, s. advent; 
 s. nature, acquired tendency that has become 
 instinctive, as habit is s. n., self-sacrifice is now 
 s. n. with him ; s. self ; s. teeth, those of adults, 
 cf. yii\AL l -teeth ; s. thoughts, opinion or resolu- 
 tion formed on reconsideration ; s. wind 1 ); of 
 secondary kind, subordinate, derived, unori- 
 ginal, imitative, metaphorical, (s. cause, that 
 is itself caused ; s. childhood, cousin ; s. Da- 
 niel, Solomon, &c, person comparable to these ; 
 s. fiddle, taking s. part, esp. fig. in play s. fiddle, 
 be of only secondary importance, often to other 
 person ; at s. hand, by hearsay, not actual ob- 
 servation &c; s. intention, sight 1 ); s.-best,ot 
 s. quality (come off s.-b., get the worst of it); 
 s.-class, of s. or of inferior position or quality 
 (s.-c. passenger, ticket, using, entitling to use 
 of, s.-c. railway-carriage &c); s.-hand, (of 
 clothes, books, furniture, &c.) bought after use 
 by a previous owner, (of information &c.) taken 
 on another's authority & not got by original 
 observation or research ; s.-pair back, front, 
 room on s. floor in back, front, of house (up two 
 pairs or flights of stairs); s.-rate, not of superior 
 quality, (of ship, also as n.) rated in s. class. 
 (N.) s. person &c. in race &c. (a good s., close 
 up) ; s. class in examination for honours, person 
 who takes this ; another person or thing besides 
 the previously mentioned or principal, whether 
 regarded as next, inferior, or equal ; (Mus.) next 
 
SECONDARY 
 
 777 
 
 SECTION 
 
 tone to given one in diatonic series, interval 
 between or combination of these two, second 
 tone in scale, s. voice or instrument or part in 
 harmony with the air; (pi.) goods of s. quality, 
 esp. coarse flour or bread made from it ; sup- 
 porter chosen by principal in duel or pugilism 
 to see fair play &c; sixtieth part of a minute 
 of time or angular measurement (see etym.), 
 (loosely) short time (ivait a s.);s. of exchange 1 ; 
 s.-hand, extra hand in some watches & clocks 
 recording ss.; s.-mark, mark (") used with s.- 
 fig*ures in statements of angular measurement 
 or time (1" 6' UO" ; 1 h. ST 15"). ( Vb) supplement, 
 support, back up, (s. words with deeds ; ivill you 
 s. me if I ask him ?); (of member of debating 
 body) give the necessary formal support to (mo- 
 tion &c. or its proposer) by rising with or with- 
 out speech to show that mover is not isolated, 
 whence se'condER 1 n.; (Mil.; usu. seco'nd) 
 put (officer) into temporary retirement with 
 a view to stafF or other extra-regimental ap- 
 pointment. [F, f. L secundus (sequi follow) ; 
 s. of time &c. f. F seconde f. med.L (minuta) 
 secunda secondary minute, i. e. minute of a 
 minute] 
 
 secondary, a. & n. Next below, coming in, 
 place or time after, depending on or derived 
 from, of less importance or originality than, 
 what is primary, of the second rank &c, sup- 
 plementary, of inferior rank or importance to, 
 (s. colour l ; s. education, school, for those who 
 have received elementary or primary instruc- 
 tion but not yet proceeded to university or oc- 
 cupation, esp. boys & girls of 13-19 ; s. planet, 
 planet's satellite); (Geol.) = meso-zoic ; hence 
 se'condariLY 2 adv. (X.) deputy or delegate ; 
 minor cathedral dignitary ; s. planet ; feather 
 growing on second joint of wing ; insect's hind 
 wing; s. strata, [f. OF secondaire f. L secun- 
 daiHiis (prec, -ary 2 )] 
 
 seco'nde, n. Fencing-position. [F (second)] 
 
 secondly, adv. In the second place (in enu- 
 merations). [-LY 2 ] 
 
 seco'ndo, n. Second performer or lower part 
 in duet (cf. primo). [It. (as second)] 
 
 secrecy, n. Keeping of, ability to keep or 
 habit of keeping, secrets {he promised s.; can 
 rely on his s. ; the gift of s. ; done with great s.); 
 tendency to concealment, secretiveness ; unre- 
 vealed state, being kept secret, (there can be 
 no s. about it ; in s., in secret), [foil., -cy] 
 
 secret, a. & n. (To be) kept private, not (to 
 be) made known or exposed to view, privy, (s. 
 treaty, understanding, errand, door, passage, 
 sin, process, arrival, influence : the s. parts, 
 parts of body of which exposure is avoided 
 esp. the genitals; s. -service money, applied by 
 Government to securing information &c. with- 
 out obligation to state details of expenditure), 
 whence seeretLY 2 adv.; given to or having 
 faculty of secrecy, secretive, close, reticent, not 
 leaky; (of place &c.) secluded, retired. (N.) 
 thing (to be) kept s. (keep a or the s., abstain 
 from revealing it) ; thing known only to a limit- 
 ed number (open s., thing s. only to those who 
 do not trouble to learn it) ; mystery, thing of 
 which explanation is sought in vain, (the ss. of 
 naUire); true but not generally recognized me- 
 thod for attainment of (the s. of health, success, 
 happiness, salvation, is temperance, to try 
 again, &c); secrecy (only in in s., secretly); 
 (R.-C. Ch.) celebrant's private prayer in Mass ; 
 (pi.) s. parts of body. [OF, f. L secretus i. se- 
 (cernere cret- sift) put apart] 
 
 secretaire*, n. Escritoire. [F(-cr^-), as foil.] 
 
 se'eretary, n. Person employed by another 
 to assist him in correspondence, literary work, 
 getting information, & other confidential mat- 
 
 ters (often private s.; unpaid s., esp. of person 
 acting as s. to prominent politician for sake of 
 experience) ; official appointed by society or 
 company or corporation to conduct its corre- 
 spondence, keep its records, & deal in the 
 first instance with its business (honorary s., 
 abbr. hon. sec, unpaid s. usu. of society not 
 conducted for profit) ; minister in charge of a 
 Government (the S. of State J or the Home De- 
 partment, Foreign Affairs, War, the Colonics, 
 India, or Home, Foreign, War, Colonial, In- 
 dian, S.; the Chief S. for Ireland ; the S. for 
 Scotland ; under-s., one of two attached to each 
 S. of State, one as permanent manager of the 
 connected office, the other usu. as representa- 
 tive in other House of tke S. of State ; per- 
 manent s., under-s. as above ; s. of legation or 
 embassy, ambassador's chief subordinate & de- 
 puty); secretaire, escritoire ; (Print.) script type 
 imitatingengrossing-hand; s.-bird, African bird 
 preying on snakes, with crest likened to pen 
 stuck over writer's ear. Hence seeretar'iAL 
 a., secretar'iATEMD, se*eretarysHip(l), nn. 
 [earlier sense confidant ; f. F secretaire I. LL 
 secretarius (secret, -ary 1 )] 
 
 secre'te, v.t. Put (object, person, oneself) 
 into place of concealment ; (Physiol.; of gland 
 or organ or the person &c. of which it is part) 
 produce by secretion, whence secre*tOR 2 (2) n., 
 secretoRY a. [f. L secreti/s] 
 
 seere'tion, n. Act of concealing (the s. of 
 stolen goods) ; (Physiol.) process by which 
 special substances are separated from blood or 
 sap for service in the organism or for rejection 
 as excretions, any substance produced by such 
 process, as saliva, urine, resin. [OF, f. L secre- 
 tionem (secret, -ion)] 
 
 secretive, a. Given to secrecy, uncommuni- 
 cative, needlessly reserved, (se'kri-, sikre'-), 
 whence secretiveLY 2 adv., seeretiveNESS 
 n.; (sikre - -) of, aiding, physiological secretion. 
 [(1st sense) secret, (2nd) secrete, + -ive] 
 
 sect, n. Body of persons agreed upon reli- 
 gious doctrines usu. different from those of an 
 established or orthodox Church from which 
 they have separated & usu. having distinctive 
 common worship, nonconformist or other 
 Church as described by opponents, party or 
 faction in a religious body, religious denomina- 
 tion, so sectAR'iAN a. & n., seetar'ianis.M 
 (2, 3) n., sectar*ianizE(3) v.t.; followers of a 
 particular philosopher or philosophy or school 
 of thought, [f. OF secte f. med.L secta suite, 
 suit, f. L secta faction, following, perh. f. secare 
 sect- cut (secta via beaten track), or perh. f. st. 
 of sequi secid- follow] 
 
 se'etary, n. (archaic). Member of a sect, 
 esp. of the Independents, Presbyterians, &c, 
 at time of the Civil War. [f. F sectaire f. med. 
 L sectarius (prec, -ary : )] 
 
 se'etile, a. Able to be cut (esp. of soft 
 minerals such as talc), [f. L sectilis (secare 
 sect- cut, -il)] 
 
 section, n., & v.t. Separation by cutting ; 
 part cut off from something, one of the parts 
 into which something is divided arbitrarily or 
 may naturally be considered as divided (e.g. 
 length of cane-stem between two rings), one 
 part of a structure such as boat or wooden 
 house that is made in parts for transportation, 
 one of the minor subdivisions of a book usu. 
 indicated by the s.-mark (§ ; §20), (Mil.) sub- 
 division of half-company, part of community 
 having separate interests or characteristics 
 (whence sectionalisM n., se'ctionalizE 
 v.t.), (microscopic s., thin slice cut from some- 
 thing for examination with microscope ; sub' 
 ject falls into five ss.; last s. of the journey ; 
 
 25* 
 
SECTOR 
 
 SEDULOUS 
 
 conveyed to Tanganyika in ss.; ss. have been 
 preferred to chapters; s. -comma nde?-s will be 
 responsible; popular with all ss. & classes); 
 cutting of solid by plane (conic ss., study of 
 curves of intersection produced by allowing 
 plane to cut cone at various angles), represen- 
 tation of internal structure of something sup- 
 posed to be cut thus (vertical, horizontal, longi- 
 tudinal, oblique, &c, s., according to position 
 chosen for plane) ; (Nat Hist.) group, esp. sub- 
 genus ; the s, mark (see above) used as mark of 
 marginal reference or with or without number 
 to indicate beginning of s.; hence se'ctionAL 
 a., se'etionalLV 2 adv. (Vb) arrange in, di- 
 vide into, ss. [OF, f. L sectionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 se'etop, n. Plane figure enclosed between 
 two radii of circle, ellipse, &c, & the arc cut 
 off by them (s. of sphere &c, solid generated 
 by revolution of plane s. round one radius) ; 
 mathematical rule of two flat pieces working 
 on rule-joint with lines representing sines, tan- 
 gents, &c, radiating from centre of joint for 
 use in making diagrams &c. Hence se'etop- 
 al a. [LL, = sector f. L = cutter (prec, -on 2 )] 
 
 seetop'ial, a. & n. (Carnivore's tooth) acting 
 with tooth in opposite jaw like scissors (of 
 specialized molar or premolar), [prec, -ial] 
 
 se'cular, a. & n. Occurring once in or last- 
 ing for an age or a century (s. games, ancient- 
 Roman festival held at long intervals; s. hymn, 
 composed for this; the s. bird, phoenix); lasting 
 or going on for ages or an indefinitely long 
 time (opp. periodical, cyclic; s. change, going 
 on slowly but persistently ; s. cooling or re- 
 frigeration, that of the earth from fluid state ; 
 s. acceleration, slow increase in motion of 
 heavenly body ; s. fame, enduring ; the s. 
 rivalry between France & England, Church & 
 State, &c); concerned with the affairs of this 
 world, w r orldly, not sacred, not monastic, not 
 ecclesiastical, temporal, profane, lay, (s. af- 
 fairs, education, music; the s. clergy, parish 
 priests &c, opp. regular ;the s. arm hist., civil 
 jurisdiction to which criminal was transferred 
 by ecclesiastical courts for severer punish- 
 ment) ; sceptical of religious truth or opposed 
 to religious education &c, whence se'eulap- 
 ism(3) n., se*culapiST(2) n. & a., se'culap- 
 ize(3) v.t., se'eulapizA'TiON n.; hence secu- 
 la'PiTY n., se'culaPLV 2 adv. (X.) s. priest, 
 [f. OF seculierL ~L saecularis (saeculuvi genera- 
 tion, age, perh. f. st. of sercre sat- sow)] 
 
 se'eund, a. (bot., zool.). Arranged on one 
 side only (as flowers in lily-of-the-valley). 
 Hence se'cundLV 2 adv. [f. Las second] 
 
 secu'ndum, L prep. = according to: s.artem, 
 artificially, also skilfully or scientifically ; s. 
 naturam, naturally, not artificially ; 8. quid, in 
 some respect only, not absolutely or generally, 
 with limitations. 
 
 secure*, a., & v.t. Untroubled by danger or 
 apprehension (a quiet s. existence; dwell s.), 
 (archaic) confident or unsuspecting (a s. fool, 
 dupe &c. ; the s. hope of salvation) ; safe against 
 attack, impregnable ; reliable, certain not to 
 fail or give way, (a s. foundation, fastening, 
 foothold, grasp) ; (usu. pred.) in safe keeping, 
 firmly fastened, (have got him s.; are you sure 
 it is s.?) ; having sure prospect of, safe against 
 or from, (s. of victory ; s. against assault; s. 
 from interruption) ; hence seeupe'LV 2 adv. 
 
 ( Vb) fortify (town, harbour, &c, usu. with wall 
 &c); confine, enclose, fasten, or close, securely 
 
 (s. prisoner, valuables, buckle, window ; s. vein 
 
 &c. in surgery, compress to prevent bleeding ; 
 s. arms mil., hold rifles with lock in armpit to 
 
 f'uard from rain); guarantee, make safe against 
 oss, (loan secured on landed property &c; 
 
 how can Is. myself against the consequences?; 
 to s. the labourer the or in the fruits of his 
 labour); succeed in getting, obtain, (esp. some- 
 thing coveted or competed for, as have secured 
 front places, a first-class cook, the prize, my 
 ends) ; hence seeup'ABLE a. [vb f. a., f.L se- 
 (curusf. cur a care)] 
 
 secup'ifopm, a. (esp. nau hist.). Axe-shaped. 
 [L securis axe (secare cut), -I-, -form] 
 
 seeup'ity, n. In adj. senses; also or esp.: 
 over-confidence ; thing that guards or guaran- 
 tees ( pride sho uldat least be a s. against mean- 
 ness ; in s. for, as guarantee for), thing deposit- 
 ed or hypothecated as pledge for fulfilment of 
 undertaking or payment of loan to be forfeited 
 in case of failure, document as evidence of loan, 
 certificate of stock, bond, exchequer bill, &c. 
 [f. F securite f. L securitatem (secure, -ty)] 
 
 seda'n(-chair), n. 17th & 18th c vehicle 
 seated for one & carried by two chairmen with 
 poles ; =LAD\'-chai7\ [S. in France] 
 
 seda'te, a. (Of person or his manner, look, 
 speech, or writing) tranquil, equable, composed, 
 settled, not impulsive or lively. Hence se- 
 da'teLY 2 adv., seda'teNESS n. [L sedare 
 settle (sedere sit), -ate 2 ] 
 
 se'dative, a. & n. (Drug, influence, &c.) 
 tending to soothe. [OF (-if), as prec. + -ive] 
 
 se defende'ndo, adv. In self-defence (as 
 plea in cases of homicide). [L] 
 
 se'dentapy (-dn-), a . & n. Sitting (s. posture, 
 statue) ; (of person) inclined by nature or driven 
 by occupation to, (of occupation) involving, 
 (of life &c) characterized by, much sitting, 
 whence se'dentariLY 2 adv., se'dentapi- 
 ness n.; (Zool. &c) not migratory, free-swim- 
 ming, &c, (of spider) lying in wait till prey is in 
 web. (N.) s. person; s. spider, [f. OF seden- 
 taire t. L sedentarius (sedere sit, -ent, -ary } )] 
 
 sedep'unt, L vb 3rd pi. perf., & n. There 
 sat (such & such members at meeting of court, 
 board, &c); (n.) sitting of such body or of social 
 gathering &c. (had a long s.). [f. L sedere sit} 
 
 sedge, n. Kinds of grass-like plant with 
 jointless stems growing in marshes or by water- 
 side, bed of such plants; s.-warblcr, -wren, 
 kind of warbler frequenting s. Hence se'dgfv 2 
 a. [OE secg, cf. LG segge; cogn. w. saw *, sec- 
 tion, prob. w. ref. to swordlike blades] 
 
 sedi'lia, n. pi. (sing. sedVle, rare). Set of 
 usu. three stone seats for priests in S. wall of 
 chancel often canopied & otherwise decorated, 
 [f. L sedile seat (sedere sit)] 
 
 se'diment, n. Matter that settles to bottom 
 of liquid, lees, dregs. Hence sedime'ntARY * 
 a. [OF, f. L sedimentum (prec, -ment)] 
 
 sedi'tion (-shn), n. Agitation directed 
 against the authority of a State's executive, 
 conduct or speech tending to rebellion or breach 
 of public order. Sosedi'tiousa., sedi'tious- 
 LY 2 adv., seditiousNESS n. [OF, £. L sedi- 
 tionem (sed- = SE-, ire it- go, -ion)] 
 
 sedu'ee, v.t. Lead astray, tempt into sin or 
 crime, corrupt ; persuade (woman) into surren- 
 der of chastity, debauch. Hence sedu'eiBLE 
 a., sedireingfLY'^adv., sediree.MENT (rare), 
 sedu'CER 1 , nn. [f. L SE(ducere duct- lead)] 
 
 sedu'etion, n. Seducing or being seduced ; 
 thing that tends to seduce, tempting or attrac- 
 tive quality of (often with merely playful or no 
 imputation of blame), (the ss. of a great capi- 
 tal, beauty, the country, &c), so sedu'etiVE 
 a, sediretivei.Y 2 adv., sedu'etiveNESS n. 
 [OF, f. L seductionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 se'dulous, a. Diligent, persevering, assid- 
 uous, (of action &c) deliberately & consciously 
 continued, pain staking, (with s. care ; s. flattery, 
 attentions). Hence or cogn. se*dulousLY2 
 
SEE 7: 
 
 adv., sedu'liTV, se'dulousNESS n. [L scdu- 
 lus, perh. f. sedere sit, -ous] 
 see 1 , v.i. & t. (saw, seen). Have or exercise 
 the power of discerning objects with the eyes 
 (sees'best at night; cannot s. till the ninth day; 
 & into millstone, through brick wall, fig. of pre- 
 ternatural acuteness of intelligence ; seeing is 
 believing, one's own observation is the best 
 evidence ; s. double 1 adv.; seeing ye shall s. & 
 shall not perceive; s. through fig., not be de- 
 ceived by, penetrate, detect nature of); descry, 
 discern by sight, observe, look at or over, (come 
 where we cannot be seen; s, the light, be born 
 or alive; things seen, not imaginary &c; s. 
 visions, be a seer &c; s. things, have halluci- 
 nations &c; s. stars, have dancing lights before 
 eyes from blow on head ; was seen to fall or fall- 
 ing; saw him fall or falling ; s. the back, be 
 quit of visitor, invader, &c; cannot see my 
 way ; s. one's way to do or to doing, manage, 
 contrive; s. the sights, town, &c, as sight J - 
 seer; s. over house &c, go round examining; 
 s. thing done, supervise doing of it) ; discern 
 mentally, attain to comprehension of, appre- 
 hend, excogitate, ascertain by search or inquiry 
 or reflection, consider, (cannot s. a or the joke, 
 point ; do you s. what I mean ?, also s. ? ellipt. 
 in same sense colloq.; you s. parenth., as you 
 no doubt understand, also = I must explain; as 
 far as I can s., to the best of my \mderstand- 
 ing or belief ; must s. what can be done ; do not 
 s. the good, fun, advantage, &c, of doing; 
 please s. whether it is there, where it is; do not 
 s. how to do it ; you s. what it is to have faith), 
 (part, as prep, or conj.) considering or inasmuch 
 as (seeing that you do not know it yourself ; s. 
 no other course is open to us); experience, go 
 through more or less observantly, have pre- 
 sented to one's attention, contemplate & ab- 
 stain from interference with, (shall never s. 
 death ; have seen five reigns ; s. lije, gain ex- 
 perience of men & manners esp. by dissipation 
 &c; so perh. well seen ax-chaic, accomplished 
 in, as intr. p.p.; have seen the day when, in 
 drawing attention to past state of affairs ; 
 never saw such doings ; has seen service, is ex- 
 pert or worn ; has seen better, or its &c. best, 
 days, has declined ; you will not s. me shot like 
 a dog ? ; s. person or thing Mowed or damned, 
 before one will do what he asks or trouble 
 about it ; s. thing through or out, not abandon 
 undertaking before it is completed); grant in- 
 terview or be at home to, pay visit to, secure 
 interview with, (refused to s. me ; can Is. you 
 on business?; when will you come & s. us?; 
 must s. the lawyer, doctor, &c; can s. you for 
 five minutes) ; call up picture of, imagine, (can- 
 not s. myself submitting to it) ; recognize as 
 tolerable, consent willingly to, (do not s. being 
 made use of) ; escort, conduct, stand by & 
 countenance, (may Is. you home ? ; mind you 
 s. him off the premises ; saw him off by the 
 Mauretania ; will you s. me through the diffi- 
 culty?); take view of, have opinion, (Is. life, 
 things, it, differently now ; s. good, consider it 
 right or expedient to do ; s. eye 1 to eye) ; make 
 provision, take care, give attention, make 
 sure, (s. that it is done ; s. you don't catch your 
 foot ; s. to one's business ; will s. about it, & 
 see below ; s. after, take care of ; s. to it that, 
 take care that); make examination, hold in- 
 quiry, (must s. into it) ; reflect, take time to 
 consider, (esp. let me s., appeal for time to 
 think before making answer or giving particu- 
 lars, or confession that coming statement may 
 need reconsideration ; will s. about it, form for 
 declining to act at once, & see above) ; (Gamb- 
 ling &c.) accept or take on (challenge to bet or 
 
 | SEEM 
 
 competition, person offering it); s.-bright, the 
 plant clary (w. ref. to use as eye-salve founded 
 on pop. etym. of clary as = clear-eye). Hence 
 se'ER i n. [OK seon, cf. Du. zien, G sehen] - 
 
 see 2 , n. What is committed to (arch)bishop, 
 (archi-)episcopal unit, (usu. the s. of Norwich, 
 Canterbury, Rome, &c; Holy S., &. of Rome, 
 the Papacy or Papal court; cf. bishopric, 
 diocese ; several new ss. were created), [f. OF 
 se(d) f. L sedes seat (sedere sit)] 
 
 seed, n., & v.i. & t. Flowering plant's unit 
 of reproduction or germ capable of developing 
 into another such plant, (collect.) ss. in any 
 quantity esp. as collected for sowing, (its ss. 
 are, s. is, black; is full of s.; drops its ss. or s. 
 everywhere ; to be kept for or as s.; go, run, to 
 s., cease flowering as s. comes, fig. grow shabby 
 &c); male fecundating fluid, semen, milt; 
 (bibl.) offspring, progeny, (raise up s., beget 
 children ; the s. of Abraham, Hebrews); germ, 
 prime cause, beginning, of (ss. of strife, vice ; 
 soio the ss. of, initiate); s.-cake, containing 
 whole ss. esp. caraway as flavouring ; s.-coral, 
 in small s.-like pieces; s.-corn, reserved for s.; 
 s.-drill, drill 2 ; s.-eater, kind of bird; s.-fish, 
 ready to spawn ; s.-leaf, primary leaf or devel- 
 oped cotyledon; s.-lobe, cotyledon ; s. -oysters, 
 young ones for planting; s. -pearl, small; s.- 
 plot, piece of nursery-ground, (fig.) hotbed of 
 sedition &c; seedsman, dealer in ss.; s.-time, 
 sowing season; s.-vessel, pericarp; s.-wool, raw 
 cotton before ss. have been removed from fibre ; 
 hence see'dLESS a. (Vb) go to s., produce or 
 let fall s.; sprinkle (as) with s.; remove ss. from 
 (fruit &c); seeding-machine, mechanical s.- 
 sower ; seeding-ploxigh, with hopper depositing 
 s. in furrow as made. [OE sxd, cf. Du. zaad, 
 G saat; cogn. w. sow 1 ] 
 
 see'dep, n. Seed-drill ; apparatus for seeding 
 raisins &c; spawning fish, [-er 1 ] 
 
 see'dling, n. Plant raised from seed & not 
 from cutting &c. ; young tender plant, [-ling 1 ] 
 
 see'dy, a. Full of seed, going to seed ; (of 
 brandy) having flavour attributed to weeds 
 among the vines ; (colloq.) shabby-looking, in 
 worn clothes, out of sorts, feeling ill, whence 
 see'diLY 2 adv.; s.-toe, disease of horse's foot. 
 Hence see'diNESS n. [-v 2 ] 
 
 seek, v.t. & i. (sought, pr. sawt). Make 
 search or inquiry for, try or be anxious to find 
 or get, ask (thing of person), aim at, pursue as 
 object, endeavour to do, make for or resort to 
 (place, person, for advice, health, &c), (what 
 are you seeking ? ; seeks a situation as cook, 
 wealth, scope for his energies, &c. ; sought of 
 him a sign ; seeks my aid ; seeks my life or to 
 kill me ; came seeking advice ; sought his bed, 
 a fortune-teller, the. shore ; s. dead!, order to 
 retriever to find killed game ; s. out, single out 
 for pursuit &c, esp. make special efforts to 
 secure society of) ; search (place, receptacle) 
 through ; make search or inquiry after or for 
 (sought-after, much in demand, generally de- 
 sired or courted) ; (archaic) resort in numbers 
 to (person, place) ; is Sec. to s. or much to s., is 
 deficient, wanting, or not yet found (politeness 
 is much to s. among them ; is to s. in intelli- 
 gence, grammar ; an efficient leader is yet to s.). 
 Hence (-)seekER 1 n. [OE secan, cf. Du. zoeken, 
 G suchen ; cogn. w. L sagire perceive, Gk 
 hegeomai consider] 
 
 seel, v.t. (archaic). Close (eye), close eyes of 
 (hawk), by sewing up lids, (fig.) hoodwink, [f. 
 OF siller, c-, (cil eyelid f. L as cilia)] 
 
 seem, v.i. Have the air or appearance or 
 sensation of being, appear or be apparently 
 perceived or ascertained to do or have done, (be 
 what you s. to be or s.; the man who seemed the 
 
SEEMLY 
 
 780 
 
 SEJUGOUS 
 
 ringleader', seems to be tired, a hopeless ab- 
 surdity ; seems to be a good fellow, saint, Sec; I 
 s. to be or s. deaf today, s. to see him still ; do not 
 s. to slang, somehow do not, as / do not s. to 
 like him, fancy it ; s. good to, be adopted as 
 best course by ; what setmeth him good ar- 
 chaic, what he chooses ; seems to have died at 
 35) ; appear to be true or the fact (with antici- 
 patory it & following that-c]ciuse, or parenth. 
 with it only, often with implication of anger or 
 remonstrance ; it seems to me that it will rain, 
 such talk is absurd, we had better make up our 
 minds to it ; so ice are to get nothing, it seems ; 
 it seems you were lying ; also it should or would 
 s. in same senses ; me seems, -seemeth, -seemed, 
 archaic, it seems, seemed to me) ; (part.) ostensi- 
 ble, apparent only, apparent but perhaps not 
 real, apparent & perhaps real, {the seeming & the 
 real; a seeming friend; with seeming sincerity; 
 seeming-virtuous &c, usu. with suggestion of 
 falsity), whence see'mingLY 2 adv. [OE si- 
 man conciliate, make agree, cogn. w. same] 
 
 see*mly,a. & adv. Decent, decorous, becom- 
 ing; hence see'mliNESS n. (Adv.; rare) de- 
 corously, [f. OX sxmiligr (sxmr becoming f. 
 samr same, -ly j )J 
 
 seen. See see K 
 
 seep, n. Prophet, person who sees visions, 
 person of preternatural insight esp. as regards 
 the future, [different, in sense & pronunc. of 
 se'er (see 1 , -er 1 )] 
 
 seep'hand, n. Kind of Indian muslin. [?] 
 
 seep'suckep, n. Indian blue-&-white-striped 
 linen. [?] 
 
 see'saw, a., adv., n., & v.i. With backward 
 & forward motion as of a saw (s. motion ; go s., 
 vacillate or alternate). (N.)game in which two 
 persons sit one at each end of long board bal- 
 anced on central support & move each other 
 up & down alternately, board thus balanced. 
 (Vb) play at s.; move up & down as in s.; vacil- 
 late in policy &c. [redupl. of saw l ] 
 
 seethe (-dh), v.t. & i. (seethed ; archaic past 
 sod; archaic p.p. sodden). Cook (t. & i.) by 
 boiling (archaic ; prov. thou shalt not s. a kid 
 in his mother's milk); (fig.) boil, bubble over, be 
 agitated, (the seething waters ; India icas seeth- 
 ing with discontent; madness, enthusiasm, 
 seething in his brain). [OE seothan, cf. Du. 
 zieden, G siedeyi] 
 
 seg-ap. (Incorrect for) cigar. 
 
 se'gment, n., & v.i. & t. Part cut off or se- 
 parable or marked off as though separable from 
 the other parts of something (e.g. one ring of a 
 worm, one division of a limb or the skull, one 
 wedge of orange-pulp); (Geom.) part cut off by 
 line or plane from any figure (s. of circle, part 
 enclosed between arc & chord ; s. of sphere, 
 part cut off by any plane not passing through 
 centre), s. of line, part included between two 
 points; s.-gear, -rack, -wheel, with cogs occupy- 
 ing arc of circle only; s.-saw, with teeth ex- 
 tending over s. of circle, also circular saw made 
 up of segmental saw-plates, also saw for cut- 
 ting into segmental shapes ; s. -shell, having be- 
 tween explosive within & lead casing without 
 a case of iron made in ss. to facilitate bursting ; 
 s. -valve, closed by slide turning radially across 
 seat; hence segme'ntAL, se'gmeritARY ', 
 aa., segme'ntalLY 2 adv. (Vb) divide (i. & t.) 
 into ss., (of embryo) undergo cleavage or di- 
 vide into parts; (Physiol.) reproduce by gem- 
 mation ; hence ssgmentA'TiON n. [f'.hseg- 
 mentum (secure cut, -ment)] 
 
 se'gpegate \ v.t. & i. Put apart from the 
 rest, isolate; (intr.; Crystallog.) separate from 
 a mass & collect about centres or lines of frac- 
 ture. Hence or cogn. segpegA'TioN n., se'- 
 
 gpegATiYE a. [f. L SE(grega?'e f. grex grcgis 
 flock), -ate 3 ] 
 
 se'gpegate 2 (-at), a. Set apart, separate, 
 (archaic); (Zool.) simple or solitary, not com- 
 pound ; (Bot.) s. polygamy, inflorescence in 
 which each floret within common calyx has its 
 own perianth also, [prec, -ate 2 ] 
 
 Se'id (sa-, or sed), n. Descendant of Moham- 
 med through Fatima & AIL [f. Arab, seyid 
 prince] 
 
 Sei'dlitz powder (sed-), n. Aperient medi- 
 cine of two powders mixed separately with 
 water & then poured together giving efferves- 
 cence, [named as substitute for mineral water 
 of Seidlitz in Bohemia] 
 
 seigneur (sanyer *), seig'niop(se-),n. Feudal 
 lord, lord of manor, whence seigniop'iAL a.; 
 grand seigneur (F), person of high rank or 
 whose demeanour &c correspond to popular 
 ideal of great nobleman ; the Grand Seignior, 
 = grand Signior. [OF (-eur), as senior] 
 
 seig'niopage (se-), n. Something claimed by 
 sovereign or feudal superior as prerogative, 
 esp. Crown's right to percentage on bullion 
 brought to mint for coining ; royalty payable 
 to author &c. [-age] 
 
 seig'niopy, n. Lordship, sovereign autho- 
 rity ; seignior's domain ; municipal council of 
 medieval Italian republic, [f. OF seigneuric 
 
 (SEIGNEUR, -Y 1 )] 
 
 seine (san, sen), n., & v.t. & i. Fishing-net 
 for encircling, with floats at top & weights at 
 bottom edge ; s.-gang, set of men working s.; 
 s.-necdle, for netting ss.; s.-r oiler, cylinder over 
 which s. is hauled. (Vb) fish, catch, with s., 
 whence sei'nER 1 n. [F, f. L f. Gk sagene] 
 
 seise, seisin. See seiz-. 
 
 sersmie,sei*smal(rare), (slz-),aa. Of earth- 
 quake^). [Gk seismos earthquake (seio shake), 
 -ic] 
 
 sei'smo-, comb, form [prec, -o-] = earth- 
 quake-: -gram, record given by sei's?7ioGRAPn 
 (2) or sersmo'METER or sei'sm oscope, instru- 
 ments showing force, place, &c, of earthquake; 
 so -graphy, -grapher, -graphic(al), -metry, me- 
 trical), -sco'pic; -logy, -logist, -lo'gical(ly). 
 
 seize (sez), v.t. & i. (Law; also seise) put in 
 possession of (chiefly in p.p. seized or seised of, 
 having in legal possession ; often stand seized 
 of); take possession of (contraband goods, docu- 
 ments, &c.) by warrant or legal right, confis- 
 cate, impound, attach, whence sei*zoR 2 n. (le- 
 gal), sei'ZABLE a.; lay hold of forcibly or sud- 
 denly, snatch, grasp with hand or mind, com- 
 prehend quickly or clearly, (s. fortress, sceptre, 
 person by the neck &c, person's hand, oppor- 
 tunity or occasion, an idea, a distinction, the 
 point, the essence of the matter; was seized by 
 apoplexy, with remorse or panic) ; lay hold 
 eagerly upon (s. upon a chance or pretext) ; 
 (Naut.) lash, fasten with several turns of cord, 
 (s. one up, lash him to rigging for flogging ; 
 s. ropes together), whence sei'ziNG 1 ^) n. (usu. 
 pi.), [f. OF seisir. sai-, give seizin, f. LL sacire 
 take possession of perh. f. Teut. (OHG sazzan 
 put, settle, cogn. w. set 1 )] 
 
 sei'zin, sei'sin (-z-), n. (legal). Possession of 
 land by freehold ; act of taking such possession : 
 what is so held. [f. OF seisine, sai- (prec, -ine 4 )] 
 
 sei'zupe (-zher), n. In vbl senses ; esp., sud- 
 den attack of apoplexy &c, stroke, [f. Fsaisir 
 seize w. assim. to -ure cf. pleasure] 
 
 se'jant, a. (herald.). Sitting with forelegs 
 upright. [AF seiant (seier var. of OF seoir f. L 
 sedere sit, -ant)] 
 
 se'jugous (-job-), a. (bot.). With six pairs of 
 leaflets. [L sejugis team of six (sex six, jugum 
 yoke), -ousl 
 
SEJUNCTION 
 
 T81 
 
 SELF- 
 
 seju'nction, n. (archaic). Disjoining, sepa- 
 ration, [f. L SE( junctio JUNCTION)] 
 
 se'kos, n. (ai'chaeol.). Sacred enclosure esp. 
 of ancient temple, adytum. [Gk (se-)) 
 
 sela'chian (-k-), n. & a. Any fish of shark or 
 dogfish kind ; of or like such fishes. So se # - 
 lachoiD a. & n. [Gk selakhos shark, -ian] 
 
 se'lah, Hebrew word of unknown meaning 
 retained in Bible version of Psalms & supposed 
 to be a musical direction. 
 
 sela'miik (-ah-), n. Men's part of Mohamme- 
 dan house. [Turk.] 
 
 se'ldom (-om), adv. (rarely -er, -est). Rarely, 
 not often, (s. or never ; very s. ; not s.). [OE sel- 
 dan,-don,-dum(seld rarely, -mjidat.pl, term.), 
 cf. Du. zelden, G selten] 
 
 sele*ct,a.,&v.t. Chosen for excellence, choice, 
 picked, got by rejection or exclusion of what is 
 inferior ; (of society &c.) exclusive, cautious in 
 admitting members; hence sele'ctNESsn. (Vb) 
 
 {lick out as best or most suitable ; hence se- 
 e'ctivE a., sele'ctiveLY 2 adv., sele'etoR 2 
 n. [vb f. adj., f. L SE(ligere lect- = legere pick)] 
 
 sele'etion, n. Selecting, choice ; what is se- 
 lected (a fine s. of summer goods ; what is your 
 s. for the Derby ? ; the new head-master is a 
 good s.); (Biol.) sorting out in various ways (na- 
 tural, sexual, physical, artificial, methodical, 
 unconscious, s.) of the types of animal or plant 
 better fitted to survive or multiply regarded as 
 a factor in evolution, [f. L selectio (prec, -ion)] 
 
 selenite, n. Crystallized or foliated sulphate 
 of lime often in transparent thin plates (se - -) ; 
 (Chem.) salt of selenium (se*-) ; (S-; sile'-) in- 
 habitant of moon. Hence se'leni'tic a. [f. 
 Gkselenites (lithos) moon (-stone) f. Selene,-lTE l ] 
 
 sele'nium, n. Non-metallic element grouped 
 with sulphur & tellurium & with special uses 
 due to difference in its electric resistance under 
 light & darkness. Hence sele'nic a., se'len- 
 ate j (3) n., sele'nious (chem.) a. [Gk Selene 
 moon, -ium; named w. ref. to tellurium] 
 
 selen(o)-, comb, form of Gk selene moon ; 
 -ce'ntric, as seen &c. from centre of moon ; se- 
 le'nodont, (mammal) with crescent-ridges on 
 crowns of teeth ; -graphy, study or mapping 
 of the moon, so -graph(I), -grapher, -gra'phic ; 
 -logy, -logist ; -tro'pic, curving towards the 
 moon (of plant-organs influenced in growth 
 thus), so -tropism, -tropY 1 . 
 
 Seleu'cid, n. (pi. -ids, -idae). One of the 
 dynasty founded by Seleucus that governed 
 Syria c. 312-64 B.C. [-id 3] 
 
 self, n. (pi. -ves). Person's or thing's own 
 individuality or essence, person or thing as 
 object of introspection or reflexive action, {the 
 study of the s. ; the consciousness of s. ; one's 
 second s., intimate friend, right-hand man ; 
 chiefly his, its, &c, own or very s. as form of 
 himself &c. when divided; Caesar's, pity's, 
 &c. s., rhet. for Caesar himself, pity itself); 
 one's own interests or pleasure, concentration 
 on these, (cares for nothing but, refers every- 
 thing to, s. ; s. is a bad guide to happiness) ; 
 flower of uniform, or of the natural wild, co- 
 lour; HERSELF, HIMSELF, ITSELF, MYSELF, 
 ONES., OURSELF, THEMSELVES, YOURSELF. [OE, 
 
 cf. Du. zelf, G selbe ; etym. dub. ; orig. appended, 
 as adj. or in apposition, to pronoun & declined 
 with it, he self, his selfes, dat. him selfum, ace. 
 hine selfne ; in ME also adj. = same, very] 
 
 self-, pref. (prec.) expr. direct or indirect 
 reflexive action, automatic or independent 
 action, or sameness; freely used as living pref.; 
 the more established wds are given alphabeti- 
 cally with references to the numbered classes 
 following : 
 
 1. Expressing direct reflexive action with part. 
 
 of any vb that can have self for object, & hence 
 with the p.p. in sense by oneself or itself, & 
 with vbl nn. & adjj. & advv. in sense of -self ; 
 so from 'I accuse myself come s.-accusing, 
 -accused, aa., -accuser, -accusation, nn., -accu- 
 satory a., -accusingly, -accusatorily, advv. 
 
 2. By extension it is prefixed also to any word, 
 whether participle or other vbl deriv. or not, 
 to which self might be attached by a preposi- 
 tion ; in a large class (2a) the sense is without 
 external agency or assistance; so from 'acts 
 by or of itself come s.-acting, s. -action, s. -ac- 
 tivity; from 'evident of itself comes s.-evident; 
 in other wds (2b) the relation expressed is 
 various; so from 'conceited about oneself s.- 
 conceited & s. -cone it, from 'be absorbed, con- 
 fide, in oneself s.-absorbed, -absorption, -confi- 
 dence, from 'inflict on oneself ' s.-infiicted, from 
 'be conscious, despair, of oneself s. -co nscious- 
 ness, -despair, from 'depend on oneself s.- 
 dependence, from 'righteous as seen by oneself ' 
 s. -righteous, from 'seek things for oxeself 
 s. -seeker, -seeking a. & n., from 'suffice, use 
 violence, to oneself s. -sufficing, -sufficient, s.- 
 violence. 
 
 3. To a few nn. & their deriv v. in -ed 2 self- is 
 prefixed with sense uniform, or natural <& not 
 artificially produced. 
 
 s. -abandonment, s. -abasement, s. -abhorrence, 
 1; s.-absorbed, s.-absorption, 2b; s. -abuse 1, 
 onanism; s.-accusation, s.-accusatory, &c, 1; 
 s.-acting, s. -action, s. -activity, 2a, automatic 
 (action); s. -adjusting, s. -adjustment, 1, of ma- 
 chinery &c; s.-admiration, s.-aggrandize- 
 ment, -appointed, -appreciation, -approval, 
 -approbation, 1; s.-ASSERTi'ngr, -assertive, -asser- 
 tion, &c, 1; s. -assumed 2b, of title &c. not con- 
 ferred but taken esp. without right ;s.-begotten 
 1, by exag. for not begotten by another; s. -be- 
 trayal 1; s. -binder 2a, reaping-machine with 
 automatic arrangement for binding sheaves; 
 s. -blinded 1; s.-bom 1, as s. -begotten ; s.-centred- 
 (ness) 2b, preoccupied with one's own person- 
 ality or affairs; s.-closing 1 ; s.-cocking 1, of gun 
 in which hammer is raised by trigger, not by 
 hand; s. -collected 2b, having or showing pre- 
 sence of mind or composure; s.-colour(ed) 3, of 
 flower or material in which colour is uniform 
 throughout, or flower whose colour has not been 
 changed by cultivation &c. ; s.-command 1, 
 power of controlling one's emotions; s.-com- 
 munion 2b, meditation esp. upon one's own 
 character or conduct ; s. -complacent, -com- 
 placency, 2b, of person too easily pleased with 
 himself; s.-conceit(ed) 2b; s.-condemned, -con- 
 demnation, 1 ; s.-confidence, -confidently), 2b ; 
 s.-congratulation, -coyiquest, 1 ; s.-conscious' 
 (ness) i 2b, esp. of person embarrassed or made 
 theatrical by inability to forget himself in 
 society, also philos. &c. of man as having 
 faculty of self-contemplation; s.-consistent, -con- 
 sistency, 2b; s. -constituted 1, esp. of person who 
 assumes function without right to it; s.-con- 
 sumingl; s. -contained 1, not communicative, 
 also compact or complete in itself; s.-contempt, 
 -contemptuous(ly), 1 ; s. -content n., -contented, 
 2b; s. -contradiction, -contradictory, -control, 
 -convicted, 1 ; s. -created, -creation, 1, as s. -begot- 
 ten; s.-critical, criticism, -culture, -deceiving, 
 -deceiver, -deceit, -deception, 1 ; s.-defence 1 (in 
 s.-d., not by way of aggression; art of s.-d., 
 boxing); s. -delusion 1; s.-DENYing (s.-d. ordin- 
 ance, resolution of Long Parliament 1645 de- 
 priving members of Parliament of civil & 
 military office ; also often used allusively), 
 -denial, 1; s. -dependent, -ence, 2b; s.-deprecia- 
 tion, -depreciative, 1; s. -despair 2b; s.-destroy- 
 ing, -destruction, &c, 1 ; s.-determinina- -deter- 
 
SELF- 
 
 782 
 
 SEME 
 
 mination, &c, 1, esp. w. ref. to free will as opp. 
 fatalism &e. : s. -development 1; s.-devotion 1, 
 devoting of oneself to person or cause ; s.-dis- 
 cipline, -disparagement, -display, -dispraise, 
 -distrust(ful), -educated, -education, -efface- 
 ment, 1 ; s. -elective 1, esp. = proceeding &c. by 
 cooptation ; s.-esteem I ; s.-evident(ly) 2a, with- 
 out need of demonstration; s. -examination 1; 
 s. -executing 1, not needing legislation &c. to 
 enforce it; s.-existent 2a; s.-explaining, -ex- 
 planatory, 1 ; s.-faced 3, (of stone) unhewn, un- 
 dressed; s. -feeding, -feeder, 1, (furnace, machine, 
 &c.) that renews its own fuel or material auto- 
 matically; s. -fertilizing, -fertilized, 1, -fertile, 
 -fertility, 2a, of plants fertilized by their own 
 pollen, not from others; s.-Jlattering, -flattery, 
 1; s.-forgetful(ness) 1, unselfish(ness) ; s.-generat- 
 ingl; s.-glazed 3, (of porcelain) covered with 
 glaze of one tint; s.-glorification 1; s. -governing 
 (esp. the s.-g. colonies opp. crows x -colony), 
 -government, 1; s.-gratulation 1; s.-heal 1, kinds 
 of plant named as enabling patient to do with- 
 out doctor; s.-help 1, working for oneself with- 
 out waiting for external aid; s.-humiliation, 
 -immolation, 1; s. -important, -importance, 2b, 
 in one's own eyes, & hence pompous &c; s. -im- 
 posed 2b, of task &c; s.-impotent 2a. opp. s.- 
 fertile; s. -improvement 1; s. -inductive, -induc- 
 tion, 2a, (Elect.) (capable of) production of 
 extra current in circuit by variation of current 
 in thatcircuit ; s. -indulgent, -indulgence, &c, 1, 
 yielding to temptations of ease or pleasure ; 
 s.-inflictcd 2b; s. -interested) 2b, (actuated by 
 or absorbed in) what one conceives to be for 
 one's own interests ; s.-invited 1, having had to 
 ask for, having come without, an invitation; 
 s.-involved 2b, wound up in oneself; s. -justifica- 
 tion, -kindled, -knowledge, -laudation, 1; s.-lovz 
 1, selfishness, impulse towards s. -indulgence, 
 vulnerable conceit, also rarely desire of s. -de- 
 velopment «Scc; s. -luminous 2a; s.-made 1, of 
 person who has risen by his own exertions, 
 often with implication of vulgarity &c. ; s.- 
 mastery, -mortification, 1; s.-moving, -motion, 
 -murder(er), 1 ; s.-opinion, -opinioned, -opinion- 
 ated, 2b, of stubborn adherence to one's own 
 opinions; s.-partial(ity) 2b; s.-pity, -pleasing a. 
 & n., 1 ; s. -poised 2a ; s.-pollution 1, s. -abuse ; s.- 
 -possesscd, -possession, 1, cool(ness), composed, 
 composure, in agitating circumstances &c. ; 
 s.-praise 1 ; s.-preservation 1, esp. the primary 
 instinct impelling conscious beings to go on 
 living& avoid injury; s.-profit 2b; s.-propagat- 
 ing 1; s.-raker 2a, •reaping-machine with set of 
 rakes automatically preparing corn for bind- 
 ing ; s.-realization 1, development of one's fa- 
 culties esp. as ethical first principle; s. -record- 
 ing 2a, of scientific instrument &c; s.-regard- 
 ing, -regard, 1, opp. altruism &c. without the 
 censure implied in selfish &c. ; s.-registering 2a, 
 as, s. -recording ; s.-regulating 1, of machinery; 
 s.-reliant, -ance, 2b; s.-renunciation 1, unselfish- 
 ness; s.-repression, -reproach(fid), 1; s. -re- 
 pugnant 2b, inconsistent; s.-respecti7ig, -respect, 
 respectful, 1, of person who has & acts up to 
 a standard of worthy conduct; s. -restrained, 
 -restraint, -revealing a., -revelation, 1; s. -rever- 
 ent, -reverence, 1, rhet., poet., theol., &c, for 
 s.-respect &c; s.-righteous(ness) 2b; s.-righting 
 a. 1, of boat ; s.-san*ificing a., -sacrifice, 1, post- 
 poning private interest & desires to those of 
 others ; selfsame 3, emphatic form of same ; s.- 
 satisfied, -satisfaction, 2b, conceit(ed); s.-scoml', 
 s.-seeking a. & n., -seeker, 2b; s. -slaughter 1; 
 s.-soum 1, sprung from seed that has dropped 
 without human agency; s. -sterile, -sterility, 2a, 
 as s.-impotent; s.-styled 1, having taken the 
 name without right &c. pretended, would-be : 
 
 s.-sufficing 2b, requiring nothing from outside, 
 independent; s. -sufficient, -ency, 2b, = s.-sufficing, 
 also & usu. sufficient in one's own opinion, pre- 
 sumptuous ; s.-suggestion 2b, reflexive sugges- 
 tion of the mesmeric or hypnotic kind : s.-sup- 
 port(ing), -sun-ender, -sustaining, -sustained, 
 -taught, -tormenting &c, -torture &c., 1 ; s.- 
 violtnce 2b, esp. suicide; s.-will(ed) 2b, as s.- 
 opinion &c. ; s.-winding 1, of clock with auto- 
 matic winding apparatus ; s.-tcorship 1. 
 
 selfhood, n. (rare). Personality, separate & 
 conscious existence, [-hood] 
 
 se'lfish, a. Deficient in consideration for 
 others, alive chiefly to personal profit or plea- 
 sure, actuated by self-interest, (of motives &c.) 
 appealing to self-interest is. theory of morals, 
 that pursuit of pleasure of one kind or another 
 is the ultimate spring of every action). Hence 
 se'lfish ly a adv., se'lfishXESS n. 1-ish l ] 
 
 se'lfless, a. Oblivious of self, incapable of 
 selfishness. Hence se'lflessxESS n. [-less] 
 
 se'lfness, n. (rare). = selfhood, [-ness] 
 
 Seljirk <-ook), n. Member of llth-13th-c. 
 Mohammedan dynasties in central & Western 
 Asia descended from the chieftain Seljuk. 
 Hence SeljtrkiAX a. & n. 
 
 sell, v.t. & i. (sold), & n. Make over or dis- 
 poseof in exchange formoney (cf. buy, barter; 
 8. one'slife dearly fig., kill or wound assailants 
 before being killed ; selling race, handicap, &c, 
 in which winning horse must be sold to highest 
 bidder); keep stock of for sale or be a dealer in 
 (do you s. candles? ; bookselling &c.) ; betray 
 formoney or other reward (.9. one's country &c); 
 prostitute for money or other consideration, 
 make a matter of corrupt bargaining, (s. jus- 
 tice, oneself, one's honour or chastity) : (slang) 
 disappoint by not keeping engagement &c, by 
 failing in some way, or by trickery (sold again !, 
 excl. used by or to disappointed person ; n., such 
 disappointment, as tchat a s. !); (of goods) find 
 purchasers {will never s.; selling like wildfire) ; 
 & off, s. remainder of (goods), clear out stock, 
 at reduced prices ; s. out, leave army by selling 
 commission (hist.), s. (all or some of one's shares 
 in company, whole stock-in-trade, &c, or abs.) : 
 s. up, s. goods of (debtor) by distress or legal 
 
 Srocess. Hence (-)sellER 1 n. [OE sellan. cf. 
 >N selja. OHG saljan; cogn. w. sale] 
 
 sellanders. See sallexders. 
 
 se*ltzer(- water), n. Medicinal mineral wa- 
 ter from Setters in Germany. 
 
 se'ltzogrene, n. = gazogexe. [f. F selzogene 
 (prec, -gex)] 
 
 se'lvage Mj), -edge, n. Edge of cloth so 
 woven that it cannot unravel, border of differ- 
 entmaterial or finish along edge of cloth intend- 
 ed to be torn off or hidden, list; edge-plate of 
 lock with opening for the bolt. Hence se*l- 
 vag-ED 2 a. [f. MDu. selfegge (self, edge)] 
 
 selves. See self. 
 
 se'maphope, n. Signalling apparatus of 
 post with oscillating arms, arrangement of lan- 
 terns, &c, for use (esp. now on railways) by day 
 or night. Hence semapho'Pic a., sema- 
 pho'riCALLY adv. [F (si-), irreg. f. Gk sema 
 -atos sign, phero bear] 
 
 sema'tic, a. (nat. hist,). (Of colour or mark- 
 ings in animals) significant, serving to warn off 
 enemies or attract attention, [prec, -ic] 
 
 se'mblable, a. (archaic). Having semblance 
 of something, seeming. [OF (foil., -able)] 
 
 se'mblance, n. What looks like, the out- 
 ward appearance of, something (put on a s. of 
 anger ; bears the s. of an angel & the heart of 
 a devil). [OF (sembler f. L as simulate, -axce)] 
 
 se*m4 (-ma), a. (herald. ). Covered with small 
 bearings of indefinite number (e.g. stars, fleurs- 
 
SEMEIOLOGY 
 
 783 
 
 SEND 
 
 de-lis) arranged over field. [F, p.p. of semer f. 
 L seminare sow (semen)] 
 
 semeiolog-y, semeiotics. See semio-. 
 
 se'men, n. Generative fluid of male ani- 
 mals. [L, genit. -wits, = seed (severe sow, -men)] 
 
 seme'step, n. Half-year course or term in 
 German & other universities, [f. F semestre f. 
 L semestris six-monthly (sex six, ynensis month)] 
 
 semi-, pref. = L semi- half- [cf. Gk hemi-, OE 
 sam-, Skr. sami, perh. cogn. w. same], attached 
 to any E wd as living pref. (cf. bi-, di-* 2 , DEMI-, 
 hemi-); the more established or illustrative wds 
 are given alphabetically w. reff. to the follow- 
 ing numbered senses : 1. the half of (-circle) ; 
 
 2. on one of two sides (-detached), in one of two 
 directions (-infinite), in some particular (-vowel); 
 
 3. little more or better than (-barbarism) ; 4. 
 rather less than (-official), in low degree (-civi- 
 lized), not quite deserving the description 
 (-smile) ; 5. imperfect(ly) (-bull, -double) ; 6. oc- 
 curring, published, &c, each half — or twice 
 in a — (-annual ; cf. Bi-le): s.-annualUy) 6 ; s.- 
 barbarian, -barbarism, 3; se'mibrevel, whole 
 note or time occupied by it (see breve); s.-bull 5, 
 issued by Pope after election & before corona- 
 tion with one side of seal left blank ; s.-centen- 
 nial 6, occurring &c. every fifty years ; s.- 
 chorus 1, half or part of choir, passage per- 
 formed by it; s. -circle, -circular a., 1, (amount- 
 ing to, arranged as or in, shaped like) half of a 
 circle or of its circumference, set of objects 
 ranged in or object forming a s.-c, instrument 
 for measuring angles ; semico'lon 4, punctua- 
 tion-mark (;) now used as the chief stop (the 
 colon being mostly reserved for special uses) of 
 intermediate value between comma & full-stop; 
 s. -cylinder, -cylindrical, 1, (of, forming, &c.) 
 half of a cylinder cut longitudinally ; s.-demi- 
 semiquaverl; s. -detached 2, (of house) joined 
 to another by part y- wall on one side only ; s.- 
 dome 1,4, half-dome formed by vertical section, 
 part of structure more or less resembling dome; 
 s.-double 5 (bot.), having outer stamens only 
 converted to petals ; s.-fluid a. & n. 4, viscous 
 (fluid); s.-fused5; s.-infidel3; s.-infinite2, limit- 
 ed in one direction & stretching to infinity in 
 the other ; semilu'nar 1, 4, halfmoon-shaped, 
 crescent-shaped, (esp. in anat. names, as s.-l. 
 bone, cartilage, fold, fossa, lobe, valve) ; s.- 
 monthly 6 ; s.-mute a. & n. 3, (person) practically 
 dumb owing to (esp. congenital) deafness ; s.- 
 official(ly) 4, esp. of communications made to 
 newspapers by official with stipulation that 
 they shall not be formally attributed to him ; 
 s.-plume 2, feather with firm stem but downy 
 web; s.-precious 4, of stones ; semiquaver mus. 
 1, note with double-hooked shaft ; s.-smile 4 ; 
 semitone mus. 1. interval approximately equal 
 to half a tone on the scale (chromatic s.-t. ; dia- 
 tonic «.-£., between 7th & 8th note of major scale); 
 s.-transparent 4 ; s.-tropical 4, (as) of regions 
 bordering on the tropics ; s.-tubular 1, shaped 
 like half a tube cut longitudinally ; s. -uncial 5, 
 between uncial & minuscule ; se'mivoivel, -vo'- 
 cal a., 2, sound, or letter representing it, inter- 
 mediate between vowel & consonant (e.g. y, w), 
 consonant that is not mute (e.g. I, m, z) ; s.- 
 weekly 6. 
 
 seminal, a. Of seed or semen or reproduc- 
 tion, germinal, reproductive, propagative, (s. 
 fluid, semen ; in the s. state, rudimentary, still 
 undeveloped ; s. principles, pregnant with con- 
 sequences). Hence seminalLY 2 adv. [OF, 
 f. L seminalis (semen, -at,)] 
 
 se'minapy, n. Place of education (formerly 
 in pretentious use for school, cf. academy ; now 
 rare exc. either fig. as a s. of vice &c, or of 
 foreign R.-C. & esp. Jesuit schools, whence 
 
 seminar ist n.). [f. OF seminaire f. L semi- 
 narium seed-plot (semen, -arv J )] 
 semination, n. (bot.). Process, plant's man- 
 ner, of seeding, [f. L seminatio (seminare t. 
 
 SEMEN, -ATION)] 
 
 seminrferous, a. Bearing seed ; conveying 
 semen, [semen, -i-, -ferousj 
 semio'log-y, semio-ties, -meio- (-mid-), 
 
 nn. Branch of pathology concerned with symp- 
 toms. [Gk semeion sign (sema mark), semeid- 
 tikos of signs, -logy, -ics] 
 
 Semite, n. & a. (Member) of any of the 
 races supposed to be descended from Shem 
 (Gen. x. 21 foil.) including esp. the Hebrews, 
 Arameans, Phoenicians, Arabs, & Assyrians. 
 So^emi'tic a. (also n. = S. languages), Se- 
 mitiSM(2, 4), SemitiST(3), nn., SemitiZE(3) 
 v.t. [LL f. Gk Sera Shem, -ite j ] 
 
 semoli'na (-le-), semola, n. Hard grains 
 left after bolting of flour, used in puddings &c. 
 [-ina f. It. semolino dim. of semola bran f. L 
 simila fine flour] 
 
 sempiter'nal, a, (Rhet. for) eternal ; ever- 
 lasting, never to end, (rare). [OF (-nel) f. L sem- 
 piternus (sempi- for semper always, w. suf. as 
 in aetcrnus eternal )+ -alJ 
 
 se'mplice (-etsha), mus. direction. Without 
 embellishments or liberties. [It., - simple] 
 
 se'mpre (-a), mus. direction. Throughout 
 (with other direction, as s. piano). [It.] 
 
 sempstress. See seamstress. 
 
 sen,_n. Japanese copper coin, 1/100 of yen. 
 
 senar'ius, n. (pi. -it). Latin verse of six feet, 
 esp. iambic trimeter, [f. h (versus) senarixis 
 (seni six each, -ary ')] 
 
 se'napy, a. On basis of six, by sixes, (s. 
 scale 3 , cf. binary), [f. L as prec] 
 
 senate («t), n. State-council of the ancient- 
 Roman republic & empire dividing(with fluctu- 
 ationsat variousperiods) legislative power with 
 the popular assemblies, administrative power 
 with the magistrates, & judicial power with 
 the equites ; council of ancient Athens & Sparta ; 
 upper or second chamber in some parliaments, 
 e.g. those of France & U.S.; (rhet.) any legisla- 
 ture or its proceedings or members (the s., the 
 Stdpit, & the press) ; governing body of Cam- 
 ridge Univ. & other institutions, [f. OF sen at 
 f. L senatus (sen- old, -ate 1 )] 
 
 senator, n. Member of senate. Hence or 
 cogn. senator'iAL a., senator*ialLv 2 adv., 
 se'natorsHip n. [OF (-our), f. L senatorem. 
 nom. -or (prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 sena'tus, n. The ancient-Roman senate (s. 
 popidusque Romanus the senate & people of 
 Rome, abbr. S.P.Q.R., official designation of 
 ancient Rome as a State ; s.-consult(um), de- 
 cree of thes.). [L, = senate] 
 
 send, v.t. & i. (sent). Bid go, secure convey- 
 ance of, to some destination (destination given 
 by to or other prep, or by ind. obj. of person, or 
 merely implied ; 8. message or messenger to ; 
 sent me a book ; will send an army ; s. goods all 
 over or roxind the world ; s. coals to Newcastle ; 
 s. word, have message taken that, to do, &c; 
 s. up or in one's name, an exhibit, &c, enter 
 oneself or it for competition) ; (of God, provi- 
 dence, &c.) grant, bestow, inflict, bring about, 
 cause to be so-&-so, (s. rain, a judgment, pesti- 
 lence ; God s. it may not be so! ; s. him victor- 
 ious!); propel, cause to move, (s. bullet; sent 
 his temperature up, down ; s. out or forth 
 leaves, steam, odour) ; dismiss, with or without 
 force (with off, away, or compl. or adv. phr.; 
 sent him away, packing, flying, about his 
 business, to the right-about; s. to Coventry ; 
 .s. down, rusticate or expel from university; s. 
 off letter, parcel, Sec, get it off one's own hands 
 
SENDAL 
 
 784 
 
 SENSIBLE 
 
 & started on its way ; s. off person, witness his 
 departure as sign of respect &c.); drive mad or 
 crazy ; s. message or letter (sent to warn me, de- 
 pose him, to me to take care ; s. for him, telling 
 him to come ; s. for the book, ordering it as 
 purchase). Hence se'ndER 1 n. [OE sendan, 
 cf. Du. zenden, G senden] 
 
 se'ndal, n. Medieval silken fabric used for 
 rich dresses, pennons, &c. [OF, f. med.L cen- 
 daZum (Skr. sindhu- of the Indus or Scinde)] 
 
 send-off, n. Friendly or admiring demon- 
 stration at or before person's departure. 
 
 se'nega, -ka, n. (Drug, used in cough-mix- 
 tux*es, made from root of) American plant called 
 also S.-snake-root. [f. name of Seneca Indians] 
 
 se'nega.1, n. Small crimson bird, the African 
 bloodfinch, often caged. [S., W.-Afr. river] 
 
 sene*seent,a. Growing old. Hence sene's- 
 cence n. [f. L senescere (senior, -escent)] 
 
 se'neschal (-ski), n. Steward or majordomo 
 of medieval great house. [OF, f. Teut. (Goth. 
 *sins old, found in sinista oldest, cogn. w. L 
 senex, skalks servant, cf. marshal)] 
 
 se'ngreen (-n-g-), n. = HousE 1 -Zeefc. [OE 
 sin-grene (sin- very, green)] 
 
 sen/ior* (-nyor), used of or to Portuguese as 
 
 SIGNOR, 
 
 se'nile, a. Showing the feebleness &c. of, 
 incident to, old age (s. atrophy, apathy, gar- 
 rulity, dementia, &c). Hence seni'lixv n. 
 [OF, f. L senilis (foil., -il)] 
 
 se'nion (-er), a. & n. More advanced in age 
 or older in standing, superior in age or standing 
 to, of higher or highest degree, (opp. junior; 
 the s. members of the family, university, &c. ; 
 the s. partner, head of firm ; s. optime, see 
 wrangler ; s. classic, competitor placed high- 
 est in classical tripos when names were arrang- 
 ed according to merit ; s. wrangler; s. man 
 at university, opp. FRESHmcm ; is two years s. 
 to me), so senio'PiTV n.; (appended to name 
 for distinction ; abbr. sen., sr; opp. junior) s. 
 to another of same name (esp. with father's 
 Christian name & surname when son has same, 
 as John Smith sen., or at school with surname 
 when two or more boys have same, as Smith 
 sen.). (N.) person of advanced age or compara- 
 tively long service &c; one's elder or superior 
 in length of service, membership, &c. (is my s.); 
 s. wrangler, classic, or man. [L, = older, old(ish) 
 man, compar. f. st. of senex se?u's old (man)] 
 
 senior'es prior'es, L sentence (- elders 
 first) used in reminding the young of precedence 
 due to seniority. 
 
 se'nna, n. (Dried leaflets, used as laxative, 
 of) kinds of cassia, [f. It. sena f. Arab, sana] 
 
 se'nnet, n. (hist.). Signal call on trumpet 
 (in stage-directions of Shaksperian & other 
 plays), [f. OF seanet (seing f. L BIGNwm, -et 1 )] 
 
 se'nnig-ht (it), n. (archaic). Week (esp. 
 Tuesday &c. s.). [for seven-night] 
 
 se'nnit, si'nnet, n. (naut.). Braided cord- 
 age made in flat or round or square form from 
 3-9 cords (common i.e. flat, round, square, s.). 
 [perh. for seven-knit, cf. prec. &dimitv, samite] 
 
 senor, senor'a, senorita (re), (ny), 
 used of or to Spaniards as signor &c. 
 
 Senoirs(s)i (-00-), n. Religious & political 
 Mohammedan fraternity in N. Africa named 
 after founder (usu. the S. as sing, or pi.). 
 
 sensa'tion, n. Consciousness of perceiving 
 or seeming to perceive some state or affection 
 of one's body or its parts or senses or of one's 
 mind or its emotions, contents of such con- 
 sciousness, (had a s. of giddiness, heat, pain, 
 comfort, thirst, falling, sourness, deafness, 
 pride, stupidity; pressing the eyeball in the 
 dark will produce the s. of light or of seeing 
 
 light; in search of a. new s.), whence sensa*- 
 tionARY ! a. (rare) ; stirring of the emotions 
 common to many people or of eager interest 
 among them,display of intense common emotion 
 or interest, literary or other use of material 
 calculated to excite it, (made a great s., was 
 eagerly discussed or viewed; s. among the 
 audience, shown by deep silence, applause, or 
 other general manifestation ; a three-days s.; 
 what is the latest s. ? ; the essence of melodrama 
 is s. ; deals largely in s.). Hence sensa'tion- 
 al a., sensa'tionalLY 2 adv. [OF (L sensatus 
 having sense f. sensus sense, -ate 2 , -ion)J 
 
 sensationalism, n. (Philos.) theory that 
 ideas are derived solely from sensation ; pursuit 
 of the sensational in literature, political agita- 
 tion, &c. So sensa*tionaliST(2) n. [-ism] 
 
 sense, n., & v.t. Any of the special bodily 
 faculties by which sensation is roused (the five 
 ss., sight, hearing, smell, taste, & touch ; sixth 
 or mrisculars., producing sensation of muscu- 
 lar effort ; has quick, keen, ss., a dull s. of smell), 
 (pi.) person's sanity or ordinary state of mind 
 regarded as secured by possession of these 
 (have you taken leave of, are you out of, your 
 ss. ?, are you mad ? ; he will soon come, we must 
 bring him, to his ss., out of mad folly ; fright- 
 ened out of his ss., into loss of faculties; in 
 one's ss., sane) ; ability to perceive or feel or to 
 be conscious of the presence or properties of 
 things, sensitiveness of all or any of the ss., (s.- 
 perception; errors of s., mistakes in percep- 
 tion ; the pleasures of s., those depending on 
 sensation; has a plant sJ); consciousness of (a 
 or the s. of pleasure, pain, gratification, having 
 done well, one's own importance, shame, re- 
 sponsibility ; labouring under a s. of wrong? 
 feeling wronged) ; quick or accurate apprecia- 
 tion of, instinct regardjng or insight into speci- 
 fied matter or habit of squaring conduct to 
 such instinct, (s. of locality, distance, the ri- 
 diculous, humour, duty, beauty, gratitude ; a 
 keen s. of honour; the religious, moral, aesthe- 
 tic, s.) ; practical wisdom, judgment, common 
 sense, conformity to these, (sound, good, com- 
 mon l , s.; a man ofs., sagacious ; had not the s. 
 to do ; has plenty ofs.; what is the s. of talking 
 like that?; has more s. than to do; now you 
 are talking s.); meaning, way in which word 
 &c. is to be understood, intelligibility or co- 
 herence or possession of a meaning, (in what 
 exact s. we shall rise again is doubtful ; the s. 
 of the word is clear ; does not make s. , is un- 
 intelligible ; in the strict, limited, literal, figur- 
 ative, moral, metaphorical, legal, Pickwick- 
 ian, proper, full, s.; in a vague, in every, s.; 
 make s. oid of nonsense); prevailing sentiment 
 among a number of people (take the s. of the 
 meeting, ascertain this by putting question 
 &c); s.-body, -capsule, -cavity, -cell, -centre, 
 -organ, partsof animals concerned in producing 
 sensation, hence se'nseLESS a. (esp. = foolish; 
 knock s., stun), se°nselessLY 2 adv., se'nse- 
 lessNESS n. ( Vb) perceive by s. ff. F sens f. L 
 sensus -us (sentire sens- feel)] 
 
 sensibi'lity, n. Capacity to feel (skin lost 
 its s.); exceptional openness to emotional im- 
 pressions (sense & s.), delicacy of feeling, sus- 
 ceptibility (s. to kindness &c.), over-sensitive- 
 ness, (pi.) susceptibility in various directions. 
 [OF (-te), f. LL sensibilitatem (foil., -TV)] 
 
 sensible (-si-), a. Perceptible by the senses 
 (s. phenomena, things) ; great enough to be per- 
 ceived, appreciable, (a s. difference, increase); 
 (archaic) sensitive do) ; aware, not unmindful. 
 of, (was s. of his peril, your kindness) ; of good 
 sense, reasonable, judicious, moderate, practi- 
 cal, (as. man, course, compromise; that is very 
 
SENSITIVE 
 
 785 
 
 SEPIMENT 
 
 s. of him). Hence sensibLY 2 adv..se*nsibie- 
 ness n. [OF, f. L sensibilis (sense, -ble)] 
 
 se'nsitive, a. & n. Of the senses, sensory, 
 (rare) ; having sensibility to, very open to or 
 acutely affected by external impressions esp. 
 those made by the moods or opinions of others 
 in relation tooneself; (of instrument&c.)readily 
 responding^ or recording slight changesof con- 
 dition (.9. market, liable to quick changes of 
 price); (Chem.) readily affected by or responsive 
 to appropriate agent, (Photog.) s. paper, pre- 
 pared to receive impressions from light, whence 
 se € nsitizE(3) v.t., sensitizATiON, se'nsi- 
 tizER 1 (2), sensito'METER, nn.; s. plant, kind 
 of mimosa whose leaves curve downwards & 
 leaflets fold together at nightfall or when 
 touched ; hence se'nsitiveLY 2 adv., sensi- 
 tivexESS, sensiti'vixv (chem., photog., phy- 
 siol., psychol.), nn. (N.; Hypnotism &c.) person 
 s. to hypnotic &c. influences. [OF (-if, -ire), 
 irreg. f. L sentire sens- feel, -ive] 
 
 sensop'ium, n. (pi. -ia, -s). The seat of 
 sensation, the brain, brain & spinal cord, orgrey 
 matter of these; (Biol.) whole sensory apparatus 
 including nerve-system &c. [F f. LL (foil.)] 
 
 se'nsory , sensorial, aa. Of the sensorium 
 or sensation or the senses, [sense,' -or y, -al] 
 
 se'nsual {or -shoo-), a. Of sense or sensation, 
 sensory, (rare) ; of or depending on the senses 
 only & not the intellect or spirit, carnal, fleshly, 
 (s. pleasures) ; given to the pursuit of s. plea- 
 sures or gratification of the appetites, self- 
 indulgent in regard to food & sexual enjoyment, 
 voluptuous, licentious; (Philos.) holding the 
 doctrine of, according to, of, sensationalism. 
 Hence or cogn. se*nsualiZE(3) v.t., sen- 
 sualizATiON, se*nsualis.M(2, 3), se'nsual- 
 ist(1,2), sensua'liTV, nn., sensualLY 2 adv. 
 [f. LL sensualis (sense, -al)] 
 
 se'nsuous, a. Of, derived from, affecting, 
 the senses (chiefly as substitute, free of implied 
 censure, for prec; cf. non-moral & immoral). 
 Hence sensucusLY 2 adv., se'nsuousNESS 
 n. [SENSE, -ous] 
 
 sent. See send. 
 
 sentence, n., & v.t. (Archaic) one's opinion 
 for or against some course or conclusion (my 
 s. is for war) ; (archaic) pithy saying, briefly 
 expressed thought, maxim, proverb, so (in 
 common use) sente'ntious a., sente'nti- 
 ously 2 adv., sente'ntiousNESS n.; verdict 
 (rare), (declaration of) punishment allotted to 
 person condemned in criminal trial (also 
 transf.); (Gram.) set of words complete in itself, 
 containing subject & predicate (either, or 
 part of either or both, somet. omitted by 
 ellipsis), & conveying a statement, question, or 
 command (e.g. I go, will you go ?, go = go thou 
 or you, what? — what did you say?, hearts 
 trumps = hearts are trumps; simple s., with 
 single subject & predicate ; compound s., with 
 more than one of either or both; complex s., 
 with subordinate clause or clauses), so sen- 
 te'ntiAL a. (rare); (loosely in Gram.; usu. 
 subordinate s.) subordinate clause; small 
 amount of speech, xisu. that between two full 
 stops often including several grammatical 
 sentences (e.g. I went <£* he came). (Vb) state 
 s. of (condemned criminal, or transf.), declare 
 condemned to. [OF, f. L sententia (for sentie-) 
 f. sentire be of opinion, -ence] 
 
 sentient (-shnt). a. Having the power of 
 sense-perception. Hence se'ntiENCE n.,sen- 
 tientLY 2 adv. [L sentire feel, -ent] 
 
 sentiment, n. A mental feeling, the sum of 
 what one feels on some subject, a tendency or 
 view based on or coloured with emotion, such 
 feelings collectively as an influence, (the s. of 
 
 pity, patriotism ; animated by noble ss.; my s. 
 towards him is one of respect ; s. unchecked by 
 reason is a bad guide ; these are, often facet. 
 them's, my ss., that is what I think about it); 
 (Art) moving quality resulting from artist's 
 sympathetic insight into what is described or 
 depicted ; tendency to be swayed by feeling 
 rather than by reason, emotional weakness, 
 mawkish tenderness or the display of it, nursing 
 of the emotions, whence sentime'ntAL a., 
 sentimentalLY 2 adv., sentimenta'liTY, 
 sentimental ism, sentimentaliST, nn., 
 sentimentaliZE(2, 3) v.i. & t. ; (sense intended 
 to be conveyed by) the expression of some desire 
 or view esp. as formulated for a toast &c. (the 
 s. is good though the words are injudicious &c; 
 conclude one's speech with a s.; I call upon 
 Mr Jones for a song or a s.). [OF, f. nied.L 
 sentimentum (L sentire feel, -ment)] 
 
 sentinel (-nl), n., & v.t. (-11-). Soldier posted 
 to keep guard (cf. foil.); (also s.-crab) Indian- 
 Ocean crab with long eye-sta,lks. (Vb) keep 
 guard over or in (poet.); station ss. at or in 
 (rare), [f. OF sentinelle perh. double dim. of 
 sente path f. L semita (SE-, meare go) w. change 
 of sense f. beat to sentry] 
 
 se'ntry, n. (Term in ordinary mil. use for) 
 sentinel ; s.-board, platform for s. outside ship's 
 gangway ; s.-box, wooden cabin large enough to 
 hold s. standing; s.-go, duty of pacing up & 
 down as s. [perh. f. OF senteret f. sentier path 
 f. med.L semitai*ius (prec, -ary j ), -et 1 ] 
 
 se'nza (-tsa), It. prep. = without, in nius. 
 directions as s. tempo not in strict time. 
 
 sepal, n. One of the divisions of the calyx, 
 calyx-leaf, (cf. petal), [assim. of L separ sepa- 
 rate to term, of petal] 
 
 separate * (-at), a. & n. Physically dis- 
 connected, forming a unit that is or may be 
 regarded as apart or by itself, distinct, indi- 
 vidual, of individuals, (from or abs.; the s. 
 members of the body ; the s. volumes may be had 
 singly ; live ins. rooms ; lives.; the two qxiestions 
 are essentially s. ; one is quite s.from the other ; 
 s. & corporate or common ownership ; s. estate, 
 married woman's property when not subject to 
 husband's control ; s. maintenance, husband's 
 allowance to wife from whom he lives s. by 
 consent, cf. alimony; hence separateLY 2 
 adv., separateNESS n.,(esp. w. ref. to political 
 or ecclesiastical independence, opp. unionism, 
 -ist) separatism (3) n., separatist) n. & a. 
 (X.) copy of single article &c reprinted from 
 proceedings of society, magazine, &c, for s. 
 distribution, [f. L svAparare arrange), -ate 2 ] 
 
 se'parate 2 , v.t. & i. Make s., sever, dis- 
 unite, keep (trans.) from union or contact, part 
 (t. & i.), secede/remi, go different ways, disperse 
 (intr.); sort or divide (milk, grain, ore, fruit, 
 light, &c.) into constituent parts or sizes, get 
 (cream &c.) by such process for use or rejection, 
 whence separatOR 2 (2) n. Hence separ- 
 able, separ ati ve, separatORY (rare), aa., 
 separabLY 2 adv., separaBixiTY, separ- 
 ableNESS, nn. [as prec, -ate 3 ] 
 
 separation, n. In vbl senses ; esp. partial 
 divorce, divorce from bed & board without dis- 
 solution of marriage tie (judicial s., ordered by 
 court). [OF, f. L separationem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 separa'tum, n. (pi. -ta). = separate l n. 
 [L neut. p.p.] 
 
 sepia, n. Black fluid of cuTTLE-fish ; brown 
 pigment prepared from this used in monochrome 
 drawing & in water-colours (warm, s., mixture 
 of this with some red), dark reddish-brown co- 
 lour, (also s.-drawing) a drawing done in s. [L 
 f. Gk (se-), - cuttle or its ink] 
 
 sepiment, n. (Rare for) dissepiment. 
 
SEPOY 
 
 7S6 
 
 SERAI 
 
 se'poy, n. Native Indian soldier disciplined 
 by European methods, esp. one of those serving 
 in British-Indian army (s. mutiny, = Indian 
 mutiny), [f. Hind, sipahi native soldier f. Pers. 
 sipahi soldier (sipah army)) 
 
 seps, n. Kinds of skink, serpent-lizard. [Gk 
 (.se-), f. sepo rot, w. ref. to effect of bite] 
 
 se'psis, n. (med.). Putrefaction, contamina- 
 tion from festering wound &c, blood-poisoning. 
 ]Gk (se-), as prec] 
 
 sept, n. Clan, esp. in Ireland, [f. OF septe 
 var. of SECTe] 
 
 sept-, septem-, septi-, comb, forms of L 
 septem seven : se'ptan, (of fever &c) recurring 
 every 7th day; septangle, -a'ngular, hepta- 
 gon(al) ; septempar'tite, divided into 7 parts; 
 septenar'ius, verse (esp. Latin) of 7 feet esp. 
 trochaic tetrameter catalectic ; septe'nary a. & 
 n., of or involving the number 7, on basis of 7, 
 by sevens, septennial, set of 7; se'ptenate (bot.), 
 having 7 parts ; septe'nnate, (arrangement made 
 for) period of 7 years ; septe'nnial(ly), of, for, 
 (recurring) every, 7 years ; septe'nnium (pi. -ia), 
 period of 7 years; septe't{te), (musical work for) 
 7 voices, singers, instruments, or players, in 
 combination, (transf.) any set of 7; se'ptfoil, 
 the plant tormentil, seven-lobed figure esp. as 
 R.-C. symbol of the 7 sacraments ; septilateral, 
 seven-sided ; septi'llion, seventh power of a 
 million, 1 with 42 ciphers ; septisy'llable, word 
 of 7 syllables ; se'ptuplea. &n.& v. t.&i., seven- 
 fold (amount), multiply by 7, increase sevenfold. 
 
 septa. See septum. 
 
 se'ptal, a. Of sept(s), septum, or septa, [-at.] 
 
 se'ptate, a. (bot., zool., anat.). Having sep- 
 tum or septa, partitioned. Hence septATiox 
 n. [f. L sia)eptatus (septum, -ate 2 )] 
 
 Septe'mber, n. Ninth month of year. [OF 
 (-bre),t L September (sept-, cf. December)] 
 
 Septe'mbpist, n. Participator in the mas- 
 sacres in Paris Sept. 2, 3, 1792. [F (-e). see -ist] 
 
 se'ptic, a. & n. (med.). Of or involving sepsis, 
 not aseptic; hence se'ptiCALLV adv., sep- 
 ti'eiTV n. (N.) s. substance, [f. Gk septikos 
 [septos f. sepo rot, -ic)] 
 
 se'p timal, a. Of the number 7. [f. L septem 
 seven after decimal] 
 
 se'ptime (-em), n. Fencing-position, [f. L 
 Septimus seventh (septem seven)] 
 
 septuagenarian, a.& n. (Person) between 
 69 & 80. [foil., -an] 
 
 septuage'nary, a. Of seventy, [f. L sep- 
 tuagenarius (septuageni seventy each f. sep- 
 tuaginta seventy, -arv 1 )] 
 
 Septuage'sima, n. (Also S. Sunday) Sun- 
 day before Sexagesima. [L, = seventieth (day), 
 prob. named loosely as before sexagesima] 
 
 se'ptuagint, n. Greek version of O.T. in- 
 cluding the apocrypha said to have been made 
 about 270 B.C. by seventy translators, [f. L 
 septuaginta seventy] 
 
 se'ptum, n. (anat., bot., zool.; pi. -ta). Par- 
 tition such as that between the nostrils or the 
 chambers of a poppy-fruit, dissepiment. [L (also 
 sae-), = fence (saepire saept- f. saepes hedge)] 
 
 sepu'lchral, a. Of sepulchre(s) or sepulture 
 (s. mound, pillar, Sec; s. customs) ; suggestive 
 of the tomb, funereal, gloomy, dismal, (a s. look, 
 voice). Hence sepirlehpalLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L 
 sepulcralis (foil., -AL)] 
 
 se'pulchre '■ ker), n., & v.t. Tomb esp. cut 
 in rock or built of stone or brick, burial vault 
 or cave, {the Holy S., in which Christ was laid ; 
 whited s., hypocrite, w. ref. to Matt, xxiii. 27); 
 <vb) lay in s. [OF (-ere), f. L sepidcrum (sepelire 
 gepult-, suf. -crum cf. simulacrum)] 
 
 se'pulture (-tsher), n. Burying, putting in 
 the grave. [OF, f. L sepultura (prec, -urkI] 
 
 sequa'cious, a. (pedant.). Inclined to follow, 
 lacking independence or originality, servile ; (of 
 reasoning or reasoner) not inconsequent, coher- 
 ent. Hence sequa'eiousi.v - adv., sequl- 
 city n. I L sequax (sequi follow), -acious] 
 
 se'quel, n. What follows after, continuation 
 or resumption of a story or process or the like 
 after a pause or provisional ending, (in the s., 
 as things developed afterwards) ; after effects, 
 upshot; (rare) result of a chain of argument, 
 logical inference, conclusion. [OF (-e), as foil.] 
 
 seque'la, n. (path.; usu. in pi. -ae). Morbid 
 condition or symptom following upon some dis- 
 ease (heart-disease is one of the sequelae of 
 rheumatic fever), [L (sequi follow)] 
 
 sequence, n. Succession, coming after or 
 next, set of things that belong next each other 
 on some principle of order, series without gaps, 
 (shall follow the s. of events, give the facts in 
 historical s. ; calamities fall in rapid s. ; a s. of 
 clubs &c. in cards, three or more next each other 
 in value ; the s. spring, summer, autumn, win- 
 ter) ; mere succession without implication of 
 causality (s. is related to consequence as post 
 hoc to propter hoc ; is causality, is a law of na- 
 ture, anything beyond invariable s.?), so (& 
 rarely in othersenses)se*quENT, seque'ntiAL 
 (-shl), aa., seque'ntialLY 2 adv., sequen- 
 tial it v (-shi-) n. ; (Mus.) succession of similar 
 melodic phrases at different pitches; (Gram.) 
 s. of tenses, accommodation of subordinate vb 
 in tense or mood according to certain rules to 
 tense or mood of principal verb (e.g. / should 
 think you were satisfied now). [OF (in cards), 
 f. L sequentia (prec, -ence)] 
 
 seque'ntes, seque'ntia, (abbr. seq. or 
 seqq.), L wds = (&) the following lines, (&) what 
 follows, appended (with or without a preceding 
 et and) to the numbers of lines or pages men- 
 tioned in referring to a passage, [masc & neut. 
 pi. part, of L sequi follow] 
 
 seque'ster, v.t. & i. Seclude, isolate, set 
 apart, (s. oneself from the world; esp. in p.p., 
 as a sequestered life, retreat, cottage) ; (Law ; 
 also seque'stPATE 3 , or se - -, v.t.) seize tem- 
 porary possession of (debtor's estate &c), re- 
 move (debatable property) from control of party 
 to lawsuit, (intr.; of widow) renounce concern 
 in husband's estate ; (also sequestrate) confis- 
 cate, appropriate; hence or cogn. sequestPA'- 
 tion, sequestrator: 2 , nn., seque'stPABLE 
 (or se"-) a. [f. OF sequestrer f. LL sequestrare 
 commit for safe-keeping (L sequester trustee, 
 agent, perh. f. sequi follow)] 
 
 seque'stpum, n. (pi. -ra). Piece of dead 
 bone detached from living bone but remaining 
 in place. Hence seque'str.u. a., seques- 
 tPO'TOMV n. [med.L,= sequestrated thing] 
 
 se'quin, n. (Hist.) Venetian gold coin of 
 about 9/4; coinlike ornament of silver, jet, &c, 
 sewn on to dresses &c f F, f. It. zecchino (zecca 
 mint f. Arab, sikka die)] 
 
 sequoi'a, n. Kinds of Californian coniferous 
 tree sometimes over 300 ft in height, [native] 
 
 seVa*e (se), n. One of the castellated masses 
 into which a glacier is divided at steep points 
 by the crossing of crevasses (usu. in pi. ). [Swiss 
 F, orig. name of a cheese] 
 
 serag^lio (-ahlyo), n. Walled palace, esp. that 
 of Sultan with government offices &c at Con- 
 stantinople ; harem, [f. It. serraglio enclosure 
 (serrare lock. f. LL serare f. L sera bolt f. se- 
 rere join, -aglio = L -aculum)] 
 
 sepai* (-ri, -ra, -rahl), n. = caravanserai. 
 
 For words in sept- not given see sept-, 
 
SERAPH 
 
 787 
 
 SERIPH 
 
 se'raph, n. (pi. -phim, -phs). Celestial being ; 
 one of the highest order i of nine-fold celestial 
 hierarchy gifted esp. with love & associated 
 with light, ardour, & purity: {Order of the Sera- 
 phim, Swedish order of knighthood). Hence 
 sera'phic a. (the S. Doctor, St Bonaventura), 
 sera'phiCALLY adv. [earlier -in Sec. as with 
 cherub ; f. Heb. seraphim pi., seraphs, exalted 
 ones, cf. Arab, sharaf high) 
 seraphi-na (e), se'raphine (en), n. Early 
 form of harmonium. [prec, -ine 4 ] 
 seraskier', n. Turkish general command- 
 ing, commander-in-chief, or minister of war 
 (seraskier'at, war office). [Turk, (-ker)] 
 Serb, a. & n. = Servian *. Hence Serbo- 
 comb. form. |Serv., see Servian j ] 
 Serbo'nian bog:, n. Treacherous bog for- 
 merly existing between delta of Nile & isthmus 
 of Suez, (fig.) situation from which escape is 
 difficult. I L Serbonis, -I an] 
 sere *, sear, n. Catch of gun-lock holding 
 hammer at half or full cock. [f. OF serve lock 
 (serrer f. LL serare see seraglio)] 
 sere 2 . See sear 1 . 
 
 serein (F), n. Fine rain falling in tropical 
 climatesfrom cloudless sky. 
 serena'de, n., & v.t. Evening song or in- 
 strumental piece sung or played by lover at 
 his lady's window ; = foil. ( Vb) sing or play s. 
 to : hence serena'dEK l n. [OF, f. It. serenata 
 orig. fern. p.p. of strenare make serene] 
 serena'ta (-nah-), n. (mus.). Cantata with 
 pastoral subject for open-air performance ; 
 simple form of symphony. [It. (prec.)] 
 sere'ne, a. & n., & v.t. (Of sky, air, &c) clear 
 &calm, (of sea&c.) unruffled ; placid, tranquil, 
 unperturbed, (a s. temper, look, life) ; (slang) 
 all 5., all right; His. Her. Their, Your, S. High- 
 nesses), abbr. H.S.H., T.S.H., titles used of or 
 to certain continental princes ; hence or cogn. 
 sere'neLY 2 adv., sere'niTY n. (your &c. S., 
 Your &c. Serene Highness). (N.) s. expanse of 
 sky, sea, &c ( Vb ; poet.) make (sky, brow, &c.) 
 s. [f. L serenus] 
 
 serf, n. Villein, person whose service is at- 
 tached to the soil & transferred with it (cf. 
 slave) ; oppressed person, drudge. Hence 
 ser'fAGE, sep'fDOM, ser'fHOOD, nn. [F, f. L 
 servus slave] 
 serge, n. Kind of durable twilled worsted 
 fabric used esp. for rough wear (silk s.. used 
 for tailors' linings), (orig. a silk stuff; F, f. L 
 Sirica fern, of sericus silken (>Sericws Chinese 
 f. Gk Seres pl.the Chinese, -ic)] 
 sergeant, -j-, (sar'jnt), n. (Hist.) lawyer of 
 high rank (-j) ; (Mil. ; -g- ; abbr. Sergt) non- 
 commissioned officer above corporal, one of 
 four to the company, employed to teach drill, 
 command small detachments, &c. (colours., 
 senior s. of company ; s. -major, highest N.C.O. 
 of regiment with special duties); police officer 
 ranking between inspector & constable ; ser- 
 jeant-at-arms, title of certain court, parlia- 
 mentary, & city officials with ceremonial duties; 
 common Serjeant, officer of City of London ; s.- 
 fish (-g-), sea-fish with lateral stripes suggesting 
 chevron. Hence ser'greantSHip n. [f. OF 
 sergantf. LL servientem nom. -ens servant 
 (L servire serve, -ent)] 
 
 serge'tte, n. Thin serge. [F (serge, -ette)] 
 ser'ial, a. & n. Of, in, forming, a series, 
 whence seria'liTT n. ; (of story &c.) issued in 
 instalments (s. rights, copyright in regard to 
 story &c. so issued) ; (of publication) periodical ; 
 hence ser'ialLY 2 adv. (N.) s. story ; a s. publi- 
 cation, periodical, (rare), [series, -al] 
 ser'iate (at), -ated, aa., ser'iate v.t. (Ar- 
 range) in the form of a series, in orderly se- 
 
 quence. Hence seriA'TiON n. [ f. med.L sem'a- 
 tus (seriare f. L series), -ATE 2 > a ] 
 seria'tim (or ser-), adv. Point by point, 
 taking one subject &c. after another in regu- 
 lar order, (consider, examine, discuss, take, 
 Sec.^s.). [med.L (prec, -im advl term.)] 
 Ser'ic, a. (rhet. &c). Chinese. If. Las serge] 
 se'ricate (-at), -ated, seri'ceous (shi-), 
 aa. (esp. hot., zool.). Of silky or satiny surface, 
 soft & shiny, covered with glossy down, [(-eous 
 f. LL sericeus silken, -ous) t. L sericum silk see 
 
 SERGE, -ATE 2 J 
 
 se*ri(ei)eulture, n. Silkworm-breeding, 
 production of raw silk. Hence seri(ci)eu*l- 
 turAL a., seri(ei)cirlturiST(3) n. [F {-ci-), 
 see prec, -I-, culture] 
 
 serie'ma, n. Sonorous-voiced Brazilian bird 
 of heron size preying on serpents, [native] 
 
 ser'ies (-z), n. (pi. same). Number of things 
 of which each is similar to the preceding or 
 related to it as it to its predecessor, sequence, 
 succession, order, row, set, (a s. oj kings, viis- 
 fortunes; in s., in ordered succession; s. of 
 stamps, coins, Sec, of different denominations 
 but issued at one time, in one reign, &c. ; the 
 whole s. of reform acts); (Bibliog.) set of suc- 
 cessive issues of a periodical, of articles on one 
 subject or by one writer, &c.,esp. (first, second. 
 Sec. s.) when numbered differently from a pre- 
 ceding or following set, also set of independent 
 books in common format or under common 
 title or supervised by common editor-in-chief, 
 (Guesses at Trxdh, 2nd s.\ the Men-of-Letterb 
 s.); (Geol.) set of strata with common charac- 
 teristic ; (Chem.) set of elements with common 
 properties or of compounds with common radi- 
 cal ; (Math.) set of terms constituting a pro- 
 gression or having the several values deter- 
 mined by a common relation (arithmetical, geo- 
 metrical, s., one in arithmetical, geometri- 
 cal, progression); (Elect.) set of batteries &c 
 having positive electrode of each connected 
 with negative of next; (Zool.) number of con- 
 nected genera, families, &c (used vaguely like 
 group). [L (serere join, cf. Gk eiro bind)] 
 
 serif. See ceriph. 
 
 se*rin, n. Central-Europ. finch related to 
 canary. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 serine'tte, n. Instrument for training song- 
 birds. [F (seriner teach to sing f. prec, -ette)] 
 
 seri'nga (-ngga), n. Kinds of Brazilian 
 rubber-tree. [Port., = (rubber for) syr*nge(s)] 
 
 serio-eo'mie, a. Combining the serious & the 
 comic, jocular in intention but counterfeiting 
 seriousness or vice versa. Hence serio- 
 eo'miCALLV adv. [o] 
 
 serio*so,mus. direction. With solemnity. [It.] 
 
 serious, a. . Thoughtful, earnest, sober, 
 sedate, responsible, not frivolous or reckless 
 orgiven to trifling, (has a s. look, air ; a s. voting 
 person; s. poZi£?cia>i, whogiveshisbest energies 
 to politics ; s. thought, real deliberation ; im- 
 portant, demanding consideration, not to be 
 trifled with, not slight, (this is a s. matter', 
 question, step; made a s. alteration; have a s. 
 rivalin her affections ; s. illness, danger, icound, 
 damage, accident, defeat) ; sincere, not ironical 
 or jesting, in earnest, (are you s.?, do you 
 mean what you say?; made a s. attempt, not 
 merely perfunctory ; & now to bes.); concerned 
 with religion or ethics, not worldly or secular, 
 (s. subjects &c); (now chiefly joe) religious- 
 minded, with thoughts concentrated on salva- 
 tion. Hence ser'iousLY 2 adv. (esp. as preface 
 to sentence implying that irony &c. is now to 
 cease), ser'iousNESS n. [f. OF serieux f. LL 
 seriosus (L serius etym. dub., -OSE 1 )] 
 
 se*riph, n. = ceriph. 
 
SERJEANT 
 
 788 
 
 SERVE 
 
 serjeant. See sergeant. 
 
 ser'mon, ii., & v.t. Extempore or written 
 discourse delivered from the pulpit by way of 
 religious instruction or exhortation, similar 
 discourse (often lay s.) on religious or moral 
 subject delivered elsewhere or published, (S. on 
 the Mount, discourse of Christ reported Matt. 
 v-vii) ; moral reflection suggested by natural 
 objects &c. (esp. ss. in stones); piece of ad- 
 monition or reproof, lecture, (vb, administer 
 such s. to). Hence sermonETTE, ser'mon- 
 et 1 , nn.,sep , monizE(l,2) v.t. & i., ser'mon- 
 1ZER 1 n. [OF, f. L sermonem nom. -o speech] 
 
 sepo-, comb, form of serum : -pur'ulent, of 
 serum & pus ; -sangui'nolent, & blood. 
 
 se'potine, n. Chestnut-coloured European 
 bat. [F (si-), f. L serotinus late (se?*us late)] 
 
 serd'tinous, a. (bot.). Appearing late in 
 sea_s_on. [prec, -ousj 
 
 sep'ous, a. Of or like serum, watery, whey- 
 like. Hence sepo'srrv n. [-ous] 
 
 sep'pent, n. Scaly limbless reptile, snake 
 esp. of the larger kinds, (preferred to snake 
 chiefly inrhet. use; the, the old, S., the devil, w. 
 ref. to Gen. iii, Rev. xx), (fig.) treacherous person 
 esp. one who worms himself into favour forbase 
 ends; theS., a northern constellation ; wind- 
 instrument now little used, a wooden tube with 
 several bends giving powerful note ; Pharaoh's 
 s., chemical toy of small cone that when ignited 
 issues in long coiling serpentlike ash ; s.- 
 chai'mer, person who charms ss. esp. by music ; 
 s. -eater, SECRETARV-bird ; s.-g?*ass, Alpine bis- 
 tort ; s. -lizard, seps ; s.'s-tongue, adder's- 
 tongue. Hence seppe'ntiFORM, sep'pent- 
 like, aa. [F, f. L serpentem nom. -ens, orig. 
 part, of serpere creep, cogn. w. Gk herpo creep, 
 fekr. sarpa- snake] 
 
 sep'pentme, a. & n., & v.i. Of or like a 
 serpent lit. or fig., writhing, coiling, tortuous, 
 sinuous, meandering, cunning, subtle, treacher- 
 ous, [s. windings, of stream, road, &c, or of 
 insinuation; s. motiori; s. xvisdom, profound, 
 w. ref. to Matt. x. 16; s. dance, with sinuous 
 movements enhanced by special drapery; s. 
 verse, line beginning & ending with same word ; 
 the S., ornamental water in Hyde Park). (ST.) 
 kinds of hydrous silicate of magnesium, soft 
 rocks of dark green & other colours sometimes 
 mottled or spotted like serpent's skin, taking 
 high polish & used asdecorative material. (Vb) 
 move sinuously, meander, [f. OF serpentin a., 
 serpentine n., f. L serpentinus, -a, (prec, -ixe ] )j 
 
 seppi'g-mous, a. (path.). Affected with 
 herpes; (of skin-disease &c.) creeping from one 
 part to another, [obs., & med.L, serpigo -ginis 
 I'ingworm (L serpere creep), -ous] 
 
 sep'pula, n. (pi. -ae). Kindsof marine worm 
 inhabiting beautifully coloured tortuous cal- 
 careous tubes often massed together. [mod.L 
 (L serpere creep)] 
 
 se'ppa, n. (anat., bot., zool. ; pi. -ae). Serrated 
 organ, structure, or edge. [L, = saw, perh. f. 
 secare cut] 
 
 seppadi'lla, n. Kind of clover grown as 
 fodder. [Port, (.srrrado serrate a.)] 
 
 se'ppate a., seppa'te v.t., (chiefly anat., 
 bot., zool.). Notched like saw ; (vb, usu. in p.p. 
 as adj.) provide with saw-like edge. Hence 
 seppA tion n. [f. L serra^us (-ate 2 ), -ate 3] 
 
 seppi-, comb, form (-I-) of serra: -corn, (beetle) 
 with serrate antennae ; -ferous; -form ; -ros- 
 trate, (of bird) with serrated bill. 
 
 se'PPied, a. (Of ranks of soldiers, rows of 
 trees, &c.) shoulder to shoulder, without gaps, 
 close, [angiiciz. of F serve p.p. of serrer close 
 f. LL aerare see seraglio] 
 
 se'ppomotop, n. Steam reversing - gear 
 
 attached to marine engine, [serra (in sense 
 cog), -o-, motor] 
 
 se*ppulate (-rob-), -ated, aa. Finely serrate, 
 with series of small notches. Hence seppulA - - 
 TION n. [L serrula (serra, -ule), -ate 2 ] 
 sep'um, n. Whey ; thin transparent part of 
 the blood ; chyle, lymph, watery animal fluid. 
 [L, cf. Gk oros whey, Skr. sara(s) flowing] 
 sep'val, n. Tawny black-spotted African 
 tiger-cat. [native] 
 
 sep'vant, n. Person who has undertaken 
 usu. in return for stipulated pay to carry out 
 the orders of an individual or corporate em- 
 ployer, esp. one who lives in house of master or 
 mistress receiving board & lodging & wages & 
 performing domestic duties {public ss., State 
 officials ; railway company's ss. , its employees ; 
 civil s., memberof the civil service; outdoors., 
 groom, gardener, &c; indoor s.,cook, butler, 
 footman, housemaid, &c; domestic, general, 
 livery, s.; s.-girl, -maid ; thes. question, prob- 
 lem of getting & controlling ss.; keeps three ss.; 
 servants' hall, room in which ss. of large house- 
 hold have meals &c; s. of ss., lowest of depen- 
 dants, esp. as title assumed by Popes, transl. of 
 servus servorum Dei; a good s. but a bad 
 master, of things that should be treated as 
 means & not ends); devoted follower, person 
 willing to serve another, (a s. of Jesus Christ; 
 your humble s. archaic, form of ironical cour- 
 tesy ; your obedient s., epistolary form preced- 
 ing signature now used only in letters of official 
 type). [OF (serve, -ant)] 
 serve, v.t. & i., & n. Be servant (to), do ser- 
 vice (to), be useful (to), (s. two masters, be di- 
 vided between two conflicting principles &c; 
 .s. the Lord or God, be religious or virtuous ; s. 
 the devil, be wicked ; s. at table, act as waiter; 
 has served his generation ; woidd do much to 
 s. you ; indiscretion sometimes serves us well ; 
 s. in army, navy, &c, be employed in it ; has 
 served in India, been employed esp. as soldier); 
 meet needs (of), avail (t. & i.), suffice (t. &i.), 
 satisfy, perform function, be suitable, do what 
 is required for, (s. a purpose; s. thepurpose of, 
 take place of, be used as ; to s. some private 
 ends ; serves the or one's turn or need, does 
 well enough ; it will s., do what is absolutely 
 necessary ; that excuse will not s. you; it serves 
 to show the folly of; 1 lb. serves him for a week ; 
 nothing would s. him or s. but absohite submis- 
 sion ; a sofa serving him, or serving, as or for 
 a bed ; as memory serves, whenever one re- 
 members ; as occasion serves, when it is favour- 
 able ; the tide serves, is suitable for getting out 
 of harbour &c; curate serves two parishes, 
 does the work ; s. an office, go through a tenure 
 of it ; s. one's apprenticeship, go through train- 
 ing ; s. a sentence, undergo it for the full time; 
 s. one's time, hold office for normal period, also 
 s. a sentence ; s. time, undergo imprisonment 
 &c; s. gun, battery, keep it firing; s. mare 
 &c., cover, esp. of stallion &c. hired for pur- 
 pose ; s. rope &c. naut., bind with small cord 
 to save fraying) ; dish up, set (food) on table, 
 set out ready, distribute (trans. & abs.), supply 
 (person with), make legal delivery of (writ &c), 
 set ball or set (ball) in play, (fish served up 
 nearly cold ; asparagus served with butter ; s. 
 up dinner ; dinner is served, servant's an- 
 nouncement thatit is ready; s. ammunition, ra- 
 tions, &c. out or round; was serving a cus- 
 tomer with stockings, serving in the shop; have 
 them served with soup ; s. with the same sauce 
 fig., retaliate upon; s. person, the town, &c, 
 with gas, water ; s. with writ &c., = s. writ &c. 
 on ; s. warrant, writ, notice, process, attach- 
 ment, &c, usu. on person, deliver document to 
 
SERVIAN 7 
 
 person concerned in legally formal manner; 
 tennis, racquet, &c., player serves a ball, serves 
 well, badly, &c., sends ball to opponent in first 
 stroke of round) ; treat, treat to, pay (person) 
 out, (has served me shamefully ; you may s. 
 me as you will ; served them a trick, played it 
 on them ; s. or serves him right!, excl. of satis- 
 faction at sight of offender getting his deserts; 
 shall manage to s. him out, retaliate); serving- 
 man, male servant; hence (-(ser'VER'd, 2) n. 
 (X.; tennis &c.) first stroke of round, turn for 
 delivering this (whose s. is it ?). [f. OF servir f. 
 L servire (servus slave)] 
 
 Sep'vian ] , a. & n. Of Servia or its people 
 or language. (N.) native of Servia; Slavonic 
 language spokeninServia,Bosnia, Herzegovina, 
 Montenegro, &c. [mod. L Servia (serb), -an] 
 
 Ser'vian 2 , a. (Rom. Ant.). Of Servius Tul- 
 lius sixth king of Rome (S. ivall, built by him & 
 still existing in parts), [-an] 
 
 ser'viee *, n. Being servant, servant's status, 
 master's or mistress's employ, (girl &c. goes out 
 to, goes into, tries, is in, s.; take s. with, become 
 servant to ; take into one's s., employ); depart- 
 ment of royal or public employ or of work done to 
 meet some general need, persons engaged in it, 
 employment in it, (the fighting or the 88., navy & 
 army; the public ss.; the civil, covenanted, 
 consular, secret, omnibus, railway, &c, s. ; 
 the preventive s., coastguards, customhouse, 
 &c; is on s., in active s., actually engaged in 
 such employ; see s., have experience esp. as 
 soldier or sailor) ; person's disposal or behalf (at 
 your &c. s., ready to obey orders or be used ; 
 on his, her, Majesty's s., abbr. O.H.M.S., frank 
 stamped on official letters &c.) ; what employee 
 or subordinate is bound to, work done or doing 
 of work on behalf of employer, benefit conferred 
 on or exertion made on behalf of someone, ex- 
 pression of willingness to confer or make these, 
 (personal s., feudal obligation of homage &c; 
 feudal, menial, willing, yeoman's, s.; has a 
 right to my s.; asks for my ssr, rvill you do me 
 as.?; exaggerates his own ss.; has seen s., been 
 much used, shows signs of wear ; my s. to him, 
 form of respectful message) ; use, assistance, 
 (can I, vnll it, be of s. to you ?); liturgical form 
 or office appointed for use on some occasion, 
 (whole proceedings, usu. including one such s. 
 or more, of) single meeting of congregation for 
 worship, musical setting of all or several of the 
 invariable parts of a liturgy adapted for such 
 treatment, (the communion, burial, &c, s.; 
 special ss.; divine s. usu. without a, meeting 
 for worship ; holds four ss. every Sunday ; are 
 you going to s. or the s. ? ; — 's s., setting by par- 
 ticular composer ; full s., performed by choir 
 without solos, also s. with music wherever 
 possible ; plain s., read or monotoned ; s.-book, 
 book of offices of a Church, e.g. the Book of 
 Common Prayer; church ^-service); legal serv- 
 ing of or of writ &c. (personal s., delivery with 
 announcement of contents to person affected ; 
 8. by publication, substitution, publishing of 
 writ &c. by posting up or insertion in news- 
 paper or by handing to neighbour &c. recogniz- 
 ed as sufficient under some conditions ; accept 
 s.) ; set of dishes, plates, &c, required for serv- 
 ing meal (dinner, dessert, tea, &c, s.); (single 
 act of) serving in tennis* &c, serve, manner of 
 serving, person's turn to serve, (his s. is weak, 
 terrific ; whose s. is it ?; s.-line, marking limit 
 short of which serve must fall) ; s.-pipe, con- 
 veying house's water from the main. [OF, f. L 
 servitium (servus slave)] 
 
 ser'viee 2 , n. (Usu. s.-tree) European tree 
 rare in England with leaves like those of moun- 
 tain-ash & small pear-shaped fruit (s.-berry or 
 
 I SESSION 
 
 s.) eaten when over-ripe. [f. serves pi. of obs. 
 serve f. L sorbum berry of the sortois taken as 
 sing. & assimilated to prec] 
 
 serviceable (sa-), a. Of use, useful, will- 
 ing & able to render or capable of rendering 
 service, (a s. person, reminder, instrument) ; 
 durable, suited for rough use or ordinary wear 
 rather than for ornament. Hence ser'viee- 
 abLY 2 adv., ser'vieeableNESs n. [-able] 
 
 servie'tte, n. Table-napkin (chiefly used by 
 & to waiters or servants). [F] 
 
 ser'vlle (or -U), a. Of, being, a slave or 
 slaves, slave-, (s. war, between revolted slaves 
 & their owners ; s. class, labour; s. letter fig., 
 having no other function than to indicate pro- 
 nunciation of another, as e in manageable, 
 saleable); as of a slave, slavish, cringing, mean- 
 spirited, menial, completely dependent, (s. 
 spirit, creature, submission, flattery, fear, imi- 
 tation), so servrliTY n. Hence ser'vileLY 2 
 adv. [OF, f. L servilis (servus slave, -il)] 
 
 sei»*vitor,n. Attendant, henchman, servant, 
 (archaic, poet.) ; (Oxf. Univ.; hist.) undergradu- 
 ate assisted from college funds & performing 
 menial duties in return, whence ser'vitor- 
 ship n. [OF (-our), f. LL servitor (serve, -or 2 )] 
 
 sep*vitude,n. Slavery lit. or fig., subjection 
 esp. involuntary to a master, bondage (penal 
 s.); (Law) subjection of tenement to an ease- 
 ment. [OF, f. L servitudo (serviis slave, -tude)] 
 
 Servo-, comb, form of Servian *, Serbo-, as 
 S.-Croatian. [-o-] 
 
 se'same (-1), n. Annual herbaceous tropical 
 & subtropical plant with seeds used in various 
 ways as food & yielding an oil used in salads & 
 as laxative ; its seeds ; open s., (w. ref. to Ara- 
 bian-Nights tale) magical or mysterious means 
 of commanding access to what is usu. inacces- 
 sible. [OF, f. L f. Gk sesame] 
 
 se'samoid, a. & n. Shaped like a sesame- 
 seed, nodular, (esp. of small independent bones 
 developed in tendons passing over angular 
 structure, as the knee-pan & the navicular bone); 
 (n.) such bone. [f. Gk sesamoeides (prec, -oid)] 
 
 se'seli, n. Genus of white-flowered umbel- 
 liferous perennial plant. [OF, f. L (-is) f. Gk] 
 
 sesqui -, L pref. (perh. f. semis-que & a half), 
 = one & a half (y.esquipcdalis a foot & a half 
 long), proportioned as l£ : 1 or 3 : 2 (sesquialter), 
 proportioned as n + 1 : n (-tertius, -quartus, &c, 
 in ratios 4 : 3, 5 : 4, &c). Hence in E (1) chem. 
 wds for compounds in which there are three 
 equivalents of the named element to two others, 
 as sesquioxide, -sulphide ; -basic (of salt), with 
 three of base to two of acid ; (2) math, wds ex- 
 pressing ratios as above, -alteral 3 : 2, -tertial 
 4 : 3, -quartal, -quintal, -sextal, -septimal, -oc- 
 taval, -nonal 10 : 9 ; (3) mus. wds in -a corre- 
 sponding to the above & expressing intervals 
 (-altera interval having ratio 2 : 3, -tertia 3 : 4, 
 &c); (4) miscellaneous wds, as -ocellus entom., 
 large spot with smaller one within it (also ses- 
 quialter); -pedalian (of word) ljft long, cum- 
 brous & pedantic ; -plicate, in ratio of cube to 
 square ; -tone, musical interval of 1| tone. 
 
 sess.„ See cess. 
 
 sessile, a. (bot., zool.). (Of flower, leaf, eye. 
 &c. ) attached directly by the base without stalk 
 or peduncle, [f. lisessilis (sedere sess- sit, -il)] 
 
 session (se'shn), n. Being seated, sitting 
 posture, (rare) ; being assembled esp. for trans- 
 action of deliberative or judicial business, sin- 
 gle uninterrupted meeting for such purpose, 
 period during which such meetings are held 
 daily or at short or regular intervals, period 
 (usu. one in a year) between meeting & proro- 
 gation of Parliament, (in s. , sitting or assembled 
 for business, not keeping vacation ; had a long 
 
SESTERCE 
 
 790 
 
 SET 
 
 s., sat assembled a longtime, autumn s., in- 
 correctly for autumn sitting, resumption of s. 
 of Parliament sometimes required by pressure 
 of business after long adjournment in summer 
 without prorogation ; quarter-ss. ; brewster- 
 sessions; petty ss., meeting of two or more 
 justices of the peace for summary trying of cer- 
 tain offences ; Court of S., supreme civil court 
 of Scotland ; kirk-.s.). Hence se'ssionAL a. 
 (s. order Pari., valid only for, renewable each, 
 session). [OF, f. L sessionem (prec, -ion)] 
 
 se'stepee, sestep'tius (-shws ; pi. -ii), nn. 
 Ancient-Roman silver (& later bronze) coin & 
 money of account = I denarius or 2£ asses (about 
 2d.), [{-ce F) f. L {-ins) orig. adj. with numus 
 coin = 2j (*semistertius half-third)] 
 
 sesteP'tium (-shin), n. (pi. -ia). Ancient- 
 Roman money of account = 1000 sesterces, [orig. 
 gen. pi. of prec. after millia thousands] 
 
 seste't, n. = sextet; last six lines of sonnet. 
 [f. It. sestetto (sesto f. L sextus sixth, -et ] )] 
 
 sesti'na (-te -), n. Form of rhymed or un- 
 rhymed poem with six stanzas of six lines & 
 final triplet, each stanza having same words as 
 the others ending its lines but in different order. 
 [It. (prec, -ine 4 )] 
 
 set 1 , v.t. & i. (set). Put, lay, stand (trans.), 
 (usu. with adv. or advl phr. ; s. load or2>a.sse?i- 
 per down, statue up, meat before person, flowers 
 in water, one brick on another, his bow in hea- 
 ven ; s.foot, tread on; s. thing against another, 
 balance, reckon as counterpoise or compensa- 
 tion ; s. apart, reserve, separate ; s. aside, re- 
 serve, reject, disregard, annul; s. by, reserve, 
 save for future use; s. stone out, lay it with 
 edge projecting beyond one below ; s. person 
 over others or thing, put in authority); apply 
 (thing) to (s. pen to paper, bugle to one's lips, 
 spurs to horse; s. one's hand, seal, to docu- 
 * ment, sign, seal ; s. one's hand to task, begin ; 
 s.fire to, kindle ; s. the axe to, begin to cut down 
 or destroy ; s. one's wits to question, try to solve; 
 s. one's wits to another's, argue with him; s. 
 shoulder to wheel); station, place ready, place 
 or turn in right or specified position or direc- 
 tion, dispose suitably for use or action or dis- 
 play, (s. a or naut. the watch, put sentinels &c. 
 in place ; & chairs, for visitors &c. ; s. clock or 
 watch, put hands to right time ; s. alarum, pro- 
 vide for its sounding at desired time ; s. lien, 
 -cause to sit on eggs ; s. eggs, place for hen to sit 
 on ; s. seed, plant, put in ground ; quicks. ; 8, 
 butterfly &c. , arrange as specimen ; s. sail, hoist, 
 also = start on voyage ; s. trap ; s. razor, give 
 even edge to after grinding ; s. saw, give teeth 
 alternate outward inclination ; s. table, lay for 
 meal ; .<?. or s. up type, arrange it in words &c. ; 
 s. up MS., put it in type; s. cZo.se, wide, Sec, 
 print with small, large, spaces between words 
 or letters; s. out, s. wide; s. one's cap 1 at); 
 join, attach, fasten, fix, determine, decide, ap- 
 point, settle, establish, (s. leg, bone, joint, put 
 parts into right relative position after fracture 
 or dislocation, also by extension .<?. fracture or 
 dislocation ; s. eyes on, catch sight of ; s. dia- 
 mond Sec, insert in gold &c. as frame or foil ; 
 s. stake in ground; closes., inserted with little 
 interval ; s. one's heart, mind, hopes, Sec, on, 
 aspire confidently to, expect, be resolved to get ; 
 s. line's life on a chance &c. metaph. from gam- 
 bling, risk it ; s. price on, announce salable va- 
 lue of ; .9. person against another or a thing, fill 
 with settled dislike for ; s. price on one's life or 
 head, offer specified reward for his killing ; s. 
 — store or much by, Se ellipt. s. by, estimate or 
 value highly ; s. one's face or oneself against, 
 stedfastly oppose or discountenance ; s. one's 
 teeth, clench them, esp. fig. = make up one's 
 
 mind inflexibly ; often in p.p., = unmoving, 
 fixed, as s. smile, eyes, look, purpose ; ofs. pur- 
 pose, intentionally, deliberately ; s. time, pre- 
 arranged ; 6\ scene, built up of more or less solid 
 material ; s. piece in fireworks, built up on scaf- 
 folding ; s. forms of prayer Sec, not extempore ; 
 s. speech, composed beforehand ; s.fairol wea- 
 ther, fine without sign of breaking ; s. on or 
 upon, determined to get, absorbed in ; batsman 
 is s., has got .his eye in) ; bring by placing, ar- 
 ranging, impelling, or other means, into speci- 
 fied state (s. things right, to rights, in order, in 
 motion; s. one's house in order, often fig., in- 
 troduce reforms ; s. question, person's heart, at 
 rest ; s. machine going, cask abroach ; s. person 
 on his feet lit. & fig., box on its end ; s. one in 
 the way, direct him ; s. one on his way archaic, 
 go part way with him ; s. one right, disabuse 
 him of error, correct, often with implication of 
 officiousness &c. ; .s. one at ease, relieve his 
 anxieties or bashfulness ; s. at liberty, release ; 
 s. persons by the ears, at variance or logger- 
 heads, produce quarrel ; s. on .fire, kindle ; s. 
 Thames on fire 1 ; s. movement Sec on foot, 
 start it ; s. table, company. Sec, laughing or on 
 or in a roar, stir laughter ; s. teeth on edge 1 ) ; 
 s. at defiance, defy ; s. at naught, mock, dis- 
 regard ; make sit down to task, order to apply 
 energies to doing, cause to work, apply oneself 
 to ivork, (s. him to dictation, wood-chopping, 
 work at hvi Greek ; sliall s. to work now, begin ; 
 s. oneself to do, make up one's mind, resolve or 
 undertake); exhibit or arrange as pattern or as 
 material to be dealt with (often w. ind. obj.; s., 
 s. person, an example, task, problem. Sec, to be 
 followed, done, solved, by him ; s. the fashion, 
 the pace, determine it by leading; s. paper, draw 
 up questions to be answered by examinees ; s. 
 the temperament in piano-tuning, arrange in- 
 tervals of one octave as standard for the rest) ; 
 s. (to music), provide (song, words) with music 
 usu. composed for the purpose ; make inser- 
 tions in (surface) with (gold, field, sky, s. with 
 gems, daisies, stars ; shall s. top of wall with 
 broken glass, this bed with geraniums) ; turn 
 (i. , rarely t. ) to solid or hard or rigid from liquid 
 or soft or mobile state, curdle, solidify, harden, 
 take shape, develop (usu. intr.)intodefiniteness 
 or maturity, (egg sets, by cooking or incubation ; 
 hard-s.; blossom sets, forms into fruit; fruit 
 sets, develops out of blossom ; tree sets, deve- 
 lops fruit; plaster of Paris sets quickly ; the 
 jelly, junket, has oris s.; when his body, cha- 
 racter, has s.; thicks.; over-exercise sets a boy's 
 muscles prematurely ; face sets, takes hard ex- 
 pression ; eyes s., become motionless in death, 
 swoon, &c); sink below horizon (sun, moon, 
 sets ; the star of Rome, his star, has or is s., 
 greatness is departed); (of tide, current, &c, & 
 transf. of feelings, customs, &c.) have motion, 
 gather force, sweep along, show or feel ten- 
 dency, (tide sets in, out; current sets strongly, 
 eastwards ; oninion is setting against it ; his 
 soul 8. to grief); (of sporting dog) take rigid at- 
 titude indicatingpresence of game ; (of dancers) 
 take position facing partner's (often .s. to part- 
 ners); (of garment) adapt itself to figure, sit, 
 well, badly. Sec; sharp 1 -.?. Special senses with 
 advv. & prepp.: s. about, begin, take steps to- 
 wards, (task, doing); s. back, impede or reverse 
 progress of ; s. down, put in writing, attribute 
 to, explain or describe to oneself as; s. forth, 
 make known, declare, expound, adorn, begin 
 journey or expedition ; s. forward, assist pro- 
 gress of, begin going forward (archaic); s. in, 
 arise, get vogue, become established, (reaction, 
 rain, s. in ; it s. in to rain) ; s. off, act as adorn- 
 ment or foil to, enhance, .make more striking, 
 
SET 
 
 r9i 
 
 SETTLE 
 
 start (person) laughing or talking on pet sub- 
 ject, begin journey ; s. on adv., instigate, ad- 
 vance to the assault; s. on prep., urge (dog &c.) 
 to attack (person &c), attack; s. out, embellish, 
 demonstrate, exhibit, declare, begin journey ; 
 s. to adv., begin doing something vigorously, 
 esp. (usu. w. pi. subj. flighting or arguing ; s. up, 
 develop figure of by physical training (esp. in 
 p.p., as a well s.-u. man), start (institution, busi- 
 ness, one's carriage, &c. ), occasion (soreness &c. ), 
 establish (person) or provide with means of es- 
 tablishment or establish oneself in some capa- 
 city (his father, £.50, s. lcim up as a tobacconist 
 orin thetobacco trade ; sliall s. up as a dentist), 
 provide adequately in or -with some article (am 
 s. up with no velsfor tlie winter), place (standard, 
 notice, &c.) in view, begin uttering (protest, 
 shriek, &c.) loudly, propound (theory), restore 
 from ill-health or depression ; s. up for, make 
 pretensions to the character of (sets iip for a 
 scholar, moralist, Sec); s. upon, = s. on prep. 
 [OE settan (sittan sit), cf. Du. zetten, G setzen] 
 set 2 , n. Number of things or persons that 
 belong together as essentially similar or as 
 complementary to each other, group, clique, 
 collection, (s. of studs, chairs, golf-clubs, Jire- 
 iro)is, lectures; s. of teeth, natural or artificial; 
 a fine s. of men, players, officers, &c. ; dinner s., 
 dinner service 1 ; toilets., vessels of wash-hand- 
 stand ; the fast, best, racing, smart, literary, 
 political, Sec, s., sections of society consorting 
 together; s. of quadrilles or s., figures that 
 make up a quadrille ; s. of dancers or s. , number 
 needed to make up square dance ; a, the first, 
 Scc.,s. in tennis &c, group of games counting as 
 unit to side that wins more than half the games 
 in it; s. of exchange, first &c. of exchange 1 
 collectively) ; slip or shoot for planting ; young 
 fruit just s. ; setting o/sun or day (poet.) ; way 
 current or wind or opinion &c. sets, drift or 
 tendency of, (the s. of the current, public feeling, 
 &c. ; the s. of his mind is towards intolerance) ; 
 configuration, conformation, habitual posture, 
 way head &c. is set on or carried, way dress &c. 
 sits or flows, (usu. of; the s. of the hills, his head, 
 the drapery), warp or bend or displacement 
 caused by continued pressure or position (has 
 got as. to the right) ; (amount of) alternate de- 
 flection of saw-teeth ; last coat of plaster on 
 wall ; timber frame supporting gallery &c. in 
 coal-mine ; amount of margin in type causing 
 letters to be close or wide s. ; number of eggs in 
 nest, or number laid before bird sits, clutch; 
 setter's pointing in presence of game (often 
 dead s.; make dead s. at transf., combine to 
 attack esp. by argument or ridicule) ; kinds of 
 wrench & punch; (Theatr.) s. scene; s.-back, 
 reversal or arrest of progress, relapse ; s.-down, 
 rebuff, snub; s.-off, things, off against another, 
 thing of which the amount or effect may be 
 deducted from that of another of opposite ten- 
 dency, counterpoise, counter-claim, thing that 
 embellishes, adornment to something, (Arch.) 
 
 ! sloping or horizontal member connecting lower 
 
 , and thicker part of wall &c. with upper receding 
 part ; s.-out, commencement or start (esp. at the 
 
 ; first s.-o.), things s. out, equipment, display of 
 rood or utensils or goods; s.-to. combat esp. with 
 
 , fists ; s.-up, erectness or carriage of body, [in 
 1st sense prob. corrupt, of sect ; in others f. prec] 
 seta'eeous (-shws), a. Bristly, having bris- 
 tles, shaped like a bristle. Hence seta'ceous- 
 lv 2 adv. [f. L seta bristle, -aceous] 
 seti'fepous, seti'g-erous, seto'se, aa. 
 Having bristles. [L seta bristle, setiger, setosus, 
 bristly, -ferous, -gerous, -ose 1 ] 
 se'ton, n. (surg.). Skein of cotton or the like 
 passed below skin and left with ends protruding 
 
 to maintain an artificial issue as counter-irri- 
 tant &c. esp. in veterinary practice ; s. -needle, 
 for inserting s. [F (se-), f. L seta bristle, -oon] 
 
 sett, arbitrary var. of set- in some of its 
 more technical senses. 
 
 settee* J , n. Long seat variously constructed 
 to seat more than one person, esp. kind of double 
 arm-chair or short sofa with ends alike for tete- 
 a-tete, [perh. irreg. dim. f. settle 1 ; see -ee] 
 
 settee* 2 , n. Mediterranean shai;v»-prowcd 
 lateen-sailed vessel with two or three masts, 
 [f. F s(c)6tie f. It. saettia (saetta f. L sagitta)] 
 
 se'tter, n. In vbl senses; esp., breeds 
 (English, Irish, Gordon, s.) of long-haired dog 
 trained to stand rigid on scenting game ; s.-on, 
 instigator, [set *, -er 1 ; dog named from native 
 habit of crouching on same occasion] 
 
 se'tterwort (-ert), n. A plant, Bear's-foot 
 or Fetid Hellebore, [perh. corrupt, f. setox, 
 the roots having formerly been used as seton 
 in dewlap of oxen] 
 
 se'tting 1 , n. In vbl senses ; esp.: the music 
 of a song &c; the metal or other frame in 
 which a gem is set, (transf.) surroundings of 
 any object regarded as its framework or as 
 accessories setting it off, environment, (Theatr.) 
 way a play is put on the stage, scenery, proper- 
 ties, costumes, &c; s.-board, on which entomo- 
 logical specimens are set ; s.-box, in which s.- 
 boards are kept like shelves or drawers; s.- 
 needle, needle in wooden handle used in setting 
 specimens ; s.-rule, brass or steel plate with 
 which type is kept temporarily in place as it is 
 set up ; s. -stick, used in setting type, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 se'ttle 1 , n. Bench with high back & arms 
 & often with chest from seat to floor. [OE 
 setl, cf. Du. zetel, G sessel ; cogn. w. sit, set 1 ] 
 
 se'ttle 2 , v.t. & i. Establish or become estab- 
 lished in more or less permanent abode or place 
 or way of life (often down), (cause to) sit down 
 or down to stay for some time, cease from 
 wandering or motion or change or disturbance 
 or turbidity (often down), bring to or attain 
 fixity or composure or certainty or clarity or 
 decision, determine, agree upon, decide, ap- 
 point, (he settled detachments of Jews in As- 
 syria; shall s. in London, Australia; s. feet 
 in stirrups, plant's root well down, in ground, 
 invalid among pillows, oneself in chair ; s. 
 doicn to dinner, whist, reading, married life ; 
 settled down to defensive play, a series of skir- 
 mishes ; marry & s. down ; cannot s. to work, 
 to anything, of restless or excited or desultory 
 person ; bird settles on tree, alights; stand beer 
 to s., get clear; let the excitement s. down; 
 things icill soon s. into shape ; must get it set- 
 tled up, finally arranged ; s. coffee, soup, with 
 white of egg, clarify ; man, expression, of set- 
 tled convictions, melancholy ; settled order, 
 state, habitation, government, weather ; a 
 liqueur tos. one's dinner, facilitate digestion ; s. 
 the day, fix date ; s. quarrel, question, doubts, 
 the pattern of, waverers ; what have you settled 
 on or settled ? ; s. the succession, determine who 
 shall succeed ; that settles the matter or ques- 
 tion, there is no more to be said ; s. one's af- 
 fairs, esp. before death by making will &c); 
 colonize, establish colonists in, s. as colonists 
 in, (country); subside, sink to bottom of liquid 
 or into lower position, (the solid matter soon 
 settles ; soil, house, foundation, settles, comes 
 gradually to lower level by gravitation & giv- 
 ing way of what is below ; ship settles, shows 
 loss of buoyancy, tends to sink); deal effectual- 
 ly with, dispose or get rid of, do for, pay (bill), 
 pay bill, (.<?. person, get rid of his importunity 
 or obstruction by argument or conflict or kill- 
 ing ; let ^ls s. up our accounts or s. up, draw 
 
SETTLEMENT 
 
 792 
 
 SEX 
 
 up & liquidate balance ; s. person's hash 2 or 
 business ; settled, written on paid bill in ac- 
 knowledging payment; will you s. for vie?, 
 pay the bill ; s. with creditors, pay their bills or 
 such proportion as they will agree to accept ; 
 settling-day, esp. fortnightly account day at 
 Stock Exchange); bestow legally for life on 
 {settled an annuity on him ; settled all his pro- 
 perty on his wife ; settled estate, held by tenant 
 for life under specified conditions). [OE set- 
 Ian (prec), perh.with admixture of OE sahtlian 
 reconcile (saht reconciliation f. ON saett)] 
 settlement, n. In vbl senses; esp.: (Law) 
 conveyance of, or creation of estate(s) in, pro- 
 perty to make provision for one or more bene- 
 ficiaries differing from what would result from 
 simple conveyance or statutory inheritance 
 (marriage s., usu. made in favour of wife, her 
 children, &c.) ; newly settled tract of country, 
 colony ; subsidence of wall, house, &c; Act of 
 S., statute of 1701 vesting crown in Sophia of 
 Hanover & her heirs, [-.ment] 
 se'ttler, n. In vbl senses; esp.: one who 
 settles in new colony, early colonist; (slang) 
 decisive blow, argument, or event, [-er j ] 
 se'twall, n. Kind of valerian formerly in 
 medicinal use. [AF cetewale f. OF citoual f. 
 med.L zedoaria r. Pers. zadwar\ 
 se'ven, a. & n. One more than six, 7, VII, 
 (often agreeing with understood n., as s. of the 
 men, s. of them, s. o'clock or s.; one & s., 1/7 ; s. 
 <£• six, 7/6 ; ticenty-s. or s.-&-twcnty, & so on to 
 s.-&-ninety; was s. last birthday, years old; 
 one-&-sevenpenny &c, costing 1/7 Sec; the s. 
 sage' 2 s or xvise men ; the s, sleepers, Christians 
 who fell asleep in a cave while hiding from 
 Decian persecution & woke 200 years later when 
 Roman Empire was Christian ; the s. virtues, 
 deadly sins, wonder's of the world; s.-lcague 
 boots, giving wearer power of going 7 leagues 
 at each stride ; seventy times s., large indefinite 
 number, w. ref. to Matt, xviii. 22); s.-gills, kind 
 of shark; hence se'venFO'LD a. & adv., 
 se'veniEE'N a. & n. {sweet s., age of girlish 
 beauty), seventee'irra 2 a. & n. (N.) the 
 number 7, the symbol 7, set of 7 persons or 
 things esp. 7-pipped card, (twice s. is lh ; make 
 a large s.; by ss., in sets of 7 ; at sixes & ss.). 
 [Aryan : OE seofon, cf. Du. zcven, G sieben, L 
 septem, Gk hepta, Skr. saptan] 
 se'venth, a. & n. Next after sixth (the, a, s., 
 often as n. with ellipse of n., esp. the s. = 7th 
 day of month; s. day, Saturday in quaker 
 speech & with sects keeping Saturday instead 
 of Sunday as sabbath ; in the 8. heaven, in the 
 greatest happiness or satisfaction ; s. part, one 
 of 7 equal parts into which thing may be di- 
 vided). (N.) =s. part; (Mus.) tone 7 diatonic 
 degrees from given tone, thisinterval, harmonic 
 combination between tone & its s. [-th 2 ] 
 se'venthly, adv. In the 7th place (in enu- 
 merations). [-LY 2 ] 
 
 se'venty, a. & n. Seven times ten, 70, LXX, 
 (s.-one &c, or onc-&-s. &c. ; s.-Jirst &c. ; the s., 
 the disciples of Luke x, also the sanhedrim, 
 also the Septuagint translators) ; s.-four hist., 
 war-ship with 74 guns ; hence se'ventiETH a. 
 & n. (X.) the number or symbol 70; the ss., 
 years between 69 & 80 in life or century. [-TV 2 J 
 se'ver, v.t. & i. Separate, divide, part, dis- 
 join, disunite, (t. & rarely i. ; s. husband <£• wife, 
 friends or friendship, rope, neck, connexion; 
 sea severs England & or from France ; the 
 rope severed under the strain) ; cut or break 
 off, take away, (part) from or from whole 
 (severed his head, his head from his body; s. 
 oneself from the Church); (Law ; of person in 
 joint action) conduct case independently of 
 
 the rest. Hence se'ver able a., se'ver ance 
 n. [f. OF sevrer f. L as separate] 
 se'veral, a. & pron. Separate, diverse, dis- 
 tinct, individual, respective, (all of its in our 
 s. stations; each has his s. ideal; went their s. 
 ways; indictment of three s. counts; the s. mem- 
 bers of the Board ; each s. ship sank her op- 
 ponent ; collective & s. responsibility, of per- 
 sons as a body & as individuals; joint & s. bond 
 &c., signed by more than one person, of whom 
 each is liable for whole sum ; s. estate, not 
 shared with others), whence se'veralLY 2 
 adv. ; a few, more than two but not many, 
 (have called s. times ; myself <£■ s. others). 
 (Pron.) a moderate number, more than two but 
 not many, of the previously mentioned or im- 
 plied persons or things (s. of you have seen him; 
 xoent mushroom-hunting & found s.). [OF, f. L 
 separate separate thing (separate, -al)] 
 se'veralty, n. Individual or unshared ten- 
 ure of estate &c. (usu. in s.). [-ty] 
 severe*, a. (-er, -est). Austere, strict, harsh, 
 rigorous, unsparing, (s. look, discipline, critic, 
 master, sentence, inspection, self-control) ; vio- 
 lent, vehement, extreme, (s. weather, very cold 
 or stormy; a s. winter; s. attack of gout); trying, 
 making great demands on endurance, energy, 
 skill, or other quality, (s. test, pain, competi- 
 tion, requirements); unadorned, stripped of all 
 that is unessential, without redundance, re- 
 strained, terse, (s. architecture, beauty, sim- 
 plicity, style); sarcastic or satirical (s. remarks; 
 you are pleased to be s.). Hence or cogn. se- 
 vere'LY 2 adv., seve'riTY n. (w. pi. = severe 
 treatment). [OF, f. L severus etym. dubj 
 Sevres (sa'vr), n. Porcelain made at m. 
 sew (so), v.t. & i. (p.p. sewn, sewed). Fasten 
 (material, pieces) by passing thread again & 
 again through holes made with threaded needle 
 or with awl &c. (s. cloth, calico, leather, pieces 
 together, sheets of book), whence sowing 1 (5) 
 n.; make by sewing (s. seam, pleat, shirt, book, 
 boot, buttonhole); fasten on or in, attach, by 
 sewing (s. on a button ; can you s. buttons ? ; 
 s. in a patch, band, gusset, rib, &c.) ; close up 
 (hole, rent, wound, bag) by sewing; enclose, 
 fasten up, by sewing receptacle (s. up money 
 in a bag ; s. money into one's belt) ; s. one up 
 slang, utterly exhaust, (esp. in p.p.) intoxicate; 
 use needle & thread or sewing-machine; sew- 
 ing-machine, apparatus in which needle is 
 worked mechanically by crank or treadle ; 
 seioing-press, apparatus for sewing books. 
 Hence sewer 1 [-er 1 ] n. [Aryan : OE siwian, 
 OHG shvan, L suere, Gk (kas)suo, Skr. siv] 
 sewage (-ij), n., & v.t. Matter conveyed in 
 sewers ; s.-farm, on which s. is used as manure, 
 esp. one that utilizes & disposes of a town's s. ; 
 s. -grass, grown on sewaged land; (vb) manure 
 with s. [f. obs. sew drain dry f. OF essuier f. L 
 EX(swccare f. succus juice), -age] 
 sewer 2 (for s. 1 see sew), n. (hist). Person 
 who set out table, placed guests, carried & 
 tasted dishes, &c. [f. OF asseour f. asseoir to 
 seat, set, f. L AS(sidere = sedere sit) sit beside] 
 sewer 3 , n., & v.t. Conduit or channel usu. 
 covered over for carrying off the drainage & 
 excrementitious matter of a town, public drain; 
 s.-gas, foul air of ss. ; s.-rat, common brown or 
 Norway rat; hence sewerAGE(l)n. (Vb) drain, 
 provide, with ss. [f. OF seuwiere sluice f. L 
 *Exaquaria (aqua water, -ary ] ) ; cf. ewer] 
 sewin,-en,n. Kind of salmon-trout. [W(-yn)] 
 sewn. See sew. 
 
 sex, n. Being male or female or hermaphro- 
 dite (what is its s. ? ; s. does not matter ; xoith- 
 out distinction of age or s.), whence se'XLESS 
 a., se'xlessNESS n.; males or females collec- 
 
sex- ryy 
 
 tively (all ranks & both ss. ; the fair, gentle, 
 softer, weaker, s., & facet, the s., women; the 
 sterner s., men ; is the- fairest of her s.). [f. F 
 sexe f. L sexus -us perh. cogn. w. secare cut] 
 
 sex-, sexi-, comb, forms of L sex six, in deri- 
 vatives of L coinpds & in mod. formations : 
 sc'xangle, hexagon; sexangular(ly), hexagon- 
 al(ly) ; sexcente'nary (or -se - -) a. & n., of 600, 600- 
 year, 600th anniversary; sexdigitate, six-fin- 
 gered ; sexenniaWy), lasting, (occurring) once 
 in, six years ; sexjid hot., cleft in 6 ; sexfoil, 6- 
 lobed figure in architectural or other decora- 
 tion, also 6-leaved plant ; sexillion, 6th power of 
 a million, 1 with 36 ciphers ; sexisylla'bic, -able, 
 (word) of 6 syllables; sex(i)valent chem., com- 
 bining with 6 atoms of hydrogen, having 6 com- 
 bining equivalents; sexpar'tite, divided in 6; 
 sextuple a. & n. & v.t. & i., sixiold (amount), 
 multiply by 6. 
 
 sexagenarian, a. & n. (Person) between 
 
 59 & 70. JE sexagenarius (foil.), -an] 
 sexage'napy, a. Of 60, going by sixties. 
 
 [f. OF sexagenaire f. L sexagenarius (sexageni 
 
 60 each f. sexaginta 60, -ary j )] 
 Sexage'sima, n. (Also S. Sunday) Sunday 
 
 before Quinquagesima. [L, fern. adj. = 60th 
 (day), prob. named loosely as preceding qui-x- 
 quagesima] 
 
 sexagesimal, a. & n. Sixtieth, of 60, pro- 
 ceeding by sixties, (s. fractions, or ss. n., with 
 denominators proceeding in ratio of 60 as in the 
 divisions of the circle & hour). Hence sexa- 
 ge'simalLY' 2 adv. [f. L sexagcsinuis 60th 
 (sexaginta 60), -al] 
 
 sext, sexte, n. (eccl.). The office of the 6th 
 hour, recited at noon, [f . F sexte f . med. L scxta 
 (L sextus sixth)] 
 
 se'xtain, n. Stanza of 6 lines. [L sextus 
 sixth, -an ; cf. quatrain] 
 
 se'xtan, a. (Of fever &c.) recurring every 
 sixth day. [as prec] 
 
 se'xtant, n. Sixth part of circle; instrument 
 including a graduated s. used in navigation & 
 surveying for measuring angular distances, 
 [f. L sextans -ntis sixth of an as (sextus sixth, 
 -ant, as if f. "sextare divide by 6)] 
 
 sexte*t(te), n. (Musical work for) 6 voices, 
 singers, instruments, or players, in combina- 
 tion ; (transf.) any set of 6. [f. L sextus sixth, 
 as quartette] 
 
 sexti'llion, n. = SKxillion. [prec, billion] 
 
 se'xto, n. (pi. -os). Book formed by folding 
 sheets in six. [f. L sextus sixth, as quarto] 
 
 sextode'eimo, n. (abbr. 16mo usu. read six- 
 teenmo). Sheet of paper folded in 16 leaves ; 
 this way of folding (in s. ) ; book made by folding 
 thus. [orig. in s. L (in 5 , sextus decimus 16th)] 
 
 se'xton, n. Officer charged with care of 
 church, its vessels, vestments, & churchyard, 
 & often with duties of parish clerk & grave- 
 digger; s. -beetle, kinds that bury carrion to 
 serve as nidus for eggs. [ME sekesteyn &c, 
 corrupt, of sacristan] 
 
 se'xual (or -kshdb-), a. Of sex, a sex, or the 
 sexes (s. organs, genitals ; s. intercourse or 
 commerce, copulation ; s. affinity, mutual attrac- 
 tion of two individuals of opposite sexes; s. 
 selection; s. appetite, indulgence, for, in, s. 
 intercourse) ; (Bot. ; of classification) based on 
 the distinction of sexes in plants, whence 
 se*xualisT(2) n. Hence sexua'lrry n., se*x- 
 ualLY 2 adv. [f. L sexualis (sex, -al)] 
 
 se'xualize, v.t. Attribute sex to. Hence 
 sexualizATiox n. [-ize] 
 
 sforzcfndo (-ts-), mus. direction. With sud- 
 den emphasis. [It.] 
 
 sfuma'to (-oomah-), a. (paint.). With in- 
 distinct outlines. [It., lit. smoked] 
 
 SHADOW 
 
 sha'bby, a. Scurvy, contemptible, paltry, 
 dishonourable, (played me a s. trick); close- 
 fisted, mean ; worn, threadbare, dilapidated, 
 seedy, in bad repair or condition ; s. -genteel, re- 
 taining traces of better days, attempting to 
 keep up appearances. Hence sha'bbiLY 2 adv. . 
 sha'bbiNESS n., sha'bby ishi (2) a. [OE 
 sccab, scaeb, scab, + -y 2 ] 
 
 sha'brack, n. Cavalry saddlecloth, [f. G 
 schabracke ult. f. Turk, chaprak] 
 
 sha'ckle, n., & v.t. Metal loop or staple, 
 bow of padlock, link closed by bolt for connect- 
 ing chains &c, coupling link ; long link joining 
 pair of wrist or ankle rings, (pi.) fetters, im- 
 pediments, or restraints (the ss. of convention) ; 
 kind of insulator for telegraph wires; s.-bolt, 
 for closing s., also bolt with s. at its end; s.- 
 joint, in some fishes, formed by bony ring pass- 
 ing through hole in other bone; (vb) fetter, im- 
 pede, trammel. [OEsceaeuZ loose bond (shake)] 
 
 shad, n. Kinds of anadromous deep-bodied 
 fish, of which the American or White S. is 
 much esteemed as food. [OE sceadd, cf. Ir. & 
 Gael, saadan, W ysgadan, herrings] 
 
 sha'ddock, n. (Fruit, sometimes weighing 
 15 lb., of) orig. Malayan & Polynesian tree oi 
 orange kind. [&, introducer to W. Indies] 
 
 shade 1 , n. Comparative darkness (& usu. 
 coolness) caused by interception of light (& 
 usu. heat) rays, (fig.) comparative obscurity 
 (throw into the s., outshine); (often pi.) place 
 sheltered from sun, cool or sequestered retreat ; 
 (pi.) darkness of night or evening; darker part 
 of picture (without light & s., of paintings, also 
 fig. of descriptions or characters, monotonous, 
 uniformly glaring or sombre) ; a colour esp. 
 with regard to its depth or as distinguished 
 from one nearly like it, gradation of colour, ma- 
 terial so coloured, (in all ss. of purple ; I want 
 the same coloiir in a lighter s.; all the newest 
 ss. in stock; also fig., as people of all ss. of 
 opinion, delicate ss. of meaning) ; slight differ- 
 ence, small amount, (am a s. better today) ; un- 
 substantial or unreal thing (is the shadow of a 
 s., delusive) ; soul after death (spoke with the s. 
 of Homer; went down to the ss., died, visited 
 Hades ; S. of Priscian &c..\ exclamation at 
 blunder, crime, &c, that would have outraged 
 person invoked); screen excluding or moderat- 
 ing light, heat, &c. (usu. in comb., as sun, 
 candle, lamp, -s.), eye-shield, glass cover for 
 object. Hence sha'deLESS a. [Aryan ; = 
 shadow ; OE scsed, sceadu, cf. Du. schaduw, 
 G schatten, Gk skotos ; cogn. w. sky & Gk skia 
 shade (ska- cover)] 
 
 shade 2 , v.t. Screen from excessive light 
 (shaded his eyes xcith his hand ; trees s. the 
 street) ; cover, keep off, or moderate power of 
 (luminous object, light) with or as intervening 
 object ; make dark or gloomy (a sxillen look 
 shaded his face) ; (Drawing) darken (parts of 
 object represented) esp. with parallel pencil 
 lines to give effects of light & shade or grada- 
 tions of colour, whence sha*diNG 1 (6) n.; (cf 
 colour or light, & fig. of opinion, practice, &c.) 
 pass off by degrees into (or into) other colour 
 or variety, make (colour &c.) pass thus into an- 
 other ; modify pitch of (organ-pipe), [f. prec] 
 
 shadoof, n. Pole with bucket & counter- 
 poise used esp. in Egypt for raising water, [f. 
 Arab, shaduf] 
 
 sha'dow 1 (-6), n. Shade (sitting in the s.; 
 the s. of death is on his face ; valley of the s. 
 of death ; the ss. of night ; under the s. of mis- 
 fortune), dark part of picture, room, &c; patch 
 of shade, dark figure projected by body that 
 intercepts light rays, this regarded as person's 
 or thing's appendage (may your s. never grow 
 
SHADOW 
 
 791 
 
 SHALL 
 
 less!, nor consequently you thin), (fig.) one's in- 
 separable attendant or companion ; reflected 
 image ; type, faint representation, adumbra- 
 tion, premonition {coming events cast their ss. 
 before) ; slightest trace (without a s. of doubt); 
 unsubstantial or unreal thing or counterfeit 
 (what ss. we are ! ; catch at ss. ; having only 
 the s. of freedom), phantom, ghost, (is but the s. 
 of his former self; worn to as.; a terrible s. 
 with uplifted hand); privacy, obscurity, (con- 
 tent to live in the s.); shelter, protection, (under 
 the s. of the Almighty); (Yacht.) kind of light 
 sail used in fair winds ; s.-stitch, kind of ladder- 
 work in lace-making. Hence sha'dowxEss, 
 sha'dowv 2 , aa., sha'dowiNESS n. [OE 
 sceadu, see shade j ] 
 
 sha'dow 2 , v.t. Overspread with s. (chiefly 
 poet.); set forth dimly, in outline, allegorically, 
 or prophetically ; dog, secretly watch all move- 
 ments of. [f. prec] 
 
 sha'dy, a. Giving, situated in. shade; (of 
 actions, conduct, &c.) shunning the light, dis- 
 reputable, of dubious honesty ; on thes. side of 
 forty &c, more than. Hence' sha'diLY 2 adv., 
 sha'diNESS n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 shaft, n. (Slender pole of) lance or spear ; 
 long-bow arrow (often chOTH-yard s.; also fig., 
 as .9.9. of satire, ridicule, envy); ray of light, 
 bolt or stroke o/lightning ; stem, stalk, column 
 between base & capital, one of group of clus- 
 tered columns, spire, part of chimney above 
 roof, rib of feather, part more or less long & 
 narrow & straight supporting or connecting 
 part(s) of greater thickness &c.; (Mech.) large 
 axle, revolving bar transferring force by belts 
 or cogs, whence sha*ftiNG 1 (3, 6) n.; handle of 
 tool &c; one of pair of bars between which 
 horse of vehicle is harnessed (s.-horse, so 
 placed, opp. leader in tandem) ; vertical or 
 inclined excavation giving access to mine ; 
 tunnel of blast-furnace ; (also ventilating s. ) up- 
 ward vent for smoke or bad air from tunnel, 
 drain, &c. [OE sceaft spear-shaft, orig. shaven 
 rod (shave, suf. -t),'et Du. schacht, G schaft] 
 
 shag 1 , n. Rough growth or mass of hair 
 &c, whence sha'gg-ED 2 a. (rare); (archaic) 
 long-napped rough cloth; coarse kind of cut 
 tobacco. [OE sceacga, cf. OX skegg beard 
 (skaga jut out)] 
 
 shag" 2 , n. Crested cormorant, [prob. f.prec] 
 
 sha'g'gy, a. Hairy, rough-haired, (of hair) 
 coarse, wildly abundant, unkempt, (of land &c.) 
 overgrown with forest or rough vegetation, (of 
 trees &c.) with rough branches or twigs, (Bot.. 
 Biol.)villovis. Hence sha'g'giLY 2 adv., sha'g- 
 
 glNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 shagree'n, n. Kind of untanned leather 
 with artificially gramilated surface made from 
 skin of horse, ass, camel, &c, & usu. dyed 
 green ; shark-skin rough with natural papillae 
 used for rasping & polishing, [as chagrin, 
 which is differentiated in sense] 
 
 shah, n. King of Persia, padishah. [Pers., 
 = ruler; cf. check 1 ] 
 
 shake 1 , v.t. & i. (shdbk, shaken). Move 
 (thing, person) violently or quicklv up & down 
 or to & fro with the hand(s) &c. (like a terrier 
 shaking a rat; deserves a good sha'kiNGMl) 
 n.; .9. hands, clasp right hands with or without 
 shaking at meeting or parting, in reconciliation 
 or congratulation, or over concluded bargain ; 
 .9. a carpet) ; (make) tremble or rock or quiver 
 or vibrate or wave, jolt, jar, brandish, (.9. the 
 house; the earth shook; hand shakes, is un- 
 steady : .9. one's fist, stick, &c, in person's face 
 or at, threaten with fist &c. ; s. a leg ; s. one's 
 head, move it from side to side in refusal, 
 denial, disapproval, or concern over or at or 
 
 abs.; s. with fear, cold, &c, tremble violently); 
 agitate, shock, disturb, (was much shaken by, 
 with, at, the neivs ; s. him out of his lethargy ; 
 shook my composure) ; weaken, impair, make 
 less convincing or firm or stable or courageous, 
 (the firm's credit xvas shaken ; shook the wit- 
 ness's evidence ; his faith in Providence was 
 greatly shaken ; the ranks were shaken bid not 
 broken) ; (of voice, musical note, singer, &c. ) 
 make tremulous sounds, change pitch or power 
 with rapid alternations, trill, (his voice shook 
 with emotion; must learn to s.) ; (imperat.; 
 colloq., chiefly U.S.) s. hand3 ; s. down, fetch or 
 send down by shaking (fruit from tree ; straw 
 or blankets &c. on floor for bed, whence 
 sha'kedown n.; grain &c. in vessel into 
 least compass), (intr.) become compact, get 
 comfortably settled or into harmony with as- 
 sociates or circumstances; s. off, get rid of 
 (dust &c, & fig. undesirable companion or 
 worry) by shaking (.9. o. the dust 1 from one's 
 feet); s. out, empty (vessel, garment, &c.) of 
 contents or dust, (contents) trom vessel &c, 
 spread or open (sail, flag, reef); s. up, mix (in- 
 gredients), restore (pillow &c.) to shape, by 
 shaking, rouse from stagnant or lethargic or 
 convention-ridden state. Hence sha'kABLE 
 a. [OE sceacan, cf. ON & Sw. skaka] 
 
 shake 2 , n. Shaking or being shaken (see 
 prec; with a s. of the head ; give it, had, a s.; 
 all of a s., trembling; the ss., ague), jolt, jerk, 
 shock; trill, quick alternation of two notes 
 with voice or on instrument; moment (in two 
 &c. ss. of a lamb's tail &c. or ss., very quickly, 
 in no time) ; crack in growing timber ; (slang) 
 is no great ss., not very good or efficient ; s.-up, 
 shaking or being shaken up. [f. prec] 
 
 sha'kep, n. In vbl senses ; also (S-) member 
 of religious sect founded in Manchester, & still 
 existing in U.S., holding that Christ's second 
 coming has taken place (named from religious 
 dances), whence Sha'kePESS 1 , Sha'keriSM 
 (3), nn. [-er 1 ] 
 
 Shak(e)spe(a)p*ian (-per-), a. (In the style) 
 of Shakspere. So Shak(e)spe(a)piA*NA n. 
 
 ph [-IAN] 
 
 sha'ko, n. Form of military hat, more or 
 less cylindrical with peak & upright plume or 
 tuft. [F, f. Hung, csako] 
 
 sha'ky, a. Unsteady, apt to shake, tremb- 
 ling, unsound, infirm, unreliable, tottering, 
 wavering, (a s. hand, table, old man, house ; s. 
 credit, voters, courage ; feel, look, s.). Hence 
 sha'kiLY 2 adv., sha'kiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 shale, n. Kinds of clay splitting readily in- 
 to thin plates & resembling slate but softer & 
 less solid; s.-oil, kind of naphtha got from 
 bituminous s. Hence sha'lY 2 a. [f. G schale 
 shell, cf. obs. shale shell var. of scale 1 ] 
 
 shall, v. aux. (pres. I, he, we, you, they, s., 
 thou shall ; past & condit. I, he, we, you, they, 
 shotdd pr. shdbd, thou shouldst pr. shdbdst, or 
 shoul'dest pr. shoo-; neg. forms shall not or 
 shan't pr. -ah-, shoidd not or shouldn't; no 
 other parts used). S. & shoidd are used (1) in 
 first person (the others having will, tvould) to 
 form a plain future or conditional statement 
 or question (we s. hear about it tomo7~row ; I 
 should have been killed if I had let go ; s. I hear 
 from you soon ?); (2) in 2nd & 3rd persons (1st 
 having will, would) to form a future or condi- 
 tional statement expressing speaker's will or 
 intention (you s. not catch me again ; he shoidd 
 not have gone if I could have prevented it) ; (3) 
 alternatively with will, would, in sentences of 
 type 1 changed in reporting from 1st to other 
 person (he says or said, you say or said, that 
 he, you, s. or should never manage it; now 
 
 
SHALLOON 
 
 795 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 more usu. will, would) or from other person to 
 1st (he says I s. or will never manage it, report- 
 ing you will never ; will now rare); (4) in report- 
 ing sentences of type 2 that contained s. or 
 should (you promised I, he, should not catch 
 you at it again): (5) in 2nd-person questions cor- 
 responding to type 1, by attraction to expected 
 answer (shall you be going to church ?) ; (6) in 
 any person to form statements or questions in- 
 volving the notions of command & future or 
 conditional duty, obligation, &c. (thou shall 
 not steal; I, you, he, should really have been 
 more careful; s. I, he, open the door?; why 
 should J, you, he, obey ?) ; (7) in all persons to 
 form conditional protasis or indefinite clause 
 (if, when, we s. be defeated or defeat s. overtake 
 us; anyone who should say; if you should 
 happen to be there ; & with inversion should I, 
 you, he, be there, it would be talked about) ; (8) 
 alternatively with may, might, in all persons 
 in final clauses (to the end that I, you, he, s. or 
 should not be able); (9) in some miscellaneous 
 idioms (it should seem, it seems ; you shall find 
 archaic, be sure you will find ; it is surprising 
 &c. that I, you, he, should be or have been so 
 foolish). [OE sceal, past of sculan owe, cf. Du. 
 zal, G soil, cogn. w. G schuld debt, guilt, & prob. 
 w. L scelus guilt & Skr. skhal err] 
 shalloo'n, n. Light cloth for coat-linings 
 & women's dresses, [f. Chalons in France] 
 sha'llop, n. Light open boat. [f. F chalo upe 
 f. Du. sloep sloop] 
 
 shal(l)o't, n. Plant of onion kind with cloves 
 like, but of milder flavour than, those of garlic. 
 [f. OF eschalote var. of escalogne f. L ascalonia 
 orig. fern. adj. f. Ascalon in Palestine] 
 sha'llow (-6), a. (-er, -est), n., & v.i. & t. Of 
 little depth (lit. & fig.; s. water, a s. stream, 
 dish ; a s. mind, argument, love, man, super- 
 ficial, trivial ; so s. -brained, -hearted, -pated); 
 hence sha*llowLY 2 adv., sha'llowNESs n.; 
 (n. ) s. place, shoal; ( vb) become shallower, make 
 s. [f. OX sA^'afor oblique, cf. shoal 1 , shelve 2 ] 
 shalt. See shall. 
 
 sham, v.t. & i., n., & a. Feign, simulate, (s. 
 illness, sleep, a faint, fear; is only shamming); 
 l>reten&tobe(sha?mnedill,dead, asleep); hence 
 sha'mmER 1 n. (X.*) imposture, pretence, hum- 
 bug, (this age ofss.) ; person or thing pretend- 
 ing or pretended to be something that he or it 
 is not; (also sheet, pilloiv, -s.) embroidered linen 
 laid on bed in day for show. (Adj.) pretended, 
 counterfeit, (s.-fight, imitation battle for train- 
 ing troops ; s. plea &c. in law, advanced only 
 to gain time), [adj. f. n., n. f. vb orig. = delude 
 (person), var. of shame 2 ] 
 
 # Sha'manism, n. Religion of Siberian tribes 
 involving belief in secondary gods & in power 
 of shamans or priests to influence these, [f. 
 Pers. shaman idolater, -ism] 
 sha'mble, v.i., & n. Walk or run in shuf- 
 fling or awkward or decrepit way (shambling 
 gait, of person who shambles); (n.) shambling 
 gait. [f. ODu. schampelen stumble, decamp, 
 f. OF escamper f. It. scampare escape (L ex out 
 of, campus field) ; cf. scamper] 
 sha'mbles, n. pi. (often w. sing, constr.). 
 Butchers' slaughter-house ; scene of carnage 
 (the place became a s.). [pi. of obs. shamble 
 bench, OE scamel f. L scamellum cf. scamnum, 
 cogn. w. Gk skepto to prop] 
 shame 1 , n. Feeling of humiliation excited 
 by consciousness of guilt or shortcoming, of 
 having made oneself or been made ridiculous, 
 or of having offended against proprietv, mo- 
 desty, or decency, (flushed with s.; begin with 
 s. to take the lowest room) ; restraint imposed 
 by, desire to avoid, such humiliation (Jor s.!, 
 
 appeal to person not to disregard or reproof for 
 disregarding this ; cannot do it for very s • is 
 quite without or lost to s.), whence sha'me- 
 less a., sha*melessLY 2 adv., sha'meless- 
 NESS n.; state of disgrace or ignominy or dis- 
 credit (s. on you!; put one to s., disgrace him 
 esp. by exhibiting superior qualities &c.) per- 
 son or thing that brings disgrace (is a s. to his 
 parents ; would think s. to do it ; is asin&as) 
 whence sha'meFUL a., sha'mefulLv 2 adv ' 
 sha-mefulNESSn. [OEsc(e)«mu, cf. Da. skam, 
 G scham, perh. cogn. w. scathe] 
 shame 2 , v.i. & t. Be ashamed, refuse from 
 s., to (archaic ; usu. with negative, as he shamed 
 not to say) ; bring s. on, be a s. to, make ashamed ; 
 put (superior) to the blush by outdoing (a dog's 
 fidelity shames us); frighten by s. into or out of 
 aorng, conduct, &c. [OE sc(e)amian (prec.)j 
 sha-mefaeed (-ast), a. Bashful, shy ; (poet., 
 of virtue, flowers, &c.) modest, retiring, incon- 
 spicuous. Hence sha'mefaeedLY 2 adv. 
 sha'mefaeedNESS (-asid-, -ast-) n. [f. obs. 
 shamefast, OE scamfxst (shame 1 , fast) by 
 confusion w. -facED 2 ] 
 sha'mmy, sha'moy, n. = chamois(2). 
 shampoo*, v.t., & n. Subject (bodv &c.) to 
 kneading or massage after hot bath (orig. sense, 
 nowrare); lather, wash, & rub (head, hair); (n.) 
 a shampooing of the head. [f. Hind, champnd, 
 press, shampoo] 
 
 sha'mroek, n. Kinds of trefoil or clover 
 serving as national emblem of Ireland (cf. rose, 
 thistle, leek), [f. Ir. seamrog trefoil] 
 sha*ndrydan, n. Light two- wheeled Irish 
 cart ; old rickety vehicle. [?] 
 sha'ndygaff, n. Mixed drink of beer & 
 ginger-beer. [?] 
 
 shanghai* (-hi), v.t. (naut. slang). Drug & 
 
 ship as sailor while unconscious, [tf. in China] 
 
 shank, n., & v.i. Leg (Shanks's mare, one's 
 
 own legs as opp. riding &c); leg from knee to 
 
 ankle ; shin-bone ; upright part of bird's foot ; 
 
 footstalk of flower ; leg of stocking ; shaft of 
 
 pillar &c, shaft of tool between head &c. & 
 
 handle, stem of key, spoon, anchor, &c, straight 
 
 part of fish-hook, narrow middle of boot-sole - 
 
 hence (-)shankED 2 a. (Vb) s. off (of flowers) 
 
 fall off by decay of s. [OE sc(e)anca, cf. Du. 
 
 schonk bone, G schinken ham ; cogn. w. shake] 
 
 sha'nny, n. Oblong olive-green European 
 
 sea-fish, the smooth blenny. [?] 
 
 shan't. See shall. 
 
 sha-nty, n. Hut, cabin, mean dwelling. [?] 
 shape 1 , v.t. & i. (p.p. -ed, archaic -en). Cre- 
 ate, form, construct; model, mould, fashion, 
 bring into desired or definite figure or form 
 (p.p., having such figure, asshaped like a pear); 
 adapt, make conform, to ; plan, devise ; direct, 
 aim, (one's course &c); frame mentally, ima- 
 gine, call up image of ; assume form, develop 
 into s., give signs of future s. (shapes tcell, is 
 promising). Hence sha'pABLE a. [OE sc(e)a- 
 pan, cf. G schaffen create, prob. cogn. w. shave, 
 also w. -ship & (land)scape] 
 shape 2 , n. Configuration, form, total effect 
 produced by thing's outlines, (spherical in s. ; 
 has the s. of a boat); appearance, guise, (mon- 
 ster in human s.); concrete presentment, em- 
 bodiment, (intention took s. in action ; showed 
 me politeness in the s. of an invitation) ; kind, 
 description, sort, (made no overttires in any s. 
 or form); symmetrical or definite form, orderly 
 arrangement, proper condition, get one's ideas 
 intos.; lick infos.; gives, to), whence sha'pe- 
 less a., sha'pelessLY 2 adv., sha'peless- 
 NESSn.; person considered as impressing the 
 sight, & esp. as indistinctly seen or imagined, 
 apparition, ghost, (a s. loomed through the mist; 
 
SHAPELY 
 
 796 
 
 SHE 
 
 a grim mysterious s. stalked towards me) ; pat- 
 tern for workman &c, mould for shaping hats 
 Sec. ; jelly, blancmange, &c., shaped in mould ; 
 padding worn by actor. Hence (-)shapED '- a. 
 [OE gesceap (Y-, prec.)] 
 
 sha'pely, a. Well formed or proportioned, 
 of the right or a pleasing shape. Hence 
 sha'pelixESS n. [-lv i] 
 
 sha'per, n. In vbl senses; esp., kinds of 
 machine for turning, planing, stamping, mould- 
 ing, &c. [-ER 1 \ 
 
 shard, sherd, n. (archaic). Potsherd (still 
 used by gardeners of fragment put over hole of 
 flowerpot); beetle's wing-cover. [OE sceard 
 
 (SHEAR, SHARE)] 
 
 share *, n. Portion detached for individual 
 from common amount (must get a s. of the 
 plunder) ; part one is entitled to have or bound 
 to contribute, equitable portion, (that is your 
 fair s.; took, bore, my or more or less than my 
 s. of the burden', go ss., make equitable divi- 
 sion with others; s. & s. alike, with equal di- 
 vision ; lion's s.) ; part one gets or contributes 
 (had a large s. in bringing it about, but no s. 
 of the credit) ; part-proprietorship of property 
 held by joint owners (has a s. in the bank, es- 
 tate, Sec), esp. one of the equal parts into 
 which company's capital is divided entitling 
 holder to proportion of profits (holds 50 ss. in ; 
 an issue of 10,000 ss.; deferred ss., on which 
 lower dividend or none is to be paid till fixed 
 date or contingent event ; preference or pre- 
 ferred ss., on which fixed dividend is guaran- 
 teed before payment begins on ordinary ss.; 
 shareholder, owner of ss.; s.-list, of current 
 prices of ss. in various companies). [OE scearu 
 (sceran shear)] 
 
 share 2 , v.t. & i. Apportion (food, px-operty, 
 task, &c.) among others, give each a s. of ; give 
 away part of (would s. his last crust) ; get or 
 have s. of, possess or use or endure jointly with 
 others ; have share(s), be sharer(s), (will s. with 
 you in the_undertaking ; we must s. alike). 
 Hence shar'ER 1 n. [f. prec] 
 share 3 , n. Plough-share ; blade of seeding- 
 machine or cultivator; s.-beam, part of plough 
 in which s. is fixed. [OE scear (sceran shear 1 )] 
 shark, n., & v.i. & t. Kinds of long-shaped 
 lateral-gilled inferior-mouthed sea-fish many 
 species of which are large & voracious (Bask- 
 ing, Man-eating, White, Blue, Dusky, Bonnet- 
 headed, Sec, S.); rapacious person, swindler, 
 (land-s.) ; s.-moth, kinds of moth named from 
 shape; s.-oil, got f. s.'s liver & used like 
 cod-liver oil; s.'s-mouth, opening in awning 
 for mast &c. (Vb) play the swindler, adventur- 
 er, &c. (sharks f or a living), whence shap'k- 
 ing 2 a. ; gather up by dishonest or dishonour- 
 able means ; swallow voraciously, [perh. f. L 
 carcharus f. Gk karkharias kind of shark 
 (karkharos jagged) named f. its teeth] 
 sharp 1 , a., n., & adv. With fine edge or 
 point, not blunt; peaked, pointed, edged, (s. 
 gable, summit, ridge) ; well-defined, clean-cut, 
 (s. outline, distinction, impression, features ; 
 so s.-cut) ; abrupt, angular, (s. turn, incline) ; 
 keen, pungent, acid, tart, shrill, piercing, bit- 
 ing, harsh, acrimonious, severe, intense, pain- 
 ful, (s. flavour, wine, voice, cry, frost, air, 
 words, tongue, temper, reproof, contest, attack 
 of gout) ; acute, sensitive, quick to see or hear 
 or notice, keen-witted, vigilant, clever, (s. eyes, 
 ears, intelligence, attention; s. -sighted, -witted, 
 Sec; keep a s. look-out ; a s. remark, child ; as 
 s. as a needle, very intelligent) ; quick to take 
 advantage, bent on winning, artful, unscrupu- 
 lous, dishonest, (was too s. for me, overreached 
 me ; s. practice, barely honest dealings) ; vigor- 1 
 
 ous, speedy, not loitering, impetuous, (take a 
 8. walk ; s.'s the word, exhortation to be quick ; 
 s. work, said of matter quickly dispatched or 
 fight &c. that takes all one's energy) ; (Phonet., 
 of mutes) unvoiced, hard ; (Mus., opp. flat) 
 above true pitch (piano is s.; B, D, &c, s., a 
 semitone higher than B, D, &c), (of key) hav- 
 ing sharp(s) in signature ; shar'pshooter, skilled 
 shot posted where marksmanship is required ; 
 henceshar'pENev.t.&i^HsharperiERMl^) 
 n., shar*pLY 2 adv., shar'pxESS n. (N.) sew- 
 ing-needle of slender make ; (Mus.) note raised 
 a semitone above pitch, symbol indicating this 
 raising, ss. & flat 2 s; s. consonant. (Adv.) 
 punctually (at six o'clock s.) ; (Mus.) above true 
 pitch (is singing s.); look^s.; s.-set, hungry; 
 s.-shod, calked. [OE scearp, cf. Du, scherp, G 
 scha,rf, cogn. w. L scalpere, sculpere, cut, Gk 
 skorpios scorpion, & Skr. kripana sword] 
 
 sharp 2 , v.t. & i. Sharpen, whet, (archaic 
 orvulg.); raise pitch of (note) or mark as s.; 
 play unfairly, swindle, at cards &c, whence 
 shar'pER 1 n. [f. prec] 
 
 sha'tter, v.t. & i. Break (t. & i.) suddenly & 
 violently in pieces ; utterly derange, destroy, 
 dissipate, (shattered nerves, constitution, 
 hopes), [var. of scatter w. changed sense] 
 
 shave 1 , v.t. & i. (p.p. -ed Se, chiefly as adj., 
 -en). Remove (hair), free (chin &c) of hair, re- 
 lieve (person) of hair on chin &c, with razor 
 (has shaved off or shaved his beard, now wears 
 none ; a shaven chin) ; (intr.) s. oneself (he does 
 not s. every day); pare surface of (wood &c) 
 with spokeshave, plane, Sec, whence sha*v- 
 ing 1 (2) n.; pass close to without touching, skirt, 
 miss narrowly, nearly graze; s.-hook, tool for 
 scraping surface of metal before soldering; 
 shaving-brush, for lathering chin &c before 
 shaving ; shaving-horse, bench with clamp for 
 holding wood to be shaved. [OE sc(e)afan, cf. 
 Du. schaven, G schaben, cogn. w. Li scabere 
 scratch, Gk skapto dig] 
 
 shave 2 , n. Having one's beard &c shaved 
 (must have a s.; a penny s.) ; close approach 
 without contact, narrow miss or escape or 
 failure, (had a close s. of it) ; knife-blade with 
 handle at each end for shaving wood &c.; trick, 
 deception, hoax. [f. prec] 
 
 sha'veling, n. (archaic). Shaven person, 
 monk, friar, priest, [-ling 1 ] 
 
 sha'ver, n. In vbl senses ; also, (colloq.) lad, 
 youngster, (usu. youngs.), [-er 1 ] 
 
 shaw, n. (archaic & poet.). Thicket, wood. 
 [OE scaga, cf. Da. skov; cogn. w. sky] 
 
 shawl, n., & v.t. Rectangular garment, often 
 square to be folded into triangle, chiefly worn 
 by women as outer covering, for shoulders ; s.- 
 dance, in which dancer waves a s.; s. -pattern, 
 variegated design like that of Oriental ss. ; ( vb) 
 put s. on (person), [f. Pers. shal] 
 
 shawm, n. Obsolete musical instrument with 
 reed. [f. OF chalemie (chaume straw f. L f. Gk 
 kalamos reed)] 
 
 shay, n. (Archaic, facet., or vulg., for) 
 chaise, [back-form. f. chaise taken for pi.] 
 
 she, pron. (obj. her 1 , possess, her 2 , her 2 s, 
 pi. they &c), n. , & a. The female (or thing per- 
 sonified as female, e. g. ship or train) previously 
 mentioned or implied or easily identified ; (n.) 
 female, woman, (the not impossible s., woman 
 one might love ; is the child a he or a s. ? ; had 
 a litter of two shes & a he, two bitches & a 
 dog) ; (adj., usu. hyphened) female (.s. goat, -ass, 
 -bear, Sec; s.-devil, -cat, malignant or spiteful 
 woman ; i-.-oak, kinds of Australian shrub, esp. 
 BEEFWood ; s.-pine, Australian conifer). [OE 
 seo fern, of def. art., orig. demonstr. pron., se; 
 cf. Du. zij, G sie, Gk he] 
 
SHEA 7 
 
 she'a, n. W.-Afr. tree yielding a vegetable 
 butter (s.-butter). [native] 
 
 shea'ding- (-ed-), n. Administrative division 
 (six) of I. of Man. [shed 1 , -ing^J 
 
 sheaf, n. (pi. -ves), & v.t. Bundle of things laid 
 lengthwise together & usu. tied (s. of papers, 
 arroivs,8zc.),esp. armful of corn-stalks tied after 
 reaping (s. -binder, tool for tying these) ; (vb) 
 make into 88., sheave. (0E sceaf, cf. Du. schoof, 
 G schaub ; cogn. w, shove] 
 
 shear 1 , v.t. & i. (past -ed & archaic shore; 
 p.p. shorn, rarely sheared). Cut with sword 
 &c. (poet.; t. & i.; shore off his plume; shore 
 through the bone) ; clip, cut with scissors or as., 
 (trans.; s. sheep, clip its wool ; also abs., shall 
 be shearing, i. e. my sheep, tomorrow ; s. cloth, 
 remove or reduce nap by clipping), (tig.) fleece, 
 strip bare, (come home shorn) ; (of structure, 
 material, &c.) suffer the strain called a s.; 
 shearwater, kinds of low-flying sea-bird. Hence 
 shear'ER l n. [OE seer an, cf. Du. & G scheren, 
 Gk keiro, L curtus short; cogn. w. short, 
 
 SHARE, SCAR, &C.] 
 
 shear 2 , n. (PI.) clipping-instrument with 
 two meeting blades pivoted as in scissors or 
 connected by spring & passing close over each 
 other edge to edge (hand me the ss.; want a 
 pair of ss.; shear in comb, or attrib., as shear- 
 bill, the bird scissorbill or skimmer ; s.-grass, 
 kind with sharp-edged leaves ; s.-legs, sheer 4 s; 
 s. steel, of special quality fit for ss. & other cut- 
 ting tools ; sheartail, humming-bird with tail 
 like ss.) ; (Mech.) kind of strain produced by 
 pressure in structure of a substance, its suc- 
 cessive layers being shifted laterally over each 
 other. [OE sceara sing, (prec.)] 
 sheap'ling", n. Sheep once shorn, [-ling l ] 
 shea't-fish, n. Largest European fresh- 
 water fish. [cf. OE sccota trout, & shoot] 
 sheath (-th), n. (pi. pr. -dhz). Close-fitting 
 cover, esp. for blade of weapon or tool ; (Bot., 
 Zool., Anat.) investing membrane, tissue, skin, 
 horny case, Sec; structure of loose stones for 
 confining river within banks. Hence shea'th- 
 less a. [OE scaeth, cf. Du. scheede, G scheide ; 
 cogn. w. shed l ] 
 
 sheathe (-dh), v.t. Put into sheath (s. the 
 sivord, cease from war, & fig.) ; incase, protect 
 with casing or shea'thiNG M3) n. [f. prec] 
 sheave l , n. Grooved wheel in pulley &c. for 
 rope to run on. [cf. G scheibe slice, disk, ON 
 skifa slice n. & v.; cogn. w. shift] 
 sheave 2 , v.t. Gather (corn &c.) into sheaves, 
 sheaf, [f. sheaf] 
 sheaves. See sheaf. 
 shebee'n, n. (Ir.). Pot-house, unlicensed 
 house selling drink, fir.] 
 shed 1 , v.t. (shed). Part with, let fall off, 
 (tree, stag, snake, crab, prime minister, sheds 
 leaves, horns, skin, shell, colleagues) ; drop 
 (s. tears, weep ; s. one's blood for one's country, 
 be wounded or killed) ; cause (others' blood) to 
 flow ; disperse, diffuse, spread abroad, (s. light 
 on, illuminate, esp. fig. ; s. love, radiance, per- 
 fume, &c, around one). Hence she'ddER 1 n. 
 {OE sc(e)ddan part, cf. G scheiden] 
 
 shed 2 , n. One-storeyed shelter for storing 
 goods or vehicles or keeping cattle &c. or for 
 use as workshop &c. & consisting of roof with 
 some or all or no sides open. Hence she'd- 
 diNG 1 ^) n. [var. of shade] 
 sheen, n. Splendour, radiance, brightness. 
 Hence shee'nv 2 a. (poet.), [f. obs. adj. sheen 
 beautiful, OEschie, cf. G schon ; sense affected 
 by confusion with unrelated shine] 
 sheep, n. (pi. the same). Kinds of wild or 
 ■domesticated timid gregarious woolly some- 
 times horned ruminant mammal of which male 
 
 I SHEET 
 
 is named ram, female ewe, & young lamb 
 (s. & goats, the good & the bad, see Matt. 
 xxv. 33 ; black J s. ; cast s.'s eyes, glance amor- 
 ously at ; follow like s., said of persons with no 
 initiative or independence ; as well be hanged 
 for a s. as a lamb 1 ; s. that have no shepherd, 
 helpless crowd &c. ; wolf in s.'s clothing); 
 bashful embarrassed person (so shee'piSH x 
 a., shee'pishLY 2 adv., shee'pishNEss n.); 
 (usu. pi., now chiefly facet. ) member(s) of minis- 
 ter's flock, parishioners &c. ; = sheepskin lea- 
 ther ; s.-bot, fly & larva injurious to s. ; s.-cote 
 (archaic), -fold, -pen (rare), enclosure for pen- 
 ning s. ; s.-dip, -wash, preparation for freeing 
 s. of vermin or preserving their wool; s.-dog, 
 collie, also breed of rough-coated short-tailed 
 dog used by shepherds; s. -farmer, -master, 
 breeder of s. ; s.-hook, shepherd's crook; s.- 
 louse, -tick, kinds of parasite on s. ; s.-pox, 
 s. -disease resembling smallpox ; s.-rnn, ex- 
 tensive s.-walk, esp. in Australia; s.'s-bit, plant 
 resembling scabious; s.'s-fescue, a pasture 
 grass ; sheepshank, kind of hitch used to short- 
 en rope's length temporarily ; s.'s-head lit., also 
 kind of sea-fish used for food ; s. -shearing, (fes- 
 tival at) shearing of s. ; sheepskin, garment or 
 rug of s.'s skin with wool on, also leather of 
 s.'s skin used in bookbinding &c, also parch- 
 ment of it or deed or diploma engrossed on 
 this ; s.-walk, tract of land on which s. are pas- 
 tured ; s.-wash, lotion for killing vermin or 
 preserving wool on s. [OE scedp, cf. Du. 
 schaap, G scjiaf, etym. dub.] 
 
 sheer 1 , a. & adv. Mere, simple, unassisted, 
 undiluted, uncompounded, neither more nor 
 less than, absolute, (did it by s. force ; is s. 
 waste, nonsense, folly ; as. impossibility); (of 
 rock, fall, ascent, &c.) perpendicular, unre- 
 lieved by slope ; (Commerc, of cambric &c.) 
 diaphanous ; (adv.) plumb, perpendicularly, 
 outright, (Jell 3000ft s. ; torn s. out by the roots ; 
 rises s. from the water), [f. ON skxrr bright 
 \skina shine v.), cogn. w. OE scir bright] 
 
 sheep 2 , v.i. (Naut.) deviate from course; 
 (also in gen. use) s. off, part company, depart, 
 esp. from person one dislikes or fears or is 
 offended by. ff. Du. scheren shear l ] 
 
 sheer 3 , n. Upward slope of ship's lines to- 
 wards bow & stern ; deviation of ship from 
 course, [f. prec] 
 
 sheer 4 , n. (PI.; also s.-legs or shear-legs) 
 hoisting-apparatus of two poles attached at or 
 near top and separated at bottom for masting 
 ships or putting in engines &c, used in dock- 
 yards or on s.-hulk, dismasted ship used for the 
 purpose, [var. of shear 2 ; named from resem- 
 blance to pair of shears] 
 
 sheet 1 , n. Rectangular piece of linen used 
 in pairs as inner bed-clothes (between the ss., in 
 bed), whence shee # tiNG ] (3) n. ; broad more or 
 less flat piece o/some thin material (a s. of iron, 
 glass, &c) ; wide expanse of water, snow, ice, 
 flame, colour, &c. ; complete piece of paper of 
 the size in which it was made (book is in ss., 
 printed but not bound ; s. of notepaper, usu. 
 folded once for writing on ; s. of quarto &c, 
 the four &c leaves given by folding as. twice 
 &c); newspaper (a penny, sctirrilous,Scc, s.); 
 rope or chain at lower corner of sail for regu- 
 lating its tension &c (flowing s., not close- 
 hauled, eased for free wind ; a .<?., three ss., in 
 the wind slang, rather, very, drunk) ; s.-anchoi^ 
 [see etym.], carried outside waist of ship for use 
 in emergencies, (fig.) last dependence or secu- 
 rity; s. -copper, -iron, -metal, &c, spread by 
 rolling, hammering, &c, into thin ss. ; s.-glass, 
 kind made first as hollow cylinder, which is cut 
 open & flattened in furnace; s.-lightni>;g. 
 
SHEET 7 
 
 [OE sctte, scyte, linen cloth, with mixture of 
 sense of OE scedt corner, fold, all cogn. w. 
 shoot ; orig. sense ■projection ; s.-anchor was 
 earlier shoot-anchor (to be shot out)] 
 
 sheet 2 , v.t. Furnish with ss.; cover with s. 
 (the sheeted dead); form into ss. (sheeted rain); 
 secure (sail) with s. (esp. s. home), [f. prec] 
 
 sheik(h) (-ek, -ak), n. Chief, head of Ara- 
 bian or Mohammedan tribe, family, or village ; 
 S. ul Islam, grand mufti at Constantinople, 
 chief authority on sacred law in Turkish em- 
 pire. [Arab, (-h), - elder, chief] 
 
 shekappy. See shikaree. 
 
 she'kel (-kl), n. Jewish weight & silver coin ; 
 
 pi.) money, riches, pelf. [f. Heb. sheqel(shaqal 
 weigh)] 
 
 Shekrnah, -eh-, n. Visible glory of Jeho- 
 vah resting over mercy-seat. [Heb. (-k-) f. sha- 
 kan dwell] 
 
 she'ldpake, n. (fern, somet. shelduck). Kinds 
 of bright-plumaged wild duck, [shield, drake, 
 w. ref. to ornamental patterns on shields (cf. G 
 schildem depict f. schild shield)] 
 
 shelf, n. (pi. -ves). Projecting slab of stone or 
 board let into or hung on wall to support things, 
 one of the boards in cabinet, bookcase, &c, on 
 which books &c. stand, (on the s., put aside, 
 done with, esp. of person past work) ; ledge, 
 horizontal step-like projection in cliff face &c; 
 reef or sandbank under water. Hence shelvED- 
 a., she*lfFUL(2) n. [OE scylfe plank, cf. G 
 schelfe husk ; cogn. w. shell, scale l ] 
 
 shell l , n. Hard outer case enclosing nuts, 
 kinds of seed or fruit, eggs, some animals or 
 parts of them, &c, husk, crust, pod, carapace, 
 scale, conch, wing-case, pupa-case, (come out of 
 one's s., throw off reserve, become communi- 
 cative); walls of unfinished or gutted house, 
 ship, &c. ; outline of plan &c. ; inner coffin ; light 
 racing-boat ; hollow metal or paper case to con- 
 tain explosives for fireworks, cartridges, &c. ; 
 explosive projectile or bomb for use in cannon 
 ormortar,whenceshe*ll-PROOF 2 a. ; handguard 
 of sword ; (poet.)lyre ; (atschools) intermediate 
 form ; outward show, mere semblance ; s.-back 
 (naut. slang), old sailor ; s.-bark, kinds of hick- 
 ory ; s.-bit, gouge-shaped boring-bit; s.-bidton, 
 made of two metal disks enclosed in cloth &c; 
 s.-fish, aquatic shelled mollusc (oyster &c) or 
 crustacean (crab, shrimp, &c); s.-gun, cannon 
 throwing ss. horizontally (cf. mortar 1 ); s.-heap 
 or -mound, kitchen-MiDDEN ; s. -jacket, army 
 officer's fatigue or undress jacket ; s. -marble, 
 kinds containing fossil ss.; s.-work, ornamen- 
 tation of ss. cemented on wood &c. Hence 
 (-)shellED 2 she'll-LESS, she'llv 2 , aa. [OE 
 scell, cf. Du. schel ; cogn. w. scale j ] 
 
 shell 2 , v.t. & i. Take out of s., remove s. or 
 pod from, (s. peas); provide, cover, or pave, with 
 shell(s); bombard (town &c), fire at (troops), 
 with ss., whence she'lliNG Ml) n-; (of metal &c.) 
 come off in scales ; s. out slang, pay up (t. & i.), 
 hand over required sum. [f. prec] 
 
 shella'c, n., & v.t. (-eking, -eked), lac 1 
 melted into thin plates, used for making var- 
 nish ; (vb) varnish with s. [shell 1, lac *] 
 
 she'ltep i, n. Thing serving as shield or bar- 
 rier against attack, danger, heat, wind, &c. ; 
 screen or cabin built to keep off wind & rain 
 (cabman's s.) ; place of safety or immunity ; 
 shielded condition (find, take, s.). Hence she'l- 
 tePLESS a. [OE scild-truma guard-troop 
 (shield, truma band, perh. f. trum firm)] 
 
 she'ltep 2 , v.t. & i. Act or serve as s. to, pro- 
 tect, conceal, harbour, defend from blame, 
 screen, shield ; s. oneself under, beneath, be- 
 hind, &c, use the protection afforded by ; take 
 s. under, in, from. [f. prec] 
 
 8 SHIFT 
 
 she'lty l f -tie, n. (Sc). Shetland pony. [Shet- 
 land, -Y 3 J 
 
 she'lty 2 , n. (Sc). Rude cabin or hut. [cf, Sc 
 sheading) in same sense, & OX skali hut, skjol 
 shelter; cogn. w. sky] 
 
 shelve \ v.t. Put on shelf (books &c), (fig.) 
 abandon or defer consideration of (plan &c), 
 cease to employ (person); fit (cupboard &c.) with 
 shelves, whence she'lviNGMS; n. [f. shelf] 
 
 shelve 2 , v.i. Slope gently, [cogn. w. ON 
 skelgjask come askew (skjdlgr oblique), & w. 
 shoal 1 , shallow ; unconnected w. shelf J 
 
 shelves. See shelf. 
 
 She'ol, n. Hebrew Hades, place of the dead, 
 the grave. [Heb. (sha'al dig)] 
 
 she'phepd (-perd), n., & v.t. Man who tends 
 sheep at pasture, pastor (lit. &fig., esp. of minis- 
 ter in relation to his flock ; the good S., Christ); 
 s.'s-club, -joy, -knot, -purse, -rod, Sec, plants; 
 s.'s crook, staff with hook at one end used by ss. ; 
 hence she'phepdESS x n. (Vb) tend (sheep, 
 also fig.) as s. Isheep, herd 2 ] 
 
 she'ppy, n. Sheep-cote. [f. sheep] 
 
 shep'bet (-et), n. Eastern cooling drink of 
 diluted fruit-juices (in pop. Engl, use, made 
 effervescent), [f. Pers. sharbat, allied to syrup] 
 
 sherd. See shard. 
 
 shepi'f (-ef ), -eef, n. Descendant of Moham- 
 med through Fatima, entitled to wear green 
 turban or veil ; chief magistrate of Mecca, [f. 
 Arab, sharif lofty] 
 
 she'Piff, n. Chief officer of crown in county 
 or shire, charged with the keeping of the peace, 
 administering justice under direction of the 
 courts, executing writs by deputy, presiding 
 over elections, &c [OE scir-gerefa (shire, 
 reeve)] 
 
 she'piffalty,she'pifFdom,she'piffhood, 
 sheriffship, nn. Shrievalty, office of sheriff. 
 [•alty after shrievalty ; -dom, -hood, -ship] 
 
 she'ppy, n. White wine of Xeres or of South 
 Spain (broions., dark varieties); s.-glass, wine- 
 glass containing about four table-spoons ; s. 
 cobbler, [earlier sherris f. Xeres f. L Caesaris 
 genit. of Caesar] 
 
 She'tland, n. Group of islands NNE of Scot- 
 land (S. lace, openwork woollen trimming; & 
 pony, small hardy breed ; & vjooI, fine kind). 
 
 shew. See show 1 ; shew'bread, see show 1 . 
 
 Shi'ah, Shi'ite, (-e-), nn. Member of the 
 Mohammedan sect (cf. Sunni, see sunnah) that 
 regards Ali as first imam or successor of Mo- 
 hammed & rejects first three Sunni Caliphs. 
 [Arab., — sect] 
 
 shi'bboleth, n. Test word or principle or 
 behaviour or opinion, the use of or inability tc 
 use which betrays one's party, nationality, &c 
 (see Judg. xii. 6) ; old-fashioned & generally a- 
 bandoned doctrine once held essential. [Heb.l 
 
 shield, n., & v.t. Variously shaped & sized 
 detached pieceofarmourmadeof leather, wood, 
 or metal, for wearing on left arm to receive 
 thrust or stroke, esp. (cf. buckler, target) one of 
 elongated form large enough to cover most of 
 body ; protective plate or screen in machinery 
 &c; person or thing that protects one ; s.-lik€ 
 part in animal or plant ; (Her.) drawing &c of 
 s. used for displaying person's coat of arms ; 
 s.-fern, common handsome fern with s. -shaped 
 covers to fruit-dots ; s.-hand archaic, left hand ; 
 hence shie'ldLESS a. ( Vb) protect, screen, esp. 
 from censure or punishment (often with im- 
 plication of illegitimate concealment of facts)- 
 [OE scild, cf. Du. & G schild ; perh. cogn. w- 
 
 SHELL, SCALE *] 
 
 shi'ep, -est. See shy 1 . 
 
 shift l , v.t. & i. Change or move (t. & i.) from 
 one position to another, substitute one speci- 
 
SHIFT 
 
 799 
 
 -SHIP 
 
 men of for another, undergo such substitution, 
 change form or character, {s. one's ground, take 
 up new position in argument &c; s. one's lodg- 
 ing ; s. load into other hand ; s. the scene, the 
 scene shifts, in theatre, novel, &c. ; s. one's shirt 
 &c archaic, change it; cargo shifted, got shaken 
 out of place ; often s. about ; s. ojf responsibility 
 &c, get rid of, transfer to another ; xvind shifts 
 round to the E.); use expedients, take whatever 
 course is available, contrive to do something, 
 manage orget along or make a livelihood, (must 
 & as lean, for himself); equivocate, practise 
 evasion, (rare; shifts & prevaricates). [OE 
 sciftan, divide, cf. Du. schiften divide, ON 
 skipta divide, shift; cogn. w. sheave 1 ] 
 
 shift 2 , n. Change of place or character, sub- 
 stitution of one thing for another, vicissitude, 
 rotation, (rare; the ss. & changes of life; s. 
 of crops, rotation) ; relay of workmen, time for 
 which it works ; new device, expedient, re- 
 source, whence shi'ftLESS a., shi'ftlessLY 2 
 adv., shi'ftlessxESS n.; dodge, trick, artifice, 
 piece of evasion or equivocation, whence 
 shi'ftv 2 a. (s. eyes, deceitful), shi'ftiLY 2 adv., 
 shi'ftiXESS n. ; make s.or a s., manage or con- 
 trive (to do, or abs.), get along somehow (must 
 makes, without it); (archaic) chemise; arrange- 
 ment by which joints of successive tiers in 
 brickwork &c do not coincide, [f. prec] 
 
 Shiite. See shiah. 
 
 shikar*, n. (Anglo-Ind.). Hunting. [Hind.] 
 
 shikar'ee, -i, sheka'rry, n. (Anglo-Ind.). 
 Hunter; native attendant of sportsman. 
 [Hind. (-i), f. prec] 
 
 shille'lag-h (ala), -alah, -elah, -aly, n. 
 Irish cudgel of blackthorn or oak. [Shillelagh 
 in Ireland] 
 
 sh riling", n. (abbr. ,<?., as 3s.). British silver 
 coin & money of account = 1/20 of sovereign or 
 twelve pence (1/6, a s. & sixpence; £1 Is. Id.; 
 take King's or Queen's s., enlist as soldier, w. 
 ref. to now obs. method of recruiting; cut off 
 one's heir &c. with a s., leave one's property to 
 others). [OE scilling, cf. Du. schelling, G schil- 
 ling ; perh. = thin slice (skill, -ling 1 )] 
 
 shi'lly-shally, n., & v.i. Inability to make 
 up one's mind, indecision, vacillation ; (vb) 
 vacillate, be undecided, hesitate to act or 
 choose one's course, [f. shall I? w. redupl.] 
 
 shily. See shy 1 . 
 
 shim, n., & v.t. Thin slip or wedge used in 
 machinery &c. to make parts fit ; (vb) fit or fill 
 up thus. [?] 
 
 shi'mmep, v.i., & n. (Shine with) tremulous 
 or faint diffused light. [OE scymrian(sciman 
 shine, -er 5 ), cf. G schimmern] 
 
 shi'mmy, n. (Colloq., nursery, &c, for) 
 
 CHEMISE. 
 
 shin, n.j & v.i. & t. Front of leg below knee 
 (s.-bone, tibia ; s. of beef, ox's shank) ; s.-guard, 
 worn at football. (Vb) climb up (tree, wall, 
 ladder, &c; or with up adv.) ; kick ss. of, hack. 
 [OE scina, cf. Du. scheen, G schiene ; perh. 
 orig. = thin slice, & cogn. w. skin] 
 
 shi'ndy, n. Brawl, disturbance, row, noise, 
 (often kick 2 up a s.). [perh. f. Sc. shinny or 
 shinty kind of hockey] 
 
 shine 1 , v.i. & t. (shone, pr. -on). Emit or re- 
 flectlight, be bright, glow, (lit. & fig. ; face shone 
 with soap or with gratitude &c.) ; be brilliant, 
 be a luminary, excel, in some respect or sphere 
 (does not s. in conversation, society ; is a shill- 
 ing example); (colloq.) make bright, polish, 
 (boots, fireplace, brass, &c). [OE scinan, cf. 
 Du. schijnen, G scheinen] 
 
 shine -, n. Light, brightness, (chiefly colloq. ; 
 rain or s., whatever the weather ; put a good 
 s. on boots &c. ; take the s. out of, impair brilli- 
 
 ance or newness of, also throw into the shade 
 by surpassing) ; (slang) disturbance, shindy, 
 sensation, [f. prec] 
 
 shi'nep, n. (slang). A coin, esp. sovereign, 
 (pi.) money, [shine 1 , -er j ] 
 
 shrngle J (-nggl), n., & v.t. Rectangular slip 
 of wood used like roof-tile on roofs, spires, &c; 
 (vb) roof with ss. [corrupt, of shindle, cf. G 
 schindel, f. L scindula (scindere split)] 
 
 shrngle 2 (-nggl), n. Small rounded pebbles 
 lying on sea-shore. Henceshi*ng/lY 2 a. [prob. 
 f. Norw. singl(ing) cf. singla to ring, rattle] 
 
 shi'ngles (-ngg-), n. pi. Skin-disease forming 
 inflamed band often round right half of body 
 at waist, [f. OF cengle girth f. L cingulum 
 (cingere gird)] 
 
 Shi'nto, n. Japanese religion partly ousted 
 by Buddhism. Hence Shi'ntois.M, Shi'nto- 
 ist, nn. [f. Chin, shin tao way of the gods] 
 
 shi*ny,a. Glistening, polished, rubbed bright, 
 (s. hat, boots, &c; s. coat, seams, with nap worn 
 oft). Hence shi'niNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 ship l , n. (regarded as fern., w. pron. she, her). 
 Vessel with bowsprit & three, four, or live 
 square-rigged masts (cf. barque, brig, schoon- 
 er, sloop); any sea-going vessel of considerable 
 
 Size (BATTLE l -S., S. of the LINE 2 , MERCHANT S., 
 
 SAiL 2 ing s., WAR 1 -*.; sister s., built on same 
 plan as another; about 2 s.; pump-s.; take s., 
 embark; on board 1 s.) ; on shipboard, on 
 board s.; s.-btscuit, hard coarse kind made for 
 keeping used on boards.; s.-breaker, contractor 
 who breaks up old ss.; s.-broker, agent trans- 
 acting s.'s business in port, dealer in ss., marine- 
 insurance agent; s.-builder, -building ; s.-canal, 
 for conveying ss. inland ; s.-chandler(j/) ; s.- 
 fever, typhus ; s. -letter, conveyed by other than 
 mail-s.; shipload, quantity of something form- 
 ing whole cargo ; shipmate, person belonging to 
 or sailing on same s. as another, esp. fellow sail- 
 or ; s.-money hist., impost for providing ss. for 
 navy, revival of which by Charles I was a cause 
 of Great Rebellion ; shipowner, person owning 
 (shares in) ship(s) ; s.-railway, for transporta- 
 tion of ss. overland from water to water ; s.- 
 rigged, ass. in first sense ; s.'s company 1 ; s.'s 
 corporal 3 ; shi'pshape adv. or pred. a., in 
 good order, well arranged ; s. 's-husbancl, s.-brok- 
 er in first sense ; s.'s papers, documents estab- 
 lishing ownership, nationality, nature of cargo, 
 &c, of s.; s.-way, inclined structure on which 
 s. is built & down which it slides to be launch- 
 ed; s.-worm, mollusc boring into s. timbers; 
 shipwreck n., destruction of s. by storm, foun- 
 dering, stranding, striking rock, &c, (fig.) ruin 
 (make shipwreck, be ruined ; make or suffer ship- 
 wreck o/ one's hopes &c) ; shipwreck v.t. & i., 
 inflict s.-w. lit. or fig. on (person, hopes, &c, rare- 
 ly ship), suffer s.-w. ; s.-wright, s.-builder; s.- 
 yard, s. -building establishment. Hence shi'p- 
 less a. [OE scip, cf. Du. schif, G schiff; perh. 
 cogn. w. shave, shape, & Gk skaphos] 
 
 ship 2 , v.t. & i. Put, take, or send away, 
 (goods, passengers, sailors) on board s.; (Corn- 
 mere) deliver (goods) to forwarding agent for 
 conveyance by land or water ; fix (mast, rudder, 
 &c) in its place on s. (s. oars, take from row- 
 locks & lay inside boat) ; (of s. or boat) s. a sea, 
 be flooded by wave ; take s., embark, (of sailor) 
 take service on s. [f. prec] 
 
 -ship, suf . f . OE -scipe (cf . Du. -sch ap, G -schaft) 
 f. Teut. root skap form, make, forming abstract 
 nn. on adjj. as hardship, worship (worth adj.), 
 & on nn. as lordship, friendship, scholarship, 
 apprenticeship ; in the latter use it is a living 
 suf.; meaning, (1) being so-&-so, status, office, 
 honour, (2) tenure of office, (3) skill in certain 
 capacity. Landscape also contains the suf. 
 
SHIPMENT 
 
 800 
 
 SHOOT 
 
 shipment, n. Putting of goods &c. on ship ; 
 amount shipped, consignment, [ship 2 , -mentJ 
 
 shi'pper, n. Merchant &c. who sends or 
 gets goods by ship, [-er 1 \ 
 
 shipping*, n. In vbl senses; also: ships, esp. 
 the ships of a country, port, &c; s.-agent, per- 
 son acting for ship or line of ships at a port &c. ; 
 s.-articles, agreement between captain & sea- 
 men as to wages &c; s.-bill, manifest of goods 
 shipped ; s.-master, official in whose presence 
 s.-articles are signed, paying off is done, &c; 
 s.-office, s.-agent's or s. -master's, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 shire (as suf. pr. -she?*), n. County (chiefly 
 now as suf. in names of certain counties, as 
 Hampshire, with some of which it is omissible, 
 as Devonshire or Devon, & in pi. the ss., band 
 of counties stretching NE from Hampshire & 
 Devonshire ending in -shire, also loose term 
 for the midland counties ; s.-horse, largest 
 breed of draught horse raised esp. in Lincoln- 
 shire & Cambridgeshire ; knight of the s. ). [OE 
 scir business, administration, province, etym. 
 dub.: not connected w. shear, share] 
 
 shirk, v.t., & n. Avoid meanly, get out of, 
 shrink selfishly from, (duty, responsibility, 
 fighting, &c; also abs.); hence shir'kER 1 n. 
 (X.) shirker, [prob. var. of shark v.] 
 
 shirt, n. Man's sleeved under-garment worn 
 under cloth clothes, extending from neck to 
 thighs, usu. visible at collar & wristbands, & 
 made of linen, cotton, flannel, or silk (night-s.; 
 stripped to the s., in one's s. -sleeves, without 
 coat & waistcoat, coat ; near is my s., but nearer 
 is my skin, self is the first consideration) ; wo- 
 man's blouse with stiff collar & cuffs ; s. -front, 
 breast of s., usu. stiffened & starched, also 
 dicky. Hence -shirtED 2 , shir'tLESS, aa., 
 shir-tiNGMS) n. [f. ON skyrta kirtle, cf. G 
 schiirze apron, cogn. w. short, skirt] 
 
 shit, v.i., & n., (not decent). Evacuate 
 bowels. (N.) ordure (also of or to person as 
 term of abuse). [OE scitan, cf. ON skita ; cogn. 
 w. Gk skor skatos ordure] 
 
 shi'ver 1 , v.i., & n. (Experience or show) 
 quick slight vibrating movement (such as is) 
 caused by sensation of cold, tremble with cold; 
 shivering-fit, as in ague ; hence shi'vering- 
 ly 2 adv. (N.) momentary shivering movement 
 (often pi. , as gives me the ss.), whenceshi'verY 2 
 a. [yiKchiveren, perh. f. Scand. form = quiver, 
 cf. Norw. kippa snatch, quiver] 
 
 shrver 2 , n. (usu. pi.), & v.t. & i. (One of) the 
 many small pieces into which thing is shatter- 
 ed by blow or fall ; (vb) break (t. & i.) into ss. 
 (s. my timbers, reputed naut. imprecation), 
 [dim. of obs. shive slice, see sheave 1 , shift] 
 
 shoal \ a., n., & v.i. Shallow, not deep, (only 
 lit., of water); (n.) shallow place, submerged 
 sand-bank esp. one that shows at low water, 
 (fig., usu. pi.) hidden danger(s) or impediment(s), 
 whence shoa'lv 2 a., shoa'iiNESS n.; (vb) get 
 shallower, [var. of shallow] 
 
 shoal 2 , n., & v.i. Multitude, crowd, great 
 number, esp. of fish swimming in company 
 (also school 2 ), (ss. of people ; gets letters in ss.); 
 (vb, of fish) form ss. [OE scolu, cf. OSax. skola) 
 
 shock J , n. Violent collision, concussion, or 
 impact, (three ss. of earthquake were felt', 
 clashed with a mighty s.; s. tactics, use of 
 cavalry to charge in masses) ; sudden & dis- 
 turbing physical or mental impression (news 
 came upon me with a s., was a great s. ; electric 
 s., stimulation of nerves by passage of current 
 through body), (Path.) state of prostration fol- 
 lowing overstimulation of nerves by sudden 
 pain as of wound &c. or violent emotion (died 
 ofs.; the s. is more dangerous than the loss of 
 blood) ; injury inflicted on credit, stabilitv, &c, 
 
 great disturbance of organization or system, 
 [f. F choc f. OHG scoc ; cogn. w. shake] 
 
 shock 2 , v.t. & i. Affect with indignation, 
 disgust, or horror, appear improper or out- 
 rageous or scandalous to, whence sho'ckiNG 2 
 a. & adv. (shocking bad &c. colloq.), sho'ek- 
 ing-LY 2 adv., sho'ckingNESS n.; collide vio- 
 lently (poet.), [f. prec.J 
 
 shock 3 , n., & v.t. Group of usu. twelve 
 corn-sheaves stood up close together in field ; 
 (vb) arrange (corn) in ss. [cf. OL>u. schocke, Sw. 
 skock heap ; prob. cogn. w. prec, cf. sheaf] 
 
 shock 4 , n. Unkempt or shaggy mass of 
 hair; s. head, rough head of hair, whence 
 shock-headED 2 a. [perh. var. of shag l ] 
 
 sho'eker, n. (colloq.). Very bad specimen of 
 anything; sensational chea,p novel (esp. shil- 
 lings.). [-ER 1 ] 
 
 shod. See shoe 2 . 
 
 sho'ddy, n. & a. Fibre made from old cloth 
 &c. shredded ; inferior cloth made partly of 
 such fibre ; anything of worse quality than it 
 claims or seems to have ; (adj.) counterfeit, pre- 
 tentious, trashy, [prob. f. OE sceddan shed 1 ] 
 
 shoe 1 (-00), n. Outer foot-covering, esp. not 
 reaching above ankle (that 's another pair of 
 ss., another matter ; dead men's ss., property 
 or position as looked forward to by expectant 
 successor ; be in person's ss., in his plight ; die 
 in one's ss., by violence, esp. hanging; where 
 the s. pinches, hardships of one's own lot ; put 
 the s. on the right foot, apportion blame &c. 
 truly) ; metal rim nailed to hoof of horse &c; 
 thing like s. in shape or use, e.g. wheel-drag, 
 socket, ferrule, mast-step ; ss. & stockings, 
 bird's- foot trefoil ; shoeblack, boy or man who 
 blacks ss. of passers-by; s.-buckle, for fastening 
 s. over instep (now usu. worn only as orna- 
 ment) ; shoehorn, instrument of horn, metal, 
 &c, for helping s. on to foot ; s.-lace, -string, 
 for lacing up s.; s.-latchet (bibl.), fastening of s.; 
 s.-leather, leather for ss., ss. (as good a man as 
 ever trod s.-l., lived) ; s. -maker, maker of boots 
 & ss. Hence shoe'LESS a. [OE seed, cf. Du. 
 schoen, G schuh; perh. cogn. w. shade, sky] 
 
 shoe 2 , v.t. (shod; part, shoeing). Fit with 
 shoe(s) (esp. with horse &c. as obj., or in p.p. as 
 neatly shod feet, pole shod with iron), [f. prec] 
 
 shogu'n (-oon), n. (hist.). Japanese heredi- 
 tary commander-in-chief & virtual ruler for 
 some centuries until the office was abolished 
 1868. Hence sho'grunATE i n. [Jap.,=general] 
 
 shone. Sec shine K 
 
 shoo, int., & v.i. & t. (Utter) sound used to 
 frighten birds away; drive away thus, [imit.] 
 
 shook 1 . See shake 1 . 
 
 shook 2 , n., & v.t. Set of staves & headings 
 for cask ready for putting together ; (vb) pack 
 in ss. [perh. var. of shock 3 ] 
 
 shoot 1 , v.i. & t. (shot). Come vigorously or 
 swiftly out, forth, along, up. &c, or abs., 
 sproiit, dart, (boat shot out from the creek ; 
 shooting star l ; flash shoots across sky ; s. 
 ahead, come quickly to front of competitors 
 &c; buds are shooting ; tree shoots, puts forth 
 buds ; fountain, flame, shoots up ; prices shot 
 up, rose suddenly ; cricket-ball shoots, darts 
 along ground when it touches, instead of bounc- 
 ing ; child is shooting up, growing tall ; pain 
 shoots through nerves &c; corn, tooth, shoots, 
 inflicts intermittent pain) ; project abruptly 
 out (mountain-spur, cape, shoots out) ; send 
 out, discharge, propel, emit, violently or swift- 
 ly (s. rubbish &c, let it slide from cart or recep- 
 tacle ; bow, gun, shoots arrow, shell; passen- 
 gers were shot out of coach ; sun shoots its rays; 
 s. out one's lips bibl., protrude in scorn ; 8. fish' 
 ing-net, extend it across river &c; s. bolt of 
 
SHOOT 
 
 801 
 
 SHORTEN 
 
 door, send it home ; tree shoots out branches) 
 discharge (bullet &c.) from gun &c, cause 
 (bow, gun, &c.) to discharge missile, discharge 
 gun &c, make use well &c. of gun &c, kill or 
 wound (person, animal) with missile from gun 
 &c.,huntgame&e. habitually orononeoccasion 
 with gun, s. the game over estate &c, s. game 
 on (estate &c), (of gun &c.)go off, send missile 
 straight &c, (fool's bolt l is soon shot ; III be 
 shot if — , form of negative asseveration ; can 
 army or sportsman, docs gun, s. straight ? ; 
 was shot J or a spy ; had his arm shot off, torn 
 off by cannon-ball &c; s. a match, engage in 
 shooting-match ; will s. the coverts tomorrow ; 
 neither rides nor shoots; was out shooting; 
 have shot away all our ammunition) ; be, have 
 one's boat, swept swiftly under or down (bridge, 
 rapid fall ; s. Niagara, attempt desperate en- 
 terprise) ; (p.p., of coloured material) so woven 
 &c. as to show different colours at different 
 angles (shot silk ; crimson shot with maize- 
 colour) ; shooting-box, sportsman's lodge for 
 use in shooting-season ; shooting-coat, -jacket, 
 -boots, of patterns useful in snooting game ; 
 shooting-iron slang, fire-arm ; shooting-range, 
 ground with butts for rifle practice. Hence 
 shoo'tABLE a. [OE scotian dart intr. (sceotan), 
 cf. Du. schieten, G schiessen] 
 
 shoot 2 , n. Young branch or sucker ; rapid 
 in stream ; inclined plane down which water 
 &c. may flow or things slide, chute ; shooting 
 party or expedition or practice, [f. prec] 
 
 shoo'ter, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : ball that 
 shoots at cricket; (in comb.) shooting-imple- 
 ment (pea-s.; six Sec. -s., revolver firing six &c. 
 shots). [-ER 1 ] 
 
 shoo'ting, n. In vbl senses (for s.- see shoot 1 ); 
 esp. : right of s. over particular land ; estate &c. 
 rented to shoot over, [-ing j ] 
 
 shop, n., & v.i. Building, room, &c, for re- 
 tail sale of some commodity (chemist's, butch- 
 er's, fruit-, s.), or in which manufacture or re- 
 pairing is done (engineerings.; fitting, pattern, 
 Sec, -s., departments of manufactory) ; (slang) 
 institution, establishment, &c. (e.g. one'sschool, 
 university, &c; esp. of R. M. A., Woolwich; the 
 other s., rival institution); one's profession, 
 trade, or business, things connected with it, or 
 talk about it, (shut up s., cease doing some- 
 thing; talk s.; sink the s., refrain from talk- 
 ing s., also conceal one's occupation), whence 
 sho'ppv 2 a.; s.-bell, on door to give notice of 
 customer's entrance ; s.-boy, -girl, assistants in 
 s. ; shopkeeper, owner of s. (nation of shop- 
 keepers, the English); s.-lifter, pretended cus- 
 tomer who steals goods in s.; shopman, shop- 
 keeper or his assistant; shopwalker, attendant 
 in large s. who directs customers ; s.-window, 
 window of s. used for display of wares; s.-worn, 
 soiled or faded by being shown in s.; (vb) go to 
 shop(s) to make purchases, whence sho'ppiNG 1 
 n. [OE sceoppa booth, cf. LG schup shed ; perh. 
 cogn. w. sky] 
 
 shore ] , n. Land that skirts sea or large body 
 of water (in s., on the water near or nearer to 
 s.) ; (Law) land between ordinary high- & low- 
 water marks. Hence shore'LESS a., shore*- 
 ward a. & adv. [OE score (scoren p.p., shear j )] 
 
 shore 2 , n., & v.t. Prop, beam set obliquely 
 against ship, wall, tree, &c, as support; (vb) 
 support, hold up, with shore(s). Hence shor*- 
 ing ! (3) ii. [f. ON skortha f. p.p. of skera shear 1 ; 
 orig. sense, piece of cut wood ; cf. Du. schoor] 
 
 shore 3 , shorn. See shear 1 . 
 
 short, a., adv., & n. Measuring little from 
 end to end in space or time, Goon traversed or 
 finished, (a s. way off; a s. time ago ; s. story, 
 of the character of a novel but less length ; s. 
 
 F.D. 
 
 cut 1 ; 5. circuit in electr., part of current's path 
 offering less resistance & practically shorten- 
 ing circuit, so short-cir'euit v.t., introduce 
 s. circuit into; s. division ; shorter catechism ; 
 s. rib, = false rib ; s. shrift ; s. whist 3 ; a s. 
 sea, s. broken waves ; make s. work of, dispose 
 of or destroy or consume quickly ; he, his joy 
 Sec, had but a s. lije, whence shortlivED 2 a.; 
 s. temper, self-control that is soon or easily lost, 
 whence short-temperED 2 a. ; s. waist in 
 dress, made high up,whence short-waistED 2 
 a.; s. wind, easily exhausted breathing-power, 
 inability to run long or fig. to talk or write 
 at any length, whence short- windED 2 a., 
 short- wi'ndedNESS n.; s. clothes or coats, 
 dress of child too old for long-clothes, whence 
 shor't-eoat v.t.); of small stature, not tall, 
 (usu. of human beings, or of upright things, as 
 chimney, tower, tree); not far-reaching, acting 
 near at hand, deficient, scanty, in want of, be- 
 low the degree of, abruptly finished, (s. sight, 
 not seeing clearly at distance or fig. into the 
 future, whence short-sigh tED 2 a., short- 
 sigh'tedLY 2 adv., shcrt-sigh'tedNESS n.; 
 ats. range ; take s. views, consider the present 
 only ; s. date, early date for maturing of bill 
 &c, whence short-datED 2 a.; s. bill, paper, 
 Sec, dated for early payment; s. leg, slip, in 
 cricket; has a s. memory; are s. of hands, 
 have not enough workmen, whence short- 
 handED 2 a.; s. commons; s. weight, less than 
 it is represented to be ; a s. ten miles, mile, 
 hour, Sec, less or seeming less than that ; cut s., 
 bring to end before natural time ; come s., dis- 
 appoint expectations &c, fail of one's duty or 
 proper development, whence shor'teomiNG 1 
 n.; falls., be insufficient or inadequate ; runs., 
 have or be too little, as otir tea ran s., we ran 
 s. of tea; an escape nothings, of marvtllous); 
 concise, brief, curt, sullenly or snappishly re- 
 ticent, (the long 1 & the s. of it; in »., to use 
 few words, without circumlocution, to give the 
 conclusion briefly ; is called Bob for s., by way 
 of s. name ; was very s. with me, uncivil) ; 
 (Phonet., Pros. ; of vowel or syllable) (prop.) 
 having the less of the two recognized durations, 
 (pop.) unstressed, (also, of vowel) having the 
 or an other sound than that called long l (e.g. 
 those in met, pull, but}; (of pastry, clay, &c.) 
 friable, crumbling, not tenacious, (cf. cold- 
 short) ; (St. Exch. &c; of stocks, stockbroker, 
 crops, &c.) sold, selling, &c, when the amount 
 is not in hand in reliance on getting the deficit 
 in time for delivery ; something s., a drink of 
 strong liquor, esp. spirits; sJiortbread, short- 
 cake, brittle dry cake made with flour & much 
 butter & sugar; shorthand, methods of com- 
 pendious writing used for taking verbatim re- 
 ports of speeches &c, stenography ; shorthorn, 
 name of s.-horned breed of cattle; hence short- 
 ish ] (2) a., shor'tNESS n. (Adv.) abruptly, be- 
 fore the natural or expected time, ins. manner, 
 (took him up s., interrupted him; stop s., sud- 
 denly cease, not go on to the end ; bring, or pull, 
 up s., check or pause abruptly ; betaken s., have 
 sudden motion of bowels ; s.-spoken, given to 
 brevity of speech ; sell s., when one has not the 
 articles in hand, see the adj.) ; s. of, except, put- 
 ting out of the question, (s. of committing sui- 
 cide he does his best to keep out of the way). 
 (N., pros.) s. syllable (long 1 * t£- ss.) or vowel ; 
 mark indicating that vowel is s., as a. [OE 
 sceort, cogn. w. shear 1 , curt, & Gk keiro cut] 
 
 shor'tage (-ij), n. (Amount of) deficiency 
 (there is no s., as. of 100 tons), [-age] 
 
 shor'ten, v.i. & t. Become or make actually 
 or apparently shorter or short, curtail ; reduce 
 the amount of sail spread, [-en 6 ] 
 
 26 
 
SHORTLY 
 
 802 
 
 SHOW 
 
 shop'tly, adv. Before long ; in few words, 
 briefly ; curtly. [-ly 2 J 
 
 shot 1 , n. (pi. -s, also shot see below), & v.t. 
 Single missile for cannon or gun, non-explosive 
 projectile, (usu. with qualification or in comb., 
 as round, solid, chain-, grape-, case 2 -, buck i -, 
 s. ; chilled s., case-hardened for armour-pierc- 
 ing; a s. in the locker) ; tpl. usu. shot) small 
 lead pellet of which a quantity is used for single 
 charge or cartridge esp. in sporting guns, such 
 pellets collectively, (s. does or do well for 
 cleaning decanters ; put threes, or ss. of differ- 
 ent sizes on the gut ; s. is made in various 
 ways; about a dozen n° 10 s. were extracted 
 from his leg); discharge of cannon or gun 
 (several ss. were fired, heard, &c), attempt to 
 hit with projectile or missile or fig. to make 
 stroke in game or guess or do something (at 
 each s. he xoas nearer the bull's-eye ; a beautiful 
 s. from cover-point took off the bails ; made a 
 bads., guessed wrong ; am going to have a good 
 s. at winning ; snap s„ discharging of rifle &c. 
 with momentary aim; flying s., at bird on 
 wing or moving object ; parthian, random, s. ; 
 -s., range, reach, distance to or at which thing 
 will carry or act, as bow, rifle, ear, -s.) ; pos- 
 sessor of specified skill with rifle, gun, pistol, 
 &c. (is a good, bad, crack, or firstclass, or no, 
 s.) ; s.-tower, in which s. is made from molten 
 lead poured through sieves at top & falling 
 into water at bottom; hence sho'tPROOF 2 a. 
 (Vb) load, weight, &c, with s. [OE gesceot 
 (Y-, sceotan shoot 1 )] 
 
 shot 2 . See shoot l . 
 
 shot 3 , n. Reckoning, (one's share of) tavern- 
 bill, (usu. pay one's s.). [var. of scot 1 ] 
 
 should. See shall. 
 
 shou'ldep (-61-), n., & v.t. &i. Part of body 
 at which arm or foreleg or wing is attached, 
 either lateral projection below or behind neck, 
 (also s.-joint) combination of end of upper arm 
 with those of collarbone & blade-bone, (pi.) 
 upper part of back, (pi.) body regarded as bear- 
 ing burdens, (of slaughtered animal) foreleg 
 with parts usu. kept with it in dismembering, 
 (head 1 & ss. ; dislocate one's s. ; s. to s., with 
 closed ranks or united effort ; has broad ss., is 
 strong, can bear much weight or responsibility ; 
 put, set, s. to wheel, make effort; s.-of-mutton 
 sail, triangular fore-&r-aft sail with point up- 
 ward ; cold 1 s. ; cold 1 -s. v.t. ; lay the blame, 
 burden, &c. , on the right ss. ) ; part of mountain, 
 bottle, tool, &c. , projecting like human s. ; (Mil. ) 
 position of soldier who has shouldered arms 
 (see vb) ; s.-btlt, baldric, bandolier, or other 
 band passing over one s. & under opposite arm ; 
 s.-blade, either large flat bone of upper back, 
 scapula ; s.-brace, contrivance for flattening 
 round back of child &c. ; s.-knot, of ribbon or 
 metal lace worn on s. by livery servant ; s.- 
 pegged of horse, stifFin ss. ; s.-strap, band from 
 s.-tip to neck in soldier's uniform, keeping s.- 
 belts in place & bearing name or number of 
 regiment &c. ; hence (-)shoulderED 2 a. (Vb) 
 push (t. & i.) with s., jostle, make way thus ; 
 take (burden lit. or fig.) on one's ss. ; (Mil.) 8. 
 arms, hold rifle vertical supported by right 
 hand at lock. [OE sculder, cf. Du. schouder, 
 G schulter, etym. dub.] 
 
 shout (-owt), v.i. & t., & n. Make loud arti- 
 culate or inarticulate cry or vocal sound, speak 
 loudly, (shouted with laughter ; s. for joy ; s. at, 
 speak loudly to &c. ; allis overbutthe shouting, 
 contest is virtually decided) ; say loudly, call 
 out, express in loud tones, (s. app7'obation; 
 shouted that the coast was clear ; shouted to or 
 for me to come; "Go back 1 he shouted). (X.) 
 
 Loud utterance or vocal sound from individual 
 
 or company expressing joy, (dis)approval, defi- 
 ance, &c, or calling attention. [?] 
 
 shove (-uv), v.t. & i., & n. Push (t. & i.) 
 vigorously, move (t.) along by hard or rough 
 pushing ; make one's way along, past, through. 
 Sec, by pushing, jostle (person) ; (colloq.) put 
 somewhere (s. it in the drawer) ; s. off, start 
 from shore in boat. (N.) push (give one as. off, 
 help him to start) ; woody centre of fiax-stem. 
 [OE scufan, cf. Du. schuiven, G schieben] 
 
 sho'vel (-uvl), n., & v.t. (-11-). Scooping imple- 
 ment for shifting coal, earth, &c, often in 
 form of spade with sides of blade turned up ; 
 s.-hat, broad-brimmed as worn by Anglican 
 dignitaries; s.-head, kinds of sturgeon 6c 
 shark, also s.-nose ; hence sho*velFUL(2) n. ; 
 (vb) shift (coal &c.) with or as with s. (s. food 
 into one's moidh, eat greedily), [asprec, -le(L)] 
 
 sho' velboard (-uvl-), n. Game played (now 
 esp. on ship's deck) by impelling disks (form- 
 erly coins) with hand or mace over marked 
 surface, [earlier shoveboard, -groat, (shove)] 
 
 sho'veller, n. In vbl senses; also, the spoon- 
 bill duck. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 show 1 , shew, (-6), v.t. & i. (p.p. -n, rarely 
 -ed). Let be seen, disclose, manifest, offer 
 (thing, person thing, thing to person) for in- 
 spection, exhibit, produce, give (treatment, 
 person treatment, treatment to person), reveal, 
 (clothes s. signs of wear ; an aperture shows 
 the inside ; showed neither joy nor anger, that 
 he was annoyed, how much he felt it, &c. ; s. one- 
 self, be seen in public ; s. me, I was shown, a 
 specimen ; s. your tickets, please ; got prizes 
 for all the dogs he showed ; s. cause 1 ; s. fa- 
 vour, mercy, to ; showed me kindness or unkind- 
 ness ; s. fight, not yield tamely ; s. one's co- 
 lour J s; s. one's hand orig. in cards, let out 
 one's designs; s. the hoof or cloven hoof, see 
 cleave 1 ; s. white feather 1 ; s. clean 1 pair 
 of heels ; s. a leg, get out of bed ; s. thing the 
 fire, slightly heat it) ; be visible or noticeable, 
 come into sight, appear in public, have some 
 appearance, (the blood shows through her skin ; 
 stain will never s.; buds are just showing ; her 
 husband never shows at her at-homes colloq.; 
 shoios white, like a disk, from here) ; demon- 
 strate, prove,expound, point out, cause (person) 
 to understand (thing), (has shown the falsity 
 of the tale, that it is false, how false it is, it to 
 be false ; s. one the way, by words, pointing, or 
 going with or before him, also encourage by 
 doing thing first ; s. person how to write, what 
 to do, &c; s. person the door; it only shows 
 hoio little you know ; on your own showing, 
 even according to your own admission or con- 
 tention) ; conduct (showed us round the house ; 
 s. one out or in, esp. open door for his exit or 
 entrance) ; s. forth archaic, exhibit, expound ; 
 s. off trans., display to advantage, intr., try to 
 make impression by exhibiting one's wealth or 
 skill ; s. up, make or be conspicuous or clearly 
 visible, expose (fraud, impostor) ; shew-bread, 
 twelve loaves displayed in Jewish temple & re- 
 newed each sabbath ; show-case, glazed case 
 for exhibiting goods, curiosities, &c; show- 
 room, -window, in which wares are kept, hung 
 up, for inspection ; s.-place, that tourists &c. 
 go to see. [OE sceawia.n see, make see, cf. Du. 
 skue behold, G schauen ; cogn. w. L cavere be 
 cautious, Gk koed observe] 
 
 show 2 , n. Showing (voted by s. of hands; 
 dumb 1 s.) ; spectacle, exhibition, pageant, dis- 
 play, collection of things shown esp. for money 
 to entertain, (flower, horse, &c, -.<?.; Lord 
 Mayor's s., procession of symbolic cars &c; a, 
 fine s. of blossom) ; outward appearance, sem- 
 blance, impression produced, parade, ostenta- 
 
SHOWER 
 
 803 
 
 SHUNT 
 
 tion, pomp, display, (pierce beneath the ss. of 
 things; there is a s. of reason in it ; good 
 enough in outward s.; did it for s.; is fond of 
 s.; S. Sunday, that before Commemoration at 
 Oxford),whenceshow*Y-a.,show*iLY'-adv., 
 showiXESS n.; (slang) concern, undertaking, 
 organization, (run » or boss 3 the s.; give away 
 the s., betray its inadequacy orpretentiousness); 
 (slang) opportunity of acting, defending one- 
 self, ice. (had no s. at all ; give hivi a fair 
 s.); (Obstetr.) discharge indicating approach 
 of labour; showman, proprietor or manager 
 of menagerie or other such s. If. prec] 
 
 shower (-owr), n., & v.t. & i. Brief fall of 
 rain, or of hail, arrows, bullets, dust, stones, 
 &c. (also fig., as a s. of gifts, honours ; letters 
 come in ss.) ; s.-bath, in which water descends 
 from above through perforated plate ; hence 
 showep'Y 2 (-owri) a., shower'ixESS n. (Vb) 
 discharge (water, missiles, &c.) in a s., bestow 
 (gifts &c usu. upon) ; descend or come in a s. 
 [OE sciir, cf. Du. schoer, G schauer] 
 
 shrank. See shrink. 
 
 shra'pnel, n. Bullets contained in shell 
 timed to burst slightly short of objective & let 
 them fly on in shower, [inventor's name] 
 
 shred, n., & v.t. (shredded, archaic shred). 
 Scrap, fragment, rag, strip, torn or broken 
 piece, small remains, least amount, (tore it to 
 ss.; without a s. of clothing on him ; not a s. of 
 evidence, reputation, &c.) ; (vb) tear or cut into 
 .ss. [OE screade n., sere' adian vb, cf. G schrot; 
 cogn. w. shroud, doublet of screed] 
 
 shrew, n. Scolding woman, whence 
 shrew*iSH 1 a.,shrew , ishLY-adv..shrew- 
 ishXESS n.; (also s.-mouse) small mammal like 
 long-snouted mouse feeding on insects. [OE 
 ser&awa s.-mouse] 
 
 shrewd,a. (Of pain, cold, &c.) sharp, biting, 
 (archaic) ; sagacious, sensible, discriminating, 
 astute, judicious, (can make a s. guess ; a s. ob- 
 server ; s.face &c, sagacious-looking). Hence 
 shrewdLY 2 adv., shrewdxESs n. [ME 
 shrewed p.p. of shrewen curse (prec.)] 
 
 shriek (-rek), v.i. & t., & n. (Utter) shrill & 
 usu. inarticulatecry of terror, pain, &c, screech, 
 scream ; laugh uncontrollably (usu. s. with 
 laughter) ; s. out, say in shrill agonized tones, 
 [var. of SCREECH] 
 
 shrievalty (-re-), n. Sheriff's office or j uris- 
 diction, tenure of this, [as sheriff \v. F suf. 
 
 as CO.MMOXALTV] 
 
 shrift, n. (Archaic) confession to priest, con- 
 fession & absolution, (now only in short s., little 
 time between condemnation & execution or 
 punishment). [OE scrift (shrive)] 
 
 shrike, n. Kinds of bird called also butcher- 
 bird with strong hooked & toothed bill & habit 
 of impaling its prey of small birds & insects on 
 thorns, [f. its cry ; cogn. w. shriek] 
 
 shrill, a., & v.i. & t. Piercing & high-pitched 
 in sound ; (fig.) importunate, insisting on being 
 heard esp. in complaint or accusation ; hence 
 shri*lLY 2 (-l-li)adv.,shri , llxESS n. (Vb, poet. 
 or rhet.) : (of cry &c.) sound shrilly ; (of person 
 &c.) utter, send out, (song, complaint, &c.) shril- 
 ly, [cf. Sc. skirl, LG schrell] 
 
 shrimp,«n.. & v.i. Kinds of long-tailed ten- 
 footed saltwater crustacean of which the com- 
 mon British species is about two inches long of 
 translucent greenish-grey while alive & brown 
 whencooked; diminutiveperson. (Vb)gocatch- 
 ing ss.; hence shri'mpER 1 n. [cogn. w. 
 shrixk, cf. OE scrimman shrink] 
 
 shrine, n., & v.t. Casket, esp. one holding 
 sacred relics ; tomb usu. sculptured or highly 
 ornamented of saint &c; altar or chapel of 
 special associations ; place hallowed by some 
 
 memory ; (vb) enshrine. [OE serin f. L scrini- 
 u?7i chest for writing-materials (scribere write)] 
 
 shrink, v.i. & t. (sh?-a?ik; shrunk & rarely 
 in vbl, commonly in adj., use shrunken), & n. 
 Become of less dimensions, grow smaller 
 whence shri'nkAGE(3) n.; recoil, retire from 
 observation, (s. into oneself, become reserved), 
 flinch from, whence shri'hking-LY 2 adv.; be 
 averse from doing ; make smaller (esp. in pass. ; 
 his face has a shrunken look), make s. (flannel 
 &c, in order that it may not do so later; s. 
 wheel-tire &c. on, slip it on while expanded 
 with heat & let it tighten as it cools), whence 
 shri'nkABLE a.; (n.; rare) shrinking (how 
 much must we allow for the s. ?). [OE sci'incan, 
 cf. MDu. schrinken] 
 
 shrive, v.t. (archaic ; shrove, shriven). Hear 
 confession of, assign penance to, & absolve ; (of 
 penitent) submit onese//to priest for this pur- 
 pose. [OE scrifan prob. f. L scribere write] 
 
 shrrvel, v.i. & t. (-11-). Contract or wither 
 (i. & t.) into wrinkled, folded, rolled-up, con- 
 torted, or dried-up state, [cf. Sw. dial, skt-yvla] 
 
 shroud (-owd), n., & v.t. Winding-sheet, 
 garment for the dead, whence shrou'dLESS 
 a.; concealing agency (wrapped in a s. of mys- 
 tery); (pi.) set of ropes from ship's side to mast- 
 head supporting mast. (Vb) clothe (corpse) for 
 burial ; cover & conceal or disguise. [OE scrud 
 garmen t,cf. OX skriidh ship's ss., cogn. w.shred] 
 
 Shrove Tue'sday, n. Day before Ash 
 Wednesday, on which & the preceding days or 
 Shrovetide it was customary to be shriven. 
 [shrove formed f. shrive (cf. abode), = shrift] 
 
 shrub 1 , n. Woody plant of less size than 
 tree & usu. divided into separate stems from 
 near the ground. Hence shru'bbv 2 a., 
 shru'bbERY(o) n. [OE scrybb, cf. Norw. skrub- 
 ba dwarf cornel] 
 
 shrub 2 , n. Cordial made of fruit-juice & 
 spirit (usu. rum-s.). [f. Arab, sharab ; cogn. w. 
 
 SHERBET, SYRUP] 
 
 shrug", v.t. & i., & n. Slightly & momen- 
 tarily raise (shoulders), raise shoulders, to ex- 
 press indifference, helplessness,contempt, vexa- 
 tion, &c; (n.) this motion (of the shoulders, or 
 abs.j. [cogn. w. shrixk; cf. Da. skrugge to stoo~p] 
 
 shrunk(en). See shrixk. 
 
 shuck, n., & v.t. Husk, pod; (vb) remove ss. 
 of, shell. [?J 
 
 shu'dder, v.i., & n. (Experience) sudden 
 shivering due to fear, horror, repugnance, or 
 cold ; feel strong repugnance &c. (Is. to think 
 what might happen). Hence shu'ddering"- 
 ly 2 adv. [cf. MDu. schudden, G sehiittern] 
 
 shu'ffle, v.i. & t., & n. Move (t. & i.) with 
 scraping or sliding or dragging or difficult mo- 
 tion (shuffles along rheumatically ; shuffles his 
 or with his feet ; s. cards, slide them over one 
 another so as to change their relative positions ; 
 so s. things of any sort, intermingle, confuse ; 
 s. the cards fig., change the parts, try newpolicy, 
 &c); slip (clothes, burden) off or on (s. off re- 
 sponsibility upon others; shuffled on his clothes); 
 keep shifting one's position lit. or fig., fidget, 
 vacillate, prevaricate, whence shu'fflER'n. ; 
 hence shu'ffiingLY 2 adv. (X.)shuffling move- 
 ment ; shuffling of cards, general change of re- 
 lative positions ; piece of equivocation or sharp 
 practice; quick scraping movement of feet in 
 dancing (double s., executed twice with one & 
 then the other foot*, [var. of scuffle] 
 
 shun, v.t. Avoid, keep clear of, eschew. 
 Hence shu'nLESS a. (poet.). [OE scunian] 
 
 shunt, v.t. & i., & n. Divert (train &c), (of 
 train &c.) diverge, on to a side track, esp. to 
 clear line for more important traffic, whence 
 shu'ntER 1 n.; postpone or stifle discussion of 
 
SHUT 
 
 804 
 
 SICK 
 
 (subject), lay aside (project), leave (person) in- 
 active. (N.) turning or being turned on to side 
 track; (Electr.) conductor joining two points 
 of circuit, over which more or less of current 
 may be diverted. [OE scyndan hasten, ME 
 shunten turn aside ; recovered f. prov. E at in- 
 troduction of railways] 
 
 shut, v.t. & i. (shut). Close (receptacle or 
 aperture) by pushing or pulling lid or door into 
 place (s. your eyes ; s. one's eyes or by exten- 
 sion ears to, pretend notor refuse to see or hear); 
 push or pull (door, gate, window-sash, &c.) to 
 or home so as to close aperture (s. the door upon, 
 refuse to consider, make impossible) ; become 
 or admit of being closed, swing or fall or con- 
 tract into closed position, (the door s. with a 
 bang ; lid shuts automatically ; pimpernels s. 
 in rainy weather); keep (person, sound, &c.) 
 oid or in by shutting door &c, send (person) 
 iido or out of room &c. & fasten door &c. a- 
 gainst him, bar (person) out from hope &c; 
 catch or pinch (finger, dress, &c.) by shutting 
 something on it (s. his finger into the door- 
 hinge) ; bring parts of together (s. his teeth, a 
 knife, &c); s. down, push or pull (window-sash 
 &c) down into closed position, (intr., of mill 
 &c) cease working ; s. in, (of hills, houses, 
 sea, &c.) encircle, prevent free prospect or 
 egress from or access to ; s. off, check flow of 
 (water, gas, &c.) by shutting valve, separate 
 from society &c; s. out, exclude ( landscape &c.) 
 from view, prevent (possibility &c); s. to adv., 
 close (door &c , or intr. of door &c. ) tight ; s. up, 
 close all doors & windows of or bolt & bar 
 (house ; s. up shop, cease business for the day 
 or permanently), close (box &c.) securely or de- 
 cisively or permanently, imprison (person), put 
 (thing) away in box &c., desist (eolloq.; esp. 
 s. up imperat.), reduce to silence by rebuke or 
 refutation. [OE scyttan cogn. w. shoot (f. 
 shooting of bolt)] 
 
 shirttep, n.,& v.t. In vbl senses of prec; 
 esp.: one of a set of wooden panels or iron 
 plates, hinged, sliding, folding, or detachable, 
 placed inside or outside glass of window to keep 
 out light or burglars ; structure of jointed laths 
 or metal slats on rollers serving same purposes ; 
 blind of swell-box in organ for regulating loud- 
 ness ; piece that opens & closes lens of photo- 
 graphic camera ; hence shirttePLESS a. ( Vb) 
 provide with ss., put up ss. of. [-er 1 ] 
 
 shu'ttle, n. Weaving-implement shaped like 
 cigar with two pointed ends by which weft- 
 thread is carried or shotacrossbetween threads 
 of warp ; carrier of lower thread in lock-stitch 
 sewing-machine ; shuttlecock, cork stuck with 
 feathers & struck to & fro in battledore & s. 
 [-cock prob. f. flying motion]. [OE scyttel bolt, 
 co^n. w. shoot, shut, see -le(D] 
 
 shy ] , a. (shyer, -est, rarely shi-). (Of beasts, 
 birds, fish, &c.) easily startled, timid, avoiding 
 observation ; bashful, coy, uneasy in company ; 
 avoiding company of person, chary of doing, 
 (fight 1 s. of); elusive, hard to find, catch, in- 
 terpret, &c. Hence shy'LY 2 adv., shy'NESs 
 n. [f. Da. sky, cf. Du. schuw, G scheu] 
 
 shy 2 , v.i., & n. Start suddenly aside (at 
 object or noise, or fig. at proposal &c.) in alarm 
 (usu. of horse, or fig. of person). Hence shy- 
 er 1 n. If. prec] 
 
 shy 3, v.t. & i., & n., (eolloq.). Fling, throw, 
 (stone &c, or abs.) ; (n.) act of shying (have a s. 
 at, try to hit with missile, jeer at, make an at- 
 tempt to get). [?] 
 
 Shy'loek, n. Hard-hearted money-lender, 
 [character in Merchant of Venice] 
 
 si (se), n. (mus.). Seventh note of octave, 
 [added perh. c. 1600 to names of hexachord ; sec 
 
 gamut ; perh. f. initials of Sanctc Johannes in. 
 sapphics given under gamut) 
 si'amang (or se-), n. Kind of gibbon from 
 Sumatra & Malay peninsula. [Malay] 
 Siamese, a., & n. (pi. -e.se). (Native, lan- 
 guage) of Siam ; S. twins, two S. (d. 1874) joined 
 by cartilaginous bandf romone's right to other's 
 left side, (fig.) inseparable friends &c. [-eseF 
 sib, a. (archaic &Sc). Related, akin, (to). [OE, 
 f. sib n. peace ; cf. OX sif, G sippe, affinity] 
 Sibep'ian, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Siberia 
 (S. dog, of breed much used for sledging), [-an] 
 si'bilant, a. & n. Hissing, sounded with a 
 hiss (esp. of letter or set of letters, as s, sh) ; 
 hence si'biLvxcE, si'bilANCV, nn. (N.) s. let- 
 ters), [f. h sibilarehiss(sibilus a, hissing), -ant] 
 si'bilate, v.t. & i. Pronounce with hissing 
 sound. Hence sibilATioN n. [as prec, -ate 2 ] 
 si'byl, n. One of the women who in ancient 
 times acted at various places (Cumaean, Ery- 
 thraean, <Scc, s.) as mouthpiece of some god, & 
 to whom many collections of oracles 6i prophe- 
 cies were attributed, pagan prophetess ; old 
 fortune-teller, sorceress, or hag. [f. L f. Gk 
 Sibulla perh. cogn. w. L sapere be wise, cf. L 
 persibus very wise] 
 
 sibylline, a. Issuing from an ancient sibyl, 
 oracular, mysteriously prophetic ; the s. books, 
 collection of oracles belonging to ancient- 
 Koinan State & often consulted by magistrates 
 for guidance, (flg., with ref. to story of their ac- 
 quisition) thing that one refuses & is after- 
 wards glad to get on worse terms, [f. L Sibyl- 
 linus (prec, -ine *)] 
 
 sic, Latin adv. = so, appended in brackets 
 after a word or expression in a quoted passage 
 as guarantee that it is quoted exactly, though 
 its incorrectness or absurdity would suggest 
 that it was not. Also in the phrr. s. volo s. 
 jubeo (.such is my will & command) used as n. 
 =arbitrary order, s. vos non vobis (so ye not for 
 yourselves) used w. ref. to work of which the 
 credit &c falls to another than the doer. 
 Sica'nian, n. & a. Aboriginal inhabitant of 
 Sicily (cf. Sicel, Siceliot, Sicilian) ; (adj.) of the 
 Ss. [f. L Sicanius (L f. Gk Sikanoi pi.), -an] 
 si'eeative, a. & n. (Substance &c) of drying 
 properties, esp. one mixed with oil-paint to dry 
 it. [f. LL siccativus (desiccate, -ative)] 
 sice ', n. The six on dice. [f. OF six six] 
 sice 2 , syce, n. (Anglo-Ind.). Groom, [f. 
 Hind. f. Arab. 8ai&\ 
 
 Si eel, Si'kel, Sicu'lian, nn. & aa. Mem- 
 ber of race that immigrated into Sicily perh. c 
 11th c B.C., native as opposed to Greek ancient 
 Sicilian (cf. foil.) ; (adj.) of the Ss. [f. Gk Sikeloi 
 pi., & L Siculi pi., -an] 
 
 Siee'liot, Sik-, n. & a- Ancient-Greek set- 
 tler in Sicily ; (adj.) of the Ss. [f. Gk Sikeliotes 
 (Sikelia, Sicily, -ot 2 )] 
 
 Sici'lian, a. & n. Of Sicily or its inhabitants 
 (S. Vesper's, massacre of French residents by 
 natives in 1282, with vesper bell as signal) ; (n.) 
 native of Sicily, [f. L Sicilia Sicily + -an] 
 sick, a. Ill, incapacitated by illness, feeling 
 effects o/some disease, (a s. man; the S. Man, 
 Turkish Empire; s. of a fever; the s., those 
 who are ill ; be, feel, make, s. in mod? use, vomit, 
 be disposed or cause to vomit ; turn s., feel or 
 make feel as if about to vomit) ; disordered, 
 perturbed, suffering effects of, disgusted, pin- 
 ing for, (am s. at heart ; s. of love, lovesick ; 
 makes me s. to think of it ; is awfully s. at be- 
 ing beaten ; s. for a sight of home) ; surfeited & 
 tired o/(.s. of flattery, rain, waiting) ; (of ship) 
 needing repair (esp. of specified kind, as nails., 
 paint-s.); s.-bay 3 ; s.-bed, invalid's bed, in- 
 valid state ; s.-call, military summons on bugle 
 
SICKEN 
 
 805 
 
 SIEGE 
 
 &o. for s. men to attend ; a. -flay, yellow, indi- 
 cating presence of disease at quarantine station 
 
 or on ship ; s. -headache, due to biliousness ; >.- 
 leave, leave of absence granted for reason of 
 health ; s.-list. of the s. esp. in regiment, ship, 
 &c. (on the s.-l., laid up) ; s.-room, occupied by 
 B. person, or kept ready for the s. Hence 
 si'ckisii 1(2) a. |< >E stoe, cf. Du. zick, G siech] 
 
 si'eken, v.i. & t. Kegin to be ill, show symp- 
 toms of illness (child is sickening for some- 
 thing) \ feel nausea or disgust at, to sec, Sec; 
 affect with inclination to vomit, loathing, or 
 disgust (a sickening sight) or with weariness or 
 i ir of {was sickened of trying to moke 
 peace), whence si'ckenER 1 (2) n., si'eken- 
 ingi.v- adv. [en 6 ] 
 
 si'ckle, n. Heaping- hook, short- handled 
 semicircular-bladcd implement now chiefly 
 used for lopping & trimming, formerly for cut- 
 ting corn ; sicklcbill, kinds of bird with s.- 
 shaped bill; s. -feather, one of long middle 
 feathers of cock's tail : 8,-Vfort, the plant Heal- 
 all. [OE sicol f. L secula (secure cut)] 
 
 si'ckly, a. Apt to be ill, chronically ailing, 
 of weak health ; suggesting sickness, as of sick 
 person, languid, faint, pale, (s. look, smile, com- 
 plexion) ; causing ill health, inducing or con- 
 nected with nausea, (s. climate, smell, taste) ; 
 mawkish, weakly sentimental. Hence si*ck- 
 li.viss n. [-LY 1 ] 
 
 si'ekness, n. Being ill, disease : a disease 
 (PALL Hng s. ; sleep -i ng s.); vomiting or in- 
 clination to vomit. [nessJ 
 
 Siculian. See sicel. 
 
 Si'eulo-, comb, form of L SictUi Sicilians, as 
 'Arabian, Arabian as modified in Sicily. [-0-1 
 
 side ] ,n. One of the flat (tish) surfaces bound- 
 ing an object {cube has six 88.), esp. a more or 
 less vertical outer or inner surface (s. of house, 
 cave, mountain, Sec; so perh. couxtry-s.) ; 
 such surface as distinguished from top & 
 bottom, or front & back, or ends (four, or tico, 
 ss. of box ; two ss. of house) ; either surface of 
 thing regarded as having only two (two ss. of 
 sheet of paper, board, Sec ; sent him six ss. of 
 argument, pages of notepaper so filled; the 
 inside <£- outside of a boicl ; right, wrong, s. 
 of cloth Sec, surface meant, not meant, to be 
 visible; BAOK 1 side; shady, seamy, silver 1 , 
 s.) ; (Math.) bounding line of superficial figure 
 (opposite ss. of ei parallelogram) ; part of per- 
 son or animal that is on his or its right or left, 
 esp. that of it which extends from armpit to 
 hip or from foreleg to hindleg (s. of mutton, 
 bacon, Sac, this part of carcase ; blind 1 s. ; s. 
 by 8., standing close together, esp. for mutual 
 support; shake one's ss., laugh heartily; .<?.- 
 splitting, causing violent laughter, amusing) ; 
 part of object turned in same direction as ob- 
 server's right or left & not directly towards or 
 away from him, or turned in specified direc- 
 tion (right, left, s. ; debit, credit, s., in account 
 book; epistle, gospel, s., south, north, end of 
 altar; decani, cantoris, s. ; the north, land- 
 ward, s.) ; part or region near margin and re- 
 mote from centre or axis of thing, subordinate 
 or less essential or more or less detached part. 
 (.•*. of room, road, table. Sec) ; region external 
 but contiguous to, specified direction with re- 
 lation to, person or thing (on one s., aside; 
 look on all ss. ; came from all ss. or every s. ; 
 standing at my a ; on the north s. of) ; partial 
 aspect of thing, aspect differing from or op- 
 posed to other aspects [study all 88. oftheques- 
 tion; has man]/ ss. to his character; the*, of 
 the moon visible to us) ; (cause represented by, 
 position in company with) one of two sets of 
 opponents in war, politics, games, &c. (the 
 
 Lord is on my s. ; there is much to be said, 
 there are faults, <>n both ss. ; take ss., deride to 
 espouse one or other cause ; join the winnings. ; 
 on i, off, .s. ; ( 'ambridge has a strong s., team 
 for cricket, football, &c); position nearer or 
 farther than, right or left of, dividing line (on 
 tl, is s. of, or 071 this s., the A Ips ; on this s. the 
 grave, in life ; on the right, wrong, s. of forty, 
 below, above, 40 years of age ; on the wrong 
 s. of the eloor, shut out ; on the wrong s. 
 of the blanket 1 ); line of descent through 
 father, or mother (well descended on the mo- 
 ther's or maternal 8. ; distaff or spindle, 
 8PKAR, a); (Billiards) spinning motion given 
 to ball by striking it on s.; (slang) assumption 
 of superiority, swagger, (puts on, has too much, 
 s.). Si-arms, swords or bayonets ; si'deboard, 
 table or flat-topped chest at s. of dining-room 
 for supporting and containing dumeSL de- 
 canters, &c. ; si'de-bone, (in carving fowls) 
 I either small forked bone under wing: s.-chei]» I, 
 in aisle or at side of church ; s.-dish, extra 
 dish often of elaborate kind at dinner &e. : s.- 
 drum, small double-headed drum in military 
 band hung at drummer's s. ; si'delight, light 
 from s.. (fig.) incidental illustration &c. ; s.- 
 note, marginal note ; s. -saddle, for rider, usu. 
 woman, with both feet on same s. of horse ; .<?.- 
 seat in vehicle Sec, in which occupant has 
 back against s. of vehicle ; s.-shoic, minor show 
 attached to principal one ; s.-slip, skidding, 
 also shoot of tree & (fig.) illegitimate child . 
 (theatr.) division at s. of stage for working 
 scenery ; si'desman, deputy churchwarden ; .<?.- 
 step, step taken sideways, step for getting in 
 Se out of carriage &c. ; s. -stroke, stroke towards 
 or from a s., incidental action ; s. -track, siding, 
 (v.t.) turn into siding, shunt, postpone treat- 
 ment or consideration of, (chiefly U.S.); s.-view, 
 view obtained sideways, profile ; s.-walk, pave- 
 ment at s. of road for foot-passengers (chiefly 
 U.S.) ; s.-icind, wind from a s., indirect aj- 
 or influence. Hence HSldED 2 a., -si'dedr.v - 
 adv.. -si'dedNKss n., si'dei.F.ss a. [OE side, 
 cf. Du. r.ijde, G seite, Scyrob. OE siel spacious] 
 
 side-, v.i. Take part, be on same s., with 
 disputant Sec [f. prec] 
 
 si'delong, adv. & a. Inclining to one side, 
 obliquefly), (move •<?.; a s. glance), [-long] 
 
 sider'eal, a. Of the constellations or the 
 fixed stars (s. day, time between successive 
 meridional transits of star, esp. of first.point in 
 Aries, about 4' shorter than solar day; & year, 
 time in which earth makes one complete revo- 
 lution roxind sun, longer than tropical year by 
 difference due to precession ; s. time, measured 
 by apparent diurnal motion of stars), [f. L si- 
 d ere us [sidus -eris .-tar), -al] 
 
 sidero'graphy, n. A process of engraving 
 on steel, [f. Ok sideros iron, -graphv] 
 
 si'deward(s), adv. Se a. Laterality), to or 
 from a side, (moved s.; s. motion), [-ward(s)] 
 
 si'deways, adv. & a. =prec. [-WAYS] 
 
 sl'ding, n. Short track by side of railway 
 line & opening into it at one end or both for 
 shunting purposes, [ing 1 ] 
 
 si'dle, v.i. Walk obliquely, esp. in timid or 
 cringing manner (often along, up), [back-for- 
 mation f. obs. sideling (now SIDELONG)] 
 
 Sido'nian, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Sidon. 
 [f. L f. Gk Sidonios (Sidon), -an] 
 
 siege (se.j), n.,& v.t. Operations of encamped 
 attacking force to take or compel surrender of 
 fortified place, period during which these last, 
 besieging or being besieged, (often fig.; push 
 the s., continue it vigorously; raise the s. of, 
 abandon attempt to take ; lay s. to, begin be- 
 sieging * s. lasted 100 days ; stood a loyigs.,be- 
 
SIENESE 
 
 806 
 
 SIGN 
 
 fore or without surrendering) ; persistent at- 
 tempt to force or persuade reluctant person to 
 do something ; s.-basket, gabion ; s.-gun, used 
 in ss., too heavy for field use ; s. -train, artillery 
 & other appliances for besieging; s. -works, 
 trenches, shelters,&c, of besiegers; (vb; archaic) 
 besiege. [OF, orig. =seat, ult. f. L sedes\ 
 Siene'se, -nnese, (see-), a., & n. (pi. -ese). 
 (Inhabitant) of Sienna (S. school, of 13th-14th-c. 
 painters), [-ese] 
 Sie'nna, n. Ochrous earth used raw or burnt 
 as pigment of brownish-yellow (raw s.) or red- 
 dish-brown (burnt s.) colour, [f. It. (terra di) 
 Siena (earth of) Sienna] 
 
 sie'PPa, n. Long jagged mountain-chain ; 
 Spanish mackerel. [Sp., f. L serra saw] 
 siesta, n. Mid-day nap or rest in hot coun- 
 tries. [Sp., f. L sexta (hora) sixth hour] 
 sieve (siv), n., & v.t. Utensil for separating 
 finer from coarser particles by letting finer pass 
 when shaken through holestoosmallforcoarser, 
 usu. a shallow wooden cylinder with cross 
 wires or hairs stretched across bottom ; coarsely 
 plaited basket often used as measure ; person 
 who cannot keep secrets ; (vb) put through, 
 sift with, s. [OE sife, cf. Du. zgef, G sicb] 
 sift, v.t. & i. Separate into finer & coarser 
 parts with sieve, separate (finer parts) from 
 material or its coarser parts or out, sprinkle 
 (sugar &c.) from perforated spoon &c; closely 
 examine details of (evidence, facts, &c.) with 
 regard to credibility or authenticity or rele- 
 vance, analyse character of ; (of snow, light, 
 &c.) fall as from sieve. Hence (-)siftER 1 (l, 2) 
 n. [OE siftan (sife sieve)] 
 sigh (si), v.i. & t., & n. Draw deep audible 
 breath expressive of sadness, weariness, aspira- 
 tion, relief from tension, cessation of effort, &c. ; 
 yearn for (person or thing desired or lost) ; ut- 
 ter or express with ss. (usu. out); (of wind &c.) 
 make sound like sighing ; hence sigh'ingLY 2 
 adv. (N.) act of, sound made in, sighing (a s. of 
 relief). [OE sican, cf. Da. sukke; prob. imit.] 
 sight 1 (sit), n. Faculty of vision (long, short 
 or near, s., requiring objects to be unusually 
 far, near, for clear definition ; shorts, fig., lack 
 of discernment or foresight ; has good, bad, s.; 
 know by s., be familiar with appearance only 
 of ; loss of s., becoming blind; second s., power 
 of internal vision by which future or distant 
 occurrences are presented), whence -sightED 2 
 a., -sigh*tedLY 2 adv., -sigh'tedxEss n.; see- 
 ing or being seen, way of looking at or consider- 
 ing thing, (catch, lose, s. of, begin, cease, to see ; 
 have lost s. of Jones, no longer know his move- 
 ments &c; get a s. of, manage to see; at, on, s., 
 as soon as person or thing has been seen ; plays 
 music at s., without preliminary study or prac- 
 tice of piece; payable at s., of draft &c. ; at 
 first s., prima facie ; the s. of her distress un- 
 manned him ; shi found favour in his s.; do 
 what is right in one's own s.) ; range or unob- 
 structed space within which person &c. can see 
 or object be seen (is in, out of, s., visible, not 
 visible ; heave 1 in s.; the millennium is in s., 
 clearly near at hand ; put out ofs., hide, ignore ; 
 came in s. of the fort, so as to see it or be seen 
 from it ; out of s. out of mind, we forget the 
 absent; out of my s.!, rhetorical order to de- 
 part) ; thing seen, visible, or worth seeing, dis- 
 play, show, spectacle, (a sad s. awaited us ; a 
 s. for sore eyes, person or thing one is glad to 
 see, esp. welcome visitor; went to seethe ss., 
 noteworthy features of town &c, whence 
 sigh'tseER i, sigh'tseeiNG 1 , nn.; the daffo- 
 dils were a s. to see or a s.; his face is a perfect 
 s., disfigured with wounds &c.; make a s. of 
 oneself, dress in bizarre fashion &c); (colloq.) 
 
 great quantity [will cost a s. of money ; is a 
 lonj s. better) ; (kinds of device for assisting*) 
 precise aim with gun or observation with opti- 
 cal instrument (forgot to put up the leaf of his 
 back s., in rifle-shooting ; took a careful s. be- 
 fore firing; the ss. of, a s. with, quadrant or 
 compass) ; sigh'tworthy, worth seeing. [OE 
 gesihth (v-, see, -th 1 ), cf. G sicht] 
 sight 2 , v.t. Get s. of, esp. by coming near (s. 
 land, game) ; take observation of (star &c.) 
 with instrument ; provide (gun, quadrant, Sec.) 
 with ss.; adjust ss. of (sighting shot, experi- 
 mental one to guide rifleman &c. in this) ; aim 
 (gun &c.) with ss. [f. prec] 
 sigh*tless,a. Blind; (poet.) invisible, [-less] 
 sigh'tly, a. Not unsightly. Hence sigh't- 
 
 liNESS n. [-LY } ] 
 
 si'gillate, a. (Of pottery) with impressed 
 patterns; (Bot.) having seal-like marks, [f. L 
 sigillahis (sigillum seal dim. of siGNwm, -ate 2 )} 
 
 si'gma, n. Greek letter (2, C) corresponding 
 to s. [Gk, perh. f. sizo hiss, -m] 
 
 si'gmate^a. Sigma-shaped; S-shaped. [-ate 2 } 
 
 si'gmate 2 , v.t. Add sigma or s to. Hence 
 sigmA - TioNn. [-ate 3 ] 
 
 sigma'tic, a. Formed with sigma (esp. s. 
 aorist). [sigma -atos, -ic] 
 
 si'gmoid, a. & n. (Chiefly anat.) curved like 
 either form of sigma, or (now usu.) like S ; (n.> 
 reversed or inverted curve, [-oid] 
 
 sign 1 (sin), n. Mark traced on surface &c. 
 (esp. the s. of the cross, made by Christian 
 priests in blessing or laymen in reverence with 
 finger on forehead or breast; s. manual, signa- 
 ture written with person's own hand) ; written 
 mark conventionally used for word or phrase, 
 symbol, thing used as representation of some- 
 thing, (positive or plus s., + ; negative or minus 
 s., — ; words are the ss. of ideas ; a sacrament 
 is an outward & visible s. of an inward <£r 
 spiritual grace) ; (thing serving as) presump- 
 tive evidence or indication or suggestion or 
 symptom of or that, distinctive mark, token, 
 guarantee, password, miracle evidencing su- 
 pernatural power, portent, (violence is a s. of 
 weakness or that one is weak ; shows all the ss. 
 of decay ; gave earth & water in s. of submis- 
 sion ; by this s. ye shall know them ; did ss. <£* 
 wonders; s. & countersign, secret sentences &c. 
 by which confederates recognize each other ; 
 ss. of the times, things showing the tendency 
 of affairs) ; (often signboard) fanciful device 
 usu. painted on a board displayed formerly by 
 traders of any sort & still by many taverns & 
 some barbers &c. as advertisement of their 
 business (at the s. of the White Hart &c. ar- 
 chaic, formerly used, as address) ; natural or 
 conventional motion or gesture used instead of 
 words to convey information & esp. order or 
 request (gave him a s. to withdraw ; dcaf-&- 
 dumb ss., those used in finger-talk ; make no s., 
 seem unconscious, not protest, &c); any of 
 twelve divisions of zodiac named from constel- 
 lations formerly situated in them ; s.-painter, 
 of sign-boards, shop-front inscriptions, &c. ; 
 sig'npost, at cross-roads &c. with names of 
 places on each road. [f. OF signe f. L signum) 
 
 sign 2 , v.t. & i. Mark with s. (esp. s. infant 
 &c. with the s. of the cross in baptism); acknow- 
 ledge or guarantee (letter, deed, picture, book, 
 article, petition, &c, or abs.) as one's own pro- 
 duction or as having one's authority or consent 
 by affixing or having affixed one's name or ini- 
 tials or recognized mark (the will had never 
 beerPsigned ; a signed masterpiece of Turner's ; 
 signed as usual with a dicky-bird ; does not s. 
 his contributions to the press ; nothing shall 
 induce me to s.), whence sig'nABLE a.; write 
 
SIGNAL 
 
 807 
 
 SILK 
 
 (one's name) as signature ; convey (right, pro- 
 perty, &c.) away by signing deed &c; take, ac- 
 knowledge being taken, on for some employ- 
 ment to which employee binds himself by sig- 
 nature; communicate by gesture («. assent), 
 give order or make request by gesture to per- 
 son to do {signed to me to come), [f. prec] 
 si'gnal 1 , a. Remarkably good or bad, con- 
 spicuous, noteworthy, exemplary, condign, [s. 
 victory, defeat, reward, jmnishment, virtue, 
 example). "Hence si'gnalLY 2 adv. [f. Lsig- 
 
 ttm/lSIGN 1 , -AL)J 
 
 si'gnal 2 , n., & v.t. & i. (-11-). Preconcerted or 
 intelligible sign conveying information or direc- 
 tion esp. to person(s) at a distance, message 
 made up of such signs, (tlie s. was to be the drop- 
 ping of a handkerchief '; ss. are made by day 
 with flags & by night \cith lights ; gave the s. 
 for advance ; fog 1 -^.; s. of distress, appeal for 
 help, esp. from ship made by firing guns ; storm- 
 s., cone &c. hoisted at meteorological station ; 
 code of ss., s.-book, body of ss. arranged for 
 sending complicated messages esp. in naval & 
 mil. use) ; immediate occasion for some general 
 movement {the earthquake was the s.for an 
 outbreak of the primitive instincts); s.-box, hut 
 on railway with signalling-apparatus ; s.-man, 
 signaller. (Vb) make signal(s), make signal(s) 
 to, transmit (order, information) by s., announce 
 (event, that) by s., direct (person to do) by s.; 
 hence si'gnallER 1 n. [F, f. med.L signale 
 (orig. neut. adj. as prec.)] 
 
 si'gnalize, v. t. Make noteworthy or remark- 
 able, lend distinction or lustre to, {his accession 
 was signalized by an amnesty), [signal 1 , -ize] 
 
 si'gnatopy, a. & n. (Party, esp. State) that 
 has signed an agreement esp. a treaty {the ss. 
 or s. powers to the treaty of Berlin), [f. L sig- 
 natorius of sealing (sigtxare mark, -tory)] 
 
 signature (-tsher, -tur), n. (Archaic) signi- 
 ficantappearance or mnvk(hasthe s. of passion, 
 of early death, in his face ; herb's yellow flowers 
 are a s. indicating that it will cure jaundice) ; 
 person's name or initials or mark used in sign 2 - 
 ing ; letter or figure placed by printer at foot 
 of first page of each sheet of book as guide in 
 making \ip for binding, such sheet after fold- 
 ing; (Mus.) signs placed at beginning of staff 
 to indicate key & rhythm, consisting of clef, 
 key-s. or sharps & flats, & rhy thm-s. or numerals 
 stating number & length of beats in measure. 
 [F, f. med.L signatura (prec, -ure)] 
 
 si'gnet, n. Private seal for use instead of or 
 with signature as authentication {the s., royal 
 seal formerly used for special purposes ; writer 
 to the s.); s.-ring, finger-ring with seal set in it. 
 [F (sign 1 , -et 1 )] 
 
 significance, n. Being significant, expres- 
 siveness, {there is no s. in his eyes ; with a look 
 of deeps.); covertorreal import, what is meant 
 to be or may be inferred, {those were the xoords, 
 but what is theirs.?) ; importance, noteworthi- 
 ness, (what he thinks about it is of no s.). [OF, 
 f. L significantia (signify, -ance)] 
 
 significant, a. Having a meaning, (-kin is 
 a s. termination); expressive, suggestive, with 
 pregnant or secret sense, inviting attention esp. 
 from part only of company ; noteworthy, of con- 
 siderable amount or effect or importance, not 
 insignificant or negligible, (usu. in negative 
 contexts, as the only s. event was —). Hence 
 signi'fieantLY 2 adv. [as signify, -ant] 
 
 signification, n. Act of signifying (rare); 
 exact meaning or sense (usu. o/something, esp. 
 of a word or phrase). [OF, f. L significationem 
 
 •SIGNIFY, -ATION)] 
 
 significative, a. Offering signs or presump- 
 tive evidence of. [F (-if, -ive), see foil., -ative] 
 
 srgnify, v.t. & i. Be a sign or indication or 
 presage of (a long upper lip signifies obstinacy ; 
 a halo signifies rain); mean, have as meaning, 
 (D.D. signifies doctor of divinity); communi- 
 cate, make known, (he signified his reluctance, 
 that he could not consent) ; be of importance 
 matter, (esp. in negative contexts, as it does 
 not s. ). [f. F signifier f. L significare (SIGN l, -FY)] 
 
 Signior. See grand. 
 
 Si'gnor, Signor'a, Signori'na (ena), (se- 
 ny-), nn. Titles used of or to Italians corre- 
 sponding to Sir & Mr, Madam & Mrs, Miss. [It.] 
 
 Sikh (sek), n. Member of Hindu community 
 founded as monotheistic sect c. 1500 in Punjab 
 & after achieving independence annexed 1-849 
 to British India. [Hind., = disciple] 
 
 si'lage (-ij), n., & v.t. = ensilage ; (vb) put 
 into silo, [silo, -age] 
 
 si'lence, n., & v.t. Abstinence from speech 
 or noise, being silent, taciturnity, non-betrayal 
 of secret &c, fact of not mentioning a thing 
 (the s. of Scripture on the subject); absence of 
 sound, stillness ; oblivion, state of not being 
 mentioned, (have passed into s.). (Vb) make 
 silent by force, superior argument, &c. (silenced 
 the enemy's batteries, the best debaters in the 
 House, the voice of conscience), [vb f. n., F, f. L 
 silentium (silere be silent)] 
 
 srlent, a. Not speaking, not littering or 
 making or accompanied by any sound, (s. letter, 
 one written but not pronounced, e.g. b in doubt; 
 s. partner, with no voice in management of 
 business ; the s. system in prisons, by which 
 prisoners are never allowed to speak); taciturn, 
 speaking little ; saying nothing on some subject 
 (history is s. upon it). Hence si'lentLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L silere be silent, -ent] 
 
 Sile'nus, n. Rollicking drunken bloated old 
 man. [L, f. Gk Seilenos name of one of Bac- 
 chus's attendants] 
 
 slle'sia (-sha), n. Kinds of thin cloth \xsed 
 for blinds & dress-linings, [orig. made in Silesia] 
 
 silhouette (silobet), n., & v.t. Portrait of 
 person in profile showing outline only, all inside 
 the outline being usu. black on white ground 
 or cut out in paper ; appearance of person or 
 object as seen against light so that outline only 
 is distinguishable (in s., so seen or placed); (vb) 
 represent or (usu. pass. ) exhibit in s. [named 
 after French minister of finance 1759 w. ref. to 
 his parsimony] 
 
 si'lica, n. Silicon dioxide, a hard white or 
 colourless widely distributed mineral present 
 in many ^precious & other stones & esp. in 
 quartz & sand. Hence sill'eic, siliei'FEROUS, 
 sili'cious or sili'eEous (-shws), aa., si'lic- 
 ate 1 ^) n., silici , silico-, comb, forms, [f. 
 L silex -ids flint] 
 
 si'licated, a. Coated, mixed, combined, or 
 impregnated, with silica, [prec, -ate 3 , -ed 1 ] 
 
 sili*eify ? v.t. & i. Impregnate with silica, 
 turn (t. &i.) into silica, petrify. Hence sili*- 
 ciFiCA'TiON n. [prec, -fv] 
 
 si'licon, n. A non-metallic element found 
 only in combination, [as silica] 
 
 si'liqua (pi. -ae). sili'que <-ek), n. Pod of 
 plants of mustard family. Hence si'liquosE l , 
 si'liquous, (-kw-), aa. [L]. 
 
 silk, n. Fine soft thread produced in making 
 cocoon by silk-worm or larva of kinds of moth 
 feeding esp. on mulberry leaves (spun s., see 
 spin ; thrown s., organzine) ; similar thread 
 spun by some spiders &c; cloth woven of s. 
 (take s., become K.C. or Q.C. & exchange stulf 
 for s. gown), (pi.) kinds, or garments made, of 
 such cloth ; peculiar lustre seen in some sap- 
 phires & rubies ; (attrib., now usu. preferred to 
 si'lkEN 5 a.) made of s. (.s. stockings &c) ; s.- 
 
SILKY a 
 
 fowl, breed with silky plumage ; s.-gland, se- 
 creting the substance produced as s.; s.-reel, 
 -winder, for unwinding s. from cocoon & wind- 
 ing it as thread. [OE seolc f. L sericum neut. 
 adj. (L f. Gk Seres prob. the Chinese, -ic)] 
 
 si'lky, a. Like silk in smoothness, softness, 
 fineness, or lustre (s. manner &c. , suave). Hence 
 si'lkixESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 sill, n. Shelf or slab of stone or wood at foot 
 of door or esp. window, [cf. Icel. syll, svill, Da. 
 syld, G schivelle] 
 
 si'llabub, n. Dish made of cream or milk 
 mixed with wine&c. into soft curd & sometimes 
 whipped or solidified with gelatine, [earlier 
 sillibouk, perh. f. silly in sense merry & bouk 
 dial. = belly] 
 
 si'llep, n. (Sc). Silver; money. [=silver] 
 
 Si'llepy, n. Kinds of sparkling & still cham- 
 pagne, [place-name] 
 
 si'lly, a. & n. Innocent, simple, helpless, (ar- 
 chaic) ; foolish, weak-minded, imprudent, un- 
 wise, imbecile ; (n., chiefly in childish talk) s. 
 person {don't be a s.). Hence si'lliLV 2 adv., 
 si'lliNESsn. [earliersense/oriitnate; OEs&lig, 
 cf. Du. zalig, G selig, blessed] 
 
 si'lo, n., & v.t. Pit or airtight structure in 
 which green crops are pressed & kept for fod- 
 der, undergoing fermentation ; (vb) preserve 
 thus, make ensilage of. [Sp., f. L f. Gk siros] 
 
 silt, n., & v.t. & i. Sediment deposited by 
 water in channel, harbour, &c; (vb) choke or 
 be choked with s. (usu. up ; the passage has or 
 is silted up), [cf. MSw. sylta mud, Da. sylt salt 
 marsh, G sidze brine; cogn. w. salt] 
 
 Silup'ian, a. & n. Of the Silurcs, a people 
 of ancient Britain; (of) a series of rocks form- 
 ing the lowest subdivision of the Palaeozoic & 
 underlying the Devonian, (named as first in- 
 vestigated in district once occupied by Silures. 
 [f. L Silures, -ian] 
 
 si'lvan, sy-, a. Of the, having, woods ; ru- 
 ral, [f. L silvanus (silva wood, -an)] 
 
 si'l vep x , n. A wh ite lustrous precious metal 
 used chiefly with alloy of harder metals for 
 coin, plate, & ornament, & in chem. combina- 
 tions for photography &c. (German s., nickel 
 s., &c, white alloys used as substitutes for s. in 
 table articles &c, or for coating with s. ; fulmin- 
 ating s., an explosive powder; oxidizer s.) ; 
 s. coins (have you any s. on you ?) ; s. vessels or 
 implements or articles of furniture (melted down 
 oil his s. in the king's service) ; any of the salts 
 of s. used in sensitizing photographic paper ; 
 (attrib.; usu. now preferred to si'lvenn a. ar- 
 chaic see -en 5 ) made of s., second-best, (the s. 
 age, see brazen 1 , also spec, the period of Latin 
 literature that followed the Augustan ; so s. 
 Latin ; a s. cup ; speech is s. or silvern, bid si- 
 lence is golden, better be silent than speak), (as 
 substitute for si'lvepv 2 a., whence si'lvepi- 
 ness n.) resembling s. in whiteness, lustre, ring- 
 ing sound, &c. (s. hair, white & lustrous; has 
 a s. or silvery tone ; has a s. tongue, is eloquent, 
 whence silvep-tongriED 2 a .; every cloud has 
 as. lining, misfortune has its consolations) ; s.- 
 bath, (tray for holding) solution of s. nitrate 
 -used for sensitizing ; s. fir, kind with two s. 
 lines on under side of leaves ; s.-fish, kinds of 
 fish, esp. a colourless variety of gold-fish ; s.- 
 foil i ; s.-fox, variety of common fox with black 
 grey-tipped fur ; s.-gilt, s. gilded over, also imi- 
 tation gilding of yellow lacquer overs. -leaf ; s.- 
 grey, lustrous grey; s.-leaf; s.-paper, fine 
 white tissue-paper, (loosely) tin-foil ; s. plate, 
 ware coated with s. ; s.-point, (process of sketch- 
 ing on prepared paper with) s. -pointed style (a 
 head tn s.-p.); s.-print, photographic positive 
 on paper sensitized by a salt of s.; s.-side, best 
 
 | SIMPLE 
 
 side of round of beef ; si'lversmith, worker in 
 s., manufacturer of s. articles ; s. solder, solder 
 for joining s.; s. standard, use of s. money 
 alone as full legal tender; s.-stick, field-ofticer 
 of Life-guards on palace duty ; s.-top, a disease 
 in grasses ; s.-weed, yellow-flowered roadside 
 plant with silvery lower leaf-surfaces. [OE 
 seolfor, cf. Du. zilver, G silber, etym. dub.] 
 
 si'lvep 2 , v.t. & i. Coat or plate with s. ; pro- 
 vide (mirror-glass) with backing of tin-foil, 
 mercury, &c; (of moon or white light) give 
 silvery appearance to ; (with hair as obj. or 
 subj.) turn (t. & i.) grey or w r hite. [f. prec] 
 
 si'mian, a. & n. (Zool.) (of) one of the Simi' 
 idac or anthropoid apes ; (Gen.) ape(-like), mon- 
 key(-like). So si'mioiD a. [f. L simia ape, -an] 
 
 si'milap, a. & n. Like, alike, having mutual 
 resemblance or resemblance to, of the same 
 kind; (Geom.) shaped alike; hence or cogn. 
 simila'PiTY n., si'milaPLY 2 adv. . (N.) thing 
 resembling another, (pi.) s. things, [f. F siini- 
 laire (L siynilis like, -ar 1 )] 
 
 si'mile, n. The introduction, esp. in poetry 
 or poetical style, ostensibly for explanatory or 
 illustrative purposes but often in fact for orna- 
 ment only, of an object or scene or action with 
 which the one in hand is professedly compared 
 & usu. connected by a comparative conjunction 
 such as as (a style rich in s. & metaphor) ; a 
 comparison of this kind (the s. of the dome of 
 many-coloured glass ; cf. metaphor, alle- 
 gory, parable), [f. L neut. of similis like] 
 
 similitude, n. Likeness, guise, outward 
 appearance, ,(in, assume, the s. of) ; simile, 
 comparison, (talks in ss ); counterpart, facsi- 
 mile, (rare ; is the very s. of), [f. L similitudo 
 (prec, -tude)] 
 
 si'milize, v.i. & t. Use simile ; illustrate by 
 simile(s). [simile, -ize] 
 
 si'mmep, v.i. & t., & n. Be, keep (trans.), 
 on the point of boiling, boil(t. &i.) very gently ; 
 (fig.) be in a state of suppressed anger, indigna- 
 tion, or laughter ; (n.) simmering state (esp. at ' 
 a or on the s.). [cf. G summen hum ; -er 5 ] 
 
 si*mnel-eake, n. Rich ornamental boiled 
 cake made esp. at Easter, Christmas, and Mid- 
 Lent, [f . OF simcnel f . LL siminellus fi nc bread 
 (L simila finest flour, cf. Gk semidalisj] 
 
 simo'niac, n. Person guilty of simony, [f. 
 OF simoniaque (simony, -ac)] 
 
 simoni'acal, a. Guilty, of the nature, of 
 simony. Hence simonraealLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 Srmon Pure, n. The real or genuine person 
 or article (usu. the real S.P.). [character in 
 Centlivre's Bold Stroke for a Wife] 
 
 si'mony, n. Buying or selling of ecclesias- 
 tical preferment, [f. F simonie f. LL simonia 
 f. Simon (Magus), see Acts viii. 18, -Y 1 ] 
 
 simoo'm, n. Hot dry suffocating dust-laden 
 wind moving in straight narrow track and 
 passing in a few minutes, chiefly in Arabian 
 desert, ff. Arab, samum (samma he poisoned)] 
 
 si'mper, v.i. & t., and n. Smile affectedly, 
 smirk ; express by or with simpering (simpered 
 consent) ; hence si'mpeping-LY 2 adv., si*m- 
 pePER 1 n. (X.) affected smile, [cf. Norw. semper 
 smart, Sw. & LG sipq prim] 
 
 si'mple, a. & n. Not compound, consisting 
 of one element, all of one kind, involving only 
 one operation or power, not divided into parts, 
 not anal ysable,(.s. sentence, without subordinate 
 clauses; s. interest 1 ; a s. quantity, expres- 
 sible by single number; induction by s. enu- 
 meration, based merely on random examples 
 without selection or tests; s. addition, of 
 numbers of one denomination ; s. equation, not 
 involving the second or any higher power of 
 unknown quantity, cf. quadratic ; s. machine, 
 
SIMPLETON 
 
 809 
 
 SING 
 
 any of the mechanical powers ; s. leaf, of one 
 blade ; s. pistil, of one carpel ; s. eye of insect, 
 ocellus; s. fracture, breaking of bone only, 
 cf. com pound " ; s. idea, that cannot be analysed 
 into elements) ; not complicated or elaborate 
 or adorned or involved or highly developed 
 (the style iss. and devoid of ornament ; s. diet ; 
 the s. life, practice of doing without servants 
 & luxuries, attempt to return to more primi- 
 tive conditions ; the greatest works of art are 
 the simplest; in s. beauty, unadorned; a s. 
 form oj pump ; s. for?ns of life, creatures low 
 in scale of evolution); absolute, unqualified, 
 mere, neither more nor less than, just, (to give 
 an infant alcohol is s. murder or madness; 
 his s. word is as good as an oath ; pretends to 
 be no more than a s. gentleman ; fee s.) ; plain 
 in appearance or manner, unaffected, un- 
 sophisticated, ingenuous, natural, artless, (a s. 
 person; s. attire ; a s. heart or mind, whence 
 simple-heartED 2 , simple-mindED 2 , aa., 
 simple-mi'ndedxESS n.) ; foolish, ignorant, 
 inexperienced, {am not so s. as to suppose) ; 
 easily understood or done, presenting no diffi- 
 culty, (gave a s. explanation; the problem is 
 very s.; can be cured by a s. device); of low 
 rank, humble, insignificant, trifling, (gentle 
 & s. ; her s. efforts to please) ; hence or cogn. 
 si'mplexESS (rare), simpli'eiTY, nn., 
 si'mpLY 2 adv. (N.) a herb used medicinally, 
 the medicine made from it. [F, f. L simplic- 
 st. of simplex onefold (sim- one-, cf. semel once, 
 simul at once, singuli one by one, +-plic-, cf. 
 plicare to fold)] 
 
 si'mpleton, n. Foolish, gullible, or half- 
 witted person, [f. F simplet (prec, -et 1 ), -oon] 
 
 simplreiter, adv. Absolutely, universally, 
 without limitation, not relatively or in certain 
 respects only (cf. secundum quid). [L] 
 
 simplify, v.t. Make simple, make easy to 
 do or understand. So simpliFiCA'TiON n. 
 [irreg. f. simple, -fv] 
 
 srmplism, n. Affected simplicity, [-ism] 
 
 simula'crum, n. (pi. -end). Image of some- 
 thing ; shadowy likeness, deceptive substitute, 
 mere pretence. [L (simulate)] 
 
 si'mulant, a. Having the appearance of 
 (esp. biol., as stamens s. of petals), [foil., -ant] 
 
 simulate, v.t. Feign, pretend to have or 
 feel, put on, (s. virtue, indignation, &c.) ; pre- 
 tend to be, act like, resemble, wear the guise 
 of, mimic, (of word) take or have an altered 
 form suggested by (word wrongly taken for its 
 source), (actor simulates king &c.; chameleon 
 simulates its surroundings ; amuck, for amok, 
 simulates the English muck). So simulA'- 
 tion n. [f. L simul are (similis like), -ate 3 ] 
 
 simulta'neous, a. Occurring or operating 
 at the same time (ivith). Hence simu'l- 
 tane'iTV, simulta'neousNESS.nn^simul- 
 ta'neousLY 2 adv. [f. LL stmultaneus (simul- 
 tim f. L simul together, -aneous), -ous] 
 
 simup'g, n. Monstrous bird of Persian myth, 
 [f. Pers. simurgh] 
 
 sin, n., & v.i. Transgression, a transgression, 
 against divine law or principles of morality 
 (original s. ; living in open s. ; deadly or 
 mortal s., such as kills the soul or is fatal to 
 salvation; the seven deadly ss., pride, covet- 
 ousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy, sloth ; 
 one's besetting s., to which one is especially 
 tempted ; the unpardonable s., that described 
 Matt. xii. 31-2; man of s. archaic or joe, re- 
 probate, also Antichrist; like s. adv. slang, 
 vehemently) ; offence against good taste, pro- 
 priety, &c. ; s. -offering, sacrifice &c. in expia- 
 tion of s. ; hence si'nFUL, si'nLESS, aa., si'n- 
 fulLY 2 , siTilessLY 2 , advv., si'nfulNESS, 
 
 si'nlessNESS, nn. <Yb) commit s. ; offend 
 against; hence si'nnERi n. [vbf. n., OK synn, 
 cf. Du. zonde, G siinde ; cogn. w. L sons sontis 
 guilty, perh. participial form of es- be] 
 
 Sinai'tie (-n«-), a. Of Mount Sinai or the 
 peninsula of Sinai, [f. mod. L ISinaiticus] 
 
 si'napism, n. Mustard plaster, [f. F sma- 
 pisme f. L f. Gk sinapismos (sinapizo cover 
 with sinapi mustard)] 
 
 since, adv., prep., & conj. After specified or 
 implied past time, throughout (usu. ever s.) or 
 at some or any point in the period between 
 such time & that which is present or bein'g 
 dealt with, (has or had been healthy ever s.; 
 then more flourishing than ever before or s.; 
 has s. been cut down; have or had not seen 
 him s.); ago (happened many years s.; how 
 longs, is it ? ; saw him not long s.). (Prep.) after 
 (specified past time or event), through or in 
 period between time present or being dealt 
 with & (such time), has or had been going on, 
 has happened, s. 1900 or Christmas; have eaten 
 nothings, yesterday ; s. seeing you I have or had 
 heard —). (Conj.) from the past time when, 
 through or in the period between time present 
 or being dealt with & that when (what have 
 you done s. we met?; nothing has happened, 
 there had been a disturbance, s. ice parted) ; 
 seeing that, inasmuch as, (s. that is so, there is 
 no more to be said) ; (ellipt.) as being (a more 
 dangerous, s. unknown, foe), [earlier sithence 
 f. OE siththan after that (sith after, cf. G seit, 
 thon instr. case of demonst. pron.) + -es] 
 
 sincere*, a. Free from pretence or deceit, 
 the same in reality as in seeming or profes- 
 sion, not assumed or put on, genuine, honest, 
 frank. Hence or cogn. sinee'PJiv n., sin- 
 cere'LY 2 adv. (esp. in yours s. before signature 
 of letter). [OF, f. L sincerus etym. dub.] 
 
 si'neiput, n. Head from forehead to top (cf. 
 occiput). [L (semi- half, caput head)] 
 
 sine \ n. (trigon. ). (S. of arc) line drawn from 
 one extremity of arc perpendicularly to radius 
 at other extremity ; (s. of angle) ratio of above 
 line to radius, (abbr. sin, as sin A, ratio of the 
 perpendicular subtending the angle A to the 
 hypotenuse ; versed s., abbr. vets, unity minus 
 the cosine), [f. L sinus curve] 
 
 si'ne 2 , L prep. Without (s. die, without 
 date, of business indefinitely adjourned ; s. qua 
 non, indispensable condition or qualification). 
 
 si'necure, n. Office of profit or honour with- 
 out duties attached, esp. benefice without cure 
 of souls. Hence si*neeuriSM(3), si'neeur- 
 ist(2), nn. [f. L sine cura without care] 
 
 si'new, n., & v.t. (Piece of) tough fibrous 
 tissue uniting muscle to bone, tendon ; (pi., 
 loosely) muscles, bodily strength, wiriness, 
 (fig.) what forms the strength of or sustains or 
 holds together, framework, resources, (esp. the 
 ss. of war, money) ; hence si'newLESS, si'- 
 new v 2 , aa., si'newiNESS n. (Vb, poet.) serve 
 as ss. of, sustain, hold together. [OE sinu, cf. 
 Du. zenuw, G sehne)] 
 
 sing*, v.i. & t. (sang or, now rare, sung ; sung). 
 Utter words, utter (words), in tuneful succes- 
 sion, esp. in accordance with a set tune (s. one's 
 praises, be always praising him), whence 
 si*ng"ABLE (-ng-) a. ; produce vocal melody, 
 utter (song, tune), (birds were singing ; s. an- 
 other song or tune. s. small, become more hum- 
 ble, be crestfallen) ; make inarticulate melodi- 
 ous or humming or buzzing or whistling sounds 
 (wind, kettle, bee, sings), (of ears) be affected as 
 with buzzing sound (also have a singing in 
 one's ears) ; compose poetry, celebrate (hero, 
 beauty, great event, &c.) in verse ; usher (esp. 
 old or new year) out or in with singing ; put to. 
 
 26* 
 
SINGE 
 
 810 
 
 SINK 
 
 sleep, into good humour. &c, with singing; 
 s. out t. & i., call out loudly, shout ; singing- 
 man f-iNG 2 ], paid singer; singing-master 
 I-ING 1 ]. teacher of singing; singing-voice 
 -ing 1 ], voice as modulated in singing. Hence 
 si'ngER ] (-ng-) n. [cf. Du. zingen, G singen] 
 
 singe (-jj, v.t. & i. (singeing), & n. Burn (t. 
 & i.) superficially (». person's hair, burn off 
 tips as hairdressing operation ; s. pig, fowl, 
 burn off bristles, down, after killing or pluck- 
 ing ; s. King of Spain's beard, harry his coasts ; 
 yo ur dress is singeing ; his reputation is a little 
 singed ; s, one's feathers or icings, take some 
 harm esp. in venturesome attempt) ; (n. ) super- 
 ficial burn (rare). [OE sengan causal of prec. 
 w. ref. to hissing sound made in burning ; cf. 
 Du. zengsn, G sengen] 
 
 Singhalese. =cingalese. 
 
 si'ngle ] (-nggl), a. & n. One only, not double 
 or multiple, united, undivided, designed for or 
 used or done by one person &c. or one set or 
 pair, (s. combat, entry, file 3 ; s. flower, that 
 grows one on a stem, also that has not double 
 corolla ; s. game, with one player on each side ; 
 s. court in lawn-tennis, fives, &c, of size &c. 
 for s. game ; s. bed, room, for one person ; .s. 
 eye-glass, for one eye, monocle ; a multitude 
 inspired with a s. purpose); solitary, lonely, 
 unaided, (a s. tree stands on the ridge ; paid 
 either by instalments or in a s. sum ; s. life, 
 state, man, woman, unmarried; s. blessedness 
 facet., unmarried state) ; (in negative contexts) 
 not to speak of more {did not see a s. one, a s. 
 person ; can a s. argument be advanced for 
 it?)', free from duplicity, sincere, consistent, 
 guileless, ingenuous, (a s. eye, devotion to one 
 purpose, whence single-eyed. 2 a. ; s. heart 
 or mind, simplicity of character, whence sin- 
 gle-heartED 2 , single-mindi; d 2 , aa., sin- 
 gle-mi'ndedN ess n.);s. -acting of engine &c, 
 with steam admitted only to one side of piston ; 
 s.-breasted of coat &c, with only one set of 
 buttons and buttonholes, not overlapping & 
 buttoning either way ; s.-cut of file, with 
 grooves cut in one direction only, not crossing; 
 s.-fire of cartridge, not meant to be recharged 
 after use ; s. -handed a. & adv., (done Sec.) with- 
 out help from other persons (by his s. -handed 
 efforts ; cannot be done s.-handed), also with or 
 for one hand (the men playeds.-handedagainst 
 the women with both hands ; two-handed & s.- 
 handed sxoords); s. -loader, breechloading rifle 
 without magazine ; singlestick, (fencing with) 
 long stick formerly used in kind of fencing; 
 hence si'ngleNESS n., si'ngLY 2 adv. (N.J s. 
 game ; hit for one in cricket; (pi.) twisted s. 
 threads of silk. [f. LL singulus (L singuli one 
 by one, cf. simple)] 
 
 si'ngle 2 , v.t. Choose out as an example or 
 as distinguishable or to serve some purpose. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 si'nglet(-ngg ),n. Garment worn below shirt, 
 vest, [single i, -et 1 ; prob. orig. — unlined gar- 
 ment on anal, of doublet] 
 
 si*ngleton,n. Whist-hand with a one-card 
 suit (s. lead, playing of such card as lead), [f. 
 single on anal, of simpleton] 
 
 si'ngsong, a. & n., & v.i. & t. In, recited 
 with, monotonous rhythm. (X.) monotonous 
 rhythm ; monotonous cadence in speaking ; im- 
 promptu vocal concert, meeting for amateur 
 singing. (Vb) recite (verse &c), speak, in s. 
 manner, [sing, song] 
 
 si'ngular (ngg), a. & n. (Gram.) of the form 
 used in speaking of a single person or thing, 
 not dual or plural, (n., the s. number l , a word 
 in the s. number); single, individual, (esp. all 
 cf>s., all whether taken together or separately) : 
 
 unexampled, unique, (now rare) ; unusual, re- 
 markable from rarity, much beyond the average 
 in degree, extraordinary, surprising; eccentric, 
 unconventional, strangely behaved. Hence 
 si'ngular l v 2 adv. [f. F. singulier f. L singu- 
 laris (singuli one by one, -ar l )] 
 
 singularity, n. In adj. senses; esp., un- 
 common ness, being remarkable, odd trait or 
 peculiarity. If. F singularity f. L singulari- 
 tatem (prec, -TV)] 
 
 si'ngularize, v.t. Strip (word) of termina- 
 tion mistaken for that of plural (pease <£• 
 Chinese are singularized into pea, Chinee). 
 Hence si'ngulariZA'TiON n. [-ize] 
 
 Sinhalese. = Cingalese. 
 
 si'nister, a. (Herald.) on left side of shield 
 &c (i. e. on right as seen by observer ; bend 1 , 
 bar ] ,s.; cf. dexter); (facet.) left ; of evil omen; 
 (usu. of person in regard to his appearance, or 
 of his face or look) ill-looking, of malignant or 
 villanous aspect ; wicked, flagitious, (a s. de- 
 sign). Hence si'nister ly 2 adv. [I. F sinistre 
 f. L sinistrum nom. -ter left] 
 
 sinistral, a. Of, on, the left (rare); (of spiral 
 shells) with whorls going to left & not as usu. to 
 right. Hence sini'stralLY 2 adv. [prec, -al] 
 
 sini'stro-, comb, form of L sinister left, as 
 -ce'rebral of the left hemisphere of the brain ; 
 si'nistrorse, with leftward motion or aspect 
 (esp. in Bot. of climbing plants &c). 
 
 sink 1 , v.i. & t. (sank or now rarely sunk; 
 sunk or in adj. use usu. sunken). Fall slowly " 
 downwards, decline, disappear below surface 
 of liquid or below horizon, come gradually to 
 lower level or pitch, droop, despond, subside, 
 settle down, gradually expire or perish or 
 cease, (sun is sinking, sank ; my heart, spirits, 
 sank; ship sinks, goes to the bottom ; her eyes 
 sank, were turned downwards ; his head, chin, 
 sank on his shoulder, chest ; voice sinks, be- 
 comes lower-pitched, or quieter ; sick man, life, 
 is sinking, becoming weaker, dying ; prices s., 
 become lower; storm, river, sinks, subsides; 
 ground sinks, , slopes.down, also comes to lower 
 level by subsidence ; darkness sank upon the 
 scene, descended ; s. into feebleness, degrada- 
 tion, the grave, a quicksand, a chair; s. in 
 one's estimation, lose credit with him ; hiseyes, 
 cheeks, have sunk in or sunk, fallen inwards, 
 become hollow ; so sunken cheeks, eyes ; here 
 goes, s. or swim, said in running risks and 
 taking chances) ; penetrate <intr.), make way, 
 in or into (bayonet sank in to the hilt ; im- 
 pression, lesson, sinks into the mind or memory, 
 becomes fixed; dye sinks in, is absorbed); 
 cause or allow to s., send below surface of 
 liquid or ground, lower level of, keep (trans.) 
 in obscurity or background, conceal, put out 
 of sight, make no reference to, excavate, make 
 by excavating, engrave, (would sooner s. the 
 ship than surrender ; s. shaft, well, dig or bore 
 it; s. one's head on one's chest, let it droop ; 
 drought had sunk the streams ; s. one's title, 
 name, office, Sec, keep it temporarily secret, 
 not obtrude it ; s. the shop ; s. a fact, keep it 
 quiet; s. oneself or one's own interests, be 
 altruistic ; siNKiNG : /?md ; s. a die, engrave it ; 
 s. money, invest it in undertaking from which 
 it cannot be readily withdrawn, also lose it 
 by such investment; sunk fence 1 ). Hence 
 si'nkABLE a. [OE sincan, cf. Du. zinken, G 
 sinken, also Skr. sich sprinkle] 
 
 sink 2 , n. Place in w-hich foul liquid collects 
 (now usu. fig.; the Chinese quarter is a s. of 
 iniquity) ; basin or box usu. of lead or porcelain 
 with outflow pipe into which slops are thrown 
 in kitchens &c; pool or marsh in which river's 
 water disappears by evaporation or percola- 
 
SINKER 
 
 811 
 
 SISTER 
 
 tion ; opening in stage through which scenery 
 is raised and lowered, [f. prec] 
 
 si'nker, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: weight used 
 to sink Ashing or sounding line ; die !-.s. [-er l ] 
 
 si'nking-, n. In vbl senses ; also : internal 
 bodily sensation caused by hunger or appre- 
 hension ; s.-fund, moneys set aside for the 
 purpose of sinking or wiping out a state's or 
 corporation's debt by degrees (the s.-f, surplus 
 of revenue over expenditure, devoted to pay- 
 ment of national debt ; raid the s.-f., use such 
 surplus in any year for other purposes), [-ing ] ] 
 
 sino'logrue (-og, -6g), n. Person versed in 
 sinology. [F (foil., -logue] 
 
 sino'logry, n. Knowledge of the Chinese 
 language, history, customs, &c. Hence sino*- 
 logist n. [f. Gk Sinai the Chinese, -o-, -logy] 
 
 si'nter, n. Siliceous or calcareous rock 
 formed by deposit of springs. [G, cf. cinder] 
 
 si'nuate (-at), a. (esp. bot.). Wavy-edged, 
 with distinct inward & outward bends along 
 edge. Hence si'nuateLY 2 adv., sinuATiON 
 ii. [f. L sinuare (sinus) bend, -ate 2 ] 
 
 sinud'sity, n. Being sinuous ; a bend, esp. 
 in a stream or road, [foil., -ity] 
 
 si'nuous, a. With many curves, serpentine, 
 tortuous, undulating. Hence si'nuouSLY 2 
 adv. [f. L sinuosus (sinus, -OUS)] 
 
 si'nus, n. (pi. -uses, -us). (Anat., Zool.) cavity 
 of bone or tissue, pouch-shaped hollow ; (Path.) 
 fistula ; (Bot.) curve between lobes of leaf. [L, 
 = bosom, recess] 
 
 -sion (-shn, -zhn), suf. forming nn. of action 
 or condition (= -s- of L p.p. st. +-ION, & see 
 -ation), as tension (tendere tens-). 
 
 Sioux (soo, su), n. (pi. the same, pr. soo, su, 
 sooz, suz), & a. Member of a N.-Amer.-Indian 
 tribe ; (adj.) of the S. [F, f. native name] 
 
 sip, v.t. & i., & n. Drink (t. & i.) in repeated 
 tiny mouthfuls or by spoonfuls ; (n.) small 
 mouthful of liquid imbibed (a s. of brandy). [OE 
 sypian, cf. MDu. sippen; cogn. w. sup, sop 1 
 
 si'pahee (se-), n. = sepoy. 
 
 si'phon, n., & v.i. & t. Pipe or tube shaped 
 like inverted V with unequal legs for conveying 
 liquid over edge of vessel & delivering it at 
 lower level by utilizing atmospheric pressure ; 
 (also s.-bottle) aerated-water bottle from which 
 liquid is forced out by pressure of gas through 
 s.-tube ; (Zool.; also siphuncle) canal or conduit 
 esp. in molluscs or shells, sucking-tube of some 
 insects, &c; s. -barometer, with tube bent at 
 bottom like inverted s.; s.-eup, lubricating ap- 
 paratus with oil led over edge of reservoir by 
 capillary action through wick ; s.-gauge, glass 
 s. attached to reservoir & containing mercury 
 for indicating pressure &c. inside reservoir ; 
 hence si'phonAL, sipho'nic, aa. (Vb) con- 
 duct or flow (as) through s. {water is siphoning 
 from the vase on to the tablecloth) ; hence si*- 
 phonAGE(3) n. [F, f. L f. Gk siphon tube] 
 
 si'phonet, n. One of two tubes through 
 which aphides exude honeydew. [prec, -et 1 ] 
 
 si'phuncle, n. See siphon, [f. L siphun- 
 culus (siphon, -uncle)] 
 
 si'ppet, n. Small piece of bread &c. soaked 
 in liquid ; one of the pieces of toast or fried 
 bread served round mince &c. [sip, -et 1 ] 
 
 sip, n. (also v.t., see below) used (1) as vocative 
 in addressing a master or superior, the Speaker 
 of the House of Commons either in his own 
 person on points of order or as embodiment of 
 the Ho\ise in ordinary debate, any male whose 
 name is or is to be understood to be unknown 
 to speaker, or boy &c. who is to be rebuked (pi. 
 sirs, for which gentlemen is usu. substituted) ; 
 (2) as titular prefix to name of knight or baronet, 
 always followed by Christian name, or its initial 
 
 & surname, or the whole name (Sir John 
 Moore, Sir J. Moore, or, in familiar use esp. as 
 vocative Sir John) ; (vb) address as sir (don't s. 
 me), [shortened f. sire] 
 
 sip'cap, n. (Anglo-Ind.). The Government of 
 India; head of government or household; 
 house-steward; native accountant, [f. Hind. f. 
 Pers. sarkar (sar head, kar work)] 
 
 sip*dap,n. (In India &c) person in command, 
 leader; (in Egypt) commander-in-chief (since 
 1882 a British officer) of army. [f. Hind. f. Pers. 
 sardar (prec, -dar holding)] 
 
 sire, n. Father or maleancestor (poet.) ; male 
 parent of beast, esp. stallion kept for breeding; 
 (voc.) Your Majesty (in addressing king or sove- 
 reign prince), [f. OF senre f. L seniorJ 
 
 siP'en, n. (Gkmyth.; pi.) women, or half wo- 
 men & half birds, living on a rocky isle to which 
 they lured unwary seafarers with enchanting 
 music ; sweet singer ; dangerously fascinating 
 woman, temptress, tempting pursuit &c; (at- 
 trib.) irresistibly tempting, as of a s.; =siren- 
 ian ; instrument used in acoustic experiments 
 &formakingloud sound as warning&c by revo- 
 lution of perforated disk over jet of compressed 
 air or steam. [L, f. Gk seiren etym. dub.] 
 
 sipe'nian, a, & n. (Member) of the Sirenia, 
 an order of fish-like mammals resembling ceta- 
 ceans, including manatee & dugong. Imod.L 
 Sirenia (prec), -an] 
 
 sip'gang, n. Bright-green Asiatic bird, the 
 green jackdaw. [E.-Ind.] 
 
 sirrasis, n. Sunstroke ; sun-bath as medical 
 treatment. [Gk (sei-), f. seiriao be hot, -asis] 
 
 SiTius. See dog 1 . [f. Gk Seirios, cf. prec] 
 
 sip'kap. = sircar. 
 
 sip'loin, n. Upper part of loin of beef, with 
 meat both above & (undercitt or fillet) below 
 the bone, [corrupt, of surloin f. F surlonge 
 
 (SUR- 2 , LOIN)] 
 
 siPO'eeo, sei-, n. (Italian name for) Sahara 
 wind or simoom when it reaches Italy, (also 
 for) warm sultry rainy wind prevailing in win- 
 ter. [It., f. Arab, sharq the East] 
 
 si'ppah, n. voc. (archaic). Fellow, sir (con- 
 tempt, or imperious), [f. Pr. sira f. F sire] 
 
 sirup. See syrup. 
 
 sirvente (F), n. Medieval usu. satirical lay 
 of special metrical form. [orig. sense service- 
 song (i.e. not love-song), F, f. Pr. sirventes (L 
 servire serve, -ent, -ese)] 
 
 Si'sal-gpass, -hemp, nn. Prepared fibre 
 of American aloe used for cordage. [Sisal, 
 port of Yucatan] 
 
 si'skin, n. Olive-green songbird, kind of 
 finch, often kept in cage. [f. MDu. cijsken f. 
 LG zieske f. Pol. czyzik] 
 
 si'step, n. Daughter of same parents (also 
 s.-german) or (strictly half-s.) parent as another 
 person (the latter usu. specified by my &c or 
 possessive case; the Fatal Ss. or Ss. three or 
 three Ss., the Fates); (prop, s.-in-law) one's 
 husband's or wife's s. or brother's wife ; close 
 female friend, female fellow-member of class 
 or sect or human race ; member of religious 
 community of women (s. of charity ; s. of 
 mercy, member of nursing sisterhood, esp. of 
 R.-C. one founded in Dublin 1827 ; little Ss. of 
 the poor, French R.-C. charitable sisterhood ; 
 lay 2 .9.); hospital nurse in authority over 
 others; personified quality or thing regarded 
 as female that closely resembles another (prose, 
 younger s. of verse ;s. ships, built on same de- 
 sign) ; s.-hook, double hook that opens to admit 
 rope &c & closes into a figure 8. Hence si's- 
 tePLESS, si'stePLY 1 , aa., si'stepliNESS n. 
 [Aryan ; OE swuster, cf. Du. zuster, G schwes- 
 ter, L soror, Skr. svasa] 
 
SISTERHOOD 
 
 812 
 
 SIZE 
 
 si'stephdbd (-r-h-), n. Being a sister or sis- 
 ters, relation between sisters ; society of women 
 bound by monastic vows or devoting themselves 
 to religious or charitable work, [-hood] 
 
 Si'stine, a. Of one of the popes called Sixties 
 (SS. chapel, in Vatican, with frescoes by Michel- 
 angelo ; S. Madonna, picture by Raphael re- 
 moved from church of San Sisto in Piacenza). 
 [f. It. Sistino {Sisto Sixtus, -ine 1 )] 
 
 si'strum, n. (pi. -tra). Jingling instrument 
 or rattle used by ancient Egyptians esp. in rites 
 of Isis. [L, f. Gk seistron (seio shake)] 
 
 Sisyphe'an, a. As of Sisyphus, Greek con- 
 demned in Tartarus to push a stone up hill & be- 
 gin again Avhen it rolled down, everlastingly la- 
 borious, [f. Gk Sisupheios (Sisuphos), -AN] 
 
 sit, v.i. & t. (sat). Take or be in position in 
 which body is supported more or less upright 
 by buttocks resting on ground or raised seat 
 {sits well, has good seat in riding ; s. tight col- 
 loq., remain firmly in one's place, not be shaken 
 off or move away or yield to distractions), be 
 engaged in some occupation in which this posi- 
 tion is usual (s. in judgment, assume right of 
 judging others, be censorious ; s. for one's por- 
 trait, give painter interviews or sittings ; s.for 
 fclloioship &c, undergo examination for it ; s. 
 for borough &c, represent it in Parliament; 
 Parliament, Courts, are sitting, in session ; s. 
 at home, be inactive); (of birds & some ani- 
 mals) rest with legs bent & body close to ground 
 or perch (shoot bird, hare, sitting, when not on 
 wing or running), remain on nest to hatch eggs 
 (sitting hen, engaged in hatching ; wants to s., 
 is broody) ; (chiefly of inanimate things) be in 
 more or less permanent position (sits the wind 
 there ?, is it in that quarter ?, is that the state of 
 affairs ?; food sits heavy on the stomach, is not 
 soon digested; her dress, imperiousn°ss, &c, 
 sits loell on her, suits, fits; sitting tenant, one 
 in present occupation ; his principles s. loosely 
 on h im, do not bind him much ); keep one's seat 
 on (horse &c; he could not s. his mule); s. down, 
 take seat after standing (also refl. archaic, as 
 sat him, pray s. you, d.), (Mil.) encamp before 
 place to besiege it ; s. on or upon, (of jury &c.) 
 hold session concerning, (slang) repress or re- 
 buke or snub (he xcants sitting upon); s. out, 
 take no part in something, esp. in particular 
 dance (also trans, as sat out the next dance), 
 also s. outdoors, (trans.) outstay (other visitors) 
 or stay till end of (performance) ; s. under, be 
 one of congregation preached to by (minister) ; 
 s. tip, rise from lying to sitting posture, remain 
 (late, nursing, &c.) out of bed, s. erect without 
 lolling (make one s. up colloq., subject him to 
 hard work, pain, surprise, &c); sitfast, horny 
 sore on horse's back. [Aryan ; OE sittan, cf. Du. 
 zitten, G sitzen, L sedere, Gkhezomai, Skr. sad) 
 
 site, n. Ground on which town or building 
 stood, stands, or is to stand, [f. L situs] 
 
 sith, conj. (archaic, bibl.). Since, [see since] 
 
 sit(i)o-, comb, form of Gk sitos, sition, food, 
 as sit(i)o'logy dietetics, sit(i)opho'bia morbid 
 aversion to food. 
 
 si'ttep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. : person sitting 
 for portrait; good, bad, s., hen that sits well 
 &c. ; (slang, from to shoot bird sitting) easy 
 shot, thing easily done, [-er ] ] 
 
 si'tting", n. In vbl senses ; esp.: time during 
 which one sits continuously (wro L e the whole 
 poem at as.; all-nights, of House of Commons ; 
 can you give me six ss.?, for portrait) ; clutch 
 of eggs ; seat in church appropriated to a per- 
 son ; s.-7'oom, space enough to accommodate 
 seated persons, also a room used for sitting in 
 (opp. bedroom), [-ixg J J 
 
 si'tuated, si'tuate (at ; archaic), aa. In 
 
 specified situation (situated on the top of the 
 hill; awkwardly situated, in a difficulty), [f. 
 LL situatus (L situs position, -ate' 2 )] 
 
 situa'tion, n. Place, with its surroundings, 
 occupiedbysomething (ftouse stands i/iaJiHes.; 
 unrivalled for s.) ; set of circumstances, posi- 
 tion in which one finds oneself, (came out of a 
 difficult s. with credit); critical point or com- 
 plication in drama (curtain/alls on a strongs.); 
 employee's, esp. domestic's, place or paid office 
 (cannot find a s.). [F (prec, -atiox)] 
 
 Si'va (se-), n. Hindu god held supreme by his 
 special votaries, & by others associated as prin- 
 ciple of destruction with Brahma & Vishnu in 
 a triad. Hence Sivai'stic [-ist, -ic] a., Si'va- 
 ite ] (1) n. & a, [Hind., f. Skr. civa propitious] 
 
 six, a. & n. One more than five, 6, vi, (often 
 agreeing with understood noun, ass. of the men, 
 s. of the m, s. o'clock or s.; s. to one, long odds ; 
 two & s., half-a-crown ; s. d> s., 6. 6 ; it is s. of 
 one cfr half-a-dozcn of the other, difference is 
 merely nominal ; twenty-s. or s.-ct-tiventy, & so 
 on to s.-&-ninety ; am not s. yet, years old) ; s.- 
 footer, person 6 ft in height, thing 6 ft long ; 
 si'xpence, (silver coin worth) 6c?. (have not got 
 a sixpence) ; si'xpenny a., costing or worth 6d. 
 (sixpenny bit, or sixpenny as n., the coin six- 
 pence ; seven-&-sixpenny &c, costing 7/6 &c.) ; 
 s.-shooter, s. -chambered revolver; hence si'x- 
 fold a. & adv. (N.) the number s. (twice s. is 
 twzlve; at ss. & se ve ns, in confusion); card or 
 die-face of s. pips (the s. of spades ; double ss., 
 die-throw of two ss.); (pi.) candles made's. to 
 the lb. [Aryan ; cf. Du. zes, G sechs, L sex, Gk 
 hex, Skr. shash] 
 
 si'xain, n. Six-line stanza. [F (six f. L sex)] 
 
 si'xep, n. Hit for six in cricket, [-er 1 ] 
 
 sixte, n. One of the positions in fencing. [F, 
 f. L sextus sixth] 
 
 sixtee'n, a. & n. One more than fifteen, 16, 
 xvi; sixteenmo or 16mo, = sextodecimo ; hence 
 sixtee'nTH 2 a. & n.; (n.) the number s. (twice 
 s. is thirty-two), [-teen] 
 
 sixth, a. & n. Next after fifth (the, a, s., often 
 as n. with ellipse of noun, esp. the s. =6th day 
 of month ; s. form *) ; s. part, one of six equal 
 parts into which thing may be divided. (X. I = 
 s. part; = s. form; (Mus.) tone six diatonic de- 
 grees above or below given tone, this interval, 
 harmonic combination of tone & its s. [OE 
 sixta, w. assim. to fourth, see -th 2 ] 
 
 si'xthly, adv. In the sixth place (in enu- 
 merations). [-LY 2 ] 
 
 si'xty, a. & n. Six times ten, 60, lx, (s.-one, 
 -eight, &c; s.-first, -fourth, &c); s.-four-mo, 
 (size of) book or page given by folding sheet six 
 times into 64 leaves (for L in quarto et sexa- 
 gesimo); hence si'xtiETH a. & n. (N.) the num- 
 ber s.; the ss., yeai*s between 59 & 70 in life or 
 century. [OE sixtig (-tv 2 )] 
 
 si'zable, a. Of large size, [size *, -able] 
 
 si'zap, n. Student at Cambridge or Trinity 
 College, Dublin, paying reduced fees & formerly 
 charged with certain menial offices. Hence 
 si'zapsHiP n. [foil. = ration, -er ] (cf. scholar)] 
 
 size l , n., & v.t. &i. (Hist.) standard of weight 
 or measure for some article esp. of food or drink; 
 (Camb. Univ.; also si'ziNG 1 n.) ration of food 
 or drink from buttery ; dimensions, magnitude, 
 (is of vast, diminutive, s., very large or small ; 
 s. matters less than quality ; that 's about the s. 
 of it colloq., a true account of the matter); one 
 of the usu. numbered classes into which things, 
 esp. garments, otherwise similar are divided in 
 respect of s. (is made in several ss.; takes s. 7 in 
 gloves ; is quite a s., three ss., too big ; out s.h 
 implement for sizing pearls ; s.-stick, shoemak- 
 er's measure for taking length of foot ; hence 
 
SIZE 
 
 813 
 
 SKIMMER 
 
 -sizED 2 a. (Vb): (Camb. Univ.) order 8.; group 
 or sort in ss. oraccordingtos.,whencesi , ZER 1 (2) 
 n.; *?. up, estimate s. of, (colloq.) form judgment 
 of (person &c\). [shortened f. ASSIZE] 
 
 size 2 , n., & v.t. Gelatinous solution used in 
 glazing paper & stiffening textiles^ & in many 
 manufacturing processes; hence si*zv 2 a. (Vb) 
 glaze or stiffen or treat with s. [f. It. sisa for 
 assisa painter's glue (L assidere sit near)J 
 
 si'zzle, v.i. & n. (colloq.). Make sputtering 
 sound as in frying ; (n.) such noise, limit.] 
 
 sja'mbok (zh-), n. Rhinoceros-hide whip. 
 [S.-Afr. Du. f. Malay chabok f. Pers. chabuk a. 
 & n. alert, whip] 
 
 skald. See scald 2 . 
 
 skate 1 , n. Kinds of ray-fish, esp. (Blue, Grey, 
 S.) rhomboidal long-tailed kind. [f. OX skata) 
 
 skate 2 , n., & v.i. & t. @ne of pair of imple- 
 ments, each with steel blade or set of rollers, 
 attached beneath boots & enabling wearer to 
 glide in curves over ice or (rollers.) hard floor. 
 (Vb) move, perform (specified figure), on ss. [s. 
 over thin ice, talk on subject needing tactful 
 treatment) ; skating-rink, piece of ice artificial- 
 ly made, or floor reserved, for skating ; hence 
 ska'tER 1 n. [earlier scotch f. Du. schaatsen 
 pi. f. OF eschase stilt f. LG (schake shank)] 
 
 skean, skene, skain, n. Gaeiicdagger 
 used in Ireland & Scotland ; s.-dhu (-doo), dag- 
 ger stuck in stocking as part of Highland cos- 
 tume. If. Gael, sgian knife, dubh black] 
 
 skeda'ddle, v.i., &n., (colloq.). Runaway, 
 disperse in flight ;(n.) hurried flight ordispersal. 
 [U.S. sense of pro v. E wd = spill ; etym. dub.] 
 
 skee. See ski. 
 
 skein (-an), n. Bundle of yarn or thread or 
 silk made by coiling it many times, drawing 
 it out to the coil's length, & folding it ; flock of 
 wild geese &c. in flight ; (fig.) tangle, confusion, 
 [f. OF escaigne prob. f. Celt., cf. Ir. sgainne] 
 
 ske'leton,n. Hard internal or external frame- 
 work of bones, cartilage, shell, woodyfibre, &c. 
 supporting or containing an animal or vegetable 
 body, whence ske'letAL a., ske'leto- comb, 
 form, skeleto'GRAPHY n., &c; dried bones of 
 human being or other animal fastened together 
 in same relative positions as in life (.«?. at the 
 feast, something that alloys pleasure, intrusive 
 care ; s. in the cupboard, famil y s., discredit- 
 able or humiliating fact concealed from stran- 
 gers), part of anything that remains after its 
 life or usefulness is gone ; framework or essen- 
 tial part of anything (s. crew, regiment, &c, 
 permanent nucleus ready for filling up, cadre ; 
 s.-drill, with companies &c. represented by two 
 men separated by longropc ; s. key, fittingmany 
 locks by having interior of bit hollowed ; s. or 
 s.-face type, with thin strokes) ; outline sketch, 
 epitome, abstract ; (by exag.) thin person. [Gk, 
 orig. neut. of skeletos dried-up (skello parch)] 
 
 skeletonize, v.t. Reduce to skeleton or 
 abstract by destroying flesh &c. or omitting 
 details, [-ize] 
 
 skene. See skean. 
 
 skep, n. Kinds, varying locally, of wooden 
 or wicker basket ; straw or. wicker beehive. 
 [OE seep grain-basket f. OX skepjm f. L f. Gk 
 tkaphion (skaphos vessel)] 
 
 skepsis, skeptic, &c. See see-. 
 
 sketch, n., & v.t. & i. Preliminary, rough, 
 slight, merely outlined, or unfinished drawing 
 or painting often as experiment for, or memo- 
 randum for use in, regular picture ; brief account 
 without many details conveying general idea 
 of something, rough draft, general outline ; 
 slight play often of musical kind or short de- 
 scriptive article ; musical composition of 'single 
 movement ; s. -block, -book, arrangements of 
 
 drawing-paper leaves for doing series of ss. on ; 
 s.-viap, with outlines but little detail ; hence 
 ske*tehv 2 a., ske*tehiLv 2 adv., ske'tchi- 
 ness n. (Vb) make or give s. of; make ss. 
 esp. of landscape (went out sketching); hence 
 ske'tchER 1 n. [f. Du. skets f. It. schizzo f. L 
 f. Gk skhedios offhand, extempore (skhedon 
 near cf. eskhon I held)] 
 
 skew, a. & n. Oblique, slanting, sideways, 
 distorted, (now chiefly in Arch.,Mech., &Math.; 
 .s. bridge, with line of arch not at right angles 
 to abutment ; .<?. chisel, with oblique edge ; s. 
 wheel, bevel wheel with oblique teeth ; s. curve, 
 in three dimension;-), (Math.) having symmetry 
 distorted by reversal of some element on oppo- 
 site sides ; skewbald, (esp. of horse) with irre- 
 gular patches of white & some colour (prop, 
 not black, cf. piebald) ; s.-eyed, squinting. (X. ) 
 sloping top of buttress ; coping of gable ; stone 
 built into bottom of gable to support coping, 
 [f. obs. skew vb sidle, shy, f. MDu. schonwen 
 avoid, cf. G scheuen; cogn. w. shy 1 , eschew] 
 
 skewer, n., & v.t. Pin of wood or iron for 
 holding meat compactly together while cook- 
 ing ; (joe.) sword &c; (vb) fasten together, 
 pierce, (as) with s. [var. of shiver 2 ] 
 
 ski (she), n. (pi. skis), & v.i. (skid, skiing). 
 One of pair of wooden runners about 8 ft long 
 & I in. broad fastened under feet for travelling 
 over snow esp. in Scandinavia. [Xorw., f. ON 
 skidh billet, snow-shoe, whence also skid] 
 
 skiagraphy &c. See scia-. 
 
 skid, n., & v.t. &i. Piece or frame of timber 
 serving as buffer, support, inclined plane, &c. ; 
 wooden or metal shoe preventing wheel from 
 revolving used as drag (also s.-pan), other 
 kinds of wheel-locking contrivance ; slip or slide 
 of wheel on muddy ground. (Vb) support or 
 move or protect or check with s.; (of wheel or 
 vehicle) slide forwards or backwards or side- 
 ways on slippery ground, [f. OX skidh billet, 
 cf. ME shide slip of wood, & sheath] 
 
 skiff, n. Light rowing or sculling boat. [f. 
 F esquiff. It. schifo f. OHG skifSHlP] 
 
 ski'lful, a. Having or showing skill, prac- 
 tised, expert, adroit, ingenious. Hence ski'l* 
 fulLV 2 adv. [f0ll.,-FUL] 
 
 skill, n. Expertness, practised ability, faci- 
 lity in doing something, dexterity, tact. [f. ON 
 skil discernment (skifja to separate), cf. Sw. 
 skdl reason ; cogn. w. shell, scale l ] 
 
 skilled, a. Having or showing skill, skilful, 
 (rare exc. in phrr. .s. labour, icorkman, &c.,= 
 trained, or followed by in), [-ed 2 ] 
 
 ski'lless (-1-1-), a. (rare). Without skill, 
 knowing nothing of. [-less] 
 
 ski'llet, n. Small metal pot with long handle 
 & usu. legs used in cooking, [f. OF escuellette 
 (escuelle dish f. L scutella dim. of scuta dish)] 
 
 skills, v.i. 3rd sing, impers. (archaic). It s. 
 not, makes no difference, is of no use, (usu. to 
 do), [f. OX skilja see skill] 
 
 ski'lly, n. Thin broth or soup or gruel usu. 
 of oatmeal & water flavoured with meat often 
 served out in prisons, work-houses, &c. [earlier 
 skillygalee, -golee, etym. dub.] 
 
 skim, v.t. & i., & a. Take scum or cream or 
 floating layer from surface of (liquid), take 
 (cream &c.) from surface of liquid, (s. the cream 
 off often fig., take best part of) ; keep touching 
 lightly or nearly touching (surface) in passing 
 over, (intr.) go thus over or along surface, glide 
 along in air; read (t. & i.) superficially, look 
 over cursorily, gather salient facts contained 
 in; (adj.) s. milk, from which cream has been 
 skimmed, [f. scum, cf. Jill f.full, & G sehdumen 
 f. schaum scum] 
 
 ski'mmer, n. In vol senses ; esp. : ladle &c. 
 
SKIMP 
 
 814 
 
 SKY 
 
 for skimming liquids ; kinds of water-bird, esp. 
 Black &, with flat mandibles, [-er *] 
 
 skimp, v.t. & i. Supply (person with or in 
 food, money, &c. ; material, expenses, &c.) 
 meagrely, stint; be parsimonious. Hence 
 ski'mpv 2 a., ski'mping-LY 2 adv. [cf. Icel. 
 skemma shorten] 
 
 skin 1 , n. Flexible continuous covering of 
 human or other animal body (with a whole s., 
 un wounded ; save one's s., get off safe ; change 
 one's s., undergo impossible change of charac- 
 ter &c. ; would not be in his s., should not like 
 to be he ; is only s. & bone, very thin, & so 
 ski'nnv 2 a., ski'nniNESS n. ; escape with the 
 8, of 'one's teeth, narrowly; thick, thin, s., im- 
 perviousness, sensitiveness, to affront or criti- 
 cism ; fair, dark, &c, s., complexion ; near is 
 ?ny shikt, nearer my s.) ; hide of flayed animal 
 with or without the hair &c. ; material pre- 
 pared from ss. esp. of smaller animals (cf. hide) ; 
 vessel for wine or water made of animal's 
 whole s. ; outer coating of plant, fruit, &c, 
 rind ; planking or plating of ship or boat inside 
 or outside ribs; GOLD-beaters' s. ; s. -bound, 
 with s. tightly stretched over flesh ; s.-deep, (of 
 wound, also of emotion, impression, &c.) super- 
 ficial, not deep or lasting ; s.-friction, lateral 
 resistance to way of ship &c. passing through 
 water ; skinful (of wine &c, or abs.), as much 
 liquor as one can hold ; s.-grafting, surgical 
 substitution of s. cut from another part or per- 
 son for damaged part. Hence -skinnED 2 , 
 ski'nLESS, aa. [f. ON skinn, cogn. w. G schin- 
 den flay] 
 
 skin 2 , v.t. & i. Cover (sore &c, usu. over) as 
 with s., (of wound &c.) form or become covered 
 with new s., cicatrize, (usu. over) ; strip of s., 
 withdraw s. from, flay, (keep your eyes skinned 
 slang, be watchful or cautious), (colloq.) strip 
 oneself, strip (another), of tight garment sdch 
 as jersey ; skinflint, niggard, miser, [f. precl 
 
 skink, n. Kinds of small-limbed lizard. If. 
 Gk skigkos] 
 
 ski'nner, n. In vbl senses : esp., (now 
 chiefly in name of a city company) dealer in 
 skins, furrier, [-er 1 ] 
 
 skip 1 , v.i. &t, & n. (Of lambs, kids, children, 
 &c.) jump about, gambol, caper, frisk, move 
 lightly from one foot on to the other ; (of chil- 
 dren, esp. girls) use skipping-rope; shiftquickly 
 from one subject or occupation to another, be 
 desultory, (usu. off, from, &c); (slang) make 
 off, disappear ; omit, make omissions, in deal- 
 ing with a series or in reading (do them all 
 without skipping any or skipping ; always s. 
 the descriptions ; skips as he reads ; s. every 
 tenth row) ; skipjack, jumping toy made of 
 bird's merrythought, also kinds of fish and 
 butterfly and beetle named from their move- 
 ments ; skipping-rope, length of rope with two 
 wooden handles used in girls' game of skipping; 
 hence ski'pping'LY 2 adv. (N.) skipping 
 movement, esp. quick shift from one foot to 
 other (hop 3 , s., & jump), [f. Scand., cf. Norw. 
 skopa skip away, ON skoppa spin like top] 
 
 skip 2 , n. College servant, scout, esp. at 
 Dublin, [perh. f. obs. skip-kennel lackey (prec. ) ] 
 
 skip 3 , n. Captain or director of side at bowls 
 & curling, [perh. for skipper 2 ] 
 
 ski'ppep *, n. In vbl senses; esp., (Zool.) 
 
 = sk I p l jack. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 ski'ppep 2 , n. Sea-captain, esp. -master of 
 small trading vessel ; s.'s daughters, (with pun 
 on prec.) tall white-crested waves, [f. Du. 
 schipper (schifsuip 1 , -er ] )] 
 
 ski'ppet, n. (hist.). Small cylindrical wooden 
 box used to enclose and protect large seal at- 
 tached by ribbon to deed. [skep. -et j ] 
 
 skirl, v.i., &n. (Make) sound characteristic 
 of bagpipes. [Sc. var. of shrill] 
 
 skip'mish, n., & v.i. Piece of irregular or 
 unpremeditated fighting esp. between small or 
 outlying parties, slight engagement; encoun- 
 ter of wit, argument, &c. (Vb) fight in small 
 parties, loose order, or unpremeditated way ; 
 hence skip'mishER 1 n. [n. f. vb, f. OF esker- 
 mir (-ISH 2 ) fence, f. OHG scirman (scirm, 
 whence G schirm shelter) ; cf. scrimmage] 
 
 ski'ppet, n. Kind of water-parsnip formerly 
 much used as table-vegetable, [prob. f. OF es- 
 chervisLSp.chiriviaf.Av&b.karaiviacAiiA'WAYl 
 
 skirt, n., & v.t. & i. Part of coat or shirt that 
 hangs below waist ; woman's outer garment 
 shaped like petticoat from waist downwards 
 (divided s., loose trousers resemblings.), whence 
 skiP'tiNG ] (3) n.; edge, border, extreme part, 
 (often pi.; on the ss. of London, just inside or 
 outside of it) ; s.-dance(r), -cing, with full s. 
 waved about giving graceful effects ; hence 
 -skiPtED 2 , skip'tLESS, aa. (Vb) go along or 
 round or past the edge of, be situated along ; 
 go along coast, wall, &c. ; skirting-board, along 
 bottom of room- wall. [f. ON skyrta ; cogn. w. 
 short, & doublet of shirt] 
 
 skit, n. Light piece of satire, burlesque, li- 
 terary squib, (often upon), [f. obs. skit shoot, 
 dart, jump, f. Scand., cf. Sw. skjuta SHOOT, 
 skytt marksman] 
 
 ski'ttep, v.i. (Of wild-fowl) go splashing a- 
 long water in rising or settling ; fish by draw- 
 ing bait along surface, [as prec, -er 6 ] 
 
 ski'ttish, a. (Of horses &c. )nervous, inclined 
 to shy, excitable, playful, fidgety ; (chiefly of 
 women) capricious, coquettish, flirting, lively, 
 given to amusement, gadding about, affecting 
 youthfulness, wanton. Hence ski'ttishLV- 
 adv., ski'ttishNESS n. [as skit, -ish *] 
 
 ski'ttle, n. Ss., game played with nine pins 
 (ss. or s.-pins) set up at end of s.-alley or s.- 
 ground to be bowled down with s.-ball (beer & 
 ss., amusement, as life is not all beer & ss.). 
 [f. Da. skyttel child's earthen ball ; doublet of 
 shuttle ; the skittle was prob. orig. the ball] 
 
 skive, v.t. Split or pare (hide, leather); grind 
 away surface of (gem), [perh. cogn. w. obs. 
 shive slice, cf. G scheibe disk] 
 
 ski'vep, n. Knife for skiving leather ; thin 
 leather got by skiving, [-er l ] 
 
 sku'a, n. Kinds of gull, esp. the Great S., 
 largest of gull kind, chiefly dark-coloured, [prob. 
 f. ON skufr, skumr, cf. skumi shade] 
 
 skulk, v.i. Lurk, keep oneself concealed esp. 
 in cowardice or with evil intent, stay or sneak 
 away in time of danger, shirk duty, avoid ob- 
 servation. Hence sku'lkER 1 & (in same sense) 
 skulk nn.,sku*lking"LY 2 adv. [f. Da. skulke, 
 cf. Du. schuilen] 
 
 skull, n. Bony case of the brain, frame of 
 the head, cranium, (s. & cross-bones, represen- 
 tation of bare s. with two thigh-bones crossed 
 below it as emblem of death) ; s.-cap, close- 
 fitting cap usu. of velvet worn indoors chiefly 
 by old men, also kinds of plant with helmet- 
 shaped flower. , Hence -skuIIed 2 a. [f. Sw. 
 dial, skulle (ON skdl scale 2 )] 
 
 skunk, n. Black white-striped bushy-tailed 
 American carnivorous animal about size of cat 
 able to emit powerful stench from liquid se- 
 creted by anal glands as defence ; stinking or 
 contemptible fellow, [f. Algonquin segongw] 
 
 Skupshti'na (-00-, -te-), n. Servian parlia- 
 ment. [Serv.,= assembly] 
 
 sky, n., & v.t. (The vault of) heaven (blue, 
 clear, cloudy, overcast, &c, s. ; if the s. fall we 
 shall catch larks, unlikely cataclysms are not 
 worth providing against; under the open s., 
 
SKYE 
 
 815 
 
 SLAUGHTER 
 
 out of doors ; often pi. , as laud to the ss., highly ; 
 was raised to the S8„ taken up to heaven); cli- 
 mate, atmosphere, (try what a warmer s., 
 warmer ss., will do for you); s.-blue a. & n., 
 colour(ed) like clear sky ; s.-born poet., of divine 
 birth; s.-elad facet., naked; s.-high adv. & a., 
 so as to reach, reaching, the s.; skylark n., lark 
 that flies spirally upwards singing, v.i. (with 
 pun on lark '• -, & perh. of naut. orig., w. ref. 
 to clambering about rigging), frolic, play tricks 
 or practical jokes, ballyrag, &c; skylight, win- 
 dow set in plane of roof or ceiling ; s.-line, out- 
 line of hill &c. defined against s. (is on the s.-l., 
 seen outlined on s.); s.-pilot slang, priest ; <s.- 
 rocket, discharged upwards; skysail, light sail 
 above royal in square-rigged ship ; skyscape, 
 picture chiefly representing s.; s.-scraperfacet., 
 = skysail, also building of many storeys, tall 
 chimney, &c; hence skyey' 2 , sky'LESS, aa., 
 sky ward(s) adv. & a. (Vb) hit (cricket-ball) 
 high up ; hang (picture) high on wall, [earlier 
 sense cloud ; f. OH sky cloud, cf. OE sceo ; cogn. 
 w. scum, shower, & L 06.se urus] 
 
 Skye (terrier), n. Small long-bodied short- 
 legged long-haired slate or fawn coloured va- 
 riety of Scotch terrier, named from Skye. 
 
 slab ] , n., & v.t. Thin flat usu. square or rect- 
 angular piece of stone or other rigid material ; 
 (of timber) outer cut sawn from log ; s.-stone, 
 kinds of stone that split readily into ss. (Vb) 
 remove ss. from (log, tree) to prepare it for saw- 
 ing into planks ; slabbing-gang, set of saws for 
 doing this. [f. OF esclape perh. f. es- EX- + LG 
 klappen explode cf. G klaffen split] 
 
 slab 2 , a. (archaic). Viscous, (of liquid) thick 
 & sticky, (chiefly w. ref. to Macbeth iv. i. 32). 
 [f. prov. E slab puddle f. ON slabb mud] 
 
 slabber. = slobber. 
 
 slack, a., adv., n., & v.t. & i. Sluggish, re- 
 miss, relaxed, languid, loose, inactive, negli- 
 gent, (s. water, about turn of tide, esp. low tide ; 
 s. in stays naut., slow in going about ; a s. rope, 
 not taut; keep as. hand or rein, ride, or fig. 
 govern, carelessly ; s. trade, bxisiness, market, 
 with little doing ; s. weather, inclining to in- 
 dolence); hence sla'ekEN 6 v.t. & i., sla'ck- 
 ly 2 adv., sla'ckXESS n. (Adv., in comb. 
 w. dry, bake, &c.) slowly, insufficiently, (s.- 
 dried hops; to s.-bake bread). (N.) s. part 
 of rope {hard in the s.) : s. time in trade &c; 
 [perh. f. G schlacke slag] coal-dust used chiefly 
 for making briquettes &c. ( Vb) slacken ; make 
 loose (rope; often off, away); (colloq.) take a 
 rest, be indolent, whence sla'ekERin.; = slake 
 (lime) ; s. off, abate vigour; s. up, reduce speed 
 of train &c. before stopping. [OE sleac, cogn. 
 w. lag, lax ; & cf. ON slaki-] 
 
 slag*, n., & v.i. Dross separated in fused state 
 in reduction of ores, vitreous smel ting-refuse, 
 clinkers; volcanic scoria ; hence sla'ggy 2 a. 
 (Vb) form s., cohere into s.-like mass. [f. Sw. 
 slagg, cf. G schlacke, cogn. w. prec] 
 
 slain. See slay. 
 
 slake, v.t. Assuage, satisfy, (thirst, & rhet. 
 revenge &c), whence sla'keLESS a. (poet.); 
 (also slack) combine (lime) chemically with 
 water, [var. of slack] 
 
 slam, v.t. & i., & n. Shut (t. & i.. of door &c; 
 often toad v.) with loud bang ; put down (object) 
 with similar sound ; (slang) hit, beat, gain easy 
 victory over. (N.) sound (as) of slammed door; 
 gaining of every trick in whist or euchre, [f. 
 Norw. slemba, imit.; cogn. w. slap] 
 
 sla'nder, n., & v.t. False report maliciously 
 uttered to person's injury ; uttering of such 
 reports, calumny ; (Law) false oral defamation 
 (cf. libel, scandal) ; hence or cogn. sla'n- 
 der o u s a. , sla*nderousL y - adv. , sla'nder- 
 
 ousxESsn. (Vb) utters, about, defame falsely; 
 hence sla'nderERi n. [f. OF esclandre f. L 
 
 SCANDALUJ/i] 
 
 slang-, n., & v.t. Words & phrases in 
 common colloquial use, but generally con- 
 sidered in some or all of their senses to be out- 
 side of standard English ; words & phrases 
 either entirely peculiar to or used in special 
 senses by some class or profession, cant, 
 {racing, thieves', artistic, schoolboy, &c, s.) ; 
 (vb) use abusive language to. [perh. f. Norw. 
 (sleng slinging ; slengjenamn nickname; sleng- 
 jeord insult, neologism), cogn. w. sling] 
 
 sla'ngy (ngi), a. Of the character of, given 
 to the use of, slang. Hence sla'ngiLY 2 adv., 
 sla'ng-iNESs n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 slant, v.i. & t., a., & n. Slope (i. & t). diverge 
 from a line, lie or go obliquely to a vertical or 
 horizontal line; hence sla'ntingLY 2 adv., 
 (facet, on perpendicular) slantingdicular 
 or slantendi'cular a. (Adj., chiefly poet.) 
 sloping, inclined, oblique. (N.) slope, oblique 
 position, (on the or a s„ aslant), whence sla'nt- 
 wise adv. ; (archaic) indirect censure, dis- 
 paraging remark ; (Naut.) a s. of wind, favour- 
 able breeze, [f. Norw. slenta fall aside] 
 
 slap, v.t., n., & adv. Strike with palm of 
 hand, smack. (N.) such stroke (s. in the face 
 lit., also fig. rebuff, insult). (Adv.) with the 
 suddenness or effectiveness or true aim of 
 a blow, suddenly, just, quite, full, (ran s. into 
 him; hit me s. in the eye); s.-bang, violently, 
 noisily, headlong ; sla'pda'sh&d v., vehemently, 
 recklessly; sla'pdash a., impetuous, random, 
 happy-go-lucky, n., such action or work, also 
 
 — ROUGHca^, (v.t.) = ROLGHeast ; s.-up a. 
 vulg., quite up to date, in the latest fashion, 
 with all modern appliances, [imit., cf. LG slapp 
 sounding blow] 
 
 slash, v.i. & t., & n. Make sweeping or 
 random cut(s) with sword, knife, whip, &c. 
 (slashing criticism, with outspoken condemna- 
 tion) ; make long narrow gashes in (slashed 
 sleeve &c, with slits cut to show lining or 
 puffing of other material); lash (person &c.) 
 with whip, crack (whip) ; (Mil.) fell (trees) to 
 form abatis ; (n.) (wound or slit made by) slash- 
 ing cut. [f. OF esclachier break in pieces (ex-, 
 MHG klecken break with noise) ; perh. w. 
 mixture of OF esclicier slice] 
 
 slat, n. Thin narrow piece of wood, esp. used 
 in sets in Venetian blinds, lath. [var. of foil. J 
 
 slate 1 , n., a., & v.t. Kinds of grey, green, or 
 bluish-purple rock easily split into thin flat 
 smooth plates ; piece of such plate used as 
 roofing-material ; piece of it usu. framed in 
 wood used, by school-children, small shop- 
 keepers, &c. for writing on with s.-pencil or 
 small rod of soft s. (clean the &, rid oneself of 
 or renounce obligations); s.-black, -bine, -grey, 
 modifications of these tints such as occur in s. ; 
 s.-club, mutual benefit society with small 
 weekly contributions ; s.-colour(ed), (of) dark 
 bluish or greenish grey ; hence sla'tv 2 a. 
 (Vb) cover with ss. esp. as roofing ; hence 
 sla'tER 1 n. IME s(c)lat f. OF esclat (now 
 eclat) f. esclater shiver in pieces (LL *ex- 
 clapitare break with noise f. LG klappen clap)] 
 
 slate 2 , v.t. (colloq.). Criticize severely (esp. 
 author in reviews), scold, rate. Hence sla't- 
 ing ] (1) n. [earlier 6ense bait with dogs; OE 
 sl&tan causative of slit] 
 
 sla'ttern, n. Sluttish woman. Hence sla't- 
 ternLY 1 a., sla'ttern li\ ess n. [perh. for 
 slattering (obs. slatter be wasteful f. obs. slat 
 to splash, cf. ON sletta to dab, -er 5 )] 
 
 slaugh'ter, n., & v.t. Slaying, esp. of many 
 persons or animals at once, carnage, massacre, 
 
SLAV 
 
 816 
 
 SLENDER 
 
 (s. or massacre of the innocents); s. -house, 
 shambles, place for killing cattle or sheep, 
 place of carnage ; hence siaugh'tepous a. 
 <rhet.), slaughterous r.Y 2 adv. (Vb) kill 
 {people) in ruthless manner or on great scale ; 
 butcher, kill for food ; hence slaugh'tePER » 
 n. [f. ON sldtr meat, cogn. w. slay] 
 
 Slav (-ahv), n. Sc a. One of a race spread 
 over most of Eastern Europe and including 
 Russians, Bulgarians, 111 yrians, Poles, Silesians, 
 Pomeranians, Bohemians, &c; hence Sla'vo- 
 phil, Sla'voPHOBE, nn. & aa., Sla*vis.M(2, 3) 
 n. (Adj.) of the Ss., Slavonic, Slavonian, [f. 
 G Sklare f. late Gk Sklabos, Sklabenos, f. 
 Slavonic (OBulg. Slovieninu)] 
 
 slave, n., Sc v.i. Person who is the legal 
 property of another or others and is bound to 
 absolute obedience, human chattel ; helpless 
 victim to or of some dominating influence (is 
 a s. to drink, the s. of his wife's cajyrices, &c. ; 
 the ss. of fashion) ; drudge, person of no leisure ; 
 mean contemptible person ; s.-bom, in slavery, 
 of s. parents ; s. -driver, overseer of ss. at work, 
 (transf.) hard taskmaster; s. -grown, (of com- 
 modities) produced by s. -labour; s. -holder, 
 owner of ss. ; s.-hnnter, person who hunts esp. 
 negroes to sell them as ss. ; s.-ship, employed 
 in s.-trade ; .s. States, southern States of N. 
 America in which slavery prevailed before 
 civil war; s.-trade, procuring, transporting, 
 & selling as ss., of human beings, esp. African 
 negroes ; so s. -trader. (Vb) work like s., drudge, 
 [f. F esclave f. LL sclavus Slavonian captive f. 
 late Gk Sklabos slav] 
 
 sla'ver \ n. Ship or person engaged in slave- 
 trade. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 sla'vep' 2 , v.i. & t, Sc n. Let spittle flow from 
 mouth ; let one's spittle fall upon (garment Sec, 
 or another's cheek in kissing). (N.) spittle 
 running from mouth, (fig.) fulsome or servile 
 flattery; hence sla'vepy 1 [-v" 2 J a. [f. OX 
 slafra, cf. LG slabbern] 
 
 sia'very 2 (for s. 1 see prec), n. Condition of 
 a slave; slave-holding; exhausting labour, 
 drudgery, [-ery] 
 
 sia'vey, n. (slang). Maid-servant, esp. in 
 lodgings or boarding-house, [-v 3 ] 
 
 Sla'vic (-ah-), a. & n. (Language) of the 
 Slavs, Slavonic, [-ic] 
 
 sla'vish, a. As of, having the characteristics 
 of, slaves, abject, servile, base, (s. imitation, 
 without any attempt at development or origin- 
 ality). Hence sla'vishLV 2 adv., sla'vish- 
 .ness n. [-ISH ! ] 
 
 Slavd'nian, a. & n. (Language, member) of 
 the Slav race ; (inhabitant) of the Austrian 
 district Slavonia. [f. med.L S{c)lavonia cowntvv 
 of Slavs, -ax] 
 
 Slavo'nie, a. Sc n. (Language) of the Slavs. 
 Hence Slav6*nieiZE(3_> v.t. [as prec, -ic] 
 
 slay, v.t. (slew pr. -oo, slain). Kill (chiefly 
 poet., rhet., or facet. ; often abs., as went forth 
 slaying & spoiling). Hence (-)slayER 1 n. 
 [OE slian, cf. Du. slaan, G. schlagen, strike] 
 
 sled, sledge \ sleigh (a), nn., & vv.i. & t. 
 Vehicle on runners instead of wheels for con- 
 veying loads or passengers esp. over snow 
 drawn by horses or dogs or reindeer or pushed 
 or pulled by hand, toboggan, (sled now little 
 used in England except of structure on runners 
 for dragging loads in agriculture; sleigh chiefly 
 of runner-carriage for driving over snow; 
 sledge in all senses) ; sleigh-bell, one of the tink- 
 ling bells often attached to harness of s.-horse 
 &c; (vv.) travel, go. convey, in s. [(sled) ME 
 slede f. MDu. sledde cogn. w. slide ; sledge 
 perh. by assim. to foil.; sleigh (-gh arbitrarv) 
 shortened f. sled, cf. Du. slee for slede] 
 
 sledge 2 (-hammep), n. Blacksmith's large 
 heavy hammer. [OE slecg (slean smite, slay), 
 cf. Du. slegge)] 
 
 sleek., a., & v.t. Smooth & soft & glossy (oE 
 hair, fur, skin, or animal or person with such 
 hair &c); hence slee'ki.v 2 adv., slee'kxEss 
 n.; (vb) make s. esp. by stroking or pressing 
 down. [f. ON sWa*, cf. Du. slijk, G schlick, 
 grease, & slick] 
 
 sleep T , n. Bodily condition, normally recur- 
 ring every night & lasting several hours, in 
 which nervous system is inactive, eyes are 
 closed, muscles relaxed, & consciousness nearly 
 suspended, prolonged similar condition of hi- 
 bernating animals, (beauty' .sy; the s. of the 
 just, sound ; s. that knows not breaking, death ; 
 broken s., with disturbed intervals; go to s., 
 fall asleep ; fall on s. archaic, go to s., fig. die) ; 
 a period of or single indulgence in s. (shall try 
 to get a $.) ; (fig.) rest, quiet, negligence, death, 
 Sec; s.-walker, -xualking, somnambulist, -ism. 
 Hence slee'pLESS a., slee'plessLY 2 adv., 
 slee*pless.\ESS n. [OE i-lxp, cf. Du. slaap, G 
 schlaf, cogn. w. LG slap, G schlaff, loose] 
 
 sleep 2 , v.i. & t. (slept). Be immersed in s., 
 fall or be asleep, (let sleeping dogs lie, avoid 
 stirring up trouble ; s. on, upon, over, a ques- 
 tion, leave it till tomorrow ; s.theclock round 3 ); 
 spend in or affect by sleeping (s. the hours 
 away, slept off his vexation, headache, de- 
 bauch) ; be inactive or dormant (swordsleeps in 
 the scabbard ; top sleeps, spins so steadily as to 
 seem motionless; sleeping partner, not snaring 
 management) ; lie in the grave ; provide sleep- 
 ing accommodation for (lodging-house sleeps 
 300 men) ; sleeping-bag, for sleeping out-of-doors 
 in; sleeping-car(riage), railway wagon provid- 
 ed with beds ; sleeping-draught, opiate ; sleep- 
 ing-sickness, "W.-Afr. disease with headache, 
 drowsiness, Sc emaciation, usu. fatal; sleeping- 
 suit, pyjamas. [OE slxpan, cf. Du. slapen, G 
 schlafen, Sc see prec] 
 
 slee'pep, n. In vbl senses ; also, wooden 
 beam or piece of other material used as support 
 for rails &c; = sleep Hng-car. [-er 1 ] 
 
 slee'py, a. Drowsy, ready for sleep ; habitu- 
 ally indolent, \inobservant, &c; without stir or 
 bustle (a s. little town)', (of fruit, esp. pears) in- 
 sipid & dry with incipient decay ; sleepyhead, 
 s. or inattentive person (esp. in voc). Hence 
 slee'piLY 2 adv., slee'pixESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 sleet, n., & v.i. impers. Hail or snow falling 
 mixed with rain; (vb) it sleets Sec, s. falls. 
 Hence slee'tY 2 a,, slee'tixESS n. [cf. EFris. 
 slaite hail, G schlosse hailstone] 
 
 sleeve, n. Part of garment that covers arm 
 (LAWN 1 ss.; LKG-of-mutton s.; mandarin $., 
 loose & open below elbow; laugh in one's s., 
 slyly, secretly; have card, plan, &c, up one's 
 s., in reserve, concealed but ready for use; wear 
 one's heart upon one's s.) ; tube enclosing rod 
 or smaller tube ; s.-coupling, tube for connect- 
 ing shafts or pipes ; s.-fish. kind of cuttlefish, 
 squid ; s.-link, two buttons linked for fastening 
 wristband ; s.-nut, long nut with right-hand & 
 left-hand screw-threads for drawing together 
 pipes or shafts conversely threaded. Hence 
 (-)sleevED 2 , slee'veLESS, aa. [OE slyf, cogn. 
 w. sup ; cf. G schlaube husk] 
 
 sleigh. See sled. 
 
 sleight (-it), n. Dexterity, cunning, decep- 
 tive trick or device or movement, (archaic) ; s.- 
 of-hand, juggling, legerdemain, prestidigita- 
 tion, quickness of hand in fencing &c [f. ON 
 slxgdh (slaegrsLY, -th 1 )] 
 
 sle'ndep, a. Of small girth or breadth, slim, 
 not stout, (.9. stem, xcaist, pillar, girl, hand) ; 
 scanty, slight, meagre, inadequate, rclativei/ 
 
 
SLEPT 
 
 817 
 
 SLIP 
 
 small, [s. hopes, means, store, income, acquain- 
 tance with subject, foundations Jor belief). 
 Hence sle'nderLY 2 adv., sle'nderNESS n. 
 
 [f. OF esclendre f. MDu. slimier, prob. cogn. \v. 
 slide, cf. G sc h It na em loiter \ 
 slept. See sleep-. 
 
 sleirth-hound (-loo-, -lu-), n. Blood-hound 
 (lit. «5c fig.), [stcuch var. of slot 2 ] 
 slew 1 , slue, (-00), v.t. & i., & n. Turn or 
 swing forcibly or with effort out of the forward 
 or ordinary position (often round, to the lejt, 
 &c.) ; (n.) such change of position. [?J 
 slew 2 . See slav. 
 
 slice, n., & v.t. & i. Thin broad piece or 
 wedge Cut off or out esp. from meat, bread, or 
 cake; share, part taken or allotted, (a s. of 
 territory, of the profits, &c.) ; kinds of imple- 
 ment with thin broad blade e.g. (alsofish-s.) for 
 helping fish, (also s.-bcw) for clearing furnace- 
 bars of clinker, or for lifting things out of fry- 
 ing-pan &c. (Vb) cut (often up) into ss., cut 
 (piece) off adv. or prep., go through (air &c.) 
 with cutting motion ; make incorrect slicing 
 motion with oar (also trans. s. the xcater) or 
 golf-club (also trans, s. the bait), [vb f. n., f. 
 OF esclice splinter (esclider f. Teut., cf. slit)] 
 slick, a. & adv. (colloq.). Dextrous, not mar- 
 red by bungling, carried smoothly through; 
 simple, absolute, unqualified, mere, (did it oid 
 of s. perversity) ; (adv.) directly, exactly, com- 
 pletely, [came s. into the middle of them', hit 
 Mm s. in the eye ; bowled his middle stump s. 
 out of the ground), [var. of sleek] 
 slide 1 , v.i. & t. (slid*. Progress along smooth 
 surface with continuous friction on same part 
 of object progressing (cf. roll; slid sitting 
 down a grass slope ; jriston slides noiselessly vp 
 & down), make move thus (s. the drawer into 
 its place); glide over ice on both feet without 
 skates with momentum got by running (s. over 
 delicate subject, barely touch upon it) ; glide, 
 go smoothly along ; go without interference 
 (let things s., be negligent); go unconsciously 
 or by imperceptible degrees (slides into sin ; .9. 
 from one note to another in music) ; sliding- 
 door, drawn across aperture on s. instead of 
 turning on hinges ; sliding-keel, CENTRE-board ; 
 sliding, s., -rule, graduated, with sliding part 
 for doing certain mathematical processes auto- 
 matically ; sliding -scale, schedule for automati- 
 cally varying one thing (esp. tax, wages, prices) 
 in direct or inverse proportion to fluctuations 
 of another ; sliding-seai, mounted on runners 
 esp. in racing boats to lengthen rower's or scul- 
 ler's stroke. Hence sli'dER ] (1, 2) n., sli'dABLE 
 a. [OE -slidan, cf. foil.] 
 
 slide 2 , ri. Track on ice made by persons' 
 sliding ; slope prepared with snow or ice for 
 tobogganing ; act of sliding ; inclined plane 
 down which goods &c. s. to lower level, shute ; 
 (also s.-way) part(s) of machine on or between 
 which sliding part works ; part of machine or 
 instrument that slides, (also s.-valve) sliding 
 piece that opens and closes aperture by sliding 
 across it ; thing slid into place, esp. glass hold- 
 ing object for microscope or magic-lantern pic- 
 ture, [in most senses f. prec; also OE slide a 
 slip ; cf. G schlitten sledge] 
 slight ! (-it), a. Slender, slim, frail-looking, 
 (saio a s. figure approaching ; supported by a 
 s. framework) ', a or some inconsiderable (has 
 a s. cold ; took a s. repast ; have made a s. in- 
 quiry, some s. inquiries, into it) ; not much or 
 great or thorough, inadequate, scanty, not even 
 the smallest, (after s. inquiry; did' it with s. 
 inconvenience to himself; there is not the 
 slightest excuse for it ; a conclusion based on 
 very s. observation; a structure raised on s. 
 
 foundations; paid him s. attention). Hence 
 sliglrtiSH M2) a., sligh'tLv 2 adv., sligh't- 
 ness n. [f. MDu. slicht plain, even ; cf. G 
 schlecht bad, schlicht smooth] 
 
 slight 2 , v.t., & n. Treat or speak of (person, 
 branch of study, &c.) as not worth attention, 
 fail in courtesy or respect towards, markedly 
 neglect; hence sligh'tingLY 2 adv. (N.) 
 marked piece of neglect, omission of due re- 
 spect &c, (put a s. upon, s.). [f. prec] 
 
 sli'ly, var. of SLYly. 
 
 slim, a. Of small girth or thickness, slender- 
 ly built, of slight shape ; (f. S.-Afr. Du.) clever 
 in stratagem, crafty, unscrupulous. Hence 
 sli'mLY adv., sli'mmiSH ] (2) a., sli'mNESS n. 
 [earlier sense sly, cf. G schlimm bad, cunning] 
 
 slime, n., & v.t. & i. Fine oozy mud or other 
 substance of similar consistency, e. g. liquid 
 bitumen or mucous exudation of fish &c.; s.- 
 
 filand in molluscs &c. secreting s. ; s.-pit, of 
 iquid bitumen. (Vb) cover with s. (esp. of 
 snake preparing prey for gorging; (slang) get 
 through, away, past, out of it, Sec, by physical 
 or moral slipperiness. [OE shm, cf. Du. slijm, 
 G schleim, also L limus mud] 
 
 sli'my, a. Of the consistency of slime ; 
 covered or smeared with or full of slime ; slip- 
 pery, hard to hold ; cringingly dishonest ; re- 
 pulsively meek or flattering. Hence sli'miLY 2 
 adv., sli'miNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 sling 1, v.t. & i. (slung), & n. Throw (rare; 
 s. ink slang, be an author or journalist, write) ; 
 hurl (stone &c.) from s., uses., whence sli'ng- 
 er 1 (-ng-)n. ; suspend with s., allow to swing 
 suspended, arrange so as to be supported from 
 above, hoist or transfer with s. ; s.-cart, in 
 which load is slung from axletree ; slung-shot, 
 metal ball attached by thong &c. to wrist & 
 used esp. by criminals as weapon. (N.) strap 
 or string used with the hand to give impetus 
 to small missile ; kinds of apparatus used to 
 support hanging weight, e.g. injured arm, rifle, 
 ship's boat, goods being transferred ; s.-dog, 
 one of pair of hooks used to grapple goods for 
 hoisting, [n. f. vb, f. ON slyngva, ci.Gschlingen 
 entwine, twist] 
 
 sling 2 , n. (chiefly U.S.). Kind of toddy (esp. 
 gin-s. ). [perh. f . G schlingen swallow] 
 
 slink 1 , v.i. (slunk or rarely slank, slunk). 
 Go in secretive manner or with guilty or 
 ashamed or sneaking air (usu. off, away, by, 
 &c). [OE slincan, cf. G schleichen] 
 
 slink 2 , v.t. & i., & n. (Of animal) miscarry, 
 produce (young, or abs.) prematurely. (N.) 
 animal, esp. calf, so born ; its flesh ; s.-butcher, 
 who deals in s. [perh. var. of sling 1 ] 
 
 slip 1 , v.i. & t. Slide unintentionally for 
 short distance, lose footing or balance or place 
 by unintended sliding, (slipped in the mud or 
 over the edge and fell ; blanket slipped off bed ; 
 foot slips oid of stirrup, ring off finger) ; go 
 with sliding motion (as the door closes the catch 
 slips into place ; s. along slang, go at great 
 speed) ; escape restraint or capture by being 
 slippery or hard to hold or by not being grasped 
 (eel, opportunity, slipped through his fingers ; 
 let reins s. out of his hands ; let s. the dogs of 
 war poet., begin war) ; make way unobserved 
 or quietly or quickly (how time slips away ! ; s. 
 out of the room; s. off ov away, depart without 
 leave-taking &c; just s. across to the baker's; 
 errors xoill s. in) ; make careless mistake (slips 
 now & then in his grammar) ; let go from re- 
 straint of some, kind (s. greyhounds, from 
 leash; s. anchor, detach ship from it; cow 
 slips its calf, produces it prematurely) ; pull 
 (garment &c.) hastily on, off; insert stealthily 
 or casually or with gliding motion (slipped 
 
SLIP 
 
 818 
 
 SLOPPY 
 
 half-a-crown into the porter's hand, a white 
 powder into her glass, the papers into his 
 pocket, a marker between the pages) ; escape 
 from, give the s. to, {dog slips his collar, pri- 
 soner his guard ; the point had slipped my at- 
 tention). [ME slippen ; cogn. w. OE sliipan, 
 also w. G schleifen polish & schliipfensliy, & L 
 lubricus slippery] 
 
 slip 2 , n. Act of slipping, blunder, accidental 
 piece of misconduct, (a s. on apiece of orange- 
 peel may be fatal ; there's many a s. 'tivixt the 
 cup & the lip, nothing is certain till it has hap- 
 pened ; give one the s., escape from him ; s. of 
 the tongue, pen, thing said or written accident- 
 ally for something else ; a few ss. in youth are 
 inevitable) ; kinds of loose covering or garment, 
 e.g. pillow-case, under-bodice, petticoat, pina- 
 fore ; leash for slipping dogs, device for sud- 
 denly loosing clip or attachment ; inclined 
 plane on which ships are built or repaired ; 
 long narrow strip of wood, paper, &c, printer's 
 proof on such paper ; cutting taken from plant 
 for grafting or planting, scion, (a s. of a boy, 
 slim boy); one of the fielders (short, long, s.) 
 stationed for balls glancing ofF bat to off side 
 behind batsman, (sing, or pi.) this part of 
 ground (was caught in the ss. or at s.); (with- 
 out pi. or article) semifluid clay for coating or 
 making pattern on earthenware ; (Theatr. ; pi.) 
 part from which scenes are slipped on, part 
 where actors stand before entering, "[f. prec] 
 
 slip-, comb, form of slip !> 2 . S.-carriage, 
 railway carriage on express for casting loose at 
 station where rest of train does not stop; s.- 
 cover, of calico &c. for furniture out of use ; s.- 
 dock, dock with sloping floor ; s. -galley, long 
 narrow tray for holding composed type; s.-hook, 
 with contrivance for loosing it readily at need ; 
 s.-knot, that can be undone by a pull, also knot 
 that slips up & down string & tightens or loosens 
 loop ; s.-rope, with both ends on board so that 
 casting loose either end frees ship from moor- 
 ings ; slipshod, having shoes down at heel, 
 slovenly, (fig., of speech, writing, speaker, 
 writer, method of work, &c.) negligent, care- 
 less, unsystematic, casual, loose in arrange- 
 ment; slipslop,= slipshod (fig.), (as n.) slipshod 
 writing &c, also (as redupl. of slop) washy stuff 
 lit. or fig., weak drink, slops, sentimental talk 
 or writing ; slipway, inclined plane in s.-dock. 
 
 sli'ppep, n., & v.t. Loose comfortable indoor 
 shoe (HUST^the-s.; beds., s. -shaped BED x -pan), 
 whence sli'ppePED 2 a.; skid or shoe placed 
 under wagon- wheel as drag ; person who slips 
 greyhounds in coursing-match ; s.-bath, shaped 
 like s., with covered end ; slipper wort, calceo- 
 laria. (Vb) chastise (child &c.) with s.; hence 
 sli*ppepiNG ] (l) n. [-er 1 ] 
 
 sli'ppery, a. (Of ground) hard to stand on, 
 causing slips by its smoothness or muddiness, 
 (fig., of subject) requiring tactful handling ; (of 
 object or person) hard to hold firmly owing to 
 polish or sliminess or elusive motion, (fig.) un- 
 reliable, incalculable, shifty, unscrupulous. 
 Hence sli'ppepiLY 2 adv., sli'ppepixESS n. 
 [f. OE sliper slippery (cf. slip 1 ), -y 2 J 
 
 sli'ppy, a. Slippery (vulg.); look or be s. 
 slang, look sharp, make haste. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 slit, v.t. & i. (slit), & n. Cut or (t. & i.) tear 
 lengthwise, make long incision or rent in, cut 
 into strips, (threatened to s. his nose, tongue, 
 &c; 8. one's weasand, cut his throat ; s. hide 
 into thongs, sheet of metal into strips or rods ; 
 if you strain it too hard it will s.; has s. my 
 coat-sleeve from shoulder to vrrist) ; slitting- 
 rollers, ribbed pair fitting into each other & 
 slitting metal sheet by pressure. (N.) long in- 
 cision ; long narrow opening comparable to cut 
 
 (a s. is provided for the coin to drop through ; 
 the windows are mere ss.; the ss. on the neck 
 are gill-openings). [ME slitten (w. change of 
 vowel) f. OE slitan, cf. Du. slijteji wear out, G 
 schleissen & schlitzen slit; cogn. w. slice] 
 
 sli'thep (-dh-), v.i. (colloq.). Slide unsteadily, 
 go with irregular slipping motion, [var. of 
 obs. slidder cf. slide & OE slidor slippery] 
 
 sli'vep, n., & v.t. & i. Piece of wood torn 
 from tree or timber, splinter, (vb, break t. & i. 
 off as s., break t. & i. up into ss.) ; (in fishing ; 
 pr. sli-) side of small fish cutoff as bait (vb, cut 
 ss. from), [f. obs. slive vb f. OE slifan + -er 5 J 
 
 slo'bbep, v.i. & t., & n. Run at the mouth in 
 infantile helplessness or maudlin emotion ; wet 
 (clothes, other person in kissing) with saliva ; do 
 (task) badly, botch, bungle. (N.) running saliva; 
 maudlin talk, emotion, or kisses; hence slo'b- 
 bepy 2 a., slcrbbepiNESS n. [var. of slubber) 
 
 sloe, n. (Small bluish-black plum, fruit of) 
 black Hhorn (s.-gin, liqueur of ss. steeped in 
 gin). [OE sld, cf. Du. slee ; perh. cogn. w. L 
 lividus] 
 
 sloe-worm. Corrupt, of slow- worm. 
 
 slog-, v.i.. & t, & n. Hit (i. & t.) hard & wildly 
 esp. in boxing & at cricket ; hence slo'ggER ; 
 n. (N.) hard random hit. [perh. cogn. w. Slav] 
 
 slo'gan, n. (Sc. ). Highland war-cry. [f. Gael. 
 sluaqhghairm (sluagh host, gairm outcry)] 
 
 sloid, n. A system (orig. Finnish) of manual 
 training, esp. by means of wood-carving, used 
 in schools, [f. Sw. slbjd skill, cogn. w. sleight] 
 
 sloop, n. Small one-masted fore-&-af t-rigged 
 vessel with mainsail & jib, & usu. gaff-topsail 
 & fore-staysail ; s.-rigged, rigged like s. [f. Du. 
 sloep f. LG sluup (slupen glide along, cogn. w. 
 slip ') ; doublet of shallop] 
 
 slop 1 , n. (in pi. only), & v.i. & t. (PI.) dirty 
 water or liquid, waste contents of kitchen or 
 bedroom vessels; (pl.) liquid food, as broth, 
 gruel, &c. , non-alcoholic drinks ; s.-basin, for re- 
 ceiving dregs of cups at table ; s.-pail, for re- 
 moving bedroom ss. (Vb) spill (i. & t.), (allow 
 to) flow over edge of vessel, (often over, oid) ; 
 make mess with ss. (or with ss. as subj.) upon 
 (clothes, floor) ; s. over fig., gush, be maudlin, 
 [earlier sense in sing, puddle ; OE -sloppe liquid 
 droppings, cogn. w. slip] 
 
 slop 2 , n. (in pl. only). (Archaic) wide knicker- 
 bockers ; ready-made clothing, clothes & bed- 
 ding supplied to sailors in navy; s.-room, from 
 which ss. are issued on man-of-war; s.-seller, 
 -shop, of ready-made clothes, [f. ON sloppr 
 gown, cogn. w. slip] 
 
 slope, n., & v.i. & t. Inclined position or di- 
 rection, the having of one end or side at higher 
 level than the other, difference in level between 
 two ends or sides of thing, the lying in a line 
 neither parallel nor perpendicular to level 
 ground or a line serving as standard, (there is 
 always a certain s. in a ship's deck ; cut this 
 side straight & the other with a s. to the right ; 
 the whole s. may amount to 2 ft) ; piece of rising 
 or falling ground, incline ; position of soldier 
 with rifle sloped (come to the s.); hence slo'pe- 
 wise adv. (Vb) have or show s., lie or tend 
 obliquely esp. to ground level, slant esp. up or 
 down, whence slo'pingLY 2 adv.; place or ar- 
 range or make in or at a s. (*. arms, place rifle 
 at a s. over shoulder : must s. the sides of the 
 pit) ; (slang) make off, go away, also saunter, 
 walk about, [cogn. w. slip] 
 
 slo'ppy, a. (Of road) wet with rain, full of 
 puddles; (of floor, table, &c.) wet with slops, 
 having water &c. spilt on it ; (of work) unsyste- 
 matic, not thorough ; (of sentiment or talk) 
 weakly emotional, maudlin. Hence slo'ppl- 
 ly 2 adv., slo'ppiNESs n. [slop 1 , -y 2 ] 
 
SLOSH 
 
 819 
 
 SLUT 
 
 slosh &c. See slush &c. 
 
 slot 1 , n., & v.t. Groove, channel, slit, or long 
 aperture, made in machine &c. to admit some 
 other part, esp. slit for penny or other coin that 
 sets working a s.-machine or automatic retailer 
 of small wares ; stage trapdoor ;* (vb) provide 
 with slot(s). [perh. f. Du. sloot ditch] 
 
 slot 2 , n. Track of deer esp. as shown by foot- 
 prints. [ME slooth (cf. Sc. sleuth) f. ON slodh 
 trail in snow &c.] 
 
 sloth, n. Laziness, indolence, whence slo'th- 
 ful a., slo'thfulLY a adv., slo'thfulNESS n.; 
 kinds of S.-Amer. mammal with curved long- 
 clawed feet living entirely in trees & capable 
 only of very slow motion on ground ; s.-bear, 
 large-lipped black shaggy honey-eating bear of 
 India & Ceylon ; s. -monkey, kind of loris. [ME 
 slouthe (SLOW, -TH 1 )] 
 
 slouch (-owtsh), v.i. & t., & n. Droop, hang 
 down negligently ; go or stand or sit with loose 
 ungainly attitude ; bend one side of brim of 
 (hat) downwards (opp. cock) ; hence slou'eh- 
 ingLY 2 adv. (N.) slouching attitude or walk, 
 stoop, downward bend of hat-brim (opp. cock) ; 
 (slang)incompetentorslovenly worker or opera- 
 tor or performance (esp. is no s. at, this show 
 &c. is no s.); s.-hat, with slouched brim. [f. ON 
 slokr slouching fellow, cogn. w. slack] 
 
 slough 1 (-ow), n. Quagmire, swamp, miry 
 place, {the S. of Despond, state of hopeless floun- 
 dering in sin). Hence slough'y 1 [-Y 2 ]a. [OE 
 sloh, cogn. w. G schlingen swallow up] 
 
 slough 2 (-uf), n., & v.i. & t. Snake's cast 
 skin, any part that an animal casts or moults ; 
 dead tissue that drops off from living flesh &c; 
 hence slou'ghy 2 [- y 2 ] a. ( Vb) drop off (t. & i. ; 
 often off, axcay, esp. in intr. sense) as s.; cast 
 off s. [cogn. w. Da. slug gullet, cf. G tchlucken 
 swallow, schlauch skin, bag] 
 
 Slova'k, n. & a. (Member) of a North-Hun- 
 garian Slav race. [Boh.] 
 
 slo'ven (-u-), n. Personally untidy or dirty, 
 careless & lazy, or unmethodical person. Hence 
 slo'venLY J a., slo'venliNESs n., slo'ventv 2 
 adv. (archaic), [f. MDu. slof sloven + -ain -an] 
 
 Slove'ne, n., Slovenian, a. & n. (Mem- 
 ber) of Slav race in Styria, Carinthia, &c. ; (-ian) 
 language of the Ss. [f. Gk Sklabenos Slav] 
 
 slow (-6), a., adv., & v.i. & t. Not quick, de- 
 ficient in speed, taking a long time to traverse 
 a distance or do a thing, (s. & steady wins the 
 race ; s. & sure, haste is risky ; s. march, of 
 troops in funeral procession &c. ; s. music), gra- 
 dual (s. growth, progress), whence sIowly 2 
 adv.; tardy, reluctant, lingering, (was not s. to 
 defend himself), not hasty or easily moved (is s. 
 to anger); (of clock &c, usu. pred.) behind cor- 
 rect time (is %(? s.); dull-witted, stupid, (iss. of 
 speech, of wit, whence slow-wittED 2 a., &c); 
 deficient in interest or liveliness, dull, tedious, 
 (entertainment wax voted s.); slowcoach, per- 
 son s. in action, dull of wit, or behind the times 
 in opinions &c. ; s. -match, s. -burning for ignit- 
 ing explosives ; s.-worm, see foil. ; hence slow- 
 ness n. (Adv., corn par. -er, sup. -est) at s. pace, 
 slowly, (being ousted by slowly, but still com- 
 mon when the adv. & not the vb gives the es- 
 sential point, as how s. he climbs !, please read 
 or go s. or slower, watch goes .<?., cf. I saw a man 
 climb slowly up; placed always after vb exc. 
 in excl. with how or in comb, with part, as s.- 
 going, -moving). (Vb) reduce one's speed, re- 
 duce speed of (train, ship, &c), (usu. down, up, 
 off). [OE slow, cf. Du. sleeuw] 
 
 slow-wopm (-6-), n. Small harmless reptile 
 between snakes & lizards, blind-worm. [OE 
 sld-wyrm. prob. f. st, of slay, worm, orig. sense 
 being striking ivormw. ref. to supposed venom] 
 
 slub, n., 6c v.t. \Y ool slightly twisted as pre- 
 paration for spinning ; (vb) twist thus. [?] 
 
 slu'bber, v.t. & i. Do carelessly or bung- 
 lingly ; slaver, slobber, [f. Da. slubbre slaver] 
 
 sludge, n. Thick greasy mud. Hence 
 slu'dgY 2 a. [ME sluche, cogn. w. sleek] 
 
 slue. See slew i. 
 
 slug-, n., & v.i. 1. Kinds of shell-less snail de- 
 structive to small plants ; (vb) collect & destroy 
 ss. in garden &c. 2. Bullet of irregular shape ; 
 roundish lump of metal, [sense 1 f. obs. n.= 
 sluggard ; sense 2 either f. 1 w. ref. to shape, 
 or as 1 w. ref. to weight, or f. obs. slug - slog] 
 
 slu*g-abed, n. (archaic). Person who lies 
 late in bed. [as foil., abed] 
 
 slu'ggard, n. Lazy sluggish person, [f. obs. 
 slug be slothful f. Da. slug, Sw. sloka, droop,+ 
 -ard; cogn. w. slouch] 
 
 slu'ggish, a. Inert, inactive, torpid, indo- 
 lent, slow-moving, (a s. stream, circulation, 
 temper, person). Hence slu'ggishLY 2 adv.. 
 slu'ggishNESs n. [obs. slug sluggard, -ish i] 
 
 sluice (sloos), n., & v.t. & i. (Also s.-gate, 
 -valve) sliding gate or other contrivance for 
 changing level of a body of water by controlling 
 flow into or out of it, floodgate ; water above 
 or below or issuing through floodgate ; (also 
 s.-way) artificial water-channel. (Vb) provide 
 with sluice(s) ; flood with water from s. ; rinse ; 
 pour or throw water freely upon; (of water) 
 rush out &c. (as) from s. [f. OF escluse f. LL 
 exclusa floodgate (orig. fern. p.p. see exclude)] 
 
 slum, n., & v.i. Dirty back street or court or 
 alley in city. (Vb) go about the ss. to visit 
 or examine condition of inhabitants; hence 
 slu'mmERi n. [perh. cogn. w. dial, slump 
 muddy place, cf. slump] 
 
 slu'mber, v.i. & t, & n. Sleep (distinguished 
 in sense only by an implication of comfort or 
 ease, which is not invariable, e.g. fell into a 
 troubled s. ; & in use by a rhet. or poet, tinge ; 
 the n. is often in pi., as his ss. were interrupted 
 by a knock) ; s. away, waste (time) in s. Hence 
 slu*mb(e)pous a,, slu'mb(e)rousLY 2 adv., 
 slu'mbePER 1 n. [earlier sense doze ; n. f. vb, 
 f. ME slumen (slume n. f. OE sluma) + -er 5 ; 
 -b- as in number ; cf. G schlummern] 
 
 slump, n., & v.i., (slang). Sudden or rapid or 
 great fall in prices or diminution of demand for 
 commodity or interest taken in subject or un- 
 dertaking; (vb) undergo s., fall in price, fall 
 through, fail utterly, [f. obs. or dial, vb = fall 
 through ice or into bog (& see slum) ; imit.] 
 
 slung*. See sling 1 . 
 
 slunk. See slink. 
 
 slur, v.t. & i. (part, slur'ring), & n. Write 
 (t. & i.) or pronounce (t. & i.) indistinctly with 
 letters or sounds running into one another; 
 (Mus.) sing one syllable, sing (syllable), to more 
 than one note, also sing or play legato, also 
 mark s. over two or more notes in MS. ; pass 
 (fault, fact, &c.) lightly over, conceal or mini- 
 mize ; (archaic) put s. upon (person, character), 
 make insinuations against. (N.) imputation, 
 blame, stigma, (he put a s. upon me ; it is no s. 
 upon his reputation that he should have or to 
 say that); piece of slurring in handwriting, 
 pronunciation, or singing; curved mark used 
 in music-writing to show that two or more 
 notes are to be sung to one syllable or played 
 or sung legato, [f. MDu. sleurcn trail] 
 
 slush, n. Watery mud or thawing snow (cf. 
 sludge). Hence slu'shY 2 a. [perh. var. of 
 sludge ; cf. Norw. shisk mud, dirty weather] 
 
 slut, n. Slovenly woman, slattern ; (joe.) girl. 
 Hence slu*ttERY(4) n., slu'ttiSH 1 a., slu't- 
 tishLY 2 adv., slu'ttishNESS n. [f. Sw. dial. 
 slata, cf. Norw. slott idler ; cogn w. slant] 
 
SLY 
 
 820 
 
 SMELL. 
 
 sly, a. (slyer, slyest). Cunning, wily, hypo- 
 critical ; practising concealment (s. dog, person 
 who keeps his peccadilloes or pleasures quiet), 
 done &c in secret (on the .$., privately, without 
 publicity) ; knowing, arch, bantering, insinuat- 
 ing, ironical ; slyboots, s. person (in playful use, 
 esp. to or of child or animal). Hence sly'LV 2 
 adv., sly* ness n. [ME sleigh f. ON sldegr, perh. 
 cogn. w. slay] 
 
 slype, n. Passage from cathedral transept 
 to chapter-house or deanery, [var. of slip 2 ] 
 smack ', n., & v.i. Flavour, taste that sug- 
 gests presence of something ; barely discernible 
 amount o/some food-material &c. or o/a quality 
 &c. present in dish or person's character, tinge, 
 tincture, spice, dash, of, (has a s. of ginger, of 
 the cask, in it, of recklessness, of the old Adam, 
 in him). (Vb) have a slight curious or unex- 
 pected or secondary taste (rare) ; taste slightly 
 of, suggest by taste or otherwise the presence 
 or effects of, ' (wine smacking of the cork ; his 
 manner smacked of superciliousness), [vb f. 
 n., OE smxc, cf. G geschmack n., schmecken vb] 
 smack-, n., v.t. &i.,&adv. Slight explosive 
 report as of surface struck with palm, of lips 
 parted suddenly, or of whip cracked ; blow with 
 palm, slap; loud kiss (gave her a hearty s.). 
 (Vb) slap (person's face &c.) with palm; part 
 (t. & i. of lips) noisily in eager anticipation or 
 enjoyment of food or other delight ; crack (t. & i. 
 of whip). (Adv., colloq.) with a s., in sudden 
 direct violent way, outright, exactly, (went s. 
 through windows, into ditch; hit him s. on the 
 nose), [prob. imit., & unconnected w. prec; cf. 
 Sw. smacka vis. Da. smxkke to slam, Du. smak- 
 ken fling down] 
 
 smack :i ,n. Sloop esp. for fishing ; smacks- 
 man, sailor on s. [f. MDu. smacke ; perh. cogn. 
 w. snake, cf. OE snacc, OX snekkja, smack] 
 sma'ekep, n. (slang). Loud kiss ; sounding 
 blow ; large or remarkable specimen of any- 
 thing. [smack 2 , -ER 1 ] 
 
 small (-awl), a., n., & adv. Not large, of de- 
 ficient or comparatively little size or strength 
 or power or number, (of agent) not doing thing 
 on large scale, (usu. without emotional implica- 
 tions of little, e.g. not a dear s. pony or a 
 dirty s. scoundrel ; s. farmer, shopkeeper, on s. 
 scale ; lias a s. voice ; s. fry l ; s. hours ; s. & 
 early, party with few guests & not kept up 
 late ; the still s. voice, conscience ; coat is s. or 
 too s. for me ; s. craft, boats ; came in s. nu?n- 
 bers; this beer is very s., weak, watery); (as 
 distinctiveepithet)ofthesmallerkind(.9.-stfor<?, 
 rapier or sword for thrusting only ; s.-beer ar- 
 chaic, of light kind) ; think no s. beer of one- 
 self, be conceited ; chronicle s. beer, talk of 
 trifles as important ; s. gross, ten dozen ; s.- 
 arms, fire-arms other than cannon ; s. letters, 
 not capitals ; s. capitals, of less height than the 
 fount's regular capitals ; s. pica, size of type ; 
 s. hand, ordinary writing, opp. text-hand ; s. 
 debt, below largest amount recoverable in 
 county court ; s.-cZo^esarchaic, knee-breeches); 
 not much of (<£• s. blame to him, & s. wonder, 
 comments on conduct &c. just described ; there 
 teas no s. excitement about it ; has s. Latin, 
 knows little of it) ; unimportant, trifling, (s. 
 talk, ordinary society conversation ; the s. wor- 
 ries of life ; is great in s. matters) ; socially un- 
 distinguished, poor, obscure, humble, (great & 
 s., all classes ; lives in a s. way, unpretentious- 
 ly ; have experimented with radium in a s. 
 way ; s. people love to talk of great) ; morally 
 mean, ungenerous, petty, paltry, (his s. spiteful 
 nature ; only a s. man would think of that at 
 such a time ; I call it s. of him to remind me of 
 it), whence small-mindED 2 a.; sma'llpox, 
 
 highly contagious & fatal disease with fever & 
 pustules ; hence sma'llisn x (2) a., sma'llNESS 
 
 n. <N.) the slenderest part of something, esp. 
 6\ oj the back, hinder part of waist ; (pi., at Ox- 
 ford) responsions. (Adv.) sing s. (OE smxl, 
 cf. Du., Da., 6C Sw. smai, G schmal, ttiinj 
 
 sma'llage (awlij/, n. Wild celery, [prec, 
 F acne i. L opium parsley] 
 
 smalt (-awit), n. Glass coloured blue with 
 cobalt ; pigment made by pulverizing this. [f. 
 It. smalto i. G schmalz grease, cogn. \v. smelt 1 ] 
 
 smart \ v.i. & n. (Of person or part of him, 
 or of wound lit. or fig. or the missile or insult 
 «Scc. that has inflicted it) feel or give acute pain, 
 rankle, (my finger smarts ; rushed off 'smarting 
 with nettle-stings, tinder disappointment, &c; 
 with the gibe yet smarting in his brain ; s. for, 
 be paid out for, suffer consequences of, esp. as 
 threat you shall 8. for this) ; (n.) bodily or men- 
 tal sharp pain, stinging sensation ; s. -money, 
 paid or exacted as penalty or compensation ; 
 snuwtweed, the Water Pepper. [OE smeortan, 
 cf. Du. smarten, G schmerzen ;cogn. w. Lmor- 
 dere bite, Gk smerdaleos terrible] 
 
 smart 3 , a. Severe, sharp, vigorous, lively, 
 brisk, (gave him a s. rap over the knuckles ; had 
 a s. skirmish, walk, bout of toothache ; went off 
 at a s. pace); clever, ingenious, showing quick 
 wit or ingenuity, keen in bargaining, quick to 
 take advantage, (a s. talker, retort, saying, de- 
 vice, invention; as. officer, servant, lad, ready 
 & intelligent; s. dealing, selfishly clever to 
 verge of dishonesty); bright & fresh in appear- 
 ance, spruce, in perfect order or repair, in gay 
 or fashionable clothes, well groomed, showing 
 bright colours or new paint, (s. clothes, a s. gar- 
 den; person, house, ship, looks quite s.) ; con- 
 spicuous in society, leading the fashion, stylish, 
 (s. ])eople ; the s. set). Hence smar'tEN 6 v.t. & 
 i., smar'tLY 2 adv., smap'txESS n. [f. prec] 
 
 smash, v.t. & i., n., & adv. Break (t. & i.) 
 utterly to pieces (often up), shatter, bash in 
 with crushing blow, (a smashing blow, of irre- 
 sistible force) ; utterly rout & disorganize 
 (enemy) ; hit (lawn-tennis ball) downwards 
 over net with great force ; (of business firm) 
 break, go bankrupt, come to grief; (of vehicle 
 &c) crash into another or an obstacle ; (slang) 
 utter false coin. (N.) breaking to pieces ; vio- 
 lent fall or collision or disaster (go to s., be 
 spoilt or disorganized or ruined) ; bankruptcy, 
 series of commercial failures ; drink of spirit & 
 water iced & flavoured (usu. brandy-s.) ; s.-ujj, 
 complete s. (Adv., with vbs of motion) with a 
 s. (went s. into a luggage train), [perh. = mash 
 with s- (ex-) prefixed, cf. slash] 
 
 sma'shep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. (slang), 
 convincing argument or smashing blow or 
 heavy fall, [-er 1 ] 
 
 sma'tteping", n. Slight superficial know- 
 ledge of a language or subject. So sma'ttep- 
 er 1 n. [f. obs. smatter talk ignorantly, prate, 
 f. Sw. smattra clatter, cf. G schmettem blare] 
 
 smear, v.t. & i., & n. Daub with greasy or 
 sticky substance or with something that stains, 
 (of grease &c) make marks on, make a s.; blot, 
 obscure outline of, (writing, drawing). (N.j 
 blotch made by smearing; hence smeap'Y-a., 
 smeap'ixESS n. [OE smcrian (smeru n., fat, 
 cf. G schmecr) ; cogn. w. Gk muron ointment] 
 
 sme'etite, n. Kind of whitish clay used for 
 taking out grease from cloth &c. [f. Gk smektis 
 fuller's earth (smao wipe), -iteM2)] 
 
 smegma, n. Sebaceous soaplikc secretion 
 in folds of the skin, esp. of the prepuce. Hence 
 smegma'tic a. [f. Gk smegma -atos soap 
 (smekho = smao see prec, -M)] 
 
 smell, n., & v.t. & i. (smelt or rarely smelted). 
 
SMELLER 
 
 821 
 
 SMOKE 
 
 Nasal sense by which odcnirs are perceived (s. 
 is less acute in man than in most animals ; has 
 a fine sense ofs.; is perceptible to s. as \cell as 
 sight); quality in substances that affects this 
 sense, odour, (has no, a sweet, pungent, dis- 
 gusting, peculiar, close, s.; the s. of thyme, car- 
 rion) ; bad odour, whence sme'llv 2 a. (colloq.) ; 
 act of inhaling in order toascertains. (take at s.at 
 it) ; hence sme'll-LESS a. (Vb) perceive s. of, 
 detect presence of by s., {am sure I s. gas ; 
 horses smelt the xcater a mile off; s. a rat fig., 
 suspect foul dealing &c), whence sme'llABLE 
 a.; inhale s. of, set one's sense of s. to work at 
 {smelt it or at it to see if it was high ; came up 
 <£• smelt at my calves) ; (of dog) hunt out by s., 
 (fig. of person) find out (secret, plotter, &c.) by 
 investigation, (of dog or fig. of person) sniff or 
 search about ; perceive ss., have sense of s. 
 (can, do, fishes s.?) ; emit s. usu. of kind speci- 
 fied by adj. or adv., suggest or recall the s. of, 
 (floaws that do not s.; smells sxceet, nice, dis- 
 gustingly, of garlic, of brandy; s. of the lamp, 
 seem to have been composed laboriously at 
 night; s. of jobbery, nepotism, &c, suggest 
 these) ; stink, be rank ; seem from the s. to be 
 (dish, milk, smells good, sour) ; smelling-bottle, 
 pocket phial of smelling-salts, ammonium car- 
 bonate mixed with scent to be sniffed as cure 
 for faintness &c. [ME smelden), cf. Du. smeu- 
 Icn smoulder] 
 
 sme'ller, n. In vbl senses ; also (slang) : the 
 nose; severe blow esp. on the nose, [-er 1 ] 
 
 smelt 1 , v.t. Extract metal from (ore) by 
 melting ; extract (metal) from ore by melting, 
 [prob. f. Da. smelte, cf. G schmelzen, MDu. 
 smalt grease, OHG smalz fat] 
 
 smelt 2 , n. Small fish allied to salmon & 
 prized as food. [OE, prob. cogn. w. smeolt 
 smooth (prec.)] 
 
 smelt 3 . See smell. 
 
 smew,n. Kind of fishing duck, [&lsosmee(th), 
 perh. cogn. w. smooth] 
 
 smrlax, n. Genus of climbing shrubs some 
 of which yield sarsaparilla ; a Cape vine much 
 used in decoration. [Gk] 
 
 smile, v.i. & t., & n. Relax features often 
 by parting lips into pleased or kind or gently 
 amused or indulgently contemptuous or scepti- 
 cal expression or forced imitation of these, look 
 (up)on or at with such expression, (s. sweetly, 
 indulgently, cynically, bitterly ; s. at the claims 
 of, ridicule or show indifference to them), 
 whence smi*ling , LY 2 adv.; express by smiling 
 is. welcome, consent, appreciation, &c); give 
 a s. of specified kind (smiled an ironical, a 
 curious, s.); drive (person's vexation 8cc.)away, 
 bring (person) into or out o/a mood, by smiling ; 
 be or appear propitious, have bright aspect, 
 seem to look propitiously (up)on, (fortune, oc- 
 casion, smiles on us ; all nattwe looks smiling 
 & gay). (N.) act of smiling, smiling expression 
 or aspect ; hence smi'leLESS a. [f. Sw. smila 
 vb, cf. MHG smielen: cogn. w. L mirari wonder 
 at, Gk meidao smile] 
 
 smirch, v.t., & n. Stain, soil, smear, spot, 
 (lit. , & fig. as a smirched reputation), [exten- 
 sion of smear] 
 
 smirk, v.i., & n. (Put on or wear) affected 
 or silly smile, simper. [OE smercian, cf. MHG 
 smieren var. of smielen smile] 
 
 smite, v.t. & i. (smote & archaic smit, smitten 
 & archaic smit), & n. Strike, hit, (chiefly ar- 
 chaic or joe; whosoever shall s. thee on thy 
 right check; smote his hands together; smote 
 theharpstrings; s. off his head; smote the first 
 ball for four ; an idea smote him, suddenly 
 came); inflict severe defeat on (s. them hip & 
 thigh, \itterly defeat them ; we hope to s. them); 
 
 chastise (God shall s. thee ; his conscience smote 
 him); (chiefly in p.p.) strike or seize or infect or 
 possess with disease or desire or fascination 
 (city, person, smitten with plague, palsy ; am 
 smitten with her charms or her or abs. ; smitten 
 with a desire to ; come forcibly or abruptly 
 (u2i)on (icavc smote upon the cliff; suns rays 
 smiting upon him; sound sniitcs upo?i the 
 ear); hence smi'tER 1 n. (X.) blow, stroke, at- 
 tempt, (colloq.). [OE smitan, cf. Du. smijlen, 
 G schmcissen (OHG smizau to stroke, smear)] 
 smith, n. Worker in metal esp. one who 
 forges iron, blacksmith, (the gen. sense chiefly 
 in comb., as gold, silver, tin, white, -s.). [OE, 
 cf. Du. smid, G schmicd) 
 smithereens (-dh-j, n. pi. Small fragments 
 (S77iash &c. to or into s.). f?] 
 smi'thy (-dhi), n. Blacksmith's workshop, 
 forge. [OE smit 'ht he, cf. Du. smidse,Oy, smidhja] 
 smitten. See smite. 
 
 smock, n. Chemise (archaic); child's overall ; 
 s. -frock, field-labourer's outer linen garment of 
 shirtlike shape & with upper part closely ga- 
 thered ; s.-mill, windmill of which the cap only 
 & not the body revolves. [OE smoc (smugan 
 creep into, cf. MSw. smog round hole for head); 
 cogn. w. smuggle] 
 
 smo'eking, n. Honeycomb ornamentation 
 on garment of which the basis is close gathers 
 as on smock-frock. [-ING l ] 
 smoke 1 , n. Volatile products of combus- 
 tion, esp. visible vapour with carbon &c. in sus- 
 pension emitted by burning substance(« column, 
 cloud, of s.; end in s., come to nothing; no s. 
 without fire 1 ; from s. into smother, from one 
 evil to another or a worse ; like s. slang, with- 
 out check or difficulty, rapidly, easily); spell of 
 tobacco-smoking (must have a s.); (slang) cigar ; 
 s.-bcdl, projectile filled with material emitting 
 dense smoke used to conceal military opera- 
 tions &c., also ball used in trap-shooting & giv- 
 ing puff of s. when etruck, also medical appli- 
 ance for inhaling vapour from in asthma &c; 
 s.-bell, suspended over lamp &c. to protect ceil- 
 ing; s.-consumei", apparatus for utilizing in- 
 stead of releasing s. of furnace or fireplace, & 
 so s.-consuming a. ; s.-dried, cured in s. ; s.-jack, 
 machine for turning roasting-spit by use of cur- 
 rent of hot air in chimney ; s. -plant, -tree, orna- 
 mental shrub with feathery s. -like fruit-stalks ; 
 s. -rocket, contrivance for injecting s. into drain 
 to discover leak; s. -stack, funnel & steam es- 
 cape pipes of steamer; s.-stone, cairngorm. 
 Hence smo'keLESS a., smo'kelessLY 2 adv., 
 smo'kelessNESS n. [OE smoca, cf. smeocan 
 to smoke ; cogn. w. Gk smukho smoulder] 
 smoke 2 , v.i. & t. Emit s. or visible vapour, 
 reek, steam, (altarss. ; hissmokingblade, steeds; 
 meat smoking on the board ; lamp is smoking, 
 notburning clear), (of chimney or fire) discharge 
 s. into room ; colour or darken or obscure, spoil 
 taste of in cooking, preserve or cure, suffocate, 
 rid of insects &c, with s. (lamp smokes ceiling ; 
 smoked wood, fumed ; smoked glass, darkened 
 with s. for looking at sun &c; the porridge is 
 smoked; smoked ham, haddock, &c; s. insects, 
 plants, kill, cleanse, them by fumigation ; s. out 
 wasps, wasps'-nest, &c, destroy by in jectings.); 
 inhale & exhale s. of (tobacco-pipe, cigar, cigar- 
 ette, tobacco, opium, stramonium, cane, brown 
 paper ; put that in your pipe & s. it, reflect 
 upon what has been said, esp. some admonition 
 or rebuke), whence smo'kABLE a. ; s. tobacco 
 (smokes too much ; will you s.?; smoki'SG] to- 
 bacco, for smoking in pipe), bring one-se7/into 
 specified state by smoking (has smoked himself 
 ill, sick, stupid, into tranquillity) ; (schoolboy 
 slang) blush ; get inkling, become suspicious or 
 
SMOKER 
 
 822 
 
 SNAKE 
 
 aware, of ; smokingcap. -jacket, of ornamental 
 kind worn while one smokes; smoking car- 
 (ri age), reserved for smokers on railway-train; 
 smoking-mixture,blendo£ tobaccos for smoking 
 in pipe ; smoking-room, in hotel or house kept 
 for smoking in {s.-r. talk &c, esp. such as is 
 suited for men only). [OE smocigan (prec)] 
 
 smo'ker, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp.: per- 
 son who habitually smokes tobacco (s.'s heart, 
 affection of heart attributed to tobacco); smok- 
 ing-carriage on train. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 smo'ky, a. Emitting, veiled or filled with, 
 obscure (as) with, stained with or coloured like, 
 smoke (as. fire, city, room, hue, ceiling). Hence 
 smo'kiLV- adv., smo'kiNESS n. [-v 2 ] 
 
 smolt, n. Second-year salmon at stage be- 
 tween parr& grilse after development of sil- 
 very scales, [f. OE stnolt serene] 
 
 smooth ] <-dh), a. Of relatively even & po- 
 lished surface, free from perceptible projec- 
 tions or lumps or indentations or roughness or 
 (of liquid) undulations, not wrinkled or pitted 
 or scored or hairy, that can be traversed with- 
 out check, {s. skin, surface, morocco, brow, chin; 
 am noiv in s. water, have passed obstacles or 
 difficulties ; bring the paste to a s. consistence ; 
 had a s. passage, across sea ; course of true love 
 never did runs.; s. hair, esp. flattened down 
 on head); free from harshness of sound or taste 
 [s. verse, with easy & correct rhythm ; s. claret, 
 spirit, Sec; s. breathing in Gk Gram., unas- 
 pirated sound of initial vowel, also symbol of 
 this) ; equable, unruffled, polite, conciliatory, 
 complimentary, flattering, (s. temper, manners; 
 s. face, esp. hypocritically friendly, whence 
 smoothfacED 2 a.; s. things, esp. flattery or 
 insincere encouragement, whence smooth- 
 spoken, smooth-tongUED 2 , aa.); s.-bore, 
 gun with unrifled barrel. Hence smoo'thLY 2 
 adv., smoo'thNESS n. [Of] smUhe, cogn. w. 
 MHG smant cream, Skr. manth to churn] 
 
 smooth(e) 2 , v.t., & n. Make s. (often out, 
 over, down, away ; s. over or away differences, 
 perplexities, difficulties, Sec, reduce or get rid 
 of in fact or appearance) ; free from impedi- 
 ments or discomfort (s. the way ; wills, his de- 
 clining years) ; cloak over faults &c. ; become 
 s. (usu. down; sea presently smoothed down) ; 
 smoothing-iron, implement usu. heated to s. 
 linen &c. ; smoothing-plane, small plane for 
 finishing the planing of wood. [f. prec] 
 
 smote. See smite. 
 
 smo'thep (-udh-), n., & v.t. & i. Smoulder- 
 ing ashes &c. (archaic ; from the smoke 1 into 
 the s.); cloud of dust, spray, smoke, &c, or 
 obscurity caused by it (rare). (Vb) suffocate, 
 stifle, kill by stopping breath of or excluding 
 air from, (smothered mate in chess, when king 
 having no vacant space to move to is checked 
 by knight) ; overwhelm with kisses, gifts, kind- 
 ness, &c. ; put out or keep down (Are) by heap- 
 ing with ashes &c; suppress, conceal or secure 
 concealment of, keep from notice or publicity, 
 burke, (often up ; s. a yawn ; with smothered 
 curses; the facts, the recommendations of the 
 committee, were smothered up) ; cover entirely 
 in (strawberries smothered in cream) ; (rare) 
 perish of suffocation, have difficulty in breath- 
 ing, [vbf. n., MEj fimorlher (OE smorian stifle, 
 of. Du. smoren stifle, stew, G schmoren stew, 
 
 4- agent-suf. -ther) ; cogn. w. smoke & 
 smoulder] 
 
 smo'thery, a. Stifling, [-y 2 ] 
 
 smoulder (-6-), v.i., & n. Burn without 
 
 flame, burn inwardly or in suppressed way or 
 
 unseen; (of feelings &c.) exist, operate, be 
 
 nursed, undetected or without conspicuous 
 
 effects (smouldering discontent, hatred, rebel- 
 
 lion) ; (n.) smouldering combustion (the s. will 
 soon be. a flame), [n. f. vb, ME smolderen (obs. 
 smoldem. smoke) ; cogn. w.smell&smother] 
 
 smudge \ smutch (archaic), v.t. & i., & n. 
 Smear or blot or blur lines of (writing, drawing); 
 make dirt-mark or confused blot or smear on 
 (face, paper, surface); (usu. -tch) defile, sully, 
 stain with disgrace, impair purity of, (person's 
 record, fame, &c); (of ink, drawing, &c.) be- 
 come blurred (smudges easily). (N.) dirt-mark 
 lit. or (esp. -tch) fig., blotted line, blurred mark ; 
 hence smu'dgy 2 a., smu'dgiLV 2 adv., 
 smu'dgiNESS n. [ME smogen, cogn. w. sm utJ 
 
 smudge-, n. Outdoor fire with dense smoke 
 made to keep off insects &c. [perh. f. prec] 
 
 smug, a. Sc n. Of commonplace respectable 
 narrow-minded self-satisfied comfortable un- 
 ambitious unimaginative character or appear- 
 ance ; hence smu'gNESS n. (N., chiefly uni- 
 versity slang) person ill-fitted for society or 
 without athletic pursuits or interests. [MDa., 
 = smooth, cf. G schmuck spruce; cogn. w. OE 
 smiigan see smock] 
 
 smu'ggle, v.t. Import or export (goods, ©r 
 abs.) illegally, esp. withoutpayment of customs 
 duties (often in, out, over), whence smu'g- 
 g-lER 1 , smu'g-gliNG 1 , nn. ; convey secretly 
 in, out, &c, or put away Sec into concealment, 
 ff. LG smuggeln, cf. Da. smoge secret passage, 
 Sw. smuga lurking-hole; cogn. w. smock] 
 
 smut, n., & v.t. & i. (Spot or smudge made 
 by) small flake of soot ; obscene talk or words 
 or stories ; disease of corn by which parts of 
 the ear change to black powder ; s.-ball, kinds 
 of fungus ; s.-mill, machine for cleansing grain 
 froms. ; hencesmu*ttv 2 a.,smu , ttiLY 2 adv., 
 smu'ttiNESS n. (Vb) mark with s. or ss. ; in- 
 fect (corn) with, (of corn) contract, s. (f. Sw. 
 smuts dirt, cf. G schmutz dirt] 
 
 smutch. See smudge. 
 
 Smyp*niot(e), a. & n. (Native or inhabit- 
 ant) of Smyrna. [-OT 2 ] 
 
 snack, n. Slight or casual or hurried meal ; 
 go ss., go shares (ss.!, claim to share), [orig. 
 sense portion, thing snatched (snatch)] 
 
 sna'cot, n. Garfish, [prob. corrupt, of mod. 
 L syngnathus close-jawed, name of the genus 
 (Gk sun with, gnathos jaw)] 
 
 sna'ffle, n. Bridle consisting of s.-bit, or 
 plain slender jointed bit without curb, & single 
 rein. Hence sna'fflED 2 a. If. Du. snavel 
 horse's muzzle, cf. G schnabel bill] 
 
 snag-, n., & v.t. Jagged projecting point, e.g. 
 irregular or broken tooth, stump of branch re- 
 maining on tree, pointed root or stump poking 
 out of ground, piece of rough timber or rock 
 embedded in river or sea bottom & impeding 
 navigation ; hence snag'g , ED a , sna'grgv 2 , aa. 
 (Vb) run (ship) on s. ; clear (land, waterway, 
 tree-trunk) of ss. [Norw., = spike ; cf. knag] 
 
 snail, n., & v.t. & i. Kinds of slimy slow- 
 creeping gasteropod mollusc, most of them 
 with spiral shell & horns or retractile eye- 
 stalks, some used as food esp. in France, whence 
 snai*lERY(3) n., & many destructive in gar- 
 dens (Roman s., the chief edible kind ; s.'sgal- 
 lop,pace, very slow locomotion) ; (also s. -wheel) 
 notched wheel in clock resembling s. in outline 
 determining number of strokes in striking the 
 hours ; (also s.-clover, -trefoil) kinds of legumi- 
 nous plant including lucerne with spiral pods : 
 s.-fish, with ventral sucker for clinging; s.-slou: 
 slow as a s. ; hence snai'luKE a. (Vb) rid 
 (garden) of, hunt for, ss. [OE snxgl, dim. of 
 snaca snake, cf. ME snegge, G schnecke] 
 
 snake, n. Serpent (commoner in ordinary 
 speech, more loosely applied so as to include s.- 
 like lizards &c, & specially used of the com- 
 
SNAP 
 
 823 
 
 SNIFFY 
 
 nion British harmless kind ; s. in the grass, 
 hidden danger or secret enemy; xcarm, cherish, 
 &c., a s. in one's bosom, meet with ingratitude 
 or receive evil for good ; scotch 2 the s ; see ss., 
 have delirium tremens ; raise or wake ss., 
 make disturbance, start violent quarrel ; Ss. /, 
 int. of anger) ; treacherous cold-hearted per- 
 son; s.-charmer, -ming, see serpent ; s. -lizard, 
 kinds of lizard with rudimentary or no legs ; 
 s. -locked, with ss. instead of hair ; snakeshead, 
 the fritillary plant; s.-stone, ammonite; s.- 
 weed, bistort. Hence sna*kv 2 a., sna'ki- 
 ness n. [OE snaca, cf. MHG snahhan creep, 
 MDu. snake ; cogn. w. sneak] 
 
 snap, v.t. & i., & n. Make sudden audible 
 bite (dog snapped viciously; s. at, try to bite, 
 also speak irritably to ; s. at bait, offer, chance, 
 &c, accept eagerly), (fig.) say ill-tempered or 
 spiteful things, whencesna'ppiSH ] a., sna'p- 
 pishLY 2 adv., sna'ppishNESS n.; bite off[s. 
 ozone's nose, esp. rig. interrupt him angrily or 
 rudely); pick up (scraps, or fig. bargain &c.) 
 hastily, whence sna'ppEK'-up n.; take up 
 (interlocutor) without letting him finish; break 
 (t. & i.) with sharp crack (s. the string, a stick ; 
 oar, wire, snaps) ; produce report from, emit 
 report or crack, (s. pistol, whip ; s. one's fingers, 
 make audible fillip esp. at person &c. in con- 
 tempt ; pistol snaps, either in going off or in 
 missing fire), close (t. & i.) &c. with snapping 
 sound (s. the clasp, one's teeth together; the 
 door snapped to) ; take instantaneous photo- 
 graph of (esp. unconscious orunwillingsubject); 
 snapping-turtle, ferocious American fresh- 
 water kind. (X.) act or sound of snapping ; 
 spring-catch fastening bracelet &c; kinds of 
 small crisp cake ; (usu. cold s.) sudden spell of 
 frost ; crispness of style, fresh vigour or liveli- 
 ness in action, go, dash, spring, whence sna'p- 
 pv 2 a.; = snapshot n. (see below); (Theatr.) 
 short engagement as actor: (attrib., esp. of 
 parliamentary or other deliberative proceed- 
 ings) taken by surprise, brought on without 
 notice, &c. (a s. division, debate, crisis, &c); 
 s.-bolt, -lock, going home automatically with 
 spring on closing of door &c; snapdragon, 
 kinds of plant with bag-shaped flower that can 
 be made to gape like large mouth, also Christ- 
 mas game of plucking raisins from dish of 
 burning brandy ; s.-hook, -link, with spring al- 
 lowing entrance but barring escape of cord, 
 link, &c; snapshot n., shot taken w r ith little 
 or no delay in aiming (better s. shot), also in- 
 stantaneous photograph taken with hand 
 camera, (v.t., also -shoot) take such photograph 
 of. [f. Du. snappen, cf. G schnappen ; cogn. w. 
 snaffle] 
 
 snare, n., & v.t. Trap for catching birds or 
 animals, esp. one made with cord ; device for 
 tempting enemy or dupe to expose himself to 
 capture, defeat, failure, disgrace, loss, &c; 
 thing that acts as a temptation (popularity is 
 often as.); (pi.) twisted strings of gut or hide 
 stretched across lower head of side-drum to 
 produce rattling sound. (Vb) catch (bird &c.) 
 in s., w T hence -snaPER 1 n.; get (person) into 
 s. (less common, & with more of the lit. sense, 
 than ensnare). [OE snear cord, cf. Du. snaar 
 string ; cogn. w. L nere spin, G schnur string] 
 
 snarl 1 , v.i. & t., & n. (Of dog) make high- 
 pitched quarrelsome growl ; (of person) speak 
 cynically, make ill-tempered complaints or 
 criticisms; s. out, utter in snarling tone; ex- 
 press (discontent &c.) by snarling; hence 
 snar'lER 1 n., snar'lingxY 2 a a v . (X.) act or 
 sound of snarling; hence snar'lY 2 a. [fre- 
 quent, of earlier snar, cf. MDu. snarren brawl, 
 G schnarren speak gutturally : cogn. w. sneer] 
 
 snarl 2 , v.t. & i., & n. (Archaic) entangle, be- 
 come entangled, (a snarled skein, intricate 
 business); adorn exterior of (narrow metal vase) 
 with raised work made by indirect internal 
 hammering with snarling-iron ; (n., archaic) 
 tangle, [frequent, of snare] 
 
 snatch, v.t. & i., & n. Seize quickly, eagerly, 
 or unexpectedly, esp. with suddenly outstretch- 
 ed hand(s), rescue narrowly from, secure with 
 difficulty, carry suddenly away or from, 
 (snatched his gun up, down ; urind snatched 
 my cap off; child snatches its food; s. kiss, 
 opportunity, &c; was snatched from the jaws 
 of death ; s. a half -hour's repose ; s. victory out 
 of clef eat ; snatched away, from us, by prema- 
 ture death) ; shoot out hand(s) at to seize (also 
 fig., as s. at offer, take it eagerly). (N.) act of 
 snatching (made a s.atit); (usu. pl.)fiagment(s) 
 or short burst(s) of song or recitation or talk, 
 short spell(s) of action (only works by ss., fits & 
 starts), whence sna'tehY 2 a., sna'tchiLY 2 
 adv. [ME snacchen, cf. Du. snakken gasp; 
 cogn. w. snack, sneck] 
 
 sneak, v.i. & t., & n. Slink, go furtively, 
 (often in, out, past, round, about, off, away, 
 &c.) ; (part.) furtive, not avowed, (have a sneak- 
 ing kindness for him, an affection that one can- 
 not justify by reason); (schoolboy slang) peach, 
 tell tales; (slang) make off with, steal; hence 
 snea'king-i.v 2 adv. (X.) mean cowardly un- 
 derhand person ; (schoolboy slang) informer, 
 telltale ; (Cricket) ball bowled along the ground; 
 s. -thief, who avails himself of open doors or 
 windows to steal. [OE snican creep, cf. OX 
 snikja hanker after ; cogn. w. snake, snail] 
 
 sneck, n., & v.t. (chiefly Sc). Latch. [ME 
 (n.), cogn. w. snack, snatch] 
 
 sneer, v.i. & t., & n. Smile derisively (often 
 at); utter derisive words esp. of a covert or 
 ironical kind (usu. at) ; put (person) down, oiit 
 of countenance, &c, take away (person's repu- 
 tation, happiness, &c), by sneering ; hence 
 sneer'ERi n., sneer'ingr.Y 2 adv. (X.) sneer- 
 ing look or remark. [ME sneren deride, f. Da. 
 snderre grin like a dog, cogn. w. snarl 1 ] 
 
 sneeze, v.i., & n. Make explosive sound in 
 involuntarily expelling anything that irritates 
 interior of nostrils (not to be sneezed at, pass- 
 able, not contemptible); (n.) act or sound of 
 sneezing. [ME snesen, var. of fnesen f. OE 
 fneosan cogn. w. fnaest blast, cf. OX fnasa, 
 Du. fniezen, sneeze; cogn. w. Gk^meo breathe] 
 
 snell, n. Short piece of gut attaching fish- 
 hook^) to thicker line. [?J 
 
 snick, v.t., & n. Cut small notch or make 
 small incision in ; (Cricket) slightly deflect 
 course of (ball) with bat. (X.) slight notch or 
 cut ; (Cricket) snicking touch with bat. [f. OX 
 snikka to cut] 
 
 sni'ekersnee*, n. (facet.). Knife, esp. one 
 usable as weapon, [perh. f. obs. snick-&-snee a 
 fight with knives (prec, obs. snee knife f. Du., 
 cf. snijden, G schneiden, cut)] 
 
 Sni'der, n. (Also S.-rifle) early pattern of 
 breechloading rifle, [inventor] 
 
 sniff, v.i. & t., & n. Draw up air audibly 
 through nose to stop it from running or as ex- 
 pression of contempt (s. at, try the smell of, 
 also show contempt for or discontent with, also, 
 of dog, show disposition to bite person's calves) : 
 draw up or up (air, liquid, scent), draw up scent 
 of (flower, brandy, meat, &c), into nose; (n.) 
 act or sound of sniffing, amount of air &c. sniff- 
 ed up. [ME sneven, cf. Da. snive, OX snippa ; 
 also obs. snift f. MDa. snifte] 
 
 sni'ffy, a. (colloq.). Disdainful, contemp- 
 tuous; (of thing that should be odourless) 
 slightly malodorous. [-Y 2 ] 
 
SNIFTING-VALVE 
 
 824 
 
 SNUFF 
 
 sni'fting'-valve, n. Air-escape valve in 
 steam-engine cylinder, [f. obs. suijt see sniff] 
 
 stii'gger, v.i., & n. (Give) half -suppressed, 
 secretive laugh esp. of cynical kind or of amuse- 
 ment at obscenity or indecency, [var. of obs. 
 snicker perh. cogn. w. neigh] 
 
 sni'ggle, v.i. Fish for eels by pushing bait 
 into hole. [f. dial, snig eel, cogn. w. snake] 
 
 snip, v.t. & i., & n. Cut with scissors or shears 
 esp. in small quick strokes (s. cloth, a hole ; s. 
 off the ends; s. at, make snipping strokes at), 
 whence sni'ppiNGh2) n. (N.)act of snipping ; 
 piece snipped off; (colloq.) tailor, [f. Du. snip- 
 pen, cogn. w. snap] 
 
 snipe, n. (collect, sing. usu. for pi.), & v.i. & 
 t. Kinds of gamebird with long straight bill 
 & angular flight frequenting marshes (common 
 or whole, great or doable or solitary, small or 
 half or jack, s., British kinds) ; s.-eel, -fish, &c, 
 kinds with long slender snout ; hence sni'pv- 
 a. (Vb) go s.-shooting ; (Mil.) Are shots from 
 hiding esp. at night into enemy's camp, kill or 
 hit thus, whence sni'pER l n. [f. ON snipa, cf. 
 Da. sneppe, G schnepfe ; cogn. w. snap] 
 
 sni'ppet, n. Small piece cut off, snipping ; 
 (pi.) detached fragments of knowledge or infor- 
 mation, odds & ends, whence sni*ppeti' 2 a., 
 sni'ppetiNESS n. [-et 1 ] 
 
 sni'vel, v.i. (-11-), & n. Run at the nose ; be 
 lachrymose, affect contrition, show maudlin 
 emotion ; hence sni'vellER : n., sni'velliNG 2 
 a. (N.) running mucus ; whining & weeping ; 
 hypocritical talk, cant. [ME snevelen (OE snojl 
 mucus); cogn. w. snuff(le)] 
 
 snob, n. Man of low birth or breeding or 
 social position (archaic); (at universities & pub- 
 lic schools; archaic) townsman; person with 
 exaggerated respect for social position or wealth 
 & a disposition to be ashamed of socially infe- 
 rior connexions, behave with servility to social 
 superiors, & judge of merit by externals, whence 
 sno'bbiSH 1 a., sno'bbishLY 2 adv., sno'b- 
 bishNESS, sno*bbERY(4, 5), sno , bLiNG 1 (2), 
 snobo'CRACY, nn. [earlier sense in dial, cob- 
 bler's man, cf. dial, snap lad, f. Da. dial, snopp 
 silly,_cf. OS T sndpr dolt ; cogn. w. snub] 
 
 snood, n. (Sc. & literary). Fillet worn by 
 maidens in Scotland to confine hair; hence 
 snoq'dED 2 a. [OE snod, cogn. w. snare] 
 
 snook 1 , n. Kinds of fish esp. the sea-pike, 
 [f. Du. snoek] 
 
 sndbk 2 , n. (slang). Contemptuous gesture 
 with thumb to nose & fingers spread out {cock, 
 cut, make, a s. or ss. ; S-s. /, int. of contempt). [?] 
 
 snooze, v.i. & t., & n. (Take) short sleep esp. 
 in day-time ; pass time in lazy indifference ; s. 
 time &c. away, spend it indolently, [prob. 
 cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 snore, v.i. & t,, & n. (Make) hoarse rattling 
 or grunting noise in breathing esp. during 
 sleep; pass time aivay in snoring; bring one- 
 self awake, into a nightmare, &c, by snoring. 
 Hence snor'ER i n. [for fnoren, cf. OE fnora 
 sneeze (fniosan sneeze)] 
 
 snort, v.i. & t., & n. (Make) explosive noise 
 due to sudden forcing of breath through nose 
 & usu. expressing anger or indignation or in- 
 credulity, or (of steam-engine &c.) noise resem- 
 bling this; express (defiance &c.) by snorting 
 (often out), throw out (words) with snorting, 
 [cf. LG snurten, Du. snorken, G schnarchen] 
 
 snor'ter, n. In vbl senses ; also (slang) : boi- 
 sterous gale ; performance &c. conspicuous for 
 vigour or violence, [-er j ] 
 
 snot, n. (not in decent use). Mucus of the 
 nose (also of person as low term of abuse) ; s.- 
 rag. handkerchief. [OF gesnot, cf. Du. & Da. 
 snot ; cogn. w. snout] 
 
 sno'ttep, n. Turkey-cock's wattles, [prob. 
 cogn. w. prec] 
 
 sno'tty, a. & n. (not in decent use). Running 
 or foul with snot (also as low abusive epithet) ; 
 hence sno'ttiuv 2 adv., sno'ttiNESS n. (X., 
 naut. slang) midshipman, [-v 2 ] 
 
 snout (owt), n. Nose (& mouth) of animal or 
 (contempt. ) human being ; pointed front of some- 
 thing, nozzle, (s. of glacier, of battleship's ram, 
 &c); s.-beetle, kinds with beaked head ; s.-ring, 
 inserted in pig's s. to prevent rooting. Hence 
 (-)snoutED 2 a. [cf. Du. snuit, G schnauze ; 
 cogn. w. OE snytan blow the nose] 
 
 sno w (-6), n. , & v. i. & t. Atmospheric vapour 
 frozen into ice crystals & falling to earth in 
 white flakes or spread on it as a white layer 
 (red s., s. -plant, see below), (pi.) falls or accu- 
 mulations of s. (where arethe ss. of last year ?); 
 substance &c. resembling s. esp. in whiteness 
 (her breast of s.; the ss. of seventy years, white 
 hair ; apple, chestnut, &c, s., kinds of pudding); 
 snowball n., mass of s. pressed into hard ball 
 esp. for use as missile, fund each subscriber 
 to which finds n others, kinds of pudding e. g. 
 apple enclosed in rice, (v.t. & i.) pelt or have 
 pelting-match with snowballs ; snoxcball-tree, 
 guelder-rose ; s.-berry, garden shrub with white 
 berries ; s.-bi?'d, kinds of white or partly white 
 finch, esp. the s. -bunting; s.-bli7id(ness), unable, 
 inability, to see owing to exhaustion of retina 
 by reflection of light endured in traversing s.- 
 fields &c; s. -blink, reflection in sky of snow or 
 ice fields ; s. -boots, over-boots of rubber & cloth; 
 s. -bound, kept from going out or travelling by 
 s.; s.-cap, white-crowned humming-bird; s.- 
 capped, (of mountain) covered at top with s. ; 
 s.-drift, bank of s. heaped by wind ; snowdrop, 
 early spring white-flowered plant ; s.-fall, esp. 
 amount of s. that falls on one occasion or in a 
 year at any place as measured by s.-gauge ; s.- 
 jield, esp. permanent wide expanse of snow in 
 mountainous or polar regions ; s.-flake, one of 
 the small collections of crystals in which s. falls; 
 s.-goggles, darkened spectacles worn by moun- 
 taineers &c. to prevent s. -blindness ; s.-goose, 
 arctic white goose with black-tipped wings, 
 the wavy; s. -grouse, ptarmigan ; s.-ice, opaque 
 white ice formed from s. -slush ; s.-leopard, 
 ounce; s.-line, level above which s. lies per- 
 manently at any place; s.-on-the-mountain, 
 kinds of white-flowered garden plant; s., or 
 usu. snowy, -owl, the great white owl ; s.-plant 
 or red s., microscopic alga growing in s. & col- 
 ouring it red ; s.-ploxigh, contrivance drawn by 
 horses or attached to front of locomotive for 
 clearing track by pushing s. aside ; s. -shoes, 
 racket-heads or (also ski) long narrow boards 
 attached to feet & enabling wearer to traverse 
 s. without sinking in ; s. -shovel, large wooden 
 shovel for s. ; s.-slip, avalanche ; s.-stor?n, heavy 
 fall of s. esp. with wind ; s.-tvhite, white as s.; 
 hence snow'LESs, snowv 2 , aa., snowiLY 2 
 adv. , snowiNESS n. ( Vb) : (impers. ) it snows, 
 will s., See, s. falls, &c; sprinkle or scatter, 
 come, like s.; snoxoed up, in, s. -bound, blocked 
 up with s. [Aryan ; OE snaw, cf. Du. sneeuw, 
 G schnee, L nix nivis, Gk nipha accus.] 
 
 snub \ v.t., & n. Rebuff, reprove, put down, 
 humiliate, with sharp words or marked want 
 of cordiality, whence snu'bbiNG^IMi., snu'b- 
 bingLY 2 adv. ; check way of (ship) esp. by rope 
 wound round snub(bing)-post or bollard ; (n.) 
 snubbing, rebuff. [ME s >ibben f. Da. snxibbe 
 nip off, snibbe scold, cf. ON snubba chide] 
 
 snub 2 , a. & n. (Of nose) short & stumpy or 
 turned up, whence s.-nosED 2 a.; (n., rare) s. 
 nose. [cogn. w. prec] 
 
 snuff 1 , v.i. & t., & n. = (the now more usu.) 
 
SNUFF 
 
 825 
 
 SOAP 
 
 sniff vb ; also, take s., whence snu'ffER 1 n. 
 (N.): =(the now more usu.) sniff n.; also: 
 powdered tobacco taken by sniffing as stimu- 
 lant or sedative (take thing in s. archaic, take 
 offence at it ; up to s. slang, not childishly igno- 
 rant or innocent), whence snu'ffv- a., snu'ffl- 
 ness n.; medicinal powder taken by sniffing; 
 s.-box ; s.-colour(ed), (of)dark yellowish-brown ; 
 ft. -mill, for grinding s., also s.-box ; s. -taker, 
 -king. [n. f. vb, f. MDu. snuffen clear the nose, 
 cf. G schnauben snort, schnupfen a cold] 
 
 snuff 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Trim s. from (candle 
 or its wick) with fingers or scissors or esp. 
 snu'ffers n. pi., kind of scissors with box to 
 catch s. (s. out v.t., extinguish by trimming, 
 also fig. as I teas nearly, his hopes were, snuffed 
 out; s. out v.i. slang, die ; can s. a candle with 
 a pistol, shoot off top of wick without putting 
 flame out); snuffer-tray, holding snuffers. (X.) 
 charred part of candle-wick, esp., in bad wick, 
 black excrescence obscuring light; s.-dzs/i, snuf- 
 fer-tray, [n. f. vb; cf. dial, snoji eat offshoots 
 of; cogn. w. snub] 
 
 snu'ffle, v.i. & t., & n. Sniff (intr.), make 
 sniffing sounds; speak nasally, whiningly, or 
 like one with a cold, esp. as form of religious 
 affectation ascribed to puritans & dissenters, 
 whence snirffiER l n.; s. out, utter with snuf- 
 fling; hence snirffiing'LV 2 adv. (N.) sniff; 
 snuffling sound, tone, or talk, [snuff 1 , -le(3)| 
 
 snug, a. Sheltered from weather & cold, well 
 enclosed or packed in or fixed in place, com- 
 fortably situated, cosy; (of income, dinner, &c.) 
 good enough for modest requirements. Hence 
 snu'gr.Y - adv., snu'gNESS n. [cf. ON snoggr 
 smooth (of hair), Sw. snygg neat] 
 
 snu'ggery, n. Snug place, esp. person's pri- 
 vate room or den. [-ery] 
 
 snu'ggle, v.i. & t. Shift one's position or lie 
 close up to for warmth ; draw (child &c.) close to 
 one, cuddle, [f. obs. snug vb (snug) + -le(3)] 
 
 so, adv., conj., int., & pron. To the extent or 
 in the manner set forth by preceding or fol- 
 lowing as clause or implied in context, thus, 
 equally, similarly, analogously, (now used to 
 express degree before as-clause only with ne- 
 gative, as lam not so cag r, but / am as eager, 
 as you ; as the tree falls, so must it lie ; as bees 
 love sweetness, so flies love rottenness ; rarely 
 used twice correlatively, as so many men so 
 many minds ; when he saw her so frightened ; 
 ich v are you panting so ? ; so <£• so only can it 
 be done ; stand just so; did not expect to live so 
 long ; did not get it by force & ought not to be 
 so deprived of it; often in sentence appended 
 as explanation, as I paid him double, I was so 
 pleased; everov never so bad &c. in condit. 
 clause, as bad &c. as possible ; so far, up to this 
 time or point or extent, as so far it has not 
 happened, so far you are right ; so or in so far 
 as or archaic so far forth as, to whatever ex- 
 tent ; d; so forth. & so on, et cetera, & the like ; 
 so long as, with the proviso, on the condition, 
 that ; so be it, form of acceptance, resignation, 
 &c; so- long ; so much for, that is all that need 
 be done or said about ; is only so much rubbish, 
 all rubbish ; at so much a week, a head, &c, a 
 definite but unspecified sum&c; similarly .so 
 much of one ingredient & so much of another ; 
 not so much as, less than, not even ; is not so 
 much discontented as unsatisfied); to the de- 
 gree or in the manner or with the intent or re- 
 sult set forth by following £/m£-clause or but- 
 clause or as to (so high that you cannot reach 
 it ; so run that ye may obtain ; warned him so 
 that hemigh t avoid the danger ; all precautions 
 have been taken, so that we expect to succeed ; 
 not so deaf bid he can hear a cannon ; was so 
 
 fortunate as to escape ; put it so as not to offend 
 him ; it so happens that he teas not there); to a 
 degree that demands exclamatory emphasis 
 {so many worlds, so much to do !; I am so glad, 
 tired ! ; she is so beautifid.' ; so kind of you! ; 
 also colloq. or vulg. with ever, as that is ever 
 so much better, he is ever so angry !) ; on con- 
 dition that or that, on condition set forth in 
 as-clause or implied, (.90 that or so it is done, it 
 matters not how ; so may you find forgiveness 
 as now you forgive me !; so help me God!, form 
 of asseveration) ; accordingly, consequently, 
 therefore, as appears or results from preceding 
 or implied statement or fact, (he says he was 
 not there, so he doubtless was not; so or and so 
 I cannot come ; so you are back again ; so look 
 to yourself); (accompanying emphasis on some 
 later word) moreover, also, as well, in actual 
 fact, (well, so I did ; yo u said it was good, & so 
 it is ; yes, I denied it, but or & so did vou ; 
 ' your birthday ? yes, so it is ') ; (as substitute, 
 often preceding vb, for obj. of say, call, speak, 
 tell, think, hope, suppose, do, &c.) it, this, that, 
 the same, this is what, (so he said ; so spake 
 Achilles, i.e. what precedes, & Patroclus so, 
 i.e. whatfollows ; also ellipt., as So Satan, whom 
 the archangel thus 7'ebukes ; do you think so ?; 
 & so say all of lis ; I suppose so, form of agree- 
 ment ; I told you so, warned you in vain ; she 
 is ill & he thinks himself so ; so-called, epithet 
 questioning accuracy of description ; so to say 
 or speak, apology for exaggeration, metaphor, 
 neologism, &c; you don't say so ?, formula of 
 surprise) ; in that state or condition, actually 
 the case, (he, it, is better so ; God said Let there 
 be light, & it was so ; must it be so ? ; but per- 
 haps it is not, even if it were, so ; though it was, 
 or things were, ever or never so vulg. ,' however 
 bad the state of things ; also with omission of 
 it is &c, as how so ?, why so ?, if so, not so ; also 
 ellipt. for is that so ? chiefly in imit. of German, 
 as ' He went off yesterday " So ?'; quite so,. just 
 so, forms of agreement) ; (archaic) and so, after 
 which I, they, &c, proceeded (&so to dinner, a 
 division, &c); (ellipt. after conditional clause ; 
 archaic) let it be so, very well, (if you are con- 
 tent, so); (as int., also soh) that will do, stay as 
 you are, stand still, be quiet ; (in comb, with 
 relative words) -ever (also with -eve?* appended, 
 as whoso, whosoever); so-&-so, particular per- 
 son or thing not needing to be specified (never 
 mind 10 hat so-&-so says ; tells me to do so-&-so); 
 so so, pred. adj. or adv., not more than passable, 
 -bly ; or so, or thereabouts (after expressions 
 of quantity or numbers ; send me half-a-dozen 
 or so; lib. or so will do). [OE swd, cf. Du. zoo, 
 G so, Gk hos ; orig. oblique case of pronominal 
 st. of L suus, Gk hos, Skr. sva, one's own] 
 
 soak, v.t. & i., & n. (Of absorbent substance) 
 take up or suck in (liquid) ; place or leave or 
 lie in or in liquid for saturation, steep t. & i., 
 make or be wet through, (of rain &c.) drench, 
 whence soa*kiNG ] (l) n.; (of moisture) make 
 way in(to) or through, make its way, by satura- 
 tion, whence soa*KAGE(3) n.; drink persistent- 
 ly, booze. (N.) soaking; drinking-bout; hard 
 drinker. [OE socian (sucan SUCK)] 
 
 soa'kep, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: hard drinker; 
 drenching shower, [-er ] ] 
 
 soap, n., & v.t. & i. Compound of fatty acid 
 with soda or potash or (insoluble ss.) with an 
 earth or metallic oxide, of which the soluble 
 kinds yield when rubbed in water a lather used 
 in washing (soft s., made with potash & remain- 
 ing liquid, also fig. flattery) ; s.-berry, -nut, 
 -plant, -pod, -root, -wort, kinds of plant yielding 
 substances serving purpose of s. ; s. -boiler, -ling, 
 manufacture(r) of s.; s. -bubble, iridescent globe 
 
SOAPY 
 
 826 
 
 SOCKET 
 
 of air enclosed in film of soapy water made by 
 blowing through pipe dipped in s.-suds ; s.- 
 earth, s. -stone, steatite; s.-suds; s.-ivorks, s. 
 manufactory ; hence soa'pLESS a. ( Vb) apply 
 s. to, scrub or rub with s.; use s. upon oneself. 
 [OE sape, cf. Du. zecp, G sei/e ; perh. cogn. w. 
 L sebum tallow] 
 
 soa'py, a. Like, smeared or impregnated 
 with, suggestive of, soap ; (of person or his 
 manners or talk) unctuous, flattering. Hence 
 soa'piLY 2 adv., soa'piNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 soap, v.i. Fly high (lit. & fig.), mount to or 
 be at a great height above earth, hover or sail 
 in the air without flapping of wings, (soaring 
 eagle, spire, thoughts, ambition, ideals). Hence 
 sbap'ingLY 2 adv. [f. F essorer f. LL ex- 
 (aurare f. aura breeze)] 
 
 soa'v&, soaveme'nte, (-ah-), mus. direction. 
 With tenderness. [It.] 
 
 sob, v.i. & t., & n. Draw breath in convulsive 
 gasps usu. with weeping under mental distress 
 or physical exhaustion ; s. out, utter with ss.; 
 hence so'bbing-LY 2 adv. (X.) convulsive 
 drawing of breath esp. in weeping, [cogn. w. 
 sup, & w. OE siofian lament, G seufzen sigh] 
 
 sd'ber, a., & v.t. & i. Not drunk (as s. as a 
 judge ; appeal from Philip drunk to Philip 
 s., suggest that opinion &c. represents passing 
 mood only) ; temperate in regard to drink [is a 
 s. man) ; iuoderate, well-balanced, sane, tran- 
 quil, self-controlled, sedate, not vehement or 
 passionate or excited or wayward or fanciful 
 or exaggerated, (of colour) quiet & inconspicu- 
 ous, (in s. fact, in fact as opp. fancy ; a s. esti- 
 mate; s. -minded; s. -sides, sedate person; .$.- 
 suited poet., clad in s. colours), whence so'ber- 
 LY 2 adv. ( Vb) make or become s. or less wild, 
 reckless, enthusiastic, visionary, &c. (often 
 down), [f. F sobre f. L sobrius perh. f. so-, se-, 
 apart from, ebrius drunk, etym. dub.] 
 
 Sobra'nje (-ahnye), n. Bulgarian national 
 assembly. IBulg.] 
 
 sobri'ety, n. Being sober, [f. F sobriete f. 
 L sobrietatem (sober, -tv)] 
 
 so'briquet, sou- (soo-), (-ka), n. Nickname, 
 assumed name. [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 s6 , e(e)ag , e (-Ij), n. Feudal tenure of land in- 
 volving payment of rent or other service to 
 superior, [f. OE soc jurisdiction (sacan con- 
 tend, cogn. w. seek) + -age] 
 
 soccer. (Anomalous spelling of) socker. 
 
 sd'ciable (-sha-), a. & n. Fitted for com- 
 panionship, ready & willing to converse, not 
 averse to society, communicative, liking com- 
 pany; (of meeting &c.) marked by friendliness, 
 not stiff or formal ; hence soeiaBULiTv n., 
 so'ciabLY 2 adv. (N T .) open carriage with fac- 
 ing side-seats ; tricycle for two riders side by 
 side; S-shaped couch allowing two occupants 
 to face each other. [F, f. L sociabilis {sociare 
 f. socius fellow cogn. w. sequi follow, -able)] 
 
 so'cial (-shl), a. Living in companies, gre- 
 garious, not fitted for or not practising solitary 
 life, interdependent, cooperative, practising 
 division of labour, existing only as member of 
 compound organism, (man is a s. animal', 
 s. bees, wasps, kinds haA'ing common nests &c; 
 s. birds, building near each other in communi- 
 ties; s. plants, kinds that grow thickly together 
 & monopolize ground they grow on ; s. polyp 
 &c); concerned with the mutual relations of 
 men or classes of men (s. problems, science, 
 morality, students, philosophers ; the s. con- 
 tract or rarely compact, agreement among men 
 to exchange the individual freedom of the state 
 of nature for legal restriction, assumed by 
 18th-c. thinkers as basis of political society ; s. 
 democrat, politician aiming at improving con- 
 
 dition of lower classes by gradual advance to- 
 wards socialism ; the s. evil, prostitution) ; of 
 or in or towards society (s. intercourse, life, 
 code, etiquette, pleasures, dxdies; one's s. su- 
 periors 6c inferiors; s. rank, position, distinc- 
 tions; has s. tastes; a s. evening, gathering); 
 of or with allies (the & ivar in Kuui. Hist.). 
 Hence or cogn. soeia'lirv (-shl-) n., so'cialLV- 
 adv. [f. L socialis (socius nee prec, -al)J 
 so-eialism, n. Principle that individual 
 freedom should be completely subordinated to 
 interests of community, with any deductions 
 that may be correctly or incorrectly drawn 
 from it, e.g. substitution of cooperative for 
 competitive production, national ownership of 
 land 6c capital, state distribution of produce, 
 free education & feeding of children, abolition 
 of inheritance (Christian s., attempt to apply 
 Christian precepts in ordinary life resulting in 
 some approximation to the aims of s.). Hence 
 so'cialisT(2) n. & a., socialistic a., social- 
 i'stiCALLY adv. [-IS.M] 
 
 so'cialize, v.t. IMake social ; arrange so- 
 cialistically. Hence soeializATiON n. [-ize] 
 soei'ety, n. Social mode of life, the customs 
 & organization of a civilized nation, (the pro- 
 gress of s. is an evolution; pests ofs., persons 
 who prey on the community) ; any social com- 
 munity (no s. can retain members who flout its 
 principles) ; the upper classes of a community 
 whose movements & entertainments & other 
 doings are more or less conspicuous, the socially 
 distinguished, fashionable & well-to do & well- 
 connected people, (was welcomed by .v.; the 
 customs of polite s.;s. does not approve ; leaders 
 of s.; often attrib., as s. lady, people, gos- 
 sip, news, journal ; s. verse, of light topical 
 witty kind); participation in hospitality, other 
 people's houses or company, (goes a great deal 
 into, avoids, is at his best or embarrassed in, 
 s.); companionship, company, (s. & solitude; 
 always enjoy his s.; seek, avoid, the s. of); as- 
 sociation of persons united by a common aim 
 or interest or principle (S. of Friends, quakers ; 
 <S. of Jesus, abbr. S.J., see Jesuit; friendly 
 s.; RoyalS., founded 1662 for improving natural 
 knowledge ; aS'. for the Propagation of the Gos- 
 pel, abbr. S.P.O.; dorcass.; building, cooper- 
 ative, s.). [f. F societe f. L societatem (socius 
 see sociable, -ty)] 
 
 Soci'nian, a. & n. (Follower, following or 
 according to doctrine) of the 16th-c. Italian 
 theologians Laelius & Faustus Socinus, whose 
 opinions resemble those of modern unitarians. 
 Hence Soci*nianis.M(3) n. [ian] 
 s6cio*log"y (-si-, -shl-), n. Science of the de- 
 velopment & nature & laws of human society. 
 Hence sociological a., soeiolo'glealLV 2 
 adv., (-sho-), socio'logist n. [f. L socius see 
 
 SOCIABLE, -LOGY] 
 
 sock l , n. Short stocking not reaching knee ; 
 removable inner sole put into shoe for warmth 
 &c. ; ancient comic actor's light shoe (also used 
 allusively for comedy &c, cf. buskin). [OE 
 socc f. L soccus comic actor's shoe] 
 
 sock 2 , v.t., n., & adv., (slang). Fling (ball, 
 stone) at ; hit (person) with hand-flung missile ; 
 (n.) blow inflicted by missile ; (adv.) with such 
 blow, plump, right, (hit him s. in the eye). [?] 
 
 sock 3 , n. (school slang). Sweets, pastry. &c., 
 eaten at odd times, tuck, grub. [?] 
 
 soekdo'log-er, n. (slang). Decisive blow or 
 argument. [U.S. corrupt, of doxology] 
 
 so'ckep, n. (slang). Association football, 
 form of football in which (cf. rugbv) ball may 
 not be touched with hand. [Association, -er j ] 
 
 so'eket, n. Natural or artificial hollow for 
 something to fit into or stand firm or revolve 
 
SOCLE 
 
 827 
 
 SOLA 
 
 in {eyes. ; s. of the hip; candle too large for 
 s. ; ball 1 & s.); s. -joint, = ball 1 -<£•-«. joint ; 
 s.-pipe, with enlarged end to receive another. 
 Hence so'eketED 2 a. |f. OF *-oA-e£ dim. of 
 souche stump cf. It. ciocco stump, perh. f. Teut. 
 & cogn. w. shock 3 J 
 
 so'cie, n. (archit.). Plain low rectangular 
 block serving as support for pedestal, vase, 
 statue, Sic [F, f. It. zoccolo t. L socculus (soc- 
 
 CU8 SOCK I, -ULE)j 
 
 Soera'tie, a. Sc n. Of, like, following, &c, 
 Socrates (IS. method, dialectic, procedure by 
 question Sc answer ; S. irony, pose of ignorance 
 assumed in order to entice others into display 
 of supposed knowledge); (n.) follower of So- 
 crates. Hence Soera'tiCALLY adv. [f. L f. 
 Gk Sokratikos (Sokrates, -ic)] 
 
 sod 1 , n., & v.t. Turf, upper layer of grass 
 land including blades & roots & earth, {under 
 the s., in the grave); piece of turf pared off; 
 hence so'ddY 2 a. (Vb) cover (ground) with 
 ss. {sodding mallet, spade, implements used) ; 
 pelt with ss. [cf. Du. zode, G sode ; prob. cogn. 
 w. seethe, perh. as sodden with rain] 
 
 sod 2 . See seethe. 
 
 so'da, n. One of the compounds of sodium 
 in common use, esp. sodium carbonate or bi- 
 carbonate ; (also s.-water) w r ater made effer- 
 vescent by impregnation with carbonic acid 
 under pressure & used alone or with spirit or 
 wine or milk as a drink (orig. made with so- 
 dium carbonate ; some s.-ivater ; some or a 
 brandy & s. ; s.-fountain, vessel in which s.- 
 water is stored under pressure tobedrawn out). 
 I It., fern, of .sorfocontr. of solido, formerly used 
 of glasswork perh. w. ref. to its hardness] 
 
 soda'lity, n. A confraternity or association 
 esp. of religious character (chiefly in titles of 
 R.-C. societies), [f. L sodalitas (sodalis com- 
 rade, cogn. w. Gk ethos custom, -ty)] 
 
 so'dden, a., & v.t. & i. Saturated with 
 liquid, soaked through; (of bread) doughy, 
 heavy & moist ; stupid or dull in fact or ap- 
 pearance with habitual drunkenness ; hence 
 so'ddenNESS n. (Vb) become or make s. 
 [orig. p.p. of seethe] 
 
 sd'dium, n. A silver- white metal existing 
 chiefly in soda & other compounds, burning 
 with bright yellow flame, and igniting in warm 
 water. Hence so'dic a. (soda, -ium] 
 
 so'domite, n. Person practising sodomy. 
 {OF, f. LL Sodomita f. Gk Sodomites inhabit- 
 ant of Sodom, see -iteMD] 
 
 so'domy, n. Copulation between male per- 
 sons, [f. F sodomie (L Sodoma Sodom, see 
 Gen. xix. 4 foll^-iA 1 )] 
 
 soe'ver, suf. somet. separable usu. appended 
 to relative pronouns, adverbs, or adjectives, 
 but sometimes following them at an interval, 
 to give indefinite meaning (whosoever, howso- 
 ever, Sec ; how great s. it may be ; with what 
 end s. he did it), [so, ever] 
 
 so'fa, n. Couch with raised ends & back on 
 which several persons can sit or one lie; ».- 
 bed(stead), piece of furniture serving as s. by 
 day & bed by night, [f. Arab, suffah bench] 
 
 so'ffit, n. Lower surface of architrave, arch, 
 balcony, &c. [f. F soffite f. It. soffitta ceiling, 
 fern. p.p. = fixed under (L sub 2 , Jigere fix)] 
 
 sofi(sm). See suFi(.sm). 
 
 soft (saw-, so-), a., n., adv., & int. Compara- 
 tively wanting in hardness, yielding to pres- 
 sure, malleable, plastic, easily cut, (s. as butter; 
 s. stone, iron ; s. coal, bituminous, opp. anthra- 
 cite ; s. com, moist thickening of skin between 
 toes confused with corn 3 ; s. tissues of body, 
 not bony or cartilaginous ; s. palate, hinder 
 part of palate ; s. wicket at cricket, moist or 
 
 sodden turf ; s. goods, textiles ; s. money, notes 
 & bills ; s. solder, kinds used for easily fusible 
 metal, cf. s. sawder; s. soap; s. tack naut., 
 bread, opp. hard tack or biscuit ; s. roe, of male 
 flsh); of smooth surf ace or finetexture.not rough 
 or coarse, (s. ski?i, hair, raiment); mellow, mild, 
 balmy, not noticeably cold or bot, (s. air; a s. 
 winter) ; rainy or moist or thawing (s. weather ; 
 a s. day) ; (of water) free from mineral salts & 
 so good for washing or cooking ; not astringent 
 or sour or bitter (s. claret Sec); not crude or 
 brilliant or dazzling (s. colours, light, eyes): not 
 sharply defined (s. outline); not strident or loud, 
 low- toned, (a s. voice ; s. music ; s. pedal 1 ; s. 
 whispers, murmurs) ; (Phonet.) sibilant (g is s. 
 in gin), voiced (b, g, d, are s. mutes), unaspirated 
 (s. or smooth breathing 1 ); gentle, quiet, con- 
 ciliatory, complimentary or amorous, (s. rain ; 
 s. manners ; a s. answer, esp. a good-tempered 
 one to abuse or accusation ; s.-spoken, see speak; 
 s. nothings, amorous talk) ; sympathetic, com- 
 passionate, (has a s. heart, whence soft- 
 heartED 2 a., soft-heap*tEDNESs n.); tran- 
 quil (s. slumbers); (slang) easy (has a s. job ; s. 
 thing, light well-paid office &c); flabby, weak, 
 feeble, unstrung, effeminate, silly, (the na- 
 tional character has gone s.; a s. luxurious' 
 people; s. muscles; s. -headed, s.-witted, half 
 idiotic); hence so'ftiSH 1 a., so'ftLY 2 adv., 
 so'ftNESS n. (N.) silly weak person, alsoso'ftv 3 
 n. (Adv., commoner in compar. than in posit.) 
 softly (play s., softer ; s.-whispering Sec). (Int., 
 archaic) wait a moment ; hush ! [OE softe (usu. 
 ad\.),siftesi., cf. G sanft, Du. zacht ; cogn. w. Gk 
 hemeros gentle, Skr. soman mildness] 
 
 sd'fta, n. Moslem student of sacred law & 
 theology. [Turk.] 
 
 so'ften (-fn), v.i. & t. Become or make soft 
 or softer ; softening (morbid degeneration) of 
 the brain. Hence so'ftenER^l, 2) n. [-en 6 ] 
 
 so'ggy (-gi), a. Sodden, saturated, dank. 
 Hence so'ggiNESS n. [prob. cogn. w. suck] 
 
 soh. See so. 
 
 soho% int. used in quieting horse &c. [earlier 
 saho used as hunting-cry, f. F ca hither, ho] 
 
 soi-disant (F), a. Self-styled, pretended. 
 
 soil \ n. The ground, Tipper layer of earth in 
 which plants grow consisting of disintegrated 
 rock usu. with admixture of organic remains, 
 mould, (good, poor, clayey, alluvial, light, rich. 
 Sec, ■?.; night-."?.; one's native s., ground of one's 
 native land or place). Hence -soilED 2 a. [AF, 
 f. L solea sandal &c. (in LL also ground) cogn. 
 w. solum ground] 
 
 soil 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Make dirty, smear or 
 stain with dirt, tarnish, defile, (soiled linen ; 
 would not s. my hands with #fig.), so soi'lURE 
 n. (archaic); admit of being soiled (soils easily). 
 (N.) dirty mark, stain, smear, defilement; s.- 
 pipe, discharge- pipe of water-closet; hence 
 soi'lLESS a. [n. f. vb, AF soyler, OF soillier 
 (soil mire, wallowing-place, perh. f. L suillus 
 of swine f. sus pig ; doublet of sully] 
 
 soil 3 , v.t. Fatten (cattle) with green food, 
 [f. OF soeler (L satullus dim. of sahir full-fed)] 
 
 soiree (swar'a), n. Social evening, evening 
 gathering esp. for music, conversation, the ad- 
 vancement of some society's objects, or the 
 'like. [F, = cvening(-party) f. L serus late, -ata 
 see -ade(D] 
 
 so'journ (siVjern, so-), v.i.,& n. (Make) tem- 
 porary stay in or in place or with or among per- 
 sons). Hence so'journER 1 n. [f. OF sojourner 
 (L sub-, diurnare f. diurnus diurnal] 
 
 Sol 1 , n. (joe). The sun. [L] 
 
 s61 2 , n. (mus.). Fifth note of octave, [lstsyl. 
 of L solve, see gamut] 
 
 so'la, n. Pithy-stemmed tropical swamp 
 
SOLACE 
 
 823 
 
 SOLID 
 
 plant (•<?. topi. Indian sun-helmet of the pith), 
 [f. Hind, shola] 
 
 so'lace (-as), n., & v.t. Comfort (v. & n.) in 
 distress or disappointment or tedium («. oneself 
 icith, find compensation or relief in ; tobacco, 
 the poor man's s.; found s. in religion), [f. OF 
 solaz f. L solatium (solari console ')] 
 
 so'lan(-goose), n. Thegannet. [f. 0~Ssula] 
 
 sola'num, n. Large genus of plants includ- 
 ing potato, nightshade, & many kinds (often 
 spoken of as s.) cultivated as ornamental creep- 
 ers or for flowers or foliage. [LL. = nightshade] 
 
 sd'lap, a. Of, concerned with, determined by, 
 the sun (s. day, eclipse, spectrum, time, year; 
 s. flowers, that remain open only for some hours 
 in the day ; s. month, an exact twelfth of the 
 year ; s. myth, tale explained as symbolizing s. 
 phenomena ; s. system, the sun & the heavenly 
 bodies whose motion is directly or indirectly 
 determined by it), [f. L Solaris (sol sun, -ar >)| 
 
 so'larism, n. Belief in solar myths as chief 
 source_of mythology. So so-lariST(2) n. [-ism] 
 
 solarium, n. Place often enclosed in glass 
 for enjoyment or esp. medical use of sun's rays. 
 |L, = sun-dial, sunning-place (solar, -ary 1 )) 
 
 so'larize, v.i. & t. (photog.). Spoil (i. & t.)by 
 longexposure. Hence solapiz\'TiON n. [-ize] 
 
 sola'tium (-shi-), n. (pi. -tia). Thing given as 
 compensation or consolation. [L, = solace] 
 
 sold. See sell. 
 
 soldane'lla, n. Kinds of Alpine plant some 
 of which (esp. the Blue moon wort) are grown in 
 gardens. [mod.L, dim. of sold ana Lit. soldo] 
 
 sol'der, n., & v.t. Kinds of fusible alloy used 
 to join edges of less fusible metals {hard, soft, 
 s., fusible at higher, lower, temperature & so 
 serving for different metals), (fig.) cementing 
 agency. ( Vb) join with s.; soldering-iron, tool 
 used hot for applying s. [vb f. n., f. OF soudure 
 {souder f. L solidare f. solidhs, -ure)] 
 
 soldier (-jer). n., & v.i. Member of army 
 (lit. & fig.; ss. & sailors ; go, enlist, for a s.\ 
 play at ss., of children, also of volunteers &c; 
 tin, toy. ss. ; s. of Christ, active or proselytizing 
 Christian; every inch 1 as.; olds., lit, also per- 
 son of experience, also empty bottle, also cigar- 
 end ; come the old s. over, claim to dictate to in 
 virtueofgreaterexperience; s. of fortune, ready 
 to take service under any State or person that 
 will hire him; red .<?., pig-disease; .s-.'s wind 
 naut., fair wind for going & returning); private 
 or X.C.O. in army (both officers & ss. ; often com- 
 mons.); military commanderof specified ability 
 (a great, fine, poor, s.; nos.), whence so'ldier- 
 ship(3) n.; hence so'ldiernKE a., so'ldier- 
 ly'i 2 a. & adv.; (Naut., slang) man, esp. sailor, 
 who shirks work ; (also s.-ant) one of fighting 
 section of ant or termite colony ; (also s. -beetle) 
 kinds of reddish -coloured insect with carni- 
 vorous larvae; (also s.-crab) kind of hermit- 
 crab ; s.-07'chis, kind with helmet-shaped sepals. 
 ( Vb) serve as s. (chiefly in gerund, as go, tired of, 
 soldiering) ; (Xaut., slang) shirk work. [OF, 
 f. LL soldarius (soldtim -pay f. solidus, -ary 1 )] 
 
 so-ldiery, n. The soldiers (of a State, in a 
 district, &c.) ; a set of troops of specified char- 
 acter (a wild, licentious, &c, s.). [-ery] 
 
 sd'ldo, n. (pi. -di, pr. -de). Italian halfpenny. 
 [It., f. solidus] 
 
 sole *, n., & v.t. Lower siirface of human or 
 other plantigrade foot ; part of shoe or boot be- 
 low foot ; bottom or foundation of various 
 things, e.g. plough, carpenter's plane, wagon, 
 golf-club head ; s.-channel, groove in s. of boot 
 &c. in which sewing is sunk; s-leather, com- 
 pressed for use in ss.; s.-plate. bed-plate of en- 
 gine &c. ; hence -soIed 2 a. ( Vb) provide (boot 
 &c.) with s. [OE, f. L solea (solum ground)] 
 
 sole 2 , n. Kind of flat-fish much esteemed as 
 food (lemon 2 -?.), [f. L solea (prec)] 
 
 sole 3 , a. One & only, exclusive, (his s. reason 
 is this; on my own s. responsibility); (Law) 
 unmarried (only in feme sole); (archaic) alone, 
 unaccompanied, (icent forth s.; corporation 
 s.). Hence so'leLY 8 adv. [f. OF sol f. L solits] 
 
 sd'lecism, n. Offence against grammar or 
 idiom, blunder in the manner of speaking or 
 writing; piece of ill breeding or incorrect be- 
 haviour. So so'leeiST(l) n., soleci'stic a. 
 [thr. F f. L f. Gk soloikismos (soloikizo f. soloi- 
 kos barbarous, said to be f. Soloi town in Cilicia 
 noted forbad Attic, -oikos -dwelling, -ize), -ism] 
 
 so'lemn (m), a. Accompanied with cere- 
 mony, done &c. in due form, formally regular, 
 (s. feast-day, sacrifice, oath ; the S. League & 
 covenant ; probate ins. form); mysteriously 
 impressive (s. silence ; a s. cathedral) ; full of 
 importance, weighty, (as. occasion. truth,warn- 
 ing) ; grave, sober, deliberate, slow in move- 
 ment or action, (s. music, a s. promise, s. looks ; 
 as. pace); pompous, affecting gravity or im- 
 portance, dull, (put on a s. face; a s. fool). 
 Hence so'lemni.v 2 adv., so'lemnxESS n. 
 (rare). [ME & OF solempne f. L sollemnis 
 (sollus whole, cf. Gk holos. perh. amb- round)] 
 
 sole'mnity (-inn-), n. Rite, celebration, fes- 
 tival, piece of ceremony ; beingsolemn, solemn 
 character or feeling or behaviour, [f. OF so- 
 lempnite f. L sollemnitatem (prec, -TV)] 
 
 so'lemnize, v.t. Celebrate (festival &c.) ; 
 duly perform (marriage ceremony) ; make 
 solemn. Hence solemniZATiON n. [f. OF 
 solempniser (solemn, -ize)] 
 
 so'len, n. A bivalve, the Razor-shell. [L, f. 
 Gk solen tube, shell-fish] 
 
 sole'noid, n. Magnet made of wire coiled 
 into cylinder & traversed by electric current, 
 [f. Gk solenoeides (prec, -oid)] 
 
 so'l-fa* (-ah), v.i. & t,, & n. = solmizate, 
 
 SOLMIZATION ; TONIC .9. [SOL 2 , FA] 
 
 solfe-ggio (-jo), n. (pi. -gi, pr. -je). Solmiza- 
 tion, sol-fa; sol-fa exercise for voice. [It., 
 (prec-f suf. -eggio)] 
 
 sdlferi'no (-re-), n. A purplish-red colour 
 made from rosanilinc [discovered in year of 
 battle of S., cf. magenta] 
 
 soii'eit, v.t. & i. Invite, make appeals or re- 
 quests to, importune, (marvels s. his attention 
 or senses ; we s. you for your custom ; was 
 known to have solicited the judges), (of prosti- 
 tute) entice (man, or abs.) in public place ; ask 
 importunately or earnestly for (s.fa vours. office, 
 custom). So solieitA'TiON n. [f. OF soliciter 
 f. L sollicitare (sollicitxLS anxious perh. f. sol- 
 lus see solemn, ciere cit- rouse)] 
 
 soli'eitop, n. One who solicits (rare) ; mem- 
 ber of the legal profession competent to advise 
 clients & instruct & prepare causes for barris- 
 ters but not to appear as advocate except in 
 certain lower courts (cf. barrister, lawyer, 
 attorney) ; S.-General, Crown law officer be- 
 low Attorney-General, & like him appointed by 
 the Government of the day & advising & repre- 
 senting it in legal matters, [f. OF solliciteur f. 
 L sollicitatorem (prec, -or 2 )] 
 
 soli'eitous, a. Eager to do ; desirous of; 
 anxious, troubled, (about, concerning, for, &c, 
 or abs.). Hence soli'citousLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 sollicitus see solicit, -ous] 
 
 soli'citude, n. Being solicitous, anxiety, 
 concern. [OF, f. L sollicitudo (prec, -tude)] 
 
 so'lid, a. & n. Of stable shape, not liquid or 
 fluid, having some rigidity, (s. food ; xoater be- 
 comes s. at 32° F.) ; of s. substance throughout, 
 not hollow, without internal cavities or inter- 
 stices, (5. sphere or ball ; s. tire, without central 
 
SOLIDARITY 
 
 S29 
 
 SOMBRE 
 
 tube ; s. square mil., formation of equal depth 
 & length ; s.-hoojed, -horned, Sec; s. -printing, 
 ■without leads between lines) ; strongly con- 
 structed, not flimsy, (s. house, pier, furniture ; 
 manofs. build); homogeneous, alike all through, 
 {of s. silver Sec; s. cotour, covering the whole 
 of an object, without pattern &e.; a s. vote Sec, 
 unanimous, undivided ; go or be s.for, be united 
 in favour of ; the s. Soidh, southern States of 
 U.S. consistently voting for democratic party); 
 well-grounded, sound, reliable, real, genuine, 
 not fancied or pretended or showy, (s. argu- 
 ments, sense, comfort; a s. man, sensible but 
 not brilliant, also of sound financial position ; 
 have s. grounds/ or supposing ; s. consideration, 
 thing that can fairly be regarded as an induce- 
 ment in contracts &c); of three dimensions (s. 
 foot Sec, cubic; s. angle, formed by three or 
 more plane angles in different planes meeting 
 at point; s. number, integer with three prime 
 factors) ; concerned with ss. (s. geometry ; s. 
 measure; s. problem, math., involving curves 
 that are sections of ss. & requiring cubic equa- 
 tion) ; hence or cogn. soli'diFY v.t. &i., soli- 
 diFiCA-noN n., soli'difiABiE a., soli'diTY n., 
 so'lidLY 2 adv. (N.) body consistingof particles 
 that maintain their relative positions against 
 some degree of pressure ; (Geom.) body or mag- 
 nitude having three dimensions (cf. point, line, 
 surface ; regular s., bounded by equal & regu- 
 lar planes), [f. F solide f. L solidus cogn. w. Gk 
 holos, Skr. sarva(s), wholej 
 
 solida'rity, n. Holding together, mutual 
 dependence, community of interests, feelings, 
 & action, [f. F solidarity (solidaire f. solide — 
 
 prec, -ARY 1 , -TV)] 
 
 solidirng-ular, -ate, aa. Solid-hoofed, of 
 horse family, equine, [f. L solidhs, vngula 
 hoof, -AR 1 , -ATE 2 ] 
 
 so'lidus, n. (pi. -di). (Hist.) gold coin intro- 
 duced by Roman Emperor Constantine ; (only 
 in abbr. s.) shilling(s), as 7s. 6d., £1 Is. ; the 
 shilling line (for 2 or long s) as in 7/6. [LL use 
 of L solidms] 
 
 solifi'dian, a. & n. (Holder) of doctrine 
 that faith by itself suffices for salvation. [L 
 solus alone, fides faith, + -ian] 
 
 soli'loquy, n. Talking without or regardless 
 of the presence of hearers (a s., piece of this 
 esp. on part of character in play). Hence soli*- 
 loquiZE(2) v.i., soli'loquiST(l) n. [f. hsolilo- 
 quium (solus alone, -I-, loqui speak)] 
 
 so'liped, a. & n. Solidungulate (animal), [f. 
 OF solipede contracted f. L solidipes -edis 
 (soLiDtt.9, pes foot)] 
 
 solise'quious, a. (bot.). Following sun's 
 course. [L sol sun, -I-, sequi follow, -ous] 
 
 solitaire', n. Ear-ring, shirt-stud, &c, hav- 
 ing a single gem ; shirt-cuff fastening in one 
 piece ; game played by one person with marbles 
 on special board ; (now usu. patience) kinds of 
 card-game for one player ; kinds of W.-Ind. & 
 Amer. thrush. [F, see foil.] 
 
 sd*litai»y, a. & n. Living alone, not gregari- 
 ous, without companions, unfrequented, se- 
 cluded, single, lonely, sole, (s. ants, bees, Sec, 
 kinds not living in communities ; a s. life, 
 walk, valley, instance ; s. confinement, isolation 
 in separate cell); hence so'litaiULY 2 adv., 
 so'litapiNESS n. (N.) recluse, anchoret. [AF 
 solitarie f. L solitarius for solitatarius (solitas 
 loneliness f. sohis alone, -ty, + -ary *)] 
 
 so'litude, n. Being solitary ; lonely place. 
 [F, f. L solitudo (sole 3 , -tude)] _ 
 
 soli've (-ev), n. Intermediate timber resting 
 on beams & supporting planks of floor or ceil- 
 ing, joist. [OF, etym. dub.] 
 
 so'lmizate, v.i., solmiza'tion, n. (Use) 
 
 system of associating each note of scale with 
 particular syllable (see gamut), such syllables 
 representing either C, D, &c, of natural scale 
 or first, second, &c, note of any scale, [-ate t 
 F solmiser (sol 2 , mi, -ize)] 
 
 so'lo, n. (pi. -os, -i pr. -e). Song or musical 
 piece or passage given by one person or instru- 
 ment with strictly subordinate or no accom- 
 paniment (also attrib. , as« s. passage ; s. organ, 
 partial organ with special or s. stops fit for u<e 
 in ss.), whence so'Ioist(I) n. ; kind of card- 
 game. [It., as SOLE 3 ] 
 
 Soiomon, n. King of Israel reputed wisest 
 of men dsnoS. ; song ofS.), whence Solomo*- 
 nic a. ; <S'.'.s seed, kinds of flowering plant with 
 some likeness to lily of the valley. 
 
 So'lon, n. Sage, wise legislator, [name of 
 Athenian lawgiver] 
 
 s6-lo*ng-, int. Good-bye till we meet. [perh. 
 naut. corrupt, of salaam] 
 
 so'lstice, n. Either time (summer, winter, 
 s. ; about 21st June, 22nd Dec.) at which sun is 
 furthest from equator & appears to pause be- 
 fore returning ; (also solstitial point) point in 
 ecliptic reached by sun at s. So solsti'tiAL 
 (-ishl) a. [F, f. L solstitium (sol 1 , sistere -stit- 
 makestand f. stare stand)] 
 
 so'luble, a. That can be dissolved in some 
 fluid ; that can be solved. Hence soIueulity 
 n. _[F, f. L solubilis (solve, -ble)] 
 
 so'lus, pred. a. (fern. -la). Alone, unaccom- 
 panied, (esp. in stage directions, as enter king 
 s.; also joe, asjound myself s.). [L] 
 
 soiirtion (oo-, -u-), n. Separation, dissolu- 
 tion, abolition of union, (chiefly in s. of conti- 
 nuity surg., separation of tissues by fracture 
 &c, & transf.) ; dissolving or being dissolved, 
 esp. conversion of solid or gas into liquid form 
 by mixture with liquid called the solvent or 
 menstruum (chemical s., involving change in 
 chem. properties of components ; mechanical 
 s., without such change), state resulting from 
 this (held in s. Sec ; his ideas are in s., in a 
 state of flux, unsettled), liquid & solid or gas 
 so mixed (a s. of alum ; strong, iceak, s., with 
 small, large, proportion of solvent) ; resolution, 
 solving, answer, method for the solving, of a 
 problem, puzzle, question, doubt, difficulty, &c. 
 (of, for, to). [F, f. L sohdionem (foil., -ion)] 
 
 solve, v.t. Untie, loosen, unravel, dissolve, 
 (knot, tangle, cohesion, &c. ; archaic) ; find an- 
 swer to (problem) or way out of (difficulty). 
 Hence solvable a., solvaBixiTY n. [f. L sol- 
 vere solut- (se- apart, luere, cf. Gk luo, loosen)] 
 
 so'lvent, a. & n. Having the power of dis- 
 solving or forming solution with something 
 or fig. of weakening the hold of traditions or 
 beliefs ; having money enough to meet all pe- 
 cuniary liabilities, whence so'Ivency n. (N.) 
 s. liquid or substance, menstruum, (see solu- 
 tion ; water is the commonest s. ; alcohol is 
 the s. of resinous substances); dissolving or 
 weakening agent (science as a s. of religious 
 belief), [f. L soLVE?-e, -ent] 
 
 -som. See -some. 
 
 soma'tie, a. Of the body, corporeal, physi- 
 cal, (opp. mental, spiritual, psychic ; s. death, 
 of the body as a whole), [f. Gk somatikos (soma 
 -atos body, -ic)] 
 
 so'mato-, comb, form (prec, -o-) = of body 
 or the human body, as -ge'nic, originating in 
 the body, -logy, science of living bodies physi- 
 cally considered, also physics, also human ana- 
 tomy & physiology. 
 
 so'mbre (-er), a. Dark, gloomy, dismal, as a 
 s. sky, s. prospect, man of s. character. Hence 
 so'mforeLY 2 adv., so'mbpeNESS n., so'm- 
 fopous (noet.) a. [F, perh. f. L *EX(?<??i6ra7'e f. 
 
SOMBRERO 
 
 830 
 
 SONO 
 
 -umbra shade) darken, cf. Sp. sombrio sombre, 
 sombra shade, asombrar frightenl 
 
 sombpep'o (-aro), n. Broad-brimmed felt hat 
 common in America. [Sp. {sombra, see prec.)] 
 
 some (sum), a., pron., & adv. Particular but 
 unknown or unspecified (person or thing), as 
 .9. fool has locked the door, saw it in s. book (or 
 Other), ask s. experienced person, s. (people) say 
 yes & s. (or others or other people) say no; a 
 certaMi quantity or number of (something), as 
 drink s. water, eat s. bread, bring s. pens, I 
 have s. already, have s. more, s. of it is spoilt, 
 s. of them were late, can we or can't we have s. 
 milk ? (but we cannot have any milk), if I find 
 s. (or any) I will send them ; an appreciable or 
 considerable quantity of, as went s. miles out 
 of our way, had s. trouble in arranging it, s. 
 years ago ; (usu. stressed) not quite no, as do 
 have s. mercy on our nerves, has after all s. 
 sense of decency ; approximately so many or 
 much of (something), as waited s. 20 minutes, 
 scales s. 15 stone, we were s. 60 in all; all <£• s.; 
 (adv., slang) in s. degree, as he seemed annoyed 
 s.; somebody, s. person, (\v. pi. -dies) person 
 of consequence ; somehow, in s. unspecified or 
 unexplained manner, for s. reason or other, as 
 he somehow dropped behind, somehoio or other 
 I never liked, him, (stressed) no matter how, as 
 must get it finished somehow ; someone, = some- 
 body (not in pi.) ; s. one, any particular (one), as 
 choose s. one place as a centre, take s. one as a 
 type ; something, s. thing (esp. or something as 
 vague substitute for noun, adj., vb, or adv.), as 
 have something to tell you, has lost something 
 or other, take a drop of something (liquor), he is 
 or has something (s. official, s. employment; in 
 the record office, can spare something out of so 
 much, there is something (truth, point) in what 
 you say, thinks himself something (of s. conse- 
 quence), felt there teas a little something want- 
 ing, something of preciosity in his style, am 
 something of (am in s. sense or degree) a car- 
 penter, it is something (s. comfort) to be safe 
 home again, his temper is, his fads are, some- 
 thing awful, was made a bishop or something, 
 has sprained his ankle or something (s. other 
 part), is neurotic or something, lost his train 
 or (did) something, turned the tap ioo soon or 
 too hard or (too) something, (adv., archaic exc. 
 something like) in s. degree, as was something 
 impatient, something troubled, shaped some- 
 thing like a cigar, (colloq., w. stress on like) 
 this is something like a (is a large or good) 
 pudding, that's something like (is capital)/ ; s. 
 time adv., for s. time, as have been waiting s. 
 time, at s. time, as must see h im about it s. time ; 
 sometime adv. & a. (archaic), former(ly), as was 
 sometime mayor of Barnstaple, (the) sometime 
 sheriff; sometimes adv., at s. times, as have 
 soynetimes thought, is sometimes hot & some- 
 times cold; someway, in s. way; someushat, 
 (adv.) in s. degree, as it is somewhat difficult, 
 was somewhat puzzled, answered somewhat 
 hastily, (pron., archaic exc. when indisting. 
 f. &&x.) found somewhat to detain him, loses 
 somewhat (perh. adv.) in the telling, loses some- 
 what of its force ; somewhen (rare, affected), 
 at s. time or other; somewhere, in, at, to, s. 
 place, as lives somewhere near us, sent him 
 somevjhere, Burton says somewhere in the 
 Anatomy, will see him someiuhere (in hell &c.) 
 first; somewhither (archaic), to s. place. [OE 
 sum, cf. OX sumr, Da. somme pi.; cogn. w. 
 same] 
 
 -some, -som, suf. forming adjj.. OE -sum, 
 repr. Du. -zaam, G saw. ; joined to nn. w. sense 
 ' adapted to, productive of ', as handsome, quar- 
 relsome, gladsome (f.obs. glad, n.), to adjj., as 
 
 lithesome (also lissom), blithesome, fulsome, 
 foursome, & to trans, vbs w. sense 'apt to', as 
 tiresome, winsome, wearisome, gruesome (f. 
 grue in impers. trans, use it grues me). Written 
 -om in lissom, buxom, &c. ; -som in ransom is 
 of diff. orig. 
 
 so'mersault, -set \ (sii-), n., & v.i. Spring, 
 bound, in which person turns heels over head 
 (double, treble, s., twice, thrice) in the air; turn 
 a s., make such spring; (v.i.) turn s. [f. OF 
 sombre saut f. Pr. sobresaut f. L supra above 
 + saltus -us leap (satire)] 
 
 so'raerset 2 (su-), n. Padded saddle esp. for 
 one-legged rider. If. Lord F. S., who used one J 
 
 so'mite, n. Segment of (esp. articulate or 
 vertebrate) animal body, metamere. Hence 
 somi'tiu a. [f. Gk soma body + -ite j (2)] 
 
 somna'mbulism, n. Walking or perform- 
 ing other action during sleep ; condition of 
 brain inducing this; artificial s., hypnotism. 
 Henceorcogn.somna'mfoulANT(rare), som- 
 nambulistic, aa., somna'mbulATE 3 v.i. 
 (rare), somna'mbuliST n. [f. L somnus sleep 
 + ambidare walk] 
 
 somni- in comb. =L somnus sleep, as: -fer- 
 ous, inducing sleep, narcotic; -loquencc, -lo- 
 quism, -loquy, habit of talking in sleep; lo- 
 quous, -loquist, (person) given to this ; -pathist, 
 hypnotic subject ; -pathy, hypnotic sleep. 
 
 so'mnolent, a. Sleepy, drowsy; inducing 
 drowsiness ; (Path.) in state between sleeping & 
 waking. Hence or cogn. so'mnolENCE, -enc y, 
 nn., so'mnolentLY 1 adv. [f. L somnolentus, 
 -nul-, (somnus sleep, see -lent)] 
 
 so'mnolism, n. Hypnotic sleep, [f. prec. + 
 -ism] 
 
 son (sun), n. Male child of a parent ; s. -in- 
 law, one's daughter's husband ; he is his father's 
 s. (like, worthy of, his father); the S. of Alan, 
 (X.T.) Christ, the Messiah, (O.T.) descendant of 
 Adam, esp. as form of address in Ezekiel ; the 
 S. (of God), -god 1 the S.; s. of a gun; every 
 mother 1 '.? s.; descendant, as ss. of Abraham ; 
 (as form of address esp. of old man to young 
 man, confessor to penitent, &c.) my s.; native 
 of a country, as Britain's ss.; person viewed as 
 inheriting an occupation, quality, Sec, as s. of 
 toil, s. of Mars (soldier), s. ( = man) o/belial, 
 ss. of light, darkness, &c; Ss. of Liberty, of the 
 (American) Revolution, &c, American patrio- 
 tic &c. organizations. Hence so'nLESS a., 
 so'nsnip n. [OE sunn, cf. Du. zoon, G sohn, 
 OX sunr, sonr] 
 
 -son, suf., = -Tiox in some wds f. F, as reason, 
 season(Fraison,saison,hrationem,sationcm), 
 treason, (OF traison, L traditionem), benison, 
 (OF beneison, L benedictionem), poison, veni- 
 son, ORISON, COMPARISON. 
 
 so'nant, a. & n. (Sound, letter) capable of 
 being sounded continuously, accompanied by 
 vocal vibration, voiced, not surd, (e.g. b, d, g. 
 j, v, z). Hence so'nANCV n. [f. L sonare sound 
 (sonus), see -ant] 
 
 sona*ta(-nah-),n. Instrumental composition, 
 esp. for piano, of three or four movements (one 
 or more in s. form) in contrasted rhythms but 
 related keys ; s. form, mode of composition in 
 which two themes are successively set forth, 
 developed, & restated. [It. (as prec, see -ade)] 
 
 sonati'na (-te-), n. Simplified form of sonata. 
 [It., dim. of prec] 
 
 song 1 , n. Singing, vocal music, as burst forth 
 into s.; musical cry of some birds (s.-birds); 
 short poem set to music or meant to be sung ; 
 short poem in rhymed stanzas ; poetry, verso, 
 as renowned in .<?.; (Mus.) .<?. form, mode of com- 
 position usu. in three sections, the first & third 
 being nearly the same & the second contrasted 
 
SONGSTER 
 
 831 
 
 SORDID 
 
 with the first ; bought, sold, it for a 8. or an 
 old s. (mere trifle) ; S. of degrees or ascents 
 (in O.T., Psalms 120-134) ; S. of Ss„ S. of Solo- 
 mon, Canticles ; s. -thrush ; 8,-sparrow, hedge- 
 sparrow & other birds. Hence so'ngLESS a. 
 (OF, Da., G, sang, cf. Du. zang ; as sing] 
 
 so'ngstep, n. Singer ; song-bird ; poet. 
 Hence so'ngstPESS l n. [-sterJ 
 
 sd'nifer, n. Instrument for conveying sound 
 to deaf person, [as foil.] 
 
 soni'ferous, a. Conveying or producing 
 sound, [f. L sonus sound + -ferous] 
 
 so'nnet, n. Poem of 14 lines (usu. rhyming 
 thus: pig bat catwig jig hat rat fig; tiered sob 
 die bed rob or lie red die bed pie wed, ; or other- 
 wise e. g. as in Shakespeare's ss.). So sonnet- 
 EER" n., & v.i., (usu. contempt.). [F, f. Pr. sonet 
 dim. of son sound] 
 
 so'nny (su-), n. Familiar form of address to 
 a boy. [f. son + -y 3 ] 
 
 sond'metep, n. Kinds of instrument for 
 testing deaf person's hearing, measuring 
 sounds, &c. [f. L sonus sound + -meter] 
 
 sonore'scent, a. (Of hard rubber &c. ) emit- 
 ting sounds corresponding to pulsations of 
 radiant heat or light. So sonore'scENCE n. 
 [as sonorous + -escext] 
 
 sonoprfie, a. Producing (esp. other than 
 vocal) sound, [as foil. + -fig] 
 
 sonop'ous, a. Resonant; loud-sounding; (of 
 speech, style, &c.) high-sounding, imposing; .9. 
 figures (formed in layer of sand &c. by sound- 
 vibration); s. rale (heard in some diseases). 
 Hence or cogn. sonop'iTV, soiiop'ousness, 
 nn., sonop'ousLY 2 adv. [f. L sonorus (sonor 
 sound f. sonare vb) + -ous] 
 
 soon, adv. Not long after the present time 
 or time in question or after specified time, in a 
 short time, as shall s. know the result, was s. 
 convinced of his error, arrived s. after four, s. 
 after the gate was closed, least said soonest 
 mended ; as (or so, esp. after negative, or when 
 causality or other close connexion is suggested) 
 .9. as, the moment that, not later than, as early as, 
 as came as (or .9o).9. as I heard of it, will get there 
 as s. as they {do), did not arrive so (or as) s. as I 
 expected, drops his fine theories so (or as) s. as 
 they clash with his interests, so s. as (ever) there 
 is any talk of paying he cools down', (w. ex- 
 pressed or implied comparison) willingly, as / 
 would just as s. stay at home (as go), would 
 sooner die thanlethim(ov than that he should) 
 find it oat, ivhich would you sooriest do ? ; early, 
 as what makes you come so s. ?, you spoke too s. ; 
 we had no sooner sat down than (the moment 
 we sat down) she brirst into tears, no sooner 
 said than done, it was done the moment it was 
 proposed &c. ; you will repent it sooner or later 
 (some day, in the long run). [OE soma, cf. 
 OHG san, Goth, suns] 
 
 soot, n., & v.t. Black substance rising in fine 
 flakes in the smoke of wood, coal, oil, &c, 
 during combustion & sticking to sides of chim- 
 ney &c, used as fertilizer; s.-cancer, wart, 
 disease of scrotum in sweeps. Hence soo'ti- 
 
 LY 2 adv., SOO'tiNESS n.. SOO'tl/ESS, SOO'tY 2 , 
 
 aa. (Vb) cover with s. [OE & ON sot, cf. Da. 
 sod, perh. f. root sad- sit] 
 
 sdb'tepkin, n. (archaic). Dutch woman's 
 false birth produced by sitting over stove ; (fig.) 
 abortive scheme. [?] 
 
 sooth, n. (archaic). Truth, fact, esp. in (good) 
 .?., really, truly. [OE soth (for santh), cf. OX 
 sannr, Sw. sann. Da. sand; orig. =being, f. 
 part. st. f. root e.9- be, cf. present 1 } 
 
 soothe (-dh), v.t. Calm (person, nerves, pas- 
 sions) ; soften, mitigate, (pain); flatter, humour, 
 (person, his vanity). Hence soo*thingT,Y - 
 
 adv. [OE gesothian confirm, assent to (ge- y- 4- 
 soth SOOTH)] 
 
 soo'thfast, a. (archaic). Truthful ; true ; 
 loyal, steadfast. [OE sothfae.st (sooth, cf. 
 steadfast)] 
 
 soothsayer, n. One who foretells the fu- 
 ture, diviner. Hence soo'thsay v.i. [sooth 
 -f say + -ER 1 ] 
 
 sop, n., & v.t. & i. Piece of bread &c. dipped 
 in broth &c; milk 1 *-.; something given (to for- 
 midable or troublesome animal, person, &c, 
 esp. to Cerberus) to pacify, bribe; (v.t.) soak 
 (bread &c. in broth &c), take up (water &e.) by 
 absorption in towel &c, wet thoroughly : (v.i.) 
 be drenched, as am sopping with rain, clothes 
 are sopping (vbl n. as adv.) wet, whence so'p- 
 p Y 2 a. [OE sopp n. , soppiga n vb, cf . ON soppa 
 n.; cogn. w. supan sup] 
 
 So'pherim, n. pi. The scribes or teachers of 
 Jewish law. [Heb.] 
 
 so'phism, n. False argument intended to 
 deceive (cf. paralogism). [ME & OF sophisme 
 f. Gk sophisma (as foil., see -m)] 
 
 so'phist, n. Ancient-Greek paid teacher of 
 philosophy & rhetoric ; captious or fallacious 
 reasoner, quibbler. Hence or cogn. scphi'st- 
 ic(al) aa., sophi'stiealLY 2 adv., sophist- 
 ry(4, 5) n. [f. F sophwte f. LL (-ta) f. Gk so- 
 phistes (sophizo instruct f. sophos wise, -1ST)] 
 
 so'phistep, n. (Camb. univ.). Junior, senior, 
 .9. (abbr. soph), student in his second, third, 
 year. [f. OF sophisfre var. as prec] 
 
 sophisticate, v.t. & i. Involve (subject) in 
 sophistry; mislead (person) thus ; deprive (per- 
 son, thing) of simplicity, make artificial ; tam- 
 per with (text &c.) for purposes of argument 
 &c; use sophistry; adulterate (wine &c). So 
 sophistieA'TiON n. [f. med.L sophisticare 
 (sophisticus sophistic), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 so'phomore, n. (U.S. univv.). Second-year 
 student, [perh. ult. f. sophism + -er l , but un- 
 derstood as f. Gk sophos wise + moros foolish] 
 
 sopori'fie, a. & n. (Drug) tending to produc e 
 sleep. So sopori'FEROUS, so'pofose 1 , so°- 
 popous, aa. [f. L sopor sleep + -i- + -fic] 
 
 scpra'no (-rah-), n. (pi. -hos, -ni pr. -ne), 
 (Music for) highest female or boy's voice, treble 
 (often attrib.); (also soppa'niST n.) singer 
 with this. [It., f. LL as sovereign] 
 
 -sop, suf. forming agent-nn. on L p.p. st. in 
 -s-, as professor ; see -or 2 . 
 
 sop'a, n. Bird frequenting marshes of Caro- 
 lina &c. in autumn & used as food, [native] 
 
 sorb, n. Service-tree ; (also s.-apple) its fruit. 
 Hence sop'Date^.S) n., sop'bic a., (chem.). 
 [f. OF sorbe f. L sorbus] 
 
 sopbefa'eient (-shnt), a. & n. (med.). (Drug 
 &c.) causing absorption, [f. L sorbere suck in 
 + -facient] 
 
 sop'bet, n. Flavoured water-ice ; = sher- 
 bet. [F, as sherbet] 
 
 Sorbo'nne (-on), n. (Hist.) theological facul- 
 ty in University of Paris having great influ- 
 ence in 16th & 17th cc; building erected for it by 
 Richelieu, now used by theological & learned 
 societies for lectures &c. [F, f. R. de Sorbon, 
 founder about 1250] 
 
 sop'eepep, n. User of magic arts, wizard, en- 
 chanter (often fig. ). So scp'eePESS 1 , sop'cer v 
 (4, 5), nn. [f. OF sorcier f. LL sortiarius caster 
 of lots (sors -rtis lot, see -ary 1 , -er 1 )] 
 
 sordame'nte, adv. (mus.). In a muffled 
 manner. [It.] 
 
 sop'det, sop'dine (or -en), sordino (-de-, 
 pi.- ni pr. -ne), -do'no (\A. -ni pr. -ne). Damper 
 for musical instrument, [(-ino, -ono. It., -ine 
 thr. F) f. It. sordo f. L surdus deaf, -et 1 ] 
 
 sor'did, a. Mean, niggardly ; ignoble, base ; 
 
SORE 
 
 832 
 
 SOUL 
 
 (Bot., Zool., of colours) impure, muddy, as s. 
 blue ; (archaic) dirty, squalid. Hence sop'did- 
 ly 1 adv., sop'didNESS n. [f. F sordide f. L 
 sordidus (sordere be dirty, sordes filth, see -id 1 )] 
 
 sore, a. , n. , & adv. (Of parts of body, person) 
 morbidly tender, as has a s. arm, is foot l sore, 
 (clergyman's) s. throat, touched him on a s. 
 place (often fig.),*«. sight for s. eyes (welcome, 
 pleasant) ; irritated, aggrieved, touchy, as is 
 very s. about his defeat ; arousing painful feel- 
 ings, irritating, esp. a s. stibject; (archaic, poet.) 
 distressing, grievous, severe, as in s. distress, 
 a s. struggle, affliction s. long time he bore, 
 whence sope'LY 2 adv. (N.) s. place on body 
 e. g. where skin or flesh is bruised or inflamed ; 
 (fig.) s. subject, painful memory, esp. re-open 
 old ss. ; bed i sore ; eve l sore. (Adv. ) grievous- 
 ly, severely, as s. oppressed, bested, afflicted. 
 Hence sore'XESS n. [(n. & adv. f. adj.) OE 
 sdr painful, cf. Du. zeer sore, ON sdrr sore, G 
 sehr sorely, very] 
 
 sorel. See sorrel 2 . 
 
 sop'ghum [-gum), n. Kinds of grass includ- 
 ing millet & Chinese sugar-cane. [pern, of E.- 
 Ind. orig.] 
 
 sop'ieine, a. Of, related to, the shrew-mouse, 
 [f. L soricinus (sorex -icis shrew-mouse, -ine l )] 
 
 sopl'tes, n. Chain-syllogism (e.g. a cat is a 
 quadruped, quadruped is an animal, animal is 
 a substance; therefore a cat is a substance); 
 form of sophism leading by gradual steps from 
 truth to absurdity and based on the absence of 
 precise, esp. numerical, limits to terms (e.g. a 
 man with only 1 hair is bald, therefore man 
 with 2, 3, 4, . . . 10,000, hairs is bald). So sopi*- 
 tiCAL a. [L f. late Gk sorites lit. heaper (soros 
 heap, see -ite 1 )] 
 
 sopn, v.i. (Sc). Obtrude oneself on (person) 
 for bed & board. Hence sop'iier 1 n. [?] 
 
 sopo'sis, n. (bot.). Fleshy compound fruit, 
 e.g. pine-apple, mulberry, [as sorus 4- -osis] 
 
 so'ppel l , n. Kinds of acid-leaved herb allied 
 with dock. [f. OF sorel dim. f. MHG sur sour] 
 
 sd'ppel 2 , a. & n. (Of) reddish-brown colour; 
 s. animal esp. horse ; (also sorel) buck of third 
 year. [f. OF sorel s. horse, dim. of .so?- s. (horse), 
 r. LG soor dried, cogn. w. sear, sere ; in last 
 sense, dim. of obs. sore hawk of first, buck of 
 fourth, year] 
 
 so'ppow, n., & v.i. Grief, sadness, caused by 
 loss of good or occurrence of evil, whence so*p- 
 powful a., so'PPOwfulLY 2 adv., SO'PPOW- 
 fulxESsn.; occasion of this,misfortune, trouble, 
 as has had many ss., muchs.; s. -stricken (with 
 s.) ; lamentation, as his s. teas loud & long; 
 (v.i.) grieve, feel sorrow, (at, over, for, misfor- 
 tune &c, for, i.e. on behalf of, person &c), 
 mourn (after, for, lost person or thing), whence 
 so'ppower i n. , so'ppowing 2 a. [ME sorwe, 
 OE & ON sorg, cf. Du. zorg, G sorge] 
 
 so'ppy, a. Feeling regret, regretful, as will be 
 s. for this some day, felt s. for him (on his 
 account), am s. for "(regret) that, am so s. 
 (that) you must go, am s. to hear it, (as informal 
 apology for trifling offence) s. / ; w r retched, pal- 
 try, shabby, of poor quality, as a s. fellow, in a 
 s. plight, in s. clothes, a s. excuse, whence so*P- 
 piLY 2 adv.,so*ppiXESSn. [OE sririV/ (sore, -Y 2 )] 
 
 sort 1 , n. Group of things &c. with common 
 attributes, class, kind, species, as biscuits of 
 several ss., a neio s. of bicycle, people of every 
 s. & kind ; (in foil, uses = kind 2 ) nothing of the 
 s., coffee of a s., whats. of tree ?, these s. of men, 
 a s. of stockbroker &c, Is. of expected it ; (col- 
 loq.) an awfully good s. (of person), that's your 
 s. (the way to do it) ; (archaic) manner, way, as 
 in seemly, courteous, &c, s., after or in a s. ( = 
 fashion); (Print.) any letter or piece in fount 
 
 of type, as copy is hard (ovruns)onss. (requires 
 many of some ss.) ; out of ss., out of health, 
 spirits, or temper, (Print.) short of ss. [f. OF 
 sorte f. L sortem (nom. sors) lot, chance, state] 
 
 sopt 2 , v.t. Separate into sorts (often over, 
 out); select (things of one s.) from miscellaneous 
 group, as sorted out those of the largest size. 
 Hence sop'tABLEa., soP'tER 1 n. [f. QYsordr 
 f. L sortiri cast lots, divide (as prec.)] 
 
 sor'tes, n. pi. S. Virgilid'nae, Biblicae or 
 Sacrae, Homericae, divination by chance se- 
 lection of passages from Virgil, the Bible, or 
 Homer. [L, pi. as sort 1 ] 
 
 sop'tie (-te), n. Sally esp. of beleaguered gar- 
 rison. [F, f. sortir go out, perh. f. L *surreclirc 
 f. surgere surrect- rise] 
 
 sop'tilege (-ij), n. Divination by lots. [f. F 
 sortilege f. med.L sortilegium f. L sortilegus a. 
 (as sort l + legere choose, read)] 
 
 sop*us, n. (bot.; pi. -ri). Heap, cluster, esp. 
 of spore-cases on back of fern-frond, [f. Gk 
 soi'os heap] 
 
 -sopy, suf., a spec, form of -ory in aa. or nn. 
 f. L vbs that form p.p. in -s-, as accessory (ce- 
 dere cess-), promissory (mittere miss-). 
 
 so'-so, a. Not very good, [so] 
 
 sostenu'to (-noo-), adv. (mus.). In sustained 
 or prolonged manner. [It.] 
 
 sot, n., & v.i. Confirmed drunkard, person 
 stupefied by habitual drunkenness ; (v.i.) tipple. 
 Hence so'ttisn 1 a,, so'ttishLv 2 adv., so't- 
 tishNESS n. [ME, cf. MDu. zot fool, LL sottus, 
 prob. of Teut. orig.] 
 
 So'thic, a. Of the dog-star, esp. S. year 
 (Egyptian, fixed by heliacal rising of dog-star), 
 S. cycle (of 1460 S. or 1461 solar years), [f. Gk 
 Sothis f. Egypt, name of dog-star] 
 
 so'tto vo'ce (-tsha, -si), adv. In an undertone, 
 aside. [It.,= beneath the voice] 
 
 sou (soo), n. (pi. -spr. -z). (Hist.) French coin 
 of various values ; (loosely) five-centime piece ; 
 (colloq.) hasn't a s. (a farthing, any money). [F] 
 
 soubrette (soobre't), n. Maid-servant or 
 similar character (esp. w. implication of pert- 
 ness, coquetry, intrigue, &c.) in comedy. [F] 
 
 sou'ehongr (soosh-), n. Kind of black tea 
 made from youngest leaves. [F, f. Chin, siao 
 small -f chung sort] 
 
 Soudanese (soo-, -z), a. & n. (Inhabitant) of 
 the Soudan, district of Africa south of Sahara. 
 
 [-ESE] 
 
 souffle (soo'fl), n. (med.). Low murmur heard 
 in auscultation of various organs &c. [F, f. 
 souffler blow f. L svF(Jlare blow)] 
 
 soufflo (soo'fla), a. & n. Made lfght & frothy, 
 as omelet s.; such dish, usu. made with beaten 
 whites of eggs. [F, p.p. as prec] 
 
 sough (suf, sow, sooch), n., & v.i. (Make) 
 moaning, whistling, or rushing sound as of wind 
 in trees &c. [OE swogan resound, prob. imit.J 
 
 sought See seek. 
 
 soumsoI), n. The immaterial part of man, as 
 immortality of the s.; moral & emotional part 
 of man, as his whole s. revolted from it, CURE : 
 of ss., has a s. above sherry & bitters ; intellec- 
 tual part of man, vital principle & mental pow- 
 ers of animals including man, as keep body 1 & 
 s. together ; animating or essential part, person 
 viewed as this, as he was the (life &) s. of the 
 enterprise, of the party ; person viewed as em- 
 bodying moral or intellectual qualities, as the 
 greatest ss. of antiquity, left that to meaner ss.; 
 (often without a) emotional or intellectual ener- 
 gy e. g. as revealed in work of art, as the fellow 
 has no s., his pictures lack s.; departed spirit, 
 as all Souls' Day ; disembodied spirit ; person, 
 as not a s. to speak to for miles round, ship 
 went down with 200 ss., (expr. familiarity, pa- 
 
SOULFUL 
 
 833 
 
 SOUTHING 
 
 tronage, pity, contempt, &c.) my good s., there 's 
 a good s., the poor little s. had lost her way, a 
 simple s.; (in comb.) s.-destroying, -stirring, 
 •subduing. Sec. Hence (-)souIed '-, sou'Iless, 
 aa., sou'llessL v- adv., sou'llessNESs n. [OE 
 saw(e)l, -of, -ul, cf. Du. ziel, G seele] 
 
 sou'lful, a. Having, expi*essing, appealing 
 to, the (esp. higher) emotional or intellectual 
 qualities. Hence sou*lfuliA 2 adv., sou'lful- 
 ness n. [-ful] 
 
 sound ' (sow-), a. & adv. Healthy, not dis- 
 eased nor injured nor rotten, as as. body,, s. mind, 
 s. in life & limb, s. fruit, timbers, ship ; correct, 
 logical, well-founded, judicious, as s. doctrine, 
 theologian, argument, views, policy ; (Com- 
 mere, of company &c.) solvent ; thorough, un- 
 qualified, as a s. sleepier), flogging; (adv.) s. 
 (idst) asleep, iv ill sleep Oie sounder J 'or it. Hence 
 sou'ndLv- adv., soirndxESS n. [OE, Da., 
 Sw., sund, cf. Du. gezond, G gesund] 
 
 sound 2 (sow-), n., & v.i. & t. The sensation 
 produced through the ear, what is or may be 
 heard ; vibrations causing this sensation ; mu- 
 sical s. (produced by continuous & regular vi- 
 brations, opp. to noise) ; any of a series of arti- 
 culate utterances, as voivel, consonant, ss.; (fig.) 
 mental impression produced by oral or other 
 statement &c, as will have a queer s., don't like 
 the s. of it; s.-board, — sounding-board; s.- 
 boarding (placed between joists &c. to deaden 
 sound); s.-bow, thick edge of bell against which 
 tongue strikes ; s.-hole, -post, hole in belly, small 
 prop between belly & back, of some musical in- 
 struments; s.-proof 2 ; s.-shadoxc, interception 
 of s. by large object ; s.-wave (of condensation 
 & rarefaction, by which s. is propagated in 
 elastic medium e.g. air). (Vb) give forth s., as 
 the trumpets s.; (w. ref. to impression created, 
 often fig.) sounds to me like something crack- 
 ing, sounds as if a tap were running, sounds 
 as if he wanted to back nut of it, will s. very 
 strange to say you hadn't time, that (excuse 
 &c.) sounds very holloic, that (report, expla- 
 nation) sounds all right (promising, plaus- 
 ible, &c); (part.) having more s. than sense 
 or truth, as sounding rhetoric, promises, im- 
 posing, as sounding titles; make (trumpet 
 &c.) s. ; utter, as s. a note of alarm; give 
 notice of (an alarm, the retreat, &c.) with 
 bell &c, cause to resound, make known, as s. 
 his praises far & wide ; test (railway-carriage 
 wheel &c, lungs &c.) by noting s. produced by 
 hammer, by auscultation; sounding-board, 
 canopy over j^jlpit &c. serving to direct s. to- 
 wards audience, thin plate of wood in musical 
 instrument increasing s. Hence sou'ndLESS 
 a. [(n.) ME soun f. F son f. L sonus, for -d cf. 
 lend, round 5 , hind 2 ; (vb) f. F sonner f. L 
 sonar e] 
 
 sound 3 (sow-), v.t, & L, & n. Test the depth 
 of (sea, channel, pond, &c. , or abs. ) & the quality 
 of its bottom with sounding-line or -apparatus 
 (often furnished with cup &c. for bringing up 
 sample) ; find depth of water in (ship's hold) 
 with sounding-rod; (Med.) examine (bladder 
 &c.) with probe; (of fish, esp. whale) dive to 
 the bottom ; inquire esp. in cautious ori'eserved 
 manner into the sentiments or inclination of 
 (person about, on, as to); (n.) surgeon's probe, 
 [(n. f. vb) f. F sonder prob. f. foil.] 
 
 sound 4 (sow-), n. Narrow passage of water 
 connecting two seas or sea with lake &c. strait; 
 fish's air-bladder; cuttle-fish. [OE, ON, Da., 
 Sw., G, sund, cogn. w. swim] 
 
 sou'nder l (sow-), n. (Archaic) herd of wild 
 swine ; (pseudo-archaic) young wild boar. [OE 
 sunor, cf. OHG swaner] 
 
 sou'nder 2 , n. In vbl senses of sound '-', esp. ; 
 
 F.D. 
 
 telegraphic receiving instrument for reading 
 message by sound, [-er 1 ] 
 
 sou'nder", n. In vbl senses of sound 3 ; fly- 
 ing s., sounding-apparatus that can be used 
 without reducing ship's speed, [-er i] 
 
 sou'nding-, n. In vbl senses of sound 3 , also ; 
 (pi.) place near enough to shore to admit of s.," 
 as be in, come into, ss. [-IN6 1 \ 
 
 soup (soop), n. Liquid food made of stock & 
 other ingredients ; s.-kitchen, public establish- 
 ment for supplying s. gratis to the poor ; s.-ticket 
 (entitling holder to s. at s.-kitchen); s.-maigre 
 (-ger), thin s. chiefly of vegetables ; s.-plate, 
 deep kind for s.; peas. Hence sou'py 2 a. [f. 
 F soupe (souper sup)] 
 
 soup^on (F), n. Very small quantity, dash, 
 (of flavouring, quality, Sec). 
 
 soup (sowr), a., & v.i. & t. Of acid taste, esp. 
 as result of unripeness, as s. apples, s. grapes, 
 or of fermentation, ass. milk, bread; (of person 
 or temper) harsh, peevish, morose ; s. dock, com- 
 mon sorrel ; (vb) make, become, sour (esp. fig.), 
 as soured by misfortune. Hence sour'isn l a., 
 soup'ly 2 adv. , soup'ness n. [OE stir, cf Du. 
 zuur, G satier, ON surr\ 
 
 source (sors), n. Spring, fountain-head, from 
 which stream issues, as the ss. of the Nile ; ori- 
 gin, place from which thing comes or is got, as 
 the s. of all our tvoes, reliable s. of information, 
 drawn from all ss. [f. OF sorse, fern. p.p. as n. 
 of sordre rise f. L stirgere] 
 
 sourdine (soorde'n), n. Harmonium stop 
 producing soft effect; =sordet. [F, see sordet] 
 
 souse (sows), n., v.t. & i., & adv. Pickle made 
 with salt; food in pickle, esp. head, feet, & ears, 
 ofswine; dip, plunge, drenching, in water; (vb) 
 put in pickle, as soused mackerel, plunge (t. & i. , 
 into liquid), soak (thing in liquid), throw (liquid 
 overthing); (adv.) with swift descent, headlong, 
 as came s. into our midst, [f. OF sause sauce : 
 adv. partly f. obs. souse swoop cogn. w. source] 
 
 soutane (soota'n, -ahn), n.(R.-C. Ch.). Priest's 
 cassock. [F] 
 
 south (sowth), adv., n., a., (abbr. S.), & v.i. 
 (Towards, at, near) point of horizon directly 
 opposite to north ; point of compass opposite 
 north ; due l s.; s. by i east or west ; s. of, fur- 
 ther s. than ; s.-east, s.-s.-xcest, &c, advv., aa., 
 & nn., point 2 8 of the compass, corresponding 
 regions, (with uses & derivatives corresp. to 
 those of south, e.g. s.-s. -easterly) ; southern part 
 of England, Scotland, Ireland, or Europe ; the 
 Southern state j s ; s. (wind), wind from the s.; 
 s., s.-east, s.-icest, (abbr. SL, S.E., S. W.) London 
 postal districts. (Adj.) situated or dwelling in, 
 looking towards, the s.; & Downs (of Hamp- 
 shire & Sussex), southdown a. & n., (sheep) of 
 a, breed originating on S. Downs esteemed for 
 their flesh; & Sea (hist.), the Pacific; S. Sea 
 Bubble, scheme for trading in Spanish America, 
 which collapsed in 1720. (Vb) move towards s., 
 (of moon &c.) cross the meridian of a place. 
 Hence sou'thv/ARD. a., sou'thWARD(s) adv. 
 [OE siith, cf. Du. zuid, G siid, ON suthr, sunn7\ 
 perh. cogn. w. sun] 
 
 southea'step, sou'thep, nn. Wind from 
 SE, fromS. [-erI] 
 
 sou'theply (sudh-), a. & adv. Towards the 
 south ; (of wind) blowing from the south, [f, 
 south, as easterly] 
 
 sou'thepn (sudh-), a. & n. Of, in, the south ; 
 
 & HEMISPHERE, CROSS 1 , CONFEDERACY, STATES; 
 
 looking south, as a s. aspect ; (of wind, rare) = 
 prec; (n.) inhabitant of the south, esp. of the 
 Southern States, whence sou'thepnER 1 n.; 
 southernwood, kind of wormwood withsccntcd 
 leaves. Hence sou'thepnMOST a. [-ernJ 
 sou'thing 1 (sowdh-^ n. In vbl senses, also 
 
 27 
 
SOUTHRON 
 
 834 
 
 SPANISH 
 
 (Xaut.) difference of latitude made in sailing 
 
 SOUth. [-IXG 1 ] 
 
 sou'thron, a. & n. (archaic Sc). English- 
 man) (usu. contempt.), [var. of southerx] 
 
 southwe'step, n. Wind from SW; (usu. 
 sou'w-) waterproof hat with broad brim behind 
 to protect neck, [-erJ] 
 
 souvenip (soo^vener), n. Thing given, kept, 
 &c, to recaU the past, memento (of occasion, 
 place, &c). [F (n. f. vb), = remember, souvenir', 
 f. L sub( venire come) occur to the mindj 
 
 sovereign (so'vrin), a. & n. Supreme, as s. 
 power ; possessing s. power, as s. States, royal; 
 asours. lord, whence so'vepeignTvn.; very 
 good, esp. a s. remedy; hence so'vepeig-nLY- 
 ad v. (archaic). (X. ) supreme ruler, esp. monarch ; 
 (colloq. abbr. sov) English gold coin worth £1 ; 
 half-s., gold coin worth 10s. [(n. f. adj.) f. OF 
 soverain f. LL suPER(attws -ax) ; -g- by assoc. 
 w. reign] 
 
 sow^ (so), v.t. (sowed, sown or sowed). Scatter 
 (seed, or abs.) on or in the earth for purpose of 
 growth; (fig.) 8. (the seeds of) dissension Sec, 
 must reap what you have sown ; plant (field &c. 
 xoith seed) by sowing ; (fig.) cover thickly with. 
 Hence sower'H, 2), sowing 1 , nn. [OE sa- 
 wan, cf. Du. zaaijen, G sden, OX sa] 
 
 sow 2 (sow), n. Adult female hog; get the 
 wrongs, by the ear. Axon wrong person or thing, 
 reach wrong conclusion; (also s.-bug) kind of 
 louse ; main trough through which molten iron 
 runs into side-channels to form pigs, largo block 
 of iron that solidifies in this ; sowback, low ridge 
 of sand &c. ; sowbread, kind of cyclamen; s.- 
 thistle, plant with small yellow flowers & milky 
 juice. [OE sugu, sii, cf. Du. zog, G sau, OX syr ; 
 f. root su- produce] 
 
 soy, n. Kind of sauce made in Japan & China 
 from the s.-bean or -pea. [I. Jap. shoyu] 
 
 spa (-ah, -aw), n. (Place where there is a) 
 mineral spring. \S^a, place in Belgium] 
 
 space 1 , n. Continuous extension viewed 
 with or without reference to the existence of 
 objects within it; interval between points or 
 objects viewed as having one, two, or three 
 dimensions, as separated by a s. of 10ft, clear 
 a space (area), box occupies too much s., would 
 take up too much s. (on paper) to go into detail; 
 (Print.) blank between words &c, type securing 
 this; interval of time, as in the s. of an hour, 
 after a short .<?., let us rest a s.; s.-bar, bar in 
 typewriter for making s. between words; s.- 
 writer, -writing, (in newspaper, paid according 
 to area occupied). Hence spa'ceLESS a. [f. F 
 c space f. L spatium] 
 
 space 2 , v.t. & i. Set at intervals, put spaces 
 between, (esp. words, letters, lines, in printing ; 
 make a space between words on typewriter &c, 
 as don't forget to s., whence spa'CER 1 ^) n.; s. 
 out (print.) put more or wider spaces between ; 
 Hence spa'crxG^l) n. [f. prec] 
 
 spa'eious (--h u*), a. Enclosing a large space, 
 roomy. Hence spa'eiousLv* adv., spa*- 
 ciousxESS n. [f. F spacieux f. L spatiosus (as 
 space 1 , seo -OUS)] 
 
 spa'dassln, n. Swordsman ; bravo. [F, f. 
 It. spadaccino (spada sword, as foil.)] 
 
 spade 1 , n., & v.t. Tool for digging & cutting 
 ground, turf, &c, with sharp-edged iron blade 
 & wooden handle used with both hands ; call 
 a s.as., call thmgsby their names, speak plainlv 
 or bluntly; tool of similar shape for various pur- 
 poses, e.g. for removing blubber from whale; 
 s.-bayonet (with broad blade, used as both s. & 
 weapon); s.-husbandry (with deep s.-digging 
 instead of subsoil-ploughing); (playing-card 
 with) black figure(s) shaped like heart with 
 small handle, (pi.) suit of these cards ; s.-guinea 
 
 (of George HI, with shield shaped like s. on 
 cards); (v.t.)digover (ground), cut blubber from 
 (whale), with s. Heuce spa'deFUL n. [OE 
 spadu f. or cogn. w. L f. Gk spath* broad blade ; 
 in card sense thr. Sp. espada sword] 
 
 spade 2 , n. Gelded beast, [f. spado] 
 
 spa'dg-ep, n. (slang). Corrupt, of sparrow. 
 
 spadi'lle (-11), n. Ace of spades in ombre & 
 quadrille. [F, f. Sp. espadilla dim. as spade 1 ] 
 
 spa'dix, n. (bot.; pi. -di'ces). Spike of flowers 
 closely arranged round fleshy axis & usu. en- 
 closed in a spathe. Hence or cogn. spadi*- 
 ceous, spa'dicosE 1 , aa. [L f. Gk, = broken 
 branch (spad rend)] 
 
 spa'do, n. (law). Person incapable of pro- 
 creation. [L, f. Gkspadon eunuch (spad rend)] 
 
 spaghetti (ge), n. Kind of macaroni. [It.] 
 
 spahi, -ee, (spalrhe), n. Member of 14th-c. 
 Turkish irregular cavalry; member of native 
 Algerian cavalry in French service. [F (-i), f. 
 Turk. f. Hind, sipahi sepoy] 
 
 spake. See speak. 
 
 spall (-awl), v.t. & i., & n. Splinter, chip ; 
 (Mining) prepare (ore) for sorting by breaking 
 itup. Hence spa'ldER 1 n. [(vb) earlier spa Jd, 
 ME & MDu. spalden split, cf. G apalten; (n.) 
 partly var. of spell f. Du. spil pin, spindle] 
 
 spa'lpeen, n. (Ii\). Mean fellow, rascal. 
 
 spalt (-awlt), n. "White scaly mineral used 
 to help fusion of metals. [G {spalten, cf. spall)] 
 
 span 1 , v.t. & i. (Of bridge, arch, &c, fig. of 
 memory &c. ) stretch from side to side of , ex tend 
 across, (river &c, fig. period &c.) ; measure, 
 cover, the extent of (thing) with one'sgrasp &c. ; 
 (Xaut.) confine (booms &c.) with ropes ; move 
 in distinct stretches like span-worm. [OE 
 spannan, cf. Du. & G spannen, Da. spaeud*e,OX 
 spenna, & Gk spad draw] 
 
 span-, n. Full extent from end to end, as 
 .s\ of a bridge, of an arch, our briefs, (of life), 
 the whole s. of Roman history ; each part of a 
 bridge &c. between piers or supports ; green- 
 house or similar structure with s.-roof; maxi- 
 mum distance between tips of thumb & little 
 finger, esp. as a measure =9in.; short distance, 
 as our life is but as. ; (Xaut.) rope fastened by 
 both ends to take a purchase in the loop, double 
 rope connected with thimbles; (Colon., U.S.) 
 pair of horses or mules, yoke of oxen ; s.-dogs, 
 pair of iron bars with claws for grappling tim- 
 ber ; s.-roof (with two inclined sides, opp. to 
 pent-roof or lean-to) ; s.-xcorm, larva of geo- 
 meter. [OE (f. prec), cf. Du. span span, team 
 of horses, G spanne, OX sponn] 
 
 spa'ndpel, n. Space between either shoulder 
 of arch & surrounding rectangular moulding 
 or framework, or between shoulders of adjoin- 
 ing arches & moulding above ; s.-wall (built on 
 curvo of arch, filling in s.). [?j 
 
 spa'ngrle (-nggl), n., & v.t. Small piece of 
 glittering material esp. one of many as orna- 
 ment of dress &c; any small sparkling object ; 
 (also oak-s.) spongy excrescence on oak-leaves, 
 oak-apple ; (v.t.) cover with spangles (esp. in 
 p.p.). Hence spa*nglv 8 a. rf. earlier spang, 
 OE,MDu.,G,.spa/t£/einetal clasp, cf. G&sphiggo 
 bind tight, 4- -le] 
 
 Spa'niapd (-yerd), n. Native of Spain, [al- 
 tered f. ME Spaynyell (as foil.), see -akd] 
 
 spa*niel (yd), n. Kinds of dog with long 
 silky coat, drooping ears, & docile & affection- 
 ate disposition (King Charles's s.. small black- 
 and-tan kind); (fig.) fawning or cringing per- 
 son. [ME, f. OF espagneul t. Sp. espahol 
 Spanish f. Espaha Spain f. L Hispania] 
 
 Spa'nish, a. & n. Of Spain or the Spaniards 
 or their language ; S. (= Invincible) armada ; 
 S. black, brown, red, white, pigments; S. 
 
SPANK 
 
 835 
 
 SPAT 
 
 chestnut ; S.fiy, bright green insect dried & 
 used for raising blisters, as aphrodisiac, &c. ; 
 S. fowl, breed of domestic fowl with glossy 
 greenish-black plumage; S. grass, esparto ; & 
 main (hist.), NE coast of S. America between 
 Orinoco river & Panama, & adjoining part of 
 Caribbean sea ; War of the S. succession (be- 
 tween France & Bavaria on one side & England, 
 Prussia, & United Provinces, on the other, on 
 death of Charles II of Spain without issue, 
 1701-14); (n.)S. language. [SlESpainisc (Spain, 
 see-isH 1 )] 
 
 spank, v. t. & i. , & n. Slap on buttocks with 
 open hand or slipper &c, whence spa'nk- 
 ing l [-INO l ] n. ; urge forward esp. by slapping 
 or whipping ; (of horse &c.) move briskly esp. 
 at a step between trot & gallop ; (n.) slap, blow 
 with open hand &c, on buttocks, [cf. NFris. 
 & Da. spanke strut, LG spakkem move ac- 
 tively] 
 
 spa'nkep, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 fast-going horse ; (colloq.) person or thing of 
 notable size or quality, stunner, whopper; 
 (Naut.) fore-&-aft sail set on after side of miz- 
 zenmast. [-er i] 
 
 spa'nking-- (for s. 1 see spank), a. & adv. 
 In vbl senses ; also : (colloq.) striking, notable, 
 excellent, as had a s. time, a s. (strong) breeze, 
 (adv. ) a s. fine womaji. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 spa'nless, a. (poet.). Beyond measure, [-less] 
 
 spa'nner, n. In vbl senses ; also : instru- 
 ment for turning nut on screw &c; cross- 
 brace of bridge Ac. ; connecting-rod in paral- 
 lel motion of engine; = SPAN 2 -lCOr71l. [-EK 1 ] 
 
 spar 1 , n., & v.t. Stout pole esp. such as is 
 used for mast, yard, &c, of ship ; s.-faioy (made 
 of a s. with one end moored so that other stands 
 up) ; s.-deck, upper deck extending from bow 
 to stern, including quarter-deck and forecastle ; 
 (v.t.) furnish with s., help (ship) over shallow 
 bar with ss. [ME sparre, cf. Du. spar, G spar- 
 ren, ON sparri, perh. cogn. w. spear] 
 
 spar 2 , n. Kinds of crystalline mineral, easily 
 cleavable and non-lustrous, as calcareous s., 
 calcite, Derbyshire (= fluor) s., Iceland s., 
 transparent calcite much used for optical pur- 
 poses. [OE spxr ; G has spath, a dilf. wd] 
 
 spar 3 , v.i., & n. Make motions of attack & 
 defence with closed fists, use the hands (as) in 
 boxing, (often at opponent) ; (fig.) bandy words, 
 as they are always sparring (at each other) ; 
 (of cocks) light esp. with protected spurs ; (n.) 
 sparring motion, boxing-match, cock-fight. 
 [orig. = (of cock) strike out with spurs, f. OF 
 esparer part, of Teut. orig., cf. spur, spurn] 
 
 spa'rable, n. Headless nail for soles and 
 heels of boots, [corrupt, of sparrow-bill] 
 
 spare 1 , a. Scanty, frugal, as s. diet, lean, 
 thin, as man of s. frame, whence spare'LY 2 
 adv., spare'NESS n. ; sparerib, upper part of 
 row of ribs of pork with small amount of meat 
 adhering ; that can be spared, not required for 
 ordinary use, as how to use your s. time, have 
 no s. cash ; reserved for emergency or extra- 
 ordinary use, as alivays take a s. cap, s. room 
 (bedroom for visitor). [OE spser, cf. QNsparr, 
 Da. spar(som), Sw. spar(sam), perh. cogn. w. 
 L parcere spare] 
 
 spare 2 , v.t. & i. Be frugal or grudging of, 
 as s. the rod and spoil the child, must not s. 
 expense, whence spar^ingLY 2 adv., spar'- 
 ing"NESS n. ; dispense with, do without, as 
 cannot s, him just now, s. me a penny, could 
 have spared the explanation ; (archaic) forbear 
 (to do) ; abstain from inflicting (with double 
 object), as 8. me these protestations ; abstain 
 from killing, hurting, wounding, &c, as s. (do 
 not kill) me, 9. my life, s. h is feelings, (loosely) s. 
 
 (do not provoke) his blushes; be frugal, [OE 
 sparian (f. prec), cf. Du. & G sparen] 
 
 spar'g-er, n. Sprinkling-apparatus, esp. in 
 brewing, [f. rare vb sparge f. L spargere, -er i] 
 
 spark 1 , n. Fiery particle thrown off from 
 burning substance ; small bright object or 
 point e.g. in gem ; (fig.) brilliant emanation of 
 wit &c, esp. strike ss. out of person, provoke 
 him to lively or original conversation; (usu. 
 neg. or quasi-neg.) particle of fire or (fig.) of a 
 quality &c, as not a s. of life remained, if you, 
 had a s. of generosity in you.', (Electr.) lu- 
 minous effect of sudden disruptive discharge, 
 electric s. serving to fire explosive mixture in 
 oil-engine of motor &c, as advance, retard, 
 the s., increase, decrease, frequency of ss. ; 
 fairy ss., phosphorescent light from decayed 
 vegetable matter &c. ; s. -arrester, device for 
 preventing (injury from) spark 2 ing in electri- 
 cal apparatus, netting &c. to catch ss. on steam- 
 engine. Hence spar'kLESs a., spar'kLET n. 
 [OE spearca, cf. MDu. sparcke, & ON spraka, 
 Da. sprage, crackle ; perh. f. crackle of burn- 
 ing wood &c] 
 
 spark 2 , v.i. Emit sparks of fire or electri- 
 city ; sparking-plug, device for firing explosive 
 mixture in motor-engine; (Electr.) produce 
 sparks at point where continuity of circuit is 
 interrupted. [OE spearcian as prec] 
 
 spark 3 , n.,& v.i. Gayfellow; gallant; (v.i.) 
 play the gallant. Hence spar'kiSH * a. - [(vb 
 f. n.) = prov. E sprack lively, cf. ON sparkr, 
 sprxkr, also speak & spark 1 ] 
 
 spar'kle, v.i., & n. Emit sparks, (of gems 
 &c. & fig. of wit &c.) glitter, glisten, scintil- 
 late, whence spar'klER l n., spar'kling-LY 2 
 adv. ; sparkling wines (giving out carbonic- 
 acid gas in small bubbles, cf. still) ; (n.) spark- 
 ling, gleam, spark. [ME sparkle n., -Men vb, 
 
 f. SPARK 1 . 2 + -LE(1,3)J 
 
 spar'row (-6), n. Kinds of small plain- 
 coloured bird, esp. house s., European kind 
 noted for attachment to human dwellings, pro- 
 lificness, and pugnacity ; s.-g?-ass (vulg.), aspa- 
 ragus ; s.-hauk, kinds of small hawk preying 
 on ss. &c. [OE speariva, cf. ON spor>\ Da. 
 spurv, cogn. w. spar 3 ] 
 
 spar'ry, a. Of, like, rich in, spar 2 , [-y 2 ] 
 
 sparse, a. (Of population &c.) thinly scat- 
 tered, not dense ; (Bot., Zool. ) placed, occurring, 
 at distant or irregular intervals. Hence 
 spar*seLY 2 adv., spar'seNESS n. [f. Lsjkw- 
 gere spars- scatter] 
 
 Spar'tan, a. & n. (Native) of Sparta (esp. w. 
 allusion to supposed characteristics of Ss., as S. 
 endurance, simplicity), [f. L Spartan us(Sparta 
 f. Gk Sparte, see -an>] 
 
 spar'terie (-i), n. Mats, nets, cordage, of 
 esparto. [F, f. Sp. esparteria (esparto, -ery)] 
 
 spa'sm (-zm), n. Excessive muscular con- 
 traction (clonic, tonic, s.) ; sudden convulsive 
 movement, wrench, or strain, as a s. of cough- 
 ing, (fig. .ss. of grief Sec, functional s., nervous 
 disorders caused by occupation, e.g. writer's 
 cramp. Hence spasmo'LOGV n. [f. F spasme 
 f. L f. Gk spasnws (spao draw)] 
 
 spasmo'dic, a. Of, caused by, subject to, 
 spasm(s), as a s. jerk, s. asthma ; occurring, 
 done, by fits & starts, as s. efforts. Hence spas- 
 mo'diCALLY adv. [f. Gk spasmodes (as spasm, 
 see -oid) + -ic] 
 
 spa'stic, a. (med.). =prec. [f. Gk spastikos 
 drawing (spao draw, see -ic)] 
 
 spat J, n., & v.i. & t. Spawn of shell-fish esp. 
 oyster; (v.i., of oyster &c.) spawn ; (v.t.) shed 
 (spawn), [prob. cogn. w. spatter] 
 
 spat 2 , n. (usu. plj. Short cloth gaiter reach* 
 ing little above ankle, [for svxriEJidash] 
 
SPAT 
 
 836 
 
 SPECIALITY 
 
 spat 3 . See spit 2 . 
 
 spa'teheoek, n., & v.t. Fowl killed & cook- 
 ed in a hurry; (v.t.,colloq.) insert (words) hastily 
 in telegram &c. [usu. expl. as despatch-cock, 
 hut pern. f. confus. w. spitchcockJ 
 spate, n. River-flood, esp. river is in s. [f. 
 OF espoit f. Du. spuiten spout] 
 spathe (-dh), n. (hot.). Large bract or pair 
 of bracts enveloping spadix or flower-cluster. 
 Hence spa'thosE 1 , spa'thous, (-th-), aa. [f. 
 L f. Gk spathe broad blade &c.] 
 spa'thie, a. Of spak 2 , like spar esp. in cleav- 
 age. So spa'thiFOKM a. |G spath spar + -ic] 
 spa'tial (-shl), n. Of space, as s. relations, 
 extent. Hence spatia'lrrv (-shl-) n., spa'tial- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L as space + -al] 
 spa'tter, v.t. & i., & a. Scatter (liquid, mud, 
 &c.) here & there in small drops; splash (per- 
 son withmud, slander, &c.) thus; (of liquid) fall 
 here & there in drops ; (n.) spattering, splash 
 (o/mud &c), quick succession of light sounds, 
 pattering; spatterdashes, cloth or other leg- 
 gings to protect stockings &c. from mud &c. 
 [f. *spat spatter (cf. pro v. E spat spit) + -er 5 ] 
 spa'tula, n. Broad-bladed instrument for 
 working pigments &c; surgeon's instrument 
 for pressing tongue down or to one side. [L, 
 dim. as spathe] 
 
 spa'tule, n. (zool.). Broad racket-shaped 
 formation or part, esp. end of bird's tail-feather. 
 Hence spa'tulAR 1 , spa'tulATE 2 , spa'tuli- 
 form, aa. [f. prec] 
 
 spa'vin, n. Disease of horse's hock-joint; 
 blood, bog,s., distension of the joint by effusion 
 of lymph within it ; bone s„ deposit of bony 
 substauce uniting the bones. Hence spa'vin- 
 Ed 2 a. [f. OF esparvin f. L *sparvanus f. OHG 
 sparwe sparrow (from spavined horse's move- 
 ment), see -an] 
 
 spawn, v.t. & i., & n. (Of fish, frog, mollusc, 
 crustacean, contempt, of human being or other 
 animal) produce (eggs or abs.), generate; (of 
 eggs or young of fish &c.) be produced, issue; 
 (n.)eggs of fish &c, (contempt.) human or other 
 offspring, white fibrous matter from which 
 fungi are produced, mycelium, as mushroom s. 
 [(n. f. vb) f. OF espandre expand] 
 spay, v.t. Castrate, remove ovaries of, (female 
 animal), [ult. f. LL spadare for sjmdonare 
 geld (spado)] 
 
 speak, v.i. Set. (spoke, archaic spake; spoken). 
 Use articulate utterance in ordinary (not sing- 
 ing-) voice, as child is learning to s., wish you 
 would s. distinctly ; hold conversation (with, to, 
 person, of, about, thing), as have heard him s. 
 of it, will s. to him about it; portrait sjieaks (is 
 lifelike), so speaking likeness; make oral ad- 
 dress, deliver speech, before assembly, magis- 
 trate, tribunal, &c. ; utter (words); make known 
 (one's opinion, the truth, Sec.) thus, esp. s. one's 
 mind (bluntly &c); use (a particular language) 
 in speaking, as cannot s. French ; strictly, 
 roughly, speaking (quasi-adv.), in the strict, 
 rough, sense of the word(s), as am not strictly 
 speaking a member of the staff; legally Sec. 
 speaking, from the legal &c. point of view; (as 
 an apology for loose or strong or figurative ex- 
 pression) so to s., if I may use such an expres- 
 sion ; hail & hold communication with (ship) ; 
 (archaic, of conduct, circumstance, &c.) show 
 (person) to be (so-&-so), as his conduct speaks 
 him generous, be evidence of, as this speaks a 
 little mind; (of fact &c.) s. volumes, be very 
 significant ; s. volumes &c. for, s. well for, be 
 abundant evidence of, place in favourable 
 light, as speaks volumes for his forbearance ; 
 (of dog) bark esp. when ordered; (fig., of mus. 
 instrument &c.) sound ; make mention in 
 
 writing of, s. by the or like a book 1 ; 8, (person) 
 fair, use polite language to; s. of, mention; 
 nothing to s. of, nothing worth mentioning, 
 practically nothing ; s..out (also up), s. freely, s. 
 one's whole opinion ; s. to, address (person &c), 
 s. in confirmation of or in reference to, as I 
 can s. to his having been there, will s. to that 
 jjoint later ; s. \ip (also out), s. loud(er) ; fair, 
 smooth, ill, well, Sec, -spoken [as if -speechED-], 
 (given to) using such language. [OE sp(r)ecan. 
 cf. Du. spreken, G sprechen, cogn. w. ON 
 spraka, see spark !J 
 
 spea'ker, n. One who speaks esp. in public ; 
 (S-) presiding officer in H. of Commons charged 
 with preservation of order &c. & having cast- 
 ing vote in case of equal division, similar officer 
 in U.S. House of Representatives &c, whence 
 Spea'kersHip n. [-er j ] 
 
 spea'king, n. In vbl senses: s. acquaint- 
 ance, person one knows well enough to ex- 
 change conversation with him, this degree of 
 familiarity ; not ons. terms, not, esp. no longer, 
 having s. acquaintance with (usu. implying 
 estrangement) ; s.-trumpet, instrument for con- 
 veying voice to a distance ; s.-tube, tube for 
 conveying voice from one room or building to 
 another, [-ing j ] 
 
 spear (sperj, n., & v.t. & i. Weapon with 
 sharp usu. metal head & long shaft of wood ; 
 (poet.) = spearman; sharp-pointed & barbed 
 instrument for stabbing fish &c; spearman, 
 person esp. soldier who uses s.; spearmint, 
 common garden mint ; s. side, male branch of 
 family (ct. distaff); (v.t.) pierce, strike, with 
 s.; (v.i.) shoot into a long stem, [(vb f. n.)OE 
 spere, cf. Du. & G speer, perh. cogn. w. spar 1 ] 
 
 spec, n. (colloq.). Speculation, speculative 
 enterprise, as it turned out a good s., did it on 
 s. [abbr. of speculation] 
 
 spe'eial (-shl), a. & n. Of a particular kind, 
 peculiar, not general, (cf. especial), as lacks 
 the s. qualities required, word tised in a s. 
 sense, what is your s. work ?, its s. charm did 
 not appeal to him, s. anatomy (of particular 
 organs of human body), s. jury, s. hospital 
 (for particular class of diseases) ; for a particu- 
 lar purpose, as appointed s. agents, received 
 s. instructions ; (also especial) exceptional in 
 amount, degree, in tensity, &c. , as took s. trouble, 
 find no s. excellence in his work ; s. case, writ- 
 ten statement of facts submitted by litigants 
 to court, (also) exceptional or peculiar case ; s. 
 constable (sworn in to assist in maintaining 
 public peace in case of riot &c.) ; s. licence (en- 
 abling priest to marry parties without publica- 
 tion of banns or at time or place other than 
 those usually necessary) ; s. logic, rules for 
 thinking concerning s. class of objects ; s. 
 pleader, member of Inns of Court whose busi- 
 ness it is to give verbal or written opinions on 
 matters submitted to him & to deal with vari- 
 ous proceedings out of usual course ; s. plead- 
 ing, (Law) allegation of s. or new matter as opp. 
 to denial of allegations of other side, (pop.) 
 specious but unfair argument, statement of 
 case designed to favour speaker's point of view 
 rather than to discover the truth ; s. verdict. 
 (N.) s. constable, train, examination, edition of 
 newspaper (esp. extra-.s.), &c. Hence spe'- 
 eialLY 2 adv. [f. OF (e)special f. L specialis 
 (species, see -al)] 
 
 specialist, n. One who devotes himself to 
 particular branch of a profession, science, &c. 
 Hence or cogn. special ism n., speciall'stic 
 a. [-istI 
 
 speciality (-shl-), n. Special feature or char- 
 acteristic ; (also specialty) special pursuit, pro- 
 duct, operation, Sec, thing to which a person 
 
SPECIALIZE 
 
 837 
 
 SPECULATE 
 
 gives special attention, as jam(-making) is our 
 s. [f. OF (e)speciaiite f. L specialitatem (as 
 special, see -TV)] 
 
 specialize, v.t. & i. Make specific or indi- 
 vidual ; modify, limit, (idea, statement) ; (Biol.) 
 adapt, set apart, (organ &c.) for particular 
 purpose, differentiate; be differentiated, be- 
 come individual in character; be(come) a spe- 
 cialist. Hence specializ.VTio.v n. [-ize] 
 
 specialty (-shl-), n. (Law) instrumentiinder 
 seal, sealed contract; = speciality' (2nd sense). 
 [f. OF specialtc SPECIALITY] 
 
 specie (-shie, -she), n. (pi. same). Coin as 
 opp. to paper money, as a. payments, paid in 8., 
 shortness of s. [f. L abl. of. foil, in phr. in 
 specie] 
 
 species (-shiez, -shez), n. (Nat. Hist.) group 
 subordinate in classification to genus (cf. class) 
 & having members that differonly in minordc- 
 tails ; (Logic) group subordinate to genus & 
 containing individuals agreeing in some com- 
 mon attribute(s) & called by a common name ; 
 kind, sort, as has a s. of cunning, a s. of dog- 
 cart; (Law) form, shape, given to materials. 
 [L, = appearance, kind, beauty, f. specere look] 
 
 speei'fic, a. & n. Definite, distinctly formu- 
 lated, as a s. statement, has no s. aim; of a 
 species, as the s. name of plant &c; possessing, 
 concerned with, the properties that character- 
 ize a species, as the s. forms of animals, draws 
 a s. distinction between them ; relating to par- 
 ticular subject ; peculiar, as has a s. style, a 
 style s. to that school of painters ; s. cause (pro- 
 ducing a particular form of disease); s. centre, 
 place or period at which differentiation from 
 a common stock takes place; s. gravity, heat 1 ; 
 s. medicine, having distinct effect in curing a 
 certain disease; (n.) s. medicine or remedy. 
 Hence speei'fiCALLY adv., specifi'crrv, 
 speei'fic ness, nn. [f. OF specifique f. med.L 
 specifiers (as species, see -no] 
 
 specification, n. Specifying; specified de- 
 tail, esp. (pi.) detailed description of construc- 
 tion, workmanship, materials, &c, of work un- 
 dertaken by architect, engineer, &c; descrip- 
 tion by applicant for patent of the construction 
 & use of his invention ; (Law) working up of 
 materials into a new product not held to be the 
 property of the owner of the materials, [as 
 foil., see -ficatiox] 
 
 specify, v.t. Name expressly, mention de- 
 finitely, (items, details, ingredients, &c; often 
 abs.); include in (e.g. architect's) specifications, 
 as a slate-course was not specified. Hence 
 specif sable a. [f. OF specifier f. med.L spe- 
 cificare (as specific, see -FY)] 
 
 specimen, n. Individual or part taken as 
 example of a class or whole, esp. individual 
 animal or plant or piece of a mineral &c. used 
 for scientific examination, as ss. of copper ore, 
 zoological ss.,fine s. of the swallow-tail, of mo- 
 saic work, a s. of his skill, generosity, s. page 
 (of book, printed in prospectus to show size, 
 type,&c), (colloq. contempt. )what ai s. (person)/. 
 [L^= characteristic mark (specere look, -men)] 
 
 specio'logy (-shi-), n. Science of (origin &c. 
 of) species. Hence speeiolo'giru, a. [-logv] 
 
 specious (-shies),- a. Of good appearance, 
 plausible, fair or right on the surface, as s. ar- 
 gument, tale, pretence, person, appearance. 
 Hence or cogn. speeicrsiTV, speciousNESS, 
 nn., speciousi.v - adv. [f. OF specieux f. L 
 speciosus beautiful (species, see -ous)] 
 
 speck 1 , n., & v.t. Small spot, dot, stain; 
 particle (o/dirt &c); spot of rottenness in fruit ; 
 
 (v.t.) mark with ss. (esp.in p.p.). Hence speck- 
 
 less a. [OK specca, cf. LG spaken be spotted 
 with wet, MDu. spickelen spot, spicken spit] 
 
 speck 2 , n. Fat of seals, whales, &c, blubber. 
 [OK spic bacon, cf. Du. spek, G speck] 
 
 speckle, n. Small spot or stain ; (v.t.) mark 
 with ss. or patches (esp. in p.p.). [speck ^-le] 
 
 specktioneer*, -si-, (-shon-). n. (whaling). 
 Chief harpooner. [f. speck 2 on auctioneer Sec] 
 
 spectacle, n. Public show, whence spec- 
 taculAK 1 a., spectacular lv 2 adv.; object 
 of sight, esp. of public attention, as a charming 
 s., drunken woman is a deplorable s., sure to 
 make a s..(- exhibition) of himself ; {pair of\ 
 ss. or colloq. specs, pair of lenses to correct or 
 assistdefective sight, set in frame Avithout spring 
 (cf. eye l -gtas8) constructed to rest on wose & 
 ears, (fig.) sees everything through rose-colour- 
 ed &c. ss., takes cheerful &c. views, (Crick.) 
 pair ofss., two duck's. [F, f. L spectaculum 
 show (spectare see frequent, of specere look)] 
 
 spectacled, a. Wearing spectacles ; (of ani- 
 mals) marked in a way that suggests spectacles, 
 esp. s. bear, the S.-Amer. bear. [-ed 2 ] 
 
 speeta'tor, n. One who looks on esp. at a 
 show, game, &c, as the ss. were moved to tears, 
 was a mere s., an unconcerned s., (as title of 
 paper) The S. Hence speeta'tPESS 1 n. [L 
 (spectare, see spectacle & -or 2 )] 
 
 spectral, a. Ghostlike, of ghosts ; of spec- 
 tra or the spectrum, as s. colours, analysis. 
 Hence spectpalLv 2 adv. [spectrum, -al] 
 
 spectre (-er), n. Ghost; .s. of the Brocken, 
 huge shadowy image of the observer projected 
 on mists about mountain-top, first observed on 
 the Brocken; (in names of animals compared 
 to s. from thinness of body &c.) s.-bat, -crab, 
 -insect, -lemur, -shrimp. [OF, f. spectrum] 
 
 spectpo- in comb. = spectrum, as: -graph, 
 apparatus for photographing or otherwise re- 
 producing the spectrum, -gram, representation 
 obtained by this, so -gra'phic a., -graphy n.; 
 -logy, science of spectral analysis, so -lo'gical(ly) 
 a. & adv.; -meter, instrument for measuring 
 deviation of light-rays inpassingthrough prism; 
 -phone, modification of spectroscope in which 
 succession of sounds takes the place of obser- 
 vation by eye. 
 
 spectroscope, n. Instrument for forming 
 & analysing the spectra of rays, consisting 
 usu. of collimating tube, prism or diffraction 
 grating, small telescope, & measuring appara- 
 tus. Hence speetPosed'pic(AL) aa., spec- 
 tPOsco'picali.Y'-adv., spectpo'sccpisr (or 
 spe'-), spectPO'scopv l (or spe'-), nn. [spec- 
 tro- + -scope | 
 
 spectrum, n. (pi. -ra). (Also ocular s.) im- 
 age of something seen continuing when the 
 eyes are closed or turned away ; image formed 
 by rays of light or other radiant energy in 
 which the parts are arranged in a progressive 
 series according to their ref rangibility ; diffrac- 
 tion, prismatic, s. (produced by means of dif- 
 fraction grating, by means of prism); solar s. 
 (formed from rays of sun); s. (or spectral) analy- 
 sis, chemical analysis by means of spectroscope. 
 [L,= appearance, image, f. specere look] 
 
 specular, a. Of (the nature of) a speculum, 
 esp. reflecting, as s. surface, [f. L specularis 
 (speculum, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 speculate, v. i. Pursue an inquiry, meditate, 
 form theory or conjectural opinion, (on, upon, 
 about, subject, the nature, caiise, &c. , of a thing, 
 or abs.); make investment, engage in commer- 
 cial operation, that involves risk of loss, as has 
 been speculating in stocks, in rubber, (esp. w. 
 implication of rashness) is believed to s. a good 
 deal. Hence or cogn. speculatm: a., spe*- 
 culativeLV 2 adv., speculativeNESs, spe*- 
 culatOR 2 , nn. [f. L speculari spy out, observe, 
 (specula watch-tower, as speculum), see -ate^] 
 
SPECULATION 
 
 838 
 
 SPERMATO- 
 
 speeula'tion, n. Meditation on, inquiry in- 
 to, theory about, a subject, as much given to .<?., 
 sorry to disturb your ss.; speculative invest- 
 ment or enterprise, practice of speculating, in 
 business, as ruined by (a single unlucky) s., 
 bought it as as. (or on spec, rarely on s.)\ game 
 in which cards are bought & sold. [OF, f. L 
 speculationem (as prec, see-ATiox)] 
 
 speculum, n. (pi. -to). (Surg.) instrument 
 for dilating cavities of human body for inspec- 
 tion ; mirror, usu. of polished metal e.g. s. -metal 
 (alloy of copper & tin), esp. in reflecting tele- 
 scope; (Ornith.) specially coloured area on wing 
 of some birds, also = ocellus. [L, = mirror 
 (specere look)) 
 
 sped. See speed. 
 
 speech (-tsh), n. Faculty of speaking ; thing 
 said, remark, as after this unlucky s. he re- 
 mained silent ; public address, as after-dinner, 
 maiden, s., s. for the defence, a set s. (studied, 
 prepared); King's or Queen's .<?., s. front the 
 throne, brief statement of foreign & domestic 
 affairs & of the chief measures to be considered 
 by Parliament, prepared by ministry & read by 
 sovereign in person or by commission at open- 
 ing of Parliament; language of a nation; sound- 
 ing-quality of organ-pipe &c; figure 1 of s.; 
 part'so/s.; s.-rcading, deaf-mute's interpre- 
 tation of s. by watching speaker's lips ; s.-day, 
 annual day for delivering prizes in schools usu. 
 marked by recitations &c. [OE spxc, earlier 
 sprxc, as speak] 
 
 spee'ehify, v.i. (contempt.). Make speeches, 
 hold forth in public. Hence speeehiFiCA'TiON, 
 spee'chifiER^nn. [fv] 
 
 speechless, n . Dumb; temporarily deprived 
 of speech by emotion &c. , as s. with rage. Hence 
 speeehlessLY 2 adv., speechless vess n. 
 [less] 
 
 speed, n., & v.t. &i. (spcd,exc. as below). Pia- 
 pidity of movement, as with all s. ,morehaste less 
 s., at fulls.; rate of progressor motion, as attains 
 a high s., depends on the s. required, threes, en- 
 gine, tricycle, &c. (with adaptable gear forgoing 
 at different ss.); (archaic) success, prosperity, 
 as send me good s. (cf. god'-s.); s.-cone, con- 
 trivance for adjusting ratio of s. between paral- 
 lel shafts by means of belt ; speedwell, kinds 
 of herb with creeping or ascending stems & 
 bright-blue flowers. ( V b) go fast, as sped doivn 
 the street (now chiefly literary); (archaic) send 
 fast, send on the way, as s. an arrow from the 
 bow, s. the parting guest ; (archaic) be or make 
 prosperous, succeed, give success to, as how 
 have you sped ?, God s. you ; (past & p.p. speed- 
 ed) regulate s. of (engine &c), cause to go at 
 fixed s. [(vb f. OE spedan) OE s.Ml, cf. Du. 
 spoed, OHG spuot, spot, success; cogn. w. L 
 spatium space, spes hope] 
 
 spee'der, n. Kinds of device for regulating 
 or increasing speed of machinery, [-er 1 ] 
 
 speedy, a. Rapid; expeditious, prompt, 
 coming without delay, as s. ansxeer, vengeance. 
 Hence spee'diLv^adv^spee'diXESs'n. [-v 2 ] 
 
 speiss (-is), n. Compound of arsenic, iron, &c. , 
 found in smelting some lead ores. If. G speise 
 food, amalgam, f. It. spesa expense] 
 
 spelaean, a. Of, dwelling in, caves, [f. L 
 f. Gk spelaion cave (speos cave) + -an] 
 
 spelicans. See spillikin. 
 
 spell J, n. Words used as charm, incantation ; 
 attraction, fascination, exercised by person, 
 pursuit, quality, &c; spellbound, bound (as) by 
 a s. LOE spel(l) saying, story, cf. ON spjall ; 
 cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 spell 2 , v.t. {spelt or spelled pr. -It). Write or 
 name the letters that form (a word), as how do 
 you s. "analyse '?, must not be spelt with a z. 
 
 can't s. his own name, (abs. wish you would 
 learn to s. {correctly); s. out or over, make out 
 (words, writing) laboriously letter by letter; 
 s. backivard, repeat or write the letters of (word) 
 in reverse order, (fig.) misinterpret, pervert 
 meaning of ; (of letters) make up, form, (word), 
 as ivhat does cat s.?, (tig., of circumstances, 
 scheme, &c.) have as necessary result, involve, 
 as these changes s. ruin to the farmer, [f. OF 
 espeler f. Du. spellen{ = OE spellian tell f. prec.)] 
 
 spell 3 , n., & v.t. Turn of work, as did as. of 
 carpentering; short period, as wait {for) a s. ; 
 (v.t., rare) relieve, take the place of, (person) in 
 work &c. [OE spelian vb perh. cogn. w. spilian 
 play, Du. speien(spel n.), G spielen {spiel n.)] 
 
 speller, n. In vbl senses of spell 2 ; also = 
 
 SPELLING-000&. J-ER 1 ] 
 
 spe'lling", n. In vbl senses, as his s. is weak, 
 not sure of the s. of '' aneurysm.', another s. of 
 the same word; s.-bce, competition in s. usu. 
 with prizes ; s.-book (for teaching s.). [-ing >] 
 
 spelt l , n. Kind of wheat giving very fine 
 flour, German wheat. [OE, f. LL spelta\ 
 
 spelt 2 . See spell 2 . 
 
 spelter, n. (now commerc). Zinc, [of Teut. 
 orig. as pewter] 
 
 spence, -se, n. (archaic). Buttery, larder. 
 [OF, short for espense expense & despense (see 
 
 DISPENSE)] 
 
 spe'neer 1 , n. (hist.). Man's, woman's, short 
 over-jacket, [f. Earl S., d. 1845] 
 
 spe'neer 2 , n. (naut.). =trv.<?«*7. [?] 
 
 Spe*ncerism,n. Doctrine of Herbert Spencer 
 (d. 1903) referring the ordered universe to the 
 necessary laws of jnechanies, synthetic philo- 
 sophy. So Speneer'iAN a., Spencer'iani^i 
 n. [-ism] 
 
 spend, v.t. & i. (spent). Pay out (money) for 
 a purchase &c. ; \ise, use up, consume, as our 
 ammunition was all spent, shall s. no more 
 breath, trouble. Sec, on him, hoiodoyous. your 
 time ?, spent a pleasant day; exhaust, wear out, 
 as his anger will soon s. itself, storm is spent, 
 spent cannon-ball (with little impulse left); 
 (Xaut.) lose (mast) ; be consumed, as candles s. 
 fast in draught ; emit spawn ; spent herring 
 &c. (that has deposited its spawn) ; spendthrift, 
 extravagant person, prodigal, (often attrib.). 
 Hence spe'ndABLE a., spe'ndER 1 n. [OE 
 spendan f. LL ms{pendere weigh) spend] 
 
 spense^ See spence. 
 
 Spenser'ian,a. Of the poet Edmund Spenser 
 (d. 1599), esp. & stanza, that used in the Faerie 
 Queene. [-ian] 
 
 spent. See spend. 
 
 sperm^n. Male generative fluid. [f.F spermet. 
 L f. Gk spcrma -matos seed (speiro sow, see -M)] 
 
 sperm 2 , n. (Also s.-whale) cachalot, whale 
 yielding spermaceti ; =foll. [abbr.] 
 
 spermaceti, n. White brittle fatty sub- 
 stance contained in solution in heads of sperm- 
 whale &c, used for candles & ointments. [F, f. 
 L sperma sperm l + ceti of whale f. Gk ketos 
 (s. being regarded as whale-spawn)] 
 
 sper'mapy, n. Male germ-gland, testicle or 
 equivalent organ, [sperm * + -arv J ] 
 
 sperma'tie, a. Of sperm 1 or the spermary. 
 [f. OF spermatique f. L f. Gk spcrmatikos (as 
 sperm \ see -ic)] 
 
 spep'matism, n. Emission of semen, so 
 sper'matizE v.i.; =spermism, sosper'ma- 
 tiST n. [f. L as sperm 1 + -ism] 
 
 sper'mato- in comb. = sperm 1 , as: -blast, 
 germ of a spermatozoon ; -#e"nesis,development 
 of spermatozoa, so -genous a., -geny n.; -logist, 
 •logy, student, study, of sperm, so -lo'gical a.; 
 •phore, capsule containing spermatozoa; 
 -rrhoe'a <-rea). involuntary seminal discharge ; 
 
SPERMI9M 
 
 839 
 
 SPIKE 
 
 ■zo'on (pi. -zoa), male fertilizing element con- 
 tained in semen of animals, similar element 
 in lower plants, so -zo'al, -zo'an, aa. 
 
 spep*mism,n. Theory thatthe spermatozoon 
 aloneisthegerniof future animal. Sospep'm- 
 ist n. 1-ismJ 
 
 spepmo- in comb. = Gkspermaseed, semen, 
 as : -blast = sperm ATO-o/asfc ; -logy, = sperma- 
 'lOlogy, (Bot.) study of seeds, so -lo'gical a., 
 -logist n. 
 
 spew, spue, v.t. & i. Vomit (t. & i.) ; (of 
 gun) droop at muzzle from too quick tiring. 
 [OE speoxvan, spncan, cf. ON spyja, G speien, 
 L sp-uere ; imit.J 
 
 spha'celate, v.t. AfTect, be affected, with 
 gangrene or necrosis. Hence sphaeelA'Tic-N 
 n. If. Gk sphakelos gangrene + -ate ;{ J 
 
 sphaeiKo)- in comb. = Gk sphaira ball, in 
 many scientific esp. nat. hist, terms. 
 
 sphen(o)- in comb. = Gk sphen wedge, 
 chiefly in sense 4 of the sphenoid bone '; also: 
 -gram, cuneiform character, so -graphic a. 
 
 sphe'noid, a. & n. (anat.). Wedge-shaped, 
 esp. s. (bone), compound bone at ba^e of skull. 
 Hence sphenoi'dAL a., sphenoi'do- comb, 
 form. If. Gksphenoeides {sphen wedge, -oid)J 
 
 sphere (-er), n., & v.t. Solid figure generated 
 by revolution of semicircle about its diameter, 
 or every part of whose surface is equidistant 
 from a point within called the centre ; ball, 
 globe: (poet.) the heavens, the sky ; any hea- 
 venly body ; globe representing the earth or the 
 apparent heavens ; each of the revolving globe- 
 shaped shells in which the heavenly bodies 
 were formerly supposed to be set, esp. music, 
 harmony, ofthess. (produced by movements of 
 the ss.) ; one's field of action, influence, or ex- 
 istence, one's natural surroundings, one's place 
 in society, as has clone much within his pecu- 
 liar s., earnest young lady in search of a s., 
 great mistake to take hint out of his s., moves 
 in quite another s., German s. (claimed or re- 
 cognized area) of influence in Africa ; celestial 
 s., surface on which heavenly bodies appear to 
 lie ; doctrine of the s„ spherical geometry & 
 trigonometry ; great, small, circle ofs., section 
 made by plane passing, not passing, through its 
 centre ; oblique, right, parallel, s., sphere of ap- 
 parentheavensataplace where there isoblique 
 angle, right angle, no angle, between equator 
 & horizon. (V.t.) enclose (as) in s., make s.- 
 shaped, (poet.) exalt to the (celestial) s. Hence 
 sphep'v 2 a. (poet.), [(vb f. n.) f. OF espere f. 
 L f. Gk sphaira, bail, globe] 
 
 sphe'Pie, a. & n. (Poet.) of the heavens, 
 celestial, exalted; (rare) = foil.; (n. pi.) geo- 
 metry & trigonometry of the sphere, [f. L f. 
 Gk sphairikos (as prec, see -ic)] 
 
 sphe'pieal, a. Shaped like a sphere, globu- 
 lar, whence or cogn. sphe'PiealLY 2 adv., 
 sphepi'eirv n. ; of spheres, ass. geometry ; s. 
 lune, triangle, polygon, (bounded by arcs of 
 great circles of sphere), [-al] 
 
 sphep'ograph, n. Stereographic projec- 
 tion of the earth on disk, with meridians & 
 parallels of latitude marked in single degrees. 
 
 [SPHERE + -O- + -GRAPH | 
 
 spher'oid, n. Sphere-like but not perfectly 
 spherical body ; solid generated by revolution 
 of ellipse about its major (prolate or oblong 
 s.) or minor (oblate s.) axis, as the earth is 
 an oblate s. Hence sphePOi'dalLY 2 adv., 
 sphepoi*d(ic)AL aa., sphepoidi'eiTY n. [f. 
 Gk sphairoeides (as sphere, see -oid)] 
 
 sphepo'metep, n. Instrument for finding 
 radius of sphere and for exact measurement of 
 thickness of small bodies, [-meter] 
 
 sphe'pule, n. Small sphere. Hence sphe*- 
 
 puIari, sphe*PulATE2(2) (entom.), aa. [f < L 
 sphaerula (as sphere, see -ule)] 
 
 sphe'pulite, n. Vitreous globule as consti- 
 tuent of some rocks. Hence spheruli'tic a., 
 sphe*PUlitiZE(3), v.t. If. prec. + -ite *] 
 
 sphi'neter, n. Muscle surrounding & serv- 
 ing to close an opening or tube. Hence sphi'nc- 
 tePAL, sphincter*! al, sphinete'Pic, aa. [L, 
 f. Gk sphigkter [sphiggo shut tight)] 
 
 sphinx, n. (Gk Myth., <5>-) winged monster 
 of Thebes with woman's head & lion's body 
 who proposed a riddle to the Thebans, killed 
 all who could not guess it, & on Oedipus's solv- 
 ing it threw herself from the rock on which she 
 sat & died; (Egypt. Ant.) figure with lion's 
 body & man's or animal's head; enigmatic 
 person ; hawk-moth ; kind of baboon. [L, f. Gk 
 sphigx, prob. of foreign orig., but ace. to pop. 
 etym. f. sph.ggo strangle] 
 
 sphragi'stics (-j-), n. pi. (often treated as 
 sing.). Study of engraved seals, [f. Gksphragi- 
 stikos (sphragizd seal vb f. sphragis n.)] 
 
 sphygmo- in comb. = foil., as : -graph, in- 
 strument for showing character or pulse in 
 series of curves, -gram, record so produced, so 
 -graphic a., -graphy n. ; -logy, study of the 
 pulse ; -phone, -scope, instrument for making 
 audible, visible, the action of the pulse. 
 
 sphygmus, n. (physiol.). Pulse, pulsation, 
 [mod. L, f. Gk sphugmos f. sphuzo throb] 
 
 spi'ca, n. (Bot.) spike, whence spi'CATE 2 , 
 -ated, aa. ; (Surg.) spinal bandage with re- 
 versed turns. [L, = spike, ear of grain] 
 
 spice, n., & v.t. Aromatic or puogent veget- 
 able substance used to flavour food, e.g. cloves, 
 pepper, mace ; ss. collectively, as dealer in s., 
 sugar & s. &all that's nice, sospi'CERV(l) n. ; 
 (fig.) smack, dash, flavour, (of malice &c. in 
 person's character, writings, &c.) ; spicebush, 
 aromatic American shrub of laurel family; 
 (v.t.) flavour with s. [(vb f. n.) f. OF espice 
 spice f. L species] 
 
 spick, a. S. & span, smart & new, brand- 
 new, [earlier s.-&-span-new, = new as spike 
 just made or chip just cut (spike, spoon)] 
 
 spi'cule, n. Small sharp-pointed body; 
 (Zool.) small hard body esp. in framework of 
 sponge; (Bot.) small or secondary spike. Hence 
 spi'culAR 1 , spi*culATE 2 (2), aa. [f. L spicu- 
 lum dim. of spica] 
 
 spi'ey, a. Of, flavoured or fragrant with, 
 spice ; (fig.) piquant, pungent, improper „(s. 
 story), showy, smart. Hence spi'eiLY 2 adv., 
 spi'ciNESS n. [-v 2 ] 
 
 spi'dep, n. Eight-legged animal of the order 
 Araneida, many species of which spin webs 
 esp. for capture of insects as food ; kinds of 
 arachnid like s. ; thing compared to s. esp. as 
 having prominentlegs, e.g. kind of three-legged 
 gridiron ; s.-catcher, kinds of bird ; s.-crab, 
 ci^ab with long thin legs ; s.-line, thread of s.'s 
 web substituted for wire in scales &c. for mi- 
 nute work ; s.-monkey, kind with long limbs & 
 long prehensile tail ; s.-wasp, wasp that stores 
 itsnest with ss. for its young. [Hence spi'der- 
 LiKEa., spi'derv 2 a. [OE, iovspinther (spin 1 
 + -ther agent suf.)] 
 
 spiegeleisen (spe'gdizn), n. Kind of oast 
 iron containing manganese, much used in Bes- 
 semer process. [G (spiegel mirror f . L speculum 
 + eisen iron)] 
 
 spi'f(f)licate, v.t. (slang). Trounce, do for. 
 Hence spif(f )liCA'TiON n. [?] 
 
 spi'got, n. Small peg or plug esp. one for 
 insertion into gimlet-hole in cask. [f. OPr. 
 espiga ear of corn f. L spica] 
 
 spike, n., & v.t. Sharppoint; pointedpiece 
 of metal e.g. one of a set forming top of iron 
 
SPIKENARD 
 
 840 
 
 SPINULE 
 
 fence &c. or worn in bottom of shoe to prevent 
 Flipping ; large stout nail esp. as \ised for rail- 
 ways ; (Bot.) flower-cluster of many sessile 
 flowers arranged closely on long common axis ; 
 separate sprig of any plant in which flowers 
 form s.-like cluster; [f. F spic] kind of laven- 
 der ; s. oil (got from lavender) ; s. plank, bridge 
 before mizzenmast of vessel meant for arctic 
 service; (v.t.) fasten with ss., furnish with ss., 
 fix on or pierce withs.,plugupventof(cannon) 
 with s. Hence spi'keLF/r n. (bot.), spi'ke- 
 wise adv., spi*kv 2 a. [(vb f. n.) f. ON spik, 
 cf. Du. spijker nail, & spoke ; partly also f. L 
 spiea oar of corn] 
 
 spi'kenard (-kn-), n. (Ancient costly aroma- 
 tic ointment made chiefly from) perennial herb 
 allied to valerian ; kinds of fragrant oil. If. 
 OF spiquenard f. L spica nardi (of nard)] 
 
 spile, n., & v.t. Wooden peg, spigot; large 
 timber fordriving into ground, pile; (v.t.) make 
 s.-hole in (cask), [(vb f. n.) cf. Du. spijl spile, 
 bar, G speiler skewer, cogn. w. spire 1 ] 
 
 spi'ling*, n. Set of piles ; (Naut.) edge-curve 
 of plank in vessel's hull. [f. prec + -ing 1 ] 
 
 spill *, v.t. & i. (spilt or spilled), & n. Allow 
 (liquid, substance in small particles) to fall or 
 run out from vessel, as spilt the salt, no use 
 crying over spilt milk, (of liquid &c.) fall or run 
 out; (Naut.) empty (belly of sail) of wind; 
 throw from saddle or vehicle, as horse spilt 
 him, was spilt from a dog-cart ; (n. ) such throw- 
 ing, as had a nasty s.; spillway, passage for 
 surplus water from dam. [OE spillan destroy 
 f. ON spilla* also OE spildan (the orig. form) ; 
 cogn. w. foil.] 
 
 spill 2 , n. Thin strip of wood, spiral tube &c. 
 of paper, for lighting candles &c. [OE, ON, & 
 Du., speld f. OTeut. spaldan cleave] 
 
 spi'ller, n. Seine put into a larger one to 
 take out fish when the larger cannot be hauled 
 ashore. [?] 
 
 spi'llikin, n. Splinter of wood, bone, &c, 
 used in some games ; (pi., also spelicans) game 
 played with ss. [f. MDu. spelleken, (spelle pin, 
 cogn. w. spill 2 , see -kin)] 
 
 spilt. See spill 1 . 
 
 spilth, n. (archaic). What is spilt ; excess, 
 surplus. [-th 1 ] 
 
 spin 1 , v.t. &i. (spunor span, spun). Drawout 
 & twist (wool, cotton, orabs.) into threads; make 
 (yarn) thus; (of spider, silkworm, &c.) make 
 (web, gossamer, cocoon, orabs.) by extrusion of 
 fine viscous thread; form (cup &c.) in lathe 
 or similar machine; (fig.) produce, compose, 
 (narrative, literary article, &c; often out i.e. 
 at great length), esp. s. a yarn (orig. naut.), tell 
 a story; 8. out, spend, consume, (time, one's 
 life, &c. by discussion &c, in occupation &c), 
 prolong (discussion &c); catise (top &c.) to 
 whirl round, (of top) whirl round, turn (person, 
 thing) quickly round, (of person &c.)turn thus, 
 e.g. as result of blow, as sent him spinning; 
 fish in (stream, pool) with swivel or spoon-bait; 
 (slang) reject (candidate) after examination ; 
 spun glass (spun when heated into filaments 
 that remain pliant when cold) ; spun, gold, sil- 
 ver, gold, silver, thread prepared for weaving ; 
 spun silk, cheap material of short-fibred & 
 waste silk often mixed with cotton ; spun yarn 
 (naut.), line formed of rope-yarns twisted to- 
 gether. [OE spinnan, cf. Du. & G spinnen, ON 
 spinna, cogn. w. span] 
 
 spin-, n. Spinning motion, whirl: brisk or 
 short run or spell of driving, rowing, bicycling, 
 
 &c, as went for a s. ff. prec] 
 
 spi'nach, -age, (-ij), n. Garden vegetable 
 
 with thick succulent leaves used when boiled 
 
 a=< food ; other plants similarly used. Hence 
 
 spinA - CEOUS a. [f. OF cspinache, -age, f. Sp. 
 espinaca. f. Arab, aspanakh of Pers. orig., but 
 usu. assoc. w. L spina thorn] 
 
 spi'nal, a. Of the spine, as s. curvature, 
 complaint ; s. column, spine ; s. cord, cylindrical 
 structure within s. canal, a part of the central 
 nervous system, [f. LL spinalis (spine, -al)] 
 
 spi'ndle, n., & v.i. Pin in spinning-wheel 
 used for twisting & winding the thread ; small 
 bar serving same purposes in hand-spinning; 
 pin bearing bobbin of spinning-machine ; pin, 
 axis, that revolves or on which a thing re- 
 volves; live (revolving) s.,dead (non-revolving) 
 .<?. ; slender thing or person ; varying measure of 
 length for yarn; s. -shanked, with long thin 
 legs, s.-shanks, person with such legs; &,'• 
 shaped, of circular cross-section & tapering to- 
 wards each end ; s.-tree, shrub or small tree 
 with hard wood used for ss.; (v.i.) have, grow 
 into, long slender form, [(vb f. n.) OE spinl, as 
 spin 1 -h phonetic -d- + -le(1)] 
 
 spi'ndrift, n. Spray blown along surface of 
 sea ; s. clouds, light feathery clouds, [var. of 
 spoon-drift for spoom-drift f. L spuma foam] 
 
 spine, n. The series of the vertebrae, back- 
 bone; railway s., concussion of s. due to rail- 
 way accident; (Bot.) stiff sharp woody process 
 duo to degeneracy or modification of some 
 organ ; sharp ridge or projection ; spinebaclc, 
 kinds of fish with ss. in or in front of dorsal 
 fins. Hence spinED 2 , spPnosE 1 , spl'nous, 
 aa., spino - srrv n. [f. MF espine thorn f. L 
 spina thorn, backbone] 
 
 spine*! (or spi - -), n. Kinds of mineral of var- 
 ious colours occurring in regular crystals; s. 
 ruby, valuable red variety ; [perh. diff. wd] a 
 bleached yarn from which linen tape is made, 
 [f. OF (c)spinelle dim. as prec] 
 
 spi'neless, a. Having no spine, inverte- 
 brate; (fig.) limp, weak, having no backbone ; 
 (of fish) having no fin-spines, [-less] 
 
 spine't (or spi - -), n. (hist.). Musical instru- 
 ment like small harpsichord, [f. MF espinette 
 f. It. spinetta dim. of spina thorn (as spine)] 
 
 spini- in comb. = L spina thorn, backbone, 
 as: -ce'rebrate, having brain & spinal cord; 
 ferons, having or producing spines ; -form. 
 
 spi'nnaker, n. Large jib-shaped sail carried 
 on mainmast of racing- yacht, [perh. f. spin ] ] 
 
 spi'nner, n. In vbl senses, esp.: thread- 
 spinning machine ; person who shapes vessels 
 &c in lathe; (also spi'nnePET l n.) spinning- 
 organ in spider, silkworm, &c. [-er 1 ] 
 
 spi'nney, n. Small wood, thicket, [f. OF 
 espinoye f. L spinetum (spina thorn)] 
 
 spi'nning*, n. In vbl senses ; s.-house (chiefly 
 hist), house of correction for prostitutes; s.- 
 jenny, mechanism for s. more than one strand 
 at a time ; s.-machine, (esp.) machine that spins 
 fibres continuously; s.-wheel (hist.), household 
 implement for s. yarn or thread, with fly-wheel 
 driven by crank or treadle, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 Spi'nozism (or -n *6z-), n. Doctrine of B. de 
 Spinoza, a Spanish Jew (d. 1677), that there is 
 one sole & infinite substance of which extension 
 & mind are attributes & individual beings are 
 changing forms. So Spi'noteiST n., Spino- 
 zi'stica. [ism] 
 
 spi'nstep, n. Unmarried (esp. elderly in pop. 
 use) woman. Hence spi'nstePHOOD n. [ME, 
 orig. = woman who spins (spin l , see -ster)] 
 
 spinthariscope, n. Small metal tube con- 
 taining speck of radium from which sparks are 
 seen flying across darkened end. [f. Gk spin- 
 tharis spark + -scope] 
 
 spi'nule, n. (bot., zool.). Small spine. Hence 
 spinuli'FEROUs, spi'nulosE 1 , spi'nulous, 
 aa. [f. L spinula (as spini; <=ce -ule)] 
 
SPINY 
 
 811 
 
 SPIT 
 
 spi'ny, a. Full of spines, prickly, csp. in 
 names of animals, as & crab, lobster, rat; 
 (fig.) perplexing, troublesome, thorny. Hence 
 spi'jiixEss n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 spip'acle, n. (zool.). Kinds of breathing-hole 
 in animals, e.g. blow-hole of cetaceans. Hence 
 spira'eulAR 1 , spipa*eulATE 2 (2), aa. [f. hspi- 
 racidiun (also used in E) f. spirare breathe] 
 
 spirae'a, n. Kinds of rosaceous plant with 
 small white or pink flowers. [L, f. Gk speiraia 
 meadow-sweet (speira coil)] 
 
 spip'al, a., n., & v.t. (-11-). Coiled; winding 
 continually about & constantly receding from 
 
 like thread of screw; s. balance (measuring 
 weight by torsion of s. spring) ; s. wheel (with 
 teeth cut at angle to axis) ; (n.) plane or other 
 s. curve, s. spring, s. formation in shell &c. ; 
 (v.t.) make s. Hence spipa'lir v n., spiP'alL y 2 
 adv._[F, f. L spiralis (as spire 2 , see -al)] 
 
 spip'ant, a. & n. (Consonant) uttered, with 
 perceptible expulsion of breath & in produc- 
 ing which the organs are near together but 
 not wholly closed, continuable (consonant) 
 (cf. explosive), e. g. /, r, th, clh, & sometimes 
 w, y, & others, [f. L spirare breath, see -ant] 
 
 spire 1 , n., & v.i. & t. Tapering structure in 
 form of tall cone or pyramid rising above 
 tower; continuation of tree trunk above point 
 where branching begins; any tapering body, 
 e.g. stalk of grass; (v.i.) shoot up; (v.t.) furnish 
 with s. Hence spip'v 2 a. [OE sjrir, cf. ON 
 spira, G spierc, spar ; cogn. w. spike, spile] 
 
 spire-, n. Spiral, coil; single twist of this. 
 Hence spiPT 2 a. [F, f. L f. Gk speira coil] 
 
 spi'Pit 1 , n. Intelligent or immaterial part 
 of man, soul ; in (the) s., inwardly, as groaned 
 ins., was vexed in s., shall be tenth you in (the) 
 s. ; person viewed as possessing this, esp. w. re- 
 ference to particular mental or moral qualities, 
 as one of the most ardent ss. of his time, a 
 meeting of choice ss., a masters., person of 
 commanding intellect &c. ; rational or intelli- 
 gent being not connected with material body, 
 disembodied soul, incorporeal being, elf, fairy, 
 as God is a s., the Holy S. (third person of 
 the Trinity), has seen as., ss. must have been 
 at work, astral ss., familiar s., peace to his 
 departed s.; person's mental or moral nature 
 or qualities, as a man of an unbending s., leave 
 this to some more inquiring s.; courage, self- 
 assertion, vivacity, energy, dash, as if you hciel 
 the s. of a mouse, do show a little s., went at it 
 withs., infused s. into his mew, person viewed 
 as supplying this (= soul, but usu. w. adj.), as 
 xcas the animating s. of the rebellion; mental 
 or moral condition or attitude, mood, as took 
 it in a wrong s., depends on the s. in which it 
 is done, did it in a s. of mischief, objections 
 made in a captious s. ; real meaning opp. to 
 verbal expression, as must consider the s. of the 
 law, not the letter, have followed out the s. of 
 his instructions; animating principle or in- 
 fluence, mental or moral tendency, as cannot 
 resist the s. of the age or times ; (formerly) im- 
 material principle governing vital phenomena, 
 whence (mod.) animal ss., high or great ss., 
 cheerfulness & buoyancy, poor or low ss., 
 depression; (usu. pi.) strong distilled liquor esp. 
 alcohol, e.g. brandy, whisky, gin, rum, as glass 
 of ss. & water, ardent ss., touches no s. but 
 gin ; solution (of volatile principle) in alcohol, 
 tincture ; s. or ss. of wine, alcohol ; methy- 
 lated s. ; s.-blue, aniline blue soluble in alco- 
 hol ; s.-duck, kinds of duck diving rapidly at 
 flash of gun &c; s.-lamp (burning alcohol in- 
 
 stead of oil); s.-level, glass tube partly filled 
 with s. for testing horizontality ; s.-rapper, 
 person professing to hold intercourse with 
 departed ss. by means of their raps on table 
 &c, so s.-rapping ; s.-room (naut.), paymaster's 
 store-room, formerly used for ss. [f. OF espirit 
 f. L spiritus breath, spirit, f. spii'are breathe] 
 
 spiTit 2 , v.t. Convey (usu. away, off, &c.) 
 rapidly and secretly (as) by agency of spirits ; 
 cheer (person, usu. up), [f. prec.] 
 
 spi'pited, a. Full of spirit, animated, lively, 
 brisk, courageous, as a s. translation, attack, 
 reply; having specified spirit, as high, mean, 
 proud, jealous, -s. ; having specified spirits, as 
 lows. Hence (-)spi*pitedLV 2 adv., -spi'pit- 
 edNESS a. [-ed 2 ] 
 
 spiritless, a. Wanting in courage, vigour, 
 or vivacity. Hence spi'pitlessLY 2 adv. [-less] 
 
 spirito'so, adv. (mus.). With spirit. [It.] 
 
 spi'pitual, a. Of spirit as opp. to matter; 
 of the soul esp. as acted on by God, as s. life ; 
 of, proceeding from, God, holy, divine, inspired, 
 as s. so7igs, the s. laic ; the s. man, inner nature 
 of man, (also esp. in N.T. ) regenerate man (opp. 
 to natural, carnal) ; concerned with sacred or 
 religious things, as our s. interests, s. (ecclesias- 
 tical) courts, s. corporations, lords s., bishops 
 and archbishops in H. of Lords; having the 
 higher qualities of the mind. Hence spi'pi- 
 tualL y 2 adv. , spi'pitualNESS n. [f . OF spiri- 
 tuel f. LL spiritualis (as spirit, see -al)] 
 
 spi'pitualism, n. Belief that departed spirits 
 communicate with & show themselves to men, 
 esp. (also modern s.) at stances by means of 
 spirit-rapping, -handwriting, &c., so spi'Pit- 
 ism, spi'Pitisr, nn. ; (Philos.) doctrine that 
 spirit exists as distinct from matter or that 
 spirit is the only reality (cf. materialism). 
 Hence or cogn. spl'pitualiST n., spiritual- 
 istic a. [-ism] 
 
 spirituality, n. Spiritual quality; (usu. pi.) 
 what belongs or is due to the Church or to an 
 ecclesiastic as such, as the ss. of his office, s. of 
 benefices, tithes of land &c. [f. OF spiritualitc 
 f. LL spiritualitatem (as spiritual, see -ty»)] 
 
 spiritualize, v.t. Make spiritual, elevate, 
 (character, person, thoughts) ; (rare) infuse life 
 into, animate; attach spiritual as opp. to literal 
 meaning to. Hence spipitualiZATiON n. [f. 
 F spi?-itualiser (as spiritual, see -ize)] 
 
 spiritue'lle, a. (Chiefly of women) marked 
 by refinement, grace, or delicacy, of mind. [F, 
 fern, as spiritual] 
 
 spi'Pituous, a. Containing much alcohol, 
 distilled not fermented, as-s. liquors (also used 
 loosely of beer &c. ). Hence spi'pituousNESS 
 n. [fjOF spiritueux f. L as spirit, -ous] 
 
 spir'itus, n. (Gk gram.). S. asper, lenis, = 
 rough, smooth, breathing 1 . [L] 
 
 spiP'ivalve, a. Having spiral shell ; (of 
 shell) spiral, [f. L spira spire 2 + valva door] 
 
 spip'ket, n. (naut.). Space forward or aft 
 between floor-timbers. [?] 
 
 spip'keting", n. Inside planking between 
 top of waterways & lower sills of ports. [-ING ] ] 
 
 spir»o- 1 in comb. = Gk speira coil. 
 
 spipo- 2 in comb. (irreg.)=L spiro breathe in 
 sense ' breath ', as : -graph, instrument for mark- 
 ing breathing movement; -meter, scope, instru- 
 ment for measuring lung capacity, so -me'tric 
 a., -metry n. ; -phore, instrument for inducing 
 respiration in cases of suspended animation. 
 
 spirt, spurt, v.i. & t., & n. Gush out in a 
 jet or stream; cause (liquid &c.) to do this ; (n.) 
 sudden gushing out, jet. [OE spryttan, sprit- 
 ten, cogn. vv. spriitan sprout] 
 
 spit 1 , n., & v.t. Slender bar on which meat 
 that is to be roasted is made to rotate before 
 
 27* 
 
SPIT 
 
 842 
 
 SPLIT 
 
 fire; small point of land running into sea; (v.t.) 
 thrust a s. through (meat &c), (tig.) pierce, 
 transfix, with sword &c. [(vb f. n.) OE spitu, 
 cf. Du. spit, G spiess] 
 
 spit 2 , v.i. & t. {spat or archaic spit), & n. 
 Eject saliva ; eject (saliva, blood ; food &c. out) 
 from mouth; (tig.) utter (oaths, threats, &c.) 
 vehemently; (of cat &c, fig. of person) make 
 noise as of spitting as sign of anger or hostility; 
 (of rain) fall lightly; s. upon, (tig.) treat with 
 ignominy ; spitfire, person of fiery temper, (also 
 spitdevil) toy cone of wet gunpowder spitting 
 when ignited. Hence spi'ttER 1 n. (N.) spitting 
 (esp. of cat), spawn of someinsects ; (rare) spittle. 
 [(n. f. vb) OE spittan, also spxtan (whence past 
 & p.p. spat) ; prob. cogn. w. ON spyta, Da. 
 spytte, Sw. s~:otta, and w. spout] 
 
 sprteheock, a., & v.t. Eel split & broiled; 
 (v.t.) prepare thus (eel, fish, bird), [prob. = 
 cooked on spit, f. MHG spitz spit 1 + G kochcn 
 cook] 
 
 spite, n., & v.t. Ill will, malice, as did it 
 from pure s. ; grudge, as has a s. against me ; 
 (in) s. of, notwithstanding; (v.t.) thwart, mor- 
 tify, annoy, as does it to s. me, cut off one's 
 nose to s, one's face, injure oneself by vindic- 
 tive or resentful conduct. Hence spi'teFUL a. , 
 spi'tefulLY 2 adv., spi'tefulxESS n. [(vb f. 
 n.) short for despite] 
 
 spi'ttle, n. Saliva esp. as ejected from mouth. 
 [OE spdtl (spxtan spit 2 )] 
 
 spittoo'n, n. Vessel to spit into, usu. round 
 metal or earthenware vessel with funnel-shaped 
 top. [irreg. f. spit 2 + -oox] 
 
 spitz, n. (Also s.-dog) small kind of dog with 
 pointed muzzle, Pomeranian. [G spUs{hund) 
 f. spitze point] 
 
 spla'nchnic (-ngk-), a. Of the entrails, intes- 
 tinal. So splanchno- comb, form, splanch- 
 no'LOGY, splanchno'TOM y, nn. [f. Gk splag- 
 khnikos (splagkhna entrails, see -ic)] 
 
 splash, v.t. & i., & n. Bespatter (person &c. 
 with water, mud, &c); dash, spatter, (liquid 
 about, en or over person &c); (of liquid) fly 
 about in drops or scattered portions ; (of per- 
 son) cause liquid to do this, make one's way, 
 move across, along, &c, thus; step, fall, plunge, 
 &c, into (water &c.) so as to s. it; decorate 
 with scattered ornamentation. (X.) splashing; 
 quantity of liquid splashed; resulting noise, as 
 we heard a s. ; spot of dirt &c. splashed on to 
 things; patch of colour esp. on animal's skin; 
 make a s., (tig.) attract much attention, create 
 sensation ; complexion powder usu. of rice-flour; 
 s.-board, guard in front of wheeled vehicle to 
 keep mud off occupants. Hence spla'shv 2 a. 
 [- plash with emphat. s- (= OF es- f. L ex-)] 
 
 spla'sher, n. In vol senses ; also : kinds of 
 guard placed over wheels of locomotive &c. to 
 keep off mud &c. ; screen behind wash-stand 
 to protect wall, [-er 1 ] 
 
 spla'ttep, v.i. & t. Make continuous splash- 
 ing sound; speak (a language or abs.) unin- 
 telligibly; s.-dash, noise, clamour; s.-dashes, 
 = SPATTERdas/ie.9. [prob. var. of spatter] 
 
 splay, v.t., n., & a. Form (sides of window) 
 with oblique angle; dislocate (esp. horse's shoul- 
 der); (n.) surface making oblique angle with 
 another, e.g. splayed side of window, embra- 
 sure; (adj.) wide & flat, turned outward; s.- 
 foot n. & a., (having) broad flat foot turned out- 
 ward \ s.-mouth, wide mouth, mouth stretched 
 wide in grimace. f(n. & adj. f. vb) ME splayen, 
 6hort for displav] 
 
 spleen, n. Organ producing certain modi- 
 fications in the blood of most vertebrates, situ- 
 ated in mammals at left of stomach ; lowness 
 of spirits, ill temper, spite, as a fit ofs., vented 
 
 splee'niSH 1 , 
 '■- spleeir- 
 
 his s., whence splee'nFUL, 
 splee'nY 2 , aa., splee'nfulLY 
 ishLY 2 , advv. ; spleenwort, kinds of fern 
 formerly used for s. disorders. Hence spleen*- 
 less a. [f. L f. Gk splen] 
 
 splen- in comb. =Gk splen spleen, as: -a'lgia, 
 pain in (region of) spleen, so -algie a.; -e'etomy, 
 excision of spleen; -i'tis, inflammation of spleen; 
 so -I'tic a.; -6'logy, study of spleen, so -olo'gical 
 a.; -6'tomy incision into, dissection of, spleen. 
 
 splendent, a. (mineral., entom.). Having 
 bright metallic lustre, [f. L splendere shine, 
 see -ent] 
 
 sple'ndid, a. Magnificent, gorgeous, sump- 
 tuous, glorious, brilliant, as a s. palace, gift, 
 achievement, victory; (of person) affecting splen- 
 dour {in surroundings &c.) ; (colloq.) excellent, 
 capital, as here is a s. chance of escape. Hence 
 sple'ndidLY 2 adv. [f. F splendide f. L splen- 
 didus (as prec, see -id 2 )] 
 
 splendrferous, a. (colloq.). Splendid, [ir- 
 reg. f. foll. + -FEROUS] 
 
 splendour, n. Great or dazzling bright- 
 ness; magnificence, grandeur; (Herald.) sun 
 in s. (with rays & human face), [f. OF splen- 
 deur f. L splend.orem (as splexdext, see -or 1 )] 
 
 splenetic, a. & n. Ill-tempered, peevish, 
 whence splene'tiCALLY adv.; of the spleen; 
 (n.) medicine for, sufferer from, disease of the 
 spleen, [f. OF splenetique f, LL spleneticus (as 
 spleen, see -ETIC)] 
 
 sple'nial, a. (anat.). Acting like a splint ; of 
 the splenius. [-al] 
 
 splenic, a. Of, in, the spleen, as s. fever, an- 
 thrax. So sple'noiD a. [f. OF spleniquc f. L 
 f. Gk splenikos (as spleen, see -ic)J 
 
 sple*nius,n.(pl.-u). (Eithersection of) muscle 
 on back & sides of neck serving to draw back 
 the head. [f. Gk splenion bandage] 
 
 spleniza'tion, n. Conversion of lung into 
 substance resembling spleen, [-ize, -atiox] 
 
 splice, v.t., & n. Join ends of (ropes) by in- 
 terweaving strands ; join (pieces of timber &e.) 
 in overlapping position; (colloq.) join in mar- 
 riage, as whendid he or they get spliced ? ; s. the 
 maix z-brace; (n.) junction of two ropes or 
 pieces of wood &c. by splicing ; eve 1 -.?, [(n. f. 
 vb) f. MDu. splisse7i splice f. splijten split] 
 
 spline, n., & v.t. Rectangular key fitting 
 into grooves in hub & shaft of wheel so that 
 shaft & wheel must revolve together; flexible 
 wood or rubber strip used in drawing large 
 curves esp. in railway work ; (v.t.) fit with s. [?] 
 
 s olint, du, & v.t. Flexible strip of wood for 
 holding broken bone when set or for basket- 
 work &c; (Anat, also s.-bone) fibula, any bone 
 serving as s., esp. each of two running from 
 knee to fetlock of horse ; tumour on, callus due 
 to disease of, s. -bone of horse; s.-coal, cannel 
 coal of slaty structure; (v.t.) confine (broken 
 limb &c.) with ss. [(vb f. n.) f. Sw. splint spike 
 (splinta vb splinter), cf. Da. splint splinter, G 
 splint thin piece of steel, & split] 
 
 spli'ntei*, v.t. & i., & n. Split (t. & i.) into 
 long thin pieces, shiver ; (n.) sharp-edged or thin 
 piece broken off from wood, stone, &c.; s.-bar, 
 cross-bar in vehicle supporting springs or to 
 which traces are attached; s.-bone, fibula; -s.- 
 proof (against ss. of bursting shells), [(n. f. vb) 
 frequent f. Sw. splinta (see prec.) + -er 5 ] 
 
 spli'ntepy, a. Of splinters ; splinter-like ; 
 apt to splinter. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 split l , v. t. & i. (split). Break forcibly, be brok- 
 en, into parts esp. with the grain or plane of 
 cleavage ; divide into parts, thicknesses, &c, as 
 s. it into three layers, the job, sum, Sec, was s. 
 (usu. up) among 6 of us, s. one's vote, vote for 
 each of opposed candidates, s. the difference, 
 
SPLIT 
 
 843 
 
 SPONSOR 
 
 take mean quantity &c. between two proposed ; 
 s. hairs, draw over-subtle distinctions, so hair- 
 splitti?ig; divide (t. & i.) into disagreeing or hos- 
 tile parties {on question &c.); s. (one's sides or 
 intr.), be convulsed with laughter, so side-split- 
 ting a. & n., side-splitter (person or joke); head 
 is splitting (feels acute pain), a splitting (acute) 
 headache ; s. on (slang), betray the secrets of 
 (accomplice &c); s. cloth (surg.), bandage with 
 several tails esp. for head & face ; s. gear, wheel, 
 (made in halves for removal from shaft); s. in- 
 finitive (with adverb &c. inserted between to 
 and verb, e.g. stems to partly correspond ; s.- 
 moss, kinds of which capsules split at maturity; 
 s. peas(e) (dried & s. in half for cooking) ; s. shot, 
 stroke, stroke at croquet driving two touching 
 balls in different directions. Hence (-)split- 
 tERMl,2) n. [f. MDu. splittcn, cf. Da. splitte, 
 Sw. dial, splitta disentangle] 
 
 split 2 , n. Splitting ; fissure, rent, crack ; se- 
 paration into parties, schism, rupture ; split 
 osier &c. for parts of basket-work ; each of the 
 strips of steel, cane, &c, of reed in loom ; single 
 thickness of split hide ; (in faro) turning up of 
 two cards of equal value so that stakes are di- 
 vided; half-bottle of aerated water, half-glass 
 of liquor; (pi. ) acrobat's trick of sitting on ground 
 with legs spread out laterally, as do ss. [f. prec.] 
 
 splotch, splodge, mi. Daub, smear. Hence 
 splo'tchY 2 a. [OE splot spot, cf. sp(l)atter, 
 sp(l)utter, & blot(ch)] 
 
 splurge, n., & v.i. (Make) noisy display or 
 effort, tf] 
 
 splu'tter, v.i. & t., & n. = sputter. Hence 
 splirttePER i h. [for -I- cf . sp{l)atter] 
 
 spo'ftish, a. (slang). Bustling, fussy. [?] 
 
 spoil 1 , n. (Usu. pi. or collect, sing.) plunder 
 taken from enemy in war, (fig.) profit, advan- 
 tage, accruing from success in contest &c. , emo- 
 luments of public oflfce &c; ss. system (U.S.), 
 practice of giving public offices to adherents of 
 successful party, whence spoilsman, advocate 
 of, one who seeks to profit by, this ; a draw in 
 the game of s.-five, in which each player has 
 five cards, [f. OF espoille f. L spolium skin 
 stripped off animal, (usu. pi.) spoil} 
 
 spoil 2 , v.t. & i. (spoilt or spoiled). (Archaic, 
 literary) plunder, deprive (person of thing), by 
 force or stealth, as s. the Egyptians (persons re- 
 garded as one's natural enemies &c; Exod. xii. 
 36); impair the qualities of, s. person's enjoyment 
 of, as was quite spoilt by the rain, will s. all the 
 fun, always s. a joke in the telling, the news 
 spoilt his dinner; injure character of (person 
 &c.) by indulgence, as spare the rod & s. the 
 child, are determined to s. vie, is the spoilt child 
 of fortune ; (of fruit, fish, &c, fig. of joke &c.) 
 decay, go bad, as will not s. with keeping, dog is 
 spoiling (ripe, eager) for a fight', s.-sport, one 
 Avho spoils sport. Hence spoi'lER 1 n. [f. OF 
 espoillierf. L spoliare strip, plunder (as prec.)] 
 
 spoilage (-ij), n. Paper spoilt in printing. 
 [-age] 
 
 spoke \ n., & v.t. Each of the bars running 
 from hub to rim of wheel, whence spo'kewisE 
 adv.; rung of ladder; each radial handle of 
 steering-wheel of vessel ; bar used to prevent 
 wheel from turning esp. in going down hill, as 
 (fig.) put as. in person's wheel, thwart his pur- 
 
 ?ose; s.-bone, radius of fore-arm ; s.-shave, plane- 
 it between two handles, used for ss. & other 
 esp. curved work where ordinary plane is not 
 available ; (v.t.) furnish with ss., check (wheel) 
 with s.; spoking-machine (for giving uniform 
 inclination to ss. of wheel), [(vb f. n.) OE spaca, 
 cf. Du. speek, G speiche, cogn. w. spike] 
 spoke 2 , spoken, -spoken. See speak. 
 spokesman (ks-), n. One who speaks for 
 
 others, representative, [irreg. f. spoke 2 + -es 
 + man] 
 
 spo'lia oprma,u. (Rom. Ant.) arms stripped 
 from hostile general by Roman commander in 
 single combat; (fig.) supreme achievement or 
 distinction. [L, = rich spoils] 
 
 spoliation, n. Plunder, pillage, esp. of 
 neutral vessels by belligerent, (fig.) extortion ; 
 (Eccl.) taking of fruits of benefice under pre- 
 tended title, writ of s. (for recovery of these) ; 
 (Law) destruction, mutilation, alteration, of 
 document to prevent its being used as evidence. 
 Hence or cogn. spo'liatoR 2 n., spo'liatoRV 
 a. [F, f. L spoliationem (as spoil 2 , see -ation)] 
 
 sponda'ic, a. Of spondees ; (of hexameter) 
 having spondee as fifth foot. [f. OF spondaique 
 ult. f. Gk spondeiakos (as foil., see -AC)] 
 
 spo'ndee, n. Metrical foot - -. [f. L f. Gk 
 spondeios (pous foot) used in making treaty 
 {spondai n. pi. f. spendo make libation)] 
 
 spo*ndyl(e), n. Joint of backbone, vertebra. 
 Hence spo*ndyl(o)- comb. form. [F (-le), f, L 
 f. Gk spondulos (prop. sp?w-)} 
 
 sponge 1 (-unj), n. Aquatic animal of low 
 order with pores in the body-wall, whence 
 spongo'LOGisT, spongo'LOGY, (spo-), nn.; 
 skeleton of a s. orcolony of ss. (whence spo'n- 
 giFORM a.), esp. elastic kind chiefly from the 
 Levant used as absorbent in bathing, cleansing 
 surfaces, &c; throw up thes., (of boxer or his 
 attendant) throw into the air as token of defeat 
 the s. used between rounds, (fig.) abandon con- 
 test, own oneself beaten ; thing of s.-like ab- 
 sorbency or consistency, e.g. piece of leavened 
 dough, s.-cake, absorbent pad used in surgery, 
 kind of mop for cleaning bore of cannon, iron 
 or other metal in finely-divided condition ; (fig.) 
 parasite, person who contrives to live at an- 
 other's expense ; s.-cake, light cake of s.-like 
 consistency ; s.-cucumber, -gourd, vegetable s., 
 kind of gourd used in Turkish baths as rubber 
 or towel ; s. tent, compressed s. for keeping 
 wound &c. open ; s.-tree, spiny tropical shrub 
 of bean family with globose heads of fragrant 
 yellow flowers, [f . OF esponge f . L f . Gk spoggia 
 var. of sp{h)oggos, cf. fungus] 
 
 sponge 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Wipe, cleanse, with 
 sponge ; sluice water over (parts of body &c. or 
 abs., often doivn, over) with sponge ; wipe out, 
 efface, (writing, fig. memory of thing &c, usu. 
 oid) with sponge; absorb, take up, (water &c.) 
 with sponge ; gather sponges ; procure by syco- 
 phantic arts; s. on, live as the parasite of, be 
 meanly dependent on (person for thing); (n.) 
 sponging, bath with sponge, as had a s. down. 
 Hence spo'ngER^l, 2) n. [(n. f. vb) f. LL 
 spongiare (as prec.)] 
 
 spo'nging, n. In vbl senses ; s. -house (hist.), 
 bailiff's house for temporary lodging of arrest- 
 ed debtor, [-ing *] 
 
 spongiopi'llne, n. Substitute for poultice 
 made of sponge & fibre backed with rubber, 
 [as sponge * + Gk pilos felt + -ine 4 ] 
 
 spo'ngy, a. Like sponge ; porous, compres- 
 sible, elastic, absorbent, as sponge ; (of metal) 
 finely divided &loosely coherent. Hence spo'n- 
 giNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 spo'nsion, n. Being surety for another ; (In- 
 ternat. Law) engagement made on behalf of 
 State by agent not specially authorized, [f. L 
 sponsio {spondere. spons- promise, see -ion)] 
 
 spo*nson,n. Projection from side of war-ship 
 to enable gun to be trained forward & aft ; pro- 
 jection before & abaft paddle-box. [?] 
 
 spo'nsor, n. Godfather or godmother ; per- 
 son who makes himself responsible for another. 
 Hence sponsor*; a l a., spo'nsoPSHiP n. [L 
 {spondere spons- promise, see -or 2 )] 
 
SPONTANEOUS 
 
 8H 
 
 SPOUT 
 
 spontaneous, a. Acting, done, occurring, 
 without external cause ; voluntary, without 
 external incitement, as made a s. offer of his 
 services', (of sudden movements &c.) involun- 
 tary, not due to conscious volition ; growing 
 naturally without cultivation ; (Biol., of struc- 
 tural changes in plants, muscular activity in 
 esp. voung animals) instinctive, automatic, 
 prompted by no motive ; (of bodily movements, 
 literary style, &c.) gracefully natural & uncon- 
 strained ; 8. combustion, ignition of mineral or 
 vegetable substance (e.g. heap of rags soaked 
 with oil, mass of wet coal) from heat engendered 
 by rapid oxidation ; s. generation, production 
 of living from non-living matter asinferred from 
 appearance of life (due in fact to bacteria &c.) 
 in some infusions ; s. suggestion (from associa- 
 tion of ideas withoutconscious volition). Hence 
 or cogn. spontane'rr Y,sponta*neousNESS, 
 nn., spontaneous l v 2 adv. [f. L spontaneus 
 (sponte of_one's own accord, see -aneous)] 
 
 spontoo'n, n. (hist.). Kind of halberd used 
 by some British infantry officers, [f. F sponton 
 f. It. spontone (spontare blunt the point of f. 
 LL *Expunctare as point, see -oon)] 
 
 spook, n. Ghost. Hence spoo'kiSH 1 , 
 spoq'ky 2 , aa. [Du., cf. dial. G spiich, spuk] 
 
 spool, n., & v.t. Reel for winding yarn &c. 
 on ; revolving shaft of angler's reel ; (vb) wind 
 on s._ [f. MDu. spoele, cf. S\v. spole, G spule] 
 
 spoon 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Utensil consisting of 
 round or usu. oval bowl & a handle for convey- 
 ing esp. liquid food to mouth, usu. of silver or 
 plated metal for table use (tea, dessert, table, 
 gravy, -s., of small, medium, large, extra large, 
 size, apostle, egg 1 , salt, mustard, -s., marrow 
 s., for getting marrow from bones) & of wood 
 or iron for cooking &c; born with silver s. in 
 mouth; wooden 8. (hist.), (wooden s. given to) 
 last man in Cambridge mathematical tripos; 
 EGG^dfr-s. race ; s.-shaped thing, esp. (oar with) 
 broad curved blade, kinds of golf -club with 
 striking-surface hollowed out; s. (-bait), bright 
 revolving s. -shaped piece of metal used as lure 
 in fishing; spoonbcak, -bill, kinds of bird; s.- 
 drift, see spindrift; s.-meat, liquid food, food 
 for infants (also fig.); s.-net, angler's landing- 
 net. (Vb) take (liquid &c, usu. up, out) with 
 s.; fish with s.-bait; (Croquet) make pushing 
 stroke; (Crick.) strike (ball) feebly, send up 
 (ball, a catch) tlms, with bat. Hence (-)spoo'n- 
 ful n. [(vb f. n.) OE spon, cf. Du. spaan, G 
 span, & Gk sphen wedge] 
 
 spoon 2 , n., & v.i. Simpleton; silly or de- 
 monstratively fond lover ; bess. on, be sillily in 
 love with ; (vb) behave amorously, behave thus 
 towards (girl &c). Hence spoo*n(e)Y 3 n. 
 [prob^f. spoony] 
 
 Spoo*ner(ism), a. Accidental transposition 
 of initial letters &c. of two or more words (e.g. 
 has just received a blushing crow, for real en- 
 joyment give me a well-boiled icycle). [f. Rev. 
 W. A. Spooner, esteemed for ss.,+ -ism] 
 
 spoo'ny, a. Soft, silly; sentimental. Hence 
 spoo'niLY 2 adv., spoo'niNESS n. [prob. f. 
 spoon i + -y 2 , perh. w. ref. to spoon-meat] 
 
 spoop, n. , & v.t. & i. Track, scent, of animal ; 
 (vb) follow by s. Hence spooP'ER l n. [Du.] 
 
 spora'die, a. Occurring only here & there, 
 separate, scattered. Hence spoPa'dieAL a. 
 (rare), spopa'diealLY 2 adv., spopa'dical- 
 ness n. [f. Gk sporadikos (sporas -ados scat- 
 tered f. speiro sow, see -ic)] 
 
 spora'ngium <-j-), n. (bot.). Case in which 
 spores are produced, [f. Gk spora spore + ag- 
 geion vessel] 
 
 spopa'tion, n. Spore-formation, [-ation] 
 
 spore, n. (Bot., in cryptogamous plants) sin- 
 
 gle cell that becomes free & capable of indivi- 
 dual development ; (Biol. ) minute organic body 
 that develops into new individual; (tig.) seed, 
 germ, of anything, [f. Gk spora sowing, seed, 
 f. speiro sow] 
 
 spopo- in comb. = prec, as : -genesis, spore- 
 formation ; -genous, producing spores. 
 
 spo*ppan, n. Pouch, usu. covered with fur 
 &c, worn by Highlander in front of kilt. [f. 
 Gael, sporan] 
 
 spopt, n. Amusement, diversion, fun ; in s., 
 jestingly ; make s. of, turn into ridicule, make 
 fun of; pastime, game ; outdoor pastime, e.g. 
 hunting, fishing, racing ; athletic ss., running, 
 jumping, putting weight, &c, meeting of ath- 
 letes to compete in these, as school ss., inter- 
 university ss. ; animal, plant, deviating sudden- 
 ly or strikingly from normal type ; sportsman, 
 -woman, person fond of ss. esp. hxinting, shoot- 
 ing, or fishing, whence sportsmanship n., fig. 
 enterprising person, person not afraid of taking 
 risk of failure ; spor'tsmanlike, befitting, wor- 
 thy of, a sportsman. ( Vb) divert oneself, take 
 part in pastime; (part.) interested in-s., as a 
 sporting man, sportsmanlike, as sporting con- 
 duct, sporting offer, whence spop'tingLY 2 
 adv. ; (Bot., Zool.)"become or produce a s. ; wear, 
 exhibit,produce, esp. ostentatiously, as sported 
 a gold tie-pin ; s, one's oak. [short for disport] 
 
 spop'tive, a. Playful. Hence spop'tive- 
 l y 2 adv. , spop'tiveNESS n. [-ive] 
 
 spop'ule, n. Spore ; small spore. Hence 
 spop'uIar 1 a. [-ULE] 
 
 spot l , n. Particular place, definite locality, 
 as dropped it on this precise s., the s. where 
 William III landed; small part of the surface 
 of a thing distinguished by colour, texture, &c, 
 usu. round or less elongated than a streak or 
 stripe, small mark or stain, as a blue tie with 
 pink 88., SUN-s., can the leopard change his ss.?; 
 (fig.) moral blemish, stain, as without a s. onhis 
 reputation ; kinds of fish & domestic pigeon ; 
 (Billiards) small round black patch near each 
 end of table equidistant from sides, s.-stroke, 
 pocketing red ball when placed on s. remote 
 from balk, s. -barred game (in which successive 
 s.-strokes are not allowed), s. (-ball), white ball 
 distinguished from the other by black s. ; on the 
 s., without delay or change of place, then & 
 there, (of person) wide awake, equal to the situ- 
 ation, in good form at game &c; (Commerc.) s. 
 cash, cotton, wheat, prices, (to be paid or deliver- 
 ed immediately on sale), ss., commodities sold 
 for s. cash. Hence spotLESS, spo'ttY 2 , aa., 
 spo'tlessLY 2 adv., spo'tlessNEss, spo'tti- 
 ness, nn. [ME & OFris., cf. MDu. spotten vb, 
 cogn. w. spout] 
 
 spot 2 , v.t. Mark, stain, soil, with spots (lit., 
 & fig. of character &c); (of material &c.) be 
 (liable to be) marked with spots ; (colloq.) single 
 out beforehand (winner of race &c, horse &c. 
 as winner for event) ; (colloq.) detect, recognize 
 nationality &c. of, as spotted him at once as an 
 American, can always s. a dun ; (p.p.) marked 
 with ss., esp. in names of animals. Hence 
 spo'ttedNESS n. [f. prec.] 
 
 spouse (-owz), n. Husband or wife. [f. OF 
 espous(e) f. L p.p. of spondere promise] 
 
 spout (-owt), v.t. & i., & n. Discharge, issue, 
 forcibly in a jet, as blood spouts from wound, 
 wounds s. blood, whale spouts water; utter 
 (verses &c. or abs.) in declamatory manner, 
 speechify; (slang) pawn. (N.) projecting tube 
 through which liquid &c. is poured from tea- 
 pot, kettle, gutter of roof, &c. ; sloping trough 
 down which thing may be shot into receptacle, 
 
 esp. shoot in pawnbroker's shop, as his watch 
 is up the s, (in pawn); jet, column, of liquid or 
 
SPRAG 
 
 845 
 
 SPRINGER 
 
 grain &c; water 1 -.?.; (also s.-hole) spiracle of 
 whale. Hence spou'tER 1 n., spoutLESS a. 
 [ME spouten vb, spoute n., cf. Du. spuitcn, Sw. 
 sp(r)uta ; prob. by-form of sprout] 
 
 sprag, n. Billet of wood or similar device 
 for checking wheel of car &c. [Da,, = spray i ] 
 
 sprain, v.t., & n. Wrench (ankle, wrist, &c.) 
 violently so as to cause pain & swelling but not 
 dislocation; (n.) such wrench, resulting inflam- 
 mation & swelling, [f. OF espreindrc f. L ex- 
 {primere=premere press)] 
 
 spraints, n. pi. Otter's dung, [f . OF esprain- 
 tes lit. out-pressings (as prec.)j 
 
 sprang-. See spring 1 . 
 
 sprat, n., & v.i. Small European herring- 
 like fish much used as food ; other kinds of fish, 
 e.g. sand-eel, young herring; s.-day, Nov. 9, on 
 which s. season begins in England; (v.i.) fish 
 for ss., whence spra'ttER 1 , spra'ttiNG 1 , nn. 
 [(vb f. n.) OE sprott, cf. OE sprot twig, sprout, 
 & Du. sprot sprat] 
 
 sprawl, v.i. & t,, & n. Spread oneself, 
 spread (one's limbs), out in careless or ungainly 
 way; (of writing, plant, &c.) be of irregular or 
 straggling form; open out (troops) irregularly ; 
 (n.) sprawling movement or attitude. [OE 
 spreawli an, cf. Norw. sprala, Da. spi'delle] 
 
 spray 1 , n. Branch of tree with branchlets 
 or flowers, esp. slender or graceful one, sprig of 
 flowers or leaves; ornament in similar form, 
 as a s. of diamonds &c; s.-drain, drain in field 
 &c. made by filling trench with branches. 
 Hence sprayey 1 a. [cf. clayey]. [ME; OE 
 has sprxc shoot, cf. ON sprek stick] 
 
 spray 2 , it., & v.t. Water or other liquid fly- 
 ing in small drops from force of Mind, dashing 
 of waves, or action of atomizer &c. ; medical or 
 other liquid preparation to be applied in this 
 form with atomizer &c; (v.t.) throw (liquid or 
 abs.) in form of s.; s.-board (on boat's gunwale 
 to keep off s.). Hence spray *er Ml, 2) n., 
 sprayey 2 a. [(vb f. n.) f. LO sprei drizzle, 
 cogn. w. G spriihen vb, Du. sproeien vb] 
 
 spread 1 (-ed), v.t. & i. (spread). Extend the 
 surface of, cause to cover larger surface, by un- 
 rolling, unfolding, smearing, flattening out, 
 &c, (fig.) display thus to eye or mind, as pea- 
 cock spreads its tail, s. a banner, s. out a rug 
 on the grass, s. butter on bread, map lay s. out 
 on the table, the view s. out before us, whence 
 sprea*dER 1 (2) n. ; show extended or extensive 
 surface, as river here spreads out to a width of 
 half a mile, on every side s. a vast desert, 
 spreading yeics; diffuse, be diffused, as his 
 name s.fear in every quarter, rumour s. from 
 mouth to mouth, has s. a malicious' report ; 
 cover surface of, as slices of bread s. with jam, 
 a table s. with every luxury, meadow s. with 
 daisies ; s. eagle, figure of eagle with legs & 
 wings extended as seen on coins &c, (colloq.) 
 fowl split open down the back & broiled, (Naut.) 
 person lashed in rigging with arms & legs s. out 
 as punishment, (adj., s.-e.) bombastic, esp. 
 noisdy patriotic, whence s.-eagleism n. [OE 
 sprxdan, cf. Du. spreiden, G spreiten] 
 
 spread 2 , n. Spreading; capability of ex- 
 panding, as inferior to the eagle in s. of wings ; 
 breadth, compass, as arches of equal s.; diffu- 
 sion (of education &c); (colloq.) feast, meal, as 
 had no end of a s. [f. prec] 
 
 spree, n., & v.i. Lively frolic, bout of drink- 
 ing &c, as is on the (having a) s.; (v.i.) have a 
 s. [(vb f. n.) cf. Ir. spre spark, spirit, spi-ac 
 spark, life, ON sprxkr lively, & spry] 
 
 sprent, a. (archaic). Sprinkled, overspread, 
 (with drops, particles, &c.). [p.p. of obs. spreng 
 t. OE sprengan, see sprinkle] 
 
 sprig 1 , n., & v.t. Small branch, shoot ; orna- 
 
 ment of 8. form; small headless nail; (nsu. 
 contempt.) youth, young man, as who is this s. ?, 
 a s. of the nobility ; (v.i.) ornament wilh ss., as 
 sprigged muslin ; sprigtail, kinds of duck & 
 grouse with pointed tail. Hence spri'ggv - a. 
 [(vb f. n.) cogn. w. spray 1 ] 
 
 sprlgh'tly, a. Vivacious, lively, gay. 
 Hence sprigh'tliNESS n. [f. sprite *+ -ly J'| 
 
 spring 1 , v.i. & t. (sprang, sprung). Leap, 
 jump, move rapidly or suddenly, (often up, 
 down, out, over, through, away, back, &c), as 
 sprang (up) from his scat, sprang through the 
 gap, at his throat, to their assistance,' blood 
 sprang to her checks ; move rapidly as from 
 constrained position or by action of a spring, as 
 branch sprang back, door sprang to ; come into 
 being (usu. s. up), arise (often from source), ap- 
 pear, asa breeze sprangupfhe belief has sprung 
 up, his actions s. from a Jalse conviction, (to 
 person arriving suddenly or unexpectedly or 
 whose presence is only now realized) where 
 do or did you s. from?; (of wood) Avarp ; (t. & i. 
 of wood) split, crack, as bat is or ha a sprung, 
 have sprung my racket; (p.p., colloq.) tipsy; 
 rouse (game) from earth or covert ; cause to act 
 suddenly by means of a spring, produce or de- 
 velop suddenly or unexpectedly, as s. a trap, 
 has sprung a new theory, loves to s. surpHses 
 on us ; cause (mine) to burst; (Naut., of ship) 
 s. a butt, loosen end of plank by labouring in 
 heavy sea, s. a leak, develop leak from starting 
 of timbers, s. the or her luff, yield to helm & 
 sail nearer to wind. [OE springan, -can, cf. Du. 
 & G springen, ON springa burst] 
 
 spring 2 , n. Leap, as took a s., rose with a 
 s.; season in which vegetation begins, season 
 preceding summer (esp. from about March 21 
 to June 22) ; fountain of water issuing from 
 earth, basin formed at place where this issues, 
 as hot, mineral, ss.; backward movement from 
 constrained position, recoil, e.g. of bow; elas- 
 ticity, as his viuscles have no s. in them ; elastic 
 contrivance usu. of bent or coiled metal used 
 esp. as motive power in clockwork &c. or for 
 preventing jar as in carriage, as bow s. (bow- 
 shaped), cee s., air or pneumatic s. (working 
 by compression of air), hair-s., main 2 s.; (fig.) 
 motive actuating person &c, source, origin, as 
 the ss. of human action, the custom had its s. in 
 another country ; upward curve of beam &c. 
 from horizontal line ; starting of plank ; spring- 
 ing of leak; day-s.; s.-balance (measuring 
 weight by tension of s.) ; s.-beam, beam stretch- 
 ing across wide space without intermediate 
 support, elastic bar used as s. in tilt-ham- 
 mer &c; s.-bed, -mattress, mattress formed of 
 spiral ss. in wooden frame ; s.-board, elastic 
 board giving impetus in leaping, diving, &c; 
 s.-carriage, -cart, (mounted on ss.) ; s.-gun (con- 
 trived to go off when trespasser or animal 
 stumbles on it); s.-halt, convulsive movement 
 of horse's hind leg in walking; s.-tide, high 
 tide occurring shortly after new & full moon 
 in each month, (poet.) springtime; springtime, 
 season of s.; s. water (from s., opp. to river or 
 rain water). Hence spri'ngLESS, spri'ng- 
 like, aa., spri'ngLET n. [OE, f. prec] 
 
 spri'ngal(d), n. (archaic). Youngster, [f. 
 spring 1 + F -aid f. OHG -wald, cf. herald] 
 
 spri'ngbok, n. S.-Afr. gazelle with habit 
 of springing in play or when alarmed. [S.-Afr. 
 Du.] 
 
 springe (-j), n. Noose, snare, for small game. 
 [ME (spring 1 )] 
 
 spri'nger (-nger), n. In vbl senses ; also or 
 esp. : (Archit.)partof arch where curve begins, 
 lowest stone or this part, bottom stone of cop- 
 ing of gable, rib of groined roof or vault ; kind 
 
SPRINGY 
 
 846 
 
 SQUADRON 
 
 of spaniel used to spring game ; grampus ; 
 springbok, [-er 1 ] 
 
 sprrngry (-ngi), a. (Of movement or sub- 
 stance) elastic. Hence spri'ngiNESs n. [y 2 ] 
 
 spri'nkle, v.t. & i., & n. Scatter (liquid, 
 ashes, crumbs, &c.) in small drops or particles, 
 whence spri*nklER 1 (2) n. ; (of liquid &c.) fall 
 thus;(n.)lightshower(o/rain&c.),sospri'nk- 
 1ing 1 (2) n. [(n. f. vb) earlier sprenkle f. OE 
 sprengan causal of springan spring l + -LE(3)] 
 
 sprint, v.i. & t., & n. Run short distance, 
 run (specified distance), at full speed ; (n.)such 
 run. Hence spri'ntER 1 n. [cogn. w. spurt] 
 
 sprit, n. Small spar reaching diagonally from 
 mast to upper outer corner of sail ; spritsail 
 (-sal, -si), sail extended by s., (formerly) sail ex- 
 tended by yard set under bowsprit. [OE spreot 
 pole, cogn. w. sprout] 
 
 sprite, n. Elf, fairy, goblin. [ME, as spirit] 
 
 spro'cket, ft. Each of several teeth on 
 wheel engaging with links of chain ; s.-xoheel, 
 such wheel, e.g. for engaging bicycle chain. [?J 
 
 sprout (-owt), v.i. & t., & n. Begin to grow, 
 shoot forth, put forth shoots ; spring up, grow 
 to a height; produce by sprouting, as has 
 sprouted horns, a moustache ; (n.) shoot of 
 
 Elant ; Brussels ss. [(n. f. vb) OE sprutan, cf. 
 >u. spruiten, G i priessen ; cogn. w. spirt, spout] 
 
 spruee 1 , a., & v.t. Neat in dress & appear- 
 ance, trim, smart ; (v.t.) smarten (onese//&c, 
 usu. tip). Hence spru'cei. y 2 adv. , spr tree- 
 ness n. [prob. f. OF Pruce Prussia, w. ref. to 
 Prussian leather] 
 
 spruce 2 , n. (Also s.-fir) kinds of fir ; s.-beer 
 (made from leaves and small branches of s., 
 useful as antiscorbutic). [G has sprossen-bier 
 s.-beer (lit. sprouts-beer), sprossen-fichte, s. fir 
 (lit. sprouts-fir, i.e. fir from which s.-beer was 
 made) ; altered in E to s.-fir, -beer, because s.- 
 beer came from Prussia (see prec.)] 
 
 sprue, n. Passage through which metal is 
 poured into mould ; metal filling s. [?] 
 
 sprung". See spring 1 . 
 
 spry, a. (spryer, -est). Active, lively, [cf. Sw. 
 dial, sprygg, sprdg, spraker, & spree] 
 
 spud, n., & v.t. Kinds of small spade for 
 cutting roots of weeds &c. ; short thick thing, 
 whence spu'ddv 2 a. ; (colloq.) potato ; (v.t.) 
 remove (weeds, often up, otit) with s. [ME 
 spudde prob. f. Da. spyd, cf. Sw. spjut, OX 
 spjot, spear] 
 
 spue. See spew. 
 
 spume, n., & v.i. Froth, foam. Hence 
 spume'scE.vcE, spu'miNESS, nn.,spumE"- 
 scent, spu'mous. spu'my 2 , aa. [f. L sjmma] 
 
 spun. See spin l. 
 
 spunge. (Archaic for) sponge. 
 
 spunk, n. Courage, mettle, spirit: anger. 
 Hence spu'nkv 2 a. [orig. = tinder, f. Ir. si>onc 
 f. L f. Gk as sponge] 
 
 spur, n., & v.t. & i. Pricking instrument 
 with point or (also rowel-s.) rowel worn on 
 horseman's heel; xoin one's ss., (hist.) gain 
 knighthood, (fig.) gain distinction, make a 
 name; (fig.) stimulus, incentive; on the s. of 
 the moment, impromptu, on a momentary im- 
 pulse; s. -shaped thing, e.g. hard projection on 
 cock's leg, steel point fastened to this in cock- 
 fight, projecting mountain (range), climbing- 
 iron, wall crossing part of rampart and joining 
 it to interior work, slender hollow projection 
 from some part of flower; s.-royal, coin of 
 James I bearing s.-like sun with rays; s.- 
 wheel, cog-wheel with radial teeth ; spurwort, 
 plant with whorls of leaves like rowel of 8. ; 
 (v.t) prick (horse) with ss., incite (person on to 
 effort, to do, &c), furnish (person, boots.^ame- 
 cock, esp. in p.p.) with ss. ; (v.i.) ride hard {on, 
 
 forward, Sec). Hence spur'LESS a, [(vbf. n.) 
 OE spura, spora, cf. Du. spoor, G sporn] 
 spurge, n. Kinds of plant with acrid milky 
 juice. [AF, f. OF espurge (espurger purge, as 
 
 EXPURGATE)] 
 
 spur'ious, a. Not genuine, not being what 
 it pretends to be, not proceeding from the pre- 
 tended source, as s. coin, {reading in) MS, affec- 
 tion; (Zool.) resembling an organ &c. but not 
 having its function, having the function of or- 
 gan &c. but morphologically different, as s. 
 eyes, legs. Hence spur*iousLY 2 adv., spur*- 
 iousNESs n. [f. L spurius + -ous] 
 
 spur'lingr-line, n. (naut.). Line from steer- 
 ing-wheel to telltale in cabin for showing posi- 
 tion of helm. [?J 
 
 spurn, v.t. & i., & n. Repel, thrust back, 
 with foot ; (also archaic s. at) reject with dis- 
 dain, treat with contempt, (offer, advances, 
 person, &c>; (n.) spurning, contemptuous re- 
 jection. [OE speornan, cf. ON sperna, L spcr- 
 nere; cogn. w. spur] 
 
 spurrier {or spu'-), n. Spur-maker, [-ier] 
 
 spup'py, -rey, n. Kinds of herb of pink fa- 
 mily, esp. corns., a weed in corn-fields &c. [f. 
 OF spurrie f. LL spergula of G orig.] 
 
 spurt, v.i., & n. (Make) short sudden violent 
 eftort esp. in racing, [f. ON spretta vb start, 
 spring, sprettr n. spurt f. Teut. spreni] 
 
 spu'tter, v.t. & i., & ft. Emit with spitting 
 sound ; speak, utter, (words, threats, a lan- 
 guage, &c.) rapidly or incoherently; speak in 
 hurried or vehement fashion (often at person 
 &c); (n.) such speech. Hence sputterER 1 \\., 
 spu*ttering"L y 2 adv. [spout, -er 5 ] 
 
 spu'tum, n. (pi. -ta). Saliva, spittle ; expec- 
 torated matter esp. as characteristic of disease. 
 [L, neut. p.p. of spuere spit] 
 
 spy, n., & v.t. & i. Person who goes, esp. in 
 disguise, into enemy's camp or territory to in- 
 spect works; watch movements, &c, & report 
 the result ; person who keeps (esp. secret) watch 
 on movements of others, as refuse to be a s. on 
 his conduct; (v.t.) discern, make out, esp. by 
 careful observation, as spied a horseman ap- 
 proaching, is quick at spying his neighbours' 
 faults, s. out, explore secretly, discover by this 
 means ; (v.i.) play the s., keep close & secret 
 watch (upon person, movements, &c, into 
 secret &c.) ; spyglass, small telescope; s.-holc, 
 peep-hole. [ME spie n., spien vb, f. OF espier 
 espy f. OHG spehon, cf. L specere look] 
 
 squab (-6b), a., adv., n. Short & fat, squat, 
 whence squa'bbY 2 a. ; (adv.) with heavy fall, 
 as come down s. on the floor', (n.) short fat 
 person, young esp. unfledged pigeon, stuffed 
 cushion, ottoman ; s.-chick, unfledged bird ; s.- 
 pie, pigeon-pie, pie of mutton, onions. & apples, 
 [of Scand. orig.,cf. Sw. dial, sqvabb loose flesh, 
 sqvabba fat woman, &c] 
 
 squa'bble (-obi), v.i. & t, & n. Engage in 
 petty or noisy quarrel (with person about thing); 
 (Print.) disarrange (composed type); (n.) petty 
 or noisy quarrel. Hence squa'bblER 1 n. [r. 
 Sw. dial, skvabbel n. dispute, cogn. w. Sw. dial. 
 skvap-^a chide f. skvapp splash, imit.] 
 
 squa'ceo, n. Small crested heron of S. Europe, 
 Africa, & Asia. [imit. of cry] 
 
 squad (-6dl, n. (Mil.) small number of men 
 assembled for drill &c; awkward s. (of recruits 
 not yet competent to take place in regimental 
 line, also fig.); small party of persons, [f. MF 
 esquadre f. It. squadra square] 
 
 squa'dron (-6d-), n., & v.t. Principal divi- 
 sion of cavalry regiment, consisting of two 
 troops & containing 120 to 200 men ; any orderly 
 body of persons ; detachment of war-ships em- 
 ployed on particular service, as flying s. (equip- 
 
SQUAIL 
 
 847 
 
 SQUEAK 
 
 f>ed for rapid cruising); (v. t.) form (men) into ss. 
 f. MF esquadron f. It. squadrone (prec, -oon)] 
 
 squail, n. ( PI. ) game with small wooden disks 
 {ss.) on round table or board (s.-board). [?] 
 
 squai'lep, n. Stick with leaded knob for 
 striking or throwing at squirrels &c. [f. dial. 
 squail strike with 8. + -er l ] 
 
 squa'lid (-61-), a. Dirty, mean, poor, inappear- 
 ance. Hence or cogn. squali'diT v, squa'lid- 
 ness, squa'lOR \ nn. , squa'lid l v- adv. If. L 
 squalidus (squalere be stiff or dirty, -id 1 )] 
 
 squall (-awl), v.i. & t., & n. Cry out, scream, 
 violently as in fear or pain ; utter in screaming 
 or discordant voice. Hence squa'llER 1 n. 
 (N.) sudden & violent gust or successive gusts 
 of wind, esp. with rain or snow or sleet (arched 
 s.,e. occurring near equator with sudden collec- 
 tion of black clouds in form of arch & usu. vio- 
 lent thunderstorm ; black s., with dark cloud ; 
 white 8., arising in fair weather without for- 
 mation of clouds), whence squa'll v 2 a. ; look 
 out for ss., (fig.) be on one's guard against dan- 
 geror trouble ; [f. the vb]discordantcry, scream. 
 [f. ON skvala vb squeal, skval squalling, cf. Sw. 
 sqvala gush out, sqval gush of liquid, Gael, sgal 
 n. & vb howl] 
 
 squa'loid, a. Like a shark, [f. L squalus, 
 kind of sea-fish, (mod. L) genus of sharks, + -oid] 
 
 squa'ma, n. (bot., zool. ; pi. -ae). Scale, scale- 
 like feather or part of bone. Hence or cogn. 
 squami-, squamo , comb, forms, squa'm- 
 ose 1 , squa'mous aa., squa'muLE n. [L] 
 
 squa'ndep (-6n-), v.t. Spend (money, time, 
 &c.) wastefully ; dissipate (fortune &c.) thus. 
 Hence squa'ndePER * n. , squaTideringLY 2 
 adv. fprob. = dial, swatter &c. f. Da. sqvatte 
 splash, cf. ON skvetta squirt, + -er 5 ] 
 
 square (-ar), n., a., adv., & v.t. & i. Equi- 
 lateral rectangle ; object (approximately) of this 
 shape ; quadrilateral area planted with trees 
 &c. or ornamentally laid out & surrounded with 
 buildings esp. dwelling-houses, as Trafalgar 
 S. , Russell S. , lives in the next s. ; block of build- 
 ings bounded by four streets ; L-shaped or ( T- 
 s. ) T-shaped instrument for obtaining or testing 
 right angles; out of s., not at right angles; 
 standard, pattern, (usu. fig., & archaic exc. on 
 the s., fairly, honestly, as can be trusted to act 
 on the s., by the s., exactly) ; product of a num- 
 ber multiplied by itself, as the s. of 9 is 81, of 
 x 2 is x*,9 is a perfect s. (has rational root) ; 
 body of infantry drawn up in rectangular form, 
 holloio s., so drawn up with space in middle for 
 baggage &c, or with files facing inwards to re- 
 ceive orders from officersin central space ; (also 
 words.) set of words (to be guessed from de- 
 scription &) arranged in a s. so as to read alike 
 across & downwards (e.g. cab ace bed) ; magic 
 s.; (about) 100 s. ft as measure of flooring &c. 
 (Adj.) of s. shape ; s. foot, inch, &c, (area equal 
 to that of) s. whose side is a foot, inch, &c, s. 
 measure (expressed ins. feet &c); rectangular, 
 as table with s. corners ; at right angles to ; s. 
 number, s. of an integer, e.g. 1, i, 9, 16, &c; s. 
 root of a given number, number of which it is 
 the s., as the s. root of 9 is 3, of x 6 is x s , of 2 is 
 irrational ; (of card games) played by two pairs 
 of partners each player facing partner ; having 
 the breadth more nearly equal to the length or 
 height than is usual, as a man of s. frame ; an- 
 gular, not round, as s. peg in round hole *, has 
 a s.jaw ; properly arranged, in good order, as 
 must tidy up & get things s. ; thorough, uncom- 
 promising, as was met with a s. refusal, made 
 a s. meal; fair, honest, as his play is not always 
 Quite 8.', on a proper footing, even, quits, as am 
 now 8. with all the ivorld, get s. with (pay, com- 
 pound with) our creditors', s.-built, of compara- 
 
 tively broad shape ; s.-leg (crick.), fielder at some 
 distance to batsman's left & nearly opposite 
 wicket, his place, as was put at s.-leg ; s. -rigged 
 with principal sails extended by horizontal 
 yards slung to mast by the middle, opp. to /ore - 
 &-af trigged ; squaresail, four-cornered sail ex- 
 tended on yard slung to mast by middle esp. on 
 fore-&-aft rigged vessel; s.-shouldered, with 
 broad & not sloping shoulders, esp. opp. to 
 round-shouldered' s.-toed, (having boots) with 
 s. toes, (fig.) formal, prim ; s.-toes, s.-toed per- 
 son. Hence squape'LY 2 adv., squape*NE8s 
 n., squap'iSH i a. (Adv.) squarely, as sat s. an 
 his seat, hit him s. on the jaw, do you think he 
 plays s. (fair) ?, fair 2 & s. (Vb) make s.; make 
 rectangular, give rectangular edges to (timber); 
 multiply (number) by itself, as 3 squared is 9, 
 x squared is written x 2 ; adjust, make or be 
 suitable to or consistent with, reconcile, as de- 
 cline to s. my conduct to or wiih his interests, 
 his practice does not s. or he does not 8. his 
 practice with his principles ; settle, pay, (bill 
 &c), esp. s. accounts with (fig. have revenge 
 on) ; (colloq.) pay, esp. bribe, as can you s. the 
 porter?, has been squared to hold his tongue ; 
 secure acquiescence &c. of (person) thus; as- 
 sume attitude of boxer, move up to (person) 
 thus ; s. the circle, construct s. equal in area to 
 given circle, express area of circle exactly in s. 
 measure, (fig.) perform demonstrable impossi- 
 bility ; (Naut.) lay (yards) at right angles with 
 keel making them at same time horizontal, get 
 (dead-eyes) horizontal, get (ratlines) horizontal 
 & parallel to one another, [(vb & adv. f. adj.) 
 f. OF esquarre a. & n. (cf. It. squadra n.) f. p.p. 
 of LL *~EK(quadrare make square f. quaarus 
 four-cornered f. root of quattuor four)] 
 
 squa'ppose, -ous, (-or-), aa. (bot., zool.). 
 Rough with scale-like processes, [f. alleged LL 
 squarrosus prob. mistake for squamosus (as 
 squama, see -ose 1 , -ous)] 
 
 squap'son, n. (facet.). Clergyman who is 
 a landed proprietor, [f. squire + parson] 
 
 squash i (-6-), v.t. & i., & n. Crush, squeeze 
 flat or into pulp; (fig.) silence (person) with 
 crushing retort ; squeeze one's way (into Sec). 
 (N. ) squashed thing or mass, whence squa'shi- 
 ness n., squa*shv 2 a.; crowd; (sound of) fall 
 of soft body ; (also .9. -rackets) game played with 
 rackets & Softball in fives court; lemon **s.; 
 s.-hat (of soft felt &c). [perh. repr. ME squachen 
 f. OF esquacher f. es- ex- 4- LL *coacticare f. 
 coactus p.p. of cogere compel, lit. drive together; 
 or intensive form of quash] 
 
 squash 2 (-6-), n. Kinds of gourd, [f. Amer.- 
 Ind. askutasquash] 
 
 squat (-6t), v.i. & t., a., & n. Sit on ground 
 &c. with knees drawn up & heels close to or 
 touching hams, crouch with hams resting on 
 backs of heels ; put (oneself, person) into this 
 position ; (of animals) crouch close to ground ; 
 (colloq.) sit (down, on, &c). (Adj.) in squatting 
 posture; (of person &c.) short & thick, dumpy. 
 (N.) squatting posture ; s. person, [(adj. & n. f. 
 vb) f. OF esquatir flatten (es- EX- + quatir f. L 
 coactus, see squash 1 )] 
 
 squa'ttep, n. In vbl senses; also: (Austral.) 
 person who gets right of pasturage from govern- 
 ment on easy terms, also, any stock-owner ; per- 
 son who settles on new esp. public land without 
 title, [f. prec. + -er l ] 
 
 squaw, n. Amer.-Indian woman or wife; 
 s.-man, white married to s. [f. native squa] 
 
 squawk, v.i., & n. (Chiefly of birds) utter 
 harsh cry of pain or fear ; (n.) such cry. [var. of 
 squeak] 
 
 squeak, v.i. & t., & n. Utter short shrill cry 
 as of mouse or unoiled hinge; utter (words) 
 
SQUEAKER 
 
 &48 
 
 STACCATO 
 
 shrilly; (slang) turn informer, peach. (X.) short 
 shrill sound, whence squea'kir.v- adv., 
 squea'kv 2 a.; (narroic) s., narrow escape, 
 success barely attained; bubble i-and-s. [<n. 
 f. vb) f. MSw. sqwxka, cf. OX skvakka give 
 sound as of water shaken in bottle] 
 
 squea'ker, n. In vbl senses; also, young 
 bird csp. pigeon, [-er 1 ] 
 
 squeal, v.i. & t., & n. L tter shrill cry as of 
 child from pain, fear, anger, joy, &c. ; utter 
 (words) thus; (slang) turn informer; (n.) shrill 
 cry of child, pig, &c. [f. MSw. sqicxla frequent, 
 as squeak) 
 
 squea'ler, n. In vbl senses ; also, young bird 
 esp. pigeon. f-ER 1 ] 
 
 squea'mish, a. Easily naiiseated ; fasti- 
 dious, overnice, overscrupulous in questions 
 of propriety, honesty, &c. Hence squea'm- 
 IshLY 2 adv., squea'mishxESS n. [earlier 
 squeamous f. AF escoymous ctym. dub., al- 
 tered to -ish *] 
 
 squee'gee (or -e), squi'lgee, nn., & vv.t. 
 Rubber-edged implement for sweeping wet 
 deck or road ; small similar instrument or 
 roller used in photography; (v.t.) treat with s. 
 [squee- f. squil- etym. dub., altered on squeeze] 
 
 squeeze, v.t. & i., & n. Exert pressure upon 
 (sponge, lemon, &c.) esp. in order to extract 
 moisture, compress with hand or between two 
 bodies, as s. person's hand (as sign of sympathy, 
 affection, &c), squeezed orange fig., person, 
 thing, from whom or which no more is to be 
 had, teas squeezed to death in the croud ; thrust 
 (oneself, person, thing, into vehicle, room, &c, 
 out of, &c.) forcibly; make one's way by squeez- 
 ing {into Sec); harass by exactions, extort money 
 &c. from; constrain, bring pressure to bear on, 
 as could s. the government to any extent; get 
 (money &c. out of person &c.) by extortion, en- 
 treaty, &c. ; produce with effort (a tear Sec); 
 take impression of (coin &c.) esp. with sheets 
 of damp paper. (X.) application of pressure, as 
 gave him a s. (of the hand); crowd, crush, as 
 we all got in, but it was a (tight) s.; impression 
 of coin &c, esp. as above. Hence squeeza- 
 bulitf n., squee'ZABLE a. [(n. f. vb) OE 
 civisan, cwy-, cwl-, cogn. w. LG quosen; for s- 
 cf. squat] 
 
 squeezer, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 machine for expressing air-bubbles &c. from 
 puddled iron; (pi.) playing-cards with value 
 shown at top right-hand corner so that they 
 need not be opened out. [-er 1 ] 
 
 squelch, v.t., & n., (colloq.). Crush, put an 
 end to; disconcert, silence; (n.) crushing blow 
 or retort, [cf. dial, quelch blow] 
 
 squib, n., & v.t. & i. Firework thrown by 
 hand & exploding like rocket or burning with 
 hissing sound; tube of gunpowder used to fire a 
 charge ; short satirical composition, lampoon ; 
 (vb) write, attack with, lampoons. [ME svsip- 
 pen move swiftly f. OX svipa flash] 
 
 squid, n., & v.i. Kind of cuttle-fish used as 
 bait; kinds of artificial bait; (v.i.) fish with s. 
 [cogn. w. Sw. dial, sqvitta, OX skvetta, squirt] 
 
 squilg-ee. See squeegee. 
 
 squill, n. Plant of lily family; its bulb, used 
 as diuretic, purgative, &c; (also s.-fish) a crus- 
 tacean, [f. MF squille f. L squilla f. Gk skilla] 
 
 squinch, n. Arch across interior angle of 
 square tower as support for side of octagon. 
 [var. of sconce] 
 
 squint, v.i. & t., n., & a. Have the eyes 
 turned in different directions, have strabismus; 
 look obliquely (at Sec); close (eyes) quickly, 
 hold (eyes) half-shut. Hence squrntER 1 n. 
 (X.) affection of eyes in which their axes are 
 differently directed, ashas a fearful s.; stealthy 
 
 or sidelong glance; (colloq.) glance, look, as let '.-? 
 have as. at it; leaning, inclination, (to, towards, 
 policy &c.) ; oblique opening through wall of 
 church esp. affording view of altar from tran- 
 sept. (Adj.) squinting, looking different ways; 
 s.-eyed, (tig.) malignant, [cf. asquint] 
 
 squire, n., & v.t. Country gentleman, esp. 
 the chief landed proprietor in a district; wo- 
 man's escort or gallant; s. of dames, man who 
 is attentive to or frequents company of women; 
 (Hist.)attendant on knight; (v.t., of man) attend 
 upon, escort, (woman). Hence squire'HOOD, 
 squire'LET, squire'LixG 1 , squire'smp, nn., 
 squire'LY l , a. [as esquire] 
 
 squirearchy (-ki), n. Government by, in- 
 fluence of, landed proprietors esp. before Re- 
 form Bill of 1832; the class of landed proprietors, 
 so squire'arch n. Hence squire'archAL, 
 squirear'chiCAL, aa. [f. prec. + Gk -arkhia 
 rule f._a7-kho\ 
 
 squiree'n, n. Small landed proprietor esp. 
 in Ireland, [i. squire + -een dim. suf.j 
 
 squirm, v.i., Sz n. Wriggle, writhe; (fig.) 
 show, feel, embarrassment or discomfiture; (n.) 
 wriggling movement, (Xaut.) twist in rope, 
 [perh. f. dial, squir var. of whirr] 
 
 squi'rrel, n. Kinds of rodent quadruped of 
 active arboreal habits with bushy tail Se pointed 
 ears; barking s., prairie-dog; s.-fish, kinds of 
 fish covered with sharp spines; s.-hawk, large 
 hawk preying on ss. ; s.-monkey, marmoset & 
 other small monkeys; s.-tail, kinds of grass 
 allied to barley, [f. OF escu(i)rel f. LL scurellus 
 irreg. dim. of sciurus f. Gk skiouros (pop. ex- 
 plained as f. skia shadow + oura tail)] 
 
 squirt, v.t. & i., Se n. Elect (liquid, powder) 
 in a jet as from syringe ; (of 1'quid &c.) be dis- 
 charged thus. (X.) syringe ; jet of water &c. ; 
 (also s.-gun) kind of toy syringe; (colloq.) in- 
 significant self-assertive fellow- [(n. f. vb) cf. 
 LG su-irtjen (siciren whirr)] 
 
 stab, v.t. & i., & n. Pierce, wound, with (usu. 
 short) pointed weapon e.g. knife or dagger; 
 aim bloAv with such weapon (at); (fig.) inflict 
 sharp pain on (person, his feelings, conscience, 
 &c), aim blowa£ (reputation, person, &c); s. 
 (vb & n.) in the back, slander; roughen (brick 
 wall) with pick before plastering; (n.) blow, 
 thrust, with knife Sec, wound thus made, blow 
 or pain inflicted on person's feelings. Hence 
 sta'bbER ! n. [prob. f. Sw. dial, stabbe stamp, 
 cf. OX stabbi,_D*. dial, stab] 
 
 Sta'bat Ma'ter(or stah-, mah-), n. (Musical 
 setting for) Latin hymn on agony of the Virgin 
 Mary at the crucifixion. [L, = the mother was 
 standing, first wds of the hymn] 
 
 sta'ble *, a. Firmly fixed or established, not 
 easily to be moved or changed or destroyed, as 
 doubt whether the structure is s. ; firm, resolute, 
 not wavering nor fickle, as the only s. politician 
 of his day; s. equilibrium. Hence or cogn. 
 staBi'LiTv, stabilizATiox, sta'blexESS, 
 nn., sta"bilizE(3) v.t., sta'bLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 estable f. L stabilis (stare stand, see -ble)] 
 
 sta'ble 2 , n., & v.t. & i. Building set apart & 
 adapted for lodging & feeding horses or (less 
 usu.) cattle; race-horses of particular s.; au- 
 gea.vss.; s.-boy, -man (-ran), (employed ins.); 
 s.-call, cavalry signal for grooming & watering 
 horses; (v.t.) put, keep, horse in s., as where 
 can ice s. our horses ? ; (v.i., of horse &c, fig. of 
 person) be stabled, as must s. where they can. 
 [f. OF estable f. L stabulum (stare stand)] 
 
 sta'bling, n. In vbl senses of prec, esp. 
 accommodation for horses &c. [-ixg l ] 
 
 sta'blish, v.t. (archaic). Fix firmly, establish, 
 set up. [as ESTABLISH] 
 
 stacca'to (-kah-), a. & adv. (To be played) 
 
STACK 
 
 849 
 
 STAIN 
 
 in abrupt sharply detached manner, cf. t.egato; 
 s. mark, dot above or below s. note. [it. J 
 
 stack, n., & v.t. Circular or rectangular pile 
 of grain in sheaf or of hay, straw, &c, usu. 
 with sloping thatched top ; s.-funnel, pyramidal 
 frame ventilating centre of s.; s.-stand (on 
 which s. is built for dryness & exclusion of 
 vermin) ; (as measure of wood) pile of 108 cub. 
 ft; pile, heap, of anything; (colloq.) large 
 quantity, as have ss., a whole s., of work to get 
 through first ; pyramidal group of rifles, pile ; 
 number of chimneys standing together; (also 
 smokes.) chimney, funnel, of locomotive or 
 steamer ; high detached rock esp. off coast of 
 .Scotland & Orkneys; (v.t.) pile in s.,s. (=pile 3 ) 
 arms, [(vb f. n.) f. ON stakkr haystack, cf. 
 stakka stump & Sw. stack stack] 
 
 sta'cte, n. A sweet spice used by ancient 
 Jews in making incense, [f. L f. Gk stakte oil 
 trickling from myrrh &c. (stazo drip)] 
 
 stacto'meter, n. Tube for measuring a 
 liquid in drops, [f. Gk staktos vbl adj. f. stazo 
 drip + -meter] 
 
 sta'dium, n. (pi. -ia). (Gk Ant.) measure of 
 length, about 202 yds, course for foot-race ; 
 (Med.) stage, period, of disease. [L, f. Gk 
 stadion (sta- stand)] 
 
 sta*d(t)holder (stand-, staht-, sta-),n. (hist.). 
 Viceroy or governor of province or town in 
 Netherlands ; chief magistrate of United Pro- 
 vinces. Hence sta*d(t)holdei»SHiP n. [al- 
 tered f. Du. stadhouder deputy (stad stead + 
 houder holder)] 
 
 staff 1 , n. (pi. now staffs exc. Mus. staves). 
 Stick, pole, for use in walking or climbing or as 
 weapon (now chiefly fig.), as bread is the s. (sup- 
 port) of life, you, are the s. of his old age, 
 quarter 1 s.; this as sign of office or authority, 
 as pastoral s. (borne by or before bishop &c.) ; 
 shaft, pole, as support or handle, as flag 4 s.; 
 stick used in surveying &c, esp. Jacob's s.; 
 kinds of instrument for taking altitude at sea, 
 asoocfc, cross, fore, -s.; surgeon's steel instru- 
 ment for guiding knife into bladder; (Mil.) 
 body of officers assisting officer in high com- 
 mand & concerned with army or regiment as 
 a whole, as regimental s., general s. (at main 
 headquarters of army, acting as personal s. of 
 commander-in-chief), s. officer, -sergeant, (serv- 
 ing on s.), s. college (in which officers are pre- 
 pared for s. as opp. to regimental duties) ; body 
 ofpersonscarryingon workundermanager&c, 
 as editorial s. of newspaper, diplomatic s.; 
 (Mus.) set of five parallel lines on any one or 
 between any two of which a note is placed to 
 indicate its pitch, s. notation (by means of s., 
 esp. opp. to tonic sol-fa). [OE stsef, cf. Du. 
 staf, G stab, ON stafr] 
 
 staff 2 , n. Mixture of plaster-of- Paris, cement, 
 &c, as building-material. [?] 
 
 stag*, n. Male of red deer or of other large 
 kinds of deer; bull castrated when (nearly) full- 
 grown ; (slang) irregular dealer in stocks ; s.- 
 beetle (with branched mandibles like s.'s ant- 
 lers); s.-evil, lockjaw in horses; s.-horn, kinds 
 of club-moss & coral ; staghound, large kinds of 
 hound hunting deer by sight or scent, [f. ON 
 steggr, -gi, he-bird, tom-cat] 
 
 stage 1 , n « Raised floor or platform, e.g. 
 scaffold for workmen's use in building, hanging 
 s. (suspended on ropes for painters' use), land- 
 ings, (at quay &c. for landing from vessel), sur- 
 face on which object is placed for inspection 
 through microscope ; platform on which plays 
 &c. are exhibited ; (fig.) the drama, dramatic 
 art or literature, actor's profession, as went on 
 the .§.. became actor, the French s.', (fig.) scene 
 of action, as quitted the s. of politics, the s. of 
 
 his operations, a larger s. opened to him ; 
 point or period in development &c, as reached 
 a critical s., at this s. an interruption occurred, 
 passed through a long s. of inactivity, is in the 
 hoyden s., larval .<?.; regular stopping-place in 
 route, distance between two of these, as travel- 
 led by easy stages, got down at the next s.; s.- 
 coach, coach running regularly by ss. between 
 two places, s.-coachman, driver of this ; s.craft, 
 skill or experience in writing or staging plays ; 
 s.-direction, written or printed instruction in 
 play as to movement, position, tone, &c. of 
 actor; s.-door, actors' & workmen's entrance 
 at back of s.; s.-effect, effect produced in acting 
 or on the s., artificial or theatrical effect pro- 
 duced in real life ; s.-fever, inordinate desire to 
 go on the s.; s. fright, nervousness on facing 
 audience esp. for first time ; s.-manager, person 
 superintending production of play, managing 
 rehearsals, &c; s.-right, exclusive right to per- 
 form particular play ; s.struck, struck with s.- 
 fever ; s. whisper, aside, whisper meant to be 
 heard by others than the person addressed, [f. 
 OF estage f. L *staticum (stare stand)] 
 
 stage 2 , v.t. & i. Put (play) on stage; (of 
 play) lend itself to representation, as does not 
 s. well. [f. prec] 
 
 sta'g-er, n. Old s., experienced person, old 
 hand, [stage * + -er *] 
 
 sta'g-gard, -t, n. Stag four years old. [-ard] 
 
 sta'gg/ep (-g-), v.i. & t., & n. Walk or stand 
 unsteadily, totter ; hesitate, waver in purpose ; 
 cause to totter, as received a staggering blow ; 
 cause to hesitate or waver, as the question 
 staggered him, his resolution ; arrange in zig- 
 zag order, esp. set (spokes of wheel) leaning 
 alternately to right & left. Hence sta'ggep- 
 ingLY 2 a. (N.) tottering movement ; (pi., also 
 blind ss.) kinds of disease of brain & spinal 
 cord esp. in horses & cattle; (pi.) giddiness, 
 [(n. f. vb) f. ON stakra frequent, of staka push, 
 cf. Norw. stak{r)a staggerj 
 
 sta'ggerer, n. In vbl senses, esp. argument, 
 objection, question, that poses one. [-er *] 
 
 sta'ging", n. Putting play on stage ; driving 
 or running stage-coaches ; scaffolding, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 Sta'ginte <-j-), n. The S., Aristotle, [f. L 
 f. Gk Stageirites native of Stageira (-ite *)] 
 
 sta'gnate, v.i. (Of liquid) be(come) motion- 
 less, have no current, cease to flow; (of life, 
 action, mind, business, person) be(come) dull or 
 sluggish. Hence or cogn. sta'gnANC y, stag - 
 nA'TiON, nn., sta'gnANT a., sta'gnantLY 2 
 adv. [f. L stagnare (stagnum pool), -ate 3 ] 
 
 stag-ni'colous, a. Living in swamps or 
 stagnant water, [f. L stagnum pool +colere 
 inhabit + -ous] 
 
 sta'gy (-jl), a. Theatrical in manner, style, 
 appearance,&c. Hence sta'giNESSn. [f.STAGE 1 
 + -y2] 
 
 staid, a. Of steady & sober character; sedate. 
 Hence stai'dLV 2 ad v. ,sta.i'diXKSSi\.[= stayed 
 p.p. of stay] 
 
 stain, v.t. & L, & n. Discolour, make foul, 
 soil, as cigarettes s. the fingers, wine will s. the 
 cloth, warr anted not to s. clothes; (fig.) sully, 
 blemish, (reputation, name, person ; p.p. often 
 in comb., as guilt, sin, stained); colour (wood, 
 glass, &c.) by process other than painting or 
 covering the surface ; impregnate (substance) 
 for microscopic examination with colouring 
 matter that acts more powerfully on some parts 
 than on others ; print colours on (wall-paper). 
 Hence stai'nABLE a., stai'nER 1 n. (N.) dis- 
 coloration, spot or mark caused esp. by contact 
 with foreign matter, as cloth is covered with 
 teass. ; (fig.) blot, blemish, as without a s. on his 
 character. Hence stai'nLEse a., stai'nless- 
 
STAIR 
 
 850 
 
 STAMP 
 
 LY 2 adv. [(n. f. vb) ME steinen for disteinen f. 
 OF desteindre f. Dis- + L tingere dye] 
 
 stair, n. Each of a set of (now usu. indoor) 
 steps, as the top s. but one ; (now usu. pi.) set of 
 these, as passed him on the ss. , down a winding 
 s); flight, pair, ofss., set of ss. in continuous 
 straight lineor from one landing to another; 
 below ss., in the basement of house esp. as part 
 belonging to servants, as was coolly discussed 
 below ss. (by the servants); down, up, ss., on, 
 to, the lower, upper, floor(s) of house ; back l s. ; 
 staircase, (part of building containing) flight 
 of ss., corkscrew s.-c. (winding round central 
 pillar); s.-rod (for securing s. -carpet in angle 
 between two steps. [OE st&ger, cf. Du. steiger, 
 ON stigi, G steg path, f. Teut. *steigan- climb, 
 cf. Gk steikho go, ascend] 
 
 stake, n., & v.t. Stick sharpened at one end 
 & driven into ground as support, boundary- 
 mark, &c; post to which person is bound to be 
 burnt alive, (fig.) death by burning, as was con- 
 demned to, s%iffered at, the s.; tinsmith's small 
 anvil fixed on bench by pointed prop; money &c. 
 wagered on an event, esp. deposited with third 
 party (stakeholder) by each of those who make a 
 wager, (pi.) money to be contended for esp. in 
 horse-race, (pi.) such race, as maiden, trial, ss.', 
 have as. in the country, be materially concerned 
 in its welfare e.g. as landowner; (fig.) principle 
 &c. contended for, as consider the immensity 
 of the s.i ats., at issue, in question, risked, as 
 life itself is at s.; s.-boat (anchored to mark 
 course for boat-race &c); s.-net, fishing-net 
 hung on ss. (Vb) fasten, secure, support, with 
 s. or ss.; mark off, out, (area) with ss.; wager, 
 risk, (money &c. on event &c). [(vb f. n.) OE 
 staca, cf. MDu. stake, ON stjaki, G stachel sting; 
 cogn. w. stack] 
 
 stala'ctite (or sta'-), Deposit of carbonate of 
 lime, usu. in form like large icicle, hanging 
 from roof of cave &c. & formed by trickling of 
 water. Hence stala'etic, stala'etiFORM, 
 stalaeti'tic, aa. [F (Gk stalaktos vbl adj. f. 
 stalasso drip, see -ite ] )] 
 
 stalagmite (orsta*-), n. Deposit as prec. on 
 floor of cave &c. often uniting with stalactite. 
 Hence stalagmitic a., stalagmi'tiCALLY 
 adv. [F (Gkstalagmos dripping, as prec.)] 
 
 stale 1 , a., n., & v.t. & i. Not fresh, insipid, 
 musty, or otherwise the worse for age ; s. bread 
 (musty; also, not of the day's baking, as s. bread 
 is best for toast); (fig.) lacking novelty, trite, as 
 s. joke, nexos, devices ; (of athlete) overtrained ; 
 stalemate (Chess), draw resulting from player's 
 having no move available, his king not being 
 in check, (v.t.) reduce (player) to this position, 
 (fig.) bring to a standstill. Hence sta'leLY 2 
 adv., sta'leNESS n. (N.) urine of horses & cat- 
 tle. (Vb) make s. or common ; (of horse &c.) 
 make water, [f. OF estaler make water, cogn. 
 w. stall ; in stalemate perh. difF. wd] 
 
 stale 2 , n. (archaic). Dupe, laughing-stock. 
 [OE stalu theft (as steal)] 
 
 stalk i (-awk), v.i. & t, & n. Stride, walk in 
 stately or imposing manner (often along &c); 
 steal up to game under cover ; pursue (game) 
 stealthily ; stalking-horse, horse behind which 
 hunter conceals himself, (fig.) pretext. (N.) 
 stalking of game, imposing gait. Hence 
 (-)stalkERi n. [OE stealcan walk warily 
 (perh. as with lifted feet, cf. stealc high), perh. 
 cogn. w. foil. & stilt] 
 
 stalk 2 (-awk), n. (Bot.) stem, main axis, of 
 plant, (loosely) any support of an organ ; s.-like 
 support of organ &c. in animals ; stem of wine- 
 glass &c; (Archit,) ornament like s. of plant; 
 tall chimney of factory &c.; s.-eyed, (of crab 
 &c.) having the eves mounted op ss. Hence 
 
 (-)stalkED 2 , stal'kLESs, aa,, stal'kLET n. 
 
 [ME stalke dim. f. OE staela, cf. Du. steel] 
 
 stall l (-awl), n„ & v.t. & i. (Single compart- 
 ment for one animal in) stable, cow-house ; 
 finger-s.; booth in market &c, compartment 
 in a building, for sale of goods, table in this 
 on which goods are exposed, as picked it up in 
 ovona books.; fixed seat in choir or chancel 
 of church more or less enclosed at back & sides 
 & often canopied, esp. one appropriated to 
 clergyman, as canons, dean's, s., (fig.) office, 
 dignity, of canon &c, as how long has he had 
 his s. ? ; each of a set of seats in theatre usu. be- 
 tween pit & stage ; working-compartment in 
 coal-mine ; s.-feed, fatten (cattle) in s., so s.-fed 
 a. (Vb) place, keep, (cattle &c.) in s. esp. for 
 fattening, as a stalled ox; furnish (stable &c.) 
 with ss.; (of horse or cart) stick fast as in mud 
 or snow, [(vb f. n.) OE steal(l), cf. Du. stal, G 
 stall, ON stallr ; cogn. w. stable, stead, & Gk 
 stathmos stall] 
 
 stall 2 (-awl), n. Pickpocket's confederate who 
 diverts attention during theft & assists thief's 
 escape &c. [var. of stale 2 ] 
 
 sta-llag-e (-ij), n. Space for, rent for, right 
 to erect, stall(s) in market &c. [-age] 
 
 sta'llion, n. Uncastrated male horse, esp. 
 one kept for breeding, [f. OF estalon (OHG stal 
 stall 1 , see -oon), so called because kept in stall] 
 
 stalwart (stawlwert), a. Strongly built, 
 sturdy; courageous, resolute, determined, as 
 s. supporters. Hence sta'lwartLY 2 adv., 
 sta'lwartNESS n. [earlier stalworth, OE stxl- 
 wyrthe pl.,prob. for statholwyrthe(stat hoi foun- 
 dation, cf. steadfast, + vjyrthe worth] 
 
 sta'mC.n, n. Male organ of flowering plants, 
 organ con Liiningpollen. Hence (-)stamenED 2 , 
 stami'ne w . stami'neous, stamini'i ek- 
 ous,aa. IL, gen. -minis, = warp in upright loom, 
 thread] 
 
 sta'mlna, n. Staying power, power of en- 
 durance. [L pi. of prec. now usu. as sing.] 
 
 sta'minal, a, Of stamens or stamina, [-al] 
 
 s ta'minate (-at), a. Having stamens but no 
 pistils; having stamens. [-ate 2 (2)] 
 
 sta'mmer, v.i. & t., & n. Speak (habitually 
 or on occasion from embarrassment &c.) with 
 halting articulation esp. with rapid repetitions 
 of same syllable, whence sta'mmePER 1 n., 
 sta'ttimeringLY 2 adv.; utter (words) thus, 
 as stammered out an excuse; (n.) stammering 
 speech, tendency to s. [ME & Du. stameren, cf. 
 G stammem, f. sta- stand] 
 
 stamp, v.t. & i., & n. Impress pattern, name, 
 mark^upon (metal, butter, paper, &c.) with die 
 or similar instrument of metal, wood, rubber, 
 &c; affix postage or other s. to (envelope, docu- 
 ment); crush, pulverize, (ores &c); bring down 
 one's foot, bring down (foot), heavily on ground ; 
 .<?. oid, put an end to, crush, destroy, (rebellion 
 &c); assign a character to, characterize, as this 
 alone stamps the story (as) a slander ; impress 
 on the memory. Hence HstainpERMl, 2) n. 
 (N.) instrument for stamping pattern or mark ; 
 mark made by this ; impression of official mark 
 required to be made for revenue purposes on 
 deeds, bills of exchange, &c, as evidence of 
 payment of tax ; piece of paper impressed with 
 official mark as evidence of payment of tax or 
 fee & meant to be affixed to letter, postcard, 
 receipted account,&c; mark impressed on. label 
 &c. affixed to, commodity as evidence of quality 
 &c. ; (fig.) characteristic mark, impress, as bears 
 the s. of genius ; character, kind, as avoid men 
 of that or his s.; block that crushes ore in s.- 
 mill ; heavy downward blow with foot; s. act, 
 act concerned with s.-duty, esp. that imposing 
 duty on American colonies in 1765 8c repealed 
 
STAMPEDE 
 
 851 
 
 STANDARD 
 
 in 1766; s.-collcctor (of postage-ss. as curiosities); 
 s.-duty (imposed on certain kinds of legal in- 
 strument); s.-machine (for beating rags &c. into 
 pulp for paper) ; s.-mill (for crushing ore &c); 
 s.-office (for issue of government ss. & receipt of 
 s.-duty &c). [OE stempen, cf. Du. stampen, 
 G stamp/en, & Gk stembo] 
 
 stampede, n., & v.i. & t. Sudden fright & 
 scattering of a number of horses or cattle ; 
 sudden flight or hurried movement of soldiers 
 due to panic; (U.S. Polit.) unconcerted move- 
 ment of many persons by common impulse ; 
 ( vb) (cause to) take part in s. [f. Sp. estampido 
 (estampar stamp)] 
 
 stance, n. (golf, Sc). Position taken for 
 stroke. [OF, f. LL as stanza] 
 
 stanch 1 , staunch (-ah-, -aw-), v.t. Check 
 the flow of (esp. blood) ; check the flow from 
 (esp. wound), [f. OF estancher f. LL stancare, 
 ~*stagnicare, f. L stagnarc stagnate] 
 
 stanch 2 , &c. See staunch &c. 
 
 sta'nehion (-shn), n., & v.t. Post, pillar, up- 
 right support; upright bar, pair of bars, for 
 confining cattle in stall; (v.t.) supply with s., 
 fasten (cattle) to s. [(vb f. n.) f. ONF estanchon 
 dim. of OF estance situation f. LL as stanza] 
 
 stand 1 , v.i. & t. (stood). Have or take or 
 maintain upright position, be set upright, as 
 tell him to s. up, s. at ease 1 , s. in person's 
 light l , in the breach 1, stood there till 1 was 
 tired, was too weak to s., chair will not s. on 
 two legs ; be of specified height, as stands six 
 foot three ; be situated, be, as on each side s. 
 two pillars, a stranger stood in the doorway, 
 the cups s. on the top shelf, here once stood a 
 huge oak; assume stationary position, as s. 
 still, was commanded tos.; maintain position, 
 avoid falling or moving or being moved, as 
 don't s. there arguing, house will s. another 
 century, whether we s. or fall, has stood through 
 worse storms, s. on one's own bottom *, s.fast, 
 firm ; it stands to reason, it is logically demon- 
 strable (that), (pop.) I shall lose my temper if 
 you deny (that) ; hold good, remain valid or un- 
 altered, as the former conditions may s., the 
 passage must s., the same remark stands good ; 
 be, findoneself, inspecified situation, rank, &c, 
 as stands convicted of treachery, in need of 
 help, in an awkward position, under heavy 
 obligations, I s. corrected (accept correction) ; 
 thermometer stood at 90°, corn stands higher (is 
 dearer) than ever, the matter standsthus, stands 
 first on the list, alone among his contempora- 
 ries, in the same relation to both parties, stands 
 well (is on good terms or in good odour) with the 
 authorities, how do we s. in the matter o/Jhave 
 we enough or suitable) horses ?, I s. prepared 
 to dispute it, s. in awe of, have often stood his 
 friend, s. at ba v 4 ; move to & remain in specified 
 position, as s. back, char, aside, aloof, away ; 
 (Naut.) hold specified course, as s. in for the 
 shore ; (of dog) point, set ; place, set, in upright 
 or specified position, as s. the jug on the table, s. 
 it against the wall, shall s. you in the comer (as 
 punishment); endure without succumbing or 
 complaining, as nerves could not s. the strain, 
 how does he s. pain ?, could never s. the fellow, 
 shall s. no nonsense, can't s. these French 
 matches, s. fire (receive fire of enemy without 
 giving way), failed to s. the test; s. one's ground, 
 maintain one's position (lit., & fig. of argument 
 Sec); undergo (trial) ; provide at one's expense, 
 as stood him a drink, stood a bottle to the com- 
 pany, who is going to s. treat ? ; s. by (prep.), 
 uphold, support, side with, (person), adhere to, 
 abide by, (terms, promise), (Naut.) take or s. 
 ready to take hold of (anchor &c.) ; .9. by (adv.), 
 stand near, be a bystander, stand & look on, 
 
 as will not s. by & see him ill-treated, (orig. 
 naut.) stand ready, be on the alert ; s.-by, thing, 
 person, that one can depend upon ; s. for, re- 
 present, signify, imply, as P.O. stands for 
 postal order, tariff reform stands for a great 
 deal more than that, be candidate for (office), 
 be candidate for representation of (constitu- 
 ency) in Parliament, espouse the cause of tfree 
 trade &c.) ; s. (person) in (sum), cost, as coat 
 stood me in £h, wife stands him in £50 y< arly 
 for motor tires ; s. (person) in good stead ; s. 
 in with, be in league with ; s. off, move away, 
 keep one's distance ; s. off & on (naut.), sail 
 alternately away from & towards shore so as 
 to keep a point in sight ; s. on (prep.), insist on, 
 observe scrupulously, esp. s. on ceremony; s. 
 on (adv., naut.), continue on same course; s. 
 out, hold out, persist in opposition (against) or 
 endurance, be prominent or conspicuous ; s. 
 over, be postponed ; s. to (prep.), abide by (pro- 
 mise &c), stick to, not desert, (one's post, guns, 
 esp. fig., duty, &c), s. to it, maintain stoutly 
 (that), s. to sea (naut.), sail out to sea; s. to (adv., 
 archaic), fall to, set to work ; s. up, rise to one's 
 feet from sitting or other position, maintain 
 erect position ; s. up for, side with, maintain, 
 support, (person, cause) ; s. upon,= s.on; s. up 
 to, meet, face, (opponent) courageously ; s. up 
 with, take one's place with (partner) for dance, 
 dance with ; s.-ofjfish a., distant, reserved, not 
 affable, whence s.-offishly adv., s.-offishness 
 n.; s.-up a., (of collar) upright, high* opp. to 
 turn-down, (of fight) thorough, fair & square. 
 [OE standan, ston-, cf. Du. staan, G stehen, ON 
 standa ; cogn. w. L stare, Gk histemi (st. sta-)] 
 stand 2 , n. Cessation from motion or pro- 
 
 fress, stoppage, as came, was brought, to a s.; 
 e at a s. (archaic), be unable to proceed, be in 
 perplexity ; stationary condition assumed for 
 purpose of resistance, esp. make a s. (against 
 enemy, for, against, principle &c); position 
 taken up, as took his s. near the door, I take my 
 s.lbase argument &c, rely) on the precise word- 
 ing of the act ; table, set of shelves, rack, &c, 
 on or in which things may be placed, as music, 
 hat, umbrella, -s.; inks.; WASH-(hand-)s.; stall 
 in market &c, as fruit-s.; standing-place for 
 vehicles &c, as cab 1 -.?.; raised structure for 
 persons to sit or stand on, as band 1 *., grand s. ; 
 standing growth (o/clover&c); s. ofarms,com- 
 plete set for one man ; s.-pipe, vertical pipe for 
 various purposes ; sta'ndpoint, point of view ; 
 s.-rest, high stool with sloping top for support- 
 ing person standing at easel &c; sta'ndstill, 
 stoppage, inability to proceed, as am brought 
 to as.-s. [f. prec] 
 
 sta'ndapd, n. Distinctive flag, esp. flag of 
 cavalry regiment (opp. to colours of infantry), 
 as the (English) royal s. (square banner with 
 national arms) ; weight or measure to which 
 others conform or by which the accuracy of 
 others is judged (often attrib. , as s. pound, yard, 
 &c); thing serving as basis of comparison ; de- 
 gree of excellence &c. required for particular 
 purpose, as does not come up to the s., must set 
 a low .<?.; thing recognized as model for imita- 
 tion &c, esp. attrib., as the s. work on the sub- 
 ject ; average quality, as work was of a lews.; 
 monetary s., proportion of weight of fine metal 
 & alloy in gold or silver coin (gold, silver, s.) or 
 in both (double s.) ; multiple, tabular, s., s. of 
 value obtained by averaging prices of a number 
 of products; upright support (often attrib., as s. 
 lamp, set on tall usu. telescopic pillar); upright 
 water- or gas-pipe; tree, shrub, that stands 
 alone without support ; shrub grafted on up- 
 right stem & trained in tree form ; s.-bearer, 
 soldier who bears s. [ME, f. OF estandard 
 
STANDARDIZE 
 
 852 
 
 STARLING 
 
 (OHG standan stand i + -ard) & estendard (f. 
 L as extend + -ard) ; partly also f. stand ] J 
 
 standardize, v.t. Make to conform to 
 standard ; (Chem.) obtain by analysis specific 
 value of (solution &c.) forpurposes of compari- 
 son. Hence standapdizA'TiON n. [-izeJ 
 
 standing l , n. In vbl senses ; esp.: estima- 
 tion in which one is held, repute, position, as 
 7tien of high s., is of no .<?.; duration, as a dispute 
 of long s.\ s.-7'oom, space to stand in. [-ing l ) 
 
 standing* 2 , a. In vbl senses, esp.: estab- 
 lished, as a s. ride, has become a s. (stock) jest ; 
 permanent, not made, raised, &c, for the occa- 
 sion, as s. army, s. orders (esp. those respecting 
 manner in which business shall be conducted 
 in Parliament) ; s. com (not cut) ; s. jump (per- 
 formed without preliminary run); .9. (stagnant) 
 
 sta'ndlsh, n. (archaic). Ink-stand, [stand 
 
 water. F-ing 2 ] 
 i/ndl 
 
 + DISH | 
 
 stanhope (-nop), n. Light open carriage of 
 2 or 4 wheels ; (also S.-press) iron printing press 
 invented by Lord S.; S.-lens (with convex sur- 
 faces of different curves), [name of inventors] 
 staniel, n. Kestrel. [OE stdngella (stan 
 stone +gellan yell)] 
 stank. See stink v. 
 
 sta'nnary, n. & a. Tin-mine ; tin-mining 
 district ; s. court (for regulation of tin-mines in 
 Cornwall & Devon), [f. LL stannaria n. (stan- 
 num, stag-, tin, see -arv ] )] 
 sta'nnic, a, (chem.). Of tin esp. in its higher 
 valence, as s. acid. So sta'nnATE ] (3) n., 
 stanni'FEROUs, stannous, aa. [f. L stan- 
 num tin + -ic] 
 
 sta'nza, n. Group of (usu. four or more) 
 rhymed lines, as Spenserian s.; group of four 
 lines in some Greek & Latin metres, esp. A Icaic, 
 Sapphic, s. Hence (-)stanzaED 2 , stanza*- 
 ic, aa. [It., = chamber, stanza, f. LL stantia 
 abode (stare stand, see -ance)] 
 sta'ple \ n., & v.t. Hoop-shaped bar or piece 
 of wire with pointed ends for driving into post 
 &c. to take point of hook, hasp, &c. ; box- 
 shaped part into which lock of door&c. shuts ; 
 metal tube holding the reeds of oboe & simi- 
 lar instruments ; bent wire used in wire-stitch- 
 ing; (v.t.) furnish, fasten, with s.; stapling- 
 machine, bookbinder's wire-stitching machine, 
 [(vb f. n.) OE stapul, cf. Du. stapel, Da. stabel 
 hinge, pile, G staffel rung, step, stapel pile, 
 heap, emporium] 
 
 sta'ple 2 , n., a., & v.t. Important or princi- 
 ple article of commerce, as the ss. of that coun- 
 try, of British industry, raw material; (fig.) 
 chief element or material, as formed the s. of 
 conversation', fibre of cotton, wool, &c, viewed 
 as determining its quality, as cotton of fine, 
 short, s. ; (adj.) s. (principal) commodities &c; 
 (v.t.) sort, classify, (wool, &c.) according to 
 fibre, whence sta'plER 1 n. [(vb & adj. f. n.) 
 ME, = market, f. OF estaplc f. LG stapel, see 
 prec] 
 
 star 1 , n. Celestial body appearing as lumin- 
 ous point ; (also fixed s.) such body so far from 
 earth as to appear motionless except for di- 
 urnal revolution of the heavens ; double, mul- 
 tiple, s., group of two, of three to six, fixed ss. 
 appearing to naked eye as one, binary s., two 
 ss. revolving round one another; evening, 
 morning, s. ; daystar (poet.), morning star, 
 sun; lodes.; north, polar, (=pole--) s. ; 
 shooting s., small meteor appearing like s. mov- 
 ing rapidly and disappearing; thing suggesting 
 s. by its shape, esp. figure or object with radi- 
 ating points e.g. as decoration of an order ; ss. 
 & stripes, U.S. national flag; asterisk; white 
 spot on forehead of horse &c. ; (Pool) additional 
 
 life bought by player whose lives are lost ; 
 principal actor in a company; brilliant or 
 prominent person, as literary s. ; heavenly 
 body considered as influencing person's for- 
 tunes &c, as born under an unlucky s., his s. 
 was in the ascendant, you may thank your ss. 
 you were not there, the ss. were against it (cf. 
 iLL-starred) ; S.-chamber [perh. diff. wd], court 
 of civil & criminal jurisdiction primarily con- 
 cerned with offences affecting crown interests, 
 noted for summary & arbitrary procedure, & 
 abolished 1610 ; s. -drift, common proper motion 
 of a number of fixed ss. in same region ; star- 
 finch, redstart ; starfish, echinoderm with five 
 or more radiating arms ; s.-gazer (facet.), astro- 
 nomer ; starlight, light of ss., as walked home 
 by s.-l., (adj., also starlit) lighted by the ss., as a 
 s.-l. night; s. of Bethlehem, plant of lily family 
 with s.-like white flowers striped with green 
 on outside; S. of India, order of knighthood 
 instituted 1861 to commemorate assumption of 
 direct government of India; s.-shell, kind de- 
 signed to burst in air & light up enemy's posi- 
 tion ; s.-spangled, spangled with ss. (esp. of 
 U.S. flag); s. -stone, kind of sapphire. Hence 
 star'LET n., star'LESS, stap'LiKE, stap'pv 2 , 
 aa. [OE steorra, cf. Du. ster, G stern, ON 
 stjarna, & L Stella, Gk aster] 
 
 star 2 , v.t. & i. Set, adorn, (as) with stars 
 (esp. in p. p.); affix asterisk to (name in list &c); 
 appear as star actor; (Pool) buy additional 
 life. [f. prec] 
 
 stap'blind, a. Seeing obscurely as from 
 cataract. [OE,Du., staerblind quite blind 1 (staer 
 stiff, cf. G starr stiff, Da. stxr cataract)] 
 
 star'board (-erd), n., & v.t. Right side of 
 vessel looking forward (cf. port 5 , larboard; 
 often attrib.); (v.t.) turn, put, (helm) to s. [(vb 
 f. n.) OE sUorbord (steor rudder, see steer x ,+ 
 bord BOARD)] 
 
 stapeh (-tsh), a., n.,& v.t. (Now rare) precise, 
 prim, whence stap'ehLY 2 adv.,stap"ehNESS 
 n. (N.) white odourless tasteless powder pro- 
 cured chiefly from corn & potatoes but found 
 in all plants except fungi & valuable in diges- 
 tion ; preparation of this with usu. boiling 
 water for stiffening linen &c. before ironing; 
 (fig.) stiffness of manner, formality. Hence 
 stap'chiNESS n., stap'chv 2 a., (lit. & fig.). 
 (V.t.) stiffen with s. (often fig. esp. in p.p., 
 whence stap'chedLY 2 adv., stap'chedNESS 
 n.) ; clear 1 -^. Hence (-)stapchER 1 n. [OE 
 *sterce a. f. stercan strengthen (as stark)] 
 
 stare, v.i. & t., & n. Look fixedly with eyes 
 wide open (at, upon,8cc, or abs.) from surprise, 
 admiration, bewilderment, stupidity, horror, 
 impertinent curiosity, &c; (chiefly in part.) be 
 unpleasantly prominent or striking, as a star- 
 ing xcaistcoat, tie was of a staring red, (adv.) 
 stark staring mad ; reduce (person) to specified 
 condition by staring, as stared him out of coun- 
 tenance, into silence, dumb ; s. (person) in the 
 face, be evident or imminent, as the facts .<?. us 
 in the face, ruin stared himin the face. Hence 
 stap'ingLY 2 adv. (N.) staring gaze. [(n. f. 
 vb) OE starian, cf. starblind] 
 
 stark, a. & adv. Stiff, rigid, as .9. & stiff, lies 
 s. in death; (poet.) strong; (poet.) stubborn, 
 resolute ; downright, sheer, as s. madness ; 
 (adv.) quite, wholly, (chiefly in s. mad, naked). 
 [OE stearc strong, stiff, cf. Du. sterk, G stark, 
 ON sterkr ; cogn. w. prec. & Gk stere&s firm ; 
 s. naked was orig. start ( = tail) -naked (OE 
 steort tail, cf. nKDstart & Du. stert, G sterz, 
 ON stertr)] 
 
 startling" *, n. Bird of blackish-brown plu- 
 mage with light speckles & metallic purple & 
 green reflections, of great imitative powers & 
 
STARLING 
 
 853 
 
 STATION 
 
 easily tamed. [OE & Da. stoer, cf. OH star(r)i, 
 G staar, + -ling 1 J 
 
 startling 1 -', n. Protective piling round pier 
 of bridge, [cf. Sw. & Da. stor stake, Sw. stora 
 prop upl 
 
 start 1 , v.i. & t. Make sudden movement 
 from pain, surprise, &c., as started in his seat, 
 started at the sound of my voice ; change posi- 
 tion abruptly as from shock or sudden impulse, 
 ass. aside, from one's chair ; (of timbers &c.) 
 spring from proper position, give way ; set out, 
 begin journey, as we s. at six; make a begin- 
 ning (on journey, enterprise, book, cigar, &c); 
 begin (work, doing, colloq. orvulg. to do) ; 8, in 
 (colloq. ), begin (to do) ; s. out (colloq. ), take steps 
 as intending (to do) ; s. up, rise suddenly e.g. 
 from seat, arise, come into existence or action, 
 occur to the mind, as many difficulties, rivals, 
 have started up ; rouse (game) from lair &c. ; 
 originate, set going, (enterprise, newspaper, 
 business, clock after winding, objections, quar- 
 rel, &c); cause or enable (person) to commence 
 business &c; give signal to (persons) to s. in 
 race ; cause or experience the starting of (tim- 
 bers, tooth, &c); (Naut.) pour out (liquor) from 
 cask; to s. with, in the first place, as you have 
 no right to be here, to s. with, at the beginning, 
 as had 6 members to s. with. [ME sterten, cogn. 
 w. Du. storten, Da. styrte, G stiirzen, hurl &c] 
 
 start 2 , n. Sudden movement of surprise, 
 pain,&c. ; (pl.)intermittentorspasmodicefforts 
 or movements, esp. (works) by fits & ss.; be- 
 ginning of journey or action or race, as shall 
 make an early s. for town, is difficult work at 
 the s., the s. is fixed for 3 p.m.; starting-place 
 of race ; advantage conceded in race, as will 
 give you 60 yards s., 15 seconds s.; advantage- 
 ous position gained in business &c, as got a 
 good s. in life, got the s. of (gained advantage 
 over) his rivals. [ME stert, as prec] 
 
 star'ter, n. In vbl senses, esp. : one who 
 gives signal to start in race ; horse, competitor, 
 starting in race, as list of probable ss.; (slang, 
 w. ref. to aperient effect) dried fig. [-er 2 ] 
 
 star'ting", n. In vbl senses; s.-post (from 
 which competitors start in race) ; s. prices in 
 horse-races, final odds at start, [-ING 1 ] 
 
 star 'tie, v.t. Cause (person &c.) to start 
 with surprise or sudden alarm, give shock to, 
 take by surprise, whence (of person, news, Sec.) 
 star'tlER 1 n.; (part.) surprising, alarming, as 
 startling news, discovery, development, whence 
 star'tlingLV 2 adv. [ME startlen, ster-, l. 
 start 1 , see -LE(3)] 
 
 starve, v.i. & t. Die of hunger ; suffer from 
 lack of food ; suffer extreme poverty ; (colloq.) 
 feel hungry, as am simply starving; (now rare) 
 perish with, suffer from, cold ; (fig.) suffer men- 
 tal or spiritual want, feel strong craving for 
 (sympathy, amusement, knowledge, &c); cause 
 to perish with hunger; deprive of, keep scanti- 
 ly supplied with, food (lit. & fig.); compel (gar- 
 rison &c. into surrender &c.) thus ; cause to per- 
 ish, affect severely, with cold. Hence starvA'- 
 tion n. [OE steorfan die, sterfan kill, cf. Du. 
 sterven, G sterben, die] 
 
 star'veling" (-vl-), n. & a. Starving or ill-fed 
 person or animal ; (adj.) starving, [-ling 1 ] 
 
 state 1 , n. & a. Condition in which a thing 
 is, mode of existence as determined by circum- 
 stances, as a precarious s. of health, found him 
 in the same s., in a s. of deep depression, things 
 were in an untidy s., in a bad s. of repair, 
 what a (dirty, untidy) s. you are in!, (colloq.) 
 he was in quite a s. (quite excited or anxious) 
 about it ; (often S-) organized political commu- 
 nity with government recognized by the people, 
 commonwealth, nation ; such community form- 
 
 ing part of federal republic, esp. the United Ss. 
 (of America) ; (pi.) legislative body in Jersey & 
 Guernsey; civil government, as Church & S.; 
 rank, dignity, as in a style befitting his s.; 
 pomp, as arrived in great s., keep s., maintain 
 one's dignity, be difficult of access; (archaic) 
 throne (also chair oj s.), dais, canopy over 
 throne ; (of dead person) lie in s., be placed on 
 view in public place ; free, slave, S. (U.S.), S. in 
 which slavery did not, did, exist; Southern Ss. 
 (in southern part of U.S.); Ss. of the Church, 
 Papal Ss., former temporal dominions of Pope 
 chiefly in central Italy ; Ss. General, legislative 
 bodies of (1) the Netherlands (2) France before 
 1879 ; statecraft, art of conducting affairs of S. 
 (Adj.) of, for, concerned with, the S., as s. 
 criminal, political offender, s. docxtments, ser- 
 vice, s. prisoner, person under arrest for felony, 
 also political prisoner, s. trial, prosecution by 
 S. esp. for political offence ; S. rights (U.S.), 
 right & powers not delegated to United States 
 but reserved to individual Ss.; S. socialism, 
 socialist, policy, advocate, of S. control of 
 manufactures, railways, &c. for the benefit of 
 the masses ; reserved for, done on, occasions of 
 ceremony, as s. apartments, carriage, s. call 
 (colloq. ), formal visit ; s. room, room so reserved, 
 also, private sleeping-apartment on steamer, 
 [(adj. f. n.) f. OF estat f. status] 
 
 state 2 , v.t. Express, esp. fully or clearly, in 
 speech or writing, as have stated my opinion, 
 must s. fidl particulars, this condition was ex- 
 pressly stated, no precise time was stated, did 
 not s. ichy, states that arrangements are com- 
 plete; fix, specify, (date &c.), as at stated in- 
 tervals, whence sta'tedLY 2 adv.; (Alg.) ex- 
 press the conditions of (problem, relation, &c.) 
 in symbols. Hence sta'tABLE a. [f. prec] 
 
 sta'tely, a. (Of manner, language; person, 
 literary style, rhythm, building, proportions, 
 &c.)dignified, imposing, grand. Hence sta'te- 
 Hness n. [ME estatlich (as state 1 , see -ly l )] 
 
 sta'tement, n. Stating, expression in words, 
 as requires clearer s.; thing stated, as the s. is 
 unfounded; formal account of facts, e.g. of 
 liabilities & assets, as, the Bank issues monthly 
 ss. [-ME NT] 
 
 sta'ter, n. Ancient Greek coin of various 
 values, esp. gold coin worth 20 drachmae. [L, f. 
 Gk stater (sta- stand, histemi weigh)] 
 
 sta'tesman, n. Person taking prominent 
 part, person skilled, in management of State 
 affairs. Hence sta'tesmanLiKE, sta'tes- 
 manLY 1 , aa., sta*tesmansHiP(3) n. 
 
 sta'tie(al), a. Concerned with bodies at rest 
 or forces in equilibrium, whence sta'tics n. 
 pi. (or as sing.) ; acting as weight but not mov- 
 ing, as s. pressure ; s. electricity (at rest) ; static 
 ataxia, inability to stand without falling or 
 swaying. Hence sta'tiealLY 2 adv. [f. Gk 
 statikos (sta- stand, see -ic & -al)] 
 
 sta'tion, n., & v.t. Spot, place, building, &c, 
 in which person or thing stands or is placed 
 esp. habitually or for definite purpose, as was 
 assigned a s. in the valley, returned to their 
 several ss., took up a convenient s., coastguard 
 s. (occupied by coastguardsmen), police s., 
 life-boat s. (where life-boat is kept), naval s., 
 place affording shelter or harbour for ships 
 with dockyard &c; stopping-place on railway 
 with buildings for accommodation of passen- 
 gers & goods or (goods s.) of goods only; posi- 
 tion in life, (high) rank, status, employment, 
 as occupied a humble s., men of (exalted) s., 
 the duties of his s.; (Surv.) point from which 
 measurements are made, standard distance 
 usu. 100 or 66 ft ; military post esp. in India, 
 officers or society residing there ; (Eccl.) fast 
 
STATIONARY 
 
 851 
 
 STEADY 
 
 on Wed. & Fri. (Gk Ch.) or on Friday (R.-C. Ch.) 
 in memory of council that condemned Christ & 
 of his passion, (also s. of the cross) each of series 
 of 14 images or pictures representing Christ's 
 passion before which devotions are performed 
 in some churches ; (R.-C. Ch;) church to which 
 procession goes for devotions ; (Bot., Zool.) na- 
 ture of the habitat of plant or animal in respect 
 of climate, soil, &c; s.-bill (naut.), list of ap- 
 
 Eointed posts of ship's company; s.-calendar, 
 oard showing successively the starting-time 
 of trains at each platform; s.-house, police- 
 station ; s.-master, official in charge of railway- 
 s.; s.-pointer, three-armed protractor for locat- 
 ing place on chart from certain data; (v.t.) 
 assign s. to, place (person, oneself) in s. [(vb 
 f. n.) F, f. L stationem {stare stand, -ation)] 
 
 stationary, a. & n. Remaining in one 
 place, not moving, as balloon was now s.; not 
 meant to be moved, not portable, as s. engine, 
 troops ; (of planet) having no apparent motion 
 in longitude; not changing in magnitude, 
 number, quality, efficiency, &c, as s. tempera- 
 ture, population, intelligence; s. air (remain- 
 ing in lungs during ordinary respiration) ; s. 
 diseases, local diseases due to atmospheric con- 
 ditions & disappearing after a period; (n.) s. 
 person, esp. (pi. ) s. troops. Hence sta'tionapi- 
 ness n. [f. L stationarius (as prec, see -ary l j\ 
 
 sta'tionep, n. One who sells writing-ma- 
 terials &c; Stationers' Hall (of Stationers' 
 Company in London, at which book is entered, 
 i.e. registered, for purposes of copyright). 
 Hence sta'tionERY(l) n. [earlier=bookseller 
 (as prcc. in med.L sense bookseller)] 
 
 sta'tist, n. Dealer in statistics. [earlier= 
 politician, f. state l + -ist] 
 
 statistics, n. pi. Numerical facts systema- 
 tically collected, as ss. of population, crime ; 
 (treated as sing.) science of collecting, classify- 
 ing, & using ss. So stati'stic(AL) aa., statis- 
 tically y 2 adv., statisti'ciAN, statisto'LOGY, 
 nn. [prcc. + -ics] 
 
 sta'toscope, n. Aneroid barometer for 
 showing minute variations of pressure, (f. Gk 
 statos fixed (sta- stand) + -scope] 
 
 sta*tuapy, a. & n. Of or for statues, as s. 
 art, s. marble (tine-grained white); (n.) sculptor, 
 (art of making) statues, [f. L statxearius (as 
 foil., see -ary ] )] 
 
 sta'tue, n. Sculptured or cast or moulded 
 figure of person or animal (esp. one not much 
 below life size, opp. to statuE'TTE n.); eques- 
 trians. Hence statUED 2 a. (OF, f. Lstatua 
 (stare stand)] 
 
 statuesque (-k), a. Like, having the dignity 
 or beauty of, a statue. Hence statue'sque- 
 ly 2 adv., statue'squeNESs n. [-esque] 
 
 sta'tupe (-yer), n. Height of (esp. human) 
 body, as increased in s., of mean s. Hence 
 (-)statuPED 2 a. [F, f. L statura standing pos- 
 ture (stare stat- stand, see -ure)1 
 
 sta'tus, n. (pi. prob. not used). Social posi- 
 tion, rank, relation to others, relative impor- 
 tance, his s. is a matter of doubt, their s. is 
 wholly different, his s. among novelists ; (Law) 
 person's relation to others as fixed by law; 
 position of affairs, esp. s. (in) quo, unchanged 
 position (cf. in 5 statu quo). [L, gen. -us, ^stand- 
 ing (stare stand)] 
 
 statutable, a. = statutory. Hence sta* - 
 tutabLY 2 adv. [-able] 
 
 sta'tute, n. A written law of a legislative 
 body, e.g. Act of Pai*liament; s. law, a s., (col- 
 lect.) the ss. (opp. to common 1 law) ; ordinance 
 of corporation, founder, &c., intended to be 
 
 J>ermanent, as University ss.; (bibl.) divine 
 aw, as kept thy ss. ; declaratory s. (fixing inter- 
 
 pretation of existing law) ; private s. (affecting 
 individuals, opp. to general, public, s.) ; s.-bootc, 
 book(s) containing the s. law; s.-roll, engrossed 
 s., s.-book ; ss. at large (in full as originally 
 enacted), [f. F statut f. L statutum neut. p.p. 
 as n. of statuere establish (stare stand)] 
 
 sta'tutopy, a. Enacted, required, imposed, 
 by statute, as s. provisions, minimum, [-ory] 
 
 staunch (-aw-, -ah-), stanch, a. Trust- 
 worthy, loyal, as s. friend, supporter. Hence 
 stau*nchLY 2 adv., stau'nehNESsn. [earlier 
 also = water-tight, f. OF estanche as stanch 1 ] 
 
 staup'oscope, n. Instrument for examin- 
 ing effects of polarized light on crystals, [f. Gk 
 stauros cross + -scope] 
 
 stave ij n. Each of the curved pieces of wood 
 forming sides of cask &c. ; each of the boards 
 f ormingcurb of well or hollow cylinder ; rung of 
 ladder; stanza, verse ; (Mus.)=staff; s.-rhyme, 
 alliteration esp. in old Teut. poetry, [var. of 
 staff, due to ME dat. stave, pi. staves] 
 
 stave 2 , v.t. (staved or stove). Break a hole in 
 (cask, boat; often in adv.) ; furnish, fit, (cask, 
 &c.) with staves ; s. off, avert, ward off, defer, 
 (ruin, exposure, &c) ; make (metal &c) firm by 
 compression, [f. prec] 
 
 sta'vesacpe (-vzaker), n. Kind of larkspur 
 whose seeds are used as poison for vermin, 
 [f. OF stavesaigre f. med. L. staphisagria (Gk 
 staphis dried grapes 4- agria wild)] 
 
 stay 1 , v.t. & i., & n. (Now chiefly literary) 
 check, stop, (progress, inroads of disease &c) ; 
 s. one's stomach, appease hunger esp. tem- 
 porarily; postpone (judgment, decision); sup- 
 port, prop (often up) as or with buttress &c; 
 remain, as s. here till I return, will not stay 
 where it is put; dwell temporarily (at hotel 
 &c, in town &c, ivith person) ; pause in move- 
 ment, action, speech (esp. in imperat.), &c, as 
 get him to s. a minute, s.!— you forget one thing ; 
 show endurance esp. in race, as does not seem 
 able to s., whence stay'ER 1 n.; s.-at-home a. 
 & n., (person) remaining habitually at home. 
 (N.) remaining, esp. dwelling, in a place, dura- 
 tion of this, as made a long s. in London, your s. 
 has been very short ; suspension of judicial pro- 
 ceedings; (chiefly literary) check, restraint, (will 
 endure no s., a s. upon his activity) ; endurance, 
 staying-power ; (pi.) corset, whence stay 'less 
 a. ;s.-&a?\-rod,support in buildingor machinery; 
 s.-lace, -maker, (of corsets), [f. OF estayer vb, 
 estaye n., prop, f. MDu. stade, staeye, prop, f. 
 OHG stata fit place or time, cogn. w. Du. stad, 
 G stadt. town, and w. stead] 
 
 stay 2 , n., & v.t., (naut.). Rope supporting 
 mast or spar ; ship is (hove) in ss. (going about 
 from one tack to another) ; miss ss., fail in 
 endeavour to tack; staysail (-sal, naut. -si), 
 any sail extended on s. ; (v.t.) support (mast &c) 
 by ss., put (ship) on other tack. [OE stseg, 
 etyni. dub. ; or f. OF as prec] 
 
 stead (-ed), n. (now chiefly literary). Stand 
 (person) in good a., be advantageous or service- 
 able to; in person's s., instead of him, as his 
 substitute. [OE & Du. stede place, cogn. w. OE 
 stdeth bank, Du. stad, G stadt, town, and w. 
 stand; seen in bedstead, homestead] 
 
 steadfast (-ed-), a. Constant, firm, unwav- 
 ering. Hence stea'dfestLY 2 adv., stea'd- 
 fastNESS n. [OE stedefsest (prec, fast 3 )] 
 
 stea'dy <-edI), a., n., & v.t. & i. Firmly fixed 
 or supported or standing or balanced, not tot- 
 tering, as not s. on his legs, must level table's 
 legs to make it s., s. as a rock, has not acquired 
 a s. seat on bicycle ; done, moving, acting, 
 happening, in uniform and regular manner, as 
 went off at a s. pace, had a s. wind behind us, 
 requires a s. light, observe a s. increase in the 
 
STEAK 
 
 855 
 
 STEER 
 
 numbers ; (as command or warning) s.!, be s., 
 abstain from erratic or boisterous behaviour, 
 premature action, hasty inference, &c, (Naut., 
 also keep her s.) keep direction of ship's head 
 unchanged ; constant in mind or conduct, not 
 changeable, as s. in his principles, allegiance ; 
 of industrious and temperate habits ; (n. ) kinds 
 of support for hand or tool. Hence stea'diLY 2 
 adv., stea'diiNESS n. (Vb) make, become, s., as 
 8. the boat, boat steadied, adversity ivill s. him, 
 he will soon s. (down), [stead + or 2 ] 
 steak (stak), n. Slice of beef, pork, venison, 
 or fish, cut for broiling &c, as beefs., rump-, 
 porter 2-house, s., fillet s. (from undercut of 
 sirloin); Hamburg s„ cake of chopped & sea- 
 soned beef cooked in covered frying-pan. [f . OX 
 steik (steikja roast on spit, cogn. \v. OE stieian 
 stick, pierce)] 
 
 steal, v.t, & i. (stole, stolen), & n. Take away 
 (thing or abs.) secretly for one's own use with- 
 out right or leave, take feloniously, as who 
 steals my purse steals trash, stolen fruit ; ob- 
 tain surreptitiously or by surprise, as stole a 
 kiss, a stolen inttrviexo ; (alsos. away) win, get 
 possession of, (esp. person's heart) by insidious 
 arts, attractions, &c. ; s. a march on, get the 
 start of, anticipate; (intr.) move [in, out, away, 
 up, by, &c.) secretly or silently, as stole out of 
 the room, mist stole over the valley, (n.) suc- 
 cessful long stroke in golf. Hence (-)stealER 1 
 n. [OE stelan, cf. Du. stelen, G stehlen] 
 stealth (-el-), n. Secrecy, secret procedure, 
 esp. by s., surreptitiously. Hence stea'lthiLY 2 
 adv., stea'lthixEss n., stea'lthy 2 a. [-th l ] 
 steam 1 (-em), n. Vapour of water, esp. the 
 gas into which water is changed by boiling, 
 largely used as motive power owing to its elas- 
 ticity ; saturated s.i'm contact with, & at same 
 temperature as, boiling water); superheated s. 
 (having higher temperature at given pressure, 
 & greater volume for a given weight, than sa- 
 turated s.); tvct, dry, s. (containing, not con- 
 taining, mechanically suspended particles of 
 Avater); visible particles of water resulting from 
 condensation of s.; any vaporous exhalation; 
 (colloq.) energy, as get up s., summon energy 
 for special effort, so put on, let off, work off, s.; 
 steamboat, vessel propelled by s.; s.-boiler, ves- 
 sel in which water is boiled to generate s. esp. 
 for working engine; s.-box, -chest, (through 
 which s. passes from boiler tocylinder); s.-brake, 
 ■crane, -gun,-h ammer, -plough, -whistle, -winch, 
 &c, (worked by s.); s.-colour (fixed on printed 
 clothbyactionof s.);s.-cyZi?ic?€r (in which piston 
 of s. -engine moves) ; s. -engine, locomotive or 
 stationary engine in which the motive power 
 depends on elasticity & expansion or rapid con- 
 densation of s.; s.-gas, superheated s.;s.-gauge 
 (attached to boiler to show pressure of s.) ; s.- 
 heat, heat required to produce s. from water at 
 freezing-point, also, heat given out by s. from 
 radiators &c. ; s.-jacket, casing round cylinder 
 &c. with space between to be filled by s. for 
 heating the cylinder &c; s.-port, each of two 
 oblong passages from s. -chest into cylinder, any 
 passage fors.; s.-power, force of s. applied to 
 machinery &c; steamship (propelled by s.); s.- 
 tight, capab'e of resisting passage of s.; s.-tug, 
 steamer for towing ships &c. Hence stea'mi- 
 ness n., stea'mv 2 a. [OE sttam, cf. Du. stoom, 
 <?tym. dub.] 
 
 steam 2 , v.t. & i. Cook (food) by s. ; treat with 
 steam, soften (timber) for bending by steam ; 
 give out steam or vapour, as a sirloiyv steamed 
 on the table ; rise in vapour ; move by agency of 
 steam, as we, the vessel, steamed down the river', 
 (colloq.) work vigorously, make great progress, 
 esp. s. ahead, away, [OE steman (prec.)] 
 
 ^ stea'mep, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. ; ves- 
 sel propelled by steam ; lire-engine worked by 
 steam ; vessel in which things are steamed, esp. 
 cooked by steam ; boiler is a bad s. (generator 
 of steam), [-er 1 ] 
 
 stearin, n. Chief ingredient of suet & tal- 
 low; (pop.) stearic acid separated from s. by 
 steam & used for candles. Hence stfc'arATE M3) 
 n., stea'pic a. [f. Gk stear fat + -in] 
 ste'apinery, n. Manufacture of stearin (pro- 
 ducts). [-ERVJ 
 
 ste'atite, n. Kind of talc, soapstone. Hence 
 steatrtic a. If. F ste'atite (foil., -ite *)] 
 steat(o)- in comb. = Gk stear -atos fat. 
 steed, n. (poet., rhet., or facet.). Horse, esp. 
 war-horse. Hence stee'dLESS a. IOE steda 
 {stod STUD 2 )] 
 
 steel, n., & v.t. Kinds of malleable alloy of 
 iron& carbon largelyusedas material for tools, 
 weapons, &c, & capable of being tempered to 
 many different degrees of hardness (often at- 
 trib., as s. pen), whence stee'liFV v.t.; Bes- 
 semer s.', cold s., sword &c. as opp. to firearm ; 
 rod of s.,usu. tapering & roughened, for sharp- 
 ening knives ; strip of s. for stiffening corset or 
 expanding skirt; (poet., rhet., not in pi.) sword; 
 s.-clad, clad in armour ; s.-engraving, engrav- 
 ing on, impression taken from, s. plate ; steel- 
 work, s. articles, s. for these ; (v.t.) harden (one- 
 self, one's heart, Sec, to do, to action, against 
 compassion &c). [OE style, cf. Du. staal, G 
 stahl. ON stdl, cogn. w. Skr. stak resistl 
 
 stee'ly, a. Of, hard as, steel ; inflexibly se- 
 vere, as s. glance, composure. Hence stee'li- 
 ness n. [- y 2 ] 
 
 stee'lyard, n. Kind of balance with short 
 arm to take th e thing weighed & long graduated 
 arm along which a weight is moved till it ba- 
 lances this, [for s.-beam balance used in the 
 Steelyard, London meeting-place of German 
 merchants (mistransl. of LG staalhof sample 
 yard, by confus. of staal sample w. staal steel)] 
 
 stee'nbok (sta-, ste), stei'nbock (stl-), n. 
 Kinds of small African antelope. [Du. {-ok), 
 G (-ck), lit. stone buck] 
 
 stee'ning*, n. Stone lining of well. [f. dial. 
 steen pave (OE staenan stone) -f -ing J ] 
 
 stee'nkirk, n. (hist. ). Cravat, other articles 
 of dress &c, named in allusion to Battle of 
 Steenkerke in Belgium 1692. 
 
 steep *, a. & n. Having decided slope, sheer, 
 as s. hills ; (colloq., of demand, price, &c) ex- 
 orbitant, unreasonable, as seems a bit s. that we 
 should have both the trouble & the expense; 
 (n.) s. slope, precipice. Hence stee'pEN 6 v.i. 
 & t. , stee'pL y 2 adv. , stee'pNESS n. , stee*p v a 
 (poet.) a. [OE stiap, cf. ON steypthr, cogn. w. 
 ON steypa overthrow, causal of stiipa stoop] 
 
 steep 2 , v.t., &n. Soak in liquid ; bathe with 
 liquid; s. in (fig.), impregnate with, pervado 
 with, assteeped in Gfreek & Latin, misery, slum- 
 ber; (n.) process of steeping (esp. ins.), liquid 
 in which thing is steeped. [ME stepen f. ON 
 steypa, see prec] 
 
 stee'per, n. Vessel in which things are 
 steeped, [-er l ] 
 
 stee'ple, n. Lofty structure, esp. tower sur- 
 mounted with spire, rising above roof of church ; 
 steeplechase, horse-race (perh. orig. with s. as 
 goal) across tract of country with ditches, 
 hedges, &c, to jump, s.-chaser, rider in s.-c, 
 horse trained for s.-c, s.-chasing, the sport of 
 riding in s.-cc ; s.-crowned hat (with tall point- 
 ed crown); s.-jack, man who climbs ss. &c. to 
 do repairs &c ; s.-top, polar whale with spout- 
 holes ending in cone. Hence stee'plED 2 a., 
 stee'plewiSE adv. [OE stypel (as steep 1 )] 
 
 steep *j v.t. & i. Guide (vessel) by rudder or 
 
STEER I 
 
 helm, guide vessel in specified direction, (steer- 
 ing-wheel, vertical wheel with handles along* 
 rim for controlling rudder) ; guide (motor, bal- 
 loon, Sec. ) by handle &c. ; (chiefly colloq. or poet.) 
 direct (one's course), direct one's course, in spe- 
 cified direction, as steered his flight heaven- 
 wards, we steered (our course) for the railway 
 station, s. clear of (avoid) the local meteorolo- 
 gist; steersman, one who steers vessel, steers- 
 moonship, skill in steering. Hence steer'ABLE 
 a., steep*ER 1 (l, 2) n. [OE steoran (steor rudder, 
 cf. Du. stuur, G steuer, ON styri, cogn. w. ON 
 staurr, Gk stauros, stake)] 
 
 steep 2 , n. Young male of ox kind, esp. cas- 
 trated bullock raised for beef. [OE steor, cf. 
 Du. & G stier bull, ON stjoi*r, cogn. w. L taurus, 
 Gk tauros, bull, & w. Skr. sthula- large, strong] 
 
 steep'ag'e(-ij), n. (Now rare) steering; (Naut.) 
 effect of helm on ship, as ship went with easy s. ; 
 part of ship allotted to 8. passengers (travelling 
 at cheapest rate), now usu. in the bow; (in man- 
 of-war) part of berth-deck just forward of ward- 
 room, quarters of junior officers, clerks, &c; 
 s.-way, amount of headway required by vessel 
 to enable her to be controlled by helm, [-age] 
 
 steeve ', v.i. & t., & n., (naut.). (Of bowsprit) 
 make angle with horizon ; cause (bowsprit) to 
 do this ; (n.) such angle, [f. Sc. & dial, steeve 
 stiff] 
 
 steeve 2 , n., & v.t., (naut.). Long spar used 
 in stowing cargo ; (v.t.) stow w r ith this. [(n. f. 
 vb) f. OF estiver cram f. L stipare] 
 
 Stei'nbepgep (sti-, -ger), n. White wine 
 grown on Rhine near Wiesbaden. 
 
 steinbock. SeesTEENBOK. 
 
 ste'le, n. (Gk archaeol. ; pi. -ae). Upright slab 
 or pillar usu. with inscription & sculpture, esp. 
 as gravestone. [Gk] 
 
 ste'llap, a. Of stars. So stelli'FEROUS, 
 ste'lliFORM, aa. [f. LL stellaris (stella star, 
 see-AR 1 )] 
 
 ste'llate(d), aa. Arranged like a star, radi- 
 ating, esp. (Bot.) s. leaves (surrounding stem in 
 a whorl). Hence ste'llateLY 2 adv. [f. hstel- 
 lare set with stars (stella star), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 stellular, a. Shaped like, set with, small 
 stars. So ste'llulATE 2 a. [f. L stellula dim. 
 of stella star + -ar j ] 
 
 t stem \ n., & v.t. Main body or stalk (usu. ris- 
 inginto light &air but sometimes subterranean) 
 of tree, shrub, or plant ; slender stalk support- 
 ing fruit, flower, or leaf, & attaching it to main 
 stalk or branch or twig ; s. -shaped part, e.g. 
 slender part of wine-glass between body & 
 foot, vertical line rising or falling from head 
 of note in music, various winding-parts of 
 watch is. -winder, watch wound by turning head 
 on end of s., not by key), tubular part of tobacco- 
 pipe ; part of noun, verb, &c, (derived from & 
 sometimes identified with a root) to which case- 
 endings &c. are added, part that appearsor would 
 originally appear unchanged throughout the 
 cases of a noun, persons of a tense, &c. ; lines of 
 ancestry.branch of family,as descended from an 
 ancient, a collateral, s.; carved timber or me- 
 tal piece to which ship's sides are joined at fore 
 end, piece joined to & forming upright continu- 
 ation of keel at fore end,as/rom s.to stern, from 
 end to end ; false s., sharp-edged piece in front 
 of s. serving as cutwater; (v.t.) remove s. of 
 
 (esp. tobacco.whenceste'mmERMDn.). Hence 
 
 ste'mLESs, (-)stemmED 2 , aa., ste'mLET n. 
 [(vb f. n.) OE stxfn, stefn, stemn, stem (of tree, 
 
 ship, family), cf. Du. stam trunk, steven prow, 
 
 ON stafn, stamn, stem of ship, Da. stamme, G 
 
 stamm, trunk] 
 
 stem 2 , v.t. Check, dam up, (stream &c, lit. 
 
 & fig.) ; make headway against (tide, current, 
 
 | STEP 
 
 &c, lit. & fig.), [cf. ON stemma, Da. stemme, 
 G stemmen} 
 
 ste'mma, n. (pi. -ta). Family tree, pedigree ; 
 lineal descent ; (Zool.) simple eye, facet of com- 
 pound eye. IL, f. Gk stemma wreath (stepho 
 wreathe, see -M)j 
 
 ste'mple, n. Each of several cross-bars in 
 shaft of mine serving as supports or steps, [cf. 
 Du. stempel mark, stamp] 
 stench, n. Offensive smell ; s.-trap (in sewer 
 &c., to prevent upward passage of gas). [OE 
 stenc strong smell (stincan stink, past stanc)] 
 stencil, n., & v.t. (-11-). (Also s.-plate) thin 
 plate of metal &c. in which pattern (interrupted 
 when necessary by a thin bar of the material 
 left to prevent piece from falling out) is cutout; 
 decoration, lettering, &c, produced by s.; (v.t.) 
 produce (pattern) on surface, ornament (sur- 
 face) with pattern, by brushing paint &c. over 
 s.-plate laid on the surface. Hence ste'ncill- 
 er l n. [perh. f. OF esteneeler sparkle, cover 
 with stars, f. estencele, see tinsel] 
 steno- in comb. =Gk stenos narrow, chiefly 
 in scientific wds. 
 
 steno'chromy, n. Art of printing in seve- 
 ral colours at one impression, [f. steno- + Gk 
 khroma colour + -Y A ] 
 
 ste'nogfpaph, n. Character used, piece of 
 writing, in shorthand ; kinds of machine for 
 writing in shorthand. Hence steno'graph- 
 er 1 , steno'graphisT, steno'g-paphv 1 , nn., 
 stenogrpa'phic a., stenogra'phiCALLy 
 adv. [steno- + -graph] 
 Ste'ntop, n. Person with powerful voice. 
 Hence stentop'iAN a. [L f. Gk Stentor, herald 
 in Trojan war] 
 
 step ', v.i. & t. Shift & set down foot or 
 alternate feet (s. out, short, take long, short, 
 ss. ; s. through a dance, perform its ss. ; s. high, 
 lift feet high esp. of trotting horse, so high- 
 s'eppcr) ; go short distance or progress in some 
 direction by stepping (». back, forward, across 
 the road, into the boat; s. this icay, polite 
 formula for come here ; s. in, out, enter, leave, 
 room or house; s. in fig., intervene to help or 
 hinder ; s. up, down ; s. aside, lit., & fig. = make 
 digression) ; perform (dance ; also s. it, dance), 
 measure (distance), by stepping ; (Naut., prob. 
 f. n.) set up (mast) in s. ; stepping-stone, raised 
 usu. as one of set in stream or muddy place to 
 enable passengers to cross dry-shod, (fig.) 
 means to an end. [OE steppan plant foot, go, 
 cogn. w. stamp] 
 
 step 2 , n. Complete movement of one leg in 
 walking or running or dancing, distance gained 
 by it, mark left by foot on ground, sound made 
 by setting foot down, manner of stepping as 
 seen or heard, simultaneous stepping with 
 corresponding legs by two or more persons or 
 animals, (fig.) measure taken esp. as one of a 
 series in some course of action, (took a s. back 
 ov forward ; s. by s., gradually, cautiously, by 
 degrees ; that is a long s. towards success ; it 
 is but a s. to my house, from life to death, 
 exag. for short distance or quick transition ; 
 do not move as. ; turn one's ss., go in a specified 
 direction ; found his ss. or usu. footss. in the 
 soil ; do you hear a, know her, s.?; walks with 
 a rapids.; in, out of, s., stepping, not step- 
 ping, in time with others or with drum-beat 
 &c. ; keep, break, s., keep in, get out of, 8.; 
 keep s. with person, to band &c. ; false s. ; 
 must take ss. in the matter, to prevent it. Sec. ; 
 a rash, ill-advised, prudent, Sec, s.) ; surface 
 provided or utilized for placing foot on in 
 ascending or descending, e.g. tread or riser & 
 tread of staircase, block of stone or other plat- 
 form before door or altar &c, rung of ladder, 
 
STEP- 
 
 857 
 
 STEW 
 
 notch cut for foot in ice-climbing, attached 
 piece of vehicle for stepping \ip or down by, 
 (pi., also s. -ladder ovpair or set ofss.) kind of 
 short ladder with flat ss. & prop \ised without 
 being leant against wall &c, (fig.) one of the 
 degrees in some scale of precedence or ad vance- 
 ment, advance from one of these to another, 
 (staircase of 50 ss.; stone, oak, ss.; door, altar, 
 s. ; on the top s. of the ladder ; run down the 
 ss. ; cutting ss. with his ice-axe ; when didyou 
 pet your s.?, promotion esp. in army; give him 
 a s. in the peerage) ; (Xaut.) socket or platform 
 supporting mast, (Carpent.) piece of timber 
 with another fixed upright in it,(Mech.) lower 
 socket or bearing for shaft; s. -dance, in which 
 the ss. are peculiar or difficult or of more im- 
 portance than the figure, usu. danced as dis- 
 play by one performer. Hence steppED 2 a., 
 step wise adv. [OK stxpe (prec.)] 
 
 step-, pref., = holding nominal relationship 
 analogous to that specified owing to death of 
 one and remarriage of the other of a married 
 pair : stepchild, -son, -daughter, one's wife's or 
 husband's child by previous marriage ; step- 
 father, -mother, -parent, one's parent's later 
 husband or wife ; s.-mother or archaic -dame, 
 harsb or neglectful mother lit. or fig., whence 
 ste*p-mother»LV [ a. ; step-brother, -sister, 
 child of previous marriage of one's s. -parent. 
 [OE steop orphaned, cf. Du. & G stief-, OHG 
 stiufan deprive of parents or children ; applied 
 first to child and later extended to parent &c] 
 
 stephano'tis, n. Climbing hothouse plant 
 with fragrant waxy flowers, [f. Gk Stephanos 
 wreath, ous otos ear, = circlet of lobes] 
 
 steppe, n. Level plain devoid of forest esp. 
 in Russia & Sib'cria. [f. Russ. stepc] 
 
 -step, suf. forming agent nn. ; OE -estre, a 
 comb, of the two Aryan suff. -as & -tar, cf. L 
 -aster. In OE the suf. was orig. confined to 
 the fem., but this restriction appears in mod. E 
 only in spinster. Exx. : brewster, huckster 
 (which however seems to have existed before 
 the obs. vb huck), gamester, punster, & perh. 
 holster, bolster. In seamstress -ess ! is added 
 to -ster; -ster in lobster is of different orig., but 
 perh. assimilated. 
 
 stercora'ceous, stercoral, aa. Of ordure 
 or faeces. [L stercus -oris dung, -aceous, -al] 
 
 stereo, n. (colloq. ; pi. -os). Stereotype (often 
 attrib., as s. plate), [shortening] 
 
 stereo-, comb, form of Gk stereos solid, stiff: 
 -bate, solid platform on w r hich a building is 
 erected ; -chemistry, branch dealing with com- 
 position of matter as affected by relations of 
 atoms in space ; -chromy, painting with pig- 
 ments fixed by water J -glass ; -graphy, art of 
 delineating solid form on plane, so -gram, 
 -graph(I), -graphic, -gra'ph ically ; -meter, 
 instrument for measuring solid capacity, also 
 instrument for determining specific gravity of 
 liquids, porous bodies, Set. ; so -metrv, 
 -?>ieYric(AL), -me'tricalLY 2 ; -scope, instrument 
 combining two views of object taken at slightly 
 different angles into single image with effect 
 of solidity, so -scd # _pic(ALLY), -scopY 1 . 
 
 stereotype, n., & v.t. Printing-plate cast 
 from a papier-mache' or other mould of a piece 
 of printing composed in movable type ; making, 
 use, of such plates ; s.-block, on which s. is 
 mounted for use ; hence ste*reotypiST(l), 
 stereotypy l , stereotypo'GRAPHV, nn. 
 (Vb) make ss. of; print by use of ss. ; (fig.) 
 make unchangeable, impart monotonous regu- 
 larity to, fix in all details, formalize ; hence 
 ste'pe/JtypER 1 n. [prec, tvpe] 
 
 ste'Pile, a. Unfruitful, unproductive, bar- 
 ren, not producing crop or fruit or young or 
 
 complete seed or result (s. land, coir, plant, 
 year, effort, discussion) ; free from livinggcrms 
 esp. bacilli or bacteria or microbes (usu. steri- 
 
 w. stereo-, cf. G starr rigid] 
 
 ster'let, n. Kind of small sturgeon. [Ff. G, 
 f. Russ. stcrlyadi] 
 
 sterling", a. (Of coins & precious metals) 
 genuine, of standard value or purity, (abbr. 
 stg; with coins, chiefly appended to sum ex- 
 pressed in sovereigns without odd money, as 
 £20 stg ; is of s. gold, silver) ; (transf.) of solid 
 worth, not show r y, that is what it seems to be, 
 (is a s. fellow, s. sense, qualities, character ; 
 the s. nature of), [orig. as n., = a coin of true 
 weight, applied first to penny & later to other 
 coins ; etym. dub. ; the traditional derivation 
 f. Easterling is unlikely, s. being found tw r o cc. 
 earlier ; perh. = little star, or = starling, w. ref. 
 to star or bird depicted on coin] 
 
 stern \ a. Severe, grim, rigid, strict, enforc- 
 ing discipline or submission, not compassionate 
 or indulgent or yielding, {s. countenance, rider, 
 treatment, rebuke , virtue, father ', tutor; sterne? 
 sex). Hence ster*ni.Y 2 adv., ster'nNESS n. 
 [OE styrne ; perh. cogn. w. stereo-, stare] 
 
 stern 2 , n. Hind part of ship or boat (opp. 
 bow, stem ; from stem to s., throughout ship ; s, 
 chase, pursuit of ship by another straight be- 
 hind it ; s. foremost, moving backwards ; s. on, 
 with s. presented ; by 1 the s.) ; buttocks, rump ; 
 tail esp. of foxhound; s.-chase 1 ^) ; s.-fast, 
 rope or chain securing s. to quay &c; s.-post, 
 central upright timber or iron of s. usu. bear- 
 ing rudder ; s.-sheets, space in boat aft of row- 
 ers' thwarts often with seats for passengers 
 [perh. f. sheet in naut. sense rope]; s.-way, 
 backward motion or impetus of ship; s.-whecl- 
 er, steamer propelled by one large paddle- 
 wheel at s. Hence -sternED 2 , ster'niviosT, 
 aa., ster'nWARD a. & adv., ster'nwARDs 
 adv. [f. ON stjorn steering cogn. w. steer l ] 
 
 stern(o)-, comb, form of foil. esp. in names 
 of muscles &c. connecting sternum with other 
 part: sterna'lgia, chest-pain, esp. angina pec- 
 toris ; stemoclavi'ctdar, of sternum & clavicle ; 
 -fa'cial ; -thyr'oid ; -tra'chcal. 
 
 ster'num, n. (pi. -na). Bone running from 
 neck to stomach & having ribs articulated with 
 it. the breastbone. Hence ster'nAL a. [L, f. 
 Gk sternon chest] 
 
 sternuta'tion, n. Sneezing, sneeze, [f. L 
 sternutatio (sternutare frequent, of sternucre 
 sneeze cf. Gk ptamumai, -ation)] 
 
 sternu'tative a., sternu'tatory a. & n. 
 (Substance, e.g. snuff) causing to sneeze. [L 
 sternutare (prec), -IVE, -ORY] 
 
 ster'torous, a. (Of breathing or breather, 
 esp. in apoplexy &c.) making snore-like sounds. 
 Hence ster'torousi.v 2 adv., ster'torous- 
 ness n. [L stertere snore, -OR 1 , -ous] 
 
 stet, proof-correcting direction & v.t. Let it 
 (i. e. the original form) stand (in margin to can- 
 cel a correction) ; (vb) write .<;. against, cancel 
 correction of. [L, 3 sing. subj. of stare stand] 
 
 ste'thoscope, n„ & v.t. Instrument used 
 in auscultation esp. of the heart ; (vb) examine 
 with s. Hence stetho'scopiST, stetho*- 
 seopY 1 , nn.,stethose6 , pica.,stethoseo*- 
 PICally adv. [Gk stethos breast, -scope] 
 
 ste'vedore, n. Man employed in loading 
 & unloading ships, [f. Sp. estivador (cstivar f. 
 L stipare pack tight, -tor)] 
 
 stew 1 , n. (archaic). Brothel (usu. the ss.). 
 [earlier sense (cf. bagnio) bath room or house, f, 
 OF estuve f. Teut. (E stove, G stu.be room)] 
 
STEW 
 
 858 
 
 STIFF 
 
 stew 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Cook (t, & i.) by long 
 simmering in closed vessel with little liquid 
 (let person, thing, s. in his &c. man juice or 
 grease, abstain from helping &c. ; stewiSG 1 
 pears &c., fit for eating stewed, not raw ; the 
 tea is steiced, is bitter or strong with too long 
 soaking), (fig.) be oppressed by close or moist 
 warm atmosphere ; s.-pan, -pot, shallow sauce- 
 pan, covered crock, used for stewing. (N.) 
 dish made by stewing {Irish s., of mutton, po- 
 tato, & onion) ; (fig., colloq.) in a s., agitated 
 with perplexity, anxiety, or anger, [n. f. vb, f. 
 prec. in sense hot bath] 
 
 stew 3 , n. Fishpond, tank for keeping fish 
 alive in ; artificial oyster-bed. [cogn. w. stow ; 
 cf. LG stau n., stauen vb, dam] 
 steward (-erd), n. Person entrusted with 
 management of another's property, esp. paid 
 manager of great house or estate ; purveyor of 
 provisions &c. for a college, club, guild, ship, 
 &c. ; passengers' attendant & waiter on ship ; 
 any of the officials managing a race-meeting, 
 ball, show, &c. ; Lord High S. of England, 
 official managing coronation or presidingat trial 
 of a peer ; Lord S. of the Household, high court 
 officer. Hence stewardEss \ steward- 
 ship, nn. [OE stigweard (stv l , ward M] 
 sthe'nic, a. (path.). (Of disease &c.) with 
 morbid increase of vital action esp. of heart & 
 arteries. [Gk sthcnos strength, -ic] 
 sti'bial, a. Of, like, antimony. Hence sti*- 
 bialis.M(5) n. [L stibi(um) f. Gk stibi a sul- 
 phuret of antimony, -al] 
 sti'ehomyth, stichomy'thia, (k), n. 
 Dialogue in alternate lines of verse as em- 
 ployed in Greek plays, [f. Gk stikhomuthia 
 (stikhos line, mvth)] 
 
 stick, v.t. & i. (stuck), & n. Thrust point of 
 in(to) or through (s. the spurs in ; s. bayonet, 
 pin, into or through); insert pointed thing(s) 
 into, stab, (s. pigs, of butcher, also of mounted 
 sportsman spearing wild pig; will pull out a 
 knife & s. you ; tipsy-cake stuck over or stuck 
 with almonds ; cushion stuck full of pins) ; fix 
 (up)on pointed thing, be fixed (as) by point 
 in(to) or on (to), (colloq.) put in specified posi- 
 tion, (heads were stuck on spikes of gateway ; 
 arrows s, in target ; work with needle, body 
 with dagger left, sticking in it ; s. feather, rose, 
 in cap, buttonhole ; s. pen behind one's ear; s. 
 up a target, erect it ; s. your cap on; s. themin 
 your pocket ; s. a few commas, in ; just s. it on 
 the table, down anyich.re) ; (with out, up) pro- 
 trude, (cause to) project, be or make erect, (s. 
 one's head out of window; his hair sticks 
 straight up ; s.-up collar, not turned down ; s. 
 out one's chest; how his stomach sticks out!; 
 stuck-up, conceited, insolently exclusive, prob. 
 f. carriage of head ; s. up to, not humble one- 
 self before, offer resistance to; s. up for, main- 
 tain cause or character of esp. absent person); 
 fix or become or remain fixed (as) by adhesion 
 of surfaces, (cause to) adhere or cleave, (s. 
 postage-stamp on ; this envelope will not s. ; if 
 you throw mud enough, some of it will s., in- 
 nocence is not proof against scandal; limpet 
 sticks to rock ; the name stuck to him or stuck, 
 was not forgotten ; friend that sticketh closer 
 than a brother ; can you s. on a horse ?, escape 
 being thrown ; some of the money stuck in or to 
 his fingers, was appropriated or embezzled by 
 him ; /We?w7s should s. together; s. to friend, 
 resolve, promise, word. Sec, abide by, remain 
 faithful to ; s. bills, post placards on wall &c. ; 
 s. to it, persist, not cease trying ; s. in photo- 
 graphs, paste them in book &c; sticks like a 
 bur, is not to be got rid of ; are you going to s. 
 in or indoors all day ?, remain at home ; so 
 
 perh. s. out for higher price, better terms, &c., 
 refuse to take lower) ; lose or deprive of power 
 of motion through friction, jamming, suction, 
 difficulty, or other impediment (s. in the mud 
 lit., & fig. be unprogressive ; s.-in-the-mud a., 
 slow, unprogressive, n. person of such kind ; 
 also slang Airs &c. S.-i.-t.-m., Mrs &c. So-&-so; 
 sticks in my throat, I cannot swallow it lit. or 
 fig.; sticks in one's gizzard, cannot be digested 
 fig-5 s.fast, be hopelessly bogged &c; is stuck 
 on a sandbank ; got up to the fourth form, 
 through some ten lines, & there stuck; s. at 
 nothing, allow nothing, esp. no scruples, to 
 deter one ; stuck up slang, completely at a loss; 
 that will s, him up, puzzle him; s. up bank, 
 mail-coach, &c. slang, terrorize officials, pas- 
 sengers, &c, in order to rob); provide (plant) 
 with s. as support or to climb up ; set (type) in 
 composing-s., whence sti'ekFCL(2) n.; stick- 
 ing-place, -point, at which screw becomes jam- 
 med (usu. fig. w. ref. to Macbeth I. vii. 60); 
 sticking-plaster, adhesive plaster for wounds 
 &c. (X.) shoot of tree cut to convenient length 
 for use as walking-cane or bludgeon, staff, 
 wand, rod, piece of wood whether as part of 
 something or separate more or less resembling 
 these in shape & size, (cut a s. front the hedge ; 
 cannot walk without as.; gathering ss. to make 
 afire, twigs; gold, sword, single 1 , broom, 
 fiddle, drum 1 , umbrella, rocket, -s.; riding 
 on broomstick, witch's way of transporting 
 herself through air ; house was pulled down& 
 not a s. left standing ; afewss. of furniture, 
 chairs &c. of simple kind ; wants the s., should 
 be caned; as cross 3 as, devil 1 on, two ss.; in 
 a cleft s., see cleave 1 ; cut 2 one's s.), (Naut., 
 joe.) mast or spar, (Mus.) conductor's baton, 
 (fig.) person of no vigour or intelligence or 
 social qualities ; slender more or less cylindrical 
 piece of sugar-candy, sealing-wax, shaving- 
 soap, &c; (short, with aid of context, for) fiddle- 
 s., drum-s., composing-s., &c; s.-inscct, — walk- 
 ing-s. insect, [vb a mixture of ME stikien be 
 mfixed (OE stician, cf. G stecken) & ME steken 
 pierce, fix, cf. G stechen% cogn. w. Gk stizo 
 prick, L instigare instigate, Skr. tigma- sharp ; 
 n., OE sticca (stician), orig. = peg) 
 
 sti'eker, n. In vbl senses; alsooresp.:#?"/7-s., 
 long-bladed sharp-pointed knife; bill 4 -s.; bats- 
 man who scores slowly & is hard to get out; 
 person who stays too long on visit; (Organ- 
 build.) wooden rod transmitting motion be- 
 tween ends of two reciprocating levers, [-er 1 ] 
 
 sti'ckleback, n. Small fish with sharp 
 spines on back. [OE sticel a prickle, sting, f. 
 stician stick, -le(1), back ] ] 
 
 stickler, n. S. for, person who insists on or 
 pertinaciously supports or advocates ( is a great, 
 am no, s. for authority, precision, &c. ). [f. obs. 
 stickle be umpire, prob. f. ME stightlen arrange 
 f. OE stihtanmeike, found, cf. MDu. stichten, G 
 stiften; -er 1 ] 
 
 sti'eky, a. Tending to stick to what is 
 touched, glutinous, viscous. Hence sti'eki- 
 lv 2 adv., sti'ckiNESS n. [-v 2 ] 
 
 stiff, a. & n. Rigid, not flexible, unbending, 
 unyielding, uncompromising, obstinate, (s. 
 shirt-front ; lies s. in death ; has a s. leg, in- 
 capable of bending at knee ; s.-necked, stub- 
 born ; keep a s. upper lip, show firmness of 
 character ; s. ship, heeling little under sail, not 
 crank; s. market, with prices remaining firm; 
 met the charge with a s. denial) ; lacking ease 
 or grace or graciousness or spontaneity, con- 
 strained, reserved, haughty, formal, (s. man- 
 ners; a s. reception, boiv, &c<; s. movement, 
 attitude, &c; writes in as. style); not working 
 freely, sticking, offering resistance, (a s. hinge, 
 
STIFLE 
 
 859 
 
 STING 
 
 piston, &c.; .<?. tin, veteran athlete &c; .9. neck, 
 rheumatic affection in which patient cannot 
 turn head without pain), (of muscle, limb, &c, 
 or person in regard to them) aching when used 
 as result of previous exertion ; hard to cope 
 with, calling for strength or capacity of some 
 kind, trying, (.9. examination, climb, slope, 
 breeze ; a s. price, high ; a s. glass of grog, 
 strong; a s. subject, requiring application to 
 master it) ; (of moist clay, batter, &c.) thick & 
 viscous, not fluid, in or approaching plastic 
 state; s.-bit, horse's bit made of unjointed bar 
 with rings at ends; hence sti'ffLV 2 adv., 
 sti'ffNESS n., sti'ffiSH H2) a., sti'ffEN 6 v.t. & 
 i., sti'fFenER 1 ^), stMFeniNG^l, 4), nn. (N., 
 slang) negotiable paper. [OE stif, cf. Du. stijf, 
 Da. stiv : cogn. w. L stipes stem, stipare pack] 
 
 strfle \ v.t. & i. =smother vb. Hence (pre- 
 ferred to corresp. wds f. smother) sti'fliNG 1 a., 
 sti'flingLV 2 adv. [f. ON stifla dam \ip, prop, 
 frequent, of stiva STiFFen] 
 
 sti'fle 2 , n. (Also s.-joint) joint of horse's 
 hind-leg between hip & hock ; disease of s.- 
 joint or s.-bone, whence sti'flED 2 a.; s.-bone, 
 bone of s.-joint, horse's knee-pan ; s.-shoe, kind 
 with which stifled horse is shod on sound leg to 
 make it use & so strengthen the weak one. 
 [earlier also stiffle, perh. f. stiff] 
 
 sti'grna, n. (pi. -s, & -ata as specified below). 
 Mark branded on slave, criminal, &c. (archaic); 
 imputation attaching to person's reputation; 
 stain on one's good name; (Anat., Zool.)spot, 
 pore, small natural mark on skin &c, small red 
 spot on person's skin (pi. -ata) that bleeds perio- 
 dically or under mental stimulus, (Bot.) part 
 of style or ovary-surface that receives pollen in 
 impregnation, so stigma'tic, sti'gmatosE l , 
 aa.; (Lccl.; pi. -ata; usu. in pi.) mark(s) corre- 
 sponding to those left by the nails & spear at 
 the Crucifixion developed by St Francis of 
 Assisi & others (whence sti'grmatisr n.) & 
 .attributed to divine favour. [L. f. Gk, genit. 
 -atos (stizo prick, brand, -m] 
 
 stigmatize, v.t. Use opprobrious terms of, 
 describe opprobriously as, (shall not s. him as 
 he deserves ; s. him, it, asacoward, cowardice); 
 produce stigmata on (person) by hypnotic sug- 
 gestion &c. Hence stigjmatizA'TiON n. [thr. 
 F & LL f. Gk stigmatizo (prec, -ize)] 
 
 stile, n. Steps or some provision other than 
 gate enabling passengers to get over or through 
 fence or wall but excluding cattle &c. (help 
 lame dog * over s.). [OE stigel f. stigan climb, 
 cf. G steigen, -le(1)] 
 
 stile'tto, n. (pi. -os, -oes), & v.t. Small dag- 
 ger (vb, stab with s.) ; pointed implement for 
 making eyelets &c. [It., dim. of stilo f. L stilus 
 
 STYLE 1 , -ET 1 ] 
 
 still !, a., n., v.t. & i., & adv. Without or al- 
 most without motion or sound or both (stand, 
 sit, lie, kcep,s., motionless ; as. lake, unruffled; 
 .9. water is run deep ; s. as the grave ; a s. 
 evening ; how s. everything is ! ; in s. medita- 
 tion ; s. small voice, that of conscience, w. ref. 
 to 1 Kings xix. 12; all sounds are s., hushed ; 
 s. life in painting, representation of inanimate 
 things such as fruit & furniture; s. hock &c, 
 not sparkling ; .9. birth, delivery of dead child, 
 so s.-born); s.-Jish v.i., fish from anchored boat; 
 hence sti'lly 1 (-1-11) [-ly 2 ] adv. (rare), sti'll- 
 ness n. (N.) deep silence (in the s. of night). 
 (Vb) quiet, calm, appease, assuage, silence ; 
 (rare) grow calm (when the tempest stills). 
 (Adv.) constantly, habitually, (archaic); then or 
 now or for the future as before, even to this or 
 that past or present or future time ; neverthe- 
 less, for all that, on the other hand, all the 
 same; (with comparat.) even, yet. [OE stille 
 
 (stilla7i be still, cogn. w. stellan to place), cf. 
 Du. stil, G still] 
 
 still 2 , n., & v.t. Distilling-apparatus, esp. 
 for making spirituous liquors, consistingessen- 
 tially of a boiler & a condensing chamber, the 
 vapour from the former passing into a spiral 
 tube or worm surrounded by cold water or 
 other refrigerating matter that fills the latter 
 & issuing in drops as it condenses; s.-room, 
 room for distilling, housekeeper's store-room in 
 large house. (Vb) distil (poet.): make (spirit) 
 in s. [vbin 2nd sense f. n.; n. f. vb in first sense, 
 partly short for distil, partly f. L stillare drip] 
 
 sti-llagre (-ij), n. Bench, frame, &c, for keep- 
 ing articles off floor Avhile draining, waiting to 
 be packed, &c. [etym. dub.; cf. foil.] 
 
 sti'lling-, sti'llion, n. Support for cask. [cf. 
 LG stclling, G stellung, (stellen to place, -ing ! )] 
 
 sti'lly 2 (fors.i see still 1 ), a. (poet.). Still, 
 quiet. [OE stillice (still 1 , -ly !)] 
 
 stilt, n. Pole with rest for foot used gener- 
 ally in pairs with upper part of pole bound to 
 leg or held with hand & raising user from 
 ground (on ss. lit., & fig.= bombastic, stilted) ; 
 (also 8.-bird or -plover or -walker) long-legged 
 bird resembling plover in having three-toed 
 feet ; s.-petrel, -sandpiper, long-legged kinds, 
 [f. Sw. stylta, cf. Du. stelt, G stelze ; perh. cogn. 
 w. OHG stellan to place] 
 
 sti'lted, a. (As) on stilts; (of literary style 
 &c.) pompous, bombastic, whence sti'ltedLY" 
 adv., sti'ltedNEss n.; (of arch) with pieces of 
 upright masonry between imposts & feet of the 
 true arch, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 Sti'lton, n. Superior kind of cheese named 
 from S. in Huntingdonshire. 
 
 sti'mulant, a. & n. Stimulating (rare in gen. 
 sense); (Med.) producing rapid transient in- 
 crease of vital energy in organism or some part 
 of it (n., s. agent or substance, as warmth, 
 electricity, joy, &c, or exciting drug or article 
 of food esp. alcoholic drink; never takes ss., 
 usu. = drinks no alcohol), [f. L as foil., -ant] 
 
 stimulate, v.t. Apply stimulus to, act as 
 stimulus upon , animate, spur on, excite to (more 
 vigorous) action. Hence or cogn. sti'mulat- 
 ing 2 , sti'mulATivE, aa., stimulATioN, sti*- 
 mulatOR 2 , nn. [L stimulare (foil.), -ATE a ] 
 
 sti'mulus, n. (pi. -li). Thing that rouses to 
 activity or energy (.90 lethargic that no s. affects 
 him), rousing effect (vnuer the s. of hunger) ; 
 (Physiol.) thing thatevokes functional reaction 
 in tissues ; (Bot.) sting, whence sti'mulosE 1 
 a.; (Eccl.) point at end of crozier, pastoral staff, 
 &c. [L,= goad (stig-,cf. instigate)] 
 
 sti'my, n., & v.t., (golf). Lie of balls on green 
 such that player has other's ball between his 
 & hole ; (vb ; usu. in p.p.) hinder by s. [!} 
 
 sting*, v.t. & i. (stung), & n. Wound with s. 
 (a bee, nettle, stung Jnm, his finger); affect with 
 acute physical or mental pain (pepper stings 
 one's tongue ; the cane, his bat-handle, the blow, 
 his conscience, the imputation, stung him\ 
 stung by reproaches, with envy or desire ; a 
 stinging insult), whence stiTigingLY 2 adv.; 
 (of part of one's body) feel acute pain or com- 
 municate it to sensorium (my hand, tooth, 
 stings) ; be able to s., have a s., (some bees do 
 not 8.; stinging-nettle, opp. bead nettle). (N.) 
 sharp-pointed weapon often tubular & con- 
 nected with poison-gland in some insects & 
 other animals (in tail as with bee, in head as 
 with gnat, in claws as with centipede ; also of 
 snakes poison-fang) & plants (projecting as 
 hair from surface as in nettle); infliction of 
 wound with s., wound so made, pain caused by 
 it, wounding quality or effect, rankling or acute 
 pain of body or mind, keenness or vigour, (tvas 
 
BTINGAREE 
 
 860 
 
 STITCH 
 
 hurt by as.; face covered with ss.; the s. of 
 hunger, ss. of remorse ; a jest with a s. in it ; 
 this air, bowling, has no s. in it, is relaxing, 
 feeble) ; s.-bull or -fish, kind of weever; s.-net- 
 tle, stinging-nettle ; s.-ray, kinds of fish with 
 flexible tail having sharp serrated projecting 
 spine used as weapon ; s.-winkle, beaked shell- 
 fish that bores holes in other shell-fish ; hence 
 sti'ngLESS a. (OE stingan, cf. Da. stinge, Svv. 
 & ON stinga ; perh. cogn. w. stick] 
 
 sti'ngareel-ngg-hn. = STiNG-ray. [corrupt.] 
 
 sti'ng-ep (-ng-), n. In vbl senses ; esp., smart 
 painful blow, [-er 1 ] 
 
 sti'ngo (-nggo), n. (archaic). Strong beer. 
 [sting, w. ref. to pungency, with fancy ending] 
 
 sti'ngy <-ji), a. Meanly parsimonious, nig- 
 gardly. Hence sti'ngiLV 2 adv., sti'ngiNESS 
 n. [spec, sense & pronunc. of obs. stingy (-ngi) 
 nipping (of wind &c.) f. sting, -v 2 ] 
 
 stink, v.i. & t. (stank or stunk, stunk), & n. 
 (Have or emit) strong offensive smell (s. in nos- 
 trils of; s. one out, drive him from room &c. 
 by s.), whence sti*nkingLV 2 adv.; (slang) per- 
 ceive s. of (can s. it a mile off); (n. pi., slang) 
 chemistry, natural science, assubject of study ; 
 (part., slang) objectionable in anyway, that one 
 dislikes; (part., as distinctive epithet of ani- 
 mals or plants) having recognizable & usu. dis- 
 agreeable smell (stinking camomile; stinking 
 cedar or yew, savin & allied trees; stinking 
 crane's-bill, hellebore, horehound, nightshade, 
 &c; stinking-weed or -loood, kind of cassia; 
 stinking badger, teledu); s.-alive, the fish bib 
 (from rapid putrefaction after death); s.-ball, 
 vessel containing explosives &c. generating 
 noxio\is vapours used formerly in naval war- 
 fare & still by Eastern pirates ; s.-horn, kinds 
 of ill-smelling fungus; s.-pot, any receptacle 
 containingsomethingthatstinks,also = s.-ball, 
 also as abusive term for person or thing; s.- 
 stone, kind of limestone giving off fetid smell 
 when quarried; s.-trap, appliance to prevent 
 escape of effluvia from drains when opened. 
 [OE stincan, cf. Du. & G stinken] 
 
 sti'nkard, n. Stinking person or animal, 
 esp. the teledn. [-ard] 
 
 sti'nker, n. Stinkard, stinkpot ; kinds of 
 large petrel, [-er *] 
 
 stint, v.t., & n. Cease doing or to do (archaic); 
 keep on short allowance (s. oneself or person or 
 animal in food &c); supply or give in niggardly 
 amount or grudgingly (s.food, money, service, 
 Sec); hence sti'ntingLY 2 adv. (N.) limitation 
 of supply or effort (usu. withoid, no,s.; laboured 
 withoid s., without sparing effort), whence 
 sti'ntLESS a.; fixed or allotted amount of or of 
 work (do one's daily s.); kinds of small sand- 
 piper, esp. dunlin. [OE styntan (stunt short of 
 wit, dull, cf. ON stuttr short)] 
 
 sti'pate, a. (bot). Crowded, close-set. [L 
 stipare pack, -ate 2 ] 
 
 stipe, sti'pes, n. (bot., zool.). Stalk or stem 
 (in Bot. esp. support of carpel, stalk of frond, 
 stem of fungus). Hence sti*pi(ti)EORM, sti*- 
 pitATE 2 , aa. [stipe F, f. L. stipes -itis stem] 
 
 sti'pel, n. (bot.). Secondary stipule at base 
 of leaflets of compound leaf. Hence sti'pel- 
 1 ate 2 a. [prec, -el] 
 
 sti'pend, n. Fixed periodical money allow- 
 ance for work done, salary, esp. clergyman's 
 official income, [f. L stipendium (for stipip-) 
 f. stipem alms &c. in small coin, pendere pay] 
 
 stipendiary, a. & n. (Person) receiving 
 stipend, paid, not serving gratuitously ; s. (ma- 
 gistrate), paid police magistrate in large towns 
 appointed by Home Secretary, [f. L stipen- 
 diarius (prec, -arv 1 )] 
 
 stipes. See stipe. 
 
 sti'pple, v.t. & i., & n. Engrave (plate, thing 
 portrayed), paint or draw, in dots, not lines; 
 use this method ; hence sti'ppl i: k ' (1, 2), sti'p- 
 pliNG 1 , nn. (N.) dotted work; s. -graver, en- 
 graver's stippling-tool. [f. Du. stippelen (stip- 
 pcl speck, dim. of sti]) point] 
 
 stipulate 1 , v.i. & t. S.for, mention or in- 
 sist upon as essential part of agreement; de- 
 mand as part of a bargain or agreement that ; 
 (p.p.) laid down as part of the terms of an agree- 
 ment (is not of the stipulated quality). So sti- 
 pulation 1 [ation], sti'pulatOR 2 nn. [L 
 stijndari (OL stipuliis firm, cogn. w. stipes) 
 bargain, -ate 3 ] 
 
 sti'pule, n. Small leaf-like appendage to 
 leaf usu. at base of leaf-stem. Hence stipul a 
 ceous, sti'pulARi, sti'pulARV 1 , stipulate 2 
 [-ate 2 ], sti'puliFORM, aa., stipulation- [-A- 
 tion], n. [f. L stipula (stipe, -ule)] 
 
 stir, v.t. & i., & n. Set, keep, or (begin to) be, 
 in motion (not a breath stirs the lake, leaves ; 
 sit without stirring a foot &c. or stirring ; if 
 you s., I shoot ; never stirred abroad or out of 
 the house, went out; is not stirring yet, is still 
 in bed ; s. the fire, use poker; s. your stumps 
 colloq., make haste, walk &c. faster; s. tea, 
 porridge, soup, &c, move spoon &c. round & 
 round in to mix ingredients, keep from burn- 
 ing in pot, &c; there is no news stirring, going 
 about ; lead stirring life, be busy ; s. up, m ix 
 well by stirring ; s. vp the mud, sediment, &c, 
 make it rise from bottom of liquid by stirring); 
 rouse (?*p), excite, animate, inspirit, (s. up strife, 
 mutiny, discontent, curiosity; person wants 
 stirring up, is indolent or torpid ; s. one's blood, 
 excite him to enthusiasm, desire, &c.; s. one's 
 wrath, bile, &c, enrage, disgust, &c; stirring 
 events, times, music, &c, exciting, stimulating; 
 a stirring speech, picture, tale), whence stir*— 
 ping"LY 2 adv.; s.-about, (p.) porridge, (adj.) 
 bustling; hence stir'PERMl, 2) n (N.) com- 
 motion, bustle, disturbance, excit3ment, sen- 
 sation, (full of s.tt movement; person, event, 
 makes agreat s., is muchdiscusseJ. &c); slight- 
 est movement (not a s.), whence stip'LESS a.; 
 actof stirring (give the fire as.). [OE styrian, cf. 
 Du. storcn, G storen, disturb ; cogn. w. storm] 
 
 stip*picultupe,n. Breedingof special stocks 
 or strains, [foil., -I-, culture] 
 
 stirps, n. (Law) progenitor of family ; (Zool.) 
 classificatory group. [L, = stock] 
 
 sti'ppup, n. Rider's foot-rest usu. consisting 
 of iron loop with flattened base hung by a strap 
 or s.-leather from s.-bar, iron attachment let 
 into saddle ; s. & s.-leather as a whole; (Naut.) 
 rope with eye supporting foot-rope; s.-bone, 
 small bone, s. -shaped in man, in mammal's ear ; 
 s.-cup, of wine &c. presented to person mount- 
 ed for departure ; s.-iron, s. without s. -leather ; 
 s. -piece in carpentry &c, hanging support. 
 [OE stirdp (stigan climb, cf. stile, rope)] 
 
 stitch, n., & v.t. & i. Acute internal pain in 
 the side such as often results from running &c. 
 soon after eating; single pass of needle in sew- 
 ing (a s. in time saveTs nine), result of it or of 
 single complete movement in knitting, crochet, 
 embroidery, &c. (if one s. gives the rest will: 
 what long ss.!; has not a dry s. on him, is wet 
 through ; drop a s. in knitting, let loop fall off 
 needle-end spoiling the continuity ; put a s. or 
 ss. in in surgery, sew up wound with gut, silk, . 
 wire, &c), method followed in making ss. or 
 kind of work produced {am learning a new 
 s.; lock 3 , buttonhole, HERRiNG-ftone, &c, -,<?., 
 cross-stitch); s.-wheel, harness-maker's notch- 
 ed wheel for pricking leather in places where 
 ss. are to go ; stitchwort, kinds of chickweed, 
 esp. one with erect stem & white star flowers 
 
STITHY 
 
 861 
 
 STOIC 
 
 (named as cure for s. in side); (vb) sew (t. & i.; 
 s. up, usu. mend by sewing ; st itching-horse, 
 harness-maker's clamp for holding work), [vb 
 f. n., OE sticc pricking (stician pierce), cf. G 
 stich, stechen] 
 
 sti'thy (-dhl), n. (archaic & poet.). Smith's 
 shop, forge, jobs, stith anvil f. ON stethi, -Y 1 ] 
 
 sti'ver, n. Even the smallest coin (usu. 
 don't care, has not, a s,), [f. Du. stuiver small 
 obsolete coin] 
 
 sto*a, n. (pi. -ae). Portico in ancient-Greek 
 architecture (the s., the pokch, see stoic). [Gk] 
 
 stoat, n. The ermine, esp. in its summer 
 coat (also as general name for ermine & allied 
 kinds, weasel, ferret, &c). [ME stot stoat, also 
 stallion or any male animal ; cogn. w. ON stutr 
 bull, Da. stud bullock, Du. stooten, G stossen, 
 to pushj 
 
 stock, n., & v.t. & i. Stump, butt, main 
 trunk, plant into which graft is inserted, body- 
 piece serving as base or holder or handle 
 for working parts of implement or machine, 
 (source of) family or breed, raw material of 
 manufacture, store ready for drawing on, 
 equipment for trade or pursuit, (they nest in the 
 ss. o/£rces,archaic use ; ss. dfr stones, inanimate 
 things, lethargic persons ; laughing, gazing, 
 &c, -s., butt for ridicule &c; must be grafted 
 on a sotend s.; s. of rifle, plane, plough, main 
 part, usu. of wood, into which barrel, blade, 
 share, &c, are fastened ; s. of bit, brace ; s. of 
 anvil, base it rests on ; s. of anchor, cross- 
 bar ; lock, s., & barrel fig., completely, root & 
 branch ; conies of a good, Puritan, treacherous, 
 &c, s., family of distinct character ; polyp &c. 
 -s. in Zool., aggregate organism ; paper Sec. s., 
 rags &c. from which paper &c. is made ; soup-s. 
 or usu. s., liquor made by stewing bones &c. 
 as basis for any sort of soup ; has a great s. of 
 information, hardware ; roll, 2 ingr s. ; take 
 over a, farm with the s., its animals, also live 
 s., & implements, also dead s.; s. -in-trade, all 
 requisites for a trade, also fig. as the politi- 
 cian's s.-in-t. of a dozen catch-words ; renew 
 one's s.; lay in a s. of; have in s., have ready 
 without need of procuring specially; take s., 
 review one's s. for accurate knowledge of what 
 one has in s.; so s.-taking n.; take s. of tig., 
 observe with a view to estimating character 
 &c. of; s. argujne?it,comparison,remark,joke, 
 &c, one that requires no fresh thought but is 
 always at hand & perpetually repeated whether 
 by individual or by people in general); kinds 
 (common or ten-weeks, Virginia, Sec, s.) of 
 fragrant-flowered usu. hoary-leaved garden 
 plant (orig. s.-gillifloicer, named as having 
 stronger stem than clovc-gilliflower or pink) ; 
 (pi., hist.) timber frame with holes for feet and 
 sometimes hands in which petty offenders were 
 confined in sitting position : (pi.) timbers on 
 which ship rests while building (on the ss., in 
 construction or preparation, often transf.); 
 stiff wide band of leather or other material 
 formerly worn round neck, now displaced in 
 general use by collar & tie, but surviving in 
 some military uniforms & sometimes revived 
 in modified forms by fashion ; (Finance) money 
 lent to a government & involving payment of 
 fixed interest to lenders or whomsoever their 
 rights have passed to by purchase &c. (buy, 
 hold, s., the right to receive such interest on 
 some amount of s.; thess., State's funded debts 
 as a whole ; has money, £50,000, in the ss. ; take 
 s. in fig., concern oneself with), capital of cor- 
 poration or company contributed by indivi- 
 duals for prosecution of some undertaking & 
 divided into (esp. £100) shares entitling holders 
 to proportion of profits (also joint ~-s. ; bank, 
 
 railway, &c, s.; preference or preferred s.; 
 s. certificate ; water 2 s.) ; s.-account, -book, 
 showing amount of goods laid in & amount 
 disposed of; s.-breeder, raiser of live a. ; 
 s.-broker, -king, (person engaged in) buying & 
 selling for clients on commission of ss. held 
 by s. -jobbers ; s.-car, cattle-truck ; stockdove, 
 European wild pigeon smaller & darker than 
 rockdove [perh. from breeding in ss. of trees] ; 
 s. exchange, place where ss. & shares are 
 publicly bought & sold, esp. theS.E., (building 
 in London occupied by) association of dealers 
 in ss. conducting business according to fixed 
 rules (is on the IS. E., a member of this associa- 
 tion) ; s.-farm(er), that breeds lives.; sto'ekfish, 
 cod & similar fish split & dried in sun without 
 salt ; s.-gang, gang of saws in frame cutting 
 log into boards at one passage ; s.-jobber, -bing, 
 -bery, (person engaged in) speculating in ss. 
 with view of profiting by fluctuations in price, 
 cf. s.-broker; s.-list, daily or periodical s.-ex- 
 change publication giving current prices of 
 ss. &c. ; s.-man (Austral.), man in charge of 
 live s.; s.-market, s. exchange or transactions 
 on it; s.-owl, the great eagle-owl; s.-pot, for 
 making or keeping soup-s.; s. -rider (Austral.), 
 herdsman on unfenced station ; s.-still, motion- 
 less ; s.-whip, with short handle & long lash for 
 herding cattle ; s.-yard, enclosure with pens 
 &c. for sorting or temporary keeping of cattle ; 
 hence sto'ekLESsa. (esp. of gun, anchor, &c). 
 (Vb) fit (gun &c.) with s.; (Hist.) confine in the 
 ss. ; provide (shop, farm, &c.) with goods or live 
 s. or requisites (a well-stocked larder, librar]/, 
 &c.) ; keep (goods) in s. (we do not s. the out 
 sizes) ; fill or cover (land) with permanent 
 growth esp. of pasture-grass; (of plant)=TiL- 
 ler 3 . [OE stocc, cf . Du. stok, G stock] 
 
 stocka'de, n., & v.t. (Fortify with) breast- 
 work or enclosure of upright stakes, [f. Sp. 
 estacada f. estaca f. JVIDu. stake, -ade(1), w. 
 assim. to prec] 
 
 sto'ekinet, n. Elastic knitted material used 
 esp. for underclothing, [foil., -et 1 ] 
 
 sto'eking, n. Tight covering usu. knitted 
 or woven ot wool or cotton or silk for foot & 
 leg up to or slightly above knee (usu. in pi., 
 esp. pair of ss. ; is or stands six feet in his ss. 
 or s.-feet, when measured without his boots ; 
 elastic s., surgical appliance of elastic webbing 
 like s. or part of it worn for varicose veins, 
 strained muscles, &c; white Sees, in horse &c, 
 lowerpart of leg differently coloured from rest); 
 s.-frame, -loom, -machine, knitting-machine. 
 Hence sto'ekingLESS a. [stock, -ing 3 ; for- 
 merly also stock(s) short for nether-stock(s)opp. 
 upper-stock(s) = knee-breeches, stock having 
 sense docked part (of the original hose or single 
 garment for abdomen & legs)] 
 
 sto'eky, stirggy (colloq.), a. Thickset, 
 short & strongly built, (of person; also in Bot. 
 & Zool.). Hence sto'ckiLV 2 , stug-, adv., 
 sto'ekixESS, stug-, n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 stodge, n., & v.i., (school slang). Food esp. 
 of heavy kind ; full meal, feast ; greedy eater ; 
 (vb) eat greedily, [perh. back-form. f. foil.] 
 
 sto'dgy (-ojl), a. (Of food) heavy, filling, in- 
 digestible; (of receptacle) packed, bulging; (of 
 book, style, &c.) over-full of facts or details, 
 wanting in lightness or interest. Hence 
 sto'dgiNESs n. [?1 
 
 stoep (-oop), n. (S.-Afr.). Platform in front 
 of house. 
 
 sto'ic, n. Philosopher of the school founded 
 at Athens c. 308 B.C. by Zeno making virtue 
 the highest good, concentrating attention on 
 ethics, & inculcating control of the passions & 
 indifference to pleasure & pain (&'-; often attrib., 
 
STOKE 
 
 862 
 
 STONS3 
 
 as S. philosopher, doctrines, indifference) ; (s-) 
 person of great self-control or fortitude or aus- 
 terity, whence sto'iCAL a., sto'icalLY 2 adv. 
 Hence Sto , iciSM(2, 3), s-, n. [f. L f. Gk. stoikos 
 (stoa, stoa, porch, w. ref. to Zeno's teaching in 
 Stoa Poecile Painted Porch at Athens, -icj] 
 
 stoke, v.t. & i. Feed & tend (furnace), feed 
 furnace of (engine &c), act as stoker; (fig.; 
 eolloq.) take food esp. in hurried way; s.-hole, 
 compartment in which steamer's fires are 
 worked, [back-form. f. foil.] 
 
 sto'kep, n. Man who tends furnace esp. that 
 of steamer or steam-engine {mechanical s., au- 
 tomatic feeder for furnace). [Du. (stoken make 
 fire, prob. f. MDu. stock stick in sense poker)] 
 
 stole 1 , n. (Rom. Ant.; also L stola pi. -ae) 
 outer dress of ancient-Roman matron; ecclesi- 
 astical vestment, a strip of silk or other material 
 hanging from back of neck over shoulders & 
 down to knees (worn by deacon over left shoul- 
 der only); groom of the s., first lord of the 
 Bed-chamber). Hence (-)stolED 2 a. [f. L f. 
 Gk stole robe (stello array)] 
 
 stole 2 . = STOLON. 
 
 stole 3. stolen. See steal. 
 
 std'lid, a. Phlegmatic, unemotional, lacking 
 animation, not easily agitated, hard to stir, 
 obstinate, apparently stupid. Hence or cogn. 
 stoli'dlTY n., sto'lidLv 2 adv. [f. L siolidus] 
 
 sto'lon, stole S n. Reclined or prostrate 
 branch that strikes root & develops new plant; 
 underground shootof mosses developingleaves; 
 (Zool.) rootlike creeping growth. Hence sto*- 
 ionATE 2 , stoloni'FEROUS, aa. [f. hstolo -07iis] 
 
 sto'mach (-umak), n., & v.t. Internal cavity 
 in which chief part of digestion is carried on, 
 being in man a pear-shaped enlargement of the 
 alimentary canal extending from end of gullet 
 to beginning of gut [coat of the s., its mucous 
 inmost lining; coats of the s., the peritoneum 
 or serous coat, the muscular, submucous, & 
 mucous layers); (in some animals, esp. rumin- 
 ants), one of several digestive cavities either 
 of similar character or differing in action or 
 function (ruminants' ss., first s. or paunch or 
 rumen, second s. or honeycomb or reticulum, 
 third s. or psalterium or omasum, fourth or 
 true s. or reed or abomasum; muscular «., act- 
 ing by grinding or squeezing, as the gizzard; 
 ijlandular s., acting esp. by gastric juices); 
 (loosely) belly, abdomen, lower front of body, 
 (pitofthes., depression below bottom of breast- 
 bone, the wind or mark; what a s. he has got!, 
 corporation); appetite for or for food (stay J 
 one's s.); taste or readiness or sufficient spirit 
 for (or archaic to) controversy, conflict, danger, 
 or an undertaking (had no s. for the fight), 
 proud or high s., haughtiness; s.-ache, pain in 
 Delly, esp. in bowels; s.-cough, caused by irrita- 
 tion of s. or small intestine; s.-pump, kind of 
 syringe for emptying s. or forcing liquid into 
 it ; s.'Staggers, apoplexy in horses due to para- 
 lysis of s. ; s.-tooth, lower canine milk-tooth in 
 infants, cutting of which often disorders s.; s.- 
 tube, for introducing through gullet into s. to 
 wash it out or empty it by siphon action ; 
 hence sto'mach a l, sto'mach less, aa., 
 sto*maehFUL(2) n. (Vb) eat with relish or 
 toleration, find sufficiently palatable to swal- 
 low or keep down, (flg.) pocket or put up with 
 (affront &c), (usu. w. neg., as cannot s. it). 
 [ME stomak f. F estomac f. L f. Gk stomakhos 
 dim. of stoma mouth] 
 
 sto'machep (-k-), n. (hist.). Front-piece of 
 15th-17th-c. female dress covering breast & pit 
 of stomach, ending downwards in point often 
 lapping over skirt, & often set with gems or 
 richly embroidered, [-ek ] J 
 
 stoma'chie (-k), a. & n. Of the stomach; 
 aiding s. action, promoting digestion or appetite 
 (n., s. draught or drug, bitters &c). [f. L f. Gk 
 stomakhikos (stomach, -ic)] 
 
 stomato-, comb, form of Gk stoma -atos 
 mouth, as -ga'stric, of mouth & stomach. 
 
 stone, n., a., & v.t. Piece of rock of any 
 shape usu. detached from earth's crust & of no 
 great size, esp. a pebble, a cobble, or a single 
 piece used or usable in building or roadmaking 
 or as missile (stocks & ss.; built of great ss.; 
 as hard as a s.; ROLhHng s.; rock iny s.; ser- 
 mons in ss.; ss. will cry out, wrong is great 
 enough to move inanimate things ; give a s.for 
 bread, offer a mockery of help ; mark with 
 a white s., record as a joyful day, w. ref. to 
 ancient-Roman use of chalk; meteoric s., 
 meteorite ; leave no s. unturned, try every 
 possible means, often to do; break ss., get living 
 by preparing road metal, as phr. for being re- 
 duced to extremities ; cast, throw, ss. or a s. at, 
 lit., & = make aspersions on character &c. of ; 
 those who live in glass houses shoidd not throxo 
 ss., aspersion provokes retort ; shower of ss., 
 thrown, or rolling down hill &c; kill two birds 
 with one s.; s/s cast or throw, distance s. can 
 be thrown) ; (usu. precious s.) a gem (no s. in it 
 worth less than £100; Bristol s., Bristol dia- 
 mond; cairngorm s.); ss. or rock as a sub- 
 stance or material (often with defining pref., 
 as sand, lime 1 , -s.; Bath, Caen, Portland, s., 
 kinds of building s.; built of s.; s. buildings 
 &c; s. jar &c, of s.-ware ; s. jug 1 ; holy- 
 stone ; artificial s., kinds of concrete ; Cornish 
 s., kaolin ; has a heart of s„ is hard-hearted ; 
 harden into s., petrify lit. or fig.; the s. age, 
 stage of civilization at which implements & 
 weapons were of s., not metal; philosophers' 
 s.); piece of s. of definite & designed shape 
 (often with purpose specified by word in comb., 
 or easily supplied from context; grind, grave 1 , 
 hearth, mill ', whet, -s.; Moabite, Rosetta, s., 
 stelae with historically important inscriptions); 
 thing resembling s. in hardness or pebble in 
 shape, e.g. calculus (as single concretion or as 
 the malady), hard case of kernel in drupe or 
 s.-fruit, seed of grape, testicle, pellet of hail, 
 (gall!-s.; underwent an operation for s. or 
 the s.; remove the ss.from plums, grapes, &c; 
 hail-storm with ss. as big as marbles) ; weight 
 of 14 lb. or of other amounts varying with the 
 commodity (rides 12 St., weighs that in the 
 saddle; s. of meat or fish 8 lb., s. of cheese 16 lb., 
 &c.) ; s.-axe, with two obtuse edges for hewing 
 s.; s.'blind (quite); s.-blue, compound of indigo 
 with starch or whiting; s.-boiiing, primitive 
 method of boiling by putting heated ss. into 
 water; s.-borer, kinds of mollusc; s.-break, 
 saxifrage; s.-buck, steenbok; s.-butter, kind of 
 alum; s.-cast,=sto7ie's casta.bove; stone-CHAi 2 ; 
 s.-coal, anthracite; s.-cold (quite); stonecrop, 
 kinds of low creeping plant growing esp. on 
 walls & rocks; s.-cu7*lew, thick-knee or thick- 
 kneed plover; s.-dead, -deaf, (quite); s. -eater, 
 ^s.-borer ; s.-fern, ceterach ; s.-fly, insect with 
 aquatic larvae found under ss., used as bait for 
 trout; s.-fruit, with seeds enclosed in hard 
 shell surrounded by pulp, drupe, e.g. plum, 
 peach, cherry; s.-gall, round mass of clay in 
 variegated sandstone; s.-horse archaic, stal- 
 lion ; s.-man, cairn ; s.-mason, dresser of or 
 builder in s.; s.-parsley, a hedge plant ; s.-pine, 
 S.-Ital. kind with branches at top spreading 
 like umbrella; s.-pit, quarry; s.-pitch, inspis- 
 sated pitch ; s.-plover, large kind called also 
 thick-knee & s.-curlew ; s.-rag, kind of lichen; 
 s.-rue, kind of fern; s.-saw, untoothed iron 
 blade stretched in saw-frame for cutting s. 
 
STONY 
 
 863 
 
 STOHAX 
 
 -with aid of sand ; s.-seed, gromwell ; s.-snipe, 
 large N.-Amer. kind ; s.-walling, (Cricket) ex- 
 cessively cautious batting, (Politics, esp. Aus- 
 tral.) parliamentary obstruction; s.-warc, pot- 
 tery made from very silicious clay or from 
 composition of clay & flint ; s.-work, masonry ; 
 stonewort, kinds of plant, esp. s.-parsley ; hence 
 (-)stonED 2 , sto'neLESs, aa. (Vb) pelt with 
 ss. (s. to death) ; free (fruit) from ss.; face, pave, 
 &c, with s. [OE stdn, cf. Du. steen, G stein] 
 
 sto'ny, a. & adv. Full of, covered with, 
 having many, stones; hard, rigid, fixed, as 
 stone (a s, stare, refusing response or recog- 
 nition ; s. heart, obdurate or unfeeling heart, 
 also hard core or interior, whence stony- 
 heartED 2 a.) ; hence sto*niL\ ,2 adv., sto'ni- 
 NESSn. (Adv.) utterly (only ins. broke' 2 ). [-Y 2 ] 
 
 stood. See stand. 
 
 stook, n., & v.t., (chiefly Sc. & north). = 
 shock 3 . [cf. LG strike] 
 
 stool, n., & v.i. Backless seat for one, often 
 consisting of wooden slab on three legs (office s., 
 high s. used by clerks &c; music, camp 1 , -s.; 
 three-legged s.; folding s., made to fold up ; s. 
 of repentance, orig. that on which fornicators 
 &c. were set to receive rebuke in churches in 
 Scotland, & now transf.; Jail between two ss., 
 fail from vacillation between two courses &c); 
 low bench for kneeling on ; = FOOT-s.;(Archit.) 
 window-sill ; (place for) evacuation of bowels, 
 faeces evacuated, {goto s.; close *, night i-s.); 
 rootor stump of plant from which shootsspring; 
 piece of wood to which decoy-bird is attached; 
 s.-ball, old game resembling cricket still played 
 in Sussex esp. by girls; s.-pigeon, pigeon used, 
 person acting, as decoy. (Vb) throw up shoots 
 from root ; go to s., evacuate bowels. [OE stol, 
 cf. Du. sloel, G stuhl ; cogn. w. stand] 
 
 stoop 1 , v.i. & t., & n. Bring one's head 
 nearer the ground by bendingdown from stand- 
 ing position, (fig.) deign or condescend to do, 
 descend or lower oneself to some conduct; 
 carry one's head & shoulders bowed forward, 
 whence stoo'ping'LY 2 adv. ; (of hawk &c, & 
 transf.; archaic, poet.) swoop, pounce; incline 
 (head, neck, shoulders, back) forward & down. 
 (N.) stooping carriage of body ; (archaic) swoop 
 of hawk &c. [OE stupian, cf. MDu, stuypen, 
 ON stupa ; cogn. w. steep l > 2 ] 
 
 stoop 2 , n. = stoup. 
 
 stop 1, v.t. & i. Stuff up or up, prevent or 
 forbid passage through, make impervious or 
 impassable, close, bar, stifle, stanch, (s. a leak, 
 hole, &c. ; stopped pipein organ, withupper end 
 plugged, giving note an octave lower; s. one's 
 ears, put fingers in to avoid hearing, also fig. 
 refuse to listen ; s. a tooth, fill cavity in it with 
 sto'ppiNG 1 n. of gold, amalgam, cement, &c; 
 s. a wound, stanch its bleeding; s. one's 
 mouth fig., induce him by bribery or other 
 means to keep silence about something ; s. a 
 gap, 6erve to meet a temporary need ; s. the 
 way, be oract as obstruction, prevent progress); 
 put an end to (motion &c), completely check 
 
 grogress or motion or operation of, effectively 
 inder or prevent, (s. progress &c. ; s. horse &c, 
 esp. when running away ; s. ball, esp. of bats, 
 man or field in cricket; s. thief!, cry of pur- 
 suer ; s. blow, parry it in boxing ; s. blow with 
 one's head &c. facet., receive it; thick walls 
 s. sound, render it inaudible ; s. one's breath, 
 kill him by smothering or otherwise ; s. clock, 
 factory, &c, make it cease working ; s. person's 
 doing, person from doing : shall s. that non- 
 sense, not allow it to go on) ; cut off, suspend, 
 deeline customary giving of or permission for, 
 (shall s. your xoages, holidays, meetings ; the 
 cost must be stopped out of his salary; s. pay- 
 
 ment or a cheque, direct one's banker not to 
 cash; s. payment, declare oneself unable to 
 meet obligations, break financially; why has 
 our gas, water, been stopped?) ; change pitch 
 of (stringed orother musical instrument, string 
 of instrument) by pressing 6tring, closing hole, 
 &c. ; cease, come to an end, cease from doing, 
 discontinue (one's action), cease from motion 
 or speaking or action, make a halt or pause, 
 {noise, annuity, stops ; do not s., go on, con- 
 tinue ; s. short, cease abruptly ; shall s. play- 
 ing, subscribing, my visits, my endeavours ; 
 do s. griunbling, your complaints, that noise ; 
 lie stopped in the middle of a sentence ; my 
 icatch has stopped ; train does not s. at, before. 
 Exeter; he never stops to think) ; (colloq.) re- 
 main, stay, sojourn, {shall s. in bed, at home ; 
 s. up, not go to bed ; shall you s. for the ser- 
 mon?', have been stopping in Cornwall with 
 friends) ; provide with ss., punctuate, (a badly 
 spelt & stopped letter) ; (Naut.) make fast, 
 stopper, (cable &c); (Etching) s. out, cover 
 (parts that are to be protected from action of 
 acid) with defensive coating (stopping-brush, 
 for doing this) ; (Photog.)s. down, obscure part 
 of (lens) with diaphragm; (Founding) s. off, 
 fill in (part of mould not to be used) with sand. 
 Hence sto*ppAGE(3) n. [OE ( f or)stoppian £. 
 LL stuppare (stup(p)a cf. Gk stuppe tow)] 
 
 stop 2 , n. Stopping or being stopped, pause, 
 check, (pid as. to; make, come to, bring to, a 
 s.; is at a s.,not proceeding or unable to pro- 
 ceed ; train runs from London to Crewe with- 
 out as.) ; punctuation mark, esp. comma, semi- 
 colon, colon, or period (jull s:, period ; come 
 to a full s. transf., cease completely); (Mus.) 
 change of pitch effected by stopping (see prec), 
 also fret or key or lever in instrument to assist 
 stopping, (in organ) set of pipes having special 
 tone, also knob &c. by which these are put in 
 or out of action, (fig.) manner of speech adopt- 
 ed to produce particular effect (can put on or 
 pull out the pathetic, blustering, virtuous, See., 
 s. at will) ; batten, peg, or the like, meant to s. 
 motion of somethingat fixed point ; (Opt., Pho- 
 tog.) diaphragm; (Phonet.) mute consonant, 
 sound made by closure of organs concerned 
 (as k, t, p) ; (Naut.) small line used as lashing, 
 also projection of lower mast-head supporting 
 trestle-trees. Hence sto'pLESs a. [f. prec] 
 
 stop-, comb, form of stop 1 * 2 ; sto'peock, tap ; 
 s.-collar, ring checking motion of shaft; s.- 
 cylinder, kind of printing-press ; s.-drill, with 
 shoulder limiting depth of penetration ; sto'p- 
 gap, temporary substitute ; s.-knob, knob actu- 
 ating organ-stop; s.-motion, arrangement for 
 automatic stopping of machine when out of or- 
 der ; s.-order, order to stockbroker to buy or 
 sell on stock's reaching specified price ; s.-plate, 
 limiting play of axle on bearings; s.-press, 
 (news) inserted in paper after printing has be- 
 gun ; s.-valve, closing pipe against passage of 
 liquid ; s.-wajch, with mechanism for starting 
 & stopping it at will, used in timing races &c. 
 
 sto'pper, n.,& v.t. In vbl senses; esp.: plug 
 for closing bottle &c. usu. of same material as 
 the vessel (put a s. on something, bring about 
 cessation of it); tobacco-s., implement forpress- 
 ing down tobacco in pipe-bowl; (Naut.) rope, 
 clamp, double claw, &c, for checking & hold- 
 ing rope cable or chain cable ; s.-bolt, ring-bolt 
 in deck to which ss. are secured ; s.-knot, finish- 
 ing of end of s.-rope made by interlacing its 
 strands ; (vb) close or secure with s. [-er'] 
 
 sto'pple, n., & v.t. Stopper of bottle or other 
 vessel; (vb) close with s. [stop 1 , -le(D] 
 
 stop'ax, n. (Tree yielding) a resinous vanilla- 
 scented balsam formerly much used in medicine 
 
STORE 
 
 861 
 
 STOUT 
 
 & perfumery ; liquid s., a balsam got from the 
 Oriental sweet-gum tree. [L, f. Gk sturax] 
 
 store, n., & v.t. Abundance, provision, stock 
 of something ready to be drawn upon, (sing, 
 with or, archaic exc. of intangible things, with- 
 out a, & pi.; has s., good s., a s„ or ss., of wine, 
 wit, anecdote, wisdom; in s., laid up in readi- 
 ness, about to come, destined, as I have, tomor- 
 row has, a surprise ins. for you); place where 
 things are kept for sale, (chiefly U.S.) ordinary 
 shop (s. clothes &c, esp. = ready-made ; book 
 &C.-S.), (Brit.) large commercial establishment 
 selling goods of many different kinds usu. for 
 cash & at low prices (thess., these opp. ordinary 
 shops, as / get most things at the ss.; cooper- 
 ative s. or ss.; Army & Navy, &c, ss., selling 
 only to members, who must have specified qua- 
 lification); (pi.) articles of particular kind or for 
 special purpose accumulated for use, supply of 
 things needed, (military, naval, Scc.ss. ; marine 
 ss., old ship materials); sets, b y, reckon precious 
 or important, esp. set no great s. by; store'housc, 
 place where things are stored up, granary &c, 
 esp. fig. (person, book, is a s.-h. of information 
 &c., cf. MINE 1 ); s. -keeper, shopkeeper (U.S.); 
 s.-room, in which household requisites are kept ; 
 s.-ship, carrying ss. for fleet, garrison, &c. ( Vb) 
 stock or furnish with or with something (usu. 
 with knowledge or the like ; s. your mind with 
 facts ; a well-stored memory); lay up or up for 
 future use (harvest has been stored, got in ; .9. 
 up a saying in one's heart); deposit (furniture 
 &c.) in a warehouse for temporary keeping; 
 (of receptacle) hold, keep, contain, have stor- 
 age-accommodation for (a single cell can s. 
 2,000,000 foot-pounds of energy) ; hence stOP'- 
 able a., stop*AGE(l,3, 4) ii. [vb f. n., f. OF estor 
 t. LL staurum = instaurumt. L ix(staurare cf. 
 restore) renew] 
 
 stop'ey (pk -eys), stop'y, n. Any of the parts 
 into which a house is divided horizontally, the 
 whole of the rooms &c. having a continuous 
 floor, (fell from a thirds, windoxo ; a house of 
 jive ss.; upper s. or ss. fig., the brain, as is a 
 little wrong in the u. s.) ; s.-post, upright sup- 
 porting a beam on which rests a floor or wall. 
 Hence (-)stopeyED 2 , -ied, a. [earlier sense 
 a building, f. OF estoree orig. fern. p.p. of estorcr 
 build f. L instaurare (prec); spelling -ey (cf. 
 -y 4 ) is for different, f. story 1 ] 
 
 stop'iated, a. (Of title-pages &c.) with ela- 
 borate decorative designs, [for historiated] 
 
 stop*ied, a. Celebrated in legend, associated 
 with legends or stories or history; adorned 
 with legendary or historical representations. 
 [story i, -ED 2 ] 
 
 stopk, n. Tall stately wading bird allied to 
 heron, the best-known species pure white ex- 
 cept for black wing-tips & reddish bill & feet, 
 sometimes half domesticated & nesting on 
 buildings, & credited with peculiar affection 
 both to its young & its parents (King S., op- 
 pressively active ruler, cf. King^i.OG 1 ); s.s- 
 bill, kinds of plant. [OE store, cf. Du. stork, G 
 storch, Gk torgos vulture or swan] 
 
 storm, n., & v.i. & t. Violent disturbance of 
 the atmosphere with thunder, strong wind, or 
 heavy rain or snow or hail, a tempest, (cyclonic 
 s.; thunder, rain, snow, wind, -s.); violent dis- 
 turbance of the established order in human 
 affairs, tumult, agitation, war, invasion, dis- 
 pute, &c. (s. & stress, period of fermenting ideas 
 & unrest in person's or nation's life); vehement 
 shower of missiles or outbreak of hisses, ap- 
 plause, indignation, &c; direct assault by in- 
 fantry on fortified place, capture of place by 
 such assault, (take by storm, of such capture, 
 & transf. of captivating audience or person ra- 
 
 pidly) ; s.-beaten, battered by lit. or fig. ss.; s.« 
 belt, tract in which ss. are frequent; s.-bird, 
 stormy petrel ; s.-bound, "prevented from leav- 
 ing post or continuing voyage by ss.; s.-card, 
 chart assisting navigator of ship in s. to con- 
 jecture position of s.-centre & so to direct 
 course ; s.-centre, point to which wind blows 
 spirally inward in cyclonic storm, (tig.) subject 
 &c. upon which agitation or disturbance is con- 
 centrated ; s.-cloud, heavy rain-cloud, state of 
 affairs that threatens disturbances ; s.-cock, 
 kinds of bird, esp. missel-thrush, fieldfare, or 
 green woodpecker ; s.-cone, tarred-canvas cone 
 hoisted as warning of high wind, upright for 
 north & inverted for south ; s.-door, additional 
 outer door for protection in bad weather or 
 winter; s.-drum, cylinder added to s.-cone for 
 expected s. of great violence ; s. -finch, stormy 
 petrel ; s. -glass, sealed tube containing a solu- 
 tion of which the clarity is affected by tem- 
 perature formerly regarded as efficient wea- 
 ther-glass ; s.-petrel, stormy petrel ; s.-sail, of 
 smaller size & stouter canvas than the corre- 
 sponding one used in ordinary weather ; s.- 
 signal, s.-cone, s.-drum, or other device for 
 warning of an approaching s.; s.-tossed, lit. & 
 fig.; s.-wind ; s.-window, as s.-door; s.-zone, s.- 
 belt ; hence stop'mLESs, stop'mPROOF 2 , aa. 
 (Vb): (of wind, rain, &c.) rage, be violent; talk 
 violently, rage, bluster, fume, scold (intr.), 
 (often at object of displeasure) ; take by s. 
 (storming-party, detachment told off to begin 
 assault ; so stoP'mER 1 n.). [vb f. n., OE, also 
 Du., Sw., & Da., cf. G sturm; cogn. w. stir] 
 
 stop'my, a. Of marked violence, raging, 
 vehement, boisterous, (s. wind, sea, waves, 
 passions, temper, abuse) ; infested or troubled 
 with lit. or fig. storms (a s. coast, sea, night, 
 debate, life) ; associated with or threatening 
 storms (s. petrel ; a s. sunset). Hence stop'mi- 
 ly 2 adv., stop'mixESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 stofthing (-tl-), n. Norwegian parliament. 
 [Norw.] 
 
 stop'y *, n. History (archaic ; versed in classic 
 s.) ; past course of person's or institution's life 
 (his s. is an eventful one ; in our rough island- 
 s.); account given of an incident (they all tell 
 the same s.; according to his owns., suggestion 
 of doubt as to his veracity ; to make a long s. 
 short, formula excusing omission of details ; it 
 is quite another s. nou?, we now hear a different 
 account, esp. = things have changed ; the s. 
 goes, it is said) ; piece of narrative, tale of any 
 length told or printed in prose or verse of actual 
 or fictitious events, legend, myth, anecdote, 
 novel, romance, (tell me a s.; but is the s. true?; 
 short s., relating usu. a single incident & pub- 
 lished as article in magazine or as one of a col- 
 lection ; good, funny, s., amusing anecdote 
 often embodying witticism or ludicrous situ- 
 ation ; but that is another s. , formula for break- 
 ing off & tantalizing reader with allusion); 
 main facts or plot of novel or epic or play (reads 
 only for the s. ; the s. is the least part of the 
 book) ; facts or experiences that deserve nar- 
 ration (that face must have as. belonging to it); 
 (Nursery) lie, fib; s.-book, containing s. or ss.; 
 s. -teller, Eastern making a living by telling ss. 
 to audience, writer of ss., retailer of anecdotes 
 in society, (Nursery) liar. [AF stone f. OF 
 estoire f. L as history] 
 
 stopy 2 . See storey. 
 
 stoup (-oop), n. (archaic). Flagon, beaker, 
 drinking-vessel ; holy- water basin, [f. ON 
 staup, cf. Du. stoop, OE steap] 
 
 stout (-owt), a. & n. Brave, doughty, reso- 
 lute, vigorous, sturdy, stubborn, staunch, 
 strongly built, (s. fellow archaic, good at fight- 
 
STOVE 
 
 865 
 
 STRAltf 
 
 ing &c; a s. heart, courage, whence stout- 
 heaptED 2 a., stout-heap'tedLY 2 adv., 
 stout-heap'tedNESS n. ; made a s. resistance ; 
 a s. opponent ; a s. stick, ship, &c); corpulent, 
 bulky, tending to fatness; hence stou'tiSH 1 ^) 
 a,, stou'tLY a adv., stoirtNESS n. (N.) strong- 
 est kind of porter, [f. OF estout f. MDu. stolt 
 (cf. G stolz pride) perh. f. L stultus stupid] 
 
 stove *, n., & v.t. Kinds of closed apparatus 
 in which heat is produced by consumption of 
 wood, coal, charcoal, oil, gas, or other fuel, for 
 use in warming rooms, cooking, &c; (Garden- 
 ing) hothouse with artificial heat (vb, force, 
 raise, in s.); s.-pipe, conducting smoke & gases 
 from s. to chimney (s.-pipe hat U.S., tall silk 
 hat), [earlier sense heated room, bath ; OE 
 stofa, cf. MDu. stove, G stube room ; cf. stew] 
 
 stove 2 . See stave 2 . 
 
 stow (-6), v.t. Pack (goods &c.) in right or 
 convenient places without waste of room (.9. 
 thing aicay, place it where it will not cause 
 obstruction) ; fill (receptacle) with articles com- 
 pactly arranged ; (slang, usu. in imperat.) ab- 
 stain from, cease to indulge in, (s. larks, that 
 nonsense, Sac.),; stow'auay, person getting free 
 passage by going aboard ship & hiding till she 
 is at sea ; s.-wood, billets used for chocking 
 casks in ship's hold. Hence stow'AGEd, 3, 4) 
 n. [OE stoivigan (stovja, place, cogn. w. stand] 
 
 strabi'smus <-z-), n. Squinting, squint, 
 (cross-eyed s., with eye or eyes turning inward ; 
 wall-eyed s., outward). Hence strabismic, 
 stpabi'smAL, aa. [mod. L, f. Gk strabismos 
 (strabos crooked f. strepho turn, -ism)] 
 
 stpabd'tomy, n. Operation of cutting eye- 
 ball muscle to cure squint, [prec, -tomy] 
 
 stpa'ddle, v.i. & t., & n. Take or be in atti- 
 tude with legs wide apart ; stand or sit across 
 (thing) thus (cannot s. his horse ; stood strad- 
 dling the ditch) ; (fig.) vacillate between two 
 policies &c, sit on the fence. (N.) act of strad- 
 dling lit. or fig.; (St. Exch.) contract giving 
 holder the right of either calling for or deliver- 
 ing stock at fixed price._ [stride, -le(3)] 
 
 Stpadivap'ius (or -ar-), (colloq.) Strad, n. 
 Violin or other stringed instrument made by S. 
 of Cremona (d. 1737). 
 
 stpa*g"gle, v.i. Stray from the main body, 
 fail to remain compact, get dispersed, proceed 
 in scattered irregular order, be sporadic, occur 
 here & there, (crowd straggled along; plant 
 straggles, grows long & weedy ; straggling vil- 
 lage, houses, Sec). Hence stpa'gglER 1 n., 
 stpa'gg-lingLY a adv. , stpa'ggl y 2 a. [perh. 
 f. ME straken roam, -le(3)] 
 
 straight (-at), a., n., & adv. Without curve 
 or bend, extending uniformly in same direction, 
 (s. line in Geom., lying evenly between any two 
 of its points; s. arch, shaped like inverted V, 
 without curves ; a s. back, not bowed ; a s. knee, 
 not bent ; s. legs, not bandy or knock-kneed ; s, 
 hair, not curly) ; upright, honest, candid, (s. 
 dealings, speaking ; is perfectly s. in all his 
 dealings', s. thinking, logical, not swayed by 
 emotion) ; in proper order or place, level, sym- 
 metrical, (are the pictures s.?; put tilings s., 
 get rid of disorder ; accounts are s., made up in 
 due form ; a s. race, fight, Sec, in which com- 
 petitors do their best to win); direct from 
 source (.<?. tip, hint esp. as to likely winner of 
 race or prospects of investment got from good 
 authority); the s. ticket U.S., the party pro- 
 gramme without modification ; straightfor- 
 ward, honest, open, frank, (of task &c.) pre- 
 senting no complications ; so straightforwardly 
 adv., straightforwardness n. ; straightway ar- 
 chaic, at once, immediately ; hence stpaigrh't- 
 en 6 v.t. & i.. stpaiglrtNESS n. (N.) s. condi- 
 
 F.D. 
 
 tion (is out of the s., crooked) ; straight part of 
 something, esp. concluding stretch of race- 
 course (they were even as they reached the s.) ; 
 sequence of cards in poker. (Adv.) in a s. line, 
 direct, without deviation or circumlocution, 
 (go s.; hit s.from the shoulder, in boxing, ride 
 s., taking fences &c. instead of going round ; 
 comes s. from Paris ; is making s. for a preci- 
 pice ; told it him s. out) ; in right direction, 
 with good aim, (shoot s.); correctly (does not 
 see s.) ; (archaic) at once (also in s. away slang, 
 immediately ; s. off, without hesitation, deliber- 
 ation, &c, as cannot tell you s. o.); s.-ctit, 
 (tobacco) cut lengthwise into long silky fibres. 
 [OE streht, p.p. of streccan stretch] 
 
 strain \ v.t. & i. Stretch tightly, make taut, 
 exercise to greatest possible or beyond legiti- 
 mate extent, press to extremes, wrest or distort 
 from true intention or meaning, (s. parchment 
 across the aperture ; s. rope to breaking-point ; 
 s. every nerve, do one's utmost ; s. one's ears, 
 eyes, voice, &c, listen, &c. to best of one's 
 power, &see below; s. one's authority, powers, 
 Hghts, Sac, or the law Sac, apply them beyond 
 their province or in violation of their true in- 
 tention ; s. a point, go further than one is en- 
 titled or can be expected to, esp. in the way of 
 concession, to effect a purpose ; a strained in- 
 terpretation or sense, got by pressing some rule 
 of grammar &c. too far; straining-beam, -piece, 
 horizontal beam used as tie-rod between tops 
 of queen-posts) ; hug (person) to oneself or one's 
 breast &c; (p.p.) produced under compulsion 
 or by effort, artificial, forced, constrained, not 
 spontaneous, (the quality of mercy is not strain- 
 ed, mercy should be spontaneous ; strained 
 manner, laugh, cordiality, &c.) ; overtask, in- 
 jure or try to imperil by over-use or making of 
 excessive demands (take care not to s. your 
 eyes, voice, Sac, for fear of straining his fol- 
 lowers' loyalty ; has strained a muscle, his leg, 
 his heart, Sac; ship is strained, has had parts 
 wrenched out of rigid state ; strained relations, 
 over-sensitiveness between parties who have 
 tried each other's forbearance too far) ; make 
 intense effort, strive intensely after, tug at, 
 hold out with difficulty under or under pres- 
 sure, (the straining horses, masts;plants strain- 
 ing upwards to the light ; dogs, horses, rowers, 
 s. at the leash, collar, oar ; porter straining 
 under hisload ; strainstoo much after epigram, 
 effect, &c.) ; clear (liquid) of solid matter by 
 passing through sieve or other stpai'nER 1 (2) 
 n., filter (solids) out from liquid, (of liquid) per- 
 colate ; s. at, be over-scrupulous about (ref. 
 to Matt, xxiii. 21, prop, s, out, see R.V., in prec. 
 sense). Hence stpai'nABLE a. [ME streinen 
 f. OF estreindre estreign- f. L stringere strict-] 
 
 strain 2 , n. Pull, stretching force, tension, 
 demand upon or force that tries cohesion or 
 strength or stability or resources, exertion re- 
 quired to meet such demand or to do something 
 difficult, injury or change of structure resulting 
 from such exertion or force, (the s. on the rope 
 was tremendous', was a great s. on my re- 
 sources, attention, credulity ; the s. of modem 
 life ; is suffering from s. or overs.; all his 
 senses were on the s., exerted to the utmost ; is 
 epigrammatic without s., appearance of undue 
 effort ; has a s. in his leg) ; (poet. & rhet., usu. 
 in pi. ) burst or snatch or spell of music or poetry 
 (martial, inspiriting, pathetic, Sac, ss., music 
 or poetry of such character ; the ss. of the harp, 
 of the Elizabethan poets, Sac) ; tone or key or 
 pitch adopted in talking or writing, tendency 
 of discourse, (he went on in another s.; &much 
 more in the same s.) ; moral tendency forming 
 part of a character (there is a s. of weakness^ 
 
 28 
 
STRAIT 
 
 STRATUM 
 
 ferocity, mysticism, in him) ; breed of animals, 
 human stock or family, (comes of a pood s.). 
 [first sense from prec.; last f. OE streon gain, 
 product, progeny ; others of mixed orig.]. 
 
 strait, a. & n. Narrow, limited, confined or 
 confining, (archaic exc. in s. gate w. ref. to 
 Matt. vii. li, s. jacket or usu. waistcoat, strong 
 garment put on maniacs to confine arnis, which 
 are either in sleeves so long that the ends can 
 be tied or strapped within body of jacket, & in 
 s. -laced now fig. only,severely virtuous.uiorally 
 scrupulous, puritanic) ; strict (archaic exc. in 
 straitest sect o/w. ref. to Acts xxvi. 5) ; hence 
 strai'tLY 2 adv. (archaic), strai'tNESS n. (ar- 
 chaic), sti>ai*tEN G v.t. (straitened circum- 
 stances, poverty ; is straitened for, ill supplied 
 with). (X.) narrow passage of water connect- 
 ing two seas or large bodies of water (usu. in 
 pi. when used of particular s. with name, as the 
 Ss. of Messina, Dover; Ss. Settlements, Crown 
 colony on Ss. of Malacca & Singapore) ; (usu. 
 pi.) difficult position, need, distress, (esp. in ss.). 
 [AF estreit f. OF estroict f. L p.p. as strain *] 
 
 strake, n. Continuous line of planking or 
 
 F dates from stem to stern of ship (garboard s. ). 
 var. of streak] 
 
 strami'neous, a. (archaic). Of, light or 
 worthless as, coloured like, straw. [L slrami- 
 neus (stramen -inis straw f. sternere strat- 
 strew, -men), -ous] . 
 
 stparao'nium, n. (Drug, much used in 
 asthma, from seeds or leaves of) kind of datura. 
 [mod.L, etym. dub.] 
 
 strand \ n. , & v. t. & i. Margin of sea, lake, 
 or river (rhet., poet.). (Vb) run (t. & i. of ship) 
 aground; (p.p.) in difficulties, unable to get 
 along esp. for want of funds or other resources, 
 left behind while others advance. [com.-Teut. ; 
 OE, Du., G, Sw., & Da., strand ; etym. dub.] 
 
 strand 2 , n., & v.t. One of the strings or 
 wires by twisting which a rope is made ; (fig.) 
 element or strain in any composite whole; (vb) 
 break a s. in (rope), [f. ONF est ran f. OHG 
 streno cord J 
 
 strange (-j), a. Foreign, alien, not one's 
 own, not familiar or well known (to), novel, 
 queer, peculiar, eccentric, singular, surprising, 
 unaccountable, unexpected, (in as. land ; wor- 
 ship s. gods ; cannot play on a s. ground, with 
 a s. racket ; the place, work, handwriting, is s. 
 to me ; it is a s. thing, story ; how s. tltat you 
 should not have heard! ; wears the strangest 
 clothes ; is very s. in his manner, seems mad 
 &c ; truth is stranger than fiction; repeating 
 the question with s. persistency ; feel s., not in 
 one's usual condition, esp. dizzy &c. ; it feels s., 
 is a novel sensation), whence stra'ngreLY 2 
 adv. ; fresh or unaccustomed to, unacquainted, 
 bewildered, (am s. to the work; am quite s. 
 here, do not know my way about or the people 
 &c. ; feel s., not at home, out of one's element 
 &c). Hence stra'ngexESS n. [f. OF estrange 
 f. L KXTRAneus] 
 
 stra'ng-er, n. Foreigner, person in a coun- 
 try or town or company that he does not be- 
 long to, person unknown to or to one, person 
 entirely unaccustomed to some feeling or prac- 
 tice or experience, (am as. liere, do not know 
 my way about &c. ; spy or see ss. in House of 
 Commons, demand expulsion of all but mem- 
 bers or officials ; make a, no, s. of, treat dis- 
 tantly, cordially; you are quite a s., seldom 
 fchow yourself here ; is no, a, s. to me, I know, 
 do not know, him ; is a, no, s. to fear, court- 
 intrigues, has had no, much, experience of). 
 {f. OF estrangier, see prec, -er 2(2)1 
 
 stpa'ng-le (-nggl), v.t. Throttle, kill by 
 squeezing windpipe ; (of collar &c) squeeze 
 
 (neck) ; (fig.) suppress (movement, impulse, Sec. ). 
 [I. OF estrangier f. L strangulare f. Gk strag- 
 galizo (straggale halter f. straggos twisted)] 
 
 stra'ngles, n. pi. (usu. treated as sing.). 
 Infectious catarrh in horse, ass, &c [f. prec] 
 
 stra'ng-ulate (-ngg-), v.t. Strangle (rare); 
 (Path., Surg.) prevent circulation through 
 (vein, intestine, &c) by compression. Hence 
 strangulA'TioN n. [f. L as strangle, -ate 3 ] 
 
 stra'ng-ury (-ngg-), n. Disease in which 
 urine is passed painfully & in drops ; disease 
 produced in plants by bandaging. So stran- 
 gup'ious a. [f. L f. Gk straggouria (stragx 
 -ggos drop, cf. strangle, ouron urine)] 
 
 strap, n., Sc v.t. Strip of leather; strip of 
 leather or other flexible material with buckle 
 or other fastening for holding things together 
 or other purpose (shoulders. ; rug, umbrella, 
 &c, -s., pair of ss. with holder joining them 
 for making bundle) ; strip of metal used to 
 secure or connect, leaf of hinge, &c. ; (Bot.) 
 tongue-shaped part in ligulate floret; the s., 
 chastisement with a s. ; s.-laid, (of rope) made 
 by laying ropes side by side & joining them 
 into a flat band ; s.-oil, beating given with s. ; 
 s.-work, ornamentation imitating plaited ss. ; 
 s.-woi"t, kind of white-flowered knotgrass. (Vb) 
 secure with s. (often up, down, Sec. ; strapped 
 troitsers, held down by s. passing below instep 
 for riding &c.) ; strop, whet, (razor, knife) ; 
 (Surg.) close (wound), bind (part), up or up 
 with adhesive plaster or stra'ppiNGMi) n. ; 
 flog with s. ; (part, as adj., cf. thumping, 
 whacking, whopping) big, lusty, tall, (a strap- 
 ping girl, fellow), whence stra'ppER 1 n. [OE 
 stropp f. L struppus, cf. Gk strophos band x 
 (strepho twist)] 
 
 strappa'do, n., & v.t. Torture inflicted, 
 punish, by securing person's hands or other 
 part in ropes, raising him, & letting him fall 
 till brought up by taut rope. [f. It. strappata 
 (strappare pull f. Swiss-G strapfen f. Du. 
 (straffen punish f. straff severe)] 
 
 strata. See stratum. 
 
 stra'tagem, n. (An) artifice, trick(ery), dc- 
 vice(s) for deceiving enemy, (devised a s. ; 
 must be effected by s.). [OF (e), f. L f. Gk stra- 
 tegema (strateged be strategus, -m)J 
 
 strate'gic, a. Of, dictated by, serving the 
 ends of, strategy (s. skill, considerations, move- 
 ment, position). Hence strate'giCAL a. (now 
 rare), strate*giealLY 2 adv., strategics n. 
 [f. Gk strategikos (foil., -ic)] 
 
 strate'gus, n. (Gk ant. ; pi. -gi pr. -gi or -ji). 
 Military commander, esp. one of annually ap- 
 pointed board of ten at Athens. [L, f. Gk stra- 
 tegos (siratos army, ago lead)] 
 
 stra'tegy, n. Generalship, the art of war, 
 (lit. & fig.) ; management of an army or armies 
 in a campaign, art of so moving or disposing 
 troops or ships as to impose upon the enemy 
 the place & time & conditions for fighting pre- 
 ferred by oneself, (cf. tactics). Hence stra*- 
 tegiST(3) n. [f. Gk strategia (prec, -ia j )] 
 
 strath, n. (Sc). Broad mountain valley; 
 strathspey (-a), Scotch dance resembling reel 
 but slower (named f. Strathspey valley of the 
 Spey). [f. Gael, srath cogn. w. stratum)] 
 
 strati'culate (at), a. (geol. ). Arranged in 
 thin layers, [stratum, -i-, -cule, -ate 2 ] 
 
 stra'tify, v.t. Arrange in strata (esp. p.p.). 
 Hence stratiKiCA'TioN n. [stratum, -i-, -fv] 
 
 strato-, comb, form of stratus, as -ci'rrus, 
 -cu'mulus. 
 
 strato'craey, n. Military government, do- 
 mination of soldiers. [Gk stratos army, -crac v] 
 
 stra'tum, n. (pi. -fa). (Geol.) layer, orsetof 
 successive layers, of any deposited substance. 
 
 
STRATUS 
 
 Hence stra'tAL, stpa'tiroRM, aa., stpatr- 
 graphy(2) (-at) n., stPatiGRA'PHic a., strati- 
 graphiCALLY adv. [L, = spread thing, cover- 
 let, neut. p.p. of sternere strew] 
 
 stra'tus, n. (pi. -ti). Continuous horizontal 
 sheet of cloud. [L, var. of prec] 
 
 straw, n., & v.t. Dry cut stalks of kinds of 
 grain as material for bedding, thatching, pack- 
 ing, hats, &c. (made of, thatched &c. with, s. ; 
 a load of s.; s. mattress, hat, rope, &c. ; in the 
 s. archaic, in child-bed ; man oj s., stuffed effi- 
 gy, imaginary person set up as opponent &c, 
 person without substantial means) ; s. hat ; 
 single stalk or piece of s., insignificant trifle, 
 [with a s. in his mouth; lemonade sucked 
 through ss. ; draw ss., draw lots with ss. of 
 different lengths ; catch at a s., resort to utter- 
 ly inadequateexpedientlike drowning man; the 
 lasts., slight addition that makes something 
 no longer tolerable as with camel's load ; a s. 
 shows which way the Wind bloivs, slight hint 
 may suggest much ; is not worth, don% care, a 
 s.) ; s.-board, coarse cardboard made of s. ; s.- 
 colour(ed), (of) pale yellow ; s. stem, wineglass 
 with stem not made separately & attached but 
 drawn out of bowl; s.-worm, caddis; hence 
 strawy 2 a. (Vb, archaic) strew. [OE streaw, 
 cf. Du. stroo, G stroh ; cogu. w. Goth, straujan, 
 L sternere strat-, strew] 
 
 strawberry (-eri), n. (Kind of perennial 
 plant throwing out runners & producing) pulpy 
 red fruit having surface studded with yellow 
 seeds (crushed s., kind of dull crimson ; the s. 
 leaves, ducal rank, w. ref. to ornamentation of 
 duke's coronet) ; s.-mark, soft reddish birth- 
 mark ; s.-pear, (fruit of) "VV.-Ind. cactaceous 
 plant; s.-roan, red-ROAN l ; s.-tree, evergreen 
 arbutus bearing s.-like fruit. [OE streaw- 
 berige(nrec., w. ref. to runners, berry)] 
 
 stray, v.i. (p.p. as -ed 1 , 2), n., & a. Wander, 
 go aimlessly, deviate from tho right way or 
 from virtue, lose one's way, get separated from 
 flock or companions or proper place. (N.) 
 strayed domestic animal; waifs & ss.; pro- 
 perty of deceased person escheating to crown 
 in default of heirs. (Adj.) strayed ; scattered, 
 sporadic, occurring or met with now & then 
 or casually or unexpectedly, (a few stray in- 
 stances ; a, stray customer or tico came in). 
 [(n. & a. f. AF estray) f. OF estraier prob. ult. 
 f. L strata street] 
 
 streak, n., & v.t. Long narrow irregular 
 line or band or layer-edge, esp. one distin- 
 guished by colour, visible on a surface (black 
 with red ss.; a s. of light above the horizon; 
 bacon with ss. of fat & lean; s. of lightning, 
 flash; like a s. of lightning, or a s., swiftly; 
 the silver s., English Channel ; has a s. of 
 humour, superstition, &c, in him, strain or 
 element) ; hence strea'kv - a., stpea'kiLY 2 
 adv., stpea'kixEss n. (Vb, usu. in p.p.) 
 mark with streak(s). [OE strica stroke, line, 
 cf. G streich, Sw. streck; cogn. w. strike] 
 
 stream, n., & v.i. & t. Body of water run- 
 ning in bed, river or brook, (on the bamks of a 
 s. ; up, down, s., moving or situated upwards, 
 downwards, on river), whence stpea'mLESS 
 a., stpea'mLET n. ; flow of any liquid, on- 
 ward moving fluid mass or crowd, (sing, or pi.) 
 large quantity of or of something that flows or 
 moves along, (saw a s. of lava; came oid, 
 went by, in a s. or ss.; a s., ss., of blood, tears, 
 people) ; current, direction of flow, (gulf-s. ; 
 with, against, the s. ; go with the s., do as 
 others do; the s. of tendency, thought, is the 
 other way) ; s.-anchor, intermediate between 
 bower & kedge esp. for use in warping ; henee 
 stpea'mv- a. (rare). (Vb) flow or move as a s. ; 
 
 S67 STRETCH 
 
 run with liquid (streaming eyes, windows, 
 umbrella) ; (of banner, loose hair, &c.) float or 
 wave in the wind ; emit s. of (blood &c). [OE 
 stream, cf. Ou. stroo m, G strom; cogn. w. Skr. 
 sru, Gk rheo, flow] 
 
 strea'mer, n. Pennon, ribbon attached at 
 one end & floating or waving at the other; 
 column of light shooting up in aurora, [-er 1 ] 
 
 street, n. Town or village road that has 
 houses on one side or both, this with the houses, 
 [go down,across,the s. ; main, side, broad, &c, 
 s.; live in the s., be constantly outside ones 
 house ; lives in a fashionable s., in house of such 
 s. ; window looks on the s.; on the ss., living by 
 prostitution; key 1 of the s.; grub-street; 
 
 LOMBARD, QUEER, -S. ; S. ARAB ; S. cries, of 
 
 hawkers ; s. orderly, scavenger); s.-door, open- 
 ing on s. ; s.-sweeper, esp. machine with re- 
 volving brush for cleaning ss. ; streetwalker, 
 common prostitute. Hence (-)streetED a a., 
 stPee'tWARD adv. & a. [OE street f. L strata 
 (via) paved (way) f. sternere strut- lay] 
 stre'ngth, n. Being strong, degree in 
 which person or thing is strong, (the s. of a 
 mam, rope, beam, fortress, current, argument, 
 fleet ; the s. of wine, acid, tea, evidence ; s. of 
 body, mind, will, memory, judgment ; his s. is 
 in endurance ; has the s. of ahorse, is as strong ; 
 has not the s. to lift a cup, walk upstairs ; 
 that is beyond human, too much for my, s. ; 
 measure'" one's s. with; on the s. of, encour- 
 aged by or relying on or arguing from, as / 
 did it on the s. of your promise) ; what makes 
 strong (God is our s. ; his s. is patience) ; pro-" 
 portion of whole number present (were there 
 in great, full, s.); (Mil.) on the s., on the 
 muster-roll (was taken, is, on the s.). Hence 
 stpe'ngthLESS a. [OE strcngthu (strang 
 
 STRONG, -TH 1 )] 
 
 strengthen, v.t. & i. Make or become 
 stronger, [-en e ] 
 
 stre'nuous, a. Energetic, unrelaxing, ar- 
 dently persistent. Hence stre'nuousLY - 
 adv. , stre'nuousNESs n. [L strenuus, cf. G k 
 strenes strong, stereos firm, + -ous] 
 
 Stpe'phon, n. Fond lover (&. & Chloe, pair 
 of lovers), [character in Sidney's Arcadia] 
 
 strepito'so, mus. direction. Boisterously, 
 with impetuosity. [It.] 
 
 stress, n., & v.t. Constraining or impell- 
 ing force of (under, driven by, s. of weather, 
 poverty, &c.) ; effort, demand upon energy, 
 (storm t£* s.; subjected to great s. ; times of 
 slackness & times of s.) ; emphasis (lay s. on, 
 convey that one attaches importance to) ; ac- 
 centuation, emphasis laid on syllable or word, 
 a or the accent, (s. & quantity are different 
 metrical principles \ the s. is on the first syl- 
 lable, on the word 'permissive') ; (Mcch.) force 
 exerted between contiguous bodies or parts of 
 a body ; hence stpe'SSLESS a. (Vb) lay the s. 
 en, accent, emphasize ; subject to mechanical 
 s. [vb in present sense f. n., which is f. the vb 
 in obs. sense straiten f. OF estrecier f. pop. L 
 *8tricttare see distress 2 ] 
 
 stpeteh. v.t. & i., & n. Make taut, tighten, 
 straighten, place somewhere in tight-drawn 
 or outspread state, (the rope must be stretched 
 tight; s. a wire across the road ; with a canopy 
 stretched over them; s. troitsers, remove creases 
 &c. by pulling out in frame ; s. oneself or s. 
 abs., tighten muscles after sleeping &c. by ex- 
 tending limbs &c. in various directions; s. one's 
 legs, straighten them by walking as relief from 
 sitting &c. ; s. one on the ground, knock him 
 sprawling; s. out hand, foot, &c, extend it by 
 straightening arm or leg; s, out abs., reach out 
 hand, also begin to lengthen stride) ; strain, 
 
STRETCHER _____ 8 
 
 exert to utmost oi' beyond legitimate extent, 
 make the most of, do violence to, exaggerate, 
 (s. a point, a principle, one's powers, one's 
 credit, = strain; s. the truth or s. abs., exagger- 
 ate, lie); have specified length or extension, be 
 continuous between points or to or from a 
 point, (stretches from end to end, across the 
 sky, to infinity ; road stretches away, memory 
 stretches down, from or to place or period) ; 
 draw, be drawn or admit of being drawn, out 
 into greater length or extension or size (gloves, 
 boots, want stretching; it stretches like elastic). 
 (N.) stretching or being stretched (with a s. & 
 a yawn, whence stre'tchv 2 a., stpe'tehi- 
 NES3 n. ; by a s. of authority, language, &c; 
 with every faculty on the s.); continuous ex- 
 panse or tract or spell (a s. of road, open 
 country, &c. ; works ten hours at a s.), (Naut.) 
 distance covered on one tack. [OE streccan 
 (straec strong, severe), cf. Du. strekken, G 
 strecken ; cogn. w. L stringere draw tight, Gk 
 stragyos twisted, & string, strong] 
 
 stpe'tehep, n. In vbl senses: esp.: brick or 
 stone laid with side in face of wall (cf. header); 
 plank in boat against which rower presses feet; 
 appliance, often of canvas stretched on oblong 
 frame, for carrying disabled person on ; (slang) 
 exaggeration, lie ; s.-bond, method of building 
 in which all bricks are ss. but joints of con- 
 tiguous courses do not coincide, [-er 1 ] 
 
 strew, v.t. (p.p. -n, -ed). Scatter (sand, 
 flowers, small objects) over a surface ; (partly) 
 cover (surface, object) with small objects scat- 
 tered. [OE streawian (straw), cf. G streuen] 
 
 stPi'a, n. (anat., zool., hot., geol. ; pi. -ae). 
 Linear mark on surface, stripe, slight ridge or 
 furrow or score. Hence stri'ATE 2 a., stPiATE 3 
 v.t., stPi*ateLv2adv., striA'TioN, stpPatURE 
 (-tsher), nn. [L] 
 
 stricken. See strike. 
 
 strict, a. Precisely limited or defined, ac- 
 curate, tense, without irregularity or exception 
 or deviation, requiring implicit obedience or 
 exact performance, not lax, (in the s. sense ; 
 keep s. watch; s. time in music; lives in s. seclu- 
 sion; was told me in s. confidence; gave s. 
 orders; a s. code of laws or customs; s. morals, 
 admitting no laxity; s. parents, schoolmaster, 
 discipline). Hence stPi'ctLY 2 adv. (s. speak- 
 ing, if one is to use words in their s. sense), 
 stPi'ctNESS n. [f. L stringere strict- tighten] 
 
 stpi'etupe (-tsher), n. (Usu. in pi.) piece of 
 censure, critical remark, (usu. on or upon) ; 
 (Path.) morbid contraction of some canal or 
 duct in the body, whence stpi'etuPED 2 a. 
 [f. L strirtura contraction (prec, -wreI] 
 
 stride, v.i. & t. (pastsirode, rare p.p. stridden 
 or strid), & n. Walk with long steps; pass over 
 (ditch &c.) with one step; bestride, straddle 
 (trans.). (N.)single step esp. in respect of length, 
 gait as determined by length of s., (walks with 
 vigorous ss. or a vigorous s. ; take obstacle in 
 one's s., clear it without changing step to jump, 
 fig. find no serious impediment in it) ; distance 
 between feet parted either laterally or as in 
 walking. [OE stridan, cf. Du. strijden stride 
 or strive, G streiten contend] 
 
 stpi'dent, a. Loud & harsh in sound. Hence 
 stpi'dentLV 2 adv. [L stridere creak, -ent] 
 
 stpi'dulate, v.i. (entom.). Make shrill jar- 
 ring sound by rubbing together hard parts of 
 body (of cicadas, grasshoppers, &c). So stri*- 
 dulANTa.,sfcpidulA - TioN,stprdulatOR 2 (l,2), 
 nn. [L stridulus creaking (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 strife, n. Contention, state of conflict, strug- 
 gle between opposed persons or things, [f. OF 
 estrift. ON strith cogn. w. stride] 
 
 stPi'gil (-j-), n. Skin-scraper used by ancients 
 
 8 STRIKE 
 
 at bath. [f. L strigilis (stringere graze), cf. Gk 
 stleggis, streggis] 
 
 stpi'gose, stprgous, aa. (bot). With short 
 stiff hairs or scales. [L striga swath, -ose l , -ous] 
 
 strike, v.t. & i. (sti'uck, struck & as specified 
 below stricken), & n. Hit, hit upon or (up)on, 
 deliver blow(s) or stroke(s), (struck me in the 
 mouth, with his fist; s. ball out of court &c, 
 send it with blow ; s. weapon up or down or 
 aside, divert it by blow ; s. one's foot against a 
 stone, one's hand on the table ; s. while iron 1 
 is hot; sticking -force, esp. military corps ready 
 to deliver blow at short notice ; s. a blow, or 
 s., for freedom; hammer strikes on or strikes 
 bell ; ship strikes rock or onrock or strikes, runs 
 on it ; s. hands archaic, touch or clasp them in 
 sign of agreement made ; was stwick by a stone, 
 lightning ; a stricken heart, afflicted by strokes 
 of grief ; stricken with fever, pestilence, paraly- 
 sis, &c; a stricken field, pitched battle or scene 
 of it ; stricken in years, enfeebled by age ; s. cut, 
 hit from the shoulder, also use arms & legs in 
 swimming or feet in skating ; s. upon an idea, 
 plan, &c. have it luckily occur to one ; s. oil 1 ; 
 light strikes upon object, illuminates it ; s. at, 
 aim blow at ; s. at the root of, threaten destruc- 
 tion to ; s. back, return blow ; s. home, get blow 
 well in ; s. all of a heap colloq., dumbfound ; 
 8. fish or s. abs., jerk tackle in order to secure 
 hook in mouth ; s. the track, come upon it) ; 
 produce or record or bring into specified state 
 by stroke(s) or striking (s. coin, make it by 
 stamping ; s. bargain, make it as by striking 
 hands; s. sparks, fire, light, out of flint; s. a 
 match, ignite by striking against something; 
 s. a light, produce by striking match ; match 
 will not s., give light when struck ; clock strikes 
 the hour, five, &c; the hour has struck, clock 
 has struck it, & fig. the critical moment has 
 come or gone ; s. one blind, deaf, &c, blind, 
 deafen, &c, him at one stroke; s. vie dead! 
 vulg., form of asseveration ; s. doion, fell with 
 blow lit. or fig. ; s. his head off, behead ; s. out 
 plan &c, forge or devise ; s. out a line for one- 
 self, be original ; s. item or name out or off, s. 
 word through, expunge with pen-stroke ; s. up 
 an acquaintance, start it rapidly or casually ; 
 band or person strikes up a tune or strikes up, 
 starts playing or singing as by stroke of drum ; 
 printer strHces off 1000 copies, makes as by 
 stamping) ; arrest attention of, occur to mind 
 of, produce mental impression on, impress as, 
 (what struck me teas the generosity of the offer ; 
 it strikes me he or that he may have misunder- 
 stood ; an idea suddenly struck me; how does 
 it s. you?, what do you think about it?; it 
 strikes me as ridiculous, absolutely per ect), 
 (part.) sure to be noticed, arresting, impressive, 
 whence stpPkingLV 2 adv., stri'king-NESS 
 n.; lower or take down (flag, sail, tent), signify 
 surrender by striking flag, surrender, (s. one's 
 flag, surrender ship or fortress to enemy, also 
 resign a naval command ; s. tents, break up 
 camp ; town, ship, strikes, surrenders) ; cease 
 (work), cease work, (of workmen) refuse to go 
 on working unless employer accedes to some 
 demand (cf. lock 3 out ; s. for higher pay, a- 
 gainst long hours, &c.) ; (cause to) penetrate 
 (struck a knife, terror, into his heart; cold 
 strikes through his clothes, into his marrow; 
 plant strikes its roots into the soil, strikes root, 
 or strikes abs.; oysters s., attach themselves to 
 bed ; rays s. through fog ; strtick with terror, 
 panic, dizziness, Sec, suddenly filled with); 
 direct one's course somewhere, take specified 
 direction, diverge to, start into, (then s. to the 
 right; s. into or oid of a track, subject, &c; 
 gout strikes in, attacks interior instead of ex- 
 
STRING 
 
 869 
 
 STROLL 
 
 tremities; .<?. into a gallop, begin galloping); 
 level grain &c. in (measure) by passing straight 
 rod over it, ascertain (balance) by deducting 
 credit or debit from the other, arrive at (aver- 
 age) by equalizing all items, compose (jury) by 
 allowing both sides to reject same number ; 
 suddenly & dramatically assume (attitude); s.- 
 a-light, apparatus forgetting light from flint; 
 hence stPi'kERMl.'iJn. (N.)coneerted refusal 
 to work by employees till some grievance is re- 
 medied (on »., acting on such refusal ; s. pay, 
 allowance for subsistence made by trade-union 
 to workmen who have struck). [OE scrwan 
 go, cf. Uu. strijken, G streichen, smooth, stroke ; 
 cogn. w. L sir<.ngere gra/.ej 
 
 string 1 , n., & v.t. & i. (strung). Twine or fine 
 cord, piece of this or of leather, ribbon, web- 
 bing, or othermaterial, used for tyingup, lacing, 
 drawing or holding together, actuating puppet, 
 Sec, [want some s. & brown paper ; apro.v, bon- 
 net, bow 1 , kite, &c, •*;; two ss. to one's bow 1 ; 
 first, second, s„ person or thing that one's chief, 
 alternative, reliance is set on, w. ref. to prec. 
 phr.; pull the ss., be the real actuator of what 
 another does ; heart-.vs.), tough piece connect- 
 ing two halves of pod in beans &c; stretched 
 piece of catgut, cord, or wire, yielding musical 
 tone(s) in piano, harp, violin, & other instru- 
 ments (harp, fiddle, bass, soprano, &c, .<?. ; 
 touch the ss., play ; harp on one s., dwell on 
 single subject ; touch a s. fig., excite particular 
 feeling in person's heart; thess., tbe stringed 
 instruments in a band or part contributed by 
 them to the effect, cf. the wind 1 ), whence 
 (-)stPing"ED' 2 a.; setof orusu. o/objects strung 
 together or persons or things of one kind com- 
 ing one after another (a s. of beads, pearls ; 
 filed past in a long s. ; a s. of porters, carriages, 
 instances, lies) ; (Billiards) scoring-board with 
 buttons sliding on wires, the score, stroke made 
 in stringing for lead ; s.-alphabet, code for the 
 blind in which special knots on s. represent let- 
 ters ; s.-band, of stringed instruments only ; 
 s.-bark, STRiNGY-bark; s. -board, supporting 
 timber forming edge of framework, esp. that 
 in which ends of staircase steps are set; s.- 
 course, raised horizontal band or course run- 
 ning round or alongbuilding; s.-halt, = spring 2 - 
 halt; s. -piece, soffit of staircase, also = s.-board, 
 also long timber esp. supporting floor; hence 
 stri'ngi.ESS a. ( Vb) supply with string(s), tie 
 with s.; secure (bow) in state ready for use by 
 bending it & slipping loop of s. into notch, (fig., 
 chiefly in p.p.) tighten up or make ready or 
 sensitive or excited (senses, nerves, resolution, 
 or person in regard to them ; was strung up 
 to do the deed ; high-strung or highly strung 
 nerves or person, neurotic, susceptible, over- 
 sensitive); thread (beads &c.) on as.; strip ss. 
 from (beans); s. up colloq., kill by hanging; (of 
 glue &c.) become stringy ; (Billiards) make the 
 preliminary strokes that decide which player 
 shall begin. [OE streng, cf. Du. streng, G Strang ; 
 cogn. w. strong] 
 
 stringe'ndo (-J-), mus. direction. With in- 
 creased speed & loudness, fit.] 
 
 stri'ngrent (j-), a. (Of rules, stipulations, 
 &c.) strict, precise, requiring exact perform- 
 ance, leaving no loophole or discretion ; (of 
 money-market &c.)tignt, hampered bysearcity, 
 unaccommodating, hard to operate in. Hence 
 stPi'ngENcv n„ stpi'ngentLY 2 adv. [L 
 stringere draw tight, -ent] 
 
 stronger (-ng-), n. In vbl senses; also, 
 STRiNG-board. [-er 1 ] 
 
 stpi'ng-y (-ngi), a. Fibrous, like string, (.<?.- 
 bark, kinds of gum-tree) ; (of liquid) viscous, 
 ropy. Hence stpi'ngiNESS n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 strip * f v.t. & i. Denude, lay bare, deprive of 
 covering or appurtenance or property, (s. one 
 to the skin, leave him no clothes ; stripped, 
 naked ; stripped of fine names, it is a swindle • 
 .s\ house, ship, tree, remove furniture, rigging' 
 bark & branches ; s. cow, milk to last drop ; si 
 tobacco, remove stems from ; s. screw, tear 
 thread from it) ; pull or tear (covering lit. or 
 fi~ 
 J 
 
 rifled gun without spin ; s.-Laf, tobacco with 
 stems removed. Hence stpi'ppERMl, 2) n. 
 [OE strypan, cf. Du. stroopen, G streifen] 
 
 strip 2 , n. Long, narrow piece (as. oj card, 
 paper, cloth, garden, territory, board), [prnb. 
 var. of foil., or perh. f. prec] 
 
 stripe, n. Long narrow band usu. of uniform 
 breadth on a surface from which it differs in 
 colour or texture (black withareds.; star 1 ^ <f> 
 ss.; ss. on soldier's trousers; sergeant's, cor- 
 poral's, .9.9., chevron ; get, lose, one's ss., be 
 promoted, degraded; zebra's ss.), whence 
 (-)stPipED 2 , stPi'pv 2 , aa., stPi'piNESs n.; 
 (archaic) blow with scourge (usu. in pi.), (pi.) 
 flogging, ff. MDu. strijpe, cf. Norw. stripa, 
 MHG streif, also strip 2 ] 
 
 stpi'pling*, n. Lad, young man whose figure 
 has not yet filled out. [prec, -ling j ] 
 
 strive, v.i. (strove, stri'ven). Struggle, en- 
 deavour, try hard, make efforts, contend, vie, 
 (to do, for desired end, with or against opponent 
 or temptation or difficulty ; .9. together, or with 
 each other, quarrel, dispute pre-eminence &c.). 
 [f. OF estriver (estrif strife)] 
 
 stpo'bfle, n. Cone of pine &c. [f. Gk strobi- 
 los (strepho twist)] 
 
 stpode. See stride. 
 
 stroke i, n., & v.t. & i. Blow, shock given by 
 blow, (to receive 20 ss. of the birch ; with one 
 s. of his sword ; killed by a s. of lightning or 
 lightnings.; finishing s., coup de grace, final & 
 fatal blow; s. of paralysis or apoplexy, or s., 
 sudden disabling attack; sun-s.); single effort 
 put forth, one complete performance of a re- 
 current action or movement, time or way in 
 which such movements are done, (has not done 
 as. of work; s. of piston, wing, oar, &c, whole 
 of motion till starting-position is regained ; 
 golfer does hole in five ss., successive single 
 dealings with ball ; row a fast, slow, long, &c., 
 s.; vary the s.; second boat is gaining at every 
 s. or .9. by s.) ; method of striking in games &c, 
 specially successful or skilful effort, (invented 
 a new s. in cricket ; s. of genhis, original idea ; 
 6 § . of wit, diplomacy, &c; s. of business, pro- 
 fitable transaction ; a clever s.; master 1 ^.); 
 mark made by movement in one direction of 
 pen orpencilor paint-brush, detail contributing 
 to general effect in description, (up, down, -s., 
 part of letter so written ; HAIR-.9.; thick, thin, 
 horizontal, &e., s.; dash off picture wi h a few 
 ss.; could do it with a s. of the pen by exag., 
 by writing signature ; finishing ss., finishing 
 touches ; description is full ofss. from the life); 
 sound made by striking clock (it is on the s. of 
 nine, nine is about to strike ; was there on the 
 s., punctually); (also, now rarely, s.-oar) oars- 
 man rowing nearest stern & setting time of s. 
 (roiv, pull, s., act as s.) ; (vb) act as s. to (boat, 
 crew). [OE strdc (strican strike)] 
 
 stroke 2 , v.t., & n. Pass the hand gently, & 
 usu. repeatedly in same direction, along surface 
 of (.9. one or one's hair the wrong way, irritate 
 him; s. one down, mollify his anger &c); hence 
 stpeking-LY 2 adv. (N.) act or spell of strok- 
 ing. [OE stracian (strdc, see prec.)] 
 
 stpoll, v.i. & t., & n. Saunter, go for short 
 
STROMA 
 
 870 
 
 STRYCHNIA 
 
 leisurely walk. (n„ such walk ; take, go for, a .<?.); 
 go from place to place giving performances &c, 
 traverse the country thus, (strolling players ; 
 a strolling company). Hence stro'llKK 1 n. 
 [etym. dub.; perh.= troll with s- (OF es- f. 
 ex-) prefixed] 
 
 stro'ma, n. (biol.; pi. -ata). Framework of 
 an organ or cell, usu. of connective tissue. 
 Hence stroma'tic a. [L f. Gk (-6-), = coverlet 
 (stronnumi spread, -M)] 
 
 strong, a. (comj}. & sup. pr. -ngg-). Having 
 power of resistance, not easily broken or torn 
 or worn or injured or captured, tough, healthy, 
 firm, solid, [s. china, stick, cloth ; a s. constitu- 
 tion, not liable to, able to overcome, disease; 
 s. nerves, proof against fright, irritation, &c; 
 s. fortress, town, &c; s.-box, -room, proof 
 against burglars &c. for keeping valuables in ; 
 s. conviction, faith, chxracter; the s., those who 
 have good health ; are you quite s. again ?, re- 
 stored to health ; a s. foundation ; a s. market, 
 steadily high or rising prices ; s. meat bibl., 
 solid food, fig. doctrine or measures acceptable 
 only to vigorous or instructed minds) ; capable 
 of exerting great force or doing much, muscu- 
 lar, powerful by size or numbers or resources 
 or quality or ability,convincing,striking,power- 
 fully affecting thesenses,(s. to do, suffer, labour, 
 save, &c; is s. enough to; s. in judgment, 
 Greek, numbers, health, well equipped in these 
 respects ; s. eyes, memory, &c; a s. man, mus- 
 cular ; by the s. arm or hand, by force ; is as s. 
 as a horse, can do or stand much work ; the s., 
 those who have might on their side; s. army, 
 fleet, &c, numerous & well equipped; a s. de- 
 tachment, numerous ; a company 9.00 s., num- 
 bering 200; hoio many s. are you?, what are 
 your numbers ? ; a s. combination, set capable 
 of doing much when united ; a s. candidate, 
 formidable, likely to win ; s. drink, waters, 
 alcoholic liquors ; s. tea,, toddy, made with 
 large proportion of the flavouring clement; s. 
 voice, loud or penetrating ; s. mind, capable of 
 sound reasoning ; s.-minded, having such mind, 
 also & usu. in spec, sense of woman, claiming 
 mental & legal equality with men ; s. evidence, 
 argument, case', s. light, shadow, colour, fla- 
 vour ; s. cheese, onion, pungent ; s.butter, bacon, 
 rancid ; s. breath, ill-smelling) ; energetic, effec- 
 tive, vigorous, decided, {a s. toind, tide, attrac- 
 tion ; have a s. hold upon or over, be able to in- 
 fluence ; a s. li erary style, vivid & terse ; has 
 a s. inclination to ; s. language, forcible ex- 
 pressions esp. of abusive or blasphemous kind ; 
 give s. support to, support with all one's power ; 
 as. partisan, Tory, aarvocate ; s. man, adminis- 
 trator who acts without hesitation, masterful 
 person ; is s. against compromise, will have 
 nothing to do with it ; going strong slang, con- 
 tinuing race or other occupation vigorously, 
 also in good health or trim ; come or go it s. 
 slang.go to great lengths in something); (Gram.) 
 forming in flections by vowel-change within the 
 stem rather than by addition of suffix (e.g. swim 
 swam cf. float floated, foot feet cf. boot boots); 
 stro'nghold, fort, fastness, citadel, place where 
 some cause or sentiment still prevails (Liver- 
 pool is a s.-h. of protestantism). Hence 
 stPO*ng , iSH 1 (2) a., stPcrngxY 2 adv. [OE 
 Strang, cf. Du. & Da. streng, G streng strict ; 
 cogn. w. L stringer e strain] 
 
 stPO'ntia (-sha) n., stro'ntian (-shn) n. & 
 a. An oxide of strontium of which the nitrate 
 is used in fireworks to colour flame red ; (adj.) 
 of strontia or strontium, [-a f. foil.; -an (n.) f. 
 Strontian in Argyle, (adj.) f. foil. + -an] 
 
 stpo'ntium (-shm), n. A dark-yellow metal. 
 [Strontian (prec.), -ium] 
 
 stpop, n., & v.t. Strip of leather on which 
 razor is sharpened, implement or machine serv- 
 ing same purpose ; (vb) sharpen on or with s. 
 [as strap] 
 
 stpo'phe, n. (Lines recited during) turn 
 made in dancing by ancient-Greek chorus (s., 
 antistrophe, epode, three sections of a choral 
 ode or of one division of it, s. & antis. exactly 
 corresponding in metre. So stPO'phic a. ]Gk 
 (-e), orig. = turning (strepho turn)J 
 
 strove. See strive. 
 
 stpow (-o), v.t. (p.p. stroicn or -ed). (Archai- 
 for) STREW. 
 
 struck. See strike. 
 
 stPU'ctupe (-tshtr), n. Manner in which a 
 building or organism or other complete whole 
 is constructed, supporting framework or whole 
 of the essential parts of something, make, con- 
 struction, (the s. of a house, machine, animal, 
 organ, poem, sentence ; a sentence of loose, a 
 rock of columnar, s.; its s. is ingenious ; orna- 
 ment shoidd emphasize & not disguise the lines 
 ofs.), whence stPU'ctuPAL, stPU'ctureLESS, 
 (-)stPU'etuPED 2 , aa., stPU'ctupalLY 2 adv.; 
 thing constructed, complex whole, a building, 
 (a fine marble s. ; a lumbering s. drawn by 
 six horses). [F, f. L structura (struere struct- 
 build, -ure)] 
 
 stpirg-gle, v.i., & n. Throw one's limbs 
 about in violent effort to get free or escape 
 grasp (child struggled & kicked); make violent 
 or determined efforts under difficulties, strive 
 hard to do, contend with or against opponent 
 or obstacle or difficulty, (struggled to express 
 himself, control his feelings ; struggling with 
 his infirmity, against superior numbers or the 
 forces of nature) ; make one's way with diffi- 
 culty through, up, along, in, &c. (light strug- 
 gled in through clirty panes), (part.) experienc- 
 ing difficulty in making a living or getting re- 
 cognition (a struggling artist &c); hence 
 stPirg-g-ling-LY. 2 adv., stpirgglER i n. (N.) 
 spell of struggling, confused wrestle or jostling, 
 mele"e, hard contest, effort under difficulties. 
 [ME strogelen, cf. Norw. stru refractory, OE 
 thryecan to force, G drucken to print] 
 
 stpu'ldbrug*, n. One of those cursed with 
 immortality in Gulliver's Travels, [arbitrary] 
 
 strum, v.i. & t., & n. Touch notes or twang 
 strings of piano or other stringed instrument 
 (esp. unskilfully) ; s. on (piano, guitar, &c.) ; (n.) 
 sound made by strumming (the s. of a guitar). 
 [f. thrum with s- (cf. stroll) prefixed] 
 
 stru'ma (-oo-), n. (pi. -ae). Scrofula ; goitre ; 
 (Bot.) cushion-like dilatation of an organ. So 
 stPU'mosE 1 , stpu'mous, aa. [L,= scrofulous 
 tumour (struere bnild up)] 
 
 stpu*mpet,n. Prostitute, [perh. f. OF strupe 
 var. of stupre concubinage f. hstuprum viola- 
 tion + -et f] 
 
 strung 1 . See string. 
 
 strut 1 , v.i., & n. (Walk with) pompous or 
 affected gait. Hence stPU'tting'LY 2 adv. 
 [ME stroutrn vb f. Da. strutte, cf. Norw. strut 
 nozzle, LG strutt rigid] 
 
 strut 2 , n., & v.t. Piece of wood or iron in- 
 serted in a framework & intended to bear 
 weight or pressure in the direction of its length, 
 brace, esp. one set obliquely from rafter to 
 king-postorqueen-post; (vb).bracewithstrut(s). 
 [cogn. w. prec] 
 
 stpu thious (-doth-), a. Of or 1 ike an ostrich, 
 of the ostrich tribe, [hstruthio f.Gk strouthion 
 ostrich (strouthos sparrow), -ons] 
 
 stpy'chnia, stpy*ehnfn(e),(-k-), nn. Vege- 
 table alkaloid got from plants of genus Strych- 
 nos, highly poisonous & used in minute doses 
 as nerve-stimulant, Hence stpychmc a., 
 
STUB « 
 
 stpy # chn(in)i.SM(5) nn. [L strychnos f. Gk 
 (s)trukhnos kind of nightshade, -ink 5 ] 
 
 stub, n., & v.t. Stump of tree, tooth, &c, 
 left projecting ; remnant of pencil, cigar, dog's 
 tail, or similar object ; s.-iron, used for gun- 
 barrels & made of old horse-shoe or other nails ; 
 s.-mortise, cut only part of the way through ; 
 hence stu'bbv 2 a. (Vb) grub up (s.) by the 
 roots ; clear (land) of ss. [OE stybb, cf. L)u. 
 stobbe, ON stubbi, Gk stupos] 
 
 stirbble, n. Stumps of grain left sticking 
 up after harvest ; cropped hair or beard. Hence 
 stu'bblv 2 a. IME stobil t. OF estouble £, LL 
 stupula f. L stipula (stipes stock, -ule)J 
 
 stir b born (-em), a. Obstinate, unyielding, 
 obdurate, inflexible, refractory, intractable, 
 {facts are s. things, will not adapt themselves 
 to theory). Hence stu'bborn L v 2 adv., stu'b- 
 bornNESS n. IME stobum, stiborn, prob. f. 
 OE stybb stub w. suf.] 
 
 stu'cco, n. (pi. -oes), & v.t. Kinds of plaster 
 or cement used for coating wall surfaces or 
 moulding into architectural decorations ; (vb) 
 coat with s. [It., f. OHG stucchi acrust (whence 
 G stiick piece), cogn. w. stock] 
 
 stuek(-up). See stick. 
 
 stud l , n., & v.t. Large-headed nail, boss, or 
 knob, projecting from a surface esp. for orna- 
 ment ; rivet, cross-piece in each link of chain- 
 cable ; two-headed button for use with two 
 button-holes esp. in shirt-front (collars., long 
 kind going through four holes); post to which 
 laths are nailed. (Vb) set with ss. by way 
 of strengthening or usu. of decorating, (p.p.) 
 thickly set or strewed with (door, lawn, sea, 
 sky, studded with nails, trees, islands, stars) ; 
 be scattered over or about (surface). [OE studu 
 post, cf. Da. stod stub, G stiitze prop] 
 
 stud 2 , n. Number of horses kept for some 
 purpose, as breeding, racing, hunting, coach- 
 ing ; s.-book, containing pedigrees of horses ; 
 s.-farm, place where horses are bred ; s.-horse, 
 stallion. [OE stOd, cf. ON stoth, G gestut ; 
 cogn. w. stand] 
 
 studding-sail (stu'nsl), n. Sail set on small 
 extra yard & boom beyond skirt of square sail 
 in light winds, [etym. dub. | 
 
 stu'dent, n. Person studying in order to 
 qualify himself for some occupation or devot- 
 ing himself to some branch of learning or un- 
 der instruction at university or other place of 
 higher education or technical training (medi- 
 cal, theological, historical, s.; as. of archaeo- 
 logy, law, botany, manners ; numbers its ss. 
 by the thousand) ; person of studious habits ; (at 
 some colleges) recipient of stipend from foun- 
 dation, fellow or scholar, whence stu'dent- 
 ship n. [L studere (studium study 1 ), -ent] 
 
 st u'dio, n. Working-room of painter, sculp- 
 tor, photographer, &e., often with skylights or 
 windows specially designed to secure suitable 
 light. [It,, f. L as study *] 
 
 stu'dious, a. Given to study, occupied with 
 reading ; taking care to do, anxiously desirous 
 of doing ; studied, deliberate, intended, zeal- 
 ous, anxious, painstaking, (with s. care, atten- 
 tion, politeness). Hence stu'diousLY 2 adv., 
 stu'diousNESS n. [f. h studiosus (foil., -ose 1 )] 
 
 stu'dy \ n. Thing to be secured by pains or 
 attention (it shall be my s. to please, to write 
 correctly ; your comfort was my s. ; make a s. 
 of, try to secure) ; (now usu. brown s.) fit of 
 musing, reverie, (there he stood for an hour in 
 as.: is ina browns., too intent on his thoughts 
 to observe what is passing) ; devotion of time 
 & thought to acquiring information esp. from 
 books (often pi.), pursuit of some branch of 
 knowledge, (gives his hours to s. ; make a s. of, 
 
 [__ STUM 
 
 investigate carefully ; my ss. hare convinced 
 me that ; the s. of mathematics, morals ; con- 
 tinue your ss., go on with your lessons) ; thing 
 that is or deserves to be investigated (the pro- 
 per s. of mankind is man ; his jace was as.); 
 (Paint. &c.) sketch made for practice in tech- 
 nique or as preliminary experiment for picture 
 or part of it (his ss. are exquisite, but his fin- 
 ished work disappointing; as. of a head)\ 
 (Mus.) composition designed to test or develop 
 player's skill ; (Theatr. ) good, slow, Sec, learner 
 of parts (under-study) ; room used for liter- 
 ary occupation, transaction of business, &c. 
 (you will find him in his, the, s.j. [AF & OF 
 estudie f. L studium zeal, study] 
 
 stu'dy 2 , v.t. & L Make a s. of, take pains 
 to investigate or acquire knowledge of (sub- 
 ject) or to assure (result sought), scrutinize or 
 earnestly contemplate (visible object), (s. law, 
 French, philosophy ; s. book, read it attentive- 
 ly ; s. one's part, try to learn it by heart ; 8. up, 
 get up for examination &c; s. out, succeed in 
 finding out by hard thinking; studies others' 
 convenience, his own interests ; s. person's face 
 or character, a map, the stars) ; apply oneself 
 to s. esp. reading (s. for the bar, read law) ; 
 (archaic) meditate, muse; be on the watch, 
 try constantly to manage, to do (studies to 
 avoid disagreeable topics) ; (p.p.) deliberate, 
 intentional, affected, (a studied insult ; wdh 
 studied politeness, rudeness, unconcern, aban- 
 don), whence stu'diedLY 2 adv. [f. OF estu- 
 dier f. med.L studiare f. L as prec.J 
 
 stuff, n., & v.t. & i. Material that thing is 
 made of or that is or may be used for some pur- 
 pose (the s. that dreams, heroes, are made of; 
 has good s. in him, sterling qualities ; some 8. 
 they call petrol; this punch, book, is good, 
 sorry, s. ; nousehold s. archaic, furniture &c. : 
 bread, food, -ss., things made into bread, used 
 as food ; green, garden, s., vegetables ; doctors' 
 s., physic ; inch s., boards 1 in. thick ; thick 8., 
 planking over i in. thick) ; any woollen fabric 
 (opp. silk, cotton, linen ; s. gown, worn by bar- 
 rister who has not taken silk) ; valueless mat- 
 ter, refuse, trash, nonsense (n. & int.), (Take 
 that s. away. Smith a liar? s. & nonsense!. 
 What s. he writes!). (Vb) pack, cram, stop 
 up, fill, distend, (s. one'sears with wool, cushion 
 with do\cn ; stuffed birds, beasts, skin with in- 
 terior removed & replaced by enough material 
 to restore original shape; stuffed fowl, turkey, 
 haddock, veal, with minced seasoning inserted 
 before cooking; s. child, goose, Sec, make if 
 eat largely ; ahead stuffed withromance, facts, 
 folly), whence stu , fflNG 1 (4) n. (stuffing-box, 
 chamber in machinery through which rod can 
 work without allowing passage of air &c, all 
 vacant space being filled with stuffing) ; ram 
 or press into receptacle (stuffed his necessaries 
 into a small bag, his fingers into his ears, the 
 food into his mouth) ; gull with lies, hoax ; gorge 
 oneself, eat greedily; hence (-)stufffeR 1 n. 
 [vb f. n., OF estoffe f. L stup(p)a see stop 1 ] 
 
 stu'ffy, a. (Of valley, room, See., or atmo- 
 sphere in it) lacking fresh air or ventilation, 
 close, hard to breathe in, fusty. Hence stu'f- 
 
 fiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 stuergy, &c. See stock-. 
 
 stu*ltify, v.t, (Of act, statement, agent, 
 speaker) reduce (previous act &c.) to absurdity, 
 exhibit (act &c. or oneself) in ridiculous light, 
 make (act &c.) of no effect, neutralize (oneself) 
 as agent, by later inconsistent act Sec. Hence 
 stultiFiCA'TiON n. [L stultus foolish, -I-, -FY] 
 
 stum, n., & v.t. Unfermented grape-juice, 
 must; (vb) prevent from fermenting, secure 
 (wine) against further fermentation in cask, 
 
STUMBLE 
 
 872 
 
 STYLE 
 
 by introduction of antiseptic, [f. Du. stom n., 
 stommen vb, (stom a. quiet, cf. G stumm)\ 
 
 stu'mble, v.i. & t., & n. Lurch forward, 
 have partial fall, from catching or striking foot 
 or making false step (s. along, go with frequent 
 ss.); make blunder(s) in doing something (stum- 
 bles in his speech ; s. through a recitation) ; be 
 offended, feel scruples, at; come accidentally 
 (up)on or across ; (archaic) give pause to, excite 
 scruples in ; stu'mbling-block, obstacle, circum- 
 stance that causes difficulty or hesitation or 
 scruples; hence stu'mbling-LY 2 adv. (N.J 
 act of stumbling, [as stammer w. different 
 suf., see -le(3), 6c application ; cogn. w. prec; 
 for -b- cf. humble, number] 
 
 stump, n., & v.i. 6c t, Projecting remnant 
 of cut or fallen tree, corresponding remnant of 
 broken branch or tooth or amputated limb, use- 
 less end of cigar or pencil, worn-down brush or 
 other implement, stub; (pi., facet.) legs (usu. 
 stik ones ss.); 8. of tree used by orator to 
 address meeting from (on the s. colloq., engaged 
 in political speech-making or agitation ; s. ora- 
 tory, of kind suitable for such speeches); 
 (Cricket) one of the three uprights of a wicket 
 (off, middle, leg, s.); cylinder of rolled paper 
 or other material with conical ends for soften- 
 ing pencil-marks & other uses in drawing. ( Vb) 
 walk stiffly & noisily as on wooden legs ; (of 
 question &c; colloq.) pose, be too hard for, (am 
 stumped, at a loss, at my wits' end), whence 
 stirmpER 1 ^) n.; (Cricket) put (batsman who 
 is not in his ground) out by disturbing wicket 
 while holding ball ; make s. speeches, traverse 
 (district) doing this ; use s. on (drawing, line, 
 &c); s, up slang, pay over the money required, 
 produce (sum), [f. ON stumpr, cf. Du. stomp, 
 G stump/; cogn. w. stamp, stub] 
 
 stu*mpy,a. Thickset, stocky, of small height 
 or length in proportion to girth, (as. man, book, 
 tail,pencil). Hence stu*mpiLY 2 adv.,stu*m- 
 pi.vESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 stun, v.t. (Of sound) deafen temporarily, be- 
 wilder ; (of blow lit, or fig.) knock senseless, 
 reduce to insensibility or stupor, benumb, over- 
 whelm; (part, as adj., slang) ravishingly good 
 in some respect, splendid, delightful, ripping, 
 whence stu*nning , LV 2 adv.,&sostu , nnER 1 
 n. [OE stunian resound, cf. ON stynja, G 
 stohnen, groan] 
 
 Stu'ndism, Stu'ndist, (-do-), nn. Doc- 
 trines, adherent, of a religious body in Russia, 
 orig. of peasants, rejecting ceremonies of Ortho- 
 dox Church & basing itself on the Bible as 
 translated 1861 into modern Russian. [G stunde 
 hour, lesson (the movement originating with 
 German colonists), -ism, -ist] 
 
 stung 1 , stunk. See sting, stink. 
 
 stu'nsail, n. =studding-sail. 
 
 stunt, v.t. Check growth or development 
 of, dwarf, cramp, (esp. in p.p.). [f. OE stunt a. 
 dull, cf. ON stuttr short] 
 
 stupe » (or -oop), n., & v.t. Flannel &c. wrung 
 out of hot water & applied as fomentation; 
 pledget of soft material used as surgical dress- 
 ing ; (vb) apply s. to, foment, [f. L as stuff] 
 
 stupe 2 , n. (slang). Fool, [for stupid] 
 
 stirpefy, v.t. Make stupid or torpid, deprive 
 of sensibility, (stupefied with drink, narcotics, 
 grief. Sec). Hence or cogn. stupeFA'ciENT a. 
 &n. (med.J.stupeFA'CTiox. stu'pefiERi(l, 2), 
 nn., sUrpefaetiVE a. [f. F stupifier f. L 
 stupefacere (stupere be torpid, -fy(] 
 
 stupendous, a. Amazing, prodigious, as- 
 tounding, esp. by size or degree (a s. structure, 
 error, achievement ; s. folly). Hence stupe'n- 
 
 dousLv 2 adv., stupe'ndousNESS n. [L 
 
 stupendus (stupere be amazed at, -.vd *), -ous] 
 
 stu'peous, a. (entom.). "With long loose 
 scales like tow. [Lstup(p)eus (stupa tow), -ous] 
 
 stu'pid, a. & n. In a state of stupor or leth- 
 argy ; dull by nature, slow-witted, lacking in 
 sensibility, obtuse, crass, characteristic of per- 
 sons of this nature, (a s. person, joke, idea, 
 book, fright; what a s. place to put it in!), 
 whence stupi'diTV n.; uninteresting, dull, (a 
 s. place, visit, time). Hence stu'pidLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L stupidus (as stupendous, -id 1 )] 
 
 stu'pon, n. Dazed state, torpidity, whence 
 stu'popous a. (med.); helpless amazement. 
 
 [L (as STUPENDOUS, -OR 1 )] 
 
 stupo'se, a. (bot., zool.). With tow-like tufts 
 of long hair, [as STUPcOUS, -ose *] 
 
 stup'dy l , a. Robust, hardy, vigorous, lusty, 
 strongly built, (s. child, opponent, legs, frame, 
 resistance, courage; s. beggar archaic, able- 
 bodied but not working). Hence stuP'diLY 2 
 adv., stUP'diXESS n. [earlier sense reckless; 
 f. OF estourdi amazed, etym. dub.] 
 
 stUP'dy 2 , n. Vertigo in sheep caused by 
 tapeworm in brain. Hence stup*diED 2 a. [f. 
 OF estourdie giddiness (prec.)] 
 
 stup'geon fcjn), n. Kinds of large anadrom- 
 ous fish resembling shark in general shape, 
 having mailed body & head, yielding caviare & 
 isinglass, & esteemed as food. [f. OF esturgeon 
 f. med.L sturionem nora. -o f. OHG sturjo, cf. 
 OE styria ; perh. cogn. w. stir] 
 
 stu'ttep, v.i. & t., 6c n. Keep repeating parts, 
 esp. initial consonants, of words in effort to 
 articulate; utter in this way (often out); hence 
 stu'ttePER 1 n., stu'tteping-LV 2 adv. (N.) 
 act or habit of stuttering, [obs. stut in same 
 sense (cf. G stossen strike, L tundere beat) -\- 
 -ER 5 ; cf. Du. stotteren, G stottern) 
 
 sty ', n., & v.t. & i. (Often pigsty) enclosure 
 for keeping pig(s) in, (fig.) mean or dirty hovel 
 or room, place of debauchery ; (vb) lodge (t, & 
 i.) in s. [OE stigo, cf. OHG stiga cattle-pen; 
 prob. f. OE stigan climb, cf. G steige staircase, 
 henroost, f. steigen climb, perh. w. comparison 
 of paling to steps] 
 
 sty 2 , stye, n. Inflamed swelling on edge of 
 eyelid (usu. a s. in one's eye), [earlier forms 
 styan, stiony ; perh. f. OE stigan rise] 
 
 Sty*g"ian, a. (As) of the Styx or of Hades, 
 murky, gloomy. [L f. Gk Stugios (styx), -an] 
 
 style 1 , Dm & v.t, Ancient writing-imple- 
 ment, asmall rod with pointed end for scratch- 
 ing letters on wax-covered tablets & blunt end 
 for obliterating (whence styliFORMa.), (poet.) 
 pen or pencil, (transf.) thing of s.-like shape 
 as etching-needle or styloid process in Anat. ; 
 manner of writing, speaking, or doing, esp. as 
 opposed to the matter to be expressed or thing 
 done (the s. is better than the matter ; wHtten in 
 a florid, cumbrous, lucid, delightful, s.; differ- 
 ent ss. of rowing ; slashed about him in fine s.; 
 good, bad, s.,-good, bad, form 1 ); collective 
 characteristics of the writing or diction or 
 artistic expression or way of presenting things 
 or decorative methods proper to a person or 
 school or period or subject, manner exhibiting 
 these characteristics, (in the s. of Shakspere, 
 Raphael, Wagner; the epic, lyric, dramatic, .?.; 
 lapidary or monumental s„ fit or resembling 
 that fit for inscriptions on stone ; pre-Raphael- 
 ite, impressionist, s., in painting; baroque, 
 Louis XIV, rococo, renaissance, s., in archi- 
 tecture orfurniture or dress; gothic, classical, 
 Romanesque, .<?., in architecture ; Norman, 
 early English, decorated, perpendicular, ss., 
 kinds of esp. ecclesiastical architecture prevail- 
 ing successively in England 1066-1189, 1189-1272, 
 1272-1377, 1350-1600, & marked respectively by 
 round arches & heavy pillars, pointed arches & 
 
STYLE 
 
 873 
 
 SUB- 
 
 lancet windows & simple tracery, flowing 
 tracery & elaborate ornament, slender pillars 
 & vast windows divided by vertical & hori- 
 zontal lines; Tudor, Jacobean, Queen Anne, 
 ss., kinds of esp. domestic architecture) ; de- 
 scriptive formula, designation of person or 
 thing, full title, (is entitled to the s. of Right 
 honourable, King, Esquire ; did not recognize 
 him under his new s. ; my s. is plain John 
 Smith ; regret that I am not acquainted with 
 your proper s. ; old, new, s., abbr. O.S., N.S., 
 appended to dates, = so called when reckoned 
 by the Julian, Gregorian, calendar 1 ); notice- 
 ably superior quality or manner esp. in regard 
 to breeding or fashion, distinction, {there is no 
 8. about her, she looks commonplace ; let tis do 
 the thing in s. if we do it at all), whence sty'l- 
 iSH J a., stylishLY 2 adv., stylishNESS n. ; 
 kind, sort, esp. with regard to appearance 
 {what s. of house, servant, do you require ? ; a 
 gentleman of the old s.) ; make, shape, pattern, 
 {this s. 2/6 ; in all sizes & ss.); (vb) use specified 
 designation of (is styled king, folly). [ME stile 
 f. Ok stile, style, f. L stilus incorrectly spelt 
 stylus by late writers w. assim. to Gk (foil.)] 
 
 style 2 , n. Gnomon of sun-dial; (Bot.) nar- 
 rowed extension of ovary supporting stigma. 
 [f. Gk stidos pillar] 
 
 style^. n. (Incorrect spelling for) stile. 
 
 style€, n. Slender pointed instrument, sti- 
 letto ; (Surg.) stiffening wire of catheter, probe. 
 [OF, f. It. stiletto] 
 
 stylist, n. Person with or aiming at good 
 literary style, [-ist] 
 
 styli'stie, a. Of literary style. Hence sty 1- 
 i'stiCALLY adv. [-ic] 
 
 stylite, n. Medieval ascetic living on top of 
 a pillar, [f. late Gk stulites (style 2 , -ite 1 )] 
 
 stylo, n. (colloq. abbr.; pi. -os). Stylograph. 
 
 stylo-, comb, form of styloid in names of 
 muscles = of the styloid process & — , as -hyoid, 
 -maxillary, [f. L as style 1 , -o-] 
 
 stylobate, n. Continuous basement sup- 
 porting a row or rows of columns. [F, f. Gk 
 stulobates (style 2 , bainb stand)] 
 
 stylograph, n. Kind of pen containing 
 reservoir of ink & marking with point instead 
 of split nib. Hence stylogra'phic a., stylo- 
 gra'phiCALLY adv. [style \ -o-, -graph] 
 
 styloid, a. & n. S. {vrocess), spine projecting 
 from base of temporal bone, [style i , -oid] 
 
 stymie, n., & v.t. (Var. of) stimy. 
 
 styptic, a. & n. (Substance) that checks 
 bleeding. If. F styptique f. L f. Gk stuptikos 
 (stupho contract, prob. cogn. w. stop)] 
 
 styp'ax, n. Kinds of tree & shrub, some of 
 which yield valuable gums. [L, f. Gk shirax] 
 
 Sty'Pian, a. & n. (Native) of Styria. 
 
 Styx, n. (Gk myth.). River encompassing 
 Hades (cross the S., die ; black &c. as S.). [L, f . 
 Gk Stux -ugos] 
 
 Suabian. See swabian. 
 
 su'able, a. That can be sued. Hence sua- 
 
 BI'LITY n. [-ABLE] 
 
 suasion (swa'zhn), n. Persuasion as op- 
 posed to force (esp. moral s.). [F, f. L sua- 
 sionem nom. -o (suadere suas- urge, cogn. w. 
 foil., -ION)] 
 
 suave (swav), a. Bland, soothing, mollifying, 
 polite, (s. person, speech, manners, wine, medi- 
 cine). Hence or cogn. sua'veLY 2 adv., sua*- 
 viTY n. [F, f. L suavis cogn. w. sweet] 
 
 sub 1 , n. (colloq.). Subaltern, [abbr.] 
 
 suby h prep., = under, in some L phrr. : s. 
 ju'dtce (-joo-), under judicial consideration 
 (newspaper comment on cases sj. is prohi- 
 bited), not yet decided, still debatable (the 
 matter is still sj.; cf. res judicata); s. ro'sa 
 
 (-za or-za), (of communications, consultations. 
 &c.) in confidence, under express or implied 
 pledge of secrecy [lit. under the rose, as emblem 
 of secrecy]; s. slle'ntio (-tio, -shio), in hushed-up 
 manner, privately; s. vo'ce, abbr. s.v., (in refer- 
 ences to dictionaries &c.) under the word in 
 question, under the word — . 
 sub-, pref. f. L sub prep. & sub- pref. = under. 
 
 1. Many words are from L compounds, in 
 which siib- (or often by assim. &c. sue-, suf-, 
 sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-) expresses clearly or 
 obscurely the ideas of lowerposition (subjacent, 
 subordinate, subscribe, subsist, substance), mo- 
 tion to this (subject, subjugate, subjunctive, sub- 
 merge, siibmit, subside, succumb, suppose, sup- 
 press) or from this (sxibtract, succinct, suspect, 
 suspend, SMsptre),covertness or secrecy or tacit- 
 ness (subaudition, suborn, summon, surrepti- 
 tious), inclusion (subsume), closeness (subjoin, 
 siibjunctive, sublime, subsequent, suburb, suc- 
 ceed), inferiority (subaltern, subserve, succen- 
 tor), support (subsidy, subvention, succour, suf- 
 fer, suffice, sustain), addition (suffix, supple- 
 ment), or substitution (subdititious, substitute, 
 supplant, surrogate). 
 
 2. Sub-, without the above changes into suc- 
 &c, is also used as a living pref. with more de- 
 finite senses : 
 
 a. On anal, of L subterraneus underground 
 (sub terra below the earth) adjj. are formed 
 from sub, the abl. of any L noun, & an adj. end- 
 ing, esp. as anat. terms with sense situated 
 under the — (substernal f. L sub sterno below 
 the breastbone) ; in others sub- has the secon- 
 dary sense below in degree (subnormal below 
 normal), & in some having this sense, as in b 
 below, sub- is prefixed directly to a derived E 
 adj. (subhuman less than human, as from sub 
 homine). 
 
 b. On anal, of L subacidus slightly acid, adjj. 
 & rarely nn. are formed by prefixing stib- to E 
 adjj. & nn. whether of L orig. or not, the pref. 
 having an effect equivalent to rather (subacid), 
 more or less (subaquatic), roughly (subcylindri- 
 cal), incipient (subdelirium), not quite (subcon- 
 scious), approaching the specified character 
 (suberect), on the borders of (subalpine). 
 
 c. On anal, of med.L subprior underprior, sub- 
 is prefixed to nn. & vv. with sense under-, sub- 
 ordinate^), secondary -ily, further, (subprc- 
 feet, subheading, subspecies, subdivide, sublet). 
 
 d. On anal, of sitbstruction f. L substructio, 
 sub- is rarely prefixed to E nn. with sense un- 
 derlying (sxibsoil, subway). 
 
 e. With multiplicative adjj. (double, triple, 
 quadruple, quintuple, sextuple, septuple, octu- 
 ple, decuple) sub- inverts the sense ; so, double, 
 triple, expressing the ratios 2:1, 3:1, subdouble, 
 subtriple, = 1:2, 1:3. 
 
 The following list contains, with letters of re- 
 ference & further explanation when necessary, 
 the words in sub- whether compounded in L or 
 in E that fall under 2 ; the L wd needed to give 
 the meaning of wds marked a will be found by 
 reference to the simple adj. that is left when 
 sub- is removed, or to wd added in brackets. 
 subabdo'minal, a; -a'cid, -aci'dity, b, (lit., & 
 fig. of words &c.) ; suba'genti -a'gency, c ; -a'l- 
 2rine,b ; -a'nal, a ; -ande'an, b (of Andes moun- 
 tains); -a'pennine, b; -aposto'lic, b, of period 
 after that of apostles ; -aqua'tic, b, of more or 
 less aquatic habits or kind, also a, under- water; 
 -a'queous, a ; -ar'ctic, b ; -a'stral, a, terrestrial ; 
 -aur'al, a; -a'xillary, a; su'b-branch, -breed, 
 nn., c ; -cau'dal, a.; -central, a, b ; -cerebral, a 
 (esp. of reflex action in which the spinal cord is 
 concerned, but not the brain) ; su'bclass, c ; 
 -clavate,b; -cla'vian, -clavi'cular, a (clavicle); 
 
 28* 
 
6UB- 
 
 874 
 
 SUBJECT 
 
 su'b-commi'ssion{er), -commi'ttee, c ; -co'ncave, 
 -co'nical, -co'nscious(ly, -ness), b ; su'b-co'ntract 
 n., -contra'ct v.i., -contra'ctor n., c ; -co'ntrary 
 a. & n. pi., -contrari'ety n., b, contrary in some 
 degree only (esp. in logic, as 'some men are 
 mortal ' <£■ ' some men are not mortal ' are sub- 
 contraries, whereas l all men are mortal ' <£• 'no 
 man is mortal' are contraries); -co'nvex, b; 
 •cor'date, b ; -corneous, b, rather horny, also a, 
 placed under horn, nail.&c; -cortical, -co'stal, 
 -cra'nial, a; -cr y stall ine, b; -cuta'neous(ly), 
 •cuti'cular, a; -cylindrical, b; ' su'bdea'con, 
 •dea'conship, -dean, -dea'nery, -deca'nal,c; -de '- 
 cuple, e ; -deli'rium, b, incipient or mild or in- 
 termittent; -dermal, a (derm); -dia'conate, c ; 
 -divide v.t. &i. [f. L subdividere], -division, c ; 
 -do'minant n. mus., a, tone below dominant, 
 fourth; -dorsal, a; -dowble, -duplicate, e; 
 ■edit, -editor, c; -epidermal, a (epidermis); 
 -e'qual, b (esp. of quantities in a group such 
 that no one is as large as the sum of the rest) ; 
 ■equila'teral, b; -erect, b; swbfa'mily, c (in 
 zool. classif.) ; -fe'brile, b ; su'bjlavour, d ; s?r6- 
 form, c; swo/m.s-c, b, dusky, dull-coloured If. L 
 suffuscus see fuscous]; -gela'tinous, b; su'6- 
 -genus, -generic, c; -gla'dal, a : -glo'bular, 
 -grallatorial, b; su'b-group,-head (in classif.), 
 -heading, c; -hepa'tic, a, b; -himalayan, b; 
 -hu'man, a ; -humeral, a (humerus) ; -infeuda'- 
 tion, -inspector, c ; -intestinal, a (intestine 1 ); 
 su'bjoint, c, one of subdivisions of regular joint 
 in leg &c. of insect &c; su'b-kingdom, c, main 
 division of animal or vegetable kingdom ; -tovi- 
 ceolate, b ; su'b-lease n. & v.t., -lessee, -lessor, 
 -let v.t., su'b-librar'ian, su'b-lieutenant, c ; -#•- 
 minal, a (limen; of sensations so faint that 
 subject is not conscious of them) ; -li'ngual, a ; 
 -littoral, b ; -hi'nar (poet.), -lu'nary, a, of this 
 world, earthly, (.«?. affairs Sec); -ma'mmary, a 
 (mamma 2 ) ; -mari'ne, a (s. plant, cable, volcano. 
 Sec. ; s. boat, or s. as noun, that can be sub- 
 merged esp. for torpedo work with store of 
 compressed air for crew); su'bmaster,c, second 
 master in some schools ; -maxi'llary, a (maxil- 
 la) ; -membranous, b ; -mental, a (mental 2 ) ; 
 -meta'llic, b ; -mo'ntane, a ; -mu'eous, b ; -mul- 
 tiple a. & n., e ; -narco'tic, b ; -na'sal, -na'tural 
 (opp. supernatural), -normal, -occi'pital (occi- 
 put), -ocea'nic, a ; -ocellate, b (ocellus); -o*c- 
 tuple,e; -o'cular, -ocsopha'geal (oesophagus), 
 -orbital (orbit), a ; su'border, -or'dinal, c (in 
 bot. &zool. classif.); -o'val, b ; -pari'etal, -pha- 
 ryngeal (pharynx), -phre'nic, a; -pi'lose, b; 
 -pleur'al, a; -po'lar, b, of nearly polar charac- 
 ter or situation, also a, directly below pole of 
 heavens (astron.) ; -prefecture), -pri'or, c ; -py- 
 ra'midal,-quadra'ngular,-qua'drate,\i',-qua'd- 
 ruple, -quintuple, e; -ra'mose, b; su'breader, 
 c (in Inns of Court) ; -recta'ngular, b ; su'brec- 
 tor, c, rector's deputy ; su'bregion, c, division 
 of faunal region ; su'brent v.t., c; -retinal, a 
 (retina); -rhomboi'dal,b; -sa'cral, a (sacrum); 
 -sa'turated, -saturation, b; -sca'pular, a; s«'6- 
 section, c ; -sensible, a, below the reach of the 
 senses; -septuple, e; -se?"ous, -se'ssile, b; -se\c- 
 tuple, e ; su'bsoil, d ; su'bspecies, -sped' fie a,., c ; 
 -spherical, -spi'nous (spine), b ; su'bstation, c ; 
 •sternal, a (sternum ) ; swos£ra'£«m(pl. -to rare), 
 d, what underlies something, lower layer, foun- 
 dation, basis, (often fig., as it Tias a s. of truth) ; 
 -stru'etion or -stru'eture, -structural, d. ; -tem- 
 perate, b (of climate &c); swbtenant, -tenancy, 
 c; -ter'minal,b, nearly at the end; -terra'nean, 
 a, underground (lit. & fig.), so -terra'neously ; 
 -thora'cic, a (thorax) ; swbtitle, c ; swbtonic n. 
 (mus.), a, note next below tonic ; -transparent, 
 
 -tria'ngular, b ; su'btribe, a (zool. & bot. classif.); 
 -tri'ple, -triplicate, e ; -tro'pical, b (of climate, 
 fauna, flora, &c); -u'ngulate, b, hoofed, but 
 with several digits ; -ur'sine, b ; su'bvariety, c 
 (in classif.); -ver'tebral, a; -vertical, -vi'treous, 
 b; su'bicay, d, covered usu. underground way. 
 
 subahdar' (soo-), n. (Anglo-lnd.). Chief 
 native officer of company of sepoys. [Hind. 
 (subah province, -ctar -keeping)) 
 
 su'baltern, a. & n. Of inferior rank, (Log., 
 of propositions) particular, not universal ; (n., 
 mil.) junior officer below rank of captain, [f. F 
 subalterne f.meA.hsvB(alternus alternate 1 )] 
 
 subaudi, v. imperat. Supply (specified word 
 or words) by way of subaudition. [L] 
 
 subaudition, n. Mental supplying of omit- 
 ted word(s), understanding of what is not ex- 
 pressed, reading between the lines, [f. L sub- 
 auditio f. suB(awch're hear)] 
 
 subditi'tious (-shws), a. Secretly substi- 
 tuted, foisted in. [f. L subditicius f. 8UB(dere 
 = dare put), -inous J ] 
 
 subdu'ee, subdiret, vv.t. (rare). With- 
 draw, deduct, subtract. So subdu'ctioN n. 
 [f. Lsvn(dueere -duct- draw)] 
 
 subdue*, v.t. Conquer, subjugate, overcome, 
 vanquish, master, tame, bring into subjection, 
 discipline,(s. enemies, nature, roughland, one's 
 passions ; subdued by kindness) ; soften, make 
 gentle, tone down, mitigate, (esp. in p.p., as 
 subdued colour, light, tone, effect, mood, man- 
 ners, satisfaction, whence subdue'dNESsn.). 
 Hence subdu'ABLE a., subdu*AL(2) n. [ME 
 sodtien, perh. back-formation f. sodued f. AF 
 *subdut (found in pi. subduz f. LL *subdutus 
 
 p.p. aSSUBDITITIOUS] 
 
 suber'eous, sube'ric, su'berose, aa. 
 Corky, of or like cork, [{-ous f. L subercus + 
 -ous) f. L suber cork, -ic, -ose J ] 
 
 subja'cent, a. Underlying, situated below, 
 [f. L suBO'acere lie), -ent] 
 
 su'bject^a. & adv. (Archaic, poet.) subja- 
 cent {survey the s. plains) ; under government, 
 not independent, owing obedience to, (a s. pro- 
 vince, tribe ; is held s., in subjection ; has long 
 beens. to France ; States s. to foreign rule ; we 
 are all s. to the laxos of nature, the law of the 
 land) ; liable or exposed or prone to (thing ; 
 persons s. to gout ; is very s. to damage, envy. 
 Sec); s. (a. & adv.) to, conditional(ly) upon, on 
 the assumption of, without precluding, (treaty 
 is s. to ratification, not valid unless ratified ; 
 the arrangement is made, or is, s. to your ap- 
 proval ; s. to your consent, I propose to try 
 again ; s. to correction, these are the facts). 
 [ME & OF suget, f. L p.p. of suB(jicere -ject- = 
 jacere throw)] 
 
 su*bject 2 ,n. Person s. to political rule, any 
 member of a State except the Sovereign, any 
 member of a s. State, {rulers & ss.; the ss. of 
 the Sultan ; the loyalty of My ss.; the liberty of 
 the s., such immunities as are secured to ss. 
 under constitutional rule; the Indians are our 
 ss.; also fig., as the ss. of King Shakspere); 
 (Log., Gram.) that member of a proposition 
 about which something is predicated, the noun 
 or noun-equivalent with which the verb of a 
 sentence is made to agree in number &c, {s. & 
 predicate are the essential parts of a sentence ; 
 every verb has a s. expressed or understood, 
 not every verb has an object) ; (Metaphys.) 
 thinking & feeling entity, the mind, the ego, 
 the conscious self, as opp. all that is external to 
 the mind {s. & object, the ego & the non-ego, 
 self & not-self, the consciousness & what it is 
 or may be conscious of), the substance or sub- 
 
 For words in swb' not given see sub-. 
 
SUBJECT 
 
 87o 
 
 SUBSCRIBE 
 
 stratum of anything as opp. its attributes ; 
 theme of or of discussion or description or re- 
 presentation, matter (to be) treated of or dealt 
 with, (never talks on serious ss.; proposed a 
 s.for the debate; a tabooed, ticklish, interest- 
 ing, dull, s.; what is the s. of the poem, story, 
 picture?', constantly wanders fromthes.; pas- 
 toral, genre, marine, historical, &c., s. in paint- 
 ing ; s. of piece of music, base-melody, leading 
 phrase, motif; s. for dissection, ors., dead body; 
 was made the s. of an experiment ; could write 
 if I could think of a s.); circumstance that 
 gives occasion/o?' specified feeling or action (is 
 a s. for ridicule, pity, rejoicing, congratulation); 
 person of specified usu. undesirable bodily or 
 mental tendencies (a sensitive, bilious, plethor- 
 ic, hysterical, ill-conditioned, &c., s.) ; s.-hcad- 
 ing, in index collecting references to a s.; .§.- 
 matter, matter treated of in book&c; s.-object, 
 object of sense or thought as it is conceived of 
 (opp. object-object, as it is in fact). Hence sirb- 
 jectLESS a. [f. L masc. & neut. p.p. (prec.)] 
 
 subje'et 3 , v.t. Subdue (nation &c. usu. to 
 one's sway &c); expose, make liable, treat, to 
 (rudeness subjects one to retorts in kind ; must 
 be subjected to great heat ; shall s. it to criti- 
 cism). So subje'ctiONn. [f. SUBJECT 1 ] 
 
 subjective, a. & n. (Philos.) belonging to, 
 of, due to, the consciousness or thinking or per- 
 ceiving subject or ego as opp. real or external 
 things, (pop.) imaginary; (of art & artists) giving 
 prominence to or depending on personal idio- 
 syncrasy or individual point of view, not pro- 
 ducing the effect of literal & impartial tran- 
 scription of external realities, whence sub- 
 je'ctiveNESS, subjecti'vixv, nn.; (Gram.) of 
 the subject (5. case, or s. asm, the nominative; 
 s. genitive, as in 'by the act of God ', cf. objec- 
 tive). Hence subje'ctiveLY 2 adv. [f. Lsub- 
 jectivus (subject 2 , -ive)] 
 
 subje'etivism, n. Doctrine that knowledge 
 is merely subjective & that there is no external 
 or objective test of truth. So subje'et iviST(2) 
 n. & a. [-ive] 
 
 subjoi'n, v.t. Add at the end, append, (illus- 
 tration, anecdote, &c). [f. OF subjoindre f. L 
 suuU ungere junct- join)] 
 
 su'bjugate, v.t. Subdue, vanquish, bring 
 under bondage or into subjection. Hence or 
 COgn. SU'bjUgABLE a., subjug-A'TiON, su*b- 
 jugatOR 2 , nn. [f. L subjugare bring under 
 the yoke (sub 2 , jugum yoke), -ate 3 ] 
 
 subju'netive, a. & n. <S. mood ors., a verbal 
 mood 2 , obsolescent in English, named as being 
 used in the classical languages chiefly in sub- 
 ordinate or subjoined clauses (cf. conjunctive; 
 the two names denote the same forms & are 
 sometimes used indifferently; sometimes s. is 
 restricted to the subordinate uses while con- 
 junctive either includes all uses or is restricted 
 to principal-clause verbs, as in apodosis of con- 
 ditional sentence). Hence subju'netiveLY 2 
 adv. [f. L subjunctivus (subjoin, -ive)] 
 
 sublapsar'ian, a. & n. = infralapsarian. 
 [sub- 2a] 
 
 su'blimate 1 , v.t. Convert from solid state 
 to vapour by heat & allow to solidify again ; 
 (fig. ) refine, purify, idealize. Hence sublim a '- 
 tion n. [as foil., -ate 3] 
 
 su'blimate-, (-at), a. & n. Sublimated (sub- 
 stance); corrosives.; blue s., pigment made 
 from mercury, flowers of sulphur, & sal ammo- 
 niac, [f. L sublimare sublime 2 , -ate 2 ] 
 
 sublrme *, a. Of the most exalted kind, so 
 distinguished by elevation or size or nobility « 
 or grandeur or other impressive quality as to 
 inspire awe or wonder, aloof from & raised far 
 above the ordinary, (s. mountain, scenery, tem- 
 
 pest, ambition, virtue, heroism, self-sacrifice, 
 love, thought, beauty, genius, poet, &c. ; s. in- 
 difference, impudence, &c. , as of one too exalted 
 to fear consequences; the S. porte ; the s., all 
 that is s., sublimity), whence or cogn. sub- 
 li'meLY 2 adv., sublrmiTv n. ; (Anat.) lying 
 near the surface, not deep-sunk. [F, f. L sub- 
 limis, perh. f. sub 2 , limen lintel, = reaching up 
 to the lintel] 
 
 subli'me 2 , v.t. & i. Sublimate (lit), whence 
 subli*mER 1 (2) n. ; undergo sublimation; purify 
 or elevate, become pure, as by sublimation; 
 make sublime, [f. L sublimare in med.L sense 
 sublimate (prec.)] 
 
 submerge, v.t. Place below water, floed 
 with water, inundate, (also fig.; the submerged 
 tenth, the part of the population that is plunged 
 in debt or permanently in distress). Hence or 
 cogn. submep'g-ENCE, submer'siON, nn. 
 [f. OF submerger f. L svBimergere 7ners- dip)] 
 
 submerse, v.t., & a. (rare). Submerge (rare 
 exc. in p.p. used in Bot. of parts of plants grow- 
 ing under water); (adj., rare, bot.) submersed. 
 Hence submer'siBLE a. [f. L p.p. (prec.)] 
 
 submission (-shn), n. Submitting or being 
 submitted (shall be satisfied with nothing short 
 of complete s.; demands the s. of the signature 
 to an expert); humility, meekness, resignation, 
 acceptance of authority, obedient conduct or 
 spirit, so submi'ssiVE a., submi'ssiveLY 2 
 adv., submi'ssivexESS n. [OF, f. L sub- 
 missionem (foil., -ion)] 
 
 submi-t, v.t. & i. (-U-). Surrender onese7/ 
 for control &c. (usu. to; wives, s. yourselves 
 unto your own husbands) ; present for con- 
 sideration or decision (shoirtd like to s. it to 
 your insjjection ; s. a case to the court) ; urge 
 or represent deferentially that (Is. that a ma- 
 terial fact has been jiassed over; alsoparenth., 
 as that, I s., is a false inference); give way, 
 make submission, yield, cease or abstain from 
 resistance, (will never s., s. to indignity, s. to 
 being parted, from you ; had to s. to defeat, 
 God's will), [f. OF soubmettre f. L suB(mittere 
 miss- send)] 
 
 subordinate 1 (-at), a. & n. Of inferior im- 
 portance or rank, secondary, subservient, (to ; 
 s. clause, sentence made by addition of a con- 
 junction or by position to serve as a noun or 
 adj. or adv. in another sentence) ; hence sub- 
 OP'dinateLY 2 adv. (N.) person working under 
 another (leaves everything to, never trusts, ss. 
 or his ss.). [f. med.L su B(07'dinatus f. L ordin- 
 are ordain)] 
 
 subordinate-, v.t. Make s., treat or re- 
 gard as of minor importance, bring or put into 
 subservient relation, (to). Hence subordinA'- 
 tion n., subop'dinATiVE a. [as prec. -ate 3 ] 
 
 subordina'tionism, n. (theol.). Doctrine 
 that second & third persons of Trinity are in- 
 ferior to the Father as regards (orthodox view) 
 order only or (Arian view) essence, [-ism] 
 
 subop'n, v.t. Induce by bribery or other- 
 wise to commit perjury or other unlawful act. 
 Hence or cogn. subornATiON, subor'nER 1 , 
 nn. [f. F subo7-ntr f. L suBorriare equip or 
 incite secretly] 
 
 subpoe'na (-pena), n., & v.t. (-aed pr. -ad, 
 -a'd). Writ commanding person's attendance 
 in court of justice ; (vb) serve s. on. [orig. two 
 words, L, = under penalty, the first in the writ] 
 
 subre'ption, n. Obtaining of something by 
 surprise or misrepresentation, [f. L subreptio 
 purloining f. su B(ripere -rept- = rapere snatch)] 
 
 subscrrbe, v.t. & i. Write (one's name or 
 rarely other inscription) at foot of document 
 &c. (the subscribed, names carry weight; some, 
 one has subscribed a motto) ; write one's name 
 
SUBSCRIPT 
 
 876 
 
 SUBTERFUGE 
 
 at foot of, sign, (document, picture, &c.) ; ex- 
 press one's adhesion to an opinion or resolution 
 {cannot s. to that) ; enter one's name in a list of 
 contributors, make or promise a contribution, 
 contribute (specified sum), to or to a common 
 fund or/or a common object, raise or guarantee 
 raising of by subscribing thus, (s. to a charity, 
 for a testimonial, £10 ; s. for a book, engage 
 before it is published to take copy or copies; s. 
 to a newspaper, engage to take it for specified 
 time ; the sum needed was subscribed several 
 times over). Hence or cogn. subscri'bER 1 
 (the s„ the under-signed), subscri'priON, nn. 
 [f. L s\JB(scribere script- write)] 
 
 su'bseript, a. (Gk gram.). Written below 
 (only in iota s., small iota written below a, e, & 
 6). [f. Lp.p. (prec.)] 
 
 subse'llium, n. (pi. -ia). = misericord (last 
 sense). IL (sub 2 , sella seat)] 
 
 subsequent, a. That follow(s) or followed 
 the event &c. indicated in the context, of later 
 time or date than something, posterior in time 
 to. Hence su'bsequENCE n., su'bsequent- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L sUBisequi follow), -ent] 
 
 subser've, v.t. Serve as means in promot- 
 ing (purpose, end, &c). [f. L svB(servire serve)] 
 
 subser'vient, a. Useful as means, having 
 merely instrumental relation, (to) ; cringing, 
 obsequious. Hence subser'viEXCE, sub- 
 sep'viENCY, nn., subser'vientLY - adv. [f. 
 L as prec, -ent] 
 
 subsi'de, v.i. (Of water, esp. flood) sink in 
 level, run off, disappear; (of ground) cave in, 
 sink; (of building, ship, &c.) settle down lower 
 in ground or water) ; (of person, usu. joe.) sink 
 into sitting or kneeling or lying posture {sub- 
 sided into an arm-chair) ; cease from activity 
 or agitation, become tranquil, abate, (storm, 
 tumult, apprehension, excitement, subsides). 
 Hence su'bsidENCE n. [f. L sUB(stdere settle 
 cogn. w. sedere sit)] 
 
 subsidiary, a. & n. Serving to assist or 
 supplement, auxiliary, supplementary, whence 
 subsi'diariLY 2 adv.; (of troops) subsidized, 
 hired by another nation; (n.,usu. n pi.) s. thing 
 or person, accessory, [f. L subsidia7'ius (sub- 
 sidy, -ART 1 )] 
 
 su'bsidize, v.t. Pay subsidy to. [foil., -ize] 
 
 su'bsidy, n. (Hist.) parliamentary grant of 
 money to the sovereign for State needs, tax 
 levied on particular occasion ; money grant 
 from one State to another in return for military 
 or naval aid or other equivalent ; money con- 
 tributed by State to expenses of commercial 
 undertaking, charitable institution, &c, held 
 to be of public utility, [f. L subsidium re- 
 serve troops f. s\JB(sidere — sedere sit)] 
 
 subsi'st, v.i. & t. Exist, continue to exist, 
 remain in being ; keep oneself alive, support 
 life, be kept in life, find sustenance, (on vege- 
 tables, charity, &c, by begging Sec.)', provide 
 sustenance for (undertook to clothe, arm, & s. 
 1000 men), [f. F subsister f. L &{jB(sistere set, 
 stand, causal f. stare stand)] 
 
 subsistence, n. Subsisting ; means of sup- 
 
 f)orting life, livelihood, what one lives on or by. 
 f. LL subsistentia substance (prec, -ence)] 
 su'bstanee, n. (Metaphys.) the substratum 
 that the cognizable properties or qualities or 
 attributes or accidents of things are conceived 
 as inhering in or affecting, the essential nature 
 underlying phenomena, (s. & accidents inmeta- 
 physics correspond to subject & predicate in 
 logic ; a s. is a being subsisting in itself & sub- 
 jectto accidents ; being of one s. with the Father); 
 essence or most important part of anything, 
 
 pith, purport, real meaning, (I agree ivith you 
 in s., generally, apart from details ; can give 
 you the s. of his remarks; the s. of religion); 
 material as opposed to form (the s. is good, but 
 the style repellent) ; reality, solidity, solid 
 worth, actual possessions, (sacrifice the s. for 
 the shadow; there is no s. in him ; an argument 
 of little s.; a man ofs., with property, cf. man 
 of straw; waste one's s., be spendthrift); par- 
 ticular kind of matter (a heavy, porous, yellow, 
 transparent, s.; the small number of ss. that 
 make up the world). [OF, f. L substantia (sub 2 , 
 stare stand, -ance)] 
 
 substantial (-shl), a. Having substance, 
 actually existing, not illusory, (the ghost proved 
 s. after all) ; of real importance or value, of 
 considerable amount, (opp. nominal, verbal ; a 
 s. argument, point ; made a s. contribution, s. 
 progress, s. concessions) ; of solid material or 
 structure, not flimsy, stout, (a s. hou-e ; a man 
 of s. build) ; possessed of property, well-to-do, 
 commercially sound, (a s. yeoman ; deal only 
 with s. firms) ; deserving the name in essentials, 
 virtual, practical, (s. truth, agreement, success, 
 performance of contract). Hence or cogn. 
 substantia'liTY n., substantially 2 adv. 
 [f. OF substanciel f. Lsubstatrfialis (prec, -al)] 
 
 substa'ntialism, n. (philos.). Doctrine 
 that behind phenomena there are substantial 
 realities. So substantialiST(2), n. [-ism] 
 
 substantialize, v.t. & i. Invest with or 
 acquire substance or actual existence, [-ize] 
 
 substantiate (-shl-), v.t. Prove the truth 
 of, give good grounds for, (charge, statement, 
 claim). Hence substantiATioN (-si-, -shi-) 
 n. [med.L substantiare f. L substantia sub- 
 stance, -ate 3 ] 
 
 su'bstantive, a. & n. Expressing existence 
 (the s. verb, the vb be); having a separate & 
 independent existence, not merely inferential 
 or implicit or subservient or parasitic, (.s. enact- 
 ment, motion, &c, made in due form as such ; 
 noun s., old name for the noun in the now 
 usual sense distinguishing it from the noun 
 adjective now called adjective simply) ; hence 
 su'bstantiveLY 2 adv. (esp. in gram., = 
 substantially). (X.) noun s., noun in the now 
 usual sense excluding adjectives ; so sub- 
 stanti'VAL a., substanti'valLY 2 adv. [F 
 (-if, -ive), f. L substantivus self-existent (sub- 
 stance, -ive)] 
 
 substitute, n., & v.t. Person or thing per- 
 forming some function instead of another. 
 (Vb) make (person or thing) fill a place or dis- 
 charge a function for or for another ; put in 
 exchange (for) ; so substitu'tiON n., sub- 
 stitu'tionAL, substitu'tionARY !, sub- 
 stitutive, aa., substitutionary - adv. [f. 
 L suB(stitucre -ut- — statuere see statute)] 
 
 subsume, v.t. Include (instance &c.) under 
 a rule or class. Hence subsumpTioN n. 
 [sub-, L sumere sumpt- take] 
 
 subtend, v.t. (geom.). (Of chord, side of 
 triangle) be opposite to (arc, angle), [f. L sub- 
 (tendere tens- stretch)] 
 
 subtense, n. Line subtending arc or angle, 
 [f. Lp.p. (prec)] 
 
 subter-, pref. = under, less than, esp. in wds 
 formed as opposites to compounds of super-, 
 as -position, -human, -natural. [L(sub'~, -ter 
 as in inter 2 )] 
 
 su'bterfug'e, n. Attempt to escape censure 
 or defeat in argument by evading the issue, 
 statement &c resorted to for such purpose, 
 use of such statements &c [f. LL subterfu- 
 gium f. L suBTER(/wgrere flee)] 
 
 For words in sub- not given see sub-. 
 
SUBTILE 
 
 877 
 
 SUCH 
 
 sub'til(e), a. (Archaic for) subtle. Hence 
 or cogn. sub* till zecJ, 3) v.t. & i., subtiliz- 
 ation n., sub'tilTY n. (archaic). [ME sotilt. 
 OF sutil f. L subtilis perh. orig. = fine- woven 
 (8UB 2 , tela web)] 
 
 subtle (sutl), (archaic) sub*til(e), a. 
 Tenuous or rarefied (archaic), pervasive 
 owing to tenuity, (the s. air, a s. vapour ; of 
 s. texture, a s. perfume); evasive, mysterious, 
 hard to grasp or trace, (s. magic, charm, power, 
 art ; a s. distinction) ; making fine distinctions, 
 having delicate perception, acute, (s. senses, 
 perception, insight; as. observer, philosopher, 
 intellect, minii) ; ingenious, elaborate, clever, 
 (a s. device, fancy, workman, explanation, 
 policy; s. fingers); crafty, cunning, (.,ow the 
 serpent teas more s. than any beast ; a s. 
 enemy). Hence sub'tLY 2 adv. [earlier sub- 
 til(e)] 
 
 sub'tlety, n. In adj. senses; also, a fine 
 distinction, a piece of hair-splitting, [f. OF 
 soutiliU f. L subtilitatem (subtil, -ty)] 
 
 subtra'ct, v.t. Deduct (part, quantity, 
 number) from whole or greater quantity or 
 number, esp. in arithmetic or algebra. Hence 
 or cogn. subtpa'etiON n., subtpa'etiVE a. 
 [f. L suB(trahei-e tract- draw)] 
 
 su'btrahend, n. What is to be subtracted 
 in a subtraction sum. [L as prec, -nd *] 
 
 su'bulate (at), su'buliropm, aa. (bot., 
 zool.). Awl-shaped. [L subula awl (suere sew), 
 
 -ATE 2 , -I-, -FORM] 
 
 su'burb, n. Outlying district of city (the ss. , 
 all or one of such districts, as a house in the 
 ss., also the environs). So subup'bAN a. [f. 
 OF suburbe f . L BVB(urbium f. urbs urbis city)] 
 
 subvention, n. Grant of money in aid, 
 subsidy. [F, f. L subventionem f. s\JB(venire, 
 vent- come) assist, -ion] 
 
 subvep't, v.t. Overturn, upset, effect de- 
 struction or overthrow of, (religion, monarchy, 
 the constitution, principles, morality). Hence 
 or cogn. subvep'sioN n., subvep'siVE a. 
 [f. F subvertir t. L siJBivertere vers- turn)] 
 
 sue-, = sub- in L compounds of sub with 
 words in c- & their derivatives. 
 
 succa'des, n. pi. (commerc. ). Candied fruits 
 in syrup. [L succus juice, -ade(1)] 
 
 sueeeda'neum (-ks-), n. (pi. -ea). Substi- 
 tute, thing or rarely person that one falls back 
 on in default of another. So succeda'neous 
 a. [neut. of L succcdaneus (foil., -aneous)] 
 
 succee'd (ks), v.t. & i. Take the place 
 previously filled by, follow (t. & i.) in order, 
 come next (to), ensue, be subsequent (to), come 
 by inheritance or in due order to or to office or 
 title or property, (day succeeds day or to day ; 
 agita tion s :; cceecled calm or succeeded ; succeed- 
 ing ag.s will reverence his memory ; Elizabeth 
 succeeded Mary, succeeded to the throne, suc- 
 ceeded) ; have success, be successful, prosper, 
 accomplish one's purpose, (of plan &c.) be 
 brought to successful issue, [f. Ysuccider f. L 
 suc(cedere cess- go)] 
 
 succe'ntop (-ks-), n. Leading bass in choir ; 
 precentor's deputy. [LL, f. L BUC(cinere -cent- 
 =canere sing), -or 2 ] 
 
 sweeps d'estime (F), n. Passably cordial 
 reception given to performance or work from 
 respect rather than appreciation. 
 
 succe'ss, n. Issue of undertaking (rare; 
 with good or bad s.) ; favourable issue, accom- 
 plishment of end aimed at, attainment of 
 wealth or fame or position, (have inquired for 
 it without s.; military ss.; spoilt by s.; nothing 
 succeeds like s., one s. leads to others), whence 
 sucee'ssFUL a., succe'ssfulLY 2 adv.; thing 
 or person that turns out well (the experiment 
 
 is a s. ; was a great s. as a bishop), [f. OF 
 succes f. L successus -us (succeed)] 
 
 succession (-shn), n. A following in order 
 (esp. in s. ; three great victories in s., run- 
 ning, without intervening defeat) ; series of 
 things in s. (a s. of disasters, several run- 
 ning) ; (right of) succeeding to the throne or 
 any office or inheritance, set or order of persons 
 having such right, (laws regulating the s. ; 
 claimed, was excluded jrom, the s.; the s. must 
 not be broken; is second, in the s. ; was left to 
 him & his s., heirs ; apostoiic s., uninterrupted 
 transmission of spiritual authority through 
 bishops from the apostles downwards ; law of 
 s., regulating inheritance esp. in cases of intes- 
 tate decease ; s. duties, taxes on property pass- 
 ing by s.) ; (Biol.) order of descent in develop- 
 ment of species. Hence succe'ssionAL a. 
 [F, f. L successionem (succeed, -ion)] 
 
 successive, a. Following one after another, 
 in uninterrupted succession, running, consecu- 
 tive. Hence sueee'ssi vol y 2 adv. [f. rued.L 
 successivus (succeed, -ive)] 
 
 succe'ssop. n. Person or thing that suc- 
 ceeds to another (cf. predecessor). [L (suc- 
 ceed, -or 2 )] 
 
 succi'net (-ks-), a. Terse, concise, briefly ex- 
 pressed. Hence sueei'nctLY 2 adv., sue- 
 ci'nctNESS n. [f. LL succinctus f. L suc(cm- 
 gere cinct- gird) tuck up] 
 
 su'eeopy, n. = chicory, [corrupt, of cichory 
 
 = CHICORYJ 
 
 su*ccose,a. Sappy. [f.L suc(c)us juice, -ose 1 ] 
 
 su'eeoup (-ker), v.t., & n. Come to the as- 
 sistance of, give aid to, (person in danger or 
 difficulty). (N.) aid given at time of need ; (pi., 
 archaic) reinforcements, troops coming to the 
 rescue ; hence su'cgoupless a. [vb f. OF su- 
 curre f. L svc(currerecurs- run) ; n. f. OF socors 
 f. med.L succursus -us (succurrere)] 
 
 su'ecuba, -bus, n. (pi. -bae, -bi). Female 
 demon having sexual intercourse with sleeping 
 men. [L (-ba), t. BUC(cumbere lie)] 
 
 su*cculent,a. Juicy (of lit. or fig. food); (Bot.) 
 thick & fleshy, having such leaves or stems. 
 Hence su*ccu1ence n., su*cculentLY 2 adv. 
 [F, f. L succulentus (svecus juice, -lent)] 
 
 succu'mb (-m), v.i. Be overcome, have to 
 cease from resistance or competition or other 
 effort, be forced to give way to, die owing to, 
 die, (s. to one's enemies, superior numbers, grief, 
 temptation), [f. L BVC(cumbere lie)] 
 
 succup*sal,a. (Of chapel of ease) subsidiary. 
 [!. F (Sglise) succursale subsidiary (church) f. 
 med.L as succour, -al] 
 
 such (-tsh), a. (placed not between a 8c its n. 
 but before or after them), & pron. Of the same 
 kind or degree as (s. people, people s„ as these ; 
 s. beauty as yours ; experiences s. as this are 
 rare ; s. grapes as you never saw ; s. as also = 
 of the or a kind that, as 8. a scarlet as makes 
 the eyes ache) ; so great, so natured in some re- 
 spect, as to do or that (is s. as to make one de- 
 spair ; had s. a fright that she hardly survived 
 it); of the kind or degree already described or 
 implied or intelligible from the context or cir- 
 cumstances (never had s. sport ; there are no s. 
 doings now ; s. things make one despair ; s. are 
 the privileges of fatherhood ; don't be in 8. a 
 hurry ; how could you leave him at s. a time ? ; 
 saw jiist s. another yesterday long may he 
 continue s. ! ; often colloq. preceding adj. & n. 
 with the effect of so modifying the adj., as s. 
 horrid language, language so horrid, was it s. 
 a long time ago ?, don't want s. a big one or s. 
 big ones; also rarely used twice as relative 
 & correl., as s. masters, servant, the 'servant 
 is s. as the master is); (in legal or formal 
 
SUCK 
 
 878 
 
 SUFFERANCE 
 
 style) the aforesaid, of the aforesaid kind (who- 
 ever shall make s. return falsely) ; so great!, 
 of a kind that demands exclamatory descrip- 
 tion, {we have had s. sport!, s. an enjoyable 
 evening .') ; of a kind or degree sufficient to ac- 
 count for the preceding or following statement 
 (he cannot come too often, he gives s. pleasure ; 
 there was s. a draught, it is no wonder he caught 
 cold); (also s.-<fr-s.) particular, of particular 
 kind, but not needing to be specified (s. an one, 
 s. a one, archaic, s.-dfr-s. a person, some one, so- 
 &-so ; s.-&-s. results will follow Jrom s.-dt-s. 
 causes); su'chlike, of s. kind (now chiefly vulg.; 
 & see below). (Pron.) s. as, those who (chiefly 
 archaic or poet, or rhet. ; s. as sit in darkness) ; 
 that, the action &c. referred to, (/ may have 
 offended, but s. was not my intention) ; as s., as 
 being what has been named (in country places 
 a stranger is welcome as s.); all s., persons of 
 s. character (so perish all s.!) ; (also suchlike; 
 chiefly vulg.) things of s. kind (do not hold with 
 theatres & balls & s. or s.-l.); (vulg. or com- 
 merc.) the aforesaid thing(s), it, they or them, 
 (those who leave parcels in the train cannot ex- 
 pect to recover s.). [OE swylc (sivd so, -LY 1 ); 
 cf. Du. zulk, G soldi f. OHG solich] 
 
 suck, v.t. & i., & n. Draw (milk, liquid) into 
 mouth by making vacuum with muscles of lips 
 &c., (fig.) imbibe or gain (knowledge, advan- 
 tage, &c; also s. in knoivledge, s. advantage 
 out of) ; draw milk or liquid or sustenance or 
 advantage from (s. d?*y, exhaust of contents 
 thus ; s. the breast of; the mother whom he 
 sucked ; sucked orange, thing in which there is 
 no goodness left; s. one's brains, extract his 
 ideas for one's own use); roll the tongue about, 
 squeeze in the mouth, (s. sweets, one's teeth, 
 &c); (of absorbent substance) s. in or up, ab- 
 sorb; (of whirlpool &c.) s. in, engulf; s. the 
 breast or udder (part., not yet weaned, as suck- 
 ing child, sucking-pig, also fig. unpractised, 
 budding, as sucking barrister, saint), s. some- 
 thing, use sucking action, make sucking sound, 
 (sat sucking a hispipe ; pump &zc sucks.makes 
 gurgling or drawingsound ; sucking-disk, suck- 
 er). (N.) opportunity of sucking the breast 
 (give s., of mother or nurse or animal suckling 
 child &c); drawing action of whirlpool &c; 
 spell of sucking with lips or in mouth (take a s. 
 at it) ; small draught of or of liquor ; (schoolboy 
 slang, pi.) sweets ; (schoolboy slang) disappoint- 
 ment, fiasco, (what as.!; ss.!, intt. expr. amuse- 
 ment at another's failure after confidence). 
 [OE siican, cf. L sugerc suet-, G sattgen] 
 
 su'ckep, n., & v.t. & i. Person or thing that 
 sucks, esp. sucking-pig or new-born whale ; 
 kinds of fish that suck in food or have mouth 
 suggesting suction or adhere by sucking-disk ; 
 piston of suction-pump ; pipe through which 
 liquid is drawn by suction ; (also sucking-disk) 
 flat or concave surface (as organ in some ani- 
 mals, also acetabulum, or artificial of rubber 
 &c. in machinery or appliances) that adheres 
 by suction & atmospheric pressure to what it 
 is placed against; (Bot.) shoot springing from 
 subterranean part of stem, from part of root 
 remote from main stem, from axil, or abnorm- 
 ally from bole or branch (v.t., remove ss. from; 
 v.i., produce ss.). [-er 1 ] 
 
 su'ekle, v.t. Give suck to. T-le'3)] 
 
 su'eklingr, n. Unweaned child or animal 
 (babes & ss., the utterly inexperienced), [obs. 
 sokel one who sucks f. suck, -le(1), + -ing 3 ] 
 
 su'erose, n. Cane-sugar or any of the su- 
 gars of the same composition & properties. [F 
 sucre sugar, -ose 2 ] 
 
 su'etion, n. Sucking ; production of partial 
 vacuum by removal of air &c. for purpose of 
 
 enabling external atmospheric pressure to 
 force in liquid or produce adhesion of surfaces ; 
 s.-chamber, -pipe, in s.-pump ; s.-fan, for with- 
 drawing chafF &c. from grain by s. ; s.-plate, 
 holding set of artificial upper teeth & adhering 
 to palate bys.; s.-pwmp, drawing waterthrough 
 pipe into chamber exhausted by piston. IF (L 
 sugere suet- suck, -ion)] 
 
 sueto-P'ial, a. (zool.). Adapted for or capa- 
 ble of sucking, having sucker for feeding or 
 adhering. [L suctorius (prec, -ORV), -al] 
 
 Sudanese (soo-). = Soudanese. 
 
 sudar'ium, n. (pi. -ia). Kerchief of St Ve- 
 ronica miraculously stamped with face of 
 Christ ; any miraculous portrait of Christ ; nap- 
 kin about Christ's head (John xx. 7). [L, = 
 handkerchief (sudor sweat, -art *)] 
 
 suda'tion, n. Sweating, [f. L sudatio (su- 
 dare sweat, -ion)] 
 
 sudatorium, n. (pi. -ia). Hot-air bath. [L 
 (prec, -ORV)] 
 
 su'datory, a. & n. Promoting perspiration. 
 (N.) s. drug ; = prec. [f. L sudatorius (as suda- 
 tion, -ORY)] 
 
 sudd, n. Floating plants, trees, &c, imped- 
 ing navigation of White Nile. [Arab., = barrier] 
 
 su'dden (-dn), a. & n. Occurring or come 
 upon or made or done unexpectedly or with- 
 out warning, abrupt, abnormally rapid, hur- 
 ried, (s. death, need, fear ; a s. resolve, depar- 
 ture, change, turn of the wrist, bend in the 
 road ; is very s. in his movements) ; hence 
 su'ddenLY 2 adv., su'ddenNESS n. (N.) of 
 or on a, rarely on the, s., suddenly, [f. OF 
 sodain t. L subitaneus (subitus sudden f. 
 suBire -it- come up, -aneous)] 
 
 sudori'ferous, a. Sweat-producing (of ■ 
 glands), (f. hsudorifer (sudor sweat, -ferous] 
 
 sudo-pi'fic, a. & n. (Drug) causing sweat. 
 [L sudor sweat, -i-, -fic] 
 
 Su'dpa (soo-), n. Lowest of four great Hindu 
 castes. [Hind.] 
 
 suds, n. pi. Froth of soap & water (usu. 
 soap-s.). [f. seethe] 
 
 sue, v.t. &i. Prosecute (person) in law-court; 
 entreat (person), make entreaty or application 
 to person or law-court, (for redress or a favour, 
 esp. woman's hand in marriage) ; s. out, make 
 petition in law-court for & obtain (writ, pardon, 
 &c). [f. OF suir (now suivre) follow f. LL 
 sequere for L sequi] 
 
 suede (swad), n. Undressed kid as used for 
 gloves & slippers (usu. attrib.). [F, = swede] 
 
 su'et, n. Hard fat of kidneys & loins of oxen, 
 sheep, &c. Hence su'etv 2 a. [OF sen f. L 
 sebum tallow, -et 1 ] 
 
 suf-, = sub- in L compds with wds in f- & 
 their derivatives. 
 
 su'fFep, v.t. & i. Undergo, experience, be 
 subjected to, (pain, loss, grief, defeat, .change* 
 punishment, wrong, Sec); undergo pain or 
 grief or damage or disab\emer\t(suffers acutely ; 
 suffering mortals ; was suffering from neu- 
 ralgia ; your repxdation will s. j the engine 
 suffered severely; trade is suffering from the 
 war), whence su , ffePER 1 ,su"frePiNG 1 (l), nn. 
 (often pi.); (of condemned man) be executed 
 (was to s. the next morning) ; permitJxLjlSt.^ 
 allow to go on, put up with, tolerate,, (s. them 
 to corner should not s. it for a moment; how 
 can you s. him or his insolence ?, whence., 
 chiefly w. neg., su'ffePABLE a.). jpfTOF 
 souffrir f. L suF(/erre bear)] 
 
 su'ffepanee, n. (Archaic) submissiveness; 
 tacit consent, permission or toleration implied 
 by abstinence from objection, (esp. on s., in 
 virtue of such toleration), [f. J sufferentia 
 
 (SUFFER, -ENCE)] 
 
BUFFETE 
 
 879 
 
 SUIT 
 
 su'ftete, n. One of two chief magistrates 
 of ancient Carthage, [f. L sufes -etis f. PunicJ 
 
 suffl'ce, v.i. & t. Be enough (to do, for per- 
 son or purpose, or abs.), be adequate, (your 
 word will s. ; that suffices to prove it ; s. it to 
 say that, I will content myself with saying 
 that) ; satisfy, meet the needs of, (half-a-dozen 
 sufficed him). Hence suffl'eingLY 2 adv. [ME 
 suffisen f. F suffire (part. -Jisant)t L svf( ficere 
 =facere make)! 
 
 sufficiency, n. (Archaic) being sufficient, 
 ability, efficiency ; adequate resources, a com- 
 
 [>etence, a sufficient amount of or of something, 
 f. LL sufficientia (foil., -ency)] 
 
 sufficient (-ishnt), a. & n. Sufficing, ade- 
 quate esp. in amount or number to the need, 
 enough, (is s. to feed a hundred men ; had not 
 s. courage for it; has impudence s. for any- 
 thing ; have you s. provisions ?), whence suf- 
 fl'cientLY 2 adv.; (archaic) competent, of ade- 
 quate ability or resources ; self-s. ; (n. ) enough, 
 a s. quantity, (chiefly vulg. for enough ; have 
 you had s.?). [f. L part, (suffice, -ent)] 
 
 suffl'x 1 , v.t. Append (letter, syllable) in 
 word-formation, [f. L 8vr(figerefix- fasten)] 
 
 su'fflx 2 , n. Suffixed letter or syllable (cf. 
 prefix, affix), [f. L p.p. (prec. )] 
 
 su'ffocate, v.t. & f. Choke or kill by stop- 
 ping respiration (of person, superincumbent 
 mass, fumes, &c); produce choking sensation 
 in, impede breath or utterance of, (suffocated 
 by grief, excitement, &c.) ; feel suffocated, gasp 
 for breath. Hence or cogn. su'ffbeatingLY 2 
 adv., suffoc.VTiON n. [f. L suffocare (sub 2 , 
 fauces throat)] 
 
 su'ffragan, a. & n. S. bishop or s., bishop 
 consecrated to assist bishop of see by managing 
 part of diocese, also any bishop in relation to 
 his archbishop or metropolitan (s. see &c, of s. 
 bishop). Hence su'ffragansHip n. [f. med.L 
 suffraganeus assistant (bishop) f. L suffragari 
 support with vote (foil.)] 
 
 su'ffrage (-ij), n. Vote, approval or consent 
 expressed by voting, (the electors gave their ss. 
 for free trade ; also transf., as the biplane has 
 my s., I think it preferable) ; the right of voting 
 inpoliticalelection8(^es.,arma7i7iOod,tyoman, 
 universal, &c, 8.; manhood s., extended to all 
 adult males without property tests Sec; woman 
 s., extended to women as well as men ; univer- 
 sal s., extended to all adults); (Eccl.) short 
 petition of congregation, esp. one said in re- 
 sponse to priest, (archaic) an intercessory 
 prayer. [F, f. L suffragium, perh. orig. pot- 
 sherd used as ballot (cf. ostracism) f. 8UF(/rt7i- 
 gere=frangere break)]. 
 
 suffragette, n. (Facet, name for) woman 
 who agitates for woman-suffrage, [incorrect 
 use of -ette] 
 
 su'fFragist, n. One who attaches impor- 
 tance to (esp. some extension of) the suffrage 
 (woman-s. &c). [-ist] 
 
 suffu'se (z), v.t. (Of colour or moisture) 
 well up from within & colour or moisten (a 
 olush, tears, suffiused her cheeks, eyes ; often in 
 p.p., as skies suffused with amethyst). So suf- 
 fu'SiON n. [f . L. BV¥(fundere fus- pour)] 
 
 su'fi (sob-), sd'fi, n. Mohammedan panthe- 
 istic mystic. Hence su'ftc, so-, a., su'f ism(3), 
 so-, n. [Arab, (sufiy intelligent)] 
 
 sug-, = sub- in L compds w. wds in g- & 
 their derivatives. 
 
 su'gap (shoo-), n., & v.t. & i. Kinds of sweet 
 crystalline substance prepared from various 
 plants esp. the s.-cane & beet for use in cook- 
 ery, confectionery, brewing, &o. (cane, beet, 
 maple, &c, s., named from plant of origin ; 
 brown,white,powdered, lump 1 , castor 2 , loaf 1 , 
 
 s.); sweet words, flattery, anything serving 
 purpose of s. put round pill in reconciling person 
 to what is unpalatable; (Chem.) kinds of solu- 
 ble sweet-tasting fermentable carbohydrate 
 divided according to their composition into 
 glucoses & saccharoses; s. -basin, holding s. for 
 table use ; s.-bean, kinds of pulse & kidney- 
 bean ; s.-beet, kinds from which 8. is extracted ; 
 s.-bird, kinds that suck flowers; s. -candy, 
 candy ; s.-cane, a grass with jointed 6tem3 
 18-20 ft high from which s. is made; s.-gum, 
 Australian gum-tree with sweet foliage ; s.- 
 house, establishment in which raw s. is made ; 
 s.-loaf 1 ; s.-maple, tree from sap of which s. is 
 made ; s.-mill, for crushing s.-cane & express- 
 ing s.; s.-mite, kind infesting unrefined s.; «.- 
 orchard, of 8. -maples ; s.-plum, sweetmeat, esp. 
 small ball of boiled s.; s.-refiner(y), (establish- 
 ment of) manufacturer who refines raw s.; 8.- 
 tongs, 6mall tongs for taking up lump-s. at 
 table; hence su'gapv 2 , su "gar less, aa., 
 su'gapiNESS n. (vb) sweeten with s. lit. or 
 fig. ; (slang) work lazily, not do one's full share 
 of work, not put forth all one's strength, whence 
 su'gaPER 1 n. [f. F sucre t. Sp. azucar t. 
 Arab, sahkar t. Pers. shakar f. Skr. carkara 
 gravel, candy, whence Gk sakkharon] 
 
 sugge'st (swj-), v.t. Cause (idea) to present 
 itself, call up the idea of by mention or a230- 
 ciation, (thing suggests itself, comes into the 
 mind) ; propose (theory, plan, often expressed 
 in that-cl&use) for acceptance or rejection, set 
 up the hypothesis that, (suggested a retreat, 
 that they should retreat ; Is. that, formula of 
 examining counsel in imputing motives &c.= I 
 put it to you, as J s. that you had a secret un- 
 derstanding with them), [f. L s\JQ(gerere gest- 
 bring)] 
 
 sugge'stible, a. That may be suggested ; 
 open to hypnotic suggestion. Hence sug- 
 gestiBi'LiTY n. [-IBLE] 
 
 sugge'stio fa'lsi (-tlo), n. Positive mis- 
 representation not involving direct lie but go- 
 ing beyond concealment of theitruth (cf. sup- 
 pressio veri). [L] 
 
 suggestion (-stshn), n. Suggesting (full of 
 s., suggesting many ideas, stimulating, reflec- 
 tion) ; theory or plan suggested; suggesting of 
 prurient ideas ; insinuation of a belief or im- 
 pulse into the mind of a hypnotic subject, such 
 belief or impulse. So sugge'stivs a., sug- 
 ge'stiveLY 2 adv., sugge'stiveNESS n. [F, 
 f. L suGGESTionewi (-ion)T 
 
 su'i, genit. of L suus his, her, its, or their, 
 own: s. ge'neris pred. a., not classifiable with 
 others, unique ; s. juris pred. a., of full age & 
 capacity, independent. 
 
 su'icide, n. 1. Person who intentionally 
 kills himself ; (Law) s. of years of discretion & 
 sane mind. 2. Intentional self-slaughter (in 
 law, as in 1 ; esp. commit s., kill oneself) ; 
 action destructive to one's own interests or 
 continuance in some capacity (commit political 
 s., ruin one's prospects as a politician ; races., 
 failure of a people to maintain its numbers); 
 hence suici'd al a., suici'dalLY 2 adv. [form- 
 ed on false anal, of fratricide &c. f. Lsui genit. 
 of se self, -cide(1, 2)] 
 
 su*illine,a. Of the hog family. [Lsuillusot 
 pigs (sus pig), -ine J ] 
 
 suit(sut), n., & v.t. &i. Suing, petition, seek- 
 ing of woman's hand in marriage, (make 8., 
 urge a humble request ; with lowly s.; has a *. 
 to the king ; oress, push, &c, one's s. ; prosper 
 in one's s.); legal prosecution of a claim, action 
 in law-court, (also laws., s.-at-law ; criminal, 
 civil, &c, s.) ; any of the four Bets (hearts, dia- 
 monds, spades, clubs) into which pack of cards 
 
SUITABLE 
 
 880 
 
 SUMACH 
 
 is divided, player's holding in it (long, short, s. 
 in whist, of more than three, less than four, 
 cards) ; set of man's clothes esp. when of same 
 cloth, consisting usu. of coat, waistcoat, & 
 trousers or knickerbockers or breeches (often 
 s. of clothes; dress s., for evening dress ; s. of 
 dittos ; s.-case, kind of small portmanteau), 
 whence sui'tiNGMS) n.; set of sails, set of ar- 
 mour, for simultaneous use. (Vb) accommodate, 
 adapt, make fitting or appropriate, to (s. the 
 action to the word, carry out promise or threat 
 at once; s. one's style to one's audience), (p.p.) 
 appropriate to, well adapted or having the right 
 qualities for, (democracy is not suited to or -j or 
 negroes : is not suited to be or for an, engineer); 
 satisfy, meet the demands or requirements or 
 interests of, (does not s. all tastes ; it suits me 
 or, prob. w. ref. to betting, my book to put up 
 with him ; s. yourself, do as you choose, also 
 find something that satisfies you, esp. as serv- 
 ant's formula in giving warning), (of food, cli- 
 mate, &c.) improve or be consistent with the 
 health of, agree with, (cold, asparagus, does 
 not s. me) ; comport with or with, go well with 
 appearance or character of, become, (red do:s 
 not s. wtih or s. her complexion ; the part suits 
 him admirably ; mercy suits a king) ; be con- 
 venient 'that ante will s.). [vb f. n., f. OF suite 
 following f. med. L secuta (L sequi secut- follow)] 
 
 sui'table, a. Suited to or for, well fitted for 
 the purpose, appropriate to the occasion. Hence 
 suitaBixiT v, sul'tablexESS, nn.,sui*tabLY 2 
 adv. [prec., -able] 
 
 suite (swet), n. Rotinue, set of persons in 
 attendance ; set of things belonging together, 
 esp. s. of rooms or furniture, (Mus.) series of 
 dance tunes. [F, as suit] 
 
 sui'tor, n. Party to law-suit ; petitioner ; 
 wooer, man who asks for woman's hand in 
 marriage, [suit, -or 2 ] 
 
 sulvoz (swe'va), mus. direction instructing 
 accompanist to suit his time &c. to soloist's per- 
 formance. [FJ 
 
 su'loate, a. (bot., anat.). Grooved, fluted, 
 channelled. [L sulcus furrow, -ate 2 ] 
 
 sulk, n., & v.i. Sulky fit (usu. pi., esp. in the 
 ss.) ; (vb) be sulky, [back-formation f. foil.] 
 
 su'lky, a. & n. Sullen, morose, silent or in- 
 active or unsociable from resentment or ill- 
 temper ; hence su*lkiLV 2 adv., su'lkiNESs n. 
 (N.) light two- wheeled one-horse vehicle for 
 ■ingle person, [back-formation by wrong divi- 
 sion of syllables f. obs. sulkcness, OE solcenes 
 (solcen slothful, -ness) sloth] 
 
 Su'llan, a. (Rom. hist). Of, enacted bv, L. 
 Cornelius Sulla, [-an] 
 
 su'llen (-en), a. & n. Passively resentful, un- 
 forgiving, gloomy-tempered, unsociable, not 
 responding to friendliness or encouragement 
 or urging, stubbornly ill-humoured, morose, of 
 dismal aspect; hence su'llenLY 2 adv., su'l- 
 lenNESS n. (X., pi.) the ss., s. frame of mind, 
 ill-temper, depression. [ME & OF solain lonely 
 (L solus SOLE 3 , -AN)] 
 
 su'lly, v.t. Soil, tarnish, (chiefly poet.) ; di- 
 minish the purity or splendour of (reputation, 
 character, victory, &c), disgrace. [OE sylian 
 (sol mire), cf. G suhlen ; also partly f. soil 2 ] 
 
 sulph(o)-, comb, forms of sulphur: sul- 
 pha'mic, derived from anamicacid of sulphuric 
 acid, so swlpham ate1(3) ; swlphate, salt of sul- 
 phuric acid (s. of copper, blue vitriol ; s. of iron, 
 green vitriol; s. of magnesium, Epsom salts; 
 s. of sodium, Glauber's salts; s. of zinc, white 
 vitriol) ; su'lphide, compound of sulphur with 
 element or radical; su'lphite, salt of sulphurous 
 acid ; sulphocya'nic, containing sulphur & cy- 
 anogen ; 8ulph(o)indigdtic t of sulphuric acid 
 
 & indigo; sul'phonal, a hypnotic & anaes- 
 thetic drug ; sulphovi'nic, of sulphuric acid & 
 alcohol. 
 
 su'lphup, n., a., & v.t. Pale-yellow non-me- 
 tallic element occurring in crystalline & amor- 
 phous modifications, burning with blue flame 
 & stifling smell, & used in making gunpowder, 
 matches, vulcanite, & sulphuric acid, & in med- 
 ical treatment of skin-diseases (flowers, milk, 
 of s., yellow, white, powders got by treating s. 
 in certain ways ; roll, stick, -s., s. refined & cast 
 in moulds, brimstone) ; kinds of yellow butter- 
 fly ; material of which hell-flre & lightning 
 were held to consist; s.-ore, iron pyrites; .<?.- 
 spring, of water impregnated with b. or its 
 compounds ; s.-wort, yellow-flowered herb for- 
 merly used in medicine ; hence su'lphupv 2 a. 
 (Adj.) of pale slightly greenish yellow. (Vb) 
 apply s. to, fumigate with s. [L (also -fur)] 
 
 sulphurate, v.t. Impregnate or fumigate 
 or treat with sulphur, esp. in bleaching. Hence 
 sulphuPATiON, sul*phupatOR 2 (2), nn. [f. L 
 
 8ULPHUR(aiuS -ATE 2 ), -ATE 3 ] 
 
 sulphup'eous, a. Of, like, suggesting, buI- 
 phur; (Bot.) sulphur-coloured. [L sulphureus 
 (SULPHUR), -ousj 
 
 sulphi re'tted, a. Having sulphur in com- 
 bination (chiefly in s. hydrogen, a transparent 
 colourless fetid gas), [obs. sulphuret (sulphur, 
 -et 1 ) sulphide, -ed 2 ] 
 
 sulphur'ic, a.ichem.). Containingsulphurin 
 its higher combining proportion (cf. sulphur- 
 ous ; s. acid, oil of vitriol, a dense oily colour- 
 less highly acid & corrosive fluid much used 
 in the arts) ; s. ether, = ether in chem. sense). 
 [-10 (chem.)] 
 
 siriphurize (-er-, -fir-), v.t. = sulphurate. 
 Hence sulphupizATiON n. [-ize] 
 
 su'lphupous (-er-, -ur-), a. = sulphureous ; 
 (Chem.) containing sulphur in its lower com- 
 bining proportion (cf. sulphuric; s. acid). 
 [f. F sulfureux f. L sulphur(osus -ose 1 )] 
 
 su'ltan, n. Mohammedan sovereign (the S., 
 s. of Turkey), whence su'ltan ate i n. ; kinds of 
 gorgeously coloured bird of rail family; variety 
 of white domestic fowl from Turkey; sweet, 
 yellow, s., kinds of garden flower. [F f. Arab.] 
 
 sulta'na (-tab-), n. Sultan's mother, wife, 
 or daughter; mistress of king &c; sultan-bird; 
 kind of raisin grown at Smyrna & used ia 
 puddings & cakes. [It., f. sultano (prec.)] 
 
 su'ltaness, n. = prec. (first sense), [-ess 1 ] 
 
 su'ltpy, a. (Of atmosphere or weather) hot 
 & close or oppressive. Hence su'ltriLT 2 adv., 
 su'ltPiNESS n. [earlier sweltry (swelter, -t 2 )] 
 
 sum, n., & v.t. & i. Total amount resulting 
 from addition of items, brief expression that 
 includes but does not specify details, substance, 
 summary, (also s. total; the s. of all my wishes 
 is happiness ; the s. of two & three is five ; 8., 
 remainder, product, quotient, results of ad 
 dition, subtraction, multiplication division 
 the s. or s. & substance of his objections is this 
 ins., briefly & comprehensively put); particu- 
 lar amount of money (what s. would you give 
 for it ? ; for the s. of 15/- ; a good, round, con- 
 siderable, s.; lump 1 s.); (working out of) an 
 arithmetical problem (good at ss. ; did a rapid 
 s. in his head). (Vb) collect into or express 
 or include as one total or whole (often up), 
 gather up (evidence, points of argument &c, 
 already treated in detail) into brief review; 
 s. up (intr.), make recapitulation of evidence 
 or argument (esp. of judge after both sides have 
 been heard ; so summing-up n.). [f. F somme(r) 
 f. L summa n. orig. fern, of summus highest 
 (super-), summare vb] 
 su*m&C(h) (-k), n. (Dried & ground leaves, 
 
SUMMARIZE 
 
 881 
 
 SUNDER 
 
 used in tanning & dyeing, of) kinds of shrub. 
 [F (now -ac), f. Sp. zumaque f. Arab, summaq] 
 
 su'mm arize, v.t. Make or be a summary 
 of, sum up. So su'mmapiSTd) n. [foil., -ize] 
 
 su'mraary, a. & n. Compendious, brief, dis- 
 pensing with needless details or formalities, 
 done with dispatch, (a s. account; s. methods, 
 jurisdiction, &c.); hence sirmmariLY 2 adv. 
 (N.)brie account, abridgment, epitome, [(n. f. 
 L summariumjf. *summarius (suMma, -ary 1 )] 
 
 summa'tion, n. Addition, finding of total 
 or sum. [f. F sommation (L suwnare, -ation)] 
 
 sirmmer 1 , n., & v.i. & t. Second or hot 
 season of the year, May-July (Astr., 21 June- 
 21 Sep.), (Indian, St martin's, s.; St Luke's s., 
 period of fine weather expected about 18th Oc- 
 tober); (usu. in pi. with number &c.) year of 
 life or age (a child of ten ss.); (attrib.) charac- 
 teristic of or fit for s. (s.-house, light building 
 in garden &c. for sitting in; s. lightning, dis- 
 tant sheet lightning; s.-time); hence sum'- 
 mePLYi, sirmmerv 2 , su'mmePLESs, aa. 
 ( Vb) pass the s. usu. at or in place ; pasture 
 (cattle) at or in. [OE stimor, cf, Du. zomer, G 
 sommer, Skr. savia year] 
 
 su'mmeP 2 , n. Large beam, girder, breast- 
 summer, lintel, or stone laid on column or 
 pilaster as commencement of arch(es). [see 
 breastsummer] 
 
 summersault, -set. = somersault. 
 
 su'mmit, n. Highest point, top, apex, high- 
 est degree, (the icy ss. of the Alps; at the s. 
 of power ; the s. of my ambition is). Hence 
 su*mmitLESS a. [f. F sommet (OF som top 
 f. L summum neut. of svwmus, -et 1 )] 
 
 su'mmon, v.t. Demand the presence of, 
 call upon to appear, esp. as defendant or wit- 
 ness in law-court, cite, convoke, invite; call 
 upon (town &c.) td eurrender; s. up, gather 
 courage, spirit, &c, usu. to do or for under- 
 taking, [f. OF somoner f. LsUB(mo?iere warn)] 
 
 su'mmons, n. (pi. -ses), & v.t. Authorita- 
 tive call or urgent invitation to attend on some 
 occasion or do something; citation to appear 
 before judge or magistrate (vb, serve with s.), 
 [AF somonse = OF semonse orig. fem. p.p. of 
 semondre f. L as prec] 
 
 swmmum bo'nutn, n. The chief good, esp. 
 as the end or ultimate determining principle in 
 an ethical system. [L] 
 
 su'mpter, n. (Archaic) pack-horse or its 
 driver; s.-horse, -mule, -pony, pack-animals. 
 [f. OF sommetier pack-horse driver f. LL * sag- 
 matarius ( = sagmarius see breastsummer) f. 
 Gk sagma -atos pack-saddle (satto pack, -m)] 
 
 su'mption (-shn), n. Major premiss of syl- 
 logism, [f. L sumptio f. sumere sumpt- take = 
 sub-, emere take, buy, -ion] . 
 
 su'mptuary, a. Regulating expenditure 
 (s. law, edict, &c, limiting private expenditure 
 in the interest of the State), [f. hsumptuarius 
 (sumptus -us cost as prec] 
 
 su'mptuous, a. Rich & costly, suggesting 
 lavish expenditure. Hence su'mptuousLY 2 
 adv., su'mptuousNESS n. [f. L sumptuosus 
 (prec, -ose 1 )] 
 
 sun, n., & v.t. & i. The heavenly body that 
 the earth travels round & receives wa.rmth & 
 light from, such light or warmth or both, (.s\ 
 rises, sets, is brought by earth's revolution 
 above, below, the horizon ; his, its, &c, s. is set, 
 time of prosperity or existence is over; rise 
 with the s., get up early ; Order of the Rising S. , 
 Japanese order; hail or adore the rising s., 
 curry favour with new or coming power ; em- 
 pire &c. on which the s. never sets, world-wide ; 
 let not the s. go down upon your wrath, limit 
 
 it to one day ; the midnight s., seen in arctic & 
 
 antarctic regions ; nothing new under the s., in 
 the world ; mock s., parhelion ; <S. of righteous- 
 ness, Christ; see the s.,be alive; make hay 
 while the s. shines ; hold a candle to the s., pro v. 
 of superfluous action ; take, or slang shoot, 
 the s. naut., ascertain its altitude in order to fix 
 latitude; with, against, the s., clock 1 - wise, 
 counterclockwise, whence su'nwiSE adv.; e.'s 
 eyelashes, s.'s backstays naut., s. drawing wa- 
 ter, phenomenon given by rays piercing aper- 
 ture in cloud & illuminating suspended par- 
 ticles in parallel lines ; s. & planet, system of 
 gearing in whichcogged wheel on reciprocating 
 rod both rotates on its axis & travels round the 
 wheel that it engages & communicates motion 
 to ; exclude, let in, the s.; in the s., exposed to 
 s.'s rays; aplaceinthes. fig., favourable situa- 
 tion or conditions; take the s., expose oneself 
 to s. -light); any fixed star with satellite(s); (poet.) 
 day or year; (also s.-burner) set of gas-jets, 
 electric lights, &c, massed as one great light in 
 ceiling; s.-bath, exposure of naked body to s.; 
 su'nbeam, ray of s. ; s.-bird, kinds of small 
 bright-plumaged Ohl-World birds with resem- 
 blance to humming-birds ; s.-blind, window- 
 shade ; s.-bonnet, or linen &c with projection 
 & pendant back to shade face & neck ; s.-bow, 
 prismatic bow given by s. -light on spray &c; 
 su'nbum, tanning of face &c. by exposure to s., 
 zosu'nburntov -burneda,.; s.-dance, of N.-Amer. 
 Indians in honour of s. ; su'ndew, kinds of small 
 bog-plant with hairs secreting drops of mois- 
 ture ; s.-dial; s.-dog 1 ; su'ndown, sunset; su'n- 
 downer, Australian tramp who times his ar- 
 rival for the evening ; s.-dried, dried by s. & 
 not by artificial heat ; su'nfish, large fish of al- 
 most spherical shape ; su'nflower, kinds of tall 
 garden-plant with showy golden-rayed flowers; 
 s.-glow, whitish or faintly coloured corona of 
 light sometimes seen round s.; s.-god, the s. 
 worshipped as a deity ; s.^-hat, -helmet, adapted 
 by material or shape to keep s. off; su'nlight ; 
 su'nlit ; s.-myth, solar myth ; s. : picture, pho- 
 tograph ; su'nrise, (momentof) s.'s rising; su'n- 
 set, (moment of) s.'s setting, western sky with 
 colours characterizing s.-s. (attrib., resembling 
 these), (fig.) declining period of life ; su'nshade, 
 parasol, also awning of shop-window ; su'n- 
 shine, light of sun (s.-s. recorder, instrument 
 recording duration of s.-s.), surface illuminated 
 by it, fair weather, (fig.) cheerfulness or bright 
 influence, -?o su'nshiny a.; s. -snake, ornament 
 found in early N.-Europ. art shaped like S with 
 small circle at centre ; s.-spot, one of the dark 
 patches, changing in shape &size & lasting for 
 varying periods, sometimes observed on s.'s 
 surface ; s.-star, red starfish with many rays ; 
 s.-stone, kinds of quartz (esp. cat's-eye) & feld- 
 spar; su'nstroke, acute prostration from ex- 
 cessive heat of weather ; s.-worship(per); hence 
 sunless a., su'nlessNESS n., su'iilike, 
 su*nPROOF 2 , aa., sunward a. & adv., sun- 
 wards adv. (Vb) expose to the s. (s. oneself, 
 bask in s.-light); s. oneself. [OE sunne, cf. Du. 
 zon, G sonn°, ON sunna ; cogn. w. L sol, Goth. 
 sauil, ON sol] 
 
 Su'nday, n. First day of week, Lord's day, 
 observed as day of rest & worship (hospital, 
 low 1 , palm 1 , rogation, show 2 , S.; month of 
 Ss., long period ; S. letter, dominical letter ; S. 
 best usu. facet., best clothes kept for S. use ; S. 
 school, for religious instruction on Ss.). [OE 
 sunnan dxg day of the sun] 
 
 su'ndep, v.t. & i. Separate (t. & rarely i.), 
 sever, keep (trans.) apart. Hence su'ndep- 
 ance n. (rare). [OE sundrian {sundor asunder), 
 cf. ON sundra, G sondern ; cogn. w. Gk ater 
 without, Skr. san-utar aside] 
 
SUNDRY 
 
 882 
 
 SUPER- 
 
 su'ndpy, a. & n. Divers, several, (chiefly 
 archaic & joe; all <fr s., each & all, everyone 
 collectively & individually). (N., pi.) oddments, 
 accessories or items not needing special men- 
 tion. [OE syndrig {sundor see prec, -y 2 )] 
 
 sung*. See sing. 
 
 sunk(en). See sink K 
 
 sunn(-hemp),n. E.-Ind. hemplike fibre, [f. 
 Hind, san f. Skr. sana] 
 
 Su'nna(h), n. Traditionary portion of Mo- 
 hammedan law based on Mohammed's words 
 or acts but not written by him, accepted as 
 authoritative by the orthodox (Su'nniTE 1 or 
 Su'nni pr. -e, nn.) & rejected by the Shiites. 
 (Arab. (-a),=tradition] 
 
 su'nny, a. Bright with or as sunlight ; of 
 the sun (rare) ; exposed to* warm with, the sun 
 (the s. side, side of house &c. that gets sun, 
 also fig. the more cheerful aspect of circum- 
 stances «&c.) ; cheery, bright in disposition, dif- 
 fusing cheerfulness. Hence su'nniLY 2 adv., 
 su'nniNESsn. f-v 2 ] 
 
 sup, v.t. & i., & n. Take (soup, tea, &c.) by 
 sips or spoonfuls (he must have a long spoon 
 that sups with the devil, parleying with doubt- 
 ful characters is risky) ; take supper ; (of food 
 or host) provide supper for. (N.) mouthful of 
 liquid (esp. neither bit or bite nor .<?.). [OE 
 supan, cf. Du. zuinen, ON supa, OHG sufan ; 
 partly also f. F souper see supper] 
 
 sup-, =sub- in Lcompds w. wclsin p- & their 
 derivatives. 
 
 su'per, n. (slang. ). (Short for) supernumerary 
 actor. 
 
 super-, pref. f. L super prep., super- pref-, 
 over, beyond [compar. form f. sub 2 , cf. Gk 
 huper, Skr. upari). 1. Inadjj. (&theirderivv.) 
 formed on anal, of L supernumerary, us f. Lphr. 
 consisting of super Sc n. governed by it ; super 
 numerum= beyond the number, supernumer- 
 ary = being beyond the number. The dis- 
 tinguishable varieties of meaning are: 
 
 a. situated directly over, as -columnar above 
 columns, -humeral over the shoulder ; 
 
 b. not in or under but above, as -aqueous, 
 -terrene, -celestial, above water, earth, sky; 
 
 c. exceeding, going beyond, more than, tran- 
 scending, too exalted for contact or connexion 
 with, as -normal beyond the norm, -natural 
 beyond what nature will account for, -sensible 
 out of reach of sense, -ethical above the sphere 
 of ethics. 
 
 2. In vbs & adjj. & their derivv. adapted from 
 or made on anal, of L wds to which super- was 
 prefixed with advl sense. Varieties of meaning 
 are: 
 
 a. on the top of something, as -impose, -scribe, 
 •stratum ; 
 
 b. observation from above, as -intend, -stition, 
 -vise ; 
 
 c. besides, in addition, as -add, -erogation, 
 -fetation ; 
 
 d. to a degree beyond the usual or the right, as 
 -eminent, -saturate, -subtle ; 
 
 3. In nn. & their derivv. on anal, of L super- 
 ficies (fades face) in which super- is prefixed 
 w. adj. force : 
 
 a. upper or outer, as -canopy, -cilious, -hive ; 
 
 b. of higher kind, in higher than the ordinary 
 sense, esp. in names of classificatory divisions, 
 as -class group including more than one clasi ; 
 
 c. in the second degree, as -parasite the para- 
 site of a parasite, ^liberation the forming of 
 tubers on tubers. 
 
 4. In math, wds expressing ratio on anal, of 
 L supertertius exceeding by k, -bipartient or 
 -bitertial = exceeding by % or in the ratio 5:3, 
 -biguintal in ratio 7 : 5, -tripartient or -triqxiar- 
 
 tal=in ratio 7 :4, -quadripartient or -quadri- 
 quintal = in ratio 9:5, -sesquialteral in ratio 
 5 : 2, -sesquitertial in ratio 7 : 3. 
 superabou'nd v.i., -abu'ndance n., 
 -abu'ndant a., -abundantly adv., 2d; 
 supera'dd v.t., -addi'tion n., 2c; su'per- 
 a ltar n., 3a, slab of stone consecrated & placed 
 on unconsecrated altar; superanal a., la 
 (anus); superange'lic a., lc; superan- 
 nuate v.t., lc (L annus year), declare too old 
 for work or use or continuance, dismiss or dis- 
 card as too old, send into retirement with pen- 
 sion, (p.p.)past work or use, so superannua*- 
 tion n.; supera'queousa.. lb; superbi- 
 pap'tient, supepbiqui'ntal, superbl- 
 ter'tial, aa., 4; super calendered a., 2d; 
 supepca'nopy n., 3a; supercargo n., 1, 
 person in merchant-ship managing sales &c. of 
 cargo [f. Sp. sobrecarga] ; supercele'stial 
 a., lb, also lc = super angelic, superei'liary 
 a., 3a [L supercilium eyebrow f. cilium eyelid 
 cf. Gk kula parts below eye], of the brows, over 
 the eye ; supercilious a., supercilious- 
 ly adv., superciliousness n., 3a [f. L 
 superdliosus w. ref. to raised eyebrows, see 
 prec.l, contemptuous, showing haughty indif- 
 ference, assuming superiority ; superei'vi- 
 lized a., 2d; su'perclass n.. 3b; super- 
 columnar a., la; supercolumnia'tion 
 n., la, placing of one architectural order over 
 another; supere'minent a., 2d; super- 
 erogation n., 2c |f. L supererogare pay out 
 beyond what is expected], doing of more than 
 duty requires (esp. works ofs. in Theol., such 
 as form a reserve fund of merit that can be 
 drawn on in favour of sinners), so superero*- 
 gatory a.; super ethical a., lc; supep- 
 e'xcellent a., -excellence, exeita'tion, 
 nn., 2d ; su'perfamily n. (biol.), 3b ; super- 
 fa*tteda..2d(ofsoap); su per fecunda* tion, 
 superfeta'tion, nn., 2c, second conception 
 occurring during gestation ; superficial 
 ( -ishl) a., superficiality (-shi) n., super- 
 ficially adv., 3a (foil.), of or on the surface 
 only, not going deep, without depth, (s. colour, 
 resemblance, knowledge, wound, accomplish- 
 ments ; a s. person, with no reserve of know- 
 ledge or feeling behind what he shows); 
 superficies (-shiez) n. (pi. the same), 3a 
 [L, I. fades face], a surface; su'perfine a., 
 2d, (commerc.) of extra quality, (gen.) affect- 
 ing great refinement (so superfineness n.); 
 superfluity n., 2d (foil.), superfluous 
 amount (give of one's s.), thing not needed; 
 super-fluous a., super'fluously adv., 
 super'fluousness n., 2d (L superfluus f, 
 fiuere flow), more than enough, redundant, 
 needless; superhea't v.t., 2d, (esp.) heat 
 (steam) to temperature higher than that of 
 boiling water, so superhea*tERM2) n. ; su*- 
 perhive n., 3a, removable upper compart- 
 ment of hive; supephu'man a., super- 
 hu'manly adv., lc ; superhu*meral n., 
 la (L humerus), Jewish ephod, also amice 1 , 
 also archiepiscopal pallium ; superimpo'se 
 v.t., 2a, lay on or on something else ; super- 
 impregna'tion n„ 2c, superfecundation ; 
 superincumbent a., 2a, lying on some- 
 thing (the s. mass Sec); superindu'ee v.t., 
 2c, develop or bring in as an addition ; super- 
 institu'tion n., 2c, institution of person into 
 benefice already occupied ; superintend 
 v.t. & i., 2b (L iNTENDere attend to), have the 
 management (of), arrange & inspect working 
 (of), so superintendence n., superin- 
 tendent n., person who superintends ; su- 
 perjacent a., 2a (L jacere lie), superincum- 
 bent ; superlative a. & n., 2d [f. L super* 
 
SUPER- 
 
 883 
 
 SUPPER 
 
 (lativus f. ferre lat- carry)], of the highest 
 degree (s. wisdom, beauty, &c.| s. degree in 
 Gram., the forms of the adjective & adverb 
 by which the highest or a very high degree of 
 a quality is expressed, as bravest, most ab- 
 surdly), so superlatively adv., super*- 
 lativeness n., (n.) the s. degree or form (not 
 used in the s. ; what is the s. of shy ?), a word in 
 the s. (his talk is all ss., he exaggerates) ; su- 
 peplu'nap(y) a., lb, (esp.) not of this world ; 
 su'perman n., 3b, overman; superme'- 
 dial a., la; supermo'leeule n., 3b, com- 
 pound molecule, combination of molecules 
 acting as physical unit; supermu'ndane 
 a., 1c, superior to earthly things; super- 
 na'culum adv. & n., 1 [mod. L naculum 
 finger-nail f. G nagel], drink s., to the bottom 
 (w. ref. to pouring of the last drop on thumb- 
 nail), (n.) choice wine worthy of being so 
 drunk; superna'tant a., 2a (natation), 
 floating on surface; supernatural a., su- 
 perna*tupallyadv.,superna*tupalness 
 n., 1 c, due to or manifesting some agency 
 above the forces of nature, outside the ordinary 
 operation of cause & effect, so superna'- 
 turalism, superna'tupalist, belief, be- 
 liever, in the s., superna'turalize, elevate 
 into the s. region ; supernor'mal a., lc ; 
 supepnu'mepapy a. & n., lc, (person or 
 thing) in excess of the normal_ number, esp. 
 extra person engaged for odd jobs ; supep- 
 nutri'tion n., 2d; su'pepoetave n., 3c, 
 organ-stop two octaves above principal ; su'- 
 pepopdep n., supepop'dinal a., 3b (in 
 classif.); supepop'dinapy a., lc ; supep- 
 OPgra'nie a., lc (of psychical things considered 
 apart from the organisms in which they are 
 manifested), also 3b, social, organic in a higher 
 metaphorical sense; supepoxygena'tion 
 n., 2d; supeppa'pasite n., supeppara- 
 si'tie a., 3c; supeppho'sphate n., 2d, 
 phosphate with greatest possible proportion of 
 phosphoric acid ; supepphysieal a., lc ; 
 superpo'se v.t., supepposi'tion n., 2a, 
 lay (thing) on or (up)on another; super- 
 quadpipap'tient, supepquadriqui'n- 
 tal, aa., 4; supersa'cral a., la (sacrum); 
 supepsa'turate v.t., supepsatupa'tion 
 n., 2d; superscribe v.t., 2a [f. L super- 
 (scribere script- write)], write (inscription) at 
 top of or outside something, write inscription 
 over or on (thing), so superscript a., written 
 above the line, superior, supepsepi'ption n., 
 superscribed word(s) ; superse'de v.t. [f. OF 
 superseder desist f. L supersedere sess- sit) 
 desist from], set aside, cease to employ, adopt 
 or appoint another person or thing in place of, 
 (of person or thing appointed or adopted) take 
 the place of, oust, supplant; superse'n- 
 siblea., lc ; supersensitive a., 2d; su- 
 pepse'nsual, superse'nsuous, aa., lc, 
 supersensible; supepsesquia'ltepal, su- 
 pepsesquitep*tial, aa.. 1 ; superse'ssion, 
 superseding or being superseded ; super- 
 so'lar a., lb ; su'pepsolid n., 3b, a solid of 
 more than three dimensions ; supepspi*- 
 pitual a., supepspipitua'lity n., 2d : su- 
 pepsti'tion, n., 2b [OF, f. L supei'(stitionem 
 f. stare stat- s'tand) perh. orig. = standing over 
 in awe], credulity regarding the supernatural, 
 irrational fear of the unknown or mysterious, 
 misdirected reverence, a religion or practice or 
 particular opinion based on such tendencies, 
 so supepsti'tious a., supepsti'tiously 
 adv., supepsti'tiousness n. ; supepstpa*- 
 tum, superstpu'ction or su'pepstruc- 
 tupe, nn., superstpu'ctupal a., 2a; su- 
 persubsta'ntial a., lc ; supepsub'tle a., 
 
 supepsub'tlety n., 2d ; supertellur'ic a., 
 lb (L (ellus -uris the earth) ; supepte'm- 
 popal a., la, above the temples of the head, 
 also lc, transcending time ; superte'rpene, 
 supepteppe'stpial, aa., lb ; su'pertonie 
 n., lc. tone in musical scale next above tonic ; 
 supeptpipap'tient, supertriquar'tal. 
 aa.,4; supertubera'tion n., 3c ; super- 
 vacaneous a., 2d If. L super(vacaneus f. 
 vacare be empty)], superfluous, unnecessary; 
 supervene v.i., 2a [f. L super{venire vent- 
 come)], occur as an interruption to or change 
 from some condition or process, so supep- 
 ve'ntion n. ; supervrse (-z) v.t., 2b (L 
 rid ere vis- see), direct or watch with authority 
 the work or proceedings or progress of, over- 
 see, so supepvi'sion n. 
 
 su'pepable, a. Not insuperable, [f. L su- 
 perabilis f. superare overcome (super over, see 
 prec), -able]_ 
 
 supep'b (soo-, su-), a. Of the most impressive 
 or splendid or exalted kind, grand, (s. beauty, 
 courage, impudence ; a s. view, display, collec- 
 tion, specimen, voice, binding). Hence su- 
 pep'bLV 2 adv. [f. F superbe f. L superbus 
 (supereJoove, see super-, st.fu- be) proud] 
 
 super'ior (soo-, su-), a. & n. Upper, in high- 
 er position, of higher rank, (s. officer, rank, 
 court ; s. limit * ; s. genus, higher in the classi- 
 ficatory series & so more comprehensive ; s. 
 icings, folding over others ; s. figures or letters, 
 written or printed above the line ; s. limb of 
 sun &c, upper edge ; ovary, calyx, iss., grows 
 from the top of or above the other) ; better or 
 greater in some respect, related as the better 
 or greater to, (by s. wisdom, cunning, &c. ; is s. 
 in speed to any other machine ; s. numbers, esp. 
 more men or their presence, as was overcome by 
 s. n.)', of quality or qualities above the average, 
 having or showing consciousness of such quali- 
 ties, (made of s. leather ; my cook is a very s. 
 woman ; 8. persons, the better educated &c, 
 also & usu. iron., prigs; he remarked with a 
 s. air) ; above giving attention or yielding or 
 making concessions to(s. to bribery, temptation, 
 revenge, fortune ; rise s. to, be unaffected by) ; 
 hejice or cogn. superio'piTY (or -pe-) n., su- 
 per'ioPLY 2 adv. (chiefly in describing position 
 in Bot., Anat., &c). (N.) one's better, persons, to 
 one, in rank or in some respect (is deferential 
 to his ss.; you are mys. in ability & I yours in 
 application ; has no s. in courage) ; head of 
 monastery &c. (often Father, Mother, Lady, 
 S.), whence supep'ioPESS 2 n. (rare), [f. OF 
 superieur f. L superiorem nom. -or, comp. of 
 superus high (super above, see super-)] 
 
 supernal, a. (poet., rhet.). Heavenly, di- 
 vine, of the sky, lofty, [f. L bupetuius, -al] 
 
 supepse'deas, n. Writ staying proceed- 
 ings. JL 2 sing. pres. subj. as suPERsede] 
 
 su'pmate, v.t. Turn (hand) palm upward 
 (cf. pronate). Hence or cogn. supinA'TiON 
 n., su*pinatOR 2 (2) n. (as name of two muscles). 
 [L supinare (foil.), -ate 3 ] 
 
 su'pine l (or -i*n>, a. Lying face upward (cf. 
 prone) ; disinclined for exertion, indolent, 
 lethargic. Hence supi*neLY 2 adv., supi'ne- 
 ness n. [f. L supinus (st. of super-, -ine l )] 
 
 su'pine 2 , n. (L gram.). Verbal noun with 
 accusative in -um Sc ablative in -u formed from 
 p.p. st. of L vbs & used in special construc- 
 tions, [f. L (verbum) supinum (prec, sense 
 doubtful)] 
 
 su'pper, n. A meal taken at the end of a 
 day, the last meal of the day when dinner is not 
 the last. Hence su'ppePLESS a. [f. OF soper 
 (now souper) t. soper to sup or sip f. LG supen 
 cf. sup, -er 4 J 
 
SUPPLANT 
 
 881 
 
 SUPREME 
 
 suppla'nt, v.t. Oust & take the place of esp. 
 by underhand means. Hence suppla'ntER x 
 n. [f. OF supplanter f. L SUP( plantare f. 
 planta sole of foot) trip up] 
 
 su'pple, a., & v.t. & i. Easily bent, pliant, 
 flexible ; given to compliance, avoiding overtre- 
 sistance, wanting in sturdiness of character,art- 
 fullysubmissive,fawning;s.-j'ocA;,(walking-cane 
 of) kinds of strong twining shrub ; hence su'p- 
 plexESsn.,su # ppLY 2 adv. (Vb)makeorgrow 
 s. (s. horse, train him to obey slightest touch of 
 rein), [f. F souple f. L svplplex -plicis f. pli- 
 care fold) submissive] 
 
 su'pplement 1 (-liment), n. Thing added to 
 supply the deficiencies of something else ; 
 (Math.) the angle that added to another will 
 make the sum two right angles. Hence sup- 
 pleme'ntAL, suppIeme'ntARY 1 , aa. [F (-le-), 
 f. L svp{ plementum f. plere fill, -ment)] 
 
 su'pplement 2 , v.t. Make addition(s) to. 
 Hence supplementATioN n. [f. prec] 
 
 su'ppliant, a. & n. Supplicating, expres- 
 sive of supplication; hence sirppiiantLY 2 
 adv. (X.) humble petitioner. [F (supplier f. L 
 as foil., -ANT)] 
 
 su*pplieate,v.t. &i. Make humble petition 
 to or to person or for or for thing. Hence or 
 cogn. su'pplieatingLY 2 adv., supplicv- 
 tion n., sirpplieatoRV a. [f. L supplicare 
 
 (SUppleX SUPPLE), -ATE 3 ] 
 
 supply, v.t., & n. Furnish, provide, (thing 
 needed, or person, receptacle, &c, with or xvith 
 thing needed), whence suppli'ER* n .; make 
 up for, meet, serve to obviate, (deficiency, need, 
 loss) ; fill (place, vacancy, pulpit) as substitute. 
 (X.) providing of what is needed (Committee of 
 S., House of Commons discussing details of 
 estimates for public service; s. department, 
 charged with supplying some need, esp. stores 
 & provisions for army &c. ); stock, store, amount 
 of something provided or at hand or get-at-able, 
 (s. & demand in Pol. Econ., chief factors regu- 
 lating : price of commodities ; an inexhaustible 
 s. offish, coal, &c; water &c. -s.), (pi.) collected 
 necessaries for army &c; (pi.) grant of money 
 by Parliament for cost of government, money 
 allowance to person (his father cut off the ss.). 
 [n. f. vb, f. OF supploier f. L svp(p 7 ere fill)] 
 
 suppor't, v.t., & n. Carry (part of) weight of, 
 hold up, keep from falling or sinking, (founda- 
 tion, buttress, supports house, wall ; support- 
 ed by a life-belt; had to be supported home) ; 
 enable to last out, keep from failing, give 
 strength to, encourage, (what supported him 
 or his strength was a glass of brandy, a good 
 conscience, hope, your approval ; too little food 
 to s. life); endure, tolerate, (supports fatigue 
 ivell; I can s. life, such insolence, no longer), 
 whence suppor'tABLE a., suppop'tabLY 2 
 adv.; supply with necessaries, provide for, (s. a 
 
 {'amity) ; lend assistance or countenance to, 
 ack up, second, further, (s. a cause, policy, 
 leader, candidate ; .<?. actor or other performer, 
 take secondary part to him ; s. resolution &c, 
 speak in favour of it; s. lecturer Sec, appear 
 on his platform ; s. institution, subscribe to its 
 funds) ; bear out, tend to substantiate, bring 
 facts to confirm, (statement, charge, theory, 
 &c); keep up or represent (part, character) 
 adequately. (X.) supporting or being supported 
 (give 8. to; requires s.; gets no s.; troops sta- 
 tioned in .<?., as reserve; speak in s. of, advo- 
 cate); person or thing that supports (shelf must 
 have another s.; he is the chiefs, of the cause); 
 hence suppop'tLESS a. [f. F supporter f. L 
 B\jp(pprtare carry)] 
 
 suppop'tep, n. In vbl senses ; esp. , (Herald. ) 
 representation of living creature holding up or 
 
 standing (usu. as one of pair) beside an escut- 
 cheon. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 suppo'se (-z), v.t. Assume as a hypothesis 
 (let us s. a second flood ; well, s. it was so ; in 
 part, orimperat. with conjunctional force = if, 
 as supposing white were black you woidd be 
 right, s. your father saw you what would he 
 say?; also in imperat. as formula of proposal, 
 as s. we went for a walk, s. we try another) ; 
 (of theory, result, &c.) require as a condition 
 (that sujiposes mechanism without flaws ; de- 
 sign in creation supposes a creator) ; take for 
 granted, presume, assume in default of know- 
 ledge, be inclined to think, accept as probable, 
 (Is. we shall be back in an hour; you cannot s., 
 it is not to be supposed, that ; Is. he won't, or I 
 don't s. he will, come ; what do yous. he meant? ; 
 also abs. in parenth., as you will not bethere,I 
 s.) ; (p.p.) believed to exist, believed to have 
 specified character, (the supposed music of the 
 spheres ; his supposed brother, generosity), 
 whence suppo'sed ly 2 adv. Hence or cogn. 
 suppo*SABLEa.,supposrTiONn. [see below], 
 supposition a l a., suppositional v- 
 adv. If. F svp(poser pose 1 ) ; supposition F, 
 f. L sup( positionem f. L ponere posit- place, 
 -ion), cf. deposition] 
 
 supposititious (-shws), a. Substituted for 
 the real, spurious, (s. child, writings). Hence 
 suppositi'tiousLY 2 adv., suppositi*- 
 tiousNESS n. [f. L suppositicius t. sup- 
 (X>onere posit- place) substitute, -mo us 1 ] 
 
 suppd'sitopy, n. (med.). Cone or cylinder 
 of medicinal substance introduced into rectum 
 or vagina or uterus & left to dissolve, [f. LL» 
 suppositorium (as prec, -orv)] 
 
 supppe*ss, v.t. Put down, quell, put an 
 end to activity or existence of, (rebellion, sedi- 
 tion, agitators, conscience, piracy, monas- 
 teries, &c.) ; restrain, keep in,notgive ventto, 
 withhold or withdraw from publication, keep 
 secret, not reveal, (groan, yawn, feelings, name, 
 book, evidence, facts). So supppe'ssiBLE a., 
 supppe'ssiON (-shn), supppe'ssoR 2 , nn. 
 [f. L BVP(primere pi'ess- =premere press)] 
 
 suppre'ssio ver'i, n. Suppression of truth, 
 misrepresentation by concealment of facts that 
 ought to be made known. [L] 
 
 su*ppupate,v.i. Form pus, fester. Sosup- 
 PUPA'TION n., su'ppupative a. [L SUP- 
 (purare f. pus), -ate 3 ] 
 
 supra-, pref. f. L sxipra adv. & prep, above 
 (for supera abl. fern, otsuperus higher f. super 
 see super-), freely used in forming anat. terms 
 indifferently with super- la as -clavi'cidar 
 above the clavicle, -or'bital above the eye- 
 sockets, -re'nal above the kidney, or with 
 super- 3a as -ma'xillary a. & n. (of) the upper 
 jaw ; also in other wds w. sense over, beyond, 
 before, after, often in contrast with compels of 
 infra-, sub-, as -mwndane above or superior 
 to the world, -lapsar'ian(ism) a. & nn., (hold- 
 ing, holder of) doctrine that God's decrees of 
 election & reprobation were not due to the 
 Fall but preceded it & his prescience of it (cf. 
 infralapsarian) ; -pro'test, acceptance or 
 payment of bill by third person after protest 
 for non-acceptance or non-payment. 
 
 suppe'maey, n. Being supreme, highest 
 authority, (Act, oath, of s., securing ecclesias- 
 tical s. to the Crown & excluding the authority 
 of the Pope). [f^OF suprematie (foil., -acy)] 
 
 suppe'me (soo-, su-), a. & n. Highest in 
 authority or rank (the S. Being or the S. as n., 
 God ; S. Court of judicature ; s. end or good, 
 SUMMUM bonum ; s. Pontiff, the Pope) ; great- 
 est possible, uttermost, extreme, last&greatest 
 or most important, (s. wisdom, courage, &c. ; 
 
SUR- 
 
 885 
 
 SURGEON 
 
 the s, test of fidelity ; a or the s. hour, moment, 
 &c). Hence supre'meLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L 
 supremus superl. of super us see supra-] 
 
 sup- 1 , = sub- in some L compds w. was in r- 
 & their derivatives, as surge, surreptitious. 
 
 sup- 2 , = super- in many wds taken into E 
 f. OF, as surcharge, surjace, surloin, surprise, 
 surrender, also sometimes for super-, supra-, 
 in anat. wds as surrenal suPRArenal. 
 
 sura(h ] ) (soor'a), n. Chapter of Koran. 
 [Arab, (-a), = step] 
 
 sup'ah 2 , n. Kind of soft twilled usu. one- 
 coloured silk. [perh. f. Surat in India] 
 
 sup'al, a. Of the calf of the leg {s. artery 
 &c). [L sura calf, -al] 
 
 supa't (sot)-), n. Kind of cotton grown, kind 
 of cotton cloth made, in the Bombay Presi- 
 dency, [place-name] 
 
 supcea'se, n., & v.L, (archaic). Cessation ; 
 (vb) cease, [vb f. n., AF sursise delay, orig. 
 fern. p.p. of surseer = OF surseoir i. L as 
 SVPERsede, w. assim. to cease] 
 
 surchar'ge, n., & v.t. Excessive or addi- 
 tional load or burden or amount of money 
 charged ; supply of force, electricity, &c, in 
 excess of what is required ; additional charge 
 made by assessors as penalty for false returns 
 of taxable property ; amount in official account 
 not passed by auditor & having to be refunded 
 by person responsible ; showing of omission in 
 account for which credit should have been 
 given. ( Vb) overload, fill or saturate to excess; 
 (of assessor, auditor) exact s. from, exact (sum) 
 as s., fine (person sum) as s. ; show omission of 
 credit in (account), [vb f. n., AF (sur- 2 )] 
 
 sup'eingle, n., & v.t. Band round horse's 
 body rarely as saddlegirth, usu. to keep blanket 
 &c. in place ; girdle of cassock ; (vb) gird 
 (horse), fasten (blanket &c), with s. [f. OF 
 s\jR 2 (cengle girth f. L cingxda J f. cingere gird)] 
 
 sup'coat, n. (hist.). Loose robe worn over 
 armour; 15th-16th-c. woman's jacket. [AF sur 2 - 
 {cote COAT)] 
 
 sup'culose, -lous, aa. (bot.). Producing 
 suckers. [L surcidus sucker, -ose \ -ous] 
 
 supd, a. & n. (Math.) irrational (a. & n.) ; 
 (Phonet.) (consonant, consonantal sound) utter- 
 ed with the breath & not the voice (as p, f , s, cf. 
 sonant or vocal of b, v, z). [f. L surdus deaf, 
 noiseless ; math, sense by mistransl. into L of 
 Gk alogos (1) irrational, (2) speechless] 
 
 sure (shoor), a. & adv. Having or seeming to 
 have adequate reason for belief, convinced of 
 or (that), having certain prospect or confident 
 anticipation or satisfactory knowledge of, free 
 from doubts of, (are you s. ? ; you may be s. of 
 his honesty, he is or that he is honest ; he feels 
 or is s, of success ; I did not feel s. of my com- 
 pany, could not feel s. about it; if one coidd be 
 s. of living to 70 ; I'm sure I didn't mean4o hurt 
 you, form of asseveration ; well, I'm s. !, excl. 
 of surprise); safe, reliable, trusty, unfailing, 
 (sent it by a s. hand ; put it in a s. place ; a s. 
 shot, marksman who never misses ; a s. draw, 
 covert certain to yield fox, remark &c. certain 
 to draw person ; s. card, scheme &c. certain to 
 succeed ; slow & s.\ there is only one s. way ; 
 s.-footed, never stumbling or making false step 
 lit. or fig.) ; to be relied on, certain, to do (is s. 
 to turn oid well ; woidd be s. to dislike him) ; 
 undoubtedly true or truthful (one thing is s.; 
 to be s., formula of concession = to avoid over- 
 statement, as t. b. s. she is not perfect, is pretty, 
 also as excl. of surprise, as so it is, t. b. s.!, well, 
 to be s.!; make «., ascertain absolutely that 
 something is as supposed, take measures to se- 
 cure that something is as desired ; make s. of, 
 establish the truth or ensure the happening of; 
 
 alscfmake s. of or that, have confident but often 
 false anticipation of or that); hence sure'NESS 
 n. (Adv.) : (archaic) I admit, you will admit, 
 ['tis pleasant, s., to see one's name in print); as 
 certainly as (as s. as eggs is eggs, as s. as a gun, 
 colloq. forms of asseveration); s. enough, in fact 
 as well as in prospect (/ said it would be, & s. 
 
 e. it is), with practical certainty (he will come 
 s. e.). [f. OF sur f. L securus secure] 
 
 surety, adv. With certainty or safety (he 
 knows full s. that ; tvid diminish slowly but s.; 
 mule plants its ftet s.) ; if strong belief or ex- 
 perience or probability or right is to count for 
 anything (it s. cannot have been he ; s. I have 
 met yo u before ; there is no truth in it, s. ; s. you 
 will not desert me) ; (in answers, archaic) cer- 
 tainly, undoubtedly, ('Should you be willing to 
 try? Si S.'). [-ly 2 ] 
 
 supe'ty, n. (Archaic) certainty (esp. of as., 
 certainly) ; thing pledged as security for pay- 
 ment or performance (now rare); person who 
 makes himself responsible for another's appear- 
 ance in court or payment of sum or perform- 
 ance of engagement (stand s., become so respon- 
 sible, go bail, for another; find s. or ss., said of 
 person primarily liable), whence supe'tysHip 
 n. [f. OF seurte f. L securitatem (sure, -TY)] 
 
 supf, n. Foam & commotion of sea breaking 
 on shore or reefs ; s.-bird, coast-bird related to 
 sand-piper; s.-boat, of buoyant build for use in 
 s. ; s.-man, skilled in managing s. -boats. Hence 
 sup'fY 2 a. [earlier suffe, perh. var. of sough] 
 
 sup'face (-is), n. , & v. t. The outside of a body, 
 (any of) the limits that terminate a solid, out- 
 ward aspect of material or immaterial thing, 
 what is apprehended of something upon a 
 casual view or consideration, (has a smooth, 
 uneven, s. ; presents a large s. to vieto ; its upper 
 s. is as cold as ice ; looks only at the s. of men 
 & things ; his politeness is only of or on the s.\ 
 one never gets below the s. with him), (attrib.) 
 of the s. only (s. plausibility, impressions, &c); 
 (Geom.) that which has length & breadth but 
 no thickness (plane s., that contains the whole 
 of the straight line connecting any two points 
 in it ; curved s„ that may be so cut by a plane 
 through any point in it that the line of section 
 shall be a curve ; developable s., that may be 
 unfolded into a plane without doubling or se- 
 paration of parts, e.g. s. of cone or cylinder) ; 
 s.-colour, used in s.-printing, printing from 
 raised s. as with ordinary type or woodcuts & 
 not from incised lines ; s.-man, keeping per- 
 manent way of railway in order ; s. -tension, 
 tension of a liquid causing it to act as an elastic 
 enveloping membrane seen in drop or bubble ; 
 s.-iuater, that collects on & runs ofF from s. of 
 ground &c; hence -surfacKV 2 a. (Vb) put fine 
 or special s. on (paper &c.). [F (sur- 2 , face)] 
 
 sup'feit (fit), n., & v.t. & i. Excess esp. in 
 eating or drinking, oppression or satiety re- 
 sulting. (Vb) overfeed (t. & i.), (cause to) take 
 too much of something, cloy, satiate with, [vb 
 
 f. n., f. OF sorfait orig. p.p. of sorfaire (sur- 2 , 
 L facere fact- do)] 
 
 surge, v.i., & n. Move up & down or to & 
 fro (as) in waves (of sea, crowd, standing corn, 
 emotion, &c); (n.) waves, a wave, surging mo- 
 tion, [n. f. vb, f. OF surgir f. L surgere rise 
 contr. of suRHrigere — regere direct)] 
 
 sup'geon (-jn), n. Medical man treating in- 
 juries & deformities & diseases by manual 
 operation (houses., on staff of hospital), person 
 skilled in surgery ; medical practitioner having 
 the diploma of the Royal College of Ss. but not 
 the M.D. degree (s.-dentist, dentist thus quali- 
 fied) ; (formerly, opp. physician) general prac- 
 titioner dispensing drugs & attending out- 
 
SURGERY 
 
 886 
 
 SURVEYOR 
 
 patients & not confining himself to consulta- 
 tion ; medical officer in navy or army or mili- 
 tary hospital (army surgeons are now ^tyled 
 captain &c, without prefixed s„ up to field 
 rank, in which title is S.-Oeneral; s. is still pre- 
 fixed in territorial force &c. to the rank, as S.- 
 Captain) ; s.-fish, kind named from lancet- 
 shaped spines on each side of tail, [contr. of 
 obs. chirurgeon f. OF cirurgien (cirurgie f. LL 
 f. Gk kheirourgia handiwork, surgery, f. kheir 
 hand, -o-, ergo work)] 
 
 sup'gepy, n". Manual treatment of injuries 
 or disorders of the body, operative therapeutics, 
 surgical work, (antiseptic, clinical, plastic, 
 &c, s.; conservative s., avoiding amputations 
 &c); surgeon's consulting-room & dispensary, 
 [f. OF cirurgerie (cirurgie see prec, -erv)] 
 
 sup'gical, a. Of surgeons or surgery (s. skill, 
 operations, instruments ; s. fever, caused by s. 
 operation through sepsis). Hence sur'gieal- 
 Lv£_adv. [as surgeon, -ical] 
 
 sur'icate (-at), n. S.-Afr. animal resembling 
 polecat & ferret, [native] 
 
 surloin, obs. form of sirloin. 
 
 sup'ly, a. Uncivil, given to making rude 
 answers, showing unfriendly temper, churlish. 
 Hence sup'Hly 2 adv., sup'Uness n. [prob.= 
 
 SOUR-f -LY 1 ] 
 
 sup'mastep, n. Second master or vice- 
 master in some schools. [sur- 2 ] 
 
 supmi'se (-z), n., & v.t. & i. Conjecture, 
 suspicion of the existence or guess at the 
 nature of something. (Vb) infer doubtfully, 
 suspect the existence of ; make a guess, try to 
 divine something, [vb f. n., OF, orig. fem. p.p. 
 of suR 2 (mettre put f. L mittere miss- send) lay 
 to person's charge] 
 
 surmou'nt, v.t. Cap, be on the top of, (usu. 
 in pass.; peaks surmounted with snoic); over- 
 come,getover,(difficulty,obstacle),whencesup- 
 mou'ntABLE a. [f. F sUR 2 (monter mount 2 )] 
 
 surmu'llet, n. The red mullet, [f. OF sur- 
 mulet (sor sorrel 2 , mullet)] 
 
 surname, n., &' v.t. Additional name of 
 descriptive or alius. :e kind attached to a per- 
 son & sometimes becoming hereditary ; the 
 name common to all members of a family (cf. 
 christian name). (Vb) give s. to; give (person 
 3.); (p.p.) called by way of additional name, 
 having as family name. Isur- 2 , name, after F 
 s\JR 2 (nom f. L nomen see nominal)] 
 
 suppa'ss, v.t. Outdo, excel. Hence sup- 
 pa'ssiNG 2 a., suppa'ssing-LY 2 adv. [f. F 
 sur 2 ( passer pass ] )| 
 
 sup'plice, n. Loose full-sleeved white-linen 
 vestment descending to hips or knees or ankles 
 & worn usu. over cassock by clergy & choristers 
 at divine service; s.-choir, wearing ss.; s.-fee, 
 paid to clergy for baptisms, funerals, &c. Hence 
 sup'pHced 2 a. [f. OF svR 2 plvi f. med.L 
 super( pelliceum f. L pellicius see pelisse)] 
 
 sup'plus, n. What remains over, what is 
 not required for the purpose in hand, esp. ex- 
 cess of public revenue over expenditure for the 
 financial year, (opp. deficit ; often attrib., as s. 
 Imputation). So sup*p1usage(1) n. [OF, f. 
 med.L super(plus)] 
 
 supppi'se (z), n., & v.t. Catching of person(s) 
 unprepared (the fort teas taken, the truth 
 must be elicited, by s.; determined to attempt a 
 s.; as. visit, without notice); emotion excited 
 by the unexpected, astonishment, (full of s.; 
 his s. was visible ; to my great s., much against 
 my expectations; s.-packet, with unexpected 
 contents, e.g. packet of sweets with coin, also 
 often fig.); event &c. that excites s. (was a 
 great s. to me ; I have a s.for you, piece of un- 
 expected news, unexpected gift, &c; what a 
 
 s.!). (Vb) capture (place, person) by s., attack 
 at unawares, come upon (person) off his guard 
 (surprised him in the act); affect with s., as- 
 tonish, turn out contrary to expectations of, be 
 a s. to, (shoidd you be surprised to learn — ?; 
 / am surprised at you, shocked, scandalized; 
 more surprised than frightened), whence sur- 
 ppi*siNG 2 a., supppi'sing-LY 2 , surprPsed- 
 ly 2 , advv.; hurry (person) by s. into conductor 
 act or doing (surprised me into rudeness, con- 
 sent, dropping the reins) ; hence supppPsal(2) 
 n. [OF, orig. fem. p.p. of svR 2 (prendre f. L 
 prehendere take)] 
 
 surrebu't (tt), suppejoPn, vv.i. (Of 
 plaintiff) reply, make suppebu'ttER 4 , sup- 
 pejoi'ndER 4 , nn., to defendant's rebutter, re- 
 joinder (order of pleadings at common law: 
 Plaintiff's declaration, Defendant's plea, P.'s 
 replication, D.'s rejoinder, P.'s surrejoinder, 
 D.'s rebutter, P.'s sum^ebutter). [sur- 2 ] 
 
 supre'nder, v.t. & i., & n. Hand over, give 
 into another's power or control, relinquish pos- 
 session of, esp. upon compulsion or demand (s. 
 fortress, army, ship, freedom, hopes, chastity, 
 privilege, office, &c; s. insurance policy, aban- 
 don claims in return for repayment of part of 
 premiums); give oneself over to habit, emotion, 
 influence, &c; (of fortress, ship, or force, or its 
 commander) accept enemy's demand for sub- 
 mission ; give oneself up, cease from resistance, 
 submit, (s. to one's bail, appear in court after 
 being admitted to bail). (N.) surrendering or 
 being surrendered (s. value, amount payable to 
 surrenderor of insurance policy), [f. OF SUR' 2 - 
 (rendre render)] 
 
 surreptitious (-ishws), a. Underhand, kept 
 secret, done by stealth, clandestine. Hence 
 suppeptPtiousLY 2 adv. [L surrepticius f. 
 svR^(ripe?°e -rept- - raperc snatch), -itious 1 ] 
 
 sii'rrogate (-at), n. Deputy, esp. of bishop 
 or his chancellor. Hence su'PPOgateSHiP n. 
 [L &VR l (rogare ask) elect as substitute, -ate 2 ] 
 
 suppou'nd (-ow-), v.t. Come or be all round, 
 invest, enclose, encompass, encircle, environ, 
 (the surrou7idi?ig country, the neighbouring 
 district), [earlier sense overflow, f. OFsur 2 - 
 (under f. L undare see abound) ; present sense 
 by con f us. w. round] 
 
 surrou'ndings, n. pi. Sum total or general 
 effect of all that is in the neighbourhood of a 
 person or thing (picturesque, healthy, luxuri- 
 ous, degraded, cultured, s.). [-ing ] ] 
 
 sup'tax, n., & v.t. (Impose) additional tax 
 (on), [f. F s>VR 2 (taxe, -taxer, tax)] 
 
 sup'tout (-too), n. (now rare). Overcoat, esp. 
 of frock-coat shape. [F, f. sur (f. L super over) 
 tout (f. L tot us whole) over all] 
 
 survePllanee (-valans, -lyans), n. Super- 
 vision, close observation, invigilation, (esp. un- 
 der s., nt»t trusted to work or go about un watch- 
 ed). [F, f. suR 2 (veiller f. L as vigilant)] 
 
 survey 1 (-va), v.t. Let the eyes pass over, 
 take general view of, form general idea of the 
 arx*angement & chief features of ; examine con- 
 dition of (building &c); collect by measure- 
 ment &c. all facts needed for determining the 
 boundaries, size, position, shape, contour, own- 
 ership, value, &c, of (country, coast, district, 
 estate, &c), whence supveyiNG Ml ) n. [AF 
 sur 2 (veier f. OF veeir f. L videre see)] 
 
 survey 2 , n. General view, casting of eyes 
 or mind over something ; inspection of the con- 
 dition, amount, &c, of something, account 
 given of result of this ; department carrying on, 
 operations constituting, piece of, surveying of 
 land &c. (see prec.), map or plan setting forth 
 results of such s. (ordnance s.). [f. prec.l 
 
 surveyor, n. Official inspector of (s. of 
 
SURVIVAL 
 
 S87 
 
 SUTURE 
 
 weights & measures &c), whence supvey- 
 opship n.; person professionally engaged in 
 suRVEvMng. [AF surreour (survey », -or 2 )J 
 
 survi'val, n. Surviving (s. of the fittest, pro- 
 cess or result of natural selection); person or 
 thing that has remained as a relic of an earlier 
 time, [foil., -al(2)J 
 
 survrve, v.t. & i. Outlive, be still alive or 
 in existence after the passing away of, come 
 alive through or continue to exist in spite of, 
 (s. one's children, contemporaries, &c; s. one's 
 -usefulness ; s. all jierils) ; continue to live or 
 exist, be still alive or existent. Hence sur- 
 vI'vor 2 n., supvi'voPSHip n. (esp. right of 
 joint tenant to whole estate on other's death). 
 [f. F survivre f. L suPER(rirere live)] 
 
 sus-, = sub- in L compds w. wds in c- (also 
 sue-, cf. succeed, susceptible), in p- (also sup-, 
 cf. suppose, suspend), & in t-, & their deriva- 
 tives, [for subs var. of sub ; cf. abs-] 
 
 susce'ptible (-se-), a. (Pred.) admitting of 
 (passage is s. of another interpretation ; J acts 
 not s. of proof ), open or liable or accessible or 
 sensitive to {very s. to pain, injury, kindness, 
 female charms) ; impressionable, sensitive, 
 readily touched with emotion, touchy. Hence 
 or cogn. suseeptiBULiTY n. (often in pi. = sen- 
 sitive points of person's nature), susee'pti- 
 bLY 2 adv. [F, f. L sus(cipere -cept- = capere 
 take), -ible] 
 
 susceptive, a. Concerned with the receiv- 
 ing of emotional impressions (cf. prec. & recep- 
 tive ; the s._f acuities, nature). [L as prec, -ive] 
 
 su'si (soo-), n. E.-Ind. cotton fabric with 
 stripes of different-coloured silk. [Hind.] 
 
 suspe'et 1 , v.t. Have an impression of the 
 existence or presence of (danger, a plot, foul 
 play, collusion, a causal relation) ;heL\i believe 
 to be (I s, him to be my brother, a liar, dying) ; 
 be inclined to think that or that (Is. you once 
 thought otherwise; also parenth., as you, Is., 
 don't care) ; incline to mentally accuse of or in- 
 culpate, doubt the innocence of, distrust, (I s. 
 him of lying, of deep designs; a suspected cri- 
 minal, person suspected of being one; suspect- 
 ed persons ; the ignorant s. everybody) ; hold to 
 be uncertain, mistrust, doubt the genuineness 
 or truth of, (s. the authenticity of, the evidence). 
 Hence suspe'etABLE a. (rare), [f. F adj. (foil. )] 
 
 suspe'et 2 , pred. a. & n. Of suspected char- 
 acter, subject to suspicion, not unimpeachable, 
 (the statement of an interested party is natu- 
 rally s.) ; (n.) suspected person ( political ss. are 
 kept under surveillance). [F, f. L suspicere 
 suspect- (sub-, specere look)] 
 
 suspend, v.t. Hang up, (p.p., of solid par- 
 ticles or body in fluid medium) sustained some- 
 where between top & bottom (a balloon sus- 
 pended in mid-air ; suspended particles of 
 dust), so suspe'nsiBLE a., suspensiBi- 
 lity n.; keep in undecided or inoperative state 
 for a time, defer, temporarily annul, adjourn, 
 debar temporarily from office or function or 
 privilege or membership, (.9. judgment, one's 
 indignation, the rules, the Habeas-Corpus Act, 
 proceedings, a clergyman; s. payment, fail to 
 meet financial engagements, admit insolvency; 
 suspended animation, state of insensibility 
 without death), [f. F suspendre f. L SUS(pe»- 
 dtre pens- hang)] 
 
 suspe'ndep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., (pi.) pair 
 of braces (chiefly shop), pair of (sets of) attach- 
 ments to which tops of socks or stockings are 
 hung, [-er 1 ] 
 
 suspense, n. State of usu. anxious uncer- 
 tainty or expectation or waiting for informa- 
 tion (keep one ins., delay acquainting him with 
 what he is eager to know) ; (Law) suspension, 
 
 temporary cessation of right &c. [F, orig. fern. 
 
 p.p. f. SUSPENDfe] 
 
 suspension, n. In vbl senses (suspend); 
 esp. s.~bridge, in which roadway is hung across 
 stream &c, usu. on wire cables passing over 
 towers & anchored, without support from be- 
 low. So suspensive: a. (s. veto, operating 
 gnly for a time, not definitive), suspensoRY 
 a., suspensiveLY 2 adv. [F, f. L suspensio- 
 nem (suspend, -ion)] 
 
 suspe'nsio per co'llum, n. (chiefly in fa- 
 cet, abbr. sus. per colt.). Execution by hang- 
 ing. [L,= suspension by neck] 
 
 suspi'cion (-ishn), n., & v.t. Feeling of one 
 who suspects, suspecting or being suspected 
 (above s., too obviously good&c. to be suspect- 
 ed), partial or unconfirmed belief esp. that some- 
 thing is wrong or some one guilty ; soupcon 
 of; hence suspi'cionLESS a. (Vb, U.S. slang) 
 have s. that or that. [OF (now soupcon), f. L 
 suspitionem, -id-, f. suspicere suspect, -ion] 
 
 suspi'cious, a. Prone to, feeling, indicat- 
 ing, suggesting or justifying, suspicion (the 
 ignorant are s.; he became .<?.; with a s. glance; 
 under s. circumstances). Hence suspi'cious- 
 LY 2 adv., suspi'ciousNESsn. [f. Fsuspicietix 
 f. L suspiciosus (prec, -ose 1 )] 
 
 suspire*, v.i. (poet.). Sigh. So suspir- 
 a'tion n. [f. OF souspirer f. L suspirare 
 (sub-, spirare breathe)] 
 
 sustai'n, v.t. Bear weight of, hold up, keep 
 from falling or sinking (cf. supj ort); enable to 
 last out, keep from failing, give strength to, 
 encourage, (exx. as in support; sustaining 
 food, that keeps up the strength); endure with- 
 out giving way, stand, bear up against, (sus- 
 tained the shock oj the enemy's cavalry; will 
 not s. comparison with) ; undergo, experience, 
 suffer, (s. a defeat, severe contusion, loss, Sec); 
 (of court or other authority) allow validity of, 
 give decision in favour of, uphold, (s. the objec- 
 tion, the applicant in his claim, &c); bear out, 
 tend to substantiate or corroborate, confirm, 
 (statement, charge, theory, &c); keep up or 
 represent (part, character) adequately; keep 
 (sound, effort. Sec.) going continuously (a sus- 
 tained note, effort). Hence sustai'nABLE a., 
 sustai'nMENT n. (rare), [f. OF sustener f. L 
 sustfinere tent- = tenere hold)] 
 
 su'stenance, n. Nourishing (now rare; 
 given jor the s. of our bodies); nourishing 
 quality, subsistence, food lit. or fig., (there is 
 no s. in it; how shall we get s.?; lived a week 
 without s. of any kind). [OF, f. LL sustinentia 
 (prec, -ance)] 
 
 sustenta'tion, n. Support of life (rare; 
 s. fund, collected to support indigent clergy). 
 [OF, f. L sustentationem (sustentare frequent, 
 of sustinere sustain, -ion)] 
 
 susuppa'tion, n., susu'ppous, a., (rare). 
 Whispering, rustling. [L susurrare, suswrus 
 a., (susnrrus a whisper), -ation, -ous] 
 
 su'tlep, n. Camp-follower selling provisions 
 &c [f. Du. zottelaar scullion, sutler, cf. G 
 sudeln to sully, cogn. w. suds] 
 
 Su'tpa (soo-), n. Set of aphorisms in San- 
 skrit literature. [Skr., orig. = string, cogn. w. 
 L suere sew] 
 
 suttee*, sati* (-e), n. Hindu widow who 
 immolates herself on her husband's funeral 
 pyre ; custom requiring such immolation, also 
 suttee*iSM(2) n. [Skr. (sa-), - virtuous wife] 
 
 su'tupe (-tsher), n., & v.t. Seamlike articu- 
 lation of two bones at their edges, esp. one of 
 those in the skull, similar junction of parts in 
 Bot., Entom., &c; (Surg.) uniting of edges of 
 woundby stitching, threador wire used for this, 
 (vb, unite thus). Hence su'tuPAL a., su'tup- 
 
SUZERAIN 
 
 888 SWASH 
 
 alLY 2 adv., sutuPA'TiON n., strtupED 2 a. 
 
 [F, f. L sutura (sxicrc sut- sew, -ure)] 
 su'zerain, n. Feudal lord, lord paramount, 
 sovereign or State having nominal sovereignty 
 or right of general control over semi-indepen- 
 dent or internally autonomous State. So su*- 
 zepainTY n. [OF, f. sus above f. L su(r)sum 
 upward (sub-, versus) on anal, of suverain 
 sovereign] 
 
 svelte, a. Lightly built, lissom, supple, 
 (chiefly of human, esp. female, figure). [FJ 
 swab (-6b), v.t., & n. (Clean with water &) 
 mop or other arrangement of absorbent ma- 
 terial on handle for cleaning (s. down or s. the 
 deck Sec); s. tip, take up (moisture) with s. ; 
 (Naut. slang) officer's epaulet; (Naut. slang) 
 clumsy fellow, also swa'bbER 1 n. [back-form, 
 f. swabber f. Du. zwabber ship-drudge, cf. zwab- 
 beren do dirty work, G schwappen splash] 
 Swa'bian, Sua-, a. & ri. (Inhabitant) of 
 Swabia [8. emperors, Hohenstaufens, 1138-1251). 
 [Swabia (L Sued a German tribe), -an] 
 swa'ddle (-6dl), v.t. Swathe in bandages or 
 many or thick wraps or garments {swaddling- 
 bands, -clothes, in which infants are wrapped, 
 also fig. influences that restrain freedom of 
 action or thought), [f. OE swethel swaddling- 
 band (swathe, -le)] 
 
 swag, n. (slang). Booty carried off by burg- 
 lars &c, (transf.) gains made by political or 
 other jobbery, [f. obs. swap vb hang swaying 
 \oi bundle, fat beliy, &c), cogn. w. sway] 
 swage, n., & v.t. Kinds of die or form for 
 shaping wrought iron &c. by hammering or 
 pressure ; s.-block, with variety of perforations, 
 grooves, &c, for this purpose; (vb) shape with 
 8. [vb f. n., f. F suage etym. dub.] 
 swagger (-g-), v.i. & t., & n. & a. Walk like 
 a superior among inferiors, show self-confi- 
 dence or self-satisfaction by gait, go about, in, 
 out, &c, with such walk; behave in domineer- 
 ing or defiant way; talk boastfully (about prep.) 
 or in hectoring manner ; bluff (person) into, out 
 of, &c; hence swa'ggePER 1 n., swa'ggep- 
 ingLY 2 adv. (N.) swaggering gait or manner 
 or talk; dashing or confident air or way of doing 
 something.freedom from tameness or hesitancy, 
 smartness; s.-cane, carried by soldiers when 
 walking out. (Adj.) smart, fashionable, (s. 
 clothes, society, &c). [obs. swag vb, -er 5 ] 
 swain, n. Young rustic ; bucolic lover ; 
 (facet.) lover, suitor, [f. ON sveinnl&d, cf. OE 
 swan, etym. dub.] 
 
 swa'llow 1 (-616), v.t. & i„ & n. Cause or 
 allow (food &c.) to pass down one's throat (s. a 
 camel, make no difficulty about something 
 incredible or impossible or outrageous); engulf, 
 absorb, exhaust, draw in, make away with, 
 (usu. up ; the earth swallowed them up ; the 
 expenses more than s. up the earnings ; death 
 is swallowed up in victory) ; accept (statement) 
 with ready credulity (will s. anything you tell 
 him); put up with, pocket, stomach, "(affront) ; 
 recant (one's words) ; perform muscular opera- 
 tion of swallowing something. Hence swa'l- 
 Iowable a. (N.) gullet; act of swallowing; 
 amount swallowed at once ; (also s.-hole) funnel- 
 shaped cavity in limestone. [ME swolowen f. 
 OE swelgan, cf . Du. zwelqen, G schwelgen gorge] 
 swallow 2 (-616), n. Kinds of usu. migratory, 
 long-winged, swift-flying, wide-gaped, weak- 
 legged, fork-tailed, insectivorous bird ; s.-fish, 
 kind of gurnard ; s.-hawk, -plover, -shrike,' &c., 
 fork-tailed kinds of hawk &c. ; s.-tail, deeply 
 forked tail, kinds of butterfly & humming-bird 
 having this, points of burgee, (sing, or pi.) s.- 
 tailed coat ; s. -tailed, with deeply forked tail 
 (of butterflies, birds, &c. ; s.-t . coat, kind with 
 
 tapering tails formerly worn in ordinary cos- 
 tume & still in evening drebs) ; s.-wort, milk- 
 weed, also celandine. [OE swalewe cf. Du. 
 zwaluw, G schwalbe] 
 
 swam. See swim. 
 
 swamp (-6-), n„ & v.t. Piece of wet spongy 
 ground, bog, marsh, (attrib., in many names of 
 plants & animals found in ss.); hence swa'm* 
 PY 2 a. (Vb) entangle in s. (usu. in p.p.) ; (of 
 water) overwhelm, flood, soak, (boat or its 
 crew or contents, house, provisions, &c); make 
 helpless with excessive supply of something 
 (am swamped with letters, applications, work); 
 (of greater quantity or numbers) swallow up, 
 make invisible &c, prevent from being noticed 
 or taking effect, [cf. dial, sump puddle, Du. 
 zwamp, G sump/, also OE swamm,Gschwamm, 
 fungus, sponge] 
 
 swan (-on), n. Kinds of large water-bird with 
 long flexible neck, webbed feet, and in most 
 species snow-white plumage, formerly sup- 
 posed to sing melodiously at point of death 
 (white, black-necked, black, mute or tame or 
 common, hooper or hooping, trumpeter, &c, 
 s. ; black s., name given before discovery of 
 black species to extreme rarity ; all his geese 
 are ss., see goose), (fig., w. ref. to sweetness of 
 dying song) poet (esp. S. of Avon, Shakspere); 
 the constellation Cygnus ; s.-Jlower, kind of 
 orchid ; s.-goose, long-necked China goose ; s.- 
 herd, royal officer having charge of s. -marks ; 
 s.-mark, cut in skin of beak to show owner- 
 ship ; s.-neck, curved end of discharge-pipe ; 
 s.'s-down, down of s. used in trimmings & esp. 
 in powder-puffs, also kind of thick cotton cloth 
 with soft nap on one side ; s.-shot, of large size ; 
 s.-skin, kind of fine twilled flannel ; s.-song, of 
 dying s., also person's last production &c. ; s.- 
 upping, annual markingof Thames ss. on tipper 
 mandible. Hence swa'nuKE a., swa'n- 
 nERY(3) n. [OE, cf. Du. zwaan,G schwan; perh. 
 cogn. w. Skr. swan, L sonare, sound] 
 
 swank,v.i.,&n., (slang). Bluff, bounce, brag. [?] 
 
 swap. See swop. 
 
 sward (-ord), n. Expaiiae covered with short 
 grass, lawnlike ground; turf, whence swar'd- 
 ed 2 a. [OE sweard skin,'cf. Du. zwoord bacon- 
 rind, G schwarte bark, rind] 
 
 swape. See swear. 
 
 swapm ! (-orm), n., & v.i. Large number of 
 insects, birds, small animals, sharpshooters, 
 horsemen, &c, moving about in a cluster or 
 irregular body esp. round prey or enemy (ss., 
 
 treat numbers of children, stars, people, bills, 
 ;c.) ; cluster of honey-bees emigrating from 
 hive with queen-bee to establish new home; 
 s.-cell, -spore, zoospore. (Vb) move in a s. (s. 
 round, about, over, &c, prepp.), (of bees) 
 cluster for emigration ; congregate in num- 
 bers, be very numerous ; (of places) be overrun, 
 be crowded, abound, with (road, hills, house, 
 swarming with beggars, rebels, fleas). [OE 
 swearm, cf . Du. zwerm, G schwarm, perh. cogn. 
 w. Skr. svr to sound, L susurrus whisper] 
 
 swapm' 2 (orm), v.i. & t. Climb rope or tree 
 or pole (always up), climb (rope &c, ovtip rope 
 &c), by clipping with knees & hands. [?] 
 
 swapfc (-ort), a. (archaic). Dark-hued, swar- 
 thy. [OE sweart, cf. Du. zwart, G schwarz; 
 cogn. w. sordid] 
 
 swap'thy (-ordhi), a. Dark-complexioned. 
 Hence swap'thiLY 2 adv., swap'tniNESS n. 
 [obs. swarth var. of prec, -y 2 ] 
 
 swash (-6-), v.t. & L, & n. (Archaic) strike 
 violently (swa'shbuckler, bully, bravo; swash- 
 ing blow, hard); (of water &c.) wash about, 
 make sound of washing or rising & falling (n., 
 such motion or sound ; s.-plate, inclined disk 
 
SWASTIKA 
 
 889 
 
 SWEEP 
 
 revolvingon axle & communicating up-&-down 
 motion to bar whose end rests on it), [imit.] 
 
 swa'stika, n. Fylfot. [Skr., lit. ^fortunate 
 (sit well, asti being)] 
 
 swath (-aw-), n. Ridge of grass, corn, &c, 
 lying after being cut, or space left clear after 
 one passage of mower &c. [OE swxth, swath u, 
 track, cf. Du. zwaad, G schwad ; cogn. w. LG 
 swade scythe, Norw. sicada to slice off] 
 
 swathe (-dh), v.t., & n. Bind with bandages, 
 enclose in wraps or cloths or warm or many 
 garments; (n., rare) a bandage or fold. [ME 
 swathen (OE swathu track, band, see prec.)] 
 
 sway, v.i. & t., & n. Lean unsteadily to one 
 side or in different directions by turns, have 
 unsteady swinging motion, oscillate irregular- 
 ly, waver, vacillate; give swaying motion to, 
 govern the motion of, wield, control direction 
 of, have influence over, govern, rule over, 
 (wind sways trees ; s. sceptre, cricket-bat, 
 sword ; his speech swayed votes ; is too much 
 swayed by the needs of the moment ; sways a 
 .fifth of mankind); (p.p., of horse, also sway- 
 backed) with back abnormally hollowed. (N.) 
 swaying motion or position ; rule, government. 
 [ME sweyen, cf. Sw. svaja jerk, Norw. svaga] 
 
 swear (swar), v.t. & i. {swore or archaic 
 sware, sworn), & n. Take oath (to or to, that or 
 that), promise (conduct, to do) on oath, take 
 (oath), (colloq.) say emphatically that, (will you 
 .<?., .<?. it, s. to it, s. you or that you were not 
 there, on the Testament ? ; s. eternal fidelity ; 
 had sworn, or sworn a solemn oath, to return ; 
 Is. it is too bad of him; s. to or by, appeal to as 
 witness & guarantee of oath ; s. by colloq., pro- 
 fess or have great belief in, regularly resort to 
 or recommend; s. off drink &c, take oath to 
 abstain) ; use profane oaths to express anger or 
 as expletives (often at); cause to take oath, ad- 
 minister oath to, (s. witness &c; s. person to 
 secrecy; sworn brothers or friends, close in- 
 timates ; swoini enemies, open & irreconcilable ; 
 sivorn broker, admitted to profession with oath 
 against fraud &c; s. in, induct into office by 
 administering oath), (p.p., of evidence &c.) 
 given on oath ; make sworn affirmation of (of- 
 fence) against (s. treason against; s. the peace 
 against, make oath that one is in danger of 
 bodily harm from) ; hence swear'ER 1 n. (N.) 
 spell of profane swearing (relieved his feelings 
 by a hearty s.); (colloq., also s.-word) a profane 
 oath. [OE swerian, cf. Du. zweren, G schworen, 
 orig. =speak (cf. answer); cogn. w. swarm 1 ] 
 
 sweat (-et), n., & v.i. & t. Moisture exuded 
 from the skin, perspiration, (running, dripping, 
 wet, with s. ; in or by the s. of one's brow, by 
 dint of toil ; bloody s., exudation of blood 
 mixed with s.); sweating state, spell of sweat- 
 ing, piece of exercise that induces s., (in a, col- 
 loq. all of a, s.; nightly ss.; a cold s., as in 
 death, swoon, terror, &c; a s. will do him 
 good); (colloq.) state of anxiety (in as.); (chiefly 
 colloq.) drudgery, toil, effort, a laborious task 
 or undertaking, (cannot stand the s. of it ; says 
 it is a horrid s.; will not ake the s.); drops ex- 
 uding from or condensing on any surface ; s.- 
 band, leather or flannel lining of hat or cap; s.- 
 cloth, esp. thin blanket under horse's saddle 
 or collar; s.-duct, by which s. exudes from 
 s.-gland, secreting s. below skin ; s.-shop, in 
 which sweated workers are employed ; hence 
 swea'tLESs, swea*tv 2 , aa., swea'tiLV 2 
 adv., swea'tiNESS n. ( Vb) exude s., perspire ; 
 (fig.) be in state of terror or suffering or repen- 
 tance (he shall s. for it, repent it) ; emit (blood, 
 gum, &c.) like s.; toil, drudge; make (horse, 
 athlete, &c.) s. by exercise ; employ (labour, 
 workers) at starvation wages for long hours, 
 
 exploit to the utmost by utilizing competition, 
 (sweated clothes &c. , made by sweated workers), 
 (of workers) work on such terms ; subject 
 (hides, tobacco) to fermentation in manufactur- 
 ing ; deprive (coins) of part of metal by shaking 
 in bag ; remove s. from (horse) by scraping ; 
 sweating-bath, for producing s.; sweating-iron, 
 for scraping s. from horse ; sweating-room, in 
 Turkish bath ; sweating-sickness, epidemic 
 fever prevalent in loth & 16th cc. [vb f. n., OE 
 swat, cf. Du. zweet, G schweiss ; cogn. w. Skr. 
 sveda-, Gk hidros, L sudor] 
 
 swea'tep, n. In vbl senses; esp.: sweating 
 employer; thick woollen jersey worn during 
 or after exercise to reduce weight or prevent 
 chills. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 swede, n. Native of Sweden (S-); Swedish 
 turnip, [cf. Du. Zweed, G iSchwede, F suede, L 
 Sitones pi.] 
 
 Swedenbor'gian, a. & n. (Adherent) of 
 the Swedish philosophical & religious mystic 
 Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) or his doc- 
 trines or New Church. Hence Swedenbor'- 
 g-ianiSM(3) n. [-ian] 
 
 Swe'dish, a. & n. (Language) of Sweden or 
 its inhabitants, [swede, -ish j ] 
 
 swee'ny, n. Atrophy of muscle, esp. of 
 shoulder, in horse. [?] 
 
 sweep, v.i. & t. (swept), & n. Glide swiftly, 
 speed along with impetuous unchecked motion, 
 go majestically, extend (intr.) in continuous 
 curve or line or slope, {eagle sweeps past; wind 
 sweeps along; cavalry sweeps down on the 
 enemy ; she swept out of the room ; his glance 
 siceeps from right to left; with a sweeping 
 stroke ; coast sweeps northward ; plain sweeps 
 away to the sea) ; (part.) of wide range, regard- 
 less of limitations or exceptions, (sweeping re- 
 mark, generalization, &c), whence swee'p- 
 ing-Lv 2 adv., swee'pingwEss n.; impart 
 sweeping motion to, carry along or down or 
 away or off in impetuous course, clear off or 
 away or out of existence &c. or from, (siccpt 
 his hand across ; river sweeps away bridge, 
 sweeps logs down with it ; was swept away by 
 an avalanche ; the plague swept off thousands ; 
 s. away slavery, feudalism, abolish swiftly; he 
 swept his audience along with him, won en- 
 thusiastic support ; s. all obstacles from one's 
 path); traverse or range swiftly, pass lightly 
 across or along, pass eyes or hand quickly along 
 or over, scan, scour, graze, (s. the seas, traverse 
 in all directions, & see below ; wind sweeps the 
 hillside ; s. the strings, lute, &c, of hand or its 
 owner ; s. the horizon, of eyes or their owner ; 
 s. river-bottom &c., drag it to find something; 
 dress sweeps the ground); (of artillery &c.) in- 
 clude in line of fire, cover, enfilade, rake, (bat- 
 tery siceeps the approaches, glacis, street) ; 
 clear everything from, clear of dust or soot or 
 litter with broom (often up), gather up or col- 
 lect (as) with broom, push away &c. (as) with 
 broom, [a. the seas, drive all enemies from 
 them, & see above ; s. floor, carpet, chimney; s. 
 up the room ; s. away the snow ; swept & gar- 
 nished, generally renovated, w. ref. to Luke 
 xi. 25; s. the board, win all the money on gam- 
 ing-table, & transf. win all possible prizes &c; 
 s. a constituency &c, receive nearly all votes, 
 have large majority ; sweeps everything into 
 his net, seizes all that comes ; s. up litter &c. 
 whence swee'piNG 1 ^) n. usu. in pi.); propel 
 (barge &c.) with ss.; s.-net, long fishing-net, 
 also entomologist's net; s.-seine, large seine; 
 swee'pstake(s), form of gambling on horse-races 
 &c. in which the sum composed of participators' 
 stakes goes to the drawer(s) of winning or 
 placed horse(s) &c. ; hence (-)sweepER l (l, 2) n. 
 
SWEET 
 
 890 
 
 SWIFT 
 
 (X.) sweeping motion or extension, curve in 
 road &c., piece of curving road Sec, {with a 
 s. of his arm, eyes, scythe; a s. of mountain 
 country ; river makes a. great s. to the left ; 
 house is approached by a fine s. or carriage s.); 
 range or compass of something that has sweep- 
 ing motion (within, beyond, the s. of the scythe, 
 net, telescope, eye, human intelligence) ; act of 
 sweeping (as) with broom (give it a thorough s. 
 or s.-up or s.-out ; make a clean s., have com- 
 plete riddance of old furniture, officials, &c.) ; 
 long oar worked by standing rower(s) on barge, 
 becalmed sailing-ship, &c. (had. to get out the 
 ss.); long pole mounted as lever for raising 
 bucket from well ; man who sweeps chimneys 
 (often chimneys.). [ME swepen, derivative vb 
 f. OE swdpan swoop; cf. OX sveipa, G schwei- 
 fen, E swipe] 
 sweet, a. & n. Tasting like sugar or honey 
 (s. apples Sec; s. stuff, sweetmeats; likes her 
 tea s., with much sugar; a s. tooth, a liking for 
 s. things; s. wine, opp. drv 1 ; tastes s., has s. 
 taste) ; smelling like roses or perfumes, fra- 
 grant, (smells s.; so sweet-seentED 2 a.; air 
 is s. with thyme ; s. violet, of scented kind, opp. 
 dog-violet; s. breath); melodious or harmonious 
 in sound (has a s. voice; sounds s.; s. song, 
 singer, &c.) ; fresh & sound, not salt or salted 
 or sour or bitter or rancid or high or stinking, 
 (s. water, fit for drinking, neither salt nor bit- 
 ter nor putrid ; is the meat, milk, butter, still s. ?; 
 keep the room clean & s.) ; highly agreeable or 
 attractive or gratifying, inspiring affection, 
 dear, beloved, amiable, gentle, easy, (colloq.) 
 pretty or charming or delightful, ('tis s. to hear 
 one's own praises ; s. toil, that one loves ; 8. 
 love, dalliance, idleness, sleep ; s. temper, amia- 
 bility, whence sweet-tempePED- a.; as. 
 nature, face, Sec; a s. girl, lovable, affection- 
 ate; s. one voc, darling; s. going, travelling 
 over well-laid road orin smooth-going carriage); 
 s. (up)on (colloq.), (inclined to be) in love with, 
 very fond of; swee'tbread, pancreas (belly s. -b.) 
 or thymus-gland (throat or neck s.-b.) esp. of 
 calf as food; sivee't-BRiER^; .s.-gale 1 ; sweet- 
 heart, either of pair of lovers, (vb) be engaged 
 in love-making (esp. go stveethearting) ; s.-john, 
 kinds of pink or of narrow-leaved s.-william ; 
 sweetmeat, shaped morsel of confectionery 
 usu. consisting chiefly of sugar or chocolate, a 
 fruit preserved in sugar, bonbon, sugarplum, 
 goody ; s.-oil, olive oil ; s.-pea. garden annual 
 with showy s. -scented flowers : .<?.-potato ; s.- 
 root, liquorice ; s.-rush, kind of sedge with 
 thick creeping aromatic rootstock used in me- 
 dicine & confectionery ; s.-sop, (s. -pulped fruit 
 of) an evergreen shrub of tropical America; 
 s. -sultan ; s.-ivater, kind of white hothouse 
 grape ; .s'.-?fi7/ia?n, a garden-plant, kind of pink 
 with close-clustered flowers often particoloured 
 in zones ; s.-willow, s.-gale ; hence swee'tEN 6 , 
 v.t. & i., swee'teniNGMD n., sweetiSH 1 (2) 
 a., swee*tLv2 adv., swee'txEss n. (X.) s. 
 part (the s. cfe* the bitter or ss. & bitters of life) ; 
 a sweetmeat, bonbon, (also swee'tv s n.); (usu. 
 pi.) s. dish(es) such as puddings, tarts, creams, 
 jellies, forming a course at table ; (usu. pi.) fra- 
 grance (flowers diffusing their ss. on the air); 
 (pi.) delights, gratifications, pleasures, (the ss. 
 of office, domestication, flattery, sucress); (chief- 
 ly in voc.) darling. [Aryan ; OE swete, cf. Du. 
 zoet, G suss, Skr. svad please, Gk hedus sweet, 
 L suavis pleasant, suadere persuade] 
 sweeting, n. Kind of sweet apple; (ar- 
 chaic) darling. [-ING 3 ] 
 swell, v.i. & t. (p.p. swollen, rarely swelled), 
 & n. & a. (Cause to) grow bigger or louder, di- 
 late, expand, rise or raise up from surrounding 
 
 surface, bulge out, increase in volume or force 
 or intensity, (river swollen with melted snow ; 
 the injured, wrist began to s. up or s,, whence 
 swe'lliNG J (2) n. ; the swelling sails ; toad swell- 
 ing himself to size of ox ; swelling oratory, of 
 inflated kind ; sound swells on the breeze; mur- 
 mur swelled into a roar ; ground swells into an 
 eminence ; lieart sicells, feels like bursting with 
 emotion ; s. with pride, indignation, Sec, be or 
 seem hardly able to contain it ; s. like a turkey- 
 cock, put on blustering air ; wind swells the 
 sails ; the swelling tide ; expenditure swollen 
 by extrax'agance ; swollen estimates, inordin- 
 ately high; a thousand voices s. the sound; 
 items s. the total ; s. note in music, sing or 
 play it with alternate crescendo &diminuendo ; 
 emotion swells <£■ subsides ; swelled head slang, 
 conceit). (N.) act or condition of swelling (the 
 s. of the hymn floated past ; the s. oftheground); 
 heaving of sea with waves that do not break 
 after storm ; part of any more or less cylindri- 
 cal object that swells out [the s. of the fore-arm); 
 (Mus.) crescendo followed by diminuendo, me- 
 chanism in organ for swelling or subduing tones 
 at will by opening or closing apertures in box 
 containing pipes &c; (colloq.) person of dis- 
 tinction or ability, member of good society, per- 
 son of dashing or fashionable appearance, (is a 
 s. in politics, at cricket, Sec; what a s. you are!, 
 how finely dressed ; has been asked to dinner 
 by some ss.), whence swe'llDOM n.; s.-blind, 
 one of the slats of s.-box, in organ (see above<); 
 s.-fish, kinds that can inflate themselves into 
 nearly globular form ; s.-keyboard, of s. -organ; 
 s. mob(smen), (class of) pickpockets dressed like 
 gentlemen ; s. -organ, partial organ with pipes 
 enclosed in s.-box ; s.-pedal, controlling slats of 
 s.-box ; s.-rule in printing, dash swelling into 
 diamond in middle & tapering towards ends. 
 (Adj., colloq.) of distinction (a s. pianist; s. 
 parties, society. Sec); smart, finely dressed, (s. 
 clothes ; looks very s.); hence swe*lliSH 1 (2) a. 
 [OE swellan, cf. Du. zwellen, G schwellen ; cogn. 
 w. sill, & perh. w. Gk saleuo surge] 
 
 swe'lter, v.i., & n. Be faint or moist or 
 languid or oppressive with heat (of atmosphere 
 &c, or of things or persons suffering from it ; 
 under a sweltering sky ; city sweltered in the 
 plam; the sweltering horses); (n.) sweltering at- 
 mosphere or conditions (in the s. of the Indian 
 night). [OE sweltan die, cf. OX svclta, Goth. 
 swiltan, OHG schivelzan be consumed by fire 
 or love, -er 5 ] 
 
 swept. See sweep. 
 
 swerve, v.i. & t., & n. Diverge from regu- 
 lar line of motion, go off in changed direction, 
 dodge, (never swerves an inch from his duty ; 
 bird, ball, swerves in the air; horse, three- 
 quarters at football, swerved suddenly) ; cause 
 (ball) to s. in the air. (X.) divergence from 
 course, swerving motion ; hence swer*ve- 
 less a. [OE sxoeorfan rub, file, cf. Du. zwerven 
 swerve, OFris. swerva rove, OX sverfa file] 
 
 swift, a., adv. (-er, -est), Se n. Fleet, rapid, 
 quick, soon coming or passing, not long de- 
 layed, (now chiefly poet. & rhet.; s. runner, 
 movement, feet, retribution, anger, laughter, 
 response, riddance; so swift- footED 2 , 
 swift-wingED 2 , aa.); prompt, quick to do, 
 (has a s. wit ; s. to anger ; be s. to hear, sloiv to 
 speak ; so swift-hand ed 2 a.); hence swi'ft- 
 ly 2 adv., swi'ftNESS n. (Adv.) swiftly (he 
 answered s. ; they that run swiftest ; esp. in 
 comb., as s. -coming, -passing). (X.) kind9 of 
 very long-winged & s.-flying insectivorous 
 bird with resemblances to swallows, whence 
 swi'ftLET n. (small kind) ; kinds of small liz- 
 ard; the common newt; breed of pigeons; 
 
SWIG 
 
 891 
 
 SWITCH 
 
 kinds of moth ; revolving frame for winding 
 yarn &c. from. [OE swijan move quickly, cf. 
 ON svifa, cogn. w. SWEEP)] 
 
 swig, v.t. & i., & n., (slang). Take draughts 
 (of) ; (n.) (act of taking) a draught of liquor, 
 [perh. f. OE swelgan swallow j J 
 
 swill, v.t. & i., & n. Rinse, pour water over 
 or through, flush, (often out) ; drink (t. & i.) 
 greedily. (N.) rinsing (give it a s. or s. out)', 
 bout of drinking (rare) ; inferior liquor ; hog- 
 wash, slops. [OE Sicilian wash, cf. ON skyla] 
 
 swim, v.i. & t. (swam, swum), & n. Float 
 on or at surface of liquid (sink l or s. ; veget- 
 ables svrimming in butter; with bubbles swim- 
 ming on it) ; progress at or below surface of 
 water by working legs, arms, tail, Avebbedfeet, 
 fins, flippers, wings, body, &c, traverse or ac- 
 complish (stream, distance, &c.) thus, compete 
 in (race) thus, compete with thus, cause (horse, 
 dog, &c.) to progress thus, (fig.) go with gliding 
 motion, (s. on one's chest, back, side, methods 
 of human swimming ; s. across, out, back, the 
 channel, a mile, a race, person a hundred 
 yards, one's horse across ; cannot s. a stroke ; 
 s. with the tide or stream, act with the majori- 
 ty; s. to the bottom or like a stone facet., sink; 
 she swam into the room ; moon swims in sky), 
 whence swi'mmER 1 n. ; appear to undulate 
 or reel or whirl, have dizzy effector sensation, 
 (everything steam before his eyes; my head 
 swims; has a swimming in the head); be 
 flooded or overflow with ovtrith or in moisture 
 (eyes, deck, swimming with tears, water ; swim- 
 ming eyes ; floor swimming in blood) ; swim- 
 ming-bath, large enough to s. in ; siuimming- 
 bell, bell-shaped swimming organ of jelly-fish 
 &c. ; swimming-belt, to keep learner afloat ; 
 swimming-bladder, fish's soxind ; swimming- 
 stone, kind of spongy quartz. (N.) spell of 
 swimming ; swimming-bladder (rare) : deep 
 pool frequented by fish in river; (fig.) main 
 current of affairs (esp. in the s., engaged in or 
 acquainted with what is going on), [in sense 
 float &c, OE swimman, cf. Du. swemmen, G 
 schwimmen ; in sense be dizzy &c, f. OE swima 
 a swoon, cf. Du. zwijm, Sw. svimma be dizzy, 
 G schwindel dizziness, schwinden disappear] 
 
 swi'mmepet, n. Swimming-foot in crusta- 
 ceans, [swimmer, -ET 1 ] 
 
 swi'mmingly, adv. With easy & unob- 
 structed progress (esp. go on s.). [-ly 2 ] 
 
 swi'ndle, v.t. & i., & n. Cheat (person, 
 money out of person, person out of money &c, 
 orabs.); so swi'ndlER 1 n., swi'ndlingLY 2 
 adv. (N.) fraudulent scheme, imposition, 
 piece of swindling, person or thing represented 
 as what it is not. [back-formation f. sivindler 
 f. G schwindler visionary projector, swindler, 
 (schwindeln be dizzy, see swim)] 
 
 swine, n. (pi. the same). Kinds of ungulate 
 non-ruminantomnivorousmammal, pig, whence 
 swi'nERV 3 n. ; person of greedy or bestial 
 habits ; s.-bread, thetruffle, also = sow 2 -bread ; 
 s.-fercr, s. -plague ; s.-herd, tender of s. ; s.- 
 plague, infectious lung-disease of 8.; s.-pox, 
 form of chicken-pox; s.'s-snout, dandelion. 
 Hence swi'nisn 1 a., swi'nishLY 2 adv., 
 swi'nishNESS n., (chiefly of persons & their 
 habits). |OE sunn (sing. & pi.), cf. Du. zicijn, 
 G schwein ; perh. orig. an adj. form, cf. L sui- 
 nus of pigs (sus sow, -ine ] )] 
 
 swing 1 , v.i. & t. (swung or rarely swang, 
 swung), & n. Move (t. & i.) with to-&-fro or 
 curving motion of object having fixed point(s) 
 or side but otherwise free, sway (t. & i.) or so 
 hang (t. & i.) as to be free to sway like a pen- 
 dulum or door or branch or tree or hammock 
 or anchored ship, oscillate, revolve, rock, wheel, 
 
 (he shall s. for it, be hanged; door swung to, 
 closed; boat, boom, strings round, across; ship 
 swings at anchor ; s. child &c, work the s. in 
 which he sits; sat on table stringing his legs; 
 s. one's arms, a bell, Indian clubs, bat, basket; 
 s. a hammock, suspend it by ends ; no room to 
 s. a cat J ; officer strings his company, company 
 strings, into line, brings, comes, by wheeling) ; 
 (part., of gait, melody, &c.) vigorously rhyth- 
 mical (at a long stringing trot; a stringing 
 chorus); go with swinging gait (he strung out 
 of the room; s. along, past, by, &c), whence 
 swrngingL \ 2 adv. (N. ) act of swinging, os- 
 cillation, swinging movement, (work is in full 
 s., active ; the s. of the pendulum fig., tendency 
 to alternation, esp. tendency of electorate to 
 put parties in power alternately); swinging gait 
 or rhythm (goes with a s.); normal duration of 
 activity (let it have its s., have free course till 
 it rests of itself like pendulum); seat slung by 
 ropes or chains for swinging in, spell of swing- 
 ing in this ; compass to which thing swings (has 
 a s. of 3ft); s.-boat, boat-shaped carriage hung 
 from frame for swinging in ; s.-bridge, that can 
 be swung aside as a whole or in sections to let 
 ships &c. pass ; s.-plough, without wheels. [OE 
 swing an, cf. Sw. svinga, G schwingen] 
 
 swinge (-j), v.t. (swingeing). Strike hard, 
 beat, (archaic exc. in a swingeing blow &c.) ; 
 (part.) huge (swingeing majority, lie, damages ; 
 cf. thumping, xrhopping, &c). [OE swengan, 
 causal of prec.] 
 
 swrngle (-nggl), n., & v.t. Wooden instru- 
 ment for beating flax & removing woody parts 
 from it ; sxri'ngletree, crossbar pivoted in mid- 
 dle to ends of which traces are fastened in cart, 
 plough, &c. (Vb) clean (flax) with s.; swingling- 
 tow, coarse part of flax. [-le(1)1 
 
 swink, v.i., & n. (archaic). Toil. [OE (-can)] 
 
 swipe, v.i. & t., & n. Hit at or hit cricket- 
 ball &c, hit (cricket-ball &c), hard & recklessly, 
 slog; hence swi'pER 1 n. (N.) reckless hard hit 
 or attempt to hit at cricket &c, slog. [OE swi- 
 pian beat; cogn. w. sweep] 
 
 swipes, n. pi. Washy or turbid or otherwise 
 inferior beer. [f. prec. in obs. sense drink off] 
 
 swirl, v.i. & t., & n. Eddy, carry (object) or 
 be carried with eddying motion ; (n.) eddying 
 motion of water, air, &c, commotion made by 
 fish &c. rushing through water, [f. Norw. svirla 
 frequent, of sverra hum, whirl, cf. G schwirren ; 
 cogn. w. swarm x ] 
 
 swish, v.t. & i., & n. Flog with birch ; au- 
 dibly cut the air with (cane &c), cut (flower 
 &c.) ojpthus ; make such audible cut xcith cane 
 &c. ; (make, move with) sound as of cane or lash 
 or swift bird cutting the air or of scythe cutting 
 grass ; a stroke of a birch or cane or lash, [imit 7] 
 
 Swiss, a.,&n.(pl. the same). (Native) of Swit- 
 zerland (S. French, German, dialects of French 
 & German spoken in Switzerland ; S. guards, 
 S. mercenaries formerly employed in France 
 &c. & still at the Vatican; S. roll, kind of 
 jam-sandwich rolled tip & baked), [perh. back- 
 formation f. obs. Swisser switzer] 
 
 switch, n., & v.t. & i. Flexible shoot cut 
 from tree, tapering rod resembling this ; tress 
 of dead hair tied at one end used in hairdress- 
 ing; kinds of mechanism for making & break- 
 ing connexion between corresponding parts of 
 a system by which railway trains are diverted 
 from one line to another, electric circuits com- 
 pleted or interrupted, &c; s,-back, zigzag rail- 
 way for ascending or descending steep slopes, 
 also railway (chiefly used for amusement at 
 fairs &c.) in w'hich train's ascents are effected 
 solely by momentum acquired in previous de- 
 scents ; s.-bar, part of railway or electric s.; s,- 
 
switzer 
 
 892 
 
 SYLLABLE 
 
 board, arrangement for varying the connexion 
 between a number of electric circuits ; 8.-lever, 
 handle & lever operating a s.; s.-man, in charge 
 of railway bs.; s.-signal, flag or lantern or sem- 
 aphore board indicating position of railway 
 s. (Vb) whip with s.; swing (thing) round quick- 
 ly, snatch suddenly, whisk, (cow switches her 
 tail; I switched my head round; he switched 
 it out of my hand) ; transfer (train, current) 
 with s.; turn (electric light, current) off ov on ; 
 put (user of telephone) on to or cut (him) off 
 from another (.9. off intr., cut off connexion). 
 [f. MDu. sxoick a whip, cf. G zwecke peg, tack, 
 zwicken tweak ; cogn. w. twitch] 
 Swi'tzeP, n. (archaic). A Swiss, [f. G 
 Schweizer (Schweiz Switzerland, -er 1 )] 
 swi'vel (-vl), n., & v.i. &t. (-11-). Ring & pivot 
 serving as connexion between two parts of 
 something & enabling one of them to revolve 
 without the other (s.-chain, -book-rest, -gun, 
 -hook, -joint, -rowlock, &c, provided with s.); 
 s.-eye(d), (with) squinting eye ; (vb) turn (t. &i.) 
 on s. JOE swifan see swift, -le(1)] 
 swob(ber), var. of swAB(&er). 
 swollen, swoln (archaic), p.p. of swell. 
 swoon, v.i. &n. (Have) fainting fit; (of music 
 &e.) die languidly away, whence swoo'n- 
 lngLY 2 adv. [ME swownen, derivative vb f. 
 OE sivogan sough] 
 
 swoop, v.i. & t., & n. Come down or down 
 with the rush of a bird of prey, make sudden 
 attack from a distance, (often upon prey, place, 
 &c); (colloq.) snatch up, snatch, the whole of 
 atones. (N.) sudden attackordown ward plunge 
 as of bird of prey ; snatchingaction carrying off 
 many things at once. [n. f. vb, OE swdpan rush, 
 cf. ON sveipa, G schweifcn ramble ; cogn. w. 
 sweep, swipe] 
 
 swop, swap (-op), v.t. & i., & n., (slang). 
 Exchange (v.t. & i., & n.) by way of barter 
 (never s. horses while crossing the stream, leave 
 changes till crisis is past ; swopped my knife for 
 bread; will you s. places Sec.?, or abs. ; shall 
 we try a s. ?). [perh. f. obs. swap strike] 
 sword (sord), n. Offensive weapon consisting 
 of long variously shaped blade for cutting or 
 thrusting or both & hilt with hand-guard 
 (broads.; cavalry .<?., sabre; court, dress, s., 
 worn with court-dress; double-edged, two- 
 handed, &c, s.; duelling, small, -.<?., kind with 
 straight edgeless blade of triangular section 
 used for thrusting only ; scutch ing-s. ; s. of 
 State, borne before sovereign on State occa- 
 sions ; the s. of the spirit, the word of God ; 
 cross or measure 88., have fight or controversy 
 or open rivalry, often with ; draw, sheathe, the 
 s., begin, cease from, war ; throw one's s. into 
 the scale, back claim &c. with arms ; put to 
 the s., kill, esp. of victors or captors ; fire & s., 
 rapine, destruction spread by invading army ; 
 the s. of justice, judicial authority ; the s., war, 
 the arbitrament of war, military power, sove- 
 reign power); 8. -arm, right; s. -bayonet, kind 
 with short s.-blade & hilt; s.-bcarcr, person 
 carrying sovereign's or other great person's s. 
 on some occasions ; s.-belt. to which scabbard 
 is attached ; s.-bill, long-billed humming-bird ; 
 s.-cane, hollow walking-stick enclosing s.- 
 blade ; s.-cut, wound given with s.-edge, scar 
 left by it ; s.-dance, in which ss. are brandished, 
 or women pass under men's crossed ss., or per- 
 former treads about ss. laid on ground ; s.-fish, 
 large Atlantic & Mediterranean kind with up- 
 per jaw elongated into sharp weapon capable 
 of piercing other fish or ship's timbers ; s.-flag, 
 esp. yellow iris ; s. -flighted of birds, having 
 flight-feathers of separate colour & looking 
 when closed like s, worn at side ; s.-gj-o.ss, 
 
 gladiolus, kinds of sedge with S.-like leaves ; 
 s.-guard, part of s.-hilt that protects hand ; s.- 
 hand, right ; s.-knot, ribbon or tassel attached 
 to s.-hilt orig. for securing it to wrist; s.-lau; 
 military domination ; s.-lily, gladiolus ; s.-play, 
 fencing, (fig.) repartee, cut-&-thrust argument ; 
 swordsman, person of (usu. specified) skill 
 with s., whence swo*i»dsmansHiP(3) n. ; &- 
 stick, s.-cane. Hence (-)swopdED 2 , swo'rd- 
 
 LESS, SWOP'dLIKE, SWOP'dPROOF 2 , a;i. [UK 
 
 sweord, cf. Du. zwaard, G schwert, etym. dub.J 
 
 swore, sworn. See swear. 
 
 swot, v.i., & n., (school slang). Work hard 
 esp. at books, sap. (N.) hard study; (thingthat 
 demands) effort, a sweat, (it is too much s.; 
 xchat a s. I) ; person who works hard esp. at 
 learning, a sap. [var. of sweat] 
 
 swum, swung. See swim, swing. 
 
 sy-, = svn- in Gk compds with wds in s- 
 f olio wed by consonant or in z- & their derivv. 
 
 sybarite, n. & a. Inhabitant of ancient- 
 Greek colony of Sybaris in Italy noted for 
 luxury ; luxurious & effeminate (person). 
 Hence sybaprtic a., sy*bapitis.M(2) n., sy- 
 bapi'tiCALLV adv. [f. L (-ta) f. Gk Snbarites 
 (Subaris, -ite 1 )] 
 
 sy'bil, n. (Erron. for) sibyl. 
 
 sy'camine, n. (bibl.). The black mulberry 
 tree. [f. L f. Gk sukaminos mulberry-tree 
 perh. f. Heb. shigmah sycamore] 
 
 sycamore, n. (Also s.-fig or Egyptian or 
 oriental s.) kind of fig-tree growing in Syria & 
 Egypt ; (also s.-maple) large timber-tree allied 
 to maple & plane, [earlier sycomore f. L f. Gk 
 sukomoros perh. f. Heb. as prec. w. assim. to 
 sukon fig, moron mulberry] 
 
 syce. See sice 2 . 
 
 syeee' (silver), n. Ingots of pure silver 
 bearing banker's or assay er's seal & used in 
 China for payments by weight, [f. Chin, si sze 
 fine silk (as capable of being drawn out fine)] 
 
 sychnoear'pous (-k-), a. (bot.). Bearing 
 fruit several times before dying, perennial, 
 [Gk sukhnos numerous, karpos fruit, -ous] 
 
 syeo'nium, n. (bot.; pi. -ia). Fleshy hollow 
 receptacle developing into multiple fruit as in 
 fig. [mod. L (Gk sukon fig)] 
 
 sycophant, n. Flatterer, toady, parasitic 
 person. So syeophANCY n., sycopha'ntic 
 a. [f. L (-ta) f. Gk sukophantes informer, perh. 
 f. sukon fig, phaino show (informing against 
 export of figs or plunder of sacred fig-trees)] 
 
 syeo'sis, n. Skin-disease of bearded part of 
 face or scalp also called barber's itch, [f. Gk 
 silicosis figlike ulcer (sukon fig, -osis)] 
 
 syenite, n. Grey crystalline rock of feldspar 
 & hornblende with or without quartz. Hence 
 syeni'tic a. [f. L Syenites (lapis stone) of Sy- 
 ene in Egypt, see -ite l ] 
 
 syl-, = svn- in Gk compds w. words in 1- & 
 their derivatives. 
 
 sy'llabapy, n. List of characters represent- 
 ing syllables & serving the purpose, in some 
 languages or stages, of an alphabet. [L syllaba 
 
 SVLI.ABLE, -ARV 1 ] 
 
 sylla'bie, a. Of syllable(s) (often in comb., as 
 mono, di, :ri,quadri, -.<?., having 1, 2, 3, 4, syllables); 
 (of symbols) representing a whole syllable ; ar- 
 ticulated in syllables. Hence sylla'biCALLY 
 adv. [f. Gk sullabikos (syllable, -ic)| 
 
 syllabicate, sylla'bify, syllabize, vv.t. 
 Divide into or articulate by syllables. Hence 
 syllabieA'TiON. syllabiFiCA'Tic-N, nn. [Gk 
 sidlabe see foil., -ic. -ate 3 , -FY, -ize] 
 
 syllable, n., & v.t. Unit of pronunciation 
 forming a word or part of a word & containing 
 one vowel sound & often consonant(s) preced- 
 ing or following or preceding & following this; 
 
SYLLABUB 
 
 893 
 
 SYMPHONY 
 
 (transf.) so much as a word, the least amount of 
 speech, (not a s.!, do not speak) ; hence (-)syl- 
 lablED2 a, (Vb) pronounce by ss., articulate 
 distinctly ; (poet.) utter (name, word). [£. OF 
 sillabe f. L f. Gk sullabe (svl-, Inmbano take) ; 
 
 for -I- Cf. PRINCIPLE, PARTICIPLEJ 
 
 syllabub, var. of sillabub. 
 syllabus, n. (pi. -bi). Abstract giving heads 
 or main subjects of a lecture, course of teach- 
 ing, &c, conspectus or programme of hours of 
 work &c; (R.-C. Ch.) summary of points de- 
 cided by an ecclesiastical decree, esp. catalogue 
 of eighty heretical doctrines or practices or in- 
 stitutions condemned by Pius IX in 1864. [LL 
 (Gk sullambano see svllable)] 
 sylle'psis, n. (gram.; pi. -pses). Application 
 of a word to two others in different senses (e.g. 
 in a flood of tears & a sedan-chair) or to two 
 of which it grammatically suits one only (e.g. 
 neither you nor he knows). So sylle'ptic a., 
 sylle'ptiCALLY adv. [f. L f. Gk stdlepsis (svd- 
 lambano see syllable) comprehension] 
 syllogism, n. Form of reasoning in which 
 from two given or assumed propositions called 
 the premis(s)es & having a common or middle 
 term a third is deduced called the conclusion 
 from which the middle term is absent (figure 1 , 
 mood 2 , oj s.; false s., one whose conclusion 
 does not necessarily follow from its premisses 
 because it fails to fulfil the rules of logic re- 
 garding the nature & mutual relations of the 
 major £c minor & middle terms necessary if the 
 inference is to be sound) ; (transf.) deductive 
 reasoning as opp. induction. So syllogi'stic 
 a., syllogi'stiCALLY adv. [f. OF silogime f. 
 L f. Gk sidlogismos f. sullogizomai (syl-, logi- 
 zomaito reason f. logos reason), -ism] 
 
 syllogize, v.i. & t. Use syllogisms ; throw 
 (facts, argument) into syllogistic form. [f. Gk 
 sullogizomai (prec.)] 
 
 sylph, n. Elemental spirit of the air (cf. 
 nymph, gnome, salamander, of water, earth, 
 fire) in Paracelsus's system, whence sylph- 
 like a.; (transf.) slender girl; kinds of long- 
 tailed humming-bird. [f. F sylphe perh. f. Gk 
 siljihe kind of beetle] 
 
 sylvan. See silvan. 
 
 sym-, - syn- in Gk compds with words in b-, 
 m-, p-, as : -bion(t), organism living in symbio- 
 sis [Gk bion -ountos part, of biod f. bios life] ; 
 -bio'sis, permanent union between organisms 
 each of which depends for its existence on the 
 other as the fungus & alga composing lichen 
 \t. Gk as zymbion, -osis], whence -fri'o'Tic a., 
 fciotiCALLY adv.; -pa.'lmograph, apparatus ex- 
 hibiting sound-curves usu. by double pendulum 
 with style attached [Gk palmos vibration f. 
 pallo brandish]; -jie'lmous, (of bird) having 
 tendons of toe-flexors united at a point [Gk 
 pelma sole] ; -petalous, having petals united ; 
 -phoriear'2]Ous,with clustered fruit[Gk-p/iored 
 f. phero bear] ; -phyllous, with leaves united 
 [Gk phullon leaf]; -physis, growing together, 
 (place or line of) union between two correspond- 
 ing bones or other parts, coalescence, [Gk phuo 
 grow], whence symphysexL. a.; -pieso'meter, 
 instrument for measuring force of current of 
 water, also barometer in which atmospheric 
 pressure is balanced partly by column of liquid 
 & partly by elastic pressure of confined gas [Gk 
 piesis pressure f. piezo press] ; -po'dium, stem 
 whose successive sections are strictly branches 
 each springing from the preceding, as in the 
 vine [Gk pons podos foot], so sympo'di&L. a., 
 sympo'dialLV 2 adv. 
 
 symbol (bl), n., & v.t. (-11-). Thing regarded 
 by general consent as naturally typifying or re- 
 presentingor recalling something by possession 
 
 of analogous qualities or by association in fact 
 or thought (white, the lion, the thunderbolt, the 
 cross, are ss. of purity, courage, Zeus, Chris- 
 tianity ; values the handle to his name only as 
 as.); mark or character taken as the conven- 
 tional sign of some object or idea or process, 
 e.g. the astronomical signs for the planets, the 
 letters standing for chemical elements, letters 
 of the alphabet, the mathematical signs for 
 addition & infinity, the asterisk ; hence or eogn. 
 symboiic(AL) aa., symbo'licalLY 2 adv., 
 symboiics, symbolisM(3i, symbolisx(3), 
 nn., symbolizE v.t. (see vb), symbolizA"- 
 tion, symb(ol)o*LOGY, symb(ol)o*LATRY, 
 nn. (Vb, rare, also & usu. symbolize) : be the 
 s. of ; represent by means of s., speak of under 
 a, s.; (-ize only) treat (story &c.) as symbolic & 
 not literal, import symbolism into. [f. F sym- 
 bole f. L f. Gksu?7ibolos, -on, token, watchword, 
 f. sumballo (sym-, ballo throw) agree] 
 symme'trian, symmetrreian, sym- 
 metPist, nn. (rare). Person insisting on sym- 
 metry, [-an, -ician, -1ST] 
 symmetry, n. (Beauty resulting from) 
 right proportion between the parts of the body 
 or any whole, balance, congruity, harmony, 
 keeping ; such structure as allows of an ob- 
 ject's being divided by a point or line or plane 
 or radiating lines or planes into two or more 
 parts exactly similar in size & shape & in po- 
 sition relatively to the dividing point &c, re- 
 petition of exactly similar parts facing each 
 other or a centre, whence (in art) symmetro- 
 phovbia n. ; approximation to such structure, 
 possession by a whole of corresponding parts 
 correspondingly placed, (Bot.) possession by 
 flower of sepals & petals & stamens & pistils 
 in (multiples of) the same number. Hence or 
 cogn. symme'tric(AL) aa., symme'tpieal- 
 LY'^adv., symmetPiZE(3) v.t., symmetpi- 
 za'tion n. [f. OF symmetric f. L f. Gk sw?«- 
 metria f. s\'yi(7netros f. metron measure) com- 
 mensurate, symmetric] 
 
 sympathe'tie, a. & n. Of, full of, exhibit- 
 ing, expressing, due to, effecting, sympathy (s. 
 heart, person, conduct, words; s. landscape 
 &c, that touches the feelings by association 
 &c; s. pain &c, caused by pain or injury to 
 some one else or in another part of the body; 
 s. sound, resonance, string, sounding by vibra- 
 tion communicated through the air or other 
 medium from vibrating object; s. nerve, any, 
 esp. either of two extending the length of the 
 vertebral column, of a system of nerves unit- 
 ing viscera & blood-vessels in common nervous 
 action ; s. ink, writing done with which is in- 
 visible till brought out by warmth or other 
 agency) ; hence sympathe'tiCALLY adv. 
 (N.) s. nerve or system ; person peculiarly sen- 
 sitive to hvpnotic or similar influence, [f. late 
 Gk sumpctthetikos (sympathy, pathetic)] 
 sympathize, v.i. Feel or express sympa- 
 thy, share feeling or opinion with person &c, 
 agree with sentiment. Hence sympathiz- 
 er ] n. [f. F sympathiser (foil., -ize)] 
 sympathy, n. Being simultaneously af- 
 fected with the same feeling, tendency to 
 share or state of sharing another person s or 
 thing's emotion or sensation orcondition (icith), 
 mental participation in another's trouble 
 {with), compassion (for), agreement in opinion 
 or desire, [f. L f. Gk sumpatheia f. SYM(pathes 
 f. pathos feeling) sympathetic] 
 symphony, n. (Archaic) harrnony, con- 
 sonance of sounds, whence sympho'nious a. 
 (rare) ; (Mus.) elaborate orchestral composi- 
 tion of several contrasted but closely related 
 movements. Hence sympho'nic a. [f. OF 
 
SYMPOSIARCH 
 
 S<4 
 
 SYNONYMY 
 
 symphonic f. L f. Gksumphonia f. SYM(phonos 
 f. phone sound) harmonious] 
 symp6*siai»eh (-k), n. President of sympo- 
 sium, toast-master, feast-master. If. Gk sum- 
 posiarkhes (foil., -arkhes -ruler f. arkho rule)] 
 sy mpo'sium (-z-), n. (pi. -ia). Ancient-Greek 
 after-dinner drinking-party with music.dancers, 
 or conversation; any drinking-party ; philo- 
 sophical or other friendly discussion ; set of con- 
 tributions on one subject from various authors 
 & points of view in magazine &c. Hence sym- 
 po'siAL, a. If. Gk sumposion f. s\'M(pind drink, 
 cf. posis drinking) drink together] 
 sy'mptom, n. Perceptible change in the 
 body or its functions indicating disease (sub- 
 jective, objective, ss., directly perceptible only 
 to patient, to others) ; sign or token of the 
 existence of something. Hence or cogn. 
 symptomatic a., symptoma'tiCALLY 
 adv., symptomato'LOGV n. (f. OF synip- 
 tome f. Gk sumptoma -atos chance, symptom, 
 f. SYMipipto fall, -M)] 
 
 syn-, pref. (appearing also as syl-, sym-, syr- 
 before r-, sys- before s- not followed by con- 
 sonant, & sy- ; the Gk change of sun- to sug- 
 before gutturals is disregarded in mod. deriva- 
 tives) repr. Gk sun prep. &pref., with, together 
 or alike, in wds derived directly f. Gk wds 
 (syncope) or made f. Gk (syngnathous) or very 
 rarely f. non-Gk (synovial) elements:— syn(a)e- 
 r'esis (-ner-), contraction of two vowels or syl- 
 lables into one [Gk haired take] ; -allagma'tic, 
 (of treaty or contract) imposing reciprocal ob- 
 ligations [Gk allasso exchange]; -al(o)e'pha 
 (-le-), elision or obscuration of final before ini- 
 tial vowel [Gk aleipho smear]; -a'ntherous, 
 with stamens coalescent by the anthers ; -a'n- 
 thous, with flowers & leaves appearing simul- 
 taneously [Gk anthos flower]; -aphe(i)'a (-ea), 
 continuity between lines or sections of lines in 
 verse, allowing the ordinary rules of elision & 
 quantity to operate with the final syllable [Gk 
 hapto join] ; -arthro'sis (pi. -oses), immovable 
 articulation, as in sutures of skuli & socketing 
 of teeth ; -carp, aggregate or multiple fruit, 
 e.g. blackberry, fig, so -car'pous a. [Gk karpos 
 fruitl ; -chondro'sis, (nearly) immovable articu- 
 lation of bones by layer of cartilage, as in spinal 
 vertebrae ; -cla'stic, concave, or convex, all over 
 (opp. anticlastic, partly concave & partly con- 
 vex) [Gk klao break]; -cli'nal, (of strata) dip- 
 ping towards a common line or point (opp. an- 
 ticlinal, dipping away); -cot yle' do no as, with 
 cotyledons united ; -cretism, attempt to sink 
 differences & effect union between sects or phi- 
 losophic schools, so -cre'tic, -creiist, -creti'stic, 
 -cretize v.t. & i. [Gk sugkretizo etym. dub., 
 combine against common enemy] ; -cy'tium (pi. 
 -ia), mass of protoplasm with several nuclei but 
 forming one cell [-cyte] ; -da'ctyl(ous) aa., with 
 digits united as in webbed feet &c, so -da'etyl- 
 ism ; -desmo'sis, articulation by ligaments, so 
 -desmo'tic,-desmo'logy,-desmo'graphy[Gkdcs- 
 mos bond f. deo bind] ; -de'tic, of, using, con- 
 junctions [asyndeton] ; -e'edoche (-kl), extend- 
 ed acceptation by which when a part is named 
 the whole it belongs to is understood, as in 50 
 sail (for ships) [Gk ek out, dekhomai accept] ; 
 sy'nesis, violation of grammatical rule due to 
 influence exerted by the sense (as neither of 
 them are right) [Gk sunesis understanding 
 (hiemi send)]; -ge'nesis, formation of embryo 
 partly from the male & partly from the female 
 element; -gnathotis, (of fish) with jaws united 
 into tubular snout ; -ize'sis (pi. -eses), pronun- 
 ciation of two vowels not making a diphthong 
 as one syllable [Gk hizo to seat] ; synoe'eious 
 ( -ne-), having male & female organs in one in- 
 
 florescence or receptacle,as in composite flowers 
 & mosses [Gk oikos house]; -osteo'logy, science 
 of the joints of the body ; -ost(e)o'sis, anchylo- 
 sis, so -osto'tic a.; -o'via, albuminous fluid se- 
 creted by membranes in interior of joints & in 
 other places needing lubrication, so syno'vial 
 a. [Lovum egg ; named by Paracelsus f. resem- 
 blance to white of egg]; -tony, the tuning or 
 accommodation to each other of wireless-tele- 
 graphy apparatuses, so -to'nic a. [tone J. 
 
 synagogue (-og), n. Jewish congregation 
 with organized religious observances & instruc- 
 tion, its place of meeting. Hence synago'g- 
 ical (-g-, -j-) a. [F, f. L f. Gk sunagoge (prec, 
 agoge bringing f. ago bring)] 
 
 synchronize, v.i. & t. Occur at the same 
 time, be simultaneous or synchronous: a. 
 (whence sy'nchronousLY - adv.), (ivith); as- 
 certain or set forth the correspondence in date 
 of (events) ; cause (clocks) to show, (of clocks) 
 show, a standard or uniform time. Hence or 
 cogn. synchponiSM(l) or rarely sy'nchro- 
 nv J , synenronizA'TiON, nn. [f. Gk sugkhro- 
 nizo (syn-, khronos time, -ize)] 
 
 syncopate, v.t. Shorten (word) by drop- 
 ping interior letter(s) or syllable(s), as in sym- 
 oology for symboiology, Glosteriov Gloucester ; 
 (Mus.) invert rhythm of (note, tone) by begin- 
 ning on unaccented & sustaining into accented 
 beat. Hence syneopATiON u. [L. syncopare 
 swoon (foil.), -ate 3 ] 
 
 syncope, n. (Gram.) syncopated spellingor 
 pronunciation; (Med.) fainting, loss of con- 
 sciousness from fall of blood-pressure, whence 
 synco*p(t)ic a.; (Mus.) syncopation, also such 
 combination of voice-parts that two or more 
 notes in one coincide with one in another. [L, 
 f. Gk sugkope (syn-, kopto strike)] 
 
 syndic, n. Official of kinds differing in dif- 
 ferent countries & times, (Camb. Univ.) mem- 
 ber of special committee of senate. [F, f. L f. 
 Gk sun(dikos f. dike justice) advocate] 
 
 syndicate, n. (-at), & v.t. (-at). Body of 
 syndics (esp. at Camb.); combination of com- 
 mercial firms &c. associated to forward some 
 common interest (vb, esp. in p.p., form into s., 
 whence syndiCA'TioN n.). [vb f. n., f. med.L 
 syndicatus (prec, -ate 1 )] 
 
 syne, Sc for since (aidd lung s., the days of 
 long ago, esp. as title & refrain of song sung at 
 parting &c). 
 
 synod, n. Ecclesiastical council (occumeni- 
 ceil or general, national, provincial, diocesan, 
 s., attended by bishop(s) & delegated clergy of 
 all nations, a nation, a province, a diocese); 
 (Presb.) ecclesiastical court above presbyteries 
 & subject to General Assembly; any meeting 
 for debate ; (Astron.) conjunction of planets 
 or stars. So synodAL, syno'dic(AL), aa., 
 syno'diCALLY adv. [f. F synode f . L £. Gk 
 sunodos (syn-, hodos way) meeting] 
 
 synonym, n. Word identical & coextensive 
 in sense & usage with another of the same lan- 
 guage (as caecitis, cf. typhlitis) ; word denoting 
 the same thing(s) as another but suitable to 
 different context (as leap, slay, cf. jump, kill) 
 or containing different suggestion (as blind- 
 worm, cf. slow-worm) ; word equivalent to an- 
 other in some only of either's senses (as ship, 
 cf. vessel). Hence or cogn. synonymiTY n.. 
 syno'nymous a. (with), syno'nyniousLY 2 
 adv. \F(-ime), f. L syno7iyma n. pi. f. Gkstinonu- 
 mos of like sense (syn-, onuma -atos name)] 
 
 synonyma'tie, synonymic, aa. Of or 
 using synonyms, [prec, -ic] 
 
 syno'nymy, n. Synonymity; collocation of 
 synonyms for emphasis (as in any shape or 
 form); system or collection of, treatise on, 
 
SYNOPSIS 
 
 895 
 
 TAB 
 
 synonyms. [F (-mie), f. L f. Gk sunonumia 
 
 (SYNONYM, -Y 1 )] 
 
 syno'psis, n. (pi. -pses). Summary, conspec- 
 tus, [f. Gk SYN(opsw seeing f. op- see) 
 
 syno'ptic, a. & n. Affording a conspectus 
 or general survey (s. gospels, those of Matthew, 
 Mark, & Luke) ; of the s. gospels ; hence 
 syno'ptie.vr, a., syno'ptiealLY 2 adv. (X., 
 also syno'ptiST) writer of a s. gospel, [f. Gk 
 sunoptikos (prec, -ic)J 
 
 syntactic, a. & n. Of, according to, syntax; 
 hence synta'etiCALLY adv. (X., pi.) branch 
 of mathematics relating to the number of ways 
 of putting things together under conditions. 
 If. Gk suntaktikos (foil.)] 
 
 syntax, n. Sentence-construction, the 
 grammatical arrangement of words in speech 
 or writing, set of rules governing this. [F (-xe), 
 f. LL f. Gk suntaxis (5yn-, tasso order) mar- 
 shalling, syntaxj 
 
 synthesis, n. (pi. -theses). Combination, 
 composition, putting together, (opp. analysis); 
 building up of separate elements, esp. of con- 
 ceptions or propositions or facts, into a con- 
 nected whole, esp. a theory or system ; (Gram.) 
 making of compound & derivative words, pre- 
 ference of composition & inflexion to use of 
 prepositions &c; (Surg.) joining of divided 
 parts. Hence or cogn. synthe*tic(AL) aa., 
 synthe*ticALLYadv.,synthesizE(l), -tize, 
 vv.t., synthetisT(I), -sist, nn. [L, f. Gk 
 sunthesis (SYN-, tithemi put)] 
 
 sypher, v.t. Join (planks) with overlap- 
 ping edges into flush surface ; s.-joint, thus 
 made. [!) 
 
 syphilis, n. Pox, an infectious venereal 
 disease affecting first the genitals {primary s.), 
 secondly the skin & mucous membrane (second- 
 ary s.), & thirdly the bones & muscles & brain 
 (tei'tiarys.). Hence syphilrtic, syphilous, 
 syphiloiD,aa..syphilizE(5)v.t.,syphilo*- 
 logy n. [F, f. Syphilus, (character in) 16th-c. 
 Latin poem on the subject] 
 
 syphon, syren, erron. for si-. 
 
 Syriae, n. & a. (In) the language of ancient 
 Syria, western Aramaic. Hence Syriae i sm< A I 
 n. [f. L f. Gk Suriakos (Suria Syria f. Suros a 
 Syrian, -ac)] 
 
 Syrian, a. & n. (Xative) of Syria. [Syria, -an] 
 
 syri'ngra (-ngga), n. The mock-orange, a 
 shrub with strong-scented white usu. clustered 
 flowers, [syrinx (w. ref. to use of stems clear- 
 ed of pith as pipe-sticks), -a] 
 
 syringe (-j), n., & v.t. Cylindrical tube with 
 nozzle & piston into which liquid is first drawn 
 by suction & then ejected in fine stream used 
 in surgery, gardening, &c, squirt, (hypodermic 
 s., needle-pointed for hypodermic injections) ; 
 hence sy*ring-eFUL(2) n. (Vb) sluice or spray 
 (ears, plants, Sec.) with s. [f. F seringue f. L 
 syringem uom. -nx f. Gk as foil.] 
 
 syrinx, n. (pi. -es, -nges). Pan-pipe; (Ar- 
 chaeol.) narrow rock-cut gallery in Egyptian 
 tombs; (Anat.) Eustachian tube from throat to 
 drum of ear supplying latter with air, whence 
 syringiTis n.; lower larynx or song-organ of 
 birds, whence syri'ngeAL a.; (Surg.) fistula, 
 whenc e syringo'TO M y n. [f . G k surigx pipe] 
 
 Syro-, comb, form f. Gk Suros Syrian, as 
 -ara'bian, -phoeni'cian. [-o-] 
 
 syr'tis, n. (pi. -tea). Quicksand. [L, f. Gk 
 surtis (sard draw)] 
 
 sy*rup, si-, n. Water (nearly) saturated 
 with sugar, this combined with flavouring as 
 beverage or with drug(s) as medicine; con- 
 densed sugarcane-juice, part of this remaining 
 uncrystallized at various stages of refining, mo- 
 lasses, treacle, (golden s., trade name for pale 
 
 kind). Hence sypupY 2 a. [f. OF syrop f. 
 Arab, sharab beverage, cf. sherbet] 
 
 syssarco'sis, n. Connexion between bones 
 byinterveningmuscle. [f. Gksussarkdsi$(sY*i-, 
 sarkooi. sarx sarkos flesh, -osis)] 
 
 syssl'tia, n. pi. (Gk ant.). Public messes of 
 Spartans & some other Dorians at which citi- 
 zens were required to feed with a view to the 
 promotion of patriotism, military efficiency, 
 discipline, & simplicity. [Gk (su-) pi. of sussi- 
 tion (SYN-, sitos food)] 
 
 systa'ltie, a. Contracting & dilating by 
 turns, having systole & diastole, pulsatory, 
 [f. LL f. Gk sustaltikos (SY-, stello place, -ic)] 
 
 system, n. Complex whole, set of connected 
 things or parts, organized body of material or 
 immaterial things, (s. of pulleys, several ar- 
 ranged to work together; s. of philosophy, set 
 of coordinated doctrines; mountain s., range 
 or connected ranges ; river, railway, s., river, 
 railway, with its tributaries or branches, also 
 rivers, railways, of a country, continent, &c; 
 solars., sun & planets ; nervous, muscular, See., 
 s., the nerves, muscles, of a person's or animal's 
 body; digestive &c. s., all bodily parts subserv- 
 ing digestion &c; the s., the body as a functional 
 whole, as the poison has jjassed into the or his 
 s. ; Ptolemaic&ic. s., set of hypotheses or princi- 
 ples composing .fiolemy's&c. theory; Devon ia n 
 &c. s., set of strata &c so named); method, 
 organization, considered principles of proce- 
 dure, (principle of) classification, (s. of govern- 
 ment; what s. do you go on?', lacks, works 
 with, s.; Linnaean, natural, &c, s., classifica- 
 tions with different criteria), whence system- 
 less a.; (Mus.) braced staffs of score. [L, f. Gk 
 sustema -atos (SY-, histemi set. -:»i)] 
 
 systema'tie, a. Methodical, according to a 
 plan, not casual or sporadic or unintentional, (s. 
 icorker, liar, insolence, nomenclature). Hence 
 or cogn. systema'tiCALLY adv., systema- 
 tizE(3) v.t., systematisM(l), systema- 
 tise), systematizER 1 , systematiz ac- 
 tion, nn. jf. Gk sustematikos (prec, -ic)] 
 
 syste'mie, a. (physiol.). Of the bodily sys- 
 tem as a whole, not confined to a particular 
 part. Hence syste'miCALLY adv. [-ic] 
 
 systole, n. (physiol.). Contraction of heart 
 &c alternate with diastole. Hence systo*- 
 lic a. [f. Gk sustole (sustello see systaltic)] 
 
 systyle, a. With columns set comparatively 
 close together, [f. L f. Gk sv(stidos style")] 
 
 systylous, a, (bot.). With styles united, 
 [as prec, -ous] 
 
 sy* zygy, n. (astron. ). Conjunction or opposi- 
 tion, [f. L f . Gk suzugia I. suzeugnumi (SY-, 
 ze ugnumi f . zugon yoke) J 
 
 T 
 
 T, t, (te). letter (pi. Ts, T's). T-shaped thing, 
 esp. attrib., as T-bandagc, -bar, -bolt, -joint, 
 -pipe, -square ; suits me, hit it off. &c, to a T, 
 exactly, to a nicety ; cross the Ts, (fig.) be 
 minutely accurate, also, emphasize a point. 
 
 Abbreviations (1) : Their, T.R.H. (Royal 
 Highnesses) ; Trinity, T.C.D. (College, Dublin); 
 Turn, T.O. (Over). 
 
 Abbreviations (2): temp.; Tenn.(essee) ; 
 Tex.(as) ; Thess.(alonians), Tim.(othy), Tit.- 
 (us), X.-T. books. 
 
 ta (tah), sentence & n. (nursery, colloq.).. 
 Than k you, as ta m uchly, m ust say ta. [?] 
 
 taal (tahl), n. The t, Cape Dutch patois. 
 [Du., —language] 
 
 tab, n. Small flap, strip, tag, or tongue, as 
 part of or appendage to garment &c, e.g. 
 metallic binding at end of boot-lace, (also ear-t.) 
 
TABARD 
 
 896 
 
 TABOURET 
 
 flap at side of cap to protect ear. [perh. cogn. 
 w. tape] 
 
 ta'bard, n. (Hist.) coarse outer garment 
 worn by the poor, knight's garment worn over 
 armour ; herald's coat blazoned with arms of 
 sovereign. [OF, etym. dub.J 
 
 ta'bapet, n. Upholstery fabric of alternate 
 satin & watered-silk stripes. [?J 
 
 tafoasheer', -ship (-er), n. Kind of opal 
 found in joints of bamboo & used in E.-Ind. 
 medicine. [Hind. & Arab. (-£>•)] 
 
 ta'bby, n., & v.t. Watered fabric esp. silk 
 (often attrib.) ; (also t.-cat) brindled or mottled 
 or streaked cat, esp. of grey or brownish colour 
 with dark stripes; cat, esp. female; gossiping 
 woman esp. old maid; (also t.-moth) kinds of 
 moth; [perh. diff. wd] kind of concrete; (vb) 
 give wavy appearance to (fabric), [(vb f. n.) f. 
 F tabis f. Sp. tabi f. Arab, 'utabi] 
 
 tabefa'etion, n. Emaciation due to disease, 
 i'f. L tabe/acere (tabere f. tabes, see -faction)] 
 
 tabe'llion, n. (hist.). Official scribe in 
 Roman empire or in France before revolution. 
 [F, f. LL tabellionem {tabella dim. of tabula 
 table, see -ion)] 
 
 ta'bepdap, n. Scholar of Queen's College, 
 Oxford. [= tabarder (tabard + -er 1 ), from 
 former dress] 
 
 ta'bepnacle, n., & v.t. & i. (Bibl.) fixed or 
 movable habitation usu. of slight construc- 
 tion, (fig.) human body; Feast of Tt., Jewish 
 autumn festival commemorating the dwelling 
 of the Jews in wilderness; (Jewish Hist.) 
 tent used as sanctuary before final settlement 
 of Jews in Palestine; (often contempt.) place 
 of public worship ; receptacle for pyx or eucha- 
 ristic elements ; socket for mast of river-boat, 
 post to which mast is hinged ; (Archit.) cano- 
 pied stall, niche, or pinnacle, t.-v:ork, series, 
 tracery characteristic, of such tt.; socket or 
 hinged post for mast that requires lowering 
 to pass under bridges; (vb, fig.) provide with 
 shelter, dwell temporarily. So taberna'eu- 
 Iar 2 a. [(vb f. n.) F, f. L tabernaculum tent 
 (taberna hut, see -cule)] 
 
 ta'bes (-z), n. (med.). Emaciation ; dorsal t., 
 wasting disease of spinal cord, locomotor 
 ataxia. [L, cogn. w. Gk teko melt & w. thaw] 
 
 tabe'tic, a. & n. Of, affected with, (esp. 
 dorsal) tabes ; (n.) t. patient. So tabe'seENCE, 
 ta'biTUDE, nn., tabE'scENT, ta'bic, ta'biD 1 , 
 aa., ta'bidLY 2 adv. [irreg. f. prec. + -t- -f- -ic] 
 
 ta-binet, n. Watered fabric of silk & wool, 
 [f. tabby or f. T., French refugee who intro- 
 duced its manufacture] 
 
 ta'blatupe (-tsher), n. Mental picture; gra- 
 phic description. [F (as foil., see -ure)] 
 
 ta'ble, n., & v.t. Article of furniture con- 
 sisting of flat top of wood or marble &c. & one 
 or more usu. vertical supports esp. one on 
 which meals are laid out, articles of use or 
 ornament kept, work done, or games played ; 
 breakfast, luncheon, dinner, tea, supper, -t, 
 t. used for such meals or on which such meal 
 is laid out (at t, while taking meal at t., as 
 refuse to talk politics att); each half of folding 
 backgamnion-t. ; billiard-t. (for billiards, with 
 slate top covered with green cloth); lord's, 
 
 ROUND 1 , KNEE^/iO/e, DRESSING-, TOILET-, 
 
 t. ; part of machine-tool on which work is 
 put to be operated on ; slab of wood, stone, 
 &c.; matter written on this, esp. the two tt. or 
 the tt. of the law or covenantor testimony, ten 
 commandments, the twelve tables, laws pro- 
 mulgated in Rome 451-0 b.c, principal source 
 of Roman jurisprudence ; level area, plateau ; 
 (Archit.) flat usu. rectangular surface, horizon- 
 tal moulding esp. cornice ; flat, surface of gem, 
 
 cut gem with two flat faces ; (Palmistry) palm, 
 esp. part indicating character or fortune; 
 each of two bony layers of skull ; company 
 seated at (dinner- &c.) t., as kept the t. amused; 
 (quantity & quality of) food provided at t., as 
 keeps a good t, expenses of his t. ; list of facts, 
 numbers, &c, systematically arranged esp. in 
 columns, matter contained in this, ^mathema- 
 tical tt. (of logarithms, trigonometrical ratios, 
 &c), tt. of weights & measures, knows his 
 multiplication t. up to 12 times 12, t. of (i. e. pro- 
 hibited) degrees, t. of content l s; lay, lie, on 
 the t., postpone (measure, report, &c, in Par- 
 liament &c), be postponed, indefinitely; turn 
 the tt. (on person or abs.), reverse relations (be- 
 tween), esp. pass from inferior to superior posi- 
 tion [f. backgammon sense of tt.]; t.-bter, ordin- 
 ary beer used at t.; t.-book, ornamental usu. 
 illustrated book kept on t.; t.-clamp (for fast- 
 ening thing to t.) ; t.-cloth (of white linen &c. 
 for use at meals, of coloured material for use 
 at other times) ; t.-cut, (of gem) cut with flat 
 top ; t.-Jlap, hinged end of t.-top, lowered when 
 not in use ; t. -knife, steel knife for use at t. ; 
 t.-land, extensive elevated region with level 
 surface, plateau; t.-leaf, piece that may be in- 
 serted in top of t. to increase its length, also, t.- 
 flap ; t.-liftiiig, -moving, -rapping, -tipping, 
 -turning, lifting &c. of t. apparently without 
 physical force, as spiritualistic phenomenon ; 
 t.-linen, t.-cloths, napkins, &c; t.-money, allow- 
 ance to higher officers in army & navy for 
 official hospitality, charge to members of club 
 for use of dining-room ; t. -spoon ; t.-talk, mis- 
 cellaneous talk at t. (often as title of book) ; 
 t.-tomb, flat-topped chest-like tomb in Roman 
 catacombs; t.-ware (for use at t.). Hence 
 ta'blepuL n. ( Vb) lay (measure &c, as above) 
 on the t.; set (timbers) together with alternate 
 grooves & projections in each to prevent shift- 
 ing ; strengthen (sail) with wide hems. Hence 
 ta'bliNG i(l, 2) n. [(vb partly f. OF tabler) OF, 
 f. L tabula board, tablet, &c] 
 
 ta'bleau (-16), n. (pi. -eaux pr. -6z). Pictur- 
 esque presentation, esp. (also t. vivant, F, lit. 
 living picture) silent & motionless group of 
 persons &c. arranged to represent a scene; 
 dramatic or effective situation suddenly 
 brought about. [F,=picture, dim. of prec] 
 
 table d'h6te (tahbldot), n. Common table 
 for guests at hotel ; t. dinner &c. (served in 
 hotel &c. at fixed hour & price). [F, = host's 
 table] 
 
 ta'blet, n. Thin sheet of ivory, wood, &c, for 
 writing on, esp. each of a set fastened together; 
 (usu. pi.) such set j small slab esp. with or for 
 inscription, as votive t.; small flat piece of pre- 
 pared substance, esp. (also ta'bloiD n., pro- 
 prietary name) fixed weight or measure of a 
 drug brought by pressure or addition of gum 
 into convenient shape; (also table'tte) project- 
 ing horizontal coping of wall, [earlier & OF 
 •tablette f. med.L tabuleta dim. as table] 
 
 tablier' (-a), n. Woman's small apron or 
 apron-like part of dress. [F] 
 
 taboo*, n., a., & v.t. (Among Polynesians 
 &c.) system, act, of setting apart person or 
 thing as accursed or sacred; ban, prohibition; 
 (adj.) under a ban, prohibited, consecrated ; 
 (vb) put (thing, practice, &c.) under t., exclude 
 or prohibit by authority or social influence, as 
 the subject v:as tabooed, [(vb f. n.) f. Polynes. 
 tapu a. & n.] 
 
 ta'bop, n. (hist.). Small drum, esp. one used 
 to accompany pipe. [f. OF labour f. Arab, as 
 
 TAMBOUR] 
 
 ta'boupet (-berit), n. Small seat usu. with- 
 out arms or back, stool ; embroidery-frame ; 
 
TABULA 
 
 897 
 
 TAG 
 
 needle-case ; (also tabret) small labor. [OF, = 
 stool, pincushion, dim. as prec] 
 
 tabula, n. (pi. -.ae). (Anat.) hard flat surface 
 of bone 6cc; t. rasa, erased tablet, flg. human 
 mind at birth viewed as having no innate ideas. 
 [L, = board, table, pi. tablets] 
 
 ta'bular, a. Of, arranged in, computed &c. 
 by means of, tables, as a t. statement, t. values, 
 results, computations, awanged in t. form, t. 
 difference (between successive logarithms &c. 
 in mathematical tables); broad & flat like a 
 table, as t. surjace ; (formed) in thin plates, as 
 t. structure. Hence ta'bularLY 2 adv. |f. L 
 talnUaris (prec, see -ar l )\ 
 
 ta'bulate, v.t., & a. Arrange (figures, facts) 
 in tabular form, whence tabulA'TiON, ta'bu- 
 latOR 2 , nn.; give flat surface to; (adj.) having 
 flat surface, composed of thin plate, [f. tabu- 
 la + -ate *> *] 
 
 ta'camahac, n. Gum-resin from some S.- 
 Amer. & other trees ; balsam poplar, [native] 
 
 ta'e-au-ta'e (-b-), n. (fencing). Parry com- 
 bined with riposte ; rapid succession of attacks 
 & parries. [F, imit.] 
 
 td'ce, v.i. imperat. Be silent, esp. in facet, 
 formula t. is Latin for a candle. [L] 
 
 ta'cGt, mus. direction indicating silence of a 
 voice, instrument, &c. [L, = it is silent] 
 
 tache (tahsh, ta-), n. (med.). Freckle ; symp- 
 tomatic blotch on skin. [OF, = spot, blot, as 
 tack J ] 
 
 taehd'meter (-k-), n. Instrument for mea- 
 suring velocity. So tacho'METRY n. [f. Gk 
 takhos speed + -meter J 
 
 taehy'g-raphy (-k-), n. Stenography, esp. 
 that of ancient Greeks & Romans. Hence 
 taehygfFaphER 1 n., tachyg , pa*phic(AL) 
 aa. [f. Gk takfais swift + -graphy] 
 
 ta'ehylyte, n. A vitreous form of basalt. 
 Hence taehyly'tic a. [as prec. + -lutos t. luo 
 loose, from ready fusion under blowpipe] 
 
 taehymeter, n. Surveyor's instrument for 
 rapid location of points, [as prec. + -meter] 
 
 ta'eit, a. Understood, implied, existing, 
 without being stated, as t. consent, agreement, 
 understanding. Hence ta'eitLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 tacitus silent (tacere be silent)J 
 
 ta*eiturn,a. Reserved in speech, not given 
 to much speaking. So tacitup'niTY n. [f. L 
 taciturnus as prec] 
 
 tack, n., & v.t. & i. Small sharp flat-headed 
 nail of iron, copper, &c, for securing carpet 
 &c (tin-L, iron t. coated with tin); each of 
 several long stitches as temporary fastening in 
 needlework; (Xaut.) rope for securing corner 
 of some sails, corner to which this is fastened, 
 direction in which vessel moves as determined 
 by position of sails (port, starboard, t, with 
 wind on port, starboard side), temporary change 
 of direction in sailing to take advantage of 
 side wind &c, esp. each of several alternate 
 movements to port & starboard (t. &t., by suc- 
 cessive tt.); (flg.) course of action or policy, as 
 must change our t., am on the right or wrong t., 
 try another t.; =foll. (2nd sense); sticky con- 
 dition of varnish &c, whence ta'ekiNESS n., 
 ta'ekY 2 a.; [prob. diff. wd] food, fare, esp. 
 hard t., soft t, bread, good fare; t.-driver, 
 machine that automatically places & drives 
 tt.; t.-hammer, light hammer for driving tt., 
 usu. Avith claw for extracting tt. (Vb) fasten 
 (carpet &c, often down) with tt., stitch (pieces 
 or parts of cloth &c.) lightly together, (fig.) 
 annex, append, (thing to or on to another, 
 esp. as in foil.); change ship's course (often 
 about) by shifting tt. & sails (cf. wear 3 ), (fig.) 
 change one's conduct, policy, &c Hence 
 ta-ckERi(l, 2) n. [(vb f. n.) f. ONF taque nail, 
 
 F.D. 
 
 peg, f. EFris. & Da. takke pointed thing, cf. G 
 zacken prong, Du. tak twig] 
 
 ta'cking 1 , n. In vbl senses, esp.: (Law) 
 priority of a third or subsequent mortgage &c. 
 to a second of which notice was not given ; 
 (Pari.) appending of an extraneous clause to a 
 money bill to secure its passing H. of Lords, 
 which cannot amend money bill, [-ing j J 
 
 ta'ckle, n., & v.t. & i. Mechanism esp. of 
 ropes, pulley-blocks, hooks, &c, for lifting 
 weights, managing sails or spars, &c; windlass 
 with its ropes & hooks ; instruments required 
 for particular work or sport, etsfishing-t. ; grasp- 
 ing or holding esp. of opponent in football ; t.- 
 block, pulley over which rope runs; t.-jall, rope 
 connecting blocks of a t. (Vb) grapple with, 
 grasp with endeavour to hold or manage or 
 overcome, (opponent, awkward thing or busi- 
 ness, problem); (Footb.) seize & stop (player 
 running with ball); secure by means of t.; t. to 
 (colloq.T, fall to work vigorously, set to. Hence 
 ta'ckliNG ML 3, 6) n. [(vb f. n.) ME & LG takcl 
 f. ON taka take, grasp, + -le(1)J 
 
 tact, n. Intuitive perception of what is fit- 
 ting esp. of the right thing to do or say, adroit- 
 ness in dealing with persons or circumstances, 
 whence ta'etFUL, ta'etLESS, aa.,ta*ctfulLY 2 
 adv., ta'etlessNESS n.; (Mus.) stroke in beat- 
 ing time. [f. L tactus -us (sense of) touch (tan- 
 gere tact- touch)] 
 
 ta'ctical, a. Of tactics; adroitly planning 
 or planned. Hence ta'eticalLY 2 adv. [-al] 
 
 ta'cties, n. (As sing, or pi.) art of disposing 
 military or naval forces esp. (cf. strategy, 
 logistics) in actual contact with enemy ; (pi.) 
 procedure calculated to gain some end, skilful 
 device(s), as cannot approve these t. Hence 
 taetrciAN n. [f. Gk taktika neut. pi. (tassa 
 arrange, see -ic)] 
 
 ta'ctile, a. Of, perceived by, connected with, 
 the sense of touch, as t. impression, organ, so 
 ta'etUAL a., ta*etualLY 2 adv.; tangible. 
 Hence taeti'liTY n. [F, f. L tactilis (tangere 
 tact- touch, see -ile)] 
 
 ta'dpole, n. Larva of batrachian e.g. frog 
 from time it leaves egg till loss of gills & tail ; 
 t.-fish, European fish with large flat head. [ME 
 tadpolle (toad + poll, f. size of head)] 
 
 tae'dium vi'tae, n. (path.). Weariness of 
 lifs with tendency to suicide. [L] 
 
 tael (tal), n. Chinese ounce ( = li oz. avoirdu- 
 pois) esp. of silver as monetary unit. [Port., 
 prob. ult. f. Hind, tola weight] 
 
 tae'nia, n. (pi. -ae). (Archit.) fillet on top of 
 Doric epistyle ; (Anat.) ribbon-like part esp. of 
 brain ; roller bandage ; tapeworm ; (Gk & Rom. 
 Ant.) fillet, head-band. Hence tae'nioiD a. 
 [L, f. Gk tainia (teino stretch)] 
 
 ta'ffeta, n. Kinds of silk or linen fabric esp. 
 thin glossy silk of plain texture, [f. F taffetas 
 f. It. taffeta f. Pers. taftah (taftan twist)] 
 
 ta'ffrail, ta'fferel, n. Rail round stern of 
 vessel; (-ereZ) upper part of stern, [f. Du. tafe- 
 reel dim. of tafel f. L as table, assim. to rail] 
 
 Ta'ffy *, n. (colloq.). Welshman. [W pronunc 
 of Davy-Bavid\ 
 
 taffy 2 . See to ffee. 
 
 ta'fia, n. (W. Ind.). Kind of rum distilled 
 from molasses &c [native] 
 
 tag 1 , n., & v.t. Metal point at end of lace ; 
 loop at back of boot used in pulling it on ; ad- 
 dress label, esp. one for tying on ; loose or rag- 
 ged end of anything ; ragged lock of wool on 
 sheep; appendage; (Theatr.) closing speech 
 addressed to audience; trite quotation, stock 
 phrase, refrain of song ; (tip of) animal's tail ; 
 [perh. difF. wd] children's game in which one 
 chases the rest (cross-, long, &c, t., forms of 
 
 29 
 
TAOETES 
 
 898 
 
 TAKE 
 
 this); t.-rag, = RAG l t.; t.-sore, pustular disease 
 of sheep ; tagtail, kind of worm, sycophant. 
 (Vb) furnish (lace &c, literary composition) 
 with a t.; join (thing, esp. piece of writing, to 
 or on to another, things together) ; shear away 
 tt. from (sheep); (colloq.) follow closely or per- 
 sistently ; touch (person pursued) in game of t. 
 [(vb f. n.) perh. f. Sw. tagg prickle, tooth, cf. 
 Norw. tagge tooth] 
 
 ta'gfetes (-J-), n. Kinds of plant of aster 
 family with showy yellow or orange flowers, 
 [f. L Tages, Etruscan divinity] 
 
 ta'grgrep, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : pur- 
 suer (also called it) in game of tag ; (pi.) thin 
 sheet-iron, whether coated with tin or (black 
 tt.) not. [-ERl] 
 
 Ta'ic (tah-), a. & n. (Language) of the Tai, 
 the chief race in the Indo-Chinese peninsula 
 including Siamese, Shans, &c. [-ic] 
 
 tail l , n., & v.t. & i. Hindmost part of animal 
 esp. when prolonged beyond rest of body, as 
 dog wag l s his t, tail wag l s dog, dog has his 
 t. between his legs (as sign of alarm or dejection; 
 often fig. of person), turn t, turn one's back, 
 run away, twist the lion's t., drop pinch of 
 salt on t. of, pasha of three Sec. tt.; thing like 
 or suggesting t. in shape or position, hind or 
 lower or subordinate or inferior part, slender 
 part or prolongation, as t. (luminous train) of 
 comet, t. (outer corner) of the eye, t. (end) of 
 procession &c, t. margin (at foot of page), fol- 
 lowed by a t. (long train) of attendants, at the t. 
 (back) of a cart, t. (string & paper appendage 
 at lower end) of a kite, cow's-t., frayed end of 
 rope &c, t. (= stem 1 ) of musical note, t. (part 
 below line) ofag &c, t. (exposed end) of slate 
 or tile in roof, t. (unexposed end) of brick or 
 stone in wall, t. (slender backward prolonga- 
 tion) of butterfly's wing, t. (comparative calm 
 at end) of a gale, t. (calm stretch following 
 rough water) of a stream, t. of the trenches 
 (fortif.), part first made by advancing party, 
 make head 1 or t. of, imgtail; (pi.) -t. -coat, as 
 boys go into tt. at sixteen ; t.-bay, part of canal 
 lock between t.-gate and lower pond ; t.-board, 
 hinged or removable back of cart; t.-coat, 
 man's morning or evening coat with long skirt 
 divided at back into tt. and cut away in front ; 
 t.-gate, lower gate of canal lock ; t.-piece, deco- 
 ration in blank space at end of chapter &c, 
 triangular piece of wood to which lower ends 
 of strings are fastened in some musical instru- 
 ments ; t.-pipe, suction-pipe of pump, (v.t.) 
 fasten something to t. of (dog, fig. person); t.- 
 race, part of mill-race below water-wheel. 
 Hence (-)tailED 2 , tai # lLESS, aa. (Vb) furnish 
 with t. ; (colloq.) remove the ends of (fruit); 
 join (thing on to another) ; t. after, follow close- 
 ly ; t. away or off, (of persons, dogs, &c.) fall 
 behind or away in scattered line ; t. in, fasten 
 (timber) by one end into wall &c; t. to the tide, 
 t. up and down stream, (of anchored vessel) 
 swing up and down with tide, [(vb f. n.) OE 
 txg(e)l, cf. ON tagl, Sw. tagel, dial. 6 zagel] 
 
 tail 2 , n. & a. (law). Limited ownership; 
 estate limited to a person & heirs of his body ; 
 (adj.) so limited, esp. estate t. [f. F taille notch, 
 cut, tax, f. tailler cut f. LL taleare (talea slip 
 of wood)] 
 
 tai'ling 1 , n. In vbl senses of tail 1 ; also or 
 esp. : unexposed end of brick or stone in wall ; 
 (pi.) refuse or inferior part of grain, ore, &c; 
 blur or other fault in calico-printing, [-ing x ] 
 
 tai'lor, n., & v.i. & t. Maker of (esp. men s) 
 garments esp. to order ; t.-bird, kinds of small 
 bird sewing leaves together to form nest ; t.- 
 made, (esp. of woman's dress) made by t. usu. 
 w. little ornament & w. special attention to 
 
 exact fit; tailor's chair (without legs), for sit- 
 ting cross-legged as t. at work ; tailor's cramp 
 (in fingers and thumbs) ; tailor's twist, kind of 
 strong silk thread; (slang) kill (bird) badly. 
 Hence tai'loPESS 1 n. (Vb) be, work as, a t., 
 whence tai'loriNG * n. ; make clothes for 
 (chiefly in p.p., as well-tailored), [f. OF tail- 
 lour (tailler cut, see tail 2 & -or 2 )] 
 
 tain, n. Thin tin-plate ; tin-foil for backing 
 mirror, [perh. f. ON teinn twig] 
 
 taint, n., & v.t. & i. Spot, trace, of decay or 
 corruption or disease (lit. & fig.), corrupt con- 
 dition, infection, as there was a t. of insanity 
 in the family, the moral t. had spread among 
 all classes, without t. of commercialism ; ( vb) 
 introduce corruption or disease into, infect, ba 
 infected, as tainted meat, taints all it touches, 
 meat will t. readily in hot weather, his mind 
 was tainted. Hence tai'ntLESS a., tai'nt- 
 lessLY 2 adv. [f. F teint n. & p.p. of teindre 
 tinge ; partly also aphetic f. attaint] 
 
 Tai*-pi*ng, Tae-, (ti-), n. One of those who 
 took part in a rebellion in China (1850-64). [f. 
 Chin, t'ai p'ing great peace] 
 
 taj (tahj), n. Tall cap of Mohammedan der- 
 vish. [Pers. f. Arab.] 
 
 take 1 , v.t. & i. (took, taken). Lay hold of 
 with the hand(s) or other part of the body or 
 with any instrument (lit. & fig.), grasp, seize, 
 capture, catch by pursuit or surprise, captivate, 
 win, gain, as t. it between your finger & thumb, 
 took him by the throat, t. it up with the tongs, 
 t. the bull 1 by the horns, deuce t. it!, t. BIT 1 
 between teeth, t. a fortress, t. by storm, took 
 113 prisoners, was taken prisoner or captive, 
 took his bishop (at chess), t. the odd trick (at 
 cards), takes (gains, receives in payment) £h0 
 a week, took (gained) little by this move, took 
 .first prize, rabbit taken in trap, took (surprised, 
 caught) him in the act or at a disadvantage, 
 was taken ill, taken aback, what takes (capti- 
 vates) my fancy, was mtich taken (charmed) 
 xoith or by her manners, novel did not t. (become 
 popular), vaccine did not t. (operate) ; assume 
 possession of, procure e.g. by purchase, acquire, 
 avail oneself of, use, use up, consume, require as 
 instrument, material, agent, 8cc.,a.s cakes what- 
 ever he can lay his hands on, wish you would 
 not t. my bicycle, t. (assume or enjoy as one's 
 right) precedence, took his degree, t. order's, 
 t. silk, sliall t. a holiday, (cooking direction) 
 t. 1 oz. of curry powder, do you t, (buy re- 
 gularly, subscribe to) Punch?, am not tak- 
 ing any (slang), decline offer, took (engaged) 
 seats in advance, must t. lessons, lodgings, a 
 cab, will t. (buy) 2lb., t. legal, medical, &c, ad- 
 vice, consult lawyer &c. (& see below), t. (as 
 instance) the French Revolution, has taken a 
 partner, a wife, (archaic) took to (as) wife Jane 
 Smith, t. a back* seat, took his seat on the rail- 
 ing, must t. the liberty of differing from you, 
 must t. leave to differ, took a mean advantage, 
 do not t. advantage (avail yourself unfairly) of 
 his youth, t. the opportunity, will t. (drink) a, 
 cup of tea, takes too much alcohol, these things 
 t. time, t. your time, do not hurry, it takes a lot 
 of doing (is hard to do), takes a poet to translate 
 Virgil; cause to come with one, carry with one, 
 conduct, convey, remove, dispossess person Sec. 
 of, as t. the letters to thepost, the dog for a walk, 
 the children to the pantomime, the corkscrew 
 from the shelf, takes his readers with him (en- 
 grosses their attention), t. him through (make 
 him read) a book of Livy, took him into part- 
 nership, takes all the fun out of it, t. to task, 
 t. in hand 1 , (see also special uses w. advv. & 
 prepp.);catch,beinfected with, (cold, fever, &c.) 
 conceive, experience, indulge, give play to, ex- 
 
TAKE 
 
 899 
 
 TALENT 
 
 ert, as t. offence, umbrage, t. a fancy to, takes 
 a pride in his work, a pleasure in contradict- 
 ing, t. pity on him, t. no notice, t. heed, pains, 
 trouble ; ascertain (person's measure, height, 
 temperature, address, &c.) by inquiry, measure- 
 ment, &c. ; apprehend, grasp mentally, infer, 
 conclude, understand, interpret, as / t. your 
 meaning or (archaic) yon, 1 1. this to be ironical, 
 It. it that tee are to wait here, t. person at his 
 word l , how would you t. (translate, interpret) 
 this passage ?, t. it for granted, assume it, 
 do you t. me for (think me) a fool ? ; treat or re- 
 gard in specified manner, adopt specified atti- 
 tude towards, as t. things coolly, t.it easy, shoidd 
 t. it kindly of you (be obliged) if you would an- 
 swer my letter, must not t. it ill of him (resent 
 his conduct), t. to heart ; accept, put up with, 
 submit to, adopt, choose, receive, derive, as t. 
 the offer, t. what you can get, the bet was taken, 
 I took him (his bet), must t. us as you find us, 
 will t.no nonsense, will not t. this treatment, 
 took it like a lamb, will not t. a hint, t. advice, 
 act on it (& see above), you may t. it from me 
 or t. my word for it, I, a well-informed person, 
 assure you, t. sides, join one of two parties, t. 
 (hold, adopt) a different view, takes its name 
 from the inventor ; perform, execute, make, 
 undertake, negotiate, deal with, as took work 
 for a friend, t. notes, t. a photograph, took a 
 sudden leap, horse will not t. fence, t. a walk, 
 t. (be examined in) the mathematical tripos, t. 
 (conduct) the evening service, t. a glance round 
 you, took a deep breath, t. an oath ; photograph, 
 come out well Sec. when photographed, as t. him 
 in cap db gown, does not t. well ; t. account of, 
 include in one's reckoning, not overlook ; t. aim, 
 direct weapon or missile (at object) ; t. care, be 
 careful, be on one's guard, not neglect or fail, 
 be cautious in arranging or deciding, as t. care!, 
 t. care to leave plenty of room, t. care not to 
 wake the baby, t. care hoiu you speak or what 
 you say to him ; t. care of, be careful of, be in 
 charge of ; t. one's chance, accept risk (of); t. 
 earth, (of fox &c, fig. of person) escape into 
 hole ; t. effect l , exception, heart (of grace), 
 hold 2 , leave : '(o/) ; t. one's life in one's hand, 
 risk it ; t. person's esp. God's name in vain, use 
 it lightly or profanely; f.PART 1 ; t. place, happen; 
 t. stock (of, in) ; t. the wall, t. wind K Spec, 
 uses w. prepp., advv., & adv. phrr.: T. after, 
 resemble (person esp. parent or relation) in 
 character, feature, &c. T. back colloq., retract 
 (words). T. down : write down, as t. down his 
 name & address, took down the sermon in 
 shorthand ; humble, esp. t. -person down a peg 1 
 or two ; swallow (food &c.) esp. with difficulty 
 or reluctance ; remove (building, structure) by 
 taking to pieces. T.from, diminish, lessen, 
 weaken, as suchfaults do not t. from his credit 
 asahistorian. T.in: admit, receive, (lodgers, 
 guest, &c); receive (washing, sewing, type- 
 writing, &c.) to be done at home ; include, com- 
 Firisc; reduce (garment &c.) to smaller compass, 
 url(sail); understand, digest mentally; believe 
 ' (false statement) ; deceive ; cheat ; t. (news- 
 paper &c.)by subscription; t.-in n., a fraud, 
 deception, piece of humbug. T.into'.t. into 
 one's confidence, confide in ; t. into one's head, 
 conceive, get hold of, (idea), imagine, adopt the 
 belief, {that), resolve (to do). T. off: remove 
 (clothes, hat, &c.)from the body; remove, con- 
 duct away, as took him off to the station, took 
 himself off, went off; deduct (part of price); 
 drink off; ridicule by imitation, mimic ; jump, 
 spring, (from, at, place); t.-off n., caricature, 
 spot from which one jumps, (Croquet) stroke 
 causing one's own ball to go forward while 
 touching but scarcely moving another. T. on : 
 
 undertake (work, responsibility); t. person on 
 at golf Sec, play with him ; (colloq.) show vio- 
 lent emotion, makeafuss. T.out: cause to come 
 out,bringorconveyout,as£. /mn. outforawalk, 
 looks must not be taken oid of the library ; re- 
 move (stain &c); t. the nonsense Sec. out o/per- 
 son, cure him of it ; accept payment of (debt 
 &c.) or compensation for (injury Sec.) in, as took 
 it out in cigars & drinks ; t. it out oj, have re- 
 venge on, get satisfaction from, exhaust the 
 strength of; procure, get issued, (patent, sum- 
 mons, &c). T. over, succeed to management 
 or ownership of (business &c). T. to: begin, 
 fall into the habit of, begin to busy oneself with, 
 as took to humming a tune, t. to bad habits, 
 literature ; conceive a liking for (person &c). 
 T. tip: lift up; absorb, occupy, engage, as 
 sponges t. up water, takes up all my time, my 
 attention ; train stops to t. up (admit) passeiv 
 gers ; t. into custody ; enter upon (profession, 
 subject); pursue (matter, inquiry) further; se- 
 cure, fasten, (dropped stitch, artery, &c); fur- 
 nish the amount of (loan &c.); t. up with, con- 
 sort with ; t. up the cudgels, gauntlet l , 
 glove; t.-up n. (mech.), kinds of device for 
 tightening band &c. in machine, drawing up 
 slack of thread, removing material that has 
 been operated on, &c. T. (it) upon or on one 
 to, venture, presume, to. [late OE tacan f. ON 
 taka, cf. Sw. taga,Da. tage, cogn. w. tack, tag] 
 
 take 2 , n. Amount (o/fish, game, &c.) taken 
 or caught; (Print.) amount of copy set up at 
 one time ; takings, esp. money received at 
 theatre for seats, [f. prec] 
 
 ta'ker, n. In vbl senses, esp. one who takes 
 a bet, as no tt., a few tt. at 5 to k. [-er J j 
 
 talking l t n. In vbl senses, esp.: (pi.) money 
 taken in business, receipts ; (archaic) state of 
 agitation, as was in a great t. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 talking 2 , a. Attractive, captivating; catch- 
 ing, infectious. Hence ta'kingXY 2 adv., ta*k- 
 ingWESS n. [-ing 2 ] 
 
 ta'lapoin, n. Buddhist monk in Ceylon, 
 Sianu_&c. ; kind of monkey, [of E.-Ind. orig.] 
 
 talaria, n. pi. Winged boots or sandals as 
 attribute of Mercury, Iris, & others. [L] 
 
 ta'lbotype (tawl-), n. Photographic process 
 invented by W. H. Fox Talbot in 1810, the basis 
 of that now used, [type] 
 
 talc, n., & v.t. A magnesium silicate usu. 
 found in flat smooth often transparent plates 
 &used as lubricator &c; (pop., commerc.)mica 
 esp. as glazing-material. Hence ta*l(c)kv 2 , 
 ta'lcom, ta'lcosE 1 , ta'leous, aa. (Vb) treat 
 with t. [F, f. Arab, talq] 
 
 ta'leite, n. A massive variety of talc, [-ite 1 ] 
 
 tale, n. True or usu. fictitious narrative esp. 
 one imaginatively treated, story, as tell him a, 
 t., a true t. of the Crusades, old wives' tt., 
 marvellous legendary it., t. of a txib, idle fic- 
 tion, prefer to tell my own t. (give my own ac- 
 count of the matter), thing tells its own t. (is 
 significant, requires no comment, explains it- 
 self) ; malicious report whether true or false, as 
 all sorts of tt. xoill get about, tell tt. (out of 
 school), report esp. with malicious intention 
 what is meant to be secret, talebearer, person 
 who does this, so talebearing a. & n.; taleteller, 
 one who tells tt. (in either sense) ; (archaic, rhet., 
 poet.) number, total, as the t. is complete, shep- 
 herd tells his t. (of sheep). [OE txl number, 
 talu narrative, cf. Du. taal, ON tal talk, tale, 
 tola number, G zahl number, cogn. w. tell] 
 
 ta'lent, n. Special aptitude, faculty, gift, 
 (for music Sec, for doing ; see Matt. xxv. 14-30), 
 high mental ability, whence ta'lentED 2 , ta*- 
 lentLESS, aa. ; persons of t., as all the t. of the 
 country, looking out for local t. ; (Sport, slang) 
 
TALES 
 
 900 
 
 TALUS 
 
 the t., those who take odds &c. relying on their 
 own judgment & knowledge, opp. to book- 
 makers ; ancient weight and money of account 
 among Greek, Romans, Assyrians, &c, of vary- 
 ing value, as Attic t. (about £243. 15s.). [F, f. L 
 talentum f. Gk talanton balance, t. (weight, 
 money), cogn. w. talas adj. enduring, tla- en- 
 dure, sustain] 
 
 ta'les (-z), n. (law). "Writ for summoning 
 jurors, list of persons who may be so summoned, 
 to supply deficiency; pray a t., plead for com- 
 pletion of jury thus; ta'lesman (or -lz-), person 
 so summoned. [L t. (de circumstantibus) such 
 (of the bystanders), first wds of writ] 
 
 Taliaeo'tian (-oshn), a. T. operation, forma- 
 tion of new nose by means of flap taken from 
 arm or forehead but severed only after union 
 has taken place. If. Tagliacozzi, Italian sur- 
 geon d. 1599 + -an] 
 
 ta'lion, n. (Also L lex talionis) the law of 
 retaliation inflicting punishment of same kind 
 & degree as injury (see Lev. xxiv. 20). Hence 
 talid'nic a. \F, f. L talio -onis (talis such)] 
 
 ta'liped, a. & n. Club-footed ; (ZooL, of sloth 
 &c.) having feet twisted into unusual position; 
 (n.) t. person or animal, [as foil.] 
 
 ta'lipes (-z), n. Club-foot(edness) ; taliped 
 formation, [mod. L (talus, pes pedis foot)] 
 
 ta'lipot, -ut, n. A fan-leafed palm. [f. 
 Hind, talpat f. Skr. talapattra (tala palm + 
 patra leaf)] 
 
 talisman, n. Charm, amulet, thing capable 
 of working wonders; (Astrol.) magical figure 
 cut or engraved & capable of benefiting its 
 possessor. Hence talisma'nic a. [Sp.,f. Arab. 
 tilsam(an pi.) f. Gk telesma payment, (late Gk) 
 mystery, (teleo pay f. telos end, initiation, -m)] 
 
 talk (tawk), v.i. & t., & n. Converse, com- 
 municate ideas, by spoken words, as was talk- 
 ing with or to a friend, what are you talking 
 about ?, t. big, tall, people will t. (scandal) ; 
 have the power of speech, as child is learning 
 to t, parrots can t.; use this to excess, as is 
 always talking; express, utter, discuss, in 
 words, as you are talking nonsense, t. treason, 
 philosophy, shop ; use (language), as t. French, 
 talks nothing but English; bring into speci- 
 fied condition &c. by talking, as talked himself 
 hoar:e, t. person round, persuade him, talked 
 him out of his resolution, into his grave, would 
 t. a horse's hind leg off, is talkative ; t. about, 
 discuss, as do not want to be talked about (made 
 subject of gossip) ; t. at, address to one of a 
 company remarks covertly hostile to & meant 
 to be heard by (another) ; t. away, consume 
 (time) in talking; t. back, reply defiantly; t. 
 down, silence (person) by superior loudness or 
 persistency ; t. of, discuss, mention, as talking 
 (while we are on the subject) of muffins, what 
 time do you have tea ?, express some intention 
 of {doing) ; t. over, discuss at some length, win 
 over by talking ; t. round, discuss (subject) at 
 length without reaching conclusion ; t. to, 
 speak to, (colloq.) reprove, give a piece of one's 
 mind to, so gave him a talking-to ; t. up, discuss 
 (subject) in order to rouse interest in it. Hence 
 tal'kER l n. (X. ) con versation, as let us have a 
 t., small t.; theme of gossip, as they, their 
 quarrels, are the t. of the town. [(n. f. vb) ME 
 talken (OE tal- as in tale -f frequent, -k)] 
 
 tal'kative, n. Fond of talking. Hence tal'k- 
 ativeLY 2 adv., tal'kativeNESS n. [-ative] 
 
 tal'kee-tal'kee, n. Incessant chatter; brok- 
 en English of negroes &c. [talk -f -ee imit. of 
 broken English] 
 
 tal'king-, a. In vbl senses, esp.: having the 
 power of speech, as t. parrot ; expressive, as t. 
 eyes, [ing 2 ] 
 
 tall (tawl), a. & adv. (Of person)of more than 
 average height; (of tree, steeple, mast, &c.) 
 higher than the average or than surrounding 
 objects; of specified height, as he is sixjeett. 
 (now usu. high), how t. is it ? ; t.-boy, chest of 
 drawers on dressing-table, kind of chimney-pot; 
 (slang) extravagant, boastful, excessive, as a t. 
 story, t. talk, a t. order (exorbitant or unreason- 
 able demand), (adv. ) talk t. , boast. Hence ta'll- 
 ness n. [in mod. senses perh. of Celt, orig., cf. 
 W & Cornish tal; in obs. senses serviceable, 
 efficient, valiant, cogn. w. OE getxl quick, 
 prompt, OHG gizal quick] 
 
 ta*ll(i)age, n. (hist.). Form of taxation abol- 
 ished in 14th c. [ME & OF taillage {tailler cut, 
 see tail 2 & -AGE)] 
 
 ta'llith, n. Scarf worn by Jews esp. at pray- 
 er. [Heb.] 
 
 ta'llow (-6), n., & v.t. Substance got by melt- 
 ing the harder &less fusible kinds of (esp. ani- 
 mal) fat, used for making candles & soap, 
 greasing machinery, &c; vegetable t., kinds 
 of vegetable fat similarly used ; t.-chandler, 
 maker, vendor, of t. candles, so ta'llowER l n. ; 
 t. drop, style of cutting precious stones with 
 dome on one or both sides ; t.-face, pale person ; 
 t.-tree, kinds of tree yielding vegetable t. 
 Hence ta'llowiSH l , ta'llowY 2 , aa. (Vb) 
 grease with t., fatten (sheep), [(vb f. n.) ME 
 & MDu. talgh, cf. G, Da., Sw„ talg, ON tolgr] 
 
 ta'lly, n., & v.t. & i. Piece of wood on which 
 notches &c. are made as simple mode of keeping 
 account ; account so kept, score, reckoning ; 
 mark made to registerafixed number of objects 
 delivered or received, such number used as 
 unit, as buy goods by the t. (dozen, hundred, 
 &c.) ; (in counting goods aloud as delivered) 16, 
 IS, t. (20), 96, 9S, t. (100) ; ticket, label of wood or 
 metal or paper with name &c. attached to thing 
 for identification, as horticultural tt., plant 
 labels; corresponding thing, counterpart, du- 
 plicate, (of) ; tallyman, one who keeps at. or t.- 
 shop, one who sells goods by sample ; t.-sheet, 
 paper on which t. is kept ; t.-shop, conducted 
 on t. system ; t. system, trade, (of sales on short 
 credit with account kept by t.). (Vb) record, 
 reckon, by t.; (Naut.) put (sheet &c.) off; agree, 
 correspond, (with), as goods do not t. with in- 
 vo ice. Hence ta'lliER * n. [ ( v b f . n. ) f . F taille 
 notch, as tail 2 ] 
 
 ta*lly-ho*, int., n., & v.i. & t. Huntsman's 
 cry to hounds ; (vb) utter, urge (hounds) with, 
 this. [f. F taiaid] 
 
 ta'lma, n. Woman's or man's long cape or 
 cloak in first half of 19th c. IF. J. T., French 
 tragedian] 
 
 ta'lmi-gold, n. Brass thinly coated with 
 gold. [?] 
 
 Ta'lmud, n. Body of Jewish civil & canoni- 
 cal law not comprised in Pentateuch ; Jeru- 
 salem, Babylonian, T., two great collections of 
 this. Hence TalmQ'dic(AL) aa. [late Heb., = 
 instruction (la?nad teach)] 
 
 Ta^lmudist, n. Compiler, adherent, student, 
 of the Talmud. HenceTalmudi'stica. [-ist] 
 
 ta'lon, n. Claw esp. of bird of prey ; cards 
 left after deal ; shoulder of bolt against which 
 key presses in shooting it; ogee moulding; 
 heel of sword-blade. Hence (-)talonED 2 a. 
 [F,= heel, f^LL talo -onis = L talus heel] 
 
 talu'k (-ook), -ook, n. District in India sub- 
 ject to revenue collection by native officer; 
 tract of proprietary land in India; talu'kdar t 
 such officer, proprietor of t. [Hind, (-uk)] 
 
 ta'lus, n. (pi. -li). (Anat.) ankle(-bone); form 
 of club-foot ; slope of wall that tapers to the top 
 or rests against bank ; (Geol.) sloping mass of 
 fragments at foot of cliff, f L, = ankle, heel] 
 
TAMANDUA 
 
 901 
 
 TANGRAM 
 
 tama'ndua, ta'manoir (war), 1111. Kinds 
 of ant-eater, [(-ua) Braz., i-oir) F corrupt. 1 
 ta-maraek, n. Kinds of Amer. tree, esp. = 
 hackmatack. [Amer.-Ind.] 
 ta'mapin, n. Kinds of S.-Amer. marmoset, 
 [native] 
 ta/marind, n. (Tropical tree with) fruit 
 whose pulp is used in making cooling drinks 
 &c.; t.-Jish, preparation of fish with t. pulp. 
 [MF, f. Sp. tamarindo f. Arab, tamr ripe date 
 + Hind India] 
 
 ta'mapisk, n. Kind of plant, esp. common 
 or French t., evergreen shrub with feathery 
 branches & white or pink flowers suitable for 
 planting near sea. [f. htamariscus, etym. dub.] 
 ta'mbour, n., & v.t. Drum, esp. bass drum; 
 circular frame on which silk &c. is stretched to 
 be embroidered, stufFso embroidered ; (Archit.) 
 cylindrical stone in shaft of column, circular 
 part of various structures, ceiled lobby with 
 folding doors in church porch &c. to obviate 
 draught; kinds of fish making drumming noise 
 or like drum in shape; (Fortif.) palisaded de- 
 fence for road, gate, &c; (vb) decorate, em- 
 broider, (stuffor abs.) on t. [(vb f. n.) F, f. Arab. 
 tambur lute, drum, pcrh. ult. imit.J 
 ' ta'mbOurin, n. Long narrow drum used in 
 Provence ; (music for) dance accompanied by 
 this. [F, dim. of prec] 
 
 tamboupi'ne (-en), n. Small drum made of 
 wooden or metal hoop with parchmentstretched 
 over one end & loose jingling metal disks ; (mu- 
 sic for) Provencal dance orig. executed to tabor 
 & pipe ; kind of African pigeon, [prob. f. prec] 
 tame, v.t., & a. Make gentle & tractable, 
 domesticate, break in, (wild beast, bird, &c.) ; 
 subdue, curb, reduce to submission, humble, 
 (person, spirit, courage, ardour, &c). Hence 
 tamaBiHTY, ta'mableNESS, (-)tamER 1 , 
 nn., ta'mABLE, ta'meLESs (poet.), aa. (Adj.) 
 made tractable, domesticated, not wild; (col- 
 loq., of land or plant) cultivated, produced 
 by cultivation ; submissive, spiritless, inert, 
 feeble, flat, insipid, as the tamest of slaves, 
 t. acquiescence, scenery, description. Hence 
 ta'meLV 2 adv., ta'meNESS n. [OK temian 
 vb, tarn a., cf. Du., Sw., Da., tarn, G zahvi, 
 cogn. w. L domare, Gk damao] 
 Ta'mil, n. Language, member, of a race in- 
 habiting S. India & Ceylon. Hence Tami'l- 
 IAN a. [native] 
 
 ta'mis, n. Cloth used for straining liquids. 
 [F, = sieve, etym. dub.] 
 
 Ta'mmany, n. Central organization of de- 
 mocratic party in T. Hall, New York (often 
 implying political corruption). Hence Ta'm- 
 manyiSM n. 
 
 tam-o'-sha*ntep, n. B,ound woollen or 
 cloth cap fitting closely round brows but large 
 & full above. [Burns T. o' S.] 
 tamp, v.t. Pack (blast-hole) full of clay &c. 
 to get full force of explosion, whence ta'mp- 
 IXG M3) n.; ram down (road material &c). [?] 
 ta*mpan,n. Venomous S.-Afr. tick, [native] 
 ta'mpep, v.i. T. with : meddle with ; make 
 unauthorized changes in (will, MS, &c); exert 
 secret or corrupt influence upon, bribe. Hence 
 ta'mpePER 1 n. [var. of temper] 
 ta'mpion, n. Wooden stopper for muzzle of 
 gun ; plug e.g. for top of organ-pipe. [f. foil.] 
 ta'mpon, n. , & v.t. Plug used to stop haemor- 
 rhage ; pad for the hair ; (vb) plug (wound &c.) 
 with t. [(vb f. n.) OF, var. of tapon bung f. Du. 
 tap bung, see -oon] 
 
 tampona'de, n. Use of tampon for wound 
 &c. So ta'mponAGE, ta'mponMENT, nn. 
 
 [-ADE] 
 
 tamtam. See tomtom. 
 
 tan i, v.t. & i., n., a. Convert (raw hide) into 
 leather by soaking in liquid containing tannic 
 acid or by use of mineral salts &c, whence 
 ta'nnABLE a., ta*nnAGE(3), ta'nnep* 1-er 1 
 (1)], ta'nnERY(2, 3), nn.; make, become, brown 
 by exposure to sun ; treat (imitation marble, 
 fish-nets, &c.) with hardening process; (slangf 
 beat, thrash. Hence ta'nniNG 1 (l) n. (N.) bark 
 of oak or other tree bruised & used for tanning 
 hides ; colour of this, yellowish-brown ; the t. 
 (slang), the circus ; (also spent t.) t. from which 
 tannic acid has been extracted, used for cover- 
 ing roads, &c; t. -balls (of spent t., used for 
 fuel); t. -liquor, -ooze, -pickle, liquid used in 
 tanning ; t.-yard, tannery. (Adj.) of t. colour ; 
 black l & t. [(vb f. n.) F, f. G tanne fir-tree] 
 
 tan 2 . See tangent. 
 
 ta*na(tah-),ta*nna,n. Military post, police- , 
 station, in India; tan{n)adar, chief officer of 
 this. [f. Hind, thana] 
 
 ta'nagep (-J-), n. Kinds of Amer. birds of 
 finch family & mostly of brilliant plumage. 
 Hence ta'nagriNE 1 , ta'nagpoiD, aa. [f. 
 Braz. tangara] 
 
 ta'ndem, adv., n., &a. (Of horses in harness) 
 one behind another; drive t. (with horses so 
 harnessed); (n.) (carriage with) horses t., bicycle 
 or tricycle with seats for two or more one be- 
 hind another ; (adj., of bicycle) so arranged. 
 [L,=at length (of time), orig. facet, use in E] 
 
 ta'ndstickop, n. Swedish wooden lucifer 
 match, [f. Sw. tdndsticka match, pi. -or (tanda 
 kindle + sticka splinter)] 
 
 tang 1 \ n., & v.t. Point, projection, esp. part 
 of chisel &c, that goes into handle ; (vb) furnish 
 with t. [f. ON tange, cogn. w. tongs] 
 
 tang 2 , n. Strong taste or flavour; character- 
 istic property. Hence ta'ngY 2 (-ngi) a. [ME, 
 = sting, cogn. w. prec] 
 
 tang" 3 , n. Kinds of sea- weed, [see tangle] 
 
 tang" 4 , v.t. & i., & n. Ring, twang, sound 
 loudly, (t. & i.) ; induce (bees) to settle by strik- 
 ing pieces of metal together; (n.)twang. [imit.] 
 
 ta'ngent, a. & n. Meeting a line or surface 
 at a point but not (when produced if necessary) 
 intersecting it. (N.) straight line t. to a curve 
 at any point; fly, go, off at a t, diverge im- 
 petuously from matter in hand or from normal 
 line of thought or conduct; (Trig., abbr. tan) 
 t. of an angle, ratio of the perpendicular sub- 
 tending it in any right-angled triangle to the 
 base ; t.-balance (showing weight by position 
 of beam as shown on graduated arc). Hence 
 ta'ng-ENCY n., tange'ntiAL a., tange'n- 
 tialLY 2 adv. [f. L tangere touch, see -ent] 
 
 Tangerine (-en), a. & n. (Native) of Tan- 
 giers ; T. (orange), small flattened kind. [F {-in, 
 -ine), f. Tanger Tangiers, see -ine *] 
 
 ta'nghin (-nggin), n. Madagascar tree the 
 fruit of which has poisonoxis kernel formerly 
 used in ordeals. [F, f. native tangena] 
 
 ta'ngible, a. Perceptible by touch ; definite, 
 clearly intelligible, not elusive or visionary, as 
 t. advantages, scheme, distinction ; (Law) cor- 
 poreal. Hence or cogn. tangiBruTY, ta'ngi- 
 bleNESS, nn., ta*ngibLY 2 adv. [F, f. LL tangi- 
 bilis (L tangere touch, see -ble)] 
 
 ta'ngle, v.t. & i., & n. Intertwine (threads, 
 hair, &c), become involved, in confused. mass; 
 entrap, entangle ; complicate, as a tangled 
 affair. (N.) confused mass of intertwined 
 threads &c; confused state, as skein, business, 
 is in a t; device used in dredging for delicate 
 forms of marine life ; kinds of sea-weed. Hence 
 ta'nglesoME, ta'nglY 2 , aa. [f. Da. tang sea- 
 weed, tang 3 , cf. ON thang ; vb & other noun 
 senses perh. f. last sense] 
 
 ta'ngpam, n. Chinese puzzle square cut 
 
TANIST 
 
 902 
 
 TAPIS 
 
 into seven pieces to be combined with various 
 figures. [?] 
 
 ta'nist, n. (hist. ). Successor apparent to Cel- 
 tic chief, usu. most vigorous adult of his kin. 
 [f. Ir. tanaiste heir to prince (tan territory)] 
 
 ta'nistry, n. Celtic mode of tenure accord- 
 ing to which tanist's successor was chosen 
 from his family by election (abolished in Ire- 
 land under James I). [-RvJ 
 
 tank, n. Large metal or wooden vessel for 
 liquid, gas, &c; part of locomotive tender con- 
 taining water for boiler; (E.-Ind.) storage- 
 pond, reservoir for water ; t. drama (Theatr. 
 slang), sensational drama in which water is 
 used for representing rescue from drowning 
 &c; t. engine, railway engine carrying fuel & 
 water receptacles on its own frame, not in 
 tender. |f. Port, tanqiie f. LL as stanch 1 ; 
 or perh. of Ind. orig.] 
 
 ta'nkage (-ij), n. (Charge for) storage in 
 tanks ; cubic content of tank(s) ; kind of fertil- 
 izer got from refuse fats &c. I- age] 
 
 ta'nkard, n. Large drinking- vessel usu. of 
 silver or pewter & often with cover ; contents 
 of, amount held by, this, as a t. of ale; cool 1 
 t.; t.-turnip, kinds with oblong root usu. rising 
 high above ground, [cf. Du. tanckaert, F tan- 
 quart, etym. dub.] 
 
 ta'nner 2 (for f. 1 see tan l ), n. (slang). A six- 
 pence. [?] 
 
 ta'nnie, a. Of tan ; t. acid (also ta'nniN n.), 
 astringent substance got chiefly from bark &c. 
 of oak & other trees & used in preparing lea- 
 ther & writing-ink & in medicine. So ta*n- 
 nATE H3) n. (chem.). tanni'FEROUS a. [-ic] 
 
 ta*nsy (-zi), n. Herb with yellow- flowers & 
 finely-toothed bitter aromatic leaves used in 
 medicine & cookery, [f. OF tanasie f. LL f. 
 Gk athanasia immortality (a- not + thanatos 
 death)] 
 
 ta'ntalize, v.t. Torment, tease, (person &c.) 
 with hopes that seem continually on point of 
 fulfilment or with object almost within his 
 grasp or with imperfect information &c. 
 Hence tan talizA-noN n., ta*ntalizing"LY 2 
 adv. [f. foil. + -ize] 
 
 ta'ntalum, n. A rare metal used for in- 
 candescent filament in electric lamps, [f. foil. 
 w. ref. to its non-absorbent quality 4- -um] 
 
 Ta*n talus, n. (Gk Myth.) son of Zeus con- 
 demned in Tartarus to stand up to chin in per- 
 petually receding water ; kinds of ibis ; spirit- 
 stand in which decanters are locked up but 
 visible ; T. cup, toy cup containing figure of 
 man illustrating principle of siphon. [L, f. 
 Gk Tantalos] 
 
 tantamount, a. Equivalent, as Jiis mes- 
 sage ivas t. to a flat refitsal. [orig. as vb, f. AF 
 tant amunter amount to so much {tavit f. L 
 tantus so great)] 
 
 tantar*a,n. Succession of notes on trumpet 
 or horn, [unit.] 
 
 tanti'vy, n., a., adv., v.i., (archaic). Hunt- 
 ing cry; swift movement, gallop, rush; (adj.) 
 swift ; (adv.) swiftly ; (vb) hurry, rush. [perh. 
 imit. = prec] 
 
 ta'ntra, n. Each of a class of recent San- 
 skrit religious works dealing chiefly with 
 magic. Hence ta*ntPiSM(3), ta*ntriST(2), nn. 
 [Skr., = thread, division of work] 
 
 ta'ntpum, n. Display of temper or petu- 
 lance, as is in, went into, her tt. [perh. f. W 
 tant whim &c] 
 
 Ta'oism (taho-, tow-), n. Religious doctrine 
 of Lao-tsze, Chinese philosopher (c. 500 B.C.). 
 [f. Chin, tao way + -ism] 
 
 tap J , n., & v.t. Cock through which liquid 
 is drawn from cask or through pipes ; plug 
 
 used to close opening in cask ; liquor of a par- 
 ticular brewing &c. w. ref. to quality, as an 
 excellent t, you know the t. ; = t.-room, as 
 found him in the t; instrument for cutting 
 threads of internal screws ; on t., (of cask) fur- 
 nished with t., (of liquor) in such cask, ready 
 to be drawn ; t.-borer, auger for boring taper- 
 ing hole in cask ; t.-room (in which liquor is 
 sold & drunk) ; t.-root, chief descending root of 
 plant. (Vb) furnish cask with cock ; pierce 
 (cask &c.) to let out liquid, let out thus; (Surg.) 
 give vent to (fluid accumulated in body), oper- 
 ate thus on (person) ; draw sap from (tree) by 
 cutting into it ; penetrate to, get into commu- 
 nication with, establish trade &c. in, (district 
 &c); apply to, solicit, (person/or); broach (sub- 
 ject) ; divert part of current from (telegraph 
 wires &c.) to intercept message ; make internal 
 screw-thread in. [(vb OE txppan f. n.) OE 
 txppa, cf. Du. tap, ON tappi, G zapfen] 
 
 tap 2, v.t. & i., & n. Strike lightly, as t. the 
 door with your knuckles, pavement with your 
 stick, tapped his forehead knowingly ; cause 
 (thing) to strike lightly against &c, as tapped 
 his stick against the \vindow; strike gentle 
 blow, rap, (at door &c.) ; apply leather to (heel 
 of shoe). (N.) light blow, rap ; sound of this, as 
 heard a t. at the door; (Mil., pi.) signal on 
 drum or trumpet for lights to be put out in 
 soldiers' quarters, [(n. f. vb) f. F tap(p)er, of 
 Teut. & prob. imit. orig.] 
 
 ta'/ia (tah-), n. Bark of a tree used in Pacific 
 islands for clothes, mats, &c. [native] 
 
 tape, n. , & v. t. Narrow cotton or linen strip 
 used for tying up parcels & in dress-making 
 &c. (red t.) ; such strip stretched across racing- 
 track between winning-posts, as breast the t., 
 win race ; narrow band of strong fabric rotat- 
 ing on pulleys &c. in machinery; continuous 
 strip of paper in receiving-instrument of re- 
 cording telegraph ; = t.-measure, tapeworm', 
 (slang) spirituous liquor ; t.-line, -measure, strip 
 of t. or thin flexible metal marked for use as 
 measure, & often coiled up in cylindrical case ; 
 tapeworm, kinds of t.-like many-jointed worm 
 infesting alimentary canal of man & most 
 vertebrates. Hence ta'pei.ESS a. (Vb) furnish, 
 tie \ip, with t.; join sections of (book) with 
 bands of t. [(vb f. n.) OE t&ppe, cf. tippet] 
 
 ta'per, n., a., & v.i. & t. Slender candle, wick 
 coated with wax &c; (adj., now chiefly poet, 
 or rhet.) growing gradually smaller towards 
 one end like cone or pyramid, as t. fingers, 
 whence ta'pepNESS n., ta'perwiSE adv.; (vb, 
 often t. off) make or become t., (cause to) grow 
 gradually less, as the upper part tapers oris 
 tapered off to a point, whence ta'peringXY 2 
 adv. [(vb f. adj. f. n., w. ref. to shape) OE, cf. 
 Ir. tapar, W ta?npr] 
 
 ta'pestry, n. Textile fabric in which woof 
 is supplied with spindle instead of shuttle, with 
 design formed by stitches across warp, used for 
 covering walls, furniture, &c; Bayeux t„ an- 
 cient roll of t. representing scenes in life of 
 William I preserved at Bayeux ; Russian t., 
 stout linen or hemp stuff used for blinds &c. 
 Hence (-)tapestriED 2 a. [f. F tapisserie (ta- 
 pisser furnish with t., f. tapis, see -ery)] 
 
 tapio'ca, n. Starchy substance in hard white 
 grains got by heating cassava & used for pud- 
 dings &c. IPort., f. Braz. tipioca juice of cas- 
 sava (tipi dregs + ok pluck, squeeze)] 
 
 ta'pip, n. Hoofed swine-like mammal with 
 short proboscis, allied to rhinoceros. Hence 
 ta'piroiD a. & n. [f. Braz. tapira] 
 
 tapis' (-pe, also ta'pis), n. (Of subject) be, 
 come, on the t. (under consideration or discus- 
 sion). [OF, = tapestry, carpet, f. med.L f. Gk 
 
TAPOTEMENT 
 
 903 
 
 TARSUS 
 
 tapetion dim. of tapes -etos; phrr. f. use of 
 
 tapestry for table-cloths] 
 
 tapo'tement (-tin- ; or as F), n. (med.). Per- 
 cussion as part of massage treatment. 
 
 ta*ppet, n. Arm, collar, cam, &c.,used in 
 machinery to impart intermittent motion ; t. 
 loom (in which hammers are worked by tt.). 
 [perh. f. tap 8 + -et 1 ] 
 
 ta'pstep, n. Person employed at a bar to 
 draw & serve liquor. [OE txppestre,'ovig. fern. 
 (tap 1 , -ster)] 
 
 tar J, n. , & v.t. Dark viscid liquid got by dry 
 distillation of wood, coal, &c, & used as pre- 
 servative of timber & iron, antiseptic, &c.; a 
 touch of the t.-brush, admixture of negro blood 
 as shown by colour of skin ; t.-board, stout 
 millboard of tarred rope &c; t.-water, cold in- 
 fusion of t. used as medicine, also, tarry am- 
 nion iacal water obtained in gas-manufacture. 
 ( Vb) cover with t. ; t. & feather, smear with tar 
 & then cover with feathers as punishment, 
 [(vb f. n.) OE teorit, cf. Du. teer, ON tjara, Da. 
 tjxre, cogn. w. tree] 
 
 tar 2 , n. (Also Jack t.) sailor, [abbr. of tar- 
 paulin] 
 
 tapadi'ddle, tappa-, n. (colloq.). Fib, lie. [?] 
 
 tap'a(-fepn), n. Edible fern of New Zealand 
 &c. [native] 
 
 tapanta*ss,n. Springless four-wheeled Rus- 
 sian vehicle, [f. Russ. tarantasxi] 
 
 tarantella, -elle (-el), n. (Music for) rapid 
 whirling Ital. dance for one couple, once held a 
 cure for tarantism. [F (-le) f. It. (-la), as folL] 
 
 ta'pantism, n. Dancing mania, esp. that ori- 
 ginating in S. Italy among those who (thought 
 they) had been bitten by the tarantula, [f. It. 
 Taranto f. L Tarentum, S.-Ital. town, -ism] 
 
 tara'ntula, n. Large spider of S. Europe 
 whose bite was formerly held to cause tarant- 
 ism ; other kinds of spider. Hence tapa'ntu- 
 Iar 1 a. [f. It. tarantola, as prec] 
 
 tapata*ntapa (or -tar'a), n. Sound of trum- 
 pet or bugle, [imit., cf. tantara] 
 
 tara'xaeum, n. Kinds of plant of aster 
 family including dandelion ; drug prepared 
 from this. [prob. of Arab, or Pers. orig.] 
 
 tapboo'sh, n. Cap like fez. [f. Arab, tar- 
 bush] 
 
 tarcfame'nte, adv. (mus.). Slowly. [It.] 
 
 tap'digpade, a. & n. (zool.). Slow-moving 
 (animal), [f. L tardigradus (tardus slow + 
 gradi walk)] 
 
 tar'do, a. & adv. (mus.). Slow(ly). [It] 
 
 tap'dy, a. Slow-moving, slow, sluggish ; late, 
 coming or done late, as t. retribution, amends, 
 reform ; (of person &c. ) reluctant, hanging back. 
 Hence tap'diLY 2 adv., tap'diNESS n. [f. F 
 tardift. L tardus slow, see -ive] 
 
 tape \ n. Kinds of vetch, esp. common vetch 
 (in Matt. xiii. 25, 36, perh. = darnel). [ME tare- 
 (-fytche) wheat-vetch, cf. Du. tarwe wheat] 
 
 tape 2 , n., & v.t. Allowance made for weight 
 of box &c. in which goods are packed, as real, 
 customary, average, t.; weight of motor vehicle 
 without fuel &c. ; t. & tret, arithmetical rule 
 for computing t. &c; (Chem.) weight of vessel 
 in which substance is weighed ; (vb) ascertain 
 weight of (box &c). [F, f. Sp. tara f. Arab. 
 tarhah what is rejected (taraha reject)] 
 'ta'pge. See foil. 
 
 tap'get (-g-), n. Circular stuffed pad w T ith 
 concentric circles painted on surface as mark 
 in archery ; similar usu. rectangular mark for 
 rifles or pistols; (fig.) person, thing, serving as 
 mark for (scorn &c); circular railway signal 
 e.g. at a switch ; neck & breast of lamb as joint ; 
 (also targe archaic) shield, buckler, esp. small 
 round one, whence tar'getED 2 a.; t.-card 
 
 (coloured like t., for keeping archer's score); 
 t. ship, old ship used as t. [f. OF targuete dim. 
 of targue (also targe) f. ON targa, cf. G zarge 
 frame, border] 
 tapgeteep*, n. Soldier armed with target. 
 
 [-EER] 
 
 Tar'gum, n. Each of various ancient Ara- 
 maic or Chaldee paraphrases of the Hebrew 
 scriptures. Hence Tapg-u'mic, Targumi's- 
 tic, aa., Tap'gumiST(3) n. [Chald., = inter- 
 pretation (targem interpret)] 
 
 ta'piff, n., & v.t. List of duties or customs 
 to be paid on imports or exports ; such duties 
 collectively ; law imposing these ; duty on par- 
 ticular class of goods; preferential t., reduced 
 duties on imports from favoured country ; re- 
 taliatory t., import duties levied by a nation 
 to balance foreign duties imposed on its ex- 
 ports ; t. reform, removal of inequalities &c. in 
 t. (esp. as name given by opponents of free trade 
 in U.K. to their policy); list of charges, asrail- 
 way, telegraph, refreshment-room, t. ( Yb)make 
 t. of duties on (goods); put a valuation on. [(vb 
 f. n.) f. OF tariff e arithmetic f. Sp. tarifa tariff 
 f. Arab, ta'rif notification ('irf knowledge)] 
 
 tap'latan, n. Thin kind of muslin, [f. F tar- 
 latave, etym. dub.] 
 
 tarn \ n. Small mountain lake, [f . ON tjbrn, 
 cf. Sw. dial. t(j)arn] 
 
 tarn 2 . See tern *. 
 
 tap'nal, tapna'tion, aa. & advv. (U.S. 
 slang). Confounded(ly). [(-ation on damna- 
 tion) corrupt, of eternal] 
 
 tap'nish, v.t. & i., & n. Lessen or destroy 
 the lustre of, lose lustre, as has been tarnished 
 by damp, will t. if exposed, docs not easily t, 
 (fig.) a tarnished repidation; (n.) loss of lustre, 
 blemish, stain, (Mineral.) film of colour formed 
 on exposed surface of mineral. Hence tap*- 
 nishABLE a. [(n. f. vb) f. F ternir (see -ish 2 ) 
 perh. f. MHG ternen darken (OHG tarni secret)] 
 
 tap'o, n. Kinds of tropical plant of arum 
 family with root used as food esp. in Pacific 
 islands, [native] 
 
 ta'POC, -Ot (-6), n. Game played with, each 
 card of, a pack of 78 cards, [f. F tarots f. It. 
 tarocchi, etym. dub.] 
 
 tap'pan, n. Wild horse of Tartary. [native] 
 
 tappau*lin,n. Waterproof cloth esp. of tarred 
 canvas; sheet of this as covering; sailor's tarred 
 or oiled hat ; (colloq.) sailor, [f. tar + palling 
 covering f. pall vb cover f. pall 1 ] 
 
 Tappei'an (-pean), a. T. rock, cliff from 
 which ancient Roman criminals were hurled, 
 [f. L Tarpeius of Tarpeia (who was buried at 
 foot of T. rock) + -an] 
 
 tap'pon, n. Large game-fish common on 
 south coast of U.S. [?] 
 
 tappadiddle. See tapa-. 
 
 ta'ppagon, n. Plant allied to wormwood & 
 used in salads & in making t. vinegar, [f. Sp. 
 taragona f. Arab, tarkhun f. Gk as dragon] 
 
 ta*ppock, n. Young kittiwake; common 
 tern ; guillemot. [?] 
 
 tap'py 1 , a. Of, like, smeared with, tar. [-T 2 ] 
 
 ta'ppy 2 , v.i. & t. (now literary). Remain, 
 stay, lodge, (at, in, &c); wait (often for); delay 
 to come or appear, be late; wait for. [ME tarien 
 irritate, w r orry, delay, OE tergan vex; influenced 
 in sense by ME targen delay f. OF targer f. LL 
 tardicare = L tardare (tardus slow)] 
 
 tap'sia, n. Kind of mosaic woodwork. [It.] 
 
 tap'siep, n. Small large-eyed nocturnal le- 
 mur. [F (foil., from structure of foot)] 
 
 tar'sus, n. (pi. -i). Collection of bones be- 
 tween lower leg & metatarsus, ankle; shank of 
 bird's leg; (Entom.) terminal segment of limbi 
 plate of connective tissue in eyelid. Hence 
 
TART 
 
 904 
 
 TAUNT 
 
 tar'SAL a., tarsi-, tarso, comb, forms, 
 [mod. L, f. Gk tarsos flat surface] 
 tapt ] , a. Sharp-tasted, acid ; cutting, biting, 
 as a t. rejoinder. Hence tap'tLY 2 adv., tar't- 
 ness n. [OE ttart, perh. cogn. w. tear ] ] 
 tart 2 , n. Pie containing fruit, as apple, 
 cherry, -t.\ jam t., piece of pastry with jam on 
 top; (slang) girl, woman, esp. of immoral charac- 
 ter. So tar'tLET n. [f. OF tarte perh. var. of 
 to(u)rte f. L torquere tort- twist] 
 tar'tan x , n. & a. Woollen fabric with stripes 
 of various colours crossing at right angles esp. 
 as worn by Scottish Highlanders; (other fabric) 
 so striped, as silk t., t. velvet', Scotch plaid with 
 distinctive pattern of a clan; Highlander; High- 
 land regiment. [?] 
 
 tap'tan 2 , n. Kind of single-masted vessel 
 used in Mediterranean. If. F tartane perh. f. 
 Arab, taridah] 
 
 tap'tap 1 , n. Pink or red deposit from com- 
 pletely fermented wine, forming hard crust on 
 side of cask, whence tapta'pic, tap'tapous, 
 aa. (chem.), taptapiZA'TioN n., tap*tapizE(5) 
 v.t.; cream 1 of t.; incrustation of saliva, cal- 
 cium phosphate, &c, forming on the teeth ; t. 
 emetic, double tartrate of potassium & anti- 
 mony used as emetic, purgative, &c. [f. F tar- 
 tre f. LL tartarumi. Arab, durd dregs] 
 Tar'tap -2 , Ta'tap (tah-), a. & n. (Native) of 
 Tartary, (member) of a group of peoples in- 
 cluding Turks, Cossacks, &c.,soTaptap*iANa.; 
 {Tar-) intractable or savage person {catch, a T., 
 meet with person who is more than a match for 
 one), [f. Pers. Tatar, of Tartar orig.; Tar-, the 
 usu. spelling, by assoc. w. foil.] 
 Tap'tapus, n. (Gk myth.). Abyss below Ha- 
 des where Titans were confined_; place of pun- 
 ishment in Hades. So Taptap*e\>r a. [L, f. 
 Gk Tartar oh] 
 
 tap'trate, n. Salt of tartaric acid. [f. tar- 
 tar 1 + -ate 1 ] 
 
 Taptu*f(f )e (-dbf or as F), n. Religious hy- 
 pocrite. Hence Taptu*f(f )ism n. Icharacter 
 inMoliere T.] 
 
 tasi'metep, n. Electrical apparatus for 
 measuring changes in temperature, moisture, 
 &c. Hence tasime'tPic a. If. Gk tasis stretch- 
 ing (teino stretch) + -meter] 
 task, n., & v.t. Piece of work imposed ; les- 
 son to be learnt at school, as has done his t.; a 
 work voluntarily undertaken, as an arduous t, 
 undertook the t. of classification', take person 
 to £., accuse him of fault, rebuke him/or (doiiif/); 
 taskmaster, -mistress, one who imposes t. ( Vb) 
 assign t. to ; exact labour from, put strain up- 
 on, tax, (powers, intellect, &c). [(vb f. n.) f. 
 ONF tasque (OF tasche) f. LL tasca tax] 
 tass, n. Small draught (of brandy &c). [f. 
 OF tasse cup prob. f. Arab, tass brain] 
 ta'ssel, n., & v.t. (-11-). Tuft of loosely hang- 
 ing threads or cords as ornament for cushion, 
 cap, &c; t.-like head of some plants, esp. sta- 
 minate inflorescence at top of stalk of Indian 
 corn ; ribbon sewn into book co be used as book- 
 mark ; = torse l; (vb) furnish with t., remove 
 tt. of (Indian corn) to strengthen plant, [(vb f. 
 n.) OF, perh. f. L taxillus small die, dim. of 
 talus knuckle-bone, die] 
 
 taste i, v.t. & i. Learn flavour of (food &c. 
 or abs.) by taking it into the mouth, as t. this 
 cheese, he tastes teas (professionally) for Smith 
 & Co. ; eat small portion of or archaic of (esp. 
 after negative), as must just t. a snack, has not 
 tasted food for 3 days ; perceive the flavour of, 
 as can t. nothing when you have a cold, fancy 1 
 t. fjarlic ; (archaic) relish, enjoy, as cannot t. a 
 joke against himself; experience, have experi- 
 ence of, as shall not t. (of) death, has never 
 
 tasted (of) success ; (of food &c. or fig. ) have a fla- 
 vour of, smack of, as tastes of mint, his writings 
 t. of the schools. Hence ta'stABLE a. [f. OF 
 taster handle, taste, ult. f. L taxare f. tag- root 
 of tangere touch; LL has taxta n. probe) 
 
 taste 2 , n. Sensation excited in certainorgans 
 of— ««)uth by contact of some soluble things, 
 flavour, as cannot endurethet. of onions, white 
 of egg has no t.; sense by which this is per- 
 ceived ; (rare) act of tasting ; small portion (of 
 food &c.) taken as sample ; liking, predilection, 
 for, as has no t. for sweet things, a t. for draw- 
 ing, scenery, argument, is not to my t. (liking) ; 
 faculty of discerning & enjoying beauty or 
 other excellence esp. in art & literature, as is 
 a man of t, true, false, t.; disposition or exe- 
 cution of work of art, choice of language, con- 
 duct, &c, dictated by orseen in thelightof this 
 faculty, as composed in admirable t., the re- 
 mark ivas in bad t. [ME, f. OF tast as prec] 
 
 ta'steful, a. (Of person, work of art, &c.) 
 having, showing, done in, good taste. Hence 
 ta*stefulLY 2 adv., ta'stefulNESS n. [-ful] 
 
 ta'steless, a. Having no flavour ; insipid ; 
 lacking the physical sense of taste ; lacking 
 artistic taste ; (of language, conduct, &c.) not 
 in good taste. Hence ta'stelessLV 2 adv., 
 ta'stelessNESS n. [-less] 
 
 ta'ster, n. In vbl senses, esp.: person em- 
 ployed to judge of teas, wines, &c, by taste; 
 (fig.) publisher's reader ; (hist.) person employ- 
 ed to taste food before it was touched by his 
 employer; small cup used by wine-t.; instru- 
 ment for extracting small cylindrical sample 
 from a cheese. 1-er j ] 
 
 ta'sty, a. (colloq.). Savoury, of pleasant fla- 
 vour; (nowvulg.; of dress, decoration, &c.) in 
 good taste. Hence ta'stiLY 2 adv. [-y 2 ] 
 
 tat, v.i. & t. Do tatting ; make by tatting, 
 [prob. back-formation f. tatting] 
 
 tata (talrtalr), int. Good-bye. 
 
 Tatar. See tartar 2 . 
 
 ta'ttep, n. Rag, torn piece, of cloth, paper, 
 &c. (usu. in pi.); tatterdemalion [etym. dub.], 
 ragged fellow. Hence ta'ttePED 2 , ta'ttep Y 2 , 
 aa. [cf. ON totrar rags] 
 
 ta'tting", n. Kind of knotted work used for 
 trimmings &c. [?] 
 
 ta'ttle, v.i. & t. , & n. Prattle, chatter, gossip, 
 whence ta'ttline-LY 2 adv.; utter (words) idly; 
 (n.) trivial talk. [(n. f. vb) f. tat imit., -le(3)] 
 
 ta'ttlep, n. Prattler, gossip, (archaic Tatler, 
 periodical of Steele & Addison) ; sandpiper, 
 [f. prec^ + 'ER 1 ] 
 
 tattoo* 1 , n., & v.i. Beat of drum recalling 
 soldiers to quarters; beat the deviVs t., drum 
 idly with fingers on table &c. [(vb f. n.) f. Du. 
 taptoe tattoo, lit. (put the) tap to, close the tap 
 (of public-house)] 
 
 tattoo* 2 , v.t., & n. Mark (skin &c.) with in- 
 delible patterns by inserting pigments in punc- 
 tures; (n.) such mark. [(n. f. vb) f. Tahitian 
 tatau n.] 
 
 ta*tty, n. (Anglo-Ind.). Matting of cuscus- 
 grass hung & kept wet to cool & perfume the 
 air. [f. Hind, tatti wicker frame] 
 
 tau (taw), n. Greek letter T; kinds of fish 
 &c. marked with or suggesting this; (attrib.) 
 T-shaped, as T. cross. [Gk] 
 
 taught. See teach. 
 
 taunt 1 , v.t., & n. Reproach, upbraid, (per- 
 son &c. with conduct &c.) contemptuously, 
 whence tau*nting"LY 2 adv.; (n.) contemptu- 
 ous reproach, object of this, as endured the 
 tt. of, became a t. to, his neighbours. [f. OF 
 tanter, tenter, provoke, tempt; or f. F phr. 
 tant pour tant so much for so much, tit for tat, 
 f. L tantum so much] 
 
TAUNT 
 
 905 
 
 TEACHING 
 
 taunt 2 , a. (naut.). (Of mast) tall. [f. ataunt 
 adv. naut. fully rigged f. F autant as much] 
 
 taup'ine, a. Bull-like, bovine, so taup'i- 
 form a. ; of the zodiacal sign Taurus, [f. L 
 taurinus (taurus bull, see -ine ] )] 
 
 taupo'machy (-ki), n. Bull-hght(ing). [f. 
 Gk tauvomakhia (tatiros bull + makhe fight)] 
 
 Taup'us, n. A constellation ; second sign of 
 zodiac. |L, f. Gk tauros bullj 
 
 taut (tawt), a. (naut.). (Of rope)tight, not slack; 
 (of vessel &c.) in good order or condition. Hence 
 tau*tEN e v.t. & i., tau*tLY 2 adv., tautNESS 
 n. [ME togt, prob. p.p. of togen pull, tow 1 ] 
 
 tauto-incomb. = Gktauto, to auto, the same, 
 as : -baryd [I. Gk barns heavy], curve on which 
 the pressure of a body moving under gravity is 
 everywhere the same; -chrone[i. Gk khronos 
 time], curve on which body sliding from state 
 of rest under given force will reach lowest 
 point in same time from whatever point itstarts, 
 so -chronism n., -chronous a.; -phony, repeti- 
 tion of same sound. 
 
 tautology, n. Saying of the same thing 
 twice over in different words (e.g. arrived one 
 after the other in succession). Hence tauto- 
 lo*gic(AL)aa., tautolo'giealLY 2 adv., tau- 
 to*logiST(l) n., tauto*logiZE(2) v.i. [f. L f. 
 Gk TA\JTO{logia -logy)] 
 
 ta'vepn, n. Public house for supply of food 
 & drink. If. F taverne f. L taberna hut, tavern] 
 
 taw 1 , v.t. Make (hide) into leather without 
 \ise of tannin, esp. by soaking in solution of 
 alum & salt. Hence taw'ER 1 , taw"ERY(3), nn. 
 [earlier also tew; OE tawian prepare, cf. Du. 
 touwen curry, OHG zouwan make, prepare] 
 
 taw 2 , n. Game at marbles ; limit line in play- 
 ing marbles ; a marble, [perh, f. tau, w. ref. 
 to way of marking line] 
 
 taw*dpy,a. &n. Showy but worthless, gaudy, 
 having too much or ill-judged ornament, whence 
 tawdriLY 2 adv., tawdpiNESsn.; (n.) cheap 
 or excessive or tasteless finery, [f. St Audry's 
 fair held in Isle of Ely (Audry corrupt, of 
 Etheldrida, who founded Ely Cathedral)] 
 
 tawny, a. Brownish-yellow, tan-coloured. 
 Hence taw'niNESS n. [f. F tanne p.p. of tan- 
 ner tan J ] 
 
 tax- 1 , v.t. Impose tax on (subjects, citizens, 
 &c, commodity, land, &c), so taxA'TiON n.; 
 (N.T.) register (person) for purpose of imposing 
 tribute ; make demands upon, demand exertion 
 from, (person's resources, powers, ingenuity, 
 &c); (Law) examine & (dis)allow items of (costs 
 &c); taxed (also tax-) cart, two-wheeled cart 
 usu. for agricultural or trade purposes on which 
 only reduced duty (& later none) was charged ; 
 charge (person with fault, with doing). Hence 
 taxaBi 'lit y, ta'xableNESS, nn. , ta*x able a. , 
 ta'xabLY 2 adv. [f. F taxer f . L taxare f . tag- 
 root of tangere touch, cf. task, taste l ] 
 
 tax 2 , n. Contribution levied on persons, pro- 
 perty, or business, for support of government, 
 as direct 2 , iNDiRE.CT,capitation, income, poll-, 
 t, single t., proposed sole t,, on value of land 
 irrespective of improvements; strain, heavy 
 demand, (up)on (person, his energies &c); t- 
 cart, see prec; t.-collector, official who collects 
 tt; t. -farmer, one who buys from government 
 the right to collect certain tt.; t.-free, exempt 
 from tt.; t.-gatherer, = t.-collector ; taxpayer. 
 Hence ta'XLESS a. [f. F taxe as prec] 
 
 ta*xi, n. (Also t.-cab) cab, esp. motor-cab, 
 fitted with taximeter ; = taximeter, [abbr.] 
 
 ta'xidepmy, n. Art of preparing & mount- 
 ing skins of animals in lifelike manner. Hence 
 taxidep'mAL, taxidep'mic, aa., ta'xi- 
 depmiST(3) n. [f. taxis + derm] 
 
 taxi'metep, n. Automatic device fitted to 
 
 cab & indicating distance traversed & fare due. 
 [f. F taximetre (taxe tariff, tax 2 , -meter)] 
 
 ta^xin, n. Resinous substance from yew 
 leaves, [f. L f. Gk taxos yew + -in] 
 
 ta'xis, n. (Surg.) manual pressure applied 
 to restore parts to their place ; (Gk Ant.) various 
 divisions of troops; (Zool. ) classification ; (Gram., 
 Khet.) arrangement. [Gk, f. tasso arrange] 
 
 taxo'nomy, n. (nat. hist.). (Principles of) 
 classification. Hence or cogn. taxo'LOGY, 
 taxo*nomiST(3), nn., taxond*mic(AL) aa., 
 taxono'micalLY 2 adv. [f. F taxonomie (taxis 
 + Gk -nomos f. nemo manage)] 
 
 taxxa (talrtsa), n. Saucer-shaped cup esp. 
 one mounted on a foot, lit.] 
 
 tchick, n., & v.i. (Make) sound produced by 
 pressing tongue against roof of mouth & quickly 
 withdrawing it, esp. as used in urging horse, 
 [imit.] 
 
 tea, n., & v.i. & t. (Also t.-plant) shrub or 
 small tree of camellia family grown in China, 
 India, &c; leaves of this dried & prepared for 
 use (black, green, t., prepared by different pro- 
 cesses; bohea, congou, souchong , pekoe, &c, t., 
 kinds of black, hyson, gunpowder, &c, t., kinds 
 of green; tile t., in brick form); infusion or de- 
 coction of t. -leaves as beverage; infusion &c. 
 of leaves of other plants or of other substasce, 
 as beef, camomile, t; light afternoon meal 
 with t., esp. five-o'-clock t.; (also high t.) solid 
 evening meal with t.; t.-caddy; t.-cake, kinds 
 of cake eaten toasted or otherwise at t. ; t.-chest, 
 light lead-lined wooden box in which t. is ex- 
 ported ; t.-cloth (for t.-table or -tray) ; t.-cup, 
 cup in which tea is drunk (storm in a t.-c, com- 
 motion in circumscribed circle or about trivial 
 matter), (as measure, also teacupful) gill ; t- 
 Jight (colloq.), t. -party ; t.-garden (in which t. is 
 served to the public) ; t.-gown, woman's loose 
 gown worn at t. &c; t.-hotise (in which t. &c. 
 is served in China & Japan); t.-kettle (used in 
 making t.); t.-leaf, leaf of t. esp. (pi.) after 
 infusion or soaking; t.-party (at which t. is 
 served); t.-pot, vessel in which t. is made; t.- 
 rose, kinds with scent compared to that of t.; 
 t. -service, -set, t.-pot, cups, &c, used in serving 
 t.; t. -spoon ; t.-table (often attrib., as t.-t. con- 
 versation); t.-things,= t.-set ; t.-tray (on which 
 t.-set is used or carried) ; t. -urn, for boiling or 
 holding water for t. (Vb) take t., as we t. atU; 
 give t. to (person), [(vb f. n.) earlier also tay, 
 tee, f. Chin. dial, te, & cha &c. f. Chin, ch'a] 
 
 teach (tetsh), v.t. (taughtpron. taAvt). Enable 
 or cause (person &c. to do) by instruction & 
 training, as t. him to swim, dog was taught to 
 beg, "Misfortune has taught him to be thankfxd 
 for small mercies, this (punishment) will t. you 
 to speak the truth, (colloq.) I will t. him (not) to 
 meddle in my affairs ; give lessons at school or 
 elsewhere in or on (subject, game, instrument, 
 &c, to person, or w. double object), as taught 
 him Greek, teaches Greek for a living, teaches 
 the violin, t. mebridge, was never taught music, 
 music was never taugltt to a more unwilling 
 pupil, it is time the boy was taught something ; 
 give instruction to, educate ; explain, show, 
 state by way of instruction, (fact&e., how, that, 
 &c, to person or w. double obj.), as taught that 
 we must forgive our enemies, I was taught that 
 two sides of a triangle were greater than the 
 third, was taught otherwise, was never taught 
 this, who taught you that ?. Hence tea'ehER ] , 
 tea'chepsHiP, nn. [OE taecan, cogn. w. token] 
 
 tea'chable, a. Apt to learn, docile; (of sub- 
 ject &c.) that can be taught. Hence teaeha- 
 bi'lity, tea'ehableNESS, nn. [-able] 
 
 tea'cning, n. In vbl senses, esp. what is 
 taught, doctrine, as the tt. of the Church, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 29* 
 
TEAGUE 
 
 906 
 
 TEETH 
 
 Teagus (teg), n. (contempt.). Irishman, 
 [common Irish name] 
 
 teak (tek), n. (E.-Ind. tree with) heavy dur- 
 able timber that does not warp or shrink or 
 corrode iron, much used in shipbuilding, [f. 
 Port, teca f. Malayalam tekka] 
 
 teal (tel), n. Kinds of small freshwater duck. 
 [ME tele, cf. Du. taling, te-, etym. dub.] 
 
 team (tern), n., & v.t. Two or more beasts 
 of burden harnessed together, whence tea*m- 
 wise adv.; set of players on one side in some 
 games e.g. football; set of persons working 
 together. (Vb) harness (horses &c.) in t.; give 
 out (work) to contractor who employs t. of 
 workmen, whence tea'miNG 1 n. [OE team 
 family, set, cf. Du. toom, ON taumr, rein, G 
 zaum bridle, cogn. w. tow ] ] 
 
 tea'mster, n. Driver of a team, f ster] 
 
 tea'poy (tep-), n. Small three- or four-legged 
 table esp. for tea. [f. Hind, tipai f. Pers. sipai ; 
 sense & spelling influenced by tea] 
 
 tear 1 (tar), v.t. & i. (tore, torn), & n. Pull 
 apart, rend, lacerate, as tore up the letter, has 
 torn his coat, t. it in half, in two, in pieces, 
 torn to pieces by a tiger, (fig.) country was torn 
 by factions, heart torn by conflicting emotions ; 
 make (hole, rent) thus ; pull violently (lit. & 
 fig.), as tore down the notice, t. out a page, t. off 
 the cover, tree torn up by the roots, was torn 
 (forcibly parted) from her parents, babe torn 
 from the breast, could not t. myself (make up 
 my mind to go) away, pull violently at, as tore 
 at the cover of the parcel ; t. one's hair, pull it 
 in anger or perplexity or despair; lend itself 
 to tearing, as tears easily, will not t.\ run or 
 walk hurriedly or impetuously, as tore down the 
 hill, was siniply tearing; (n.) rent in cloth &c. 
 I(n. f. vb) OE teran, cf. Goth, gatairan break, 
 <i zehren, ON taera, consume, Gk dero flay] 
 
 tear 2 (ter), n. (Also t.-drop) drop of saline 
 liquid ordinarily serving to moisten & wash 
 the eye but falling from it as result of grief or 
 ■other emotion or of coughing or laughter, as 
 the tt. fell down her cheeks, wept bitter tt. of 
 remorse, laughed till the tt. came, tt. were her 
 only argument, a t. -stained face, found her in 
 tt. (weeping) ; t.-like thing, e. g. drop of fluid, 
 solid drop of resin &c; tt. of strong wine, drops 
 forming on inside of partly-filled glass of port 
 &c; crocodile tt. [OE tear, txr, cf. OH tar, 
 Da. taar, cogn. w. L lacrima, Gk dakru(on)] 
 
 teap*ful,a. Shedding tears, so teap'LESS a.; 
 (of event, news, &c.) mournful, sad. Hence 
 teap # fulLY 2 adv., teap'fulNESS n. [-ful] 
 
 tearing-, a. In vbl senses (tear 1 ), also: 
 violent, overwhelming (t. pace, rage), [-ing 2 ] 
 
 tease (tez), v.t., & n. Assail playfully or 
 maliciously, vex, with jests, questions, or petty 
 annoyances, whence tea'singLY 2 adv. ; im- 
 portune (person for thing, to do); pick into 
 separate fibres, comb, card, (wool, flax, &c); 
 dress (cloth &c.) with teasels. [OE txsan pluck, 
 pull, cf. MDu. teesen, Da. txse] 
 
 tea'sel (-z-), -zel, -zle, n., & v.t. Kinds of 
 plant with large prickly heads used in dressing 
 cloth ; such head; machine substituted for tt.; 
 (vb) dress (cloth) with tt., whence tea'selER 1 , 
 -zlep, n. [OE txs(e)l (as prec. + -le)| 
 
 tea*sep, n. In vbl senses, esp. : teasing per- 
 son ; (colloq.) difficult question or problem or 
 task, thing hard to deal with, [-er '] 
 
 teat (tet), n. Mammary nipple through which 
 milk passes, pap of woman, dug of beast. Hence 
 (-)teatED 2 , teatLiKE, aa. f f. OF tete f. LG 
 title, cf. G zitze, cogn. w. Gk titthe] 
 
 tee, n. (slang). Detective, labbr.] 
 
 te'chnic (-k-), a. & n. (Adj., rare) = foil. ; (n.) 
 = technique, (usu. pi.) doctrine of arts in 
 
 general, (pi.) technical terms, details, methods, 
 &c. Hence te'ehnieiST n. [f. Gk tekhnikos 
 (tekhne art, see -ic)] 
 
 te'chnical, a. Of or in a particular art, 
 science, handicraft, &c, as t. terms, skill, diffi- 
 culty ; of, for, in, the mechanical arts, as t. edu- 
 cation, school. Hence technicality - adv., 
 technical ness n. [-al] 
 
 technicality, n. Technicalness, technical 
 expression, distinction, &c, as legal tt. [-itv] 
 
 te*chnicon,n. Apparatus for training hands 
 of pianist &c. [f. Gk neut. adj. as technic] 
 
 te*chniphone,n. Dumb pianofor exercising 
 fingers, [f. Gk tekhne art + phone sound] 
 
 technique (-ek), n. Mode of artistic execu- 
 tion in music, painting, &c. ; mechanical skill 
 in art. [F, as technic] 
 
 technology, n. Science of the industrial 
 arts ; ethnological study of developmentof arts. 
 Hence teehnolo'g'iCAL a., techno'logiST n. 
 [f. Gk tekhne art + -logv] 
 
 te'ehyjte'tchyja. Peevish, irritable. Hence 
 te'chii.v 2 adv., te'chiNESS n. If. ME tecche, 
 tache, caprice f. OF tache blemish, prob. of 
 Celt, orig., cf. tack] 
 
 tecto'logy, n. Structural morphology, i.e. 
 that which treats an organism as composed of 
 organic individuals. Hence tectolo'giCAL a. 
 [irreg. f. Gk tekton carpenter + -logv] 
 
 tecto'nic, a. & n. Of building or construc- 
 tion ; (Geol.) due to a change in structural con- 
 ditions caused by deformation ; (n. pi.) whole 
 art of producing useful and beautiful buildings, 
 furniture, vessels, &c. [f. L f. Gk tektonikos 
 (tekton -onos carpenter, see -ic)] 
 
 tectop'ial, a. Forming a covering, esp. t. 
 membrane (of ear), [f. Ltectorius (as foil., see 
 -orv) + -al] 
 
 te*etpiees,n. pi. (ornith.). Covering feathers 
 of wings & tail. [f. L tegere tect- cover, -trix] 
 
 ted, v.t. Turn over and spread out (grass, 
 hay) to dry. Hence te'ddER i(l, 2) n. [t ON 
 tedhja spread manure (tadh)] 
 
 Te De'um, n. (Music for) hymn beginning 
 T. D. laudamus, We praise thee, O God, sung 
 at morning service, or on special occasions as 
 thanksgiving;.9inflr7 T . Z>.,(fig.)exult,triumph. [L] 
 
 te'dious, a. Wearisome, irksome, tiresome. 
 Hence te'diousLY 2 adv., te'diousNESS n. 
 [f. OF tedieuxi. hh taediosus (as toll., see -ovs)] 
 
 tedium, n. Tediousness. [f. L taedium 
 (taedet it wearies)] 
 
 tee l , n. Letter T ; T-shaped thing esp. pipe. 
 
 tee 2 , n., & v.t. & i. Mark aimed at in quoits 
 &c. ; (Golf) small pile of sand on which ball is 
 placed at beginning of play for each hole, small 
 appliance of rubber &c. for same purpose; (v.t.) 
 place (ball) on t. ; (v.i.) t. off, start from t., (fig.) 
 start, begin, [pern. ult. f. ON tja point out] 
 
 tee 3 , n. Umbrella-shaped usu. gilded orna- 
 ment crowning tope or pagoda, [f. Burm. h'ti 
 umbrella] 
 
 teem 1 , v.t. & i. (Archaic) bear (offspring); 
 be prolific, be stocked to overflowing with, as 
 forests t. with snakes, book teems withblunders', 
 be abundant, as fish t. in these waters. IOE 
 tyman (team)] 
 
 teem 2 , v.t. Pour out (molten steel) from 
 crucible, [f. ON taenia f. tomr empty, cf. toom] 
 
 teen, n. (archaic). Grief; trouble; harm. 
 [OE teona accusation, injury, f. teon, tihan, 
 accuse] 
 
 -teen, suf. of numbers from 13 to 19 implying 
 addition of ten. [OE tene, tyne, pi. of ten] 
 
 teens, n. pi. Years of one's age from 13 to 
 19, esp. in one's t. [I. prec. J 
 
 teeny. See tiny. 
 
 teeth. See tooth. 
 
TEETHE 
 
 907 
 
 TELLURIAN 
 
 teethe (-dh), v. i. Grow or cut teeth. Hence 
 tee'thiNG 1 n. [f. prec] 
 
 teeto'tal, a. Of, advocating, total abstinence 
 from intoxicants, as t. meeting, pledge, whence 
 teeto'talis.M n. ; (colloq.) total, entire, whence 
 teeto*talLY-adv. [redupl. of total; of anec- 
 dotic orig.] 
 
 teeto'taller, n. Total abstainer, [-er 1 ] 
 
 teeto'tum, n. Children's four-sided top with 
 sides lettered to determine gain or loss of the 
 spinner, [f. T (the letter on one side) -\-htotu?n 
 the whole (stakes), for which it stood] 
 
 tegCg"), n. Female fallow-deer, doe in second 
 year ; young sheep. [?] 
 
 te*g*ulap, a. Of or like tiles. Hence or cogn. 
 te'grulaPLV 2 adv., te'gulated [-ate 8 ] a. [f. 
 L tegula tile (tegere cover) + -ar 1 ] 
 
 te'gument, n. Natural covering of (part of) 
 animal body. Hence tegume'ntAL, te'gu- 
 me*ntARY », aa. [OF, f. L tegumentum (tegere 
 cover, see -mext)] 
 
 tehee*, n.,&v.i. Restrained or contemptuous 
 laugh; (v.i.) laugh thus, titter, [imit.] 
 
 Te'ian, Te'an, a. Of (the poet Anacreon 
 born at) Teos. [f. L Teius (L f. Gk Teds) + -an] 
 
 teil (tel), n. Lime-tree, linden. [F, f. L tilia] 
 
 teind (tend), n. (Sc). Tithe, [f. ON tiund 
 {tin ten)] 
 
 tei'noscope (ti), n. Instrument consisting 
 of two prisms combined to correct chromatic 
 aberration & increase or decrease dimensions 
 of objects, [f. Gk teind stretch, -scope] 
 
 teknd'nymy, n. Practice of naming parent 
 from child. So tekno'nymous a. [f. Gk 
 teknon child + -dnumos -named + -Y l ] 
 
 te'la, n. (anat.). Web, web-like membrane; 
 tissue of the body. Hence te'lAR 1 , te'lARY 1 , 
 aa. [L, = web] 
 
 te'lamon, n. (arch.). Male figure as bearing- 
 pillar (cf. caryatid). [L, f. Gk telamon strap 
 &c. (tla- bear)] . 
 
 telautograph, n. Telegraph that repro- 
 duces writing &c. [f. tele- + auto- + -graph] 
 
 tele- in comb. = Gk tele- far, esp. in names of 
 instruments producing or recording results &c. 
 at a distance, as: -baro'meter ; -meter, instru- 
 ment for determining distances in surveying, 
 artillery practice, &c, whence -me trie a., -metry 
 n. ; -thermo'meter. 
 
 te'ledu (-oo), n. Stinking badger of Java and 
 Sumatra, [native] 
 
 te'legpam,n. Telegraphic message, [-gram] 
 
 te'legpaph *, n. Apparatus for transmitting 
 messages or signals to a distance esp. by elec- 
 tricity; semaphore; (in titles of newspapers) 
 Daily T. &c; t. (board), board on which num- 
 bers of horses running in race, cricket scores, 
 &c, are put up so as to be visible at distance ; 
 t.-ke y, device for making and breaking electric 
 circuit of t. ; t.-line, pole or post, wire, (used in 
 forming telegraphic connexion); t.-plant, E.- 
 Ind. plant whose leaves have spontaneous 
 jerking motion, [tele- + -graph] 
 
 te'legpaph 2 , v.t. & i. Send (message to 
 person or abs.) by telegraph, as t. the news to 
 your father, t. me the result, t. to him to come, 
 that we cannot come ; make signals (to person 
 to do, that, &c). [as prec] 
 
 tele'gpaphep (or te"-), n. Person skilled or 
 employed in telegraphy. So telegraph ist n. 
 
 [ERl] 
 
 telegpa'phie,a. Of telegraphs or telegrams; 
 of t. brevity, economically worded, with un- 
 essential words omitted; t.address, abbreviated 
 or other registered address for use in telegrams. 
 Hence telegpa'phic ally adv. [-ic] 
 
 tele'gpaphy, n. Art of constructing, prac- 
 tice of communicating by, telegraph ; wireless 
 
 t., transmission of signals through space by 
 means of electric waves. [-Y l ] 
 
 teleo'logy, n. Doctrine of final causes. So 
 teleolo'g-ic(AL) aa., teleolo'giealLv a adv., 
 teleo'logis.M, teleo'logisr, nn. [f. Gk telos 
 •eos end + -logy] 
 
 teleosaup'us, n. Genus of fossil crocodiles., 
 [f. Gk teleos complete + sauros lizard] 
 
 tele'pathy, n. Action of one mind on an- 
 other at a distance through emotional influ- 
 ence without communication through senses. 
 Hence telepa'thica., telepa'thiCALLvadv., 
 tele*pathiST(2) n., tele*pathizE(l, 2) v.t. & i. 
 [tele- + -pathy] 
 
 telephone, n. , & v. t. & i. Apparatus for trans- 
 mitting sound esp. speech to a distance by wire 
 or cord, esp. by means of electricity; (vb) send 
 (message &c), speak, to (person) by t. Hence 
 telephd'nica^telepho'niCALLYadvMtele*- 
 phoniST(3), tele*phonv i n. [(vb f. n.) f. tele- 
 + Gk phone sound] 
 
 te'lescope, n., & v.t. & i. Instrument for 
 making distant objects appear nearer & larger, 
 whence tele*scopiST(3), tele'seopv 1 , nn.; 
 (v.t.) press, drive, (sections of tube, colliding 
 trains, &c.) together so that one slides into 
 another like sections of small t.; (v.i.) close, be 
 driven, be capable of closing, thus, [(vb f. n.) 
 tele-, -scope] 
 
 telesc6*pic,a. Of, made with, a telescope, as 
 t. observations; visible only through telescope, 
 as t. stars; consisting of sections that telescope, 
 as t. chimney (of steamer), so telesco*piFORM 
 a. Hence teleseo'piCALLY adv. [-ic] 
 
 te'leseme, n. System of electrical signalling 
 including annunciator, used in hotels &c. [f. 
 tele- + Gk sema sign] 
 
 tell, v.t. & i. (told). Relate in spoken or 
 written words, as t. me a tale, a story; make 
 known, divulge, state, express in words, as 
 t. me what you want, t. me all abovt it, will t. 
 you a secret, t. that to the (horse l -)marines, 
 told him my candid opinion, t. me your name, 
 t. tales (out of school), cannot t. you how glad 
 I was, t. fortunes ; litter, as you told me a lie, 
 a story 1 , are you telling the truth?; give in- 
 formation or description, as told me Of or about 
 his difficulties, he told of foreign lands ; decide, 
 determine, as how do you t. which button to 
 press?; distinguish, as cannot t. them apart, 
 him from his brother; (childish) don't t. on 
 (inform against) me ; assure, as J can t. you, it 
 is not so easy; produce marked effect, as every 
 blow tells, strain begins to t. on him, whence 
 te'lliNG 2 a., te'llingLY 2 adv.; count (votes 
 esp. in H. of Commons, one's bead 1 ^; ice were 
 15 men all told ; t. a hundred ; tells over his 
 gold every night); t. off, count off, detach, for 
 duty, as 6 of us were, I was, told off to get fuel. 
 Hence te'llABLE a. [OE tellan (tale), cf. Du. 
 tellen, G zdhlen] 
 
 te'llep, n. In vbl senses, esp. : any of four 
 persons appointed (two for each party) to count 
 votes in H. of Commons; person appointed to 
 receive or pay out money in bank &c. Hence 
 te'llepsHiP n. [-er 1 ] 
 
 te'lltale, n. One who tells about another's 
 private affairs.tattler; (fig. )thing,circumstance, 
 that reveals person's thoughts, conduct, &c, 
 esp. attrib., as t. blushes, face, the t. clay on 
 his shoes; kinds of mechanical device for re- 
 cording person's attendance at specified time 
 &c, giving warning that cistern is full, &c; 
 (Naut.) index near wheel to show position of 
 tiller, (also t. compass) compass hung usu. in 
 captain's cabin for checking ship's course. 
 
 tellup'ian, a. (Inhabitant) of the earth. So 
 tellup'AL a. [as foil. + -ian] 
 
TELLURION 
 
 908 
 
 TEMPT 
 
 tellup'ion, n. Instrument for illustrating 
 succession of day & night & changes of seasons, 
 [f. L tellus -uris earthj 
 
 tellup'ium, n. (chem.). A rare brittle silver- 
 coloured element resembling sulphur. Hence 
 te'lluPATE M3), te'lluRET, te'llupiDE, nn., 
 te'llupettED 1 , tellup'ic, te'llupous, aa. [as 
 prec. + -ium] 
 
 telotype, n. Printing electric telegraph; 
 telegram so printed, [tele-, -o-, type] 
 
 te'lphep, a. Serving to transport (esp. goods) 
 by electric locomotion, as t. line. Hence te'l- 
 phePAGE(l, 2) n. [for tele(phore)] 
 
 te'lson, n. Last joint in abdomen of Crus- 
 tacea. [Gk, = limit] 
 
 te'menos, n. (Gk ant.; pi. -we). Sacred en- 
 closure, temple precinct. [Gk (temno cut)] 
 
 teme'pity, n. Rashness. If. L temeritas 
 {temere at random, rashly, see -TV)] 
 
 temp., abbr. (now usu. as playful pedantry) 
 of L tempore in the time of, as temp. Henry I. 
 
 Tempe'an, (or te'-), a. Of or like Tempe, 
 beautiful vale in Thessaly celebrated by Gk & 
 L poets, [-an] 
 
 te'mpep 1 , v.t. & i. Prepare (clay &c.) by 
 moistening, mixing, & kneading; bring (metal, 
 esp. steel), (of metal) come, to proper hardness 
 & elasticity by successive heating & cooling; 
 modify, mitigate, {justice &c. ) by blending with 
 [mercy &c); moderate, restrain, tone down; 
 (Mus.) tune, modulate, (piano, organ) in par- 
 ticular temperament. Hence tempePABLE, 
 te'mpepatiVE, aa., te'mpePER 1 n. [ME 
 temp(e)ren f. L temperare (tempus -07*is time, 
 due season)] 
 
 te'mpan 2 , n. Mixture, esp. suitable combin- 
 ation of ingredients (of mortar &c.) ; resulting 
 condition or consistency ; condition of metal as 
 to hardness & elasticity; habitual or temporary 
 disposition of mind, as was of a saturnine, fri- 
 gid, fiery, placid, t, persons of congenial t, 
 found him in a good t. (not irritable or angry), 
 in a bad t. (peevish, angry) ; irritation, anger, 
 as fit oft, what a t. he is in!, naughty t. ! ; lose 
 one's t., become angry; keep, control, one's t., 
 not lose it; out oft., angry. Hence -tem- 
 pePED 2 a., -te'mpepedLY 2 adv. [f. prec] 
 
 te'mpepa, n. = distemper 3 . [It.] 
 
 te'mperament, n. Individual character of 
 one'sphysical organization permanently affect- 
 ing the manner of acting, feeling, & thinking, 
 as a nervous t, the artistic t; sanguine, lym- 
 phatic or phlegmatic, choleric or bilious, melan- 
 cholic or atrabilious, t. (formerly attributed to 
 predominance of blood, lymph, yellow bile, 
 black bile); (Mus.) adjustment of tones of piano 
 &c. so as to fit the scale for all keys, esp. equal 
 or even t, in which the 12 semitones are at 
 equal intervals. Hence temperame'ntAL 
 a. [f. F temperament f, L temperamentum (as 
 temper 2 , see -ment)] 
 
 te*mpepance,n. Moderation, self-restraint, 
 in speech, conduct, &c, esp. in eating & drink- 
 ing; moderation in use of, total abstinence 
 from, alcoholic liquors as beverages; t. hotel 
 (not supplying alcoholic drinks) ; t. movement, 
 society, league, (for restriction or abolition of 
 use of alcoholic drinks). [OF, f. L temperantia 
 (as temper 2 , see -ance)] 
 
 te*mpepate(-at),a. Moderate; self-restrain- 
 ed ; abstemious ; of mild temperature, as north, 
 south, t. zone (between tropic of Cancer & arc- 
 tic circle, Capricorn & antarctic). Hence tem- 
 pepateLY 2 adv., tempepateNESS n. [as 
 temper 2 , see -ate 2 ] 
 
 te'mpepatupe (-tsher, -tuf), n. Degree or 
 intensity of sensible heat of a body or of the 
 atmosphere esp. as shown by thermometer, as 
 
 high, low, t, take liis t; absolute zero oft.; t. 
 curve (showing variations of t.). [OF, f. L tem- 
 peratura (as temper 2 , see -ure)] 
 
 tempest, n. Violent storm of wind often 
 with rain, snow, &c; (fig.) violent tumult or 
 agitation, [f. OF tempeste f. L tempestatem 
 time, weather, storm (tempus time, see -ty)] 
 
 tempestuous, a. (Of weather, time, &c, 
 and fig. of person or mood) stormy, violent. 
 Hence tempe'stuousLV- adv., tempestu- 
 ousxess n. [f. OF tempestueux f. LL tempes- 
 tuosus (prec, -ous ; for -u- cf. voluptuous)] 
 
 templap, n. (T-) member of religious mili- 
 tary order (Knights Tt.) for protection of pil- 
 grims to Holy Land, suppressed in 1312; law- 
 yer, law student, with chambers in the Temple; 
 Free, Good, Tt., secret temperance societies, 
 [f. OF templier f. med.L templarius (as k foll., 
 see -ary ] )] 
 
 template. See templet. 
 
 te'mple l , n. Edifice dedicated to service of 
 (esp. ancient Greek, Roman, Egyptian) god ; 
 any of three successive religious edifices of the 
 Jews in Jerusalem ; place of Christian public 
 worship, esp. Protestant church in France ; 
 (fig.) place in which God resides (1 Cor. vi. 19) ; 
 Inner, Middle, T., two inns of Court on site of 
 the T. (establishment of Knights Templars) in 
 London, [f. L templum cogn. w. Gk temenos] 
 
 temple 2 , -n. Flat part of either side of head 
 between forehead & ear. [OF, f. L tempora the 
 fatal spot, the tt., pi. of tempus time] 
 
 te'mple 3 , n. Device in loom for keeping cloth 
 stretched. [F, = foil.] 
 
 templet, -ate, n. Pattern, gauge, usu. thin 
 board or metal plate, used as guide in cutting 
 or drilling metal, stone, wood, &c; timber or 
 plate used to distribute weight in wall or over 
 door &c ; wedge for building-block under ship's 
 keel ; = prec. [F, = stretcher, f. L templum 
 small timber] 
 
 te'mpo 1 , n. (mus.). Time, rapidity of move- 
 ment ; characteristic style of movement, as t. 
 di menuetto. [It.] 
 
 tempo 2 , n. Oval brass Japanese coin. [Jap.] 
 
 temporal, a. & n. Of this life, secular, esp. 
 opp. to spiritual, as t. affairs, interests, whence 
 tempopalLV 2 adv., temporalNESS n.; t. 
 lords, peers of realm, cf. spiritual ; t. power 
 (of ecclesiastic esp. Pope in t. matters ; (Gk 
 Gram.) t. augment (made by lengthening initial 
 vowel) ; of the temple(s) of the head, as t. artery, 
 bone ; (n.) t. bone. [F, f. L temporalis (tempus 
 -oris time, see -al) ; mod.L in last sense] 
 
 tempopa'lity, n. A secular possession, esp. 
 properties & revenues of religious corporation 
 or ecclesiastic (usu. pi.) ; (Law) temporariness. 
 [f. OF temporalite f. LL temporalitatem (as 
 prec, see -ty)] 
 
 tempopalty, n. The laity ; = prec. (1st 
 sense), [as prec] 
 
 temporary, a. Lasting, meant, only for a 
 time, as t. buildings, relief, 2)Ossession, office. 
 Hence tempopapiLY 2 adv., tempopari- 
 ness n. [f. L temporarius (tempus -oris time, 
 see -ary ] )] 
 
 tempopize, v.i. Pursue indecisive or time- 
 serving policy ; avoid committing oneself, act 
 so as to gain time ; comply temporarily with 
 requirements of occasion. Hence tempopiz- 
 a'tion, tempopizER 1 , nn., tempopizing-- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. L tempus -oris time + -ize] 
 
 te'mpopo- in comb. = L tempora temples 
 of head, as -fa'cial, of temporal & facial regions. 
 
 tempt, v.t. (Archaic, bibl.) test, try the re- 
 solution of, as God did t. Abraham ; entice, in- 
 cite, (to do, to action esp. evil one); lam tempt- 
 ed (strongly disposed) to question thin ; allure, 
 
TEMPTER 
 
 909 
 
 TENSE 
 
 attract, whence tempting-LY 2 adv. ; (archaic, 
 bibl.) provoke, defy, as shalt not t. the Lord. 
 Hence or cog n. temptaBi 'lit y, tempt a *tion, 
 nn., te'mptABLE a. [f. OF tenter, tempt-, f. L 
 tentare, tempt-, handle, test, try, frequent, of 
 tenere tent- hold] 
 
 te'mpter, n. One •who tempts; the T., the 
 devil. So te'mptPESS x n. [f. OF tempteor f. 
 L tetitatorem (as prec, see -or 2 )] 
 
 ten, a. & n. One more than nine, 10, X ; (as 
 round number) t. times as easy, t. to one he for- 
 gets it ; hart of t.; upper t.; tenPKNNY nail; 
 t.-pounder, person entitled to vote in parlia- 
 mentary election by occupation of property of 
 rental value of £10. Hence te'nFOLD a. & adv., 
 teniH a a. & n., te'nthLY 2 adv. [OE ten, cf. 
 Du. Hen, Gzehn, &c L decern, Gk deka\ 
 
 tenable, a. That can be maintained or de- 
 fended against attack, as at. position, fortress, 
 theory. Hence tenaBixiTY, te'nableNESS, 
 nn. [F (tenir hold f. L tenere, see -able )] 
 
 te'nace, n. (whist). Major, minor, t., best& 
 third best, second & fourth best, cards in play 
 of a suit. [F,= foll.l 
 
 tena'cious (-shM«), a. Holding fast ; keeping 
 firm hold (of property, rights, principles, &c.) ; 
 (of memory) retentive ; adhesive,sticky; strong- 
 ly cohesive. Hence or cogn. tena'eiousLY 2 
 adv., tena'eiousNESS, tena'eiTY, nn. [f. L 
 tenax (tenere hold, see -acious)] 
 
 tena'culum, n. (pi.- -la). Surgeon's sharp 
 hook for picking up arteries &c. [L, = holding 
 instrument (tenere hold)] 
 
 tenai'l, -aille, (-al), n. (fortif.). Outwork in 
 main ditch in front of curtain between two bas- 
 tions. IF (-le), f. prec] 
 
 tenant, n. , & v. t. One who occupies land or 
 tenement under a landlord ; (Law) person hold- 
 ing real property by private ownership, also, 
 defendant in real action ; occupant (of any 
 place) ; t.-farmer (cultivating farm he does not 
 own) ; t.-right, right of t. to continue tenancy, 
 as long as he pays rent & acts properly, without 
 injurious increase of rent, & to receive compen- 
 sation from landlord if turned off ; (v. t. ) occupy 
 as t. (esp. in p.p.). Hence or cogn. te'nANCY n., 
 te'nant less a. [OF, f . L tenere hold, see -ant] 
 
 tenantable, a. Fit to be occupied by a ten- 
 ant, [-able] 
 
 te'nantry, n. Tenants, [-rv] 
 
 tench, n. A European freshwater fish of 
 carp family, [f. OF tenche f.Jj^L tinea] 
 
 tend 1 , v.i. Be moving, beairected, hold a 
 course, lit. & fig., as tends in our direction, 
 downwards, this way, towards the coast, to 
 
 the same conclusion ; be apt or inclined, serve, 
 conduce, (to action, quality, &c, to do). [f.OF 
 tendre stretch f. L tendere tens- or tent-] 
 
 tend 2 , v.t. & i. Take care of, look after, 
 
 (flocks, invalid, machine; wait upon; (Naut.) 
 
 watch (ship at anchor) so as to keep turns out 
 
 of her cable. So tendANCE n. (archaic). 
 
 [shortened f. attend] 
 te'ndeney, n. Bent, leaning, inclination, 
 
 (towards, to, thing, to do), [f. F tendance (as 
 
 tend 1 , see -ance)] 
 tender 1 , n. In vbl senses of tend 2 ; also : 
 
 vessel attending larger one to supply her with 
 
 stores, convey orders, &c. ; carriage attached 
 
 to locomotive & carrying fuel, water, &c. ; 
 
 small water reservoir fixed to mop &c. [-er ] ] 
 te'ndep 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Offer, present, give 
 
 in, (one's services, resignation, Sec.) ; offer 
 
 (money &c.) as payment ; make a t. (for supply 
 
 of thing or execution of work). (N.) offer, esp. 
 
 offer in writing to execute work or supply 
 
 goods at fixed price, as are open to receive tt. 
 
 for ; plea of t. (that defendant has always been 
 
 ready to satisfy plaintiff's claim & now brings 
 the sum into court); legal t, currency that 
 cannot be refused in payment of debt, as silver 
 is not I. t. above UOs. [(n. f. vb) as tend l ] 
 
 te'ndep 3 , a. (-est). Soft, not tough or hard, 
 as t. steak ; easily touched or wounded, sus- 
 ceptible to pain or grief, as a t. heart, conscience, 
 place (in body); delicate, fragile, (lit., & fig. of 
 reputation &c); loving, affectionate, fond, as 
 t. parents, wrote t. verses ; solicitous, consider- 
 ate, (of one's honour, good name, &c.) ; afraid 
 of (doing wrong thing); requiring careful hand- 
 ling, ticklish, as a t. subject; t.-eyed, having 
 gentle eyes, weak-eyed ; tenderfoot (colon. & 
 U.S. slang), new-comer in bush &c, novice; t.- 
 hearted, having t. heart, so t.-heartedly adv., 
 t.-heartedness n.; t.-loin, t. part of loin of beef 
 or pork. Hence te'ndePLY 2 adv., tender- 
 NESS n. [f. OF tendre f. L tener] 
 
 tendon, n. Strong band or cord of tissue 
 forming termination or connexion of fleshy 
 part of muscle; Achilles t. (htendo A chillis), 
 t. connecting heel (where alone Achilles was 
 vulnerable) with calf. So te'ndinous a. [f. 
 meff.L tendo -inis I. tendere stretch] 
 
 te'ndpil, n. Slender leafless plant-organ at- 
 taching itself to another body for support. 
 Hence te'ndPillED 2 a. [cf. OF tendron (as 
 
 TENDER 3 )] 
 
 te'nebrae, n. pi. (R.-C. Ch.). Matins & 
 lauds for last three days of Holy Week, at 
 which candles are successively extinguished. 
 [L, = darkness] 
 
 tenebri'fie, a. Making darkness, as t. stars 
 (believed to cause night), [f. prec, see -fic] 
 
 tenebrous, a. (archaic). Dark, gloomy, [f. 
 OF tenebreux f. L tenebrosus (tenebrae, -ous)] 
 
 te'nement, n. Piece of land held by an 
 owner ; (Law) any kind of permanent property, 
 e.g. lands, rents, peerage, held of a superior, 
 so teneme'ntARY l a. ; dwelling-house ; set 
 of apartments used by one family (t.-house, 
 containing tt.). Hence teneme'ntAL a. [OF, 
 f. LL tenementum (tenere hold, see -ment)] 
 
 te*net, n. Principle, dogma, doctrine, of a 
 person or school. [L, = he holds ; formerly 
 also tenent, = they hold] 
 
 tenner, n. (colloq.). Ten-pound note, [-er 1 ] 
 
 tennis, n. Game for 2, 3, or 4 persons played 
 by striking ball with rackets over net stretched 
 across walled court ; =lawn-£.; t.-arm, -elbow, 
 affection of arm caused by t. ; t.-ball, -court, 
 (for t.). [ME tenys, prob. of OF orig., perh. 
 = tenez hold, take this, play (as foil.)] 
 
 tenon, n., & v.t. End of piece of wood fitted 
 for insertion into corresponding cavity (esp. 
 mortise) in another piece ; t.-saw (small, with 
 strong brass or steel back, for fine work); (v.t.) 
 cut into at., join by means of t., whence te*n- 
 onER Ml, 2) n. [OF, f. tenir hold f. L tenere] 
 
 te'nop, n. Settled or prevailing course or di- 
 rection, esp. fig. of one's life, way, &c; general 
 purport, drift, (of speech, writing, &c.) ; (Law) 
 true intent, (also) exact copy ; (Mus.) (music 
 for, singer with) highest ordinary adult male 
 voice, between barytone & alto (often attrib. as 
 t. voice) ; instrument, esp. viola, playing part 
 between bass & alto. So te*noPiST(3) n. (mus.). 
 [f. OF tenour f. L tenorem holding on, (med.L) 
 chief melody (formerly assigned to adult male 
 voice), f. tenere hold, see -or 1 ] 
 
 tenori'no (-re-), n. Falsetto tenor ; artificial 
 soprano. [It., dim. of tenore tenor] 
 
 teno'tomy, n. Tendon-cutting, esp. as reme- 
 dy for club-foot, [irreg. f. Gk tenon, -ontos ten- 
 don (teino stretch) + -tomy] 
 
 tense 1 , n. (gram.). Form taken by verb to 
 indicate the time (also continuance or com- 
 
TENSE 
 
 910 
 
 TERM 
 
 pleteness) of the action &c, as present, future, 
 past, (im)perfect, pluperfect, aorist, t, pri- 
 mary, historic, tt. ; set of such forms for the 
 various persons ; sequence of tt. Hence 
 te'nseLESS a. [f. OF tens f. L tempus time] 
 
 tense 2 , a. (Of cord, membrane, nerve, fig. 
 of mind, emotion), stretched tight, strained to 
 stiffness. Hence te'nseLY 2 adv., te'nseNESS, 
 te'nsiTY, nn. [f. L as tend j J 
 
 tensile, a. Of tension, as t. force ; capable 
 of being drawn out or stretched, whence or 
 cogn. tensiBixiTV, tensi'lrxv, nn., te'nsi- 
 ble a. [as prec, see -il] 
 
 te*nsion,n., & v.t. Stretching, being stretch- 
 ed ; tenseness ; mental strain or excitement ; 
 strained (political, social, &c.) state; (Mech.) 
 stress by which bar, cord, &c. is pulled when it 
 is part of a system in equilibrium or motion ; 
 expansive force of gas or vapour; (v.t., only in 
 p.p.) subject to t. Hence tensionAL a. [f. L 
 tensio (as tend *, see -ion)] 
 
 te'nson, -zon, n. Contest in verse between 
 troubadours; subdivision of poem composed 
 for this. [F (-son),= It. tenzone, as prec] 
 
 tensGr, n. (anat.). Muscle that tightens or 
 stretches a part, [as tend *, see -or ^J 
 
 tent \ n., & v.i. & t. Portable shelter of can- 
 vas, cloth, &c, supported by pole(s) & stretched 
 by cords secured to t.-pegs driven into ground; 
 bell t, circular t. with one pole in middle; 
 (Photog., also dark t.) portable dark room for 
 outdoor use; t.-bed (with at. -like canopy); t.-Jly, 
 piece of canvas stretched over ridge pole of tent 
 leaving open space but keeping ofFsun & rain ; 
 t. -pegging, cavalry exercise in which rider tries 
 at full gallop to carry off on point of lance t.- 
 peg fixed in ground ; t.-stitch, series of parallel 
 diagonal stitches suggesting t.; (v.t.) cover (as) 
 with t.; (v.i.) encamp in t. [ME & OF tente f. 
 med.L tenta orig. fern. p.p. as tend '] 
 
 tent 2 , n., & v.t. Piece, bunch, roll, of linen &c. 
 inserted into wound or natural opening to keep 
 it open ; (v.t.) keep open thus. [(n. f. vb) f. OF 
 tenter as tempt ; earlier sense probe] 
 
 tent 3 , n. Deep red wine chiefly from Spain, 
 used esp. as sacramental wine. [f. Sp. tinto 
 deep-coloured f. L as tinge] 
 
 tentacle, n. Feeler, long slender flexible 
 process or appendage of animal, used for ex- 
 ploration, prehension, or locomotion; (Bot.) sen- 
 sitive hair or filament. Hence tentaelED 2 , 
 tent&'eulAR 1 , tenta'eulATE 2 , -ated, ten- 
 ta'euliFORM, tentaeuli'GEROus, aa. [f. Las 
 tempt + -culum seen in spectaculum &c] 
 
 tentative, a. & n. Done by way of trial, 
 experimental; (n.) experimental proposal or 
 theory. Hence te'ntativeLy 2 adv. [F (-if, 
 -ive), f. L tentativus (as tempt, see -ive)] 
 
 tenter *, n. Person in charge of something, 
 esp. of machinery in factory, [f. obs. & Sc. tent 
 var. of tend 2 + -er l ) 
 
 tenter 2 , n. Machine for stretching cloth to 
 set or dry; t.(-hook), each of the hooks that 
 hold the cloth ; be on t. -hooks or (archaic) on the 
 tt. (in state of suspense or mental torment). 
 [ME & OF tenture stretching, hanging, f. L as 
 tend J , see -ure] 
 
 tenuis, n. (pi. -es pr. -ez). Hard or surd mute 
 (k, p, t), cf. media. [L, = thin] 
 
 tenu'ity, n. Slenderness ; (of air, fluid) rari- 
 ty, thinness ; (of style) simplicity, absence of 
 grandeur, [f. OF tcnuite f. L tenuitatem (as 
 prec, see-TY)] 
 
 tenuous, a. (rare). Thin, slender, small ; (of 
 distinctions &c) subtle, over-refined, [f. L te- 
 nuis + -ous] 
 
 tenure (-yer), n. Kind of right or title by 
 which (esp. real) property is held, as allodial, 
 
 feudal, t, military t. (involving military ser- 
 vice) ; (period of) holding, possession, enjoy- 
 ment, as during his t. of office, holds life on a 
 precarious t. ; (Hist.) t.-horn, -sword, (produced 
 on certain occasionsasevidenceof t. of estates). 
 [OF (tenir hold f. L tenere, see -ure)] 
 
 ten w to (-00-), a. (mus.). Sustained, given its 
 full time value (cf. staccato). [It., = held] 
 
 teoca'ili, n. Temple of Mex. & other Amer. 
 aborigines, usu. on truncated pyramid. [Mex. 
 (teotl god + calli house) ; also teopan\ 
 
 tepefy, v.t. & i. Make, become, tepid. 
 Hence tepeFA'CTiON n. [f. L tepefacere- (as 
 tepid, see -FY)] 
 
 te'phrite, n. Kinds of modern volcanic rock, 
 [f. L tephritis ash-coloured stone f. Gk tephra 
 ashes, see -ITIS, -ite j ] 
 
 tepid, a. Slightly warm, lukewarm (lit. & 
 fig.). Hence or cogn. tepi'DiTV, tepidNESS, 
 nn., te'pidLY 2 adv. [f. L tepidus (tepere be 
 lukewarm, see -id l )\ 
 
 tepidar'ium, n. (Rom. ant.; pi. -a). Inter- 
 mediate room of moderate temperature in Ro- 
 man baths ; boiler for heating hot bath. [L (as 
 prec, see -arium)] 
 
 ter, adv. Three times (esp. mus.). [L] 
 
 -ten. See -ther. 
 
 te'raph, n. (bibl. ; only in pi. -im, used as 
 sing, or collective sing.). Small image(s) as 
 domestic oracle of ancient Hebrews. [Heb.] 
 
 terato- in comb. = Gk teras -atos monster, 
 as : -ge'nic a., -geny n., (of) production of mon- 
 strosities ; -lite, kind of clay in Saxony formerly 
 held to have curative properties ; -logy, dealing 
 in the marvellous, (Biol.) study of animal or 
 vegetable monstrosities, so -logical &.,-logistn. 
 
 terce. See tierce. 
 
 ter'eel, n. Male falcon. [OF, f. med.L ter- 
 tiolus dim. of tertius third (hawk's third egg 
 being held to produce small male)] 
 
 tercentenary (or -ten-), a. & n. Of 300 
 years; (n.) 300th anniversary, [ter] 
 
 ter'eet, n. (Mus. ; Pros., also tiercet) = trip- 
 let. [F, dim. of tiers third f. L tertius] 
 
 te'Pebene, n. A hydrocarbon prepared by 
 treating oil of turpentine with sulphuric acid, 
 used as disinfectant &c [f. foil. + -eneJ 
 
 terebinth, n. Turpentine-tree, yielding 
 Chian turpentine; oil of t, oil of turpentine, 
 [f. OF terebinthe f. L f. Gk terebinthos] 
 
 terebi'n thine, a. Of the terebinth ; of tur- 
 pentine, so tere'bic a. [f. L f. Gk terebinthinos 
 (as prec, see -ine 2 )] 
 
 terebra, a. (pi. -ae). Boring ovipositor of 
 some insects. Hence te'rebrATE 2 (2) a. [L, 
 = borer, f. ter ere rub] 
 
 tere'do, n. Ship-worm, mollusc that bores 
 ships &c [L, f. Gk teredon (teiro rub)] 
 
 tep'g'al, a. Of the back, dorsal, [f. L terguin 
 back + -al] 
 
 *terg , e , minate(-at),a. (bot.). (Of leaf) having 
 at base a pair of leaflets & forking with a pair 
 on each branch, [ter + geminate] 
 
 tergiversate (-j-,-g-), v.i. Practiseevasion; 
 equivocate ; change sides. So tergiversA*- 
 tion, ter'g-iversa'tOR 2 , nn. [f. Ltergiversari 
 turn one's back (terguvibeick+versari frequent, 
 of vertere turn), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 term 1 , n. (Somewhat archaic) boundary, 
 limit, esp. of time, assetat. to his encroachments, 
 awaited the t. of his existence, whence ter'm- 
 less a. (poet., rhet.); limited period, as for a t. 
 of 5 years, his t. of office expired ; (Univv., 
 School, Law) period during which instruction 
 is given or court holds sessions, as Michaelmas, 
 Hilary, Easter, Trinity, t. (w. ref. to adminis- 
 tration of justice, now sittings), mill end it 
 next t., during t. (-time), eat one's tt. ; appointed 
 
TERM 
 
 911 
 
 TERRIBLE 
 
 day, esp. quarter J-day; (Law, also t. of or for 
 years) estate or interest in land to be enjoyed 
 for fixed period; (Math.) antecedent or conse- 
 quent of ratio, part of expression joined to the 
 rest by + or — (e.g. 3ax 2 — b + cz has three tt.); 
 (Logic) word(s) that may be subject or pre- 
 dicate of a proposition, as major 2 , minor, mid- 
 dle 1 , t; word used to express a definite concep- 
 tion esp. in particular branch of study &c, as 
 technical, scientific, law,t, in tt. of [in the lan- 
 guage peculiar to), contradiction in tt, set 
 (definite) tt.; (pi.) language employed, mode of 
 expression, as in the most flattering tt.', (pi.) 
 conditions, as cannot accept his tt, do it on 
 your own tt, esp. charge, price, as his tt are 
 2 guineas a lesson, inclusive tt; come to tt, 
 yield, give way, (also make tt.) conclude agree- 
 ment {with) ; bring person to tt., cause him to 
 accept conditions ; (pi.) relation, footing, as am 
 on good, bad, familiar, tt with him, are not 
 on speaking tt [f. OF terme f. L terminus] 
 
 term 2 , v.t. Denominate, call, as the music 
 termed plain-song, I forget howov what he terms 
 it, this he termed sheer robbery, [f. prec] 
 
 termagant, n. & a. (Hist., T-) imaginary 
 Mohammedan deity of turbulent character, 
 often appearing in morality plays ; brawling 
 woman, shrew, scold ; (adj.) boisterous, turbu- 
 lent, shrewish,whencete p*mag'ANCYn.,tep # - 
 magantiv 2 adv. [f. OF tervagant f. It. tri- 
 vigante, -vag-, perh. = wandering under three 
 names (Selene, Artemis, Persephone) f. L tri- 
 thrice + vagari wander, -ant] 
 
 ter'mer, -op, n. (Law) one who has estate 
 for term of years or for life ; (Univv.) by-termer, 
 one who comes into residence a term earlier 
 than usual. f-ER 1 , -or 2 ] 
 
 tep'minable, a. That may be terminated ; 
 coming to an end after certain time, as t. an- 
 nuity. Hence tep'minableNESS n. [f. ter- 
 minate, see -able] 
 
 tep'minal, a. & n. Of, forming, a limit or 
 terminus, as t. station ; (Math.) t value, most 
 concise form of an expression ; (Bot.) borne at 
 end of stem &c; (Zool. &c.) ending a series, as 
 t. joints ; of, done &c, each term, as t accounts, 
 subscription; t figure, terminus ; (n.) termi- 
 nating thing, extremity, esp. connecting-screw 
 at each end of voltaic battery. Hence tep*- 
 minalLY 2 adv. [F,t LLterminalis (terminus, 
 see -al)] 
 
 tep'minate *, v.t. & i. Bound, limit ; bring, 
 come, to an end ; (of word) end in (such letters 
 or syllable). Hence or cogn. tepminA'TioN n., 
 tepmina'tionAL, tep'minativE, tep'mi- 
 natORY, aa., tep'minativeL y 2 adv. [f. L 
 terminare (terminus), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 tep'minate 2 (-at), a. Coming to an end, 
 bounded, as a t. decimal, [as prec., see -ate 2 ] 
 
 tep'minatop, n. Person, thing, that ter- 
 minates ; dividing line between light & dark 
 part of heavenly body. [LL (as prec, -OR 2 )] 
 
 tep'minep. See oyer. 
 
 tep'minism, n. Doctrine that every one 
 has limited term for repentance ; = nominal- 
 ism. So tep'miniST n. [f. terminus + -ism] 
 
 terminology, n. Science of proper use of 
 terms ; terms used in an art &c. Hence termi- 
 nolo'giCAL a. (t. inexactitude facet., lie), tep- 
 minolo'giealLY 2 a d v . [f. terminus + -logy] 
 
 tep'minus, n. (pi. -uses, -i). (Now rare) final 
 point, goal; station at end of main orbranch rail- 
 way ; (Rom. Ant., T-) god of boundaries ; figure 
 of human bust ending in square pillar ; t ad 
 quern, a quo, terminating, starting, -point (of 
 argument, policy, &c). [L, cf. Gk terma limit] 
 
 tepmitap'ium, tep'mitapy, nn. Nest of, 
 cage for, termites, [f . foil. + -arium, -ar y 2 ] 
 
 tep'mite, n. White ant. [f. L termes -itis 
 wood- worm f. terere rub] 
 
 tep-mly, a, & adv. (rare). (Occurring, paid, 
 &c.) by the term, terminal(ly). [-ly 2 ] 
 
 termop. See termer. 
 
 tern >, tarn, n. Kinds of sea-bird like gull 
 but usu. smaller & with longer bill. [f. Da 
 terne, cf. Swed. tdrna, ON therna] 
 
 tern 2 , n. & a. Set of three, esp. three lottery 
 numbers that when drawn together win large 
 prize ; such prize ; (adj. )= tern ate. [f. L tcrni 
 three each (ter)] 
 
 ternary, a. Composed of three, so tep'nAL 
 a.; (Math.) having three variables, [f. LL ter- 
 narius (as prec, see -ary *)] 
 
 tep'nate (or -at), a. Arranged in threes, esp. 
 (Bot,, of leaves) having three leaflets, whorled 
 in threes. Hence tep'nateLY 2 adv. [-ate 2 ] 
 
 terne, n. (Usu. t-plate) inferior tin-plate al- 
 loyed with much lead. [prob. f. F terne dull, 
 see tarnish] 
 
 tepnepy, n. Place where terns breed, [-ery] 
 
 Tep'psiehore'an (-k-),t-,a. Of Terpsichore, 
 the Muse of dancing, as the T. art. [f. L f. Gk 
 Terpsikhore + -an] 
 
 te'ppa, n. Earth (in various L & It. phrr.) : 
 t ca rio 'sa, tripoli, rotten-stone; t-cotta, hard 
 pottery used as ornamental building-material 
 & in statuary (often attrib.), statue, figurine, of 
 this [It., = baked earth]; terrae fi'lius, son of 
 the soil, humbly-born person ; tfirma, dry land ; 
 t inco'gnita, unknown region ; t Japo'nica, 
 gambier [orig. thought to be earth from Japan] ; 
 t. nera (nar'a), pigment used by ancient artists 
 [It., = black earth] ; t verde, green earth used 
 as pigment [It.]. 
 
 te'ppace * (-as), n., & v.t. Raised level space, 
 natural or artificial ; (Geol.) raised beach ; row 
 of houses along top or face of slope (also as fancy 
 name of street &c); (v.t.) form into, furnish 
 with.t. [OF, f. It. terraccia f. prec] 
 
 te'ppace 2 , -as, (-as), n. Defective place in 
 marble block filled up with composition ; (also 
 trass) whitish or yellow earth common in vol- 
 canic districts, used for hydraulic cement, [f. 
 It, terraccia rubbish (terra) = Gtarras, trass] 
 
 teppai'n, n. Region, tract of land. [F, as 
 terrene] 
 
 teppamap'a, n. (pi. -re pr. -ra). Kinds of 
 earthy deposit containing bones, phosphates, 
 &c, & useful as fertilizer ; S.-Europ. prehistoric 
 deposit like kitchen-MiDDEN. [f. It. terra 
 amara bitter earth f. L amarus bitter] 
 
 teppa'neous, a. (bot). Growing on land. [f. 
 terra, see -aneous] 
 
 te'ppapin, n. Kinds of fresh water tortoise, 
 esp. salt-?narsh t (also diamond-back), kind 
 valued as food. [prob. of Amer.-Ind. orig.] 
 
 teppa'queous, a. (Of the earth) comprising 
 both land & water, [terra, aqua, -eous] 
 
 teppe'ne, a. Of earth, earthy; terrestrial. 
 [f. L terrenus (terra)] 
 
 terreplein (tar'plan), n. (fortif.). Top of 
 raihpart where cannon are placed ; level sur- 
 face round field-work. [F (terre earth f. terra 
 + plei?i = plain 1 )] 
 
 teppe'strial, a. & n. Of the earth, esp. opp. 
 to celestial, as the t seasons, the t globe, the 
 earth, a t globe (representing earth), t mag- 
 netism ; of this world, worldly, as t aims, in- 
 terests ; of land opp. to water ; (Zool.) living on 
 the ground, opp. to aquatic, arboreal, aerial ; 
 (n. inhabitant of earth. Hence teppe'stpial- 
 ly 2 adv. [OF, f. L terrestris (terra) + -al] 
 
 te'PPet, -it, n. Each of loops or rings on har- 
 ness-pad for driving-reins to pass through [?] 
 
 te'ppible, a. Exciting or fit to excite terror, 
 awful, dreadful, formidable ; (colloq.) excessive,. 
 
TERRICOLOUS 
 
 912 
 
 TESTER 
 
 as a t. bore ; enfant terrible. Hence te'P- 
 pibleNESs n., te'PPibLY 2 adv. [F, f. L terri- 
 bilis (terrere frighten, see -ble)] 
 
 teppi'colous, a. Living on or in the earth, 
 esp. of the Terricolae, group of annelids in- 
 cluding earthworm, [f. LL terricola (terra + 
 colere inhabit) + -ous] 
 
 te'ppiep i, n. Kinds of active & hardy dog 
 with digging propensity; black-&-tan, bull 1 , 
 fox 1 , -t, short-haired kinds; Irish, Scotch, Skye, 
 Yorkshire, t, rough-haired kinds ; Maltese, toy, 
 t, small toy kinds; (colloq.) member of terri- 
 torial army. [OF, f. L as foil.] 
 
 te'PPieP 2 ,n. Book recording site, boundaries, 
 &c, of land of private persons or corporations ; 
 (Hist.) collection of acknowledgments of vas- 
 sals or tenants of a lordship. [OF {papier t.), 
 f. med.L terrarius (terra, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 teppi'fic, a. Causing terror, terrible. Hence 
 teppi'fiCALLY adv. [f. L terrificus {terrere 
 frighten, see -fic)] 
 
 te'PPify, v.t. Kill with terror, frighten, [f. 
 L terriflcare (as prec, see -FY)] 
 
 teppi'genous, a. Produced by the earth, as 
 t. deposits ; t. metals, metallic bases of earths, 
 e.g. aluminium, [f. L terrigena one born of 
 earth (terra 4- -genus = -born f. gigno) + -ous] 
 
 terri' no (-en), n. Earthenware vessel con- 
 taining and sold with some table delicacy. [F, 
 f. med.L terrineus made of earth {terra)] 
 
 teppitop'ial, a. & n. Of territory, as t. pos- 
 sessions, acquisition; limited to a district, as 
 the right was strictly L; (T-) of (any of) the U.S. 
 Territories; (Eccl.) t. system (in which civil 
 rule claims supremacy as a natural right, 
 whence teppitop'ialiSM n.); t. army, force 
 organized for home defence to replace the older 
 bodies of militia, yeomanry, and volunteers ; 
 (n.) member of t. army. Hence teppitop'ial- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. LL territorialis (as territory, 
 see -al|] 
 
 teppitop'ialize, v.t. Extend by addition of, 
 reduce to state of, territory, [-ize] 
 
 te*ppitopy, n. Extent of land under juris- 
 diction of sovereign, State, city, &c. ; large 
 tract of land; (U.S., T-) organized division of 
 the country not yet admitted to full rights of a 
 State, [f . OF territoire f . L territorium (terra) ] 
 
 te'PPOP, n. Extreme fear ; t.-stricken, -struck, 
 (with t.) ; person, thing, that causes this, as at. 
 to evildoers, (colloq.) here comes this t. (trouble- 
 some child) again ; king of tt., death {Job xviii. 
 14); Reign of T., the T., period of French 
 Revolution, 1793-4. [f. F terreur f. L terrorem 
 (terrere frighten, see -or 1 )] 
 
 te'PPOPist, n. One who favours or uses 
 terror-inspiring methods of governing or of 
 coercing government or community, esp. (1) 
 Jacobin under Reign of Terror, (2) Russian 
 nihilist. Hence or cogn. te*PPOPiSM(2, 3), tep- 
 popizA'TiON, nn., teppopi'stic a., te'ppop- 
 
 IZE(l) V.t. [-1ST] 
 
 te'ppy, n. A pile fabric with the loops uncut, 
 [perh. f. F tirer draw f. LL tirare etym. dub.] 
 
 terse, a. (Of speech, style, writer) free from 
 cumbrousness and superfluity, smooth and 
 concise. Hencetep'seLY 2 adv.,tep*seNESSn. 
 [f. L tergere ters- wipe, polish] 
 
 tep*tian (-shn), a. & n. (Fever, disease) whose 
 
 f>aroxysms occur every other day, as t. ague. 
 (n. f. OF tertiane f. L fern, adj.) f. L tertianus 
 (tertius third f. ter, see -an)] 
 tep'tiapy (-sha-), a. & n. Of the third order, 
 rank, formation, &c. ; (n.)the T., third geologi- 
 cal period, (Ornith.) flight-feather of third row, 
 so tep'tiAL a. & n., (T-) member of 3d order of 
 monastic body. [f. L tertiurius (prec, -arv l )\ 
 tep'tiate (-shi-)j v.t. Examine thickness of 
 
 metal of (gun), [f. L tertiare do every third 
 day (as prec), see -ate 3 J 
 
 ter'tium quid (-shi-), n. A third something, 
 esp. between mind and matter or between 
 opposite things. [L] 
 
 tep'tius (-shws), a. (In schools) Jones &c. t. 
 (third of the nameh_ [L] 
 
 ter'za ri'ma (tartsa-re-), n. (pi. ze, -me, pr. 
 -a). Arrangement of (hen)decasyllabic triplets 
 rhyming thus (bat pig cat fig box wig ox &c.) 
 as in Dante's Commedia ; such triplet. [It.] 
 
 terzetto (tarts-), n. (mus.). Vocal trio. [It.l 
 
 te'ssellated, a. Formed of tesserae, as t. 
 pavement', (Bot., Zool.) regularly checkered. 
 So te'ssellAR 1 a., tessellA uox n. [f. L 
 tessellatus (tessella dim. of foil., see -ate 2 )] 
 
 te'ssera, n. (pi. -ae). Small hard non-square 
 block used in mosaic, whence te'ssePAL a. ; 
 (Rom. Ant.) small square of bone &c used as 
 token, ticket, &c [L, f. Gk tessares four] 
 
 tessitup'a (-oora), n. (mus.). Range within 
 which most tones of a voice-part fall. [It., = 
 texture] 
 
 test l , n. Critical examination or trial of per- 
 son's or thing's qualities, as has stood (under- 
 gone) the successive tt. of poverty and riches, 
 must put it to the t.; at. case (serving to show 
 the principle involved); means of so examin- 
 ing, standard for comparison or trial, circum- 
 stances suitable for this, as success is not a 
 fair t.; ground of admission or rejection, as is 
 excluded by ourt.; (Chem.) reagent, substance 
 employed to reveal presence of an ingredient in 
 a compound, as galls are a t. of or for iron ; 
 movable hearth in reverberation furnace used 
 in separating silver from lead ; T. Act (of 1672, 
 requiring all persons before holding office to 
 take the t., Le. the oaths of supremacy and 
 allegiance or equivalent t. ; repealed in 1828) ; 
 t.-glass, -mixer, -paper, -tube, (for tt. or other 
 chem. purposes. [OF, f. L testum earthen pot, 
 esp. (med.L) one for trying metals in] 
 
 test 2 , v.t. Put to the test, make trial of, 
 (person, thing, quality) ; try severely, tax, (one's 
 powers of endurance &c); refine (metal); 
 (Chem.) examine by means of reagent. Hence 
 te'stable 1 1-able] a., te'step 1 [-er ] (1, 2)] n. 
 [f. prec] 
 
 test 3 , n. Shell, hard covering, of some ani- 
 mals, [f. OF teste shell, head, f. L testa tile, 
 jug, shell, &c, cogn. w. testum test 1 ] 
 
 testable 2 (for t. 1 see test 2 ) a. (law). That 
 may be given by will ; capable of being witness- 
 ted). [OF, f. L testabilis (as testate, see -able)] 
 
 testa'ceous (shws), a. Of shells or shell-fish, 
 sotestA'CEANa. &n.,testaeeo*LOGYn.; with 
 a hard continuous shell; (Bot., Zool.) of red 
 brick colour, [f. L testaceus (test 3 , -aceous)] 
 
 te'staey, n. Being testate, [-acy] 
 
 testament, n. = will 2 (last sense), as 
 military t, so testame'ntapiLY 2 adv., 
 testame'ntARY * a. ; (bibl.) covenant, dispen- 
 sation ; Old, New, T., the portion of the Bible 
 dealing with the Mosaic, Christian, dispensa- 
 tion; (T-) copy of the N.T. [OF, f. L testa- 
 mentum will (testate, -ment); bibl. sense f. 
 LL mistransl. of Gk diatheke covenant, will] 
 
 testa'mup, n. (univv.). Certificate that one 
 has passed examination. [L, = we testify] 
 
 te'state {or -at), a. & n. (Person) who has 
 made a will (and died leaving it in force). So 
 testa'toR 2 , testa'TRix, nn. [f. L testari 
 testify, make will, (testis witness), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 te'step 2 (for t. 1 see test 2 ), n. Canopy, esp. 
 over FOUR-poster. [f. OF testiere, as test 3 J 
 
 te'step 3 , n. Shilling of Henry VIII ; (archaic, 
 facet.) sixpence, [var. of earlier and OF teston 
 (as test 3 , see -oon)] 
 
TESTICLE 
 
 913 
 
 TEXTURE 
 
 te'stiele, n. Each of two glands in male that 
 secrete spermatozoa &c. Hence testreulAR 1 
 a. [f. L testiculus dim. of testis] 
 
 testi'culate (-«t), a. Having, shaped like, 
 testicles; (Bot.) having a pair of organs so 
 shaped, [as prec + -ate 2 ] 
 
 testify, v.i. & t. (Of person or thing) bear 
 witness (to fact, state, assertion, against person 
 &c., archaic of or concerning matter); (Law) 
 give evidence; affirm, declare, (one's regret Sac, 
 that, how, &c); (of things) be evidence of, 
 evince, [f. OF testifier f. L testificari (testis 
 witness, see -fv)] 
 
 testimonial, n. Certificate of character, 
 conduct, or qualifications; gift, money, pre- 
 sented to person, esp. in public, as mark of 
 esteem, in acknowledgment of services, &c. IF 
 (adj.), f. LLtestivwnialis (testimony', -al)] 
 
 testimonialize, v.t. Present(person)with 
 testimonial. [-izeJ 
 
 testimony, n. Evidence, demonstration, as 
 called him in t., produce t. (to, of), we have his t. 
 for that; (Law) oral or written statement under 
 oath or affirmation ; declarations, statements, 
 as must rely on the t. of history, of historians', 
 (archaic) solemn protest, eLsforat.againstthem; 
 (bibl.) the decalogue, esp. the tables of the Msing. 
 or pi.), the Scriptures, [f. L testimonium (testis 
 witness, see ^monv)] 
 
 testudinar'ious, a. Mottled with red, 
 yellow, and black, like tortoise-shell, [f. tes- 
 tudo, see -arious] 
 
 testu'dinate,a. Arched like carapaceof tor- 
 toise. If. Ltestudinatus (tkstudo, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 testudi'neous, a. Like carapace of tortoise. 
 [f. fell, -f -eous] 
 
 testu'do, n. (Rom. Ant.) screen formed by 
 body of troops in close array with overlapping 
 shields ; similar screen used by miners where 
 ground is likely to cave in ; genus of tortoises, 
 whence testu'dinAL a. [L, gen. -dinis, = tor- 
 toise-shell (test 3 )1 
 
 testy, a. Irritable, touchy. Hence te'sti- 
 ly 2 adv., te*sti\Ess n. [ME testif; OF has 
 testu (test 3 )] 
 
 teta'nic, a. & n. Of, such as occurs in, 
 tetanus, as t. spasm ; (n.) remedy acting on the 
 muscles through the nerves, e. g. strychnia, [f. 
 L f. Gk tetanikos (as foil., see -ic)] 
 
 tetanus, n. Disease marked by spasm of 
 many or all muscles of voluntary motion, e. g. 
 lockjaw; artificial t. (induced by strychnia 
 &c). Hence or cogn. tetanizA'TiON n., te*- 
 taniZE(3) v.t., te'tanom a. [L, f. Gk tetanos, 
 redupl. f. st. of teino stretch] 
 
 tetchy &c. See techy &c. 
 
 tete-a-tdte (ta'tahta't), adv., a., & n. To- 
 gether in private ; (adj.) private, confidential ; 
 (n.) private interview or conversation usu. be- 
 tween two, sofa for two. [F, lit. head-to-head] 
 
 te'thep (-dh-), n., & v.t. Rope, chain, halter, 
 by which grazing animal is confined; (fig.) 
 scope, extent of one's knowledge, authority, 
 &c, as teas beyond, at the end of, his t. ; tie 
 (esp. grazing animal) with t. [(vb f. n.) ME 
 tedir, cf. ON tjodhr, Sw. tjuder, perh. f. OE 
 tiohan, f^on draw, cf. tie] 
 
 t6*tpa- in comb. = Gk tetra- comb, form of 
 tettares four, as: -chord, scale series of half- 
 octave (esp. in ancient mus.), so -chor'dal a. ; 
 'Cyclic bot., of four circles or whorls ; -da'ctyl 
 a. & n., -ylous a., four-toed (animal) ; -gon, 
 figure of four angles, so -gonal a. ; -gram, word 
 of four letters, quadrilateral figure; -gra'mma- 
 ton. Jehovah or other sacred word written in 
 four letters ; -gynous, of four pistils ; -he'dron, 
 four-sided solid, esp. triangular pyramid, so 
 
 he'dral a.; -logy, group of four dramatic or 
 
 operatic works, esp. (Gk Ant.) three tragedies 
 & satyric drama ; -yneral, -merous, having 
 four parts ; -meter, verse of four measures (cf. 
 dimeter ; -morph (Christian art), union of at- 
 tributes of four evangelists in one winged 
 figure; >pe 'talons, -phyllous, of four petals, 
 leaves; -pod a. & n., -podous a., (butterfly) 
 with only four perfect legs ; -pody, group, 
 verse, of four feet ; -stich (-k), group of four 
 lines of verse ; -style a. & n., (building) with 
 four pillars esp. forming portico in front or 
 supporting ceiling ; -syllable, word of four syl- 
 lables, so -sylla'bic a. 
 
 te'trad, n. The number four; set of four; 
 atom, element, with combining-power of four 
 atoms of hydrogen, [f. Gk tetras -ados (as 
 prec, see -ad)] 
 
 tetpa*ndpous,a.(bot.). Having four stamens, 
 [f. tetra- + Gk aner andros male -f -ous] 
 
 tetpapeh (-k), n. (In Rom. empire) governor 
 of fourth part of a country or province, sub- 
 ordinate ruler, whence or cogn. te'tpapeh- 
 ate^I), te'tparehY 1 , nn.,tetpap # ehiCALa.; 
 commander of subdivision of ancient Greek 
 phalanx, [f. OF tetrarque f. L f. Gk tetrarkhes 
 (tetra- + -arkhes f. arkho rule)] 
 
 te'ttep, n. Kinds of skin-disease; tetterwort, 
 larger celandine (supposed to cure these). [OE 
 teter, cf. OHG zitaroh, G dial, zitteroch] 
 
 Teu'CPian, a. & n. Ancient Trojan, [f. L 
 Teucri + -an] 
 
 teu'epium, n. Germander. [f. L f. Gk 
 teukrion perh. f. Teukros Teucer, king of Troy] 
 
 Teu'ton, n. Member of any of the Teutonic 
 nations or (Hist.) of the tribe of Tt. first men- 
 tioned in 4th c. B.C. & dwelling perh. near 
 mouth of Elbe. [f. L Teutoni, -nes; of Teut. 
 orig., cf. dutch] 
 
 Teutd'nie, a. & n. Of the Teutons ; of the 
 Germanic peoples (including, in widest sense» 
 Scandinavians & Anglo-Saxons as well as Ger- 
 man races) ; T. languages, High & Low Ger- 
 man 2 & Scandinavian; (n.) languages of the 
 Teutons collectively. HenceTeuto*nieiSM(4), 
 Teu*toniSM(2, 4), TeirtonizATiON, nn„ 
 Teu*tonizE(3) v.t. [f. L Teutonicus (prec, -ic)] 
 
 tew. See taw K 
 
 tewel, n. = tuyere. [ME & OF fuel of 
 Teut. orig., cf. G tide pipe] 
 
 text, n. Original words of author esp. opp. 
 to paraphrase of or commentary on them, as 
 there is nothing aboiU this in the t., the t. is 
 hopelessly corrupt (altered by copyists) ; pas- 
 sage of Scripture quoted as authority or esp. 
 chosen as subject of sermon &c; subject, 
 theme ; main body of book opp. to notes, pic- 
 tures, &c. ; (also t.-hand) large kind of hand- 
 writing ; CHURCH 1 , GERMAN 2 , t. ', t.-book, 
 
 manual of instruction, standard book in a 
 branch of study, [f. OF texte f. L textns -us f. 
 L texere text- weave] 
 
 te'xtlle, a. & n. Of weaving, as the t. art ; 
 woven, suitable for weaving, as t. fabrics, 
 materials', (n.) t. material, [f. L textilis (as 
 prec, see -ile)] 
 
 textual, a. Of, in, the text, as t. criticism, 
 errors. Hence te'xtualiA 2 adv. [ME & OF 
 textuel (as text, see -al)] 
 
 te'xtualist, n. One who adheres strictly to 
 the letter of the text, so te'xtualiSM n.; ready 
 quoter of scriptural texts, [-ist] 
 
 te'xtupe (-tsher), n. Arrangement of threads 
 &c in textile fabric, as loose t. ; arrangement 
 of constituent parts, structure, (of skin, rock, 
 literary work, &c); representation of surface 
 of objects in works of art ; (Biol.) tissue, struc- 
 ture of this. Hence te'xtuPAL a. [F, f. L 
 textura (as text, see -ure)] 
 
TEXTURELESS 
 
 914 
 
 THAT 
 
 te'xtureless, a. Without discernible tex- 
 ture, amorphous, [-less] 
 
 -th 1 , suf. forming nn., = -ness ; usu. f. adjj. 
 {truth, wealth), often with vowel change (filth 
 foul, breadth broad) ; corrupted to -t in 
 drought, height ; alsof. vv. {tilth, ruth, growth), 
 meaning result or process, & (by assim. to ruth 
 &c.) f. nn., as faith (OF feid). [of var. orig.] 
 
 -th 2 , -eth after -ty, suf. forming ordinal 
 numbers (adjj., & nn. expr. fractions), as 
 fourth, tenth, thirtieth, hundredth, millionth ; 
 in fifth, sixth, Sec, assim. f. earlier -t ; in eighth , 
 united w. end of stem. [OE -tha (-dh) in fourth 
 (later numbers by assim.) f. OTeut. -thon, cf. 
 Gk -tos, L -tus] 
 
 thalamus, n. (pi. -i). (Gk Ant.) inner room, 
 women's apartment; (Anat.) place where nerve 
 emerges from brain, esp. optic t.; (Bot.) re- 
 ceptacle of flower. [L, f. Gk thala?nos] 
 
 tha'lep (tah-), n. German silver coin now 
 worth about 35. [G, see dollar] 
 
 Thalra, n. Muse of comedy & pastoral 
 poetry. Hence Thali'AN a. [L, f. Gk Thaleia 
 (thallo bloom)] 
 
 tha'llium, n. Rare soft white metallic ele- 
 ment used in alloys & glass-making. Hence 
 tha'llic, tha'llous, aa. [f. foil, (from green 
 line given in spectrum) + -ium] 
 
 tha'llus, n. Plant-body without root, stem, 
 or leaves. Hence tha'lloiD a. [L, f. Gk thallos 
 young shoot (thallo bloom)] 
 
 than (dhan, -an), conj. (& quasi-prep.) intro- 
 ducing second member of comparison, as you 
 are taller t. he (is), (colloq.) taller t. him, Iknow 
 you better t. he (does), better t. (I know) him, it 
 is better to use hot water t. cold, do anything 
 rather t. let him get off, would do anything 
 rather t. that he should get off, a man t. 
 whom no one is better able to judge. [OE, = 
 then, than; A is better than B orig. = A is 
 better, then B] 
 
 tha'nage (-Ij), n. Rank of, land granted to, 
 thane, [-age] 
 
 thanat(o)- in comb. = Gk thanatos death, 
 as thanatophl'dia n. pi., poisonous snakes. 
 
 tha'natoid, a. Death-like, apparently dead ; 
 deadly, [as prec. + -oid] 
 
 thane, n. (In early Eng. Hist.) member of 
 a rank between ordinary freemen and heredi- 
 tary nobles. Hence tha'neDOM, tha'ne- 
 hood, tha'nesHip, nn. [OE theg(e)n soldier, 
 servant, thane, cf. OSax. thegan, ON thegn, 
 cogn. w. Gk teknon child] 
 
 thank 1 , v.t. Express gratitude to (person 
 for thing); t. you, I t. you (polite formula 
 acknowledging gift, service, offer accepted or 
 refused) ; (as contempt, refusal) t. you for no- 
 thing', (anticipatory) t. you (for that ball)!, 
 please throw it here ; (as polite formula, now 
 usu. iron, implying reproach) / will t. you to 
 shut the door, wipe your boots, leave my affairs 
 alone ; he may t. himself, has only himself to 
 t.,for that, it is his own fault. [OE thancian, 
 tho-, (foil.), cf. Du. &G danken] 
 
 thank 2 , n. (now only in pi.). (Expression of) 
 gratitude, as give tt. to Heaven, expressed his 
 heartfelt tt.,she bowed her tt., small (iron.much) 
 tt. I got for it; t.-offering (bibl.), Jewish offer- 
 ing made as act of thanksgiving ; (as formula) 
 tt., thank you ; tt. to (as the result of) my fore- 
 sight, your obstinacy. Hence tha'nkwoRTHV 
 a. (archaic). [OE thane, thonc, cf. Du. & G 
 dank, cogn. w. think] 
 
 tha'nkful, n. Grateful ; (of words or act) 
 expressive of thanks. Hence tha'nkfulLY 2 
 adv., tha'nkfulNESs n. [-pul] 
 
 tha'nkless, a. Not feeling or expressing 
 gratitude ; a t. task (not likely to win thanks, 
 
 unprofitable). Hence tha'nklessLY 2 adv., 
 tha'nklessNESS n. [-less] 
 
 thanksgiving, n. Expression of gratitude 
 esp. to God ; form of words for this, as General 
 T. (in Book of Common Prayer) ; T. day (set 
 apart in U.S. for t. to God, usu. last Thursday 
 of November) ; (bibl.) offering made as t. 
 
 that 1 , a., pron., & adv. 1. Demonstr. adj. & 
 pron. (pr. dhat ; pi. those pr. dhoz). The (person, 
 thing), the person or thing, pointed to ordrawu 
 attention to or observed by the speaker at the 
 time, or already named or understood or in 
 question or familiar, as observe t. dog in the 
 next field, who is t. (woman) in the garden?, 
 what was t. noise ?, what noiseist.?, don't roll 
 your eyes like t. (as you are doing) or int. imbe- 
 cile fashion, I knew all t. before, talked about 
 responsibilities & all t. (similar commonplaces), 
 t. (your action, the action you tell me of) is not 
 fair, that 's right ! (formula of approval), (col- 
 loq. ; also there '«) that 's (you, in view of present 
 or future compliance &c, are) a dear!, I use 
 t. (or the) term in a special sense, much to the 
 disgust oft. (or the) monarch, was cured from 
 t. hour, things were easier in those days ; (with 
 feeling) I will not see t. boy put upon, why will 
 you bHng t. woman here ?, when you have done 
 thumping t. piano, shall not easily forget t. 
 day, (coupled or contrasted with this, & applied 
 esp. to the farther, less immediate or obvious, 
 &c, of two) this poker is much heavier than t. 
 (one), went to this doctor & t. or to this &t. 
 doctor (various doctors), this, t, & the other 
 (various things), put this & t. (various facts &c. ) 
 together ; (as pron. replacing the w. noun, w. 
 sense completed by rel. pron. expressed or, in 
 obj. case & archaic in subj., omitted) those who 
 drink water think water, those may try it who 
 choose, had t. in his eye which forbade further 
 trifling, all those (that) I saw, all those (usu. 
 the) specimens that I saw, those (usu. the) few 
 (books) that J had, a different pattern to that 
 (which) I was used to ; (or by adj. or equivalent) 
 those unfit for use, those below the standard, 
 a tunic like that described above, those (usu. 
 the) persons most injured by the tax, like most 
 of those issuing from German workshops, cost 
 of oil is less than t. of gas ; (foil, by that conj.) 
 such, such a, as has t. confidence in his theory 
 that he would put it into practice tomorrow, 
 was wounded to t.degree that he resigned. 2. Adv. 
 (pr. dhat). To such a degree, so, as (colloq. ) will go 
 t.far, have done t. much, (vulg.) Jwast. angry 1 
 could have struck him. 3. Rel. pron. (pi. same ; 
 pr. dhat; used, exc. archaic, rhet., poet., only 
 to introduce defining-clause essential or rhet. 
 viewed as essential to identification; now 
 largely replaced by who & to some extent by 
 which, esp. after antecedent that; in obj. case, 
 & in archaic use in subj., that is often omitted ; 
 prep, governing that is always placed after it 
 & usu. at end of clause). Exx.: the book (t. or 
 which) I sent you, the box (t. or which) you put 
 them in, the man (t. or usu. whom) you stojwed, 
 the people (t.) you got it from or from whom 
 you got it, the meanest flower t. (rarely which) 
 blows, the best t. (not which) you can do, no one 
 (t. ; not whom) I ever heard of could see any 
 difference. [OE thxt that, the, cf. Du. dat, G 
 das ; for those see this] 
 
 that 2 (dhat, occas. -at), conj. introducing sub- 
 ordinate clauses : (of statement or hypothesis) 
 they say (t.) he is better, there is no doubt (t.) he 
 meant it, it is suggested t. the mistake was in- 
 tentional, it is hoped t. all will go well, it is 
 monstrous t. he should expect further help, (to 
 think) t. he should use me so ! ; (of purpose) he 
 lives t. he may eat, he withdreiv (in order) t. the 
 
THATCH 
 
 915 
 
 THEMIS 
 
 dispute might cease ; (of result) am so sleepy (t.) 
 I cannot keep my eyes open, his language was 
 such t. we declined further dealings with him, 
 what have I done t. he should cut me ?, where 
 is he, t. you come without him ? ; (of reason or 
 cause) it is rather t. he has not the time, not t. 
 (I do not say this because) I have any objection; 
 (of wish) (O) t. that were all !, (0) 1. 1 knew the 
 truth!; (archaic or literary) int., since, in so far 
 as ; now t, since now, as you ought to write now 
 t. you know the address. [OE, neut. as prec] 
 thatch, n., & v.t. Roof-covering of straw, 
 rushes, or (in tropical countries) coconut & 
 other leaves ; (v.t.) cover (roof, house, or abs.) 
 with t. L(vb f. OE thtccan f.) OE thaec, cf. Da. 
 dak, G dach, cogn. w. Gk tegos, stege, roof, L 
 toga robe, tegere cover, &c] 
 thau'matrope, n. Disk &c. on which are 
 depicted images that appear to go through 
 various movements when disk revolves, [f. Gk 
 thauma wonder + -tropos -turning] 
 thau'matupge, n. Worker of miracles, 
 wonder-worker. Hence or cogn. thauma- 
 tup'gic(AL) aa., thairmaturgiST, thau*- 
 maturgTY 1 . nn. [f. Gk thaumatourgos a. 
 (thauma -matos wonder + -o- + -ergos -working)] 
 thaw, v.i. & t., & n. (Of ice, snow, frozen 
 thing) pass to liquid state, melt, dissolve ; (of 
 weather, it) become so warm as to melt ice &c, 
 rise above 32° Fahr. ; (fig. ) be freed from coldness 
 or stiffness, unbend, become genial ; cause to 
 t. (lit. & fig.) ; (n.) thawing, warmth of weather 
 that thaws, as a t. has set in. Hence thaw- 
 LESS, thaw'Y 2 , aa. [(n. f. vb) OE thawian, cf. 
 Du. dooijen, G tauen) 
 
 the (bef. vowel dhi, be/, consonant dhe, em- 
 phat. dhe), a. & adv. 1. Adj. applied esp. to 
 person(s) or thing(s) already mentioned or un- 
 der discussion, or from the nature of the case 
 actually or potentially existent, or unique (as 
 class or individual), or familiar, or otherwise 
 sufficiently identified, as tried to soothe t. 
 child, gave t. fellow a shilling, shall let t. matter 
 drop, now is t. game or score ?, what is t. time ?, 
 depends on t. weather, t. Devil, sun, moon, 
 stars, Thames, inflammation oft. lungs, pulled 
 t. trigger, what was t. result ?, you will be t. 
 loser, revised by t. author, find their way to t. 
 sea, went to t. baths, theatre, rink, t. King, t. 
 Home Secretary, story does not lose in t. telling; 
 to sing. n. as repr. species, class, &c, as t. lion, 
 domestic cat, philosopher, cucumber, gavotte, 
 general reader, man in the street, new woman, 
 (rhet., esp. bibl.) t. oppressor, locust; to some 
 nn. used in restricted sense, esp. fig. repr. a 
 pursuit &c, as t. gloves, ribbons, table, stage, 
 theatre, platform, hustings, bottle, pulpit, fan- 
 cy ; to names of diseases &c. (now partly ar- 
 chaic), as t. smallpox, measles, tooth-ache, 
 gout, fidgets, blues (depression), hump, (vulg.) 
 t. (habit of) drink; to nn. expr. a unit, as hd. t. 
 (or a or per) pound, yard, &c, £6 t. coat & 
 skirt, allow 8 minutes (to) t. mile, 16 oz. to t. 
 pound ; with sense completed by rel. clause or 
 adj. or equivalent, as t. book (that) youborr ow- 
 ed, t. best (that) I can do for you, has not t. 
 nerve for motoring, wonder you have t. impu- 
 dence (to ask it expr. or understood), (exclam.) 
 t. impudence of t. fellow!, t. cup on t. top 
 shelf, t. one with a broken handle, t. bottom of 
 a well, t. best way, t. only way, t. way out, t. 
 upper classes, t. better man of the two ; w. adjj. 
 used abs., as none bid t. brave (brave men) de- 
 serve t. fair, t. beautiful (beauty), t. sublime ; 
 w. adjj. rhet. viewed as part of definition, as t. 
 virtuous & talented Duxhess of X., details oft. 
 shocking disaster, t. enraged animal ; (dhe ; 
 italics) applied to the person or thing best 
 
 known or best entitled to the name, as no rela- 
 tion to the Browning, the tobacco is (adver- 
 tiser's). 2. Adv. (a) rel., only in comb. w. (b). 
 In whatever degree. (b)In that degree, by that 
 amount, on that account. Exx.: t. more he gets, 
 t. more he wants; J play t. worse, t. more I 
 practise ; am not (or none) t. more inclined to 
 help him because he is poor, on that account, 
 for what you tell me ; none t. better for seeing 
 you ; that makes it all t. worse (in the full de- 
 gree to be expected from what you say &c.) ; 
 (tautologically) so much t. xcorse for him, t. 
 worse, so much worse, for him. [1. OE masc. 
 the (earlier se), fern, theo (earlier seo), neut. 
 thxt ; cf. Du. de, G der, die, das, L iste, -ta, 
 -tud, Gk ho, he, to, Skr. tat. 2. OE thy, tM, in- 
 strumental case] 
 
 thea*ndric,a. Of the union, by joint agency, 
 of divine & human nature in Christ, [f. Gk 
 theandrikos (theos god, aner andros man, -ic)] 
 
 theanthrd*pie(al), aa. Both divine & hu- 
 man ; tending to embody deity in human form, 
 [f . Gk theos god + anthropos man + -ic] 
 
 the'arehy, n. Government by god(s); class, 
 order, of gods, as the Olympian t. [f. Gk the- 
 arkhia rule of god (theos god + -arkhia t. arkho 
 rule)} 
 
 the'atpe, n. Building for dramatic specta- 
 cles, play-house; patent ^(established by letters 
 patent, not licensed by Lord Chamberlain) ; 
 room, hall, for lectures &c. with platform & 
 seats arranged in tiers one above another; 
 dramatic literature or art; scene, field, of opera- 
 tion, as the t. of war; t.-goer, -going, frequenter, 
 -ing, of tt. [ME & OF, f. L f. Gk theatron (thea- 
 omai behold f. thea spectacle)] 
 
 thea'trical, a. & n. (Of manner, speech, 
 gesture, person) calculated for effect, showy, 
 affected ; of or suited to the theatre, of acting 
 or actors, so thea'tnc a. (rare) ; (n. pi.) t. per- 
 formances, esp. private (amateur) tt. Hence 
 thea*tricaliSM(2, 4), theatpiea'liTY, nn., 
 thea*tPiealizE(3) v.t., thea'triCALLY adv. 
 [f. LL f. Gk theatrikos (as prec, see -ic) + -al] 
 
 Theba'id (or the - -), n. Territory around 
 Thebes (in Egypt) ; (also L -is) poem on (siege 
 of) Thebes (in Greece), esp. that of Statius. [f. 
 L f. Gk Thebais -idos (Thebai Thebes)] 
 
 thee. See thou. 
 
 theft, n. Stealing; larcency. |OE thbofthe 
 
 (thiqf THIEF + -TH !)] 
 
 the'ic, n. One who drinks tea to excess. So 
 the'ism l [-ism(5)] n. [mod. L thea tea, -ic] 
 
 the'ine, n^ = caffeine, [as prec. + -ine 5 ] 
 
 theip (dhar), possessive case of, & adj. cor- 
 responding to, they, with absolute form 
 theirs (for uses cf. her 2 ), [orig. gen. pi. of the, 
 see they] 
 
 the'ism 2 (for t. 1 see theic), n. Belief in exis- 
 tence of a God supernaturally revealed to man 
 (cf. deism) & sustaining a personal relation to 
 his creatures. So the'iST n., thei'stic(AL) aa, 
 [f. Gk theos god + -ism] 
 
 them. See they. 
 
 thema'tie, a. (Mus.) of themes, as t. treat- 
 ment, t. catalogue (giving opening themes as 
 well as names &c.) ; (Gram.) of, belonging to, a 
 theme, as t. vowel, form. Hence thema't- 
 ically adv. [f. Gk thematikos (as foil., -ic)] 
 
 theme, n. Subject on which one speaks, 
 writes, or thinks ; school composition, essay, on 
 given subject; (Gram.) stem of noun or verb, 
 part to which inflexions are added; (Mus.) 
 melodic subject usu. developed with varia- 
 tions; (Hist.) any of 29 provinces in Byzantine 
 empire. [ME & OF teme f. L f. Gk thema -matos 
 (tithemi set, place, see -m)] 
 
 The'mis, n. (Gk Myth.) goddess of law & 
 
THEMSELVES 
 
 916 
 
 THERE 
 
 justice; these personified. [L f. Gk Themis law 
 (tithemi set, place)] 
 
 themselves (dhem-), pron. Emphat. & re- 
 flex, form corresp. to they (for use, cf. him- 
 self), [them + pi. of self] 
 
 then (dhen), adv., conj., a., & n. (Adv.) at 
 that time, as was t. too much occupied, t. comes 
 the trouble, the t. existing ordinances; next, 
 afterwards, after that, as it must t. soak for 
 two hours, & t. the operation is complete; now 
 & then, at one time & another, from time to 
 time. (Conj.) in that case, therefore, it follows 
 that, (often well, t.), as t. you should have said 
 so, t. it is no use your going, (but) t. (if what 
 you say is true) why did you take it?; (of 
 grudging or impatient concession) if you must 
 have it so, as take it t., between you & I . . . 
 *me\ t; (resumptively, not as first word) ac- 
 cordingly, as the new Governor, t., came pre- 
 pared; now(. (Adj.) existing &c. at that time, 
 as the t. Duke, secretary. (N.) that time, as 
 before, till, by, from, t., every now & t., from 
 time to time. [OE thxnne, tha-, tho-, cogn. w. 
 that 1 , the, cf. Du. dan, G denn] 
 
 the'nar, n. (anat.). Palm of hand, sole of 
 foot; (also attrib. t. prominence, eminence) ball 
 of thumb. [Gk thenar] 
 
 thence (dh-), adv. (Archaic) from that place, 
 from there ; (somewhat archaic) from that 
 source, for that reason, as a discrepancy t. re- 
 sults, it t. appears; thenceforth, thencefor- 
 ward, advv. & nn., from (or from) that time 
 forward. [ME thenne (OE thanon, tho-, f. root 
 of this, that, then) + -esJ 
 
 theo- in comb. = Gk theos god, as: -cracy, 
 government or State governed by God directly 
 or through a sacerdotal class &cc.,the T., Jewish 
 commonwealth from Moses to the monarchy ; 
 •crat ruler in, subject under, theocracy, so 
 -cra'tic a.; -cratist, believer in direct inter- 
 vention & authority of God through revelation 
 in government of society; -crasy [f. Gk krasis 
 mixture 1, union of soul with God through con- 
 templation (among Neoplatonists, Buddhists, 
 &c); -dicy, vindication of divine providence in 
 view of existence of evil ; -gony, (poem dealing 
 with) genealogy of the gods, so -go'nica,., -gonist 
 n. ; -machy (-ki), strife against or among the 
 gods; -ma'nia, insane belief that one is God, 
 also, religious insanity, so -ma'niac n.; -phany, 
 appearance of God to man, so -pha'nic a.; -phi- 
 la'nthropist, member of a society formed in 
 Paris in 1796 with object of replacing Christian- 
 ity by a form of deism, also, one who professes 
 to unite love toGod with love to man, so -philan- 
 thropic a., -phila'nthropist, -phila'nthropy, 
 nn.; -pneusty, divine inspiration, so-/) neu'stic a.; 
 -techny, supernatural machinery, so-te'chnic a. 
 
 theo'dolite, n. Surveying-instrument for 
 measuring horizontal and non-vertical angles 
 by means of telescope. Hence theodoli't- 
 ica. [?] 
 
 Theodo'sian, a. Of the emperor Theodosius 
 (I, II, or III), esp. T.code (published under Theo- 
 dosius II, d. 150). [-an] 
 
 theologian, n. Person skilled in, professor 
 of, theology, [-an] 
 
 theo'logy, n. Science of (esp. Christian) re- 
 ligion: natural t. (dealing with knowledge of 
 God as gained from his works by light of nature 
 & reason); positive, revealed, t. (based on reve- 
 lation); dogmatict. (dealing with authoritative 
 teaching of the Scriptures & the Church ); specu- 
 lative t. (giving scope to human speculation, not 
 confined to revelation); systematic t., methodi- 
 cal arrangement of the truths of religion in their 
 natural connexion. Hence or cogn. theolo*- 
 giCAL a., theolo'g-icalLY- adv., theo'lo- 
 
 giZE(l,2) v.t. & i. IME & OF theologie f. LL f. 
 
 Gk TUEOtfogia -LOGY)] 
 
 theop'bo, n. Two-necked musical instru- 
 ment of lute class much used in 17th c. [f. It. 
 tiorba etym. dub.] 
 
 theorem, n. (Math.) proposition to be proved 
 by chain of reasoning, a truth to be established 
 by means of accepted truths, (cf. problem) ; al- 
 gebraical or other rule, esp. one expressed by 
 symbols or formulae, as binomial t., formula 
 for raising binomial to any power without mul- 
 tiplication ; a speculative truth. Hence theo- 
 rema*tic(AL) aa., theore*matiST(3) n. [f. L 
 f. Gk theorema (theoreo, see theory & -m)J 
 
 theoretic, a. & n. = foil.; (n. pi.) specula- 
 tive parts of a science &c, so theoreticiAN 
 n. [f. Gk theoretikos (as theory, see -etlc)] 
 
 theore'tical, a. Concerned with knowledge 
 but not with its practical application, specula- 
 tive; based on mere theory, not dealing with 
 facts as presented by experience. Hence theo- 
 re'tical l y 2 ad v. [- a l] 
 
 thed'rie, a, (Gk ant.). Of, for, public spec- 
 tacles, esp. t.fund (for providing free seats at 
 theatre for poor citizens &c). [f. Gk theorikos 
 (as theory, see -ic)] 
 
 theory, n. Supposition explaining some- 
 thing, esp. one based on principles independent 
 of the phenomena &c. to be explained, opp. to 
 hypothesis, as atomic t., t. of gravitation, evo- 
 lution ; speculative view, as one of my pet tt. 
 (often implying fancifulness); the sphere of 
 speculative thought, as this is all very well in 
 L, but how will it work in practice ? ; exposition 
 of the principles of a science &c, as the t. of 
 music ; (Math. ) collection of results designed to 
 illustrate principlesof a subject, as t. of chances, 
 equations. Hence the*orisi(3), theoriz\ - 
 tion, nn., the*oriZE(2) v.i. [f. OF theorie f. L 
 f. Gk theoria f. theoreo behold, contemplate 
 (theoros spectator f. thea spectacle)] 
 
 theo'sophy, n. Any of various ancient & 
 modern philosophies professing to attain to a 
 knowledge of God by spiritual ecstasy, direct 
 intuition, or special individualrelations. Hence 
 or cogn. theosoph, theo*sophi:i< l , theo*- 
 sophiST(2), nn., theoso'phic(AL), theoso- 
 phi'stiCAL, aa., theo*sophizE(2) v.i. [f. late 
 Gk theosophia f. THEO(sop/io.s wise)] 
 
 -ther, -ter, suf. in pronominal & other wds 
 w. idea of distinction or comparison (other, 
 either, whether; nether, further; hither 
 &c; after); neuter, alter vb, have the cogn. 
 L suf. [cf. Gk -teros, L -ter, G -der] 
 
 therapeu'tic, a. & n. Curative; of the heal- 
 ing art; (n. pi.) branch of medicine concerned 
 with treatment of disease & action of remedial 
 agents in disease or health. Hence thera- 
 peu'ticAL a., therapeu'ticalLY 2 adv.,the- 
 rapeu*tiST(3) n. [f. Gk therapeutikos (thera- 
 peuo wait on^cure, f. therapon servant, see -ic)] 
 
 there (dhar, dher as beloiv), adv., n., & int. 
 In or at that place, as put H down t., what is 
 that dog doing tJ, lived t. some years, have 
 been t. before (slang), know all about it, all t. 
 (slang), in one'ssenses, sane, t. itis—onthesofa, 
 (calling attention) you t.l ; at that point in ar- 
 gument, progress of affairs, situation, &c, as 
 t. I agree with you, t. is (or comes in) the diffi- 
 culty, you had (the advantage of) him t, t. it 
 (the trouble) is, you see; here &t. , neither here 
 nor t.; to that place, as go t. every day, got t. in 
 two minutes, get t. (slang), succeed; (merely 
 expletiveor introductory, usu. dher; preceding, 
 or in interrog. or neg. or quasi-neg. sentence 
 following, verb that normally precedes its sub- 
 ject, esp. be ; in poet, or exclam. use subject 
 may stand first) t. was a cart close by, t. was 
 
THERIAC 
 
 917 
 
 THICK 
 
 nothing t., t. ivas plenty to eat, ivhat is t.for 
 sapper?, not a sound was t. to indicate their 
 presence, seldom has t. been more fuss, t.fell a 
 deep silence, a knight t. was, a nice mess t. is or 
 seemstobe!; £.'s( = that 1 '.9) a dear &c. (N.)that 
 place, as icas brought from t, lives somewhere 
 near t, tide comes uj) to t., passed by t. Int. 
 expr. confirmation, triumph, dismay, &c, as 
 t. ! what did I tell you ?, or used to soothe child 
 &c, as t., t., never mind. Thereabout(s), near 
 that place, as ought to be somewhere there- 
 abouts, near that number, quantity, &c, as two 
 gallons or thereabouts; therea'fter (archaic), 
 after that, according to that rule&c; there'- 
 ane'nt (Sc), about that matter; therea't (ar- 
 chaic), at that place, on that account, after that ; 
 thereby (or dhar'bi), by that means, as result 
 of that ; therefor' (archaic), for that object or 
 purpose ; therefore, for that reason, accord- 
 ingly, consequently ; therefro'm (archaic), from 
 that or it ; therei'n (archaic), in that place, 
 in that respect; thereinafter, -before', later, 
 earlier, in same document &c; therei'nto (ar- 
 chaic), into that place; thereof (archaic), of 
 that or it ; thereo'n (archaic), on that or it (of 
 motion & position); thereou't (archaic), out of 
 that, from that source ; therethrough' (archaic), 
 through that; thereto' (archaic), to that or it, 
 in addition, to boot ; thereu'nto (archaic), to 
 that or it ; thereupo'n, in consequence of that, 
 soon or immediately after that, (archaic) upon 
 that (of motion or position); therewith (archaic), 
 with that, thereupon; therewithal, in addition, 
 besides. [OE thser, thir, cf. Du. daar, G da ; 
 perh. locat. case, on comparative suf. -ro-, f. 
 stemof that *] 
 
 thep'iae, n. (Also theriaca Andromachi, 
 Venice treacle) antidote to bites of poisonous 
 animals compounded of many drugs, [f. OF 
 theriaque f. L f. Gk theriake antidote, fern. adj. 
 as n.Jtherion dim. of ther wild beast, see -AC)] 
 
 therianthro'pic, a. Of, worshipping, be- 
 ings represented under form of man & beast. 
 So thepia*nthi»opiSM(3) n. [f. Gk therion 
 beast + anthropos man + -ic] 
 
 therm, n. Amount of heat required to raise 
 one gram of water at maximum density one 
 degree centigrade, [f. Gk therme heat] 
 
 thermae, n. pi. (Gk & Rom. ant.). Hot springs 
 or (esp. public) baths. [L, f. Gk thermal pi. as 
 prec] 
 
 thep'mal, a. Of heat, as t. unit (for measur- 
 ing heat) ; t. equator, line along which greatest 
 heat occurs on earth's surface ; t. springs, hot 
 springs; of thermae. Hence thep'malLY 2 
 adv. [as therm + -al] 
 
 therma'ntidote, n. Apparatus for cooling 
 the air, used in India, [as therm + antidote] 
 
 thep'mie, a. Of heat, as t. rays, conditions. 
 [as therm + -ic] 
 
 Thepmidop*ian, n. Any of those who effect- 
 ed or fa voured Robespi erre's overthrow onTher- 
 midor 9th, 1794. [f. F thermidorien (thermidor, 
 republican month July- August, as therm + 
 Gk doron gift), see -ian] 
 
 thepmo- in comb. = Gkthermos warm, therme 
 heat, as : -baro'meter, apparatus for measuring 
 atmospheric pressure by boiling-point of water, 
 also, siphon barometer that can be used as ther- 
 mometer; -dyn&'mics, science of the relations 
 between heat & mechanical work ; -electri'city, 
 electricity produced by difference of tempera- 
 ture, so -electric a.; -electro'meter, instrument 
 for determining heating-power of electric cur- 
 rent; -oe'ne.sts.productionofheatesp. in human 
 body, so -gene'tic, -gl'nic, aa. ; -gram, record 
 made by -graph (self-registering thermometer); 
 _-mo'tive, of motion produced by heat ; -mo'tor, 
 
 engine worked by means of heat, esp. by hot 
 air ; -pile, thermo-electric battery esp. arranged 
 for measuring small quantities of radiant heat ; 
 -scope, instrument for detecting differences of 
 temperature without measuring, so -sco'pic(al) 
 aa.; -stat, automatic instrument for regulating 
 temperature, so -std'tic a.; -sta'tics, theory of 
 the equilibrium of heat; -te'nsile, relating to 
 tensile force as affected by temperature ; -type, 
 impression of section of wood &c. made by wet- 
 ting the object with dilute acid, printing, & 
 developing the impression by heat. 
 
 thermo'meter, n. Instrument for measur- 
 ing temperature, usu. glass tube with small 
 bore containing mercury or alcohol, & variously 
 graduated (Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Centigrade, 
 t., with freezing-point at 32°, 0°, 0°, boiling-point 
 of water at 212°, 80°, 100°); clinical t. (small, with 
 range of 25° or less, for taking temperature of 
 the body); maximum, minimum, £. Hence thep- 
 mome'tPic(AL) aa., thepmome'tpiealLY 2 
 adv.^thepmo'METRY n. [thermo- + -meter] 
 
 thep'oid, a. (Esp. of idiot) having beast-like 
 propensities, [f. Gk ther wild beast + -oid] 
 
 thePO'logy, n. Science of mammals, mam- 
 malogy. SothePO'logiSTn. [as prec. + -log v] 
 
 thesau'rus, n. Lexicon, cyclopaedia. [L, 
 f. Gk thesauros treasure (tithemi place)] 
 
 these. See this. 
 
 the'sis (or the- as below), n. (pi. theses). Pro- 
 position to be maintained ; dissertation, esp. 
 one by candidate for degree &c; school or col- 
 lege exercise ; (also the-) unaccented syllable 
 in English scansion (cf. arsis). [L, f. Gk thesis 
 thing laid down, (Pros.) thesis or arsis, f. ti- 
 themi place] 
 
 The'spian, a. Of Thespis, semi-legendary 
 Greek dramatic poet of 6th c. B.C.; the T. art, 
 the drama, [f. Gk thespios (Thespis) + -an] 
 
 the'UPgy, n. Supernatural agency esp. in 
 human affairs ; art of securing this ; magical 
 science of Neoplatonists ; production of effects 
 by supernatural agency opp. natural magic. 
 Hence or cogn. theup'gficUL) aa., the'up- 
 g"iST(3) n. [f. LL f. Gk theourgia miracle f. 
 theourgos (theos god-f -ergos -working)] 
 
 thews, n. pi. Sinews, muscles ; (fig.) mental 
 or moral vigour. Hence thewED 2 , thew- 
 less, thew'Y 2, aa. [OE thtaw habit, (pi.) man- 
 ners, cogn. w. Skr. tu be strong] 
 
 they (dha), pron. (obj. them, poss. their). 
 PI. of he, she, it; t. (the persons) who; t. (peo- 
 ple in general) say. [OE thd. obj. thdm, poss. 
 thdra, cases of the, that 1 , used as 3rd pers. 
 pren., cf. Icel. their, obj. theim, poss. theira] 
 
 thick, a., n., & adv. Of great or specified 
 depth between opposite surfaces, as bread is 
 (cut) too t, spread the butter t, a board two 
 inches t, how t. teas it?; arranged closely, 
 crowded together, as£. hair, forest, crowd grew 
 thicker; numerous, as fell t. as peas; abound- 
 ing, packed, with, as trees t. with leaves, air t. 
 with snow; of firm consistency, as t. paste, 
 soup ; turbid, muddy, cloudy, not clear, as t. 
 puddles, weather is still t.; stupid, dull; (of 
 voice) muffled, indistinct; (colloq.) intimate, 
 esp. t. as thieves; thickhead, blockhead; t- 
 headed, stupid ; thickset, set or growing close 
 together, heavily or solidly built, (n.) kind of 
 stout fustian, (also t.-s. hedge) close-grown 
 hedge ; t.-skinned, (fig.) not sensitive to re- 
 proach, insult, &c, stolid ; t. -skulled, -witted, 
 stupid ; thick'un (slang), sovereign (coin). (N.) 
 the t. part of anything, esp. fig. in the t. of it (of 
 fight &c); (colloq.) stupid person; through t.& 
 thin, under all conditions, resolutely, so t.-&- 
 thin a., as t.-&-thin supporters. (Adv.) thickly, 
 as snow was falling t., bloics came fast &t„ 
 
THICKEN 
 
 918 
 
 THIS 
 
 heart beats t. Hence thi'eklSH 1 a., thi'ekLY 2 
 adv. [OE thiece, cf. Du. dik, G dick] 
 
 thi*eken,v.t. & i. Make or become thick; 
 make (gravy &c.) of stiffer consistency, whence 
 thi'ckeniNGMS) n. ; plot thickens (becomes 
 more intricate). [-EN 6 ] 
 
 thPeket, n. Number of shrubs, trees, &c. ; 
 growing close together. [OE thiccet (as thick) j 
 
 thi'ekness, n. Being thick ; dimension 
 other than length & breadth ; piece of material 
 of known t., as three tt. of cardboard will suf- 
 fice. [-NESS] 
 
 thief (-ef), n. (pi. -ves). One who steals esp. 
 secretly & without violence, whence thie'v- 
 ery(4), thie'vishNESS, nn., thie'visH 1 a., 
 thie'vishLY 2 adv.; projection in wick of 
 candle causing it to gutter; thieves' LATIN. 
 [OE the: of, cf. Du. dief, G dieb] 
 
 thieve, v.i. & t. Be a thief, practise stealing ; 
 steal (thing). [OE getheofian (as prec.)] 
 
 thigh (thi), n. Part of human leg between hip 
 & knee, corresponding part in other animals ; 
 smite hip 1 and t; t.-bone, single bone of t., 
 femur. Hence (-)thighED 2 a. [OE theo(h), 
 cf. Du. dij(e), OHG dioh] 
 
 thill, n. Shaft of cart or carriage ; (also 
 thi'llER 1 n.) t.-horse (put between tt.). [OE, 
 orig.=plank, cf. deal 3 , Du. deel, G diele] 
 
 thi'mble, n. Metal cap (sometimes open at 
 end) worn to protect finger & push needle in 
 sewing ; (Mech.) short metal tube, as t.-joint, 
 -coupling; metal ring concave on outside & 
 fitting in rope to prevent chafing; thimbleful, 
 small quantity (of brandy &c.) to drink ; t.-pie, 
 rapping on head with t., as punishment ; 
 thimblerign. & v.i., (play) sleight-of-hand trick 
 with three t.-shaped cups & pea, bystanders 
 betting which cup covers pea, thimblerigger, 
 one who plays this, sharper. [OE thymel, as 
 
 THUMB +-LE(1)] 
 
 thin \ a. Having opposite surfaces close to- 
 gether, of small diameter, slender, as t. wire, 
 string, board, sheet ; not dense, as t. air ; not 
 full or closely packed, as t. house (theatre) ; of 
 slight consistency, as t. gruel ; lacking in im- 
 portant ingredient, as t. beer, blood, voice, 
 hiimotir, eloquence ; (fig.) shallow, transparent, 
 flimsy, as t. disguise, excuse, (colloq.) that 's too 
 t.', lean, not plump ; through thick and t.; t.- 
 skinned, (fig.) sensitive. Hence thi'nLY 2 adv., 
 thi'nNESS n., thi'nniSH 1 a. [OE thynne, cf. 
 Du. dun, G diinn, & L tenuis, Gk tanaos] 
 
 thin 2 , v.t. & i. Make or become thin, reduce 
 in bulk or numbers, as his hair is thinning, 
 nation had thinned tinder (or been thinned by) 
 proscription ; remove some young fruit from 
 (vine, tree) to improve growth of rest. [OE#e- 
 thynnan trans., as prec.] 
 
 thine. See thy. 
 
 thing, n. Whatever is or maybe an object 
 of thought (including or opp. to person), as : (of 
 animate objects, esp. persons, expr. contempt, 
 pity, affection, &c.) poor t., spiteful t, a dear 
 old t., dumb tt.; (of inanimate material object) 
 take those tt. off the table, platinum is a costly 
 t., got my tt. (clothes) wet, pack up your tt. (per- 
 sonal belongings) ; (of act, fact, idea, course, 
 task, affair, circumstance) a foolish t. to do, 
 soft t., put J-i/p t., strange t. that you cannot 
 hold your tongue, that is not the same t.,the 
 only t. now is to take a cab, the t. (to aim at) is 
 to improve the pace, tt. begin to look brighter, 
 has made a mess oftt., takes tt. too seriously ; 
 (of specimen or type of work &c.) latest thing 
 in hats, a sweet t. in coal-scuttles, a little t. of 
 mine I shotdd like to read you ; not the (con- 
 ventionally proper) t.; amnot feeling at all the 
 I. (well); (Law) tt. personal, real, personal, real, 
 
 property ; (facet.) tt. political Sec, politics &c. ; 
 make a good t. of, make good profit by ; do the 
 handsome t. by, treat handsomely ; knoiv a t. or 
 two, be experienced or shrewd. [OE, = thing, 
 cause, sake, office, council, cf. Du. & G ding, 
 ON thing) 
 
 thi'ngamy, thi'ngumajig, thingum- 
 bob, thi'ngummy, nn. Person, thing, 
 whose name one forgets or treats as known, 
 what's-his-name, what-d'you-call-it. [prec] 
 
 think, v.t. & i. (thought, pron. thawt). Con- 
 sider, be of opinion, as we t. {that) he will come, 
 we do not t. it probable, It. it a shame, it is not 
 thought fair, is thought to be a fraud ; intend, 
 expect, as thinks to deceive us; form conception 
 of, as cannot t. the infinite ; recognize presence 
 or existence of, as the child thought no harm ; 
 reduce to specified condition &c. by thinking, 
 as cannot t. away a toothache, will t. himself 
 silly ; exercise the mind otherwise than by pas- 
 sive reception of another's ideas ; t. about, con- 
 sider, esp. consider the practicability of (scheme, 
 doing); t. of, consider, imagine, propose to one- 
 self, entertain the idea of, hit upon, as have 
 many things to t. of, to t. of (one can hardly 
 imagine) his not guessing it !, must be thinking 
 of going, couldn't t. of such a thing, t. of a ivord 
 beginning with B, would have telephoned if I 
 had thought of it ; t. little or nothing of, con- 
 siderinsignificantor contemptible, as t. nothing 
 of 30 miles a day, 1 1. nothing of your friend 
 Jones ; t. much, well, highly, meanly, of, esteem 
 thus, t. no small beer of; t. out, consider care- 
 fully, devise (plan &c.) ; t. over (adv. or prep.), 
 reflect upon, as t. over what I have said, will t. 
 it over; t. fit or good, choose [to do esp. arbi- 
 trary or foolish thing). Hence thi'nkABLE, 
 thi'nkiNG 2 , aa-.thi'nkER 1 n. [OE thenc(e)an, 
 past thohte, cf. ON thekkja, G denken ; cogn. 
 w. thank 2 & old L tongere think] 
 
 third, a. & n. Next after second, whence 
 thhrdLY 2 adv.; t. estate, t. person, t. of 
 exchange 1 ; t.-class, -rate, (loosely) inferior, 
 poor; (Crick.) t. man, (place of) fielder diago- 
 nally behind point away from wicket ; one of 
 three equal divisions of a whole ; sixtieth of a 
 second of time or angular measurement; (Mus.) 
 (interval between a tone and) next tone but one, 
 consonance of a tone & its t. ; (pi.) t. part of 
 husband's personal property, going to widow 
 in certain cases. [OE thridda (three)] 
 
 thirst, n., & v.i. Suffering caused by want 
 of drink, desire for drink; (fig.) ardent desire, 
 craving, (of, for, after, glory, person's blood, 
 &c); (v.i.) feel t. (now chiefly fig. for, after). 
 Hence thi'rstLESS a. [OE thyrstan vb, thurst 
 n., cf. Du. dorst, G durst, ON thorsti, cogn. w. 
 L torrere parch, Gk tersomai become dry] 
 
 thip'sty, a. Feeling thirst ; fond of drink ; 
 (of country or season) dry, parched; (colloq.) 
 causing thirst, as this is t. work. Hence 
 thiP'stiLv 2 adv. [OE thurstig (prec, -Y *)] 
 
 thirteen, a. & n. One more than twelve, 13, 
 xiii. Hence thirtee'nTH 2 a. & n. [OE threo- 
 tene, -tyne (as three, see -teen)] 
 
 thip'ty, a. & n. Three times ten, 30, xxx ; t- 
 one 8cc.,t.-first &c ; T. -nine Articles (subscribed 
 to by person taking orders in Ch. of Eng.) ; t- 
 two-mo, 32mo, book with 32 leaves to the sheet. 
 Hence thip'tiETH a. & n. [OE thritig, thrittig 
 (thri three, see -ty 2 )] 
 
 this (dh-), a. & pron. (pi. these pron. dhez). 
 The (person, thing), the person or thing, close 
 at hand or touched or pointed to or drawn 
 attention to or observed by the speaker at the 
 time, or already named or understood or in ques- 
 tion or familiar (seldom idiomatically inter- 
 changeable with that !, but often only equally 
 
THISNESS 
 
 919 
 
 THRASH 
 
 applicable to the facts, the implication of 
 greater nearness, familiarity, &c, being purely 
 idiomatic), as observe t. dog on the hearthrug, 
 who are these people in the next room ?, what is 
 all t. noise 7, fold it like t., I knew all t. before, 
 t. (your action, the action I am speaking of) is 
 not fair, t. term is liable to much abuse, things 
 are easier inthese days ; t. and that 1 ; (..that 1 , 
 and the other ; (of time) t. day, to-day, shall be 
 or have been busy all t. week, ought to be ready 
 by t. (time), before t. (time), have been asking 
 for it these (or this) three weeks (just past). 
 [OE masc. thes, fern, theos, neut. this, prob. f. 
 root of thxt (see the), cf. Du. deze, G dieser; 
 OE pi. dxs gave these, das gave those (now 
 used as pi. of that 1 )] 
 thi'sness, n. Quality of being this, = haec- 
 
 CEITV. [-NESS] 
 
 thi'stle (-si), n. Kinds 'of prickly composite 
 plant with globular or cylindrical heads with 
 purple, yellow, or white flowers; Order of the 
 T„ a Scottish order of knighthood. Hence 
 thi'stlv 2 a. [OE thistel, cf. Du. & G distel, 
 OX thistill] 
 
 thither (dhi'dher), adv. (archaic). To that 
 place, there (of motion). Hence thi'thep- 
 ward(s) adv. [OE thider, thy-, f. root of- the, 
 cf. hither] 
 
 thli'psis, n. (path.). Compression of blood- 
 vessel &c. esp. by external compression. [Gk 
 (thlibo press)] 
 
 tho\ See though. 
 
 thole 1 , v.t. (archaic). Undergo, endure, suffer, 
 (pain, grief, &c, or abs.): permit, admit of. [OE 
 tholian, cf. OX thola, Da. taale, G gedidd pa- 
 tience, cogn. w. Gk *tlao suffer, L tolerare] 
 
 thole 2 , n. (Also t.-pin) pin in gunwale of 
 boat as fulcrum for oar ; each of two such pins 
 between which oar plays. [OE thol, cf. Du. dol, 
 OX thollr tree, peg] 
 
 Tho'mism (to-), n. Theological doctrine of 
 Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274) who maintained pre- 
 destination & efficacious grace, and denied the 
 immaculate conception. So Tho'miST n., 
 Thomi'stic(AL) aa. [-ism] 
 
 thong*, n., & v.t. Narrow strip of leather 
 used as halter, reins, lash of whip, &c. ; (v.t.) 
 proAide with t., strike with t. [OE thwang, cf. 
 OX threngr, cogn. w. twinge] 
 
 Thor, n. Scandinavian god of thunder, war, 
 & agriculture; T.'s hammer,fi'mtRxe (-hammer), 
 [f. OX Thorr] 
 
 thop'al, a. Nuptial, esp. (Palmistry, also 
 mark of Venus) t.-line in hand. [f. L torus 
 (med.L th-) +-al] 
 
 thop'ax, n. (Anat., Zool.) part of trunk be- 
 tween neck and abdomen or tail, whence tho- 
 pa'eic a., thopa*ci(eo)-, thopa'eo-, comb, 
 forms; (Gk Ant.) breastplate, cuirass. [L, f. 
 Gk thorax -akos] 
 
 thop'ite, n. A black compact mineral found 
 in Norway, [thor + -ite l ] 
 
 thorn, n. Prickle, spiny process or plant, 
 esp. abortive branch ; kinds of thorny shrub or 
 tree, as hawt., ichitet., blackt. ; a t. in one's 
 flesh or side, constant source of annoyance ; 
 early English symbol for the hard sound of th 
 as opp. to edh, symbol for soft th (dh); thorn- 
 back, ray with spines on back and tail, British 
 spider-crab ; thornbill, thorntail, kinds of hum- 
 ming-bird. Hence thop'nLESS, thop'n y 2 , aa. 
 [OE & ON, cf. Du. doom, G dorn] 
 
 thorough (thuTu), a. & n. Complete, un- 
 qualified, not superficial, out-&-out, as h is work 
 is seldom t, has caught a t. chill, wants a t. 
 change, a t. scoundrel; (n., Hist.) uncompro- 
 mising policy of Strafford. & Laud under 
 Charles I ; t.-bdss, bass part accompanied by 
 
 shorthand marks esp. numerals to indicate 
 the general harmony, such system of marks, 
 (loosely) harmonic composition ; t.-brace, strap 
 between C-springs of vehicle ; t.-bred a. & 
 n., (animal, esp. horse) of pure breed, high- 
 spirited, mettlesome, (also fig. of persons) ; tho- 
 roughfare, road, street, esp. one through which 
 much traffic passes, no thoroughfare, (as notice 
 at end of obstructed or private road) no passage ; 
 t. -going, uncompromising, out-&-out ; t. -paced, 
 (lit. , of horse) trained to all paces, (fig. ) complete, 
 unqualified, as a t.-p. rascal ; t.-pin, swelling 
 in hollow of horse's hock. Hence tho'pough- 
 ly 2 adv., tho'POUghNESS n. [= through] 
 
 thopp(e), n. Village, hamlet, (in place- 
 names). [OE & OX (-p), cf. Du. dorp, G dorf] 
 
 those. See that 1 . 
 
 thou (dhow), pron. (object, thee, pi. ye, you), 
 & v.t. & i. Sing. pron. of 2nd pers., now ar- 
 chaic or poet. exc. in addressing God aud (usu. 
 thee as subject, with 3rd pers. vb) as used by 
 Quakers ; (v.t.) address (person) as t. ; (v.i.) use 
 t. instead of you. [OE & OX thu, cf. Da. & G du, 
 L tu, Gk su, tu] 
 
 though (dho), tho', conj. (Also although) 
 notwithstanding the fact that, as he finished 
 first t. he began last, t. it was late we decided to 
 set out ; (also alt.) on the supposition that, as it 
 is better to ask him (even) t. he (shoidd) refuse 
 or refxises ; what t. (what does it matter if) the 
 way is (archaic be) long?, as t., as if, as it is as 
 t. a man should ask alms of a beggar, he acts 
 as t. he were mad, it looks as t. he meant (vulg. 
 means) business ; (introducing what is'virtually 
 an independent sentence) and yet, as I have no 
 doubt he will understand— t. you never know; 
 (?bs.) however, as I wish you had told me, t. 
 [ME thogh, cf. OX tho, Du. & G doch] 
 
 thought 1 (thawt), n. Process, power, of 
 thinking ; faculty of reason ; sober reflection ; 
 consideration, as after serious t, acts without 
 f., whence though'tFUL. though'tLESs, aa., 
 though'tfulLY 2 , though'tlessLY 2 , advv., 
 though'tfulxESS, though'tlessxESS, nn. ; 
 idea, conception, chain of reasoning, &c, pro- 
 duced by thinking, as an essay full of striking 
 tt., a happy t„ well-timed or apposite idea or 
 suggestion ; half-formed intention, as had 
 (some) tt. of resigning, had no t. of offending 
 him; (usu. pi.) what one thinks, one's opinion, 
 as will tell you my tt. of the matter ; subject of 
 one's t., as his one t. is how to get away, a penny 
 for your tt.; at, & little, somewhat, as cid it a 
 t. sharter, seems to me a t. arrogant; quick as t., 
 very quick; free 1 -^; second tt., further con- 
 sideration, as second tt. are best, on second tt. 
 I will take a cab; t.-reader, -reading, reader, 
 reading, of person's tt. by telepathy ; t.-trans- 
 ference, telepathy ; t.-wave, undulation of a me- 
 dium of t.-transference. Hence (-)thought- 
 ED 2 a. [OE (ge)thoht (think)] 
 
 thought 2 . See think. 
 
 thou'sand (-owz-), a. & n. Ten hundred, 
 1000, M (for uses cf. hundred); (loosely) many, 
 as a t. times easier, one in a t. (esp. rare or 
 excellent one) ; upper ten t. Hence thou*- 
 sandFOLD a. & adv., (-)thou'sandTH 2 a. 
 & n. [OE thusend, cf. Du. duizend, G tausend, 
 OX thusund, etym. dub.] 
 
 thpall (-awl), n., a., & v.t. Slave (of, to, 
 person or thing, lit. & fig.) ; bondage, esp. in t. ; 
 (adj., archaic) enslaved (to) ; (v.t.) enslave. 
 Hence thpa'lDOM n. [ME ihral, cf. OX thrxll, 
 Da. trxl, cogn. w. OE thrxgan run] 
 
 thrap, v.t. (naut.). Bind on, fasten, (rope 
 round, abotd, Sec). [?] 
 
 thrash, -esh, v.t. (Usu. -esh) beat out or 
 separate grain from (corn &c.) on threshing- 
 
THRASHER 
 
 920 
 
 THROE 
 
 *loor or in threshing-machine, (fig.) t. out, ar- 
 rive at, obtain, (the truth, rhyme, &c.) by re- 
 peated trial ; (-ash) beat esp. with stick or 
 whip, conquer, surpass, whence thra^shiNG 1 
 n. [OE therscan, cf. ON threshja, Du. dorschen, 
 G dreschen] 
 
 thra'sher, thre-, n. Kind of shark ; (usu. 
 thre-) person, machine, that threshes; {thru-) 
 one who thrashes, [-er 1 ] 
 
 thraso'nical, a. Bragging. Hence thra- 
 so*niealLV 2 adv. [f. L Thraso-onis, character 
 in Terence, f. Gk thrasus bold, + -icalJ 
 
 thread l (-ed), n. Spun-out filament or cotton, 
 flax, silk, wool, &c.,yarn ; thin cord of twisted 
 yarns ; gold t. (of silk &c. with gold wire wound 
 round it); lisle thread; t. <£■ thrum 1 ; t.- 
 shaped thing, long slender body, e.g. spiral 
 part of screw; thin seam or vein of ore; (fig.) 
 the t. (course) of life, lost the t. (chain, con- 
 nexion) of his argument ; threadbare, (of 
 cloth) worn so that nap is lost and t. visible, 
 wearing such clothes, (fig.) well-worn, hack- 
 neyed, whence threadbareness n. ; t. lace 
 (made of t.) ; t.-mark, mark made in bank-note 
 paper with highly-coloured silk fibres to pre- 
 vent counterfeiting ; t. -needle, children's game 
 (old lady of Threadneedle St.) ; t. -paper, (strip 
 of) soft thin paper used for rolling up t. ; 
 threadworm, kinds of t.-like worm, esp. one 
 infesting rectum of children. Hence threa'di- 
 ness n., threa'dv 2 a. [OE thrxd (as throw), 
 cf. Du. draad, G draht] 
 
 thread 2 , v.t. Pass thread through eye of 
 (needle); string (beads &c.) on thread, make 
 (chain &c.) thus; pick one's way through (maze, 
 streets, crowded place, &c), make one's way 
 thus; streak (hair &c.) as with threads. [ME 
 threden, as prec] 
 
 threat (-et), n. Declaration of intention to 
 punish or hurt ; (Law) such menace of bodily 
 hurt or injury to reputation or property as 
 may restrain person's freedom of action. [OE 
 threat crowd, calamity, threat, f. (a)threotan, 
 past threat, afflict, urge, cf. OX thrjota, cogn. 
 w. L trudere push] 
 
 threa'ten (-etn), v.t. & i. Use threats to- 
 ward (person &c. or abs.; with the evil threat- 
 ened), as threatened me xoith death, amthreat- 
 ened with a visit ; give warning of the infliction 
 of (injury &c. or abs.), announce one's inten- 
 tion (to do), as punishment or in revenge &c, 
 as threatens every kind of torment, t. toresign, 
 (fig.) clouds t. (an interruption or to interrupt 
 us), the practice threatens to become general. 
 Hence threa'teningLY 2 adv. [ME thretenen 
 (thret threat)] 
 
 three, a. & n. One more than two, 3, iii; 
 t. times t, t. cheers thrice repeated ; the t. Fs, 
 free sale, fixity of tenure, fair rent, (demands 
 of Irish Land League) ; the t. Rs, reading, 
 writing, arithmetic; RULEo/f. ; t. -decker, war- 
 vessel with t. gun-decks, t.-storeyed pulpit; t.- 
 handed, with t. hands, played by t. persons, as 
 t.-h. euchre ; t.-master, vessel esp. schooner with 
 t. masts ; threepence (-ep-, -ip-, -ep-), sum of t. 
 pence ; threepenny (bit) (same pron.), coin worth 
 t. pence ; (the) t.-per-cents, (government) bonds 
 bearing that interest; t.-ply, of t. strands, 
 webs, or thicknesses; t.-quarter(s), (a.) of t. 
 fourths of normal size or numbers, (of portrait) 
 going down to hips, showing t. fourths of face, 
 (n.) any of 3 or i players behind HALF-backs; 
 threescore, (age of) sixty. Hence three'FOLD 
 a. & adv. [OE thrio, thri, cf. Du. drie, G drei, 
 L tres, Gk treis] 
 
 three'some, n. (golf). Game for three, [cf. 
 foursome] 
 
 thremmatd'logy, n. Science of breeding 
 
 animals & plants, [f. Gk thremma -matos nurs- 
 ling (trepho nourish, -m), -o-, -logy] 
 
 thre'node, -ody, nn. (Song of) lamentation 
 esp. on person's death. Hence or cogn. thre- 
 nETic, threne'tieAL, threno'diAL, thre- 
 no'dic, aa., thre*nodiST(3) n. [f. L f. Gk 
 threnoidia (threnos wailing + oide ode] 
 
 threpso*logy> n. Science of nutrition of 
 organized bodies, [f. Gk th?'ejjsis feeding (tre- 
 pho feed) + -o- + -logy] 
 
 thresh &c. See thrash &c. 
 
 threshold (-sh-ho-, -sho-), n. Plank or 
 stone at bottom of door in dwelling-house, 
 church, &c ; (loosely, esp. fig.) entrance, as at 
 the t. of a discussion, on the t. of a revolution, 
 of a nexo century. [OE therscold (therscan 
 
 THRASH + SUf. -thlO-)] 
 
 threw. See throw. 
 
 thrice, adv. (archaic or literary). Three 
 times (now chiefly in comb. = highly, as t.- 
 blessed, -favoured). [ME thries (three, -es)] 
 
 thrid, v.t. (archaic). = thread. 
 
 thrida'eium, n.' Inspissated juice of let- 
 tuce, used as sedative, [f. L f. Gk thridax 
 -akos lettuce] 
 
 thrift, n. Frugality, economical manage- 
 ment, whence thri'ftLESs a., thri'ftlessLY 2 
 adv., thri'ftlessxESS n. ; kinds of plant, esp. 
 sea-pink. [ME & ON (as thrive, see -th l )] 
 
 thri'fty, a. Frugal, economical ; thriving, 
 prosperous. Hence thri'ftiLY 2 adv. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 thrill, v.t. & i., & n. Penetrate (person &c.) 
 with wave of emotion or sensation, as his voice 
 thrilled the listeners; be thus penetrated or 
 agitated (with horror &c.) ; (of emotion &c.) pass 
 through, over, along, as fear thrilled through 
 my veins; quiver, throb, (as) with emotion ; (n.) 
 wave of emotion or sensation, as a t. of joy, 
 throb, pulsation, (Med.) kinds of tremor or re- 
 sonance observed in auscultation, (slang) sen- 
 sational story. Hence thri*lling"LY 2 adv., 
 thri'lling-XESS n. [(n. f. vb) OE thyrlian 
 (thyrel a. & n. bored, hole, f. thurh through)] 
 
 thrips, n. Kinds of insect, esp. (improp.) 
 some injurious to vines&c. [Gk, = woodworm] 
 
 thrive, v.i. (throve rarely thrived, thriven 
 rarely thrived). Prosper, flourish ; grow rich ; 
 (of animal or plant) grow vigorously. Hence 
 thri'vingLY 2 adv., thri'vingNESS n. [ME 
 thriven, past thraf, -of, f. ON thrifa grasp, cf. 
 Da. trives, Sw. trifvas, thrive] 
 
 thro', thro. See through. 
 
 throat, n., & v.t. Front of neck between 
 chin & collar-bone, jugular region; gullet; 
 windpipe, as words stuck in my t. ; t. -shaped 
 thing, e.g. narrow part of river between rocks, 
 (also in many naut. wds) ; sore t., inflamma- 
 tion of lining membrane of gullet &c, clergy- 
 man's sore t., form of this affecting those who 
 speak much in public, often of nervous origin ; 
 cut one's otvn t., one another's tt., adopt sui- 
 cidal, mutually destructive, policy ; lie in one's 
 t, lie grossly; give person the lie in his t., 
 accuse him of lying grossly; (v.t.) channel, 
 
 groove. Hence-throatED 2 a. [OE throte, cf. 
 HG drozza, G dross I, perh. cogn. w. Du. 
 strot throat & ON throti swelling] 
 
 throa'ty, a. Guttural, uttered in the throat ; 
 having prominent or capacious throat. Hence 
 throa'tixEss n. [-v 2 ] 
 
 throb, v.i., & n. (Of heart, bosom, temples, 
 &c.) palpitate, pulsate esp. with more than 
 usual force or rapidity; (fig.) quiver, A'ibrate, 
 (as) with emotion; (n.) palpitation, pulsation, 
 as heart-tt., tt. of pleasure. Hence thro'b- 
 bing-LY 2 adv. [ME throbben, cf. Russ. trepeUe) 
 throbbing, L trepidus flurried] 
 
 throe, n., & v.i. (Usu. pi.) violent pang(s), 
 
THROMBOSIS 
 
 921 
 
 THUG 
 
 esp. of childbirth lit. & fig., anguish ; (v.i.) be 
 in agony, [(n.) OE thraw, cf. ON thrd, (vb) 
 OE trirowian, f. thrtowan afflict] 
 
 thrombd'sis, n. Coagulation of blood fh 
 blood-vessel or organ. Hence thrombotic 
 a. [Gk thrombosis curdling (thrombos lump, 
 see -osis)] 
 
 throne, n. , & v.t. Chair of state for sovereign, 
 bishop, &c, usu. decorated & raised on dais ; 
 sovereign power, as came to the t., lost his t; 
 (pi.) third order 1 of angels; (v. t.) enthrone (lit. 
 & fig.). Hence thro'neLESS a. [f. L f. Gk 
 thronos seat, chair] 
 
 throng", n., & v.i. & t. Crowd of people ; 
 multitude esp. in small space (of people or 
 things); (v.i.) come, go, press, (round &c.) in 
 multitudes; (v.t.) fill (street &c.) with a crowd 
 or as crowd does, (archaic) press hard upon (per- 
 son), [(vb f. n.) OE (ge)thrang t thringan vb 
 crowd, cf. Du. & G drang] 
 
 thro'stle(-sl), n. Song-thrush ; (also t.-frame) 
 machine for spinning wool, cotton, &c. [OE, 
 cf. MHG trostel ; cogn. w. thrush & L turdiis 
 thrush] 
 
 thro'stling (-si-), n. Swelling on throat of 
 cattle, [prob. f. prec. by confus. of thrush 1 ' 2 
 
 + -ING 1 ] 
 
 thro'ttle, n., & v.t. Throat, gullet, wind- 
 pipe; (also t.-valve) valve controlling flow of 
 steam &c. in engine; (v.t.) choke, strangle, 
 control (steam &c, engine) with t.-valve. [as 
 throat + -leI 
 
 through, thro', thro, (-00), prep., adv., & 
 a. From end to end or side to side of, between 
 the sides or walls or parts of, as marched t. the 
 town, arrow went t. his arm, see t. a telescope, 
 look t. the windoxc, pass t. the doorway, swam 
 t. the leaves, pushes his fingers t. his hair ; (fig.) 
 went t. many trials, got t. his examinations, 
 saw t. his hypocrisy', wait t. ten long years, 
 flashed t. his mind; by reason of, by agency, 
 means, or fault of, as it all came about t. his 
 not knowing the way, concealed it t. shame, it 
 was all t. you that we were late. (Adv.) from 
 side to side, from end to end, from beginning to 
 end, as let us stroll t., would not let us t. (gate 
 Sec.), ice gave & I went t., read it carefully t., 
 read it t. & t. (t. again & again), looked him t. 
 & t. (observed searchingly), lasted all t. (all the 
 time); (colloq.) are you t. (with that job)?, have 
 you finished (it)?; carrv, drop or fall 1 , pull 1 , 
 t.\ go 1 1. with. (Adj.) going, concerned with go- 
 ing, t., as a t. bolt, t.-stone, = BONT> 1 -stone, esp. 
 (of railway or steamboat travelling) going all 
 the way without change of line &c, going over 
 different companies' lines with same ticket, as 
 t. carriage, train, passenger, ticket (for t. pas- 
 senger), fares. [OE thurh, thurgh, thorn, &c, 
 prep. & adv., cf. Du. door, G durch, cogn. w. 
 Goth, thairh through & perh. thairko hole] 
 
 throughout, adv. & prep. Right through, 
 in every part, in all respects, as timber was rot- 
 ten t., followed a sound policy t.; (prep.) right 
 through, from end to end of, as t. the length & 
 breadth of the land, t. the ISth century, [out] 
 
 throw ' (-6), v.t. & i. (threw pr. -00, thrown 
 pr. -on). Fling, hurl, cast, lit. & fig., esp. with 
 some force or violence, as must not t. stones, 
 threw the ball over his head, learnt to t. a fly 
 (in fishing), mortars t. shell, hose throxos icater, 
 house thrown down by earthquake, ship was 
 thrown upon the coast, thrown from his horse, 
 was thrown into a dilemma or upon his oum 
 resources, t. cold l water on, t. a sop to. t. light 
 on the matter, help to explain it, t. down the 
 glove, t. dust 1 in person's eyes ; (of wrestler, 
 horse) bring (antagonist, rider) to the ground ; 
 put (clothes &c.) carelessly or hastily on, off, 
 
 over one's shoulders &c, (of snake) cast (skin) ; 
 (of animals, e.g. rabbits, pigeons) bring forth 
 (young) ; make (specified cast) with dice, as 
 threw deuce-ace ; twist (silk &c.) into threads ; 
 turn, direct, move esp. quickly (esp. part of 
 body), as threw his eyes to the ground, a glance 
 backwards, his arms up, his head back. T. 
 away, (fig.) part with needlessly or recklessly, 
 lose by neglect, as threw away all his advan- 
 tages, an excellent offer. T. back, revert to an- 
 cestral character. T. oneself down, lie down. 
 T. in : (also t. into the bargain) add (thing) to 
 a bargain without extra charge; interpose 
 (word, remark) by way of parenthesis or casu- 
 ally ; t. in one's lot with, decide to share the 
 fortunes of. T. oneself into, engage vigorously 
 in. T. off: discard (acquaintance &c); con- 
 trive to get rid of (illness, troublesome com- 
 panion) ; abandon (disguise); produce, deliver, 
 (poem, epigram) in ofthand manner ; (& see 
 above). T. oneself on, upon, place one's reliance 
 on (the mercy of the court Sic.). T. open : open 
 suddenly or wide; make accessible(£o all comers 
 &c.); t. open the door to, make possible. T. out : 
 cast out ; build (wing of House, pier, projecting 
 or prominent thing); suggest, insinuate ; reject 
 (bill in Parliament). T. over, desert, abandon. 
 T. overboard, see over-(2). T. up : lift up (win- 
 dow-sash); resign (office) ; vomit (t. & i.) ; t. up 
 the sponge. Hence (-)throwER 1 n. [OE 
 thry.wan, past threoiv, twist, hurl, cf. G drehen, 
 Du. draaijen, twist, whirl] 
 
 throw 2 (-6), n. Throwing, cast ; cast of dice; 
 cast of fishing-line; distance a missile is or may 
 be thrown, as record t. with the hammer, a 
 stone's t, (loosely) slight distance ; (Geol., Min- 
 ing) fault, leap, in strata ; machine, device, 
 giving rapid rotary motion ; t.-off, start in hunt 
 or race ; t.-st'ick, club, stick, meant to be whirled 
 from the hand, e.g. boomerang, [f. prec] 
 
 throwster, n. One who throws silk, [-ster] 
 
 thrum \ n., & v.t. Fringe of threads remain- 
 ing on loom when web has been cut off; single 
 thread of this ; any loose thread or tuft ; thread 
 & t., all alike, good & bad ; (v.t.) make of. cover 
 with, tt. Hence thru'mmv 2 a. [OE, cf. ON 
 thromredge, Du. dreum, G trumm, end, thrum] 
 
 thrum 2 , v.i. & t., & n. Play listlessly or un- 
 skilfully on or on (stringed instrument) ; drum, 
 tap, idly on or on (table &c); (n.) such playing, 
 resulting sound, [f. ON thruma rattle, thunder, 
 cogn. w. trumpet, drum] 
 
 thrush !, n. Family or genus of birds, esp. 
 European song-t., throstle. [OE thryfee, cf. 
 OHG drosca, G drossel, & throstle] 
 
 thrush 2 , n. Disease, esp. of children, marked 
 by pearl-coloured fungous vesicles in mouth & 
 throat ; disease affecting frog of horse's foot, 
 [cf. Norw. travsk, prob. = trausk, /?•-, frog] 
 
 thrust, v.t. & i. (thrust), & n. Push with 
 sudden impulse or with force (lit. & fig.), as t. 
 his fist into my j ace, t. the letter into his pocket, 
 t. a pin into the cushion, I t. out my hand, t. 
 him forth (out of room &c), was t. from his 
 rights ; t. oneself or one's nose in, obtrude, in- 
 terfere; pierce (person &c.) through; make sud- 
 den push at (person &c. with dagger &c); force 
 oneself through, past, &c; make one's way 
 thus. (N.) sudden or forcible push; attack with 
 point of weapon ; stress between two bodies 
 esp. parts of structure, e.g. arch, rafters, crush- 
 ing of coal-mine pillars by weight of roof ; t.-hoe 
 (worked by t., not pull), [(n. f. vb) ME thrusten 
 f. ON thrysta, prob. cogn. w. L trudere] 
 
 thud, v.i., & a. (Make, fall with) low dull 
 sound as of blow on soft thing, [cogn. w. OE 
 thyddan strike, thrust] 
 
 thug, b. Member of a religious organization 
 
THUGGEE 
 
 922 
 
 TICKET 
 
 of assassins in India suppressed about 1825; cut- 
 throat, ruffian, [f. Hind, thag, -tig] 
 thu'grgee (-ge), n. The practice of the thugs. 
 So thu'g-gERY, thu'g'g'iSM, nn. If. Hind. 
 thagi, thu-, as prec] 
 
 Thu'le, n. Name given by Py theas of Massi- 
 lia to some (is)land north of Gt Britain ; ultima 
 (^farthest) T., any far-away unknown region, 
 thumb (-m), n., & v.t. Short thick finger set 
 apart from & opposite to the others on human 
 hand ; digit of other animals corresponding to 
 this in position; rule oft.; his fingers are 
 all tt.; under person's t. (influence, domina- 
 tion); t.-blue, washing indigo in small lumps ; 
 t. -latch (raised by pressing end of lever with t.); 
 t.-mark (made by t. esp. on leaf of book); t.-nut 
 (shaped for t. to turn) ; t.-print, impression of 
 t. esp. as used for identification ; t.-screxu, in- 
 strument of torture for squeezing tt.; t.-stall, 
 sheath, pad, &c, to protect t.; (v.t.) wear, soil, 
 (pages &c.) with t., handle (piano keys &c.) 
 or play (music) awkwardly. Hence thu'mb- 
 less a. [OE thuma, cf. Du. duim, G daumen] 
 thu'mmlm. See urim. 
 thump, v.t. & i., & n. Beat heavily esp. with 
 fist ; deliver heavy blows at, on, &c; (n.) heavy 
 blow, bang, [imit.] 
 
 thu'mper, n. In vbl senses, also: (colloq.) 
 large, striking, or impressive person or thing, 
 esp. lie, so thu'mpiNG 2 a. [-er *] 
 thu'ndep, n., & v.i. & t. Loud noise follow- 
 ing flash of lightning & due to discharge of elec- 
 tricity through the air ; thunderbolt, as Jove's 
 tt; (fig.) loud noise, as tt. of applause, blood-&- 
 t., (of novel &c.) sensational ; (v.i.) give forth 
 t., xisvL.it thunders, make loud noise, as voice 
 thundered in my ears, utter violent threats &c. 
 against &c; (v.t.) emit (threats &c.) in loud or 
 impressive manner; t.-&-lightning, - oxford 
 mixture ; thunderbolt, flash of lightning with 
 crash of t., imaginary bolt or shaft viewed as 
 substance of lightning, kinds of stone or fossil 
 supposed to be such bolt, formidable threat &c. ; 
 t.-cloud (producing t.); t.-storm (with t.); t- 
 struck, struck by lightning, amazed. Hence 
 thu*ndePLESs, thu*ndepous, thu*n- 
 depy 2 , aa., thu'ndePousLY 2 adv. [(vb, OE 
 thunrian) OE thunor, cf . Du. donder, G donner, 
 ON thorr Thor, cogn. w. L tonare thunder, Gk 
 steno groan] 
 
 thu'ndepep, n. In vbl senses, esp. the T., 
 Jupiter, (facet.) Times newspaper, [-er 1 ] 
 tnirndepingr, a. & adv. In vbl senses, also 
 or esp.: (colloq.) unusual(ly), remarkable, -bly, 
 decided(ly), as a t. nuisance, was t. glad to get 
 back, a t. great fish; the T. legion, Roman 
 legion containing Christian soldiers whose 
 prayers were held to have procured a thunder- 
 storm that terrified the enemy. Hence 
 thu^idepingrLY 2 adv. [-ing 1 ] 
 thupi- in comb. = L thus thuris frank- 
 incense, as : -fer, acolyte who carries censer ; 
 -ferous, producing frankincense ; -fication, 
 burning of incense. 
 
 thup'ible, n. Censer, [f. L thuribulum {thus, 
 see prec, f. Gk thuos f. thud sacrifice)] 
 Thursday (-zdi), n. Fifth day of week ; 
 holy, maundy, T. [OE thures axg thor's 
 bay f. ON thors-dagr, on L dies Jovis Jupiter's 
 day] 
 
 thus (dh-), adv. In this way, in the way (to 
 be) indicated, whence thu'SNESs n. (facet.); 
 accordingly, as a result or inference ; to this 
 extent, so, as t.far, t. much. [OE, cf. Du. dus, 
 prob. cogn. w. that 1 ] 
 thwack, v.t. & n. = whack, [var.] 
 thwaite, n. Piece of wild land made arable 
 (now in place-names, as Est., Stonet). [f. ON 
 
 thveit paddock, cogn. w. OE thwitan cut, 
 whittle] 
 
 thwart, adv., prep., & a., (archaic), v.t., & n. 
 Across, athwart ; (Naut.) t.-hawse, across the 
 hawse, t.-ship a., -ships adv., (lying) across 
 ship; (adj. ) lying across, transverse ; (v.t.) frus- 
 trate, cross, (wish, purpose), whence thwap't- 
 ingLY 2 adv. ; (n.) oarsman's bench placed 
 across boat. [ME (adv.), cf. OE thweorh per- 
 verse, ON thverr, Da. tvxrt adv. across] 
 
 thy, thine, (dh-), pron. & a. Possessive case 
 of, & adj. corresp. to, thou (now archaic &c. 
 as thou ; before vowel usu. thine), also (thine) 
 in abs. use, as it was thy faidt, lift thine eyes, 
 the fault is thine, do what thou wilt with thine 
 own. [OE thin, cf. ON thinn, G dein ; thy by 
 loss of -n] 
 
 thy'lacine, n. Zebra-wolf, a Tasmanian 
 carnivorous marsupial, [irreg. f. Gk thulakos 
 pouch + kudn kunos dog] 
 
 thyme (Urn), n. Kinds of plant, esp. common 
 garden t., shrub with pungent aromatic leaves 
 used in cookery, shepherd's or wild t., kind 
 with mildly aromatic leaves. Hence thy'mv 2 
 a. [f. OF tym f. L f. Gk thumos] 
 
 thy P'old, a. & n. (anat. , zool. ). Shield-shaped, 
 as t. cartilage, large cartilage of larynx pro- 
 jection of which in man forms Adam's apple ; 
 connected with the t. cartilage, as t. artery ; t. 
 body or gla7id, large ductless organ of no 
 known function situated on larynx & trachea, 
 the seat of goitre ; having shield-shaped mark- 
 ings, as t. woodpecker. Hence thypo- comb, 
 form (anat.). [irreg. f. Gk thureoeides (Galen) 
 f. thureos shield f. thura door, see -omj 
 
 thyp*sus,n.(Gkant.; pl.-i). Stafftipped with 
 ornament like pine-cone, an attribute of Bac- 
 chus. [ L, f. Gk thursos] 
 
 thyself, pron. Reflexive & emphat. form 
 corresp. to thou, thee, (thy + self] 
 
 tiap*a, n. Ancient Persian turban worn 
 erect by king, depressed by others; Pope's 
 diadem pointed at top & surrounded by three 
 crowns, (fig.) the papal office; ornamental 
 coronet. Hence tiap'a'd [-ed 2 ] a. [L f. Gk, 
 prob. of Pers. orig.] 
 
 ti'bia, a. (anat. ; pi. -ae, 'as). Shin-bone ; 
 fourth joint of leg in insects ; drumstick of 
 fowl. So ti'biAL a., ti'bio- comb. form. [L, 
 = shin-bone, flute] 
 
 tie, n. Habitual spasmodic contraction of 
 muscles esp. of face ; (in full t. douloureux pr. 
 dooloorer lit. painful t.) severe form of facial 
 neuralgia with convulsive twitchings. [F, 
 prob. of Teut. orig.] 
 
 tice, n. = yorker. [perh. f . obs. tice entice] 
 
 tick \ v.i. & t., & n. (Make) slight recurring 
 click, esp. that of watch or clock ; t.-tack, pul- 
 sating sound esp. of the heart (see also trick- 
 track); small mark set against itemsinlist&c. 
 in checking ; (v.t.) mark (item, usu. off) with t. 
 [ME tek light touch, cf. Du. tik(ken) n. & vb, 
 touch, pat ; in sense 'click' perh. imit.] 
 
 tick 2 , n. Kinds of parasitic insect infesting 
 various animals, as dog, sheep, cattle, -t. [OE 
 ticia, cf. MDu. teke, G zecke] 
 
 tick 3 , n. Cover, case, of bedding ; (also ti'ek- 
 ing 1 n.) stout usu. striped linen or cotton ma- 
 terial used for this, [earlier teke f. L f. Gk 
 theke case (tithemi place)] 
 
 tick 4 , n. , & v. i. , (colloq. ). Credit, as buy goods 
 on t.; (v.i.) give credit, [abbr. of ticket] 
 
 ti'ekep, n. In vbl senses of tick 1 , esp. (col- 
 loq.) watch. T-er 1 ] 
 
 ti'cket, n., & v.t. Written or printed piece 
 of card or paper entitling holder to admission 
 to place of entertainment &c, conveyance by 
 train &c, or other right, as concert, theatre. 
 
TICKLE 
 
 923 
 
 TIGER 
 
 bath, lottery, railway, excursion, season, 
 through, return, 1. ; label attached to thing 
 & giving price or other particulars ; notice, 
 usu. of card, set up in window &c. of house to 
 let &c; the t. (colloq.), the proper thing, as not 
 quite the t.; (U.S. Polit.) list of candidates put 
 forward by a party, (fig.) principles of a party, 
 as the democratic t.; t. of leave (allowing liberty 
 with certain restrictions to prisoner or convict 
 w r ho has served part of his time), t.-of -leave 
 man, holder of such t.; t.-day (St. Exch.), day 
 before settling-day, when names of actual pur- 
 chasers are handed to stockbrokers ; t. -night, 
 performance at theatre proceeds of which are 
 divided among several persons in proportion to 
 number of tt. disposed of by each ; t. -porter, 
 licensed porter identified by badge ; t. -punch 
 (for punching tt.); (v.t.) put t. on (article for 
 sale &c). [f. OF c(s)tiquet{te) ticket, bill, f. G 
 stecken stick] 
 
 ti'ekle, v.t. & i., & n. Apply light touches 
 to (person, part of his body, or abs.) so as to 
 excite the nerves & usu. produce laughter & 
 in extreme case convulsion, as t. him with a 
 feather, t. the soles of her feet, don't t. ; feel 
 this sensation, as my foot tickles; excite agree- 
 ably,amuse,divert,(person, his sense of humour, 
 vanity, &c), as I teas hugely tickled at the idea, 
 this will t. his palate; (n.) act, sensation, of 
 tickling. [ME tik{e)len (tick 1 + -LE)] 
 ti'cklep, n. In vbl senses, also : puzzling or 
 delicate question or matter, [-er 2 ] 
 ti'cklish, a. Easily tickled, sensitive to 
 tickling; (of question or thing to be dealt with) 
 difficult, critical, delicate, requiring careful 
 handling. Hence treklishLY 2 adv., trek- 
 lishNEssn. [-ISH 1 ] 
 
 ticpolo'ng-a (-ngga), n. Venomous serpent 
 of India & Ceylon, [native] 
 tl'dal, a. Of tide(s); t. air (passing in & out 
 of lungs at each respiration) ; t. basin, dock, 
 harbour, (subject to rise & fall of tide) ; t. fric- 
 tion, (of t. wave, retarding diurnal rotation of 
 earth); t. river (affected by tide to some dis- 
 tance from mouth); t. wave, w r ave following sun 
 & moon from east to west & causing tides, 
 (improp.) any extraordinary ocean wave e.g. 
 one attributed to earthquake, (fig.) widespread 
 manifestation of feeling &c. Hence ti'dalLY 2 
 adv. [-al] 
 tidbit. See titbit. 
 
 ti*ddl(e-d)y-winks, n. Game in which 
 counters are flicked into tray &c. on centre of 
 table. [?] 
 
 tide 1 , n. Time, season, (now chiefly in cven-t. , 
 Whitsunt., Christmast., yule-t., &c, otherwise 
 archaic) ; period of time, as work double tt. 
 (night & day); periodical rise (fiood-t.) & fall 
 (ebb-t.) of sea due to attraction of moon & sun, 
 whence tido'LOGY n.; high, low, t., completion 
 of flood, ebb, -t.; spring, neap, -t., maximum, 
 minimum, t. when solar & lunar tt. act to- 
 gether, act 90° apart; ~LAG l ging, priming 2 , of 
 the tt.; meteorological t. (due to regular alter- 
 nations of wind &c); t.-gate (opened to admit 
 water or let vessels pass during rising tide, 
 closed to keep water in during ebb); t.-gauge 
 (showing extremes or present level of t.); t.-lock 
 (between tidal harbour & basin behind it) ; t.- 
 rip(s), rough water caused by opposing tt.; tide- 
 waiter, customs officer who boards ship on ar- 
 rival to enforce customs regulations; t.-way, 
 channel where t. runs, ebb or flow in such 
 channel. Hence ti'deLESS a. [OE tid time, 
 cf. Du. tijd, G zeit, ON tith] 
 tide 2 , v.i. & t. Drift with tide, esp. work in 
 or out of harbour with help of tide ; get over 
 (difficulty &c. ), as t. over this business, t. it over. 
 
 [(in obs. sense happen, betide) OE tidan; mod. 
 senses direct f. prec] 
 
 ti'dings, n. pi. (now chiefly literary; treated 
 as sing, or pi.). (Piece of) news, as Me t. come(s) 
 too late. [OE tidung (as prec), ME tidinde t. 
 ON tithindi f. corresp. ON vb] 
 ti'dy, a., n., & v.t. (Of dress, room, person, 
 habits) neatly arranged, neat, orderly; (colloq ) 
 pretty large, considerable, as left a V. sum be- 
 hind him, a t. day's work ; (colloq.) fairly well 
 in health, as am feeling pretty t.; (n.) detach- 
 able usu. ornamental cover for chair-back &c; 
 (v.t.) make (room, table, &c, oneself, or abs.; 
 often up) neat, put in good order. Hence 
 ti'diLY 2 adv., ti'diNESS n. [ME, = seasonable, 
 tidy, (tide ! + -y 2 )] 
 
 tie 1 , v.t. & i. (tying). Attach, fasten, with 
 cord or the like, as t. the dog to the railings, 
 ride and t., t. his legs together, t. up a parcel; 
 secure (shoe, bonnet) by tightening & knotting 
 its strings; arrange (string, ribbon, tie, &c.) to 
 form knot, bow, &c, as t. your tie, t. it in a 
 bow; form (knot, bow) thus ; t. (dress fish-hook 
 to look like) a fly; bind (rafters &c.) by cross- 
 piece &c. ; restrict, bind, (person &c. to, down 
 to, conditions, occupation, &c); tied to woman's 
 apron -strings; t. person's tongue, secure, com- 
 pel, his silence ; t. up, restrict, esp. annex con- 
 ditions to (bequest &c.) to prevent its being 
 sold or diverted from its purpose; tied hoxise, 
 public-house bound to deal exclusively with 
 one firm; (Mus.) unite (notes) by tie; make 
 same score as (person) in game &c., be equal in 
 score with. [ME tegen, as foil.] 
 tie 2 , n. Cord, chain, &c, used for fastening; 
 = neck 1 -£. ; (fig.) thing that unites persons, 
 bond, obligation, as tt. of blood, friendship ; 
 rod, beam, holding parts of a structure to- 
 gether; t.-beam, horizontal beam connecting 
 rafters; railway sleeper; (Mus.) curve set above 
 notes that are to be played &c. continuously ; 
 equality of score among competitors in game, 
 play, shoot, &c, off a t, play further game &c. 
 to decide between such competitors; match 
 between any pair of several competing players 
 or teams, as cup-it. (in competition for cup) ; 
 t.-up, obstructed situation, standstill, esp. (U.S.) 
 strike of railway men &c. ; t.-wig (tied behind 
 with ribbon). [OE Uah rope f. Uo{ha)n pull, cf. 
 ON taug_tie, string] 
 
 tier (ter), n., & v.t. Row, rank, esp. one of 
 several placed one above another as in theatre; 
 tt. of cable, circles it forms when coiled; (v.t.) 
 pile (often up) in tt. [(vb f. n.) f. OF tire perh. 
 of Teut. orig-] 
 
 tierce (ters), n. Cask between barrel & hogs- 
 head in size; (Mus.) - third; sequence of three 
 cards; (Fencing) third position for guard, parry, 
 or thrust; (Eccl., also terce) office of third hour. 
 [ME, f. F tiers, fern, -rce, third, f. L iKRtius] 
 tiercel. See tercel. 
 tiereet. See tercet. 
 
 tiers etat (tyarzetah' , n. *=third estate. [F] 
 tiff, n., & v.t. & i. Draught of liquor ; fit of 
 peevishness, slight quarrel; (v.t.) sip, drink.; 
 (v.i.) be in a pet, (Anglo-Ind.) lunch. l(vb f. n.) 
 f. Norw. tev scent, smell, sniff, cf. ON thefr ; last 
 sense f. tiffin] 
 
 ti'ffany, n. Kind of gauze muslin, [orig. 
 
 dress for Twelfth Night, f. OF tiffanie f. LL 
 
 THEophania manifestation of God, epiphany] 
 
 ti-ffin, n., & v.i. (Anglo-Ind.). (Take) light 
 
 meal esp. of curried dishes & fruit, lunch. 
 
 [tiff l + -ing J ; orig. in sense ' drinking '] 
 
 tig-e (tezh), n. (Archit.) 6haft of column ; 
 
 (Bot.) stem, stalk. IF, f. L tibia] 
 
 ti'g'ep (-g-), n. Large Asiatic striped feline 
 
 quadruped, esp. Bengal t. ; American t., jaguar; 
 
TIGERISH 
 
 924 
 
 TIME 
 
 red t, cougar; dissolute swaggerer or bully, 
 whence ti*geriSM(2) n.; groom accompanying 
 master in light vehicle ; t. -beetle, predaceous 
 kinds with spotted or striped wing-covers ; t.- 
 cat, kinds of wild-cat, hybrid between domestic 
 cat & European wild-cat; t.{'s)-cye, a gem of 
 brilliant lustre; t.-lily, garden kind with flowers 
 of dull orange spotted with black or purple ; 
 t.-moth, kinds with richly-streaked hairy wings 
 suggesting t.'s skin ; t.-wood (imported from 
 Brit. Guiana for cabinet-making). Soti'gPESS 1 
 n. [ME & OF tic/re f. L f. Gk tigris prob. f. 
 OPers. tighri arrow, from its swiftness] 
 
 ti*g , (©)i'ish, a. Like, cruel as, a tiger, [-ish 1 ] 
 
 tight (tit), a., n., &adv. Closely & firmly put 
 together, as t. ship ; impermeable, impervious, 
 esp. (in comb.) to specified thing, as air, gas, 
 water, wind, -t.\ closely held, drawn, fastened, 
 fitting, &c, as t. knots, cork istoo t.,corncaused 
 by a (too) t. shoe ; neat, trim, compact, as a t. 
 lass, t. little island ; tense, stretched so as to 
 leave no slack, as t. rope (esp. one on which 
 rope-dancers &c. perform); (colloq.) drunk; 
 money is t. (not easily obtainable), a t. money- 
 market (in which money is t.) ; produced by, re- 
 quiring, great exertion or pressure, as a t. 
 squeeze, am in a t. place (usu. fig., difficult situ- 
 ation) ; (n. pi.) close-fitting garments as used by 
 acrobat &c; (adv.) tightly, as squeeze it, hold 
 it, t. Hence tigh'tEN 6 v.t. & i., tiglrtenER 1 
 (1, 2), tig-h'tNESS, nn., tiglrtLY 2 adv. [ME 
 tigt f. ON thtttr, cf. Sw. tat, Da. txt] 
 
 tike, ty-, n. Cur ; low fellow ; Yorkshire t, 
 Yorkshireman. (ME, f. ON tik, cf. Sw. tile] 
 
 ti'lbury, n. (hist.). Kind of gig. [T., maker] 
 
 ti'lde, n. Mark put over Spanish n when it 
 is pronounced ny (e.g. seiior), [Sp., var. of 
 tilulo TITLE 1 ] 
 
 tile, n., & v.t. Thin slab of baked clay for 
 roof, pavement, dizain, &c; similar slab glazed 
 & often decorated for hearth, fireplace, wall, 
 &c; Dutch t. (painted usu. in blue & with scrip- 
 tural subjects) ; pantile ; plaint., flatroofing- 
 t. usu. about 10£ x 6) in.; (colloq.) silk hat; t. 
 tea ; tilestone (suitable for making tt. or for 
 roofing &c.) ; (v.t.) cover (roof &c. or abs.) with 
 tt., (Freemasonry) guard (lodge, meeting) 
 against intrusion by placing tiler at door, 
 whence (gen.) bind (person) to secrecy. Hence 
 ti'iiNG '(1, 2, 6) n. [(vb f. n.; in Freem. sense f. 
 foil.) OE tigele f. L tegula f. tcgere cover] 
 
 ti'lep, n. One who makes or lays tiles, whence 
 ti*lERY(3) n.; (Freemasonry, also archaic tyler) 
 doorkeeper of lodge, [-er 1 ] 
 
 tii'ka,n. Hindu forehead caste-mark. [Skr.] 
 
 till 1 , v.t. Cultivate (soil). Hence ti'llABLE 
 a., ti*llAGE(3) n. [OE tilian, teolian, strive for, 
 till, f. til good(ness) cogn. w. foil., cf. Du. telen 
 breed, till, G zielen aim at] 
 
 till 2 , prep. &conj. Up to, as late as, (specified 
 day, hour, season), as wait t. evening, four- 
 o'clock, then, Monday, next week', up to the 
 time of (event expected to happen sooner or 
 later), as was true t. death, waited t. the end, t. 
 his return, arrival, departure (but not t. his 
 accident) ; (conj.) up to the time when, as ring 
 t. you get an answer, walk on t. you come to the 
 gate. [ME til to prep., f. ON til to, till, a case 
 of til n. purpose, cf. G ziel] 
 
 till 3 , n. Money-drawer in shop counter, [also 
 prov. tiller, f. ME tillen pull, draw, OE {for)- 
 tyllan, cogn. w. toll] 
 
 till 4 , n. A stiff clay containing boulders, 
 sand, &c, boulder-clay. Hence ti'llY 2 a. [?] 
 
 ti'l'ler 1 , n. One who tills, [-er 1 ] 
 
 ti'ller 2 , n. Lever fitted to head of rudder 
 for steering; t. -chain, -rope, (connecting t. with 
 wheel). |f. ME tillen (see till 3 ) + -er j ] 
 
 ti'ller 3 , n., & v.i. Shoot of plant springing 
 from bottom of original stalk ; sapling ; sucker ; 
 (v.i.) put forth tt. IOE telgor, cf. Du. telg, G 
 dial, zelke] 
 
 tilt l , v.i. & t., & n. (Cause to) assume sloping 
 position, heel over, as table is apt to t. over, 
 don't t. the table, cask vjants lilting (to facili- 
 tate emptying); (Geol., t. & i. of strata) turn up 
 at steep angle ; make a charge with lance 
 (often at opponent, esp. fig.) ; t. at the ring (sus- 
 pended for horseman to carry off on point of 
 lance) ; hammer (steel &c.) with t. (N.) tilting, 
 sloping position ; charging with spear against 
 antagonist or mark (i.-i/ard, place used for this); 
 device of crossed sticks &c. for showing when 
 fish has taken hook ; full t., at full speed, with 
 f ull force, esp. come,run,frdlt. against; Li-ham- 
 mer), heavy pivoted hammer used in forging. 
 Hence trltER ML 2) n. [(n. f. vb) ME tilten f. 
 OE tealt unsteady, cf. ON tblta, amble, Sw. 
 tulta waddle] 
 
 tilt 2 , n., & v.t. Covering of canvas &c. esp. 
 for cart; (v.t.) furnish with t. [OEtefr2.cf.MDu. 
 telde, G zelt, ON tjald] 
 
 tilth, n. Tillage, cultivation ; depth of soil 
 affected by this. [OE (till 1 +-TH 1 )] 
 
 ti'mbal, -ul, ty-, n. Kettle drum. [f. F 
 timbale f. It. timballo f. Arab. ta&Zdrum] 
 
 timbale (F), n. Dish of pounded fowl or fish 
 with white of egg &c. made in a mould. 
 
 ti*mber», n. Wood prepared for building, 
 carpentry, &c; trees suitable for this ; woods ; 
 piece of wood, beam, esp. (Naut.) any of the 
 curved pieces forming ribs of vessel, whence 
 (invoking destruction) shiver my tt. ; t.-cart 
 (high-wheeled, with tacklefor lifting i.);t. head, 
 top end of t. rising above deck & used for be- 
 laying ropes &c.; t.-toe(s) colloq., person with 
 wooden leg. Hence (-)ti'mfoerED 2 a., ti*m- 
 bepixG ] (2, 3) n. [OE, cf. Du timmer, G zimmer 
 room, timber, ON <iwi6r, cogn. w.Gk tfe??iobuild, 
 L domus house] 
 
 ti'mbre {-er, or as F), n. Characteristic 
 quality of sounds produced by each particular 
 voice or instrument, depending on the form of 
 the vibrations. [F, = timbre, clock-bell, drum, 
 f. tympanum] 
 
 ti'mbrel, n. Tambourine, [dim. of ME tim- 
 ber f. prec] 
 
 time 1 , n. Duration, continued existence; 
 progress of this viewed as affecting persons or 
 things, as t. will shoio who is right, has stood 
 the test of t, (personified) assaults of (old, Fa- 
 ther) T.; more or less definite portion of this 
 associated with particular events or circum- 
 stances, historical or other period, as the tt. of 
 the Stuarts, the t. of the Black Death, pre-his- 
 toric tt., those godless tt., the good old tt., things 
 have changed since those tt., the scientists of the 
 t.; allotted or available portion of t., the t. at 
 one's disposal, as it will last our t. (lives), have 
 no t. for such frivolities, had no t. to discuss tt, 
 spend, lose, waste, t., will take you all your t. 
 (cslloq. = tax your powers), give me t. & I will 
 pay, (colloq.) got there t. (soon) enough to see 
 him, gaint., procure it esp. by temporizing mea- 
 sures; moment or definite portion oft. destined 
 or suitable for a purpose &c, as there is at. for 
 everything, ivill fix a t. for seeing him, now is 
 the t. to press your point, now is your t. (oppor- 
 tunity), I must bide myt., it is (high) t. to go, 
 t. for lunch, lunch-t., it is t. Irvas going (for me 
 to go), in the nick 1 oft., t. (for boxing- round &c.) 
 is up, (umpire's call) t.!, is serving his t. (as ap- 
 prentice &c.), is doing t. (in prison), isfaronin 
 her t. (of gestation), is near her t. (of childbirth), 
 my t. (death) is drawing near; (often pi.) con- 
 ditions of life, prevailing circumstances, of a 
 
TIME 
 
 925 
 
 TINSEL 
 
 period, as hard, bad, good, tt. (esp. hard &c. to 
 get a living in), had a good t., enjoyed myself, 
 those were (fine) tt..', what a t. (trouble) you will 
 have getting him home !; occasion, as the first t. 
 I saw him, icait till next t., did it seven tt. run- 
 ning, have told you a dozen tt.,tt. out of number, 
 t. & again, many a t,, t. after t., for the last t. oj 
 asking, three-, four, &c. tt. (but twice, not two tt.) 
 9 is 27 &c, is three tt. the size of mine, ten tt. 
 easier or as easy ; past, present, future, t„ the 
 portions into which all t. may at any moment 
 be accurately or loosely divided (esp., Gram., 
 "with reference to tenses); (amount of) t. as reck- 
 oned byconventional standards, as the t. allowed 
 was four years, months, minutes, did a mile in 
 record L, astronomical (mean solar) t., apparent 
 (solar) t, sidereal f., esp. stated in nours & 
 minutes of the day, as the t. fixed was U.30, what 
 is the t.?, is that the correct (Greenwich) t.?; 
 (Mus.) (a) duration of a note as indicated by 
 semibreve, minim, &c, (b) style of movement 
 depending on number & accentuation of beats 
 in a bar, as binary, ternary, t. (with two, three, 
 beats in bar), common 1 t., (c) rate of execu- 
 tion, tempo ; against t., with utmost speed, as 
 working, riding, against t.', ahead of, (born) 
 before, one's t. or ft., having notions too enlight- 
 ened to be appreciated or put into practice ; at 
 the same t., simultaneously, notwithstanding, 
 all the same ; at tt., now & then ; beat t., indi- 
 cate, follow, t. of music with stick, hand, &c. ; 
 civil t. (expressed by civil year &c); close 1 t.; 
 from t. to t., occasionally ; in t., not late, early 
 enough (to do, for thing), eventually, sooner or 
 later, in accordance with, following, the t. of 
 music &c; keep t., walk, dance, sing, &c, in t., 
 (of clock &c.) keep good, bad, r., record t. (in- 
 accurately; mean t. (regulated by average); 
 out oft., unseasonable, -bly, (of singing &c.) not 
 int.; t. immemorial or out of mind, (for, from) 
 a longer time than any one can remember or 
 trace ; the t. of day, hour by clock, (colloq. ) pass 
 the t. of day, exchange greeting &c. (with per- 
 son), (slang) so that's the t. of day (the state of 
 affairs, your little game, &c.)/; what t. (poet.), 
 while, when ; t.-ball (dropped from top of staff 
 at observatory to indicate fixed moment of 
 mean time, usu. 1 p.m.); t.-bargain, contract 
 for sale of stock &c. at future t. (often a form 
 of gambling); t.-book, -card, -sheet, (for record- 
 ing workmen's hours of work) ; t.-fuse (calcu- 
 lated to burn for given t.); t. -honoured, vener- 
 able by antiquity ; timekeeper, one who records 
 t. esp. of workmen, watch &c. is good, bad, t.-k. 
 (keeps good, bad, t.); timepiece, watch, clock ; 
 t.-server, one who, esp. for selfish ends, adapts 
 himself to opinions of the tt. or of persons in 
 power, so t.-serving a. & n.; t. -table, scheme of 
 school work &c, table showing tt. of trains; 
 t.-work (paid for by time, not piece-io.). [OE 
 tima, cf. ON timi, Da. time, cogn. w. tide! 
 
 time 2 , v.t. & i. Choose right time for, do at 
 right time, as must t. your blows, remark was 
 not well timed ; ascertain the time taken by 
 (race, runner, &c), whence ti*mER ] (1,2), ti*m- 
 ing 1 , nn. ; keep time, harmonize, with. [f. prec] 
 
 trmeless, a. (rare). Unending ; untimely. 
 
 [-LESS] 
 
 ti'mely, a. Seasonable, opportune. Hence 
 ti'meliNESS n. [-ly 1 ] 
 
 time'noguy (-gi), n. (naut.). Rope stretched 
 from one"place to another to prevent fouling of 
 rigging. [?] 
 
 timeous. See timous. 
 
 ti'mid, a. Easily alarmed ; shy. Hence or 
 cogn. timi'dirv, ti'midNESS, nn., trmidLY 2 
 adv. [f. F timide f. L timidus (timere fear, -id *)] 
 
 timo'epaey, n. Form of government in 
 
 which there is a property qualification for office. 
 So timoepatic a. [f. Gk timokratia (time 
 honour, worth, value, see -cracv)] 
 
 trmopous,a. Timid, easily alarmed. Hence 
 ti'mopousLY 2 adv., ti'mopousNESS n. [f. 
 med.L. timorosus (L timor fear f. timere, -ous)] 
 
 trmothy(-g-pass), n. A fodder-grass. [1\ 
 Hanson, who introduced it in England] 
 
 trmous, a. (chiefly Sc). Timely. Hence 
 ti'mousLY 2 adv. [f. time l + -ous] 
 
 ti'mpano, n. (pi. -ni pr. -ne). Kettle-drum. 
 [It., f. tympanum] 
 
 tin, n., & v.t. White highly malleable metal 
 taking high polish, little affected by atmo- 
 sphere, & much used for cooking-utensils &c. 
 esp. in form of t.-plate (sheet iron coated with 
 t.); vessel &c. of t., esp. for preserving meat, 
 fruit, &c, as sardine-t.; (attrib.) made of t. or 
 of iron covered with t. ; (slang) money ; cry oft., 
 crackling sound it makes if bent ; salt oft., t.- 
 liquor, solutions of t. -used as mordants by dyers 
 &c; t.-foil, foil of t. or t.-like alloy, used as 
 wrapper for soap, tobacco, &c, (v.t.) cover or 
 coat with this ; (v.t.) cover, coat, with t., pack 
 (meat, fruit, &c. ) in tt. for preservation ; t.-plate 
 v.t., coat with t.; tinman, t.-smith, worker in 
 t.-plate, so ti'nriER 1 n.; tinstone, principal ore 
 of t. ; tinware, vessels &c. of t.or t.-plate. Hence 
 ti-nnY 2 a. [OE, ON, Du., Da., cf. G zinn ; not 
 conn. w. L. stannum, staff-, whence F Main) 
 
 ti'namou (-oo), n. S.-Amer. quail-like game- 
 bird. [F, of S.-Amer. orig.] 
 
 ti'neal, -kal, (-ngkl), n. Unrefined borax.* 
 [f. Malay tingkal] 
 
 tinetop'ial, n. Of colourordyeing, producing 
 colour. [F, f. L tinctorius (tinge, -orv) + -al] 
 
 ti'nctupe (-tsher), n., & v.t. Alcoholic or 
 other solution of some (usu. vegetable) principle 
 used in medicine, as t. of quinine ; slight flavour, 
 spice, smack, (o/thing,fig. o/moral quality &c); 
 tinge (of colour) ; (v.t.) colour slightly, tinge, 
 flavour, (fig. ) affect slightly (with quality). [( vb 
 f. n.) f. L tinctura dyeing (as tinge, see -ure)] 
 
 ti'ndep, n. Dry substance readily taking 
 fire from spark, esp. charred linen &c. used in 
 t.-box (containing t., flint, and steel, for kindling 
 fire) ; German t., - amadou. Hence ti'nderv 2 
 a. [OE tyndre (tendan kindle, cf. Da. txnde, 
 Sw. tdnda] 
 
 tine, n. Point, prong, e.g. of antler, harrow, 
 or fork. Hence (-)tinED 2 a. [OE tind, cf. ON 
 tindr, Sw. tinne, cogn. w. L dens tooth] 
 
 ting 1 , n., & v.i. (Make) tinkling sound as of 
 bell, [imit., cf. tinkle] 
 
 tinge, v.t., & n. Colour slightly (with red &c); 
 (fig.) modify by mixture (with envy &c); (n.) 
 tint, slight colouring, flavour (lit. & fig.), [f. L 
 tingere tinet- dye, stain, cf. Gk teggo] 
 
 ti'ngle, v.i., & n. (Feel) prickling or stinging 
 sensation ; cause this, as the reply tingled in his 
 ears. [ME tinglen f. ting, see -le (3)] 
 
 ti*nkep,n., & v.t. & i. Mender (esp. itinerant) 
 of kettles, pans, etc. ; rough-&-ready worker, 
 botcher ; patching, botching, as had an hour's 
 t. at it ; kinds of fish, bird, & seal ; (v.t.) repair 
 (metal-work), patch (anything, lit. & fig., often 
 up) roughly ; work in amateurish or clumsy 
 fashion at (thing) in the way of repair or altera- 
 tion. Hence ti'nkePLY 1 a. [(vb f. n.) ME 
 tinkere (tinken as foil. +-ER 1 ), from sound made] 
 
 ti'nkle, v.i. & t., & n. (Make) succession of 
 clinking sounds; make (bell &c.) t. [(n. f. vb> 
 ME tinklen f. tinken imit., cf. ting, + -le(3)] 
 
 ti'nklep, n. In vbl senses, esp. : (slang) small 
 bell. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 tinnrtus, n. (med.). Ringing in the ears. 
 [L, f. tinnire -it-, imit., cf. ting] 
 
 ti'nsel, u., a., & v.t. (-11-). Kinds of glittering 
 
TINT 
 
 926 
 
 TITHE 
 
 metallic substance made in thin sheets & used 
 in strips, threads, &c, to give sparkling effect ; 
 dress-fabric &c. adorned with t. ; (fig.) super- 
 ficial brilliancy or splendour; (adj.) showy, 
 gaudy, cheaply splendid; (v.t.) adorn with t. 
 (lit. & fig.), [(a. & vb f. n.) f. MF estincelle, U-, 
 spark (for loss of &- cf. ticket) f. L scintilla perh. 
 corrupted to stincilla] 
 
 tint, n., & v.t. A variety of a colour, esp. one 
 made by diluting with white ; (rare) tendency 
 towards, admixture of, a different colour, as 
 red ofov with a blue t. ; (Engrav.) set of parallel 
 lines cut with t.-tool to give uniform shading ; 
 t. -block, block bearing design to be printed in 
 faint colour as background, ruled, crossed, t, 
 surface of this with parallel, crossing, lines; 
 (v.t.) apply t. to, colour. Hence ti'ntLESS a. 
 [f. It. tvnta (as tinge) ; earlier also tinct f. L] 
 
 tl'nter, n. Person who tints ; instrument for 
 tinting ; magic-lantern slide of plain coloured 
 glass. [-ERlj 
 
 ti'ntinnabula'tion, n. Tinkling of bells, 
 [f. foil. + -ation] 
 
 tintinna*bulum,n. (pi. -la). Bell, esp. small 
 tinkling one, whence tintinna'bulAR(Y) 1 , 
 tintinna'bulous, aa. ; rattle made of small 
 bells or metal plates. [L, = bell, f. tintinnare 
 redupl. form as tinnitus] 
 
 tinto'meter. n. Instrument for determining 
 tints, [-meter] 
 
 tl'nty, a. Discordantly tinted. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 tl'ny, tee'ny (nursery), a. Very small, as a 
 t. little boy, little t. boy. [earlier tine, tyne, used 
 as n. = a little bit, etym. dub.] 
 
 -tion, suf. of nn. of action or condition ( = -t- 
 of L p.p. stem +-ion, cf. -ation), as attention. 
 
 tip % n., & v.t. Extremity, end, esp. of small 
 or tapering thing, as the tt. of the fingers, walk 
 on the tt. of your toes, t. of a cigar, bird mea- 
 sures 15 in. from t. (of one wing) to t. (of other), 
 had it on the t. of my tongue, was just going to 
 say it ; kinds of brush used in gilding ; small 
 piece or part attached to end of thing, e.g. fer- 
 rule ; tipstaff (hist. ; pi. -staves), (metal-tipped 
 stafFas badge of) sheriff's officer ; ti'ptoe, (adv., 
 also on tiptoe) on the tt. of the toes, (v.i.) walk t. ; 
 tiptopjn.) highest pointof excellence, (a.& adv.) 
 first-rate; (v.t.) furnish with t. [ME, Du.,Da.] 
 
 tip 2 , v.t. & i., & n. (Cause to) lean or slant, 
 tilt, topple, (over, up, &c.) esp. with slight effort ; 
 strike or touch lightly (t. & run, game with 
 stick & ball); overturn, cause to overbalance, 
 (person into pond &c); discharge (contents of 
 jug «&c. out, into, &c.)thus; (slang) throw lightly, 
 hand, give, communicate, in informal manner, 
 as t. (throw) us a copper, L us your Jin, shake 
 hands, t. us a song, a yarn, might have tipped 
 me the wink (given me warning wink) ; (Sport, 
 slang) give secret information about horse &c. 
 to ; make usu. small present of money to, as 
 must t. the porter, tipped me (now rarely with) 
 half-a-croicn. (N.) small money present; secret 
 information about horse-racing,money-market, 
 &c, as will give you the straight (correct) t. ; 
 miss one's t., fail in one's object; slight push; 
 light stroke esp. in base-ball ; place where re- 
 fuse is tipped ; t. -car, -cart, (pivoted for tipping); 
 t.-cat, (game with) short piece of wood tapering 
 at ends & struck with stick. Hence ti'ppER l 
 (1, 2) n. [ME tippen ; weak form of tap] 
 
 tl'ppet, n. Cape, muffler, of fur &c. covering 
 shoulders & coming down to some distance in 
 front, worn by women & as part of official cos- 
 tume by judges, clergy, &c. [OE tseppet f. L 
 tapete cloth f. Gk tapes -etos carpet] 
 
 ti'pple, v.i. & t., & n. Drink strong drink 
 habitually ; drink (liquor) slowly & repeatedly ; 
 (n.) strong drink. Hence ti'pplER 1 n. [f. tip 1 
 
 + -le(3), cf. Norw. tipla frequent, of tippa drip 
 from tip] 
 
 ti'pster, n. One who gives tips about races 
 &c. [-STER] 
 
 ti'psy, a. Intoxicated; proceeding from, 
 showing, intoxication, as a t. lurch; t.-cake, 
 sponge-cake soaked in wine & served, with 
 custard. Hence ti'psiF y v. t. , ti'psiL y 2 ad v. , 
 ti'psiNESS n. [cogn. w. tip 1 , tipple, cf. Swiss 
 tipseln fuddle oneself, and for -sy cf. tricksy] 
 
 tira'de, n. Long vehement speech esp. of 
 censure ; long passage of declamation &c. ; 
 (Mus.) diatonic run filling interval between 
 notes. [F, = long speech, f. It. tirata drawing, 
 pulling, f. It. & LL tirare draw, see -ade] 
 
 tirailleur* (-aler or as F), n. Sharp-shooter, 
 skirmisher. 
 
 tire \ v.t. & i. Make or grow weary ; am tired, 
 have had enough of, am sick of, (thing, doing). 
 Hence tire'dNESS n., also (rhet., poet.)tire*- 
 less l [-less] a. , tir e'less l y 2 adv. [ME tiren, 
 teorian, OE tyrigan, etym. dub.] 
 
 tire 2 , tyre, n., & v.t. Band of metal, rubber, 
 &c, placed round rim of wheel to strengthen 
 it or prevent jar; pneumatic t. ; (v.t.) place 
 t. en (wheel). Hence (-)tirED 2 , tire'less 2 
 [-less], aa. [perh. = foil.] 
 
 tire a , n., & v.t., (archaic). Head-dress; 
 attire ; (v.t.) adorn, attire, as she tired her head; 
 tirewoman (archaic), woman employed to dress 
 another, [for attire] 
 
 tire'some, a. Tending to tire, fatiguing ; 
 tedious; annoying, as how t.!— I have left my 
 watch behind. Hence tire'someLY 2 adv., 
 tire'someNESs n. [tire l + -some] 
 
 tir*o, tyro, n. Beginner, novice. [L (ti-) t = 
 newly levied soldier] 
 
 tiroci'nium, n. Apprenticeship, first rudi- 
 ments of an art. [L, -- first service of soldier 
 (prec.)] 
 
 tir* wit, n. Lapwing, [imit. of cry] 
 
 'tis (-z), contraction of it is. 
 
 tisa'ne (-zan), n. = ptisan. [F] 
 
 ti'ssue (-su, -shu, -shoo), n. Any fine woven 
 fabric ; (Biol.) substance of an organ, fabric 
 formed of cells & cell-products, as adipose, 
 connective, muscular, nervous, t; (fig.) inter- 
 woven series, set, collection, (of lies, crimes, 
 &c.) ; t.(-paper), thin soft unsized paper for 
 wrapping or protecting delicate articles, en- 
 graving in book, &c. Hence (-)tissuED 2 a. [f. 
 F tissu woven (thing) f. *tistre weave (mod.F 
 tisser) f. L texere] 
 
 tit Vn- Teat, [OE, cf. MDu. titte, G zitze, & 
 
 TEAT] 
 
 tit 2 , n. Kinds of small bird, including tit- 
 lark & titmouse (both also called titling) ; 
 (archaic) small or poor horse, child, girl. [f. 
 obs. ON tittr, a bird ; orig. = small thing] 
 
 tit 3 , n. T. for tat, blow for blow, retaliation, 
 [perh. = tip for tap or f. old proverb tint for 
 tant f. F tantpour tant so much for so much] 
 
 Tl'tan, n. (Gk Myth.) each of a gigantic 
 race, the children of Uranus & Ge, (also) the 
 sun-god, brother of Helios; the weary T., 
 British or other large empire (w. ref. to atlas); 
 person of superhuman size, strength, intellect, 
 &c, whence Ti'tanESS 1 n. ; = foil. So Ti- 
 tanE'SQUE, tita'nic, aa. [L f. Gk] 
 
 tita'nium, n. A dark-grey metallic element. 
 Hence ti'tanATE M3) n. [prec. + -ium] 
 
 ti'tbi't, n. Delicate bit, choice morfffel. [tit 2 ] 
 
 tithe (-dh), n., & v.t. Tax of one-tenth, esp. 
 one payable in kind; (often pi.) tenth part of 
 annual proceeds of land (predial tt.) & per- 
 sonal industry (personal tt.) taken for support 
 of clergy & church ; mixed tt. (from pigs, 
 sheep, &c, fed on the land) ; t. commissioners 
 
TITHING 
 
 (arranging commutation of tt. &c.) ; t.-pig, 
 tenth pig set apart for t. ; (rhet.) tenth part, 
 esp. not a t. of; (v.t.) subject to tt. Hence 
 ti'thABLE a. [(vb OE teothian) OE Uotha (as 
 ten, see -TH 2 )] 
 
 ti'thing, n. Taking tithe ; (Hist.) ten house- 
 holders living near together & bound over as 
 sureties for each other's peaceable behaviour. 
 [OE Uothung {teothian, prec, -ING ] )J 
 
 ti'tillate, v.t. Tickle ; excite pleasantly. So 
 titillA'TiON n. [f. L titillare, see -ate' 2 ) 
 
 ti'tivate, titti-, v.t. & i. (colloq.). Adorn, 
 smarten, (oneself Sec) ; adorn oneself. [?] 
 
 ti'tle (-tl), n. Distinguishing appellation 
 placed at head of chapter, poem, &c. ; contents 
 of t.-page of book, short essential part of these 
 used in reference (e. g. Adam, Smith's Wealth 
 of Nations) ; formula at head of legal docu- 
 ment, statute, &c. ; division of statute &c. ; 
 personal appellation, hereditary or not, denot- 
 ing or implying office (e. g. king, queen, judge, 
 may or, rector, captain) or nobility (e. g. duke, 
 marquis, earl, viscount, baron, any of which 
 exc. duke may be courtesy t. of son &c. of 
 duke &c.) or distinction or merit (e. g. baronet, 
 knight) or(usu. degree) qualification (e. g. D.D., 
 M.A.), or used in addressing or referring to 
 person (e. g. Lord, Lady, Sir, Mrs, Miss, Doc- 
 tor, Professor, prefixed to name ; your or her 
 or his Majesty, Grace, Sec.) ; (Law) right to 
 ownership of property with or without posses- 
 sion, the facts constituting this, (also t.-deed) 
 legal instrument as evidence of right ; just or 
 recognized claim {to), service, merit, &c, that 
 constitutes this ; fineness of gold as expressed 
 in carats ; fixed sphere of work & source of 
 income as condition to ordination ; (district 
 attached to) parish church in Rome ; t.-page, 
 page at beginning of book giving particulars 
 of subject, authorship, publication, &c. ; t.-role, 
 part in a play that gives it its name (e. g. 
 Othello). Henceti'tleLESsa. [OF,f. Ijtitulus] 
 
 ti'tled, a. Having title of nobility, [-ed 2 ] 
 
 ti'tling 1 , n. See tit 2 , [f. OX titlingr (as 
 tit 2 , see -LING 1 )] 
 
 ti'tlingr 2 , n. Impressing of title in gold-leaf 
 &c. on back of book, [-ing j ] 
 
 ti'tpate, v.t. Determine quantity of given 
 constituent in (compound) by observing quan- 
 tity of a standard solution necessary to convert 
 this constituent into another form. So titPA*- 
 tion n. If. F titre title 4- -ate 2 ] 
 
 ti'ttep, v.i., & n. Laugh, giggle, in re- 
 strained manner ; (n.) such laugh. Hence ti't- 
 tePER 1 n. [f. tit imit. + -er 5 ] 
 
 ti'ttlo, n. Particle, whit, esp. not one jot or 
 t. [MB, = stroke over word or letter, f. L as 
 
 TITLE, Cf. TILDE] 
 
 ti'ttle-tattle, n., &v.i. Gossip, [redupl. f. 
 tattle f. tat imit., cf. titter, + -le(3)] 
 
 ti'ttup, v.i., & n. Go along Sec, move, con- 
 duct oneself, in lively or frisky fashion; (n.) 
 spring, prance. Hence ti'ttup(p)Y 2 a. [?] 
 
 tituba'tion, n. (med.). Fidgetiness esp. as 
 caused by nervous irritation, [f. L titubatio 
 (titubare totter, see -ation)] 
 
 ti*tulap, a. & n. Held by virtue of a title, as 
 t. possessions ; existing, that is such, only in 
 name, as t. sovereignly) ; t. bishop, (R.-C. Ch.) 
 bishop bearing name of a former Christian see 
 esp. in Mohammedan countries ; t. (saint), pa- 
 tron saint of church; (n.) holder of office Sec 
 esp. benefice without corresponding functions 
 or obligations. Hence titulaPLY 2 adv. [f. 
 
 L a8 TITLE + -AR 1 ] 
 
 ti'type-tu, n. Member of gang of London 
 street-ruffians in time of Charles II. [Tityre, 
 tu, first wds of first eclogue of Virgil] 
 
 927 TO 
 
 ti'zzy, n. (slang). Sixpence, [corrupt, of 
 
 TESTER 3 ] 
 
 tme'sis, n. (gram.). Separation of the parts 
 of a word by intervening word(s) (e.g. to us 
 ward, L cere- comminuit -brum). [L f. Gk 
 tmesis cutting f. temno cut] 
 
 to 1 (before consonant te, before vowel tdb, 
 emphat. or at end of clause too), prep. In the 
 direction of (place, person, thing, condition, 
 quality, &c; with or without the implication 
 of intention or of arrival), as was walking over 
 to Bath, on h is way to the station, fled to Rome, 
 throw it to me, got to the house by four, to bed 
 xoith you !, fluttered to the pavement, was com- 
 mitted to the flames, house look* to the south, 
 held it to the light, to arms !, hand to hand, told 
 him to his face, was carried to destruction, let- 
 ter has come to hand, fell to work, fell to mus- 
 ing, tends or has a tendency to indolence, slow 
 to anger, appointed to a post, born to a great 
 fortune, all to no purpose, to his shame be it 
 said ; as far as, not short of, as true to the end, 
 cut him to the heart, a Home-ruler to the core, 
 fought to the last gasp, hit it to the boundary, 
 correct to a hair's-breadth, suits him to a T, 
 acted his part to perfection, might run to £5, 
 drank himself to death, might argue to all eter- 
 nity, & so on to the end of the chapter ; (of com- 
 parison, ratio, adaptation, reference, &c.) this 
 is nothing to xvhat it might be, 3 is to U as 6 is to 
 8, ten to one he will find it out, two to one is not 
 fair play, not up to the mark, equal to the occa- 
 sion, made to order, drawn to scale, not to the 
 point, true to life, ivill speak to that question 
 later, sang to his guitar, cannot do it to his 
 liking, corresponding, compared, inferior, Sec, 
 to ; (archaic) for, by way of, as took her to wife, 
 has a duke to his father-in-law; (introducing 
 indirect object of vb, recipient, possessor, &c, 
 or person or thing affected by the action, quali- 
 ty, &c; alternative constrr. as shown) lend it 
 or them, or this Sec, or your knife Sec, to John 
 or to him (also lend John or him this Sec. or 
 your knife or rarely it or them, lend it or rarely 
 them him or rarely John, but not lend this Sec, 
 or your knife him, or John, nor lend to him or 
 John it or them, nor in ordinary prose lend to 
 him or John this Sec or your knife), write to me, 
 explain it to me, apply to the secretary, seems 
 to me absurd, to my mind or thinking, revolting 
 to sane minds, pleasant to the taste, impervious 
 to weather, obedient to command, unkind to 
 him, has been a good father to them, what's 
 that to you ?, drink to me only with thine eyes, 
 here's to you (your health), broken in to the 
 saddle, accustomed to it, next door to us, ready 
 to his hand, has not a shilling to his name, 
 takes no wine to his dinner (archaic), there is a 
 moral to it, there is no end to it ; would to God 
 (I wish it were or had been God's will) that ; (as 
 sign of infinitive, expressing purpose, conse- 
 quence, &c, limiting the meaning of adj., or 
 merely forming verbal n.; omitted after can, 
 do, may, must, shall, will, Se as shown, cf. also 
 dare, need, go) he proposes to stay, declines 
 to go, wants to know, began to sing (or began 
 singing), fail to understand, does it to annoy, 
 the matter is difficult to explain, it is useless to 
 rebel (rebellion is useless), allow me to remind 
 (but let me remind) you, was seen to fall (but I 
 saw him fall), was heard to complain (but I 
 heard him complain), floor was felt to tremble 
 (hut felt the floor tremble), was never known or 
 found to fail, have sometimes known or found 
 it {to) fail, make him repeat it, he was made 
 (usu. to) repeat it, help me {to) lift this, please 
 (to usu. omitted) shut the door, was pleased 
 (thought fit) to be angi'y, I prefer to go (but had 
 
TO 
 
 928 
 
 TOIL 
 
 rather go, had as lieff/o), had my tvork to do, 
 had to do my work (hut will no. have you talk 
 such nonsense), teas about to protest, (archaic) 
 he is much to seek (deficient) in that respect, 
 (archaic) what went ye out for to see ?, to wit 1 ; 
 (as substitute for infinitive) meant to call but 
 forgot to, had no time to, you promised to. 
 [OE to prep. & sign of gerund as distinct from 
 infinitive, cf. Du. toe,Gzu, Russ. do] 
 to 2 (too), adv. To the normal or required 
 position or condition, esp. to a standstill, as 
 
 BRING, COME, FALL, GO, HEAVE, LIE 3 , to J the 
 
 door is to (just not shut) ; to & fro. [f. prec] 
 
 toad, n. Reptile like frog but with clumsy & 
 usu. warty body & not aquatic except when 
 breeding ; detestable or disgusting person; t. in 
 a (or the) hole, beef baked in batter ; t.-eater, 
 sycophant, obsequious parasite, so t.-eating a. 
 & n.; t.-flax, perennial plant with spurred 
 yellow flowers marked with orange spot ; t- 
 spit, - cucKOO-spit ; toadstone, stone, some- 
 times precious, supposed to resemble or to have 
 been formed in body of t, formerly used as 
 amulet &c, [f. G todies gestein de&d rock] kind 
 of volcanic rock ; toadstool, kinds of umbrella- 
 shaped fungus. Hence toa'diSH 1 a. [OE 
 tadige, etym. dub.] 
 
 toa'dy, n., & v.t. = row-eater ; (v.t.) fawn 
 servilely upon (person or abs.). Hence toa'dy- 
 ish J a., toa'dy ism n. [shortened f. roAB-eatei-] 
 
 toast, n., & v.t. & i. Slice of bread browned 
 on each side esp. at open fire; (archaic) a t., 
 piece of t. in cup of wine ; person esp. woman 
 whose health is drunk, thing, sentiment, similar- 
 ly named in drinking, as teas a great t. in her 
 day ; t.-master, person who announces tt. at 
 public dinner: t.-rack (for holding slices oft. 
 at table) ; t. -water (in which t. has stood, used 
 as cooling drink ; also t. cfr water). (Vb) brown, 
 cook, (bread, muffin, cheese, bacon, or intr. of 
 these) before fire ; warm (one's feet &c.) thus ; 
 drink to the health or in honour of. Hence 
 toa'stERMl, 2) n. [(vb f. i\.) ME tost t. OF fost- 
 er vb f. L tos us p.p. of torrere parch ; drinking 
 sense of anecd. orig.] 
 
 toa'sting, n. In vbl senses ; t.-fork, long fork 
 for t. bread &c, (facet., also t.-iron) sword. 
 
 [-ING 1 ] 
 
 toba'eco, n. (pi. -os). (Also t.-plant) plant of 
 Aruer. origin with narcotic leaves used for 
 smoking, chewing, or snuff; its leaves esp. as 
 prepared for smoking &c; t.-cutter, instrument 
 for shredding t.; t. -heart, disorder of heart 
 caused by excessive use of t.;£.-PiPE l ; t. -pouch 
 (for carrying about small quantity of t.); t.- 
 stopper, instrument for pressing down t. in 
 pipe. [f. Sp. tabaco, of native orig.] 
 
 toba'eeonist, n. Dealer in tobacco, [-ist] 
 
 to'bine, n. Stout twilled silk used for dresses, 
 [cf. G tobin, Du. tabijn, tabby] 
 
 toboggan, n., & v.i. Long narrow sled used 
 for going down-hill esp. over snow or ice ; t.- 
 shoot, -slide, slide for tt., usu. divided into 
 different courses to prevent collision ; (v.i.) go 
 in t. Hence tobo'gganER 1 , tobo'gganiNG 1 , 
 nn. [of Amer.-Ind. orig.] 
 
 td'by, n. Jug or mug usu. in form of old man 
 with three-cornered hat. [proper name} 
 
 toeea'ta (-kah-), n. (mus.). Composition for 
 piano, organ, &c, orig. intended to exercise the 
 touch. [It., f. toccare touch, see -ade] 
 
 toccate'lla, -ti'na (-ena), nn. Short or sim- 
 ple toccata. [It., dimm. of prec] 
 
 to'eo, -ko, n. (slang). Punishment; pain. 
 [perh. f. Gk tokos interest f. tikto bring forth] 
 
 to'esin, n. (Bell rung as) alarm-signal (now 
 chiefly fig.). \f. MF toquesing (OF toquer TOUCH 
 + sing signal-bell f. L as sign)] 
 
 tod, n. (archaic). Bush ; mass of foliage ; 
 weight for wool, usu. 281b.; [from bushy tail] 
 fox. [f. ON toddi wool t,, cf. Du. todde G zotte] 
 
 today, to-day*, adv. & n. (On) this present 
 day, as saiv or shall see him t.,t.is his birthday. 
 [OE to daege on (this) day (to to 1 + dat. of day); 
 so tonight, tomorrow] 
 
 to'ddle, v.i. & t., & n. Walk with short tot- 
 tering steps, as child learning to walk ; make 
 (one's way), perform (distance), thus ; take 
 casual or leisurely walk (roiind, to, &c); (n.) 
 toddling walk, (colloq.) toddling child. Hence 
 to'ddlER l n. [corresp. to totter, -le(3)] 
 
 to'ddy, n. Sap of some kinds of palm, from 
 which when fermented arrack is obtained ; 
 sweetened drink of spirits & hot water, [f. 
 Hind, tari, tadi (Hind. & Pers. tar palm)] 
 
 to-do', n. =ado. [to 1 -)- do] 
 
 to'dy, n. W.-Ind. bird related to kingfisher, 
 [f. L todus, a small bird] 
 
 toe (to), n., & v.t. & i. Digit of foot ; part of 
 stocking, shoe, boot, that covers the tt. ; fore 
 part of hoof ; piece of iron under front of horse- 
 shoe to prevent slipping ; projection from foot 
 of buttress &c. to give stability ; end of head 
 of golf -club ; (Mech. ) lower end of vertical shaft 
 resting in a step, arm on valve-lifting rod of 
 steam-engine ; ball (callous fleshy pad on under 
 side) oft.', great, little, t., smallest, largest, t. of 
 human foot ; (slang) turnup one's tt., die; from 
 top to t, from head to foot, completely ; heel- 
 &-toe WALKH'nfir; t. -cap, outer covering of t. 
 in boot or shoe ; t.-drop, inability to raise toes, 
 due to paralysis of muscles ; t.-nail, nail of 
 human t., metal nail driven obliquely through 
 end of board &c. (Yb) furnish with t., mend 
 t. of, (stocking, shoe) ; (school slang) kick 
 (person &c); touch (the line, mark, scratch) 
 with t. before starting in race; (Golf) strike 
 (ball) with part of club too near t.; t. in, out, 
 turn tt. in, out, in walking. Hence (-)toED. 
 toe'LESS, aa. [OE & ON td, cf. Du. t en, G zehe] 
 
 to'-fall, n. (archaic, poet.). Close, decline, 
 (o/day &c). Ito 2 + fall] 
 
 toff, n. (slang). Distinguished person, swell. [?] 
 
 to'ffee (-1), -fy, n. Kinds of sweetmeat made 
 of sugar, butter, &c, as almond t. [f. F f. Malay 
 tafia, see ratafia ; U.S. has taffy] 
 
 toft, n. (law). Homestead ; land once occu- 
 pied by this; toftman (hist.), occupier of t. 
 [OE, = knoll, homestead, f. ON topt] 
 
 tog", n., & v.t, (slang). (Usu. pi.) garment(s) ; 
 (Naut.) longtt., shore-clothes; (v.t.) dress (per- 
 son, oneself, often out). Hence to'ggERY(o) 
 n. [perh. f. foil.] 
 
 to'ga, n. Ancient Roman's loose flowing 
 outer garment, esp. w. allusion to Roman citi- 
 zenship, to civil career, or also t. virVlis, manly 
 t.) to its assumption as sign of manhood (at age 
 of 14). Hence to'gaED 2 (-gad) a. [L, cogn. w. 
 tegere cover] 
 
 toge'then (-dh-), adv. In company or con- 
 junction, as walking £., lived t.; simultaneous- 
 ly, as both t. exclaim d; compared t. (one with 
 another) ; into conjunction, so as to unite, as 
 s w them t, tied t., get, hang 1 , t., put two <£' 
 two t.\ t. with, as well as, &also, as sent a host 
 of foot-soldiers t. with some squadrons of ca- 
 valry. [OE togxdere (to to 1 + gador together, 
 
 Cf. GATHER)] 
 
 to'ggle, n. (Naut.) pin put through eye of 
 rope &c. to keep it in place &c; pair of rods or 
 plates hinged together by t.-joint (knee-joint) 
 so as to transmit pressure at right angles; t.- 
 iron, harpoon with movable blade instead of 
 fixed barbs; t.-press (acting by means of t.- 
 joints). [f. tog cogn. w. tug + -le(3)] 
 
 toil *, v.i., & n. work long or laboriously (at, 
 
TOIL 
 
 929 
 
 TOMORROW 
 
 on, through, task) ; move painfully or labor- 
 iously (up hill &c, along) ; labour, drudgery ; 
 
 t.-worn (by t.). Hence toi'lER 1 , toi'lsome- 
 
 ness, nil., toi'lFUL, toi'lLESS, toi'lsoME, aa., 
 toi'lfulLY 2 , torlsomeLY 2 , advv. [(n. f. vb) 
 prob. f. OF toillier mix, pester, prob. f. L. tudi- 
 culare stir up f. tudicula olive-bruising ma- 
 chine (tudcs mallet f. tundere beat, -cule)] 
 
 toil 2 , n. (now only in pi.). Net, snare, (lit. & 
 fig.), as taken in the tt. [f. OF toile cloth, (pi.) 
 toils, f. L tela web f. texere weave] 
 
 toile (twahl), n. I\ ciree (sera"), fine kinds of 
 oil-cloth ; t. colbert (ar), canvas for embroidery ; 
 t. d' Alsace (-ahs), de Vichy (veshe'), linen ma- 
 terials for woman's summer dress. [F, see prec] 
 
 toi'let (toi-), toilette (twahle't), n. Process 
 of dressing, arranging the hair, &c, as make 
 one's t; (style of) dress, costume, as anelaborate 
 t., a t. of white satin ; (also t. -table) dressing- 
 table usu. with looking-glass ; t.-cover, cover 
 for this ; t.-paper (for water-closet) ; t.-set (of 
 utensils for t.); t. soap (for use in t.); (Med.) 
 cleansing of a part after operation. [OF (-te), 
 orig. = cloth, clothes-bag, dim. of prec] 
 
 toiline't(te), n. Cloth of mixed wool, cotton, 
 & silk. [dim. of toile] 
 
 toison d'or (F), n. = Golden fleece. 
 
 Tokay* (-a), n. Rich aromatic wine made at 
 T. in Hungary ; kind of grape. 
 
 to'ken, n. Sign, symbol, evidence, (of affec- 
 tion &c); memorial of friendship, keepsake; 
 ring, coin, &c, serving as proof of authenticity ; 
 (bibl.) preconcerted signal (Mark xiv. 44); 
 (Hist.) piece of metal like & used instead of 
 coin, but worth much less than nominal value 
 & issued by tradesmen, bank, &c, without 
 sanction of government ; (archaic or facet.) by 
 (this, the same) L, more by t, in corroboration 
 of what I say. Hence to'kenLESS a. [OE 
 tac(e)n, cf. Du. teelcen, G seichen, ON takn, 
 teikn, cogn. w. teach] 
 
 to*ko. See toco. 
 
 to'la, n. Unit of weight in Indian empire, = 
 180 grains troy. [Hind.] 
 
 Tole'do, n. Fine sword(-blade) made at T. 
 in Spain. 
 
 to'lepable, a. Endurable ; fairly good, not 
 bad, as am in t. health, had a t. passage. Hence 
 to'lerableNESS n., to'lerabLY 2 adv. [OF, 
 f. L tolerabilis (as foil., see -ble)] 
 
 td'lerate, v.t. Endure, permit, (practice, ac- 
 tion, person's Aoing) ; forbear to judge harshly 
 or rigorously (person, religious sect, opinion) ; 
 endure society of or intercourse with ; sustain, 
 endure, (suffering &c), esp. (Med.) sustain use 
 of (drug &c.) without harm. Hence or cogn. 
 to'lePANCE, to*leratOR 2 , nn., to'lePANT a., 
 to'lerantLY 2 adv. [f.L tolerare f. root of tol- 
 lere bear, lift, cf. Gk *tlao suffer, -ate 3 ] 
 
 tolera'tion, n. Tolerating ; forbearance ; 
 recognition of right of private judgment in reli- 
 gious matters, liberty to uphold one's religious 
 opinions & forms of worship or to enjoy all 
 social privileges &c. without regard to reli- 
 gious differences, whence tolera*tioniST(2) 
 n.; Act of T. (conditionally freeing Dissenters 
 from some restrictions on the exercise of their 
 forms of worship, 1689). [OF, f. L tolerationem 
 (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 toll 1 , n., & v.i. Tax, duty, paid for use of 
 market, public road, &c, or for service ren- 
 dered ; (Law) t. thorough (taken by town for use 
 of highway, bridge, &c), t. traverse (for pass- 
 ing over private land) ; grain retained by miller 
 as compensation for grinding; t.-bar, -gate, 
 bar or usu. gate across road to prevent passage 
 of person, vehicle, &c, without paying t.; tol(l)- 
 booth (archaic, Sc), town gaol [orig. temporary 
 
 F.D. 
 
 structure for collection of market tt. & deten- 
 tion of those who did not pay & others] ; toll- 
 house (occupied by collector at t.-gate): (v.i.) 
 take, pay, t. [OE (also toln), cf. Du. tol, G zoll, 
 ON tollr, perh. f. Gk telonion t. -house (teloa 
 tax), or cogn. w. tale] 
 
 toll 2 , v.t. &i., &n. Cause (bell or abs.) to ring 
 with slow uniform strokes ; (of bell or clock) 
 give out (stroke, knell, hour of day), give out 
 measured sounds, ring on account of (person, 
 hisdeath,&c); (n.) tolling, stroke, of bell. [ME 
 tollen draw, entice, etym. dub.] 
 
 tollable, a. (Of person or goods) subject to 
 toll, [toll 1 -f -able] 
 
 To'ltec, n. One of a race traditionally held 
 to have ruled in Mexico before the Aztecs. 
 Hence To'ltec an a. [Mex.] 
 
 tolu* (or to'-), n. Balsam gotfrom a S.-Amer. 
 tree & used in perfumery & medicine. Hence 
 tolu'ic a. [name of place] 
 
 torn, n. (T-) abbr. of Thomas', T., Dick, & 
 Harry, persons taken at random, ordinary com- 
 monplace people; male animal, esp. t.(-cat); 
 long t. (naut.), long gun esp. one carried amid- 
 ships on swivel-carriage; Old T., strong kind 
 of gin ; T. & Jerry, rum & water beaten up 
 with eggs &c; to'mboy, rompinsr girl, hoyden ; 
 to'mfoo'l, fool, trifler, (v.i.) play the fool, act in 
 trifling manner; tomfoo'lery, foolish trifling* 
 foolish knick-knacks &c; t.-noddy, blockhead, 
 fool ; to'mti't, kinds of small bird, esp. titmouse. 
 
 td'mahawk (-h-), n., & v.t. War-axe of N.- 
 Amer. Indian, with head of horn, stone, or steel; 
 bury the t. or hatchet ; (vb) strike, kill, with 
 t., criticize savagely in review, [of native orig. J 
 
 toma*ll(e)y, n. Soft greenish substance (call- 
 ed the liver) in lobster, used as sauce, [var. of 
 tourmalin, w. ref. to colour] 
 
 toma'n (-ahn), n. Persian gold coin worth 
 about 7/2. [Pers.] 
 
 toma'to (-mah-), n. (pi. -oes). (Plant with) 
 red or yellow pulpy edible fruit ; currant t. (with 
 small fruit about size of currant); tree-t, kind 
 that grows erect & sustains fruit without sup- 
 port, [f. Sp. tomate f. Mex. tojnatl; formerly 
 called love-apple] 
 
 tomb (toom), n., & v.t. Hole (made) in earth 
 or rock to receive dead (esp. human) body, 
 grave; subterranean or other vault for the 
 dead ; sepulchral monument; (Qg.)the t., death; 
 tombstone, monumentalstoneplacedovergrave; 
 (v.t.) enclose as or in or as In t. Hence to*mb- 
 less a. [f. OF tumbe f. L f. Gk tumba, perh. 
 cogn. w. L tumulus mound] 
 
 to'mbae, -k,n. Kinds of copper-&-zinc alloy. 
 [F (c), f. Port, tambaca f. Malay tambaga cop- 
 per f. Skr. tamrakani] 
 
 to'mbola, n. (In France & southern U.S.) 
 kind of lottery with fancy articles for prizes. 
 [It., prob. f. tombolare tumble] 
 
 tome, n. Volume, esp. large heavy one. [F, 
 f. L f . Gk tomos section f. temno cut] 
 
 tome'ntum, n. (Bot.) kind of pubescence 
 coniposed of matted woolly hairs ; (Anat.) floc- 
 culent inner surface of pia mater. Hence to- 
 mento'SE *, tome'ntous, aa. [L, = padding 
 of wool &c] 
 
 to'min (or -i'n), n. Jewellers' weight of 12 
 grains. [Sp., f. Arab, tomn eighth part] 
 
 to'mmy, n. (T-) familiar form of tom ; T. At- 
 kins, the British soldier; bread, provisions, esp. 
 as given to workman in lieu of wages ; this sys- 
 tem of payment, truck system ; t.-shop, shop &c 
 where this is enforced; softt. (naut.), soft or 
 fresh bread (cf. iiARV-taek). [-Y 3 ] 
 
 tomo'rrow, to-morrow, adv. & n. (On) 
 the day after today, as will write t., (pro v.) t. 
 never comes, [to l + morrow, cf. today] 
 
 30 
 
TOMPION 
 
 930 
 
 TONSIL 
 
 to'mpion, n. Lithographic inking-pad ; = 
 
 TAMPON, TAMPION. [ = TAMPION] 
 
 to'mtom, n., & v.i. Native Indian drum; 
 gong ; (v.i.) beat t. [f. Hind, tamtam, imit.] 
 
 -tomy, suf. = Gk -tomia -cutting (temno cut), 
 chiefly in names of surgical operations (ana- 
 tomy, phlebotomy, tracheotomy). 
 
 ton 1 (tun), n. Measure of weight, 2240 or (U.S., 
 also short t.) 20001b. avoirdupois; metrict, 1000 
 kilograms ; measure of capacity (often varying) 
 fortiinber (40ft), stone(16cub.ft),salt(42 bushels), 
 lime (40 bushels), coke (28 bushels), wheat (20 
 bushels). wine (see tun), &c; internal cubic ca- 
 pacity (100 cub. ft) or carrying capacity (40 cub. 
 ft) of ship ; (colloq. ) large number or amount, as 
 bag weighs (half) a t. (several pounds, ounces, 
 &c), it. of people, have asked him tt. of times. 
 [var. of tun] 
 
 ton 2 (F), n. Prevailing mode, fashion, as in 
 the t., BON TON. 
 
 td*nal,a. Of tone or tones; of tonality. Hence 
 to'nalLY a adv. [-al] 
 
 tona'lity, n. (Mus.) character, quality, of 
 tone, also, system of tones, key ; colour scheme 
 of picture, [-itv] 
 
 to'-name, n. (chiefly Sc). Name added esp. 
 to person's Christian name & surname for dis- 
 tinction, [to !_] 
 
 tondi'no (-de-), n. Tondo with bowl-like cen- 
 tre ; (Archit.) - astragal. [It., dim. of foil.] 
 
 to'ndo, n. Plate of majolica &c. with broad 
 flat decorated rim. [It., = round (plate), f. L 
 rotundus round] 
 
 tone l f n. Sound, esp. vv. i-er'. to pitch, qualify, 
 & strength ; heart tt., sounds of heart heard in 
 auscultation ; musical sound (fundamental, 
 harmonic, t); modulation of voice to express 
 emotion, sentiment, &c, as impatient, lively, 
 imploring, despondent, bantering, suspicious, 
 t.; (Gram.) stress on one syllable of word ; (Mus.) 
 ancient esp. Gregorian psalm-tune, (also whole 
 t.) any of the larger intervals in diatonic scale, 
 opp. to semitone; (Med.) proper condition of 
 the bodily organs, state of health in which ani- 
 mal functions are duly performed, as has lost, 
 recovered, t.; prevailing character of morals, 
 sentiments, &c, as the t. of the nation must be 
 raised, gave a flippant t. to the debate ; general 
 effect of colour or of light & shade in picture ; 
 tint, shade of colour ; degree of luminosity of 
 colour; (Photog.) colour of finished positive 
 picture. Hence to'neLESS a., to'nelessNESS 
 n. [f. F ton f. L f. Gk tonos thing stretched, 
 tone, f. root of teino stretch] 
 
 tone 2 , v.t. & i. Give tone or quality (of sound 
 or colour) to (toned paper, esp. of pale amber 
 tint); (Mus.) tune (instrument); (Photog.) give 
 (picture), (of picture) receive, altered colour in 
 finishing by means of chemical solution ; har- 
 monize (usu. intr.), as does not t. with the wall- 
 paper; t. down, soften colouring of (picture), 
 render (statement, expression, &c.) less pro- 
 nounced or confident, (intr.) become softer, less 
 pronounced, &c; t. up, give, receive, higher 
 tone or character or greater vigour, [f. prec.] 
 
 to'nga (-ngga), n. Light two- wheeled vehicle 
 used in India, [f. Hind. tanga\ 
 
 tongs, n. pi. (Also pair of t. ) kinds of instru- 
 ment for grasping & holding usu. with two 
 limbs pivoted together near either end or con- 
 nected by spring piece, as fire-t. (for grasping 
 coal &c), asparagus, sugar, blacksmiths', wire, 
 lazy, -t.; hammer 1 & t; xoould not touch (re- 
 
 {mlsive person or thing) with a pair of t. (still 
 ess without). [OE tange sing., cf. Du. & Da. 
 tang, G zange, cogn. w. Gk dakno bite] 
 tongue 1 ftung), n. Fleshy muscular organ 
 in the mouth, serving purposes of taste, masti- 
 
 cation, swallowing, & (in man) of speech ; this 
 as article of food, as ox-, sheep's, reindeer's, t. r 
 smoked, rolled, t. ; faculty of, tendency in, 
 speech, as has a ready or fluent t., sharp, caus- 
 tic, dangerous, long (talkative), t. ; language of 
 a nation &c, as the German t„ one's mother t. r 
 gift of tt., power of speaking in unknown tt. 
 esp. as miraculously conferred on early Chris- 
 tians, confusion oj tt. (Gen. xi. 1-9) ; thing like 
 t. in shape (esp. tapering) or function, e.g. long 
 low promontory, strip of leather closing gap in 
 front of shoe, clapper of bell, pin of buckle, pro- 
 jecting edge of match Aboard, index of scale or 
 balance, vibrating slip in reed of some musical 
 instruments, jet of flame, pointed rail in rail- 
 way-switch; find one's t, recover power of 
 speech ; give or throw t, (of hounds) bark esp. 
 on finding scent ; hold one's t., be silent ; on the, 
 tip 1 of one's t; wag one's t, talk indiscreetly 
 or volubly ; t.-bit (with plate preventing horse 
 from getting t. over mouthpiece); t.-bone,= 
 hyoid; t.-tie, impediment in speech due to 
 shortness of fraenum of t., t.-tied, having this, 
 (fig.) debarred from speaking out. Hence 
 (-)tonguED 2 , to'ngueLESS, aa., to'ngueLET 
 n. [OE tunge, cf. ON & Sw. tunga, Du. tong, G 
 zunge, cogn. w. L lingua, OL dingua] 
 
 tongue 2 , v.t. & i. Produce staccato &c. 
 effects with (flute &c.) by use of tongue, use 
 tongue thus; t. & groove, furnish (match 1 - 
 board &c.) with tongue & groove, [f. prec] 
 
 td'nie, a. & n. (Of medicine, medical treat- 
 ment, &c, fig. of success, misfortune, punish- 
 ment) serving to inA'igorate, bracing ; (Mus.) of 
 tones, esp. of the key-note ; t. accent, stress on 
 syllable ; t. spasm, continuous muscular con- 
 traction (cf. clonic); t. sol-fa (-fah), system of 
 musical (esp. vocal) notation in which all dia- 
 tonic scales are written alike (i.e. doh, key-note, 
 ray, me, fah, sol, lah, te, usu. written d, r, &c, 
 with vowel-change for accidentals, e.g. de, re, 
 ma), time-value being shown by vertical lines 
 & colons, t.-sol-faist, advocate of, expert in, 
 this; (n.) t. medicine &c. (lit. & fig.), (Mus.) 
 key-note. Henceto'niCALLYadv. [f . F tonique 
 f. Gk tonikos (as tone l , see -ic)] 
 
 toni'eity, n. Tone ; being tonic : healthy 
 elasticity of muscles &c. [-ity] 
 
 tonigh't, to-night, adv. & n. (On) the 
 present night, (on) the night of today, [to l -f 
 night, cf. today] 
 
 to'nish, tonn-, a. In the ton 2 , modish, 
 stylish. Hence to*n(n)ishNESS n. [-ish l ] 
 
 to'nite, n. A powerful gun-cotton explosive, 
 [f. L tonare thunder + -ite 1 ] 
 
 To'nka bean, t-, n. Fragrant seed of a 
 tree found in Guiana &c, used in perfumery 
 &c. [native tonka, the bean] 
 
 tonnage (tu'nlj), n., & v.t. Internal cubic 
 capacity, freight-carrying capacity, of ship in 
 ton j s ; total freightage esp. of a country's 
 merchant marine ; duty on vessels formerly- 
 reckoned on t., now on registered size ; t.-deck 
 (upper of two, second of three or more). [F 
 (tonne tun, see -age)] 
 
 tonneau (to 'no, or as F), n. Part of some 
 motor-cars that contains the back seats. [F, 
 lit. cask, tun] 
 
 -to'nnep, n. Vessel of so many tons, as two- 
 thousand-t. [-er 1 ] 
 
 tond'metep, n. Tuning-fork or other instru- 
 ment for measuring pitch of tones, [as tone 1 -f- 
 -meter] 
 
 to'nsil (-si), n. Either of two oral organs on 
 each side of the fauces. Hence to'nsillAR J a., 
 tonsilliTis n. [f. L tonsilla sharp stake, (pl.j> 
 tonsils, dim. of tonsa oar, or perh. cogn. w» 
 tendere tens- stretch] 
 
TONSORIAL 
 
 931 
 
 TOPAZ 
 
 tonsop'ial, a. (facet.). Of a barber or his 
 work. [f. L tonsorius (tondere tons- shave, 
 see -or 2 ) +-al] 
 
 to'nsure (-sher), n., & v.t. Rite of shaving 
 the crown (R.-C. Ch.) or whole head (Gk Ch.) 
 of person entering priesthood or monastic order; 
 bare part of monk's or priest's head ; (fig.) ad- 
 mission to holy orders ; (v.t.) shave head of, 
 give t. to. [OF, f. L tonsxira (as prec, see -ure)] 
 
 tonti'ne (-en), n. Annuity shared by sub- 
 scribers to loan, the shares increasing as sub- 
 scribers die till last survivor gets all ; t policy 
 of insurance (in which associated policy-holders 
 agree to receive no dividend, return-premium, 
 &c, till end of fixed period called t period). 
 [f. It. tontina (Lorenzo Tonti, originator of tt. 
 about 1653)] 
 
 too, adv. & a. In a higher degree than is ad- 
 missible for a specified or understood purpose, 
 standard, &c. (not used to qualify vb, cf. very), 
 as t ripe for cooking, t good to be true, allows 
 t. long an interval, t. long intervals, t. large for 
 me, my taste, my purpose, is t.fond of comfort, 
 t. many for ; (in affected or gushing use) is 
 quite t, is t. t, (delightful &c, often omitted) ; 
 also, as well, as take the others t., mean to do it 
 t. (as well as threaten) ; moreover, as achieved, 
 t., at small cost ; (adj.) t.-t., gushing. [= TO l ] 
 
 took. See take. 
 
 tool 2 , n. Mechanical implement, as carpen- 
 ter's, joiner's, gardener's, engraver's, mason's, 
 tt. ; (usu. machine-t.) machine used in making 
 machinery, e.g. lathe: (fig.) thing used in an 
 occupation or pursuit, as literary tt, the tt. of 
 one's trade ; person used as mere instrument 
 by another, cat's-paw; separate figure in tooling 
 of book ; broad t, = tooler ; edge 1 -, edged, t. ; 
 t. -holder, device for holding t. in lathe, handle 
 for use with different tt. ; t.-post, -rest, holder 
 or support for cutting-t. in lathe. [OE tol, cf. 
 ON tol pi., OE tawian prepare, Goth, taujan 
 make, cause] 
 
 tool 2 , v.t. & i. Ornament (edges of book- 
 cover) with tooling ; work with t. ; (slang) drive 
 (coach &c), (intr.) drive, ride, (often along &c.) 
 esp. in casual or leisurely manner, [f. prec] 
 
 too'lep, n. In vbl senses, esp. : stone-mason's 
 broad chisel for tooling, [-er l ] 
 too'ling 1 , n. Stone-dressing in parallel lines ; 
 ornamentation of edges of book-cover with 
 designs impressed by heated tools (blind t, 
 without gilding), [-ing 1 ] 
 toon, n. E.-Ind. tree with close-grained red 
 wood much used for furniture &c. [f. Hind, tun] 
 toot, v.t. & i., & n. Sound, esp. produce 
 harsh or dismal sound with, (horn, cornet, 
 whistle, &c); sound horn &c. thus; (of horn 
 &c.) give out such sound ; (of grouse) call ; (n.) 
 sound of horn, trumpet, &c. [f. Sw. & Norw. 
 tuta, cf. LG tuten, Da. tude, ON thjota, imit.] 
 
 tooth, n. (pi. teeth), Sc v.t. &i. Each of several 
 hard dense structures growing in jaws of verte- 
 brates & used for mastication ; canine, eye 1 -, 
 
 INCISOR, MILK 1 -, MOLAR 1 , WISDOM, t. \ false, 
 
 artificial, t. (made by dentist) ; t.-shaped pro- 
 | jection or thing, e.g. cog, point, &c, of gear- 
 wheel, saw, comb, rake ; sweet t. ; cast thing 
 in person's tt., reproach him with it ; in the tt. 
 
 ■ of, in spite of (opposition &c), in opposition to 
 (directions &c), in the face of (the wind &c); 
 armed to the tt. (completely, elaborately) ; cut 
 one's eye-tt., gain worldly wisdom; escape by 
 the skin of one's tt. (narrowly) ; fight, struggle, 
 t. & nail (with utmost effort); lie 2 in, one's 
 tt. ; set one's tt. on edge 1 ; show one's tt, take 
 threatening tone ; take the bit 1 between one's tt. ; 
 toothache, ache in t. ; t.-billed, (of bird) having 
 t.-like process(es) on cutting edges of bill; t.- 
 
 brush (for cleaning tt.) ; t. ornament, = dog l -t. ; 
 t -paste, -powder, (for cleaning or preserving 
 tt.) ; toothpick, small sharp instrument of quill, 
 wood, gold, &c, for removing matter lodged 
 between tt. (Vb) furnish with tt. ; (of cog-wheels) 
 interlock. Hence too'thLESS a., too'thLET m 
 [OE toth, cf. Du. tand, G zahn, L dens -ntis, 
 Gk odous -ontos, f. root ed- eat] 
 
 too'thful, n. Small draught of spirit &c, 
 thimbleful, [-ful] 
 
 too'thing 1 , n. In vbl senses, esp. : projecting 
 bricks or stones left at end of wall to provide 
 for continuation ; t-plane (with serrated edge 
 for roughening surface), [-ing 2 ] 
 
 too'thsorae, a. Pleasant to eat. Hence 
 too'thsomeLY 2 adv., too'tnsomeNESs n. 
 [-some] 
 
 too'tle, v.i. Toot gently or repeatedly esp. 
 on flute. [-le(3)] 
 
 top \ n. & a. Summit, highest part, as t of 
 a hill, hill-t, at the t of the tree (fig., of highest 
 rank in profession Sec); part of plant above 
 ground, as turnip-tt. ; surface (of ground), upper 
 surface (of table &c); upper part of shoe ; cover 
 of carriage ; head (of page in book) ; upper edges 
 of book, as gilt t ; (person occupying) highest 
 rank, foremost place, as came out (at theft, of 
 the school, the t (upper end, head) of the table ; 
 utmost degree, height, as realized the t. of my 
 ambition, called at the t. of his voice, ran at the 
 t of his speed ; crown of the head, as from b.to 
 toe ; (Naut.) platform round head of lower mast 
 serving to extend topmast shrouds, as maint., 
 foret, mizzent. ; (pi.) metal buttons plated &c 
 only on face ; bunch of hair, fibres, &c, esp. as 
 measure = U lb. ; (adj.) highest in position or 
 degree, as the t rail, at t speed, whence to*p- 
 MOSTa. ; t.-boot (also t), boot with high t. usu. 
 of different material or colour & made to look 
 as if turned down ; t.-coat, overcoat; t. -dress, 
 apply manure on the t. of (earth) instead of 
 ploughing it in , t -dressing, this process, manure 
 so applied ; topga'llant (topg-, tog-), mast, sail, 
 yard, rigging, immediately above topmast & 
 topsail ; t-hamper, light upper sails & rigging ; 
 t.-hat, tall silk hat; t. -heavy, overweighted at 
 t. so as to be in danger of falling (often fig. of 
 scheme &c); t.-hole slang, first-rate ; topknot, 
 knot, bow of ribbon &c, tuft, crest, worn or 
 growing on head; t.-lantern, -light, light dis- 
 played from mizzentop of flagship ; topman, t.- 
 sawyer (lit.), (Naut., also top sm an) man doing 
 duty in a t. ; topmast (next above lower mast); 
 topsail (-si), square sail next above lowest ; t- 
 sawyer, sawyer in upper position in saw-pit, 
 (fig.) person in superior or high position ; top- 
 sides, sides of ship above water-line. [OE, Du., 
 Da., cf. ON toppr, G 207:1/ tuft, tree-top] 
 
 top 2 , v.t. Provide with top or cap; (Naut.) 
 raise one end of (yard &c.) above the other; 
 remove top of (plant) to improve growth &c.; 
 reach the top of (hill &c.) ; be higher than ; be 
 superior to, surpass, as tops all I ever saw, 
 whence to'ppiNG 2 a., to'pping-LY 2 adv.; t. 
 one's part, surpass oneself ; t off or up, put an 
 end or a finishing touch to (thing or abs); be of 
 (specified height), as he tops 6 ft. [f. prec] 
 top 3 , n. Kinds of wooden or metal toy, usu. 
 conical, spherical, or pear-shaped, rotating on 
 sharp point at bottom when set in motion by 
 hand, spring, or string; humming, peg, whip 1 - 
 ping or whip, -t. ; t-shell, kinds of shell-fish 
 with t.-shaped shell, [ult. f. MHG topf, cf. 
 MDu. dop(pe), cogn. w. dip] 
 td'paz, n. A transparent or translucent 
 mineral, a silicate of aluminium, yellow, white, 
 green, blue, orcolourless;/a£sef., kind of yellow 
 quartz ; kind of humming-bird. [f. OF tovaze 
 
TOPAZOL1TE 
 
 932 
 
 TORPID 
 
 f. L f. Gk topazos, -zion, etyrn. dub., cf. Skr. 
 
 tapas fire, tap shine] 
 
 topa'zolite, n. Yellow or green kind of gar- 
 net, [pree. + -o- + -lite] 
 
 tope *, v.i. Drink alcoholic liquors to excess 
 esp. habitually. Hence to'pER 1 n. [f. F toper 
 cover stake in dicing, whence (je) tope! int. 
 agreed !, done !, (in drinking) I pledge you, perh. 
 
 ult. f. top 1 w. ref. to placing together tops of 
 
 thumbs in crying ^-J 
 
 tope 2 , n. (Anglo-Ind.). Mango or other grove, 
 [f. Tamil toppu] 
 
 tope 3 , n. Buddhist monument, usu. dome 
 or tower, [f. Hind, top f. Ski", stupa mound] 
 
 toph, td'phus, nn. Gouty deposit of cal- 
 careous matter round teeth & at surface of 
 joints. Hence tophA'CEOUS a. [L (-us),- sand- 
 stone, tufa] 
 
 T6*phet, n. Place in Valley of Hinnom near 
 Jerusalem used for idolatrous worship & later 
 for depositing refuse, for consumption of which 
 fires were kept burning; hell. [f. Heb. topheth 
 place to be spat upon (tuph spit)] 
 
 to'pla, n. AncientRoman style of muraldeco- 
 ration with heterogeneous landscape scenes. 
 [L, = landscape gardening or painting, f. Gk 
 topos place] 
 
 to'piapy, a. Tlie t. art (of clipping shrubs 
 &c. into ornamental shapes). Hence topi- 
 ap'iAN a. [f. L topiarius landscape gardener 
 (as prec, see -ary j )J 
 
 td'pie, n. Theme for discussion, subject of 
 conversation or discourse; (Logic, Rhet.) class 
 of considerations from which arguments can 
 be drawn, [f. Ftopiques pi. f. L f. Gk (ta) topika 
 topics, as title of a treatise of Aristotle (topos 
 place.see -ic)] 
 
 to'pical, a. Of topics ; dealing with esp. 
 current or local topics, as t. allusion, song ; 
 local, esp. (Med.) affecting a part of the body. 
 Hence to'piealLY - adv. [-al] 
 
 topography, n. Detailed description, re- 
 presentation on map &c, of natural & artificial 
 features of a town, district, &c; such features; 
 (Anat.) mapping of surface of body with refer- 
 ence to the parts beneath. Hence topo'graph- 
 er 1 n., topogpa*phic(AL) aa., topogra'ph- 
 icalLY 2 adv. [f. F topographie f. LL f. Gk 
 topographia (topos place, see -graphy)] 
 
 topd'nomy, n. (Register of) place-names of 
 a district &c. [f. Gk topos place + onoma (in 
 comb. usu. -uma) name + -y 1 ] 
 
 topd'nymy, n. (anat.). Naming of regions, 
 opp. organs &c, of a body, [as prec] 
 
 to'pper, n. In vbl senses, also: (colloq.) = 
 top i-hat. [f. top 2 + -er ] ] 
 
 to*pple, v.i. & t. (Cause to) totter & fall 
 (often over, down), [f. top 1 -f -le(3)J 
 
 topsytup'vy, adv., a,, n., & v.t. Upside 
 down ; (in) utter confusion ; (v.t.) turn t. 
 Hence (facet.) topsytup'vyDOM, topsy- 
 tupvyFicATiON, nn., topsytup'vyFY v.t. 
 [f. top 1 4- so (cf. upside down for up so down) 
 + obs. terve overturn cogn. w. OE tearflian 
 turn, roil over, cf. LG tarven] 
 
 toque (-k), n. (Hist.) small kinds of man's & 
 woman's hat ; small bonnet ; kinds of monkey 
 with cap-like arrangement of hair. [F, f. 
 Breton tok, cf. W toe] 
 
 top, n. Hill, rocky peak, esp. on Dartmoor. 
 [OE, f.W tor knob, cf. W twr, L tun-is, tower] 
 
 -top, suf. forming agent nn. on L p.p. stems 
 in -t- (doctor, narrator) ; see -or 2 . 
 
 tor'ah, n. Revealed will of God, esp. Mo- 
 saic law ; Pentateuch. [Heb.] 
 
 topch, n. Piece of resinous wood or twisted 
 flax &c. soaked in tallow &c. for carrying 
 lighted ; other appliance for this purpose, e.g. 
 
 oil-lamp on pole ; electric t, stick-shaped port- 
 able electric lamp ; t.-fishing (alsotop'ehiNG 1 
 n.) mode of catching fish by t.-light. [f. F torche 
 f. LL tortica (torquere tort- twist)] 
 
 top'ehon (-shn, or as F), n. attrib. T. paper, 
 paper with rough surface used esp. for water- 
 colours ; t. board (covered with t. paper) ; t. 
 mat, mat 3 of t. paper ; t. lace, peasant's bobbin 
 lace with geometrical designs. [F, = dish- 
 cloth (as prec, see -oon)] 
 
 top'culap, n. Surgeon's tourniquet. [L, = 
 wine-press (torquere twist)] 
 
 tope l . See tear 1 . 
 
 tore 2 . See torus. 
 
 top'eadop*, n. Spanish (usu. mounted) bull- 
 fighter. [Sp. (torear engage in bull-fight f. toro 
 bull f. L taurus, see -or 2 )] 
 
 topeu'tie (-roo-), a. & n. (N. pi., art) of chas- 
 ing, carving, & embossing, esp. metal, [f. Gk 
 toreutikos (toreuo bore, chase, see -ic)] 
 
 topfa'eeous, a. Growing in bogs or mosses. 
 [turf + -aceous] 
 
 top'g-oeh (-ch), n. Red-bellied char. [W 
 (tor belly + coch red)l 
 
 top'ment 1 , n. Severe bodily or mental suf- 
 fering, as was in L, suffered it. ; source of this, 
 as (colloq.) the child is a positive t. [OF, f. L 
 tormentum engine for hurling stones, rack, 
 torment, (torquere twist, see -ment)] 
 
 topme'nt 2 , v.t. Subject to torment, as tor- 
 mented xoith neuralgia, suspense, inquiries. 
 Hence topme'ntingXY 2 adv. [f. OF tor- 
 menter (prec)] 
 
 top'mentil, n. Low herb with bright yellow 
 flowers & highly astringent root-stock used in 
 medicine, [f. F tormentille f. torment 1 perh. 
 because thought to relieve toothache] 
 
 topme'ntop, n. Person, thing, that tor- 
 ments, whence toPme'ntPESs l n. ; long fork 
 used on ship for taking meat from coppers ; 
 kind of harrow on wheels, [-or 2 ] 
 
 top'mina, n. Griping pains in bowels, colic. 
 [L (torquere twist)] 
 
 topn. See tear. 
 
 topna'do, n. (pi. -oes). Violent storm of 
 small extent, esp. in W. Africa at beginning & 
 end of rainy season & in U.S. from April to 
 July, supposed to have a rotary motion, & 
 often accompanied by funnel-shaped cloud. 
 Hence topna'drc a. [f. Sp. tornada f. tornav 
 turn, see -ADO(2)] 
 
 top'ous, toPO'se, aa. (Bot.) cylindrical 
 with bulges at intervals; (Zool.) knobby, [f. 
 L torosus (torus, see -ose 1 , -ous)] 
 
 toppe'do, n. (pi. -oes), & v.t. Electric ray, a 
 fish with electric apparatus for numbing or 
 killing its prey &c; cigar-shaped boat or pro- 
 jectile for carrying detonating charge under 
 water to hostile ship ; submarine mine usu. 
 placed in harbour-channel ; fog-signal laid on 
 railway to be exploded by wheels of train ; toy 
 exploding when dashed on ground &c. ; shell 
 buried in path of storming party &c ; explo- 
 sive cartridge for various purposes ; t.-boat, 
 small fast steamer for carrying or discharging 
 tt. ; t.(-boat)-catcher, t.-gunboat, large vessel 
 intended to catch t.-boat ; t.-boat destroyer, 
 small fast boat used to catch t.-boat or carry 
 tt. ; t.-net (hung round ship to intercept tt. or 
 t.-boat); (vb) destroy, attack, with t. [(vb f. 
 n.) L, = t. fish (torpere be numb)l 
 top'pid, a. & n. (Of hibernating animal) dor- 
 mant ; numb ; sluggish, dull, apathetic ; (n. 
 pi.) Lent boat-races at Oxford between second 
 crews of colleges, (sing.) boat rowing in these. 
 Hence or cogn. toppi'diTY, tOP'pidNESS, 
 toP'poR 1 , nn.,tOP'pidLY 2 adv.,top*piFYv.t., 
 toppopi'Fic a. [f. L torpid us (prec, -id 2 )] 
 
TORQUATED 
 
 933 
 
 T'OTHER 
 
 top'quate(d), aa. (zool.). With ring of pe- 
 culiar colour or texture of hair or plumage 
 about the neck. If. L torquatus (foil., -ate 2 )] 
 torque (k), tore, n. Necklace of twisted 
 metal, esp. of Gauls; (Mech., -que) twisting- 
 moment, [f. L torques necklace, as tort] 
 td'rrefy, v.t. Parch with heat, roast, dry, 
 (metallic ores, drugs). So toppeFA'CTiON n. 
 [f. L torrefacere (torrere parch, see -FY)] 
 td'pperit, n. Rushing stream of water &c. ; 
 (fig.) violent flow (of abuse, grief, questions). 
 Hence toppe'ntiAL (shl) a., toppe'ntialLY 2 
 adv. [F, f. L torrentem lit. boiling stream 
 (torrere parch, see -ent)] 
 Toppiee'llian, a. T. experiment (with mer- 
 cury in tube, leading to principle on which 
 barometer is made) ; T. tube (used for this). 
 ]E. Torricellid. 1617 + -an] 
 td'PPid, a. (Of land &c.) parched by sun, 
 very hot ; t. zone, part of earths surface be- 
 tween tropics. Hence toppi'diTV, to'ppid- 
 ness, nn. If. F torride f. L torridus (torrere 
 parch, see -id 1 )] 
 
 top'sel, n. Twisted ornament e.g. scroll; 
 block of wood in brick wall for joist &c. to rest 
 
 i on. Iprob. var. of tassel] 
 top'sion ( shn), n. Twisting; (Bot.) state of 
 being spirally twisted, so top'siVE a. ; (Med.) 
 
 ! twisting of cut end of artery after operation 
 
 . &c. to check haemorrhage ; t. balance (for mea- 
 
 ; suring minute forces by means of fine twisted 
 wire). Hence tOP'sionAL, tOP'sionLESS, aa., 
 
 ■ top*sionalLV 2 adv. [F, f. LL tortionem, -si- 
 
 * (as tort, see -ion)] 
 topsk, n. Fish of cod family. [Sw. & Da.] 
 top'so, n. Trunk of statue apart from head 
 
 i & limbs. [It., = stalk, stump, torso, f. th vrsus] 
 tort, n. (law). Private or civil wrong. [F, 
 = wrong, harm, f. L torquere tort- twist] 
 
 ; torticollis, n. (path.). Rheumatic affection 
 
 \ of muscles of neck, stiff neck. [f. L as prec. 
 
 I + collum neck] 
 
 , top'tile, a. Twisted, curved ; (Bot.) coiled. 
 Hence toPti'liTV n. [f. L tortilis (tort, -ile)] 
 torti'lla (elya), n. Flat maize cake, Mexican 
 substitute for bread. |Sp.] 
 
 \ top'tious (-shits), a. (law). Constituting a 
 
 j tort, wrongful. Hence top'tiousLY 2 adv. 
 [var. of tortuous] 
 
 toP*toise(-tMS, -toiz), n. Land (& freshwater) 
 varieties of turtle, reptile encased in two scaly 
 
 f or leathery shields forming a box ; alligator 
 t. ; (Rom. Ant.)=TESTUDO ; t.-shell, mottled & 
 clouded outer shell or scale of some sea turtles 
 used for combs &c, t.-shell cat, butterfly, (with 
 black & yellow markings suggesting t.-shell). 
 fME tortuce, tort u (thr. OF tortue), f. LL tor- 
 tuca (as tort)] 
 
 top*tulous,a.(bot.,zool.). = moniliform. [f. 
 L tortula dim. oitorta a twist (as tort) + -ous] 
 tOP'tuous, a. Full of twists or turns, so 
 toptuosE 1 a. (bot.); (fig., of policy &c.) devi- 
 ous, circuitous, crooked, not straightforward. 
 Hence or cogn. toPtuo'siTY, top'tuous- 
 ness, nn., top'tuousLY 2 adv. [f. OF tortuos 
 f. L tortuosus (tortus -us twist, foil., -ous)] 
 tOP*tupe(-tsher),n.,&v.t. Infliction of severe 
 bodily pain e.g. as punishment or means of per- 
 suasion, as was put to the t.\ severe physical or 
 mental pain. (V.t.) subject to t., as tortured 
 wUh neuralgia, tight boots, anxiety ; (fig. ) force 
 out of natural position or state, pervert mean- 
 ing of (words, passage). Hence top'tuPABLE, 
 top'tupous, aa., toP'tupER 1 n., top'tup- 
 ing-LY 2 adv. [(vbf. n.) F, f. L tortura twist- 
 ing (torquere tort- twist, see -ure)] 
 top'ula, n. (pi. -ae). Kisds of yeast-like fun- 
 gus ; chain of spherical bacteria, whence, top*- 
 
 uHform a.; (Bot.) small torus, [mod. L dim. of 
 torus] 
 
 top'us, n. (pi. -ri). Large moulding of semi- 
 circular profile esp. as lowest member of base 
 of column ; (Bot.)receptacle of flower, modified 
 end of stem ; ( Anat.) smooth ridge as of muscle. 
 [L,=protuberance, bed] 
 
 top'y, n. & a. (Member) of the party that op- 
 posed the Revolution of 1688, supported policy 
 of George III, opposed Reform Bill of 1832, & 
 has been succeeded by Conservative party 
 (cf. whig); T. Democrat, Conservative who in- 
 clines to some democratic principles. Hence 
 toP'yiSM n. [orig. = Irish robber, f. Ir. toiridhe, 
 toruighe, pursuer, cf. Gael, toir pursuit] 
 
 -topy, suf., most freq. form of -ory, in wds f. 
 L vbs w. p.p. stem in -t- (amatory , factory). 
 
 toss, v.t. & i. (tossed or poet. 'tost), & n. 
 Throw up (ball &c.) with the hand esp. with 
 palm upward; throw (thing to person, away, 
 aside, &c.) lightly or carelessly ; throw (coin) 
 into air to decide choice &c. by way it falls, 
 settlequestion ordispute with (person/or thing) 
 thus, as will t. you for (or who has) the arm- 
 chair ; (Lawn-tennis) strike (ball or abs.) high 
 into air ; toss (person) in blanket, jerk him up- 
 wards out of it by pulling suddenly on all 
 corners ; throw back (one's head) esp. in con- 
 tempt or impatience; throw (thing, oneself) 
 about from side to side, throw oneself about 
 thus in bed &c, roll about restlessly ; separate 
 heavy from light parts of (tin ore) by agitation 
 in vessel ; t.off, drink offat a draught, dispatch 
 (work) rapidly or withoutapparent effort; t.up, 
 toss coin as above, prepare (food) hastily ; toss- 
 pot (archaic), toper. (X.) tossing of coin, head, 
 &c, as win the t, have its decision in one's 
 favour ; a contemptuous t. of the head ; t.-up, 
 tossing up of coin, doubtful question, as is quite 
 a t.-up whether he comes or not; pitch $-&-t. 
 [(n. f. vb) f. Norw. tossa sprinkle, cf. LG teusen 
 toss (hay)] 
 
 tot 1 , n. Small child, esp. a tiny t.\ tcolloq.) 
 dram of liquor, [f. ON tottr, cf. Da. tot\ 
 
 tot 2 ,n.,& v.t. & i., (colloq.). Set of figures to 
 be added ; (vb) add usu. up, (of expenses &c.) 
 mount up. [L, = so many ; or abbr. of foil.] 
 
 to'tal, a., n., & v.t. (-11-). Complete, compris- 
 ing the whole, as the t. number of persons, t- 
 population, sum t., t. tonnage ; absolute, un. 
 qualified, as was in t. ignorance of it ; resulted 
 in t. loss of his fortune, t. abstinence, ab- 
 stainer, eclipse (in which whole surface is ob- 
 scured); (n.) t. number or amount; (v.t.) find 
 the t. of (things, set of figures), amount in num- 
 ber to, as the visitors totalled 131. Hence to- 
 ta'liTY n., to'talLY 2 adv. [(n. & vb f. adj.) F, 
 f. LL totalis (totus entire, see -al)] 
 
 to'talize, v.t. & i. Collect into a total, find 
 the total of ; use totalizer in betting. Hence 
 totalizA'TiON n. [ize] 
 
 to'talizep, n. Device showing number & 
 amount of bets staked on race with a view to 
 dividing the total among betters on winner. 
 So to'talizatOR 2 n. [-er l ] 
 
 to'tem, n. Natural object esp. animal as- 
 sumed among N.-Amer. Indians as emblem 
 of clan or individual on ground of relationship ; 
 image of this ; t.-post (on which tt. are carved 
 or hung) ; t. stage, stage of mental develop- 
 ment in which tt. are taken as clan-names & 
 objects of worship. Hence tote'mic, totem- 
 i'stic, aa., to*temiSM(3), to*temiST(2), nn. 
 [of native orig.] 
 
 t'o*thep,to*thep, (tu-), a. & pron. Tke other, 
 [earlier the tother f. wrong division of ME thet 
 (that) other ; now understood &.s=the other & 
 usu. used without the] 
 
TOTIDEM VERBIS 
 
 931 
 
 TOURNAMENT 
 
 to'tidem verbis, adv. In so many words, 
 in these very words, as he said, t.v., that he 
 would write in either case. [L] 
 
 to' ties quo' ties (or to 'shies kwo 'shies), adv. 
 On each occasion, every time, as offer was re- 
 fused t.q. [L, = as often as] 
 
 to'to cae'lo (se-), adv. Differ t.c. (hy an im- 
 mense distance). [L, = by the whole heaven] 
 
 to'ttep, v.i. Stand or walk unsteadily (esp. 
 of child learning to walk) ; (part., of steps) un- 
 steady ; (of tower &c, fig. of State, system, &c.) 
 be shaken, be on the point of falling. Hence 
 to'ttePER 1 n., to'ttering-LY 2 adv., tet- 
 ter y 2 a. [for toiler cogn. w. ME tulten var. of 
 tilten tilt l ± -er 5 ] 
 
 toucan (tookah'n, tob'kn), n. Kinds of tro- 
 pical American bird with immense beak. [f. 
 Braz. tucano, -na] 
 
 touch ! (tutsh), v.t. & i. Be separated at one 
 or more points by no intervening space or ob- 
 ject from (thing &c), be in or come into contact 
 with, bring part of body esp. hand into contact 
 with, establish this relation towards (thing 
 with one's hand, stick, Sec), cause (two things) 
 to come into contact, (of two things) be in con- 
 tact, as two rocks t. (each other) at the bases, 
 you are touching wet paint, t. pitch, have to do 
 with shady transaction or person, he touched 
 me on the shoulder, t. the table with your stick, 
 wouldn't t. him (unpleasant person) with a 
 barge-pole, just touched them together & they 
 cracked, I never touched him (hostilely), can 
 just t. bottom (of water with toes), t. bottom l , 
 touched his hat (as salutation), icas touched by 
 the king (to cure king^s evil), t. wood (to pro- 
 pitiate Nemesis after boasting &c); (Geom.) be 
 a tangent to (circle &c. ) ; apply slight force to, as 
 he touched (rang) the bell ; strike (keys, strings, of 
 musical instrument), strike keys or strings of ; 
 delineate, mark lightly, put in, (features &c.) 
 with brush, pencil, &c; reach, as can just t.the 
 ceiling, (fig.) approach in excellence &c, as no 
 one can t. him in light comedy, in the spot- 
 barred game, for purity of style ; affect with 
 tender feeling, soften, as it touched me to the 
 heart, was visibly touched by her appeal ; rouse 
 painful or angry feeling in, as touched him 
 home, touched him to the quick, = touched him 
 on a raw or tender place (also lit.); treat of 
 (subject) lightly or in passing ; concern, as the 
 question touches you nearly ; (chiefly neg.) 
 have to do with, as refuses to t. (risk capital 
 in) breweries, dare not t. (drink) beer; injure 
 slightly, as flowers are a little touched with the 
 eastwind; (p.p.) slightly crazy; affect slightly, 
 modify, as morality touched with emotion ; 
 (neg.) produce slightest effect on, cope with, as 
 brass polish ivon'tt. these candlesticks, couldnt 
 t. the algebra paper; t. at (naut.), call at (port 
 &c.) ; t. down (football), t. ball on ground behind 
 own goal to prevent opponent's doing so ; t. on 
 or upon, treat (subject) briefly; t. off, make 
 <3ketch ) hastily, make hasty sketch of, (also) dis- 
 charge (cannon) ; t. up, correct, give finishing 
 touches to (picture, writing, &c), strike (horse) 
 with whip, jog (memory). Hence tou'ehABLE 
 a. [ME touchen f. F toucher of Teut. orig., cf. 
 OHG zucchen, G zucken, twitch, cogn. w. G 
 Ziehen draw & L ducere lead, draw] 
 
 touch 2 , n. Act or fact of touching, contact, 
 as gave him a t.,felt a t. on my arm, royal t. 
 <for kingI's evil) ; sense by which contact is 
 perceived, whence tou'chLESS a.; light stroke 
 with pencil, brush, &c. in drawing &c, wadded 
 a few tt., finishing tt., (often fig. of writing, 
 management of business, &c.) ; small amount, 
 slight tinge or trace, as xvants a t. of salt, an 
 occasional t. of irony, felt a t. of rheumatism ; 
 
 performer's manner of touching keys or strings 
 of musical instrument, manner or degree in 
 which keys &c. respond to this, manner or style 
 of workmanship in carving &c. or in writing, 
 as has a light or firm t. on piano, piano is want- 
 ing in t., writer hus light t. (produces required 
 effect simply, without laboured emphasis, Sec); 
 mental correspondence, sympathy, communi- 
 cation, esp. keep in t., remain in sympathy or 
 not cease from correspondence or personal in- 
 tercourse (with); magnetization of steel bar by 
 repeated contact with magnet ; (archaic) touch- 
 stone, test, as put it to the t. ; near t. , close shave, 
 narrow escape; (Med.) exploration of organs 
 &c. by sense of t. ; (Footb.) part of field outside 
 the side limits (t.-lines) Se between goal-lines 
 produced, t.-in-goal, each of the four outside 
 corners enclosed by t.-lines & goal-lines,£. -down, 
 touching down (as in prec); t.-&-go, (adj.) of 
 uncertain event, risky, placed in risky circum- 
 stances, as it was t.S-go whether we got past., 
 a t.-&-go business, we were t.-&-go all the time, 
 (n.) such situation; t.-body, -corpuscle, (con- 
 cerned in sense oft.); t.-hole, small hole in can- 
 non by which it is fired ; t.-last, children's game ; 
 t.-needle, needle of gold alloy of known com- 
 position used as standard in testing other alloys 
 on touchstone ; t.-paper (steeped in nitre, for 
 firing gunpowder &c.) ; touchstone, fine-grained 
 dark schist or jasper used for testing alloys of 
 gold &c, (fig.) standard, criterion ; touchivood, 
 soft substance into which wood is changed by 
 some fungi, used as tinder, [f. prec] 
 
 tou'eher, n. In vbl senses, also: (slang) near 
 t, close shave, as near as a t., very nearly, al- 
 most exactly. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 tou'ehing 1 , a. & prep. Affecting, pathetic, 
 as a t. incident, shows the most t. confidence in 
 us, whence tou*ching"LV 2 adv., toirehing- 
 ness n.; (prep., archaic or literary, also as t.) 
 concerning, about, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 tou'ehy, a. Apt to take offence, over-sensi- 
 tive. Hence tou'chiLY 2 adv., tou'chiNESS 
 n. [corrupt, of techy] 
 
 tough (tuf ), a. Flexible but not brittle, hard 
 to break or cut, as a beefsteak as t. as leather, 
 requires the toughest steel; (of clay &c.) stiff, 
 tenacious ; able to endure hardship, hardy ; un- 
 yielding, stubborn ; difficult, as found it a t. 
 job; (colloq., of luck &e.) hard, severe, unplea- 
 sant. Hence tou'g-hEN^ v.t. & i., tou'g-hiSH 1 
 a., tou'g-hLY^dv., tou*g"hNESS n. [OE toh, 
 cf. Du. taai, G zdh(e), cogn. w. tooth] 
 
 toupee* (too-), n. Artificial patch of hair 
 worn to cover bald spot. [f. F toupet dim. of 
 toupe tuft (as top 1 )] 
 
 toup (toor), n., & v.i. & t. Journey through 
 a country from place to place ; the grand t. 
 (hist.), journey through France, Italy, &c, as 
 finishing touch to education ; rambling excur- 
 sion, short journey, walk, as at. of observation 
 through the town ; t. de force, feat of strength 
 or skill; (vb) make t. (through, about, Sec), 
 make a t. of, travel through, (country &c). [F, 
 =turn, round, tour, f. tourner turn] 
 
 toupbi'llion (toor-), n. Kind of firework 
 spinning in air so as to look like scroll or spiral 
 column of fire. ff. F tourbillon whirlwind] 
 
 toup'ist, n. Person who makes a tour, as 
 place is overrun with tt; t. ticket, railway &c. 
 ticket issued to t. on special terms, esp. return 
 ticket available for extended period, [f. F 
 touriste (prec, see -ist)] 
 
 toup*malin(e) (toor-), n. Mineral of various 
 colours possessing powerful electric properties 
 & used as gem; t.-granite (containing t.). [F. 
 f. native wd in Ceylon] 
 
 tournament (toor-, ter-), n. (Hist.) pageant 
 
TOURNAY 
 
 935 
 
 TRABECULA 
 
 in which two parties of mounted & armed men 
 contended with blunted weapons ; any contest 
 of skill between a number of competitors, as 
 chess, lawn-tennis, t. If. OF tornoiement (tor- 
 noier tourney, see -ment)] 
 
 tour'nay (toor-), n. Printed worsted up- 
 holstering-material. [f. Tournay, in Belgium] 
 
 tourney (ter-, toor-), n., & v.i. (Take part in) 
 tournament (hist.), [f. OF tornoier vb, tornoi 
 n., f. tourner turn] 
 
 toup'niquet (toor-, -k-), n. Instrument for 
 stopping flow of blood through artery by com- 
 pression effected with screw. [F, = turnstile, 
 tourniquet, f. tourner turn] 
 
 tournure (toornur - or as F), n. Curve, con- 
 tour ; pad &c. worn by women to give rounded 
 outline to hips, back drapery of dress. IF (as 
 turn, see -URE)] 
 
 tousle (towzl), v.t. Pull about, handle 
 roughly, make (esp. hair) untidy, [f. touse (now 
 dial, or obs., cf. Towzer as dog's name), ME 
 tusen, cf. G zausen, + -le(3)] 
 
 tous-les-mois(toolamwah - ),n. Food starch 
 got from tubers of species of canna. [F, lit. - 
 every month] 
 
 tou'sy (-zi), a. Rough, shaggy, dishevelled, 
 [f. prec. + -Y 2 ] 
 
 tout (towt), v.i., & n. Solicit custom, pester 
 possible customers with applications {jor or- 
 ders); spy out movements & condition of horses 
 in training; (n.) instance of, (also tou'tER 1 n. 
 rare) person employed in, touting. [ME toten 
 peep, pry, OE totian project, peep out, cf. ON 
 tuta peak, Sw. tut point, Da. tud spout] 
 
 tout court (too koor), adv. (Of name &c.) 
 without addition or explanation. [F, lit. = quite 
 short] 
 
 tout ensemb/e (F), n. See ensemble. 
 
 tow 1 (to), v.t., & n. (Of vessel, horse on bank, 
 &c.) pull (boat, barge, &c.) along in water by 
 rope or chain; pull (person, thing) along behind 
 one ; drag (net) over surface of water, drag net 
 over (water), to collect specimens; (n.) towing, 
 being towed, esp. take, have, int., (fig.) assume 
 direction of, take possession of, (person); tow- 
 {ing)-line, -rope, (used in towing) ; tow(ing)-net 
 (for dragging water); tow(ing)-path (along river 
 or canal for use in towing). Hence tow- 
 age(3, 4) n. [OE togian, cf. ON toga pull, OHG 
 zogon draw, cogn. w. G Ziehen draw & w. L 
 ducere lead, draw] 
 
 tow 2 (to), n. Coarse & broken part of flax or 
 hemp. Hence toWY 2 a. [OE (towlic tow-like), 
 orig. = spinning, cf. MDu. touw tow, ON to tuft 
 of woof for spinning ; cogn. w. taw l & tool] 
 
 toward. 1 (to'erd), a. (archaic). Docile, apt. 
 Hence tow'ardLY 1 a., towapdNESs n., (ar- 
 chaic), [as foil.] 
 
 towards, toward 2 , (tords, to'erds, twords, 
 towor'ds), prep, (-s now more usu. in prose & 
 colloq.). In the direction of, as looks t. the sea, 
 set out t. town, Hook t. you (in drinking health); 
 as regards, in relation to, as felt some ani- 
 mosity t. him, his attitude t. Home Rule; 
 (archaic esp. bibl.) to usward, t. us; for, for 
 the purpose of, as saved something t. his edu- 
 cation; near, as t. noon, t. the end of our journey; 
 (archaic, as adv.) feast is toward (coming). 
 [OE toweard a. future (to, -ward), see -esJ 
 
 towel, n., & v.t. & i. (-11-). Cloth for drying 
 
 oneself after bath &c. ; roller-t., endless t. on 
 
 revolving bar; t.-horse, wooden frame for 
 
 hanging tt. on ; (slang) lead t, bullet, oaken t., 
 cudgel ; (v.t.) wipe {oneself 8cc.) with t., (slang) 
 
 thrash; (v.i.) wipe oneself with t. Hence 
 
 towelliNG Ml, 3) n. [f. F touaille f. OHG twa- 
 
 hila (G zwehle) f. twahan wash, cf. OE thwean, 
 
 ON thva] 
 
 tower, n., & v.i. Tall usu. equilateral (esp. 
 square) or circular structure, often forming 
 part of church or other large building; (fig.) 
 place of defence, protector; martello£.; water- 
 t, pipe used to secure high head of water at 
 fires, also, t. supporting tank for distribution 
 of water at high pressure ; the T. {of London), 
 assemblage of buildings now used as arsenal & 
 repository of objects of public interest, orig. a 
 fortress & palace & later used as State prison ; 
 (v.i.) reach high {above surroundings, often fig. 
 of eminent person, as towers above his contem- 
 poraries), (of game-bird mortally wounded) rise 
 vertically to great height, (part.) high, lofty, 
 (fig) a towering (violent) rage, passion. Hence 
 towePED 2 , towePY 2 , aa. [(vb f. n.) f. OF 
 tur f. L turris f. Gk tursis, turrhis] 
 town, n. (Hist.) collection of houses enclosed 
 by wall or hedge; considerable collection of 
 dwellings &c. (larger than village ; often opp. 
 to country), esp. one not created a city ; the 
 people of a t., as the whole t. knows of it, is the 
 talk of the t. (talked about by everyone in the 
 t.) ; (without the) London or the chief city or 
 town in speaker's neighbourhood, as went up 
 to t. (London) from York, is not in t., is out of 
 t; man about t., fashionable idler esp. in Lon- 
 don ; paint 2 the t. red ; county t; t. & gown ; 
 t. adjutant, major, garrison officers maintain- 
 ing discipline &c; t. -clerk, official who makes 
 & keeps t. records ; t. councillor), (member of) 
 
 foverning body in municipality; t. crier; t. 
 all, building for transaction of official business 
 of t., often used also for public entertainment 
 &c; t. house, one's t. (as opp. to country) resi- 
 dence ; townsfolk, inhabitants of a particular 
 t. or of tt. ; township, (Law) each of several tt. 
 in one parish; townsman, inhabitant of a town, 
 fellow citizen ; townspeople, the people of a t.; 
 t.-talk, the talk of the t. Hence townLESS, 
 townwARD, aa., townLET n., town- 
 ward(s) adv. [OE tun, cf. Du. tuin, ON tun, 
 G zaun hedge] 
 
 townee*, n. (univ. slang). Inhabitant of uni- 
 versity town who is not a member of the 
 university, [-ee] 
 
 to*xie,a. Of poison, asf. symptoms; poisonous; 
 t. anaemia, epilepsy, &c. (caused by poison). 
 Hence to'xic all y , toxieolo'gieal ly 2 , ad vv. , 
 to'xieANT a. & n., toxieolo'g-iCAL a ., toxi- 
 
 CO'lOgTIST, tOXieO'LOGY, tOXieOMA'NIA, 
 
 toxieo'sis, toxlPHO'BiA, nn. [f. L f. Gk toxi- 
 
 kon poison, orig. for dipping arrows in, neut. 
 
 of toxikos {toxa bow & arrows, -ic)] 
 to*xin,n. Any poisonous ptomaine, [prec., -in] 
 toxd'philite, n. & a. (Student, lover) of 
 
 archery. Hence toxophili'tica. [f. Gk toxon 
 
 bow + -PHIL + -ITE 1 ] 
 
 toy,n.,&v.i. Playthingesp. for child ; knick- 
 knack, thing mean t rather for amusement than 
 for serious use, as the spinthariscope is a pretty 
 t.; occupation followed in trifling or unpractical 
 manner,hobby, as she makes a Mamuses herself 
 with needless elaboration) of housekeeping ; t.- 
 box (for keeping one's tt. in); t. dog, spaniel , 
 terrier, small kinds kept as pets or curiosities ; 
 toyshop ; (v.i.) trifle, amuse oneself, t. with, deal 
 with, handle, in trifling or fondling or careless 
 manner, as toyed with a plate of strawberries, 
 whence toyingLY 2 adv. [(vb f. n.) f. Du. tuig 
 tool, stuff, trash, (speeltuig toy), cf. G zeug 
 {spielzeug toy), ON tygi, Da. toi, stuff] 
 
 tpa-, pref. alternating with trans- before 
 consonants in some wds of L orig. 
 
 tpabea'tion, n. Entablature. So tra'be- 
 ate(d) [-ate 2 (2)] aa. [f. L trabsbe&m + -ation] 
 
 tpabe'cula, n. (pi. -ae). (Anat.) supporting 
 band or bar of connective tissue &c; (Bot). 
 
TRACE 
 
 936 
 
 TRADE 
 
 beam like projection or process. Hence tra- 
 be'culARi, tpabe*eulate(d) [ate -(2)], aa. 
 [L, dim. of trabs beam] 
 
 trace 1 , v.t., & n. Delineate, mark out, 
 sketch, write csp. laboriously, as traced (out) a 
 plan of the district, traced the words with a 
 shaking hand, (fig.) the policy traced (out) by 
 him icas never followed ; (also t. over) copy 
 (drawing &c.) by following & marking its lines 
 on superimposed sheet (esp. of tracing-paper 
 made transparent with oil of turpentine &c.) 
 through which they are visible or on sheet 
 placed below with carbon paper between ; fol- 
 low the track or path of (person, animal, foot- 
 steps, &c, along, through, to, &c); ascertain 
 position & dimensions &c. of (ancientroad.wall, 
 &c.) by its remains ; observe or find vestiges or 
 signs of, as his resentment can be clearly traced 
 in many passages, cannot t. (often = do not 
 think I received) any letter of that date ; t. 
 back, go back over the course of, as have traced 
 his genealogy back to (the time of) William I, 
 the report has been traced back to you ; pursue 
 one's way along (path &c). Hence traeea- 
 bi'litv, tra*ceablexEss, nn„ tra'ceABLE a., 
 ti»a*eeabLY 2 adv., tra'CER Ml, 2) n. (N.) track 
 left by person or animal walking or running, 
 footprints or other visible signs of course pur- 
 sued (usu. pi.) ; visible or other sign of what 
 has existed or happened, as of these buildings 
 no t. remains, sorrow has left its tt. on her face, 
 tt. of Italian influence abound in his earlier 
 works ; (loosely) small quantity, as contains tt. 
 of soda. Hence tra'eeLESS a., tra'celess- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. F trace(r) vb & n. ult. f. L trahere 
 tract- draw] 
 
 trace 2 , n. Each of the two side straps or 
 chains by which horse draws vehicle ; inthett., 
 in harness (lit. & fig.); kick over the tt., (fig., of 
 person) become insubordinate. If. MF traice, 
 orig. pi. of trait] 
 
 tra'eery, n. Stone ornamental openwork 
 esp. in head of Gothic window; decorative 
 pattern or natural outline (e.g. in insect's wing) 
 suggesting this. Hence tra'eeriED 2 a. [f. 
 trace 1 + -ery] 
 
 trache'a (-k- ; or tra"k-), n. (pi. -ae). Prin- 
 cipal air-passage of body from larynx to bron- 
 chial tubes ; each of the passages by which air 
 is conveyed from the exterior in insects, arach- 
 nids, &c; (Bot.) duct, vessel. Hence tra*- 
 eheAL.tra'eheAN, tra'eheATE 2 (2), aa. , tra*- 
 cheo- comb, form, tra'eheocELE, traeheo*- 
 tomv, trachiTis, nn. [L, f. Gk trakheia (ar- 
 teria), lit. rough artery, f. trakhus rough] 
 
 traehe'lo- (-k-)incomb. = Gk trakhelos neck. 
 
 trachoma (-k-), n. Disease of eye marked 
 by granular excrescences on inner surface of 
 lids. Hence trachd'matous a. [f. Gk tra- 
 khoma roughness (trakhus rough, see -m)] 
 
 tpaehy-(-k-) in comb. = Gk trakhus rough, as 
 •phb'nia hoarseness. 
 
 tra'ehyte (-kit), n. Light-coloured volcanic 
 rock rough to the touch. Hence trachy'tic 
 a. [f. Gk trakhutes roughness (trakhus rough) 
 on wds in -1TE, cf. barvtes] 
 
 track, n., & v.t. Continuous line, series of 
 marks, left by person, animal, or thing, in pass- 
 ing along, (pi.) such marks, esp. footprints, as 
 watched the broad t. of departing ship, follow- 
 ed his t. through the snow, anion his t. (in pur- 
 suit of him t> fig. in possession of clue to his 
 conduct, designs, &c), presently came on some 
 more of his tt.; course taken, as followed in his 
 t., indicated the t. in which we were to go, t. of 
 a comet; path, esp. one beaten by use, (fig.) 
 course of life or routine, as a rough t. runs round 
 tlie hill-side, covered with sheep-tt., afraid to 
 
 leave the beaten t. (of ordinary life ; also lit.) ; 
 prepared racing-path, esp. cinder-t. (for run- 
 ners) ; continuous line of railway, as single, 
 double, t., one pair, two pairs, of rails ; in ones 
 tt. (slang), where one stands, there & then ; 
 make tt. (slang), go or run away, make otf ; 
 make tt. for (slang), go in pursuit of, go after ; 
 off the t., off the scent, (fig.) away from the sub- 
 ject ; t.-clearer, kinds of device attached to lo- 
 comotive, mowing-machine, &c, for clearing t. 
 in front or behind. Hence tra'ekLESS a., 
 tra'cklessLY 2 adv., tra'cklessNESs n. 
 (V.t.) follow the t. of (animal. person, to lair &c); 
 t. down, reach, capture, by tracking ; trace, 
 makeoui,(course, development,&c.)by vestiges; 
 tow (boat) by rope &c. from bank. Hence 
 tra'ekER l n. [f. F trac f. MDu. treck (trecken 
 draw) ; vb f. n., but in last sense direct f. Du.] 
 
 tra'ckage (ij), n. Towage; rail way tracks 
 collectively, amount of these. 1-age) 
 
 tract 1 , n. Region, area, of indefinite (usu. 
 large) extent, as at. of sand, pathless tt.-, (Anat.) 
 area of organ or system, as olfactory, optic, 
 respiratory, t. ; (archaic) period (of time &c). 
 [f. L tractus -us, vbl n. f. trahere tract- draw] 
 
 tract 2 , n. Short treatise or discourse esp. on 
 religious subject; (R.-C. Ch. &c.) a form of an- 
 them ; Tt. for the Times, Oxford Tt., see tract- 
 arianism. [abbr. of tractate] 
 
 tra'etable, a. (Of persons, rarely of materials 
 &c.) easily handled, manageable, pliant, docile. 
 Hence tpactaBi'LiTV, tra'ctablexESS, nn., 
 tra'etabLY 2 adv. If. L tractabilis (tractare 
 handle, free.- of trahere tract- draw, -ble)J 
 
 Tractap'ian, a. & n. (Adherent, promoter) 
 of Tractarianism. |tract 2 + -arian] 
 
 Tractar'ianism, n. (Also Oxford move- 
 ment) High-Church reaction towards Roman- 
 Catholicism &against ralionalism& formalism, 
 voiced by Newman, Pusey, Keble, Froude, &c, 
 in 90 tracts (Tracts for the Times) published at 
 Oxford 1833-41. 1-is.m] 
 
 tra'etate, n. Treatise, [f. L tractatus -us 
 (tractare, see tractable)] 
 
 tra'etion, n. Drawingof a body along a sur- 
 face, as electric, steam, t.; line oft., that in 
 which the force of t. acts, angle oft. (between 
 line of t. & plane in which body is drawn) ; con- 
 traction e.g. of muscle, &st.-aneurysm (produced 
 by t.); t. -engine, movable steam-engine for drag- 
 ging heavy load on ordinary road ; t.-ivheel, 
 driving-wheel of locomotive &c. Hence orcogn. 
 tra'ctioriAL, tra'etiVE, aa. [F, f. L trahere 
 tract- draw, see -ion] 
 
 trade, n., & v.i. &t. Business, esp. mechan- 
 ical or mercantile employment opp. to profes- 
 sion, carried on as means of livelihood or pro- 
 fit ; jack 1 of all tt.; trick of the t., device for 
 attracting custom, gaining advantage of rival, 
 &c. ; exchange of commodities for money or 
 other commodities, commerce, as foreign t., 
 exportation & importation of goods from & to 
 home country or exchange of commodities of 
 different countries, domestic or hornet, (carried 
 on within a country); carrying-t., transporta- 
 tion of goods from one country to another by 
 water; the persons engaged in a t., as the t. 
 will never submit to it, is unpopular with the 
 book t. ; Board of T., committee of Privy 
 Council supervising commerce & industry, 
 balance 1 oft. ; free 1 t. ; fair 2 £. ; = t.-win'd; 
 t.-hall (for meetings of traders &c.) ; t.-mark, 
 legally registered mark or name used by manu- 
 facturer &c. to distinguish his goods ; t. name, 
 that by which a thing is called in the t., also, 
 name given by manufacturer to proprietary 
 article ; t. price (charged by manufacturer &c. 
 to dealer for goods that are to be sold again) ; 
 
TRADER 
 
 937 
 
 TRAIN 
 
 tradesman, person engaged in t., esp. shop- 
 keeper; tradespeople, tradesmen & their fami- 
 lies ; t.-xmion, organized association of work- 
 men of a t. formed for protection & promotion 
 of common interests, t.-unionism, this system 
 of association, t.-unionist, advocate of this, 
 member of t. -union ; t.-icind, wind blowing 
 continually towards thermal equator & de- 
 flected westwardly by rotation of earth (ef. 
 anti-trade), (pi.) the t.-wind & the anti-t., 
 prevailing over the oceans from about 30° N. 
 to 30° S. (Vb) buy & sell, engage in t. (in com- 
 modity, with person) ; have a transaction (with 
 person for thing); carry merchandise (to place); 
 exchange in commerce, barter, (goods) ; make 
 a t. of one's political influence, make corrupt 
 bargains in politics, (esp. in part.) ; t. on, take 
 (esp. unscrupulous) advantage of (person's 
 good-nature, one's knowledge of a secret, &c). 
 [(vb f. n.) ME, orig. = path (as tread)] 
 
 tpa'dep, n. Person engaged, vessel regularly 
 employed, in trade, [-er "■] 
 
 tradi'tion, n. Opinion or belief or custom 
 handed down, handing down of these, from 
 ancestors to posterity; (Theol.) doctrine &c. 
 supposed to have divine authority but not com- 
 mitted to writing, esp. (1) laws held by Phari- 
 sees to have been delivered by God to Moses, 
 (2) oral teaching of Christ not recorded in 
 writing by immediate disciples, (3) words & 
 deeds of Mohammed not in Koran ; artistic or 
 literary principle(s) based on accumulated ex- 
 perience or continuous usage, as stage t, the tt. 
 of the Dxdch School ; (Law) formal delivery. 
 Hence or cogn. traditionAL, tradi'tion- 
 ary l , aa., tradi'tionalL y 2 ad v. [f. OF tra- 
 dition f. L traditionem surrender, delivery, 
 tradition, f. TRA(dere dit- = dare give), -ion] 
 
 traditionalism, n. (Excessive) respect 
 for tradition esp. in religion ; philosophical 
 system referring all religious knowledge to 
 divine revelation & tradition. So tradi*- 
 tion(al)iST nn., traditionalist ic a. [-ism] 
 
 tra'ditor, n. (pi. -ors, -ores). Early Christian 
 who to save his life surrendered copies of 
 Scripture or Church property to persecutors. 
 [L (tradere, see tradition, -or 2 )] 
 
 tradu'ee, v.t. Calumniate, misrepresent. 
 Hence tradu'CER 1 , tradu'eeMENT, nn., 
 tradu'ciBLE a. [f. L TRA(ducere duct- lead) 
 bring over, display, disgrace, propagate] 
 
 tpadu'cian(ist), nn. One who believes 
 that soul as well as body is propagated (cf. 
 creationism, 1st sense). So tpadu'eianiSM 
 n. [f. LL traducianus f. L tradux -ucis layer 
 of vine (as prec), see -an] 
 
 tpa'ffic, v.i. & t. (-ck-), & n. Trade (in com- 
 modity lit. & fig.), carry on commerce ; barter 
 <esp. fig.). Hence tpa'ffiekERi n. (N.) trade 
 (in commodity lit. & fig.), as the t. in raw hides, 
 unscrupulous t. in lucrative appointments ; 
 transportation of goods, coming & going of 
 persons or goods by road, rail, steamship route, 
 &c, number or amount of persons or goods 
 conveyed, as there is little t. on these roads, 
 the t.-returns (periodical statements of t.) on 
 all railways show marked increase, apply to 
 tlie superintendent of t. (on railway). Hence 
 tpa'fncLESS a. [(n. f. vb) f. F trafiquer f. It. 
 trafficare, etym. dub.] 
 
 tpa'gacanth, n. White or reddish gum 
 from certain herbs, used in pharmacy, calico- 
 printing, &c. [f. F tragacanthe f. L f. Gk 
 tragakantha, name of shrub (tragos goat + 
 akantha thorn)] 
 
 trage'dian, n. Writer of tragedies ; ( w. fem. 
 tragedienne, pr. -en) actor in tragedy, [f. F 
 tragtdien, fem. -enne, or f. foil. + -an] 
 
 tpa'gedy (-j-), n. Drama in prose or verse 
 of elevated theme & diction & with unhappy 
 ending ; (T-) t. personified ; sad event, calamity, 
 serious accident or crime, [f. ME tragedie f. 
 L (-oed-) f. Gk tragoidia f. tragoidos lit. goat- 
 singer (tragos goat + -didos singer f. aeido 
 sing), hist, doubtful] 
 
 tpa'gie(al), aa. (-ic) of, in the style of, tra- 
 gedy, as t. drama, the t. stage, in a t. voice, t. 
 actor, t. irony, use in Gk tragedy of words hav- 
 ing an inner esp. prophetic meaning for audi- 
 ence unsuspected by speaker ; sad, calamitous, 
 distressing, as a t. tale, event, scene. Hence 
 tpa'giealLY 2 adv., tpa'g-icalNESS n. [f. L 
 f. Gk tragikos (tragos goat, -ic, -al)] 
 
 tpagieo'medy, n. Drama of mixed tragic 
 & comic elements. So tpagieo'mic a., tra- 
 gieo'miCALLY adv. [f. F tragicomldie f. L 
 tragicocomoedia (as prec, see comedy)] 
 
 tra'gopan, n. Horned pheasant. [L f. Gk, 
 name of fabulous hird(tragos goat,Para,Gk god)] 
 
 trail, n., & v.t. & i. Part drawn behind or 
 in the wake of a thing, long (real or apparent) 
 appendage, as engine left a t. of smoke behind 
 it, the t. of a meteor ; lower end of gun-car- 
 riage ; track left by thing that has moved or 
 been drawn over surface, as slimy t. of a slug; 
 track, scent, followed in hunting, as got on, 
 off, the t. ; beaten path esp. through wild re- 
 gion ; t.-net, drag-net. (Vb) draw along be- 
 hind one esp. on the ground, as was trailing a 
 toy cart, trailed her dress through the mud, 
 trailing clouds of glory; (Mil.) t. ai*ms, let 
 rifles hang balanced in one hand parallel to 
 ground; tread down (grass &c.) so as to make 
 path ; be drawn along behind, as skirt trails 
 on the ground ; hang loosely ; (of plant) grow 
 to some length over ground, wall, &c. ; trail- 
 ing-wheel, either hind wheel of carriage, [(vb 
 f. n. & f. OF traxller tow) f. OF traille f. L tra- 
 gxda sledge (trahere draw)] 
 
 tpai'lep, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : trail- 
 ing plant; wheeled chair drawn behind bi- 
 cycle or tricycle, tram-car &c. drawn behind 
 another, [-er 1 ] 
 
 train, v.t. & i., & n. Bring (person, child, 
 animal) todesiredstateorstandard of efficiency 
 &c. by instruction & practice, as t. up a child 
 in the way he shoidd go, teas trained for the 
 ministry, a trained nurse, soldier, trained 
 faexdties, did not escape his trained eye ; 
 teach & accustom (person, animal, to do, to 
 action), as dog is trained to jump through hoop, 
 trained to all out-door exercises, to obey ci* 
 obedience', bring (horse, athlete, oneself), come, 
 to physical efficiency by exercise & diet, as is 
 training for the boat-race, trains horses, is 
 only half -trained, is over, under, -trained, t. 
 fine (into exact condition required ; t. & i.), al- 
 ways traiiis on vegetarian diet; cause (plant) 
 to grow in required shape (often up, over, wall 
 &c); point, aim, (cannon upon object &c); 
 (archaic) entice, lure, (axcay, from post &c); 
 (now rare) draw along (esp. heavy thing) ; 
 (colloq.) go by t., perform (journey) thus, as 
 shall t. from York to Leeds, t. the rest of the 
 way, we trained it all the way ; t. off, (of shot) 
 go off* obliquely. Hence trai'nABLE a. (N.) 
 thing drawn along behind or forming hinder 
 part, esp. elongated part of woman's skirt 
 trailing on ground or of official robe, trail of 
 gun-carriage, long or conspicuous tail of bird ; 
 body of followers, retinue, as formed part of 
 his t., a t. of admirers ; succession or series of 
 persons or things, as long train of sight-seers, 
 of camels, by an unlucky t. of events, sxiggested 
 a whole t. ofideas,painfxdt.ofthoxight; series 
 of railway carriages drawn by same engine(s), 
 
 30* 
 
TRAINER 
 
 938 
 
 TRANSCENDENTAL 
 
 as missed my t, put on a special t, express *, 
 
 fast, SlOW, UP, DOWN 5 , THROUGH, CORRIDOR, 
 
 parliamentary, t, train de luxe (F) ; line of 
 combustible material to lead fire to mine &c. ; 
 (archaic! ordered arrangement, condition, as 
 matters were in a fine t. ; series of connected 
 wheels or parts in machinery; t.-band (hist.), 
 each division of London citizen soldiery esp. in 
 Stuart period ; t. -bearer, person employed to 
 hold up t. of robe ; t.-mile, mile run by a t., as 
 unit of work in railway accounts. Hence 
 trai'nLESS a. [f. F train retinue, hinder part, 
 work, &c, trainer vb trail, draw, f. LL tragi- 
 nare f. L trahere draw] 
 
 tpai'ner, n. In vbl senses, esp. one who trains 
 horses, athletes, &c, for races &c. [-er 1 ] 
 
 training", n. In vbl senses ; be in (process 
 of) t, go into t., (for race &c); t.-bit, gag-bit for 
 vicious horse ; t.-college, school, (for t. teachers); 
 t.-ship (on which boys are taught seamanship 
 &c). [-INQl] 
 
 tpai*n-oil, n. Oil got from blubber of whale 
 (esp. of the right whale), [earlier also train, f. 
 MDu. traen tear, train oil, cf. G trdne tear, 
 drop exuding from cut vine] 
 
 tpait (-a, U.S. -at), n. Distinguishing feature 
 in character; stroke, touch, (of humour &c). 
 [f. F trait n. & p.p. of traire draw f. L trahere 
 tract- draw] 
 
 tpai'top, n. One w T ho violates his allegiance 
 or acts disloyally {to country, king, cause, re- 
 ligion, principles, himself, &c>. Hence or cogn. 
 tpai'topous a., tpai'toPOUSLY 2 adv., tpai*- 
 topousNESS, tpai'tPESS 1 , nn. [f. OF traitor 
 f. L traditorem (tradere, see tradition & -or 2 )] 
 
 tpaje'ctopy, n. Path described by projectile 
 moving under given forces; (Geom.) curve or 
 surface cutting system of curves or surfaces at 
 constant angle, (f. L TRAtficere ject- =jacere 
 throw), see -ory] 
 
 tram \ n., & v.i. & t. (Also t.car) passenger 
 car running on rails laid in public road ; such 
 rail; (also tramway) line consisting of such rails ; 
 four-wheeled car used in coal-mines; t.-road 
 (hist.), road with wooden, stone, or metal wheel- 
 tracks ; (v.t.) convey in t., perform (journey) in 
 t.; (v.i.)goint. [Norw., = wooden doorstep, cf. 
 Sw. dial, tromm, trumm, log, G trumm lump, 
 stump ; in E prob. first = shaft of car] 
 
 tram 2 , n. Kind of double silk thread used 
 for some velvets & silks. If. F trame f. It. f. L 
 trama weft] 
 
 tra'mmel, n., & v.t. (-11-). Kinds of net for 
 fish, esp. (also t.-net) triple drag-net; shackle, 
 esp. one used in teaching horse to amble ; hook 
 in fireplace for kettles &c; instrument for draw- 
 ing ellipses; beam-compass; (usu. pi.) impedi- 
 ments) to free movement or action (chiefly fig. ), 
 as tt. of etiquette, official routine ; (v.t.) confine, 
 hamper, with tt. (usu. fig.) ; (p.p., of horse) with 
 white marks on fore & hind feet of same or 
 {cross-trammelled) different sides. [(vb f. n.) f. 
 F tramail f. rned.L tramacula (tri- triple + 
 macula mail 1 )] 
 
 tramontana (-ah-, -ah), n. (In Mediter- 
 ranean) north wind ; cold blighting wind in the 
 Archipelago, lit., see foil.] 
 
 tramontane, a. & n. (Situated, living) 
 on other side of the Alps; (fig., from It. point 
 of view) foreign, barbarous ; (n. ) t. person, also = 
 prec. [f. OF tramontain f. It. tramontano f . L 
 than s(mont anus f. mons -ntis mountain) be- 
 yond the mountains] 
 
 tram p, v. i. & t. . & n. Wal k heav il y , as heard 
 him tramping about overhead; walk, go on 
 foot, perform (journey), traverse (country), on 
 foot (usu. w. implication of reluctance, weari- 
 ness, &c), as have tramped up <£• down all day 
 
 looking for you, decline to t. ten miles in this 
 heat, have tramped the whole country in my 
 time, missed the train & had to Lit. (N.) sound 
 of person(s) walking or marching or of horse's 
 steps; journey on foot, walk; iron plate pro- 
 tecting sole of boot from wear & tear of spade 
 in digging; vagabond; freight- vessel running 
 on no regular line ; t.-pick, lever for turning up 
 hard soil. [ME & G trampen, cf. Da. trampe, 
 Sw. trampa] 
 
 trample, v.t. & i., & n. Tread under foot, 
 crush thus, as trampled to death by elephants ; 
 t. on, tread heavily on, (fig.) treat roughly or 
 with contempt, show no consideration for, (per- 
 son, feelings, &c); (n.) sound, act, of trampling. 
 Hence tramplER * n. [• le(3)] 
 
 tpan-, pref. - trans- before s. 
 
 trance, n., & v.t. State suggesting that the 
 soul has passed out of the body ; ecstasy, rap- 
 ture, extreme exaltation; (Path.) state of in- 
 sensibility to external surroundings with par- 
 tial suspension of vital functions, catalepsy, 
 also, hypnotic state ; (v.t., poet.)= entrance 2 . 
 [(vb f. n.) f. OF transe f. transir fall into trance 
 f. L TRANS(ire go) go over] 
 
 tranquil (-kw-), a. Calm, serene, unruffled, 
 not agitated, as preserved a t. mind, t. scene, 
 t. surface of pond. Hence or cogn. tpanqui'l- 
 Iity, tpanquillizA'TiON, tranquillizER 1 , 
 nn., tpa # nquilliZE(3) v.t., tranquillizing- 
 ly 2 , tpa'nquilLY 2 , advv. [f. F tranquille f. 
 L tranquillus] 
 
 trans-, pref. (before s usu. tran-, before other 
 consonants sometimes tra- in wds of L orig.), 
 = L trans- across, beyond, on or to the other 
 side, through, into a different state or place, 
 {transmit, transcend, transfer, transfix, trans- 
 form, translate); as living pref. chiefly in sense 
 ' on other side of ', as -A ppalachian,-Caucasian, 
 -frontier (esp. of Indian empire), -Gangetic (of 
 the Ganges). 
 
 transa'ct (-z-), v.t. & i. Perform, carry 
 through, (business) ; carry on business (with 
 person). So transa'etOR 1 n. [f. L trans- 
 (igere act- = agere act)] 
 
 transaction, n. Management of business, 
 as left the t. of the matter to him ; piece of esp. 
 commercial business done, as the tt. of a firm, 
 the t. will not bear looking into, mixed up in 
 shady tt.; (pi.) reports of discussions, papers 
 read &c, at meetings of some learned societies, 
 as Philosophical Tt. (esp. of Royal Society of 
 London); (Law) adjustment of dispute by mu- 
 tual concessions, any act affecting legal rights. 
 [F, f. LL transactionem (as prec, see -ion)] 
 
 transalpine (-z), a. & n. (Person living) 
 beyond the Alps (usu. from Ital. point of view). 
 [F {-in, -ine), f. L TRANS(aZpi?ms alpine)] 
 
 transatlantic (-z-), a. Beyond the Atlantic, 
 American, European ; crossing the Atlantic, as 
 t. line, steamer, [trans-] 
 
 transce'nd (-se-), v.t. & i. Be beyond the 
 range or domain or grasp of (human experience, 
 reason, description, belief, &c.) ; (t. & i.) excel, 
 surpass, [f. OF transcender f. L TRAN(scendere 
 = scandere climb)] 
 
 transcendent, a. & n. Excelling, sur- 
 passing, as t. vierit, genius ; (Scholastic Philos.) 
 higher than, not included under any of, the 
 ten categories; (Kantian Philos.) not realizable 
 in experience; (esp. of God) existing apart from, 
 not subject to limitations of, the material uni- 
 verse; (n., Philos.) t. thing. Hence or cogn. 
 transce'ndENCE, -ency, nn., transee'n- 
 dentLY 2 adv. If. OF transcendant (as prec, 
 
 see -ANT, -ENT)] 
 
 transcendental, a, & n. = prec (second 
 sense) ; (Kantian Philos.) of a priori character, 
 
 i 
 
TRANSCENDENTALISM 
 
 939 
 
 TRANSITION 
 
 presupposed in & necessary to experience, as 
 t. cognition, a priori knowledge, t. object, real 
 (unknown & unknowable) object, t. unity 
 (brought about by cognition) ; explaining mat- 
 ter & objective things as products of the sub- 
 jective mind (esp. in Schelling's philosophy) ; 
 (pop.) abstruse, vague, obscure, visionary; 
 (Math., of functions) not capable of being pro- 
 duced by the algebraical operations of addition, 
 multiplication, & involution, or the inverse 
 operations, t. curve (represented by t. function). 
 Hence transeende'ntali. \ 2 adv. [al] 
 
 transcendentalism, n. Transcendental 
 philosophy, esp. that of Schelling & his follow- 
 ers e.g. Emerson. So transeende'ntaliST 
 n.,transeende*ntalizE(3) v.t. [-ism] 
 
 transcontinental, a. Extending across 
 a continent, as t. raiheay. [trans-] 
 
 transcribe, v.t. Copy out in writing. Hence 
 or cogn. transeri'bER 1 , transeri'ptiON, 
 nn., transcription \ i., transcri'ptiVE, aa. 
 [f. L TRAN(scribere script- write)] 
 
 tra'nseript, n. Written copy, [as prec] 
 
 transeu'rrent, a. (nat. hist.). Set or run- 
 ning crosswise, [f. L TRANS(currere run), -ent] 
 
 transe'etion, n. Cross-section, [tran-] 
 
 transe*nna,n. Marbleor metal lattice-work 
 enclosing shrine. [L, = net, lattice] 
 
 tra'nsept, n. Each of the transverse arms 
 of cruciform church running out between nave 
 & choir [north, south, t.) Hence transe'ptAL 
 
 a. [f. TRAN- + SEPTUM] 
 
 transfer* \ v.t. (-rr-). Convey, remove, hand 
 over, (thing &c./rom person or placebo another); 
 make over possession of (property, ticket &c. 
 conferring rights, to person) ; convey (drawing 
 &c.) from one surface to another esp. to litho- 
 graphic stone by means of transfer-paper; re- 
 move (picture) from one surface to another esp. 
 "from wood or wall to canvas. Hence trans- 
 feraBi'LiTV, transferEE*, tra'nsferENCE, 
 tra'nsferoR 2 , transfer*rER », nn., tra'ns- 
 ferABLE, transfere'ntiAL, aa. [f. L trans- 
 (ferre lat- bear)] 
 
 tra'nsfer 2 , n. Transferring; conveyance 
 of property or right, document effecting this ; 
 design &c. (to be) conveyed from one surface 
 to another; small toy coloured picture or design 
 transferable from paper on which it is sold to 
 other surface ; soldier exchanged from one regi- 
 ment &c. to another; t.-book, register of tt. of 
 f>roperty, shares, &c; t.-days at Bank of Eng- 
 and, days for t. of consols &c. free of charge 
 (all but Sat. & Sun.); t.-ink (for making designs 
 on lithographic stone or t. -paper) ; t.-paper (spe- 
 cially coated to receive impression of t.-ink & 
 transfer it to stone), [f. prec] 
 
 transfiguration, n. Change of form or 
 appearance, esp. that of Christ (Mat. xvii. 1-9); 
 < T) festival of Christ's t., Aug. 6. [F, f. L trans- 
 ftgurationem (as^oll., see -ation)] 
 
 transfi'gure (-ger), v.t. Change in form or 
 aspect esp. so as to elevate or idealize, [f. OF 
 transfigurer f. L TRANS(figurare figure)] 
 
 transfVx, v.t. Pierce through, [f. L trans- 
 {figerefix- fix)] 
 
 transfi'xion, (-kshn), n. Piercing through ; 
 (Surg.) amputation by piercing transversely & 
 cutting outwards, [-ion] 
 
 transform, v.t. Make (esp. considerable) 
 change in the form, outward appearance, char- 
 acter, disposition, &c, of, as caterpillar is 
 transformed into butterfly, 10 years in India 
 have transformed him (in character or phy- 
 sique), a beard may t. a man beyond recog- 
 nition. Hence transfor'mABLE, trans- 
 for'mativE, aa. [f. L tran s(/or?nare form 2 )] 
 
 transformation, n. Transforming, being 
 
 transformed, as has undergone a great t. ; 
 metamorphosis esp. of insects; change from 
 solid to liquid or from liquid to gaseous state 
 or vice versa ; (Math.) change from one figure 
 or expression to another equal in quantity ; 
 change in blood during passage through capil- 
 laries of vascular system; morbid change of 
 tissue into form proper to some different part; 
 t.-scene, elaborate spectacular scene in which 
 chief pantomime characters are supposed to 
 change into chief actors of the harlequinade 
 that follows. [F, f. LL transformationem (as 
 prec, see -ation)] 
 
 transformer, n. In vbl senses, esp. (also 
 tra'nsformatOR 2 n.) device for producing 
 by means of an electric current another of 
 different quantity & potential, [-er j ] 
 
 transfor'mism, n. Fact, doctrine, of the 
 developmentof onespeciesfromanother; theory 
 of development of complex animals from free 
 organisms united into a colony & changed into 
 organs of a complex whole. So transfor'm- 
 ist n., transformi'stic a. [-ism] 
 
 transfu'se (-z), v.t. Cause (fluid, fig. quality 
 &c) to pass from one vessel &c to another; 
 (Med.) transfer (blood) from veins of person or 
 animal to those of another person, inject 
 (liquid) into blood-vessel to replace lost fluid, 
 whence transfu'siomsT(2, 3) n. Hence or 
 cogn. transfirsiON (-zhn) n., transfu'siYE 
 (-s-) a. [f. L TRANSifundere fus- pour)] 
 
 transgress (-z-, -s-), v.t. Violate, infringe, 
 (commandment, law; often abs.). So trans- 
 gre'ssiON, transgre'ssoR 2 , nn. [f. L 
 TRANS(£rredi gress- = gradi walk)] 
 
 transhi'p. See trans-ship. 
 
 tra'nsient (z), a. Not permanent, as the t. 
 affairs of this life; of short duration, momen- 
 tary, hasty, as a t. gleam of hope, snatched a t. 
 glance; (Mus.) t. chord, note, (unessential, serv- 
 ing only to connect). Hence tran'siENCE, 
 -encv, nn., tra'nsientLY 2 adv. [f. L trans- 
 (ire go), see -ent] 
 
 transi'lient, a. Extending across from one 
 point of support to another, [f. L tran (siZire 
 = salire leap), see -ent] 
 
 transillumination (z), n. (med.). Throw- 
 ing of strong light through organ &c. for pur- 
 pose of diagnosis, [trans-] 
 
 transnre (-z-), n. Custom-house permit for 
 removal of goods. [L TRANS(ire go) go across] 
 
 tra'nsit (-z-), n., & v.t. Going, conveying, 
 being conveyed, across or ovfcr or through, as 
 allowed 2 days for the t. of the lake, improved 
 methods of t. by rail, goods delayed in t., loses 
 quality in {the) t. ; passage, route, as the over- 
 land t.;=t.-circle, -compass, -instrument; appa- 
 rent passage of heavenly body across meridian 
 of place; passage of heavenly body (esp. of 
 Venus as determining solar parallax, or of 
 Mercury) across sun's disk &c ; t.-circle, -instru- 
 ment, instruments for observing t. of heavenly 
 body across meridian ; t.-compass, surveyor's in- 
 strument for measuring horizontal angle ; t.- 
 duty (paid on goods passing through a country); 
 (v.t.) cross the disk of (sun &c). [<vb f. n.) F, f. 
 L transitus -us f. TRANS(ire it- go)] 
 
 transition (-z-), n. Passage, change, from 
 one place or state or act or set of circumstances 
 to another, as came by an abrupt t. into hilly 
 country, made a hurried t. to indifferent topics, 
 is subject to frequent tt. from high spirits to 
 depression; (Mus.) change from key to key or 
 from major to relative minor ; (Art) change 
 from one style to another, esp. (Archit.) from 
 Norman to Early-English, as (attrib.) t. stage, 
 period; t. tumour (tending, on recurrence after 
 removal, to become malignant). Hence tran- 
 
TRANSITIVE 
 
 910 
 
 TRANSPORT 
 
 si'tionAL, tpansi'tionARY 1 , aa., tpansi*- 
 tionalLY 2 adv. [F, f. L TRANSm'o?ie?n (-ion)] 
 
 tra'nsitive, a. & n. (gram.). (Verb) taking a 
 direct object expressed or understood (e.g. pick 
 in : pick peas, pick till you are tired ; opp. to 
 intransitive as in picked at the hole to make it 
 bigger). Hence tpa'nsitiveLY 2 adv., tra'n- 
 sitiveNESS n. [F {-if, -ive), f. LL transitivus 
 (as transit, see -ive) J 
 
 tpa'nsitopy, a. Not permanent, lasting 
 only a short time ; t. action (law), one that can 
 be brought in any country irrespective of where 
 the transaction &c. occurred. Hence tra*n- 
 sitopiLY 2 adv., tpa'nsitOPiNESs n. [f. OF 
 transitoire f. L transitorius (transit, -orv)] 
 
 translate (-s-, -z-), v.t. Express the sense of 
 (word, sentence, book) in or into another lan- 
 guage, has translated Homer (into English), 
 his own novels into French, (fig.) kindly t. (say 
 what you mean in plain words) ; convey, in- 
 troduce, (idea, principle) from one art &c. into 
 another ; infer or declare the significance of, 
 interpret, (signs, movements, conduct, hint, 
 &c), as this I translated as a protest, trans- 
 lated his gestures to the bystanders ; remove 
 (bishop) to another see ; (bibl.)convey to heaven 
 without death; (archaic) transform ; (Teleg.) 
 retransmit (message) ; (slang) make (esp. boots, 
 shoes) of old material ; (Mech.) cause (body) to 
 move so that all its parts follow same direc- 
 tion, impart motion without rotation to. Hence 
 or cogn. transla'tABLE, transla'tionvr 
 (mech.), aa., transla'tiON, transla'tOR 2 
 (1, 2), nn. [f. OF translater (as transfer 1 )] 
 
 transliterate, (-z-), v.t. Represent (word, 
 or abs.) in the more or less corresponding 
 characters of a different language. Hence 
 translitePA'TiON, tpansli'teratOR 2 , nn. 
 [f. trans. + L litera letter + -ate 3 ] 
 
 tpanslu'cent (-z-), a. Transmitting light 
 but not transparent ; (loosely) transparent. 
 Hence tpanslireENCE, -encv, nn., tpans- 
 Iu'cid 1 (rare) a. [f. L TRAXS(lucere shine), -ent] 
 
 tpansmari'ne (-z-, -en), a. Situated beyond 
 the sea. [trans-] 
 
 transmigrate (-z-), v.i. (Of soul) pass into, 
 become incarnate in, a different body ; mi- 
 grate. So tpa'nsmig'PANT a. & n., tra'ns- 
 migpatOR 2 n., tpa'nsmigpatORY a. [f. L 
 TRAXS(migrare migrate)] 
 
 transmigration, n. = metempsychosis, 
 whence transmigration ism (3) n.; migra- 
 tion. [OF, f. LLf transmigrationem (as prec, 
 see -ation)] 
 
 transmi't (-z-), v.t. (-tt-). Pass on, hand on, 
 transfer, communicate, as icill t. the parcel, 
 shall t. daily dispatches, will t. the title, the 
 disease, the facility, to his descendants, his 
 writings have transmitted the principle to pos- 
 terity ; suffer to pass through, be a medium for, 
 serve to communicate, (heat, light, sound, elec- 
 tricity, emotion, news). Hence or cogn. tpans- 
 missiBiLiTY, tpansmi'ssiON, tpansmi't- 
 tAL, tpansmi'ttER^l, 2), nn., transmi's- 
 sible, tpansmi'ssivE, tpansmi'ttABLE, 
 aa. [f. L TRAXS(mittere miss- send)] 
 
 tpansmd'g-pify (-z-), v.t. (facet. ). Transform 
 esp. in magical or surprising manner. Hence 
 tpansmogpiFiCATiON n. [arbitrary] 
 
 tpansmuta'tion, n. Transmuting; change 
 into another form, nature, or substance ; (Al- 
 chem.) change of baser metals into gold &c; 
 (Geom.) change of figure or body into another 
 of same area or content ; (Biol.) change of one 
 species into another, whence tpansmuta*- 
 tloniST(2) n. ; t. glaze, iridescent porcelain 
 glaze, [f. OF transmutacion f. L transmuta- 
 tionem (as foil., see -ation)] 
 
 tpansmirte (-z-), v.t. Change the form, na- 
 ture, or substance, of. Hence or cogn. trans- 
 mutaBiHTY, tpansmu'tER 1 , nn., trans- 
 mu'tABLE, tpansmirtativE, aa., trans- 
 mu'tabLY 2 adv. [f. L TRAXS(imdare change)] 
 
 tpansnop'mal (z), a. Beyond, exceeding, 
 what is normal, [trans-] 
 
 tpansocea'nic (-z-), a. Situated beyond the 
 ocean ; crossing, concerned with crossing, the 
 ocean, as t. flight of birds, [trans-] 
 
 transom, n. Horizontal (cf. mullion) bar 
 of wood or stone across window or top of door; 
 t. window (divided by t. or placed above t. of 
 door) ; each of several beams fixed across stern- 
 post of ship ; beam across saw-pit ; strengthen- 
 ing cross-bar. Hence tpa'nsomED 2 a. [f. L 
 TRAXS(trum, agent-suf.)] 
 
 tpanspa'dane, a. Situated beyond (usu. = 
 north of) the Po. [f. L TRAKS{padanus f. Padus 
 Po, see -an)] 
 
 transparency, n. Being transparent, so 
 tpanspap'ENCE n.; picture, inscription, &c, 
 painted on canvas or muslin & shown up by 
 light behind, wooden framework supporting 
 such picture ; (Photog.) positive picture on 
 glass hung in window as ornament or used as 
 lantern slide ; porcelain relief whose parts vary 
 in thickness & t. [F (-ence), f. med.L transpa- 
 rentia (as foil., see -ency)] 
 
 transparent, a. Transmitting rays of 
 light without diffusion so that bodies behind 
 can be distinctly seen ; (fig. , of disguise, pretext, 
 &c.) easily seen through, (of motive, quality, 
 &c.) easily seen through attempted disguise; 
 bright, clear, (fig.) free from affectation or dis- 
 guise, frank ; t. colours, (in painting) such as 
 when laid lightly on do not hide underlaying 
 colours & forms, (in stained glass) appearing 
 only by transmission of light. Hence trans- 
 pap'entLY 2 adv., tpanspap'entNESS n. 
 [f. med.L TRANS(parere appear), see -ent] 
 
 transpiep'ce, v.t. Pierce through, [trans-] 
 
 transpire*, v.t. & i. Emit through excre- 
 tory organs of skin or lungs, send off in vapour ; 
 be emitted thus, pass off as in insensible perspi- 
 ration ; (of gas or liquid) move through capil- 
 lary tube underpressure ; (Bot., of plant or leaf) 
 exhale watery vapour ; (fig., of secret &c.) oozo 
 out, come to be known ; (vulg.) happen. Hence 
 or cogn. tpanspiP'ABLE, tpanspiP'atORY, 
 aa., transpiPATiON (-er-) n. [f. tran- + L 
 spirare breathe] 
 
 tpanspla'nt, v.t. Plant in another place ; 
 remove & establish, esp. cause to live, in another 
 place ; (Surg. ) transfer (living tissue) & implant 
 in another part of body or in another person's 
 body. Hence or cogn. tpanspla'ntABLE a., 
 tpansplantA'TioN n. [f. OF transplanter f. 
 L TRAXS(plantare plant)] 
 
 tpanspla'ntep, n. In vbl senses, esp. : hand- 
 tool for iifting plants, machine for removing 
 trees, with ball of earth about roots. [-ER i] 
 
 tpanspo'ntine, a. Of the part of London 
 on Surrey side of Thames ; cheaply melodra- 
 matic, like the plays formerly popular in t. 
 theatres, [f. trans- + L ports -ntis bridge + 
 
 -INE 1 ] 
 
 tpanspop't 1 , v.t. Convey (person, goods, 
 troops, baggage, &c.) from one place to another, 
 whence tpanspop'tER l n. ; convey (criminal) 
 to penal colony ; carry away by strong emotion 
 (chiefly in pass., as transported with joy, anger, 
 fear), whence transpop'tingLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 transporter f. L TRANS(por£are carry)] 
 
 tpa*nspopt 2 ,n. Conveyance, transportation, 
 from place to place ; (also t. ship, vessel) vessel 
 employed to carry soldiers, stores, &c, to des- 
 tination ; transported convict ; vehement emo- 
 
TRANSPORTABLE 
 
 941 
 
 TRAVEL 
 
 tion, as in a t. of rage, xcas in tt. (usu. of joy). 
 [F. as prec] 
 
 transpop'table, a. That may be transport- 
 ed, whence transportaBi 'lit y n.; (of,otfender 
 or otfence) punishable by transportation. [F 
 
 (as TRANSPORT 2 , see -ABLE)] 
 
 transportation, n. Conveying, being con- 
 veyed, from place to place ; removal to penal 
 colony. [F, f. L transportationem (as trans- 
 port *, see -ation)] 
 
 tpanspo'se (-z), v.t. Cause (two or more 
 things) to change places; (Alg.) transfer (term) 
 with changed sign to other side of equation ; 
 change the natural or the existing order or posi- 
 tion of (words, a word) in sentence; (Mus.) 
 write, play, in different key, as transposed from 
 GtoB; t7'ansposing instrument (producing 
 tunes different in pitch from the written notes), 
 tra nsposing piano (on which transposition may 
 be effected mechanically). Hence tpanspo's- 
 al, tpanspo'SER *, an. [f. F TRANs(pose?% see 
 
 COMPOSE)] 
 
 transposition (-zi-), n. Transposing, being 
 transposed. Hence or cogn. tpansposrtion- 
 al, tpanspd'sitiVE, aa. [F, f. LL transpo- 
 sitionemf. TRAXS{pone7'e posit- place), see -ion] 
 
 trans-shi'p (-z-), v.t. Transfer from one 
 ship or conveyance to another. Hence trans- 
 shi'p.MENT n. [trans] 
 
 transubstantiate (-shi-).v.t. Change from 
 one substance into another (esp. as foil.), [f. 
 med.L TRA.x(substantiare, as substance), see 
 -ate 3 ] 
 
 tpansubstantia'tion, n. Change from one 
 substance into another, esp. (Theol.)con version 
 of whole substance of eucharistic bread & wine 
 into body & blood respectively of Christ (cf. 
 consubstantiation). [F (ss-), f. med.L tran- 
 substa7itiatio7iem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 tpansu'de, v.i. (Of fluid) pass through pores 
 or interstices of membrane &c. Hence tran- 
 sud action n.,tpansu*datOR\* a. [f. F trans- 
 Is uder f. L sudare sweat)] 
 
 transvep'sal (-nz-), a. & n. (Of line) cutting 
 a system of lines; (n.) t. line, (Anat., usu. L 
 tranversa'lis pi. -es, b'ansver'sns pi. -i) muscle, 
 structure, lying across certain parts. Hence 
 tpansvepsa'liTY n., tpansvep'salLY 2 adv. 
 [OF, f. med.L tra7isv€7'salis (foil., -AL)1 
 
 transver'se (-z-; also tra - -), a. & n. Situated, 
 arranged, acting, in cross-wise direction, as t. 
 artery, Uga7ne7it, 7nagnct (whose poles are at 
 sides not ends), section, strai7i; (n.) t. muscle. 
 Hence transver'seLY 2 adv., tpansvep'so- 
 comb. form. [F, f. L TRANS(rer£ere re?-s- turn)] 
 
 tpap *j n., & v.t. & i. Pitfall or enclosure or 
 mechanical structure for catching animals, 
 affording entrance but not exit & often baited 
 & having door or lid actuated by spring ; fly 1 , 
 rat 1 , -t.; (fig.) trick for betraying person into 
 speech or act, as is ahvays setti7ig tt. for me, 
 walked st7 , aight into the t., is this (question &c.) 
 at.?; contrivance for suddenly releasing bird, 
 or throwing ball &c. into air, to be shot at ; 
 shoe-shaped wooden device with pivoted bar 
 that sends ball from its heel into air on being 
 struck at otherendwithbat,£.-fraW,garueplayed 
 with this ; U-shaped or other section of pipe so 
 arranged as to prevent return flow of gas by 
 means of liquid replaced whenever t. is used ; 
 kinds of wheeled vehicle, e.g. dog-cart ; (slang) 
 policeman ; = t.-door, t. -cellar, space under 
 stage of theatre ; t.-door, door in floor or roof 
 (t.-door spide7% kind that makes hinged t.-door 
 at top ot nest). (Vb) catch (animal, fig. person) 
 in t.; furnish (stage) with tt. for a play ; arrest 
 (gas) in t.; supply (drain &c.) with t.; (of steam) 
 be impeded in pipe &c. (OE treppe, cf. MDu. 
 
 t7'appc trap, Du. t)-ap, Sw. trappa, stair, G 
 treppe flight of steps] 
 
 tpap 2 , n. Dark-coloured eruptive rock of 
 columnar structure ; (pi.) portable step-ladder. 
 [f. Sw. trapp trap, t7'appa stair, see prec] 
 
 tpap 3 , v.t., & n. Furnish with trappings; 
 (n. pi.) personal belongings, baggage, as j)ack 
 up your tt. [f. F d7-ap(e7-) cloth(e) perh. ult. f. 
 Ou. t/-appe7i tread, cf. trap j ] 
 
 trapan. See trepan 2 . 
 
 trapes (-aps), n., & v.i. Slattern; (v.i.) gad 
 about. Lvb earlier also t7'ape ; perh. cogn. w. 
 Du. trajjpen tread] 
 
 trapeze, n. Cross-bar(s) suspended by cords 
 used as swing for gymnastic exercises ; = foil., 
 whence tpape'ziroRM a. [f. F trapeze, = io\\] 
 
 tpape'zium, n. Four-sided plane figure of 
 which no two (also, only two ; cf. foil.) sides are 
 parallel. [L, f. Gk trapezio7i table (t7-a- = tetra- 
 four + peza foot cogn. w. pons podos)] 
 
 tPa'pezoid, a. & n. (Four-sided plane figure) 
 of which only two (or no two; cf. prec) sides 
 are parallel. Hence tpapezoi'dAL a. [f. Gk 
 trapezoeides (t7'apcza table, see prec & -oid)] 
 
 tpappe'an, a. Of the nature of the rock 
 trap 2 . So tpa'ppoiD, tpa'ppous, tpa*p- 
 posE l , aa. [-EAN] 
 
 tpa'ppep, n. One whose business is to trap 
 animals esp. for furs ; one who tends air-doors 
 in mines, If. trap x + -er 2 ] 
 
 tpa'ppings, n. pi. Harness of horse esp. 
 when ornamental ; (fig.) ornamental accessories 
 
 (Of Office &C). [f. TRAP 3 + -ING i] 
 
 Tpa'ppist, n. Member of a Cistercian order 
 founded 1140 at Soligny-la-Trappc & noted for 
 silence & other austerities, [-ist] 
 
 tpa'ppistfne, n. Liqueur made at Trappist 
 abbey of Grace-Dieu in France ; (T-)jiuii of an 
 order affiliated with Trappists. [-ine 1 ] 
 
 tpa'ppy, a. (colloq.). Tricky, treacherous, 
 (chiefly of things). Hence tpa'ppiNESS n. [f. 
 trap 1 + -y 2 ] 
 
 trash, n., & v.t. "Worthless or waste stuff, 
 rubbish, refuse ; loppings of trees ; thing, e.g. 
 literary production, of bad workmanship or 
 material ; nonsensical talk ; cane-t., bruised 
 canes ; t. -house (on sugar-plantation, for storing 
 bagasse) ; t.-ice, broken ice mixed with water; 
 (v.t., archaic) lop (tree), wear out, maltreat. 
 Hence tpa*shERY(l), tpa'shiNESS, nn., 
 tra'shiLY 2 adv., tpa'shv 2 a. l(n.) cf. ON 
 tros rubbish, leaves & twigs as fuel, Sw. k7-ossa, 
 krasa, bruise ; vb prob. different wd(s)] 
 
 trass. See terrace 2 . 
 
 trattori'a(-ea),n. Italian eating-house. [It.] 
 
 trau'ma, n. Morbid condition of body pro- 
 duced by wound or external violence. Sotpau'- 
 matis.M n. [f. Gk t7-au7na -7natos wound] 
 
 tpauma'tie, a. & n. Of, (medicine) for, 
 wounds, [f. Gk t7'a7anatikos (as prec, see -ic)J 
 
 tpa'vail, n., &; v.i., (archaic). (Suffer) pangs 
 of childbirth ; (make) painful or laborious effort, 
 [(vb f. OF travaille7-) OF, = toil, etym. dub.] 
 
 tpa'vel, v.i. & t. (-11-), & n. Make a journey 
 esp. one of some length to distant countries, as 
 07'dered to t. for his health, spent his life in 
 travelling; act as commercial traveller (for 
 firm, in commodity) ; (of machine or part) move 
 (along bar &c, in groove &c); pass esp. in 
 deliberate or systematic manner from point to 
 point, as his eye t7'avelled over the sce7ie, mind 
 travels over the events of the day ; (of deer &c) 
 move onwards in feeding; move, proceed, in 
 specified manner or at specified rate, perform 
 (distance), as horse travels sloivly, light travels 
 faster than sound, travels thousa7ids of miles 
 per second, trai7i travelled 1,000 miles a day; 
 journey through, as travelled France from end. 
 
TRAVELLER 
 
 912 
 
 TREASON 
 
 to end ; cause (herds &c. ) to t. ; (p.p. ) experienced 
 in travelling, as is a travelled man', t. out of 
 the record, wanderfromsubject; travelling-cap, 
 -dress. Sec, (of form convenient for travelling). 
 (N.) travelling esp. in foreign countries, as is 
 much improved by t., has returned from his tt., 
 is going to £>ublish (account of) his tt., cannot 
 read books of t. or tt. ; range, rate, mode, of 
 motion of a part in machinery, as has extended, 
 improved, the t. of the valves ; (of person, clothes, 
 &c.) t. -soiled, -stained, -worn, &c. (as result of 
 t.). [differentiated f. prec] 
 
 tra'veller (-vl-), n. In vbl senses, esp. : kinds 
 of moving mechanism (esp. Naut.) ; = commer- 
 cial t. ; bona fide t., one entitled to call for re- 
 freshment on Sunday at public-house by having 
 walked 3 miles; tip person the t., impose on him, 
 tell him lies; t.'s tale, presumable lie ; t.'s-joy, 
 a climbing plant, [-er 1 ] 
 
 tpa'vepse, a., n., & v.t. & i. (Archaic in gen. 
 use) = transverse ; (Herald.) crossing shield 
 from side to side ; t. sailing (on zigzag track). 
 (X.) thing, esp. part of structure, that crosses 
 another ; (Fortif. ) earthwork in form of parapet 
 protecting covered way &c. ; gallery from side 
 to side of church &c. ; (Geom. ) transversal line ; 
 (Naut.) zigzag line taken by ship owing to con- 
 trary winds or currents (work, solve, a t., com- 
 pute direct distance so covered) ; sideways 
 movement of part in machine ; sideways motion 
 across face of precipice from one practicable 
 line of ascent or descent to another, place where 
 this is necessary ; (Law) denial esp. of allegation 
 of matter of fact ; (archaic) thwarting circum- 
 stance; turning of gun to required direction ; 
 t. -table, nautical table used in solving tt., plat- 
 form for shifting engine &c. from one line of 
 rails to another. (Vb) travel or lie across, as 
 must t. a vast extent of country, district tra- 
 versed by canals, wall traversed by beam ; make 
 a t. in climbing; (fig.) consider, discuss, the 
 whole extent of (subject) ; turn (gun) ; plane 
 (wood) across grain ; deny esp. (Law) in plead- 
 ing ; thwart, frustrate, oppose, (plan, opinion) ; 
 (of needle of compass &c.) turn (as) on pivot; 
 (of horse) walk crosswise ; traversing pulley 
 (running over rope &c. that supports it), [(vb 
 f. F traverser, n. partly thr. adj.) f. F travers, 
 -rse, f. L as transverse] 
 
 tra'versep, n. In vbl senses, esp. railway 
 traverse-table, [-er l ] 
 
 tpa'veptin(e), n. Porous light-yellow rock, 
 a calcareous deposit from springs, hardening 
 on exposure and used in Italy for building, [f. 
 It. travertino f. L tiburtinus (lapis stone) of 
 Tibur (Tivoli), see -INK J ] 
 
 tpa'vesty, v.t., & n. Make (subject &c.) ridi- 
 culous (intentionally or not) by treatment of it ; 
 (of person or thing, e.g. literary work) be a ridi- 
 culous imitation of (another) ; (n.)such treat- 
 ment, such imitation, {of), [(vb & n. f. obs. adj.) 
 f. F travesti p.p. of travestir disguise, change 
 the clothes of, f. It. TRA(vestire clothe f. L 
 vestire f. vestis clothing)] 
 
 trawl, v.t. & i., & n. Drag (t.-net), catch fish 
 in t.-net. Hence tPawliNG 1 n. (X.): (also 
 t.-line) buoyed line to which short lines with 
 baited hooks are attached at intervals ; (also t.- 
 net) large bag-net with wide mouth held open 
 by beam (beam-t.) or otherwise, meant to be 
 dragged along the bottom by boat; t.-anchor 
 (for anchoring t.-line) ; t.-boat (for setting t.-line 
 or drawing t.-net). [(n. f. vb) f. OF traxder, 
 tr oiler, go to & fro, see troll] 
 
 tpawlep, n. Person who trawls ; trawl-boat. 
 r-ERi] 
 
 tray, n. Flat shallow vessel usu. of wood or 
 metal for placing or carrying esp. small articles 
 
 on, as tea-t., pen-t., developing-t. (in photogra- 
 phy) ; shallow lidless box forming a compart- 
 ment in trunk. Hence tPay'FULn. IOE tryg, 
 cf. OE trog trough] 
 
 tpea'chepous (-etsh-), a. Violating alle- 
 giance, betraying trust, perfidious ; not to be 
 relied on, deceptive, as t. memory, t. ice (apt to 
 give). Hence or cogn. trea'chepousLV 2 
 adv., tpea'ehepousxESS, tpea'chepv 1 , nn. 
 [f. obs. treacher traitor f. OF trechier beguile 
 ult. f. L tricari make difficulties (tricae)] 
 
 tpea'cle (-ekl), n. Syrup got in refining sugar ; 
 (loosely) = molasses ; kinds of saccharine fluid, 
 e.g. sap of birch. Hence tpea'el y 2 a. [earlier 
 =theriac ; f. OF triacle f. L as theriac] 
 
 tread (-ed), v.i. & t. {trod, archaic trode; 
 trodden), & n. Set down one's foot, walk, step, 
 (of foot) be set down, as do not t. on the grass, 
 trod on a snake, t. lightly, (fig.) deal cautiously 
 with delicate subject, where no foot may t., 
 where angels fear to t. , t. in person's (foot)steps, 
 (fig.) follow his example, t. on person's corns or 
 toes, (fig.) offend him, t. on the heels of, (lit., & 
 fig. of event &c.) come closely or immediately 
 after, t. (set one's foot lit. or fig. as sign of supre- 
 macy) on the neck of person, t. awry; walk 
 upon, press or crush with the feet, as treads a 
 perilous j>o.th, trod the room from end to end, 
 t. grapes (in making wine), wine ; perform, 
 execute, in walking &c, as trodadozen hurried 
 paces, t. a measure (in dancing) ; (of cock) copu- 
 late with (hen, or abs.); t. down, press down 
 with feet, trample on, destroy, as t. down the 
 earth round the roots, t. down Satan under our 
 feet ; t. in, press in or into earth &c. w r ith feet ; 
 t. out, stamp out (fire, fig. insurrection &c), 
 press out (wine, grain) with feet ; t. the stage or 
 boards, be an actor, appear on stage ; t. under 
 foot, (fig.) destroy, treat contemptuously; t. 
 water, maintain upright position in deep water. 
 (X.) manner, sound, of walking, as recognized 
 his heavy t., approached with cautious t. ; (of 
 malebird)copulation; (also t. -board) topsurface 
 of step or stair, each step of treadmill ; piece of 
 metal or rubber placed on step to lessen wear 
 or sound ; part of wheel that touches ground 
 or rails, part of rail that wheels touch ; part of 
 stilton which foot rests ; part of boot-sole that 
 rests on ground ; distance between pedals of 
 bicycle ; cicatricule of egg (formerly supposed 
 to appear only in fecundated eggs) ; treadmill, 
 appliance for producing rotary motion by the 
 stepping of man or horse &c. on movable steps 
 on revolving cylinder, esp. kind used in prisons 
 as punishment, (fig.) monotonous routine; t.- 
 wheel, treadmill or similar appliance, [(n. f. vb) 
 OE tredan, cf. Du. treden, G treten, OX trotha] 
 
 trea'dle (-edl), n., & v.i. Lever moved by 
 foot & imparting motion to machine, e.g. lathe, 
 sewing-machine, bicycle, reed-organ ; t.-ma- 
 eh ine, -press, printing-press worked by t. ; (v.t.) 
 work t. Hence trea'dlER 1 n. [(vb f. n.) OE 
 tredelstep (as prec.)] 
 
 tpea'son (-ezn), n. (Also high t.) violation by 
 subject of allegiance to sovereign or to chief 
 authority of State (e.g. compassing or intending 
 sovereign's death, levying war against him, 
 adhering to his enemies, killing his wife or heir, 
 violating his wife or eldest unmarried daughter 
 or heir's wife, killing chancellor or treasurer or 
 justice, abetting marriage of sovereign under 
 18 years of age without written consent of re- 
 gent & parliament) ; breach of faith, disloyalty, 
 {to cause, friend, &c); constructive t. (held in 
 law as equivalent to t. though not intended or 
 realized as such) ; misprision 1 of t. ; t.-felony, 
 attempt to depose sovereign or levy war in 
 order to compel change of measures, intimidate 
 
TREASONABLE 
 
 943 
 
 TREMBLE 
 
 parliament, or stir up foreign invasion. Hence 
 treasonous a. [f. OF traison, as tradition] 
 
 trea'sonable, a. Involving the crime, guilty, 
 of treason. Hence tPea'sonableNESS n., 
 
 trea'sonabLY 2 adv. [-able] 
 
 trea'supe (-ezher), n., & v.t. Precious me- 
 tals or gems, hoard of these, accumulated 
 wealth, as buried t, had amassed great t. or tt, 
 a voyage in quest of t, (not now in colloq. use) ; 
 thing valued for rarity, workmanship, associa- 
 tions, &c, as art tt., absorbed in his latest t. 
 (book, picture, &c); (colloq.) beloved person 
 esp. child, as (voc.) my t.; (colloq.) highly effi- 
 cient or satisfactory person e.g. servant, as the 
 girl is a perfect t. (Vb) store (usu. up) as valu- 
 able ; receive, regard, as valuable, store (usu. 
 ■up) in memory, (person's words, looks, &c); t.- 
 city (bibl.), city for stores & magazines ; t.- 
 house, place where tt. (esp. fig.) are kept ; t. 
 trove [see trover], gold &c. found hidden in 
 earth & of unknown ownership, [f. OF tresor 
 f. L f. Gk thesauros (tithemi place, lay up)] 
 
 treasurer, n. Person in charge of funds of 
 society, company, club, &c; officer authorized 
 to receive & disburse public revenues ; Lord 
 High Treasurer (hist.), crown officer with 
 duties now discharged by Lords of the Trea- 
 sury ; T. of the Household, official ranking next 
 to Lord Steward Hence tpea'supepsmp n. 
 [f. OF tresor{i)er f. med.L thesaurarius (as 
 prec, see -ary *, -ier)] 
 
 tnea'supy (-zheri), n. Place, building, where 
 treasure isstored, (fig. ) book, person, &c. , viewed 
 as repository of information &c; place where 
 public revenues are kept ; department manag- 
 ing public revenue of a country, officers of this ; 
 T. Board, Lords (Commissioners) of the T., 
 board in charge of British public revenue, viz. 
 First Lord of the T., usu. prime minister, Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, & 3 junior lords; T. 
 bench, front bench on right hand of Speaker in 
 H. of Commons, occupied by First Lord of T. 
 (if a commoner), Chancellor of Exchequer, & 
 other members of ministry ; T. note (issued by 
 T. & receivable for government dues); T. war- 
 rant (issued by T. for sums disbursed by Ex- 
 chequer), [f. OF tresor erie f, med.L thesaura- 
 ria (as treasure, see -ery)] 
 
 treat (-et), v.t. & i., & n. Act towards, be- 
 have to, as how did they t. you ?, treated me 
 abominably, kindly, as if I were a child, better 
 t. it as a joke ; deal with (person, thing) with 
 view to result, apply process to, subject to che- 
 mical agent &c, as treated him for smallpox, 
 how would you t. a sprained ankle ?, must 
 next be treated with sulphuric acid ; manipu- 
 late, present, express, (subject) in literature or 
 art; give (person) food or entertainment at 
 one's expense, as / will t. you all, think you 
 might t. me to an ice, a theatre, (of candidate 
 for election) give food &c. or cause these to be 
 given to (electors) in order to influence election, 
 whence trea'tiNG 1 n.; arrange terms (with 
 person); t. of, handle, discuss, (subject). (N.) 
 thing that gives great pleasure, as pantomime 
 is a great t. to him, what a t. it is not to have 
 to get up early; entertainment designed to do 
 this, as school-t, picnic &c. for (esp. Sunday-) 
 school children ; stand t., bear expense of en- 
 tertainment. Hence tpea'tABLE a. , tpea'tER l 
 n. [(n. f. vb) f. F trailer f. L tractare handle fre- 
 quent, of trahere tract- draw] 
 
 tpeatise (-iz), n. Literary composition deal- 
 ing more or less systematically with definite 
 subject, [f. OF tretis a. & n. well-handled (thing) 
 f. LL *tracticius (as prec. )] 
 
 treatment, n. (Mode of) dealing with or 
 behaving towards a person or thing, as received 
 
 strange t. from him, must vary the t, is now 
 ready for t. with an acid. [f. OF traitement 
 (as treat, see -ment)] 
 
 trea'ty, n. Formally concluded & ratified 
 agreement between nations; agreement be- 
 tween persons (to do &c.) ; be in t. (negotiating) 
 with (person for purchase &c. ). [f . F traite p.p. 
 as treat] 
 
 tpe'ble, a. & n.,.&;v.fc. & i. Threefold, triple, 
 whence tpe'bLY 2 *' adv.; =* soprano a. & n., 
 whence tpe'bleness n. ; ( vb) multiply, be mul- 
 tiplied, by three, as has trebled its value, its 
 value has trebled, [(vb & n. f. adj.) OF, f. L 
 triplus triple ; mus. sense from early contra- 
 puntal music in which t. was third part] 
 
 tpe'buehet (sh-), tpe'bucket, n. (Hist.) 
 military engine for throwing stones &c; tilting 
 balance for weighing light articles ; kind of 
 trap for small birds &c. [OF, f. trebucher tum- 
 ble, perh. f. trans- + OF buc trunk of body f. 
 OHG buh belly (G bauch)] 
 
 tpeee'nto (tratsh-), n. The 14th century in 
 Italian art & literature. So treee*ntiST(2, 3) 
 n. [It., = three (for thirteen) hundred] 
 
 tpeeho'metep (-k), n. = hodometer. [f.Gk 
 trekho run + -meter] 
 
 tree, n., & v.t. Perennial plant with single 
 woody self-supporting stem or trunk usu. un- 
 branched (cf. shrub*) for some distance above 
 ground ; piece or framework of wood for various 
 purposes, e.g. axle, boot 1 , saddle, swingle - , 
 -t, cross-trees; (archaic) gibbet, cross used 
 for (esp. Christ's) crucifixion; Christmas t.; 
 (Math.) diagram of branching lines ; family or 
 genealogical t.\ up a t, (fig.) cornered, non- 
 plussed ; at the top of the t., at the top of one's 
 profession ; t.-agate (with t.-like markings) ; 
 t. calf, calf binding for book stained with t.-like 
 design ; t.-fern, kinds of fern attaining size of 
 t.; t.-gorse,= barnacle 2 (1); t.-milk, juice of 
 a shrub used in Ceylon instead of milk ; tree- 
 nail, pin of hard wood for securing planks &c; 
 t. of knowledge of good & evil (Gen. iii) ; t. of 
 liberty, (dedicated to liberty & set up in public 
 place); t. of life (Gen. ii. 9). Hence tree'LESS 
 a., tpee'lessNESS n. (Vb) force (animal, fig. 
 person) to take refuge in t.; stretch (boot) on 
 boot-t. [(vb f. n.) OE trio tree, timber, cf. ON 
 tri, Da. trse, Sw. trd] 
 
 tpeen, n. Territorial division in Isle of Man. 
 [Manx] 
 
 tre'fle, n. Mine with three chambers ; = foil, 
 [f. OF as foil.] 
 
 tpe'foil, n. & a. Kinds of leguminous plant 
 with leaves of three leaflets & flowers of various 
 colours, clover; kinds of plant with similar 
 leaves ; three-lobed ornamentation in tracery 
 &c; (thing) arranged in three lobes, whence 
 tpe'foilED 2 a. [f. OF trifoil, trefeul, treffle f. 
 L tri (folium leaf)] 
 
 tpeha'la (-ah-), n. Manna of starch, sugar, 
 & gum, excreted in cocoon form by an insect 
 in Turkey & Persia, [f. native tigala] 
 
 trek, v.i., & n., (S.-Afr.). (Of ox) draw vehicle, 
 pull load ; travel by ox- wagon ; migrate; (n.) 
 such journey, each stage of journey, organized 
 migration. Hence tpe'kkER x n. [f. Du. trek- 
 ken vb, trek n.] 
 
 tpe'llis, n., & v.t. (Also t.-work) lattice, 
 grating, of light wooden cross-bars nailed to- 
 gether where they cross, similar structure of 
 wire or metal; summer-house, screen, &c, 
 made of t.-work ; (vb) furnish, support (vine 
 Sect with t. [(vb f. n.) f. OF treillis trellis 
 (treille arbour f. LL trichila etym. dub4] 
 
 tpe'mble, v.i., & n. Shake involuntarily 
 from fear, agitation, physical weakness, &c, as 
 he trembled with anger, voice trembled with 
 
TREMBLEMENT 
 
 944 
 
 TRI- 
 
 excitement, hands t. from oversmoking &c; 
 (fig.) be in state of extreme agitation, fear, sus- 
 pense, &c, as It. to think what has become of 
 him, t. at the thought, no cause to t. before his 
 judge, hear <£• t. (be duly impressed) /, / t. (am 
 alarmed) for his safety, intrembling uncertain- 
 ty, move in quivering manner, as leaves t. in 
 the breeze, trembling poplar, (fig.) his fate, 
 life, &c, trembles in the balance (has reached 
 a critical point, is in extreme danger). Hence 
 tre'mblingLY 2 adv., tre'mblY 2 a. (N.) 
 trembling, quiver, as there was a t. in her 
 voice, (colloq.) was all of a t. (trembling all 
 over); (pi.) kinds of disease, esp. of cattle, 
 marked by trembling, [(n. f. vb) f. F trembler 
 f. LL tremulare as tremulous] 
 
 tpe'mblement, n. (mus.). Trill, shake. [F 
 (as prec, see -ment)] 
 
 trembler, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 automatic vibrator for making & breaking 
 electric circuit; electric bell, [-er 1 ] 
 
 tre'mellose, a. (bot.). Jelly-like, shaking 
 like jelly, [f. mod. L Tremella, genus of jelly- 
 like fungi, + -OSE l ] 
 
 tremendous, a. Awful, fearful, over- 
 powering, (colloq.) considerable, as a t. explo- 
 sion, revolution, makes a t. difference, a t. 
 (huge) blue-bottle. Hence treme'ndousLY 2 
 adv., treme'ndousxESS n. [f. L tremendus 
 {tremere tremble, see -nd 2 ) + -ous] 
 
 *remo/a'ncfo,adv.(nius.). Tremulously. [It.] 
 
 tre'molant, -mulant, n. Device in organ 
 for producing tremolo effect, [{-ol- f. It. tremo- 
 lante) f. LL as tremble, see -ant] 
 
 tre'molo, n. (mus.). Intentionally tremu- 
 lous effect in vocal or instrumental music ; = 
 prec. [It., as tremulous] 
 
 tre'mor, n. (Of leaf, part of body, voice, 
 person) shaking, quivering; thrill (of fear, ex- 
 ultation, &c.) ; intention t. (in part of body 
 ivhen it moves to do something); metallic t., 
 trembling palsy of metal-workers. Hence 
 tre'morLESs a. [f . OF treme ur f. L tremorem 
 {tremere tremble, see -or 1 )] 
 
 tre'mulous, a. Trembling, quivering, as 
 t. leaves, voice, hand; t. line (drawn by t. 
 hand); timid, vacillating. Hence tre'mu- 
 Iously 2 adv., tre'mulousxESS n. [f. L tre- 
 mulus (tremere tremble, shake) + -ous] 
 
 trench (-ten), v.t. & i., & n. Dig ditch in 
 (ground) ; turn over the earth of (field &c.) by 
 digging succession of contiguous ditches ; cut 
 groove in (wood &c); proceed, make one's 
 way, (down, along, &c.) by trenching; en- 
 croach (up)on (person's rights, privacy, &c). 
 Hence tre'neher 1 [-er *] n. (X.) deep furrow 
 or ditch ; (Mil.) ditch about 3ft deep with earth 
 thrown up to form parapet, as open (begin dig- 
 ging) the tt. (to form lines of approach), mount 
 (guard in) the tt. ; t.-cart, hand-cart on low 
 wheels for use in tt. [f. F trencher cut prob. 
 ult. f. L truncare truncate] 
 
 tre'nehant, a. Sharp, keen, as t. sword, 
 blade, (now rare in lit. sense) ; (fig., of style, 
 language, policy, &c.) penetrating, incisive, 
 decisive, vigorous. Hence tre'nehANCY n., 
 tre'nehantLY 2 adv. [OF,, part, as prec] 
 i tre'neher 2 (for t l see trench), n. Wooden 
 platter now chiefly used for cutting bread on 
 at table ; (archaic) the pleasures of the table, 
 eating, (chiefly attrib. or in comb., as t. com- 
 panions, t.-valiant, good, poor, &c. trencher- 
 man, great, small, &c, eater) ; t.-cap, square 
 college cap. [f. OF trenchoir (as trench)] 
 
 trend, v.i., & n. Have specified general di- 
 rection, bend or turn away in specified direc- 
 tion, as coast trends (towards the) south ; (fig.) 
 be chiefly directed have general tendency, (to- 
 
 wards &c); (n.) general direction & tendency 
 (esp. fig. o/events, opinion, &c). [(n. f. vb) ME 
 trenden, cf. Da. & Sw. trind a. round] 
 
 tre'ntal, n. Set of 30 successive daily 
 masses for the dead. [OF, = set of 30 (masses), 
 f. trente 30 f. L triginta + -al] 
 
 trente-et-quarante (F), n. = rouge l -et- 
 noir. llit. = 30 & 40] 
 
 trepa'n 1 , n., & v.t. (-nn-). Surgeon's cylin- 
 drical saw for removing part of bone of skull 
 to relieve brain ; (v.t.) perforate (skull) with t. 
 So trepanATioN, trepa'nniNG 1 n. [f. OF 
 trepane(r) n. & vb f. med.L trepanum f. Gk 
 trupanon (trupao bore f. trupa hole)] 
 
 trepa'n 2 , v.t. (nn). Trap, ensnare, beguile, 
 (into, from, place &c, into doing), [earlier 
 tra- n. & vb f. OF trappan n. (trappe trap 1 )] 
 
 trepa'ng, n. Edible sea-slug used in China 
 for soup. [t\ Malay tripang] 
 
 trephi'ne (-en, -in), n., & v.t. Improved 
 form of trepan with guiding centre-pin ; (vb> 
 operate on (skull, person) with this, [(vb f. n.) 
 f. F trephine as trepan j ] 
 
 trepida'tion, n. Alarm, flurry; trem- 
 bling of limbs e.g. in paralysis; (hist.) oscilla- 
 tion of ecliptic formerly assumed to account 
 for precession of equinoxes &c. [OF, f. L trepi- 
 dationem (trepidare be agitated, tremble, f. 
 trepidus flurried, see -ation)] 
 
 tre'spass (-as), v.i., & n. Make unlawful 
 or unwarrantable intrusion (on, upon, land, 
 rights, &c, or abs.) ; make unwarrantable 
 claimo?i (chiefly in polite formulas, often facet., 
 as shall t. on your hospitality, may It. on you 
 for the mustard ?) ; offend (against person, 
 law, principle, rights ; archaic or literary), as 
 forgive them that t. against its. Hence tre's- 
 passER 1 n. (N.) transgression of law or right ; 
 (Law) any transgression that is not (misprision 
 of) treason or felony ; (also action of t.) com- 
 mon-law action for recovery of damages for t.; 
 t.-offering, sacrifice atoning for t. against Mo- 
 saic law. [(n. f. OF trespas) f. OF trespasser 
 pass over, trespass (tres- trans- -fpasserPASS)] 
 
 tre'ss, n., & v.t. Portion, lock, plait, of hair 
 of human esp. woman's or girl's head; (pi.) 
 hair of esp. woman's or girl's head. Hence 
 (-)tressED 2 , tre'ss v 2 , aa. (Vb) arrange 
 (hair) in tt. (chiefly in p.p.). [(vb f. F tresser) 
 f. F tresse f. LL trxcia var. of trica plait f. Gk 
 trikha threefold (tri-)] 
 
 tre'stle (-si), n. Supporting structure for 
 table or flat form or carpenter's work &c, con- 
 sisting of bar supported by two divergent 
 pairs of legs or of two frames fixed at an angle 
 or hinged; (also t.-work) open braced frame- 
 work of wood or metal for supporting bridge 
 &c. ; (Xaut., also t.-tree) each of a pair of hori- 
 zontal pieces on lower mast supporting top- 
 mast &c. [f. OF trestel ult. f. L transtillum 
 dim. of transtrum transom] 
 
 tret, n. Allowance of extra weight (now 
 seldom) made to purchasers of some goods for 
 waste in transportation, [f. OF traite trans- 
 portation &c. (as trait)] 
 
 trevet. See trivet. 
 
 trews, n. pi. Highlander's tartan trousers, 
 [var. of trousers] 
 
 trey (-a), n. Card, die, with three spots, [f. 
 OF treis three f. L tres] 
 
 tri- (-1- before vowel, & before consonant exc. 
 as'shown), pref. = L & Gk tri- three-, having or 
 composed of three, triple, as : -ade'lphous, with 
 stamens in 3 sets ; -a'ndrous, with 3 stamens ; 
 -a'psidal, with 3 apses ; -bd'sic, with 3 hydro- 
 gen atoms replaceable by base or basic radical ; 
 -bra'chial, (-k-), three-armed implement &c. v 
 esp. a flint implement ; -ca 'psular (bot., zool.), 
 
TRIABLE 
 
 915 
 
 TRIBE 
 
 with 3 capsules (to each flower) ; -car'pous, 
 bearing 3 fruits or carpels; -centenary, -ter- 
 centenakv ; -chord (-k-) a. & n., three-stringed, 
 (instrument esp. lute), (of piano) with 3 strings 
 to each note; -chroma 'tic, three-coloured, (of 
 the eye) having the normal three colour sensa- 
 tions, i.e. red, green, & purple, so -chro'matism 
 n.; -corn, having 3 horns, (n.) three-cornered 
 hat, (pop., also -come) French gendarme's two- 
 cornered hat ; -cor'poral, -corporate, (-at), (he- 
 rald.) having 3 bodies & one head ; -cotyle'- 
 donous, with 3 cotyledons ; -erotic, (of pulse) 
 with 3 beats ; -cu'spid, with 3 cusps or points, 
 as t. valve of heart, t. murmur (heard when 
 this is deranged) ; -da'ctyl(ous), with 3 fingers 
 or toes ; -de'ntate, with 3 teeth or prongs ; -di'- 
 gitate, = -dactyl ; -dimensional, of 3 dimen- 
 sions; -fd'eial a. & n., (of) the trigeminus; 
 -flor'al, -flor'ous, bearing 3 flowers ; -fo'liate, 
 -ated, -foliolate, (of compound leaf) with 3 
 leaflets, (of plant) having such leaves ; -form- 
 (ed), formed of 3parts, having 3 forms or bodies ; 
 •fur'cate (-at) a., divided into three forks, (v.t. & 
 i., -at) divide thus ; -ge'minal a. & n., triple, (of) 
 the trigeminus ; -ge'minus, cranial nerve with 
 the 3 functions of motion, common sensation, 
 & taste ; -glot, written in 3 languages ; -go- 
 neu'tic (entom.), having 3 broods in a year; 
 •gram, -graph, group of 3 letters representing 
 one sound ; -gynous (trij-), having 3 pistils ; 
 -he'dral, with 3 surfaces; -jit'gate, -ju'gous, 
 (bot.), having, arranged in, 3 pairs ; -labe, three- 
 pronged surgical instrument for removing cal- 
 culi Sec; -la'biate, three-lipped ; -la'minar, of 
 3 layers ; -la'teral, of 3 sides, so -la 'terally adv.; 
 -le'mma, choice between 3 things ; -li'near, of 
 3 lines ; -li'ngual, of, expressed in, 3 languages ; 
 -li'teral, of 3 letters, (of Semitic languages) 
 having (most of) their roots in 3 consonants, so 
 -literalism, -litera'lity, nn.; -lith, monument 
 of 3 stones, esp. two upright & one across their 
 tops, so -li'thic a.; -Id'bate, three-lobed; -lobite, 
 member of palaeozoic group of animals with 
 body in 3 main divisions, so -lobi'tic a.; -lo'cu- 
 lar, with 3 cells or compartments ; -me'nsual, 
 •rne'str(i)al, occurring every 3months; -merous, 
 of 3 members or joints (also S-merous) ; -mor'- 
 phism, -vxor'phous, (biol., bot., crystallog.), 
 existence, existing, in 3 distinct forms ; -ner'- 
 vate, three-nerved ; -no'dal (anat,, bot.), having 
 3 joints; -no'mial a. & n., (technical name, al- 
 gebraical expression) consisting of 3 terms ; 
 -no'mialism, use of 3 terms in naming objects 
 in natural history ; -oe'eious (-es-), having male, 
 female, & hermaphrodite flowers each on dif- 
 ferent plants ; -o'xide, oxide containing 3 oxy- 
 gen atoms; -pe'nnate, = -pi'nnate ; -pe'talous, 
 having 3 petals ; -phthong (-I-), 3 vowels form- 
 ing one sound ; -phtho'ngal (-nggl), so formed ; 
 -phy'llous, three-leaved; -pi'nnate, having 3 
 series of leaflets; -rd'dial, -rd'diat(ed), radiat- 
 ing in 3 directions; -ser'ial, -ser'iate, (anat., 
 bot.) disposed in 3 rows ; -sper'mous, contain- 
 ing 3 seeds ; -spor'ous, -spor'ic, having 3 spores; 
 -stichous (tristik-) (bot,), arranged in 3 vertical 
 rows; -stigma'tic, -sty'lous, (bot.), having 3 
 stigmas, styles ; -su'leate, (bot.) three-grooved, 
 (zool.) divided into 3 digits or hoofs ; -ter'nate 
 (bot.), thrice ternate, having 27 leaflets ; -tone, 
 (mus.) interval of 3 tones; -valent (tri-) (chem.), 
 having combining power of 3. 
 tprable, a. That may be tried, [-able] 
 triaeontahi'dral, a. Having 30 sides or 
 surfaces, [f. Gk triakonta 30 + hedra seat, -al] 
 trrad, n. Group of three ; (Chem.) element, 
 radical, with combining power of three ; (Mus.) 
 
 chord of three tones, common chord ; Welsh 
 form of literary composition depending on ar- 
 rangement in groups of three. Hence tpia'dic 
 a. Jr. L f. Gk trias -ados {treis three, see -ad)] 
 
 trrag-e (-ij), n. Refuse of coffee-beans. [F, 
 = sifting (as try, see -age)] 
 
 trral, n. Process or mode of testing the qua- 
 lities of a thing, experimental treatment, test, 
 as made t. of his strength, was found on t. to 
 be incompetent, shall subject or pxd it to further 
 t. , will make the t. (try the experiment), has been 
 making tt. or (attrib.) t. ascents with an aero- 
 plane ; t. of the pvx ; bicycle is hired, clerk em- 
 ployed, on t. (to be retained only if efficient), 
 will give you a t. (employ you on t);-t. heat J; 
 trying thing or experience or person, esp. hard- 
 ship, trouble, as old age has many tt., fear you 
 will find the boy, the piano next door, a great t. ; 
 judicial examination & determination of issues 
 between parties by judge with or without jury 
 or by referee &c.,as was on his t. or stood or 
 underwent t. Jor murder, granted a new t. (on 
 ground of error or injustice in former t.); t. 
 valance (of ledger in double-entry book-keep- 
 ing), comparison of Dr & Cr totals, inequality 
 of which reveals certain errors in posting; t.- 
 trip, new vessel's trip to test sailing qualities 
 &c, (fig.) experiment. [OF (try, -al)] 
 
 tri'angle (-nggl), n. Figure (esp. plane) 
 bounded by three (esp. straight) lines, as equi- 
 lateral, isosceles, scalene, right-angled, t., 
 spherical t. (formed on surface of 6phere by 
 intersection of three great circles ; implement 
 &c. of this shape, e.g. right-angled t. as draw- 
 ing-implement, (Naut.) device of three spars 
 for raising weights, (Mus. ) rod of polished steel 
 in form of t. open at one angle sounded by 
 striking with steel rod, (hist.) frame of three 
 halberds joined at top to which soldier was 
 bound for flogging ; tt. of the neck (regions into 
 which it is divided for surgical purposes); (T-) 
 a northern constellation ; solution of a t, find- 
 ing of the remaining angles & sides when some 
 are given ; t. of forces, t. whose sides represent 
 in magnitude & direction three forces in equili- 
 brium, fact that such forces can always be re- 
 presented by a t. [OF, f. L triangulum f. tri- 
 (angulus angle) a.] 
 
 tria'ngular, a. Of the shape of a triangle, 
 three-cornered, so tri'ang'uloiD a.; t. treaty, 
 duel, &c. (between three parties) ; t. compasses 
 (with three legs) ; t. numbers, sums of the series 
 1, 2, 3, &c, taken to any number of terms, e.g. 
 1, 6, 28, 55 (w. ref. to mode of disposing such 
 number of points in form of equilateral triangle); 
 t. pyramid (with t. base). Hence tpiang-u- 
 la'PiTY n., tria'ngxilaPLY 2 a d v . [f, ll tri- 
 angularis (as prec, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 tria'ngulate \ v.t. Make triangular; di- 
 vide (area &c.) into triangles for surveying 
 purposes; determine (height, distance, &c.) 
 thus. Hence tPiangulATiON n. [f. L as 
 
 TRIANGLE + -ATE 3 ] 
 
 tpia'ngulate 2 (-at), a. (zool.). Marked with 
 triangles. Hence tria'ngulateLY 2 adv. [as 
 prec. + -ate 3 ] 
 
 tpi'as, n. (geol.). Division of rocks under- 
 lying the Jurassic. Hence tpia*ssic a. [as 
 triad, f. threefold subdivision in Germany] 
 
 tpi'balism, n. Tribal organization, [-ism] 
 
 tPi'bble, n. Drying-frame used in paper- 
 making. [?] 
 
 tribe, n. Group of barbarous clans under re- 
 cognized chiefs ; (Rom. Hist.) each of the poli- 
 tical divisions (orig. three, probably represent- 
 ing clans, ultimately 35) of the Romans ; any 
 
 For other words in tri- see tri-. 
 
TRIBLET 
 
 946 
 
 TRICOT 
 
 similar division whether of natural or political 
 origin, e.g. the twelve tt. of the Israelites ; (Zool., 
 Bot.) group of plants or animals usu. ranking 
 between genus & order; (usu. contempt.) set, 
 number, of persons esp. of one profession &c, 
 as the whole t. of parasites, actors, the sci'ib- 
 bling t ; tribesman, member of a t. or of one's 
 own t. Hence trrbAL a., tpi'balLY 2 adv. [f. 
 OF tribu f. L tribus, etyin. dub.] 
 
 tpi'blet, tri'bojet, n. Mandrel used in mak- 
 ing tubes, rings, &c. [f. OF triboulet prob. f. 
 L tribulus f. Gk TRi(bolos f. ballo throw) three- 
 pointed instrument] 
 
 tribo'metep, n. Sled-like apparatus for 
 measuring friction, [f. Gk tribo rub + -meter] 
 
 tpi'bpaeh (-k), n. Metrical foot ^ ^ ^. Hence 
 tribra'ehic a. [f. L f. Gk TRi(brakhus short)] 
 
 tribula'tion, n. Severe suffering or trial. 
 [OF, f. LL tribulationem (tribulare press, op- 
 press, f. tribulum sledge for threshing, f. terere 
 trit-„ rub, see -ation)] 
 
 tribirnal, n. Judgment-seat, seat or bench 
 for judge(s) or magistrate(s) ; court of justice. 
 [L (as tribune, see -al)] 
 
 tPi'bune \ n. (Rom. Hist.) each of (orig. two, 
 ultimately ten) officers chosen by the people to 
 protect their liberties against senate & consuls, 
 also, kinds of military, fiscal, & other officers ; 
 (esp. as title of newspaper) champion of the peo- 
 ple. Henceorcogn.tPi'bunATE^D.tPi'bune- 
 ship, nn., tri'buriARY 1 , tribuni'eiAL, -tial, 
 (-shl), tribunrciAN (-shn), aa. [f. OF tribun f. 
 L tribunus (as tribe)] 
 
 tPi'bune 2 , n. Raised floor for magistrate's 
 chairinapse of Roman basilica; bishop's throne, 
 apse containing this, in basilica ; platform, pul- 
 pit, esp. that used by speakers in French Cham- 
 ber of Deputies. [F, f. med.L tribuna (prec.)] 
 
 tributary, a. & n. Paying, subject to, tri- 
 bute, as t. States ; contributory, auxiliary ; (of 
 river) serving to swell a larger river; (n.) t. 
 State, person, stream. Hence tri'butariLY 2 
 adv., tri'butapiNESS n. [f. L tributarius (as 
 foil., see -ary 1 )] 
 
 tPi'bute, n. Money or equivalent paid peri- 
 odically by one prince or State to another in 
 acknowledgment of submission or as price of 
 peace or protection, or by virtue of treaty ; state 
 of being subject to tribute, as xvas laid under t. ; 
 (fig.) contribution, esp. thing done, said, given, 
 &c, as mark of respect &c, as the t. of a tear, 
 toill not withhold my t. of praise, the tt. (gifts, 
 compliments, attentions) of her admirers ; 
 (Mining) proportion of ore, its equivalent, paid 
 to miner for his work, t.-work (so paid), [f. OF 
 tribut f. L tributum (tribuere -ut- give, perh. f. 
 tribus TRIBE)] 
 
 tpice \ v.t. (naut.). Haul up (usu. up) ; tie up 
 (usu. up). [ME tricen, -sen, f. LG trissen, tr it- 
 sen, f. trisse, -tse, hauling-rope, pulley] 
 
 tpice 2 ,n. In at., in a moment, [prob. f. prec, 
 but cf. Sp. en un tris in a trice {tris clink of 
 breaking glass)] 
 
 trueeps, a. & n. (pi. tHcx'pites). (Of muscle) 
 three-headed; (n.)t. muscle, esp. large muscle 
 of back_of arm. [L (tri- + caput -itis head)] 
 
 tPieep'ion, n. (Gk Ch.). Triple candlestick 
 symbolizing Trinity & used by bishop in bless- 
 ing. w [f. tri- + Gk keros wax] 
 
 trichiasis, n. Urinary disease in which 
 hair-like filaments appear in urine ; disease of 
 breasts in child-bearing women ; inversion of 
 eyelashes ; disease marked by matted state of 
 hair. [f. Gk trikhiasis (as foil., see -asis)] 
 
 tpiehrna (-k-), n. (pi. -ae). Hair-like worm 
 
 parasitic in body of man, swine, rat, &c, usu. 
 
 introduced into human body by use of imper- 
 fectly cooked pork, & causing often fatal dis- 
 ease. Hence tPiehini'ASis, tPichinizA'Tiox, 
 trichinosis, nn.,tpi , ehinizE(3)v.t.,tpi , ehi- 
 nosED 2 , tpichinOTic, trichrnous, aa. [f. 
 Gk thrix trikhos hair + -ina -ine 4 J 
 
 tpicho- (-k-) in comb, (before vowel trich-) = 
 Gk thrix trikhos hair, as : -gen n., -genous a., 
 (preparation) promoting growth of hair ; -logy, 
 study of the hair ; -pathic a., -pathy n., (treat- 
 ment) of diseases of hair. 
 
 tprehome (-k-), n. Hair, scale, or other out- 
 growth from epidermis of plant, [f. Gk tri- 
 khoma (trikhoo furnish with hair, see prec. &-M)] 
 
 trieho'sis, n. Any disease of hair, [as tri- 
 ch<£- + -osis] 
 
 trichotomy (-k-), n. Division into three, 
 esp. of human nature into body, soul, & spirit. 
 Hence tpieho'tomous a. [f. Gk trikha three- 
 fold (treis three) + -tomy] 
 
 trick, n., & v.t. & i. Fraudulent device or 
 stratagem, as I suspect some L, t. of the trade, 
 shall not serve me that t. twice ; feat of skill or 
 dexterity, knack, precise mode of doing or deal- 
 ing with a thing as conjurer 'stt., my dog knows 
 no tt., Iknow a t. worth two of that (better ex- 
 pedient), shall soon get or learn the t.pfit (best 
 way of doing or handling it), (attrib.) t. cyclist 
 &c; peculiar or characteristic practice, habit, 
 mannerism, as has a t. of repeating himself, 
 these are private-school tt., style is disfigured 
 by tt., must cure himself of the t. of archaism; 
 mischievous or foolish or discreditable act, 
 practical joke, pran k, as is always playing mad 
 tt., a dirty or shabby or dog's t. to play on any 
 one ; (Cards) the cards played in a round, as 
 take up the t., such round, point gained as re- 
 sult of this, as won, lost, saved, the t, the odd t.; 
 (Xaut.) man's turn at helm, usu. two hours ; t.- 
 Zme.cord used in makingchangesin pantomime; 
 t. scene (made without dropping curtain); t.-wig 
 (of which hair can be made to stand on end) ; 
 (Vb) deceive by t., cheat, (person, often out of 
 thing, into doing, Sec); (of thing) foil, baffle, 
 disappoint the calculations of, take by surprise ; 
 play tt. ; (usu. t. o\d or up) dress, decorate, deck. 
 Hence tpi'ckER \ tpi'ekER y (4,5), tPi'ckiNESS, 
 tpi'ekishNESS, tpPeksTER, nn., tpPekiLY 2 
 adv., tpi'ckiSH 1 , tri'ckY 2 , aa. [ME trichen 
 vb f. OF trichier, trechier, see treacherous ; 
 n. partly f. Du. trek pull, tug, f. trekken drag, 
 pull, cf. Da. trxkke] 
 
 truckle, v.i. & t., & n. (Of liquid) flow in 
 drops or in small stream, as tears trickled down 
 her cheeks, water trickles through crevice, (fig.) 
 the information trickled (came gradually) out ; 
 cause (liquid) to do this, pour out in drops ; (n.) 
 trickling stream. Hence tpi'eklET 1 n., tpi'ek- 
 1y 2 a. [ME triklen for striklen f. OE strican 
 strike, sweep along, see -le(3)] 
 
 tpi'cksy, a. Playful, frolicsome; quaint. 
 [trick + -s- + -y 2 , cf . tipsy] 
 
 tpi'ek-tpaek, ti'ek-taek, n. Complicated 
 form of backgammon, [f. F trictrac (also tic- 
 tact. Du. tiktakkewolSiYt.), prob. imit. of sound] 
 
 tPielrnium, n. (Rom. ant.; pi. -ia). Dining- 
 table with couches along three sides, room con- 
 taining this. [L, f. Gk TRi(klinion f. kline couch)] 
 
 tpreoloup, -op, a. & n. (Also tpreolouPED 2 
 a.) of three colours ; (n.) flag of three colours in 
 about equal proportions, esp. French national 
 standard of red, white, & blue, adopted during 
 Revolution, [f. F TRi(coZore f. L as colour)] 
 
 tricot (tre'eo), n. Hand-knitted woollen fab- 
 ric, imitation of this ; kind of ribbed cloth ; 
 t. -stitch, kind of crochet stitch. [F, = knitting] 
 
 For other words in tri- see tri-. 
 
TRICYCLE 
 
 917 
 
 TRIMMING 
 
 tpreyele, n., & v.i. & t. (Ride on) three- 
 wheeled cycle; tandem, sociable, (£.). Hence 
 tri'eyeliSTU) n. [(yd f. n.) F (tri-)] 
 
 tride, a. (Of h^fcter's pace) short & swift. 
 [F, etym. dub.] 
 
 tri'dent, n. Three-pronged implement e. g. 
 fish-spear ; such spear or sceptre as attribute of 
 Posidon or Neptune, [f. L TRi(dens -ntis tooth)] 
 
 Trlde'ntine, a. & n. Of the Council of Trent 
 (1545-63) esp. as basis of Roman Catholic doc- 
 trine & practice, as T. theology, (n.) Roman 
 Catholic, [f. med.L Tridentum Trent + -ine ] ] 
 
 tri'duo, -uum, n. (R.-C. Ch.). Three days 
 service of prayer in preparation for saint's day 
 or for obtaining saint's intercession, [(-o It.) f. 
 L tri- (duum f. dies day) space of three days] 
 
 triennial, a. & n. Lasting, happening or 
 done every, three years, as t. 2^>lants, parlia- 
 ments, T. Act (requiring t. parliaments, repeal- 
 ed 1716) ; (n.) t. plant, mass performed daily for 
 three years for soul of dead person, every third 
 anniversary of event. Hence trie'nnialLY 2 
 adv. [f. L TRi(ennium f. annus year) space of 
 three years + -al] 
 
 tpi'er, d. In senses of try, esp. (also trior) 
 person appointed to decide whether challenge 
 to juror is well founded, [-er x J 
 
 tPi'epareh (-k), n. (Gk ant.). Commander of 
 trireme ; wealthy person compelled to build & 
 equip trireme at his own expense. Hence tri*- 
 epapchAL a. [f. L f. Gk trierarkhos f. tri- 
 (eres f. ar- fit or er- row) trireme + arkho rule] 
 
 tpi'epapehy, n. Office, duty, of trierarch ; 
 (Athenian formation of fleet at expense of) the 
 trierarchs. [f. Gk trierarkhia (prec, -Y *)] 
 
 trl'fld, a. (bot., zool.). Partly or wholly di- 
 vided into three, three-cleft, [f. L THi{fidus f. 
 root otfindere cleave)] 
 
 tPi'fle, n., & v.i. & t. Thing, fact, circum- 
 stance, of slight value or importance, wastes 
 time on tt, the merest t. puts him out, (iron.) 
 shall probably break ournecks, but that is a t.; 
 small amount esp. of money, as spare a t. for 
 the porter, (adv.) seems a t. (rather) angry; con- 
 fection of whipped cream or white of eggs, with 
 pastry &c. soaked in wine, fruit, almonds, &c; 
 common pewter ; t.-ring, kinds of puzzle-ring. 
 ( Vb) talk or act frivolously ; t. with, treat (per- 
 son, thing, matter) with flippancy or derision, 
 refuse to take seriously, (also) occupy oneself 
 carelessly with, toy with, (novel, cigarette, &c); 
 throw or fool away (time, energies, money, &c, 
 on object) ; (part.) a trifling error, correction, 
 circumstance, &c. (unimportant). Hence tpi'- 
 AerI n., tpi'fl ingLY 2 adv. [(vb f. n.) ME & 
 OF trufle mockery, var. of truffe jest, trifle, 
 truffle (viewed as worthless object)] 
 
 tplfop'ium, n. (pi. -ia). Gallery, usu. in form 
 of arcade, above arches of nave & choir (& tran- 
 septs) of church. [med.L (tri-, /oris door)] 
 
 trig-, v.t., & n. Check, stop, (wheel) with skid, 
 stone, &c. ; (n.) obstacle so used. [?] 
 
 tri'gamous, a. Thrice married or having 
 three wives or husbands at once, whence or 
 cogn. tpi'gamiST, tpi'gramv 1 , nn.; (Bot. ) hav- 
 ing male, female, & hermaphrodite flowers in 
 same head (cf. TRioecious). [f. LL f. Gk tri- 
 (gamos -married) + -ous] 
 
 tPi'g-efep, n. Device for releasing spring or 
 catch & so setting mechanism in action, esp. 
 projecting tongue in firearm that liberates 
 hammer of Ipck; hair-£. Hence (-)tpig'g'ep- 
 ed 2 a. [earlier tricker f. Du. trekker (trekken 
 pull, see trick)] 
 
 tprg-lyph, n. Each of the grooved tablets 
 alternating with metopes in Doric frieze. Hence 
 tpi'glyphAL, tPigly*phic(AL), aa. [f. L f. Gk 
 imigluphos f. glupho carve)] 
 
 tPi'g-on, n. (Astrol.) each of four groups 
 (watery, earthly, airy, fiery, t.) of three signs of 
 zodiac ; triangular instrument used in dialling; 
 = trine ; (Gk ant.) game at ball for three per- 
 sons, (also trigo'non) triangular lyre or harp ; 
 (Math. ) triangle, whence trig-6'nic a. [f. K tri- 
 gone f. L f. Gk TRi(gonon f.gonia angle) triangle] 
 
 tPi'gonal, a. (Math.) triangular in cross- 
 section, as t. stem, antennae. Hence or cogn. 
 tri'g-onalL y 2 adv. , tpi'g-onous a. [- al] 
 
 tpig-ond'meter, n. Instrument for solution 
 of plane right-angled triangles by inspection. 
 
 [TRIGON + -O- + -METER] 
 
 tpig-ond'metpy, n. Branch of mathematics 
 dealing primarily with relations of sides & 
 angles of a triangle, much used in astronomy, 
 surveying, & navigation. Hence trigxmo- 
 me'tPic(AL) aa., tpig-onome'tPiealLY 2 adv. 
 
 [TRIGON + -O- + -METRY] 
 
 trike, n. & vb (colloq.). = tricycle, [abbr.] 
 
 tpill, v.i. & t,, & n. (Of person or thing) give 
 forth sound with tremulous vibration, as trill- 
 ing laughter ; sing (t. & i. ) in quavering manner, 
 esp. (Mus.) with shake. (N.) quavering sound, 
 esp. (Mus.) quick alternation of two notes a 
 (semi)tone apart, shake; consonant pronounced 
 with trilling sound, e.g. r, [(n. f. vb) f. It. tril- 
 lare imit.] 
 
 tripling, n. Compound crystal of three indi- 
 viduals ; each of three children born at a birth, 
 [f. L tres three + -ling 1 ] 
 
 tpi'llion, n. & a. A million million million ; 
 (U.S., after F) a million million. Hence tpi'l- 
 lionTH 2 a. & n. [f. tri- on million, cf. billion] 
 
 tpi'logy, n. (Gk Ant.) set of three tragedies 
 to be performed in immediate succession ; set 
 of three literary compositions, speeches, &c, 
 each complete in itself but with common theme, 
 [f. Gk iRi(logia -logy)] 
 
 trim, a., v.t. & i., & n. In good order, well 
 arranged or equipped, neat, spruce, whence 
 tpi'mL Y 2 adv. , tpi'mNESS n. ( Vb) set in good 
 order, make neat or tidy, remove irregular oi 
 superfluous or unsightly parts from, (lamp or 
 strictly its wick, hedge, beard, &c); remove 
 (such parts,often off,awayjby clipping.pruning, 
 planing, &c. ; make (person, oneself, often up) 
 neat in dress &appearance; ornament (dress &c. 
 withribbon, lace, &c); (of school of fish) t. (move 
 along close to) the shore ; (Naut.) adjust balance 
 of (ship, boat) by distribution of cargo or pas- 
 sengers &c, arrange (yards, sails) to suit wind, 
 as t. by ! the head, stern ; hold middle course in 
 politics or opinion, attach oneself to neither of 
 contesting parties, be a time-server; (colloq.) 
 rebuke sharply ; (colloq.) t. person's jacket, flog 
 him. (N.) state, degree, of adjustment or readi- 
 ness or fitness, as found everything in perfect 
 t., am in no t. (state of dress, health, &c.) for 
 rough work, infighting t, (of ship, & fig.) ready 
 for battle ; good order (esp. Naut.), as in, out of, 
 t.; (Naut.) t. (relative position) of the masts. 
 [(n. f. vb, OE trymian make firm, set in order) 
 f. OE trum strong, cf. LG trim] 
 
 tprmetep, n. & a. (Verse) consisting of 
 three measures (see dimeter), esp. iambic t., 
 six-foot iambic line usual in ancient Greek 
 dramatic dialogue. Hence tPime*tPic(AL) aa. 
 [f. L f. Gk TRi(metros f. metron measure)] 
 
 tpi'mmep, n. In vbl senses, esp. : one who 
 trims articles of dress, as coat, hat, -t. ; person 
 who stands neutral, time-server, (orig. of party 
 following Marquis of Halifax 1680-90) ; kinds 
 of instrument for clipping &c. ; piece of timber 
 supporting end of joist &c. [-er 1 ] 
 
 tpi'mming*, n. In vbl senses, esp. : orna- 
 mentation of lace &c. on dress &c. ; (pi., col- 
 loq. ) leg of mutton &c. & tt. (accessories), [-ing *] 
 
TRINE 
 
 948 
 
 TRITAGONIST 
 
 trine, a. & n. Threefold, triple, made up of 
 three parts, whence tri'nAL, tPi'nARY l , aa. ; 
 t. aspersion or immersion, thrice sprinkling in 
 baptism ; (Astrol.) of a t., in t. (N.) : (Astrol.) 
 aspect of two planets 120° apart, in t, so re- 
 lated (to), [f. L trinus threefold (tres three)] 
 
 tPi'ngle (-nggl), n. Curtain-rod: supporting 
 rod for canopy of bedstead; (Archit.) small 
 square moulding or ornament ; (Gunn.) bar on 
 traversing-platform to check recoil. [F, cf. 
 Gael, taming nail] 
 
 trrnity, n. Being three ; group of three ; 
 the T., union of three persons (Father, Son, 
 Holy Spirit) in one Godhead, doctrine of this, 
 whence TpinitARTAN(iSM) nn. ; symbolical re- 
 presentation of the T. in art ; triple pipe-cleaner ; 
 t. ring, kinds of ancient bronze ring with three 
 bosses «fec. found in Ireland ; T. Sunday, next 
 after Whitsunday ; T. House, association con- 
 cerned with licensing of pilots, erection of light- 
 houses, &c; T. term. [f. OF trinite f. LL t?~ini- 
 tatem (as trine, see -ty)] 
 
 tpi'nket, n. Trifling ornament, jewel &c. 
 worn on the person ; small fancy article. 
 Hence tri'nketR y(1, 5) n. [ME trenket knife, 
 perh. esp. toy-knife worn on person, f. ONF 
 trenquet knife (trenquer cut var. of OF tran- 
 chier, as trench)] 
 
 tpi'o (-eo, -16), n. (Mus.) composition for 
 three vocal or instrumental parts, set of three 
 performers, second division of minuet, march, 
 &c, orig. performed by t. of instruments; set 
 of three persons &c; three aces, kings, queens, 
 or knaves, in piquet. [It., f. L tres three] 
 
 tpi'ole (tre-), n. (mus.). = triplet, [dim. of 
 prec] 
 
 tpi'olet (tre-), n. Poem of 8 (usu. 8-syllabled) 
 lines with rhymes as shown, first line recurring 
 as fourth & seventh & second as eighth (cat dog 
 bat cat fat hog cat dog). [F (-let)] 
 
 Tpio'nes, n. pi. = Charles's wain. [L, = 
 plough-oxen] 
 
 tpiop. See trier. 
 
 trip, v.i. & t., & n. Walk or dance with 
 quick light tread, (fig., of rhythm &c.) run 
 lightly, whence tppppingxy 2 ad v. ; (archaic) 
 take journey or excursion, whence (in mod. 
 use) tri'ppER 1 n.; make false step, stumble, 
 (often over obstacle); make mistake, commit 
 inconsistency or inaccuracy or moral delin- 
 quency, as caught him tripping in his dates, 
 all apt to t. ; (of person or obstacle) cause (per- 
 son) to stumble by entangling or suddenly 
 arresting his feet (often up); detect (person) 
 in blunder (often up); (Naut.) loose (anchor) 
 from bottom by means of cable, turn (yard &c. ) 
 from horizontal to vertical position ; release 
 (part of machine) suddenly by withdrawing 
 catch &c. (X.) journey, voyage, excursion, as 
 round t. (to a place & back), cheap tt. to the 
 Riviera; nimble step; stumble (lit. & fig.); 
 tripping or being tripped up ; the fish caught 
 during a voyage; t. -hammer, kind of tilt 1 - 
 hammer. [(n. f. vb) f. OF treper, trip(p)er, f. 
 MDu. trippen, cf. Sw. trippa, Da. trippe] 
 
 trl'paptite, a. Divided into 3 parts; (Bot., 
 of leaf) divided into 3 segments almost to the 
 base ; t. indenture (with 3 corresponding parts 
 or copies) ; made, existing, between 3 parties, as 
 t. treaty. Hence tri'paptiteLY 2 adv., tpi- 
 papti'tiON n. [OF, f. L TRHpartitus p.p. of 
 partiri divide f. pars -rtis part)] 
 
 tripe, n. Principal part of stomach of ox &c. 
 as food, as will stand anything but t. (archaic 
 a t); (now vulg., usu. pi.) entrails, belly ; t.-de- 
 rochc (tre'pdero'sh) [F, lit. rock-t.], bitter nutri- 
 
 tive vegetable substance obtained from some 
 lichens & used at a pinch by hunters &c. as 
 food ; tripeman, man who prepares & hawks t. 
 Hence tPi*pERY(3) n. [OF, cf. Sp. & Port. 
 tripa, It. trippa, etym. duo.] 
 
 tpi'ple, a., & v.t. & i. Threefold, of three 
 parts (often in comb., as t.-headed, -nerved); 
 T. Alliance, (1) between England, Sweden, & 
 Netherlands, in 1668 against Louis XIV, (2) 
 between France, Great Britain, & Netherlands, 
 in 1717 chiefly against Spain, (3) between Ger- 
 many, Austria, & Italy, in 1882-3 against 
 Prussia & France; t. crown, pope's tiara; 
 (Mus.) t. time (of 3 or 9 beats in bar). (Vb) in- 
 crease (t. & i.) threefold ; be three times as great 
 or manv as ; alter (engine) to t. expansion, 
 [(vb f. adj.) F, f. L TRi(pius f. pie- fill)] 
 
 tpi'plet, n. Set of three things ; 3 verses 
 rhyming together; (Mus.) 3 notes performed 
 in the time of two ; (colloq.) each of 3 children 
 born at a birth; (Naut.) 3 links of chain be- 
 tween cable & anchor-ring. [f. prec. + -et 1 ] 
 
 tprplex, n. (mus.). Triple time; composi- 
 tion in three parts. [L TRi(plex-plicis f. plicare 
 fold) threefold] 
 
 tpi'plieate l (-at), a. & n. Threefold, esp. of 
 which three copies are made, as t. certificate ; 
 t. ratio of two numbers, ratio of their cubes ; 
 (n.) each of a set of 3 copies or corresponding 
 parts, state of being t., as document drawn up 
 in t. [f. L triplicare (triplex), -ate 2 ] 
 
 tpi'plieate 2 , v.t. Treble, make triplicate. 
 So tPiplieA'TioN, tpi'plieatuRE, nn. [-ate 3] 
 
 tpipli'eity, n. State of being triple, [f. tri- 
 pled + - it y] 
 
 tpppod, n. Stool, table, utensil, resting on 
 three feet or legs, whence tri'podALa. ; three- 
 legged stand for supporting camera &c; (Gk 
 Ant.) bronze altar at Delphi on which priestess 
 sat to utter oracles, imitation of this esp. as 
 prize in Pythian games &c. [f. L tripus f. Gk 
 tri( pous podos foot)] 
 
 tpi'poli, n. = ROTTEX-stone. [f. T. in Africa] 
 
 tpi'pds, n. (Camb. univ.). (List of successful 
 candidates in) honours examination, [as tri- 
 pod, w. ref. to stool on which M.A. sat to de- 
 liver satirical speech at commencement] 
 
 tpi'ptyeh (-Ik), n. Picture carving, on three 
 panels side by side, set of three associated pic- 
 tures so placed ; set of three writing-tablets 
 hinged or tied together, [f. Gk TRi(ptukhon f. 
 ptusso fold), neut. adj. as n.] 
 
 tPique'tpa, n. (pi. -ae). Symmetrical orna- 
 ment of three interlaced arcs. [L, fern, of tri- 
 (guetrus unexpl.) three-cornered] 
 
 tpique'tpous, a. Three-cornered, esp. (Bot., 
 of stem) having 3 acute angles. Hence tpi- 
 quejtPOUSLY 2 adv. [f. L as prec. + -ous] 
 
 tPiP'eme, n. Ancient esp. Greek warship 
 with three banks of oars. [f. L TRi[remis f. 
 remus oar)] 
 
 Tpisa*g , ion(-g-),n. Hymn in Greek &oriental 
 liturgies with triple invocation of God as holy, 
 [f. Gk trisagios (tris thrice + hagios holy)] 
 
 tpise'et, v.t. Divide (line, angle, &c.) into 
 three esp. equal parts. Hence tPise'etiON n. 
 [f. tri- + L secare sect- cut] 
 
 tpi'smus (-z-), n.' (path.). Lockjaw, [f. Gk 
 trismos creaking (trizo squeak)] 
 
 tri'stful, a! (archaic). Sad. [obs. trist f. OF 
 triste f. L tristis sad + -ful] 
 
 trisyllable, n. Word of three syllables. 
 Hence tpisylla'bica..tpisylla'bic ally adv. 
 [f. L f. Gk TRUsullabos, see syllable) adj.] 
 
 tpltagro'nist (or -a'go), n. Third actor in 
 Greek play (cf. deuteragonist). If. Gk trit- 
 
 For other words in tri- see tri-. 
 
TRITE 
 
 949 
 
 TROLLEY 
 
 agonist es (tritos third + agonistes actor, see 
 
 AGONISTIC)] 
 
 trite, a. (Of expression, sentiment, quota- 
 tion, &c.) commonplace, hackneyed, worn out. 
 Hence tpi'teLY 2 adv., tri'teNESS n. [f. L 
 terere'trit- rub] 
 
 tri'theism, n. Doctrine that there are (esp. 
 that Father, Son, & Holy Spirit are) 3 Gods. 
 So tPi'theiST n., trithei'stic(AL) aa. [tri-] 
 
 Tpi'ton, n. (Gk Myth.) son of Posidon & 
 Amphitrite, each of a race of minor sea-gods 
 usu. represented as men with fishes' tails & 
 sometimes with forefeet of horse & carrying 
 shell-trumpet; T. among the minnows; kinds 
 of gastropod & sajhainander. [L, f. Gk Triton] 
 
 tpitop'ium, -urium, n. Vessel for sepa- 
 rating liquors of different densities, [as trite 
 + -orium -ory (2)] 
 
 tpi'tupate, v.t. Grind to fine powder ; grind 
 with molar teeth, masticate thoroughly. Hence 
 or cogn. tpi'tuPABLE a., tPituPA'TioN, tpi*- 
 tupatOR 2 (l,2), nn. [f. LL triturare f. trittcra 
 rubbing, as trite, see -ure & -ate 3 1 
 
 trl'umph, n., & v.i. (Rom. Ant.) procession 
 & ceremony in honour of victory & victorious 
 general; state of being victorious or successful, 
 signal success, great achievement, thing that 
 constitutes this, as returned home in t., has 
 achieved great tt., the tt. of science, hat is a t. 
 of ugliness ; joy at success, manifestation of 
 this, exultation, as great was his t. on hearing 
 &c, could detect no t. in his eye. (Vb): (Rom. 
 Ant.) enjoy a t.; gain victory, be successful, 
 prevail, (over enemy, opposition, &c); exult 
 (over fallen enemy &c. or abs.), whence tpi*- 
 umphingLY 2 adv. [(vb f. F triompher) f. OF 
 triumphe f. htriumphus f. Gkthriambos hymn 
 to Bacchus] 
 
 tpiirmphal, a. Of, used in, celebrating, a 
 triumph, as t. car, progress, crown (Roman 
 general's laurel wreath), hymn; t. arch (built 
 to commemorate victory &c). [f. F triomphal 
 f. L triumphalis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 tpiu'mphant, a. Victorious, successful ; (of 
 person, speech, voice, &c.) exulting. Hence 
 tPiu'mphantLY 2 adv. [f. F triomphant (as 
 triumph vb, see -ant)] 
 
 tpiirmvip, n. (pi. -ri, -rs). (Rom. Ant.) each 
 of three men united in office; (Rom. Hist.) each 
 member of first or second triumvirate. Hence 
 tpiirmviPAL a. [L (trium, gen. of tres three, 
 + vir man)] 
 
 tpiirmvipate (-at), n. Office of a triumvir ; 
 set of triumviri; (Rom. Hist.) first L, (coalition 
 60 B.C. between) Pompey, Julius Caesar, & 
 Crassus, second t, (that in 43 B.C. between) 
 Mark Antony, Octavian, & Lepidus; party, set, 
 of three, [f. L triumvir atus (prec, see -ate ! )] 
 
 tPi'une, a. Three in one, as t. Godhead. 
 Hence tPiu'niTY n. [f. tri- + L unus one] 
 
 tpi'vet, n. Iron tripod for holding cooking- 
 vessels by the fire; iron bracket designed to 
 hook on to bars of grate for similar purposes ; 
 right (orig. = steady) as a t, (colloq.) all right 
 <adj. & adv.), in good health or position or cir- 
 cumstances; t.-table (with three feet), [earlier 
 also tre-; f. ItinHpes pedis foot) three-footed] 
 
 tpi'vial, a. Of small value or importance, 
 trifling, as t. matters, a t. loss (of something t.), 
 raised t. objections; (of person) trifling, shallow, 
 lacking ability or moral qualities; common- 
 place, humdrum, as the t. round (of daily life 
 &c.) ; (Bot., Zool., of name) popular, not scien- 
 tific, also, specific opp. to generic. Hence or 
 cogn. tPi*vialiSM(2, 4), tpivia'liTY, tpi'vial- 
 ness, nn., tpi'vialiZE(3) v.t., tpi*vialLY 2 adv. 
 [F, f. L trivialis commonplace f. Tm(vium f. 
 via road) cross-road, see -al] 
 
 tpi'vium, n. (hist.). (In mediaeval schools) 
 the first three liberal arts, grammar, rhetoric, 
 & logic, [see prec] 
 
 -tPix, suf. forming fern, agent nn. corresp. to 
 masc nn. in -tor, f. L -trix -tricis, chiefly in 
 legal terms (executrix, administratrix). 
 
 tpoat, v.i., & n. (Make) cry of rutting buck, 
 [iniit.] 
 
 tro'cap, n. (med. ). Instrument used in dropsy 
 &c. for withdrawing fluid from body. [F (trois 
 three 4- carre side f. L quadra square)] 
 
 tpoeha'ic (-k-), a. (Composed) of trochees, 
 as t. dimeter, TETRAmeter. [f. L f. Gk tro- 
 khaikos (as trochee, see -ic)] 
 
 tro'ehal (-kl), a. (zool.). Wheel-shaped, [as 
 troche + -al] 
 
 tpoeha'ntep (-k-), n. (anat., zool.). Each of 
 several bony processes on upper part of thigh- 
 bone; second joint of insect's leg. [f. Gk£ro 
 khanter ball of hip-bone (trekho run)] 
 
 troche (-k, -sh, -tsh, -ke), n. Small medicinal 
 circular cake or lozenge, [f. Gk trokhos wheel, 
 round thing (trekho run)] 
 
 tpo'chee (-k-), n. Metrical foot - ^ . [f. L f. 
 Gk trokhaios (pous) running foot (trekho run)] 
 
 tp6*ehil(us) (-k-), n. Kinds of small bird esp. 
 (1) humming-bird, (2) bird mentioned by ancient 
 writers as picking crocodile's teeth, [f. L f. Gk 
 trokhilos (trekho run)] 
 
 tPd'chlea (-k-), n. (anat.; pi. -ae). PuUey-liko 
 part or arrangement. Hence tPO'chleAR 1 
 (anat, bot.), tPO'ehleATE 2 (bot.), aa. [f. L 
 trochlea pulley f. Gk trokhilia (trekho run)] 
 
 tpo'choid (-k-), a. & n. (Anat.) rotating on 
 its own axis ; (of curve) generated by a point in 
 the plane of one curve that rolls on another ; 
 (Conch.) top-shaped ; (n.) t. joint, t. curve, kinds 
 of gasteropod. Hence troehoi'dAL a. [f. Gk 
 trokhoeides wheel-like (troche, -oid)] 
 
 tpoeho'metep (-k-), n. = hodometer, [as 
 
 TROCHE + -METER] 
 
 tpo'co, n. Game played on lawn with wooden 
 balls & spoon-shaped cue. [f. Sp. truco table 
 on which a game was playedj 
 
 trod(den). See tread. 
 
 tpd'glody te, n. Cave-dweller, esp of prehis- 
 toric W. Europe, (often attrib.) ; (fig.) hermit ; 
 kinds of wren & anthropoid ape. Hence or 
 cogn.tPOglody-tic(AL)aa.,tPO'glodytiSM(2) 
 n. [F, f. L (-ta) f. Gk troglodutes (trdglec&ve -*- 
 duo enter)] * 
 
 troi'ka, n. (Vehicle with) team of three horses 
 abreast. [Russ.] 
 
 trois-temps. See waltz. 
 
 Tpo'jan, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Troy; T. 
 War (between Greeks under Agamemnon & 
 Trojans under Priam) ; (fig.) person who works 
 or fights or endures courageously, esp. like a T. 
 [f. L Trojanus f. Troja Troy f. L f. Gk Tros 
 Trojan, see -an] 
 
 troll !, v.t. & i., & n. Sing (parts of song) in 
 succession ; sing (song or intr.) in casual or 
 careless fashion ; fish for, fish in (water), fish, 
 with rod & line & dead bait or with spoon-bait 
 (trolling-spoon) drawn along behind boat ; (ar- 
 chaic) cause (bottle) to circulate at table &e. 
 (N.) song sung in successive parts, catch; reel 
 of fishing-rod ; trolling-spoon. [(n. f. vb) earlier 
 sense roll, f . OF troller, trauler, f. G trollen roll, 
 troll, cf. MDu. drollen] 
 
 tpoll 2 , n. Supernatural being, giant or (later) 
 friendly but mischievous dwarf, in Scandina- 
 vian mythology. [ON & Sw., cf. Da. trold, Du. 
 drol, G droll, troll] 
 
 tpo'lley, -ly, n. Kind of truck that can be 
 tilted ; costermonger's cart pushed by hand or 
 drawn by donkey ; pulley used for conveying 
 current in electric street-railway (t.-pole, with 
 
TROLLOP 
 
 950 
 
 TROUGH 
 
 t. at upper end for this purpose); (also t.-lace) 
 lace of which the pattern is outlined with thick 
 thread, [prob. f. troll 1 + -y 2 ] 
 
 tpd'llop, n. Slatternly woman ; prostitute. 
 Hence tPO'llopiSH *, tro'llopY 2 , aa. [f. obs. 
 trollop vb troll (song) (troll *)] 
 
 tPO'mba, n. (mus.). Trumpet. [It.] 
 
 tPO'mbone, n. Large musical instrument of 
 trumpet family with sliding tube or with 
 valves. Hence tro*mfo6niST(3) n. [F f. It (as 
 prec, see -oon)] 
 
 tro'mmel, n. (mining). Revolving cylindri- 
 cal sieve for cleaning ore. [G, = drum] 
 
 tromd'meter, n. Instrument for measuring 
 very slight earthquake shocks, [f. Gk tromos 
 trembling (tremo tremble) + -meter] 
 
 trompe, n. Apparatus for producing blast 
 in furnace. [F, = trump ] ] 
 
 troop, n., & v.i. & t. Assembled company, 
 assemblage of persons or animals, as a t. of 
 school-children, of antelopes, surrounded by tt. 
 of friends ; (pi.) soldiers, as lost a third of his 
 tt., household tt.\ cavalry unit consisting of 
 usu. 60 troopers with two lieutenants & captain 
 (cf. company), command of this ; particular call 
 of drum as signal for marching ; company of 
 performers, troupe ; t.-horse, cavalry horse ; t.- 
 ship, transport. (Vb) assemble, flock together, 
 (often up, together, &c.) ; move along in a t. 
 (along, in, out, Sec.) ; (w. pi. subject) walk hur- 
 riedly off, away; form (regiment) into tt.; troop- 
 ing the colours, ceremony at public mounting 
 of garrison guards, [(vb f. n.) f. F troupe, OF 
 trope, etym. dub.] 
 
 tpoo'pep, n. Horse-soldier, private soldier in 
 cavalry : swear like a t. (much) ; cavalry horse. 
 
 [-ERl] 
 
 tPope,n. Figurative (e.g. metaphorical, iron- 
 ical) use of a word. [F, f. L f. Gk tropos turn, 
 way, trope, (trepo turn)] 
 
 tPO'phic, a. Concerned with nutrition, as 
 t. nerves, [f. Gk trophe nourishment (trepho 
 nourish) + -ic] 
 
 tpopho- in comb. = Gk trophe food, as -neu- 
 ro'sis, defective nutrition due to nervous de- 
 rangement. 
 
 tpo'phy, n. (Gk Ant.) arms &c. of van- 
 quished enemy set up on field of battle or else- 
 where to commemorate victory ; Roman me- 
 morial of victory in imitation of this but usu. 
 permanent ; anything, e.g. captured standard, 
 kept as memorial of victory (lit. & fig.) ; prize ; 
 memento ; ornamental group of symbolic or 
 typical objects arranged on wall &c. Hence 
 (-)tPophiED 2 a. [f. OF trophee t. L f. Gk tro- 
 paion (trope rout f. trepo turn)] 
 
 tPO'pic, n. & a. Parallel of latitude 23° 27' 
 north (t. of Cancer) or south (t. of Capricorn) 
 of the equator ; the tt., region between these ; 
 each of the two corresponding circles on celes- 
 tial sphere where sun appears to turn after 
 reaching greatest declination ; t.-bird, kinds of 
 bird like tern seen usu. in the tt.; (adj.) = foil. 
 exc. last sense, [f. OF tropique f. LL f. Gk tro- 
 pikos (kuklos) tropic (circle) f. trope turning, 
 solstice, (trepo turn), see -ic] 
 
 tPO'pical, a. Of, peculiar to, suggestive of, 
 the tropics, as t. plants, diseases, heat, abscess 
 (of liver, induced by residence in hot climate), 
 t.year (between two successive passages of sun 
 through same equinox); (fig.) fervid, passionate; 
 [f. trope] figurative. Hence tPO'piealLY 2 
 adv. [-al] 
 
 tpopicopo'litan, a. & n. (Animal, plant) 
 confined & common to the tropics, [f. tropic 
 on cosmopolitan] 
 
 tpopo'logy, n. Figurative use of words ; 
 figurative interpretation esp. of the Scriptures, 
 
 so tpd*piST(2) n. Hence tPopolo'g'iCAL a., 
 tPopolo'giealLY 2 adv. [f. trope + -logy] 
 
 tro'ppo, adv. (mus.). Too, as andante &c. 
 ma non t. (but not too much so). [It.] 
 
 trot, v.i. & t., &n. (Of horses &c.) proceed at 
 steady pace faster than walk lifting each dia- 
 gonal pair of legs alternately with brief inter- 
 vals during which body is unsupported ; cause 
 (horse &c.) to do this ; (of person) run at moder- 
 ate pace esp. with short strides (often along 
 &c); perform (distance) by trotting; bring 
 (person, horse, &c.) to specified condition by 
 trotting, as trotted him off his legs, to death ; 
 t. out, cause (horse) to trot to show his paces, 
 (fig.) produce, introduce, (person, thing, superior 
 information, subject) to excite admiration. 
 (N.) action, exercise, of trotting, as proceeded 
 at at., went for a t.; (fig.) brisk steady move- 
 ment or occupation, as kepthim on the t. (busy); 
 toddling child, [f. OF trot(ter) perh. ult. f. L 
 tohttim at a trot, with feet lifted (tollere lift), 
 whence L tohdarius (OF trotier) going at a 
 trot ; but cf. MHG trotten run, perh. cogn. w. 
 G treten tread] 
 
 troth, n. (archaic). Truth, esp. (in) t, truly, 
 upon my word ; plight one's t, pledge one's 
 word esp. in betrothal. [OE triowth truth] 
 
 tpo'ttep, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : horse 
 of special breed noted for trotting; (pi. ) animal's 
 feet used as food, as pigs' , sheep's, tt.; (facet.) 
 human foot. [f. OF trotier, see prec] 
 
 trottoir* (-twahr), n. Side pavement. [F] 
 
 tpou'badoup (-oo-, -oor), n. Lyric poet of a 
 class originating in Provence (cf. trouvere) in 
 11th c. [F, f. Pr. trobador f. trobar = F trouver 
 find f. LL Hropare make poetry (as trope) or 
 f. L turbare (cf. contrive), see -or 2 ] 
 
 tpou'ble (tru-), v.t. & i., &n. Agitate, disturb, 
 be disturbed or worried, as troubled waters, 
 don't let it t. you, don't t. about it, has been 
 troubled about or icith money matters, a troubled 
 countenance ; afflict, as am troubled with neu- 
 ralgia, how long has it been troubling you ? ; 
 subject, be subjected, to inconvenience or exer- 
 tion (chiefly in polite formulas), as may It. you 
 to shut the door ?, to mind your own business ?, 
 will t. you for (to pass) the mustard, sorry to t. 
 you, don't t. (to explain &c. or abs. ), why should 
 It. (myself) to explain ?, I will t. (I defy) you to 
 translate this, will t. you for (invite your com- 
 ment on) his last exploit. (N.) vexation, afflic- 
 tion, as has been through much L, till this great 
 t. came upon them, life is full of small tt. ; dis- 
 ease, as liver, digestive, tt.; inconvenience, un- 
 pleasant exertion, source of this, as did it to 
 spare you t., shall not put you to any t. in the 
 matter, fear the child is a great t. to you, will 
 never take the t. to write, is incapable of taking 
 t., an omelette is no t. (to make), French beans 
 are a great t. to prepare, (as polite formula) no 
 t. (at all) ; be in, get into, t, incur censure, pun- 
 ishment, &c; (Mining) small fault, [f. OF 
 trouble(r) f. L turbula dim. of turba crowd] 
 
 tpou'blesome, a. (Of person or thing) 
 causing trouble, vexatious. Hence trou'ble- 
 someLY 2 adv.,tPou*blesomeNESsn. [some) 
 
 tpou'blous, a. (archaic). Full of troubles, 
 agitated, disturbed, as t. times, [-ous] 
 
 trough (-of, -awf), n. Long narrow open 
 wooden or other receptacle for holding water 
 or food for sheep &c, kneading dough, washing 
 ore, &c. ; wooden or other channel for conveying 
 liquid ; t. of the sea, hollow between two waves ; 
 (also t. -battery) voltaic battery formed of t. 
 divided into cells ; t. of barometric depression, 
 line of greatest depression in area of moving 
 barometric pressure. [OE, Du., ON, G, trog, 
 cogn. w. tree] 
 
TROUNCE 
 
 951 
 
 TRUMEAU 
 
 trounce (-o w-), v. t. Beat severely, castigate, 
 (lit. & fig.). Hence troirneiNG 1 n. [f. OF 
 trons truncheon] 
 
 troupe (-oop), n. Company of actors, acro- 
 bats, &c. [F, see troop] 
 
 trous-de-loup (troo de loo*), n. pi. Small 
 conical pits with stake in centre of each as 
 defence against cavalry. [F, lit. wolf-holes] 
 
 tpou'sep (-owz-), n. (PI. , also pair oftt. ) two- 
 legged outer garment reaching from waist to 
 ankles; (vulg.) pair of tt., as here, again, is a 
 smart & dressy L; t.- or tt. -stretcher, device for 
 stretching tt. to preserve shape ; early 19th-c. 
 woman's long frilled drawers reaching to 
 ankles. Hence tPOU , sePED 2 a.,tPOU*sePiNG 1 
 (3 > n. [earlier trouses &c, cf. Sc. treivs, f. F 
 trousses breeches, lit. bundles (see truss) orig. 
 applied in E to Irish garments] 
 
 tpousse (-oos), n. Case of small (esp. surgical) 
 implements. [F,_see truss] 
 
 trousseau (trooso\ troo*so), n. Bride's outfit 
 of clothes &c. [F, lit. bundle, OF troussel dim. 
 as truss] 
 
 trout (-owt), n. (pi. usu. same), & v.i. Kinds 
 of freshwater fish esteemed as food & game ; 
 t.-coloured, (of white horse) speckled with black, 
 bay, or sorrel ; (vb) fish for t. Hence tpou't- 
 let, tPOU'tLiNG 1 , nn., tPOU'tY 2 a. [f. L tructa 
 f. Gk troktes lit. gnawer (trogo gnaw), a sea-fish] 
 
 tpouvere (troovar'), n. Epic poet of a class 
 originating in N. France (cf. troubadour) in 
 
 11th C [F (as TROUBADOUR)] 
 
 trove. See treasure. 
 
 tPO'vep, n. (law). Acquisition of personal 
 property ; common-law action to recover value 
 of personal property wrongfully taken or de- 
 tained. [OF, F trouver (troubadour, -er 4 )] 
 
 tpow (-6, -ow), v.t. (archaic). Think, believe ; 
 (added to question) what ails him, (I) t. (I won- 
 der) ?. [OE truwian, trkowian (triowe true)] 
 
 tpowel, n., & v.t. (-11-). Mason's or brick- 
 layer's flat-bladed tool for spreading mortar &c. ; 
 lay it on with a t, (fig.) flatter grossly ; garden- 
 er's scoop for lifting plants &c. ; (vb) apply 
 (plaster &c), dress (wall &c), with t. [(vb f. n.) 
 f. F truelle f. LL truella dim. of L trxia ladle, 
 cf. trxilla spoon] 
 
 tpoy, n. (Also t. xceight) system of weights 
 used for gold & silver (cf. avoirdupois), as 
 weighs 3 lb. 5 oz. t., t. pound contains 12 oz., 
 5760 grains, [prob. f. Troyes, town in France] 
 
 tPU'ant, n., a., & v.i One who absents him- 
 self from place of work, esp. child who stays 
 away from school without leave ; play t, stay 
 away thus; t.-school, industrial school for t. 
 children ; (adj., of person, conduct, character, 
 thoughts, &c.) shirking, idle, loitering, wan- 
 dering ; (vb) play t. Hence tPU'ANCV n., tpu*- 
 antLY 2 adv. [( vb f. n. ) AF truaunt f. W truan 
 wretched, cf. Ir. trogha wretched, Gael, tru- 
 aghan wretch] 
 
 truce, n. (Agreement for) temporary cessa- 
 tion of hostilities (flag 4 of t); respite from 
 pain &c., rest from work &c. ; t. of God (hist.), 
 suspension of private feuds esp. during certain 
 church festivals &c. Hence tPU'eeLESS a. 
 [pi. of OE treow compact, faith, see true] 
 
 truck 1 , v.i. & t., & n. Make an exchange, 
 trade, bargain, [with person/or thing); exchange 
 (thing for another); hawk (wares) about. (N.) 
 exchange, barter, traffic ; small wares ; (colloq.) 
 rubbish, (fig.) nonsense, as shall stand no t. ; 
 (also t. system, tommy) practice of paying work- 
 men in goods instead of money or in money on 
 the understanding that they will buy provisions 
 &c. of their employers, T. Acts (of 1831 & 1870, 
 providing for suppression of or inquiry into t. 
 system), t. shop (conducted on t. system), [(n. 
 
 f. F troq) f. AF troquier f. OF troque f. WFlem. 
 trok sale, cf. Du. trek demand, quick sale, f. 
 trekken draw] 
 
 truck 2 , n., & v.t. Strong usu. four- or six- 
 wheeled vehicle for heavy goods ; open railway 
 wagon ; porter's two-, three-, or four-, wheeled 
 barrow for luggage at railway station &c. ; set 
 of wheels in framework for supporting whole 
 or part of railway-carriage &c. ; (Xaut.) wooden 
 disk at top of mast with holes for halyards ; 
 (now rare) small tireless wheel ; t.-bolster, cross- 
 beam on car-t. supporting one end ; (vb) convey 
 on t. Hence tPU«ekAGE(3, i) n. [f. L f. Gk 
 trokhos (trekho run)] 
 
 tpu'ekle, v.i., & n. Submit obsequiously, 
 cringe, (to), whence tru'eklER 1 n.; (n. usu. t.- 
 bed) low bed on wheels that may be wheeled 
 under another, esp. as formerly used by serv- 
 ants &c. [(vb, earlier = sleep in t.-bed, f. n.) 
 f. trochlea] 
 
 tpu'culent (or troo-), a. Fierce, savage, fero- 
 cious. Hence or cogn. tru'eulENCE, -ency, 
 nn., tPU*eulentLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L trucxdentus 
 (trxix trucis fierce, see -lent)] 
 
 trudge, v.i. & t., & n. Walk esp. laboriously, 
 perform (distance) thus; (n.) such walk. [f. F 
 trucher beg, cf. Du. troggelen, perh. cogn. w. 
 ON thriiga, Sw. truga, press] 
 
 true, a., & v.t. In accordance with fact or 
 reality, not false or erroneous, ashis story is t., 
 that is only too t, is it t. that he refused?, his 
 words have come t. (been realized in fact), (as 
 formula of concession), t., it would cost more ; 
 in accordance with reason or correct principles 
 or received standard, rightly so called, genuine, 
 **not spurious or hybrid or counterfeit or merely 
 apparent, having all the attributes implied in 
 the name, as could not form a t. judgment, frog 
 is not a t. reptile, is at. benefactor, the t. heir, 
 t. ribs (complete, articulating with breast-bone, 
 not floating), t. horizon ; accurately conform- 
 ing to (type &c.) ; (of voice) in perfect tune ; 
 loyal, constant, adhering faithfully, (to one's 
 word, friend, oneself, &c.) ; (archaic) not given 
 to lying, veracious ; (archaic) honest, as t. men ; 
 t. bill, bill of indictment endorsed by grand jury 
 as being sustained by evidence ; t.-blue a. & n., 
 (person) of uncompromising principles or 
 loyalty ; t.-born, of genuine birth, truly such by 
 birth, as a t.-b. Englishman ; t.-bred, of genuine 
 or good breed ; t.-hearted(ness) ; t.-love, person 
 truly loved or loving, sweetheart, plant with 
 four leaves arranged like t.-love(r's) knot (kind 
 of double knot with interlacing bows on each 
 side) ; truepenny (archaic), honest fellow ; (v.t.) 
 bring (tool, wheel, frame, Sec.) into exact posi- 
 tion or form required. Hence tPue'NESS n. 
 (rare). [OE treowe, cf. Du. trouw, G treu, ON 
 tryggr, trur] 
 
 tPU'ffle (or trdb-), n. Subterranean fungus 
 used for seasoning dishes. Hence tPU'fflED 2 
 a. [f. OF trufle prob. f. L tubera pi. of tuber] 
 
 tPU'ism, n. A self-evident or indisputable 
 truth ; hackneyed truth, platitude, [f. true 4- 
 -ism] 
 
 trull, n. (archaic). Prostitute, [f. G trolle, 
 tru-, cogn. w. droll] 
 
 tPU'ly, adv. Sincerely, genuinely, as am t. 
 grateful, a t. alarming state of affairs, a t. 
 courageous act, (as purely neutral formula for 
 closing letter) yours (very) t. W. Jones, (hence, 
 facet.) won't do for yours t. (me) ; (usu. paren- 
 thet., & now chiefly literary or archaic) really, 
 indeed, as t., I should be puzzled to say ; faith- 
 fully, loyally, as has served him t. ; accurately, 
 truthfully, as it has been t. stated, is net t. re- 
 presented. [OE treowlice (as true, see -ly 2 )] 
 
 trumeau (F), n. (archit., pi. -eaux). Piece of 
 
TRUMP 
 
 952 
 
 TRUSTFUL 
 
 wall, pillar, between two openings, e.g. pillar 
 dividing large doorway. 
 
 trump J , n. , & v. t. (Archaic, poet. ) trumpet, 
 a3 last t., t. of doom. (Vb) impose (thing on 
 person &c.) fraudulently (archaic) ; t. up, fabri- 
 cate, forge, (story, excuse, &c). [(vb f. F trom- 
 per deceive, orig. play on t.) f. OF trompe t 
 OHG trumpa of Slav, orig., cf. Russ. truba] 
 
 trump 2 , n., & v.t. & i. Each card of a suit 
 temporarily ranking above others, as a call 
 for tt. (conventional signal to partner to lead 
 tt.); t.-card, card turned up to determine which 
 suit shall be tt., any card of this suit, (fig.) valu- 
 able resource ; (colloq.) person of admirable 
 courage, resource, generosity, &c, excellent 
 fellow ; put person to his tt, (fig.) reduce him 
 to his last resources ; ( vb) defeat (card) with a t., 
 play a t. (also fig.), [f. F triomphe triumph, a 
 game of cards] 
 
 tru'mpepy, n. & a. Worthless finery ; rub- 
 bish ; nonsense ; (adj.) showy but worthless, de- 
 lusive, shallow, as t. furniture, arguments, [f. 
 F tromperie (tromper, see trump * & -ery)] 
 
 tPU'mpet, n., & v.t. & L Kinds of musical 
 wind-instrument esp. of brass with long often 
 bent or coiled tube & bell-shaped mouth, the 
 sounds being modified by player's lips or by 
 slides, valves, &c; reed-stop in organ; ear, 
 speaking, -t; t. -shaped thing e.g. kind of fun- 
 nel ; sound (as) of t.; feast of tt., Jewish festival 
 celebratingbeginningof year; flourish 2 oftt.; 
 blow 1 one's own t; t.-call, call by sound of t., 
 (fig.) urgent summons to action ; t.-conch, -shell, 
 sea-t., kinds of gasteropod with turreted shell ; 
 t.-floioer, -leaf, kinds of plant with t.-shapedl 
 flowers, leaves ; t.-major, head trumpeter off 
 cavalry regiment. (Vb) proclaim (as) by sound 
 of t. (usu. fig.), blow t., (of elephant &c.) make 
 loud sound as of t. [(vb f. F trompeter) f. OF 
 trompette dim. as trump 1 ] 
 
 tpu'mpetep, n. One who sounds a trumpet, 
 esp. cavalry soldier giving signals with trum- 
 pet ; kind of domestic pigeon with peculiar coo, 
 other birds making trumpet-like sound, esp. 
 (also t.-sioan) a large N.-Amer. swan, [-er t ] 
 
 tpu'ncal, a. Of the trunk of a body or tree. 
 [f. L as trunk + -al] 
 
 tpirneate, v.t., & a. Cut the top or end from 
 (tree, body, cone, pyramid, fig. quoted passage 
 &c.); (Crystallog.) replace (edge) by plane; (adj.) 
 truncated, (Bot., Zool., of leaf, feather, &c.) end- 
 ing abruptly as if cut off at tip, whence tPU'n- 
 cateLY 2 adv. So tPuneATiON, tpirnea- 
 tURE(zool.),nn. [f. htruncare (trunk), -ate 2 > 3] 
 
 tpu'neheon (-shn), n. Short club or cudgel 
 e.g. that carried by policeman ; baton, staff of 
 authority, esp. (Herald.) that of Earl Marshal, 
 [f. ONF tronchon f. OF troncon dim. as trunk] 
 
 tpirndle, n., & v.t. & i. Small broad wheel, 
 e.g. castor ; small wheel with cylindrical teeth ; 
 low- wheeled truck; (also £.-&ed)=TRUCKLE-6ed; 
 head of lower drum of double capstan. (Vb) 
 roll (t. & i., of hoop, truck, &c, often along, 
 down, &c). [f. ME trondeler f. LG trondeln, 
 cogn. w. trend] 
 
 trunk, n., & v.t. Main body of tree opp. to 
 branches & roots ; human or animal's body with- 
 out head & limbs & tail ; main part of any struc- 
 ture ; (also t.-line) main line of railway or canal ; 
 box with hinged lid, often covered with leather, 
 for carrying clothes &c. on journey ; kinds of 
 shaft, conduit, or trough, usu. rectangular & 
 of wood, for ventilation, separation of ores, 
 &c; open cylinder used instead of piston-rod 
 in some marine & other engines (t.-engines) ; 
 proboscis esp. of elephant; (pi., also t.-hose) 
 16th-17th-c. breeches from waist to middle of 
 thigh ; t.-drawers (shop), drawers reaching only 
 
 to knees ; t.-nail, nail with large ornamental 
 head for t., coffin, &c. ; t.-road, main road. 
 Hence tru'nkFUL n., tPU'nkLESS a. (Vb) 
 separate (ore) by use of t. [(vb f. n.) f. OF tronc 
 f. L truncus a. & n., maimed, trunk] 
 
 tru'nnion, n. Supporting cylindrical pro- 
 jection on each side of cannon or mortar ; hol- 
 low gudgeon supporting cylinder in steam- 
 engine & giving passage to steam. Hence 
 tPU'nnionED 2 a. [f. F trognon stump dim. of 
 tron{c) trunk] 
 
 truss, v.t., & n. Support (roof, bridge, &c.) 
 with t. (see below) ; fasten (wings of fowl &c), 
 fasten wings &c. of (fowl &c), before cooking ; 
 (archaic) fasten, tighten, (garment, usu, up), 
 hang (criminal, usu. up), (of hawk &c.) seize 
 (bird). (N.) supporting structure or framework 
 of roof, bridge, &c, e.g. pair of rafters with tie- 
 bean^ king-post, & struts (t.-bridge &c, so 
 strengthened) ; bundle of old (56 lb.) or new 
 (601b.) hay or (361b.) straw; compact terminal 
 flower-cluster ; large corbel supporting monu- 
 ment &c; (Naut.) heavy iron fitting securing 
 lower yards to mast ; (Surg. ) padded belt or en- 
 circlingspringusedinrupture. [{n.l.OFt?'Ousse) 
 f. OF trosser, tru-, f. thyrsus] 
 
 trust, n., & v.t. & i. Firm belief in the 
 honesty, veracity, justice, strength, &c, of a 
 person or thing, as our t. is in God,'I repose 
 considerable t. in him, put no t. in him', con- 
 fident expectation {that) ; person, thing, con- 
 fided in, as he is our sole t.; reliance on truth of 
 statement &c. without examination, as takes 
 everything on t.; commercial credit, as sup- 
 plied with goods on t; responsibility arising 
 from confidence reposei in one, as am in a 
 position oft.; (Law) confidence reposed in per- 
 son by making him nominal owner of property 
 to be used for another's benefit, right of the 
 latter to benefit by such property, property so 
 held, legal relation between holder & property 
 so held, as have accepted a t., the property is 
 merely a t., is held in t., (attrib.) t. money; 
 thing, person, committed to one's care, result- 
 ing obligation, as woidd not desert his t., have 
 fulfilled my t.; (Commerc.) organized associa- 
 tion of several companies for purpose of de- 
 feating competition &c, the shareholders in 
 each transferring all or most of the stock to 
 central committee & losing their voting power 
 while remaining entitled to profits ; t. deed, 
 deed by debtor conveying property to trustee 
 for payment of his debts, deed conveying pro- 
 perty to creditor to sell & pay himself & restore 
 the residue, any instrument of conveyance that 
 creates a t. (Vb) place t. in, believe in, rely on 
 the character or behaviour of, as have never 
 tmisted him, if we may t. this account, do not t. 
 him with (let him use) your typewriter, cat can- 
 not be trusted with (will steal) milk, would t. 
 him with untold gold, whence tPU'sting-LY 2 
 adv.; consign (thing to person &c), place or 
 leave (thing with person &c, in place &c), 
 without misgiving ; allow credit to (customer 
 for goods); entertain an earnest or (rarely) con- 
 fident hope, as It. he is not hurt(?),It. to hear 
 better news ; place reliance in ; t. to, place (esp. 
 undue) reliance on, as we 7nust t. to meeting 
 someone who knows, does not do to t. to memory 
 for these things, [(vb ME trusten) ME, cf. 
 OFris. trast, ON traust, Da. & Sw. trost com- 
 fort, G trost comfort ; cogn. w. true] 
 
 trustee*, n. Person who holds property in 
 trust for another ; (pop.) each of a body of men, 
 often elective, managing affairs of college &c. 
 Hence tPustee'SHip n. [-ee] 
 
 tru'Stful, a. Full of trust, confiding. Hence 
 tPU'stfulLY 2 adv., tPU'stfulNESS n. 1-ful] 
 
TRUSTWORTHY 
 
 953 
 
 TUBULAR 
 
 trustworthy, a. Worthy of trust, reliable. 
 Hence trirstworthiNESS n. 
 
 tPU'sty, a. & n. (Chiefly archaic) trustworthy, 
 as t. steed, sword, servant, -whence tPU'stiLV - 
 adv., tru'stiNESS n.;. (n.) well-behaved & pri- 
 vileged convict. [-y 2 J 
 
 truth (trdbth ; pi. -dhz), n. Quality, state, of 
 being true or accurate or honest or sincere or 
 loyal or accurately shaped or adjusted, as the t. 
 of the rumour is doubted, there is tin what he 
 says, may depend, on his t., wheel is out oft.; 
 what is true, as have told you the (whole) t., the 
 t. is that I forgot, am a lover of t. (or T. personi- 
 fied), fundamental tt, home. tt. (unpalatable 
 facts about oneself), god 1 '.*? t., gospel £.; in t. 
 (literary), of a t. (archaic), truly, really. [OE 
 trtowthu (as true, see -th 1 )] 
 tPU'thful, a. Habitually speaking truth, 
 veracious; in accordance with truth. Hence 
 tPU'thfulLv 2 adv., tPU'thfulNESS n. [ful] 
 tPU'thless, a. (Of statement) false ; (of 
 person) faithless, not adhering to promise &c. 
 Hence tPU'thlessNESS n. L-less] 
 tpy, v.t. & i., & n. Test (quality), test the 
 qualities of (person, thing), by experiment, sub- 
 ject (person &c.)to suffering or hard treatment 
 (as if) for this purpose (whence tpyiNG 2 a., 
 tpyingLY 2 adv.), as t. (the effect oj) soap & 
 water, t. (buy) our ginger ale, did you ever t. 
 Quinine (as cure) for it ?, (strength of) rope 
 must be tried before it is used, each machine 
 is tried before it leaves the shojjs, t. your hand 
 (skill) at, this will t. his courage, patience fias 
 been sorely tried, should not t. your eyes with 
 that small print ; make experiment in order 
 to find out, as t. hoxofar you can throw, let us 
 t. which takes longest, whether it will break ; t. 
 conclusions, a fall 2 ; investigate (case, is- 
 sue) judicially, subject (person) to trial (for, on 
 a charge of, crime) ; settle (question, disputed 
 point) by examination or experiment; attempt 
 to achieve or perform, as tried a jump & fell, 
 better t. something easier; attempt, endeavour, 
 (to do or abs.; colloq. often & do, seldom after 
 neg. or quasi-neg. & never after past tense), as 
 do t. to (or &) attend, must t. to (or &) get it 
 finished to night, if at first you don't succeed t, 
 t., t. again, no use trying to persuade him, don't 
 t. to (rarely &) palliate it, have often tried to 
 mend it; (also t. up) dress (roughly-planed 
 board) with trying-plane to give fine surface ; 
 (also t. out) purify (metal, fat, oil) by melting or 
 boiling; t. back, =hark (intr.) back, lit. & fig.; 
 t.for, aim at (a calmer tone &c), apply or com- 
 pete for (appointment &c); t. on, put (clothes 
 &c.) on to test fit, begin (it, one's games, tricks, 
 &c, often with person) experimentally to see 
 how much will be tolerated, as no use tidying it 
 on with me ; trysail, fore-&-aft sail set with a 
 gaffon foremast & mainmast; try(ing)-square, 
 carpenter's square usu. with one wooden & one 
 metal limb. (N.): (colloq.) attempt, as have 
 (make) a t. at it, for it, to catch it ; (Rugby 
 footb.) right to carry ball in front of goal & t. 
 to kick goal [n. f. vb f. F trier f. LL tritare 
 triturate (as trite)] 
 
 tpy'ma, n. (bot.; pi. -mata). Inferior drupe 
 with two-valved separable flesh, e.g. walnut. 
 [f. Gk truma hole (truo rub, see -m)] 
 tpyst, n., & v.t., (archaic). Appointed meet- 
 ing, appointment, as keep, break, t. ; (vb) engage 
 to meet (person), appoint (time, place) for meet- 
 ing, [f. OF trist(r)e station to watch in hunt- 
 ing, prob. of Scand. orig. cogn. w. trust] 
 tsar &c. See czar &c. 
 tse'tse (-1), n. S.-Afr. fly whose bite is often 
 fatal to horses, cattle, dogs, &c. [S.-Afr. ] 
 tub, n., & v.t. & i. Open wooden usu. round 
 
 vessel of staves held together by hoops used 
 forwashing (ivash-t.) or holding butter, liquids, 
 &c; varying measure of capacity for butter, 
 corn, tea, &c; sponge-bath, bath taken in this, 
 as jumped into his t., seldom has a t., a cold t. 
 would do him good; (Mining) kinds of bucket 
 or box for conveying ore, coal, &c; clumsy 
 slow boat (contempt.) ; boat used for practice 
 rowing, as t.-pair, -eight, Sec. (for so many oars- 
 men); t.-thumper, ranting preacher; t. -wheel, 
 bowl-shaped water-wheel, rotating drum for 
 washing skins &c. in. Hence tu'bFULn. (Vb) 
 bathe (t. & i.) in t.; plant in t.; row in t.; (Min- 
 ing) line (shaft) with wood or iron casing. 
 Hence tu-bbixG^l, 2) n. [(vb f. n.) f. MDu. 
 tobbe, d-, etym. dub.] 
 
 tu'ba, n. Large low-pitched kind of trumpet ; 
 an organ reed-stop. [L,= trumpet] 
 tu'bby, a. Tub-shaped, fat & round, corpu- 
 lent, so tu'bbisn 1 a.; (of musical instrument) 
 sounding dull, lacking resonance. [-Y 1 ] 
 tube, n., & v.t. Long hollow cylinder esp. 
 for conveying or holding liquids &c; cylinder 
 of thin flexible metal with screw-cap for hold- 
 ing paint &c. (t.-colours, kept in tt.); main body 
 of wind instrument; (Anat.) hollow t.-shaped 
 organ, esp. one conveying air, as bronchial t., 
 whence tu'bAL, tu'bAR 1 , aa.; each of several 
 tubular electric railways in London ; Crookes's 
 L, vacuum t. for showing certain phenomena 
 connected with- gases.: pneumatic t. (for pneu- 
 matic dispatch); test 1 -t; t.-flower, ornamental 
 E.-Ind. shrub of vervain family; t.-shell, kinds 
 of bivalve forming shelly t.; t.-well, iron pipe 
 with sharp point & perforations at bottom for 
 getting water from under ground ; (vb) furnish 
 with, enclose in, t. or tt. Hence tu'biNG ] (2) n. 
 [(vb f. n.) F, f. L tubus, cogn. w. tuba] 
 tu'bep, n. Short thick part of an under- 
 ground stem covered with modified buds, e.g. 
 potato, artichoke, whence tubepi'FEROUS, 
 tu'bepiFORM, aa.; kinds of underground fun- 
 gus, truffle; (Anat.) swelling part, prominence. 
 [L, = bump, tumour, truffle, cogn. w. tumere 
 swell, whence tumid] 
 
 tu'bepele, n. Small rounded projection esp. 
 of bone ; small granular tumour or nodiile 
 formed within the substance of an organ, tend- 
 ing to degeneration & (in lungs &c.) to produc- 
 tion of pulmonary consumption &c. ; (Bot.) 
 wart-like excrescence, small tuber. Hence 
 tu'bepclED 2 , tubep'culAR *, tubep'culat- 
 e(d), [ate 2 (2)], tubep'culoiD, tubep'cu- 
 Iose ', tubep*eulous,aa. [F, f. LtuberckJmwi 
 (-cule)] 
 
 tubepcula'tion, n. Formation, set, system, 
 of tubercles, [-ation] 
 
 tubep*cul(ap)ize, vv.t. Infect with tuber- 
 culosis. Hence tubepculizA'TiON n. [-izeJ 
 tubeP*eulo*sis, n. Disease affecting most 
 tissues of the body marked by tubercles & the 
 presence of a characteristic bacillus ; pulmo- 
 nary t., consumption. Hence tubep'eu- 
 Iosed 2 a. [-OSIS] 
 
 tu'bepose, a. & (pop. pron. tu'broz) n. Co- 
 vered with tubers, knobby ; of the nature of a 
 tuber ; bearing tubers. Hence or cogn. tu- 
 bepo'srrv, tu'bepousNESS, nn., tu'bepous 
 a. (N.) garden & greenhouse bulb with creamy- 
 white fragrant flowers, [(n. f. L fern, adj.) f. L 
 ttiberosus (tuber, see -OSE J )] 
 tubi- in comb. = L tubus tube, as : -corn a. 
 & n., (ruminant) with hollow horns; -form; 
 -li'ngual, with tubular tongue. 
 tu'bulap, a. Tube-shaped ; having, consist- 
 ing of, contained in, tube(s), as t. boiler (in 
 which heat or water to be heated passes 
 through many tubes), t. bridge, rectangular 
 
TUBULE 
 
 954 
 
 TUMBLING 
 
 tube through which railway &c. passes ; (of 
 sound in breathing) like sound of air passing 
 through tube. So tirbulosE 1 , tu'bulous, 
 aa. If. foil. + -ar i] 
 
 tu'bule, n. Small tube. Hence tu'buli- 
 comb. form. [f. L tubulus dim. as tube] 
 tuck 1 , v.t. & i., & n. Gather (material) into 
 flat folds for stitching ; draw or thrust or roll 
 the parts of (cloth &c. up, in) close together, as 
 t. in the loose ends, tucked up his shirt-sleeves 
 (so as to leave arms bare) ; draw together into 
 small compass, as tucked his legs under him 
 like a tailor, bird tucks his head under his 
 wing ; cover (person, oneself) snugly & com- 
 pactly up or in, as tucked himself up in bed ; 
 stowaway (thing in corner &c, away, Sec); 
 (of spare material &c.) be disposed of by tuck- 
 ing away ; empty (seine) by means of smaller 
 one ; (slang) hang (criminal) up ; t. in (slang), 
 eat heartily (at food or abs.). (N.) flat fold, 
 often one of several parallel folds, in fabric 
 fixed in place by stitches as ornament or to 
 dispose of spare stuff, as make a t. in sleeves 
 (when too long) ; (Naut.) part of vessel's hull 
 where after planks meet ; (slang) eatables esp. 
 pastry & sweets, t.-in, -out, full meal, t.-shop 
 (where t. is sold); t.-net, -seine, small net for 
 taking fish from larger one. [(n. f. vb) ME 
 tukken f. LG tukken,to-, cf. Gzucken&z touch] 
 tuck 2 , n. (archaic). Blast, flourish, of trum- 
 pet ; (Sc.) t. (beat) of drum. [f. Picard toquer 
 var. of F toucher touch] 
 tu'eker, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : piece 
 of lace, linen, &c, covering neck & shoulders 
 of woman in 17th & 18th cc. (best bib 2 <& t); 
 part of sewing-machine used in making tucks ; 
 (slang) food, [tuck 1 + -er 1 ] 
 tu'eket, n. (archaic). Flourish on trumpet, 
 [f. It. £occa£o_prelude (toccare touch, cf. -ade)] 
 tu'eum (too-), n. Brazilian palm with fibre 
 used for cordage &c. [Braz.] 
 -tude, suf. forming abstract nn. f. L adjj. & 
 p. pp., usu. ending in -ti- (desuetude, consue- 
 tude, for -suetitude); in wds direct f. L (alti- 
 tude), thr. F (aptitude, attitude), or on L anal. 
 (correctitude). [F, f. L -tudinem, nom. -tudo] 
 Tu'dor, a. Of the (period of the) Tt., Eng- 
 lish sovereigns from Henry VII to Elizabeth, 
 as T. (late perpendicular) style in architecture, 
 T. rose, five-lobed flower, T. flower, trefoil 
 ornament, used in T. style. [Owen T. of Wales, 
 grandfather of Henry VII] 
 Tuesday (tuz-), n. Third day of week; 
 shrove T. [OE Tiwes dxg (Tiwes genit. of 
 Tiw god of war, cogn. w. L deus god, Gk Zeus 
 Jupiter + dseg day] 
 
 tu'fa, n. Rock of rough or cellular texture 
 of volcanic or other origin. Hence tufA"- 
 ceous a. [It., as foil.] 
 
 tuff, n. Kinds of volcanic fragmental rock ; 
 t.-cone (of ashes &c. round volcanic opening). 
 [f. F tuft It. tufo, tufa, f. L tophus soft sandy 
 stone] 
 
 tuft, n., & v.t. & i. Bunch, collection, of 
 threads, grass, feathers, &c, held or growing 
 together at the base, whence tu'ftv 2 a. ; 
 (Anat.) bunch of small blood-vessels ; imperial 
 (beard); titled undergraduate [from t. formerly 
 worn on cap]; t.-hunter, -hunting, one who 
 seeks, practice of seeking, society of titled per- 
 sons. ( Vb) furnish with t. or tt. ; make depres- 
 sions at regular intervals in (mattress &c.) by 
 passing thread through ; grow in tt. [(vb f. n.) 
 f. F touffe prob. of Teut. orig., cf. Sw. dial. 
 tuppa, G zopf] 
 tug-, v.t. & i., & n. Pull with great effort or 
 violently ; make vigorous pull at ; tow (vessel) 
 by means of steam-t., (of steam-t.) tow (vessel); 
 
 (fig.) drag (subject &c. in &c.) forcibly. (N.) 
 tugging, violent pull, as gave a t. at the bell ; 
 violent or painful effort, esp. fig., as felt a great 
 t. at parting, parting was a L, had a great t. 
 to persuade him; (also tugboat) small power- 
 ful steam- vessel for towing others ; loop from 
 saddle supporting shaft or (in double harness) 
 trace, t.-spririg, spring-frame to which this is 
 fastened to lessen jerk in starting &c; (Min- 
 ing) iron hoop to which a tackle is fixed ; t. of 
 war, contest in which each of two groups of 
 persons holding same rope tries to pull the 
 other across line marked between them, su- 
 preme contest, [(n. f. vb) ME toggen f. ON tog 
 rope, cogn. w. tow 1 & tuck l ] 
 
 tu'ism, n. Doctrine that all thought is ad- 
 dressed to a second person, esp. to one's future 
 self as this. [f. L tu thou + -ism] 
 
 tui'tion (-shn), n. Teaching, esp. as a thing 
 to be paid for ; fee for this. Hence tui'tion a l, 
 tui'tionARY l , aa. [OF, f. L tuitionem (tueri 
 tuit- watch, guard, see -ion)] 
 
 tu'la-work, n. = niello. [Tula, in Russia] 
 
 tu'lehan, -in, (-ch-), n. (Sc). Calf -skin 
 stuffed with straw put beside cow to make her 
 give milk ; t. bishops, titular bishops in whose 
 names revenues of Scotch sees were drawn by 
 lay barons after Reformation. [?] 
 
 tu'lip, n. Kinds of plant with brilliant bell- 
 shaped flowers of various colours ; bell-shaped 
 outward swell of muzzle of gun ; t.-root, 
 disease of oats causing base of stem to swell ; 
 t.-tree, N.-Amer. tree with flowers like large 
 greenish-yell9W tt., marked with orange inside, 
 [f. F tulippe f. Ital. tulipa(no) f. Turk, tul- 
 bend turban] 
 
 tulipoma'nia, n. Craze for tulips, esp. that 
 in Holland about 1634. Hence tulipoMA- 
 niac n. [prec. + -o- + -mania] 
 
 tulle (tool, or as F), n. Fine silk net used for 
 veils & dresses. [T., city in France] 
 
 tu'lwar (-er), n. Sabre used by some N.- 
 Indian tribes. [Hind.] 
 
 turn, n. Sound of banjo or similar instru- 
 ment, [imit.] 
 
 tu'mble, v.i. & t., & n. Fall (down, over, 
 off from, &c.) suddenly or violently ; (of waves, 
 sick person, &c.) roll, toss, up & down or from 
 side to side ; move, walk, run, in headlong or 
 blundering fashion (came tumbling along, tum- 
 bled up the stairs, tumbled into or out of bed) ; 
 perform acrobatic feats ; pull about, disorder, 
 rumple, (clothes, hair, &c); overturn, fling 
 headlong, throw or push (down, out, in, &c.) 
 roughly or carelessly ; bring down (bird, hare, 
 &c.) by shooting; polish (castings &c.) in tum- 
 bling-box; t. in, fit (piece of timber) into an- 
 other, (Naut., also t. home, of ship's sides) in- 
 cline inwards above extreme breadth, (slang) 
 go to bed ; t. to (slang), understand, grasp, 
 (idea &c). (N.) fall, as had a slight, nasty, &c, 
 t. ; somersault or other acrobatic feat ; untidy 
 or confused state, as things were all in at; t.- 
 bug, kinds of dung-beetle; t.-down, dilapidat- 
 ed, [(n. f. vb) f. OE tumbian + -le(3), cf. Du. 
 tuimelen, G taumeln, tummeln, stagger] 
 
 tu'mbler, n. In vbl senses; also or esp.: one 
 who turns somersaults &c, acrobat; kind of 
 pigeon thatturns somersaults during flight; toy 
 figure of sitting mandarin &c. contrived to rock 
 when touched; flat-bottomed stemless drink- 
 ing-glass (formerly with rounded bottom so as 
 not to stand upright), whence tu'mblerFUL 
 n.; kind of spring-latch, usu. one of several, in 
 lock ; piece attached to hammer in gun-lock & 
 released by trigger, [-er j ] 
 
 tu'mbling, n. In vbl senses ; t.-barrel, -box, 
 -wheel, revolving box or barrel containing em- 
 
TUMBLY 
 
 955 
 
 TURBULENT 
 
 ery-powder &c.in w hich castings Sec. are cleaned 
 \>y friction against each other or the walls of the 
 box ; t.-bob, weighted lever reacting when lifted 
 to a certain point, [-ing l ] 
 
 tu'mbly, a. Rough, lumpy, [tumble, -y 2 ] 
 
 tvrmbpel, -il, n. (Mil.) two-wheeled covered 
 cart for carrying tools, ammunition, &c. ; dung- 
 cart ; (improp.) cart conveying victims to guil- 
 lotine in French Revolution, [f. OF tumb(c)rel 
 (tomber fall, of Teut. orig., cf. tumbleJ 
 
 tu'mid, a. (Of parts of body Sec.) swollen, 
 inflated, so tume'seENCE n., tumESCENT a.; 
 (fig., of style &c.) inflated, bombastic. Hence 
 or cogn. tumi'diTV, tirmidNESS, nn., tir- 
 midLV 2 adv. [f. L tumidus (tumere swell, -id ] )J 
 
 tu'mify, v.t. & i. (Cause to) swell, inflate, 
 be inflated, (lit. & fig.). So tumeFA'CiEM a. 
 (path.), tumeFA"CTiON r n. (path.), [f. F tume- 
 Jier ult. f. L tumefacere (tumere swell, see -fi')] 
 
 tu'mmy, n. (nursery). = stomach, [-y 3 ] 
 
 tu'mour, n. Local swelling esp. from morbid 
 growth ; malignant t. (tending to recur after re- 
 moval & cause death, opp. to benign t.). [f. F 
 tumeur f. L tumorem (tumere swell, -or 1 )] 
 
 tu'm-tum, n. W.-Ind. dish of boiled plan- 
 tains beaten soft ina mortar; = tom-tom (drum); 
 (Anglo. -Ind.) light vehicle, dog-cart. [perh. 
 iniit. of beating sound] 
 
 tu'mult, n. Commotion of a multitude esp. 
 with confused cries &c. ; noisy uprising of mob 
 &c; uproar ; confused & excited state of mind, 
 as the t. within him had subsided. Hence or 
 cogn. tumu'ltiiARY J , tumu'ltuous, aa., 
 tumu'ltuousLY 2 adv., turmrltuousNESS 
 n. [f. F tumulte f. L tumultus (as foil.)] 
 
 tu'mulus, n. (pi. -li). Sepulchral mound often 
 enclosing masonry. Hence or cogn. tu'mu- 
 1ar( y) l aa. [L (tumere swell)] 
 
 tun, n., & v.t. Large cask for wine, beer, &c, 
 esp. formerly as measure of capacity (252 wine 
 gallons); brewer's fermenting- vat ; (v.t.) store 
 (liquor) in t. [(vb f. n.) OE tvnne, cf. Du. ton, 
 G tonne, ON tnnna] 
 
 tu'ndra (too-), n. Mossy & often marshy 
 plain in N. Russia. [Russ.] 
 
 tune, n., & v.t. & i. Melody with or without 
 harmony, air, as psalm, hymn, -t.; correct in- 
 tonation in singing or playing, due adjustment 
 of instrument for this, as piano is out of t, 
 sings out of t, must learn to sing in t.; agree- 
 ment, concord, harmonious relation, as in, out 
 of, t. with one's suiToundings or company ; 
 suitable mood (for purpose &c. ) ; change one's t. , 
 sing another t., assume a different style of lan- 
 guage or manner, e.g. change from insolent to 
 respectful tone ; to the t. (serious or exorbitant 
 amount) of £5 Sec. (Vb) put (violin, piano, &c.) 
 in t., whence tu*nERMl,2) n. ; (fig.) adjust, 
 adapt, (thing to standard, purpose, circum- 
 stances, &c.) ; be in harmony (rcith, lit. p jl fig.) ; 
 (poet.) produce (music), as lark tuner, liis song ; 
 express, celebrate, in music ; t. up, (of orchestra) 
 bring instruments to common pitch, begin to 
 play or sing, (facet., of child) begin to cry. 
 Hence tu'nABLE a., tu'nableNESs n., tu*n- 
 afoLY 2 adv. [(vb f. n.) AF tun f. Las tone] 
 
 tu'neful, a. Melodious, musical. Hence 
 tu'nefulLY 2 adv., tu'nefulNESs n. [ful] 
 
 tu'neless, a. Not in tune ; unmelodious ; 
 (of mus. instrument) not played, silent, [-less] 
 
 tu'ngsten, n. A steel-grey heavy metallic 
 element. Hencetu , ng , stATE 1 (3)n.,tu*ng , stic, 
 tu'ng-stous, aa. (chem.). [Sw. (tung heavy 
 -f sten stone)] 
 
 tu'nie, n. Ancient Greek or Roman short- 
 sleeved body-garment reaching about to knees ; 
 woman's loose blouse or coat gathered or belted 
 at waist; military surcoat ; (colloq.) undress 
 
 military coat esp. of private ; (Anat., Zool.) na- 
 tural covering e.g. of ascidia, (Bot.) loose mem- 
 branous skin of an organ, whence tu'nicATE 2 
 a., & n. (zool.) ; (Eccl.) - foil. [f. OF tunique f. 
 L tunica] 
 
 tu'nicle, n. Fine or delicate tunic (esp. Bot., 
 Zool.) ; (Eccl., esp. R.-C. Ch.) short vestment of 
 deacon at eucharist &c, (pi.) this & dalmatic 
 worn by bishop, [f. L tunicula dim. as prec] 
 
 tu'ning 1 , n. In vbl senses ; t.-crook, hook for 
 varying pitch in cornet &c. ; t.-fork, two-pronged 
 steel fork designed to give particular note (esp. 
 middle C) when struck; t-hammer, hammer- 
 shaped wrench for altering tension of strings 
 in piano &c. by turning the pegs (t.-pegs, -pins) 
 to which they are attached, [-ing ] ] 
 
 tu'nnel, n., & v.t. & i. (-11-). Artificial sub- 
 terranean passage through hill &c. or under 
 river &c; subterranean passage dug by bur- 
 rowing animal ; (Mining) adit or level open at 
 one end ; main flue of chimney ; t.-borer, kinds 
 of machine for making tt.; t.-net, fishing-net 
 wide at mouth & narrow at other end. (Vb) 
 make a t. through (hill &c); furnish with t.; 
 make one's way (through, into, Sec), make one's 
 way, by tunnelling, [(vb f. n.) f. OF tonnel dim. 
 of tonne tun] 
 
 tu'nny, n. Large oceanic scombroid fish 
 used as food. [f. F thon f. L f . Gk thunnos] 
 
 tup, n. Male sheep, ram ; striking face of 
 steam-hammer &c. [ME tuppe, cf. Sw. & Norw. 
 tupp cock, Da. top cock's crest, ON toppr top x ] 
 
 tuque (-k), n. Kind of Canadian cap. [Canad. 
 F form of toque] 
 
 tu quo'que, n. The retort So are (or did Sec. ) 
 you^ [L, = you too] 
 
 Tura'nian, a. Of the Asiatic languages that 
 are neither Semitic nor Indo-European, esp. of 
 the Ural-Altaic group of languages. [Turan, 
 mythical founder of Turkish race, + -ian] 
 
 tur'ban, n. Oriental man's head-dress of 
 scarf wound round cap ; modification of this, 
 esp. early-19th-c. European woman's head- 
 dress; modern woman's or child's hat with 
 narrow or no brim; spire of univalve shell; 
 t.-shell, kinds of gasteropod or shell; t.-stone, 
 Mohammedan pillar tombstone with t. carved 
 on top ; t.-top, kind of mushroom. Hence tur*- 
 banED 2 a. [f. MF turbant f. It. turbante f. 
 Turk, tulbend, prop, d-, f. Pers. didband perh. 
 of Hind, orig.] 
 
 tur'bary, n. Right of digging turf on an- 
 other's ground ; place where turf or peat is dug. 
 [f. OF torberie f. LL turbaria (OHG zurba 
 
 TURF, See -ARY !)] 
 
 tup'bid, a. (Of liquid or colour) muddy, thick, 
 not clear; (fig.) confused, disordered. Hence 
 turbi'diTY, tup'bidNESS, nn., tup'bidLY 2 
 adv. [f. L turbidxis disturbed (turbare disturb 
 f. turba crowd, tumult, see -id l )] 
 
 tup'binate (-at), a. Shaped like a top or in- 
 verted cone, so tup'biniFORM, tup'binoiD, 
 aa.; (Anat., esp. of some nasal bones) of scroll- 
 like formation • whirling like a top. So tup*- 
 binAL a., tupbinATiON n. [f. L turbinatus 
 (as foll. w see -ate 2 )] 
 
 tup'bine, n. Kinds of water-wheel driven by 
 impact or reaction or both of a flowing stream 
 of water ; air t., wheel of similar form driven 
 by wind or by air from tube ; steam t. (driven 
 by steam jets) ; t. boat Sec. (driven by tt.). [F, 
 f. L turbo -inis wheel, top, whirlwind, (LL) 
 turbot, (turbare, see turbid)] 
 
 tup'bit, n. Kind of domestic pigeon with 
 flat head & short beak. [?] 
 
 tup'bot, n. Large kind of flat-fish esteemed 
 as food. [F, as turbine] 
 
 tup'bulent, a. Disturbed, in commotion; 
 
TURCISM 
 
 956 
 
 TURN 
 
 tumultuous ; insubordinate, riotous. Hence or 
 cogn. tup'bulENCE n., tup'bulentLY 2 adv. 
 [F, f. L turbulentus (turba tumult, see -lent)] 
 Tup'eism, n. Religion, manners, &c., of the 
 Turks. So Tup'cophil, Tup'eophiliSM, 
 Tup'cophobe, nn. [f. med.L as turk, -ism] 
 
 Tur"co (ter-, or as F), n. Algerian tirailleur 
 in French service. [F] 
 
 turd, n. (not in polite lang.). Ball or lump of 
 excrement. [OE tord] 
 
 tup'difte, a. Thrush-like. So tup'diFORM, 
 tup'doiD, aa. [f. L turdus thrush + -ine ] ] 
 tupee'n, n. Deep covered dish for holding 
 soup &c. at table, [earlier terreen f. F terrine] 
 tupf, n., &.v.t. Surface earth filled with 
 matted roots of grass &c. ; piece of this cut from 
 the ground, sod; (in Ireland) peat ; the t., the 
 race-course, occupation or profession of horse- 
 racing, esp. oi the t., so occupied; t.-bound, 
 covered with close t. ; t.-drain (covered with t.); 
 turfman, person interested in horse-racing, 
 so tup'fiTE 1 n.; (v.t,) cover (ground) with t. 
 Hence tup'fixESS n., tup*f\ r2 a. [OE & Du., 
 cf. ON & S\v. torf, Da. torv] 
 
 tup'gid, a. Morbidly swollen or inflated or 
 enlarged, whence tupge'seiBLE a.; (fig., of 
 language) pompous, bombastic, inflated. Hence 
 or cogn. tupge'scENCE, tupgl'diTV, nn., 
 tupg-E - scEXT a., tup'gidLY 2 adv. [f. F tur- 
 gide f. L turgidus (turgere swell, see -id *)] 
 
 tup'ion, n. (bot.). Young scaly shoot rising 
 from ground as in asparagus, hops, &c. Hence 
 tupioni'FEROUs a. [f. L turio -onis shoot] 
 
 Tupk, n. Ottoman, Osmanli; member of the 
 race from whom the Ottomans are derived; 
 ferocious, wild, or unmanageable person (now 
 chiefly facet, of children); Mohammedan; Turk- 
 ish horse ; T.'s-cap, kinds of lily & other plants ; 
 T.'s-head, kind of knot, long-handled broom, 
 kind of baking-pan for cakes, [f. F Turc f. 
 med.L Tureus f. Turk. Turk] 
 
 tup'key, T-, n. Large (esp. domestic) gallin- 
 aceous bird native of America related to 
 pheasant, esteemed as food & associated with 
 Christmas festivities; (T-) country of the 
 Turks ; t.-buzzard, -vulture, an American vul- 
 ture ; T. carpet (made entirely of wool, & of 
 velvety appearance) ; t.-cock, male of t. , (fig. ) pom - 
 pous or self-important person ; T. corn, maize ; 
 T. leather, kind treated with oil before the hair 
 side is removed ; t.-poult, young of t.; T. red, a 
 pigment or colour, cotton cloth dyed with this ; 
 T.-stone, kind of oil-stone for sharpening knives 
 &c. [f. F Turquie Turkey, whence the bird 
 was held to come (as prec.)] 
 
 Tup'kish, a. & n. (Language) of Turkey or 
 the Turks ; T. bath, hot-air bath followed by 
 soaping, washing, rubbing, kneading, &c, (also 
 pi.) building used for this ; T. (= turkey) car- 
 pet ; T. music (produced with instruments of 
 percussion) ; T. pound (usu. written £T, as 
 £T50), coin worth about* 18/2 ; T. towel (rough 
 with long nap usu. of uncut loops), [-ish ] ] 
 
 Turkoman, n. Member of any of various 
 Turkish hordes in Turkestan, Afghanistan, 
 Persia, & Russia ; T. carpet, rich-coloured kind 
 with soft long nap. [f. turk + man] 
 
 tup*malin(e). See tourmalin. 
 
 tup*mepie,n. E.-Ind. plant of ginger familv: 
 powdered root of this as dye-stuff, stimulant, & 
 condiment esp. in curry-powder; t. -paper (satu- 
 rated with t. & used as test for alkalis), [f. F 
 terre-mCrite perh.corrupt.of Arab, as curcuma] 
 
 tup'moil, n., & v.t. Agitation, trouble ; 
 (vb, archaic, chiefly in p.p.) agitate, trouble, 
 [perh. f. moil with intensive tur- tra-] 
 
 turn i, v.t. & i. Move (t. & i.) on or as on axis, 
 give rotary motion to, receive such motion, as 
 
 crank turns wheel, wheel turns, t. the key in the 
 lock, t. the tap, tap will -not t., he turned on his 
 heel(s), t. person round one's finger, everything 
 turns (depends) on his answer ; execute (somer- 
 sault &c.) with rotary motion ; change from one 
 side to another, invert, reverse, (fig.) revolve 
 mentally, as turns everything upside down or 
 inside out (into state of confusion), whole world 
 has turned topsy-turvy, umbrella turns inside 
 out, turned the body with its face upwards, 
 turned (inverted) comma, turned jteriod ('), t. 
 turtle, t. the tables on, t. over pages of book 
 (to read on other side), t. over new leaf, not t. a 
 hair, d7*ess must be turned (the soiled outside 
 becoming the inside), t. one's coat, have turned 
 the matter over & over in my mind ; give new 
 direction to, take new direction, adapt.be adapt- 
 ed, as t. your face this way, (Mil.) left, right, t., 
 change front to left, right, river turns to the 
 right, turned his flight northwards, scarcely 
 know where or tvhich way to t. (fig. what course 
 to follow, where to seek help), turned to God in 
 her trouble, t. one's back 1 on, t. a deaf car to, 
 t. the edge of (knife &c, fig. remark &c), blunt, 
 t. your attention to this, have often turned my 
 thoughts, thoughts have often turned,to the sub- 
 ject, can t. his hand to (learn to do) any thing, 
 turns even his errors to account (profits by 
 them), cdl turns (tends) to his profit, tide turns 
 (at ebb or flow) ; move to other side of, go round, 
 flank, as t. the corner, t. the scale, cause it to 
 sink, fig. decide question in suspense, t.(the flank 
 or position of) an army, pass round so as to at- 
 tack it from "flank or rear, t. person's flank, out- 
 wit him, defeat him in argument &c; be turned 
 (have passed the age) (of) hO &c. ; cause to go, 
 send, put, as was turned adrift in the world, t. 
 it out into a basin,never turned (aivay) a beggar 
 from his door ; change (t. & i.) in nature, form, 
 condition, &c, change for the worse, (cause to) 
 become, as turned water into wine, has been 
 turned into a joint stock comptany, fear he will 
 t. ctnisty, has turned traitoi*, Mohammedan, 
 botanist, joy is or has turned to bitterness, t. 
 (translate) it into French, how xvould you t. this 
 passage?, milk will t. (sour), thunxler will t. 
 milk (sour), turned pale at the thought, very 
 thought turns me pale, sight of raw meat turns 
 (nauseates) my stomach, stomach turns at the 
 sight, success has turned his head (intoxicated 
 him), head has turned with success, head turns 
 (\vithgiddiness),ovei , wo7' , khasturnedhisbrain; 
 shape (object) in lathe, (of material) lend itself 
 (easily, well, &c.) to treatment in lathe; give 
 (esp. elegant) form to, as can t. a compliment, 
 coidd t. a Latin verse in my day, well-turned 
 phrase, exquisitely-turned wrist. Spec, uses 
 with advv. & prepp. : T. about, t. so as to face 
 in new direction. T. against, become hostile 
 to. T. doicn : fold down ; place (playing-card) 
 face downwards ; reduce flame of (gas, lamp, 
 &c.) by turning tap &c. T. in; fold inwards; 
 incline inwards, as his toes t. in ; (colloq.) go to 
 bed. T. off: check passage of (water, gas, &c> 
 by means of tap &c. ; achieve, prod uce,(epigram, 
 piece of work) ; dismiss (servant Sec.) from 
 employment; (slang) hang (criminal), marry 
 (couple). T. on (adv.): give free passage to 
 (water &c.) by turning tap; (colloq.) give free 
 scope to, as t. on the waterworks, begin to cry. 
 T. on (prep.): depend upon ; face hostilely, be- 
 come hostile to. T. out : expel ; cause to point 
 or incline outwards, &st. out your toes; produce 
 (manufactured goods &c); t. inside out, bring 
 to view, SLsmadehim t.outhispockets ; assemble 
 for duty &c, as 15 men turned out; be found, 
 prove to be the case, as this turns out to be true, 
 he turned out a humbug, it turns out that he was 
 
TURN 
 
 957 
 
 TUSSOCK 
 
 never there, ice shall see how things t. out. T. 
 over: cause to fall over, upset; transfer the 
 conduct of (thing to person) ; do business to the 
 amount of, OB turns over £500 a week. T. round : 
 face about; adopt new opinions or policy. T. to 
 (prep.), apply oneself to, set about, ( work, doing). 
 T. to (adv.), begin work. T. up : (Cards) expose 
 (trump card); disinter, as plough turns up 
 skulls ; make one's appearance, as turned up 
 an hour late, unexpectedly ; (of event, oppor- 
 tunity, &c.) happen, present itself; (colloq.) 
 cause to vomit, as the sight turned me up. T. 
 upon, = t. on. T. -bench, watchmaker's portable 
 lathe ; t. -buckle, device for connecting parts of 
 metal rod ; t.-cap, revolving chimney-top ; turn- 
 coat, one who turns his coat ; turncock, person 
 employed to t. on water for mains &c; t.-doxcn, 
 (of collar) doubled down ; turnkey, person in 
 charge of prison keys ; t.-out, turning-out esp. 
 for duty, strike of employees, assembly of per- 
 sons to see spectacle &c, equipage, quantity of 
 goods manufactured &c. in given time ; turn- 
 over, upsetting of carriage &c, semicircular pie 
 or tart, amount of money turned over in busi- 
 ness, newspaper article running on to second 
 page; turnpike, (hist.) defensive frame of pikes, 
 gate set across road to stop carts &c. till toll is 
 paid, such road; t.-screw, screw-driver; tximi- 
 side, giddiness in dogs ; turnsole, kinds of plant 
 supposed to t. with the sun ; turnspit, long- 
 bodied short-legged dog formerly used to t. spit ; 
 turnstile, postat entrance of building esp. where 
 admission fee is charged with four horizontal 
 arms that move round as person passes through; 
 tur'nstone, bird allied to plover ; t. -table, circu- 
 lar revolving platform for reversing locomo- 
 tives &c; t.-xip (colloq.), commotion, [f. L tor- 
 nare turn in lathe (tornus f. Gk tornos)] 
 
 turn 2 , n. Rotary motion, changed or change 
 of direction or position or tendency, deflection, 
 deflected part, bend, as a single t. of the han- 
 dle, a t. of Fortune's wheel (change of luck), 
 with a neat t. of the wrist, took a sudden t. to 
 the left, complaint took a favourable t., milk is 
 on the t. (just turning sour), tide is on the t. 
 (turning), gave a new t. to the argument, path 
 is full of tt. & twists, walked along a t. of the 
 river ; character, tendency, disposition, for- 
 mation, as was of a humorous t., do not like 
 the t. of the sentence, the t. of an ankle', short 
 walk, stroll, drive, ride, or performance, as 
 take a, t. in the garden, on a bicycle, took a t. of 
 xvork, short tt. (songs, recitations, &c, in music 
 hall &c); opportunity, occasion, privilege, 
 obligation, coming successively to each of 
 several persons &c., as it is your t. to watch, it 
 was noxo my t. to be angry, must not speak oxd 
 of (before or after) yoxir t, will hear you all in 
 t. (succession), we dxig by it. (in rotation of indi- 
 viduals or groups), takett., woik&c. alternate- 
 ly, work t. & t. aboxit (alternately), xcent hot cfr 
 cold by tt. ; did not servemy t. (purpose); did me 
 a good, an ill, t. (service, disservice); (Mus.) 
 kinds of grace consisting of principal tone with 
 those above & below it; (pi.) menses; each 
 round in coil of rope &c. ; (Print.) inverted 
 type as temporary substitute for missingletter, 
 letter turned wrong side up ; (colloq.) nervous 
 shock, as gave me quite a t. ; meat is done to a 
 t. (enough & not too much), [f. prec] 
 
 turner, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : one 
 who works with lathe, so tur'nERV(l, 2, 3) n.; 
 kind of tumbler-pigeon, [-er 1 ] 
 
 tup'ning", n. In vbl senses, esp. : use of 
 lathe ; place where road meets another, such 
 road, as stop at the next t., take the second t. to 
 the left', t.-point, point in place, time, develop- 
 ment, Sec, at which decisive change occurs, as 
 
 has reached the t.-point, this may be the t.- 
 point of his life, [-ing *] 
 
 tup'nip, n. Biennial plant of mustard family; 
 its fleshy globular root used as vegetable & for 
 feeding cattle &c. ; t.-top, growing top of t. 
 used as vegetable. [OE has nxp f. L napus ; 
 tur- perh. = txirn or F tour, w. ref. to shape] 
 
 tup'pentine, n., & v.t, Oleoresin secreted 
 by several coniferous trees & (Chian t.) by 
 terebinth, used in mixing paints & varnishes 
 & in medicine ; (also pop. turps) cil or spirit of 
 t.; t.-tree, terebinth. Hence tuppentrnic a. 
 (Vb) apply t. to. [f. F txirbentine f. L f. Gk 
 terebinthinos (as terebinth, see -ine 2 )] 
 
 tup'peth, n. Cathartic root of an E.-Ind. 
 plant, [f. OF turbith f. Arab. f. Pers. turbid 
 purge] 
 
 tup'pitude, n. Baseness, depravity. [F, f. 
 L turpitudinem (txirpis base, see -tude)] 
 
 tup'quoise (-koiz, -kw-), n. Opaque sky- 
 blue or greenish-blue precious stone ; t.-green, 
 pale colour between green & blue. [F, fern, of 
 txirqxiois Turkish (Txirc turk)] 
 
 tu'ppet, n. Small tower connected with 
 main building whether rising from ground or 
 projecting from wall or corbels; (Mil.) low 
 flat usu. revolving tower for gun & gunners 
 in ship or fort; (hist.) square many-storeyed 
 building on wheels used in attacking fortified 
 place; t.-gxin (for use in revolving t.); t.-ship 
 (with guns in tt.). Hence tuTpetED 2 a. [f. F 
 ioxirette dim. of tour tower] 
 
 tuppreulate(d), aa, (conch.). (Of shell) 
 having a long spire, [f. L turricula {turris 
 tower, see -cule)] 
 
 tup'tle 1 , n. (Now usu. t.-dove) kindsofdove, 
 esp. a common wild kind noted for soft cooing 
 & affection for mate & young. [OE, f. L txirtxir, 
 imit.] 
 
 tup'tle 2 , n., & v.i. Marine reptile encased 
 as tortoise & with flippers used in swimming, 
 esp. (also^reen t.) kind much used for soup ; 
 mock 2 -t. ; turn t. (naut. slang), capsize ; t.- 
 shell, tortoise-shell, esp. dark kind used for in- 
 laying, (also t.-coxcry) large handsome kind of 
 cowry; (v.i.) hunt for tt,, whence tup'tlER 1 , 
 tup'tliNG i, nn. [f. Port, tartarxiga or Sp. tor- 
 txtga f. LLas tortoise, assim. to prec] 
 
 Tu'sean, a, & n. (Language, inhabitant) of 
 Tuscany; T. order 1 ; T. straxv, fine yellow 
 wheat-straw used for hats &c. [f. It. toscano 
 f. L Txiscanxis (Txiscxis, see -an)] 
 
 tush l , int., n., & v.i., (archaic). Pshaw. 
 
 tush 2 , n. Long pointed tooth, esp. canine 
 tooth of horse, [var. of foil.] 
 
 tusk, n., & v.t. Long pointed tooth, esp. pro- 
 truding from closed mouth as in elephant, 
 walrus, &c; t.-like tooth or part in harrow, 
 lock,&c. Hence (-)tuskED 2 ,tu'skY 2 ,aa, (Vb) 
 gore, thrust, tear up, with t, or tt. [(vb f. n.) 
 OE tusc, tux, cf. OFris. tusk, ON toskr) 
 
 tu'skep, n. Elephatit with developed tusks. 
 
 [•ER»] 
 
 tu'ssep. -up, -ope, n. Oak-feeding silk- 
 worm yielding strong but coarse silk ; (also t.- 
 silk) silk of this & some other silkworms, [r*. 
 Hind, tassar f. Skr. tassara shuttle] 
 
 tussi'culap, a, (med.). Of a cough. So 
 tu'ssAL, tu*ssiVE, aa. (rare), [f. L tussicu- 
 lariv (tussiexda dimrof txtssis cough, see -ar x )] 
 
 tu'ssle, n., & v.i. Struggle, scuffle, {with 
 person, for thing), [as tousle] 
 
 tu'ssock, n. Clump, hillock, of grass &c; 
 tuft, lock, of hair &c; (also t.-moth) kinds of 
 moth with tufted larvae ; t.-grass, tall elegant 
 grass on boggy ground in Patagonia &c. 
 Hence tu'ssoekY 2 a. [cf. toxise (see tousle) 
 & Sw. dial, tuss wisp of hay, & see -ock] 
 
TUT 
 
 yds 
 
 TWILL 
 
 tut 1 , int., n., & v.i. Int. expr. impatience, 
 contempt, or rebuke ; (n.) this exclamation ; 
 (vb) exclaim t. [cf. tush & F trut] 
 
 tut 2 , n., & v.i., (mining). Job ; t.-work, piece- 
 work (cf. tribute); (vb) work by the job. I?] 
 
 tuta'men, n. (anat., pi. -mina). Protective 
 part. [L] 
 
 tuta'nia, n. Kind of Britannia metal, [trade- 
 name ; ult. as tuttv] 
 
 tu'telage (-ij), n. Guardianship ; (period of) 
 being under this. [f. L txitela(tueri tuit- or txit- 
 watch) + -age] 
 
 tu'telaiKy), aa. Serving as a guardian, pro- 
 tective ; of a guardian, as t. authority, [f. LL 
 tutelaris (as prec, see -ar 1 , -ary 2 )] 
 
 tu'tenag*, n. Zinc imported from China & 
 E. Indies ; white alloy like German silver. [f. 
 F tutenague prob. f. Arab, as tutty]; 
 
 tu'tor, n., & v.t. Private teacher, esp. one 
 having general charge of person's education ; 
 (Eng. Univv.) college official directing studies 
 of undergraduates & responsible for discipline; 
 (Law) guardian of a minor. Hence or cogn. 
 
 tU*tOPAGE(2), tU'tOPESS 1 , tU'tOPSHIP, lin., 
 
 tutoPTALa., tutop'ialLY 2 adv. (Vb)actas t. 
 to, instruct, [f. OF tuteur f. L tutorem (txieri 
 tut- watch, see -or 2 )] 
 
 tu'tsan, n. St-John's-wort, plant once held 
 to heal wounds &c. [f. OF toutesaine (toxcte all 
 f. L lotus + saine sound f. L sanus] 
 
 tutt/(tdb'te), mus. direction, & n. All (voices, 
 instruments) together ; (n. ) music for these. [It. ] 
 
 tutti-frutti (tdb'te frdbte), n. Confection, 
 ice-cream, of mixed fruits. [It.,= all fruits] 
 
 tu'tty, n. Impure zinc oxide used as polish- 
 ing powder, [f. OF tutie f. Arab, tutiya) 
 
 tu'um. SeeMEUM. 
 
 tu-whi't (too-), n., tu-whoo* (too-), n., & 
 v.i. (Make) cry of owl. J_imit.]_ 
 
 tuyepe (tweyar\ tooyar", twer), twy'er, n. 
 Pipe through which air is forced into furnace 
 &c. [F {tn-),- nozzle, cf. F fuyaw pipe &tewel] 
 
 twa'ddell (two-), n. Kind of hydrometer for 
 liquids heavier than water, [inventor's name] 
 
 twa'ddle (two-), v.i., & n. (Indulge in) sense- 
 less, feeble, or prosy talk. Hence twa'ddlER • 
 n., twa'ddlY 2 a. [orig. -ttle, var. of tattle] 
 
 twain, a. & n. (archaic). Two ; two persons 
 or things ; cut &c. in t. (in two), [see two] 
 
 twang 1 , v.i. & t., & n. (Cause to) make ring- 
 ing metallic sound as of string of musical in- 
 strument or bow when plucked, (contempt.) 
 play on or on (fiddle &c.) thus, as the fiddles 
 twanged, twanged (on) his fiddle, twanged his 
 bow, whence twa*ngT.E(3) v.i. & t. ; speak, 
 utter, with nasal sound; (n.) sound of tense 
 string when plucked, nasal tone. [var. of tang 4 ] 
 
 twa'nkay, n. Kind of green tea. [f. Chin. 
 t'un-k'i, name of a stream] 
 
 'twas (-oz), contraction of it was. 
 
 twayblade, n. Kinds of orchid with green 
 or purple flowers & single pair of leaves, \tway 
 two + blade] 
 
 tweak, v.t., &n. Pinch & twist sharply, pull 
 with sharp jerk, twitch ; (n.) twitch, sharp pull, 
 pinch, [(n. f. vb) ME twikken, OE twiccian 
 twitch, cf. G zwicken] 
 
 tweed, n. Twilled woollen or wool-&-cotton 
 fabric with unfinished surface & usu. two co- 
 lours combined in the yawi, used esp. for men's 
 clothes & largely made in S. Scotland, [anec- 
 dot. explained as corrupt, of twill (Sc. tweel) 
 encouraged by assoc. with Tiveed] 
 
 twee'dle, n. Sound as of fiddle ; tweedledum 
 & txoeedledee, things differing only or chiefly in 
 name. [perh. var. of twiddle] 
 
 'tween, adv. & prep. Between, esp. 't.-decks, 
 (space) between decks, [abbr.j 
 
 twee'ny, n. (colloq.). Servant assisting two 
 others e.g. cook & housemaid, [prec. + -y 3] 
 
 twee'zep, n., & v.t. (PL, also pair of tt.) 
 minute pair of tongs for taking up small ob- 
 jects, plucking out hairs, &c; (vb) extract (hair, 
 thorn, &c.) with tt. [(vb f. n.) f. obs. txveese, 
 pair of tweeses, case, esp. folding case, for small 
 instruments, f. F etui] 
 
 twelfth, a. & n. Next in order after eleventh 
 (the t. of August, as beginning of grouse-shoot- 
 ing) ; T.-day (after Christmas, festival of Epi- 
 phany) ; T.-night, eve of this, celebrated with 
 various festivities &c; T.-eake, prepared for 
 T.-night; (n.) each of 12 equal parts. Hence 
 twe-lfthLY 2 adv. [OE twelfta (foil., -th 2 )J 
 
 twelve, a. & n. One more than eleven, 12, 
 xii ; tlie T. (apostles) ; T. tables ; in tt. (duode- 
 cimo); long, square, tt., duodecimo pages of 
 sheet variously folded ; twelvemo, 12mo,= duo- 
 decimo ; txve'lvemonth, year, as has been there 
 a t.-m., (adv.) this day t.-m., a year hence or 
 ago ; twelvepence (archaic exc. shop), a shilling ; 
 twelvepenny, shilling (adj.). [OE twelf, lit. two 
 over (as two + -lif cogn. w. leave 2 )] 
 
 twe'nty, a. & n. Twice ten, 20, xx ; have told 
 him t. (several) times; t.-one, -two, &c, or one, 
 two, &c, & t. ; twentymo, twenty fourmo, (20mo, 
 2Umo), leaf of sheet folded in to 20, 24, equal parts, 
 book made up of such leaves. Hence twe'n- 
 tiETH a. & n., twe'ntyFOLD a. & adv. [OE 
 twentig (twegen two, see -TY 2 )] 
 
 'twere, contr. of it were. 
 
 twi- in comb. = two, double, in twilight & 
 in some archaic or pseudo-archaic forms, as : 
 -6i7Z,double-bladed battle-axe, kind of mattock; 
 -blade, = twayblade; -fold a. & adv., two- 
 fold ; -folded ; -forked ; -formed. 
 
 twice, adv. Two times (esp. of multiplica- 
 tion), on two occasions, as t. 8 is 6, told him t.; 
 doubly, in double degree or quantity, as t. as 
 strong, has t. the strength, is t. the man he was 
 (t. as strong &c); (colloq.) did it in t. (two at- 
 tempts or instalments). [ME tides, written 
 -ce to show pronunc. (-s not -z), OE twiges (as 
 two, see -es)] 
 
 twi'eep, n. Compositor who is also pressman, 
 [f. prec. +-ER 1 ] 
 
 twi'ddle, v.t. & i., & n. Twirl idly, esp. t. 
 one's thumbs (for lack of occupation) ; trifle 
 xvith (object) ; twiddling-line, string attached 
 to compass-gimbal & pulled to make compass- 
 card play freely ; (n.) slight twirl, [(n. f. vb) f. 
 Xorw. tvidla var. of tvirla twirl] 
 
 twig" 1 , n. Small shoot or branch of tree or 
 plant; (Anat.) small branch of artery &c; 
 (Electr.)small distributingconductor; divining- 
 rod, esp. work the t.; hop the t. (colloq.), die. 
 Hence (-)twigrg'ED 2 , twi'gxEss, twrggY 2 , 
 aa. [OE, cf. Du. twijg, G zweig, cogn. w. two] 
 
 twig 2 , v.t. (colloq.). Understand, catch the 
 meaning of, (person, words, plan, that Sec, or 
 abs.); perceive, observe, [cf. dial, txoig n. 
 glance, txcdg vb twitch ; but perh. f. Ir. tuigim 
 understand] 
 
 twi'lig-ht, n., & v.t. (-lighted). Light from 
 sky when sun is below horizon in morning of 
 (usu.) evening; faint light ; (fig.) state of im- 
 perfect knowledge, understanding, &c. ; t. 
 arc(h) or cxtrve (bounding the brightest region 
 of t. where atmosphere receives solar rays di- 
 rect) ; t. of the gods (Norse myth.), conflict in 
 which gods & giants destroyed each other ; (vb) 
 illuminate faintly. [ME (twi- + light i)] 
 
 twill, n., & v.t. Textile fabric in which weft- 
 threads pass alternately over one warp-thread 
 & under (not one as in plain weaving but) two 
 or more, thus producing diagonal lines ; (vb> 
 weave (material) thus (esp. in p.p.). [OE twi- 
 
 
'TWILL 
 
 yo«j 
 
 -TY 
 
 lie, cogn. \v. G zwillich, two-threaded, cf. L 
 B\(lix f. licium thread)] 
 
 'twill, contr. of it will. 
 
 twin, a., n., & v.t. & i. Forming, being one 
 of, a closely related pair esp. of children born 
 at a birth, as t. children, brother(s), sister(s), 
 the T. Brothers or Brethren, Castor & Pollux ; 
 (Bot.) growing in pairs; consisting of two close- 
 ly connected & similar parts; (. boat, steamer, 
 (with two hulls supporting one deck & having 
 paddle-wheel between them) ; twinjlower, 
 slender creeping evergreen bearing a pair of 
 fragrant flowers ; t.-screw, steamer with two 
 propellers on separate shafts having opposite 
 twists. (N.) each of a closely related pair esp. 
 of children born at a birth ; exact counterpart 
 of person or thing; compound crystal one part 
 of which is in a reversed position with refer- 
 ence to the other ; The Tt., Gemini ; Siamese 
 tt. Hence twi'nLiNG 1 , twi'nSHiP, nn. (Vb) 
 join intimately together, couple, pair, {with; t. 
 & i.) ; twinning -machine, -saw, (for cutting out 
 teeth of combs, these being cut in pairs), [(vb 
 & n. f. adj.) ME, cf. ON tvinnr, cogn. w. two] 
 
 twine, n., & v.t. & i. String of two or more 
 strands of hemp, manilla, &c, twisted together ; 
 coil, twist, as snaky tt.; interlacing, tangle. 
 (Vb) form (thread) by twisting strands together, 
 whence twi'nER 1 ^) n.; form (garland &c.) of 
 interwoven material ; interweave ; coil, wind, 
 (thing about, round, another); (of plant, snake) 
 coil itself or itself (round). Hence twi'ning 1 - 
 ly 2 adv. [(vb ME txoinen f.) OE twin, cf. Du. 
 twijn, ON tvinni, G zwirn, cogn. w. two] 
 
 twinge, v.t. (now rare), & n. (Affect with) 
 sharp darting pain, as conscience twinged him, 
 a t. of tooth-ache, rheumatism, conscience, re- 
 morse, [(n. f. vb) OE twengan, cf. Du. dwingen, 
 G zwingen, constrain, ON thvinga oppress, 
 cogn. w. thong] 
 
 twi'nkle, v.i. & t, & n. (Of light, star, &c.) 
 shine with quick gleams, sparkle ; (of eyelids, 
 feet in dancing, &c.) move rapidly up & down 
 or to & fro ; blink, wink, (one's eyes or intr. of 
 person or eye) ; (of eyes) sparkle (at jest &c.) ; 
 emit (light) in quick gleams. Hence twi'nk- 
 Ier 1 n. (N.) twitching of eyelid, blink, wink ; 
 sparkle, gleam, of the eyes, as a humorous, 
 mischievous, t.; short rapid movement e.g. of 
 feet in dancing ; quick tremulous light, glim- 
 mer. [<n. f. vb) OE twinclian frequent, of txvink 
 var. of twiccan twitch, see -le(3)] 
 
 twi'nkling", n. In vbl senses, esp. in at., in 
 the t. of an eye, in the t. of a bed l post, in a mo- 
 ment, very quickly, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 twirl, v.t. & i., & n. Revolve (t. & i.) rapidly, 
 spin, whirl, (often round) ; turn (one's thumbs 
 &c.) round & round in purposeless way, twiddle; 
 (n.) rapid or idle circular motion, flourish orcurl 
 made with pen &c. [(n. f. vb) frequent, of OE 
 thweran turn, see -le(3) & cf. Norw. tvirla] 
 
 twist, n., & v.t. & i. Thread, rope, &c, made 
 by winding two or more strands &c. about one 
 another; kindsof strong silk thread & of cotton 
 yarn ; roll of bread, tobacco, &c. in form of t. ; 
 act of twisting, condition of being twisted, as 
 give it a t., has a curious t., full of turns & tt.; 
 manner or degree in which thing is twisted, e.g. 
 inclination of rifle-grooves, whirling motion 
 given to ball in cricket &c. to make it take 
 special curve ; peculiar tendency of mind, cha- 
 racter, &c; (Physics) twisting strain, (angle 
 showing) amount of torsion of rod &c, forward 
 motion combined with rotation about an axis; 
 kinds of mixed drink, as gin t.; (colloq.) ap- 
 petite, as had a tremendous t.; Damasctis t., 
 process of twisting Damascus iron to form gun- 
 barrel ; t. of the wrist, fig. dexterity, knack. 
 
 (Vb) wind (strands &c.) one about another; 
 form (rope &c.) thus; interweave (thing with 
 or in with another) ; give spiral form to (rod, 
 column, &c.) as by rotating the ends in opposite 
 directions ; receive, grow in, spiral form ; 
 cause (ball, esp. in billiards) to rotate while fol- 
 lowing curved path ; twine (flowers &c. into 
 garland &c), make (garland &c.) thus ; make 
 one's way, make one's way, (through crowd &c, 
 along, &c.) in winding manner ; wrench out of 
 natural shape, distort, as limbs twisted on the 
 rack, features twisted with pain, (fig.) wants to 
 t. my words into an admission of error. He n ce 
 twi'stABLE a. [(vb ME twisten f.) OE twist 
 (in mxst-twist mast-rope), f. root of two] 
 
 twi'step, n. In vbl senses ; also or esp. : 
 twisting ball in cricket or billiards ; girder ; 
 inner part of thigh as proper place to rest upon 
 on horseback, [-er j ] 
 
 twit, v.t. Reproach, upbraid, taunt, (person 
 with fault &c). Hence twi'ttingLV* adv. 
 [OE xtwitan (set at + witan blame, orig. ob- 
 serve, cogn. w. Goth, -weitjan reproach, witan 
 know, & L videre see)] 
 
 twiteh », v.t. & i., & n. Pull (thing o#&c.) 
 with light jerk; pull at, jerk at, (person's 
 sleeve &c.) esp. to call attention ; (of features, 
 muscles, limbs) move or contract spasmodic- 
 ally; (n.) sudden involuntary contraction or 
 movement, sudden pull or jerk. [(n. f. vb)ME 
 twicchen var. of twikken tweak] 
 
 twiteh a , n. =quitch. [dial, var.] 
 
 twite, n. Kind of linnet, [perh. imit. of cry] 
 
 twi'tter, v.i. & t, & n. (Of bird) utter suc- 
 cession of light tremulous sounds, chirp ; ut- 
 ter, express, thus; (n.) such series of sounds, 
 (colloq., also twittePA'TiON n.) excited state, 
 [(n. f. vb) ME twiteren (twit, prob. imit., -er 5 )] 
 
 twit-twat (-6t), n. House-sparrow, [imit.] 
 
 'twixt L prep. = betwixt, [abbr.] 
 
 two (too), a. & n. One more than one, 2, ii ; 
 one or t, a few (also lit.) ; cut, divide, &a, in t. 
 (into t. parts) ; put t. &t. together, make infer- 
 ence from data ; t.-cleft (bot.), divided nearly 
 to the middle in t. parts ; t.-edged, (of sword. 
 &c.) having an edge on each side, (fig., of argu- 
 ment, compliment, &c.) cutting both wafs, 
 ambiguous ; twofold a. & adv., double, doubly ; 
 t. -handed, having t. hands, (of sword) requir- 
 ing to be used with both hands, (of saw, game, 
 &c.) to be worked, played, &c, by t. persons; 
 t. -handled, -legged, -lipped, -masted, -petalled, 
 -toothed, Sec, (having t. handles &c); t.-line 
 a. (print.), having a depth double that of the 
 size specified, as t.-line pica; ticopence (tu"pns), 
 sum of,siIver coin (now onlyasmaundy money) 
 worth, t. pence ; twopenny (tu'peni), (adj.) worth 
 or costing twopence, cheap, worthless, (n.) kind 
 of beer, (slang) tuckin your t.-p. (head, at leap- 
 frog); t.-ply, oft. strands, layers, or thicknesses, 
 as t.-ply rope, carpet ; t.-speed, adapted for t. 
 rates of speed, as f.-s^e^d gear, bicycle ; t. -sided, 
 having t. sides, aspects, &c. ; t.-tongued, double- 
 tongued, deceitful ; t.-way, (Plumbing, of cock) 
 permitting fluid to flow in either of t. chan- 
 nels, (Math.) having double mode of varia- 
 tion. Hence two'NESS n. [OEtwegenma.se* 
 tied fern., twd or tu neut., cf. Du. twee, G zwei, 
 ON iveir, L duo, Gk duo, Slav, dva) 
 
 two'some, a. & n. (Sc). (Game, dance, &c> 
 for two persons, [-some] 
 
 •twould, contr. of it would. 
 
 twy- pref., var. of twi-. 
 
 twyep. See tuyere. 
 
 -ty 1 , -ity, -ety, sufF. in abstract nn., repr. 
 F -ti f. L -tatem (nom. -tas). L adj. or n. stems 
 in -i- took -tas without change, as felicitas t 
 docilitas, civitas; adj. stems in -o- changed -o- 
 
-TY 
 
 960 
 
 TYPO- 
 
 to -i- or when preceded by -i- to -e-, as aequitas, 
 benignitas, pietas (pius), varietas (vaHus), 
 satietas (as if f. satius) ; consonantal stems 
 (nn. or rarely adjj.) sometimes added -i-, as 
 a actor it as but paupertas; nn. f. comparatives, 
 as priority* senioHty, majority, superiority, 
 date only f. med.L; in plenitas, bonitas, F 
 dropped -i-, & this type was followed in E 
 plenty, bounty, fealty, loyalty, penalty, &c. 
 
 -ty 2 , suf. = tens, as twenty, thirty, ninety, (two, 
 three, &c. tens) ; OE -tig, cogn. w. ten & Goth. 
 tif/jus, Gk deka»(deka ten), decade. 
 
 lyfoupn, n. (hist.). Place of execution in 
 London ; T. ticket, certificate exempting prose- 
 cutor of felon to conviction from parish offices 
 &c. ; T, tippet, halter ; T. tree, gallows. 
 
 Tyehd'nie (-k-), a. Of the Danish astronomer 
 Tycho_Brahe (d. 1601) or his system, [-ic] 
 
 tyeoo'n, n. Title applied by foreigners to 
 shogun of Japan 1851-68. Hence tyeoo'n- 
 ate ] (1) n. [f. Jap. taikun great prince] 
 
 tying*. See tie 1 . 
 
 tyke. See tike. 
 
 tylopod, a. & n. (Animal) with padded not 
 hoofed digits, e.g. camel. Hence tyld'podous 
 a. [f. Gk tulos knob +pons poclos foot] 
 
 tylo'sis, n. (Path.) inflammation of eyelids 
 with hardening of the margins; (Bot.) kind of 
 growth formed in the cavity of a duct. So 
 tylo'Tic a. [f. Gk tuloo make knotty (tulos 
 knob), see -osis] 
 
 ty'Iote, n. Cylindrical sponge-spicule knobbed 
 at ends, [as prec] 
 
 tymp, n. Crown of opening in front of hearth 
 in blast-furnace ; short horizontal roof-timber 
 in mine. [abbr. of foil.] 
 
 tympan, n. Stretched sheet of membrane 
 or thin material; frame for equalizing pressure 
 in some printing-presses; (Anat., Archit.) = 
 
 TYMPANUM. [F, f. TYMPANUM 1 
 
 tympa'nie, a. Like, acting like, a drunkard ; 
 (Anat.) of the tympanum; t. membrane, drum- 
 membrane of ear; t. (bone), bone of ear sup- 
 porting this, [-ic] 
 
 tympanrteSjii. Swelling of abdomen caused 
 by air in intestine &c. Hence tympanitic a. 
 [L, f. Gk tumpanites of drum (tumpanon, -jte 1 )] 
 
 tympanrtis, n. Inflammation of living 
 membrane of tympanum, [-itis] 
 
 tympanum, n. (Anat.) middle ear, (also 
 tympanic membrane) ear-drum ; modified end 
 of trachea in ducks &c. ; (Ai'chit.) triangular 
 space forming field of pediment, similar space 
 over door between lintel & arch, door-panel; 
 drum-wheel for raising water from stream; 
 kind of treadmill. [L, f. Gk tumpanon drum] 
 
 Tynewald (-nwold), n. Isle of Man legisla- 
 ture, [f . ON thing-vollr place of assembly (thing 
 assembly + vbllr word)] 
 
 type 1 , n. Person, thing, event, serving as 
 illustration, symbol, prophetic similitude, or 
 characteristic specimen, of another thing or of 
 a class, as water may serve as a t. of insta- 
 bility, paschal lamb is a t. of Christ, these 
 things are a t. (have a prophetic significance), 
 the treatment he received is but a t. of what 
 patriots must expect, person is an admirable 
 t. of modern athleticism or of the modern 
 athlete; class of things &c. having common 
 characteristics, as her beauty teas of or be- 
 longed to another t, dislike men of that t.; 
 (Biol. &c.) plan of structure, as deviates from 
 the t., main division of animal or vegetable 
 kingdom characterized by this, as the vertebrate 
 t., organism having the essential character- 
 istics of its group (so t. genus, genus giving its 
 name to & having the characteristics of a 
 higher group, e.g. a family), whence typAL 
 
 a.; (Chem.) compound whose structure illus- 
 trates that of many others, esp. hydrochloric 
 acid, water, ammonia, & marsh-gas; (Fine Arts) 
 object, conception, work of art, serving as 
 model for subsequent artists; device on either 
 side of medal or coin ; (Print.) piece of metal 
 or wood having on its upper surface a letter 
 or character for use in printing, (collect, sing.) 
 set or supply or (with pi.) kind of these, as 
 wooden tt. are or t. is noio used only for 
 posters, ran short of t, short of certain tt, 
 was priiited in various tt. (kinds or sizes of t.), 
 printed in large t., a large-t. Bible, brilliant, 
 diamond, pearl, ruby, nonpareil, emerald, 
 minion, brevier, bourgeois, long primer, small 
 pica, pica, English, great primer, canon, t. 
 (principal sizes in ascending order), black l - 
 letter, church Mext, clarendon, German 2 - 
 
 text, GOTHIC, ITALIC, ROMAN 2 , RUNIC, SCRIPT, 
 
 t., fount 2 of t.; t.-bar, line of tt. in solid bar 
 as cast in some t. -setting machines ; t.-high, 
 (of woodcut &c.) of proper height to print with 
 t.; t. -metal, alloy of lead with (tin &) antimony 
 used for printing-tt. ; t.-setter, compositor; t.- 
 setting, setting of tt. in proper order for print- 
 ing, t.-s. machine (for simplifying this process, 
 sometimes including the making of tt. as they 
 are needed; t.-wheel, wheel bearing letters in 
 relief as used in some t.- writers & telegraphs; 
 t.-write, print (copy &c. or abs.) with t.-writer ; 
 t.-writer, machine for producing printedcharac- 
 ters on paper as substitute for handwriting, 
 (also typiST n.) user of this. [F, f. L f. Gk 
 tupos blow, impress, model, f. tupto strike] 
 
 type 2 , v.t. Be a type of; type-write, [prec] 
 
 typhlrtis, n. Inflammation of caecum & 
 vermiform appendix. Hence typhli'tic a. 
 [f. Gk tuphlos blind, w. ref. to caecum, + -itis] 
 
 typhoid, a. & n. Like typhus ; t. (fever), 
 infectious fever with eruption of red points on 
 chest & abdomen & severe intestinal irritation, 
 enteric; t. bacillus, germ held to cause t. ; t. con- 
 dition (of depressed vitality, occurring in many 
 acute diseases); t.- pneumonia (combined with 
 t). Hence typhoi'dAL a. [f. typhus + -oid] 
 
 typhoma'nia, n. Muttering delirium char- 
 acteristic of typhus, [-mania] 
 
 typhd'nia, n. Kind of waking sleep, some- 
 times attended with typhomania. [f. typhus] 
 
 typhoo'n, n. Violent hurricane in the China 
 seas occurring esp. from July to October. Hence 
 typho'nic a. [f. Arab, tufcui f. Gk tuphon, 
 -6s, whirlwind, cogn. w. tuphos smoke] 
 
 typhus, n. Fever marked by eruption of 
 purple spots, great prostration, & usu. de- 
 lirium; malignant, simple, t., severe, mild, 
 form of t. Hence typhous a. [L, f. Gk tuphos 
 smoke, stupor] 
 
 typie, a. T. fever, one that is regular in its 
 attacks or follows particular type. [f. L f. Gk 
 tupikos (as type l , see -ic)] 
 
 typical, a. Serving as a type or character- 
 istic example, representative, symbolical, em- 
 blematic, (of), as a t. genus, plant, Scotchman, 
 is t. of the genus, was t. of (foreshadowed) 
 Christ's second coming ; characteristic of, serv- 
 ing to distinguish, a type, as t. markings, struc- 
 ture, phraseology. Hence typiealLY 2 adv., 
 typiealNESS n. [f. LL typicalis (prec., -al)J 
 
 typify, v.t. Represent by a type, foresha- 
 dow ; be a type of, embody the characteristics 
 of. Hence typiFiCA'TiON, typifiER 1 , nn, 
 [as TYPE 1 + -fy] 
 
 typo, n. (colloq.). = typographer, [abbr.] 
 
 typo- in comb. (bef. vowel typ-) ~ type, as: 
 -graph, machine for making & setting type ; 
 -lite, stone impressed with figure of animal &c, 
 fossil ; -logy, doctrine, interpretation, of (esp. 
 
TYPOGRAPHY 
 
 biblical) types, so -lo'gical a. ; -onym (biol. ), name 
 based on a type, so -o'nymal, -ony'mic, aa. 
 
 typd'graphy, n. Art of printing, whence 
 typo'grraphER i n.; character, appearance, of 
 printed matter, as faults oft., the t. was admir- 
 able. Hence typogTa'phic(AL) aa., typo- 
 graphical ly"- adv. [f. type + -o- + -graphy] 
 
 typtd'logy, n. Spirit-rapping. Hence typ- 
 tolo'g-iCAL a., typto'logiST(3) n. [irreg. f. Gk 
 tupto strike + -logy] 
 
 tyra'nnieal, a. Acting like, characteristic 
 of, a tyrant; arbitrary, imperious, despotic. 
 Hence or cogn. tyra'nniealr.Y 2 , ty'ran- 
 nousLY 2 , advv., tyra'nniealNESS n., ty- 
 rannous a. [tyrannic (now rare) f. F tyran- 
 nique f. L f. Gk turannikos (tyrant, -ic) + -al] 
 
 tyra'nnieide, n. Killer, killing, of a tyrant. 
 Hence tyra'nnicidAL a, [F, f. L tyrannicida, 
 •cidium, (as tyrant, see -cide)] 
 
 tyrannize, v.i. & t. Play the tyrant, rule 
 despotically or cruelly {over person &c.) ; (now 
 rare) rule (person &c. ) despotically, [f . F tyran- 
 niser f. Gk turannizo (as tyrant, see -ize)] 
 
 tyranny, n. Despotic or cruel exercise of 
 power ; instance of this, tyrannical act or be- 
 haviour; rule of (Greek) tyrant, period of this. 
 [f. OF tyrannie f. med.L (-i'a) f. Gk turannia, -is, 
 as foil.] 
 
 tyr'ant, n. Oppressive or cruel ruler ; (Gk 
 Hist.) absolute ruler owing his office to usurpa- 
 tion, Thirty Tt., oligarchs ruling Athens 404-3 
 B.C. ; t.-bird, -fly- catcher, kinds of Amer. pas- 
 serine bird [f. OF tiran(t) f. L f. Gk turannos] 
 
 tyre ', n. E.-Ind. preparation of milk & rice, 
 [native] 
 
 tyre 2 . See tire 2 . 
 
 tyro. See tiro. 
 
 Tyrole'se (-z), a. & n. (pi. same). (Native) of 
 the Tyrol, [-ese] 
 
 7yro//e*nne (-en), n. Dance of Tyrolese pea- 
 sants, song suitable for this. [F] 
 
 tyroto'xieon, n. A ptomaine produced in 
 milk or cheese, [f. Gk turos cheese + toxikon 
 poison] 
 
 Tyrrhene, Tyrrhe'nian, aa. Etruscan, 
 [f. L f. Gk Tvrrhinos + -ian] 
 
 tzar &c. See czar &c. 
 
 tzetze. See tsetse. 
 
 Tzi'gany, a. & n. Of the Hungarian Gipsies 
 or their music ; (n.) Hungarian Gipsy. [Hung.] 
 
 U 
 
 U, u, (u), letter (pi. L"s, U's). U-bolt, -tube, &c, 
 (shaped like U). 
 
 Abbreviations (1): United, as U.K. (King- 
 dom), U.S. (States, i.e. of America), U.S.A. 
 (States of America, States Army), U.S.N. 
 (States Navy); Utah, U.T. (Territory). 
 
 Abbreviations (2): ult.(t'mo); Univ.(ersity); 
 Ut.(ah). 
 
 ubl'ety, n. Being in definite place, local re- 
 lation, whereness. [f. L ubi where, see -ty] 
 
 ubiquitar'ian, a. & n. (theol.). Of, be- 
 liever in, the omnipresence of Christ's body. 
 Hence ubiquitar'ianiSM n. [foil., -arian] 
 
 ubi'quity, n. Omnipresence ; being every- 
 where or in an indefinite number of places at 
 same time ; u. of the king (law), his official pre- 
 sence in courts in the person of his judges. 
 Hence ubi'quitous a., ubi'quitousLY 2 
 adv., ubi'quitous ness n. [f. OF ubiquite 
 (L ubique everywhere f. ubi where, see -ty)] 
 
 ubi su'pra, adv. In the place (in book &c.) 
 above mentioned. [L, lit. where above] 
 
 u'dal, n. Kind of freehold right based on 
 uninterrupted possession prevailing in N. 
 Europe before feudal system & still in Orkney 
 
 F.D. 
 
 961 ULTERIOR 
 
 & Shetland (often attrib., as u. tenure); udal- 
 man, holder of property by u., so u'dallER i n. 
 [f. ON othal, cf. OHG uodil farm] 
 u'dder, n. Mammary glands of cattle &c. 
 esp. when large & having more than one teat. 
 Hence (-)udderED 2 , u'dderLESs, aa. [OE 
 itder, cf. Du. uijcr, G enter, cogn. w. L vber, 
 Gk outhar] 
 
 udo'meter, n. Rain-gauge. Hence udo- 
 me'tric a. [f. L udus damp + -o- + -meter] 
 
 ugh (dbh <£*c), int. expr. disgust or horror. 
 
 u'gly, a. & n. Unpleasing or repulsive to 
 sight, as an u. beast of a bull-dog, must not 
 make u. faces, the ugliest house I have seen, 
 has an u. scar on the forehead ; morally re- 
 pulsive, vile, discreditable, unpleasant, unplea- 
 santly suggestive, threatening, unpromising, 
 as u. vices, his conduct has an it. look, u. ru- 
 mours are about, an u. (awkward) job, an u. 
 customer, formidable person, cloud has an u. 
 look, have had u. weather, an u. gash. Hence 
 u'gliFY v.t., u'gliLY 2 adv., u'glixEss n. 
 (N.) shade worn as appendage to bonnet about 
 middle of 19th c. [f. ON uggligr fearful (uggr 
 fear cogn. w. awe + -ligr -ly !)] 
 
 U'grian, U'grie, (oo-), aa. Finnic, [f. name 
 of a tribe +_-ian, -ic] 
 
 uh'lan (oo-, u-), n. Cavalryman armed with 
 lance in some European armies. [G, f. Pol. 
 ulan t Turk. & Tartar oglan son, child] 
 
 uka'se (-as), n. Edict^fei Russian govern- 
 ment, [f. Russ. ukazu ordinance, edict] 
 
 -ul- in comb. = -ule, forming derivative 
 adjj. &c. with or without dim. sense & often 
 preferred to direct formations from parent 
 noun (glandular, globulin, nodulose). 
 
 u'leer, n. Open sore on external or internal 
 surface of body with secretion of pus&c; (fig.) 
 moral blemish, corrupting influence,&c. Hence 
 or cogn. u'leerED 2 , u'leerous, aa., u'leer- 
 ously 2 adv., u'lcerousNESS n. [f. L ulcus 
 -eris sore, cf. Gk helkos wound, sore] 
 
 u'leerate, v.i. & t. Form, convert or be con- 
 verted into, affect with, an ulcer (lit. & fig.). 
 Hence or cogn. u'leerABLE, u'leer ative, aa., 
 uleerA'TiON n. [f. L ulcerare (prec), -ate 3 ] 
 
 -ule, suf. of dimm. f. L wds in -ulus, -ula, 
 -ulum, as globule (L globulus f. globus), gran- 
 ule, pustule, & in mod. wds on L anal, an- 
 guillule ; also -le, as angle. In pendule, -ule 
 has diff. orig. 
 
 U'lema (oo-), n. Moslem doctors of sacred 
 law & theology esp. in Turk, empire, [f. Arab. 
 'ule?na pi. of alim learned f. 'alama know] 
 
 -ulent, suf. of adjj. f. L, repr. L -ulentus, the 
 normal form of -lentus -lent, as in fraudulent, 
 turbident, tmiculent. Hence n. suf. -ulence. 
 
 uli'ginose, a. (bot). Growing in muddy 
 places, [f. L uliginosus (uligo -ginis moisture 
 f. uvere be wet, see -ose 1 )] 
 
 u'llagre (-ij), n. (commerc.). What a cask 
 &c. wants of being full. [f. Pr. ulhage (ulha fill 
 up f. L oculus eye, in sense opening)] 
 
 u'lmin, n. (chem.). Black gummy substance 
 found on elm & other trees & in vegetable 
 mould &c. Hence u'lmic, u'lmous, aa. 
 (chem.). [f. L ulmus elm -f -in] 
 
 u'lna, n. (pl.-ae). Inner of two bones of fore- 
 arm (cf. radius). Hence u'lnAR 1 a., u'lno- 
 comb. form. [L, = elbow, cf. Gk olene] 
 
 ulo'triehan, a. & n. , -ous, a. , (-k-). Woolly- 
 haired, esp. (member) of the woolly-haired di- 
 vision of mankind, [f. Gk oulos woolly + 
 thrix trikhos hair + -an, -ous] 
 
 u'lster, n. Long loose overcoat often with 
 belt orig. of Ulster frieze, whence u'lsterED 2 
 a. ; ILcustom, form of tenant-right in U. 
 
 ulter'ior, a. Situated beyond; more re- 
 
 3] 
 
ULTIMA 
 
 962 
 
 UMPIRE 
 
 mote, not immediate, in the future, in the 
 background, beyond what is seen or avowed, 
 (u. views, object, plans). Hence ultep'ioPLY 2 
 adv. [L, compar. of adj. seen in ultra-] 
 
 u'ltima, a. Last, most remote, (in phrr.: u. 
 ratio, final argument esp. force, u. ratio re'- 
 gum, last argument of kings, resort to arms, u. 
 thule). [L, fern, of ultimus, superl. as prec] 
 
 irltimate (-at), a. Last, final, beyond which 
 no other exists or is possible, as u. result, ana- 
 lysis; fundamental, primary, as u. 6a.si.s-, u. 
 principles, truths, u. cause (beyond which no 
 other can be found), the u. facts of nature (be- 
 yond reach of analysis). Hence u'ltimateLY 2 
 adv., irltimate .vess n. [f. L ultimare come 
 to an end (ultimus, as prec), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ultima'tum, n. (pi. -turns, -ta). Final pro- 
 posal or statement of terms, rejection of which 
 by opposite party may lead to rupture, decla- 
 ration of war, &c; ultimate conclusion ; funda- 
 mental principle, [neut. p.p. as prec] 
 
 wltimo, adv. (usu. abbr. ult.). In the month 
 preceding that now current (cf. proximo, in- 
 stant 1 ), as your letters of the 28th ult. & 3rd 
 inst. [L, abl. of -ultimus, see ultima] 
 
 ultimogeniture, n. System in which 
 youngest son (cf. primogeniture) takes in- 
 heritance, = BOROUGH-ENGLISH, [f. L ultilllUS 
 
 (see ultima) on primogeniture] 
 
 u'ltra, a. & n. Favouring, advocate of, ex- 
 treme views or measures. 1= foil.] 
 
 ultra-, pref. = L ultra beyond, on the other 
 side of, esp. as living pref. to adjj. & their deri- 
 vatives w. sense 'excessively, beyond what is 
 usual or natural or reasonable ', as : -classical 
 -conservatism, -conservative ; -cosmopolitan ; 
 -critical; -fashionable; -partisan; -Protestant- 
 {is?n) ; -religious. 
 
 u'ltraist, n. Holder of extreme opinions in 
 politics, religion, &c So u'ltraiSM n. [-ist] 
 
 u'ltramapi'ne (en ), a. & n. Situated beyond 
 the sea. (X.) blue pigment got from lapis lazuli ; 
 artificial u. (made by mixing clay, carbonate of 
 soda, sulphur, & resin), u. ashes, residuum of 
 lapis lazuli after extraction of u., used by old 
 masters for neutral flesh tints &c [ultra + 
 marine ; n. sense from fact that lapis lazuli 
 was brought from beyond sea] 
 
 ultpamcrntane, a. & n. Situated south of 
 the Alps ; Italian ; favourable to the absolute 
 authority of the Pope in matters of faith & dis- 
 cipline, whence ultramo'ntanis.M, ultra- 
 mo'ntaniST, nn.; (n.) one who resides south 
 of the Alps, person holding u. views, [f. ultra- 
 + L mo7is -litis mountain + -ane(1); earlier in 
 senses 4 north of Alps ', ' unfavourable to Pope ', 
 &c, cf. tramontane, cismontane] 
 
 ultramu'ndane, a. Beyond the w»rld or 
 the solar system ; of another life, [ultra-] 
 
 orltpa-vi'olet, a. (Of invisible rays of the 
 spectrum) j>eyond the violet rays, [ultra-] 
 
 u'ltra vir'es, adv. or pred. a. Beyond one's 
 power or. authority. [L] 
 
 ultpomoti'vity, n. Power of spontaneous 
 movement, [f. L ultro of one's own accord -f 
 
 MOTTVITY] 
 
 U'lulate, v.i. Howl ; hoot. So u'lulANTa., 
 uIuIa'tion n. [f. L ululare, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 -um. See -ium. 
 
 u'mbel, n. (bot.). Flower-cluster in which 
 stalks nearly equal in length spring from com- 
 mon centre & form a flat or convex or concave 
 surface as in parsley. HenceuTnbellAL, u*m- 
 toellAR 1 , u , mbellATE 2 (2). umbelli'FEROus, 
 umbe'lliFORM, aa,, irmbellET 1 , umbe'll- 
 ule, nn, [f. L umbella sunshade dim. of umbraI 
 
 u'mber, n., a., & v.t. Natural pigment like 
 Ochre but darker & browner (raw u., this in 
 
 natural state, of dark yellow colour, burnt u., 
 redder &deeper^in colour), whence u'mbePY 2 
 a.; grayling; u.-bird (also umbre'tte), Afr. bird 
 allied to stork & heron ; (adj.) of u. colour, 
 dark, dusky ; (v.t.) colour with u. [(vb & adj. 
 f. n.) f. OF ombre (in pigment sense, short for 
 terre d'ombre) f. L umbra shade, kind of fish] 
 
 umbi'lical (or -i'kl), a. Of, situated near, 
 the umbilicus, as u. cord, rope-like structure 
 passing from foetus to placenta ; central ; con- 
 nected through the female line, as an u. ances- 
 tor. [-AL] 
 
 umbi'lieate (-at), a. Shaped like a navel, 
 whence umbiliCATiON n.; having an umbili- 
 cus. [-ATE 2 ] 
 
 umbili'culap, a. Of the navel ; u. contem- 
 plation, sitting with gaze fixed on one's navel, 
 (practised by Indian mystics as means of attain- 
 ing great sanctity). [-UL-, -ar 1 ] 
 
 umbili'cus, n. Navel, whence umbili*- 
 ferous, irmbiliFORM, aa.; (Bot., Zool., 
 Conch.) navel-like formation ; (Geom.) point in 
 a surface through which all lines of curvature 
 pass ; (Rom. Ant.) boss at each end of stick on 
 which MS was rolled. [L, cogn. w.Gk omphalos] 
 
 u'mbo, n. (pi. -os, -6'nes). Boss of shield, esp. 
 in centre; (Bot., Zool., &c) boss, knob, protu- 
 berance. Hence irmbonAL, u*mb"*nATE 2 , 
 umbo'nic, aa. [L, gen. -onis, cogn. w. prec. 
 & w. Gk ambon boss, pulpit] 
 
 U'mbpa, n. (pi. -ae). That part of the shadow 
 of earth or moon within which sun is entirely 
 hidden ; dark central part of sun-spot (cf. pen- 
 umbra) ; (Rom. Ant.) uninvited guest brought 
 by a guest. Hence u'mbPAL a. [L, = shade] 
 
 umbra/eulum, n. (bot.). Kinds of umbrella- 
 shaped appendage. Hence umbpa'culATE 2 , 
 umbpaeuli'FEROUS, umbpa'euliFORM, aa. 
 [L, = umbrella, dim. of prec] 
 
 u'mbpagre (-ij), n. Sense of slight or injury, 
 offence, as give, take, u.; (chiefly poet.) shade, 
 what gives shade, so umbpa'geous a, [f. F 
 ombrage (ombre shadow, f. umbra, see -age)] 
 
 umbpe'lla, n. Light circular canopy of silk 
 or other material attached to radiating folding 
 frame sliding on stick carried in the hand as 
 protection against rain or (now usu. sunshade, 
 parasol) sun ; gelatinous disk of jelly-fish &c 
 by contraction & expansion of which it swims ; 
 (also u.-shell) gasteropod with u.-like shell ; u.- 
 bird, kinds of S.-Amer. bird with radiating 
 crest; u.-stand (for holding closed uu., usu. 
 with pan at bottom to catch drippings); u.-tree, 
 small kind of magnolia with leaves in u.-like 
 whorl at end of branch, (colloq.) tree so grafted 
 or trained that its branches droop in u. form. 
 Hence umbpe*lla'd[-ED 2 ] a. [f. It ombrella, 
 um-, dim. of ombra shade f. umbra] 
 
 umbrette. See umber. 
 
 U'mbpian, a. Of (ancient or modern) Um- 
 bria; U. school, school of painting to which 
 Raphael & Perugino belonged; (n.) language, 
 inhabitant, of ancient Umbria. [-an] 
 
 umbpi'fepous, a. Affording shade, [f. L 
 umbrifer (umbra, see-FEROUS] 
 
 umiak (ob'myak), n. Eskimo boat worked by 
 women. [Esk.] 
 
 umlaut (oo'mlowt), n., & v.t. (In Germanic 
 languages) vowel change due to i or u (now 
 usu. lost or altered) in following syllable (e.g. 
 German mann manner, fuss fiisse, English 
 man men) ; (vb) modify (form, sound) by the 
 u. [G (um- around + laut sound)] 
 
 u'mpipe, n., & v.i. & t. (Law) third person 
 called in to decide between arbitrators who dis- 
 agree ; person chosen to decide question ; per- 
 son chosen to enforce rules & settle disputes in 
 cricket or other game. Hence u*mpiPAGE(3), 
 
'UN 
 
 963 
 
 UN- 
 
 U'mpinesHip, nn. ( Vb) act as u. (for persons, 
 %n game &c.), act as u. in (game), [(vb f. n.) 
 ME nompere f. OF nomper peerless, not equal, 
 in sense third man, odd man, (noil not + per 
 peer 1 ); for loss of n- cf. adder] 
 
 'un, pron. (colloq.). One, as that 's a good 'un, 
 he's a tough 'un, stiff-'uns' race. 
 
 un- !, pref. of vbs w. neg. sense & usu. denot- 
 ing action contrary to or annulling that of the 
 simple vb. The pref. being unlimited in \ise, 
 only a selection of the existing vbs & deriva- 
 tive wds is here given. Adjj. in -able, -ed, & 
 -ing, are identical in form with wds in un- 2 , 
 with or without material difference in mean- 
 ing : undoable, unstrappable, may mean ' that 
 can be undone, unstrapped ', or ' that cannot be 
 done, strapped ' ; unbracing may mean ' that 
 unbraces ' or ' that does not brace ' ; an unbend- 
 ing person is one fond of or averse to relaxa- 
 tion ; an un 2 coiled rope must be coiled before 
 it can be urOcoiled ; an unbridlED 1 horse may 
 (un- 1 ) or may not (un- 2 ) have been previously 
 bridled, in either case he is now un 2 bridlED 2 . 
 As a rule, the un- 2 forms of such adjj. are cur- 
 rent, the others not. The stress in the foil, 
 wds is not marked, being the same as in the 
 simple vb or n. or, where that is monosyllabic, 
 falling on the second syllable (undecei've, un- 
 say); outp.pp. or adjj. in -ed, whether in un- 1 
 or un- 2 , tend in attrib. use to take stress on un- 
 (cf. -ed 2 ), as an u'nmasked villain, an xi'nmuz- 
 zled hound, villain was unma'sked, dog was 
 unmu'zzled. 
 
 (1) Wds formed upon a simple verb & with 
 contrary sense (rarely w. intensified negative 
 sense, as unloose). The distinction between 
 some of these & the vbs in the following groups, 
 which appear to be formed rather on a noun, 
 is necessarily arbitrary, the assumed simple vb 
 (identical in form with the noun, from which 
 it is usu. derived) being often rare or non-ex- 
 istent in the required senses of ' furnish with ', 
 'place in', &c. Exx.: unanchor v.t. & i.; nn- 
 attire v.t. & i.; imbalance v.t.; unbank v.t., 
 cause (fire) to burn briskly by removing ashes 
 from top; unbar v.t., remove bar from (gate 
 &c), unlock!, open, (often fig.); unbear v.t., take 
 off or relax bearing-rein of (horse) ; unbend v.t. 
 & i., change from bent position, straighten, re- 
 lax (mind &c.) from strain or exertion, rid one- 
 self of constraint, be affable, whence unbend- 
 ing 1 a., (Naut.) unfasten (sails) from yards & 
 stays, cast (cable) loose, untie (rope) ; unbeseem 
 v.t., be unbecoming to ; unbias v.t., free from 
 bias; unbind v.t., release from bonds or bind- 
 ing ; unblindfold v.t.; unblock v.i. (whist), play 
 high card to avoid interrupting partner's long 
 suit ; unbolt v.t., release (door &c.) by drawing 
 back bolt ; unbonnet v.i. & t., take off cap &c. 
 e.g. in salutation, remove the bonnet of ; un- 
 bosom v.i. & t., disclose one's secret feelings, 
 disclose (thoughts &c); unbrace v.t., remove 
 the braces of, free from tension, relax (nerves 
 &c.) ; unbraid v.t., separate the strands of ; un- 
 breech v.t., free the breech of (cannon) from 
 fastenings &c. ; unbridle v.t., remove bridle 
 from (horse, fig. person, tongue, &c); unbuckle 
 v.t., release the buckle of (strap, shoe, &c); 
 unburden v.t., relieve of burden, relieve (one- 
 self, conscience, &c.) by confession &c. to per- 
 son ; unbutton v.t., open (coat &c.) by with- 
 drawing buttons from buttonholes ; unchain 
 v.t.; unehristianize v.t.; unclasp v.t., loosen 
 the clasp of ; unclench, -inch, v.t. & i.; unclog 
 v.t.; unclose v.t. & i., open ; unclothe v.t.; un- 
 cock v.t., let down hammer of (gun) softly so as 
 not to explode charge ; uncoil v.t. & i.; uncord 
 v.t.; uncork v.t., draw cork from (bottle), (col- 
 
 loq.) give vent or expression to (feelings &c.) ; 
 uncouple v.t., release (dogs, railway-cars, &c.) 
 from couples or couplings ; uncover v.t. & i., 
 remove covering from, lay bare, disclose, take 
 off one's hat or cap, (Mil., of front line) expose 
 (the line behind) by wheeling to right or left; 
 uncreate 1 v.t., annihilate; uncross v.t., re- 
 move (legs, arms, knives, &c.) from crossed 
 position; uncurb v.t.; uncurl v.t.; undeceive 
 v.t., free from deception, whence undeceived 1 
 a.; undeify v.t.; undo v.t., annul (cannot u. the 
 past, our past actions), untie or unfasten or 
 unloose (coat, button, parcel), unfasten the but- 
 tons or garments or stays of (person), ruin the 
 prospects or reputation or morals of, whence 
 undoer, undoing, nn., undone 1 a.; undomesti- 
 cate v.t.; undrape v.t.; undress 1 v.t. & i., take 
 off the clothes of, take off one's clothes, whence 
 undressed 1 a.; unegoize v.t.; unentanglev.t.; 
 unequalize v.t.; unfasten v.t, whence unfas- 
 tened i a.; unfetter v.t., whence unfettered 1 a.; 
 unfeudalize v.t.; unfile v.t., remove (paper) 
 from file ; unfit v.t., make unsuitable (for) ; un- 
 fix v.t., whence unfixed 1 a.; unfold 1 v.t. & i., 
 open the folds of, spread out, (fig.) reveal 
 (thoughts, designs), become opened out, deve- 
 lop ; unform v.t.; unfurl v.t. & i., spread out 
 (sail), become spread out; ungear v.t., strip of 
 gear, throw out of gear; ungild v.t.; ungird 
 v.t.; unglaze v.t.; unha'llow v.t., profane, de- 
 secrate ; rinhand v.t., take one's hands off, re- 
 lease from one's grasp; unhang v.t., remove 
 from hanging position, strip (wall &c.) of hang- 
 ings; unharness v.t.; unhasp v.t., loose from * 
 hasp ; unhinge v.t., take (door) off its hinges, 
 disorder (mind &c), whence unhinged a.; un- 
 hitch v.t.; unhook v.t., remove from hook, open 
 (dress &c. ) by detaching its hooks ; unhoop v. t. ; 
 unhouse v.t., deprive of shelter, drive from 
 house; unhumanize v.t.; unjoin v.t.; unjoint 
 v.t., separate joints of (fishing-rod &c); unkink 
 v.t. &i.; unknit v.t.; unknot v.t.; unlace v.t., 
 loose or open by undoing lace(s) of (boot, stays, 
 &c); unlade v.t.; unlash v.t. (naut.); unlatch 
 v.t., release latch of (door); unlay v.t. (naut.), 
 untwist ;unlearn v.t., expel from one's memory, 
 forget the knowledge of, rid oneself of (esp. 
 false or misleading information, habit, &c); 
 unline v.t., remove lining of ; unlink v.t. ; un- 
 load v.t., remove load from (ship, cart, &c, or 
 abs.), remove (load) from ship &c, withdraw 
 charge from (gun &c.) ; unlock v.t., release lock 
 of (door, box, &c, fig. mind Sec), (fig.) disclose 
 (secret &c); unlodge v.t., dislodge ; unloose v.t., 
 loose; unmake v.t., destroy, annul; unmask 
 v.t. & i, remove the mask from, expose (villain, 
 villany), take off one's mask, reveal one's true 
 character &c; unmew v.t. (poet., rhet.), release ; 
 unmoor v.t., loose the moorings of (vessel &c. 
 or fig., also abs.), weigh one of two or more 
 anchors of (vessel); unmortise v.t.; unmould 
 v.t., change the form of ; unmuffle v.t. & i., re- 
 move muffler from (face, bell, &c), remove 
 muffler &c. from one's face; unmuzzle v.t.; 
 unnaturalize v.t., make unnatural ; unnerve 
 v.t., deprive of nerve or strength or resolution, 
 whence unnerved a.; unjjack v.t., open & re- 
 move contents of (package, box, &c, or abs.), 
 take out (contents) from package &c; unpeg 
 v.t., remove the peg(s) from or of, open thus ; 
 unpeople v.t., depopulate; unpick v.t., undo 
 (stitches, garment &c.) by picking, open with 
 pick ; unpin v.t., unfasten by removing pins; 
 unplaitv. t. ; unplug v. t. ; unpreach v. t. , recan t 
 in preaching ; unravel v.t., separate (threads 
 &c), separate the threads of (material), disen- 
 tangle (lit. & fig.) ; unreel v.t. &i., unwind, be- 
 come unwound, from reel ; nnreeve v.t. (naut.); 
 
UN- 
 
 unrein v.t., give the rein to (often fig.); unrid- 
 dle v.t, solve o explain (riddle, mystery) ; 
 unrig v.t. (naut.); unrip v.t., rip open or apart; 
 unrivet v.t.; unroll v.t. & i., open (roll of cloth 
 &c.), (of roll) be opened, display, be displayed; 
 unromanize v.t.; um;oot v.t., pull up by root ; 
 unsa'ddle v.t. (often abs.); unsay v.t., retract 
 (statement), whence unsaid 1 a.; unscrew v.t., 
 unfasten by removing screws, loosen (screw) ; 
 unseal v.t., break the seal of, open, (letter &c.) ; 
 unseam v.t., rip open (garment &c.) at seam; 
 unseat v.t., remove from seat, throw from seat 
 on horseback, depose (M.P. &c.) from seat, 
 whence unseated 1 a.; unset v.t., remove (gem) 
 from its setting; unsettle v.t., disturb orderly 
 arrangement of, discompose, disincline to rou- 
 tine &c. (holidays u. me), derange (intellect), 
 whence unsettled l a. ; unshackle v. t. ; unsheathe 
 v.t,; unship v.t., unload (cargo), disembark (pas- 
 senger), (Naut.) remove (oar, tiller, &c.) from 
 place where it is fixed or fitted, whence un- 
 shipped 1 a.; unsling v.t. (esp. naut); unspeak 
 v.t., retract; unsteel v.t., soften, relax, (resolu- 
 tion, person); unstick v.t., separate (thing stuck 
 to another); unstitch v.t., undo stitches of ; un- 
 stock v.t., deprive of stock, remove (gun-barrel) 
 from stock ; unstop v.t., free from obstruction, 
 remove stopper from ; xinstrap v.t., remove or 
 undo the strap(s) of ; unstring v.t., remove the 
 s.trings of, loosen strings of (harp &c), take 
 (beads &c.) off string, weaken (nerves), weaken 
 nerves of (person &c.), whence unstrung a.; un- 
 swaddle v.t.; unswathe v.t.; unsivear v.t., re- 
 cant by oath; untack v.t., disjoin, separate, 
 (thing tacked to another); untangle v.t.; un- 
 teach v.t. ; untemper v.t. , take away the temper 
 of (metal &c); untether v.t.; unthink v.t., re- 
 tract in thought; unthread v.t., take thread 
 out of (needle), find one's way out of (maze); 
 untie v.t., undo (knot &c), undo the cords &c. 
 of (bundle, package, &c), liberate from bonds, 
 whence untied 1 a.; untruss v.t; untuck v.t; 
 untune v.t, put outof tune (lit. & fig.); untwine 
 v.t .& i.; untwist v.t & i.; unveil v.t. & L, re- 
 move veil from (person, one's face), remove con- 
 cealing drapery from (statue &c.) with cere- 
 monies ; unvote v.t, retract by vote (what has 
 been voted); unwarp v.t., restore from warped 
 state; unweave v.t, take to pieces (textile fa- 
 bric), separate (woven threads); unwill v.t., 
 will the reverse of (what one has willed); un- 
 wind v.t. & i., draw out at length (what is 
 wound), become thus drawn out, whence un- 
 wound 1 a.; unwork v.t., undo, destroy, (fabric 
 &c); unwrap v.t; unwrinkle v.t.; unyoke v.t. 
 & i., release (as) from yoke, (fig.) cease work. 
 (2) Vbs formed on n. or vb— see (1)— & having 
 sense ' deprive of ', 4 separate from '. A simple 
 vb sometimes exists in same sense, e.g. (un)- 
 bone, (un)husk, (un)shell. Exx. : xinapparel 
 v.t; unarm v.t., deprive of arms or armour, 
 whence unarmed 1 a.; ttnballast v.t; unbelt 
 v.t; unbone v.t; unboot v. t. & i. ; unbowelv.tr, 
 uncap v.t.; uncloak v.t.; uncowl v.t, uncover 
 (face) by removing cowl, unmonk ; uncrown 
 v.t, deprive (esp. fig. king &c.) of crown; un- 
 edgev.t., destroy edge of, blunt; unface v.t., 
 expose; unfeather v.t.; un f ence v.t; unflesh 
 v.t.; unflower v.t; unframev.t.; unfrock v.t., 
 deprive of frock or (fig.) of ecclesiastical rank ; 
 ungirdle v.t; unglove v.t. & i., deprive of, take 
 one's, gloves; ungown v.t; ungumv.t.; unhair 
 v.t; unhat v.t; unhelm v.t.; unhusk v.t; un- 
 lead v.t. (print.), remove leads from (types); 
 unlimber v.t.; unman v.t., deprive (esp. ship) of 
 men, see also (4); unmantle v.t; unnail v.t., 
 take nails out of, unfasten (box &c.) thus; un- 
 plume v.t; unprop v.t.; unring v.t.; unrobe 
 
 964 UN- 
 
 v.t & i., undress ; unroof v.t; unrumple \A.; 
 unscale v.t., remove scales of ; unselfv.t., rid 
 of self, unegoize ; unsex v.t, deprive (usu. wo- 
 man) of the qualities of the sex; unshell v.t.; 
 unshoe v.t, take shoe(s) off (horse &c); unshot 
 v.t., remove shot from (gun); unshutter v.t; 
 unsinew v.t; unsister v.t; unsolder v.t; un- 
 spar v.t; unstarch v.t, free from starch or 
 (fig.) stiffness or reserve; unstopper v.t.; tintile 
 v.t; untin v.t; untooth v.t; unturfv.t. 
 
 (3) Vbs similarly formed with sense ' release 
 from', 'take out of, ' displace from '. Exx.: 
 unbag v.t; unbed v.t; unbitt v.t. (naut.); tin- 
 box v.t.; uncage v.t.; uncart v.t.; uncase v.t.; 
 unchurch v.t., excommunicate; uncloisterv.t.; 
 uncoop v.t.; undock v.t; unearth v.t, drive 
 (fox &c.) from an earth, dig up, (fig.) bring to 
 light; unfold 2 v.t, release (sheep) from rold ; 
 unhive v.t; unhorse v.t, throw from horse, 
 (of horse) throw (rider), cause to dismount ; 
 unleash v.t; unnest v.t; unpen v.t; unperch 
 v.t; unroost v.t; unsnare v.t; unspell v.t., 
 release from spell ; unsphere v.t.; unstep v.t 
 (naut); untent v.t.; unthrone v.t.; untomb v.t 
 
 (4) Occasional vbs formed chiefly f. nouns 
 with sense ' cause to be no longer ', ' degrade 
 from the position of. Exx.: unbishop v.t; 
 unduke v.t; unking v.t; unlord v.t; unman 
 v.t, deprive of manly qualities, break the cou- 
 rage of, dishearten, emasculate, see also (2) ; 
 unmonk v.t.; unpopev.t.; unprelate v.t; un- 
 priest v.t; unprince v.t; unqueen v.t.; un- 
 squire v.t; unvican v.t. [OE, cf. Du. out-, G 
 ent-, Goth, and- (as in answer 1 ) cogn. w. Gk 
 
 ANTI-1 
 
 un- 2 , pref. giving negative sense to adjj. 
 with their derivative nn. & advv., & to a mis- 
 cellaneous group of nn. chiefly of independent 
 formation. 
 
 (1) Of the many adjj. formed with tin-, esp. of 
 those in -able, -ed, -ing, for which cf. UN- *, only 
 a selection is here given. The sense of un- is 
 either simply ' not ' (as in most adjj. in -able, 
 -ed, -ing, & in some others, as unofficial) or 
 more commonly ' the reverse of ', with implica- 
 tion of praise, blame, &c. Between un- & IN- 2 
 a differentiation has been suggested according 
 to which inartistic means 'contrary to rules of 
 art ', ' such as an artist would condemn ', & tin- 
 artistic means ' not concerned with rules of 
 art ' ; & pairs of words may be found that bear 
 out the distinction, esp. where one of the pair 
 has long been restricted to the proposed sense 
 & the other has been manufactured or revived 
 to supply its deficiencies (immoral, unmoral). 
 But the purely neutral sense thus ascribed to 
 un- is not that found in many of the most fami- 
 liar adjj. (unbeautiful, unfair, ungraceful, un- 
 gracious, unkind, unjust, ungenerous, untrue, 
 unscrupulous, unmanly, unscholarly, unlady- 
 like, -unchristian), including some of the exact 
 type of unartistic, (unscientific, unphilosoph i- 
 cal) '. when we say that a thing is untrue, we do 
 not mean that it does not matter for our pur- 
 pose whether it is true or not, but that it is 
 culpably inconsistent with truth. Apart 
 from the adjj. in -able, -ed, -ing, both un- & 
 in- more commonly have this implication 
 of blame &c, the purely neutral sense being 
 often given by non-(o). in- 2 is preferred to 
 un- with certain terminations of L orig., e.g. 
 -ate, -ite, -ant, -ent, -ble (exc. -able, now a living 
 E suf.), is for the most part archaic with -ed 1 , 2 
 (indigested Sec, but cf. inexperienced), and is 
 not used with -ing, -ful, -like, -ly, &c. Deriva- 
 tives in -ly, -ness, -ity, Sec, are briefly recorded. 
 The stress follows that of the simple adj. ; but 
 for adjj. in -erf see un- '. Exx. : unabashed ; un- 
 
UN- 
 
 965 
 
 UN- 
 
 abated ; unabbreviated ; xinabctted ; unabiding ; 
 unable, not able (to do); unabridged ; unabsorb- 
 able ; unabsorbed ; unabsorbent ; unaccented ; 
 nneiccentuated; unacceptable; unaccommodat- 
 ing; unaccompanied, not accompanied, (Mus.) 
 without accompaniment; unaccomplished, not 
 accomplished or achieved, lacking accomplish- 
 ments ; unaccordant ; unaccountable (-bility, 
 -bleness, -6/j/),that cannot be explained, strange, 
 not responsible ; unaccoutred ; unaccredited ; 
 unaccused ; unaccustomed, not accustomed (to), 
 not usual (his u. silence) ; unachievable ; ?m- 
 rtc/i te red ; unacknowledged ; unacquainted ; «n- 
 acquirable ; unacquired ; unacted ; unadapt- 
 able ; unadapted ; unaddicted ; xtxuzddressed ; 
 unadjudged ; unadjusted ; unadministered ; 
 xmadmired ; unadmonished ; unadorned ; ww- 
 adulterated ; nnadventurous ; unadvisable 
 (-bility) ; unadvised (-edly), indiscreet, rash, 
 ■without advice ; unaffable, unaffected (-ly, 
 •ness), free from affectation, genuine, sincere, 
 not affected (6j/) ; unaffiliated ; unafflicted ; tm- 
 aggressive ; unaided ; unalarmed ; xinallevi- 
 ated ; unallotted ; unallowable ; unalloyed ; 
 unalterable (-bility, -bleness, -bly) ; unaltered ; 
 unamazed ; unambiguous (-ly, -ness) ; unambi- 
 tious (-ly, -ness) ; unamenable ; unamendable ; 
 un-American, not American, foreign to Ameri- 
 can customs or ideas ; unamiable (-bility, 
 •bleness, -bly) ; unamusing ; unanalysable ; ww- 
 analysed; un animated ; unannounced; un- 
 answerable (-bility, -bleness, -bly), that cannot 
 be answered or refuted ; unanswered ; unanti- 
 cipated; unapocryphal ; unapostolic, contrary 
 to apostolic usage, not having apostolic autho- 
 rity ; unappalled ; unapparelled ; xinapparent ; 
 unappeasable ; unappeased ; xinappetizing 
 (-ly) ; unapplied ; unappreciated ; unappre- 
 ciative ; unapprehended ; unapprehensive ; un- 
 apprised ; unapproachable (-bility, -bleness, 
 -bly) ; unappropriated ; unapproving (-ly) ; un- 
 approved ; unapt (-ly, -ness) ; unarmed 2 ; un- 
 armoured ; unarranged ; unan^ayed ; unar- 
 rested ; unartijicial (-ly), not artificial, natural ; 
 unartistic ; unascertainable ; unascertained ; 
 unashamed ; unasked ; unaspirated ; unaspir- 
 ing (-ly) ; unassailable, not assailable, (of state- 
 ment &c.) against which nothing can be said ; 
 unassayed ; xmassignable ; unassimilated; un- 
 assisted ; unassuming ; unattached, not at- 
 tached, (Law) not seized for debt, (Mil.) not as- 
 signed to regiment or company ; unattainable 
 (-ness); unattempted ; unattended ; unattested ; 
 unattractive (-ly, -ness) ; unaugmented ; un- 
 authentic (-ity) ; unauthenticated ; unauthor- 
 ized ; unavailable ; unavailing (-ly), ineffec- 
 tual ; unavenged ; unavoidable (-bly) ; un- 
 avowed; xinaxvare, not aware (of, that, &c); 
 unawares [-es] adv. & n., unexpectedly, by sur- 
 prise, unintentionally, as was taken u. by his 
 question, must have dropped it u., (n.) at u., un- 
 expectedly ; unbacked, not supported, having 
 no backers (esp. in betting), (of horse) unbroken, 
 not taught to bear rider ; unbaptized ; unbear- 
 able (-bly); unbeaten, not beaten, not surpassed 
 (u. record &c); unbeautiful, ugly ; unbecoming 
 (-ly, -ness), indecorous (an u. speech), not be- 
 fitting (person, to or for person), not suited to the 
 wearer (an u. hat) ; unbefitting ; unbefriended ; 
 xmbegotten; unbeknown, -knownst [-es], colloq., 
 not known, esp. u. to quasi-adv., without the 
 knowledge of, as did it u. to him ; unbelievable ; 
 unbelieving (-ly), not believing esp. in divine 
 revelation; unbeloved (-vd) ; unbending 2 (-ly, 
 -ness), not bending, inflexible, firm, austere; 
 unbeneficed ; unbeseeming (-ly) ; unbesought ; 
 unbespoken ; unbias(s)ed ; unbiblical, not in or 
 authorized by the Bible ; unbidden, not com- 
 
 manded, not invited; unbigoted; unbleached; 
 unblemished ; unblest ; unblooded,(ol horse &c.) 
 not thoroughbred ; unblushing (-ly, -ness) ; un- 
 bookish; unborn; unbounded (ly, -ness), not 
 bounded (by, or abs.), infinite ; unbred ; nn- 
 bribable ; unbridled, not bridled, esp. fig. as 
 u. insolence, tongue ; unbroken (-ly, -ness), not 
 broken, not subdued, not interrupted (u. slum- 
 ber, peace), not surpassed (in u. record), not 
 broken in (u. horse) ; unbrotherly ; unburdened ; 
 unburied ; unbusinesslike ; uncalled, notcalled, 
 esp. u. for, impertinently obtruded, as the re- 
 mark was u. for, his u.-for remark ; xincandid 
 (-ly) ; uncanny (-iness), weird, mysterious, not 
 canny ; uncanonical (-ly, -ness) ; uncanonized ; 
 uncared-for, disregarded, neglected ; uncarpet- 
 ed ; uncastrated ; uncatalogued ; uncaused, not 
 caused, notcrea ted, self-existent ; uncauterized; 
 unceasing (-ly) ; xtnceremonioais (-ly, -ness), in- 
 formal, familiar, abrupt in manner, wanting 
 in courtesy ; xincertain (-ly, -ty), not certainly 
 knowing or known (am xi. xchich he means, xi. 
 of his meaning, is of xi. age, the result is xi.), 
 not to be depended on (is u. in his aim), change- 
 able (u. temper, weather) ; xmcertificated ; un* 
 challenged; xinchancy (chiefly Sc), unlucky, 
 unseasonable ; unchangeable (-bly, -ness) ; xin- 
 charitable (-bly, -ness), censorious, severe in 
 judgment; unchartered; unchary; xinchaste 
 (-ly, -tity) ; unchastened ; xinchivalroxis ; xin- 
 christian (-ly, -ness), not Christian, contrary to 
 the Christian character; uncircumcised, (fig.) 
 heathen, unregenerate ; uncircumstantial, not 
 going into details ; xincivil (-ly), ill-mannered, 
 rude ; xmeivilized ; xinclad ; unclaimed ; un- 
 clean (-ness), not clean, foul, unchaste, ceremo- 
 nially impure (in Jewish law) ; unclerical ; xm- 
 clothed; xincloxided; u'neo, a., n., adv., (Sc), 
 strange, unusual, (n.) stranger, (adv.) remark- 
 ably, very, [dial. var. of xinco uth]; xincoined '^in- 
 coloured, not coloured, (fig.) not exaggerated or 
 heightened in description (xi. accoxint &c.) ; xin- 
 combed; xincome-at-able (-kwmat-) colloq., not 
 accessible or attainable; xincomely (-iness) ; un- 
 comfortable (-bly) ; xincommercial, not com- 
 mercial, contrary to commercial principles ; 
 uncommitted; xineommon(-ly, -ness) a. & colloq. 
 adv., not common, unusual, remarkable, (adv.) 
 remarkably (an xi. fine girl) ; xincommxmica- 
 tive (-ly, -ness), reserved, taciturn ; xmcom- 
 panionable ; xmcomplainixig (-ly, -xtess) ; un- 
 complaisant (-ly) ; xincomplicated ; xmcompli- 
 mentary ; xincompounded ; uncompromising 
 (-ty), not admitting of compromise, decided, 
 inflexible, imyielding; xinconcerncd (-edly), not 
 concerned (in, with), easy in mind, free from 
 anxiety or agitation; xincondemned; xincon- 
 denscd ; xtnconditional (-ity, -ness, -ly), not sub- 
 ject to conditions, absolute, (u. sxirrcndtr, 
 refxisal) ; uncoxifirmed ; unconformable (-bly, 
 -ness); xincongenial (-ly) ; xinconnected ; xincon- 
 querable (-bly); xmconqxiered; unconsciexitious 
 (-ly, -ness) ; xmconscionable (-bly, -ness), wholly 
 unreasonable, not guided or restrained by con- 
 science, (Law) xi. bargain, contract too grossly 
 unfair to be enforced, [prob. f. conscioxi, formed 
 as sing, of conscience taken as pi.] ; xinconscioxts 
 (-ly, -ness), not conscious, as xvas xi. of any 
 change, lay xi. for some hoxirs, xi. cerebra- 
 tion ; xinconsecrated ; xinconsidered, disregard- 
 ed ; xinconstitxdional (-ity, -ly). (of measures, 
 acts, &c.) opposed to a country's constitution; 
 ttneonstrained (-edly); xinconsumed; xincon- 
 tainable ; uncontaminated ; uxicontemplated. 
 not expected; xin contract ed ; xmcontradicted; 
 xmcontrollable (-bly, -ness); xincoxitr oiled (-edly); 
 xincontroversial (-ly) ; xincontroverted ; xin- 
 coxiventional (-ity, -ly), not bound by conven- 
 
UN- 
 
 966 
 
 UN- 
 
 tion or custom, free in character or action 
 or treatment ; unconversable ; unconversant ; 
 unconverted; unconvinced; uncooked; un- 
 corroborated ; uncorroded ; uncorrupted ; un- 
 countenanced ; uncoupled; uncourtly; un- 
 couth (-ob-> (-ly, -ness), (of appearance, manner, 
 person) strange & awkward, clumsy, [OE un- 
 ciith unknown, strange (un-~ + cuth p.p. of 
 airman know, Can)]; uncovenanted, not pro- 
 mised by or based on a covenant (u. mercies of 
 God), not bound by a covenant (u. civil service 
 in India) ; uncovered ; uncoveted ; uncreated, 
 not yet created, (also archaic uncreate 2 ) exist- 
 ing without being created ; uncritical (-ly), 
 disinclined or incompetent to criticize, not ae- 
 cording to principles of criticism ; uncrossed, 
 not crossed (u. cheque Sec), not thwarted; un- 
 crowned (u. king, not yet crowned, also, having 
 power but not name of king) ; unculled ; un- 
 cultivable;uncultivated; uncultured; uncurbed; 
 uncurtailed; uncushioned; uncustomed, not 
 liable to duty, having paid no duty; uncut, 
 not cut, esp. (of book) with full untrimmed 
 margins ; undamaged ; undated l , not dated ; 
 undaunted {-ly, -ness), not daunted, fearless ; 
 undebated; undebauched; undeceived 2 ; tin- 
 decided, (-ly), not settled (point is still u.), 
 irresolute (he stood u.) ; undecipherable; un- 
 defended ; undefiled ; undefined ; undelivered ; 
 undemonstrated ; undemonstrative, not given 
 to showing strong feelings, reserved ; undeni- 
 able (-bly), that cannot be denied or disputed, 
 decidedly good ; undenominational (u. educa- 
 tion);uridenounced;undeperulable;undeplored; 
 undeposed; undepraved; undepreciated; tin- 
 depressed; undescried; undeserved (-edly); un- 
 deserving; undesignated; undesigned (-edly), 
 not designed, esp. not intended; undesirable 
 (-bility, -bleness, -bly) a. & n., not desirable, 
 unpleasant, inconvenient, (n.) u. person; un- 
 desired, not desired or solicited ; undesirous ; 
 undetachable ; undetected; undetermined, not 
 settled, irresolute; undeterred ; undeveloped ; 
 undeviating (-ly); undevout (-ly); undifferen- 
 tiated ; undijfused ; undigested ; undignified, 
 lacking or inconsistent with dignity; undil uted; 
 undiminished; undirnmed; undiplomatic; un- 
 directed ; undiscerned ; undiscerning (-ly) ; un- 
 discharged ; undisciplined ; undisclosed ; un- 
 discomfited ; undisconcerted ; undiscoverable 
 (-bly) ; undiscovered ; undiscrirninating (-ly) ; 
 undiscussed ; undisguised (-idly), not veiled, 
 open, (u. reluctance &c); undismayed; un- 
 dispelled; undispersed; undisplayed; undis- 
 puted; undissected; undissembled ; undis- 
 solved ; ^indistinguishable (-bly, -ness) ; undis- 
 tinguished ; undistracted ; uruiistressed ; un- 
 distributed (u. middle, fallacy resulting from 
 failure to distribute middle term) ; undis- 
 turbed (-edly) ; undiversified ; undiverted ; un- 
 divided ; undivorced ; undivulgcd ; undomesti- 
 cated; undone 2 , not done; undoubted; undoubt- 
 edly adv., without doubt (implying certainty 
 on speaker's part, cf. doubtless); undoubting 
 (-ly); undraped; undreamed-of, -mt-of; un- 
 dressed 2 ;undrilled;iindrinkable;undue(-duly), 
 excessive, disproportionate, (spoke with u. 
 warmth), improper (u. influence, by which per- 
 son, e.g. testator, is induced to do what he 
 would not of his own free will), (of bill &c.) 
 not yet due ; undurable (-bly) ; undutiful (-ly, 
 -ness); undying (-ly), immortal (u. fame Sec); 
 unearned, not earned (u. increment, increased 
 value of land due to external causes e.g. in- 
 creased population, not to owner's labour or 
 outlay) ; unearthly (-iness), not earthly, super- 
 natural, ghostly, weird, (u. cry, pallor); uneasy 
 (•ily, -iness), disturbed or uncomfortable in 
 
 body or mind (you seem u., passed an u. night), 
 disturbing (had an u. suspicion) ; uneatable ; 
 uneaten; anecclesiastical ; uneclipsed; uneco- 
 nomical; unedified ; unedifying ; unedited ; un- 
 ed ucated ; uneffaced ; uneffected ; undated ; 
 unelected; unelucidated ; unemancipated ; un- 
 embarassed ; unemotional (-ly) ; tmemphatic 
 (-ally); unemployed, not used, lacking em- 
 ployment, (u. capital, energies, the u.) ; un- 
 empowered ; unenclosed ; unencumbered (u. 
 estate, having no liabilities on it) ; unen- 
 dangered ; unending (-ly, -ness), having no 
 end; unendorsed; unendowed; unendurable 
 (-bly) ; unenforced ; unenfranchised ; unen- 
 gaged ; un-English, not (characteristic of 
 the) English : unen joy able ; unenlightened ; 
 unenrolled ; unenslaved ; unenterprising (-ly, 
 -ness) i; unentertaining (-ly, -ness); unenthu- 
 siastic; unenumerated; unenviable (-bly); un- 
 envied ; unequ<ible ; unequal (-ly) ; unequalled ; 
 unequipped ; unequivocal (-ly, -ness), not am- 
 biguous, plain, unmistakable; unerased; un- 
 erring (-ly, -ness), not erring or failing or 
 missing the mark (u. judgment, wisdom, aim); 
 unescapable ; unespied ; unessayed ; unessen- 
 tial a. Sc n., not essential, not of the first im- 
 portance, (n.) u. part or thing ; unestablished ; 
 unestimated ; unestranged ; unevangelical ; 
 unevaporated ; uneven (-ly, -ness), not level or 
 smooth, not uniform or equable (makes u. pro- 
 gress, has anu. temper), (of number, rare) odd ; 
 uneventful (-ly); unexamined; unexampled, 
 without precedent ; unexcelled ; unexception- 
 able (-bly, -ness), with which no fault can be 
 found ; unexcised, not subject to excise ; un- 
 exclusive (-ly) ; unexecuted ; unexernplified ; 
 unexercised ; unexhausted ; unexpensive ; un- 
 expected (-ly, -ness) ; unexpiated ; unexpired, 
 (of lease &c.) still running; unexplained; un- 
 explored ; unexposed ; unexpounded ; unex- 
 pressed ; unexpurgated ; unextended, not ex- 
 tended, occupying no space, dimensionless ; 
 unfadable, that cannot fade ; unfading (-ly, 
 -ness) ; unfailing (-ly, -ness), not failing, not 
 running short (u. supply), not disappointing 
 one's expectations &c. (u. resource, supporter, 
 &c.) ; unfair (-ly, -ness), not equitable or honest 
 or impartial (an u. advantage, got by u. means, 
 u. play) ; unfaithful (-ly, -ness) ; unfaltering 
 (ly) ; unfamiliar (-ity, -ly) ; unfashionable (-bly, 
 -ness) ; unfashioned, not brought into shape ; 
 unfastened 2 ; unfathered, (poet.) fatherless, 
 (fig.) not acknowledged by its author (u. theory 
 &c); unfatherly ; unfathomable (-bly) ; unfa- 
 thomed ; unfavourable (-bly, -ness) ; unfeasible; 
 unfed ; wnfeed, not feed 3 ; unfeeling {-ly, 
 -ness), lacking sensibility, harsh, cruel; un- 
 feigned (-edly) ; unfelt, not felt 3 ; unfeminine ; 
 unferniented ; unfertilized ; unfettered 2 ; un- 
 figured, not marked with figures (u. muslin, 
 rase) ; tinfilial (-ly) ; unfilled ; unfiltered ; un- 
 finished ; unfit (-ly, -ness), not fit (to do, for 
 purpose, for a doctor &c, to be one) ; unfitted, 
 not fit, not fitted, not furnished with fittings ; 
 unfitting (-ly) ; unfixed 2 ; unflagging ; unflat- 
 tering (-ly) ; unfavoured ; unfledged, not yet 
 fledged or (fig., of person &c.) developed ; un- 
 fleshed ; unflinching (-ly) ; unfordable ; unfore- 
 seen ; unforgettable ; unforgivable ; unfor- 
 given; unforgiving (-ly, -ness); unforgotten; 
 unformed, not formed, shapeless ; unformu- 
 lated ; unfortified ; unfortxinate (-ly) a. &n., the 
 reverse of fortunate, unlucky, unhappy, (n.) u. 
 person ; unfounded, without foundation (u. 
 rumour, hopes), not yet founded ; unfrequent- 
 ed ; unfriended, lacking friends ; unfriendly 
 (-iness); unfruitful (-ly, -ness); unfulfilled; 
 unfunded, (of debt) floating, not funded ; un- 
 
UN- 
 
 967 
 
 UN- 
 
 fumished, not supplied (with), without fur- 
 niture (u. lodgings); wnFUSE 1 ' 2 d ; ungainly 
 (-iness), awkward, lumbering, clumsy [ME un- 
 geinliche f. ungein {un- 2 + gein — ON gegn ser- 
 viceable, cogn. w. against) + -ly J ] ; ungallant 
 (■ly), not gallant to women ; ungalvanized ; 
 ungarbled ; ungarnered ; ungarnished, not 
 decorated ; ungauged ; ungenerous (-ly) ; un- 
 genial; ungenteel (-ly) ; ungentle (-ness, -tly), 
 harsh, rude, ill-bred ; ungentlemanly i-iness), 
 unworthy of a gentleman, rude, ill-bred ; un- 
 glazed ; unglutted ; ungodly (-ily, -ness) ; un- 
 governable [-bly), unruly, licentious, wild, vio- 
 lent, (u. passions) ; ungraceful (-ly, -ness) ; un- 
 gracious (-ly, -ness), not kindly or courteous 
 (u. reply, reception) ; ungraduated ; ungram- 
 matical (-ly), contrary to rules of grammar; 
 ungrateful (-ly) ; ungrounded, (of statement 
 &c.) unfounded ; ungmidging (-ly) ; unguarded 
 (-ly), not guarded, incautious, thoughtless (an 
 u. expression, admission) ; unhackneyed ; un- 
 hallowed ; unhampered ; unhandsome (-ly, 
 -ness), (of appearance, conduct, &c.) not hand- 
 some ; unhandy (-ily, -ness), awkward to han- 
 dle, inconvenient, (of person) clumsy ; un- 
 hanged ; unhappy (-ily, -iness), not happy, un- 
 lucky, wretched ; unhai'med; W7iHATCH 2 > 3 ed ; 
 unhealthful (-ly, -ness) ; unhealthy (-ily, -ness); 
 unheard, not heard (u. of, unprecedented) ; 
 unheeded; unheedful (-ly) ; unheeding; un- 
 helpful (-ly) ; unhemmed ; unheralded ; unhe- 
 roic; unhesitating (-ly); unhidden; unhisto- 
 ric(al) ; unholy (-ily, -iness), not holy, impious, 
 wicked ; unhonoiired ; unhuman, not human ; 
 unhung ; unhurt ; unidea'd, having no ideas ; 
 unideal, not ideal, prosaic, ordinary, dull, in- 
 ferior ; unidentified ; unilluminated ; unillus- 
 trated ; unimaginable ; unimaginative {-ly, 
 -ness) ; unimpaired ; unimpassioned ; unim- 
 peachable (-bility, -bleness, -bly) ; unimpeded ; 
 unimportant (-ance) ; unimposing ; unimpres- 
 sionable ; unimpressive (-ly, -ness) ; unim- 
 proved, (esp. of land) not improved ; unim- 
 pugned ; unindexed ; unindicated ; uninflam- 
 mable ; uninflated ; uninflicted ; uninflu- 
 enced ; uninfluential ; uninformed, ; uninha- 
 bitable ; uninhabited ; uninitiated ; uninjured ; 
 uninspired ; uninstigated ; uninstr-ucted ; un- 
 instructive ; uninsulated ; uninsured ; unintel- 
 ligent (-ly) ; unintelligible (-bility, -bly) ; unin- 
 tentional (-ly) ; uninteresting (-ly, -ness) ; unin- 
 termittent (-ly) ; unintermitting (-ly) ; uninter- 
 pretable ; uninterred ; uninterrupted (ly) ; un- 
 inventive (-ly) ; uninvestigated ; uninvited ; 
 uninviting (-ly), unattractive, repellent; un- 
 invoked ; uninvolved ; unirrigated ; unisolat- 
 ed ; unissued ; unjaundiced ; unjust (ly), con- 
 trary to justice, not just; unjustifiable (-bly, 
 -ness) ; unkempt, uncombed (u. hair), rough, 
 unpolished, [ME kempt, kembed, p.p. of 
 kemben comb, OE cemban] ; unkind (-ly, 
 -ness), not kind, harsh, cruel ; unkingly ; 
 unkneaded ; unknightly (-iness) ; unknow- 
 able (-bility, -bleness, -bly) ; unknowing (-ly), 
 not knowing, unconscious, (of or abs.); 
 unknoum a. & n., not known (he, his purpose, 
 what he wanted, that district, teas u. to me, a 
 youth to fame u., ofu. ingredients, x &y denote 
 u. quantities in equation &c), (n. or abs. adj.) 
 we all dread the u., equation of two uu.; unla- 
 beled ; unlaboured, (of style &c.) easy, spon- 
 taneous ; unladylike ; unlamented ; unlaioful 
 (-ly, -ness) ; unlearned, not learned ; unlearnt, 
 -ned (pr. -nd), not learnt ; unleavened (lit. & 
 fig. ) ; unlettered, illiterate ; unlicensed ; un- 
 licked, not licked into shape, unmannerly ; un- 
 like (-ness) a. & prep., not like (is u. both his 
 parents, the two are u., portrait is utterly u.. 
 
 u. signs, + & -, plays quite u. anyone I have 
 heard before) ; unlikely (-ihood, -iness), impro- 
 bable, unpromising, (u. tale, errand) ; unlimit- 
 ed (-ly, -ness), boundless, unrestricted, very 
 great or numerous {has u. scope, possibilities, 
 his powers arc it., n. expanse of sea, drinks u. 
 coffee); unliquidated; unlit; unlocated ; un- 
 looked-for, not expected ; unlopped ; unlovable; 
 unloved; unlovely (-iness), not amiable or at- 
 tractive; unloverlike; unloving ; unlucky (-ily), 
 not lucky or fortunate or successful, hapless, 
 wretched, unsuccessful, bringing bad luck, ill- 
 timed, ill-contrived, (u. toss of coin, always u. 
 at cairls, u. fellow, asked in an u. hour, single 
 magpie is u., his u. efforts to please, an u. 'ex- 
 pedient) ; unmade ; unmaidenly ; unmailable, 
 that must not or cannot be sent by post ; un- 
 maimed ; unmaintainable ; unmalleable (-bili- 
 ty) ; unmanageable (-bly, -ness), not (easily) to 
 be managed or manipulated or controlled (iu 
 child, material, situation); unmanful (-ly) ; 
 unmanlike, not like a man, esp. womanish or 
 childish ; unmanly (-iness) ; unmannerly 
 (-iness), rude, ill-bred; unmarked, not marked, 
 not noticed ; unmarketable ; unmarriageable 
 (-ness) ; unmarried ; unmartial, unwarlike ,' 
 unmasculine, not masculine or manly ; unmas- 
 ticable; unmatchable ; unmatched; unmated ; 
 immaterial, not consisting of matter; unma- 
 tured ; unmeaning, (ly, -ness), without mean- 
 ing, senseless; unmeant, not intended; un- 
 measured, not measured, (poet.) immeasurable; 
 unmechanical ; unmeet (-ly, -ness) archaic, 
 not fit (to do, for purpose) ; unmelodious (-ly, 
 -ness) ; unmelted ; unmendable ; unmention- 
 able (-ness) a. & n., not worthy or admitting of 
 mention, (n. pi., facet.) trousers ; unmerchant- 
 able ; unmerciful (-ly, -ness) ; unmerited ; un- 
 methodical; unmetrical(-ly), not metrical, vio- 
 lating requirements of metre ; unmilitary ; 
 unmindful (-ly, -ness) ; unminted ; unmirthful 
 (-ly) ; unmistakable (-bly), that cannot be mis- 
 taken or doubted, clear ; unmitigated, unquali- 
 fied, absolute, (u. blackguard, lie) ; unmixed ; 
 unmodern; unmodified; unmodulated; un- 
 molested ; unmoral (-ity), non-moral ; unmort- 
 gaged; unmotherly ; unmounted, notmounted 
 (u. police, picture, jewel) ; unmourned ; un- 
 moved, not moved, not changed in purpose, not 
 affected by emotion ; unmown ; unmurmuring 
 (-ly), not complaining ; unmusical (-ity, -ly), not 
 pleasing to the ear, unskilled in or indifferent 
 to music ; unmutilated ; unnamable ; uw 
 named ; unnational ; unnatural (-ly, -ness), 
 contrary or doing violence to nature,monstrous, 
 (u. crimes, vices), lacking natural feelings (u. 
 parent, child), artificial, forced, affected ; un- 
 naturalized, not naturalized; unnavigable; 
 unnecessary (-ily) a. & n., not necessary, more 
 than is necessary (with u. care), (n., usu. pi.) u. 
 thing(s) ; unneedful (-ly) ; unnegotiable ; un- 
 neighbourly (-iness) ; unnoticed; unnourished; 
 unnumbered, not marked with number, not. 
 counted, countless ; unobjectionable (-bly) ; un- 
 obliging ; unobliterated ; unobscured ; unob-- 
 servant ; unobserved ; unobstructed ; unob- 
 tainable; unobtrusive (-ly, -ness); unoccupied; 
 unoffending, harmless, innocent ; unoffered ; 
 unofficial ; unofficinal ; unopened ; unopposed; 
 unordained ; unorganized ; unoriginal, not 
 possessing originality, derived ; unornamental, 
 not ornamental, unsightly ; unornamented ; 
 unorthodox ; unostentatious (-ly, -ness) ; un- 
 owned ; unpacified ; unpaged, with pages not 
 numbered ; unpaid, (of sum, bill, debt, or per- 
 son) not paid (the great u., u. magistrates or 
 justices) ; unpaired ; unpalatable (-bly) ; un- 
 paralleled, having no parallel or equal ; utu 
 
UN- 
 
 968 
 
 UN- 
 
 pardonable (-bly, -ness); unpared; unparent- 
 ed, unworthy of a parent ; unparliamentary 
 (-ily, -iness), contrary to parliamentary usage 
 (u. language, often facet.); unpatented; un- 
 patriotic {-ally) ; unpatronized ; unpaved ; un- 
 pawned; unpeaeeful; unpedaidic; unpedi- 
 greed ; unpeeled ; unpensioned ; unperceived ; 
 unperf orated ; unperformed ; unperjured ; un- 
 persuadable ; unpersuaded ; unpersuasive; un- 
 perturbed;unperused; unper verted; unphiloso- 
 phical (-ly, -ness), not according to philosophi- 
 cal principles, wanting in philosophy; unpicked, 
 not selected, (of flowers) not plucked; unpictur- 
 ■esque ; unpiloted; unpitied ; unpitying (-ly); 
 unplaced, not placed esp. in race or list ; tin- 
 plagued; unplaned; unplanned; implanted; 
 unplastered ; unplastic ; unplated ; unplaus- 
 ible (-bly) ; unplayable ; unpleasant (-ly), not 
 pleasant, disagreeable; unpleasantness n., in 
 adj. senses, also, misunderstanding, quarrel, the 
 late u. (U.S. facet.), the civil war; unpleasing 
 (-ly); unpliable(-bly) ; un pliant (-ly) ; unplough- 
 ed ; unplucked ; unplumbed ; unpoetical (-ly, 
 •ness) ; unpointed, having no point, not punc- 
 tuated, without. vowel points (in Hebrew &c), 
 (of masonry) not pointed; unpolished; unpoli- 
 tical, not concerned with politics; unpolled, 
 not polled (u. elector, vote) ; unpolluted ; un- 
 popular (-ity, -ly), not popular, esp. not liked 
 by the public ; unportioned, portionless ; un- 
 possessed, not possessed, not possessed of; un- 
 posted, uninformed, (of letter) not posted ; un- 
 practical (-ity, -ly), (of person, plan, method, 
 &c.) not practical; unpractised, not experi- 
 enced or skilled, not put into practice ; un- 
 praised ; unprecedented, for which there is no 
 precedent, unparalleled ; unprefaced ; unpre- 
 judiced; unprelatical; unpremeditated (-ly), 
 not previously thought over, not deliberately 
 planned, unintentional ; unpreoccupied ; un- 
 prepared (-ness), not prepared (found every- 
 thing u., was u.for this objection, delivered an 
 u. speech); unprepossessing; unprescribed;un- 
 presentable, not presentable, npt fit to be pre- 
 sented to company, not fit to be seen ; unpre- 
 suming; unpresumptuous; unpretending (-ly); 
 unpretentious (-ly, -ness); unpreventable ; un- 
 priced, with the pr-ice(s) not fixed or marked or 
 stated (u. goods, catalogue); unpriestly; un- 
 primed; unprinzely ; unprincipled, lacking or 
 not dictated by good moral principles (u. person, 
 conduct); unprinted ; unprivileged ; unprized, 
 not valued ; unprobed ; unproclaimed ; unpro- 
 curable ; unproductive (-ly, -ness); unprofaned ; 
 unprofessional (-ly), not pertaining to one's pro- 
 fession, not belonging to a profession, contrary 
 to professional etiquette &c, (knows nothing of 
 u. matters, ask any u. man, u. conduct); un- 
 projitable (-bly, -ness); unprogressive (-ness), not 
 progressive, conservative ; unprohibited ; un- 
 prolific; unpromising; unprompted, sponta- 
 neous; unpromulgated; unpronounceable ; un- 
 propagated; unprophetic; unpropitious (-ly, 
 -ness) ; unproportional, not proportional ; un- 
 proposed; unprosperous (-ly, -ness); unpro- 
 tected; unprotested; unprovable; unproved, 
 -en; unprovided, not supplied (with money &c), 
 not prepared; unprovoked, (of person or act) 
 without provocation ; unpruned; unpublished, 
 not made public, (of MS &c.) not published; 
 unpunctual (ity, -ly) ; unpunctuated; unpun- 
 ishable ; unpunished ; unpurified ; unquailing 
 (-ly); unqualified (-ly), notcompetent, notlegally 
 or officially qualified, not modified, (am u. to 
 serve, an u. practitioner, gave' his u. assent); 
 uixquarried; unquelled; unquenchable (-bly); 
 unquenched ; unquestionable (-bly, -ness), that 
 cannot be questioned ordoubted; unquestioned, 
 
 notdisputed or doubted, not interrogated ; un- 
 questioning (-ly), asking no questions (u. obe- 
 dience &c, yielded without questions asked); 
 unquiet, restless, agitated, (u. spirit, times); 
 unquilted ; unquotable ; unquoted ; unransom- 
 ed ; unrazored, unshaven ; unreachable ; un- 
 read, (of book &c.) not read, (of person) not 
 well-read ; unreadable (-ness) ; unready, not 
 ready, not prompt in action ; unreal (-ity, -ly), 
 illusive, sham, visionary ; unrealizable ; un- 
 realized ; unreaped ; unreasonable (-bly, -ness), 
 not reasonable, exceeding the bounds of reason 
 (u. demands, conduct, &c), not guided by or 
 listening to reason ; unreasoned, not rationally 
 thought out; unreasoning (-ly), not using or 
 guided by reason ; unrebuked ; unrecallable ; 
 unrecalled ; unreceipted ; unreceived ; unreci- 
 procated ; unreckoned ; unreclaimed ; unrecog- 
 nizable (-bly); unrecognized ; unrecompensed ; 
 unreconciled; unrecorded; unrectified; unre- 
 deemed, not redeemed, (of promise) not fulfilled, 
 (of bills &c.) not recalled by payment, not taken 
 out of pawn, (of faults &c.) not mitigated or 
 relieved (by merits &c. or abs.); unredressed ; 
 unrefined, not refined (u. sugar, manners) ; un- 
 reflecting (-ly); unreformable ; unreformed ; un- 
 refuted ; unregal ; unregarded ; unregenerate ; 
 unregistered, unregretted ; unregulated ; unre- 
 hearsed ; unrelated ; unrelaxed ; unrelenting 
 (-ly, -ness) ; unreliable (-bility, -bleness, -bly) ; 
 unrelieved ; unreligious, not concerned with 
 religion ; unremembered; unremitting (-ly), not 
 abating, incessant, (u. care, exertions); unre- 
 munerative, not profitable ; unrenewed ; un- 
 renounced ; unrepealed ; unrepentant (-ance) ; 
 unrepining (-ly) ; unreplenished ; unreported; 
 unrepresentative ; unrepresented ; unreproach- 
 ful ; unreproved ; unrequited, not requited or 
 returned (u. ajfection); unrescinded; unresent- 
 ed ; unresenting (-ly) ; unreserved (-Mly, -ness), 
 without reservation (u. compliance &c), open, 
 frank, (an u. nature), not reserved (u. seats) ; 
 unresisted ; unresisting (-ly) ; unresolved, not 
 having formed a decision, not solved or cleared 
 up (u. doubts, problem), not separated into 
 constituent parts ; unrespected ; unresponsive 
 (-ness); unrestful (-ly, -ness); unresting (ly); 
 unrestored ; unrestrainable (-bly) ; unrestrain- 
 ed (-edly, -ness); unrestricted (-ly); unretarded ; 
 unretentive; unrevenged; unreversed; unre- 
 vised ; unrevoked ; unrewarded; unrhetorical ; 
 unrhymed ; unrhythmical, without (satisfac- 
 tory) rhythm ; unridable ; unridden ; unright- 
 ed; unrighteous (-ly, -ness), not upright or 
 honest or just, evil, wicked ; unripe (-ness), not 
 ripe (lit. & fig.); unrisen; unrivalled, having 
 no equal, peerless ; unromantic (-ally) ; un- 
 roofed ; unroyal (-ly), unlike or unworthy of a 
 king ; unruffled ; unnded, not governed, not 
 ruled with lines ; unrwly (-iness), lawless, re- 
 fractory, [un- +nde + -ly 1 ]; unsafe (-ly, -ness), 
 dangerous; unsaid 2 ; unsaintly; unsalable 
 (■bility, -bleness); unsalaried; unsalted; un- 
 sanctified ; unsanctioned ; unsanitary, un- 
 healthy; unsatcd; unsatisfactory (-ily, -iness); 
 unsatisfied; unsatisfying (-ly); unsaved, not 
 saved (esp. in religious sense) ; unsavoury (-ily, 
 -iness), uninviting, disgusting, (an u. dish, 
 smell, theme) ; unsayable ; unscalable* that 
 cannot be climbed ; unscannable, that can- 
 not be scanned (u. verses); unscared; un- 
 scarred ; unscathed ; unscented ; unscheduled ; 
 unscholarly ; unschooled ; unscientific (-ally) ; 
 unscoured ; unscourged ; unscreened ; unscrip- 
 tural(-ly), not in accordance with Scripture; 
 unscrupulous (-ly, -ness), having no scruples, 
 shameless, unprincipled ; unsculptured, not 
 covered with sculpture, (Zool.) smooth ; un- 
 
UN- 
 
 969 
 
 UN- 
 
 sea Zed ; unsearchable, beyond the reach of 
 search ; unsearched, unseasonable (-bly, -ness); 
 unseasoned; unseated 2 , not provided or fur- 
 nished with seat(s) ; unseaworthy (-iness); un- 
 seconded ; unsectarian (-ism), free from sec- 
 tarian limitations ; unsecured ; unscduced ; 
 unseductive ; unseeing, blind, unobservant ; 
 unseemly (-i)iess) a. & (archaic) adv.; unseen a. 
 & n., not seen (the u., the world of spirits), u. 
 (translation), translation of unprepared pas- 
 sages as school exercise ; unseizable; unselect, 
 promiscuous, mixed ; unselccted ; unselfish 
 (-ly, -ness), regardful of others' interests rather 
 than of one's own ; xinsensational (-ly) ; un- 
 sent; unsentenced; unsentimental; unsepa- 
 rated ; unserviceable (-bly, -ness) ; unset, not 
 set (sun, gem,trap, broken leg, is u.); unsettled 2 , 
 not settled, liable to change, open to further 
 discussion, not paid, having no fixed abode, (of 
 lands) not occupied by permanent inhabitants, 
 (his mind is still u., u. weather, the point, the 
 bill, is u.); unsevercd ; unshackled ; unshaded ; 
 unshadowed ; unshaken, not shaken esp. in 
 resolution; unshapely; unshared; unshaven; 
 unshed; unsheltered; unshipped 2 ; unshock- 
 ed ; unshod ; unshorn, not shorn or shaven ; 
 unshoion ; unshrinkable, that will not shrink 
 (u. flannel) ; unshrinking (-ly), unhesitating, 
 fearless, firm; unshrunk; unshut; unshutter- 
 ed ; unsifted ; unsighted, not sighted, not fur- 
 nished with sights, (ship is still u., v. gun); 
 unsightly (-iness), repulsive to the sight, ugly ; 
 unsigned ; unsiiiged ; unsisterly (-iness) ; un- 
 sized, not stiffened with size ; unskilful (-ly, 
 -ness) ; unskilled, not possessing or requiring 
 skill or special training (u. labour, simple 
 forms of manual labour) ; unslaked ; unsleep- 
 ing, unslumbering, (fig.) watchful ; unsmoked; 
 unsociable (-bility, -bleness, -bly) ; unsocial ; 
 unsoiled ; unsolaced ; unsold ; unsoldierly ; 
 unsolicited ; unsolicitous ; unsolid (-ity) ; un- 
 solvabTe; unsolved; unsophistical ; unsophis- 
 ticated (-ness), artless, innocent, simple, not 
 adulterated, not artificial; unsoothed; unsort- 
 ed; unsought; unsound (-ness), not sound, 
 diseased, morbid, rotten, ill-founded, erro- 
 neous, fallacious, unreliable, (u. lungs, fruit, 
 doctrine, policy, argument; ofu. mind, insane); 
 unsounded, unfathomed ; unsoured ; unsown ; 
 unsparing (-ly, -ness), profuse, lavish, (u. praise, 
 u. of or in praise, it. in his efforts), merciless ; 
 unspeakable (-bly, -ness), that words cannot ex- 
 press, good, bad, &c, beyond description (u. 
 joys, an u. bore) ; unspecified ; unspeculative ; 
 unspent ; unspilt ; unspiritual (-ity, -ly) ; un- 
 sphced ; unspoiled, -It ; unspoken ; unspon- 
 taneous, forced, artificial; unsportsmanlike 
 (colloq. also unsporting) ; unspotted, not spot- 
 ted or (fig.) contaminated; unsquarcd; tin- 
 stable ; unstaid ; unstained, not stained (esp. 
 fig.); unsta?nped, without stamp (u. deed, let-' 
 ter) ; unstarched ; unstartled ; unstated ; un- 
 statesmanlike ; unstatutable (-bly), not warrant- 
 ed by statute ; unsteadfast (-ly, -ness) ; unsteady 
 (-ily, -iness), not steady or firm, shaking, reeling, 
 changeable, fluctuating, of irregular habits, 
 (an u. hand, walked with u. steps, ladder vi u., 
 was u. in his adherence, u. winds, is notori- 
 ously u., dissipated) ; unstigmatized ; unsti- 
 mulated ; unstinted ; unstirred ; unstocked, 
 not stocked (with, or abs.) ; unstopped; un- 
 stored ; unstrained, not forced, not subjected 
 to strain, not put through a strainer ; unstra- 
 tified ; unstressed, not pronounced with stress; 
 unstudied, easy, natural, spontaneous, (t*. ease, 
 eloquence) ; unstuffed ; unstung ; unsubdued ; 
 unsubjugated ; unsubmissive (-ly, -ness) ; un- 
 subscribed ; unsubstantial (-ity, -ly) ; having 
 
 little or no solidity or reality (u. air, visions, 
 forms, an u. building) ; unsubstantiated, not 
 confirmed or established (u. rumours) ; unsuc- 
 cessful (-ly) ; unsugared ; unsuggestive ; un- 
 suitable (-bility, -bleness, -bly) ; unsuited, unfit 
 (J'or purpose), not adapted (to); unsullied ; un- 
 summed ; unsummoned ; unsung, not sung or 
 (poet.) sung of ; unsunned, not lighted by sun ; 
 unsupple; unsupplied; unsupportable (-bly, 
 -ness) ; unsupported ; unsuppressed ; unsure ; 
 unsurgical; unsurmised; unsurmounted ; un- 
 surpassable {-bly) ; unsurpassed ; unsurren- 
 dered ; unsurveyed ; unsusceptible ; unsuspect- 
 ed (-ly); unsuspicious (-ly, -ness); unsustain- 
 able; unsustained; uns wallowed; unswayed, 
 not controlled or influenced ; unsweetened ; un- 
 swept: unswerving (-ly) ; unsworn, not sworn 
 (u. oath, witness); unsymbolical ; unsymmc- 
 trical (-ly), failing in or not characterized by 
 symmetry; unsympathetic (-ally); unsympa- 
 thizing (-ly); unsystematic (ally); untainted ; 
 untalented ; untamable (-ness) ; untamed ; un- 
 tanned ; untarnishable ; untarnished ; un- 
 tasked ; untasted ; untaught, (of person &c. or 
 subject &c.) not taught, ignorant; untaxed; 
 unteachable (-7iess) ; untearable ; untechnical ; 
 untempercd, not tempered (u. mortar, steel, 
 severity)'- untempted; untenable (-bility, 
 -bleness) ; untenantable, not fit to be occu- 
 pied; untenanted; untended; untendered, 
 not offered ; unterrified ; untested ; untether- 
 ed ; unthanked ; unthankful (-ly, -ness) ; 
 unthatched; unthinkable, that cannot be 
 thought or conceived, (colloq.) unlikely ; un- 
 thinking (-ly), thoughtless; unthought, not 
 thought, esp. u.-of; unthoughtful (-7iess); un- 
 thrashed; unthreadable ; unthreaded; un- 
 threshed ; unthrifty ; unthwarted ; untidy (-ily, 
 -iness) ; untied 2 ; untiled ; untillable ; untitled ; 
 untimbered ; untimely (-iness) a. & adv. ; un- 
 timous (Sc); untinctured ; untinged ; untired ; 
 untiring (-ly) ; untithed, not subject to tithes ; 
 untitled ; untold, not told, not counted, beyond 
 count (u. gold) ; untormented ; untorn ; untor- 
 tured; untouched; untoward (archaic), per- 
 verse, refractory, awkward, unlucky, (an u. 
 generation, accident) ; untraceable ; untraced ; 
 untracked, not followed by means of or marked 
 with tracks ; untragic, not tragic or suited to 
 tragedy ; untrained, not trained or practised or 
 instructed, not prepared by exercise, diet, &c, 
 for race &c. ; untrammelled ; untransferable, 
 that cannot or must not be transferred; un- 
 translatable (-bility, -bleness, -bly); untrans- 
 mutable; untransportable ; untravelled, that 
 has not travelled ; untried ; untraversable ; un- 
 trimmed ; untrodden ; untroubled, not trou- 
 bled, calm ; wntrue (-uly), not true, contrary to 
 the fact, false, not faithful or loyal (to person, 
 principle, &c), deviating from correct stan- 
 dard; untrussed(u.fowl &c.); untrusticorthy 
 (-iness); untruthful (-ly,-ness); untuned; un- 
 tuneful (-ly); unturned, not turned (leave no 
 stone u.) ; untutored, not taught or schooled ; 
 unurged ; unused; unusual (-ity rare, -ness, -ly), 
 not usual, remarkable ; unutilized ; unutter- 
 able (-bly), above or beyond description (u. tor- 
 ment, joy, &c, an u. foot) ; unuttered ; unvac- 
 cinated ; unvalued, not esteemed or prized, not 
 estimated or priced ; unvanquished ; unvaried ; 
 unvarnished, not varnished or embellished (u. 
 surface, the u. truth) ; unvarying (-ly) ; un- 
 venerable ;unvenerated ; unvenomous; unven- 
 tilated ; xinveracious ; unverifiable ; unverified ; 
 unversed, not versed or skilled {in) ; unvexed ; 
 unvictualled ; unvindicated ; unviolated ; un- 
 visited ; unvitiated ; unvoiced, not spoken or 
 uttered, (Phonet.) not voiced ; unvouched, not 
 
 31* 
 
UNANCHOR 
 
 970 
 
 UNCTION 
 
 vouched (usu. fo?-) ; unwak(en)ed ; unwanted ; 
 unwarlike ; unwarmed; unwarned ; unwarped; 
 unwarrantable {-My, -ness), indefensible, un- 
 justifiable, improper ; unwarranted, unauthor- 
 ized, not guaranteed ; unwary (-ily, -iness) ; 
 unleashed, not -washed (the great u., the rab- 
 ble) ; unwatched ; unwatchful (-ness) ; un- 
 watered, not watered or diluted or supplied 
 with water {u. milk, horse, capital) ; unwa- 
 vering (-ly) ; unweancd ; unwcarable ; univea- 
 ried ; unweary ; unwearying (-ly), not growing 
 weary, persistent, (u. efforts &c.); unwedded; 
 univeeded; unweighed; unwelcome', unwel- 
 comed ; unwell, not in good health, indisposed ; 
 unwept (rhet., poet.), not wept for ; unwetted ; 
 unwhipped; unwhitened ; unwhitewashed; un- 
 wholesome (-ly, -ness) ; unwieldy (-ily, -iness), 
 difficult to move or manage from size or weight 
 or shape [f. un- + obs. wieldy (wield + -Y 2 )] ; 
 unwifely ; unwilling (-ly, -ness), not willing or 
 inclined (to do, for thing, for thing to be done, 
 that, or abs.); unwinged; unwinking, not 
 winking, vigilant ; unwise (-ly), foolish, impru- 
 dent ; unwished, not wished (usu. for) ; un- 
 withdrawn ; unwithering ; unxcithered ; un- 
 witnessed ; unwitting (-ly), not consciously or 
 intentionally [see wit 1 ]; unwomanly; unwon; 
 unwonted; unwooded ; unwooed ; umvo?*kable ; 
 univorkmanlike ; unworldly (-iness), not world- 
 ly, spiritual, (u.-minded, &c); unworn, that 
 has not been worn or impaired by wear; un- 
 worshipped ; unworthy (-ily, -iness), not worthy 
 or befitting the character (of), discreditable, un- 
 seemly ; umcound 2 ; unwounded; unwoven; 
 unwrcaked ; unwrinkled ; unwritable ; unwrit- 
 ten, not written (u. law, resting originally on 
 custom or judicial decision, not on written 
 statutes &c. ) ; unwrought ; unwrung, not wrung 
 ^ withers u.); unyielding (-ly, -ness), firm, ob- 
 stinate; unyoked; unyouthfnl; unzealous. 
 
 (2) Nouns are occasionally formed either direct- 
 ly on a simple noun (unbelief, unfriend, unre- 
 pair) or by back-formation or otherwise on 
 corresp. adj. Exx. : unbelief, incredulity, dis- 
 belief esp. in divine revelation or in a particular 
 religion, so unbeliever ; uncha'stity ; uncircum- 
 ci'sion, not being circumcised, (S.T.)theu., the 
 Gentiles ; unconcer'n, freedom from anxiety, 
 indifference, apathy; unconstrai'nt, freedom 
 from constraint ; undre'ss 2 , ordinary dress opp. 
 to full dress or uniform, loose negligent dress, 
 (often fig. & attrib.) ; unea'se (archaic), un- 
 easiness, distress, discomfort : unemployment, 
 lack of employment; unfai'th (rare), want of 
 faith; unfrie'nd (archaic), enemy; unpre'ju- 
 dice, freedom from prejudice ; uiwea'son, lack 
 of reason, nonsense, folly (abbot of U.)\ un- 
 repair', dilapidation, want of repair; unrcser've, 
 absence of reserve, frankness ; unre'st, lack of 
 rest, disturbed or agitated condition of person 
 or nation (the u. in Turkey ; unrestrai'nt ; un- 
 righ't (archaic), wrong, injustice; unsu-cce'ss, 
 want of success, failure; unsuspi'cion (rare); 
 unsymmetry, absence or violation of symme- 
 try; unthri'ft (archaic), prodigal(ity); untru'th, 
 being untrue, falsehood, lie, (the manifest u. of 
 this statement, told me ami.); unwi'sdom, lack 
 of wisdom, folly, imprudence. [OE & G, cf. Du. 
 on-, cogn. w. L in- 2 & ne, Gk a(n)-, ne-\ 
 
 unarichor. See un- Ml). 
 
 una/nimous, a. All of one mind, agreeing 
 in opinion, as we were, the meeting was, u. (for 
 reform, as to the policy to be pursved, in pro- 
 testing, &c.) ; (of opinion, vote, &c.) formed, 
 held, given, with one accord. Hence or cogn. 
 unani'mrrv, una'nimousNEss, nn., una 1 - 
 
 nimousLV 2 adv. [f. L unanimus, -mis, 
 (nnus one -f animus mind) 4- -ousj 
 
 unapparel, unarm, unarmed 1 , see 
 un-M2); unattire, un-MD; unbag, un-M3); 
 unbalance, un- HI) ; unballast, un- M2) ; 
 unbank, unbar, unbeap, un- Ml) ; un- 
 bed, un-M3) ; unbelief, unbeliever, un- 2 
 (2) ; unbelt, un- M2) ; unbend, unbend- 
 ing 11 , UN- Ml). 
 
 unberu'fen (dbnbiroo-), a. Unsummoned 
 (in E use as deprecating Nemesis after boast- 
 ful remark &c). [G] 
 
 unbeseem, unbias, unbind, see un-MD ; 
 unbishop, un-MD; unbitt, un-M3); un- 
 blindfold, unblock, unbolt, un-MD; un- 
 bone, un- M2i ; unbonnet, un- Ml) ; unboot, 
 un-M*2); unbosom, un-MD; unbowel, un- 1 
 (2) ; unbox, un- M3) ; unbrace, unbpaid, 
 unbreaeh, unbridle, unbuckle, un- 
 burden, unbutton, un-M1); uncage, 
 un- M3) ; uncap, un- M2) ; uncart, uncase, 
 UN-M3). 
 
 uncate. See uncinate. 
 
 unchain, see un-M1); unchastity, un- 2 
 (2); unchristianize, un-MD; unchurch, 
 
 UN-M3). 
 
 u*ncia,n. (Rom. ant. ; pi. -ae). Twelfth part, 
 esp. (as coin or amount) of as ; ounce ; inch, f L] 
 
 u'neial (-shl), a. & n. Of, written in, a kind 
 of majuscule writing found in MSS of 4th to 
 8th c. with characters partly resembling mo- 
 dern capitals ; (n.) u. letter or MS. [f. L unci- 
 alis (prec, see -al), in sense inch-high, large] 
 
 u*ncinate,a. (Also uncate) hooked, crooked. 
 So unci'FEROus, u*neiFORM, u'neinAL, aa. 
 [f. LL uncinatus (uncinus hook f. L uncus 
 hook, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 uncipcumcision, see un- 2 (2); unclasp, 
 un-MD. 
 
 uncle, n. Father's or mother's brother; 
 aunt's husband ; (U.S., as familiar mode of ad- 
 dress) U. Tom's Cabin &c, U. Sam, govern- 
 ment or typical citizen of U.S. ; (slang) pawn- 
 broker; talk to (person) like a Dutch u. (with 
 kindly severity). Hence u'nclesHiP n. [AF, 
 f. L avunculus maternal uncle (avus grand- 
 father, see foil. )] 
 
 -uncle, suf. in nn. of L orig. or on L anal., 
 repr. L -unculus, -la, a special form of -cidus 
 -cule prob. resulting from frequent use of 
 -cuius w. stems in -on-, as sermunculus (ser- 
 mon-), carbunculus (carbon-), oratiuncula, 
 quaestiuncula, &c, and its extension to other 
 stems (avunculus, st. avo-, furunculus, st. 
 fur-). E has also -xincule (homuncule), & L-culus 
 is sometimes kept (ranunculus). 
 
 unclench, -inch, see un-MD; uncloak, 
 un-M2); unclog, un-MD; uncloistep, un- 1 
 (3) ; unclose, unclothe, uncock, uncoil, 
 un-MD; unconcern, uneonstpaint, un- 2 
 '(2); uncoop, UN-M3); uncord, uncork, 
 uncouple, uncover, un-MD; uneowl, 
 UX-M2); uncpeate, uncross, un-MD; un- 
 crown, un-M2). 
 
 u'netion, n. Anointing with oil or unguent 
 for medical purposes or (in R.-C. & Gk Ch.) as 
 rite or ceremonial (extreme u.) ; thing used in 
 anointing, unguent, (fig.) soothing or flattering 
 words or thought or circumstance ; fervent or 
 sympathetic quality in words or tone caused 
 by or causing deep religious or other emotion ; 
 simulation of this, affected enthusiasm, gush ; 
 excessive suavity ; keen or lingering enjoy- 
 ment in narration, gusto, (told the story with 
 much u.). [OF, f. L unctionem (ungerc unct- 
 anoint, see -ion)] 
 
 For adjj. in un- not given see un- 2 (1). 
 
UNCTUOUS 
 
 971 
 
 UNDER. 
 
 u'nctuous, a. Full of (esp. simulated) unc- 
 tion ; greasy, esp. (of minerals) having a soapy 
 feel when touched. Hence u'netuousLY 2 
 adv., irnetuousNESS n. [f. F onctueux f. L 
 unctus -tis anointing (as prec), see -ous] 
 
 uncurb, uncurl, see un- ] (1). 
 
 u'ndate, u'ndated 2 (for?*. 1 see UN- 2 ), aa. 
 Wavy ; (Bot.) = undulate 2 , [f. L undare rise 
 in waves (unda wave), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 u*nde (-a), a. (herald.). Wavy. [f. F ondi as 
 prec] 
 
 undeceive, undeceived \ undeify, see 
 
 UN- HI). 
 
 u'nder, prep., adv., a. In or to a position 
 lower than, below, as it lay, fell, u. the table, 
 assembled u. (at the foot of) the castle wall, 
 struck him u. the left eye, nothing new u. the 
 sun (anywhere), u. foot ] , u. hatch l es, u. one's 
 nose, u, (in & covered by) water, u. one's wing ; 
 within, on the inside of, (surface &c), as in- 
 serted a knife-blade under the bark, was seen 
 to blush u. his dusky skin, with a good meal u. 
 his belt (in his stomach), u. the leeo/; inferior 
 to, less than, as no one u. a bishop, incomes u. 
 £160, cannot be done u. (at less cost than) £5, 
 total falls u. what was expected, speak u. one's 
 breath (in a whisper) ; in the position or act of 
 supporting or sustaining, subjected to, under- 
 going, liable to, on condition of, subject to, go- 
 verned or controlled or bound by, in accord- 
 ance with, in the form of, in the time of, as 
 sank u. the load (lit. & fig.), u. a cloud, groan- 
 ing u. tyranny, is now u. repair, u. examina- 
 tion, a few acres u. (planted with) corn, u. 
 fire i, u. (propelled by) sail, u. way, u. arm 2 s, 
 forbidden u. pain of death, a criminal u. sen- 
 tence (/(condemned to) death, have sat u. (at- 
 tended sermons of) famous preachers, country 
 prospered u. him or his rule, might succeed u. 
 other conditions, is u. a delusion, was u. the 
 impression, u. the circumstances, u. the rose, = 
 sUB^rasa, u. favour 1 , u. (attested by) one's 
 hand & seal, was u. a vow, known ti. an as- 
 sumed name, appears u. various forms, u. pre- 
 tence of ignorance, lived u. the Stuarts. (Adv.) 
 in or to a lower place or subordinate condition, 
 
 as BRING, KEEP 1 , KNOCK 1 , KNUCKLE, GO 1 , U., 
 
 a cloth should be spread ti. (usu. underneath, 
 beneath). (Adj.) lower (now largely merged 
 in foil.), as the u. jaw, u. layers, u. servants ; 
 u. dog (slang), dog, person, who has the worst 
 of an encounter. Hence u'nderMOST a. [OE 
 (adv. &prep.), cf. Du. onder, G unter, ON undir, 
 cogn. w. L infra below] 
 under-, pref. = prec. prep, or adv. or adj. 
 
 1. As prep, governing the noun to which it is 
 prefixed, w. sense ' below ', under- forms a few 
 advv. & adjj., as : underfoo't adv., under one's 
 feet ; underground ; underhand ; u'nder- 
 proofa., with less alcohol than proof spirit. 
 
 2. Under- is prefixed to vbs & their derivatives 
 w. adv. or prep, force in sense 'beneath ', ' lower 
 than', ' below ', as : underbi'd v.t., make lower 
 bid than (person); imdercu't 1 v.t., cut away 
 material of (design &c. in carving) so as to make 
 it 'stand out in relief, (Golf) hit (ball) so that it 
 rises high & does not roll far on alighting ; un- 
 derdrawn l v.t., drain (ground) by forming chan- 
 nels beneath it ; underlay' v.t. & i., lay some- 
 thing under (thing), esp. (Print.) lay paper un- 
 der (types) to raise them, (Mining, intr.) incline 
 from the vertical; u'nderlay n., bit of paper 
 for underlaying types, (Mining) = hade ; under- 
 le't v.t., let (house &c.) below true value, sublet; 
 underline 1 v.t., draw line under (word) to se- 
 cure emphasis or to indicate italics ; under- 
 mentioned a.; underpin v.t., place support of 
 masonry &c. under (wall, overhanging bank, 
 
 &c); underplay v.i. (whist), play low card 
 while retaining high one of same suit ; wnder- 
 play n., underplaying; underpro'p v.t., put 
 prop under ; underquote v.t., quote lower prices 
 than (person), quote lower prices than others 
 for (goods &c); underru'n v.t. & i., run or 
 pass under; underscore' v.t., = under line 1 ; un- 
 dersell v.t., sell cheaper than (person) ; u'nder- 
 seller n.; underset l v.t., support (masonry &c.) 
 by prop; wndershot a., (of wheel) worked by 
 water passing under it, = underhung ; under- 
 sig'ned a., /, we, the u., (whose signatures ap- 
 pear below) ; undertru'mp v.t., play lower 
 trurup than (person, trump played). 
 
 3. Under- in sense 'insufficiently', 'incom- 
 pletely ', is prefixed to vbs (used esp. in p.p.) & 
 to some adjj., w. their derivatives. Adjj. & 
 p.pp. tend in attrib. use (cf. un- 1 , -ed 2 ) to take 
 stress on first syllable (beef was underdo'ne, 
 hate u'nderdone beef; anu'nder-exposedov u'n- 
 der-expo'sed negative). Exx.: undera'ct v.t., 
 act (a part, or abs.) inadequately ; underbred 
 a., ill-bred, vulgar ; undercharge v.t., charge 
 too little for (thing) or to (person), put insuffi- 
 cient charge into (gun &c.) ; undercharge n., 
 insufficient charge; under-deve'lop v.t. (pho- 
 tog.); underdo' v.t., cook insufficiently, esp. in 
 p.p. underdone ; under-do'sev.t.; under-draw' 
 v.t., depict inadequately ; underdre'ss v.t. &i., 
 dress too plainly or too lightly ; underestimate 
 v.t., form too low an estimate of; underesti- 
 mate (-at), -ation, nn.; under-expo'se v.t., un- 
 der-exposure n., (photog.); underfeed v.t. & i.; 
 under-fire'd a., (of pottery) not baked enough •, 
 undergrow'n a.; underma'n v.t., furnish (ship 
 &c.) with too few men ; underma'sted a.; un- 
 derpay' v.t., pay (workmen &c.) inadequately ; 
 under-produ'etion n., production less than is 
 usual or required ; underra'te v.t., underesti- 
 mate ; under reckon v.t.; under-ri'pe a.; un- 
 dersi'zed a., of less than the usual size, dwarfish; 
 understa'te v.t.; understatement n.; under- 
 stock v.t., supply (farm, shop, &c.) with insuffi- 
 cient stock ; under-ti'med a., = under-exposed ; 
 undervaluation n.; undervalue v.t. 
 
 4. Under- in adj. relation with noun replaces 
 or is interchangeable with under a., in senses 
 ' situated beneath ', ' subordinate '. In the less- 
 established compounds the hyphen is usu. re- 
 tained & the stress variously placed on either 
 component or on both. Exx.: under-agent n.; 
 u'nderbrush n., = undergrowth ; u'nder-clay n., 
 clay bed under coal ; under-clerk(ship) nn.; u'n- 
 derclothes, u'nderclothing, nn., clothes worn 
 under others esp. next to skin ; underdraw 2 n., 
 drain placed underground ; u'nderflow n., cur- 
 rent flowing beneath surface ; u'ndergarment 
 n., garment worn under others ; u'ndergrowth 
 n., shrubs or small trees growing under larger 
 ones; under-king n., inferior or subordinate 
 king ; under-lease n., lease granted by lessee 
 for shorter term than his own ; u'nderline 2 n., 
 advance announcement of production of sub- 
 sequent play at foot of play-bill ; u'nderlinen 
 n., linen or (loosely) other undergarments ; u'n- 
 derplot n., subordinate plot in play or novel ; 
 u'nder-se'cretary{ship) nn.; under -servant n.; 
 u'nderset 2 n. (naut.), undercurrent in contrary 
 direction to that of wind or surface water; un- 
 der-sheriff n., sheriff's deputy ; under-shirt n.; 
 u'ndershrub n., plant like shrub but smaller; 
 u'nderskirt n.; u'ndersleeve n., sleeve, esp. de- 
 tached one, worn under another ; u'ndersoil n.; 
 u'nderstrapper n., inferior agent, underling; 
 understratum n. ; under-tenant n., tenant's 
 tenant; under-tenancy n.; u'ndertint n., sub- 
 dued tint ; u'ndertone n., subdued tone esp. in 
 speaking, thin or subdued colour; u'ndertown., 
 
UNDERACT 
 
 972 
 
 UNDERVALUATION 
 
 backward flow of wave breaking on beach, = 
 underset; u'nderwear n., (clothes meant for) 
 wearing underneath ; u'nderuxing n., kinds of 
 moth with conspicuous markings &c. on u. 
 wings ; u'nderwood n., = under growth ; u'nder- 
 world n., antipodes, infernal regions. 
 
 underact, see under- 3; under-agent, 
 under- 4 ; underbid, under- 2 ; under- 
 bred, under- 3 ; underbrush, under- 4 ; 
 undercharge, under- 3; under-clay, 
 underclothes, underclothing-, under- 4. 
 
 undercurrent, n. Current below the sur- 
 face ; (fig.) unperceived influence or feeling of 
 different or contrary tendency; (Mining) large 
 shallow box beside main hydraulic sluice serv- 
 ing to aid in saving gold, [under- 4] 
 
 undercut 1 . See under- 2. 
 
 undercut 2 , n. Under side of sirloin; up- 
 ward blow in boxing, [under- 4] 
 
 under-develop, underdo, under- 
 dose, see under- 3; underdrain 1 v.t, un- 
 der- 2, underdrain a n., under- 4 ; under- 
 draw, underdress, underestimate, 
 underestimation, under-expose, un- 
 der-exposure, underfeed, under- 
 fired, under- 3; underflow, under- 4; 
 underfoot, under- 1; undergarment, 
 
 UNDER- 4. 
 
 undergo*, v.t. Be subjected to, suffer, en- 
 dure esp. with firmness, as has undergone 
 many trials, underwent a rapid change, an 
 operation. [OE UNDER(srd/i go)] 
 
 undergra'duate, n. Member of university 
 whohasnottaken hisfirstdegree (often attrib.). 
 Hence undergra'duatesHip n. [under- 4] 
 
 underground, adv., a., n. Beneath sur- 
 face of earth; (adj., in attrib. use u'n-, & n.) 
 situated u., as theu. (railway), [under- 1] 
 
 undergrown, see under- 3; under- 
 growth, under- 4. 
 
 underhand, adv. & a. (in attrib. use u'n-). 
 Clandestine(ly), secret(ly), not above-board ; 
 \'Crick., of bowling) (performed) with hand 
 underneath both elbow & ball, as bowls u., u. 
 bowling, [under- 1,41 
 
 underhu'ng (attrib. u'n-), a. (Of lower jaw) 
 projecting beyond upper jaw ; having u. jaw, 
 [under- 21 
 
 under-king, see under- 4; underlay 
 v.t. & i., & n., under- 2 ; under-lease, un- 
 der- 4 ; underlet, under- 2. 
 
 underlie*, v.t. Lie, be situated, under (stra- 
 tum &c. or abs.) ; (fig., of principle &c.) be the 
 basis of (doctrine, law, conduct, &c, or abs. 
 esp. in part.), [under- 2] 
 
 underline 1 v.t., see under- 2; under- 
 line 2 , underlinen, under- 4. 
 
 u'nder ling, n. Subordinate (usu. con- 
 tempt.). [ME (-LING 1 )] 
 
 underman, undermasted, see under- 
 3 ; undermentioned, under- 2. 
 
 undermi'ne, v.t. Make mine or excavation 
 under, wear away base or foundation of, as ri- 
 vers u. their banks, u. the walls ; injure (person, 
 reputation, influence, &c.) by secret means; 
 injure, wear out, (health &c.) insidiously or 
 imperceptibly. Hence undermi'nER 1 n. 
 [under- 2] 
 
 undernea*th,adv. &prep. At or to a lower 
 place (than), below (not in fig. senses). [ME 
 xindirneth (under, cf. beneath)] 
 
 underpay, see under- 3; underpin, 
 underplay v.i., & n., under- 2; under- 
 plot, under- 4 ; under-production, un- 
 der- 3 ; underproof, under- 1 ; under- 
 prop, underquote, under- 2; un- 
 
 derrate, under-reckon, under-ripe, 
 under- 3; underrun, underscore, un- 
 der- 2; under-secretary(ship), under- 
 4; undersell(er), under- 2 ; under-ser- 
 vant, under- 4; underset 1 v.t., under- 2; 
 underset 2 n., under-sheriff, under- 
 shirt, under- 4; undershot, under- 2; 
 undershrub, under- 4 ; undersigned, 
 under- 2 ; undersized, under- 3 ; under- 
 skirt, undersleeve, undersoil, un- 
 der- 4. 
 
 understand, v.t, & i. (p.p. archaic -stand- 
 ed). Comprehend, perceive the meaning of, 
 (words, person, or language &c), as does not 
 w_ what yon say, do you u. vie?, French?; 
 grasp mentally, perceive the significance or 
 explanation or cause or nature of, know how 
 to deal with, as do not u. why he came, what 
 the noise is about, the point of his remark, 
 quite u. your difficidty, cannot u. him, his con- 
 duct, his wanting to go, thoroughly under- 
 stands children, coxdd never u. mathematics, 
 (abs.) you don't u. (the situation &c); infer 
 esp. from information received, take as im- 
 plied, take for granted, as Iu. that doors open 
 at 7.30, that they are almost destitute, himto be 
 or that he is a distant relation, I quite under- 
 stood that expenses were to be paid, no one 
 could u. that from my words, what did you u. 
 him to say (u. from his words) ?, (expr. uncer- 
 tainty or surprise or indignation) do Iu. (you to 
 say) that or am I ton. that you refuse ?, (intro- 
 ducing warning or threat) now u. me, he gave 
 me or / teas given to u. (I thought he said or 
 meant) that it was done ; supply (word) men- 
 tally, as the verb may be either expressed or 
 wulerstood. [OE vsi>ER(standan stand)] 
 
 understanding l , a. Intelligent, [-ing 2 ] 
 
 understanding 2 , n. In vbl senses, esp.: 
 intelligence, as has an excellent u., men with- 
 out u.; power of apprehension, power of ab- 
 stract thought, (often opp. to reason) ; agree- 
 ment, harmony, union of sentiments, conven- 
 tion, thing agreed xipon, as must come to an u. 
 with him, disturbed the (good) u. between them, 
 had a secret u. xcith other firms, consented 
 only on this u., on the distinct u. that, [-ing j ] 
 
 understate(ment), understock, see 
 under- 3 ; understrapper, under-stra- 
 
 tum, UNDER- 4. 
 
 understudy, n., & v.t. One who studies 
 theatrical part in order to play it at short notice 
 in absence of the usual actor ; (vb) study (part) 
 thus, [under- 4] 
 
 underta'ke, v.t, & i. Bind oneself to per- 
 form, make oneself responsible for, engage in, 
 enter upon, (work, enterprise, responsibility) ; 
 accept an obligation, promise, (to do) ; (archaic) 
 engage with (person) in combat, argument, &c. ; 
 guarantee, affirm, as J will u. that he has not 
 heard a word, that you shall or will be no 
 loser by it; (archaic) be guarantee for (person, 
 fact) ; (colloq.) manage funerals. [ME under- 
 (taken take)] 
 
 undertaker, n. In vbl senses, esp. : one 
 who manages funerals ; (Hist.) influential per- 
 son who undertook to procure particular legis- 
 lation esp. to procure supplies from Commons 
 if king would grant some concession. [-ER J ] 
 
 underta'king, n. In vbl senses, esp.: work 
 &c. undertaken, enterprise, as a serious u.; 
 management of funerals, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 under-tenant, under-tenancy, see un- 
 der- 4 ; under-timed, under- 3 ; under- 
 tint, undertone, undertow, under- 4 ; 
 undertrump, under- 2; undervalua- 
 
 For adjj. in un- not given see un- 2 (1). 
 
 For other words in under- see under-. 
 
UNDERVALUE 
 
 973 
 
 UNION 
 
 tion, undervalue, under- 3; under- 
 wear, under wing-, underwood, un- 
 derworld, UNDER- i. 
 
 underwrite, v.t & i. Execute & deliver 
 (policy of insurance esp. on marine property), 
 practise marine insurance, "whence u'nder- 
 writERin.; engage to buy all stock in (company 
 &c.) not bought by the public ; "write below, as 
 the underwritten names, [under- 2] 
 
 undi'ne (-en), n. Female water-sprite who 
 by marrying a mortal & bearing a child might 
 receive a soul. Hence undi'n a l a. [f. L unda 
 wave + -INE 1 ] 
 
 undo, see un-M1); undoek. un-M3); un- 
 doer, undoing-, undomesticate, un- 
 done 1 , UN- Ml). 
 
 u'ndose, a. (en torn.). Wavy, undulating, 
 [f. L undosus (unda -wave, see -ose 1 )] 
 
 undrape, undress 1 v.t. & i., see -un j (1); 
 undress 2 n., un- 2 (2) ; undressed 1 , un-M1); 
 unduke, un- 1 (4). 
 
 u'ndulate 2 , v.i. Have wavy motion or look. 
 Hence irndulating-i.Y 2 adv. [as foil.] 
 
 u'ndulate 2 (-at), a. Wavy, going alternate- 
 ly up & down or in & out, as leaves with it. 
 margins. Hence un'dulateLY 2 adv. [f. L 
 undulatus (unda wave, see -ul-, -ate 2 )] 
 
 undula'tion, n. Wavy motion or form, 
 gentle rise & fall, each wave of this; set of 
 wavy lines; (Path.) sensation of undulating 
 movement in the heart, [as prec. 4- -ation] 
 
 U'ndulatory, a. Undulating, wavy; of, due 
 to, undulation ; u. theory of light (that light 
 is propagated through the ether by wave- 
 motion imparted to the ether by molecular 
 vibrations of the radiant body), so undula*- 
 tioniST(2) n. [-ory] 
 
 unearth, see un-1(3); unease, un- 2 (2); un- 
 edge, on-*(2); unegoize, un-M1); unem- 
 ployment, UN- 2 (2) ; unentangle, un- 
 equalize, UN-MD;unfaee, UN- 1 (2);unfaith, 
 un- 2 (2); unfasten, unfastened 1 , un-M1); 
 unfeather, unfence, un- 1 (2); unfetter, 
 unfettered 1 , unfeudalize, unfile, unfit, 
 unfix, unfixed 1 , un-MI); unflesh, un- 
 flower, un-M2); unfold 1 , un-MI); unfold 2 , 
 un-MS); unform, un-MI): unframe, UN-M2); 
 unfriend, un- 2 (2); unfrock, un- 1 (2); un- 
 furl, ungear, ungild, ungird, un-MI); 
 ung-irdle, un-M2); unglaze, un-MI); un- 
 g*love, ungown, un- 1 {2), 
 
 u'ngual |-gw-), a. Of, like, bearing, a nail 
 or hoof or claw. So ungui'eulAR 1 , ungui'- 
 cuIate 2 ,- [-cule, usu. without dim. force], 
 ung-ui'FEROUs, u*ng"uiFORM, aa, [f. L un- 
 guis claw, nail, 4- -al] 
 
 u'nguent (-gw-), n. Any soft substance used 
 as ointment or for lubrication. So u'nguent- 
 arv 1 a. [f. L unguentum (unguere anoint)] 
 
 u'ngula, n. (pi. -ae). Hoof, claw, talon, 
 whence u*ngulATE 2 (2) a. ; hooked instrument 
 for extracting dead foetus; cone, cylinder, with 
 top cut off by plane oblique to base. Hence 
 u'ng-ulAR 1 a. [L, dim. as ungual] 
 
 ungum, unhair, see un- 1 (2) ; unhallow, 
 unhand, unhang-, unharness, unhasp, 
 un- Ml); unhat, unhelm, un-M2); un- 
 hinge(d), unhitch, un- Ml) ; unhive, un- 1 
 (3); unhook, unhoop, un-MD ; unhorse, 
 un-M3) ; unhouse, unhumanize, un j (1) ; 
 unhusk, un- 1 (2). 
 
 uni- in comb. — L unus one, as: -arti'culate, 
 single-jointed ; -a'x(i)al, having a single axis, 
 whence -a'xially adv. ; -ca'meral, of only one 
 chamber (u. legislature) ; -ca'pstdar. of one 
 capsule ; ce'Uular, one-celled ; -co'lour(ed), of 
 
 one colour; -cor'nous, one-horned; -co'state, 
 single-ribbed; -cuspid a. & n., (tooth) of one 
 cusp; -cycle (u'-), single-wheeled velocipede; 
 -flor'ous, bearing one flower; -fo'liate, having 
 one leaf ; -la'teral, one-sided (u. leaves, leaning 
 to one side of stem, u. contract, binding one 
 party only), whence -laterally adv. ; -li'teral, 
 consisting of one letter; -lo'cidar, -lo'culate, 
 (bot., zool.), single-chambered; -parous (uni*-), 
 producing one at a birth, (Bot.) having one 
 axis or branch ; -jyar'tite, not divided ; -ped 
 (u - -), single-footed; -pergonal, (of Deity) exist- 
 ing only in one person, (of verb) used only in 
 one person ; -ph'fnar, lying in one plane ; -po- 
 lar, (Biol., of cell &c.) having only one pole, 
 (Electr.) showing only one kind of polarity, 
 whence -pohcrity n. ; -ra'diate(d), having only 
 one arm or ray or process ; -ser'ial, set in one 
 row ; -se'xual, of one sex, not hermaphrodite, 
 having stamens or pistil but not both, whence 
 -sexua'lity n., -sexually adv. ; -su'leate, (bot., 
 zool.), single-grooved; -valent (uni'-) (cheni.), 
 having a combining power of one, whence -va- 
 lence, -valency, nn. ; -valve (u*-) a. & n., (mol- 
 lusk) of one valve ; -vocal (uni - -) a. & n., (word) 
 of only one proper meaning, (Mus.) having a 
 unisonous sound, whence -vocally adv. ; -voca'- 
 tion, agreement of name & meaning. 
 
 U'niat, -ate, (u-), n. Member of any com- 
 munity of Oriental Christians that acknow- 
 ledges Pope's supremacy but retains own litur- 
 gy &c. [f. Russ. uniyatu f. L unus one] 
 
 u'nicorn, n. Fabulous animal with horse's 
 body & single straight horn (in Deut. xxxiii. 17 
 mistransl. of Heb. re'em, a two-horned animal); 
 heraldic representation of this, with goat's 
 beard & lion's tail ; (also u.-fish, -whale, sea-u.) 
 narwhal ; kind of single-horned beetle ; cater- 
 pillar with horn-like prominence on back (u.- 
 moth, of this); pair of horses with third horse 
 in front, turn-out with these ; (also u.-shell) 
 kinds of gasteropod with spine on lip of shell, 
 [f. L UNi(corm's f. cornu horn)] 
 
 U'niform, a., n., & v.t. Not changing in form 
 or character, the same, unvarying, as present a 
 u. appearance, of u. size & shape, keeps a u. 
 temperature, behaved tcith u. moderation, u. 
 acceleration (not varying with time); (of tax, 
 law, &c.) not varying with time or place ; con- 
 forming to same standard or rule; (n.) u. dress 
 worn by members of same body,e.g. by soldiers, 
 sailors, policemen ; (vb) make u., clothe in u. 
 Hence u'niformLY 2 adv. [(n. & vb f. adj.) 
 f. F uniforms f. L vai(formis -form)] 
 
 unifor'mity, n. Being uniform, sameness, 
 consistency ; Act of U. (for securing u. in pub- 
 lic worship, esp. that of 1662); doctrine of u. 
 (that u. has prevailed in physical causes & 
 effects in all ages, opp. to catastrophism), 
 whence uniformitAR'iAN(is.M) nn. [f. LL uni- 
 formitas (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 U'nify, v.t. Reduce (things or abs.) to unity 
 or uniformity. Hence or cogn. uniFiCA'TiON, 
 u'nifiER 1 , nn. [f. med.L vai(ficare -fy)] 
 
 Unig-e'nitus (u-, -j-), n. (hist.). Bull of Cle- 
 ment XI directed against Jansenism in 1713. 
 [mod.L, = only-begotten, first wd of the bull] 
 
 u'nion, n. Uniting, being united, coalition, 
 junction, as effected a u., the u. of the parts was 
 imperfect, u. by first or second "intention, the 
 U.(of England & Scotland in 1706, also, of Great 
 Britain & Ireland); matrimony, marriage ; con- 
 cord, agreement, as lived together in perfect u. ; 
 a whole resulting from combination of parts or 
 members, esp. (1) the U.S., (2) the United King- 
 dom, trade-w. ; postal u, ; t wo ormore parishes 
 
 For other words in uni- see itnt- 
 
UNIONIST 
 
 974 
 
 UNLOOSE 
 
 consolidated for administration of poor-laws, 
 (in full u. workhouse) workhouse erected by 
 suchu.; association of independent (esp. Con- 
 gregational or Baptist) churches for purposes 
 of co-operation ; part of flag with device em- 
 blematic of u. normally occupying upper corner 
 next staff (flag hoisted u. down, with u. below 
 as signal of distress); U. Jack ovflag, national 
 ensign of United Kingdom formed by u. of 
 crosses of St George, St Andrew, & St Patrick ; 
 kinds of joint or coupling for pipes &c ; shallow 
 vat in which beer is left to clear ; u.-cord, kind 
 of white cord for stay-laces. [F, f. LL unio 
 unity {unus one, see -ion)] 
 i u'nionist, n. Member of a trade-union, ad- 
 vocate of trade-unions ; person opposed to rup- 
 ture of legislative union between Great Britain 
 & Ireland, opponent of home rule in Ireland, 
 as liberal u., (attrib.) u. party, principles; 
 (U.S. Hist.) one who during the civil war op- 
 posed secession. So irnionis.M n.,unioni*s- 
 tic a. [-ist] 
 
 uni'que (ek), a. &n. Unmatched, unequalled, 
 having no like or equal or parallel, as his jiosi- 
 tion ivas u., this vase is so far as is known 
 u., (vulg.) the most u. (remarkable) man I ever 
 met; (n.) u. thing. Hence uni'queLY 2 adv., 
 uni'quexESS n. [F, f. L unieus {anus one)] 
 
 u'nison (-zn, -sn), a. & n. (Mus.) coinciding 
 in pitch, whence or cogn. uni'sonAL, uni*- 
 soiiant, uni'sonous, aa., uni'sonAXCE n. ; 
 u. string (tuned in u. with another string & 
 meant to be sounded with it). (N.) unity of 
 pitch, interval between one tone & another of 
 same pitch ; interval of an octave ; state of 
 sounding at same pitch, esp. in u.; —u. string ; 
 concord, agreement, as acted in perfect u. [(n. 
 thr. F u?iisson) f. med.L vsi(sonus sound)] 
 
 u'nit, n. Individual thing or person or group 
 regarded for purposes of calculation &c. as 
 single & complete, each of the individuals or 
 groups into which a complex whole may be 
 analysed, as take the family as the u. of society ; 
 quantity chosen as a standard in terms of 
 which other quantities may be expressed, as 
 abstract u., the number one (1), C.G.S. system 
 of nu. (in which centimetre, gramme, second, 
 are the uu. of length, mass, & time), electrical, 
 inagnetic, thermal, u. [shortened f. unity] 
 
 unitarian, n. & a. (L r -) one who, member 
 of a Christian body that, denies the doctrine 
 of the Trinity, whence Unitar'ianiSM n., 
 Unitar'ianiZE v.t. ; advocate of unity or cen- 
 tralization e.g. in politics. (Adj.) of the Uu., 
 as U. Church ; - foil, [-arian] 
 
 u'nitary, a. Of a unitor units, as u. method, 
 a rule in arithmetic used for same purpose as 
 rule of three ; marked by uni(formi)ty. [-ary l ] 
 
 uni'te, v.t. & i. Join (t. & i.) together, make 
 or become one, combine, consolidate, amalga- 
 mate, as u. the parts with cement, give the parts 
 time to u., the tivo nations gradually (became) 
 united, oil will notu.ivithicaier, United st ate 1 s, 
 
 United kingdom, United Irishmen, Irish so- 
 ciety formed in 1791 for purposes of parliamen- 
 tary reform &c, United Provinces, Holland, 
 Zealand, & 5 other provinces united in 1579 
 & forming basis of republic of Netherlands, 
 
 United Brethren, the Moravian sect ; agree, 
 combine, co-operate, (in sentiment, conduct, 
 doing). Hence uni'tedLv 2 adv., u'nitiVE a. 
 [f. L unire -it- (unus one)] 
 
 vrnitism, n. = monism, [ism] 
 
 u*nitize,v.t. Reduce to, treat as, aunit. [-ize] 
 
 u'nity, n. Oneness, being one or single or 
 individual, being formed of parts that consti- 
 
 For adjj. in un- not given see un-2(1). 
 
 tute a whole, due interconnexion & coherence 
 of parts, as disturbs the u. oftlie idea, pictures 
 lack u. , national it.; thingshowingsuch u., thing 
 that forms a complex whole, as a person re- 
 garded as a it.; (Math.) the number one, factor 
 that leaves unchanged the quantity on which 
 it operates ; the dramatic uu. , uu. of time, place, 
 & action, limitation of supposed time of drama 
 to that occupied in acting it or to a single day, 
 use of same scene throughout, & abstention 
 from all that is irrelevant to development of 
 single plot; harmony, concord, between persons 
 &c, as dwell together in u., at u. with ; (Law) 
 joint tenancy of different tenants, joint posses- 
 sion by one person of different rights, [f. OF 
 unite f. L unitatem (unus one, see -ty)] 
 
 univer'sal, a. & n. Of or belonging to or 
 done &c. by all persons or things in the world 
 or in the class concerned, applicable to all cases, 
 the terror was u., met ivith u. applause, has 
 the u. sanction of philosojihers, the rule does 
 not pretend to be u., u. agent (empowered to do 
 all that can be delegated), u. provider, u. com- 
 pass (with legs that may be extended for large 
 circles), u. coupling or joint (allowing connected 
 parts to move in any direction), u. legatee (to 
 whom the whole of a property is bequeathed), 
 u. proposition (in which predicate is affirmed 
 or denied of the entire subject). Hence or cogn. 
 univensa'lrrv, universalizATiON, nn., 
 univep*salizE(3) v.t., univer'salr.Y 2 adv. 
 (N.): (Logic) u. proposition; (Philos.) general 
 notion or idea, thing that by its nature may be 
 predicated of many. [f. F universel f. L uni- 
 versalis (as universe, see -al)] 
 
 univer'salist, U-, n. One who holds, esp. 
 member of an organized body of Christians who 
 hold,thatall mankind will eventually be saved. 
 Hence or cogn. univer'saliSM n., univer- 
 sali'stic a. [ist] 
 
 vrniverse, n. All existing things ; the whole 
 creation (& the Creator) ; all mankind ;" (Logic) 
 all the objects under consideration, [f. F uni- 
 vers f. ~Luniversum neut. of VNi(versus p.p. of 
 vertere turn) combined into one, whole] 
 
 university, n. Educational institution de- 
 signed for instruction or examination or both 
 of students in all or many of the more impor- 
 tant branches of learning, conferring degrees 
 in various faculties, & often embodying col- 
 leges & similar institutions ; members of this 
 collectively ; team, crew, &c, representing a 
 u., as the u. had four wickets to fall ; U. ex- 
 tension ; U. Test Act (abolishing subscription 
 to Thirty-nine Articles &c. as requisite to tak- 
 ing of degree, 1871). [f. L universitas whole, 
 universe, corporation, (as prec, see -ty), under- 
 stood also w. ref. to number of subjects taughtl 
 
 universo'logy, n. Science of all created 
 things ; science of all that is of human interest. 
 Hence universolo'g'iCAL a., universo'lo- 
 
 g"IST n. [f. UNIVERSE + -O- + -LOGY] 
 
 unjoin, unjoint, see un-^I); unking-, 
 un-MD; unkink,unknit, unknot. unlace. 
 unlade, unlash, unlatch, unlay, un- '(1); 
 unlead, un- 1 (2); unlearn, un-MD; un- 
 leash, UN- i(3). 
 
 unle'ss, conj. If not, except when, as shall 
 (not) go u. I hear from him, u. absolutely com- 
 pelled, always walked u. I had a bicycle ; u. 
 & until (verbose for until in condit. use, cf. if 
 & when), [earlier onless (on+less) ; u. I hear 
 = on less provocation than my hearing, short 
 of my hearing, cf. F a moins que or de] 
 
 unlimber, see UN- M2) ; unline, unlink, 
 unload, unlock, unlodge, unloose, in- 1 
 
 For other words in uni- see uni-. 
 
UNLORD 
 
 975 
 
 UP- 
 
 (1); unlopd, ux-M4); unmake, un- Ml) ; un- 
 man. UN- 1 (2, 4); unmantle, UX-M2); un- 
 mask, unmew, un-M1); unmonk, un-M4); 
 unmoor, unmortise, unmould, un- 
 muffle, unmuzzle, un-MD; unnail, un- ] (2); 
 unnaturalize, unnerve(d), un-MD; un- 
 nest, ux-M3) ; unpack, unpeg 1 , un-MD; 
 unpen, ux-M3); unpeople, un-'(1); un- 
 pereh, ux-M3); unpick, unpin, unplait, 
 unplug, un-MD; unplume, UN-*(2); un- 
 pope, ux-MD; unpreaeh, ux-MD ; unpre- 
 judice, ux--(2); unprelate, unpriest, 
 unprince, ux-MD; unprop, ux- M2) ; un- 
 queen, ux-M4); unravel, ux-MD; unrea- 
 son, ux- 2 (2) ; unreel, unreeve, unrein, 
 UN- Ml): unrepair, unreserve, unrest, 
 unrestraint, ux- 2 (2); unriddle, unrig, 
 un- Ml); unright, un- 2 (2); unring, un-M2); 
 unrip, unrivet, un-MD ; unrobe, ux-M2) ; 
 unroll, unromanize, un-MD; unroof, 
 un- M2) ; unroost, vn- M3) ; unroot, un- Ml) ; 
 unrumple, un-M2); unsaddle, unsaid 1 , 
 unsay, un-M1); unseale, un-M2); un- 
 screw, unseal, unseam, unseat, un- 
 seated 1 , un- Ml); unself, un-M2); unset, 
 unsettle, unsettled 1 , un-M1); unsex, 
 un-M2); unshackle, unsheathe, un-MD; 
 unshell, un-M2); unship, unshipped 1 , 
 ux-MD; unshoe, unshot, unshutter, un- 
 sinew,unsister, ux-M2) ; unsling, ux-Ml); 
 unsnare, ux- M3) ; unsolder, unspar, 
 UN-M2); unspeak, un-M1); unspell, un- 
 sphere, un-M3); unsquire, ux-M4); un- 
 starch, ux- M2) ; unsteel, ux-Ml) ; unstep, 
 ux- M3); unstick, unstitch, unstock, un- 
 stop, ux-Ml); unstopper, ux-M2); un- 
 strap, unstring, unstrung, ux- Ml) ; un- 
 success, unsuspicion, ux- 2 (2); uns wad- 
 dle, unswathe, uns wear, ux-Ml); un- 
 symmetry, ux- 2 (2); untack, untangle, 
 unteach, untemper, ux ] (l); untent, 
 ux-M3); untether, unthink, unthread, 
 ux-Ml); unthrift, un- 2 (2); unthrone, ux- 1 
 (3) ; untie, untied l , ux-Ml). 
 
 unti'l, prep. & conj. =till 2 . [altered f. 
 unto, cf. TILL 2 ] 
 
 untile, untin, see un-M2). 
 
 u'nto, prep, (archaic). = to 1 (in all uses ex- 
 cept as sign of infinitive), [f. OFris. und to, 
 cogn. w. UN- 1 & Gothic and-, + to H 
 
 untomb, see un- ] (3); untooth, un-M2); 
 untruss, un-M1); untruth, un- 2 (2); un- 
 tuck, untune, un-M1); unturf, un-M2); 
 untwine, untwist, unveil, un-M1); un- 
 viear, un-M4); unvote, unwarp, un- 
 weave, unwill, unwind, un- Ml) ; unwis- 
 dom, un- 2 (2) ; unwound 1 , unwork, un- 
 wrap, unwrinkle, unyoke, ux- Ml). 
 
 up, adv., prep., a., & n. To or in a high(er) 
 place, position, degree, amount, value, &c, to 
 or in a capital or university or place further 
 north or otherwise conventionally regarded as 
 high(er), as bird flew up to the eaves, high up 
 in the air, what is he doing up there ?, horse 
 might have won with a better jockey up (in sad- 
 dle), lives four floors up, a few feet further up, 
 flames mount up, total mounts up, tide is com- 
 ing up, water came up to his chin, a hundred 
 up (on scoring-board, scored in game), sums up 
 to £5, lives up to (spends all) his income, up to 
 the .mark l , am not up to (fit for) travelling, 
 custom is traced up (back) to the Stuarts, up 
 to date 2 , lift up your head, as far up (north) 
 as Aberdeen, Oxford men just going up, stayed 
 xtp (at Oxford &c. ) for the vacation, ran up to 
 town (London) for the day, was had up (before 
 magistrate) on a charge of drunkenness, sailed 
 up (towards source) as far as the river was 
 
 navigable, corn isAip (at high price), is high up 
 in the school, went up three places inclass, ran 
 up a bill, have looked for it up & down (in every 
 direction) ; to the place in question or in which 
 the speaker &c. is, as child came up & asked 
 me the time, went straight up to the door, sure 
 to turn l up late ; to or in erect or vertical 
 position (lit. & fig.) esp. as favourable to acti- 
 vity, out of bed or lying or sitting or kneeling 
 posture, in(to) condition of efficiency oractivity, 
 as sprang up from his seat, stand up, (with 
 get, stand, Sec. understood) up!, up with you, 
 get up, up with it, put it up, was (already) up 
 early this morning,was (still) tip late last night, 
 must be up <fe* doing, Home Secretary is up 
 (has risen to speak, is speaking), stir up sedi- 
 tion, get up, screw up your courage, wind up 
 watch, beer is not up (is flat), nation is up in 
 arms (armed & ready to fight lit. & fig., often 
 against), whole of the west was up (in rebellion 
 &c), his blood is up (anger or spirit roused), is 
 well up (instructed) in mathematics, what is up 
 (going on) .', what tricks have you been up to 
 (playing) ?, up to snuff *, do not feel up (equal) 
 to work, this cigar is not up to much (is poor) ; 
 (expr. complete or effectual result &c.) eat, 
 drink, burn, dry, tear, up, speak up (loudly), 
 hunt up, find by hun ting, folloio up, praise up, 
 save up, accumulate by saving, pack, put 1 , 
 bind, store, lock, chain, tie, fasten, fix, nail, 
 seal, up (securely), time is up (exhausted), give 1 
 up, hurry up, make l up, cheer up, clear up, 
 it is all up with him, his case is hopeless ; 
 HARD-Jtp. (Prep.) to a higher point of, on or 
 along in ascending direction, as climbed up the 
 ladder, up the hill, smoke goes up chimney, 
 sailed up (towards source of) the river, walked 
 up (towards higher or more centra) part of, or 
 simply along) the street, up hill & down dale, 
 up & down in every direction, taking the 
 country as it conies; at or in a higher part of, 
 as lives further up the road, somewhere up the 
 river, saw him sitting half-a-mile up the hill, 
 up a tree, up the SPOUT. (Adj.) moving, slop- 
 ing, going, towards a higher point or to the 
 capital, as up stroke, line (of railway), train. 
 (N.) ups & downs, rises & falls, undulating 
 ground, alternately good & bad fortune. (OE 
 up(p) adv., cf. Du. op, G auf, cogn. w. Gk hupo 
 under & w. over] 
 
 up-,pref. = prec. 1. Adv. pref. to vbs (esp. in 
 p.p.) & vbl nn., chiefly archaic, poet., or rhet., 
 exc. a few given separately (upbraid &c), as: 
 tipbear' v.t., hold up, sustain aloft, esp. in p.p. 
 upborne', upbi'nd v.t.; upbla'zev.L; u'pbring- 
 ing n. (mod.), bringing up, education ; upca'st 
 v.t.; u'peast n., casting up, upward throw, 
 (Mining) shaft through which air passes out of 
 mine ; u'pgrowthn., growing up, development, 
 what grows up; uphea'p v.t.; uphea'val n. 
 (mod.), heaving up, esp. (Geol.) of part of earth's 
 crust; uphea've v.t. & i. ; wpkeep n. (mod.), 
 (cost, means, of ) maintenance ; uplift v.t.; up- 
 1'ai'se v.t.; uprear' v.t. ; upri'sev.L; upri'sing 
 n., rising, esp. from bed, rebellion, riot ; uproo't 
 v.t. (mod.), tear up by roots (lit. & fig.) ; u'ptake 
 n., lifting, (Sc.) understandisg, apprehension, 
 as quick in the u.; u'pthrow n., throwing up- 
 ward, esp. (Geol., Mining) upward displacement 
 of rock on one side of fault ; u'pthrust n. geol., 
 = upheaval; uptur'nv.t., turn up (ground in 
 ploughing &c). 2. Pref. with prep, force form- 
 ing advv. & adjj. f. nn.,as: u'p-country ad v. & 
 a., toward the interior, inland, as inarched u.-c, 
 u.-c. districts ; uphi'll adv., sloping upwards, 
 along hill or slope in upward direction, as 
 road runs u., riding u.; wphill a., sloping up- 
 wards, (fig.) arduous, difficult, laborious, as u. 
 
UPANISHAD 
 
 976 
 
 URCHIN 
 
 work ; upstair's adv., u'pstair(s), a., on, to, an 
 upper storey ; up-strea'm adv., wp-stream a., 
 (moving, done) against the current. 3. W. adj. 
 force, as : u'pland a. & n. (sing, or pi.), (of) the 
 higher or inland parts of a country ; u'psti'oke, 
 upward line made in writing. 
 
 upa'nishad (oopah-, oopa-), n. Each of a 
 series of Sanskrit philosophical treatises form- 
 ing a division of the Vedas. [Skr.] 
 
 u'pas, n. (Also u.-tree, antiar) Javanese tree 
 yielding milky sap used as arrow-poison & for- 
 merly believed to be fatal to whatever came 
 beneath its branches, (fig. ) pernicious influence, 
 practice, &c. ; poisonous sap of this & other 
 trees. [Malay, = poison] 
 
 upbpa'id, v.t. Chide, reproach (person &c. 
 with, for, fault, &c.,orabs.). Hence upbrai'd- 
 ing l n., upbrai'ding-LY 2 adv. [OE up(breg- 
 dan braid 2 ), prob. orig. = lay hands on] 
 
 upheld, v.t. Hold up, keep erect, support ; 
 give support or countenance to (person, prac- 
 tice, &c); maintain, confirm, (decision, ver- 
 dict). Hence upho'ldER * n. [up-] 
 
 upho'lster, v.t. Furnish (room &c.) with 
 hangings, carpets, furniture, &c. ; provide 
 (chair &c.) with textile covering, padding, 
 springs, &c, cover (chair &c with, in, tapestry 
 &c). I back-formation f. foil.] 
 
 uphd'lsterep, n. One whose trade it is to 
 upholster ; u.-bee, kind that furnishes its cell 
 with regularly cut bits of leaves &c. So up- 
 ho*lstERv(l, 2) n. [earlier uphold(st)er broker, 
 lit. one who holds up goods for inspection (up- 
 hold, -ster)w. superfluous -ER 1 ] 
 
 u'phroe (-6), n. (naut). Long wooden block 
 with holes through which cords are rove for 
 adjusting an awning, [f. Du. juffrouw young 
 lady, (naut.) ornamental pulley &c, (jong 
 young + vrouio woman)] 
 
 upo'n, prep. = on (on & upon are perhaps 
 always idiomatically interchangeable ; on is 
 perhaps the commoner word esp. in colloq. use ; 
 upon is perhaps preferred when the prep, fol- 
 lows its object, as had no evidence to go upon, 
 nothing to depend upon, not enough toli ve upon, 
 but cf. which table did you leave it on ? : other 
 idiomatic preferences are perhaps rightly 
 shown in upon my word, on the whole, tier 
 upon tier of seats, fell upon him unawares, 
 had him on toast, came at once on receiving 
 your message, take it on trust, will go on the 
 chance, went on the spree, thrown upon his own 
 resources, stretched upon the rack), [formerly 
 also as adv. ; OE uppon (up + ONj] 
 
 u'pper, a. & n. Higher in place, situated 
 above, as u. lip, u. storey (of house, also fig. = 
 brain, as something wrong in his u. storey), u. 
 (right-hand side of) keyboard, u. case 2 , have or 
 get the u. hand (mastery), u. works naut., parts 
 of ship above water when she is balanced for 
 vo.'age ; higher in rank, dignity, &c, as the u. 
 servants, the U. House, House of Lords, the u. 
 ten (thousand), the aristocracy, the U. Bench 
 (hist.), Court of King's Bench during exile of 
 Charles II ; (n.) u. part of boot or shoe, as be on 
 one's uu. (poor, in difficulties), (ol.) cloth gaiters. 
 [ME(up + -erS>] 
 
 U'ppermost, a. & adv. Highest in place or 
 rank, so u'pmost a.; (adv.) on or to the top, as 
 said whatever came u. (first suggested itself), 
 [prec. + -most, formed on aftermost] 
 
 u*ppish,a. Self-assertive, pert. Hence u*p- 
 pishLY 2 adv. , irppishNESS n. [f . up + -ish l ] 
 
 irppigbt (inpred. wsea?soupri't),a. (&adv.). 
 Erect, vertical, as an u. post, posture, piano 2 , 
 (pred. a. or adv.) stood «., set it u. ; righteous, 
 
 strictly honourable or honest, whence u*p- 
 pig-htLY 2 adv., irppig-htNESS n. [OE up- 
 (riht RIGHT)] 
 
 u'ppoap, n. Tumult, violent disturbance, 
 clamour. Hence uppoap'ious a. , uproar *i- 
 ously 2 adv., uppoap'iousNESS n. [f. Du. 
 oproer (op up + roeren stir, move, cf. G riihren, 
 ON hraera, OE hreran)] 
 
 upse't 1 , v.t. & i., & .. Overturn, be over- 
 turned, as carriage (was) u. ; disturb the com- 
 posure or temper or digestion of, as the news 
 quite u. him, ate something that u. him ; shorten 
 & thicken (metal, esp. tire) by hammering or 
 pressure : (n.) upsetting, being upset, [up-] 
 
 u'pset 2 , a. U. price, lowest selling price of 
 property in auction &c, reserve price, [up-] 
 
 u'pshot, n. Final issue, conclusion ; general 
 effect, the long & short, (o/a matter), [up-] 
 
 u*pside-down, adv. & a. With the upper 
 part under, inverted, in total disorder, as every- 
 thing ivas (turned) u.,an u. arrangement, [al- 
 tered f. ME up so down, lit. up as if down ; cf. 
 
 TOPSY-TURVY] 
 
 u'pstapt, n. Person wko has risen suddenly 
 from humble position (often attrib.) ; person 
 who assumes arrogant tone, [up-] 
 
 u'pward, a., u*pwapd(s), adv. Directed, 
 moving, towards a higher place (lit. & fig.), as 
 an u. glance, pieces shoioanu. tendency, whence 
 u'pwardLY 2 adv. (Adv.) in u. direction, as 
 look, move, u., followed the stream u. (towards 
 source) ; children of 6 years old & upwards 
 (more) ; fo und upicards of (more than) lo speci- 
 meiis. [-ward(s)] 
 
 urae'mia, n. (path.). Morbid condition of 
 blood due to retention of urinary matter nor- 
 mally eliminated by kidneys. Hence upae'mic 
 a._[f. Gk ouron urine + haima blood] 
 
 urae'us, n. Serpent as head-dress of Egyp- 
 tian divinities & kings, [f. Gk ouraios of the 
 tail (Oura)] 
 
 Up*al-Alta*ic (ur-), a. Of (the people of) the 
 Ural & Altaic mountain ranges; (Philol.) of a 
 family of Finnic, Mongolian, & other agglutina- 
 tive languages of X. Europe & Asia. 
 
 upa'mum, n. Heavy white metallic element 
 found in pitch-blende &c. Hence upa'nic, 
 up'anous, aa. (chem.). [f. URANUS (in compli- 
 ment to Herschel) + -IUM] 
 
 upano- in comb. = Gk ouranos heaven, as: 
 -gt'aphy, descriptive astronomy, so -gra'phic(al) 
 aa., -graphist n. ; -logy, astronomy; -metry, 
 measurement of stellar distances, map showing 
 positions and magnitudes of stars. 
 
 UP*anus(ur-),n. (Gk Myth.) son of Ge (Earth) 
 & father of Cronus (Saturn), the Titans, &c; 
 planet discovered by Herschel in 1781, outer- 
 most of solar system except Neptune. [Gk, = 
 heaven, Uranus] 
 
 up'ban, a. Of, living or situated in, a city or 
 town, as u. districts, jiopulation, u. sanitai~y 
 district (subject to u. sanitary authorities), [f. 
 L urbanus of the city, refined, polished (urbs 
 urbis city, see -an)] 
 
 urba'ne, a. Courteous, suave, elegant or 
 refined in manner. Hence UPba'neiA* 2 adv. 
 [as prec] 
 
 upba'nity, n. Courtesy, polished manners ; 
 (archaic) polished wit or humour, [f. L urban i- 
 tas (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 up'ceolate (-at), a. (bot.). Pitcher-shaped, 
 with large body & small mouth, [f. L wceolus 
 dim. of urceus pitcher + -ate 2 ] 
 
 up'chin, n. Roguish or mischievous boy; 
 boy, youngster; (usu. sea-u.) = echinus; (ar- 
 chaic) hedgehog, goblin, [f. ONF herichun i. 
 
 For other words in un- see up-. 
 
URDU 
 
 977 
 
 USE 
 
 L ericius hedgehog (er hedgehog, cogn. w. Gk 
 kher), see -oonJ^ 
 
 Urdu (oordoo), n. Hindustani. [Hind., lit. 
 
 = camp (language), as originating between Mo- 
 hammedan conquerors & their subjects] 
 
 -ure, suf. forming nn„ repr. F -«re, L -ura, 
 added to p.p. stems of vbs (a pert ura, captiira, 
 censura, dictatura), rarely to others (figura). 
 Wds in -atura lost -t- in F (armat ura F armwe, 
 tornatura F tournure, capellatura F cheve- 
 lure), & -lire, thus appearing to be added to 
 pres. st., became living suf. in F forming nn. or 
 vbs in -er not always of L orig. {procedure, mon- 
 ture, broch ure), many of which are adopted in E. 
 Seizure, pleasure, failure, leisure, tenure, are 
 F infinitives in -ir assim. to wds in -ure ; see 
 also treasure, manure. Senses in E : (1) vbl 
 action, (2) its result, (3) collective body of agents, 
 as legislature, (4) term of (official) agency, as 
 (rarely) j udicat ure. 
 
 UP'ea, n. (chem.). Soluble colourless crystal- 
 line compound contained esp. in urine of mam- 
 mals, [f. Gk ouron urine] 
 
 -uret, suf. (chem.) of nn. & their derivatives 
 indicating combination, now for the most part 
 replaced by -ide. [f. -ur- in sulphur &c. + -et *] 
 
 upe*tep, n. Duct by which urine passes from 
 kidney to bladder &c. Hence UPetePi'TiS n. 
 [f. Gk oureter (oureo make water)] 
 
 upethpa, n. Duct by which urine is dis- 
 charged from bladder. Hence upe'thPAL a., 
 upethPi'Tis, upe'thPocELE, urethpO'TO- 
 NT, nn. [L, f. Gk ourethra (as prec.)] 
 
 upe'tic, a. & n. = diuretic 
 
 urge, v.t. Drive forcibly, impel, hasten, 
 cause to proceed with effort, as urged his horse 
 forward, urged him on, ice urged our flight 
 northwards ; entreat or exhort earnestly or 
 persistently, as u. him to action, to take steps ; 
 advocate (measure &c.)pressingly; ply (person 
 &c.) hard with argument or entreaty ; dwell 
 persistently or emphatically upon, as inrainyou 
 u.his youth, urged the difficulty of getting sup- 
 jilies, a rgument was urged in vain, [f . L urgere 
 press, drive, cogn. w. Gk (h)eirgo repress, con- 
 strain, & w. wreak] 
 
 up'gency, n. Being urgent; (Pari.) formal 
 declaration, by vote of three to one in house of 
 not less than 300, that matter is urgent & shall 
 take precedence of all others. [F (as prec, see 
 
 -ENCY)] 
 
 UP'gent, a. Pressing, calling for immediate 
 action or attention, as am in u.need, the matter 
 is u., an u. demand; importunate, earnest & 
 persistent in demand, as teas u. withmefor (or 
 to disclose) further particulars. Hence up*- 
 gentLY 2 adv. [F (as prec, see -ent)] 
 
 up*ie, a. Of urine ; u. acid (found in small 
 quantities in healthy urine of man & quadru- 
 peds, chief constituent in that of birds & rep- 
 tiles), [f. Gk ouron urine + -ic] 
 
 UP'im, n. U. & thummim, objects of un- 
 known nature connected with breastplate of 
 high priest (Exod. xxviii. 30). [Heb. urim pi. 
 of ur light, tummim pi. of torn perfection] 
 
 up'inal, n. Fixed vessel or receptacle for 
 use of persons requiring to pass urine ; public 
 or private place containing such receptacles ; 
 vessel used by invalid for passing water in bed ; 
 glass vessel for containing urine for inspection. 
 [OF f. med.L, f. L urinalis a. (urine, -al)] 
 
 UP'inapy, a. & n. Of urine, as u. organs, 
 diseases; (n.) reservoir for u. as manure, [-ary 1 ] 
 
 up'inate, v.i. Pass urine. Hence upin ac- 
 tion n. [f. med.L urinare (as foil.), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 up'ine, n. Pale-yellow fluid secreted from 
 the blood by the kidneys, stored in bladder, & 
 discharged through urethra. So up'inous a. 
 
 IOF, f. L urina, cogn. w. Gk ouron, Skr. vari 
 water, OE waer sea, see -ine 4 ] 
 
 urino- in comb. = prec, as : -logy, study of 
 the urine ; -meter, instrument showing specific 
 gravity of urine, so -me'tric a. , -metry n. ; -scopy, 
 inspection of urine, so -sco'pic a. 
 
 up'man, n. Siberian tract of coniferous fo- 
 rest esp. on swampy land. [Siber.] 
 
 urn, n., & v.t. Vase with foot & usu. with 
 rounded body, esp. as anciently used for storing 
 the ashes of the dead or as vessel or measure ; 
 (fig.) anything in which dead body or its re- 
 mains are preserved, e.g. grave ; vase-shaped 
 vessel with tap in which tea, coffee, &c, is kept 
 hot e.g. by means' of spirit-lamp; u.-flower, 
 kinds of bulbous plant with u. -shaped flower. 
 Hence up'nFUL n. (Vb) enclose in u. [(vb f. 
 n.J_f. F urnc f. L urna] 
 
 upo- * in comb. = urino-, as -logy, &c 
 
 upo- 2 in comb. = Gk oura tail, as -sthene n., 
 ■sthe'nic a., (animal) with strong or highly de- 
 veloped tail. 
 
 Ur'sa, n. U. Major, Minor, Great, Little, 
 bear J. [L, = she-bear] 
 
 up'sine, a. Of, like, a bear, so up'siform a. ; 
 (Entom.) thickly clothed with bristles, [f. L 
 ursinus (ursus bear, see -ine l )] 
 
 Up'sullne, a. & n. (Nun) of an order found- 
 ed in 1537 for nursing the sick & teaching girls, 
 [f. St Ursula + -ine i] 
 
 UP'tieate, v.t. Sting like a nettle; whip 
 (paralytic limb &c) with nettles to restore feel- 
 ing. So UPticA'Tiox n. [f. med.L urticare (L 
 urtica nettle) see -ate 3 ] 
 
 upubu (ooTobboo), n. American black vul- 
 ture, [native] 
 
 up'us, n. Kind of wild bull described by 
 Caesar, = aurochs. [L, = Gk ouros] 
 
 us. See we. 
 
 usage (u'zij), n. Manner of using or treat- 
 ing, treatment, as met with harsh u., damaged 
 byroughu.; habitual orcustomary practice esp. 
 as creating a right or obligation or standard, 
 as sanctified by u., an ancient u., contrary 
 to the u. of the best writers; (Law) habitual 
 but not necessarily immemorial practice. [ME 
 & OF, f. med.L usaticiim (as use, see -age)] 
 
 u'sance (-z-), n. (commerc). Time allowed 
 for payment of foreign bills of exchange, as 
 the u. on Indian bills is U months, bill drawn 
 at half or double u. [OF as use, see -ance)] 
 
 use 1 (us), n. Using, employment, application 
 to a purpose, as should recommend the u. of 
 a fde, taught him the u. of the globes, put 
 it to a good «., is meant for u. not ornament, 
 is in daily u., becomes easier with u., worn 
 & polished with u., made u. of (employ- 
 ed) a quibble, pray make u. of my telephone ; 
 right or power of using, as stipulated for the 
 u. of the piano, lost the u. of his left arm; 
 availability, utility, purpose for which thing 
 can be used, as a blunt knife is of u. for this 
 work, a foot-rule will be found of (great) u., it is 
 (of) no it. talking or to talk, what is the it. of 
 talking ?, talking is no u.,find a u. for banana- 
 skins, I have no u. for it ; custom, want, fami- 
 liarity, as long u. has reconciled me to it, in 
 such matters u. is everything, according to his 
 u. in emergencies, u. & wont ; ritual & liturgy 
 of a church, diocese, &c, as Sarurn, Anglican, 
 Roman, u.; (Law) benefit or profit of lands & 
 tenements in the possession of another who 
 holds them solely for the beneficiary, [f. OF its 
 f. L usus -us (as roll.) ; (in legal sense) AF oesf. 
 L opus employment, need] 
 
 use 2 (uz), v.t. & i. Employ for a purpose, 
 handle as instrument, consume as material, 
 exercise, put into operation, avail oneself of, 
 
USEFUL 
 
 978 
 
 UTTER 
 
 as seldom u. a knife, should u. oil for frying, 
 we seem to u. a great deal of butter, never u. a 
 dictionary, learn to u. your hands, u. your 
 wits, must u. the services of an agent, shall u. 
 every means, must u. your opportunities, u. 
 your discretion, should at least u. some mo- 
 deration, may I u. your name (quote you as 
 authority, reference, &c.). ? , do not fail to u. (in 
 argument, pleading, &c.) this damaging fact, 
 has used my absence to poison every one against 
 me ; treat in specified manner, as has used me 
 like a dog, how did he u. you ?, used me ill, ill- 
 used me ; (now only in past, usu. pron. ust, 
 esp. when followed immediately by to) be ac- 
 customed, have as one's constant or frequent 
 practice, as / used to take the bus, does not 
 come as often as he used (to), bell used always 
 to ring at one, what used he to say ?, used not 
 (colloq. didn't u.) to answer ; (now only in p.p., 
 pron. as last sense) accustomed, as am not 
 used to this sort of thing, to being called a liar, 
 have become used to a vegetarian diet ; u. up, 
 consume the whole of (material &c), find a 
 use for (remaining material &c), exhaust, 
 wear out e.g. with overwork. Hence its- 
 able a., u'ser 1 [-er 1 ] n. [f. OF user f. LL 
 usare frequent, of L uti us- use] 
 
 u'seful (-s-), a. Of use, serviceable, produc- 
 ing or able to produce good result, as u. arts, 
 ratchet-brace will be found u., gave me some u. 
 hints, must make himself generally u. (per- 
 form miscellaneous services); (slang) highly 
 creditable or efficient, as a pretty u. perform- 
 ance, is pretty u. at Greek iambics. Hence 
 u'sefulLv 2 adv., u'sefulxEss n. [-ful] 
 
 u'seless, a. Serving no useful purpose, un- 
 availing, as a mass of u. erudition, contents 
 were rendered u. by damp, protest is u. ; 
 (slang) out of health or spirits, unfit for any- 
 thing, as am feeling u. Hence u'selessLY 2 
 adv., u'seless nkss n. [-less] 
 
 u'ser 2 (for u. 1 see use 2 ), n. (law). Con- 
 tinued use or enjoyment of a right &c. ; right 
 of u., (1) right to use, (2) presumptive right 
 arising from u. [OF (as use 2 , see -er 4 )] 
 
 u'shep, n., & v.t. Officer or servant acting 
 as doorkeeper of a court &c, showing persons 
 to seats in public hall &c, or walking before 
 person of rank, as (gentleman u. of the) black x 
 rod ; (now contempt.) under-teacher, assistant 
 schoolmaster. Hence u'shersmp n. (Vb) 
 act as u. to, precede (person) as u., announce, 
 show in &c, as was at length ushered (in)to 
 his presence, star ushers in the dawn. [( vb f. 
 n.) AF usser, f. OF (h)uissier f. L ostiarius 
 doorkeeper (ostium door, see -ary *)] 
 
 u'squebaugh (-kwibaw), n. Whisky ; Irish 
 cordial made of brandy &c. [f. Ir. uisge beatha 
 water of life (uisge water, whisky *, + beatha 
 life cogn. w. Gk bios)) 
 
 ustula'tion, n. Drying of moist substance 
 to prepare it for pulverizing ; burning of wine, 
 ff. L ustulare scorch f. urere ust- burn, -ation] 
 
 usual (u'zhdbal), a. Such as commonly oc- 
 curs, customary, habitual, as asked the u. 
 qxiestions, with his u. disregard of convention, 
 it is u. to tip the waiter, came earlier than 
 (was) u., have forgotten something as (is) u. or 
 (vulg. facet.) as per u. Hence u'sualLY 2 
 adv., u'sualxESS a. [f. F usuel f. L usualis 
 (as use !, see -al)] 
 
 usuca'ption (uz-), n. (civil law). Acquisi- 
 tion of title or right to property by uninter- 
 rupted & undisputed possession for prescribed 
 term, [also -capion, f. L usucapio -onis f. 
 usucapere acquire by prescription (usu by 
 use l + capere capt- take)] 
 
 u'sufruet (uz-), n., & v.t. Right of enjoy- 
 
 ing the use & advantages of another's property 
 short of destruction or waste of its substance ; 
 (vb) hold in u. [(vb f. n.) f. L ususfructus 
 use & enjoyment (usus use 1 +fructus fruit)] 
 
 usufpu'ctuary, a. & n. Of, one who has, 
 usufruct, [f. LL usufruct uarius (prec, -ary !)] 
 
 u'supep (uzher-), n. One who lends money 
 at exorbitant interest, [f. OF usurier f. med.L 
 usurarius (as usury, see -er 2 )] 
 
 usup'p (uz-), v.t. &i. Seize, assume, (throne, 
 office, power, property, &c.) wrongfully ; (rare) 
 encroach (up)on. Hence or cogn. usuppA'- 
 tion, usup'per 1 , mi., usup'pingTLY 2 adv. 
 [f. F usurper f. L usurpare use, u., etym. dub.] 
 
 usury (u'zheri), n. Practice of lending 
 money at exorbitant interest esp. at higher 
 interest than is allowed by law, whence 
 usurious (-z-, -zh-) a., usur'iousLY 2 adv., 
 usup'iouSNESS n. ; such interest ; (now usu. 
 fig.) interest, as the service was repaid with u. 
 [ME & F usure f. L usura (use 1 , -ure)] 
 
 ut l (dot), n. Key-note of a scale (now usu. 
 do 3 ). [See gamutJ 
 
 ut 2 , adv. Ut supra, infra, as shown or stated 
 above, below. [L] 
 
 ute'nsil, n. Instrument, implement, esp. 
 one in common domestic use, as kitchen, cook- 
 ing-, uu. [f. MF utensile f. L utensilis fit Jor 
 use (utent- part. st. of idi use, see -ile)] 
 
 u'terine, a. Of the uterus ; born of same 
 mother but not same father, as his u. brother. 
 [t_ LL uterinus (as foil., see -ine ] )] 
 
 u'terus, n. (pi. -i). The womb. Hence 
 uterrxis n. [L] 
 
 utilitarian, a. &n. Of, consisting in, utility; 
 (holder) of utilitarianism, [-arian] 
 
 utilitarianism, n. Doctrine that actions 
 are right because they are useful ; doctrine 
 that greatest happiness of greatest number 
 should be sole end of public action, [-ism] 
 
 uti'lity, n. Usefulness, profitableness ; use- 
 ful thing ; = prec. ; (Theatr., also u.-man) actor 
 of the smallest parts in plays, [f. F utility f. L 
 utilitatem (utilis useful f. uti use, see -ty)] 
 
 u'tilize, v.t. Make use of, turn to account, 
 use. Hence u'tilizABLE a., utilizA'TiON n. 
 [f^ L utilis, see prec, + -ize] 
 
 u'ti possidetis, n. Principle that leaves 
 belligerents in possession of what they have 
 acquired. [L, = as you possess] 
 
 u'tmost, a. & n. Furthest, extreme, as the 
 u. limits ; that is such in the highest degree, 
 as showed the u. reluctance; (n.) one's u., all 
 one can do. [OE idemest, double superl. of ut 
 out, cf. aftermost] 
 
 Uto'pia (u-),n. (Book publishedby Sir T.More 
 in 1516 describing) imaginary island with per- 
 fect social & political system ; ideally perfect 
 place or state of things. [= nowhere, f. Gk ou 
 not + topos place] 
 
 Uto'pian, u-, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Utopia ; 
 (characteristic of an) ardent but unpractical 
 reformer &c, whence uto'pianiSM n. [-an] 
 
 u'triele, n. Cell of animal or plant ; small 
 bag or cavity in the body, esp. one in the inner 
 ear. Hence utri'eulAR x a. [F, f. L utriculus 
 dim. of tder leather bag] 
 
 u'tter \ a. Complete, total, unqualified, as 
 u. misery, saw the u. absurdity of it, an u. de- 
 nial; u. barrister (junior, addressing court 
 from outside bar within which K.C. pleads). 
 Hence u*tterLY 2 adv.,u'tterMOSTa., u'tter- 
 ness n. [OE uttera, compar. adj. f. id out] 
 
 u'tter 2 , v.t. Emit audibly (cry, groan, sigh, 
 &c); express in spoken or Avritten wds (one's 
 sentiments, a lie, the truth, &c); put (notes, 
 base coin, &c.) into circulation. [ME uttren, as 
 prec; OE has utian] 
 
UTTERANCE 
 
 979 
 
 VAIR 
 
 u'tteranee, n. Uttering,expressingin words, 
 as gave u. to his rage ; power of speech, as 
 defective u. ; spoken words, as his iiulpit uu. 
 
 [-AXCE] 
 
 u'vula, d. (pi. -ae). Pendent fleshy part of 
 soft palate ; similar processes in bladder & cere- 
 bellum. Hence u'vuIar 1 a. [mod. L dim. of 
 L uva bunch of grapes] 
 
 uxop'ious, a. Excessi vely fond of one's wife. 
 Hence uxopIously- adv., uxop'iousxESS 
 n. [f. L uxarius {uxor wife) + -ous] 
 
 U'zbeg 1 , n. Member of a Turkish race in 
 central Asia, [native] 
 
 V, v, (ve), letter (pi. Fs, V's, Vees). V-shaped 
 thing, e.g. joint ; (Roman numeral) 5, as IV 4, 
 VI 6, viii 8, viiii (now usu. ix) 9, xv 15, lv 55. 
 
 Abbreviations (1): (V) : Vice-, as V.C. (Chan- 
 cellor) ; Victoria, as V.C. (Cross) ; Victorian, 
 V.O. (Order), (v): varia, v.l. (lectio) ; verse ; 
 versus ; vide. 
 
 Abbreviations (2) : Va., Virginia ; Vender- 
 able, of Archdeacon) ; verb.(u??i) sap.(ie?tfi); 
 Vie.(toria); Vis.(count); viz., videlicet; vol.- 
 (ume) ; Vt., Vermont ; vv., verses. 
 
 va (vah), mus. direction. Go on, as va rallen- 
 tando. [It.] 
 
 va'eancy, n. Being vacant or empty or un- 
 occupied ; emptiness of mind, idleness, listless- 
 ness ; unoccupied post, as has a v. on his staff, 
 in his warehouse, must fill the v. [f. F vacance 
 f. med.L vacantia (as foil., see -ancy)] 
 
 va'cant, a. Empty, not filled or occupied, as 
 house is still v., a v. smoking-compartment, 
 have no v. space, will amuse your v. hours, ap- 
 plied for a v. post in the Treasury ; not men- 
 tally active, not rationally occupied, empty- 
 headed, thoughtless, listless, stupid, as his mind 
 seems completely v., received the news with a v. 
 stare, given up to v. frivolMies, whence va'- 
 cantLY 2 adv. [OF (as foil"., see -ant)] 
 
 vaca'te, v.t. Go away from so as to leave 
 empty or unoccupied, give up occupation or 
 possession of, (military position, place, house, 
 throne, office); annul (law, contract, &c). [f. L 
 vacare be empty (cf. vacuous), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 vaea'tion, n. Vacating (of house, post, &c. ; 
 holiday, fixed period of cessation from work, 
 esp. in law-courts & universities, as Christmas, 
 Easter, Whitsun, long or summer, v. [OF, f. L 
 vacationem (as prec. see -ation)] 
 
 va'eeinate, v.t. Inoculate with vaccine to 
 procure immunity from smallpox or with mo- 
 dified virus of any disease in order to produce 
 it in mild form & so prevent serious attack. 
 Hence vaeeinATiox, vaeeina*tionisT(2), 
 va'ceinatc-R Ml, 2), nn. [f. foil. + -ate 3] 
 
 va'eeine, a. & n. Of cows or cowpox or vac- 
 cination ; (n.) virus of cowpox as used in vac- 
 cination (bovine, humanized, v., got direct from 
 cow, got from human subject), modified virus 
 of any disease similarly used, whence va*c- 
 einAL, vaeei'nic, aa. ; v.-farm (Avhere v. is 
 cultivated by inoculation of heifers) ; v. -point, 
 pointed instrument used in inoculation, [f. F 
 vaccin f. vaccinus a. (vacca cow, see -ixe 1 )] 
 
 vaeei'nia, n. (med.). Cowpox, esp. inocu- 
 lated, [mod. L, f. prec] - 
 
 va'eillate, v.i. Move from side to side, os- 
 cillate, waver ; fluctuate in opinion or resolu- 
 tion. Hence or cogn. va'cillating-LV '- adv., 
 vaeilLvTiox n. [f. L vacillare, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 va'euist, n. One who holds that there is 
 empty space between the molecules of matter. 
 [f. vacuum + -1ST] 
 
 va'euole, n. (biol.). Minute cavity in organ 
 
 &c. containing air, fluid, &c. Hence va'cuo- 
 Iar i, va-euolATE2<2), aa. [F, dim. of vacuum] 
 
 va'cuous, a. Empty, void ; unintelligent, 
 expressionless, vacant, as a v. stare, remark. 
 Hence or cogn. vacuTrv, va'cuousNESS, nn. 
 [f. L vacuus -f -ous] 
 
 va'cuum, n. (pi. -urns, -a). Space entirelv 
 devoid of matter, as nature abhors av.; space, 
 vessel, from Avhich air-has been almost exhaust- 
 ed by air-pump &c. (Guerickian, Torricellian, 
 v., produced by air-pump, by mercury-pump as 
 in mercurial barometer); (loosely) partial dimi- 
 nution of pressure below normal atmospheric 
 pressure ; v.-brake, continuous train-brake in 
 which pressure is caused by exhaustion of air 
 from bellows pulling brake-rod ; v.-cleaner, ap- 
 paratus for removing dust &c. by suction ; v.- 
 gauge (for testing pressure consequent on pro- 
 duction of v.) ; v.-tube, sealed glass tube with 
 almost perfect v. for observing passage of elec- 
 tric discharge. [L, neut. as prec. used as n.] 
 
 va'de-me'cum.n. Handbook or other thing 
 carried constantly about the person (often in 
 title of book). [L, =go with me] 
 
 vagabond, a., n., & v.i. Having no fixed 
 habitation, wandering; driven, drifting, to & 
 fro ; (of spider) not sedentary. (N.) wanderer, 
 vagrant, esp. idle & worthless one; (colloq.) 
 scamp, rascal. ( Vb, now colloq. ) wander about, 
 play the v. Hence va*gabondAGE(2, 3), va*- 
 g-abondisM(2), nn., va'gabondisH x a., va'- 
 g-abondiZE(2) v.i. [(vb & n. f. adj.) OF, f. LL 
 vagabxindus (vagari wander)] 
 
 vagap'y, n. Whimsical or extravagant no- 
 tion ; caprice ; freak, [ult. f. L vagari wander] 
 
 vagi'na (-j-), n. Sheath, sheath-like covering, 
 esp. (Anat.) sexual passage in female from 
 uterus to external orifice, whence vaginitis, 
 vagino'TOMY, nn. ; (Bot. ) sheath formed round 
 stem by base of leaf. Hence va'ginAL, va*- 
 ginate(d) [-ate 2(2)1 aa. [L] 
 
 va'gpant, a. & n. Wandering, roving, stroll- 
 ing, itinerant, as a v. musician, indulging in v. 
 speeidations ; (n.) wanderer, idle rover, vaga- 
 bond, (Law) idle & disorderly person of any of 
 three grades liable to various terms of impri- 
 sonment. Hence va'gPAXCY n., va'gpant- 
 ly 2 adv. [earlier vagarant, AF tvakcrant, 
 waucrant, of Teut. orig., cogn. w. walk : alter- 
 ed on L vagari wander] 
 
 vague (-g), a. Indistinct, not clearly ex- 
 pressed or identified, of uncertain or ill-defined 
 meaning or character, as returned only a v. an- 
 swer, has some v. idea of going to Canada, have 
 not the vaguest notion of his reasons, yields 
 to v. terrors, heard a v. rumour to that effect. 
 Henceva*g , ueLY 2 adv.,va*g , uexESSn. [F(ra- 
 guer wander f. L vagari, f. vagus wandering)] 
 
 vail \ v.t. & i. (archaic, poet.). Lower or doff 
 (one's plumes, pride, crown, &c.) esp. in token 
 of submission ; yield, give place, uncover as 
 sign of respect &c. [f. F avaler see ayalaxche] 
 
 vail 2 , n. (archaic; usu. pi.). Gratuity, tip ; 
 present given for corrupt purpose. [ = avail] 
 
 vain, a. Unsubstantial, empty, trivial, as «. 
 boasts, v. triumphs, distinctions ; useless, un- 
 availing, followed by no good result, as in the 
 v. hope of dissuading him, all resistance was 
 v., to resist is v., it is vain to r. ; conceited, 
 having too high an opinion of one's beauty, 
 ability. &c; in v., to no purpose, as we pro- 
 tested in v. , it teas in v. that we protested ; take 1 
 person's name in v.; vainglor'y, boastfulness, 
 excessive vanity, whence vainglor'ious a., vain- 
 glor'iously adv., vainglor'iousncss n. Hence 
 vai'nLY- adv., vai'rixESS n. (rare). [F, f. L 
 vanus empty, vain] 
 vain, n. (herald. ). A fur represented by small 
 
VAKEEL _» 
 
 shield-shaped figures alternately azure & ar- 
 gent. [F, f. L as various] 
 
 vakeel, -il (el), n. (E.-Ind.). Ambassador, 
 commissioner, residing at a court ; native at- 
 torney or deputy. [Hind. (-il)] 
 
 variance, va'lenee *, n. Kind of damask 
 used for furniture ; short curtain round frame 
 or canopy of bedstead. Hence va'lancED 2 a. 
 [prob. f. Valence in France] 
 
 vale 1 , n. Valley (now chiefly poet, or in 
 names as White Horse V.)\ small trough or 
 channel carrving off water from pump &c. 
 [ME & F val f. L vallis] 
 
 va'le 2 , int. & n. Farewell. [L, imperat. of 
 valere be well, be strong] 
 
 valedi'ction, n. (Words used in) bidding 
 farewell. So valedi'ctORV a. [f. L vALE(rti- 
 cere diet- say) bid farewell, see -ion] 
 
 va'lenee 2 (for v. 1 see valance), n. (chem.). 
 Combining or replacing power of an atom as 
 compared with standard hydrogen atom, as 
 hydrogen, carbon, has a v. of one, four. [f. LL 
 valentia strength (as vale 2 , see -ence)] 
 
 Valenciennes (-enz, or valensenz), n. Rich 
 kind of lace ; kind of pyrotechnic composition. 
 [ V., in France] 
 
 va'leney, n. (chem.). Unit of combining ca- 
 pacity, as carbon has 4 vv.; = valence, [-encv] 
 
 va'lentine, n. St F.'s day, day on which 
 St V. was beheaded & on which birds were 
 supposed to pair, Feb. 14 ; sweetheart chosen 
 on this ; amatory or satirical letter or picture 
 sent to person of opposite sex on St V.'s day. 
 [f. L Valentinus, proper name] 
 
 valep'ian, n. Kinds of plant, esp. common v., 
 herb with small pink or white flowers & strong 
 odour esteemed by cats & rats; root of this 
 used as mild stimulant &c, whence va'ler- 
 ate^S) n., vale'Pic a., (chem.). [f. OF vale- 
 riane, etym. dub.] 
 
 va'let (-it, -a), n., & v.t. (-eted, pron. -ltid, 
 -ad). (Also v. de chambre, pron. as F) man- 
 servant who attends on man's person ; v. de 
 place (de plahs), courier esp. in France ; iron- 
 pointed stick used in training horses ; (vb) act 
 as v. to. [(vb_f. n.) OF, var. of varlet] 
 
 valetudinarian, a. & n. Of infirm health ; 
 seeking to recover health ; unduly solicitous 
 about health; (n.) v. person. Hence or cogn. 
 valetudinarian ism n., valetu'dinARV 1 
 a. & n. [f. F valitudinaire f. L valetudinarius 
 {valetudo -dinis health f. valere, be well, see 
 
 -TUDE & -ARY *)] 
 
 Valha'lla, n. (Norse Myth.) palace in 
 which souls of slain heroes feasted ; building 
 tised as final resting-place of the illustrious 
 dead, esp. Temple of Fame near Ratisbon. [f. 
 ON valhbll, gen. -hallar, hall of the slain (valr 
 slain + holl hall)1 
 
 va'liant, a. (Of person or conduct) brave, 
 courageous. Hence va'liantLY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 va(il)lant part, of valoir be worth f. L valere 
 be strong] 
 
 va'lid, a. (Of reason, objection, argument, 
 &c.) sound, defensible, well-grounded; (Law) 
 sound & sufficient, executed with proper for- 
 malities, as v. contract, the marriage was held 
 to be v. Hence or cogn. vali'diTY n., va'lid- 
 ly 2 adv. [f. F valide f. L validus strong (as 
 prec, see -id 1 )] 
 
 validate, v.t. Make valid, ratify, confirm. 
 So validA'TiON n. [f. med.L validare (as 
 prec.), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 vali'se (-es), n. Kind of small portmanteau. 
 [F, f. LL valisia, etym. dub.] 
 
 va'lkyp (er), valky'pia, -ie, h. (Norse 
 myth. ; pi. -kyrs, -kyrXes). Each of Odin's 
 handmaidens who selected those destined to 
 
 3 VALVE 
 
 be slain in battle. Hence valky'piAN a. [f. 
 ON valkyrja lit. chooser of slain (valr slain + 
 -kyrja chooser cogn. w. kfosa choose)] 
 valle'cula, n. (anat, bot.; pi. -ae). Groove, 
 furrow. Hence valle'eulAR 1 , valle'cu- 
 Iate 2 , aa. [LL, dim. of L vallis vale] 
 va'lley, n. (pi. -tys). Low area more or less 
 enclosed by hills & usu. with stream flowing 
 through it ; any depression compared to this ; 
 (Archit.) internal angle formed by sloping 
 sides of roof. [f. OF valet (as vale 1 , cf. -ade)] 
 vallo'nia, n. Acorn-cups of the v. oak, \ised 
 in tanning, dyeing, & making ink. [f. It. val- 
 lonia f. Gk balanos acorn] 
 va'llum, n. (Rom. Ant.) rampart; (Anat.) 
 eyebrow. [L] 
 
 va'loup.n. (now chiefly poet,, rhet., or facet.). 
 Personal courage esp. as shown in fighting, 
 prowess. So va'lopous a., va'loPOUSLY 2 
 adv. [f. OF valor f. L valorem worth, courage 
 (valere be strong, see -or 1 )] 
 va'luable, a. & n. Of great value or price 
 or worth, as r. property, land, furniture, in- 
 formation, assistance ; capable of valuation, 
 as a service not v. in money ; (n., usu. pi.) v. 
 thing(s), esp. small article(s) of personal pro- 
 perty, as sent all her vv. to the bank, [earlier 
 valiable, f. F ratable, see value & -able] 
 valua'tion, n. Estimation of a thing's 
 worth, worth so estimated, price set on a thing, 
 as v. of land, disposed of at a low v., sets too 
 high a v. on his abilities, [f. foil, vb + -ation] 
 value, n., & v.t. Worth, desirability, uti- 
 lity, qualities on which these depend, as now 
 learnt the v. of fresh water, a friend, quinine, 
 accuracy, regular exercise ; worth as estimat- 
 ed, valuation, as sets a high v. on his time ; 
 commercial, economic, exchangeable) v., v. in 
 exchange, purchasing power, power of a com- 
 modity to purchase others, amount of (pop.) 
 money or (Pol. Econ.) other commodities for 
 which thing can be exchanged in open mar- 
 ket; face 1 , surrender, v.', surplus v., sur- 
 plus production of labour after subsistence of 
 labourer & family ; the equivalent of a thing, 
 whatrepresents or is represented by or may 
 be substituted for a thing, as v. received (see 
 bill 4 of exchange), got good v. for (something 
 well worth) his money, paid him the v. of his 
 lost property, the precise v. (meaning) of a 
 word, acute accent has not always the same v., 
 give the note (in music) its full time-v. (the full 
 time indicated by it) ; (Paint.) relation of one 
 part of picture to others in respect of light & 
 shade, as out of v., too light or dark ; amount, 
 quantity, denoted by algebraical term or ex- 
 pression ; (Biol.) rank in classification. (Vb) 
 estimate the v. of, appraise (professionally, 
 whence va'lUER 1 n., or otherwise), as should 
 v. the whole at £2000; have high or specified 
 opinion of, attach importance to, prize, esteem, 
 appreciate, pride oneself on, as v. sincerity (be- 
 yond all things), a valued friend, values him- 
 self on his conversational powers, do not v. 
 that a brass farthing, [(vb f. n.) OF, fem. p.p. 
 of valoir be worth f. L valere be strong] 
 valueless, n. Worthless. Hence va'lue- 
 lessxEss n. [-less] 
 
 valve, n. Kinds of automatic or other de- 
 vice for controlling passage of liquid or gas or 
 the like through pipe &c, as clack, rotary, 
 screw, sliding, throttle, v., key v. (of organ, 
 flute, &c), SAFETY-r. ; (Anat., Zool.) mem- 
 branous part of organ &c. allowing flow of 
 blood &c. in one direction & not in another, as 
 vv. of the heart, veins, pulmonai-y vv., whence 
 valvulitis f-UL-1 n. ; (Conch.), each of two 
 or more separable pieces of which shell con- 
 
VAMBRACE 
 
 981 
 
 VAPOUR 
 
 sists, whole shell in one piece; (Bot.) each of 
 the segments into which a capsule dehisces, 
 each half of an anther after its opening ; (now 
 rare) leaf of folding door. Hence or cogn. 
 va'lVAL (bot), va'lVAR 1 , va'lvATE 2 (anat., 
 hot.), (-)valvED 2 , valveLESS, valvi'FEROUS, 
 va'lviFORM, va'lvulAR ! [-UL-], aa., va'lve- 
 i.et, va'lvuLE (anat., bot), nn. [F, f. hvalva 
 leaf of folding door, cogn. w. volvere rollj 
 
 va'mbrace, n. (hist). Armour for fore- 
 arm, [f. MF avant-bras (avant before, see ad- 
 vance 1 , + hras arm f. L brachium)] 
 
 vamo'se, v.i. & t (U.S. slang). Begone, de- 
 camp ; decamp from (place), [f. Sp. vamos let 
 us go f. L vadimus we go (vadere)) 
 
 vamp, n., & v.i. & t Upper front part of 
 boot or shoe ; patch designed to make old 
 thing look new ; improvised accompaniment. 
 (Vb) put new v. to (boot, shoe) ; repair, furbish 
 usu. up ; make xtp (literary article &c.) out of 
 odds & ends ; improvise accompaniment to, 
 improvise accompaniments. Hence va'mpER 1 
 n. [(vb f. n.) ME vaunipe, vauntpe, f. MF 
 avant-pied (avant before, see advance l ,-\-pied 
 foot f. L pedem nom. pes)] 
 
 va'mpire, n. Ghost (usu. of wizard, here- 
 tic, criminal, &c.) that leaves grave at night 
 & sucks blood of sleeping persons ; person who 
 preys on others; (in full v.-bat) kinds of bat, 
 some of which suck blood of horses, cattle, &. 
 sleeping persons ; (Theatr.) small spring trap of 
 two flaps used for sudden (dis)appearances of 
 one person. Hence vampi'Pic a. [F, f. G 
 vampyr f. Serv. vampir prob. of Turk. orig.J 
 
 va'mpirism, n. Belief in existence of 
 vampires; blood-sucking (lit. & fig.), [-ism] 
 
 va'm plate, n. (hist.). Iron plate protecting 
 hand when lance was couched, [f. F avant- 
 plat (as vambrace, see plate)] 
 i van 1 , n., & v.t (Archaic) winnowing- ma- 
 chine ; (archaic, poet) wing ; (vb) test quality 
 of (ore) by washing on shovel or by machine, 
 whence va'nnER Ml, 2) n., (n.) such test, [(vb 
 f. F vanner) F, f. L vannus fan] 
 
 van 2 , n. Foremost division of army on the 
 march or of fleet when sailing ; front of army 
 in line of battle ; (fig.) leaders of a movement, 
 &c, as in the v. of civilization ; va 'nguard, de- 
 tachment of army marching in front to guard 
 against surprise (also fig.), [abbr. of vanguard, 
 f. OF avant-warde, -garde (avant before, see 
 
 ADVANCE 1 , WARD, GUARD)] 
 
 van 3 , n., & v.t Large usu. covered vehicle 
 for conveying furniture or other goods ; rail- 
 way carriage for luggage (luggage r.)or for use 
 of guard (guard's v.) ; (vb) convey in v. [abbr. 
 
 Of CARAVAN, Cf. bllS, Wig] 
 
 vana'dium, n. Rare white metallic ele- 
 ment some salts of which yield intense perma- 
 nent black colour. Hence va'nadATE ] (3) n., 
 vana'dic, va'nadous, aa., (chem.). [f. Va- 
 nadis, goddess in Scand. myth., +-ium] 
 
 Va'ndal, a. & n. (Member) of a Germanic 
 race that ravaged Gaul, Spain, N. Africa, & 
 Rome, destroying many books & works of art ; 
 (fig., also v-) wilful or ignorant destroyer of 
 works of art &c, whence Va*ndalisM(2), v-, 
 n. Hence Vanda'lic, v-, a. [f. L Vandalus 
 of Teut orig., cf. G wandeln wander] 
 
 Vandyke, n., a., & v.t ( V- ; prop. VanDyck) 
 Flemish painter d. 1641, picture by him ; each 
 of a series of large points forming a border to 
 lace, cloth, &c; (also V. cape, collar) cape, col- 
 lar, with vv.; (adj., usu. V-) in the style of dress, 
 esp. with pointed borders, common in V.'s por- 
 traits ; (vb) cut (cloth &c.) in vv. 
 
 vane, n. Weathercock ; similar device ex- 
 posed to current of water &c. as in water- 
 
 meter ; (also dog-v.) cone or other device used 
 on shipboard as weathercock ; blade of wind- 
 mill, screw-propeller, &c. ; horizontal piece 
 moved up & down surveyor's levelling-staff to 
 line of sight of telescope ; sight of quadrant 
 &c. Hence vanED 2 , va*neLESS, a-a. [OE 
 fana small flag, cf. Du. reran, G fahne, ON 
 fani, cogn. w. ljpannus, see pane] 
 
 vang, n. (naut. ). Each of two guy- ropes run- 
 ning from end of gaff to deck. [Du., = catch, 
 curb, f. vangen catch, cf. fang l ] 
 
 va'ngee (-je), n. Contrivance for working 
 ship's pumps by barrel & crank-brakes. [?] 
 
 vani'lla, n. Kinds of tall orchid with fra- 
 grant flowers; (also v.-bean) fruit of this; ex- 
 tract obtained from v.-bean & used for flavour- 
 ing ices, chocolate, &c. Hence vani'llATE 1 ^) 
 n., vani'llic a., (chem.). [f. Sp. vainilla pod 
 dim. of vaina sheath, pod, f. vagina] 
 
 vani'llism, n. Eruptive itching skin-disease 
 common among workers in vanilla. [ism(5)] 
 
 va'nish, v.i., & n. Disappear suddenly; 
 disappear gradually, fade away ; pass away ; 
 cease to exist; (Math.) become zero (vanishing 
 fraction, one that becomes zero for a particular 
 value of the variable it contains); (Perspect) 
 vanishing point, point in which all parallel 
 lines in same plane tend to meet, vanishing 
 line, that which represents the line at infinity 
 in which given plane cuts all parallel planes. 
 (N. , Phonet. ) slight sound with which a principal 
 sound ends (e.g. do, I, at end of 6, a). [ME 
 vanissen prob. f. OF esvanir (-ish 2 ) f. L E(ra- 
 nescere vanish f. ranws-empty)] 
 
 va'nity, n. Futility, unsubstantiality, un- 
 reality, emptiness, unsubstantial or unreal 
 thing, as the v. of worldly wealth, of poli- 
 tical distinction, of hitman achievements, 
 these things are v. or vv., all is v., pomps 
 & v. of this wicked world, V. Fair, the world 
 (allegorized in Pilgrim's Progress) as a scene 
 of v.; empty pride, conceit, based on per- 
 sonal attainments or attractions or qualities ; 
 ostentatious display; (O.T.) heathen deity, as 
 the vv. of the Gentiles, [f. F vanitt f. L vanita- 
 tern (as vain, see -ty)] 
 
 va'nquish, v.t. Conquer, overcome, (lit. & 
 fig.; now chiefly rhet). Hence va'nquish- 
 able a., va'nquishER 1 n. [f. OF veinquir 
 (-ish 2 ) var. of vainere f. L vincere] 
 
 va'ntage, n. = advantage (now chiefly in 
 tennis use & in v.-ground, coign of v.). [var.] 
 
 va'pid, a. Insipid, flat, as v. beer, conversa- 
 tion, moralizings. Hence vapi'diTV, va*- 
 pidNESS, nn., va'pidLY 2 adv. [f. L vapidus, 
 cogn. w. vappa vapid wine & w. vapour] 
 
 va'porize, v.t & i. Convert, be converted, 
 into vapour. Hence or cogn. vapopaBixiTv, 
 vaporizA"riON, va'porizER ] (2), nn., va'- 
 por(iz)ABLE aa. [ize] 
 
 va'poup, n., & v.i. Moisture in the air e.g. 
 mist, (loosely) light cloudy substance e.g. 
 smoke, (Physics) gaseous form of a normally 
 liquid or solid substance (cf. gas), whence va- 
 pori'FEROus, vapori'Fic, va'poriFORM, 
 aa., vapori'METER n.; (Med.) kinds of reme- 
 dial agent to be inhaled, as v. of iodine ; unsub- 
 stantial thing, vain imagination ; (archaic) 
 empty boasting; (pi., archaic) depression, 
 spleen, hypochondria, whence va'pouriSH l 
 a., va'poupishNESS n. ; v.-bath (also va- 
 POPAR'IUM n.), bath in v. or steam, apparatus 
 or apartment for this ; v.-burner, apparatus for 
 vaporizing a hydrocarbon for lighting or heat- 
 ing purposes; v.-engine (driven by steam or 
 other elastic fluid). Hence or cogn. va'por- 
 ose 1 , va'popous, va'pouPY 2 , aa., vapor- 
 6'sity, va'popousNESS, nn., vaporous- 
 
VAPULATION 
 
 982 
 
 VARNISH 
 
 ly 2 adv. (Vb) emit v.; utter idle boasts or 
 empty talk, whence va'pouPER 1 n. [(n.) OF, f. 
 L vaporem nom. -or, cogn. w. Gk kapnos smoke 
 & w. vapid ; (vb) f. L vaporare steam, reek] 
 
 vapula'tion, n. ( facet.). Flogging. Sova'- 
 pulatOKYa. [fAjvapulare beflogged+-ATiON] 
 
 vaquer'o (-karo), n. Mex. or U.-S. herdsman. 
 |Sp., f. med.L vaccarius (vacca cow, -arv 1 )] 
 
 Vapa'ngian (-j-), n. Norse rover, esp. of 
 those who ravaged Baltic coasts about 9th c. ; 
 V. Guard, body-guard of Byzantine emperors 
 formed partly of Vv. [f. med.L Vdringust. ON 
 Vxringi lit. confederate (vdrar oaths cogn. w. 
 L verus true)] 
 
 va'ree, n. Impure sodium carbonate made 
 in Brittany, [f. F varech prob. as wreck] 
 
 vap'iable, a. & n. That can be varied or 
 adapted, as rod of v. length, the pressure is v., a 
 word of v. construction, v. gear (designed to 
 give varying speeds, e.g. slow advance & quick 
 return); apt to vary, not constant, fickle, un- 
 steady, as v. wind, mood, temper, fortune ; 
 (Math., of quantity) indeterminate, able to as- 
 sume different numerical values ; (Bot., Zool., 
 of species) including individuals or groups that 
 depart from the type ; (Biol., of organism) tend- 
 ing to change in structure or function. Hence 
 vapiaBiLiTv, vap'iablexESS, nn., var'ia- 
 bLV 2 adv. (N.) v. thing esp. quantity; (Xaut.) 
 shifting wind, (pi.) region between NE & SE 
 trade-winds. [F, f. LL variabilis (vary, -ble)] 
 
 va'ria ie'etio, n. Variant reading. IL] 
 
 var'ianee, n. Disagreement, difference of 
 opinion, dispute, lack of harmony, as on that 
 point we are at v. (among ourselves), at v. with 
 the authorities, have had, a slight v. with him, 
 this theory is at v. with all that is known on the 
 subject; (Law) discrepancy between pleadings 
 & proof or between writ & declaration. |f. L 
 variantia difference (as foil., see -ance)] 
 
 vap'iant, a. & n. Differing in form or in de- 
 tails from the one named or considered, differ- 
 ing thus among themselves, as a v. reading in 
 some MSS, UO v. types of pigeon; variable, 
 changing; (n.) v. form, spelling, type, reading,", 
 &c, as valet is a v. of varlet, difficult to choose 
 between these vv. [OF (as vary, see -ant)] 
 
 varia'tion, n. Varying, departure from a 
 former or normal condition or action or amount 
 or from a standard or type, extent of this, as 
 is not liable to v., repeated vv. of temperature, 
 is subject to a v. of several degrees, estimates 
 the v. in value at 20 percent; (Gram.) inflexion; 
 (Astron.) deviation of heavenly body from 
 mean orbit or motion (periodic, sec ular, v. , com- 
 pensated in short, in very long, period) ; (of 
 magnetic needle) = declination (v.-chart, with 
 lines drawn through places that have same v.); 
 (Biol.) structural or functional deviation from 
 type ; (Alg.) (theory of) relation between quan- 
 tities that vary as each other, also, = permu- 
 tation; thing that varies from a type, as the 
 scazon is a v. of or on the ordinary iambic tri- 
 meter, esp. (Mus.) tune or theme repeated in a 
 changed or elaborated form. Hence vapia*- 
 tionALa. [OF, f. ~Lvariationem ( vary, -ation)] 
 
 va'pieated, a. (conch.). Having varices. So 
 vapicA'Tiox n. [f. varix, see -ate 2 (2)] 
 
 vapiee'lla, n. = chicken-pox. Hence vapi- 
 ccIIar 1 , vapice'lloiD, aa. [mod. L, dim. of 
 variola] 
 
 va'pieoeele, n. Tumour composed of vari- 
 cose veins of spermatic cord, [as varix + -cele] 
 
 va'Picose, a. Of, affected with, designed for 
 cure of, varix, as v. ulcer, vein, bandage, whence 
 va'pieosED 1 a. , vapicd'srr v n. ; = varic ated. 
 [f. ljvaricosus (varix, see -ose 1 )] 
 
 vap'iegrate, v.t. Diversify in colour, mark 
 
 with irregular patches of different colours 
 (chiefly in p.p., esp. Bot. of leaves partly pale 
 froni suppression of chlorophyll orof plants with 
 such leaves, as variegated geranium). Hence 
 vapieg"A"TioN n. [f. L variegare (as various 
 + agere drive, make, cause), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 vapi*ety,n. Being various, diversity, absence 
 of monotony or uniformity, many-sidedness, as 
 was struck by the v. of his attainments, of his 
 conversation, of the scene, London has for me 
 the charm of v., cannot live without v.; collec- 
 tion of different things, as turned over a v. of 
 silks, for a v. of reasons, v. entertainment or 
 show (consisting of dances, songs, acrobatic 
 feats, &c), v. theatre (for v. shows &c); (speci- 
 men, member, of a) class of things differing in 
 some common qualities from the rest of a larger 
 class to which they belong; (Biol.) individual 
 or group usually fertile with any other member 
 of the species to which it belongs but differing 
 from the type in some qualities capable of per- 
 petuation, subspecies, as climatic v. (produced 
 by climatic influences), geographical v. (con- 
 fined to given area), whence vapi'etAL a., 
 vapi'etalLY 2 adv. [f. OF variete f. L varieta- 
 tern (as various, see -ty)] 
 
 vap*ifopm,a. Having various forms, [-form] 
 
 vaprola(va-), n. Smallpox. Hence vapi'ol- 
 ar 1 , vario'lic, variolous, aa. [med.L, as 
 various] 
 
 vapiola'tion, n. Inoculation with smallpox 
 virus, [f. prec. + -ation] 
 
 vap'iole, n. (zool., bot.). Shallow pit like 
 smallpox mark. Hence vap*iolate(d) [-ate 2 ] 
 a. _[F, f. variola] 
 
 vap*iolite,n. Rock withconcretionary struc- 
 ture causing on surface an appearance like 
 smallpox pustules. Hence vapioli'tic a. [as 
 prec^-f-iTE 1 ] 
 
 varioloid, a. & n. Like smallpox ; (n.) mild 
 form of smallpox esp. as modified by previous 
 inoculation, [aa prec. + -oid] 
 
 vapio'metep, n. Instrument for comparing 
 magnetic forces, [as various + -meter] 
 
 variop'um, a. With notes of various com- 
 mentators, as a v. (edition of) Horace. [L, gen. 
 pi. as various] 
 
 vap'ious, a. Different, diverse, as the modes 
 of procedure were v., types so v. as to defy clas- 
 sification ; separate, several, more than one, as 
 came awoss v. people, for v. reasons; (vulg., 
 abs. or quasi-pron.) several, as among the letters 
 are v. anent motor-driving, this is denied by 
 v., v. have assured me. Hence vap'iousLY 2 
 adv., vap'iousNESS n. (rare), [f. L varius 
 + -ous] 
 
 vap'ix, n. (pi. va'rices). (Path.) permanent 
 abnormal dilatation of vein or other vessel, 
 vein &c. thus dilated; (Conch.) each of the 
 ridges across the whorls of a univalve shell. 
 [L, perh. cogn. w. varus 1 or 2 ] 
 
 vap'iet, n. (Hist.) mediaeval page preparing 
 to be a squire ; (archaic, esp. facet.) menial, 
 low fellow, rascal. [OF, earlier vaslet, dim. as 
 vassal] 
 
 vap'mint, n. (vulg., facet.). Mischievous or 
 discreditable person or animal, [corrupt, of 
 vermin] 
 
 vap'nish, p., & v.t. Kinds of resinous solu- 
 tion applied to wood, metal, &c, to give hard 
 shiny transparent surface ; glaze on pottery 
 &c; artificial or natural glossiness; superficial 
 polish of manner ; favourable appearance given 
 to misconduct &c, palliation, whitewash ; v.- 
 tree, kinds from which v. is obtained. ( Vb) ap- 
 ply v. to (wood, picture, &c, fig. character, per- 
 son, action, account, or abs.); varnishing-day, 
 day before exhibition of pictures on which ex- 
 
VARSAL 
 
 983 
 
 VECTOR 
 
 hibi tors may retouch or v. their pictures already 
 hung, [(vb f. F verrir, see -ish 2 , earlier ver- 
 nissei*) f. OF vernis etym. dub.] 
 vap'sal, a. (colloq., now rare). = universal. 
 [corrupt.] 
 
 var'sity, n. (colloq.). University (often at- 
 trib., as the v. boat), [corrupt.] 
 vapsovie'nne (vyen), n. (Music for) dance 
 imitating mazurka. [F, = (dance) of Warsaw 
 ( Varsovie)] 
 
 var'tabed, -et, n. Each of an order of teach- 
 ing_clergy in Armenian Church. [Armen.] 
 van'us 1 , n. (In full talipes v.) a deformity 
 in which the foot is bent inwards ; knock-kneed 
 person. [L, = bent, knock-kneed] 
 vap'us 2 , n. = acne. IL] 
 vary, v.t. & i. Change, make different, mo- 
 dify, diversify, as can v. the (direction, amount, 
 &c, of) pressure at will, seldom varies the rou- 
 tine, varies the treatment according to circum- 
 stances, never varies his style, style is not suffi- 
 ciently varied, a varied scene; (Mus.) make 
 variations of (theme) ; suffer change, be(come) 
 different in degree or quality, be of different 
 -kinds, as he, his mood, varies from day to day, 
 climate varies, tried with varying success, 
 varies from the type, opinions v. on this point ; 
 v. (directly) as, v. inversely as, increase, de- 
 crease, in proportion or correspondingly to 
 the increase of, as attraction of bodies varies 
 (directly) as their masses & inversely as the 
 square of their distances, A varies as (sym- 
 bol a) B, A varies as B & C jointly (as their 
 product), [f. F varier f. L variare (as various)] 
 vas, n. (anat. ; pi. vd'sa). Vessel, duct, as 
 v. deferens, excretory duct of testis. Hence 
 va'SAL a. [L, = vessel] 
 
 va'seular, a. Of, made up of, containing, 
 vessels or ducts for conveying blood, sap, &c, 
 i as v. functions, tissue, v. (circulatory) system, 
 I v. plants. Hence vaseula'riTV, vaseular- 
 1 izA"TiON, nn., va*sculapiZE(3) v.t., va'seu- 
 laPL v 2 adv. [f. vasculum + -ar } ] 
 va'seulose, n. & a. Chief substance of ves- 
 sels of plants ; (adj.) = prec. [foil., -ose 2 > 1 ] 
 va'sculum, n. (pi. -la). Botanist's (usu. tin) 
 collecting-case; (Anat.) small vessel, penis. 
 [L, dim. of vas] 
 
 vase (vahz; archaic vawz, archaic & U.S. 
 vas, -z), n. Vessel of baked clay or other mate- 
 rial used for various purposes but primarily 
 ornamental, &sfloiver-i:; large usu. sculptured 
 vessel of marble &c. \ised to decorate gate-post 
 &c. ; coal-v. (vulg. or shop), kinds of coal-scuttle 
 in ornamental outer case ; body of Corinthian 
 or Composite capital ; v.-painting, decoration 
 of vv. with pigmentsesp. amongancient Greeks, 
 instance of this. Hence va'seFUL n. [F, f. L 
 vasum, var. of vas] 
 
 va'sellne, n. Unctuous substance got from 
 I petroleum & used in ointments &c. [f. G 
 I xcasser water + Gk elaion oil + -ine 5 ] 
 vasi-, vaso- , in comb. = vas, as : va'siform, 
 6haped like a vas; vasoconstrictor, -dila'tor, 
 •mo'tor, aa. & nn., (nerve, drug) causing con- 
 striction, dilatation, either, of blood-vessels ; 
 vasose'nsory, supplying sensation to vessels. 
 va'ssal, n. (Hist.) holder of land by feudal 
 tenure (great, rear, v., holding directly from 
 1 king, holding from great v.) ; (rhet.) slave, hum- 
 ble dependant. [OF & AF, f. med.L vassallus, 
 kassus, f. Breton gwaz servant, cf. \V & Corn. 
 gwas, Olr. foss] 
 
 va'ssalage (-ij), n. (Hist.) condition, obliga- 
 tions, service, of a vassal ; servitude, depen- 
 ( dence ; fief ; (rare ; also va'ssalRY n.) vassals 
 j collectively, [f. OF vasselage (prec, see -age)] 
 I vast, a. & n. Immense, huge, very great, 
 
 as a v. expanse of water, v. plains, shook his v. 
 frame, a v. multitude, scheme; (colloq.) gave 
 himv. satisfaction, makes a v. difference. Hence 
 va'stLY 2 adv. (esp. colloq.), va'stNF.ss n. (N., 
 poet., rhet.) v. space, as the v. of ocean, of hea- 
 ven, [f. F vaste f. L vastus empty, waste, huge] 
 
 va'stus, n. (anat.). V. i7iternus, externus, 
 large muscular mass on inner, outer, surface of 
 thigh, [mod. L, = huge (muscle), as prec] 
 
 vat, n., & v.t. Large tub, cistern, or other 
 vessel, esp. for holding liquids or holding some- 
 thing in liquid in process of manufacture, as 
 fermenting, tan, -v., whence va'tFUL n.; (vb) 
 place, treat, in v. [earlier fat; OEfaet, cf. Du. 
 vat, G fass, OX fat, cogn. w. Du. vatten, G 
 fassen, seize, contain] 
 
 Vatican, n. Palace & official residence of 
 Pope on V. hill in Rome; (fig.) papal govern- 
 ment ; V. Council, oecumenical council held 
 1869-70 & proclaiming infallibility of Pope when 
 speaking ex cathedra, whence Va'tieaniSM 
 (3), Va*tieaniST(2), nn. [LLVaticanusV. hill] 
 
 vati'cinate, v.t. Prophesy (often abs.). So 
 vaticinA'TioN, vati'einatOR 2 , nn. [f. L 
 vaticinari (rates prophet+cawere sing), -ate 3 ] 
 
 vaudeville (vo'dvil), n. Slight dramatic 
 sketch interspersed with songs & dances ; 
 variety entertainment; French popular e.g. 
 topical song with refrain ; (Hist.) convivial song 
 esp. any of those composed by 0. Basselin, poet 
 born at Vau de Vire in Normandy, d. 1418. 
 Hence vau*devilliST(3) n. [F, f. Vau or Val 
 de Vire Valley of the Vire] 
 
 Vaudois 1 (vodwalv), a. & n. (pi. same). (In- 
 habitant, dialect) of Vaud in Switzerland. [F 
 ( Vaud + -ois -ese)] 
 
 Vaudois 2 (vodwah*), a. & n. (pi. same). 
 (Member) of the Waldenses. [F, as waldenses] 
 
 vaudoo. See voodoo. 
 
 vault 1 , n., & v.t. (Archit.) arched roof, con- 
 tinuous arch, set or series of arches whose joints 
 radiate from central point or line ; v. -like cover- 
 ing, as the v. of heaven ; arched apartment ; 
 arched or other cellar or subterranean chamber 
 as place of storage (wine-v. &c), of interment 
 beneath church or in cemetery (jamilyv.), &c; 
 (Anat.) arched roof of a cavity. (Vb) make in 
 form of, furnish with, v. or vv. (esp. in p.p.). 
 Hence vau'ltiNGMB) n. [(vb f. n.) ME voute, 
 f. OF voute, volte, vault, turn, fern. adj. as n. f. 
 L volutus p.p. of volvere roll] 
 
 vault 2 , v.i. & t., & n. Leap, spring, esp. while 
 resting on the hand(s) or with help of pole, as 
 v. over the gate, from the saddle, upon a horse ; 
 spring over (gate &c) thus; vaulting-horse, 
 wooden horse for practice in vaulting. Hence 
 vau'ltER 1 n. (N.) leap so performed, [(n. f. 
 vb) f. MF volter as prec. J 
 
 vaunt, v.i. & t., & n. Boast, brag ; boast of ; 
 (n.) boast. Hence or cogn. vau'ntER 1 n., 
 vau*nting"LY 2 adv. [(n. f. vb) f. F vanter f. 
 LL vanitare (as vanitv)] 
 
 va'vasopy, n. (hist.). Tenure, lands, of a 
 vavasour, [-v 1 ] 
 
 va'vasoup (-or, -er, -oor). (n. hist.). Vassal 
 holding of a great lord & having other vassals 
 under him. [f. OF vavassoiir f. med.L vasstis 
 vassorum vassal of vassals] 
 
 veal, n. Flesh of calf as food, as v. cutlet ; 
 v.-skin, skin disease with smooth white tuber- 
 cles usu. on face & neck. Hence vea'lv 2 a. 
 [f. OF veel f. L vitellus dim. of vitulus calf, cf. 
 Gk italos, cogn. w. Gk etos year & L vetus old] 
 
 ve'etOP, n. (In quaternions &c.) line con- 
 ceived to have fixed length & direction but no 
 fixed position, quantity determining position 
 of one point in space relative to another (v. 
 quantity, one that may be represented by a v.) ; 
 
VEDA 
 
 984 
 
 VELOCITY 
 
 radius u. Hence veetor'iAL a. [L,=carrier 
 (vehere vect- convey, see -or 2 )] 
 
 Ve'da (va-), n. (Also in pi.) ancient Hindu 
 scriptures written in old form of Sanskrit (Rig, 
 Sama, Yajur, Atharva, -V., four collections 
 of hymns &c. composing the V.). Hence Ve'dic 
 a. [Skr., lit. knowledge] 
 
 Veda'nga, n. Each of certain treatises 
 auxiliary to Veda. [Skr. (prec, anga limb)] 
 
 Veda'nta, n. Hindu philosophy founded on 
 the Veda. Hence Veda'ntic a., Veda'nt- 
 ist(3) n. [Skr. ( Veda + anta end)] 
 
 vede'tte (-et), vi-, n. Mounted sentinel 
 placed in advance of an outpost. [F (re-), f. 
 It. vedetta altered from veduta fern. p.p. of 
 vedere see f. L videre] 
 
 veer, v.i. & t. Change direction esp. (of wind, 
 cf. back 2 ) sunwise; (fig.) change one's mind, 
 turn round in opinion or conduct or language ; 
 (Naut.) slacken, let out, as v. away, out, the 
 cable ; = wear 3 ; v. & haul, tighten & slacken 
 (rope &c.) alternately, (of wind) change alter- 
 nately, (fig.) vacillate in opinion &c. Hence 
 veep'ingrLY 2 adv. [f. F virer f. LL virare 
 turn round, cf. LLriroZaring, L viriola brace- 
 let, viriae armlets] 
 
 ve'ga (va-), n. Low moist tract in Spain or 
 Cuba ; Cuban tobacco-field. [Sp., etym. dub.] 
 
 vegetable, a. & n. Of (the nature of), de- 
 rived from, concerned with, comprising, plants, 
 as v. colic (caused by use of unripe fruit), i vor v, 
 jelly (=pectin), kingdom, marrow, naphtha, 
 oyster(-SAhsiF\), physiology, sponge, K Hence 
 vegetaBi'LiTY n. (N.) plant, esp. herbaceous 
 plant used for culinary purposes or for feeding 
 cattle, e.g. cabbage, potato, turnip, bean, (often 
 attrib., as v. diet, soup). [F, f. LL vegetabilis 
 animating (as vegetate, sec -ble)] 
 
 vegetal, a. & n. Of (the nature of) plants, 
 so ve*g"eto- comb, form ; common to animals 
 & plants, as the v. functions (of growth, circula- 
 tion, generation, &c.) ; (n.) plant, vegetable. 
 Hence vegeta'liTY n. IOF, f. L vegetus (as 
 
 VEGETATE) + -AL] 
 
 ve'g-etaline,!). Fibre treated withsulphuric 
 acid so as_to resemble ivory or coral, [-ine 4 ] 
 
 vegetar'ian, n. One who uses or advo- 
 cates a diet of vegetable food (usu. with addi- 
 tion of milk, eggs, &c.) to the exclusion of meat 
 (often attrib., as v. food, diet, principles, craze). 
 Hence vegetar'ianiSM n. [-arian] 
 
 ve*g"etate, v.i. Grow as plants do, fulfil 
 vegetable functions; (fig.) live an idleor mono- 
 tonous life. So ve'getativE a., ve'geta- 
 tiveL y 2 adv. , ve'getativeNESS n. [f . L vegc- 
 tare enliven (vegetus lively f. vegere move, 
 quicken, cogn. w. vigil, vigour), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 vegfeta'tion, n. Vegetating (lit. & fig.); 
 plants collectively, plant-life, as luxuriant v., 
 no sign of v. for miles round; (Path.) excre- 
 scence on surface of body. [OF, f. LL vegeta- 
 tioneni (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 ve'hement (vee-), a. Showing or caused by 
 strong feeling, impetuous, ardent, passionate, 
 as a v. desire, protest, man of v. character ; act- 
 ing with great force, violent, as a v. wind, on- 
 set. Hence or cogn. ve'hemENCE n., ve'he- 
 mentLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L ve(he)mentem, nom. 
 -ns, perh. f. vehere carry or re- apart from + 
 mens -ntis mind] 
 
 vehicle (vei-), n. Carriage, conveyance, of 
 any kind used on land ; liquid &c. used as a 
 medium for pigments, drugs, &c; thing, per- 
 son, used as a medium for thought or feeling or 
 action, as used the pulpit, the press, as a v. for 
 his political opinions, will not be used as the v. 
 of your resentment. So vehi'culAR l (-h-) a. 
 [f. L vehiculum (vehere carry, see -cule)] 
 
 vehmgericht (fa'mgericht), n. German sys- 
 tem of irregular tribunals prevailing esp. in 
 Westphalia in 14th & loth cc. & trying the more 
 serious crimes in secret night sessions; such 
 tribunal. Hence veh'mic a. [G, also /-, f. 
 feme punishment, tribunal, + gericht judg- 
 ment, law] 
 
 veil ( val), n. , & v. t. Piece of usu. more or less 
 transparent material attached to woman's bon- 
 net or hat or otherwise forming part of head- 
 dress, esp. one serving to conceal the face or as 
 protection against sun, dust, &c, as raised, 
 dropped, her v. (so as to uncover, cover, face), 
 took the v., became nun ; curtain (the v. of the 
 temple) ; (fig.) disguise, pretext, as under the v. 
 of religion', scarf on pastoral staff; (Bot.,Zool.) 
 = velum ; slight huskiness of voice, natural or 
 due toa cold &c. Hence vei*liNGM3) n., vei'l- 
 less a. (Vb) cover (one's face, oneself, or abs. 
 in same sense) with v.; (fig.) conceal, disguise, 
 mask, as veiled resentment, [vb f. OF veiler f. 
 L velare, n. f. OF veile, f. velum] 
 
 veilleuse (F), n. Shaded night-lamp esp. as 
 subject for decorative art. 
 
 vein (van), n., & v.t. Each of the membranous 
 tubes that convey blood to the heart (cf. ar- 
 tery; pulmonary vv., returning oxygenated 
 blood from lungs to left side, systemic vv., re- 
 turning venous blood from all parts to right 
 side) ; (pop.) any blood-vessel ; (Entom., Bot.) 
 rib of insect's wing or of leaf; (Geol., Mining) 
 fissure in rock filled with deposited matter 
 (veinstone, ^gasgxje) ; streak, stripe, of differ- 
 ent colour in wood, marble, &c; distinctive 
 character or tendency, cast of mind or disposi- 
 tion, mood, as xcas of an imaginative v., said in 
 a humorous v., other remarks in the same v., 
 am in the v. for highplay, am not in (the) v.jicst 
 now. Hence vei'nLESs, vei'nLiKE, vei'n y '*, 
 aa., vei'nLET n. (Vb) fill or cover (as) with v. 
 or vv. (esp. in p.p.). Hence vei'nAGE(l), vei'n- 
 ing ] <6), nil. [(vb f. n.) f. F veine f. L vena] 
 
 vela'men (pi. -mina), velame'ntum (pi. 
 -ta), nn. Enveloping membrane esp. of brain. 
 [L, = covering (veil vb, -men, -ment)] 
 
 ve'lar, a. Of a veil or velum, as v. gutturals, 
 sounds produced by aid of soft palate (e.g. gw, 
 kw). [f. L velaris (velum, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 velatur'a (-oora), n. Glazing of picture by 
 rubbing on thin covering of colour with the 
 hand as done by early Italian painters. [It. 
 (velare veil, see -ure)] 
 
 veldt (-It), n. S.-Afr. tract of land with little 
 or no forest, grass country, [f. Du. veld field] 
 
 velita'tion, n. (archaic). Slight skirmish, 
 controversy, [f. L velitatio (velitari skirmish, 
 as foil., see -ation)] 
 
 ve'lite, n. (Rom. ant.). Light-armed soldier, 
 [f. L veles -it is] 
 
 velle'ity, n. (archaic). Low degree of voli- 
 tion not prompting to action, [f. med.L vcl- 
 leitas (velle vb wish, see -ty)] 
 
 ve* Hie ate, v.t. & i. Twitch. Hence or 
 cogn. vellieA'TioN n., ve'llieatiVE a. [f. L 
 vellicare (vellere. pluck), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ve'llum, n. Fine parchment orig. from skin 
 of calf ; manuscript written on this ; v. paper 
 (imitating v.). Hence ve'llumY 2 a. [f. OF 
 velin f. L vitulinus of a calf (veal, -ine 1 )] 
 
 veloce (velotsha), adv. (mus.). With great 
 rapidity. [It.] 
 
 velo'eipede (-ed), n. Kinds of light vehicle 
 impelled by rider (now chiefly hist, of obs. 
 types e. g. hobby, also as general term = cycle). 
 Hence velo*eipediST(3) n. [f. L velox -ocis 
 swift +pes pedis foot] 
 
 veld'eity, n. Quickness, rate, of motion usu. 
 of inanimate things, as uniform, variable, v., 
 
VELOUTINE 
 
 985 
 
 VENOUS 
 
 a v. of 3 feet per second, initial v., v. of a body 
 at starting, esp. (also muzzle v.) of projectile 
 issuing from firearm. Hence veloci'METER n. 
 [f. F v&locite f. L velocitatem (velox -ocis swift, 
 perh. cogn. w. volare fly, see -ty)J 
 
 velouii'ne (-en), n. Kinds of corded fabric 
 & of toilet-powder. [F] 
 
 ve'lum, n. (anat., bot., zool. ; pi. -7a). Kinds 
 of membrane or membranous covering, esp. 
 the soft palate. [L, = sail, veil, f. vehere carry] 
 
 ve'lure, n., & v.t. Velvet or similar fabric ; 
 velvet or other pad for smoothing silk hat ; 
 (vb) smooth with v. [(vb f. n.) f. OF velou(r)s 
 f. med.L villosus velvet, see villous] 
 
 velirtinous, a. (bot., entom.). Velvety, [f. 
 
 L as VELVET + -INE 1 + -OUS] 
 
 ve'lveret, n. Bad kind of velvet, [irreg. 
 dim. of foil.] 
 
 ve'lvet, n. & a. Closely woven fabric wholly 
 (also silk v.) or partly (cotton v.) of silk with 
 thick short pile on one side [terry v., with pile 
 uncut) ; furry skin covering a growing antler ; 
 v. -pile, fabric with pile like that of v. ; (adj.) of, 
 soft as, v. (often in names of animals & plants, 
 as v. ant, osier ; v. paw, of cat, fig. of cruelty 
 &c. veiled under suave manner, v. tread, soft). 
 Hence ve'lvetED 2 , ve'lvetv 2 , aa. [OF, f. 
 LL velluetum ult. f. villus shaggy hair] 
 
 velvetee'n, n. Cotton fabric with pile like 
 velvet; kind of velvet made of silk & cotton, 
 [prec. + -een -ine 4 J 
 
 ve'lveting", n. Velvet goods collectively; 
 pile, nap, of velvet, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 ve'nal, n. (Of person) that may be bought, 
 ready to sell influence or services or to sacrifice 
 principles from sordid motive ; (of conduct 
 &c.) characteristic of v. person. Hence or 
 cogn. vena'liTV n., ve'nalLY 2 adv. [OF, f. 
 L venalis (venus, -urn, sale, see -al)] 
 
 vena'tion, n. Arrangement of veins on leaf, 
 insect's wing, &c. Hence vena'tionAL a. [as 
 vein 4- -ation] 
 
 vend, v.t. Sell (now chiefly legal, whence 
 or cogn. vendEE", ve'ndOR 2 , nn.); offer 
 (small wares) for sale, so (-)ve'ndER 1 n. 
 Hence or cogn. vendiBi'LiTV n., ve'ndiBLE 
 a., ve'ndibLV 2 adv. [f. OF vendre f. L ven- 
 dere =■ venumdare {venum sale, dare give)] 
 
 ve'ndace, n. Small & delicate fish found in 
 some British & Continental lakes, [f. OF ven- 
 dese dace, etym. dub.] 
 
 Vende'an, a. & n. (Native) of Vendue, de- 
 partment of W. France ; (member) of V. royal- 
 ist party in 1793-5. [f. F Vendien ( Vend6e,*see 
 -an)] 
 
 vende'tta, n. Blood-feud in which family 
 of injured or murdered man seeks vengeance 
 on offender or his family ; this practice as pre- 
 valent in Corsica &c. [It., f. L vindicta, see 
 vindictive] 
 1 veneer*, v.t., & n. Cover (wood, furniture, 
 &c.) with thin coating of finer wood; cover 
 I (pottery &c.) with thin coat of same substance ; 
 (fig.) disguise (character &c.) under superficial 
 , polish of manner &c. ; (n.) thin outer coating, 
 ■ veneering (lit. & fig.); v.-moth, kinds whose 
 colouring suggests v. [f. G furniren f. F as 
 I furnish] 
 
 ve'nenate, a. (med.). Infected with poison. 
 \ Hence venenATiON* n. [f. L venenare poison 
 (venenum), see -ate 2 ] 
 
 ve'nerable, a. Entitled to veneration on 
 account of character, age, associations, &c, as 
 v. priest, relics, beard, ruins, river (also in 
 Ch. of Eng. as title of archdeacons, abbr. Ven. ; 
 in R.-C. Ch. as title of one who has attained 
 . first of three degrees of sanctity but is not 
 canonized). Hence veneraBULiTY, ve*nei»- 
 
 able Ness, nn., ve'nerabLY - adv. [OF, f. L 
 venerabilis (as foil., see -able)] 
 
 ve'nerate, v.t. Consider worthy of & re- 
 gard with deep respect or warm approbation ; 
 revere. So ve'neratOR 2 n. [f. L venerari, 
 cogn. w. venus & Skr. van serve, honour, -ate 3 ] 
 
 venera'tion, n. Profound respect, rever- 
 ence ; (Phrenol., often facet.) faculty of feeling 
 reverence, as organ, bump, of v. [OF, f. L 
 venerationem (as prec, see -ation)] 
 
 vener*eal, a. Of sexual intercourse, as v. 
 desire ; v. disease, communicated by sexual 
 intercourse ; v. remedies (for v. disease), [f. L 
 Venereus of venus + -al] 
 
 ve'nery 1 , n. (archaic). Hunting, [f. OF 
 v:nerie {vener hunt f. Lvenari, see -ery)] * 
 
 ve'nery 2 , n. (archaic). Sexual indulgence, 
 [f. L Veneria (venus) fern. adj. as n.] 
 
 ve'neseet, v.t. &L =phlebotomize. Hence 
 venese'ctiON n. [f. L vena vein + secure 
 sect- cut] 
 
 Venetian (-shn), a. & n. Of Venice; V. 
 blind, window blind of slats of wood that may 
 be turned so as to admit or exclude light ; V. 
 carpet (of worsted, usu. with striped pattern) ; 
 V. ( = French) chalk ; V. glass, glassware made 
 at or near Venice, (also Venice glass) cup of this 
 said to be destroyed by contact with poison ; 
 V. lace, kind of point lace ; V. (solid artificial) 
 pearl ; V. window (with three separate open- 
 ings). (X.) native of Venice ; (usu. v-) V. blind, 
 whence vene*tianED 2 a., (pi.) kind of tape for 
 holding slats of this. [f. OF Venitian f. L Ve- 
 netia country of the Venetx\ 
 
 ve'ngeance (-jns), n. Punishment inflicted, 
 retribution exacted, for wrong to oneself or to 
 person &c. whose cause one espouses, as will 
 exact ample v., took a bloody v. on the murderer 
 or for the murder of his children, you lay your- 
 self open to his v.; with a v., in a higher degree 
 than was expected or desired, in the fullest 
 sense of the word(s), & no mistake, as this is 
 punctuality with a v. [F (venger avenge f. L 
 as vindicate, see -ance)] 
 
 vengeful, a. Disposed to revenge, vindic- 
 tive. Hence ve'ngefulLY 2 adv., ve'nge- 
 fulNESS n. [f. obs. venge vb (as prec.) + -ful] 
 
 ve'nial, a. (Of sin or fault) pardonable, ex- 
 cusable, not very wrong, (R.-C. Ch.) not mortal. 
 Hence venia'liTV, ve'nialNESS, nn., ve*- 
 nialLY 2 adv. [OF, f. LL venialis (venia par- 
 don, see -al)] 
 
 Ve'niee, n. (attrib.). V. (=venetian) glass ; 
 V. treacle, = theriac. 
 
 venire (fa'cias) (-sh-), n. (law). Writ direct- 
 ing sheriff to summon jury. [L, = make come] 
 
 ve'nison (-nzn), n. Beer's flesh as food. [f. 
 OF veneisun f. L venationem hunting (venari 
 hunt, see -ation, -son)] 
 
 l/em # te,n. (Musical setting of) Ps.xc v. [L,= 
 Come ye, first word of psalmj 
 
 ve'nom, n. Poisonous fluid secreted by ser- 
 pents, scorpions, &c, & introduced into system 
 of victim by bite or sting; (fig.) malignity, viru- 
 lence, of feeling or language or conduct. Hence 
 or cogn. ve'nomED 2 , venomous, aa., ve*- 
 nomousLY 2 adv., ve'nomousNESS n. [ME 
 & OF venim f. L venenum poison, perh. cogn. 
 w. VENUS] 
 
 vend'sity, n. Excess of venous blood in 
 organ &c; deficient aeration of venous blood 
 in lungs with afflux of venous blood into ar- 
 teries, [as foil., see -osity] 
 
 ve'nous, -ose, aa. (anat., zool., bot.). Of, 
 full of, contained in, veins, as r. (opp. to arte- 
 rial) blood, v. congestion, accumulation of v. 
 blood in organ &c. Hence ve'nousLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L venosus (as vein, see -ose 1 , -ous)] 
 
VENT 
 
 VERDANT 
 
 vent 1 , w., & v.t. Hole or opening allowing 
 passage outof or into confined space, e.g. touch- 
 hole of gun, hole in top of barrel to admit air 
 while liquid is being drawn out, finger-hole in 
 musical instrument (also ve'ntAGE n.), flue of 
 chimney, loophole in embattled wall ; = v.- 
 faucet ; anus esp. of animals below mammals ; 
 (fig.) outlet, free passage, free play, as gave v. 
 to his indignation, impatience found a v.; v.- 
 faucet, hollow gimlet for making v. in cask &c. ; 
 v. -hole, v.; v.-peg, peg for stopping v. of barrel, 
 edso = v.-faucet ; v. -plug, plug for v. of gun, also 
 =v.-peg (1st sense). Hence ve'ntLESS a. (Vb) 
 make v. in (gun, cask, &c); give v. to, as vented 
 his disgust in an epigram, with a snort, on the 
 offite-boy. [(vb f. n.)f. Ffente (fendre cleave f. 
 Lfindere) ; form & sense influenced by foil.] 
 
 vent 2 , v.i., & n. (Of hunted animal, esp. otter 
 coming to surface of water) take breath ; (n.) 
 taking breath, [(vb f. F venter) OF, = wind, 
 breath, scent, f. L ventus wind] 
 
 ve'nter, a. (Anat.) belly, also, protuberant 
 or concave partof muscle or bone ; (Law) womb, 
 mother, as a son by, the son of, another v. [L, 
 = belly, womb (in legal sense f. OF ventre)] 
 
 ve'ntiduet, n. (archit.). Air-passage, esp. 
 subterranean one. [f. L ventus wind + duct] 
 
 ve'ntil, n. Valve in musical instrument; 
 shutter for regulating air in organ, [f. L ven- 
 tulus breeze dim. of ventus wind] 
 
 ve'ntilate, v. t. Cause air to circulate freely 
 in (room&c); purify by air, oxygenate, (blood); 
 submit (question, subject, grievance, &c.) to 
 public consideration & discussion. Hence or 
 cogn. ventilA'TiON, ve # ntilatoR 2 (2, 1), nn., 
 ve'ntilatiVE a. [f. L ventilare blow, winnow 
 (ventus wind), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 ve'ntral, a. & n. (zool., bot.). Of the venter ; 
 on the anterior side or surface ; v. (Jin), either 
 of the posterior pair of fins. Hence ve'ntpal- 
 ly 2 adv. [F, f. L ventralis (venter, see -al)] 
 
 ventre a terre (F), adv. At full speed (lit. 
 with belly to ground). 
 
 ve'ntriele, n. (anat.). Any cavity of the 
 body, hollow part or organ, as vv. of the brain, 
 right, left, v. (of the heart). Hence ventpi*- 
 cuIar l , ventpi'eulous, aa. [f. F ventricule 
 f. L ventricuhis dim. of venter] 
 
 ve'ntrieose, -ous, aa. Having a protrud- 
 ing belly; (Bot. )distended, inflated, [f. VENTER + 
 -IC + -OSE 1, -OUS] 
 
 ventprloquism, n. Act, art, of speaking or 
 uttering sounds in such a manner that the voice 
 appears to come from some other source than 
 the speaker. So ventriloeirtio-N, ventri*- 
 loquisr(l), ventri'loquv l , nn., ventpilo*- 
 quiAL, ventpiloqui'stic, ventri'loquous, 
 aa., ventpi*loquiZE(2) v.i. [f. L ventriloqtius 
 ventriloquist (venter + loqui locut- speak)] 
 
 ventno- in comb. = venter, as -dor sal, ex- 
 tending from belly to back. 
 
 ventno'sity, n. Corpulence, [f. LL ventro- 
 sus (venter, see -ose j )+ -ity] 
 
 venture (-tshe?*), n., & v.t. & i. Undertaking 
 of a risk, risky undertaking, as declined the v., 
 ready for any v.; commercial speculation, as 
 one lucky v. made his fortune, failed in all his 
 vv.; (archaic) thing at stake, property risked ; 
 at a v., at random. (Vb) dare, not be afraid, 
 make bold, as did not v. to stop him, I v. to 
 differ from you ; dare to make or advance or 
 put forward, hazard, as wouldnot v. an opinion, 
 a guess, a step ; expose to risk, stake, as men 
 who v. their lives for the cause, will v. five 
 shillings on it ; (abs.) undertake risk; v. (up)- 
 on, dare to engage in or grapple with or make, 
 as shall v. on a mild protest, will you v. on a 
 slice of cucuniber? Hence ve'ntupesoME a., 
 
 ve'ntupesomeLY 2 adv., ve'nturesome- 
 
 ness n. [aphetic f. adventure] 
 
 ve'nue, n. (law). Country within which jury 
 must be gathered & cause tried (orig. neigh- 
 bourhood of crime &c), as change the v. (to 
 avoid riot, prejudiced jury, &c.) ; statement in 
 indictment &c. indicating this. [F, = coming, 
 f. venir come f. L venire] 
 
 Ve'nus, n. (Rom. Myth.) goddess of love; 
 (Astr.) the most brilliant of the planets, second 
 from sun; Mount of V. (palmistry), base of 
 thumb; r.'s basin, bath, common teazel; V.'s 
 comb, annual of parsley family with comb-like 
 fruit ; IVs fly-trap, herb with leaves that close 
 on insects &c. ; K.'s slipper, = LAVY's-slipper. 
 [L, gen. -eris] 
 
 vepa'eious, a. Speaking, disposed to speak, 
 the truth; (of statement &c.) true, not (meant 
 to be) false. Hence or cogn. vepa'eiousLY 2 
 adv., vePA'ciTY n. [f. L verax (verus true, 
 see -acious)] 
 
 vepa*nda(h) (-du), n. Open portico or gallery 
 along side of house with roof supported on 
 pillars, [f. Port, varanda perh. f. vara rod f. 
 L vara] 
 
 vepa*tPine,n. Poisonous compound got from 
 hellebore & other plants & used esp. as local 
 irritant in neuralgia & rheumatism. So vepa*- 
 tPATE ] (3) n., vepa'tPic a., vepa*tPiZE(5) v.t. 
 [f. L veratrum hellebore + -ine 5 ] 
 
 verb, n. (gram.). Part of speech that predi- 
 cates, word whose function is predication (e.g. 
 italicized words in Timeflies, Salt is good, You 
 surprise me) ; copulative or substantive v., be ; 
 
 AUXILIARY, DEPONENT, IMPERSONAL, (INTRAN- 
 SITIVE, neuter, reflexive, v. [f. F verbe f. L 
 verbum word, verb, cogn. w. Gk eiro speak] 
 
 vep'bal, a. &n. Of, concerned with, words, 
 as v. distinctions, subtleties, critic(ism), accu- 
 racy, inspiration; oral, not written, as a v. 
 communication, contract, v. evidence ; (of trans- 
 lation) literal, word for word ; v. note (diplo- 
 macy), unsigned memorandum on matter that 
 is not urgent but must not be overlooked ; 
 (Gram.) of (the nature of) a verb, as v. inflex- 
 ions, used in all the v. senses (of the verb), v. 
 noun, noun derived from verb & partly sharing 
 its constructions (e.g. E nouns in -ing 1 ) ; (n.) v. 
 noun. Hence vep'balLY 2 adv. [F, f. LL ver- 
 ba lis (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 vep'balism, n. Minute attention to words, 
 verbal criticism, [-ism] 
 
 vep'balist, n. Person concerned with words 
 only, verbal critic, [-ist] 
 
 vep'balize, v.t. & i. Make (noun &c.) into 
 a verb, so vep'biFY v.t. ; be verbose. Hence 
 vepbalizA'TioN n. [-ize] 
 
 vepbap'ium, n. Kinds of game concerned 
 with formation of word(s)from letters, [-arium] 
 
 verba'tim, adv. & a. Word for word, as 
 copied it v., a v. reprint. [L (adv.), as verb, 
 cf. literatim] 
 
 verbe'na, n. Kinds of plant of vervain 
 family, as lemon(-scented) v. [L, = sacred 
 bough of olive &c, vervain] 
 
 vep'biage (-Ij ), n. Needless accumulation of 
 words, verbosity. [F (as verb, see -age)] 
 
 vep'bieide, n. (facet.). Word-butcher(y). [as 
 
 VERB + -CIDE] 
 
 vepbo'se, a. Using, containing, more words 
 than are wanted, prolix. Hence verbo'seLY 2 
 adv., vepbo'seNEss, vepbo'sirv, nn. [f. L 
 verbosus (as verb, see -ose J )] 
 
 verbum (sat) sapie'ntt, sent. (abbr. 
 verb. sap.). A word is enough to the wise. [L] 
 
 vep'dant, a. (Of grass &c.) green, fresh- 
 coloured ; (of field &c.) covered with v. grass&c; 
 (of person) unsophisticated, raw, green. Hence 
 
VERD-ANTIQUE 
 
 987 
 
 VERNAL 
 
 ver'dANCY n., vep'dantLY 2 adv. [OF, f. L 
 viridare grow green (viridis), see -ant] 
 
 verd-anti*que (-ek), n. Ornamental usu. 
 green building-stone formed chiefly of serpen- 
 tine ; green incrustation on ancient bronze. 
 [OF (verd green f. L viridis + antique)] 
 
 vep'derep, -op, n. (hist.). Judicial officer of 
 royal forests. [AF verder f. LL viridarius 
 forester (viridis green) + -er 1 , -or 2 ] 
 
 vep'diet, n. Decision of jury on issue of fact 
 in civil or criminal cause, as brought in a v. of 
 not guilty, a v. for the plaintiff, open v. (report- 
 ing commission of crime but not specifying 
 criminal), partial v. (finding person guilty of 
 part of the charge), privy or sealed v. (written 
 v. delivered to clerk of court when court has 
 adjourned during deliberation of jury), special 
 v. (stating facts as proved but leaving court to 
 draw conclusion from them); decision, judg- 
 ment, as the v. of the public was in its favour, 
 does not dispute your v. [ME & OF verdit f. 
 L vere dictum thing truly said (vere truly + 
 
 DICTUM)] 
 
 vep'digpis, n. Green crystallized substance 
 formed on copper by action of acetic acid & used 
 In medicine & as pigment &c. ; green rust on 
 copper. [ME verdegrese, verte grece, f. AF vert 
 de Grece green of Greece (as verdure + Greece 
 f. L Graecia)] 
 
 vep*ditep, n. Blue, green, v., pigments got 
 from copper nitrate, [f . OF verd de terre green 
 of earth (as foil. 4- terre f. L terra earth)] 
 
 ver'dure (-dyer), n. Greenness of vegetation, 
 green vegetation, whence vep'duPED 2 , vep*- 
 dupeLESS, vep'dupous, aa. ; (fig.) freshness; 
 French tapestry with prominent foliage. [F 
 (OF verd green, f. L viridis, see -ure)] 
 
 verein (feri'n), n. Association of persons or 
 I parties, organized body. [G] 
 
 verge l , n. Extreme edge, brink, border, (usu. 
 \ fig.), as drew near to the very v. of the stream, 
 on the v. of 70, destruction, betraying his secret ; 
 grass edging of flower-bed &c. ; wand, rod, 
 carried before bishop, dean, &c, as emblem of 
 office ; kinds of shaft or spindle in various me- 
 chanisms; (Archit.) shaft of column, edge of 
 tiles projecting over gable, v.-board, = barge- 
 board ; (Hist.) area of jurisdiction of Marshal- 
 sea. [F, f. L virga twig, rod] 
 
 verge 2 , v.i. V. on, border on, approach 
 closely, as path verges on the edge of a precipice, 
 a solemnity verging on the tragic, [f. L vergere 
 bend, incline ; sense influenced by prec] 
 
 vergee* (-je), n. Channel-Island measure of 
 area, four-ninths of acre. [f. F vergee mea- 
 sured (verge *)] 
 
 vep'geney, n. (optics). Reciprocal of focal 
 distance of lens as measure of divergence or 
 convergence of rays. [f. verge 2 + -ency] 
 
 vep'gep, n. Official in a church who shows 
 
 .persons to their seats &c; officer who bears 
 
 staff before bishop, vice-chancellor of univer- 
 
 1 sity, &c. Hence vep'gePSHiP n. [OF, f. med.L 
 
 \ virgarius rod-bearer (verge 1 , -ar y *, -er 2 )] 
 
 vepi'dical, a. (facet.). Veracious. Hence or 
 cogn. vepi*diealLY 2 adv., vepi'dieous a. [f. 
 L veridicus (vents true + dicere say) + -al] 
 
 ve'pify, v.t. Establish the truth of, examine 
 for this purpose, as must v. the statement, his 
 figures, am now verifying the items ; (of event, 
 action, &c.) bear out, make good, fulfil, (pre- 
 diction, promise) ; (Law) append affidavit to 
 § leadings), support (statement) by proofs, 
 ence or cogn. vepifiaBi'LiTY, vepiFiCA*- 
 tion, ve'PifiER 1 , nn., ve'PifiABLE a. [f. OF 
 verifier f. med.L verificare (verus true, see -FY)] 
 
 ve'pily, adv. (archaic). Really, truly, in very 
 truth, [f. very + -ly 2 ] 
 
 verisimilitude, n. Probability, likelihood, 
 (of story &c.) ; thing likely to be true. So 
 vepisi'milAR 1 , vepisrmilous, aa. (rare), [f. 
 L verisimilitudo f. verisimilis probable (veri 
 gen. of verus true + similis like), see -tude] 
 
 ve'pitable, a. Real, actual, genuine, as a v. 
 boon. Hence ve'pitabLY 2 adv. [OF (as veri- 
 ty, see -able)] 
 
 ve'pitas, n. (Also bureau viritas) French 
 ship register like Lloyd's. [F (ve-), f. L as foil.] 
 
 ve'Pity, n. Truth (of statement &c); true 
 statement; really existent thing,a,s these things, 
 alas! arevv.; of a v. (archaic), in truth, really, 
 [f. OF yerite f. L veritatem (verus true, see -ty)] 
 
 vep'juiee, n. Acid liquor got from crab- 
 apples, sour grapes, &c, & used in cooking. 
 Hence veP'juieED 2 a. [f. OF verjus (verd, see 
 
 VERDURE, +JUS JUICE)] 
 
 vep'meil (-mil), n. Silver gilt ; varnish used 
 to give lustre to gilding ; orange-red garnet ; 
 (poet.) vermilion. [OF, see vermilion] 
 
 vermi- in comb. - L vermis worm, as : -cide, 
 drug that kills worms, so -cidal a.; -form, 
 worm-shaped (v. appendix), structurally allied 
 to worms; -fuge, drug that expels intestinal 
 worms, so -fugal a.; -grade, moving like worm, 
 wriggling along ; -vorous feeding on worms. 
 
 vep'mian, a. Of worms, worm-like. So 
 vepmeo'LOGiST, vepmeo'LOGY, nn. [f. L 
 vermis worm + -an] 
 
 vermicelli, n. Paste of same materials as 
 macaroni made in slender threads. [It., pi. of 
 vermicello dim. f. L vermis worm] 
 
 vermreulap, a. Like a worm in form or 
 movements, as v. (= YERMiform) appendix ; of 
 worm-eaten appearance ; marked with close 
 wavy lines, [f. med.L vermicularis (L vermi- 
 cuius dim. of vermis worm, see -ar ')] 
 
 vepmi'eulate, a., & v.t. (Entom.) having 
 thick tufts of parallel hairs; = prec. ; worm-eaten; 
 (vb) ornament with wavy lines, [f. L vermicu- 
 lari be full of worms (prec), -ate 2 > 3 ] 
 
 vepmieula'tion, n. Worm-like motion esp. 
 = peristalsis ; (art of) vermiculating ; worm- 
 eaten state, [f. L vermiexdatio (prec, -ation)] 
 
 vepmreulose, -ous, aa. Worm-eaten, full 
 of worms ; worm-shaped, [f. LL vermiculosus 
 (as vermicular, see -ose 1 , -ous)] 
 
 vepitii'lion, n., a., & v.t. Cinnabar; brilli- 
 ant red pigment made by grinding this or arti- 
 ficially ; (of) this colour ; (vb) colour (as) with 
 v. [(vb f. n.) f. OF vermilion vermilion, kermes 
 insect (vermeil vermilion f. L vermiculvs dim. 
 of vermis worm, see -oon)] 
 
 vep'min, n. (usu. treated as pi.). Mammals 
 & birds injurious to game, crops, &c, e.g. foxes, 
 weasels, rats, mice, moles, owls, &c; noxious 
 insects, e.g. fleas, bugs, lice ; parasitic worms 
 or insects ; (fig.) vile persons, as the v. that in- 
 fest race-courses. So vep'minous a., vep'- 
 minousLY 2 adv. [ME & F vermine ult. f . L 
 vermis worm] 
 
 vep'minate, v.i. Breed vermin, become in- 
 fested with parasites. So vepminA'TiON n. 
 [f. L verminare (vermis worm), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 vep*m(o)uth (-ooth), n. Liqueur flavoured 
 with wormwood, [f. G wermuth wormwood] 
 
 vepna'eulap, a. & n. (Of language, idiom, 
 word) of one's native country, native, indigen- 
 ous, not of foreign origin or of learned forma- 
 tion ; (of disease) = endemic ; (n.) the language 
 or dialect of the country, as Latin gave place 
 to the v. Hence vepna*eulapiSM(4), vep- 
 naeula'PiTY, vepnaeulapiz ation, nn., 
 vepna , eulapizE(3) v.t., veraa'culaPLY 2 
 adv. [f. L vernaculus native (vema home-born 
 slave, see -cule) + -ar 2 ] 
 
 vep'nal, a. Of, appearing or occurring or 
 
VERNATION 
 
 VERY 
 
 done in, spring, as v. breezes, floivers, equinox, 
 migration, v. (malarial) fever, v. grass, sweet- 
 scented grass grown among hay. Hence vep*- 
 nalL v * 2 adv. If. L vernalis [vermis f. ver spring, 
 cogn. w. Gk ear, ON vdr, see -al)] 
 
 vepna'tion, n. (bot.). Arrangement of leaves 
 (cf. aestivation) within leaf-bud. [f. hverna- 
 tio sloughing of skin {vernare bloom f. ver 
 spring, see -ation)" 
 
 ver'nier, n. Small movable scale for ob- 
 taining fractional parts of the subdivisions on 
 fixed scale of theodolite &c. [F, f. P. V., in- 
 ventor, d. 1637] 
 
 Veronese (-ez), a., & n. (pi. the same). (In- 
 habitant) of Verona, [-ese] 
 
 vepd'niea, n. Kinds of herb or shrub with 
 blue, purple, pink, or white flowers ; cloth 
 with representation of Christ's face, esp. one 
 miraculously so impressed after being used by 
 St V. to wipe sweat from Christ's face. [V., 
 woman's name, ult. f. Gk Berenike] 
 
 ve'PPieule, n. (entom.). Thick tuft of up- 
 right hairs. Hence vepPi*culATE 2 a. [f. L 
 verriculum net {verrere sweep)] 
 
 veppu'ea, n. (path., zool., bot.). Wart, wart- 
 like elevation. Hence or cogn. veppvrei- 
 form, ve*ppueosE *, veTPueous, veppu*- 
 cuIose 1 [-UL-], aa. [L] 
 
 vep'sant, n. Extent of land sloping in one di- 
 rection, general slope of land. [F, f. L versare 
 frequent, of vertere vers- turn] 
 
 vep'satile, a. Turning readily from one 
 subject or occupation to another, capable of 
 dealing with many subjects, as v. author, ge- 
 nius, disposition, mind; capable of being 
 moved or turned as on hinge, as v. spindle : 
 (Bot., Zool.) moving freely about or up & down 
 on a support, as v. anther, head, antennae ; 
 changeable, inconstant. Hence or cogn. vep*- 
 satileLY 2 adv., versati'liTV, n. [F, f. L 
 vsrsatilis (as prec, see -atile)] 
 
 vepse, n., & v.t. & i. Metrical line contain- 
 ing definite number of feet, as quoted somevv. 
 of the Iliad, has a good v. here dt there, cap 2 
 vu. ; group of definite number of vv., stanza; 
 metrical composition in general, particular 
 type of this, as wrote pages of v., expressed in 
 indifferent v., what is not prose is v., a prize 
 for Latin v., blank i, societv, elegiac, iambic, 
 trochaic, &c, v. ; each of the short divisions of 
 chapter in Bible (chapter & v.); short sentence 
 as part of liturgy ; solo part of anthem &c. ; v.- 
 monger(ing), maker, making, of bad vv. Hence 
 vep'seLET n. (Vb) express in v., make vv. 
 [(vb f. n.) OE/ers f. hversus -iis turning, line, 
 row, verse, f. vertere vers- turn] 
 
 vepsed, a. Experienced, skilled, proficient, 
 (in subject, occupation, &c); reversed (now 
 only in v. sine), [adaptation of L versatus p.p. 
 of versari be engaged in, see versa nt] 
 
 vep'set, n. (mas.). Short prelude or inter- 
 lude for organ. [F, dim. of vers verse] 
 
 vep'siele, n. Short verse, esp. each of series 
 of short verses in liturgy said or sung alter- 
 nately by minister & people, [f. L versicuhis 
 (as verse, see -cule)] 
 
 vep*sieoloup(ed), aa. Variegated ; chang- 
 ing from one colour to another in different 
 lights, [f. L versicolor(us) (vertere vers- turn 
 + color colour)] 
 
 vepsi'eulap, a. V. division (into verses), 
 fas versicle (see -ul-) + -ar 1 ] 
 
 vep'sify, v.t. & i. Turn (prose) into verse ; 
 express in verse ; make verses. Hence or 
 cogn. vepsiFicA'TiON. vep'sifiER 1 , nn. [f. F 
 vzrsifier f. L versificare (as verse, see -fv)] 
 
 vep'sion, n. Book &c. translated into an- 
 other language, as Authorized, Revised, J', (of 
 
 the Bible, made 1604-11, 1870-84; abbr. A.V., 
 R. PL); piece of translation, esp. into foreign 
 language, as school exercise ; account of a 
 matter from particular person's point of view, 
 as now let me have your own v. of the affair ; 
 turning of child improperly placed for delivery 
 so that head, or feet may be first presented. 
 Hence vep'sionAL a. [F, f. med.L versionem 
 (L vertere vers- turn, see -ion)] 
 
 vep'so, n. Any left-hand page of book (cf. 
 recto); reverse of coin. |L, abl. p.p. as prec] 
 
 vepst, n. Russian measure of length, 3,500 
 feet. [f. Russ. versta] 
 
 ver'sus, prep. (abbr. v.). Against, as (Law) 
 Jones v. Smith, (Cricket &c.) Surrey v. Kent. 
 [L, = towards, against, (vertere vers- turn)] 
 
 vert 1 , n. (Law, hist.) all that bears green 
 leaves in forest, right to cut this ; (Herald.) the 
 tincture green. [F, f. L viridis green] 
 
 vert 2 , n., & v.i., (colloq.). Convert or per- 
 vert ; (vb) leave one church for another, 
 [coined as neutral form] 
 
 vep'tebra, n. (pi. -ae). Each segment of 
 backbone (false v., fixed, as os sacrum & coccyx 
 in man, true v., movable ; neither expression 
 now used in human anat.). Hence vep'te- 
 dpal a., vep'tebpalLV 2 adv., veptebpo 
 comb. form. [L (vertere turn)] 
 
 vertebrate (-at), a. & n. (Animal) having 
 a spinal column or a notochord, esp. (member) 
 of the division Vertebrata, including mammals, 
 birds, reptiles, amphibians, & fishes. Hence 
 vep'tebpated [-ate 2 ] a. [f. L vertebratus 
 jointed (as prec, see -ate 2 )] 
 
 veptebpa'tion, n. Formation of, division 
 into, vertebrae or similar segments, [-ation] 
 
 veP'tex, n. (pi. usu. -ices). Highest point, 
 top, apex: (Anat.) crown of head; (Geom.) 
 each angular point of triangle, polygon, &c, 
 v. of an angle, meeting-point of lines that form 
 it. [L, gen. -icis, = whirlpool, head, vertex, 
 (vertere turn)] 
 
 vep'tical, a. Of, at, the vertex or highest 
 point; at the zenith ; perpendicular to plane 
 of horizon ; (Anat.) of the crown of the head ; 
 v. angles, each 'pair of opposite angles made 
 by two intersecting lines; v. (= azimuth-) 
 circle ; v. fins (dorsal, anal, & caudal) ; v. plane, 
 plane perpendicular to the horizon. Hence 
 vertiea'liTY n., vep'tiealLY 2 adv. (N.) v 
 line, plane, or circle ; out of the v., not v. [F 
 (prec, see -al)] 
 
 vep'tieil, n. (bot., zool.). Whorl, set of parts 
 radiating from axis. Hence vepti'eillateCd) 
 [-ATE 2 ]aa., vepti'eillateLY 2 adv. [f. L verti- 
 cillus whirl of spindle, dim. of vertex] 
 
 vep'tigo (or-tr-), n. Giddiness, dizziness, as 
 subjective, objective, v. (in which patient feels 
 as if he, as if surrounding objects, were turn 
 ing round), essential v. (without apparent 
 cause). Hence vertiginous a., vepti'gin- 
 ously 2 adv., vepti'ginousNESs n. [L, gen. 
 -ginis,= whirling, dizziness, (vertere turn)] 
 
 veptu. See virtu. 
 
 Vepula'mian (-rob-), a. Of Francis Bacon, 
 Baron Verulam, Viscount St Albans, d. 1626; 
 of St Albans. [Verulam, ancient city near 
 site of St Albans, + -ian] 
 
 vep*vain, n. Kinds of weedy plant with 
 small blue, white, or purple flowers, formerly 
 believed to have various virtues & used as 
 amulet &c_ [f. OF verveine f. L verbena] 
 
 verve (vary), n. Enthusiasm, energy, vigour, 
 in artistic or literary work. [F, perh. f. L verba 
 words, talk, (pi. as verb)] 
 
 vep'vet, n. A small S.-Afr. monkey often 
 employed by organ-grinders. [?] 
 
 ve'py, a. & adv. Real, true, genuine, that is 
 
VESICA 
 
 989 
 
 VETERAN 
 
 such in the truest or fullest sense, as v. God of 
 v. God, has shown himself a v. knave, the veriest 
 simpleton knows that, must consent from v. 
 shame, (somewhat archaic exc. in foil, uses) ; 
 (with the, this, that, or possessive adj., empha- 
 sizing identity, coincidence, significance, or ex- 
 treme degree) this is the v. spot I found it on, 
 speaking in this v. room, the v. fact of his pre- 
 sence is enough, you are the v. man I am look- 
 ing for, a needle is the v. thing {for om* pur- 
 pose), come here this v. minute, grieves me to 
 the v. heart, the v. stones cry out, his v. servants 
 bully him, drank it to the v. dregs ; (with a) a v. 
 little more will do, give me only a v. little ; (adv., 
 perh. orig. adj., with superl. adj. often abs., 
 or with my &c. own) in the fullest sense, as 
 drank it to the v. last drop, the v. last thing I 
 expected, did the v. best I eotrfd, did my v. ut- 
 most, may keep it for your v. own', (adv.: used 
 with advv. & non-verbal adjj.; with partt. es- 
 tablished as independent adjj., as av. dazzling 
 effect, effect was v. dazzling, a v. trying time ; 
 with p. pp. in attrib. use applied to what is not 
 the real object of the vbl action, as wore a v. 
 pained, pleased, puzzled, troubled, vexed, an- 
 noyed, surprised, &c, expression, but not his 
 expression was v. pained &c. ; & colloq. with 
 the same p.pp. in pred. use applied to the true 
 object & fulfilling purely vbl function, as Iicas 
 v. pleased, surprised, annoyed, &c. ; not other- 
 wise used with vbs) in a high degree, as that 
 is v. easily done, v. often fails, v. easy, not v. 
 much use, find v. few instances, gives v. little 
 trouble, [(adv. f. adj.) ME & OF verrai ult. f. 
 L as veracious] 
 
 vesrea, n. (anat., bot.). Bladder, cyst, sac, 
 esp. (whence ve*sicocELE,vesico*TOMY, nn.) 
 urinary bladder. Hence ve'sicAL a., vesieo- 
 comb. form. [L] 
 
 ve'sieate, v.t. Raise blisters on. Hence 
 ve'sie a nt(2), vesica tORY, aa. & nn. , vesic a "- 
 tion n. [f. prec. + -ate 3 J 
 
 vesicle, n. (anat., bot., geol.). Small bladder, 
 cell, bubble, or hollow structure. Hence vesi*- 
 cuIar *, vesi'culATE 2 , vesieuli'FEROus, ve- 
 si*culiFORM,vesi*eulosE 1 , vesiculous, aa., 
 vesiculA'TiON n., vesiculo- comb. form. [f. 
 L vesicula dim. of vesica] 
 
 ve'sper, n. ( V-) Venus as evening-star, (poet.) 
 evening ; (pi. ) sixth of the seven canonical hours 
 in R.-C. & Gk Churches, corresp. to EVEN^ong ; 
 v. (-bell), bell that calls to v v. ; Sicilian Vv. , mas- 
 sacre of French residents in Sicily in 1282, begun 
 at stroke of,v.-bell. [L, cf. hesperus] 
 
 vespertine, a. Of, done in, the evening ; 
 (Bot., of flowers) opening, (Zool.) flying, in the 
 evening ; (Astron. ) descending towards horizon 
 at sunset, [f. L vespertinus (vesper)] 
 
 ve'spiary, n. Nest of wasps, [irreg. f. L 
 vespa wasp, after apiary] 
 
 vespine, a. Of wasps. So vespiFORM a. 
 [f. L vespa wasp + -ine x ] 
 
 vessel, n. Hollow receptacle esp. for liquid, 
 e.g. cask, cup, pot, bottle, dish ; ship, boat, esp. 
 large one ; (Anat.) duct, canal, holding or con- 
 veying blood or other fluid, esp. blood-v.; (Bot.) 
 chain of cells that have lost intervening par- 
 titions, duct; (bibl. or alius, esp. facet.) per- 
 son viewed as recipient or exponent, as chosen 
 v. (Acts ix. 15), weaker v., woman (I Pet. iii. 7), vv. 
 of wrath (Rom. ix. 22). Hence vesselFUL n. 
 [AF, f. OF vaissel f. L vascellum dim. of vas] 
 
 ve'ssignon (-in yon), n. Soft swelling on 
 horse's leg, wind-gall. [F, f. vesicaI 
 
 vest 1 , n. (Shop) waistcoat; (also underv.) 
 knitted or woven undergarment ; piece, usu. 
 V-shaped, on front of body of woman's gown ; 
 (archaic) clothing, dress. Hence ve'stiNG 1 ^) 
 
 n. [f. L vestis garment, cogn. w. Gk esthes 
 dress & w. wear J J 
 
 vest-, v.t. & i. Furnish (person with au- 
 thority, powers, property, &c); v. (property, 
 power) in (person), confer formally on him an 
 immediate fixed right of present or future pos- 
 session of it (vested rights, estate, &c, possession 
 of which is determinately fixed in a person & is 
 subject to no contingency); (of property, right, 
 &c.) v. in (person), come to him ; (poet.) clothe, 
 [f. OF vestir f. L vestire -it- clothe (as prec.)] 
 
 vesta, n. (Rom. Myth., V-) goddess of the 
 hearth ; (Astron., V-) an asteroid ; (wax) v., wax 
 match to be ignited by friction (fusee v., kind 
 for use in strong wind). [L, cf. Gk Hestia] 
 
 ve'stal, a. & n. Of the goddess Vesta or the 
 v. virgins; v. (virgin), virgin consecrated to 
 Vesta, vowed to chastity, & charged with care 
 of sacred fire perpetually burning on her altar, 
 hence, woman of spotless chastity, esp. one who 
 devotes her life to religion, nun. [f. L Vestalis 
 a. & n. (as prec, see -al)] 
 
 vestibule, n. Ante-chamber, hall, lobby, 
 next to outer door of house & from which 
 doors open into various rooms ; porch of 
 church &c.; (U.S.) v. ( = corridor) train ; 
 (Anat.) chamber or channel communicating 
 with others, esp. v. of the ear, central cavity 
 of labyrinth of internal ear. Hence vesti*- 
 duIari, vesti'bulATE 2 (anat,), vesti- 
 bulED 2 , aa. [f. L vestibulum, etym. dub.] 
 
 ve*stige,n. Foot-print(now only fig.), track, 
 trace, evidence, sign, as vv. of an earlier civili- 
 zation, found no vv. of his presence ; (loosely, 
 w. neg.) atom, particle, as without a v. of cloth- 
 ing, has not a v. of evidence for this assertion ; 
 (Biol.) part, organ, now degenerate & of little or 
 no utility but ancestrally well developed. Hence 
 vestrg-iAL (esp. biol.), vesti'glARY l , aa. [f. L 
 vestigium footstep, etym. dub.] 
 
 vestiture (-tsher), n. (zool.). Hair, scales, 
 &c, covering a surface, [f. L as vest 2 , -ure] 
 
 vestment, n. Garment, esp. official or state 
 robe ; any of the official garments of clergy, 
 choristers, &c, worn during divine service, 
 esp. chasuble ; altar-cloth, [f. OF vestement f. 
 L vestimentum (as vest 2 , see -ment)] 
 
 vestry, n. Room, building, attached to 
 church & in which vestments are kept & put 
 on ; chapel attached to non-liturgical church 
 & used for prayer-meetings &c; (also common, 
 general, ordinary, v.) ratepayers of a parish, 
 (also select v.) representatives of these, as- 
 sembled for dispatch of parochial business ; 
 (room used for) meeting of either of these bo- 
 dies ; v.-clerk, officer chosen by v. to keep pa- 
 rish accounts &c; vestryman, member of a v. 
 Hence vestrAL a. [f. OF vestiairie f. L ves- 
 tiai ium wardrobe (as vest ] , see -arium)] 
 
 vestrydom, n. (Corrupt, inefficient) go- 
 vernment by vestry, [-dom] 
 
 vesture (-tsher), n., & v.t,, (poet., rhet.). 
 Garments, dress, clothes ; covering ; (vb) clothe, 
 [f. OF vesteure as vestiture] 
 
 vesturer, n. Church official in charge of 
 vestments ; sub-treasurer of cathedral or 
 church, [f. prec. +-ER 1 ] 
 
 Vesu'vian, v-, a. & n. Of Vesuvius ; vol- 
 canic. (N., v-) kind of fusee match ; (also ve- 
 su'vianiTE x n.) brown or green mineral first 
 found on Vesuvius, [f. L Vesuvius + -an] 
 
 vet, n. (colloq.). = veterinary. [abbr.J 
 
 vetch, n. Kinds of plant of bean family 
 largely used, wild or cultivated, for forage, 
 esp. common v., tare. Hence ve'tchY 2 a. [f. 
 OF veche f. L vicia] 
 
 vetchling-, n. Plant allied to vetch, [-ling 1 ] 
 
 veteran, a. & n. (Person) who has grown 
 
VETERINARY 
 
 990 
 
 old in or had long experience of (esp. military) 
 service or occupation, as Wellington's vv., a 
 v. golfer ; of a v., composed of vv., as v. service, 
 troops. Hence ve'teraniZE(3) v.t. [f. L vete- 
 ranus a. & n. (vetus -eris old, see -an)] 
 
 ve'terinary, a. & n. Of, for, (the treatment 
 of) diseases & injuries of domestic animals, as 
 v. surgeon, science, college; (n., abbr. vet ; also 
 veterinap'iAN n.) v. surgeon, [f. L veterina- 
 rius f. veterinae (bestiae beasts) of burden, perh. 
 orig. old beasts (vetus -eris old, -ine 1 )] 
 
 ve'to, n. (pi. -oes), & v.t. Constitutional right 
 of sovereign, president, governor, upper house 
 of legislature, &c, to reject a legislative enact- 
 ment (suspensory v., suspending but not neces- 
 sarily preventing completion of measure), 
 whence ve*toiST(2) n. ; (official message con- 
 veying) such rejection ; prohibition, as inter- 
 posed his v., put a or his v. on the proposal ; 
 (vb) exercise v. against (bill &c), forbid au- 
 thoritatively. [L, = I forbid, w. ref. to its use by 
 tribune of the people in nullifying measures] 
 
 vettur'a (-oora), n. (pi. -re pron. -ra). Italian 
 four-wheeled carriage. [It.] 
 
 vex, v.t. Anger by slight or petty annoyance, 
 irritate, as this would v. a saint, how vexing !, 
 whence ve'xedLY 2 , ve'xing-LY 2 , advv.; (ar- 
 chaic) grieve, afflict ; (poet., rhet.) put (sea &c.) 
 into state of commotion ; a vexed (much dis- 
 cussed) question, [f. F vexer f . L vexare] 
 
 vexa'tion, n. Vexing, being vexed ; harass- 
 ing by means of malicious or trivial litigation ; 
 state of irritation or distress, as conceive my v., 
 in v. of spirit, annoying or distressing thing, as 
 subjected to many v v. Hence vexa'tious a., 
 vexa'tiousLV 2 adv., vexa'tiousxESS n. 
 [F, f. L vexationem (as vex, see -atiox)] 
 
 vexi'llum, n. (pi. -a). (Rom. Ant.) military 
 standard esp. of maniple, body of troops under 
 this; (Bot., also ve'xil n.) large upper petal 
 of papilionaceous flower ; web of a feather, 
 whence ve'xill ate 2 a.; (Eccl.)flag on or wound 
 round bishop's staff, processional banner or 
 cross. Hence or cogn. ve'xillAR(Y) 1 aa. [L 
 (vehere vect- carry)] 
 
 vi'a, n. & prep. V. La'ctea, Milky Way ; v. 
 me'dia, mean between extremes (esp. of Angli- 
 can church as placed between Romanism & 
 extreme Protestantism); (prep., also via) by 
 way of, through, as frotn Exeter to York v. 
 London (also facet, of connected subjects &c). 
 [L, = way, road] 
 
 vrable, a. (Of foetus or new-born child) capa- 
 ble of maintaining life ; (of plant, animal, &c.) 
 able to live in particular climate &c. So via- 
 bitity n. [F (vie life f. L vita, see -able)] 
 
 vraduct, n. Long bridge-like structure, esp. 
 series of arches, for carrying road or railway 
 over valley or dip in ground ; such road or rail- 
 way. If. L via ducta conducted way (via way 
 + ducta fern. p.p. of ducere lead)] 
 
 vral, n. Small (usu. cylindrical glass) vessel 
 for holding liquid medicines &c; levden v. 
 (-jar) ; pour out vv. of wrath, take vengeance 
 {Rev. xvi. 1), (colloq.) give vent to anger. Hence 
 vi'alFUL n. [f. OF viole,f-, phial] 
 
 via'metep, n. = hodometer. [L via way + 
 
 -JM ETER] 
 
 vi'and, n. (usu. in pi.). Article(s) of food, vic- 
 tual^). [OF, = meat, food, f. L vivenda things 
 to live on (neut. pi. gerund, otvivere live, taken 
 as fern, sing.)] 
 
 via'tieum, n. (Rom. Ant.) supplies or sum 
 of money allowed to officer for journey on State 
 service ; eucharist as given to dying person ; 
 portable altar. [L (via way, see -atic)] 
 
 vibpa'eulum, n. (pi. -a). Filamentous ap- 
 pendage of some polyzoa serving to bring food 
 
 VICE 
 
 Hence 
 
 within reach by lashing movements. 
 vibpa'culAR 1 a. [f. L as foil.] 
 
 vibpa'te, v.i. & t. Move to & fro like pen- 
 dulum, oscillate ; (Physics) move unceasingly 
 to & fro, esp. rapidly ; thrill, quiver; cause to 
 oscillate ; (of pendulum) measure (seconds &c.) 
 by vibrating. Hence vi*bpatiVE,vrbpatORY, 
 aa. If. L vibrare shake, swing, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 vi'bpatile, a. Capable of vibrating. Hence 
 vibpatrliTY n. [-ile] 
 
 vibpa'tion, n. Vibrating, oscillation ; (Phy- 
 sics) rapid motion to & fro esp. of the parts of 
 a fluid or an elastic solid whose equilibrium 
 has been disturbed (amplitude of v., maximum 
 departure of vibrating body from position of 
 rest ; forced, free, v., whose period is, is not, 
 modified by an outside force). Hence vibpa*- 
 tionAL a., vibpa'tiUNCLE n. dim. [F, f. L 
 vibrationem (as vibrate, see -ation)] 
 
 vi bra' to (vebrah-), n. Pulsating effect in 
 singing produced by variation of emphasis on 
 some tone. [It.] 
 
 vibra'top, n. Person, thing, that vibrates, 
 esp. (Electr., Teleg.) kinds of vibrating reed, 
 (Mus.) reed in reed-organ, (Print.) inking-roller 
 with vibrating & rotary movements, [-or 2 ] 
 
 vlbpi'ssa, n. (pi. -ae). Stiff coarse hair about 
 mouth of most mammals & in nostrils of man ; 
 bristle-like feather about mouth of some birds. 
 [L (as VIBRATE)] 
 
 vi'bposeope, n. Instrument for observing 
 vibrations, [-scope] 
 
 vibup'num, n. Kinds of shrub of honey- 
 suckle family. [L] 
 
 vi'cap, n. Priest of a parish the tithes of 
 which belong to chapter or religious house or 
 layman (cf. rector) ; clerk, lay, secular, v., 
 cathedral officer singing some parts of service ; 
 v. choral, clerical or lay assistant in some (esp. 
 musical) parts of cathedral service ; v.-general, 
 (Ch. of Eng.) official assisting (arch)bishop in 
 ecclesiastical causes &c. (usu. his chancellor), 
 (R.-C. Ch.) bishop's assistant in matters of 
 jurisdiction &c; (R.-C. Ch.) cardinal v., Pope's 
 delegate acting as bishop of diocese of Rome, 
 v. apostolic,_ missionary or titular bishop 
 (whence vicaP*iATE 1 (l) n.),v.forane, dignitary 
 appointed by bishop to exercise limited local 
 jurisdiction, V. of (Jesus) Christ, Pope. Hence 
 vi'capsHiP n. [f. OF vicaire f. L vicarius de- 
 puted, deputy, (as vice-, see -ary x )] 
 
 vi'earage Hj), n. Benefice, residence, of 
 vicgr. [-age] 
 
 vieap'ial, a. Of, serving as, a vicar, [-al] 
 
 vicap'ious, a. Deputed, delegated, as v. 
 authority; acting, done, for another, as v. 
 work, suffering, v. sacrifice (of Christ in place 
 of sinner). Hence vieap*iousLY 2 adv., vi- 
 cap'iousNESS n. [f. L as vicar -f -ous] 
 
 vice l , n. Evil esp. grossly immoral habit 01 
 conduct, (particular form of) depravity, seriou 
 fault, as has the v. of gluttony, drunkenness is 
 not among his vv., v. is duly punished dfc virtue 
 rewarded in fifth act, has no redeeming v. (tc 
 relieve overpowering rectitude) ; defect, blem 
 ish, (of character, literary style, &c); fault 
 bad trick, in horse &c, as has no vv., is free 
 from v., has one v.; (now rare) morbid state oi 
 physical system,(is inherited vv. of constitution. 
 ( V-) buffoon in a morality. [F, f. L vitium] 
 
 vice 2 , n., & v.t. Instrument with two jaws 
 between which thing may be gripped usu. by 
 operation of screw so as to leave the hands free 
 for working upon it, as bench v. (attached tc 
 carpenter's or machinist's bench), instantane- 
 ous-grip v., grips like a v. ; (vb) secure (material 
 to be worked upon, or fig.) in v. [(vbf. n.) ME, 
 = screw, winding-stair, f. F vis f. L vitis vine] 
 
VICE 
 
 991 
 
 VIEW 
 
 vice 3 (vis), n. (colloq.). = \iCE-president &c. 
 
 vi'ce 4 , prep. In the place of, as gazetted as 
 captain v. Captain Jones promoted. [L, abl. 
 of *vix vicis change] 
 
 vice- (vis), pref. (=prec.) forming nn. w. 
 sense ' person acting or qualified to act in place 
 of or next in rank to', w. their derivv., as: 
 -a'dmiral, admiral of third grade ; -a'dmiral- 
 ty, office of v. -admiral (v. -admiralty courts, tri- 
 bunals with admiralty jurisdiction in British 
 colonial possessions) ; -a'gent ; -chair'man- 
 (ship); -cha'mberlain (esp. deputy of lord cham- 
 berlain); -cha'ncellor, (Univv.) deputy chancel- 
 lor discharging most administrative duties, 
 (Law, formerly) judge in chancery division of 
 High Court of Justice, (R.-C. Ch.) cardinal at 
 head of the branch of chancery in charge of 
 bulls &c; -cha'ncellorship ; -co'nsul(ship) ; 
 -dea'n, subdean ; -go'vernor ; -ki'ng, = viceroy; 
 -pre'sident(ship), -presidency ; principal ; 
 -quee'n rare, woman acting as viceroy, vice- 
 roy's wife; -re'gent', -reine (ran), viceroy's wife; 
 -slie'riff; -trea' surer (ship) ; -tear' den. 
 
 vicegerent {also -er-), a. & n. (Person) exer- 
 cising delegated power, deputy, as regard the 
 Pope as God's v. Hence vieege'pencY n. 
 [OF (prec. + L gerere carry on, see -ent)] 
 
 vicennial, a. Lasting, happening every, 
 twenty years, [f. L vicennium period of 20 
 years (viginti 20 + annus year) + -al] 
 
 vi'CfcPoy, n. Ruler exercising royal authority 
 in colony, province, &c, as V. of India. Hence 
 vicere*gAL,vieeroy*AL,aa.,vieeroy , alTY, 
 vi'eeroysHip, nn. [OF (vice- + roy king f. L 
 rcgem nom. rex)] 
 
 vl'ce versa (-a), adv. or ellipt. sent. (The 
 same is true, on the corresponding supposition, 
 &c.) with the order of terms changed, the other 
 way round, as the man blames his wife & v. v. 
 (she him), cat stole the dog's dinner & v. v. (he 
 hers), calls black white & v. v. (white black). 
 [L, (vice 4 , versa abl. fern. p.p. of vertere turn)] 
 
 vi*einagej(-ij), n. Neighbourhood, surround- 
 ing district ; relation of neighbours, [refash. f. 
 OF voisinage (voisin neighbouring f. L vicinus 
 f. vicus village, quarter, 4- -age)] 
 
 viei'nity, n. Surrounding district ; nearness 
 in place (to) ; close relationship (to). [I. OF vici- 
 nity f. L vicinitatem (as prec, see -ty)] 
 
 vi'eious (shits), a. Of the nature of vice, 
 morally evil or injurious, as v. tendencies, 
 courses, life ; addicted to vice, as v. companions; 
 (of horse &c.) having vices ; (of language, rea- 
 soning, «Scc.) incorrect, faulty, unsound, corrupt, 
 as a v. style, a notoriously v. manuscript, v. 
 circle * ; v. union(surg.), faulty joining of frac- 
 tured ends of bone, resulting deformity ; spite- 
 ful, malignant, as v. remarks, criticism. Hence 
 vi'eiousLY 2 adv., vi'eiousNESS n. [OF, f. L 
 vitiosus (as vice 1 , see -ous)] 
 
 vici'ssitude, n. Change of circumstances 
 •esp. of f orUine, as a life marked by vv. ; (archaic, 
 poet.) regular change, alternation. Hence vi- 
 eissitu'dinous a. [f. L vicissitudo -dinis 
 (vicissim by turns, as vice 4 , see -tude)] 
 
 vi'etim, n. Living being sacrificed to a deity 
 or in performance of religious rite ; person, 
 thing, injured or destroyed in pursuit of an ob- 
 ject, in gratification of a passion &c. , or as result 
 of event or circumstance, as the vv. of his re- 
 lentless ambition, fell a v. to his own avarice, 
 the vv. of disease, of a railway accident ; prey, 
 •dupe, as held the v.'in his talons, the numerous 
 vv. of the confidence trick, [f. F victime f. L 
 victima cogn. w. Goth, weihs holy] 
 
 victimize, v.t. Make (person &c.)the victim 
 of a swindle &c. or of one's ambition, loqua- 
 city, &c. Hence victimizA'TiON n. [-izeJ 
 
 vretop, n. (rhet. ). Conqueror in battle or con- 
 test (also attrib., as v. troops, sword). Hence 
 vi'ctPESS 1 n. [L (vincere vict- conquer, -or 2 )] 
 
 vietop'ia, i\. Low light four-wheeled car- 
 riage with seat for two & raised driver's seat & 
 with falling top ; kinds of gigantic water-lily ; 
 kinds of domestic pigeon ; V. cross (abbr. V.C., 
 pron. ve se), decoration for conspicuous act of 
 bravery founded by Queen V. in 1850. [L, = 
 victory (as prec.)] 
 
 Vietop'ian, a. &, n. Of, (person esp. author) 
 living in, the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 -19U1); 
 V. order (founded by Queen Victoria in 1896 & 
 conferred usu. for great service rendered to 
 sovereign), [-an] 
 
 vietori'ne (-en), n. Woman's fur tippet with 
 long narrow ends ; kind of peach. [F, woman's 
 name, hist, dub.] 
 
 victop'ious, a. Conquering, triumphant; 
 marked by victory {v. day &c). Hence vic- 
 top'iousLY 2 adv., victop'iousNESs n. [f. F 
 victorieuxi. L victoriosus (victoria, -ous)] 
 
 vi'ctopy, n. Defeat of enemy in battle or op- 
 ponent in contest, as battle ended in a decisive 
 v., fought hard for v., hero of many vv., (fig.) 
 gained a or the v. over his passions, Cadmean 
 or pyrrhic 2 v., morale.; ( V-) Roman or Greek 
 goddess of v. [f. OF victorie f. L victoria] 
 
 victual (-tl), n., & v.t. & i. (Usu. pi.) food, 
 provisions ; (vb) supply with vv., obtain stores, 
 eat vv. Hence victualLESS a. [(vb f. n.) ME 
 & OF vitaille f. L victualia neut. pi. (taken as 
 fern, sing.) of vlctualis of nourishment (victiis 
 -us food f. vivere live, see -al)] 
 
 victualler (-tie?*), n. One who furnishes 
 victuals, esp. licenced v., public-house-keeper 
 licensed to sell spirits &c; ship employed to 
 carry stores for other ships, [-er j ] 
 
 victualling^. In vbl senses ; v.-bill, custom- 
 house warrant for shipment of bonded stores ; 
 v. -note (nav.), order authorizing ship's steward 
 to victual a seaman ; v. -office (for supplying 
 provisions to navy); v.-yard (adjoining dock- 
 yard, for naval stores)._ [-ing 1 ] 
 
 vieu'gna, -una (-koonya), n. S.-Amer. mam- 
 mal allied to camel & hunted for its flesh & wool; 
 v. wool (commerc), mixture of wool & cotton, 
 also wool of the v. [Sp., f. Peru v. vicuna] 
 
 vrcte (or -i), vb imperat. (abbr. v.). (In formal 
 or facet, reference to passage in book &c.) see, 
 as v. supra, infra, see above, below, quod 2 v., 
 v. thejpress passim. [L, imperat. of videre] 
 
 wcfe*7#cet,adv. (abbr. viz., pron. na'mli). That 
 is to say, in other words, namely, (usu. follow- 
 ing words that promise or more or less clearly 
 require explanation &c. as: under the following 
 conditions, viz. that &c. ; a permanent board of 
 three, viz.. Sec. ; opp. to i.e., which introduces 
 rather optionalexplanation). [L (videre licet one 
 may see)] 
 
 vidette. See vedette. 
 
 vi'dimus, n. (pi. -uses). Inspection of ac- 
 counts &c. ; abstract of document &c. [L, = 
 we have seen (videi*e)] 
 
 vie, v-l (vying). Strive for superiority, carry 
 on rivalry, (icith another in quality, in doing). 
 [ME (en)vien f. OFe?in'e?' invite] 
 
 Vienne'se (-ez), a. & n. (pi. same). (Inhabit- 
 ant) of Vienna, [-ese] 
 
 vi &t ar'mis, adv. (law). With force & arms, 
 with violence. [L] 
 
 view (vu), n., & v.t. Inspection by eye, sur- 
 vey, (of surroundings &c); (Law) inspection 
 by jury of place, property, &c, concerned in a 
 case, or of dead body ; power of seeing, range 
 of vision, as stood in full v. of (visible to) the 
 crowd, came in v. of (where one could be seen 
 from or see) the castle, jiassed from our v. 
 
VIEWLESS 
 
 992 
 
 VINE 
 
 (sight) ; what is seen, scene, prospect, as a su- 
 perb v. ; picture &c. representing this ; mental 
 survey, as take a general v. of the subject; 
 manner of considering a subject, opinion, men- 
 tal attitude, as takes a different v., his v. is 
 that we are the aggressors, takes a favourable 
 v. of her conduct, holds extreme vv. (in politics 
 &c.) ; intention, design, as will this meet your 
 vv. ?, cannot fall in with your vv., cat has vv. 
 upon the larder; in v. of, having regard to, 
 considering, as in v. of recent developments 
 we do not think this step advisable, (vulg.) = 
 with a v. to (1), (see also above) ; on v., open to 
 inspection ; with a v. to, (1; also with the v. of; 
 vulg. with a v. of) for the purpose of, as a step 
 towards, as with a v. to extending (vulg ex- 
 tend) our trade, with a v. to further hostilities, 
 (2) in the hope or on the chance of getting, 
 with an eye to, as said this with a v. to the va- 
 cant secretaryship, (3, vulg.) = in v. of; to the 
 v., openly, in public ; BiRD's-eye v. ; dissolving 
 vo. (see dissolve) ; have in v., have as one's 
 object, also, bear (circumstance) in mind in 
 forming judgment &c. ; point 1 of v. ; private 
 v. (of picture exhibition, open only to exhibi- 
 tors' friends, critics, &c.) ; v. halloo', hunts- 
 man's shout on seeing fox break cover. (Vb) sur- 
 vey with the eyes ; survey mentally, form men- 
 tal impression or judgment of, as subject may 
 be viewed in different ways, does not v. the 
 matter in the right light, he or the proposal is 
 viewed unfavourably by the atdhorities. 
 Hence view'ABLE a. [(vb f. n.) AF, f. OF veue 
 fern. p.p. as n. f. voir see f. L videre] 
 
 viewless, a. (poet, rhet). Invisible, [-less] 
 
 viewy, a. (colloq.). Given to odd or fanciful 
 views, faddy. Hence viewixESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 vi'gril, n. Keeping awake during the time 
 usually given to sleep, watchfulness, as keep 
 v. ; (usu. pi.) nocturnal devotions; eve of a fes- 
 tival, esp. eve that is a fast. [f. F vigile I. L 
 vigilia {vigil awake f. L vigere be lively)] 
 
 vi'gilanee, n. Watchfulness, caution, cir- 
 cumspection, so vi'gilANT a., vi'gllantLY 2 
 adv. ; (Med.) insomnia ; v. committee, self-or- 
 ganized body for maintenance of order &c. in 
 imperfectly organized community. [F, f. L 
 vigilantia (vigilare watch, as prec.,-ANCE)] 
 
 vignette (venye't), n., & v.t. (Archit.) orna- 
 ment of leaves & tendrils; nourishes round 
 capital letter in MS. ; engraved illustration, 
 esp. on title-page of book, not enclosed in 
 definite border ; photograph or portrait show- 
 ing only head & shoulders with background 
 gradually shaded off; (fig.) character sketch ; 
 (vb) make portrait of (person) in v. style, shade 
 off (portrait) thus, whence vigrne'ttER 2 (2), 
 vigne'ttiST n. [F, dim. as vine] 
 
 vigoro'so, adv. (nius.). With vigour. [It.] 
 
 vi'goup (-er), n. Active physical strength 
 or energy ; flourishing physical condition ; 
 healthy growth, vitality, vital force ; mental 
 strength or activity as shown in thought or 
 speech or literary style, forcibleness, trench- 
 ancy, animation. Hence or cogn. vigor- 
 ous, vi'g-oupLESS, aa., vi'g'OPOUSLY 2 adv., 
 vi'goPOUSNESS n. [f. OF vigueur i.luvigorem 
 (vigere be lively, see -OR 1 )] 
 
 vi'king*, n. Northern sea-robber of 8th to 
 10th c. Hence vi*kingis.M(2) n. [f. ON vikingr, 
 perh. lit. warrior (vig war + -ingr -iNG :i ) ; OE 
 has wicing\ 
 
 vilaye'i (ay-), n. Province of Turkish 
 empire. [Turk.] 
 
 vile, a. Worthless ; morally base, depraved, 
 shameful, abject, as the v. trade of an informer, 
 sycophant's v. practices, the vilest of mankind ; 
 (colloq.) abominably bad, as av. pen, v. pastry. 
 
 Hence vi'lei.Y 2 adv., vi'leNESS n. [OF (vil 
 vile), f. L vilis] 
 
 vi'lify, v.t. Defame, traduce, speak ill of ; 
 (rare) degrade, debase. Hence viliFiCA'Tiox, 
 vi'lifiER i, nn. [f. LL vilijicare (prec, -FY)] 
 
 vi'lipend, v.t. (literary). Treat contemptu- 
 ously, disparage, [f. L vilipendere (as vile 
 + jJendere weigh)] 
 
 vi'lla,n. Country residence; detached subur- 
 ban house. [L,= farm-house, cf. vicus village] 
 
 vi'llage (-Ij), n. Assemblage of houses ficc 
 larger than hamlet & smaller than town. [ME 
 & OF f. L villaticus of a villa (see -age)] 
 
 vi'llag-er, n. Inhabitant of a village (usu. 
 implying rusticity), [-er *] 
 
 vi'llain (-an), n. & a. Person guilty or capa- 
 ble of great wickedness, scoundrel, as has 
 played the v., plays the vv. in melodramas, 
 (colloq., playful) you little &c. v. (rascal); (ar- 
 chaic) rustic, boor ; (hist., also villein a. & n.) 
 feudal serf, tenant holding by menial services, 
 so vi'lla(i)nAGE, -e(i)nage, n.; (adj.) of, done 
 by, a v., as v. services. [ME & OF vilein f. LL 
 villanus farm-servant (as villa, see -an)] 
 
 vi'llainous, a. Worthy of a villain, vile, 
 wicked, so vi'llain Y 2 n. ; (colloq.) abominably 
 bad, as a v. scrawl, style, hotel. Hence vi*l- 
 lainousLY 2 adv., vi'llainousNESs n. [-ous] 
 
 villane'lle (-el), n. Form of (esp. French) 
 poem of 19 lines on two rhymes. [F] 
 
 villeggiatu'ra (-ejahtoora), n. Stay, retire- 
 ment, in the country. [It.] 
 
 vi*llus,n. (pi. -i). (Anat.)eachof the short hair- 
 like processes on some membranes esp. on mu- 
 cous membrane of intestine: (Bot., pl.)longsoft 
 hair covering fruit, flower, Sec. Hence or cogn. 
 vi'lliFORM, vi'lloiD, vrllosE 1 , vi'llous, aa., 
 villo'siTY n. [L, = shaggy hair] 
 
 vim, n. (colloq.). Vigour. [L, ace. of vis] 
 
 vi'minal, a. (bot.). Of, producing, twigs or 
 shoots. So vimi'nEOUS a. [f. L viminalis (vi- 
 men -minis twig f. viere twist, see -men, -al)] 
 
 vina'ceous T-shws), a. Of wine or grapes ; 
 wine-red. [f. hvinaceus(vinum wine,-ACEOL~s)J 
 
 vinaigrette (-nigret), n. Bottle for holding 
 aromatic vinegar &c, smelling-bottle. [F, dim. 
 of vinaigre vinegar] 
 
 vi*neible,a. (rare). Not invincible, [f. Loin- 
 cibilis (vincere conquer, see -ble)] 
 
 vi'nculum, n. (pi. -la). (Alg.) line drawn 
 over several terms to show that they have 
 a common relation to what follows or pre. 
 ced es (e .g. a+6xc=ac+6c, but a+6xc=a+6c; 
 a-b+c = a-b-c); (Print.) = brace 1 ; (Anat.) 
 = fraenUiM. [L, = bond (vincere bind)] 
 
 wn-cfe-ffmes(F), n. Elderberry preparation 
 for giving rose tint to white wine. [?] 
 
 vindicate, v.t. Maintain the cause of (per- 
 son, religion, &c.) successfully; establish the 
 existence or merits or justice of (one's veracity, 
 courage, conduct, character, assertion). Hence 
 or cogn. vindieaBrLiTY, vi'ndieATioN, 
 vi'ndieatOR 2 , vi'ndieatPESS 2 , nn., vi*n- 
 dieABLE, vi'ndieATiVE, aa. [f. L vindieare, 
 OL also vindicere -diet, (vim + dicare assert, 
 proclaim, dicere say) lay claim to, see -ate 3 ] 
 
 vi'ndieatory, a. Tending to vindicate; 
 (of laws) punitive, [-ory] 
 
 vindi'etive, a. Revengeful, given to re- 
 venge; v. (or exemplary) damages (awarded 
 as punishment to defendant). Hence vin- 
 di'etiveLY 2 adv., vindi'etiveNESS n. [al- 
 tered f. vindicative on L vindicta vengeance 
 {vindicere vindicate)] 
 
 vine, n. Climbing woody-stemmed plant 
 whose fruit is the grape (under one's u. <£• fig 1 - 
 tree) ; any plant with slender stem that trails 
 
VINEGAR 
 
 993 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 or climbs, as hop, melon, -v.; v.-borer, kinds of 
 insect destroying v. ; v. -disease, due to ph vllo- 
 xera &c. Hence vI'nY 2 a. [f. F vigne f. L 
 vinea vineyard (vinum wine, cf, Gk oinos wine, 
 oine vine, L vitis vine, viere twist)] 
 
 vi'negar, n., & v.t. Acid liquid got from 
 wine, cider, &c, by acetous fermentation & 
 used as condiment or for pickling (fig., often 
 attrib.,as type of sourness, as a v. countenance); 
 aromatic v. (holding camphor &a in solution); 
 mother 3 of v.; t\-EEL; v. -plant, microscopic 
 fungus producing fermentation. Hence vi*- 
 nega-PiSH 1 , vi'neg-aPY 2 , aa. (Vb) apply v. 
 to, make sour like v. (lit. & fig.), [f. Fvinaigre 
 (vin wine f. L vinum + aigre, see eager)] 
 
 vl'nery (-e r\), n. Vine greenhouse, [-erv] 
 
 vi'neyard (-nyerd), n. Plantation of grape- 
 vines, [vine + YARD] 
 
 vingt-(et-)un (F), n. Card game in which 
 the object is to reach the number of 21 pips 
 without exceeding it. [F, = 21] 
 
 vini- in comb. =L vinum wine, as : -culture, 
 cultivation of vines, so -culturist ; -ferous, (of 
 district) wine-producing ; -facteur (-er), appa- 
 ratus for making wine ; -ficator, apparatus for 
 collecting alcoholic vapours in wine-making. 
 
 vino'metep, n. Apparatus for measuring 
 alcohol in wine. [f. L vinum wine + -meter] 
 
 vin ordinaire (F), n. Cheap (usu. red) wine 
 as drunk in France mixed with water. 
 
 vi'nous, a. Of, like, due to, wine, as v. 
 flavour, fermentation, eloquence. So vincr- 
 sity n. [f. L vinosus {vinum wine, see -OUS)] 
 
 vint, v.t. Make (wine), [f. foil.] 
 
 vi'ntagre (-ij), n. Season of gathering grapes ; 
 (wine made from) season's produce of grapes ; 
 v. xrines (of well-known vv.) ; (poet., rhet.) 
 wine. [f. F vendange f. L vindemia (vinum 
 wine + demere takeaway) ; altered on vintner] 
 
 vrntager, n. Grape-gatherer, [prec, -er 1 ] 
 
 vi'ntner, n. Wine-merchant. Hence vi'nt- 
 nERY(2) n. [f. F vinetier f. LL vinetarius 
 (vinetum vineyard f. vinum wine, see -ary 1 )] 
 
 vi'ol, n. Mediaeval (usu. 6-)stringed musical 
 instrument, predecessor of violin &c. (treble, 
 tenor, bass, v.); bass v. (mod.), = violoncello; 
 v. class of instruments (played with bow & 
 capable, from having no frets, of continuous 
 gradation), [f. F viole f. Pr. viula f. LL vittda, 
 etym. dub., cf. fiddle] 
 
 vrola * (or ve-), n. Kind of large violin, alto 
 or tenor violin; (hist.) = prec (v. dabraccio, da 
 gamba, tenor v. held in arm, bass v. held be- 
 tween legs). [It., as prec] 
 
 vi'ola 2 , n. Kinds of plant including pansy, 
 esp. of single colour, & violet. [L, = violet] 
 
 viola'oeous (-shws), a. Of violet colour ; of 
 violet family, [f. L violaceus (prec, -aceous)] 
 
 vi*olate,v.t. Transgress, infringe, act against 
 the dictates or requirements of (oath, treaty, 
 law, terms, conscience ; treat profanely or with 
 disrespect (sanctuary &c.) ; break in upon, dis- 
 turb (person's privacy &c); commit rape upon, 
 ravish. So vi'oIable a., vioIa'tiox, vi*o- 
 latOR 2 , nn. [f. L violare (vis), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 vi'olence, n. Quality of being violent ; vio- 
 lent conduct or treatment, outrage, injury, as 
 was compelled to use v., did v. to (outraged, 
 acted contrary to) his feelings, our principles ; 
 (Law) unlawful exercise of physical force, in- 
 timidation by exhibition of this. [OF, f. L vio- 
 lentia (as foil., see -ence)] 
 
 vrolent, a. Marked by great physical force, 
 as a v. storm, came into v. collision, v. blows ; v. 
 death (resulting from external force or from 
 poison, cf. natural) ; marked by unlawful ex- 
 ercise of force, as laid v. hands onhim ; intense, 
 vehement, passionate, furious, impetuous, as 
 f.d. 
 
 v. pain, sickness, abuse, controversy, discrep- 
 ancy, revulsion, contrast, dislike, shock, apt to 
 Jorm v. attachments, is ofov was in a v. temper ; 
 v. presumption (law), one resting on almost 
 conclusive evidence. Hence vrolentLY 2 adv. 
 [OF, f. L violentus (vis, -lent)] 
 
 vrolet, n. & a. Kinds of plant chiefly of genus 
 viola, withblue, purple, white, or other flowers, 
 as common blue v., sweet v., dog-v.; (of) the co- 
 lour seen at end of spectrum opposite red, pro- 
 duced by slight admixture of red with blue, 
 so violE-scENT a.; kinds of v. butterfly; v. 
 powder, toilet powder scented with orris or 
 other perfume ; v.-wood, myall & other kinds. 
 [F.dim. of viole f. L viola 2 j 
 
 violi'n 1 , n. Modern 4-stringed instrument 
 of viol class held in left arm & played with bow ; 
 (also violrniST n. ) player on v. , &.* first, second, 
 v. (in orchestra); keyed v., instrument like piano 
 but with strings vibrated by small bows. [f. It. 
 violino dim. of viola 1 ] 
 
 vrolin 2 , n. Emetic substance contained in 
 sweet violet, [f. viola 2 + -in] 
 
 vrolist, n. Performer on viol(a). [-ist] 
 
 violonee'llo (ve-, -tshe-), n. (usu. abbr. 'cello). 
 Bass violin, 4-stringed instrumentheld between 
 player's knees. Hence violonee*lliST(3) n. 
 [It, dim. of violone large viol (viola 1 , see -oox)] 
 
 vrpep, n. Kinds of venomous snake esp. 
 common v., adder, the only poisonous snake in 
 Gt Britain ; (fig.) malignant or treacherous per- 
 son. Hence or cogn. vi'pepiFORM, vi'pep- 
 ixe i, vi'pepiSH 1 (fig.), vi-pepoiD, vi'perous 
 (fig.), aa. [f. OF vipcre f. L viptera, perh. as vi- 
 viparous] 
 
 vipa'g-o, n. • Turbulent woman, termagant ; 
 (archaic) woman of masculine strength or spirit. 
 [L, = female warrior (vir man)] 
 
 vi-pelay, n. Kinds of (esp. old French) poem 
 with tworhymes to a stanza variously arranged, 
 [f. OF virelai (virer turn, veer,+ lai lay l )\ 
 
 vipe*scenee,n. Greenness; (Bot.) abnormal 
 greenness in petals &c. normally of some bright 
 colour. So vipe'SGENT a. [f. L vircscere be- 
 come green (virere be green, see -escent, -exce)] 
 
 vip'g-ate 1 , a. (nat. hist.). Slim, straight, & 
 erect, [f. L virgatus rod-like (virga rod, -ate 2 )] 
 
 vip'gate 2 , n. (hist.). A varying measure of 
 land. [f. L virga rod, (LL) measure of land, + 
 -ate 1 , cf. vergee] 
 
 Vipgi'lian, a. Of, in the style of, the Roman 
 poet Virgil (d. 19 B.C.). [-iax] 
 
 vip'gin, n. & a. Woman who has had no car- 
 nal knowledge of man, maid, whence or cogn. 
 vip'g-inHOOD, vipgl'niTY, nn. ; member of any 
 order of women under a vow to remain vv. ; the 
 (Blessed) V. (Mary) (abbr. B. V.M.), mother of 
 Christ ; picture, statue, of the B.V.M.; female 
 insect producing eggs without impregnation ; 
 (Astr., V-) = virgo ; v.'s-boicer, = traveller's 
 joy. (Adj.) that is a v.; of, befitting, a v., as v. 
 modesty ; undefiled, spotless ; not yet used or 
 tried, as v. soil, v. clay (not fired); (of insect) 
 producing eggs without impregnation ; v. comb 
 (that has been used only once for honey & never 
 for brood); v. honey (taken from v. comb, also, 
 drained from comb without heat or pressure) ; 
 v. queen, unfertilized queen bee, (V.Q.) Queen 
 Elizabeth, [f. OF virgine f. L virginem, nom. 
 -go, etym. dub.] 
 
 vip'g-inal, a. & n. (Archaic) that is or befits 
 or belongs to a virgin, whence viP'ginalLY 2 
 adv.; (n., hist.; also vv., p>air ofvv.) square leg- 
 less spinet used in 16th-17th cc. [(adj.) OF, f. 
 L vaginalis (as prec, see -al) ; n. perh. f. use 
 by young women] 
 
 Vipgvnia, n. One of the U.S.; tobacco from 
 V.; V. creeper, a woody vine cultivated for or- 
 
VIRGO 
 
 991 
 
 VISIT 
 
 nament. Hence ViPgi'niAN a. & n. [f. vir- 
 gin (Queen) + -IA 1 ] 
 
 Virgo, n. Sixth zodiacal sign ; a constella- 
 tion. [L, = virgin] 
 
 vipide'seent, a. Greenish, tending to be- 
 come green. Hence viride'seENCE n. [f. LL 
 viridescere {viridis green, see -escent)] 
 
 vipi'dity, n. Greenness, esp. of oysters &c. 
 after feeding on certain vegetable organisms, 
 [f. L viriditas (viridis green, see -TV)] 
 
 vi'Pile {also vir-), a. Of man as opp. to woman 
 or child ; of, having, procreative power ; (of 
 mind, character, literary style, &c.) having 
 masculine vigour or strength. So viprlrrv n. 
 [OF (-il, -He), f. L virilis (vir man, cogn. w. OP] 
 wer, ON verr, see -ile)] 
 
 vipile'scent, a. (Of female animal) assum- 
 ing in advanced age some male characteristics. 
 So virile'SCENCE n. [f. L as prec, -escent] 
 
 vipo'le, n. = ferrule. [OF, f. L as ferrule] 
 
 vip'ose, a. Poisonous, full of virus, so vip*- 
 ous a.; (Bot.) having fetid smell, [f. L virosus 
 (virus, see-osE 1 )] 
 
 virtu* (-00), n. Love of fine arts; articles 
 ofv. (interesting from workmanship, antiquity, 
 rarity, &c). [f. It. virtu virtue, virtu] 
 
 vip'tual, a. That is such for practical pur- 
 poses though not in name or according to strict 
 definition, as is the v. manager of the business, 
 take this as a v. promise, constitutes a v. excul- 
 pation; v. focus (optics), point at which the 
 lines of a pencil of rays would meet if produced ; 
 v. velocity or displacement, infinitesimal dis- 
 placement of the point of application of a force 
 measured in the direction of that force. Hence 
 viPtua*liTY n., viP'tualLV 2 adv. [f. med.L 
 virtualis (irreg. as foil., see -al)] 
 
 vip'tue (-u), n. Moral excellence, upright- 
 ness, goodness, as v. is its own reicard, make a 
 v. of necessity, feign, alacrity or sense of duty 
 while acting under compulsion ; particular 
 moral excellence, as patience is a v., she has 
 every v., the (seven) cardinal vv. (natural vv., 
 justice, prudence, temperance, fortitude, theo- 
 logical vv., faith, hope, charity); chastity esp. 
 of women, as a woman ofv.; good quality, as 
 has the v. of being adjustable, of resisting tem- 
 perature ; inherent power, efficacy, as no v. in 
 such drugs ; (pi.) seventh order 1 of angels ; by 
 or inv. of, on the strength of, on the ground of, 
 as claims it in v. of his long service, is entitled 
 to it by v. of his prerogative. Hence vip'tue- 
 less a. [f. F vertu f. L virtutem 110111. -tus (vir, 
 see virile)] 
 
 viptuo'so, n. (pi. -i, pron. -e). Person wiih 
 special knowledge of or taste for works of art or 
 virtu ; person skilled in the mechanical part 
 of a fine art. Hence viPtuo'siTY, virtuo'so- 
 ship, nn. [It. (as virtu, see -ose 1 )] 
 
 vip'tuous, a. Possessing, showing, moral 
 rectitude; chaste. Hence vip'tuousLV 2 adv., 
 vip'tuous.NESS n. [f. OF vertuous f. LL vir- 
 tuosus for -tutqsus (as virtue, see -ous)] 
 
 vi'pulent (-u-, -do-), a. Poisonous ; caused 
 by or containing virus, as v. ulcer, so [irreg.] 
 vipuli'FEROUS a. (med). ; malignant, bitter, 
 as v. animosity, tone, abuse. Hence or cogn. 
 vi'PulENCE n., vi'PulentLY 2 adv. [F, f. L 
 virj^lentus (foil., see -lent)] 
 
 vip'us, n. Morbid poison, poison of contagi- 
 ous disease, as smallpox v. ; (fig.) moral poison; 
 
 (fig.) malignity, acrimony. [L,= poison, cf. Gk 
 ios, Skr. visham] 
 
 vis, n. (inech.). V. inertiac ; v. mor'tua, 
 
 force that does no work, dead force ; v. vVva, 
 living force ( = mass x square of velocity) of 
 living body. [L, = force] 
 
 visa. Seevisi (etyni.). 
 
 vi'sage (-zij), n. (now chiefly literary). Face, 
 countenance. Hence -visagED a. [OF, f. L 
 vis us look (videre vis- see), see -age] 
 
 visard. See visor. 
 
 vis-a-vis (ve'zahve'), adv. & n. In a position 
 facing one another; opposite to. (N.) person 
 facing another esp. in some dances; kinds of 
 carriage & couch in or on which persons sit fac- 
 ing each other. [F,= face to face (vis face f. L 
 
 as VISAGE)] 
 
 visca'cha, viz- (-tsha), n. S.-Amer. burrow- 
 ing rodent with valuable fur. [of native orig.) 
 
 vi'scepa, n. pi. The interior organs in the 
 great cavities of the body (e. g. brain, heart, 
 liver), esp. in the abdomen (e. g. the intestines). 
 Hence vPscopal a., viscepi-, viscero-, 
 comb, forms. [L, pi. of viscus -eris] 
 
 vi'seerate, v.t. Disembowel, [prec, -ate -I 
 
 vi*scid,a. Sticky ; semifluid. Sovisei'diTY 
 n. [f. L viscidus (viscum mistletoe, birdlime, 
 cf. Gk ixos, & see -id 1 )] 
 
 vi'scin, n. Sticky substance got from mistle- 
 toe & used in birdlime, [f. viscum, prec, -in] 
 
 vised'sity, n. Stickiness ; (Physics, of fluids, 
 semifiuids, & gases) internal friction, power of 
 resisting a change in the arrangement of the 
 molecules, whence viseo'METEK, viseo\ME- 
 trv, viscosi'M eter, nn. [f. F viscosite (as 
 viscous, see -ty)] 
 
 vis'count, n. Noble ranking between earl 
 & baron (esp. as courtesy title of earl's eldest 
 son). Hence or cogn. vis'countcv, vis*- 
 countEss ', vis'countSHiP or vis'eountY 4 , 
 nn. If. OF viscomte (vice- + comte count 3 )] 
 
 vi'scous, a. Sticky ; (Physics) having vis- 
 cosity. Hence vPscousness n. If. LL visco- 
 sus (as viscid, see -ous)] 
 
 vis£ (ve'za), n., & v.t. (visM or -e'rf). Indorse- 
 ment on passport &c. showing that it has been 
 found correct; (vb) mark with v. [p.p. of F 
 riser inspect f. L videre vis- see ; F has visa n.J 
 
 vi'sible (-z-), a. That can be seen by the eye; 
 that can be perceived or ascertained, apparent, 
 open, as has no v. means of support, spoke xcith 
 v. impatience ; the v. church, whole body of 
 professed believers ; v. horizon, the line that 
 bounds sight ; v. speech, system of alphabeti- 
 cal characters designed to represent all possible 
 articulate utterances. Hence or cogn. visiBi '- 
 litv, vi # sibleNESs, nn.,vi*sibLY 2 adv. [OF r 
 f. LL visibilis (videre vis- see, see -ble)] 
 
 vi'sion (-zhn), n., & v.t. Act or faculty of 
 seeing, sight,as beyond our v., has impaired his 
 v., the field ofv., all that comes into view when 
 the eyes are turned insomedirection r re./?ec£ed, 
 refracted, v. (as affected by reflected, refracted, 
 rays of light) ; thing seen in dream or trance ; 
 supernatural or propheticapparition, phantom; 
 thing seen in the imagination, as romantic vv. 
 of youth, had vv. of roast beef <& plum-pudding; 
 (vb) see, present, (as) in a v. [(vb f. n.)OF, f. L 
 visionem (videre vis- see, see -ion)] 
 
 vi'sionapy, a. & n. Given to seeing visions 
 or to indulging in fanciful theories; existing 
 only in a vision or in the imagination, imagin- 
 ary, fanciful, unpractical ; (n., also vi'sioniST 
 n.) v. person. Hence or cogn. vi'sionAL a., 
 vi*sionalLV 2 adv.,vi*sionapiNESsn. [-ary 1 ] 
 
 vi'sit (-z-), v.t., & n. Go, conic, tosee (person, 
 place, &c, or abs.) as act of friendship or cere- 
 mony, on business, or from curiosity, as have 
 never visited us, had no time to v. the Tower \ 
 hope to v. Home ; go, come, to see for purpose 
 of official inspection or supervision or correc- 
 tion ; (of disease, calamity, &c> come upon, 
 attack; (bibl.) punish (person, sin),, comfort, 
 bless, (person with salvation &c). (N.) call on 
 a person or at a place, temporary residence 
 
VISITANT 
 
 995 
 
 VIVANDI^RE 
 
 with person or at place, as -was on a v. to some 
 friends, paid him a long v., during his second 
 v. to the East) formal or official call for pur- 
 pose of inspection &c, as dom [CILIARY v., right 
 of v. (see visitation). Hence vi'sitABLE a. 
 f(n. f. F visite) f. OF visiter f. L visitare fre- 
 quent, of visere f. videre vis- seej 
 
 vi'sitant, a. & n. (Adj., poet.) visiting. (N.) 
 migratory bird; (poet,, rhet.) visitor; (V-) 
 member of an order of nuns concerned with 
 education of young girls, [f. L as prec, -ant] 
 
 visita'tion, n. Official visit of inspection 
 or the like esp. bishop's examination of the 
 churches of his diocese ; boarding of vessel be- 
 longing to another State to learn her character 
 & purpose (right of v. or visit, right to do this, 
 not including right of search) ; divine dispensa- 
 tion of punishment or reward, notable experi- 
 ence compared to this ; (R.-C. Ch.) festival in 
 honour of visit of B. V.M. to Elizabeth (Luke i. 
 39) ; (Zool.) unusual & large migration of ani- 
 mals; Nuns of the V., - visitants; V. of the 
 Sick, office of Anglican Church. [OF, f. LL 
 visitationem (as visit, see -ation)] 
 
 vi*siting\ n. Paying visits, making calls; 
 have av. acquaintance with, be onv. terms with, 
 know well enough to v.; v.-book (for names of 
 persons to be called upon) ; v.-card, small card 
 with one's name, address, &c, left in making 
 call &c. [-1NG J ] 
 
 vi'sitop, n. One who visits a person or place ; 
 one who visits officially, whence or cogn. visi- 
 t(at)op*iAL aa. ; visitoi's' book, book in hotel, 
 boarding-house,&c, in which vv. write remarks, 
 [f. F visiteur f.LL visitatorem (as visit, see -or 2 )] 
 
 vI'sop (-z-), -zop, vi'sapd (-/-), -zard, n. 
 (Hist.) movable part of helmet covering face; 
 projecting front part of cap; (hist.) mask. Hence 
 vi'soPED 2 , vi'soPLESS, aa. [ME & AF visere 
 f. OF visiere (vis face, see vis-a-vis & -ary 1 )] 
 
 vi'sta, n. Long narrow view as between rows 
 of trees ; long succession of remembered or anti- 
 cipated events &c, mental prospect or retro- 
 spect, as opened up new vv. or a new v. to his 
 ambition, searched the dim v. of his childhood. 
 Hencevi*sta'd[-ED-]a. [It.,= sight, n. & fern, 
 p.p. of vedere see f. L videre] 
 
 vi'sual (-zhydb- or -zu-), a. Of, concerned 
 with, used in, seeing, as v. nerve, organ, v. angle 
 (formed at the eye by rays from the extremities 
 of an object viewed), v. field (of vision), v. rays, 
 lines of light supposed to come from object to 
 eye, v. point, point in the horizontal line in 
 which the v. rays unite. Hence visua'liTY n., 
 vi'sualLY 2 adv. [OF, f. LL visualis (visus -us 
 sight f. videre see, see -al)] 
 
 vi'sualize, v.t. Make visible to the eye, give 
 outward & visible form to, (mental image, idea, 
 &c); call up distinct mental picture of (thing 
 imagined or formerly seen, or abs.). Hence 
 visualizA'TiON n. [-ize] 
 
 vi'tal, a. & n. Of, concerned with or essential 
 to, organic life, as v. energies, functions, v. 
 power (to sustain life), wounded in a v. part ; 
 essential to existence or to the matter in hand, 
 as a v. question, question of v. importance, se- 
 crecy is v. to the success of the scheme ; affecting 
 life, fatal to life or to success &c, as a v. wound, 
 error', v. centre (rued.), part in which wound 
 appears to be instantly fatal, esp. respiratory 
 nerve-centre in medulla oblongata ; v. force or 
 principle (assumed to account for organic life); 
 v. statistics (of birth, marriage, death, &c). 
 Hence vi'talLY 2 adv. (N. pi.) v. parts, e.g. lungs, 
 heart, brain. [OF, f. L vitalis (vita life, cogn. 
 w. vivere live & Gk bios life, see -al)] 
 
 vi'talism, n. (biol.). Doctrine that life ori- 
 ginates in a vital principle distinct from chemi- 
 
 cal & other physical forces. So vi'talisr n., 
 vitali'stic a. [-ism] 
 
 vita'Iity, n. Vital power, ability to sustain 
 life ; (fig., of institution, language, &c.) ability 
 to endure & to perform its functions, [f. L 
 vitalitas (as vital, see -tv)] 
 
 vrtalize, v.t. Endow with life (lit. & fig.), 
 animate, [-ize] 
 
 vite'llin, n. (chem.). Chief proteid constitu- 
 ent of yolk of egg. [f. foil. + -in] 
 
 vlte'llus, n. (pl.-t). Yolk of egg, protoplasmic 
 contents of ovum. Hence vi'tellARY 1 , vite'l- 
 liNE^aa., vitelli, vitello, comb, forms. [L,= 
 yolk, little calf, dim. of vitulus calf] 
 
 vfti- in comb. = L vitis vine, as: -cide, insect 
 &c. destructive to vines ; -colous, living on 
 vines ; -culture, grape-growing, so -cultural a., 
 cu'ltur(al)ist nn. 
 
 vi'tiate (-shi-), v.t. Impair the quality of, 
 corrupt, debase, contaminate, as constitution 
 vitiated by excess, vitiated air, blood, mind, 
 judgment; make invalid or ineffectual, as a 
 word may v. a contract. So vitiA"TiON, vi'ti- 
 atOR 2 , nn. [f. L vitiare (as vice 1 ), see -ate 3 J 
 
 vi'treous, a. Of (the nature of) glass ; like 
 glass in hardness, brittleness, transparency, 
 structure, &c; v. body or humour, transparent 
 jelly-like tissue filling ball of eye ; v. electri- 
 city. Hence or cogn. vitpeo 'sit Y.vi'treous- 
 
 NESS, VitPCSCENCE, Iin., VitPE'SCENT a. [f. L 
 
 vitreus (vitrum glass, perh. f. videre see) + -ous] 
 vi'tpic.a. &n. Of or like glass, so vi'tPiFORM 
 
 a.; (n. pi.) glass & glassy materials, study of 
 
 glass-manufacture, [f. L vitrum glass + -ic] 
 vi'trify, v.t. & i. Convert, be converted, into 
 
 glass or glass-like substance. Hence or cogn. 
 
 VitPlFA'CTJON, VitPlfiaBI'LITV, VitPiFICA"- 
 
 tion, nn., vi'trifiABLE a. [f. F vitrifter (as 
 prec, see -fv)J 
 
 vi'tPiol, n. Sulphuric acid or any of its salts ; 
 (fig.) caustic speech, criticism, &c; black v., im- 
 pure copper sulphate ; blue or copper v., copper 
 sulphate ; oil of v., concentrated sulphuric acid ; 
 v.-throwing, throwing v. in person's face as act 
 of vengeance &c. Hence vitpid'lic, vi'tpiol- 
 ine i, aa. [ME & OF, f. med.l^ vitriolus, neut. 
 adj. as n., dim. f. L as vitreous] 
 
 vi*tpiolize ? v.t. Convert into a sulphate, so 
 vi'tpiolATE^ v.t., vitriolA'TioN n. ; poison, 
 burn, with vitriol. Hence vi'tPiolizABLE a., 
 vitPiolizA'TioN n. [-ize] 
 
 VitPU'vian, a. Of Vitruvius, Roman archi- 
 tect of the Augustan age ; V. scroll, scroll 
 pattern in frieze decorations &c. [-an] 
 
 vi'tta, n. (pi. -ae). (Rom. Ant.) fillet, garland ,. 
 as decoration of priest, victim, statue,&c; lappet 
 of mitre ; (Bot. ) oil-tube in fruit of some plants ; 
 (Zool.) strips of colour. So vi'ttATE 2 a. [L] 
 
 vi*tulap(y), aa. Of calves ; calf-like ; v. 
 apoplexy or fever (of cow in parturition). So 
 vi'tuliNE ! a. [f. L vitulus calf + -ar(y) J] 
 
 vitu'pepate, v.t. Revile, abuse. Hence or 
 cogn. vitupePA"TioN, vitirpepatOR 2 , nn., 
 vitu'pepatiVE a., vitirperativeLY 2 adv. 
 [f. L xituperare (vitu- cogn. w. vitium vice + 
 parare prepare), see -ate 3 ] 
 
 viva 1 (ve"vah),int. & n. (The cry) long live — . 
 [It., 3rd pers. imperat. of vivere live, cf. vivat] 
 
 viva 2 . See viva voce. 
 
 vivace (vevah'tsha), adv. (mus.). In a lively 
 manner. [It.] 
 
 viva'cious, a. Lively, sprightly, animated, 
 whence or cogn. viva'ciousLY 2 ad v., viva*- 
 city n.;(Bot.)tenaciousoflife,surviving winter, 
 perennial, [f. L vivax (vivere live, -acious)] 
 
 vivandiere (F), n. Woman attached to con- 
 tinental esp. French regiment & selling pro- 
 visions & liquor. 
 
VIVARIUM 
 
 996 
 
 VOID 
 
 vivarium, n. (pi. -ia). Place artificially pre- 
 pared for keeping animals in their natural 
 state, zoological garden or the like. [L (vivus, 
 see vivify & -AKIUM)J 
 
 vi 'vat, int. & n. (The cry) long live, as v. rex, 
 regina, long live the king, queen. [L, 3rd sing. 
 subj. of viyere live] 
 
 vrva vo'ee, adv., a., & n. Oral(ly) ; (n., col- 
 loq., also viva) oral examination. [L, = with the 
 living voice] 
 
 vive (vev), int. Long live, as r. le roi (the 
 king), qui vive. [F, 3rd sing.imperat. of vivre 
 live f. L vivere] 
 
 vives, n. An ear disease esp. of young horses 
 at grass, [f. OF avives f. Sp. avivas i. Arab. 
 addhiba (al the 4- dhiba she-wolf)] 
 
 vi'vid, a. (Of light or colour) bright, intense, 
 glaring, as v. flash of lightning, of a v. green; 
 <of mental faculty or impression) clear, vigor- 
 ous, strongly marked, as has a v. imagination, 
 gave a v. description, have a v. recollection of 
 the scene. Hence vi'vidL v 2 adv. , vi'vidxESS 
 n. [f. Jjvividus (vivere live, see -id 1 )] 
 
 vl'vify, v.t. Give life to, enliven, animate, 
 (chiefly fig.), [f. F vivifierf. LL vivijicare (vi- 
 vus living f. vivere live, see -FY)] 
 
 vivi'papous, a. (Zool. ) bringing forth young 
 alive, not hatching by means of egg, (cf. ovipa- 
 rous) ; (Bot.) producing bulbs or seeds that ger- 
 minate while still attached to parent plant. 
 Hence vivipa'Pixv, vivi*papouSx\ESS, nn., 
 vivi'parousLY-adv. [f. LL viviparus (vivus, 
 see prec, + parere bring forth) -f -ous] 
 
 vi'viseet, v.t. Dissect (animal, or abs.) 
 while living, [f. foil.] 
 
 vivise'etion, n. Dissection of or (loosely) in- 
 oculation or other experiment practised upon 
 living animals. Hence vivise'etionAL a., 
 vivise'etioniST(2, 3), vi'viseetOR 2 , nn. [F, 
 t. L vivus, see vivify, + section] 
 
 vi'vo (ve-), adv. (nius.). = vivace. [It.] 
 
 vi'xen, n. She-fox : quarrelsome woman, 
 termagant. Hence vi'xeniSH 1 , vi'xenLY ] , 
 aa. [OE fixen, fem. of fox, cf. G fuchsin] 
 
 viz. See videlicet. 
 
 vizard. . See visor. 
 
 vizcaeha. See viscacha. 
 
 vizi(e)p* (-zer), n. High official, esp. State 
 minister, in Mohammedan countries ; grand v., 
 prime minister in Turkish empire & other coun- 
 tries. Hence vizi(e)p*ATE Ml), vizi(e)p*SHip, 
 nn., vizi(e)p*iAL a. [f. Arab, xvazir counsellor, 
 orig. porter (wazara bear burden)] 
 
 Vlaeh(-ahk,-ak). a. & n. AYallachian. [Boh.] 
 
 vd'eable, n. Word, esp. w. ref. to form ra- 
 ther than meaning. [P, f. L vocabulum (vocare 
 call, cogn. w. vox vocis voice)] 
 
 voea'foulapy, n. (List, arranged alphabeti- 
 cally with definitions,) of the (principal) words 
 used in a language or usu. in a particular book 
 or branch of science &c, or by a particular 
 author, as a Livy with notes & v., a word not 
 found in the Chaucerian v., the ever-increasing 
 scientific v., his v. (range of language) is limited, 
 [f. F vocabulaire (as prec, -ary 1 )] 
 
 vo'cal, a. & n. Of, concerned with, uttered 
 by, the voice, as a v. communication, v. auscul- 
 tation (of the sounds of the voice as heard 
 through walls of chest), v. cords, folds of lining 
 membrane of larynx about the opening of the 
 glottis, v. music (written for or produced by 
 the voice with or without accompaniment), v. 
 thrill or fremitus, vibration of wall of chest in 
 audible speech ; (poet., of trees, water, &c.) en- 
 dowed (as) with a voice; (Phonet.) voiced, so- 
 nant.(also) of vowel character. Hence or cogn. 
 voca'liTY n.. vo'ealLY 2 adv. (X.) vowel, 
 whence voea'lic a.; (R.-C. Ch.) person entitled 
 
 to vote in certain elections. [F, f. L vocalis (as 
 voice, see -al)] 
 
 vo'ealism, n. Use of voice in speaking or 
 singing ; vowel sound, [f. F vocALis»ie (-ism)] 
 
 vo'ealist, n. Singer (opp. to instrumental- 
 ist), [f. FxocAhiste (-1ST)] 
 
 vo'calizejV.t. & i. Form (sound), utter (word), 
 with the voice, esp. make sonant, as f is vocal- 
 ized into v ; write (Hebrew &c.) with vowel 
 points; (facet.) speak, sing, hum, shout, &c. 
 So voealizA'Tiox n. tf. F vocALiser (-ize)] 
 
 voea'tion, n. Divine call to, sense of fitness 
 for, a career or occupation, as felt no v. (forthe 
 ministry), has never had the sense of v., little 
 or no v. to literature ; employ ment, trade, 
 profession, as mechanical vv., all vv. are over- 
 crowded,mistook his (chose the wrong) v. Hence 
 voca'tion al a. , voea'tionalLY 2 adv. [F, f. 
 L vocationem (vocare, see vocable & -ation)] 
 
 vd'eative, a. & n. (gram.). (Case) employed 
 in addressing person or thing. [F (-if, -ire), f. L 
 vocativus (vocare, see vocable & -ative)] 
 
 voci'fepate, v.t. Utter (words &c. or abs.) 
 noisily, shout, bawl. Hence or cogn. voci*- 
 fePAXCE (rare), voeifePA^Tiox, voei'fepat- 
 or 2 , nn., voerfePANT(l) a. & n. If. L voci- 
 ferari (as voice + ferre bear)] 
 
 voei'fepous, a. (Of person, speech, &c.) noisy, 
 clamorous. Hence voei'fepousLY 2 adv., vo- 
 ei'fepousxESs n. [f. prec. + -ous] 
 
 vd'dka, n. Kind of fiery brandy distilled 
 from rye &c. & drunk in Russia. [Russ.] 
 
 voe, n. (Shetland). Small bay, creek, [f. OX 
 vagr, vo-\ 
 
 vogrue (vog), n., & v.i. (Xow chiefly literary) 
 the prevailing fashion, as the v. of large hats, 
 large hats are the v. ; popular use or recep- 
 tion, as has had a great v.; in v., in fashion, 
 generally current; (vb) v. la galere (-ar), here 
 goes (lit. let the galley set forth). [F, orig. = 
 sway, f. voguer set sail f. It, vogare row in gal- 
 ley f. G wogen fluctuate, cogn. w. weigh] 
 
 voice, n., & v.t. -Sound uttered by the mouth, 
 esp. human utterance in speaking, shouting, 
 singing, &c, as heard a v., did not recognize 
 his v., cried out in a loud v., has lost her (esp. 
 singing-) v., is not in v. (proper vocal condition 
 for singing or speaking), chest, head \ -v., the 
 v. of the cuckoo, veiled v. (due to malformation 
 &c), (fig.) sea, storm, lifts up its v., whence 
 -voieED 2 a.; use of the v., utterance esp. in 
 spoken or (fig.) written words, opinion so ex- 
 pressed, right to express opinion, as gave v. to 
 his indignation in a pamphlet, dog gave v. to 
 his. joy, took it (natural phenomenon, calamity, 
 popular outcry, &c.) for the v. (expression of 
 the will, resentment, &c.) of God, I count on 
 your v. (spoken or written support), i" have no 
 v. in the matter, refused with one v. (unani- 
 mously), (archaic, rhet.) my v. is for peace; 
 (Phonet.) sound uttered with resonance of vo- 
 cal chords, not with mere breath ; (Gram.) set 
 of forms of a verb showing relation of the sub- 
 ject to the action, as active, passive, middle 1 , 
 v. ( Vb) give utterance to, express, as ivas 
 chosen to v. their grievance, believe lam voicing 
 the general sentiment when I say ; (Mus.) regu- 
 late tones of, tune, (organ &c.) ; (Phonet.) utter 
 with v., make sonant, (esp. in p.p.). [(vb f. n.) 
 f. OF vois f. L vocem, nom. vox, cogn. w. Gk 
 epos word] 
 
 voi'eeful, a. (poet.). Sonorous, [-ful] 
 
 voi'celess, a. Speechless, dumb, mute ; 
 (Phonet.) not voiced. Hence voi*celess.\ESS 
 
 n. [-LESS] 
 
 void, a., n., & v.t. Empty, vacant, as a v. 
 space, interval ; (of office) vacant, as bishopric 
 fell v.; (esp. Law, of deed, promise, contract, 
 
VOIDANCE 
 
 997 
 
 VOLUNTARY 
 
 &c.) invalid, not binding, as null <£• v.; (poet., 
 rhet.) ineffectual, useless; r. of, lacking, free 
 from, as a proposal wholly v. of sense, his style 
 is v. of affectation. Hence voi'dLY 2 adv., 
 voi'dNESS n. (N.) empty space, as vanished 
 into the v., (fig.) the aching v. of his heart, can- 
 not fill the v. made by death. (Vb) render in- 
 valid ; emit (excrement &c); (archaic) quit, 
 evacuate. Hence voi'dABLE a. [(vb f. OF 
 voider) f. OF void(e) -pevh. ult. f. Lvacuus empty 
 or L viduus bereft] 
 
 voi'dance, n. Ejection from benefice ; va- 
 cancy in benefice; voiding. [OF (prec, -ance)] 
 
 voi'ded, a. In vbl senses, also (Herald., of 
 bearing) having the central area cut away so 
 as to show the field. [-ED •] 
 
 vo'lant, a. (Zool.) flying, able to fly; (Herald.) 
 represented as flying; (poet.) nimble, rapid. 
 [F, f. L volare fly, see -ant] 
 
 Volapu'k (-ook), n. Artificial international 
 language invented about 1879 by J. M. Schleyer. 
 Hence VolapvrkiST(2, 3) n. [Volapuk {vol 
 world + -a- + piik speech] 
 
 vd'lar, a. (anat). Of the palm or sole. [f. L 
 vola palm, sole,+ -ar ] ] 
 
 vd'latile, a. Evaporating rapidly, as v. salts, 
 v. (= essential) oil ; (fig.) lively, gay, change- 
 able, as v. xvit, writer, disposition. Hence 
 or cogn. vo'latileNESS, volati'liTY, nn. [OF 
 {-il, -He), f. L volatilis (volare -at- fly, -ile)] 
 
 vola'tilize, v.t. & i. (Cause to) evaporate. 
 Hence or cogn. vola'tilizABLEa.,volatilizA - 
 tion n. [f. F volatiliser (as prec, see -IZE)] 
 
 vol-au-vent (F), n. Kind of rich raised pie. 
 
 volea'nie, a. Of, like, produced by, a volcano; 
 v. bomb, mass of lava usually rounded & some- 
 times hollow ; v. glass, obsidian. Hence vol- 
 ea'niCALLY adv., voleani'eiTY n. [-ic] 
 
 volca'no, n. (pi. -oes). Mountain, hill, having 
 opening(s) in earth's crust through which lava, 
 cinders, water, gases, &c, ai*e expelled continu- 
 ously or at intervals (active, dormant, extinct, 
 v.; submarine v., originating beneath sea & 
 rising above surface by accumulation); v.-ship, 
 ship loaded with combustibles forexplosion on 
 contact with another. Hence vo'leaniSM(2), 
 vo*lcaniST(3),volcano , LOG v, nn., voleano- 
 lo'griCAL a. [It, f. L as vulcan] 
 
 vole 1 , n., & v.i. (In some card-games) win- 
 ning of all the tricks in a deal ; (vb) win all the 
 tricks, [(vb f. n.) F, f. roZerfly f. L volare] 
 
 vole 2 , n. Kinds of mouse-like rodent ; water- 
 v. (rat), [orig. v. -mouse field-mouse, cf. ON vbllr, 
 Norw. voll, Sw. vail, field, cogn. w. wold] 
 
 vo'let (-a), n. Panel, wing, of triptych. [OF, 
 
 = shutter, as vole *] 
 
 vo'litant, a. (zool. ). = vola nt. [f . L volitare 
 frequent, of volare fly, see -ant] 
 
 voli'tion (-shn), n. Exercise of the will; 
 power of willing. Hence vo'litionAL, voli*- 
 tionARY 1 , voli'tionLESS, vo'litivE, aa., 
 voli'tionalLY 2 adv. [F, f. med.L volitionem 
 (velle wish, pres. volo, see -ition)] 
 
 volkslied (f-, -let), n. Folk-song. [G] 
 
 volksraad (f-, -rant), n. (hist.). Legislative 
 assembly of Orange Free State. [S.-Afr. Uu.] 
 
 vo'lley, n., & v.t. &i. Simultane«usdischarge 
 of missiles, missiles so discharged ; (fig.) noisy 
 emission (of oaths &c.) in quick succession ; 
 (Tennis, Lawn tennis) return of ball in play be- 
 fore it touches ground ; (Crick.) sending of ball 
 full to head of wicket; half-v., (Lawn-tennis) 
 return of ball as soon as it touches ground, 
 
 (Crick.) sending of ball so that after touching 
 ground it flies towards head of wicket, (v.t.) re- 
 turn, send, (ball or abs.) thus ; v.-gun, machine 
 gun discharging v. (Vb) discharge (missiles, 
 
 abuse See., or abs.) in v.; (Tennis, Crick.) return, 
 
 send, (ball or abs.) in v.; (of missiles) fly in 
 a v.; (of guns &c.) sound together, [(vb f. n.) 
 f. F volee flight (as vole 1 , cf.-ADE)] 
 
 vd'lt ] , n. (Fenc.) quick movement to escape 
 thrust ; circular tread of horse, [f. Fas vault 1 ] 
 
 vd'lt 2 , n. Unit of electromotive force, the 
 force that would carry one ampere of current 
 against one ohm resistance, [as voltaic] 
 
 vo'lta, n. (mus.; pi. -te pron. -ta). Una v., 
 due &c. vv., once, twice Sac, prima 8cc. v., first 
 &c. time. [It.] 
 
 volta- in comb. = voltaic, as: -ele'etric, of 
 voltaic electricity ; -electro' meter, -meter, instru- 
 ments for measuring current, so -me trie n. 
 
 vo'ltagfe (-ij), n. Electromotive force ex- 
 pressed in volts, [-age] 
 
 volta'ie, a. Of electricity produced by 
 chemical action, galvanic, as v. battery, induc- 
 tion, pile 2 . Hence vo'ltaiSM(2) n. [f. A. 
 Volta, Italian physicist d. 1827, + -ic] 
 
 Voltair*(ian)ism, nn. Principles of Vol- 
 taire, scepticism, [-ian, -ism] 
 
 volte-face (-tfahs), n. Turning round, esp. 
 (fig.) complete change of front in argument, 
 politics, &c. [F] 
 
 vo'ltite, n. Insulating material for electric 
 wires, [as voltaic + -ite j ] 
 
 vo'luble, a. (Of speech or speaker) fluent, 
 glib, whence or cogn. voIubi'lit y, vo'Juble- 
 ness, nn., vo'lubLY 2 adv.; (archaic) revolv- 
 ing, rotating ; (Bot., also voIu'dHate 2 , vo'- 
 lubile, aa.) twisting round a support, twin- 
 ing. [F, f. L volubilis (volvere roll, cogn. w. 
 Gk eiluo, Goth, walwjan, see -ble)] 
 
 volume, n. Set of (usu. printed) sheets of 
 paper bound together & forming part or the 
 whole of a work or comprising several works, 
 (abbr. vol.), as is now issued in 3 vv., an odd v. 
 o/ Punch, library of 12000 vb\, speak vv. (for) ; 
 (Hist.) scroll of papyrus &c, ancient form of 
 book; (usu. pi.) wreath, coil, rounded mass, of 
 smoke &c. ; solid content, bulk, whence volu*- 
 minAL a. ; (Mus.) fullness of tone. Hence 
 -volumED 2 a. [F, f. L volumen -minis roll 
 (volvere, see prec.)] 
 
 volumeno'meter, n. Instrument for mea- 
 suring volume of a solid body by quantity of 
 liquid &c. displaced. Hence volumeno'- 
 metry n. [irreg. f. L as prec. + -o- + -meter] 
 
 volu'meter, n. Kinds of instrument for 
 measuring volume of gas. Hence volume*- 
 tric(AL) aa., volume , tPiealLY 2 adv. [irreg. 
 
 f. VOLUME + -METER] 
 
 volvrminous, a. Consisting of many vol- 
 umes, as a v. work; (of writer) producing 
 many books; of great volume, bulky. Hence 
 voluminosiTY, volu'minousNESS, nn., 
 volu'minousLY 2 adv. [f. F volumineux i. 
 LL voluminosus (as volume, see -ous)] 
 
 vd'luntary, a. & n. Done, acting, able to 
 act, of one's own free will, not constrained, 
 purposed, intentional, as a v. gift, there was no 
 v. misstatement, was a v. agent in the matter, 
 v. (opp. to compulsory) service, army, v. con- 
 fession (of criminal, not prompted by promise 
 or threat) ; brought about, produced, &c. by v. 
 action, as v. school (supported by v. contribu- 
 tions), v. waste (of property by tenant's deli- 
 berate act or order) ; (of limb, muscle, move- 
 ment) controlled by the will ; (Law) v. convey- 
 ance (made without valuable consideration), 
 v. grantee (in v. conveyance), v. partition (by 
 mutual agreement, not by judgment of court). 
 Hence vo'luntariLY 2 adv., vo'luntari- 
 ness n. (X.) organ solo played before, during, 
 or after service ; advocate of mutual inde- 
 pendence of Church & State & support of 
 Church by v. contributions, whence vo'lun- 
 
VOLUNTEER 
 
 VOWEL 
 
 tapyiSM(3), voluntary ist(2), nn. ; (rare) v. 
 agent or performance, [f. F volontaire f. L 
 voluntarius (volontas free -will f. vdle will, 
 choose, part. St. volent-, *-unt-, -arv 1 )] 
 
 volunteer*, n., & v.t. & i. Person who vo- 
 luntarily enters military or other service, esp. 
 member of any of the corps of voluntary sol- 
 diers formerly organized in U.K. & provided 
 with instructors, arms, etc., by government 
 (often attrib., as v. corps, manoeuvres) ; (vb) 
 undertake, offer, (one's services, remark, ex- 
 planation, &c, to do) voluntarily, make vo- 
 luntary offer of one's services (for campaign, 
 purpose), be a v. [(vb f. n.) as prec] 
 
 volu*ptuary, a. & n. Concerned with, (per- 
 son) given up to, luxury & sensual gratifica- 
 tions, [f. L volupt(u)arius (as foil., see -arv 1 )] 
 
 volu'ptuous, a. Of, tending to, occupied 
 with, sensuous or sensual gratification, as v. 
 life, liver, music, beauty. Hence volu'ptu- 
 ously 2 adv., volirptuousKESs n. [f. F vo- 
 luptueux f. L voluptuosus (voluptas -atis plea- 
 sure, see -ous ; -u- as if f. vbl n. in -us ; cf. 
 sensuous, & virtuous)] 
 
 volu'te, n. & a. Spiral scroll characteristic 
 of Ionic, Corinthian, & Composite capitals, 
 whence volu*tED 2 a.; kinds of (chiefly tropi- 
 cal) gasteropod often with beautiful shell, 
 whence vd'lutom a. & n.; (adj., bot.) rolled 
 up. [F, f. L voluta (volvcre volut- roll)] 
 
 volu'tion, n. Spiral turn ; whorl(s) of spiral 
 shell; (Anat.) convolution, [as prec, -ion] 
 
 vd'mit, v.t. & i., & n. Eject from stomach 
 through mouth ; puke, spew; (fig., of volcano, 
 chimney, &c.) eject violently, belch forth. 
 (N\) matter vomited from stomach; emetic; 
 black v., (black substance vomited in) yellow 
 fever; v.-nut, = nux vomica, [(n. f. Ijvomitus 
 ■us) f. L vomere -it-, cogn. w. Gk emeo] 
 
 vo'mitopy, a. & n. Emetic (a. & n.), so vo'- 
 mitiVE a.; (n., Rom. ant.) each of a series of 
 
 f>assages for en trance & exit in(amphi)theatre. 
 f. L vomitorius a., -urn n., (as prec, see -orv)] 
 
 vomiturition (-shn), n. Ineffectual at- 
 tempt to vomit, retching; repeated vomiting. 
 [vomit +_L -ur-, desiderative, + -ition] 
 
 voo'doo, n., & v.t. Use of, belief in, witch- 
 craft & the like prevalent among W.-Ind. & 
 U.-S. Creoles & negroes; (also v. doctor, v. 
 priest) person skilled in this. Hence voo'doo- 
 ism, voo*dooiST(2, 3), nn. (Vb) affect by v., 
 bewitch, [(vb f. n.) f. Creole F vaudoux prob. 
 
 f. VAUDOIS 2 ] 
 
 -vopa. See -vorous. 
 
 vora'eious, a. Greedy in eating, ravenous, 
 (lit. & fig.), as party of v. trippers, a v. appe- 
 tite for scandal, a v. whirlpool. Hence or 
 cogn. vora'eiousLV 2 adv., vora'cious- 
 ness, vopa'eiTV, nn. [f. L vorax (vorare 
 swallow, see -acious)] 
 
 -vore. See foil. 
 
 -vorous, suf. f. L -vorus (vorare swallow) 
 + -ous, forming adjj. w. sense 'feeding on ', as 
 carnivorous, graminivorous ; also -vora, in L 
 neut. pi. names of animals classified by their 
 food, as herbivora ; also F & E -vore forming 
 name of individual of such class, as carnivore. 
 
 vor*tex, n. (pi. -ices, -exes). Mass of whirling 
 fluid, esp. whirlpool ; (Physics) portion of fluid 
 whose particles have rotatory motion ; any 
 whirling motion or mass, esp. (fig.) system, 
 pursuit, &c, viewed as swallowing up or en- 
 grossing those who approach it, as the v. of 
 society, v. (spiral arrangement of fibres at apex) 
 of the heart; v.-ring, v. whose axis is a closed 
 curve, e.g. smoke-ring puffed from smoker's 
 lips or pipe ; v. theory (that atoms are v.-rings 
 in a frictionless ether). Hence vor'tieAL, 
 
 vor'tieosE 1 , vorti'eulAR 1 [ur.-], aa-., vor'* 
 ticalLV 2 adv. [L, var. of vertex] 
 
 vor'tieal, n. Bell-shaped animalcule found 
 in stagnant water &c. [dim. f. prec] 
 
 vorti'ginous, a. Whirling, vortical, [f. L 
 
 VERTIGO, VOr-, + -OUS] 
 
 vd'tary, n. Person vowed to the service of 
 (God &c) ; ardent follower, devoted adherent 
 or advocate, (of system, pursuit, &c). Hence 
 vo'tarESS J n. [f. L as foil. + -arv j ] 
 
 vote, n., & v.i. & t. Formal expression of 
 will or opinion in regard to election of officer 
 &c, sanctioning law, passing resolution, &c, 
 signified by ballot, show of hands, voice, or 
 otherwise, as shall give my v. to or for the 
 Unionist candidate, passed without a dissen- 
 tient v., cast 1 v., split 1 one's v., casting- 
 vote ; opinion expressed, money granted, by 
 majority of vv., as ministry received a v. of 
 confidence, the armyv.', tlie collective vv. given 
 or to be given by a party &c, as will lose the 
 Labour, Unionist, v., the floating v. (of persons 
 not attached to a party) ; the right to v., as 
 shall women have the v.?; ticket &c used for 
 recording v. Hence vo'teLESS a. (Vb)givea 
 v. (for, against, person or measure) ; enact, 
 resolve, (that), grant (sum), by majority of vv.; 
 (colloq.) pronounce, declare, by general con- 
 sent, as ivas voted a failure ; (colloq.) propose 
 (that) ; v. down, defeat (measure) by vv.; v. in, 
 elect by vv. Hence vo'tABLE a., vo'tER 1 n. 
 [(vb f. F voter) F, f. L votum wish, vow, orig. 
 neut. p.p. of vovere vow] 
 
 vo'ting 1 , n. In vbl senses ; v. -paper (used in 
 v. by ballot in election of M.P. &c); cumu- 
 lative V. l-ING '] 
 
 vo'tive, n. Offered, consecrated, in fulfil- 
 ment of a vow, as v. offering, tablet, picture. 
 [F (-if, -ive), f. L votivus (as vote, see -ive)J 
 
 vouch (vowtsh), v.t. & i. Confirm, uphold, 
 (statement) by evidence or assertion; answer/or, 
 be surety/o/% as will v. for the truth of this, for 
 him or his honesty, can v. for it that no step 
 was taken, [f. OF vocher f. L vocare call] 
 
 vou'eher, n. In vbl senses, esp. document, 
 receipt, &c , establishing the payment of money 
 or the truth of accounts. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 vouchsafe, v.t. Condescend to grant, as 
 vouchsafed me no answer, v. me a visit ; con- 
 descend (to do), [earlier ^guarantee, secure; 
 orig. two words] 
 
 voussoir (voo'swar), a. Each of the wedge- 
 shaped stones forming an arch. [F, orig. = thing 
 forming a curve, ult. f. L volvere roll] 
 
 vow, n., & v.t. Solemn promise or engage- 
 ment esp. in the form of an oath to God, as bap- 
 tismal vv. (given at baptism by baptized person 
 or by sponsors), monastic v. (by which monk 
 bindshimself to poverty, celibacy, & obedience), 
 lovers' vv. (promises of fidelity), am under (have 
 taken) a v. to drink no wine ; action, conduct, 
 &c , promised by v., as is this your v. ?. ( Vb) pro- 
 mise solemnly (thmg,condxict,as vowed atemple 
 to Apollo, v. obedience, vengeance against the 
 oppressor; (archaic) utter, make, a v.; declare 
 solemnly (that); (archaic) declare, as I v. you are 
 most obliging, [f. OF vou, veu, f. L as vote] 
 
 vowel, n. Each of the more open sounds 
 uttered in speaking, sound capable of forming 
 a syllable, (opp. to, but not sharply divided 
 from, consonant) ; letter representing this, 
 e.g. a, e, i, o, u ; neutral v. (heard in second 
 syllable of cousin, reason, haddock) ; v.-grada- 
 Hon, = ablaut; v.-mutation, = umlaut; v.- 
 point, each of a set of marks indicating vv. in 
 Hebrew & other Oriental languages. Hence 
 (-)vowellED 2 , vo'welLESs. vowellv 2 , aa. 
 [f. OF vouel f. L vocalis (littera) vocal (letter)] 
 
VOWELIZE 
 
 999 
 
 WAG 
 
 vowelize, v.t Insert the vowels in (Hebrew 
 Sec, shorthand), [-ize] 
 
 vox, n. V. bar'bara (anat., hot., &c.)," hybrid 
 or incorrectly-formed word ; v. huma'na, organ- 
 stop with tones supposed to resemble human 
 voice, [see voice j 
 
 voyage (-Ij), n., & v.i. & t. Journey, esp. 
 long one, by sea or water; broken v., unsuc- 
 cessful whaling &c. v.; (vb) travel, traverse, by 
 water. Hence voyageABLE a., voyagER l 
 n. [(vb f. Fvoyagtr) f. OF voiaget. L viaticum] 
 
 v raise mblable, -semblance, (Ft, nn. 
 Appearance of truth, plausible appearance. 
 
 Vu'lean, n. (Rom. Myth.) god of fire & 
 metal-working ; V. poxeder, an explosive, [f. 
 L Volcamts, Vu-\ 
 
 vulcanic &c. See vol-. 
 
 Vu'leanist, n. (geol.). Holder of PLUTONIC 
 theory, [-ist] 
 
 vu'leanite, n. See foil, [-ite 1 ] 
 
 vu'leanvze, v.t. Treat (rubber) with sulphur 
 at high temperature to increase elasticity & 
 strength & yield hard (vulcanite) or soft flexible 
 rubber. Hence vu'lcanizABLE a., vulean- 
 izA'TiON, vu*leanizER ] (l,2), nn. [-ize] 
 
 vu'lgar, a. Of, characteristic of, the common 
 people, plebeian, coarse, low, as v. expressions, 
 mind, tastes, finery, an air of v. prosperity, 
 the v. herd *, (abs.) the v., the common people ; 
 in common use, generally prevalent, as v. er- 
 rors, superstitions, the v. (national, esp.- for- 
 merly as opp. to Latin) tongue, v. fraction, 
 the v. (Christian) era. Hence or cogn. vu'l- 
 gariSM(4,2), vulga/riTY, vulgarizA"TioN, 
 nn., vu*lgarizE(3) v.t, vu'lgar ly 2 adv. [f. 
 F vulgaire, f. L vulgaris, vo-, {vulgus, vo-, com- 
 mon people, cogn. w. Skr. vargas troop, Olr. 
 folc abundance, W gwala fullness, see -ar 1 )] 
 
 vulgar'ian, n. Vulgar (esp. rich) person. 
 
 [-IAN] 
 
 Vu'lgate (-at), n. Latin version of the Bible 
 prepared by Jerome late in 4th c. [f. L vulgata 
 (ediYi'o edition), fern. p.p. of vulgare make public 
 {vulgus, see vulgar)] 
 
 vu'lgus, n. (school slang). Greek or Latin 
 verse-exercise in some schools. [L, see vulgar] 
 
 vulnerable, a. That may be wounded (lit. 
 & fig.), susceptible of injury, not proof against 
 weapon, criticism, &c. Hence vulneraBULiTY, 
 vu'lnerableNESS, nn. [f. L vulnerabilis (vxd- 
 nerare wound f. vulnus -eris wound, cogn. w. 
 .vellere pluck He Gk oule wound, see -ble)] 
 
 vu'lnerary, a. & n. (Drug, unguent, &c.) 
 useful or used for healing wotinds. [f. hvulner- 
 arius (vidnus, see prec. & -ary 1 )] 
 
 vu'lpine, a. Of (the nature of) a fox, so 
 vu'lpiciDEd, 2) n. ; crafty, cunning, [f. L vul- 
 pinus (vulpes fox, cogn. w. wolf, see -ine 1 )] 
 
 vu'lture (-tsher), n. Kinds of large bird of 
 prey with head & neck more or less bare of fea- 
 thers feeding chiefly on carrion ; (fig.) rapacious 
 person ; v. -raven, kinds of thick-billed African 
 raven. Hence or cogn. vu'lturiNE 1 , vu'l- 
 turiSH 1 , vu'lturous, aa. [f. L vultur (vellere 
 vuls- pluck)l 
 
 vu'lva, n. (anat). Opening, orifice, esp. of 
 female genitals. Hence vu'Ivar l , vu'Ivate 2 , 
 vu:lviFORM, aa., vulvrns n., vulvo- comb, 
 form. [L (volvere roll)] 
 
 vying". See vie. 
 
 W 
 
 W (du-bly<5b), letter (pi. IPs, W's). 
 Abbreviations(l): water, w.e.(loset); West(as 
 point of compass or as London postal district), 
 W.C. (central postal district), W.I.(ndies) ; 
 writer, W.S. (to the signet). 
 
 Abbreviations (2): War.(wickshire); Wash.- 
 (ington); Wigorn., bishop of Worcester; 
 Wilts.(hire) ; Winton., bishop of Winches- 
 ter ; Wise.(onsin) ; Wisd.(om of Solomon) ; 
 Worcs., Worcestershire ; Wyo.(ming). 
 wabble. See wobble. 
 
 wacke, n. Kind of greyish-green or brownish 
 clay resulting from decomposition of volcanic 
 rock. [G, f. JV1HG wacke kind of flint] 
 wad (wod), n., & v.t Small lump of soft 
 material used to keep things apart or in place 
 or to stuff up opening, esp. disk of felt &c. keep- 
 ing powder or shot compact in gun. ( Vb) press 
 (cotton &c.) into w. or wadding ; line (garment, 
 coverlet), protect (person, walls, &c), with wad- 
 ding (also fig., as well wadded with conceit)', 
 stop up (aperture, gun-barrel), keep (powder 
 &c.) in place, with w.; ram (w.) home. [f. Sw. 
 vadd wadding, cf. G watte] 
 wad'ding (wo-), n. Spongy material usu. of 
 cotton or wool used to stuffgarments,quilts,&c, 
 or to pack fragile articles in, cotton-wool ; ma- 
 terial from which gun- wads are made, [-ing l ] 
 wa-ddle (wo-), v.i., & n. Walk with the 
 rocking motion natural to fat short-legged per- 
 son or to bird with short legs set far apart as 
 duck or goose; hence wa'ddlingLY 2 adv. 
 (N.) waddling gait [wade + -le(3)] 
 wa'ddy, n. Australian war-club, [native] 
 wade, v.i. & t, & n. Walk through water or 
 other impeding medium as snow, mud, sand 
 (also fig. , as w. through slaughter or blood, make 
 one's way by massacre &c; w. through book, 
 read it in spite of dullness &c); ford (stream) 
 on foot, whence wa'dABLE a. ; leading bird, 
 long-legged water-bird that wades (opp. short- 
 legged web-footed swimmers) ; (n.) spell of wad- 
 ing. [OE wadan wade, trudge, cf. Du. waden, 
 G waten ; cogn. w. L vadere go, vadum ford] 
 wa'der, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: wading bird 
 (see prec); (pi.) high waterproof boots worn in 
 fishing, [-er 1 ] 
 
 wa'di, -y, (wo-), n. Rocky watercourse dry 
 except in rainy season (chiefly of Eastern coun- 
 tries). [Arab, (-i)] 
 
 wa'fer, n., & v.t. Kind of very thin sweet 
 honeycomb-faced biscuit now chiefly eaten with 
 ices (thin as a to., whence wa*ferY 2 a.) ; thin 
 disk of unleavened bread used in Eucharist; 
 small disk of dried paste formerly used for 
 fastening letters, holding papers together, &c; 
 (vb) attach or seal with w. [f. OF waufre (cf. 
 gofer, goffer) f. LG, cf. G icabe honeycomb, 
 cogn. w. web, weave] 
 
 wa'ffle (wo-), n. Small batter cake baked in 
 w.-iron, special utensil, [f. Du. wafel wafer] 
 waft (wah-, wa-), v.t, & n. Convey (as) 
 through air or over water, sweep smoothly & 
 lightly along. (N.) single sweep of bird's wing ; 
 whiff of odour ; fugitive sensation o/peace, joy, 
 &c [prob. f. WAVEd, cf. hoist 1 , graft 1 ] 
 wag 1 , v.t. & i., & n. Shake (t & i., of thing 
 attached by one end, as tail) to & fro, oscillate, 
 (dog wags his tail, in sign of pleasure ; tail teas 
 wagging ; tail ivags dog, least important mem- 
 ber of society or section of party has control ; 
 w. one's finger at, in reproof &c; w. one's head, 
 in derision or amusement ; beards, chins, jau's, 
 tongues, are wagging, talk going on); (archaic, 
 of the world, times, &c) go along with varied 
 fortune or characteristics (how wags the 
 world ?) ', wagtail, kinds of small bird (pied, 
 yellow, &c, w.) with long tail in constant mo- 
 tion ; (n.) single wagging motion (with a w. of 
 his tail, head, &c). [f. MSw. wagga fluctuate, 
 cf. OE wagian rock (wegan carry) ; cogn. w. 
 weigh, wag(g)on & L vehere carry] 
 ■wag 2 , n. Facetious person, one given to jest- 
 
WAGE 
 
 1000 
 
 WALDENSES 
 
 ing or practical jokes. Hence wa'ggERY^) n., 
 wa'ggisH 1 a., wa'ggishLY 2 adv., wa'g- 
 gishNESS n. [prob. forobs. wag-halter gallows- 
 bird (prec. vb)J 
 
 wage ! , n. Amount paid periodically, esp. by 
 the day or week or month, for time during which 
 workman or servant is at employer's disposal 
 (usu. pi. esc. in certain phrr. ; gets good ww.; 
 brings his ww. home', at a w. or ww. of £1 a 
 iceek ; living w., ww. that allow earner to live, 
 without fear of starvation ; a fair day's xcork 
 for a fair day's w.); requital (usu. pi.; the ww. 
 of sin is death); wage(s)-fund in Pol. Econ., part 
 of community's capital devoted to paying ww. 
 & salaries. [OF, = guage gage !] 
 
 wage-, v.t. Carry on (war, conflict), [earlier 
 sense declare (war) f. OF wager (prec.)] 
 
 wa'ger, n., & v.t. = bet n. & v.t. (but not 
 now in familiar use); (Hist.)iy. of battle, ancient 
 form of trial by personal combat between par- 
 ties or champions, w. of laio, compurgation. 
 [f. OF wageure f. LL wadiatura (wadiare 
 pledge, as prec, -ure)] 
 
 wa'ggle, v.i. & t., & n. = wag l (but in more 
 familiar use). [-le(3)] 
 
 wa*g<g)on, n. Four-wheeled vehicle for 
 drawing heavy loads, often with removable 
 semicylindrical tilt or cover, usu. drawn by two 
 or more horses (hitch one's w. to a star, utilize 
 powers higher than one's own); open railway 
 truck; w.-boiler, -ceiling, -roof, -vault, shaped 
 like w.-tilt. [f. Du. wagen, cf. OE wagn WAIN] 
 
 wa*g(g)onep, n. Driver of wagon; (the W.) 
 constellation Auriga, [-er 1 ] 
 
 wag^gOone'tte, n. Four-wheeled open plea- 
 sure vehicle (or with removable cover) for one 
 or more horses & with facing side seats, [-ette] 
 
 wagon-lit{F).n. Sleeping-camn continental 
 railway. 
 
 Waha'bi, -ee, (hah-), n. One of a set of 
 Mohammedan puritans following the letter of 
 the Koran. [Abd-el- Wahhab, founder c. 1700] 
 
 waif, n. Ownerless object or animal, thing 
 cast up by or drifting in sea or brought by un- 
 known agency; homeless & helpless person, esp. 
 unowned or abandoned child; ww. & strays, 
 odds & ends, unowned or neglected children. 
 [OF, f. ON (Icel. veif thing flapping about); n. 
 corresp. to waive] 
 
 Avail, v.i. & t., & n. (Lament, i. & t, with) 
 prolonged plaintive inarticulate usu. high- 
 pitched cry; (fig.) lament(ation) in words (often 
 over); (of wind &c.) sound (v. & n.) like person 
 wailing. Hence wai'lFUL a. (poet.), wai'l- 
 ingLY 2 adv. [f. ON vxla (vx int., see woe)] 
 
 wain, n. Wagon (chiefly poet, or agricul- 
 tural); Charles's, Arthur's, or theW., Charles's 
 wain, [f. OE wxgn, cf. Du. & G wagen; cogn. 
 w. L vehere carry, Skr. vahana- vehicle, Gk 
 okhos car, & weigh] 
 
 wai'nseot, n., & v.t. Wooden panelling or 
 boarding on room-wall ; (vb) line with w., 
 whence wai'nseotiNG 1 ^) n. [earlier sense 
 kind of oakwood, f. Du. wagenschot perh. f. 
 MDu. waeghe wave + Du. schot boarding cf. 
 campshot; w. ref. to wavy grain of wood] 
 
 waist, n. Part of hunian body below ribs & 
 above hips (large, small, w., of such circum- 
 ference; long, short, w., of such vertical extent); 
 contraction marking this in normal figure (has 
 no w., of stout person), analogous contraction 
 in middle of long object, e.g. fiddle or hour- 
 glass; part of ship between forecastle & quarter- 
 deck; partof garmentencircling w., band round 
 w. from whieh petticoats &c. may be suspended; 
 w. -band, -belt, worn round w.; w.-cloth, = LOIN- 
 cioth ; wai'stcoat (also pr. we'skwt), garment 
 reaching down to w. with front showing when 
 
 coat is open & usu. without sleeves (sleeved w., 
 with sleeves for extra warmth or for use with- 
 out coat by workmen); w.-deep or -high aa. & 
 advv., up to w. Hence -waistED 2 a. [ME 
 icast (wax 2 ), cf. OHG wahst growth] 
 
 wait 1 , v.i. & t. Abstain from action or de- 
 parture till some expected event occurs, pause, 
 tarry, stay, kick one's heels, be expectant or 
 on the watch, (often for, till ; w. a minute ; 
 shall not w. here any longer; kept me waiting 
 or made me w.; have a month to w. yet; w. till 
 I come, for high water or a fine day; every- 
 thing comes to those who w. ; always has to be 
 waited for, is unpunctual) ; await, bide, (is 
 waiting his opportunity ; you must w. my con- 
 venience ; am only waiting the signal) ; act as 
 waiter, as servant shifting plates &c. at table, 
 (are you accustomed to waiting?; often at table), 
 or as attendant (lord 1 , groom, in waiting); 
 defer (meal) till some one arrives (don't w. 
 dinner for me); w. (up)on, watch (archaic), 
 await convenience of, serve as attendant esp. 
 at table, pay visit to (person regarded as supe- 
 rior), escort (archaic), (in race) purposely keep 
 close behind (competitor), follow as result; 
 waiting-room, provided for persons to w. in 
 esp. at railway-station or house of consultant, 
 [f. OF waiter (now guetter) f. waite sentinel f. 
 OHG wahta whence G wacht cogn. w. wake 1 ] 
 
 wait 2 , n. 1. (PI.) band(s) of persons singing 
 carols &c. from house to house at Christmas. 
 2. Act or time of waiting (had a long w. for the 
 train); watching for enemy, ambush, (lie in or 
 lay w. usu. for), [sense 1 f. OF waite see prec; 
 sense 2 f. prec] 
 
 wai'ten, n. In vbl senses; also or esp.: man 
 who takes & executes orders, shifts plates, &c, 
 athotelorrestauranttables.whencewai'tPESS 1 
 n.; tray, salver; dumb'w.; tide-w. [-er 1 ] 
 
 waive, v.t. Forbear to insist on or use, 
 tacitly or implicitly relinquish or forgo, (right, 
 claim, opportunity, legitimate plea, &c. ). Hence 
 wai'VER 4 n. (legal), [f. OF gaiver prob. f. ON 
 (Icel. veifa vibrate)] 
 
 wake 1 , v.i. & t. (past woke, waked-; p.p. 
 waked, woken, woke). Cease to sleep, rouse 
 from sleep, (often up ; also fig. as spring wakes 
 all nature, nature wakes) ; be awake (archaic 
 exc in part, or gerund, as in his waking hours, 
 leaking or sleeping); cease or rouse from sloth, 
 torpidity, inactivity, or inattention (usu. up; 
 w. up, there ! ; wants something to w. him up ; 
 the insult waked his dull spirit), rise or raise 
 from the dead; (chiefly Ir.) hold w. over; dis- 
 turb (silence, place) with noise, make re-echo; 
 w.-robin, wild arum or lords-&-ladies. [mixture 
 of OE wacan woe arise,- be born, & wacian 
 wake, watch, cf. Du. waken, G wachen; cogn. 
 w. vigil, vegetable] 
 
 wake 2 , n. (Hist.) anniversary of dedication 
 of church kept by watching all night, merry- 
 making or fair in connexion with this ; (Ir.) 
 watch by corpse before burial, lamentations & 
 merrymaking in connexion with it. [f. prec] 
 
 wake 3 , n. Strip of smooth water left behind 
 moving ship (in the w. of, behind, following, 
 after the example of), [f. Icel. vok opening m 
 ice, cogn. w. Gk hugros, L humidus, wet] 
 
 wa'keful, a. Unable to sleep, (of person's 
 night &c) passed with little or no sleep; vigilant. 
 Hence wa*kefulLY 2 adv., wa'kefulNESS n. 
 [wake 1 , -ful] 
 
 wa'ken, v.t. & i. Cause to be, become, 
 awake (usu. =wake up, but conveying less of 
 abruptness). [OE wxenan (wacan wake ] )] 
 
 Walde'nses (wo-), n. pi. Puritan sect in 
 valleys of Piedmont, Dauphine, & Provence, 
 started c 1170 & much persecuted in 16th & 
 
WALE 
 
 1001 
 
 WALL-EYED 
 
 17th cc. Hence Walde'nsiAN a. & n. [Peter 
 Waldo of Lyons, founder] 
 
 wale, weal, n., & v.t. Ridge raised on flesh 
 by stroke of rod or whip ; wale-knot or wall- 
 knot, made at end of rope by intertwining 
 strands to pre vent unravelling or act as stopper; 
 (vb) raise w. on. [orig. sense rod, as in gun- 
 wale, chainwale or channel 2 ; cf. OFris. walu 
 rod, Icel. voir round stick; cogn. w. L volvere, 
 Gk helisso, roll] 
 
 Wa'ler, n. Horse imported for Indian army 
 from New South Wales. [N.S. Wales, -er ] ] 
 
 Wales, n. Principality inhabited by the 
 Welsh (Prince of W., title usu. conferred on 
 heir-apparent of Great Britain). [OE Wealas 
 pi. of wealh see w'elsh l ] 
 
 Walhalla. See valhalla. 
 
 walk 1 (wawk), v.i. & t. (Of men) progress 
 by advancing each foot alternately never hav- 
 ing both ofFground at once (heel-&-toe walking, 
 in which both heel & toe are used, as required 
 in walking-races ; w. backwards, sideways, go 
 in those directions with analogous motions ; w. 
 over course or w. over, have walk 2 over; w. 
 away from, easily out-distance), go with the gait 
 usual except when speed is desired (walking 
 dictionary), (of animals) go with slowest gait 
 corresponding to human w.; travel or go on 
 foot (w. into shop, up to person, doxvnhill, &c; 
 please w. in, invitation to enter; w. up, show- 
 man's invitation to circus &c. ; w. out with esp. 
 of servants &c, have as sweetheart ; w. about, 
 stroll ; walks two hours, ten miles, a day ; 
 ghost walks, shows itself ; w. into slang, thrash, 
 abuse, eat heartily of ; w. off or away with, 
 carry off, steal) ; (archaic) live with or in speci- 
 fied principle or manner, conduct oneself, (w. 
 in love, humbly, honestly, after the flesh, by 
 faith, with God, &c); perambulate, tread, 
 floor or surface of, (Him that walked the waves ; 
 w. the street, in gen. sense, also be prostitute ; 
 iv. the hospitals, be medical student ; w. the 
 boards, be actor; w. the plank 1 ; w. the chalk, 
 prove sobriety to police &c. by walking 
 straight between chalked lines), whence 
 wal'kABLE a.; cause to w. with one, have 
 walking-race with, (w. horse, when riding or 
 driving or leading it; policeman walked the 
 man off; Smith will w. Jones for £100 a side ; 
 you have walked me off my legs, tired out) ; 
 walkiSG ^-ch'air, = go ^-cart ; walkiSG ^dress, 
 for outdoor wear; walkixG 2 -fern, N.-Amer. 
 kind with slender-tipped fronds that bow 
 down to ground & take root; walkiKG 2 gen- 
 tleman, lady, actor, actress, of part requiring 
 good presence but no skill ; tvalkiNG 2 -leaf, in- 
 sect imitating leaf ; walkiXG ^-papers or -ticket 
 slang.dismissal ; walk\ ng ] -s^cA;, carried in walk- 
 ing; ioalkiSG l -tour, pleasure journey on foot. 
 [OE wealcan roll, rove, cf. Du. xoalken press 
 hats, Icel. volka roll, G walken full cloth ; cogn. 
 w. Skr. volg go by leaps, & wallow] 
 
 walk 2 , n. Walking gait, person's action in 
 walking, (see prec; go at, never gets beyond, a 
 !».; know him a mile off by his to.); excursion 
 on foot, stroll, constitutional, (go for, take, a 
 iv. ; across the hills from X to Z is a good w. ; 
 w. over, race in which from absence or infe- 
 riority of competitors winner can go at a w. if 
 he chooses, easy victory) ; person's favourite 
 walking ground, round of hawker &c, place or 
 track intended or suitable for strollers or foot- 
 passengers, promenade, colonnade, footpath, 
 (rope-mj.; sheep-w;.; w. of life, calling, profes- 
 sion, occupation), [f. prec] 
 
 wal'ker 1 , n. In vbl senses; esp.: SHOP-ty.; 
 street- w.; (class-name for) bird such as com- 
 mon fowl that neither flies nor swims, also 
 
 bird that does not hop but walks on alternate 
 feet, [-er 1 ] 
 
 Wal'ker 2 (waw-), int. (slang) expressing in- 
 credulity & suspicion of being hoaxed (also 
 Hookey W.). [?] 
 
 Walkyrie. See Valkyrie. 
 
 wall (wawl), n., & v.t. Continuous & usu. 
 vertical & solid structure of stones, bricks, 
 concrete, timber, &c, narrow in proportion to 
 length & height serving to enclose (partly) or 
 protect or divide off town, house, room, field, 
 &c., surface of inner side(s) of room, (party or 
 partition w., separating two rooms, houses, 
 fields, Sec; w. of partition fig., line of division, 
 gulf ; blank w., without door or gate or win- 
 dow, also without decoration ; run one's head 
 against a xv., attempt impossibilities; see 
 through brick w., have miraculous insight; 
 wiv. have ears, eavesdroppers are or may be 
 about ; with one's back to the w„ brought to 
 bay, fighting alone against odds; nvTAising 
 to.) ; something resembling w. in appearance 
 or effect (mountain-w., line of steep hills ; w. of 
 armed men, fire, bayonets, protection or ob- 
 stacle consisting of these ; cell-w., ww. of the 
 chest, &c, enclosing tissue or framework in 
 Bot. or Anat.; hanging, foot, -w., in mining, 
 upper, lower, rock enclosing lode); (positiqn 
 next) w. as opp. kennel side of street footpath 
 (give one the w„ allow him cleaner part in pass- 
 ing; take the w. of, refuse this courtesy to); 
 side as opp. centre of road (the tveakest goes to 
 the to., is pushed aside, gets the worst in com- 
 petition) ; w.-creeper, kinds of bird ; w.-cress, 
 kinds of plant growing in stony places; w.- 
 fern, common polypody ; wallflower, fragrant 
 spring garden-plant with usu. orange or brown 
 clustered flowers ; w.-fruit, of trees fastened 
 against w. for protection & warmth ; w.-paint- 
 ing, on w. usu. of room, esp. fresco ; w.-paper, 
 for pasting over room-ww., usu. with decora- 
 tive printed patterns; w.-pepper, kind of 
 stone-crop ; w.-plate, timber laid in or on wall 
 to distribute pressure of girder &c; w.-rue, 
 small fern growing on ww. & cliffs ; w.-washer, 
 plate used with tie-rod in supporting shaky w. ; 
 hence wa*ll-LESS a. (Vb) provide or protect 
 with w. (esp. in p.p., as walled towns) ; block 
 up aperture &c. with w. [OE tveal f. L vallum 
 rampart, palisade] 
 
 wa*lla(h) (wo-), n. (Anglo-Ind.). Person or 
 thing employed about or concerned with some- 
 thing, -man, (competition w„ Indian civilian 
 appointed by competitive examination ; pun- 
 kah w., servant who works punkah ; canal w., 
 ship built for voyage by Suez canal), [f. Hind. 
 -walasuf. = -erM3)] 
 
 wa'llaby (wo-), n. Kinds of smaller kanga- 
 roo. [Austral.] 
 
 Wa'llach (wo-, -k), n. Member of a people 
 now included in Roumania. Hence Walla*- 
 ehiAN a. & (language or person) n. [G, ult. f. 
 OHG walh foreigner, cogn. w. welsh l ] 
 
 wallaroo* (wo), n. Kinds of larger kanga- 
 roo. [Austral.] 
 
 wa'llet (wo-), n. (Archaic) bag for carrying 
 personal necessaries, food, &c, on journey, 
 esp. pilgrim's or beggar's scrip ; small leather 
 case holding repairing tools for bicycle &c, 
 fishing-kit, papers, or other small articles, 
 [etym. dub.; perh. by metathesis for wattle] 
 
 wall-eye (wawli), n. (Affection of) eye 
 with opaque white or pale iris showing 
 diseased condition ; (loosely) eye showing ab- 
 normal amount of white owing to squint &c, 
 or large & glaring as in some fishes, [back- 
 formation f. foil.] 
 
 wa*ll-eyed, a. Having wall-eye. [f. Icel. 
 
 32* 
 
WALL-KNOT 
 
 1002 
 
 WAR 
 
 vald-eygdhr {vagi beam in eye, eygdhr eyed f. 
 auga eye] 
 
 wall-knot. See wale. 
 
 Walloo'n, n. & a. Member, language (a 
 French dialect), of people scattered in Belgium 
 & neighbouring parts of France; (adj.) of the 
 Ww. or in their language, [f. OF IVallon (L 
 Oallus GAUL)] 
 
 wa'llop (wo-), v.t. (slang). Thrash, beat, hide ; 
 (part.) big, strapping, thumping. Hence wa'l- 
 lopiNG J (l) n. [?J 
 
 wa'llow (wo), v.i., & n. Roll about in mud, 
 sand, water, &c. (w. in money, be very ricb) ; 
 take swinish or gross delight in sensuality &c. ; 
 (n.) place to which bufFaloes &c. resort to w. 
 [OE wealwian roll, cogn. w. L volvere] 
 
 Wa'llsend, (wawlz-), n. Kind of superior 
 house coal orig. from W. on Tyne. 
 
 wa'lnut (waw-), n. (Kinds of tree yielding) 
 delicate-flavoured nut in pair of similar boat- 
 shaped shells {over the ivw. & the wine, at des- 
 sert ; timber of w.-tree used in cabinet-making 
 & for gunstocks. [f. OE wealh foreign, Gaul- 
 ish (cf. welsh J ), nut] 
 
 Walpup'gis-nig-ht (vahlpoorg-), n. Eve 
 of 1st May, when witches meet at the Brocken 
 or elsewhere & hold revels with the devil. 
 [Walpurgis, female saint of 8th c; connexion 
 unknown] 
 
 wa'lrus (waw-, wo-), n. Kinds of large am- 
 phibious arctic long-tusked mammal related to 
 seal, morse, sea-horse. [Du.,f.Scand.(Icel./tross- 
 hvalr lit. horse-whale, cf. OE horshwsel)] 
 
 waltz (wawls), n., & v.i. Dance in which 
 partners progress gyrating round each other 
 in embrace (trois-temps w., in ordinary time, 
 deux-temps w., faster) ; piece of w. -music. (Vb) 
 dance w.; dance in, out, round, &c, in joy &c; 
 hence wa'ltzER J n. [f. G walzer (walzen re- 
 volve, cf. OE wealtan & welter)] 
 
 wampee* (wo-), n. (Tree yielding) grape-like 
 fruit grown in China & E. Indies. [Chin. 
 (hwang yellow, pi skin)] 
 
 wa'mpum (wo-), n. Beads made from shells 
 & strung for money or decoration by N.-Amer. 
 Indians. [f. N.-Amer. Ind. wampumpeag 
 (wompi white, -ompeag string of money)] 
 
 wan (wo-), a. Pale, colourless, bloodless, 
 looking worn or exhausted, (chiefly of persons 
 or their complexion or look, or of sky or light) ; 
 (archaic, of night, water, &c.) dark, black. 
 Hence wa'nLV 2 adv., wa'n.vESS n. [OE 
 wann, wonn, dark, black, etym. dub.] 
 
 wand (wo-), n. Slender rod for carrying in 
 hand or setting in ground as temporary mark 
 (chiefly now of conjurer's or music conductor's 
 baton, or of staff symbolizing some officials' 
 authority), [f. ON vondr, perh. cogn. w. wind 3 
 w. ref. to suppleness] 
 
 wa'nder (wo-), v.i. & t. Rove, stroll, go from 
 country to country or from place to place with- 
 out settled route or destination, {Wandering 
 Jew, supposed to be still living from when 
 Chrisfe said 4 Thou shalt w. on the earth till I 
 return ' as punishment for an insult, also per- 
 son who never settles down, also kinds of climb- 
 ing plant ; wandering cell, abscess, kidney, &c. , 
 moving about, normally or abnormally not at- 
 tached to place in body ; wandering sailor, 
 kinds of climbing plant), whence wa'ndePER l 
 n.; stray, diverge from the right way lit. or 
 fig., get lost, depart from home ; talk or think 
 irrelevantly or disconnectedly or incoherently, 
 stray from subject in hand, be inattentive or 
 delirious, {his wits are wandering; wanders 
 in his talk) ; traverse desultorily {you may w. 
 the world, or usu. the world through,, & not find 
 such another). Hence wa'nderiNG'U) n. 
 
 (usu. pi.), wa'nderingLY 2 adv. [OE wan- 
 drian (wend, -er 5 )] 
 
 wandepoo* (wo-), n. Kind of menkey with 
 leonine mane & tail. [Cingalese wanderu] 
 
 wane, v. i. . & n. Decrease in size or splendour 
 like moon after the full, lose power or vigour 
 or importance or repute, decline; (n.) process 
 of waning (esp. is on the w., declining). [OE 
 wanian (wan deficient), cf. ON vana diminish 
 (vanr, see foil.), & wanton] 
 
 ■want 1 (wah-, wo-), n. Lack, absence, defi- 
 ciency, of (ship rotting for xo. of paint; shoxcs 
 great w. of thought, care, sense, Judgment) ; 
 need of, need of sustenance, poverty, (is in w. 
 of money, a servant, &c. ; living in the direst xc; 
 xc. is a severe but efficient teacher) ; desire for 
 thing as necessary to life or happiness or suc- 
 cess or completion (whence wa'ntLESS a.) r 
 thing so desired, (a man of few ww.; super- 
 fluities soon become ww. ; is, supplies, a felt w. ; 
 can supply your ww.). [f. ON vant neut. of vanr 
 lacking, cf. OE wan (prec.)] 
 
 want 2 , v.i. & t. Be without or deficiently 
 supplied with, fall short of, fall short by (spe- 
 cified amount) of specified limit, (part.) lacking 
 in quality or unequal £o requirements or absent 
 or deficient, (wants, is wanting in, judgment; 
 fortunately wants the power to do it ; what 
 was wanting, what we unfortunately wanted, 
 was the will ; wants something, or wants, of 
 perfection ; be foxind wanting, or wanting to 
 the occasion, one's duty, &c; head of statue is 
 wanting; statue wantsthehead; infinitive want- 
 ing, verb has none ; wants half a minute of the 
 hour, an inch of the regulation measurement); 
 be in w. (for ; let him w. for nothing ; must not 
 be allowed to w.); require (thing, -ing, to be -ed> 
 to do ; boy wants the whip, whipping, to be 
 whipped, to feel the whip ; it wants careful 
 handling) ; desire, wish for possession or pre- 
 sence of, (to do, thing, person ; don't w. to go ; 
 call me if lam wanted ; is wanted by the police, 
 of suspected criminal &c; tell Jones I w. him, 
 send him to me), [f. ON vanta (prec.)] 
 
 wa'ntingr* prep. Without, minus, less, (xc. 
 common honesty, nothing can be done; made a 
 century w. one run), [-ing 2 ; use of part, 
 either abs., cf. notwithstanding, or in or- 
 dinary agreement] 
 
 wa'nton (wo-), a., n., & v.i. Sportive, gam- 
 bolling, playful, irresponsible, capricious, (to. 
 child, kid, wind, mood); luxuriant, unrestrain- 
 ed, wild, (w. growth, ringlets, profusion) ; 
 licentious, unchaste, lewd, (a w. woman; w. 
 thoughts) ; motiveless, serving no purpose, 
 random, arbitrary, (w. mischief, destruction) ; 
 hence wa'ntonLV 2 adv., wa'ntonNESs n. 
 (N.) unchaste woman or rarely man ; (rare) 
 playful child. (Vb) sport, gambol, move capri- 
 ciously ; (rare) act lasciviously. [ME wantoun, 
 -towen (wan, see wane, used as pref. with 
 sense un- as in obs. wanhope despair, OE togen, 
 p.p. of teon draw, educate, cf. G gezogen)] 
 
 wap. See whop. 
 
 wa'pentake (wo), n. (Old name in Anglian 
 districts for) hundred or division of shire. [OE 
 xvxpentxc f. ON vdpnatak (vdpn weapon, taka, 
 to touch) w. ref. to ceremony of touching spear 
 of newly elected chief in sign of fealty] 
 
 wa'piti (wo-), n. N.-Amer. stag resembling 
 red deer but larger, [f. Amer.-Ind. wapitik 
 (wapi white)] 
 
 wap 1 (wor), n. Quarrel usu. between nations 
 conducted by force, state of open hostility & 
 suspension of ordinary international law pre- 
 valent during such quarrel, military or naval 
 attack or series of attacks, (fig.) hostility or con- 
 tention between persons, (civil vs., betweea 
 
AVAR 
 
 1003 
 
 WARLIKE 
 
 parts of one nation for supremacy ; private w., 
 feud between persons or families carried on in 
 defiance of laws of murder &c. , or armed attack 
 made by members of one State without govern- 
 ment sanction upon another; holy w., waged 
 in support of some religious cause ; make or 
 wage w., begin or carry on hostile operations ; 
 declare w., announce that hostilities may be 
 expected, often upon another nation, also fig. 
 upon institution, party, custom, &c; so decla- 
 ration of w.; drift into w.; be at w., engaged in 
 hostilities with enemy or abs., also fig.; roll 
 back tide of w., repel invasion ; go to the ww. 
 archaic, serve as soldier; has been in the ww., 
 usu. fig. of person who has been mauled physi- 
 cally or otherwise ; on a to. footing, of army, 
 fleet, &c, with full establishment; w. to the 
 knife, struggle to the bitter end usu. between 
 persons ; Secretary at W., parliamentary head 
 of W. Office ; art of to., strategy & tactics ; 
 trade of w., soldier's profession ; sinews of w., 
 money for waging w. or for effectingany object ; 
 
 TUG, CONTRABAND, COUNCIL, HONOUR 1 .?, Ofw.; 
 
 MAN x -of-W.\ laws ofw., those recognized by 
 civilized nations as limiting belligerents' ac- 
 tion ; rights ofw., those similarly permitting 
 to belligerents certain acts illegitimate in 
 peace; the dogs of w. poet., havoc attending 
 w.; ww. & rumours of wxc, prevalence of the 
 appeal to force among nations ; w. of the ele- 
 ments, storms &«catastrophes in nature ; all 's 
 FAiR 2 m love & UJ.); w.-cry, phrase or name for- 
 merly shouted in charging or rallying to attack, 
 party catchword, savages' battle-shout; w.- 
 cloud, position of international affairs that 
 threatens w.; w.-dance, indulged in by sa- 
 vages before w.; w.-god, one worshipped as 
 giving victory in w., esp. the Greek Ares or 
 Roman Mars; w.-head, explosive head of tor- 
 pedo, removed in peace practice ; w.-horse, 
 charger (archaic & poet. exc. in phr. like an old 
 w.-h. of person excited by memories of aban- 
 doned pursuit or controversy) ; W. Office, State 
 department in charge of army ; w.-paint, put 
 on body by savages before battle, (fig.) ceremo- 
 nial costume, full fig ; w.-path, (route of) war- 
 like expedition of Amer. Indians {be, go, on the 
 w.-p. fig., be engaged in, enter upon, any con- 
 flict, have taken, take, up the cudgels ; w.- 
 ship, for use in w.; w.-song, suTig by savages 
 before battle, also any song on martial theme ; 
 w.-whoop, yell esp. of Amer. Indians in charg- 
 ing ; w.-worn, experienced in or damaged or 
 exhausted by w. [f. OF werre (now guerre) f. 
 Teut. (OHG werran embroil, cf. G. verwirren 
 confuse) ; prob. cogn. w. worse] 
 
 war 2 , v.i. & t. Make w. (archaic); bring or 
 beat down by w. ; (part.) rival, competing, in- 
 consistent,(imrrm0 creeds, principles), [f. prec. ] 
 
 war'ble x ( wor-), v.i. & t, & n. Sing (i. & t.) 
 in gentle continuous trilling manner (esp. of 
 birds, also of person or sound) ; speak, utter, in 
 manner suggestive of bird's song; relate in 
 verse; hence war'bling-LY 2 adv. [f. OF 
 werbler f. Teut. (G wirbeln whirl)] 
 
 war'ble 2 (wor-), n. Hard lump on horse's 
 back from galling of saddle ; (tumour produced 
 by) larva of bot-fly. [?] 
 
 wairbler, n. In vbl senses; esp., many kinds 
 of small bird including nightingale, blackcap, 
 robin, redstart, & hedge-sparrow, some not 
 remarkable for song, [-er j ] 
 
 ward 1 (wor-), n. Act of guarding or defend- 
 ing place &c. (now only in keep watch & w.); 
 guard or parry in fencing (archaic); confine- 
 ment, custody, guardian's control, (archaic ; is 
 under w. ; put him in w. ; to whom the child is 
 in w.)\ minor under care of guardian or Court 
 
 of Chancery ; administrative division of city ; 
 separate room or division in prison (condemned 
 &c. w.), or hospital (isolation Sec. w.) or work- 
 house (casual &c. u\); (pi.) notches & projections 
 in key & lock designed to prevent opening by 
 wrong key ; w.-mote, meeting of city w. [OE 
 mot meeting]; w.-room, on man-of-war for com- 
 missioned officers below commanding officer. 
 [OE weard masc. watchman, fern, watch, cf. 
 ON vbrdhr in same senses, G wart watchman ; 
 cogn. w. wary, & doublet of guard] 
 
 ward 2 ,v.t. Have in keeping, protect, (chiefly 
 now of God); parry (blow, often off), keep off 
 danger, poverty, &c. [f. prec] 
 
 - wapd(s), suf. repr. OE weard f. OE weorthan 
 become, turn to, past wearth ; cf. L versus to- 
 wards, f. the cogn. vertere turn. In OE compds 
 of -weard were orig. adjj., the adj. used some- 
 times becoming obs. & being redeveloped in 
 later E f. the adv., as in forward, -ward formed 
 advv. & prepp. by addition of -es. In older E 
 -ward could in some cases be separated f. its 
 component, as in to usward. Mod. E retains 
 many adjj. & advv. in -ward as backward, for- 
 ward, northward, homeward, advv. in -wai'ds 
 as backwards, inwards, & the prep, towards 
 (less usu. -ward) ; as living suf. -ward, -wards, 
 are used to form extempore adjj. & advv., often 
 more or less facet., as bankwards, bedward, 
 Perthxvards. 
 
 wap'den 1 (wor-), n. Watchman, sentinel, 
 (archaic); guardian, president, governor, o/(in 
 obs. or existent titles, as W. of the Marches, 
 Merton College &c, the Cinque Ports), whence 
 war'densmp n. [AF wardein (OF warder 
 
 GUARD, -IAN)] 
 
 wap*den 2 (wor-), n. Kind of cooking pear, 
 [perh. f. Wardon in Beds.] 
 
 wap'dep,')!. Sentinel (archaic); jailor, whence 
 wap'drESS 1 n. ; (Hist. ) staff of authority carried 
 by king or commander & sometimes used to give 
 signals, [ward 2 , -er 1 ] 
 
 war'drobe (wor-), n. Place where clothes 
 are kept,esp. large cabinet or movable cupboard 
 with pegs, shelves, &c. ; person's stock of clothes, 
 [f. OF warderobe (as warden \ robe)] 
 
 war'dship, n. Tutelage, guardian's care, 
 (under w.; has the w. of)* [ward 1 , -shipJ 
 
 ware 1 (war), n. Things manufactured for 
 sale, esp. pottery of any kind (otherwise usu. in 
 comb., as hardm?., tinw.); (pi.) articles that 
 person &c. has for sale (usu. his &c. ww.); (with 
 distinctive epithet) kind of manufactured ma- 
 terial esp. pottery, named from inventor, place 
 of manufacture, or some characteristic ( Wedg- 
 wood, Delft or Delf, black, &c, w., kinds of 
 pottery ; Tunbridge w., inlaid, wood ; warehouse 
 (-s)n., building in which goods are stored, bond- 
 ed, or displayed for sale, repository, wholesale 
 or large retail store; warehouse (-z) v.t., store 
 (esp. furniture or bonded goods) temporarily in 
 repository ; warehouseman, owner of reposi* 
 tory. [OE waru, cf. Du. waar, G waare, prob. 
 cogn. w. guard] 
 
 ware 2 (war), pred. a. (poet.). Aware. [OE 
 wxr heedful, cf. ON varr, G gewahr ; cogn. w. 
 Gk horao see, L vereri respect] 
 
 •ware 3 (wor, war), v.t. (Imperat.) look out 
 for, be cautious about, (w. hounds, wire, traps ! ; 
 esp. in hunting-field); (colloq., usu. imperat.) de- 
 cline to have anything to do with, bar, avoid, 
 fight shy of. [OE warian take heed (prec.)] 
 
 wap'fare, n. State of war, campaigning, 
 being engaged in war, (after long w.; his w. is 
 over), [orig. sense military expedition (fare 2 )] 
 
 war-like, a. Martial, fond of or skilful in 
 war ; military, of or for war, (w. preparations) ; 
 bellicose, threatening war. [-like] 
 
WARLOCK 
 
 1004 
 
 WASH 
 
 war'loek (wor ), n. (archaic). Sorcerer, wi- 
 zard. [OE xoxrloga deceiver (xoxr truth, cogn. 
 w. L vents true, loga liar f. Uogan lie 2 )] 
 
 warm l (wor-), a. Hottish, of or at rather high 
 temperature, (hot, xo., tepid, cool, cold ; w. water, 
 weather, countries ; xo. blood, that of mammals 
 & birds ranging from 98° to 112°, also fig. pas- 
 sionate or amorous or emotional disposition, 
 whence warm-bloodED 2 a.; w. with slang, 
 spirits & hot water with sugar), (of persons &c.) 
 with temperature of skin raised by exercise or 
 excitement or external heat ; (of friendly rela- 
 tions or actions or agents) enthusiastic, hearty, 
 zealous, (aw. partisan, friend, welcome, recep- 
 tion ; w. thanks) ; animated, heated, exciting 
 or excited, in or resulting from sanguine or 
 offended or indignant or unreserved mood, 
 (when xo. with wine ; the dispute or disputants 
 grew xo. ; xo. xoork, keen or dangerous conflict); 
 (of position &c.) difficult or dangerous to main- 
 tain or meet (a w. corner, hot part of battle &c. ; 
 so w. reception : make it or things w.for one, 
 create strong feeling against him); (of feelings 
 &c.) sympathetic, emotional, affectionate, sus- 
 ceptible, (has a w. heart, whence warm- 
 heartED 2 a., warm-heap'tedLY 2 adv., 
 warm- hear'ted ness n.; a w. temperament, 
 susceptible esp. to amorous impressions ; xo. 
 descriptions &c, intended to appeal to amorous 
 feelings, indelicate); (of colour) suggestive of 
 warmth, esp. containing rich reds or yellows; 
 (of scent in hunting) fresh & strong, indicating 
 recent passage of quarry, (of seeker in children's 
 hiding games) near the object sought, on verge 
 of finding; (of person) comfortably off, rich; 
 (of official &c.) no longer strange, comfortably 
 established, in office. Hence war'mLY 2 adv., 
 warmni l n. [OE wearm, cf. Du. & G xoarm ; 
 perh. cogn. w. L formus, Gk thermos, Skr. 
 gharmos heat] 
 
 warm 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Make w., excite, (fire 
 xoarms room, person, &c; xoine to xo. the heart ; 
 xo. oneself at fire &c; xo. person or his jacket, 
 thrash him, whence wap'miNG 1 n. slang) ; w. 
 oneself at fire &c; become w. or animated or 
 sympathetic (often xip ; room is warming xtp ; 
 he xoarmed xip or xcarmed as he got into his sub- 
 ject ; my heart xoarms to him) ; xoarming-pan, 
 flat closed long-handled usu. brass vessel hold- 
 ing live coals formerly used for warming inside 
 of bed before it was occupied, (fig.) person hold- 
 ing office temporarily to keep it for another not 
 yetofage&c; hence -warmER ] (2)n. (N.)act 
 of warming oneself or something (must have, 
 give it, another xo. first), [f. prec] 
 
 warn (worn), v.t. Give notice to, put on 
 guard, caution, admonish, (person of danger or 
 consequences or future or unknown present 
 circumstance, against person or thing or doing, 
 that something impends or must be reckoned 
 with, that he is or has neglected to do some- 
 thing, to do, or abs.). Hence war'ningLY 2 
 adv. [OE xo(e)arnian, cf. G xoarnen; cogn. w. 
 
 WARV, WARE 2 ] 
 
 wap'ning, n. In vbl senses (take xo., have 
 one's caution excited, mentally register danger 
 &c, acton aw.) ; alsooresp.: thing that serves 
 to warn (palpitation is a xo. of heart troxible; 
 let this be a xo. to yoxt) ; give (master, servant) 
 xo., announce that employment is to terminate 
 in specified (e.g. a month's) time, [-ing l ] 
 
 warp 1 (worp), v.t. & i. Make or become 
 crooked or perverted, change from straight or 
 right or natural state, bias, (sun had xoarped 
 the boards ; seasoned timber does not w. ; hard- 
 ship warped his disposition ; judgment warp- 
 ed by self-intei'est) ; (Naut.) haul (ship) in some 
 direction by rope attached to fixed point, pro- 
 
 gress thus ; fertilize by inundating with w. 
 [partly f. OX varpa throw, cogn. w. foil., 
 partly f. foil.] 
 
 warp 2 (worp), n. Threads stretched length- 
 wise in loom to be crossed by woof ; rope used 
 in towing or warping ; crooked state produced 
 in timber &c. by uneven shrinking or expan- 
 sion, (fig.) perversion or perverse inclination 
 in mind ; sediment or alluvial deposit, esp. 
 that left by turbid water kept standing on poor 
 land, [partly f. OE xoearp, cf. ON varp, cogn. 
 w. G xoerfen throw, partly f. prec] 
 
 wa'ppant 1 (wo-), n. Thing that bears per- 
 son out in or authorizes action (have no xo. for 
 xohat you do; his promise or ordei-, our 
 strength, is oxir xo.; Ixoill be yoxir w.; with the 
 xo. of a good conscience) ; voucher, written 
 authorization to receive money (dividend, 
 treasury', w.), carry out arrest or distress (a 
 xo. is oxit against him), represent principal in 
 lawsuit (w. of attorney), &c; certificate from 
 War Office or Admiralty (cf. commission) held 
 by xo.-officer or one of highest non-commis- 
 sioned officers as gunner, boatswain, quarter- 
 master-sergeant, [f. OF warant f. Teut. (G 
 gexodhren certify), -ant] 
 
 wa'rrant 2 , v.t. Serve as w. for, justify, 
 (nothing can xo. such insolence), whence wa*r- 
 rantABLE a.; = (the now more usual) guar- 
 antee v., esp. in sense answer for genuine- 
 ness &c. of (goods), & in Iov I'll xo. (you) usu. 
 parenthet. = no doubt, whence wa'rrantER 1 , 
 wa'rrantOR 2 , warrantEE", nn. [f. prec] 
 
 wa'rranty, n. Authority or justification 
 (usu. for doing or saying or supposing) ; (Law) 
 express or implied undertaking on vendor's 
 part that thing sold is vendor's & is fit for use 
 or fulfils specified conditions, [f. OF warantie 
 fern. p.p. of warantir warrant 2 ] 
 
 wa'rren (wo-), n. Piece of ground in which 
 rabbits are preserved or abound (like rabbits 
 in a xo., of thick population), [f. OF warenne 
 (warir keep, cogn. w. ware 3 )] 
 
 wa'rrior (wo Tier), n. Distinguished or 
 veteran soldier (rhet., poet.) ; (attrib., of nation 
 &c.) martial ; (of savages) fighting man ; w.- 
 ant, of kinds that make slaves of other species, 
 [f. OF guerreixir (guerreier make war)] 
 
 wart (wor-), n. Small hardish excrescence 
 on skin causecLby abnormal growth of papillae 
 (paint one xoith his xoio., without concealment 
 of blemishes), similar lump on stem &c. of 
 plant; xo.-grass, -xoeed, -xoort, kind of spurge 
 with juice used to cure ww.; xo.-hog, kinds of 
 African large-headed swine with warty lumps 
 on face. Hence war'tY 2 a. [OE xoearte, cf. 
 Du. xorat, G xoarze, perh. cogn. w. wort] 
 
 war'y, a. Given to caution, habitually on 
 the look out, circumspect ; cautious of doing ; 
 showing, done with, caution. Hence war'iL v 2 
 adv., war'iNESS n. [as ware 2 + -y 2 ] 
 
 was. See be. 
 
 wash 1 (wo-), v.t. & i. Cleanse with liquid 
 (to. one's face &c, oneself, or any object; xo. 
 one's dirty linen ; w. one's hands fig., decline 
 responsibility usu. of), (fig.) purify (xo. m'e 
 throughly from mine iniquity) ; take (stain, 
 dirt, &c.) oxit or ojfovaxoay by washing ; w. up 
 (plates &c, or usu. abs.), clean table utensils 
 after use ; (abs.) w. oneself or esp. one's (face &) 
 hands (mxist xo. before dinner), w. clothes 
 (xoashes for a living) ; (of coloured material or 
 dye) bear washing without loss of colour (won't 
 xo. fig. of argument &c, stand examination), 
 whence wa*shiNG 2 a.; moisten (x*oses xoashed 
 xoith dexo), (of river, sea, &c.) touch (coast, 
 bank, country) with its waters ; (of moving li- 
 quid) carry along in specified direction (chiefly 
 
WASH 
 
 1005 
 
 WATCH 
 
 in pass.; a wave xcashed him overboard ; was 
 washed up by the sea ; beef washed down with 
 ale), denude {sea-washed cliffs), scoop out 
 (water had washed a channel), go splashing or 
 sweeping over, along, oid, in, or into; sift (ore) 
 by action of water ; brush thin coating of wa- 
 tery colour over (paper in water-colour or sepia 
 painting, wall), coat (inferior metal) thinly 
 with gold &c. Hence wa'shABLE a. [OE 
 wascan, cf. Du. wasschen, G waschen; cogn. 
 w. water, wet] 
 
 wash 2 , n. Washing or being washed (give 
 it a good iv.; must get a w.; the xr., treatment 
 at laundry, as send the linen to the iv.), quanti- 
 ty of clothes just (to be, being) washed ; visi- 
 ble or audible .motion of agitated Avater, esp. 
 waves caused by passage of vessel ; soil swept 
 off by water, alluvium ; kitchen water & scraps 
 given to pigs ; thin or weak or inferior liquid 
 food (this soup, tea, claret, is mere to.) ; liquid 
 for spreading over surface to cleanse or heal 
 or colour, lotion, cosmetic; thin coating of wa- 
 ter-colour, wall-colouring, or metal, [f. prec] 
 
 wash-, comb, form of wash 1 ' 2 , often = & 
 used as substitute for washiNG 1 : xv. -basin; 
 w.-board, of ribbed wood for use in scrubbing 
 clothes at wash, also board attached to gun- 
 wale, port, &c, to prevent water from washing 
 in, also board skirting bottom of room-wall ; 
 w.-boiler, clothes- washing cauldron ; w. -bottle, 
 apparatus for purifying gases &c. by passage 
 through liquid ; w.-bowl ; w.-cloth, piece of 
 linen &c. used in washing dishes &c; w.-day, 
 on which clothes are washed ; %c. -hand-basin ; 
 w.-hand-stand, piece of furniture with toilet 
 utensils; xc.-house, laundry; w.-leather, cha- 
 mois or similar leather ; w.-pot (archaic exc. of 
 pot with melted tin for final dipping of tin- 
 plate); w. -stand, = w.-hand-stand; w.-tub, esp. 
 for clothes. 
 
 wa'sher, n. In vbl senses ; also, flat ring or 
 perforated piece of leather, rubber, metal, &c, 
 used to give tightness to joint, nut, fasten- 
 ing, &C. [-ER !] 
 
 wa'shing-, n. In vbl senses (& see wash-) ; 
 esp., linen &c sent to the wash, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 Washing'td'nia (wo-), n. Californian palm- 
 tree named after George Washington, [-ia 1 ] 
 
 wa'shy, a. (Of liquid food &c.) too watery, 
 weak, thin, insipid ; (of colour) faded-look- 
 ing, thin ; (of style, sentiment, &c.) diffuse, 
 feeble, lacking vigour or compression. Hence 
 wa'shiLY 2 adv. , wa'shiNESS n. [- y 2 ] 
 
 wasp (wo-), n. Kinds of hymenopterous 
 social or solitary insect of which the common 
 kind has black & yellow transverse stripes, 
 very slender waist, & powerfully venomous 
 sting {has a waist like a w.'s, whence wasp- 
 waistED 2 a.); w.-bee, -beetle, -fly, kinds hav- 
 ing some resemblance to w. [OE tcseps, cf . G 
 wespe ; for metath. cf. ask, hasp ; cogn. w. 
 weave, w. ref. to nests, & w. L vespa] 
 
 wa'spish, a. Irritable, petulant, ill-tem- 
 pered, sharp in retort. Hence wa'spishiY 2 
 adv., wa'spish Ness n. [-ish l ] 
 
 wassail (wo'sl, wa'sl), n., & v.i. (archaic). 
 Festive occasion, drinking-bout ; kind of liquor 
 drunk on such occasion ; w.-bowl, -cup, -horn, 
 &c; (vb) make merry, hold festivities, [f. OE 
 wes be thou (cf. ivas see be), hdl whole, form 
 of salutation] 
 
 wast. See be. 
 
 wa'stage (-ij), n. Amount wasted or that 
 runs to waste, loss by waste, [-age] 
 
 waste 1 , a. (Of district &c.) desolate, desert, 
 uninhabited, uncultivated, as result of natural 
 barrenness &c. or of ravages or catastrophe 
 (layw., ravage; lie w., be uncultivated; w. land, 
 
 not occupied for any purpose), (fig.) monoto- 
 nous or presenting no features of interest (the 
 w. periods of history), superfluous, refuse, no 
 longer serving a purpose, left over after use, 
 (w. products, useless by-products of manufac- 
 ture ; w. energy, steam, &c. ; w. paper, esp. 
 books or documents that fail or are valueless), 
 [f. OF wast f. MHG waste a waste f . L vastws] 
 
 ■waste 2 , v.t. & i. Lay waste ] ; (Law) bring 
 (estate) into bad condition by damage or neg- 
 lect; expend to no purpose or for inadequate 
 result, use extravagantly, squander, (w. money, 
 time, food, &c, or abs. as w. not, want not); 
 wear (t. & i.) gradually away, wither, (archaic, 
 of time) pass t. & i., (his resources were wasted, 
 were rapidly wasting; day wastes, draws to 
 a close ; sorcerer wasted his arm ; a wasting 
 disease; is wasting away for lack of food); 
 run to w. (that water is wasting). [I. OF waster 
 (now gdter) f. L vast are (prec.)] 
 
 waste 3 , n. Desert, w. region, dreary scene, 
 (a w. of waters, unbroken expanse of sea) ; 
 being used up, diminution by wear & tear, 
 (the w. of tissue is continuous; w. & repair 
 balance each other) ; w. material or food, use- 
 less remains, refuse, scraps, shreds; act of 
 wasting, throwing away or extravagant or in- 
 effectual use o/time, money, food, &c, (imlful 
 w. makes woeful want; it is iv. of time to argue 
 further; run to w. of liquid or fig. of affection 
 &c, be wasted); (Law) injury to estate caused 
 by act or neglect esp. of life-tenant, [as waste a ] 
 
 waste-, comb, form of waste i- 2 - 3 : w.-basket, 
 for w. odds & ends esp. of paper; w.-book in 
 book-keeping, book in which rough preliminary 
 entries of transactions are made ; wa'steFUL 
 a., extravagant, given to or exhibiting waste, 
 whence wa'stefulLY 2 adv., wa'stefulNESS 
 n., wa'steLESS a.; w.-pa'per-basket, receptacle 
 for used papers &c; w.-pipe, for carrying off 
 used or superfluous water. 
 
 wa'ster, n. In vbl senses ; also, article spoilt 
 or flawed in manufacture, [-er ] ] 
 
 wa'strel, n. Thing spoilt in making ; stray 
 child, street arab, waif, good-for-nothing fellow ; 
 (erron.) wasteful person, [perh. =prec. + -el] 
 
 watch 1 (wo-), n. Wakefulness at night (now 
 rare ; in the ww. of the night, while one lies 
 awake ; pass as a w. in the night, be soon for- 
 gotten) ; alert state, being on the look-out, 
 vigilance, constant observation, attention to 
 what may come, (keep w., a w., good or a good 
 w. ; w. & ward, orig. guard by night & day, 
 now emphatic reduplication of w. ; on the w., 
 waiting usu. for expected or desired or feared 
 occurrence), whence wa'tehFUL a., wa'teh- 
 fulLY 2 adv., wa'tchfulNESS n.; (Hist.) man 
 or body of men charged with patrolling streets 
 at night, guard (black 1 u\, orig. an armed 
 company); (Hist.) one of three or of four parts 
 into which night was anciently divided (first 
 &c. or evening Sec. w.); four-hour spell of duty 
 on board ship (dog-w., 2-hr), one of the halves 
 (starboard & port iv. from position of men's 
 bunks) into which ship's crew is divided to 
 take alternate duty; small timepiece worked by 
 coiled spring for carrying on person (stop-w.); 
 w.-case, outer metal case enclosing w.-works ; 
 w.-chain, metal w.-guard;w.-c?Of7, employed to 
 give alarm of burglars &c; w.-fire, at night in 
 camps &c; w.-glass, disk covering face of w.; 
 w.-guard, chain or string for securing w. on 
 person; w.-key, instrument for winding up w.- 
 works; w.-maker; watchman, (formerly, & still 
 poet.) sentinel or member of street patrol, (now) 
 man employed to look after empty building . 
 &c. at night; w.-night, last night of year as 
 celebrated esp. by methodists with religious 
 
WATCH 
 
 1006 
 
 WATEB 
 
 services; w.-oil, fine thin kind for lubricating 
 w.-works&c.; w.-pocket, in garment esp. waist- 
 coat, or separate for attachment to bed &c, 
 holding w. ; w. -spring, kind used in w. -works, 
 also mainspring of w.; w.-stand, small pillar 
 &c. for hanging w. on ; w.-tower, post of obser- 
 vation usu. fortified ; watchword, (formerly) 
 military password, (now) phrase expressing 
 briefly the principles of a party &c. (e.g. Peace, 
 retrenchment, & reform). [OE wdecce (icacian 
 watch, wacan wake 1 )? 
 
 watch 8 , v.i. & t. Remain awake for a pur- 
 pose (now rare ; watched all night by his side ; 
 10. & pray); be on the w., keep w., be vigilant, 
 look out/or opportunity &c, exercise protect- 
 ing care over; keep eyes fixed on, keep under 
 observation, follow observantly, {had him 
 watched by detectives ; if you don't w. it colloq., 
 take care or precautions) ; look out for, bide, 
 await, (opportunity; w. one's time, wait for 
 right moment). Hence wa'tehER 1 n. [f. prec.J 
 
 wa'ter 1 (waw-), n. Colourless transparent 
 tasteless scentless compound of oxygen & hy- 
 drogen in liquid state convertible by heat into 
 steam & by cold into ice, kinds of liquid con- 
 sisting chiefly of this seen in sea, lake, stream, 
 spring, rain, tears, sweat, saliva, urine, serum, 
 &c. body of w. as sea or lake or river, (hot & 
 cola, salt & fresh or sweet, smooth or still & 
 rough or troubled, hard or soft, aerated, 
 saline, chalybeate, thermal, blue 1 , holv, 
 mineral, &c, to.; strong icw. archaic, dis- 
 tilled spirits ; table ww., esp. mineral ww. 
 bottled for use at meals ; red 10., bloody urine ; 
 in smooth w., going easily, past one's troubles ; 
 in deep w. or wic, floundering, in great diffi- 
 culties, in affliction ; still unp. run deep, quiet 
 manner may cover depths of emotion, know- 
 ledge, or cunning; fish 2 in troubled ww.; cup 
 of cold w., symbol of charitable intent ; get 
 into, be in, hot w. , bring or have brought trouble 
 or rebuke on oneself by indiscretion &c; throw 
 cold w. on scheme &c, discourage or poohpooh 
 it ; written in w. of name, achievements, &c, 
 transient; keep one's head above w. t chiefly 
 fig., avoid financial ruin; cast one's bread upon 
 the ww., dogood without looking forgratitude 
 or immediate or definite return ; drink the ww., 
 attend spa for health; brings the w. to one's 
 mouth, makes it w.; fish 1 out of w.; between" 
 wind & w.; pour oil 1 on the wic; spend money, 
 shed blood, like it"., lavishly or recklessly; go 
 through fire x & w.; fired: w. archaic, symbol 
 of necessaries of life not to be supplied to out- 
 law ; hold 1 w.; make, pass, w., void urine; 
 tread w., maintain position in deep w. by ac- 
 tion of marking time ; w. on the brain, knee, 
 &c, morbid accumulation of serum; w. be- 
 witched, very weak tea &c. or spirit-&-w. ; w. 
 of life, spiritual enlightenment ; ww. of forget- 
 fulness, Lethe, oblivion, death); state of tide 
 {high, low, w.; in low w. fig., in depressed con- 
 dition, esp. badly ofF for money ; high, low, -w. 
 mark, highest, lowest point reached by tidal 
 water, also fig. of best & worst results of fluc- 
 tuating process); solution of specified substance 
 in w. {lavender, rose, &c, w., scents ; soda, 
 lithia, dill, &c, w., beverages or medicines) ; 
 transparency & brilliance of gem esp. diamond 
 {of the first w., of finest quality, often also 
 transf. as a genius, blunder, of the first w.) ; 
 (Finance) amount of nominal capital added by 
 watering ; water- (in compounds of Avhich 
 those especially that distinguish varieties of 
 plants & animals are too numerous to be given 
 separately), haunting, growing in, used or em- 
 ployed on, &c, the w., of. for. worked or effect- 
 ed by, made with, containing, using, yielding, 
 
 &c, w. Tr.-a?icfco?', = DRAG 2 -anchor; w.-bailiff 
 customhouse officer at port; w.-bed, rubber! 
 mattress filled with w. for invalid to avoid bed 
 sores; w.-bellows, blower made by suspension! 
 in w. of inverted valved vessel by raising & 
 lowering of which air is drawn in & expelled j 
 w.-bird; w.-biscuit; w.-blister, containing co- 
 lourless serum, not blood ; w.-boatman, kind of 
 aquatic bug; w.-borne, (of goods) conveyed 
 by w.; w.-bottle, esp. of glass for wash-hand- 
 stand or dining-table, also of metal &c. for sol- 
 dier's kit ; w.-brash, form of indigestion with 
 copious saliva or w.-vomiting; w.-butt; w.- 
 carriage, conveyance of goods by w.; w.-cart, 
 esp. with w. for sale or for watering roads ; 
 w.-chute, slope of boards slippery with running 
 water for tobogganing down ; w.-closet, privy 
 with arrangement for flushing pan with w 
 iv.-colour, pigment mixed with w. & not oil, 
 picture painted with such colours, (pi. or sing.) 
 art of painting such pictures, whence wa'ter- 
 co1oupist(3) n. ; watercourse, brook, stream; 
 w.-cracker, kind of biscuit ; watercress, creep- 
 ing w.-plant eaten as salad: w.-cure, hydro- 
 pathy; waterfall, stream fallingover precipice 
 or down steep hillside ; w.-finder, person who 
 dowses ; waterfowl (usu. collect, as pi.), birds 
 haunting w., esp. as objects of sport; w.-gas, 
 got by decomposing water & used after treat- 
 ment with carbon as illuminant ; w.-gate, 
 flood-gate, also gate giving access to river &c.; 
 w.-gauge, glass tube &c. indicating height of 
 w. inside reservoir, boiler, &c. ; w.-glass, tube 
 with glass bottom enabling objects under w. 
 to be observed, also solution of flint sprayed 
 over w. -colour painting on dry plaster to fix it : 
 w.-gruel; w. -hammer, percussion made by w. 
 in pipe when tap is turned off, or by w. in steam- 
 pipe when live steam is admitted; w.-hen, = 
 moorhen ; w.-ice. flavoured &frozen w. &sugar ; 
 w.-inch, quantity discharged in 24 hrs through 
 1 in. pipe under least pressure ; w.-jacket, case 
 filled with water & enclosing part of machine 
 that is to be kept cool ; w.-joint, proof against 
 leakage; w. -j unket, sandpiper; w.-laid of rope, 
 =cable l -laid ; w.-lens, magnifying lens made 
 of glass-bottomed brass cell filled with w.; w.- 
 level, surface of w. in reservoir &c, also plane 
 below which ground is saturated with w., also 
 levelling-instrument made of glass tube to be 
 held horizontal with two upturned graduated 
 open ends in which the contained w. must be at 
 same height ; w.-lily, kinds of plant with broad 
 leaves & white or blue or yellow or red flowers 
 floating on surface of w.; w.-line, along which 
 surface of w. touches ship's side (when loaded, 
 load-w.-l., when empty, light w.-l.), also one of 
 the semi-transparent parallel lines formed in 
 some papers in manufacture; waterlogged, 
 (of wood) so saturated, (of vessel) so filled, with 
 w. as barely to float; w.-main, main pipe in 
 w.-supplying system ; waterman, boatman ply- 
 ing for hire, also oarsman good, bad, &c, at 
 keeping boat truly balanced &c, whence 
 wa*termansHiP(3) n.; watermark n., faint 
 design seen in some paper when held against 
 light indicating maker, size, &c, v.t., impress 
 such mark on in making; w.-meadow, kept 
 fertile by being flooded ; w.-melon, one of two 
 divisions of melon (the other being musk-melon) 
 with ellipse shape, smooth skin, & watery juice ; 
 w.-meter; w.-mill, worked by w.-wheel; u\- 
 monkey, jar with long narrow neck for w. used 
 in hot countries ; w.-motor, w.-wheel, turbine, 
 small motor using w. under pressure ; w.- 
 nymph, naiad ; w.-pillar, upright with revolv- 
 ing head for feeding steam-engines &c; w.- 
 pipe ; w.-plane, plane passing through ship's 
 
WATER 
 
 1007 
 
 WAX 
 
 w.-line ; iv.-plate, with double bottom to hold 
 hot \v. for keeping food warm; w.-platter, 
 kind of w.-lily with upturned edges to leaves ; 
 tv.-polo, hand-ball game with goals played by 
 swimmers ; w. -power, mechanical force got 
 from weight or motion of w., fall in stream 
 capable of being utilized as force ; waterproof 
 a., impervious to w., n., w.-p. garment or mate- 
 rial, v.t., make w.-p. with rubber &c M whence 
 wa'terppoofER l n.; w.-ram, hydraulic ram; 
 w.-rat, = w.-vole ; iv.-rate, charge made for use 
 of public w.-supply ; w.-sail, below lower stud- 
 ding-sail close over w.; w.-seal,body of w. used 
 in bent pipe or about mouth of pipe to prevent 
 passage or escape of gas ; watershed, line of 
 separation between ww. flowing to different 
 rivers or basins or seas [cogn. w. shed l ] ; w.- 
 shoot, pipe or trough throwing off w. from 
 house &c; w.-side, margin of sea, lake, or 
 river; w.-skin, skin bag for carrying w.; w.- 
 soldier, aquatic plant with flowers above sur- 
 face ; waterspout, phenomenon in which whirl- 
 ing cloud forms a funnel-shaped pendant, 
 which descends towards sea & draws up corre- 
 sponding volume of whirling water, the whole 
 forming a pillar uniting sea & cloud ; w.-sprite ; 
 %o.-supply, providing & storing of w., amount 
 of w. stored, for use of town, house, &c; w.- 
 table, string-course arranged to throw w. off 
 building ; w.-tiger, larva of certain w.-beetles; 
 watertight, (of joint, boots, cask, compartment 
 in ship, &c.) tightly enough fastened or fitted to 
 prevent ingress or egress of w.; w.-tower, sup- 
 porting elevated tank to secure pressure for 
 distributing w.-supply; w.-tubeboxler, in which 
 w. circulates in tubes exposed to flames & hot 
 gases; w.-vole, large vole haunting w.; w.-way, 
 navigable channel, also thick planks at outer 
 edge of deck along which channel is hollowed 
 for w. to run off by ; xo.-wheel, kinds of wheel 
 {overshot, undershot, breast, & turbine, wheel) 
 worked by w. & working machinery ; w.-witch, 
 =w.-Jindcr, also kinds of bird ; w.-withe, W.- 
 Ind. vine so full of sap that branch broken off 
 yields draught of w.; waterworks, establish- 
 ment for managing w.-supply, also ornamental 
 fountain (turn on the w. slang, cry, blubber). 
 Hence wa'tePLESS a. [Aryan ; OE waeter, 
 cl. Du. water, G wasser, Gk hudor, L unda 
 wave, Skr. udan ; cogn. w. wet] 
 
 wa'teP 2 , v.t. & i. Sprinkle (road, plants, 
 &c), adulterate (milk, beer, &c), with w.; give 
 drink of w. to (horse, &c), (of animals) go to 
 pool &c. to drink ; (of ship, engine, &c, or per- 
 sons in charge) take in supply of w.; (of smart- 
 ing eyes, or of mouth when food is seen or food 
 or pleasure eagerly anticipated) secrete or run 
 with w.; (chiefly in p.p., as watered silk) pro- 
 duce irregular wavy damask-like markings on 
 (material) by moistening & pressing in manu- 
 facture ; (Finance) increase (company's debt or 
 nominal capital) by issue of new shares without 
 corresponding addition to assets ; watering- 
 cart, with perforated pipe or other device for 
 watering road; watering-place, pool &c. at 
 which animals w., also spa, also seaside place 
 frequented atcertainseasonsby holiday-makers 
 & invalids ; watering-pot, with perforated noz- 
 zle for watering plants, [f. prec.] 
 
 wa'tepy, a. Containing too much water, 
 over-moist, sodden, (esp. of cooked vegetables 
 or fish) ; (of eyes or lips) suffused or running 
 with water ; (of liquids) too thin, actually or 
 apparently diluted, resembling water, (fig., of 
 expression, talk, style, &c.) vapid, insipid, un- 
 interesting, feeble, (of colour) pale, washed 
 out ; indicative of rain (a w. moon, sky). Hence 
 wa'tepiNESs n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 watt (wot), n. Unit of electric power, rate 
 of working in circuit when electromotive force 
 is one volt & intensity of current one ampere. 
 Hence wa'ttMETER n. [J. W. engineer d. 1819] 
 
 Watteau (wo - to, or asF), n. French painter 
 d. 1721 ( W. back, arrangement of woman's dress- 
 back with broad pleat falling from neck to 
 ground without girdle ; W. bodice, with square 
 opening at neck & short ruffled sleeves). 
 
 wa*ttle (wo-), n., & v.t. Wicker hurdle; 
 fleshyappendage under throat of cock, turkey, 
 & some other birds; barbel of fish, whence 
 wa'ttlED 2 a.; kinds of Australian tree with 
 bark used in tanning ; w.-work, interlaced 
 twigs, wicker-work. (Vb, esp. in p.p.) make of 
 or provide with w.-work. [OE watel hurdle, 
 cf. waetla bandage ; sense appendage prob. 
 through obs. senses basket, bag] 
 
 waul, v.i. Squall, cry like cat. [imit.1 
 
 wave J , v.i. & t. Vibrate or be stirred with 
 sinuous or sweeping motions like those of flag 
 or tree or field of corn in wind, flutter, undu- 
 late ; impart waving motion to (w. sword, 
 brandish it as encouragement to followers &c; 
 w. one's hand often to person, in greeting or as 
 signal) ; w. hand or thing held in itusu. to per- 
 son, give direction thus to person to do, send 
 (person) away thus, summon (person) nearer 
 thus, direct (person) thus to do, express fare- - 
 well &c. thus ; give undulating surface or 
 course or appearance to (hair of head, lines in 
 drawing, &c), make wavy, (of hair, line, &c.) 
 have such appearance, be wavy. [OE wafian 
 wave hand, cogn. w. wobble] 
 
 wave 2 , n. Ridge of water between two de- 
 pressions or (also breaker) long body of water 
 curling into arched form & breaking on shore 
 (the ww. or w. poet. & rhet., the sea, water) ; 
 disturbance of the particles of a fluid medium 
 e.g. water, air, ether, into a ridge-&-trough 
 oscillation by which motion is propagated & 
 heat, light, sound, electricity, &c, conveyed in 
 some direction without corresponding advance 
 or without any advance of the particles in the 
 same direction, single curve in the course of 
 such motion ; temporary heightening of some 
 influence or condition or feeling (a w. of enthu- 
 siasm, prosperity, depression; heat, cold, -w., 
 rise or fall of temperature travelling over large 
 area) ; undulating line or outline or surface, 
 waviness; gesture of waving. Hence wa*ve- 
 less a., wa'veLET n. [f. prec] 
 
 wa'ver, v.i. Oscillate unsteadily, flicker, 
 quiver, (rare ; chiefly of flame) ; (of troops) fal- 
 ter, become unsteady, begin to give way ; be 
 irresolute or undecided between different 
 courses or opinions, be shaken ia resolution or 
 belief. Hence wa'vePER 1 , wa'vepingTLY 2 
 adv. [wave 1 , -er 5 ] 
 
 wa'vy ] , a. Undulating, (of line or surface) 
 consisting of or showing alternate contrary 
 curves, (w. hair). Hence wa'viLV 2 adv., wa*- 
 ViNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 wa'vy 2 , -ey, n. The snow-goose, [f. Amer.- 
 Ind. wawa\ 
 
 wawl. = WAUL. 
 
 wax 1 , n., & v.t. Sticky plastic yellowish 
 substance secreted by bees asmaterial of honey- 
 comb cells, beeswax, white translucent scent- 
 less tasteless material got from this by bleach- 
 ing & purifying & used for candles, in model- 
 ling, &. for other purposes, (mould one like w., 
 form his character on desired lines or induce 
 him to act just as desired) ; substance resem- 
 bling w\ in some respect, as the secretion of 
 some other insects esp. Chinese w., ear-w. or 
 cerumen, mineral w. esp. ozocerite, bee-bread, 
 veaetable w. or exudation of certain nlants. 
 
WAX 
 
 1008 
 
 -WAYS 
 
 SEAL^ing-w., cobblers '-w. ; (attrib., now usu. 
 preferred, to waxen) made of w. ; waxbill, kinds 
 of small bird with translucent bill ; iv.-candle ; 
 w.-chandler, maker or seller of w. -candles ; w.- 
 cloth, floor-cloth ; xc. doll, with face &c. of w., 
 also person esp. woman with pretty but unex- 
 pressive face ; xv.-insect, kinds that secrete w., 
 esp. that collected as Chinese w. from which 
 superior candles are made ; w. -light, taper or 
 candle of w.; w.-myrtle, candleberry ; w.-paint- 
 ing, encaustic; xv.-palm, S.-Amer. palm with 
 stem coated in mixture of resin & w.; w.-paper, 
 waterproofed with layer of w. ; w.-pink, garden- 
 plant portulaca ; w.-pocket, one of bee's w. -ex- 
 uding apertures ; w.-tree, kinds exuding w. or 
 encrusted with it by insects ; xvaxwing, kinds 
 of bird with small horny tips like red sealing- 
 w. to some feathers; waxwork, modelling- work, 
 objects modelled, in w., esp. dummies of per- 
 sons with face & hands of coloured w. clothed 
 to look like life & be exhibited ; (vb) smear, 
 polish, encrust, treat surface of, with w. [OE 
 xveax, cf. Du. was, G wachs] 
 
 wax 2 , v.i. (Of moon between new & full) 
 have progressively larger part of surface illu- 
 minated (cf. wane ; w. & wane also transf. of 
 influence &c, undergo alternations of increase 
 & decrease), (archaic & poet.) grow or increase; 
 (with adj. compl.) pass into specified condition 
 or esp. mood or tone (w. fat, old, merry, face- 
 tious, indignant, pathetic, angry). [Aryan ; OE 
 weaxan, cf. Du. wassen, G wachsen, Gk aux- 
 ano, Li augere, Skr. vaksh] 
 
 wax 3 , n. (slang). Fit of anger (is in, got into, 
 put him in, a w.). [?] 
 
 wa'xen, a. Made of wax (being ousted by 
 attrib. use of wax) ; presenting surface as of 
 wax (esp. of complexion, used with less of de- 
 preciation than waxy); impressible as wax, 
 plastic, [en 5 ] 
 
 wa'xy, a. Resembling wax in some way, esp. 
 easily moulded or presenting smooth pale trans- 
 lucent surface ; (of tissue) having degenerated 
 into consistency resembling wax (so w. liver 
 &c); (slang) angry, quick-tempered. Hence 
 wa'xiLY 2 adv., wa'xiNESS n. [wax 1 ' 3 , -v 2 ] 
 
 way, n. Road or track lit. or fig. provided 
 for passing along (highw?. ; permanent w., com- 
 plete piece of regular railroad track ; six-foot 
 w., space left between each pair of rails & the 
 next on railway ; covered w., roofed or in Fortif. 
 screened passage; Appian, Latin, &c, W., 
 great Roman roads in Italy ; milky w.; the w. 
 of the Cross, series of paintings in church &c, 
 to receive successive attention in certain ser- 
 vices, illustrating Christ's progress to Calvary ; 
 go the w. of all the earth, of all flesh, of nature, 
 die ; pave the w. for, take steps that will facili- 
 tate or prepare people's minds to accept some 
 change), (pi.) structure of timber &c. on which 
 new ship is slid down at launch ; best route or 
 route taken or contemplated between two places 
 or to place, method or plan for attaining object, 
 person's desired or chosen course of action, (ask 
 the or one's w.; furthest w. about is nearest w. 
 home, short cuts are delusive ; find one's or 
 the w., reach destination ; lose one's or the w., 
 go astray ; parting of the ww. usu. fig., time for 
 momentous decision ; take one's w., go in some 
 direction, usu. to or towards ; go one's w. or ww., 
 cLepart ; came "by w. of London, via ; lead the w., 
 act as guide or leader, show by example how 
 thing can be done ; put oneself out of the w., 
 inconvenience oneself to serve another ; is no- 
 thing out of the w., not uncommon or remark- 
 able ; an out-of-the-w. corner, remote, inacces- 
 sible ; go out of the or one's w. to be rude, show 
 wanton rudeness : right & wrong ivw. of doing 
 
 a thing ; that is the w. to do it ; where there 's a 
 will tliere's a way; you will never manage 
 it that w. ; will find or make a w. ; will do it 
 one w. or another; ww. & means, methods 
 esp. of providing money as in parliamentary 
 Committee of Ww. <£■ Means ; go, take, one's 
 own w., act independently esp. against others' 
 advice ; have one's own or one's w., get what 
 one wants, see one's orders carried out or de- 
 sires gratified) ; travelling-distance, length of 
 road &c. (to be) traversed, (India is a long w. 
 off; went a little, a good, a long, some, w. with 
 or to meet him ; is still a longw. off perfection); 
 unimpeded opportunity of advance, room free 
 of obstacles, ground over which advance is de- 
 sired or would naturally take place, (give 1 , 
 make 1 , w.; lion in the w.; stand, be, in the w. 
 of, in one's w., or in the w. y be obstacle to, be 
 obstacle ; get out of, in, the w., cease, begin, to be 
 impediment ; get thing out of the w., dispose of, 
 get rid of, settle ; put person out of the w., con- 
 fine or secretly kill him ; clear the w., remove 
 obstacles, stand aside; right ofw.; put one in 
 the w. of a good bargain, of doing, give him op- 
 portunity); being engaged, time spent, in loco- 
 motion lit. or fig. (with songs to cheer the w. ; met 
 him on the w. out or home ; is on the w., travel- 
 ling or approaching ; by the w., during journey, 
 fig. incidentally, often used by speaker to intro- 
 duce more or less irrelevant remark); specified 
 direction (usu. in adv. phrr. without prep. ; which 
 w. is he looking, going ?; look the other w., avoid 
 meeting person's eye, cut him ; appended colloq. 
 to names of places, as lives somewhere London 
 w.)\ custom, manner of behaving, personal pe- 
 culiarity, (the good old ww., old fashions ; stand 
 in the ancient ww., avoid what is new-fangled ; 
 the to. of the world, conduct no worse than is 
 justified by custom ; it is not my w. to desert 
 people in misfortune; has a little w. of leaving 
 his bills unpaid ; it is only his w., piece of rude- 
 ness &c. from him has no special significance); 
 scope, sphere, range, line of occupation, branch 
 of business, (hunting is not, does not lie or come 
 or fall, in my w. ; is in the grocery w., a grocer ; 
 want a few things in the stationery w. ) ; advance 
 in some direction, impetus, progress, (make one's 
 w. home, into a shop, &c; make one's or one's 
 ownw., prosper; make the best o/one's w., go as 
 fast as one can ; make w., advance lit. or fig.; 
 gather, lose, w., gain or lose speed ; give w. of 
 oarsmen, row hard ; ship has w. on, is under w., 
 moves through water); respect (not a badfellow 
 in some ww. ; is satisfactory in one or aw.; no w. 
 inferior, not at all) ; ordinary course (did it in 
 the w. of business) ; condition, state, train, de- 
 gree, (things are in a bad w.; we are all in the 
 same w. ; live in a small id. ; is anaxdhor, bxiilds 
 ships, in a small w., on small scale ; be in the 
 family w., with child); by w. of , as substitute for 
 or form of, with intention ot, (carries a stick by 
 xv. of xveapon ; did it by w. of apology, of dis- 
 covering the truth ; is by w. of making an effort., 
 represents himself to himself or others to be 
 doing so). W.-bill, list of passengers or parcels 
 on conveyance ; w.-board, thin layer separating 
 thicker strata ; wayfarer, -faring, traveller, 
 travelling, esp. on foot ; wayfaring-tree, white- 
 flowered shrub common along roadsides ; way- 
 lay v.t., lie in wait for, wait about for to rob or 
 interview ; w.-leave, right of way rented by 
 mine-owners &e. ; w.-shaft in steam-engine, 
 rocking-shaft for working slide-valve from ec- 
 centric; w. -side, side of road (esp. attrib., as 
 w.-s. flowers, inn) ; w.-worn, tired with travel. 
 [OE, also Du. & G, weg, cogn. w. wain, L vehere 
 carry, Skr. vaha- road (vah carry)] 
 -ways, suf . forming advv. usu. of position or 
 
WAYWARD 
 
 1009 
 
 WEAR 
 
 direction, & often used indifferently with -wise ; 
 lengthways, sideways, always, &c. [prec., -es] 
 
 wayward, a. Childishly self-willed or per- 
 verse, capricious, unaccountable, freakish. 
 Hence waywapdLY 2 adv.,way*wapdNESS 
 n. [for awayvfXKD, cf. froward\ 
 
 we, pi. subj. of i 2 (used, besides the ordinary 
 pron. use, by royal person in proclamations &c. 
 instead of I, by writer in unsigned article of 
 newspaper &c. , & as collective name for speaker 
 & all others of the class that context shows him 
 to be representing for the moment). [OE we, 
 cf. Du. wij, G wir, Skr. vay-am] 
 
 weak, a. Wanting in strength or power or 
 number, fragile, easily broken or bent or de- 
 feated (xv. barrier, rope, &c. ; a w. eleven, of poor 
 players ; offer but a xv. resistance ; xv. vessel usu. 
 fig., unreliable person ; aw. crew, short-handed; 
 w. hand, deficient in high cards ; the weaker sex, 
 women ; weakest goes to w^all ; w. knees usu. 
 fig., inability to stand firm, want of resolution, 
 whence weak-kneED 2 a. ; w. ending in blank 
 verse, unaccented or proclitic word such as if 
 at end); wanting in vigour, not acting strongly, 
 sickly, feeble, (w. constitution, want of power 
 to resist disease &c; w. stomach, easily upset ; 
 w. eyes, sight, easily tired or not seeing well, 
 whence weak-ey ed 2 , weak-sigh tED 2 ,aa.; 
 w. heart, acting feebly ; w. mind, head, below 
 average in intelligence, verging on idiocy, 
 whence weak-mindED 2 , weak-headED 2 , 
 aa.; so w. intellect; w. imagination; w. voice, 
 easily tired or not reaching far ; w. demand for 
 goods or stocks, slack ; so the market was w.); 
 wanting in resolution or power of resisting 
 temptation, easily led, (w. character, man ; per- 
 son's w. side or point, at which he is open to 
 temptation), (of action) indicating want of re- 
 solution in agent (a xv. surrender, compliance); 
 unconvincing, logically deficient, (w. logic, evi- 
 dence; a xo. argument); (of mixed liquid or 
 solution) watery, thin, (w. tea, brandy -&-water, 
 brine) ; (of style &c.) not nervous or well-knit, 
 diffuse, slipshod; (Gram.) inflected by conso- 
 nantal additions to, not vowel change in, stem 
 (in English esp. of verbs making past & p.p. by 
 addition of -ed). Hence or cogn. wea'kEN ° v.t. 
 & i., wea'kiSH !(2) a., wea'kly 1 (-ly 2 ) adv. 
 [back-formation f. xceaken, OE xvxean (xvdc 
 pliant, weak, cf. Du. xceek, G weich)] 
 
 wea'kling*, n. Feeble person &c. [-ling l ] 
 
 wea'kly 2 , a. Sickly, not robust, ailing, [-ly 1 ] 
 
 wea'kness, n. In adj. senses ; also or esp. : 
 weak point or defect ; inability to resist a par- 
 ticular temptation ; foolish liking or inclination 
 for. [-NESS] 
 
 weal J , n. Welfare, prosperity, good fortune, 
 (chiefly now in w. & woe, w. or xvoe, in common- 
 weal, & in for the public or general xv.). [OE 
 xvela, cogn. w. well 3 ] 
 
 weal 2 . See wale. 
 
 weald (we-), n. District including parts of 
 Kent, Surrey, Hants., & Sussex, with geologi- 
 cally interesting characteristics ; xu.-clay, beds 
 of clay, sandstone, limestone, & iron-stone, form- 
 ing top of w. strata, with abundant fossil re- 
 mains. [ME xveeld perh. = wild, perh. var. of 
 wold] 
 
 wea'lden, a. & n. Of the weald, resembling 
 the weald geologically ; (n.) series of lower-cre- 
 taceous fresh-water strata above oolite & below 
 chalk best exemplified in the weald, [-en 5 ] 
 
 wealth (we-), n. Welfare,prosperity, (archaic; 
 in health & w. long to live); riches, large posses- 
 sions, opulence, being rich ; abundance, a pro- 
 fusion or great quantity or display, of (a xv. of 
 illxtstration, xvit, fruit ; xv. of words is not elo- 
 qxience). Hence wea'lthv 2 a., wea'lthiLY 2 
 
 adv. , wea'lthiNESs n. [weal * + -th », cf . Du. 
 weelde luxury] 
 
 wean, v.t. Teach (sucking child or animal) 
 to feed otherwise than from the breast (often 
 from mother or breast); disengage or erne from 
 or rarely of habit, specified company, &c, by 
 enforced abstinence or counter-attractions. 
 [OE xvenian accustom, cf. Du. xvennen, G ge- 
 wbhnen, accustom ; cogn. w. win, wont] 
 
 wea'nling 1 , n. New- weaned child &c. [ling *] 
 
 weapon (we'pn), n. Material thing designed 
 or used or usable as an instrument for inflicting 
 bodily harm, e.g. cannon, rifle, sword, spear, 
 stick, hammer, poker, horn, claw ; action or 
 procedure or means used to get the better in a 
 conflict (irony is a doxible-edged w.; use the w. 
 of a general strike; tears, the xvoman's w.). 
 Hence wea*ponLESS a. [OE wxpexi, cf. Du. 
 xvapen, G xvaffe] 
 
 wear 1 (war), v.t. & i. (wore, worn). Be 
 dressed habitually in, have on, carry or exhibit 
 on one's person or some part of it, (wears 
 green, serge, knickerbockers, &c, as usual 
 colour &c); is wearing diamonds, on this occa- 
 sion ; worn clothes, that have been put on at 
 least once ; w. the croxvn, sxvord, gown, willoxv, 
 breeches, be a monarch or martyr, soldier, 
 lawyer, desolate lover, husband -ruling wife ; 
 xv. one's hair long, short, &c; w. a face of 
 joy, sour look, &c. ; w. heart on sleeve; w. 
 person or principle in one's heart, be devoted to ; 
 w. one's years well, remain young-looking), 
 whence weap'ER 1 n.; injure surface of, partly 
 consume or obliterate, damage, attenuate, or 
 alter, by rubbing or use, suffer such injury or 
 consumption or change, come or bring into 
 specified state by use, rub (t. & i.) off or out or 
 away or doxvn, (step xvorn with pilgrims' knees ; 
 xvorn clothes, the worse for wear ; inscription 
 has been worn, or has xvorn, away ; w. the fresh- 
 ness, the nap, off; impression soon wears off; 
 clothes xv. to one's shape, fit better with use ; 
 xv. one's trousers, troxisers have worn, into holes 
 or bagginess ; seains w. white, ragged, thread- 
 bare ; is xvorn to a shadow with care ; stick 
 wears down to a stump ; a worn or well-worn 
 joke, stale ; w. oid, use or be used till usable no 
 longer); exhaust, tire or be tired oxd, put down 
 by persistence, (xvorn with travel ; a wearing 
 occxipation, companion, &c. ; w. out one's wel- 
 come, go too often or stay too long as visitor &c. ; 
 his patience wore, or xvas womi, out at last ; sxic- 
 ceeded in wearing doxvn opposition); endure 
 continued use xvell, badly, &c, remain specified 
 time in working order or presentable state, last 
 long, (won't w., of inferior material, transitory 
 impression, &c; xvears for years; person xvears 
 well, retains youthful strength or esp. look); 
 (of time) go slowly or tediously on, pass (t. & i. 
 of time) gradually away, (winter, time, day, 
 wear's on or away ; xv. away or oxd one's life or 
 time or youth in trifles ; xv. through the day, 
 get through it somehow); make (hole, groove, 
 channel) by attrition (usu. of incidental or un- 
 designed action, cf. bore ; often of water) ; 
 wearing-apparel, clothes ; wearing-iron or 
 -plate, piece of metal attached to protect sur- 
 face exposed to friction. Hence weap'ABLE a. 
 [OE xverian, cf. ON verja, Goth, xvasjan ; cogn. 
 w. L vestis, Gk esthes, clothes, Skr. vas to dress] 
 ■wear 2 , n. Wearing or being worn on per- 
 son, use as clothes, (the best materials for Sxm- 
 day, working, spring, seaside, &c, w.; serges 
 are now in general w., fashionable ; the coat 1 
 have in w., am regularly wearing) ; thing to 
 w., fashionable or suitable apparel, (inphrr. on 
 type of motley's the only w.; also in foot &c. 
 -w. chiefly in trade use as collective for things 
 
WEAR 
 
 1010 
 
 WEDGE 
 
 worn on feet &c.) ; damage sustained as result 
 of ordinary use (esp. w. & tear ; will stand any 
 amount of to.; is the worse for to., damaged 
 by use) ; capacity for resisting w. & tear (there 
 is a great deal of, no, to. in it), [f. prec.] 
 wear 3 (war), v.t. & i. (naut.; past & p.p. 
 wore). Bring (ship), (of ship) come, about by 
 putting down of helm (cf. tack), [var. of veer] 
 wear 4 (wer). = weir. 
 
 weapy (weri), a., & v.t. & i. Tired, with 
 energy abated, dispirited ; sick or impatient of; 
 tiring, tedious, irksome; hence weap'iLY 2 
 adv., weap'iNESS n. (Vb) make w. (esp. of 
 or with importunity or monotony), whence 
 wear'isoME a., weap'isomeLY 2 adv., 
 weap'isomeNESS n.; grow w. (esp. of impor- 
 tunity or importunate person), whence 
 weap'iLESS a.; (chiefly Sc.) long to do or for. 
 [OE wbrig, cf. OHG wuorag drunk ; cogn. w. 
 OE worian travel (wor swamp) ; not f. wear 1 ] 
 wea'sand (wez-), n. (archaic). Wind-pipe 
 (slit one's w., cut his throat). [OE wdsend, cf. 
 OHG weisunt, etym. dub.] 
 weasel (we'zl), n. Small nimble reddish- 
 brown white-bellied slender-bodied carnivor- 
 ous quadruped allied to stoat & ferret (catch a 
 to. asleep, deceive wide-awake person); to.- 
 faced, with thin sharp features. [OE ivesle, cf. 
 Du. wezel, G iviesel] 
 
 wea'theP 1 (\redh-), n. & a. Atmospheric 
 conditions prevailing at a place & time, com- 
 bination produced by heat or cold, clearness 
 or cloudiness, dryness or moisture, wind or 
 calm, high or low pressure, & electrical state, 
 of local air & sky, (April w., showers alternat- 
 ing with sunshine, fig. smiles & tears ; fair 2 , 
 foul 1 , dirtv, fine, soft, w.', favourable, sea- 
 sonable, good, bad, &c, w; under stress of w., 
 owing to storms &c; clerk of the w.; make 
 good or bad w. naut., meet with) ; w.-beaten, 
 seasoned by or bearing the marks of exposure 
 to storms ; w. -board, supply with w.-boarding, 
 -boards, horizontal boards of which each over- 
 laps the next below to throw off rain as pro- 
 tective casing to wall&c; w.-bound, unable to 
 proceed owing to bad w.; w.-box, w.-indicator 
 with figures of man & woman, one issuing to 
 foreshow rain, the other fine w.; w.-bureau, 
 meteorological office ; w.-chart, diagram show- 
 ing details of w. over wide area ; weathercock, 
 revolving pointer often in shape of cock 
 mounted in high place esp. on church spire to 
 show whence wind blows, (fig.) inconstant per- 
 son ; w.-c&ntact or -cross, leakage from one tele- 
 graph wire to another due to wet w.; w. -fore- 
 cast, prophecy of the day's w. posted at w.- 
 bureau or printed in newspaper; w.-glass, 
 barometer; w.-map, = w. -chart ; w.-moulding, 
 dripstone ; w. -proof 2 ; w. -prophet, person who 
 foretells w.; w.-service, organization for mete- 
 orological observations ; w.-stain, discoloura- 
 tion of wall &c. by exposure ; so w. -stained ; 
 testation, post of observation in connexion 
 with w.-service ; to. -strip, piece of material 
 used to make door or window proof against 
 rain or wind ; w.-tiles, arranged to overlap like 
 w.-boarding; w.-wise, able to forecast w.; w.- 
 wom, marked by storms &c; w.-vane, = wea- 
 thercock. (Adj., naut.) windward (on the w. 
 quarter, beam, bow, &c; have the w. gage or 
 gauge 1 of; keep one's w. eye open fig., be on 
 the look-out) ; hence wea # thePMOST a. 
 (earlier sense wind or storm (still in t"lie adj. & 
 some compds), OE weder, cf. Du. weder, G 
 wetter; cogn. w. wind 1 , & w. Skr. va, Gk 
 aemi, blow] 
 
 wea'thep 2 , v.t. & i. Expose to atmospheric 
 changes ; (usu. in pass.) discolour or partly dis- 
 
 integrate (rock, stones) by exposure to air (esp. 
 in Geol.) ; be discoloured or worn thus ; (of 
 ship or its crew) get to windward of (cape &c); 
 come safely through (storm lit. or fig.) ; make 
 (boards, tiles) overlap downwards, whence 
 wea*thepiNG 2 n. [f. prec] 
 
 wea'therly, a. (naut.). (Of ship) making 
 little lee-way, capable of keeping close to wind. 
 Hence wea'thePliNESs n. [ly l \ 
 
 weave, v.t. & i. (wove, woven &, chiefly in 
 some trade phrr., wove), & n. Form (thread 
 &c.) into fabric, (fabric) out of thread &c, by 
 interlacing, make fabric thus, work at loom ; 
 work up (facts &c), introduce (details), into a 
 story or connected whole, fashion (tale, poem, 
 &c.) ; contrive (plot) ; wove(n) paper, with 
 uniform unlined surface given by making in 
 frame of crossed wire-gauze ; (n.) style of weav- 
 ing. [OE we/an, cf. Du. weven, G weben ; cogn. 
 w. Gk huphe web] 
 
 wea'vep, n. In vbl senses; esp.: artisan 
 who lives by weaving ; (also w.-bird) kinds of 
 bird remarkable for elaborate or dextrously 
 made textile nests, [-er 1 ] 
 
 weazen. See wizened. 
 
 •web, n. Woven fabric, amount woven in 
 one piece, (also fig. as a w. of lies) ; cobweb 
 (with help of context only ; often spider's w.), 
 similar product of any spinning creature, gos- 
 samer, &c; membrane filling spaces between 
 toes esp. of swimming bird or bat ; connective 
 tissue ; vane of feather ; large roll of paper 
 used esp. in newspaper-printing ; thin flat part 
 connecting more solid parts in machinery &c, 
 e.g. part of railway-carriage wheel between 
 nave & rim ; w.-eye, disease of eye with film or 
 excrescence, whence we'b-eyED 2 a.; to.- 
 fingers, -toes, abnormally or normally con- 
 nected with w., whence web-fingePED 2, 
 we'b-tOED 2 , aa. ; w.-foot, with w. -toes, whence 
 web-footED 2 a.; w.-wheel, with plate or w. 
 instead of spokes, or with rim, spokes, & cen- 
 tre, in one piece as in watch-wheels ; w.-worm, 
 kinds of gregarious larvae spinning large ww. 
 to sleep or to feed on enclosed foliage in. 
 Hence webbED 2 a. [OE webb (ivefan weave), 
 cf. Du. web, G gewebe] 
 
 webbing", n. Strong narrow fabric such as 
 is used f or norse-girths, gymnastic belts, &c; 
 stronger edging of more delicate fabric, [-ing j ] 
 
 wed, v.t. & i. (wedded, wedded or rarely & 
 not in adj. use wed). (Of party, priest, or 
 parent &c.) marry 1 (t. & i., rhet. exc. in p.p. 
 wedded in adj. use, as a wedded pair ; wedded 
 life, bliss, &c, in matrimony) ; unite (qualities 
 often separated ; w. efficiency to economy) ; 
 (p.p.) devoted to opinions, pursuits, &c, so as 
 to be unable to abandon them. [OE weddian 
 to pledge (wed a pledge, cogn. w. L vas vadis), 
 cf. Du. wedden, G wetten, wager, & wage, 
 
 WAGER, GAGE J ] 
 
 we'dding, n. Marriage ceremony (& fes- 
 tivities) ; silver, golden, diamond, w., 25th, 
 50th, 60th or 75th, anniversary of w. ; penny 
 to., with money contributions from guests; w.- 
 breakfast, entertainment usual between w. 
 ceremony & departure for honeymoon; w.-cake, 
 distributed to w. -guests & sent in portions to 
 absent friends ; w. -cards, with names of pair 
 sent to friends as announcement of w. ; w.-day, 
 day or anniversary of w. ; w.-favour, white 
 rosette or knot of ribbons worn in honour of 
 w.; w.-garment, qualification for participating 
 in something (ref. to Mat. xii. 11); w.-ring, that 
 put on bride's finger at w. -ceremony & usu. 
 worn constantly as distinctive mark of married 
 Avoman. [-ing 1 ] 
 
 wedge, n., & v.t. Piece of wood or metal of 
 
WEDGWOOD 
 
 1011 
 
 WEIGHT 
 
 which one end is an acute-angled edge formed 
 by two converging planes used to split wood 
 or rock or widen opening or exert force in 
 various ways, one of the mechanical powers 
 (or a special application of the incline *d plane), 
 (thin end of the xv., change, measure, action, 
 &c, that will lead to further changes or de- 
 velopments & is therefore of more importance 
 than it seems) ; anything resembling a w. in 
 being chiefly outlined by two radial planes or 
 lines converging at ac\ite angle (a w. of cake 
 &a; the seats are disposed in xvw.; drew up 
 his men in a w.); xv.-shaped, like solid w., also 
 V-shaped; w. -tailed, of birds having middle 
 tail-feathers longest ; hence we'dgfewiSE adv. 
 (Vb) split with w. (rare); fasten by use of w.; 
 thrust or pack (usu. in) tightly between other 
 things or persons ; push off or aivay like a w. 
 [OE wecg, cf. Du. wig, G wecke kind of loaf] 
 
 We'dgwood, n. Kind of semi-vitrified pot- 
 tery. [J. W., inventor d. 1795] 
 
 we'dlock, n. The married state {born in 
 lawful xv., legitimately, of married parents). 
 [OE wedlac (iced pledge, lac sport or gift be- 
 tokening pleasure) gift to bride] 
 
 Wed'hesday (wenz-), n. Fourth day of 
 week (ash 2 W.). {OE %c6d?ies dveg day of 
 Woden or Odin, transl. of LL dies Mercurii] 
 
 wee, a. Little, very small, (chiefly in nursery 
 use), [f. ME tee bit, usu. in phr. a little we, 
 prob. var. of way] 
 
 weed, n., & v.t. & i. Wild herb springing 
 where it is not wanted (ill una. grow apace, 
 gibe at tall or fast-growing child); cigar (colloq.); 
 the (Indian, soothing, &c.) w., tobacco; lanky 
 & weakly horse or person; w.-gi^own, weedy 
 or overgrown with ww.; hence wee'dLESS, 
 wee'dv 2 , aa., wee'diNESS n. (Vb) clear 
 (ground) of ww. (also fig.), cut off or uproot 
 ww., whence wee'dER^l. 2) n.; sort out (in- 
 ferior parts or members of a quantity or com- 
 pany) for riddance, rid (quantity or company) 
 of inferior members &c. [vb (cf. Du. xvieden) 
 f. n., OE xviod, cf. OSax. xviod, etym. dub.] 
 
 weeds, n. pi. Mourning worn by widow 
 (usu. widow's w.). [earlier sense in sing, gar- 
 ment, OE xvstde, cf. OFris. wede, ON vadh] 
 
 week, n. Period of seven days reckoned 
 from midnight on Saturday-Sunday (what 
 day of the w. xs it ?, is it Sunday, Monday, 
 Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, or 
 Saturday?; holy, passion, easter, w.; to. 
 of Sundays or ww., seven ww.; feast of wio., 
 Jewish festival lasting seven ww.); period of 
 seven days reckoned from any point (can you 
 come to us for aw.?; this day, today, tomorrow, 
 yesterday, Friday, &c, w., day later, earlier, 
 than specified future, past, day by a w.; have 
 not seen you for ww.; diditxviv. ago); the six 
 days other than Sunday; w.-day, any day other 
 than Sunday; w.-end, Sunday & parts of Satur- 
 day & Monday as time for holiday or visit, (v.i.) 
 make w.-end visit &c, whence week-endER ] 
 n. [OE wice, wuce, cf. Du. week, OHG wecha ; 
 pern. cogn. w. OE wice office, cf. ON vikja to 
 turn, vijcI a change, G xvechsel) 
 
 weekly, a., adv., & n. (Occurring, issuing, 
 done, &c.) once a week, every week ; of or for 
 or lasting a week; (n.) w. newspaper, [-ly *• 2 ] 
 
 ween, v.t. (poet.). Be of opinion (usu. I w. 
 abs. & parenthet. also with that expressed or 
 omitted), expect to get &c. [OE wenan, cf. Du. 
 wanen, G xvdhnen, fancy] 
 
 weep, v.i. & t. (wept). Shed tears; shed 
 tears for, lament over, bewail; send forth or 
 be covered with drops, come or send forth in 
 drops, exude, sweat, drip, (weeping eczema, 
 with exudation; weeping pipe, designed to 
 
 drip at intervals) ; (of tree) have drooping 
 branches (chiefly in part, as distinctive epithet 
 of variety, weeping birch, willow, &c); w. out, 
 utter with tears; xv. oneself out, w. one's fill ; w. 
 away, consume (time) in weeping. [OE wbpan 
 cry aloud (wop outcry), cf. OHG wuofan] 
 
 wee'per, n. In vbl senses; also or esp.: hired 
 mourner at funeral ; crape hat-sash worn by 
 men at funerals ; widow's black crape veil ; (pi.) 
 widow's white cuffs, [-er 1 ] 
 
 wee'vep, n. Kinds of fish (Dragon & Lesser 
 W.) with sharp dorsal spines inflicting wound 
 that often festers, [perh. = obs. wiver serpent 
 f. L vipero] 
 
 wee'vil (-vl), n. Kinds of beetle with head 
 extended into a proboscis feeding on grain, 
 nuts, fruit, & leaves ; any insect damaging 
 stored grain similarly to corn-w. Hence (of 
 grain) wee'villED 2 , wee'vilY 2 , aa. [OE wi- 
 fel, cf. MDu. wevel, G wiebel ; cogn. w. weave] 
 
 weft, n. Cross-threads woven into warp to 
 make web ; (loosely) web. [weave + part, suf.] 
 
 weigh <wa), v.t. & i., & n. Find weight of 
 with scales or other machine, whence weig-h'- 
 age(4) n., balance in hands (as if ) to guess weight 
 of, (w. sugar, luggage; meditatively weighed 
 his stick in his hand ; w. out, take definite 
 weight of, take specified weight from larger 
 quantity, distribute in definite quantities, by 
 aid of scales, as w. out butter, portions or 3 lb. 
 of butter), ascertain one's own weight (when 
 did you w. last ? ; w. out, in, of jockey before & 
 after race, fig. it*, in with argument &c, pro- 
 duce it triumphantly); estimate relative value 
 or importance of, compare with or against or 
 abs., consider with a view to choice or rejec- 
 tion or preference, (w. consequences, pros & 
 cons, oath or argument with or against another; 
 w. one's xcords, select such as express neither 
 more nor less than one means ; w. the claims, 
 merits, &c, of rival candidates); be equal to 
 or balance (specified weight) in the scales, (fig.) 
 have specified importance, exercise pressure 
 or influence, have weight or importance, be 
 heavy or burdensome, (weighs a ton, 6 oz. , little, 
 nothing, light, heavy, heavily; w. heavy &c, or 
 abs., xipon, be burdensome or depressing to : 
 the point that weighs with me) ; bring doxvn by 
 weight lit. or fig., (of counterweight) force up, 
 {fruit weighs down branch; one good argu- 
 ment weighs down six bad ones ; weighed down 
 xvith cares ; bxieket is weighed up by mass of 
 iron at end of lever); raise from below water 
 (iv. anchor, start for voyage; w. ship rare, 
 refloat it when sunk); xv.-beam, portable steel- 
 yard suspended in frame; xv.-bridge, weighing- 
 machine with plate on to which horse & cart 
 can be driven to be weighed; xv.-house, building 
 in which goods can be weighed officially; xv.- 
 lock, canal lock with provision for weighing 
 barges ; weighing-machine, usu. for great 
 weights or of more complicated mechanism 
 than simple balance. (N.) process or occasion 
 of weighing; under xv., corruption of under 
 way. [OE wegan carry, cf. Du. wegen weigh, 
 G wegen move, xviegen rock, xvdgen weigh, Skr. 
 vah carry, L vehere carry] 
 
 weight 1 (wat), n. Force with which body 
 tends to centre of attraction (the ww. of the 
 planets); (of terrestrial things) degree of down- 
 ward tendency in body produced as resultant 
 of earth's gravitation & centrifugal force (the 
 to. of a body varies with latitude & altitude, 
 its mass does not) ; relative mass or quantity 
 of matter contained, downward force, heavi- 
 ness, regarded as a property of bodies (superior 
 both in size & in u\; he is tivice your xv.; dead 
 w.; w. of metal, total amount that can be 
 
"WEIGHT 
 
 1012 
 
 WELL 
 
 thrown by ship's guns at one discharge); body's 
 mass numerically expressed in some recognized 
 scale (what is yourxo.? ; reached the xo. ofl2st.), 
 scale or notation for expressing ww. (troy, 
 avoirdupois, w.) ; heavy body (keep papers 
 doion with a xo. ; clock is worked by xow. ; must 
 not lift ww.); piece of metal &c. of known mass 
 used in scales for weighing articles (where is 
 the ounce w.?) ; load to be supported (the pillars 
 have a great w. to bear), heavy burden o/care, 
 responsibility, &c; importance, convincing 
 effect,influence,preponderance, (consicZeratams 
 of no w.; men of xo.; has great w. with me; 
 the xo. of evidence is against him). Hence 
 weiglrtLESS a. |OE gewiht (prec)] 
 weight 2 , v.t. Attach a w. to, hold down 
 with a w. or ww.; impede or burden with load 
 lit. or fig.; treat (fabric) with minerals &c. to 
 make it seem stouter, [f. prec] 
 weigrh'ty, a. Weighing much, heavy ; mo- 
 mentous, important ; well-weighed, evidencing 
 thought, deserving of consideration ; influen- 
 tial, authoritative. Hence weigh'tiLY 2 adv., 
 weiglrtiNESS n. _[-v 2 ] 
 
 weir, wear, (wer), n. Dam across river to 
 raise level of water above it; enclosureof stakes 
 &c. set in stream as trap for fish. [OE wer 
 (werian defend), cf. G xoehr defence] 
 weird l (werd), n. Fate, destiny, (chiefly Sc. ; 
 dree one's w.). [OKxoyrd(xocorthanbe, happen)] 
 weind 2 , a. Connected with fate (the w. sis- 
 ters, the fates, witches); supernatural, uncanny, 
 unearthly; (colloq.) queer, odd, old-fashioned, 
 strange, incomprehensible. Hence weir'dLY 2 
 adv., weir'dxESS n. [f. prec] 
 weleh(er). See welsh 2 
 welcome, int., n., v.t., & a. Hail, know that 
 your coming gives pleasure (often with adv. 
 addition, as TV. home, to Edinburgh!). (X.) 
 saying to. to person, kind or glad reception or 
 entertainment of person or acceptance of offer, 
 gift, &c, (bid one xo., assure him he is w.; 
 wear 1 out or outstay one's w.; give warm w., 
 show great joy at arrival, also make vigorous 
 resistance). (Vb) say w. to, greet on arrival, 
 receive (guest, arrival, news, opportunity, 
 event) with pleasure or signs of it. (Adj.) 
 gladly received (a w. guest, interruption, gift, 
 rest, denial, sight. Sic; w. as snow in harvest, 
 unwelcome; make one xo., let him feel so); 
 (pred. only) ungrudgingly permitted to do or 
 given right to thing, absolved of thanking or 
 recompensing, (you are to. to take what steps 
 you please; any one is xo. to my share, to any 
 service I can do; you arexv., or ellipt. w., no 
 thanks required) ; hence we'lcomexESS n. 
 [orig. f. OE wilcuma (xvilla pleasure, cuma 
 comer) person who comes to please another, 
 changed in sense by confusion with well 3 , 
 come, cf. Icel. velkominnn. welcome] 
 weld l 9 n. Dyer's- weed, plant formerly used 
 to dye yellow, fprob. cogn. w. wold] 
 weld 2 , v.t. & i., & n. Unite (pieces of metal, 
 esp. iron) into homogeneous mass by hammer- 
 ing or pressure (usu. when iron is softened by 
 heat but not melted), make by welding, (of iron 
 &c.) admit of being welded easily Sic; (fig.) 
 bring (recruits, parts, arguments, &c.) into ho- 
 mogeneous whole (usu. into) ; hence we'ld- 
 ABLEa.,weldaBrLiTvn.; (n.) welded junction, 
 [var. of well 2 f. sense boil prob. of Scand. orig.] 
 we'lfare, n. Satisfactory state, health & 
 prosperity, well-being, (usu. of person, society, 
 Sic, or with my Sic), [well 3 , fare 2 ] 
 welk, v.i. (archaic). Fade, wither, [cf. Du. 
 & G welken (OHG welk moist)] 
 we'lkin, n. (poet.). Sky. [OE xoolcnu clouds, 
 cf. G wolke cloud (prec.?, walk?)] 
 
 well 1 , n. Spring or fountain, (fig.) source, 
 (poet, or archaic) ; shaft sunk in ground & 
 lined with stone or other protection for obtain- 
 ing subterranean water, oil, &c. (artesian xo.); 
 enclosed space more or less resembling w.- 
 shaft, space in middle of house from floor to 
 roof containing stairs (also w. -staircase) or lift 
 or surrounded by stairs (also xo.-holc) or open 
 for light & ventilation, railed space for counsel 
 &c. in court, receptacle for ink in inkstand, 
 &c; xo.-deck, space on main deck enclosed by 
 bulwarks & higherdecks ; w.-dish,-with hollow 
 for gravy to collect in ; xo.-head, source, foun- 
 tain-head ; xo.-room, where spa- water is dis- 
 pensed ; xo.-sinker, person whose occupation is 
 sinking ww.; xo.-spring,= xv.-head. [OE wella 
 cogn. w. xoeallan well up, cf. Du. xoel spring, G 
 xoelle wave] 
 
 well 2 , v.i. Spring (as) from fountain (often 
 up, out, forth), [f. prec] 
 well 3 , adv. (better, best), pred. a. (better, best), 
 attrib. a. (no comp.), & n. In good manner or 
 style, satisfactorily, rightly, (the xoork is xo. 
 done ; that is w. said ; a xo. situated house ; xo. 
 begun is half done ; xo. done !, run!, Sic, cry of 
 commendation; xo. met!, greeting to person 
 one has been wanting to see ; come offxo., have 
 good luck, distinguish oneself; xoisnlxoas w. 
 out of it, without disaster &c; you did to., it 
 xoas xo. done of you, to come) ; thoroughly, with 
 care or completeness, sufficiently, to a consider- 
 able distance or extent, with margin enough to 
 justify description, quite, (look xo. to yourself ; 
 judge w. & truly; smack him, ptolish it, xo.; 
 is xo. up in the list, xo. on in life, xo. advanced 
 or stricken in years, xo. past forty, xo. among 
 the leaders of thought ; jlsjw., in addition, to an 
 equal extent, not less truly, as but he is a 
 Christian as w., lie gave me clothes as w. as 
 food); heartily, kindly, laudatorily, approving- 
 ly, on good terrils, (love, like, person to.; treat 
 person xo.; think or speak w. of; it speaks w. 
 for his discipline that he never punishes, serves 
 as commendation.; stand w. xoith one, be in his 
 good graces) ; probably, not incredibly, easily, 
 with reason, wisely, advisably, (it may xo. be 
 that — ; can, cannot, xo. manage it ; you may 
 xo. ask, say, that ; we might w. make the experi- 
 ment ; as w., with equal reason, preferably, 
 without worse consequences, as you might as 
 xo. throw your money into the sea as lend it to 
 him, as xo. be hanged for a sheep as a lamb, 
 we may as w. begin at once ; that is just as xo., 
 need not be regretted; you might as w., nur- 
 sery formula of request). (Pred. a., often indis- 
 tinguishable from adv.) in good health (is she 
 xo. or ill ? ; xvill soon be better ; is best in the 
 xvinter ; quite w., thank you ; am perfectly w.); 
 in satisfactory state or position, satisfactory, 
 advisable, (am very w. xohere I am ; all's xo.; it 
 is all x>ery w., ironical expression of discontent, 
 or rejection of comfort, arguments, &c; it isxo. 
 xoith him; it would have been, xoere, xo.for him 
 if; it xooidd be vj. to inquire ; xo. enough, toler- 
 ably good or good-looking ; as w., not unad vis- 
 able, as it may be as xo. to explain). (Attrib. 
 adj., rare) in good health (a xo. man shoxdd not 
 be dawdling in bed ; the xo. are impatient of the 
 sick). (N.)good things (Ixvish him xo.); what 
 is satisfactory (let w. alone, do not meddle 
 needlessly). [OE wel, cf. Du. wel, G xoohl, cogn. 
 w. will, w. sense agreeably to xoish] 
 well 4 , int. expressing great astonishment (w., 
 xoho xoould have thought it?; well!: to, to be 
 sure!), relief (w., here xoe are at last), conces- 
 sion (xo., come if you like; w., perhaps you are 
 right; xo. then, say no more about it), resump- 
 tion of talk (xo., vjho xoas it?; xo., he says he 
 
WELL- 
 
 1013 
 
 'WEST 
 
 must see you), qualified recognition of point 
 (w., but what about Jones?), expectation (xo. 
 then?), resignation (w., it can't be helped), &c. 
 [ellipt. uses of prec. adv.] 
 well-. 1. In a few words well- or well is an 
 inseparable pref.: w.-being, welfare; w.-doer, 
 -doing, virtuous person, conduct ; w.-nigh 
 rhet., almost; w.-wisher, person who wishes 
 well to one. 2. Well may precede any parti- 
 ciple or word in -ED 2 ; when the combination is 
 used attrib. with n. folio wing.it is usu. hyphened 
 {he is a xo.-knoxon person) ; this is done in the 
 pred. use also when the combination ends in 
 -iNG 2 or -ED 2 , but not usu. when it ends in -ed 1 
 (the stroke was w. timed, cf. a w.-timed strike) 
 unless it has acquired a sense or use other or 
 more restricted than that of the separate ele- 
 ments (my watch is w. regulated ; i" do not 
 think his action was well-advised, cf. he is not 
 w. advised by his friends) ; a list of the com- 
 monercombinations follows with special senses 
 or contexts noted : w.-advised, prudent, wise, 
 (chiefly of action taken); w. aimed ; w.-appoint- 
 ed, having all necessary equipment (esp. of ex- 
 pedition, fleet, &c); w. armed; w. attested; w. 
 authenticated ; w.-balanced, sane, sensible, (esp. 
 of mind); xo.-behaved; w. beloved ; w.-born, of 
 noble or distinguished family ; w.-bred, having 
 good breeding or manners, (of horse &c.) of good 
 orpurestock; w. chosen, esp. of wordsorphrases; 
 w. -conditioned, not querulous ; w.-conducted, 
 characterized by good conduct ; w.-connected, 
 connected by blood &c. with good families ; w. 
 contented ; w. contested ; w. defined ; w. direct- 
 ed, esp. of blow or shot ; w.-dtsposed, having 
 good disposition or kindly feeling to(xoards) ; 
 w. done of meat, cooked through ; w. dressed ; 
 w. drilled ; w. earned ; w. educated ; w.-favour- 
 ed, good-looking ; xo.fed ; w. fought ; w. -found 
 = w. -appointed ; w. founded, having founda- 
 tion in fact (of suspicion or other belief or senti- 
 ment) ; w. furnished ; w. -graced, possessed of 
 attractive qualities ; xo. grounded, = w. found- 
 ed, also w. trained in rudiments; w.-informed, 
 having w.-stored mind or access to best infor- 
 mation ; w.-intentioned, aiming or aimed (usu. 
 unsuccessfully) at good results; w.-judged, 
 showing good judgment or tact or good aim (of 
 action taken); xo.-knit, compact, not loose-made 
 or sprawling, (esp. of person or his frame); w. 
 known; w.-liking, with w.-fed prosperous look 
 (usu. fat &iv.-l.); w.-looking, of attractive ap- 
 pearance ; w. loved ; w. made, (esp.) of symme- 
 trical bodily make ; w.-mannered, with good 
 manners; w. marked, distinct, easy to detect; 
 w.-meaning,= w.-intentioned (of person or at- 
 tempt); w. meant, = w.-intentioned (of attempt); 
 w. oiled (fig., of expression), complimentary; 
 w. ordered, arranged in orderly manner; w. 
 paid ; w. painted ; w. pleased ; w.-pleasing ; w.- 
 proportioned ; w.-read, having read much [cf 
 -ed ] (2)], with mind w. stored by reading; xo. 
 regxdated, under proper control, hot undisci- 
 plined ; w. remembered ; w.-repxited, of good 
 repute ; xo.-rounded, complete & symmetrical ; 
 w.-seeming, apparently satisfactory or good ; 
 xv.-seen archaic, accomplished in ; xo. set, com- 
 pact, firmly knit, (esp. of bodily frame); w. sifted 
 (esp. of facts or evidence); w. spent (esp. of time 
 or effort); w.-spoken, refined in speech ; w.-tim- 
 bered; w. timed, opportune ; xo. trained; w.- 
 tried, often tested with good result; w.-trod- 
 (den), frequented ; w. tuned ; xo. turned, happily 
 expressed (of compliment, phrase, verse); w.- 
 worn, (esp.) trite, stale. 3. W. off, = fortunately 
 situated (does not know xohen he is xo. o.), suffi- 
 ciently rich, is two words when used pred., but 
 hyphened when attrib. (w.-off people); w.-to-do, 
 
 =sufficiently rich, is hyphened when attrib., & 
 usu. when pred. also. 
 
 welladay, -away, int. of grief (archaic or 
 facet.). [OE wdld xod woe, lo ! woe] 
 
 Welling-to'nia, n. Kinds of sequoia, [named 
 after Duke of Wellington, -ia *] 
 
 Wellingtons, n. pi. Boots coming up or 
 nearly up to knees, [as prec] 
 
 Welsh 1 , a. & n. (Language, the people) of 
 Wales (W. mutton, from small W. mountain 
 sheep ; W. rabbit, dish of toasted cheese) ; 
 Welshman, -woman, native of Wales. [OE 
 wdelisc foreign (wealh foreigner, Celt, -ish *)] 
 
 welsh 2 , welch, v.t. & i. Decamp without 
 paying (winner of bet on horse-race, or abs.). 
 Hence we'lshER 1 , -eh-, n. [prob. f. prec, 
 expl. doubtful] 
 
 welt i, n. , & v. t. Strip of leather sewn round 
 edge of boot or shoe uppers to serve as attach- 
 ment to sole ; wale. (Vb) provide with w.; raise 
 wales on, beat, flog. [ME welte, cogn. w. OE 
 xoyltan roll, & w. wale, welter 1 ] 
 
 welt- (v-), n. (German for) world (w.-politik, 
 foreign policy on the grand scale; w.-schmerz, 
 vague yearning & discontent with regard to 
 the constitution of things). [G] 
 
 we'lter 1 , v.i., & n. Roll, wallow, be washed 
 about, be soaked or steeped or dabbled in blood 
 &c; (n.) general confusion, disorderly mixture 
 or aimless conflict o/creeds, policies, vices, &c. 
 IME walten roll, cf. ON velta, G walzen,+ -er 5 ; 
 
 COgn. W. WALTZ, WALLOW] 
 
 we'ltep 2 , a. (horse-racing, boxing). Heavy- 
 weight (xo. race, stakes, weight). [?] 
 
 wen, n. More or less permanent tumour of 
 benign character on scalp or other part of body ; 
 goitre ; (fig.) abnormally large or congested city 
 &c. (the great w., London). (OE wenn, cf. Du. 
 wen ; prob. cogn. w. Goth, winnan suffer] 
 
 wench (-tsh), n., & v.i. Girl or young woman, 
 lass, (esp. of rustics or servants, or with playful 
 depreciation, & colloq.; a strapping, bi/xom, 
 &c, to.); (archaic) strumpet; (vb) whore, whence 
 we'nehER J n. (archaic). [ME wenched) f. OE 
 xoencel infant (xoancol weak, tottering, cf. G 
 xoanken totter); cogn. w. wink] 
 
 wend 1 , v.t. & i. Direct one's xoay ; (archaic) 
 go. [OE xoendan turn t. & i. , causative of wind 3 ; 
 the past was formerly went (now used to sup- 
 ply past of go *)] 
 
 Wend 2 , n. One of a Slavonic race of N.-E. 
 Germany now absorbed in German Empire. 
 Hence We'ndic, We'ndiSH, aa. [f. G Wende, 
 perh. cogn. w. wend l , wander] 
 
 went. See go l , wend l etym. 
 
 we'ntletrap, n. Shell-fish with spiral shell 
 of many whorls, [f. G xoendeltreppe orig.= 
 winding stairs] 
 
 wept. See weep. 
 
 were. See be. 
 
 werewolf, wep'w-, n. (mythol.). Human 
 being turned into wolf. [OE xoere-wxilf (xoer 
 man, cf. L vir, wolf)] 
 
 wept. See be. 
 
 Wep'thepism (varter-), n. Morbid senti- 
 mentality as of Werther in Goethe's Sorrows 
 of Werther. [-ism (3)] 
 
 Wesleyan (wezle*-, we'zli-), a.& n. (Member) 
 of the denomination founded by John Wesley 
 (d. 1791). Hence Wesley 'anisivi (3) n. [-an ; 
 the normal form would be Wesleian (see -ean), 
 whence the doubtful pronunc] 
 
 west, adv., n., & a., (abbr. W.). Towards or 
 in the region in front of observer on equator at 
 equinox who faces setting sun (xo. by l north 
 or soxith; w. of, further w. than; due 1 w.; 
 lies Sec. east & xo., lengthwise along line be- 
 tween east & w.); xo.-north-xv., w.-south-w., 
 
WESTERING 
 
 1014 
 
 WHAT 
 
 advv., nn., & aa., (regions) midway between w. 
 & north- w., south- w. (with uses & derivatives 
 corresponding to those of west, as w.-north- 
 westerly, w.-north-western, w.-north-west- 
 wardly; see westerly &c.); hence west- 
 ward adv., n., & a., we'stWARDS adv. & n. 
 (N.) cardinal point lying \V~.; western part of 
 England, Scotland, Ireland, or Europe, part of 
 U.S. beyond earlier settled States or w. of Mis- 
 sissippi ; = Occident {Empire of the IV., west- 
 ern Empire) ; western part of any country ; w. 
 wind. (Adj.) situated, dwelling, in or more to- 
 wards the w.; w. longitude ; w. central, abbr. 
 W.C., London postal district; w. country, 
 part of England w. of line from Southampton 
 to mouth of Severn ; W. indies, whence W.- 
 Indian a.; W. End, richer & more fashionable 
 district in w. of London) ; (of wind) coming 
 from the w.; w.-cowntry, of or from or charac- 
 teristic of the w. country ; w.-countryman (or 
 ■woman), native of it ; IV. -end, in or character- 
 istic of W. End. [OE, also Du. & G ; prob. 
 cogn. w. Gk hesperos, L vesper, evening] 
 
 we'stering, a. & part. Tending towards 
 the west (usu. of sun), [f. obs. wester, ME 
 westren, vb (prec.)] 
 
 westerly, a. & adv. = foil, (rare) ; (of direc- 
 tion) towards the west ; (of wind) blowing from 
 the west or thereabouts, [f. west as easterly] 
 
 western, a. & n. Living or situated in, 
 coming from, the west ( W. Empire, one of two 
 parts, with Rome as capital, cf. Eastern Em- 
 pire with Constantinople, into which Theodo- 
 sius divided Roman Empire 395 ; W. or Latin 
 Church, part of Christian church that con- 
 tinued to acknowledge the popes at the Greek 
 schism, see greek) ; = Occident^ ; (of wind) 
 westerly (rare); hence westernER ] (4) n., 
 western most a.; (n.) westerner, [-ern] 
 
 westing", n. Westward progress or devia- 
 tion in sailing or travelling (cf. northing), 
 [-ing i] 
 
 Westminster, n. City forming part of 
 London (W. Abbey fig., glorious death such as 
 would entitle one to place among celebrities 
 there buried). 
 
 wet, a., v.t, & n. Soaked, covered, dabbled, 
 moistened, or supplied, with water or other 
 liquid (w. sponge, land, road, table, eyes, cheeks, 
 clothes, feet ; am w. to the skin, with clothes 
 soaked through; w. blanket 1 ; to. bargain, 
 closed with drink ; w. bob 5 ; w. bulb, see dry 1 - 
 bulb thermometer ; w. dock, in which ship can 
 float ; w. pack, wrapping of body in w. cloths 
 enclosed in dry blankets &c; w. plate in pho- 
 tog., sensitized collodion plate exposed while 
 w.); rainy (w. day, weather) ; w.-nurse n., wo- 
 man employed to suckle another's child, v.t., 
 act as w.-n. to (child); hence wetNESS n., 
 we*ttiSHM2) a. (Vb) make w. (to. bargain, 
 close it with drink ; to. one's whistle, drink) ; 
 hence we'ttiNG^l) n. (N.) moisture, liquid 
 that wets something; (slang) a drink. [OE 
 wxt, cf. ON vdtr ; cogn. w. water] 
 
 we'ther (-dh-), n. Castrated ram. [cf. Da. 
 vaeder, G widder ; prob. cogn. w. L vitulus, 
 calf, Gk etos year] 
 
 wey (wa), n. Unit of weight varying from 
 2 cwt to 3 cwt with different kinds of goods. 
 [OE wsege weight (wegan weigh)] 
 
 wh-. In a few of the words beginning thus 
 the w is, as indicated in the pronunc. brackets, 
 not sounded ; in all others the h is silent in or- 
 dinary modern usage, but the correct sound, 
 
 = hw, is retained by the Scotch, Irish, Welsh, 
 & northern English, & by purists in pronuncia- 
 
 tion, as well as for the nonce in unfamiliar 
 wds or such as might be confused with com- 
 moner wds having no -h- (xohet, whey). 
 whack, v.t. & i., & n. Strike heavily with 
 stick &c, thwack, whence wha'ekiNGMl) n.; 
 (slang) go shares in, distribute. (N.) heavy 
 blow esp. with stick; (slang) share (have had 
 my w. of pleasure), [imit.] 
 wha'cker, n. (slang). Thing or person big 
 of its kind, [-er 1 ; cf. thumper, whopper, &c] 
 wha'cking", a. (slang). Big of its kind. 
 [-ing 2 ; see prec] 
 
 whale, n., & v.i. Kinds of large fish-like 
 marine mammal some of which are hunted for 
 their oil, spermaceti, whalebone, ambergris, 
 &c. (right, arctic, Greenland, or bowhead w., 
 kind yielding best whalebone ; sperm 2 , hump- 
 back, bottle-nosed, Sec, w.; bull, cow, w., adult 
 male, female, w.; very like a w., ironical assent 
 to absurd statement, see Hamlet in. ii. 399) ; 
 w.-boat, (on model of those) used in whaling; 
 whalebone, elastic horny substance growing in 
 thin parallel plates in upper jaw of certain ww., 
 & used in many kinds of manufacture ; w.-calf, 
 young w.; w.-fin, commerc. name for whale- 
 bone ; w.-head, African bird allied to herons & 
 storks; w.-line, superior rope 2 in. round used 
 in whaling ; whaleman, seaman engaged in 
 whaling ; w.-oil, train oil or sperm oil got from 
 ww. (vb) be engaged in w. -fishing; whaling- 
 gun, for firing harpoon &c. at ww. ; whaling- 
 master, captain of a whaler. [OE hwxl, cf. 
 Du. walvisch, G wal, perh. cogn. w. w r HEEL] 
 wha'ler, n. Whaling ship or man. [-er x ] 
 whang, v.t. &i., &n. (colloq.). Strikeheavily 
 & loudly, whack ; (of drum &c.) sound (as) un- 
 der blow ; (n.) whanging sound or blow, [imit.] 
 wharf (worf), n. (pi. -ves, -fs), & v.t. Wooden 
 or stone platform beside which ship may be 
 moored for (un)loading &c. ; hence whar'f age 
 (1, 4) n. (Vb) moor (ship) at, store (goods) on, w. 
 [OE hwerf d&m,orig. senseturning, ct hweorfan 
 turn, & Du. werf wharf, ON h varf turning] 
 whar'finger (-j-), n. Wharf-owner, [for 
 wharf ager (WHARFagre, -ER 1 ) cf. messenger] 
 what (-6t),a. & pron. interrog., exclani., &rel. 
 l.Adj.: (a) interrog., asking for selection from 
 indefinite number (cf. whichirom definite num- 
 ber; w. books have you read ?; don't know w. 
 plan he will try) or for-specification of amount 
 or number or kind (w. money, men, abilities, 
 has he ?; w. news ?; w. matter?, w. does it mat- 
 ter ? ; w. good, use, is it ?, w. purpose will it 
 serve ? ; to. manner of man is he?; I know w. 
 difficulties there are, cf. c): (6) exclaim, = how 
 great or strange or otherwise remarkable fior 
 good or ill (w. a fool you are ! ; w. impudence! ' ; 
 w. an idea ! ; to. genius he has !) or, before adj. 
 & n.,= how (w. partial judges we are !): (c) rel., 
 = the — that, any — that, as much or many 
 — as, (dispose of to. difficulties there are, cf. a ; 
 lend me to. money or men you can ; will give you 
 w. help impossible; w. time archaic,when, while). 
 2. Pron.: (a) interrog., = w. thing(s) ?, with many 
 modifications given by context,& often in ellipt. 
 uses for sentence, some of which are here illus- 
 trated (w. will people say ?, is it respectable to 
 do it?; What ?, i.e. did you say ; w. ho !, excl. of 
 greeting or hailing ; w. is he ?, i.e. in respect of 
 occupation ; to., do you really mean it?, i.e. I 
 must have heard wrongly ; to. if we were to try ?, 
 i.e. would result ; w. for ?, for w. reason or pur- 
 pose ? ; to. though we are poor ?, i.e. does it mat- 
 ter ; w. next ?, no absurdity can outdo this ; w. 
 of or about — ?, i.e. w. news?, or how can you 
 dispose of this point?; well, to. of it ?, formula 
 
 For pronunciation of words in wh- see wh- 
 
WHATEVER 
 
 1015 
 
 WHEN 
 
 admitting fact but not inference &c. from it ; 
 u\ is he the better for it ?, in w. way or to w. 
 extent ; w. is your name ? ; w. not usu. without 
 interrog. mark, many other things of the same 
 kind, anything ; iv.-not, piece of furniture with 
 shelves for knick-knacks ; w. like is he ?, pro- 
 vincial for iv. is he like ? or xchat sort of man is 
 he ? ; w.-d'ye-call-him, her, it, 'em, substitutes 
 for name that has slipped memory ; = eh after 
 question or suggestion, a modern & prob. ephe- 
 meral use, as Have you heard the latest, w. ?, 
 Come along, iv. ; i" wonder w. you are ; don't 
 know w. he said ; w. followed is doubtful, cf. c ; 
 cannot guess w. he was attempting, cf. c ; I know 
 w., have a new idea ; Til tell you w., i.e. the 
 truth or right course is ; know iv.'s w., i.e. a 
 good thing &c. from a bad &c); (b) exclam., = 
 w. thing(s)!, how much!, &c. (w. he has suf- 
 fered !); (c) rel., = thator those which, the thing(s) 
 that, anything that, a thing that, (w. followed 
 was unpleasant, cf. a: did w. he was attempt- 
 ing, cf. a ; to. I have sdid I have said ; w. Iknow 
 not is not knowledge ; give me w. you can ; w. 
 is called the general reader ; come w. will or 
 may, in spite of any results &c; tell me w. you 
 remember of it ; but, w. even you must condemn, 
 he was lying ; will do w. I can for you ; use no 
 arguments but w. you believe in yourself; so 
 also various more or less incorrect colloq. uses 
 of bid w. for but, as ?iot a day comes but w. 
 makes a change, not a man bid w. likes her, 
 not a day but w. it rains, Inever see him but w. 
 I think, I don't know but w. I will, not but w. ; 
 IP. with — iv. with — , between various causes 
 &c, as w. with drink & w. with fright, he did 
 not know much about the facts), [neut. of who] 
 
 whatever, whate'er (poet. ; -ar), a. & 
 pron. indef. rel. used (1)= prec. in rel. uses with 
 addition of or emphasis on indefinite sense (w. 
 J have is yours; w. measures are considered 
 best ; do w. you like); (2) in indef. concessive 
 clauses where what is not possible, = though 
 any(thing), as w. results follow, w. happens, w. 
 friends we may offend, we shall have done our 
 duty ; (3) ellipt. for w. it, he, &c, may be, = at all 
 after noun in negative context (ne vevwhate'e?), 
 as there is no doubt w.,is there any chance w. ?, 
 no one w. would accept, cannot see any one w. ; 
 (4) vulg. for what ever, [what -f ever] 
 
 wha'tso (archaic), whatsoever (empha- 
 tic), whatsoe'er* (poet. ; -soar), aa. & pronn. 
 =prec. (1, 2), & whatsoever^ also prec. (3). [so 
 
 whaup,n. Curlew (chiefly Sc). [imit. of cry 
 
 wheal 1 , n. Pimple, pustule, (now rare). [? 
 
 wheal 2 , n. Mine, esp. tin-mine (chiefly Corn- 
 ish). [Corn, hivel] 
 
 wheat, n. (Highly nutritious seeds of) kinds 
 of corn-plant bearing dense four-sided spike of 
 grain (esp. winter or unbearded w., summer or 
 bearded w., & German w. or spelt); w.-grass, 
 couch-grass. Hence whea*tEN 5 a. \OJ£hwxte, 
 cogn. w. white (t. whiteness of the grain)] 
 
 whea'tear (-er), n. Small bird, the stone- 
 chat or whitetail. [earlier wheatears (white, 
 arse)] 
 
 whee'dle, v. t. Coax into doing or into good 
 temper &c, persuade by flattery or endear- 
 ments, cajole, humour for one's own ends ; get 
 (thing) by Avheedling out of person; cheat 
 (person) out of thing by wheedling. Hence 
 whee'dlERi n., whee'dliNG 2 a., whee'd- 
 lingLv; 2 adv. [perh. for weadle f. OE wxdlian 
 beg (wxdl poverty)] 
 
 wheel ] , n. Circular frame or disk arranged 
 to revolve on axis & used to facilitate motion 
 of vehicle or for various mechanical purposes, 
 machine &c. of which a w. is an essential part, 
 object resembling a w., (balance, Catherine, 
 
 COG 1 , FLY 3 , MILL 1 , OVERSHOT, PADDLE, POT- 
 TER'S, ratchet, SPis?iing, STKKRing, sun-<£-- 
 planet, undershot, -ic. ; eccentric w., turning 
 on axis not at its centre; fifth w., apparatus 
 enabling front wheels &c. of four-wheeled con- 
 veyance to be slewed, also see fifth w.; ww. 
 within ww., intricate machinery, indirect or 
 secret agencies ; the ww. of life, the vital pro- 
 cesses &c; w. of life, scientific toy converting 
 series of pictures of successive attitudes into 
 semblance of continuous motion ; Fortune's w., 
 w. with which Fortune is depicted as symbol of 
 ups & downs, also fig. vicissitudes ; break on 
 the w., maim & kill on mediaeval instrument of 
 torture that revolved with victim bound on it ; 
 break 1 butterfly on w.: a fly 1 on the w.; put 
 spoke in one's w., ones shoulder to the w.; 
 w. & axle, utilization of leverage given by 
 difference in circumference between w. & its 
 axle, called one of the mechanical powers ; go 
 on ww., smoothly), Fortune's w. (we may be rich 
 at the next turn of the w.), steering- w. {don't 
 speak to the man at the w.); motion" as of w., 
 circular motion, motion of line as on pivoted 
 end esp. as military evolution, {street-arab turn- 
 ing ww. in the gutter ; the ww. & summersaults 
 of the gulls ; right, left, &c, w., words of com- 
 mand to company &c. in line to swing round 
 on right, left, flank as pivot); itf&eeJBARROW 2 ; 
 w.-chair, invalid's on ww. ; w.-horse, wheeler ; 
 iv.-house, steersman's shelter; w.-lock, (gun 
 with) antiquated lock having steel wheel to rub 
 against flint &c. ; wheelman, cyclist ; w.-seat, 
 part of axle fitting into hub ; w.-tread, part of 
 carriage &c. w. that touches ground ; w.-win- 
 dow, circular with spokelike tracery; w.-wright, 
 maker of ww. Hence (-) wheelED 2 , whee'l- 
 less, aa. [OE hwiol, cf. Da. hiul ; cogn. w. Gk 
 kuklos circle, wheel, & polos axis] 
 
 wheel 2 , v.t. & i. Swing (t. & i. of line of 
 men &c.) round in line on one flank as pivot, 
 (loosely) change direction lit. or fig., face an- 
 other way, (often round) ; push or pull 
 (wheeled thing esp. wheelbarrow or bath-chair 
 or its load or occupant, or furniture on castors) 
 in some direction ; go in circles or curves ; ride 
 on bicycle &c. [f. prec] 
 
 whee'ler, n. In vol senses ; also : pole or 
 shaft horse in four-in-hand, tandem, &c. 
 (cf. leader); FOUR-ivheeler; wheelwright. 
 [WHEEL 1 ' 2 , -er 1 ] 
 
 wheeze, v.i. & t, & n. Breathe with audi- 
 ble friction ; w. out, utter with wheezing. 
 (N.) sound of wheezing, whence whee'ZY 2 a., 
 whee'ziLY 2 adv., whee'ziNESS n.; (Theatr. 
 slang) joke, anecdote, &c, interpolated by 
 actor during performance. [OE hwesan, cogn. 
 w. G husten cough] 
 
 whelk \ n. Kinds of marine spiral-shelled 
 mollusc, some used as food. [ME wilk, OE 
 wiloc (prob. cogn. w. Gk helix spiral), with wh- 
 by assim. to foil.] 
 
 whelk 2 , n. Pimple. Hence whelkED 2 a. 
 [dim. of WHEAL 2 ] 
 
 whelm, v.t. (poet., rhet.). Engulf, sub- 
 merge, overwhelm. [ME whelmcn, prob. 
 through a noun in -m f. whelven, OEdhwylfan 
 overturn, cogn. w. G icolben arch over, Gk 
 kolpos bosom] 
 
 whelp, n., & v.i. & t. Young dog, pup; 
 young lion, tiger, bear, wolf, &c, cub ; dis- 
 agreeable or ill-bred child or youth. (Vb) pro- 
 duce pups or cubs or (contempt.) child, give 
 birth to (esp. contempt, of human mother) ; 
 originate (evil scheme &c). [OE hwelp, cf. 
 Du. welp, etym. dub.} 
 
 when, adv. interrog. & rel., pron., & n. 
 1. Adv.: (a) interrog.: at what time?, on what 
 
WHENCE 
 
 1016 
 
 WHETHER 
 
 occasion ?, how soon ?, how long ago ?, (iv. did, 
 shall, you see him ? ; don't know to. it toas ; 
 say w. ellipt., i.e. process is to begin or stop ; 
 in rhet. questions equivalent to neg. statement, 
 as w. shall ice see his like again ?, w. did I 
 suggest such a thing ?) ; (b) rel.: (with time Sec. 
 as antecedent) at which (the time w. such 
 things could happen is gone ; there are occa- 
 sion^, conjunctures, Sec, to.); at the or any 
 time that, on the or any occasion that, at 
 whatever time, as soon as, (he exclaimed w. he 
 saw me ; w. Greek meets Greek ; w. it rains he 
 stays at home ; shall have it w. you ask po- 
 litely; also ellipt. like while 2 , as he looked in 
 w. passing, w. found make a note of; also 
 introducing exclamatory clause with ellipse of 
 apodosis, as w. I think what I have done for 
 that man!) ; although, considering that, (walks 
 w. he might ride ; how could you, w. you knew 
 it might kill him ? ; how convince him w. he 
 will not listen ?) ; after or upon which, but 
 just then, & then, (the conflict began, w. it soon 
 appeared which teas stronger ; we were just 
 coming to the point w. the bell interrupted us). 
 2. Pron.: what (interrog.) or which (rel.) time 
 (till w. can you stay ? ; from w. does it date ? ; 
 since w. things have been better). 3. N.: time, 
 date, occasion, (told me the w. & the how of it). 
 [OE whxnne, a case of who, cf. G wann] 
 
 whence, adv. interrog. & rel., pron., & n. 
 From what place or source? (being ousted by 
 where — from in lit. sense & how, why, Sec, in 
 fig.; w. comes it that, how is it that; no one 
 knows w. she comes) ; (with place Sec. as ante- 
 cedent) from which (the source w. these evils 
 spring ; now usu. from which) ; to or rarely at 
 or from the place from which (return w. you 
 came ; abides w. he sent me ; comes w. he came ; 
 now usu. where — from, from where — from); 
 whencesoever, from whatever place or source. 
 (Pron.): what (interrog.) or which (rel.) start- 
 ing-place (from w. is he ? ; the source from w. it 
 springs). (N.) source (we know neither our 
 w. nor our whither). [ME whennes f. OE 
 hwanan whence (cogn. w. prec, + -an suf. of 
 direction) + -es] 
 
 whenever, whene'er* (poet, -ar), when- 
 soever (emphatic), adv. rel. indef. (cf. when 
 ever). At whatever time, on whatever occa- 
 sion, as soon_as, every time that, [so, ever] 
 
 where (-ar), adv. interrog. & rel., pron., & 
 n. 1. Adv.: (a) interrog.: in or to what place 
 or position lit. or fig., in what direction, at 
 what part, in what respect, (to. is Heaven ? ; w. 
 did you read that ?, in what book ; w. are you 
 going ?, nsw usu. preferred to whither ; showed 
 me w. they were ; w. does it touch our interests ? ; 
 w. are you looking?; w. shall we be if prices 
 fall now ?, how situated ; don't know w. to have 
 him, said of person of elusive character ; often 
 in rhet. questions = neg. statements, as w. is 
 the sense of it ?, w. is the use of trying?) ; (b) 
 rel. (see also where-) : (with place Sec. as ante- 
 cedent) in which (places w. they sing; also 
 with ellipse of noun, as w. he is weakest is in 
 his facts) ; in or to the or any place, in the di- 
 rection or part or respect, in which (w. your 
 ' treasure is ; go w. you like ; is, send him, to. 
 he will be taken care of; w. the ancients knew 
 nothing we know a little ; that 's w. it is colloq., 
 that is the real reason for it or point of it). 
 2. Pron.: what (interrog.) or which (rel.) place 
 (w. do you come from, are y oil going to ? ; vulg. 
 in rel. use, as the place w. he comes from). 3. N. : 
 place, scene of something, (the ww. & whens 
 arc important; cf. anyw.,nou\,cveryw.). [OE 
 
 hwdr, cf. Du. waar, G ivar(um) ; cogn. w. who, 
 when] 
 
 where-. 1. Where is written in one word 
 with appended prep, as substitute for the prep, 
 preceding or following what interrog. pron. or 
 which rel. pron. (whereby shall we knoto him ? ; 
 the signs whereby he shall be known ; whereby 
 I saw that he was angry), cf. corresp. com- 
 pounds of there ; the use is becoming rare exc. 
 either in formal or poet, or in facet, or unedu- 
 cated writing or in special uses as noted : 
 whereabout (& see 2); whereat; where- 
 by; wherefore (for what reason?, why?, on 
 what account, on which account : also as n. pi. = 
 reasons, as the whys & wherefores) ; where- 
 from ; wherein (also whereinsoever) ; 
 w herein to; whereof ; whereon ;w here- 
 out ; wherethrough ; whereto ; wh ere- 
 under; whereunto; whereupon (still 
 common introducing new sentence in narra- 
 tive) ; wherewithal ; the longer form com- 
 mon as n. = raonev &c. needed for a purpose ; has 
 notthewherewithaltodoit, or the wherewithal). 
 2. Where in its proper local use is qualified in 
 sense by additions : whereabouts adv. in- 
 terrog., where within considerable limits or 
 vaguely (whereabouts is he ? ; don't know even, 
 xohereabouts to look), n., person's or thing's 
 locality roughly defined ; whereas conj., 
 taking into consideration or having as premiss 
 the fact that (esp. in legal preambles), in con- 
 trast or comparison with the fact that, but in 
 contrast with what has been said; wherever, 
 where'er (poet.), wheresoever (emphat.), 
 advv. rel. indef., in or to whatever place &c. 
 (cf. where ever). 
 
 whe'rry, n. Light shallow rowing-boat usu. 
 forcarryingpassengers. [perh. cogn. w. wharf, 
 whirl] 
 
 whet, v.t., & n. Sharpen by rubbing on or 
 with stone &c; stimulate (appetite, stomach, 
 desire) ; whetstone, shaped stone for tool-sharp- 
 ening, thing that sharpens the wits. (N.) 
 sharpening ; small quantity taken to create or 
 creating appetite for more ; dram. [OE hwet- 
 tan (hivset bold), cf. Du. wetten, G wetzen] 
 
 whe'ther 1 (-dh-), a. & pron. interrog. & rel. 
 (archaic). Which of the two. [OE hivaether 
 (who, -ther), cf. ON T hvarr, MHG weder] 
 
 whe'ther 2 , conj. (1) introducing indirect 
 questions of which the direct form would be 
 answerable with yes or no (don't knoio w. he 
 will be here) ; such questions involve an alter- 
 native, which may be unexpressed as above, 
 expressed precisely [to. he is here or w. he is in 
 London, or more usu. ellipt. or in London), or 
 expressed comprehensively by the negative 
 (w. he is here or iv. he is not here, or more usu. 
 ellipt. or not); i.e., the alternative if expressed 
 has always or, after which w. is usu. repeated 
 if subj. & vb arc expressed; w, -clauses may be 
 appended directly to many adjj. & nn. as well 
 as to vbs (doubtful, uncertain, anxious, Sec, 
 w.; the question Sec. w.), though as to is often 
 needlessly inserted; doubt 2 to.; w. or no 2 ; 
 formerly also with direct questions (w. shall 
 we live or die ?). (2) used with following or or 
 or whether (according as second alternative 
 has its subj. & vb expressed, as in 1) to intro 
 duce the protasis having alternatives corre 
 sponding to a single conditional apodosis (w. we 
 stay or w. we go, w. we go to him or he comes 
 to us, w. we go or not, the result will be bad) ; 
 w. or no 2 ; formerly also when each alternative 
 had apodosis (w. we live, we live unto the Lord, 
 & w. we die, we die Sec), [f. prec] 
 
 For pronunciation of words in wh- see wh-. 
 
"WHEW 
 
 1017 
 
 WHIP 
 
 whew (hwu), int. expressing (usu. joe.) con- 
 sternation. 
 
 whey (-a), n. Part of soured milk that re- 
 mains liquid -when the rest forms curds ; te.- 
 faced archaic, pale esp. with fear. [OE hwkg, 
 cf. Du. wei] 
 
 which, a. & pron. interrog. & rel. 1. Adj. : 
 
 (a) interrog., asking for selection from alter- 
 natives conceived as limited in number or 
 known (cf. WHAT ; to. way shall we go ?; sayw. 
 chapter you prefer-): (b) rel. , — 8c, now, although, 
 since, &c, this or these, now rare exc. with n. 
 serving to sum up details of a compound or 
 vague antecedent (a smile <£• a sixpence, w. 
 equipment is within most people's reach, will 
 suffice; to. things are an allegory; thew., ar- 
 chaic for w.). 2. Pron.: (a) interrog. = w. per- 
 son^), w. thing(s), (w. of you am I to thank for 
 this ?; say w. you would like best ; w. is w. ?, w. 
 of two &c. given persons &c. corresponds to one 
 of given descriptions &c., & w. to another?): 
 
 (b) rel. (cf. that), used to convert what would 
 in the simplest grammar be an independent 
 sentence into a subord. clause by being substi- 
 tuted for a noun expressed in it after being ex- 
 pressed or implied in the sentence to which it 
 is to be subordinated, = w. person or persons 
 (archaic), w. thing(s) as modified by context, 
 (Our Father, w. art in heaven ; the river w., or 
 better that, flows through London; the meet- 
 ing, w. ivas held in the Park, was a failure ; 
 he said he saw me there, w. was a lie ; occa- 
 sionally in clause preceding antecedent, as 
 moreover, w. you will hardly credit, he was not 
 therehimself; the to., archaic for w.; in the pos- 
 sessive case xtf/iose issometimes for convenience 
 preferred to the usual of which, as the only 
 place whose supply of baths is adequate). [OE 
 hwile (who, -like), cf. Du. welk, G welcher] 
 
 whichever, whichsoever (emphat.), 
 aa. & pronn. rel. indef. used correspondingly to 
 WHATEVER,WHATSOEVER,but with the restrict- 
 ed area of choice that distinguishes which 
 from what (cf. which ever), [so, ever] 
 
 whi*dah-bipd, n. Small W.-Afr. bird, male 
 of which has tail-feathers of enormous length. 
 [Whidah in DahomevJ 
 
 whiff 1 , n., & v.i. & t. Puff of air, smoke, 
 odour, &c. (to. of grape-shot, a few discharges ; 
 want a w. of fresh air); (Commerc.) small 
 cigar ; light unco A r eredou trigged sculling-boat. 
 (Vb) blow or puff (t. & i.) lightly. [imit.J 
 
 whiff 2, n. Kind of flatfish. [?] 
 
 whiff 3 , v.i. Fish with line towing bait near 
 surface, [perh. for whip] 
 
 whig", n. & a. (Member) of the political party 
 that supported the Revolution of 1688, aimed at 
 subordinating the power of the crown to that 
 of Parliament & the upper classes, passed the 
 Reform Bill, & has been- succeeded by the 
 Liberals (opp. tory ; still applied to those 
 liberals, & their opinions, who oppose further 
 progress in the direction of democracy ; dish 2 
 the ww.). Hence whi*g'g"ERV(4), whi'grg 1 - 
 ism(3), nn., whi'g-g-iSH 1 a., whi'g-gishLY 2 
 adv., whi'g-g-ishNESS n. [earlier of Scotch 
 covenanters, short for whiggamor nickname 
 (perh. f. Se. whig jog, urge on) of western Scots 
 who came to Leith for corn] 
 
 ■while 1 , n., & v.t. Space of time, time occu- 
 pied by or given to some action &c, (have been 
 ■ waiting all this tv.; go away for aw.; in a little 
 w., soon; mean 2 w. ; once in a to., occasion- 
 ally, at long intervals ; have not seen him for a 
 long w., this long w. past ; happened a long w. 
 ago ; that is enough for one w., for some time ; 
 worth w. or my &c. to., repaying the time spent 
 in doing it &c; looked in her eyes the while or 
 
 whilst, during some other process ; the w or 
 whilst poet., during the time that). (Vb) pass 
 (time, hour, &c.) away in leisurely manner. 
 IOE htcil, cf. Sw. hvila rest, G weile ; prob 
 cogn. w. L quies quiet] 
 
 while 2 , whiles (archaic), conj. During the 
 time that, for as long as, at the same time as 
 please write while I dictate; Jones got 98 w his 
 partner teas making 15 ; w. there is life there is 
 hope ; also with ellipse of pronominal subject & 
 am, is, icas, See, as xo. reading I fell asleep 
 we are safe w. in his care, he retained the 
 consciousness of it w. asleep) ; in contrast more 
 or less marked with the fact that simul- 
 taneously, although, whereas, (chiefly journal- 
 istic) &, (Nero fiddling w. Rome bxirns ; w. 1 
 have no money to spend, you have nothing to 
 spend money on ; w. I admit his good points I 
 can see his bad ; also erron. w. admitting &c, 
 cf. the correct ellipses above ; Jones lost an 
 arm, Brown a leg, w. Bobin.-on had both am- 
 putated), [f. a case of prec; for whiles see -es 
 & cf. whilst] 
 
 whrlom,adv. &a. Once, formerlv, (archaic); 
 (adj.) quondam (his u: friend). [OE hwilum 
 instr.pl. (while 1 )] 
 
 whilst, conj. & n. = while 2 ; (n.) the w., 
 = t lie WHILE 1 . [while 1 , -es] 
 
 whim, n. Sudden fancy, caprice, crotchet ; 
 kind of windlass for raising ore from mine ; 
 whimwham archaic [redupl. of w.], plaything, 
 toy, w. [f. ON hvima wander with the eyes 
 (vim, Norw. kvim, giddiness, folly)] 
 
 "whi'mbrel, n. Kind of curlew, [whim, imit. 
 of its cry, -rel] 
 
 whi-mper, v.i. & t, & n. Make feeble 
 querulous or frightened sounds, cry & whine 
 softly; utter whimperingly; hence whi'mp- 
 ePER 1 n., whi'mpeping-LY 2 adv. (X.) sound 
 of whimpering, [for whimmer, cf. G wimmcrn ; 
 prob.^cogn. w. whine, -er 5 ] 
 
 whi'msical, a. Capricious ; odd-lookins - , 
 fantastic. Hence whimsica'liT v n. , whrni- 
 siealLY 2 adv. [foil., -ical] 
 
 whi'msy (-zi), n. Crotchet, whim. [f. Xorw. 
 kvimsa (kvim, see whim) to skip] 
 
 whin 1 , n. Gorse, furze, (used in pi. also); 
 w.-chat, kind of small bird. [prob. f. Xorw. 
 hvin kind of grass] 
 
 whin 2 , whi'nsill, whi'nstone, nn. Kinds 
 of basaltic rock or hard sandstone. [?] 
 
 whine, v.i. & t,, & n. (Make) long-drawn 
 complaining cry (as) of dog ; (utter) querulous 
 talk; utter whiningly (often out). Hence 
 whi'nER 1 n., whi*ning-LY 2 adv. [OE hwinan, 
 cf. OX hvina whiz] 
 
 whi'ngep (-ng-), n. Short sword, dirk, or 
 long knife, [prob. cogn. w. prec, w. ref. to 
 whizzing sound of sword-cut] 
 
 whi'nny, v.i., & n. Xeigh gently or joyfully; 
 (n.) whinnying sound, [freq. of whine] 
 
 whip 1 , v.t. & i. Move (t. & i.) with sudden 
 motion, snatch, dart, (always with adv. or 
 prep.; w. behind the cupboard; whipped away 
 to France; whipped up her toy terrier; w. out 
 sword, knife ; to. off one's coat) ; bind (cord, 
 stick) with close covering of twine, sew 
 (seam) with overhaxd stitches; flog, lash, (horse, 
 boy, &c. ; w. in, off, together, of managing 
 hounds with w., & transf. followers esp. in 
 Parliament; w. stream, fish it with whipping 
 motion; w. horses on, urge with w.; w. fault 
 out of person ; w. eggs, beat into froth), (slang) 
 excel, defeat, (to. creation, beat all); hoist (coal 
 &c. ) with rope passed through pulley ; whipping- 
 boy hist., boy educated with & chastised for 
 young prince; whipping-post, to which persons 
 were tied to be whipped; whipping-top, kept 
 
WHIP 
 
 1018 
 
 WHITE 
 
 spinning by blows of lash. Hence whi'p- 
 piNG^l. 4) n. [of. Du. wippen skip, hasten, Sw. 
 vippa to wag, G wippen move up & down ; 
 pern, cogn. w. L vibrare vibrate] 
 
 whip's n. Instrument for xirging on or 
 punishing with lash attached to short or long 
 stick; good, poor, &c, coachman (esp. of four- 
 in-hand or tandem driver) ; (also whipper-in) 
 hunt official subordinate to huntsman charged 
 with management of hounds, (transf.) unpaid 
 official appointed to maintain discipline among, 
 secure attendance of, & give necessary infor- 
 mation to, members of his party in House of 
 Parliament, also written notice(formerly under- 
 scored with number of lines representing de- 
 grees of urgency, cf. FiYE-line w.) requesting 
 attendance on particular occasion ; (also w.-&- 
 derry) rope-&-pulley hoisting apparatus ; w.- 
 cord, tightly twisted cord such as is used for 
 making w. -lashes (his veins stood out like w.-c); 
 w.-fish, kind with dorsal fin produced into 
 filament like w.-lash; w.-gin, tackle-block with 
 hoisting rope; w.-hand, hand that holds w. (esp. 
 in have the w.-h. of, be in position to control); 
 w.-ray, ray-fish with long slender tail; w.-saw, 
 narrow saw-blade with ends held by frame ; w.~ 
 snake, slender kinds, [f. prec] 
 
 whi'ppep, n. In vbl senses: esp.: w.-in, (now 
 usu. shortened to) whip 2 ; w.-snapper, small 
 child, young & insignificant b\it presuming or 
 intrusive person [perh. for whipsnapper, im- 
 plying noise & unimportance ; but cf. whip- 
 ster], [-er l ] 
 
 whi'ppet, n. Cross-bred dog of modified 
 greyhound type used for racing. [?] 
 
 whi'ppoorwill, n. American bird allied to 
 goatsucker, [imit. of cry] 
 
 whi'pster, n. Small child; trifling frivolous 
 person such as should still be subject to the 
 whip. [-STER] 
 
 whip(p), v.i. (part, whir'ring), & n. (Make) 
 continuous buzzing or softly clicking sound as 
 of bird's wings quickly flapped or cogwheels in 
 rapid action, [f. Da. hvirre whirl, or imit.] 
 
 whirl, v.t. & i., & n. Swing (t. & i.) round 
 & round, revolve (t. & i.) rapidly (whi?'ling 
 dervish); send (missile &c), (of moving body) 
 travel, swiftly in orbit or curve ; convey or go 
 rapidly away &c. in wheeled conveyance ; (of 
 brain, senses, &c.) be giddy, seem to spin round, 
 (of thoughts &c.) follow each other in bewilder- 
 ing succession; (n.) whirling movement (my 
 thoughts are in a w. ; whirlpool, circular eddy 
 in sea &c; whirlxoind, mass of air whirling 
 rapidly round & round in cylindrical or funnel 
 shape (sow wind & reap whirlwind, suffer 
 worse results of bad action), [f. ON hvirfla, 
 cf. G wirbeln; cogn. w. OE hweorfan turn] 
 
 whip'ligigr (-g-h n. Kinds of spinning toy, 
 (fig.) revolving motion (w. of time, changes of 
 fortune); merry-go-round; kinds of water-beetle 
 that circle about on surface, [prec, gig ] ] 
 
 whisk, n., & v.t. & i. Bunch of grass, hair, 
 &c, to flap dust off, flies away. &c, with; in- 
 strument for beating up eggs or cream ; quick 
 movement (as) of w. or of animal's tail. (Vb) 
 flap (dust, fly, &c.) away or off; beat up (eggs 
 &c); take away or off with sudden motion 
 (waiter whisked my plate off) ; convey or go 
 lightly & quickly esp. out of sight (tvas whisked 
 ac?*oss channel in aeroplane ; mouse whisks 
 into its hole) ; brandish lightly or flip or wave 
 about (went whisking a cane, her tail), [vb f. 
 first sense of n., perh. cogn. w. wisp; cf. Da. 
 viske wipe, G wischen wipe] 
 
 whi'skep, n. Hair of man's cheek (cf. mous- 
 
 tache, beard; usu in pi.); bristle growing from 
 upper lip of cat &c, set of such bristles on one 
 side. Hence (-)whiskePED 2 a. [prec-ER 1 ] 
 
 whi'sky 1 , n. Spirit distilled from malted 
 barley, other grains, or sugar &c; whiski<ied 
 facet., affected by w. -drinking; w.-liver, livei'- 
 complaint from alcoholic poisoning, [f. Gael. 
 uisge(-beatha) water (of life), cf. usquebaugh] 
 
 ■whi'sky 2 , n. Kind of light gig or chaise, 
 [f. whisk, w. ref. to lightness of motion] 
 
 whi'sper, v.i. & t., & n. Speak without vi- 
 bration of vocal chords ; talk with intention of 
 being audible only close at hand or to confidant; 
 inform or bid (person) thus that or to ; converse 
 privately, indulge in slander or plotting ; put 
 secretly in circulation (tale, that; esp. it is 
 whispered that); (of leaves, stream, &c.) rustle; 
 whispering-gallery, gallery, cave, &c, in which 
 some acoustic peculiarity causes least sound 
 made at a particular point to be audible at an- 
 other far off; hence whi'sperER 1 , whi's- 
 periNG'U). nn., whi*spepingLY 2 adv. (N.) 
 whispering speech (always talks in aw. or ww.' 
 whispered remark; rumour of unknown origin, 
 mysterious hint ; rustling sound. [ONorthumb. 
 hwisprian imit.] 
 
 whist J , whisht, int. enjoining silence (now 
 rare exc. in representations of Irish talk, -sht). 
 [ef. hist, hush] 
 
 ■whist 2 , a. (archaic). Silent, [f. prec] 
 
 ■whist 3 , n. Card game of mingled skill & 
 chance for four or exceptionally three or two 
 persons (long, short, to., with ten, five, points to 
 game; dummy, double dummy, bridge 2 , w.; 
 rubber 2 ofw.; w. drive, progressive w. party, 
 [earlier whisk (whisk, w. ref. to whisking off 
 of cards from table), afterwards changed w. ref. 
 to the silence usual in the game] 
 
 whi'stle (-si), v.i. & t., & n. Make with the 
 lips or with instrument for the purpose, or (of 
 birds &c) with the voice, or (of missile, wind, 
 &c.) by rapid motion, the shrill sound of breath 
 forced through small orifice formed with lips 
 (boy, bird, steam-engine or its driver, wind, bul- 
 let, whistles ; w.for a wind, of becalmed sailors, 
 whence may w. for it, vainly wish ; let one go 
 w., disregard his wishes ; whistling, in names 
 of kinds of bird & animal, as Whistling eagle, 
 marmot); act as informer, peach ; summon or 
 give signal to (dog, attendant) by whistling 
 (w. down the wind metaph. f. hawking, let go, 
 abandon); give (tune &c) by whistling. (N.) 
 whistling sound or note; instrument for pro- 
 ducing such sound (penny w., tin pipe with six 
 holes giving notes; steam w., sounded by jet 
 of steam; pay for one's w. of anecdotic orig.^ 
 pay high for some caprice) ; throat (wet one's" 
 w.). [OE hwtstlian make hissing sound, cf. 
 ON hvisla whisper ; imit.] 
 
 whi'stlei*, n. In vbl senses; esp.: kind of 
 marmc-t ; kinds of bird. [-ER 1 ] 
 
 whit 1 , n. Particle, least possible amount. 
 (usu. in no w.,notor never a w., not at all). [OE 
 wiht wight, whit] 
 
 Whit 2 , Whi'tsun, aa. Whitsunday, se- 
 venth Sunday after Easter, commemorating 
 day of Pentecost; Whit Monday, Tuesday, 
 those following, Whit week, that containing. 
 Whit Sunday ; Whitsuntide, Whit Sunday & 
 following days; Whitsun week, Whit week. 
 [ Whitsun short for IVhitsunday's ; JVhit Sun- 
 day = white Sunday, so called because christen- 
 ings, & therefore white robes, were common 
 on itl 
 
 white ', a„ & v.t. Resembling a surface re- 
 flecting sunlight without absorbing any of the 
 
 For pronunciation of words in wh- see wh-. 
 
WHITE 
 
 1019 
 
 WHOLE 
 
 visible rays, of the colour of fresh snow or com- 
 mon salt or the common swan's plumage, hav- 
 ing some approach to such colour, pale, less 
 dark than other things of the same kind, char- 
 acterized by presence of some w., (white- in many 
 -ED 2 compounds used esp. in naming animals 
 &c, as w.-backed, -beaked, -bearded, -bellied, 
 -breasted, -crested, -crowned, -eyed, -faced, -foot- 
 ed, -fronted, -headed, -xiecked, -rumped, -tailed, 
 -throated, -winged); (of water, air. light) trans- 
 parent, colourless ; (fig.) innocent, unstained, of 
 harmless kind ; of w. men (see w. man below; w. 
 culture, civilization, &c); w. alloy, any of the 
 cheap imitations of silver ; whitebait, small fish 
 prob. the fry of several kinds eaten fried i n quan- 
 tities when about 2 in. long; whitebcam, small 
 tree with silvery underleaf ; w. bear, polar bear; 
 
 Whiteboy, member of 18th-c. illegal agrarian 
 association in Ireland wearing w. frocks at 
 nightly meetings & outrages ; w. corpuscle, = 
 Leucocyte; w. crow 1 , currant, elephant; 
 w. ensign, flown by ships of British navy, cf. 
 red ensign; m feather 1 ; w.-fish commerc, 
 other than salmon, also of whiting & haddock 
 in particular; w. flag 4 , friar, frost, grouse 1 ; 
 xv.-gum, eruption on infant's neck & arms ; w. 
 hands lit., as sign of exemption from labour, 
 fig. innocency or integrity ; so w. -handed ; w. 
 heart-cherry, pale heart-shaped kind ; w. heat 1 
 (lit., & fig. of passion &c; soxv.-hot); w. horses, 
 waves with w. crests at sea ; IV. House, official 
 residence of U.S. president; w. lead 1 , lie 1 ; 
 w. light, colourless, e.g. ordinary daylight, also 
 fig. of unprejudiced judgment ; xv.-lipped, esp. 
 with fear ; xv.-livered, cowardly ; w. magic; w. 
 man, member of one of the paler races chiefly 
 inhabiting or having inhabited Europe, & char- 
 acterized by a certain type of civilization (cf. 
 black, brown,red, yelloxv, man), (colloq.) person 
 of honourable character, good breeding, &c; 
 w. meat, poultry, veal, rabbits, pork ; w. metal, 
 = 10. alloy; xvhitesmith, worker in tin, also 
 polisher or galvanizer of iron ; w. squall, sudden 
 tropical storm at sea announced only by line 
 of w. water approaching; xv.-thom, hawthorn 
 (cf. black Hhorn) ; xv.-throat, kinds of small 
 songbird ; xvhitexvash n., solution of quicklime 
 or of whiting & size for brushing over walls, 
 ceilings, &c, to give clean appearance, also fig. 
 means employed to clear person or his memory 
 of imputations, (v.t,) cover with whitewash, 
 attempt to clear reputation of, (pass., of insol- 
 vent) get fresh start by passage through bank- 
 ruptcy court ; to. xvine, of amber or golden colour 
 (opp. red); xo. xoiteh, using power for beneficent 
 purposes only; hence whi'teLY 2 adv. (rare), 
 whi'tEN 6 v.t. & i., whi'teNESS n., whi't- 
 iSH 1 (2)a. (Vb; archaic) make w. [OE hwit, 
 cf. Du. xcit, G xveiss, Skr. cveta] 
 
 white 2 , n. W. or nearly w. colour ; kinds of 
 w. pigment {Chinese Sec. xv.); w. clothes or ma- 
 terial {dressed in xc.) ; albuminous part round 
 yolk of egg ; visible part round iris of eye ; = 
 xc. man (mean 3 xc); kinds of butterfly ; (Med.; 
 pi.) LEUCorr/ioea. [f. prea] 
 
 Whi'teehapeleapt, n. Light two-wheeled 
 spring-cart used by shopkeepers for sending 
 goods round. [Whitechapel in London] 
 
 whi'tening 1 (-tn-), n. = whiting 1 , [whiten 
 (white 1 ), -ing 1 ] 
 
 whi'thep (-idh-), adv. interrog. & rel. (chiefly 
 archaic), & n. To what place of point? (now 
 usu. xvhere ?, xcltere — to ?, hoxc far?, &c, but 
 cf. I see xv. your question tends), whence whi'- 
 therwARD adv.; (rel., with antecedent place 
 Sec) to which (now usu. to xchich, xvhere), (with- 
 out antecedent) to the or (also xv.-soever) any 
 place to which (now usu. xvhere); (n.) destina- I 
 
 tion {our xvhence & our xv.; no xv. archaic, to 
 no place). [OE hxvider (as whether)) 
 
 whi'ting 1 , n. Chalk prepared by drying, 
 grinding, &c., for \ise in whitewashing, plate- 
 cleaning, &c. [white i vb, -ing J (4)J 
 
 •whi'ting" 2 , n. Kind of sea-fish much used as 
 food ; w.-pout, fish with some resemblance to 
 w. & an inflatable membrane over part of head. 
 [white 1 a., -ING 3 ] 
 
 whi'tleathep, n. White leather dressed 
 with alum instead of being tanned, [white 1 ] 
 
 whi'tlow, n. Inflammatory tumour on finger 
 esp. about the nail, [corrupt, of quick-flaxv 
 sore in the quick, by confusion with xchit = 
 white as in whit 2 & prea] 
 
 Whitsun. See whit 2 . 
 
 whi'ttle 1, n. (archaic). Long knife, esp. such 
 as is used by butchers. [MKthwitelf.OK thxvitan 
 pare, -le(1)] 
 
 whi'ttle 2 , v.t, & i. Trim, carve, slice off 
 pieces from, (wood) with knife; shape, thin 
 down, cut repeatedly at, piece of wood with 
 knife ; reduce amount or effect of by repeated 
 subtraction (usu. doxvn, axcay). [f. prea] 
 
 whi'ty, a. Inclining to white (usu. in comb, 
 with other colour-name, esp. xv.-brown). [-Y 2 ] 
 
 whiz, whizz, v.i., & n. (Make) sound given 
 by friction of body moving at great speed 
 through air. [unit.] 
 
 who (hoo), pron. pers. interrog. & rel. (obj. 
 xvhom pr. hoom ; poss. whose pr. hobz). 1. In- 
 terrog.: What person(s)?, which person (s)?, what 
 sortofpersonsinregardtopositionorauthority?, 
 {xv. said so ?; xvhom or colloq. xv. do you mean ? ; 
 told him xv. they xvere, whom or colloq. xv. to look 
 out for; xvhoseson is he?; xv. xvoxildhavethoxight 
 it?, no one would ; xv. arethe Joneses ? Ishoxdd 
 like to knoxv ; xv. am I that I shoxild object ?). 
 2. Rel.: (Person or persons) that (themanwhom 
 you saxv ; those for whose benefit it was done ; 
 anxj one xv. chooses can apply ; there is no one 
 xv. xve can believe is competexit, often incorrectly 
 xvhom) ; (archaic) the or any person(s) that {xvho 
 breaks pays; xvhom the gods love die yoxmg; 
 as xv. should say, like a person w. said, as 
 though one said) ; &, but, though, since, if, &c, 
 he, him, they, &c. (sent it to Jones, xv. passed it 
 on to Smith ; is flirting xvith Dick, whom she de- 
 tests). [Aryan ; OE hxvd, with neut. hxvxt, gen. 
 hxvxs, dat, hxvdm, instr. hxvi ; cf. Du. wie who, 
 xvat what, xviens whose, wien whom, G xver 
 who, was what, wessen whose, wen & xvem 
 whom, L quis, Skr. kas ; the rel. senses are 
 later than the interrog.] 
 
 whoa. See wo. 
 
 whoe'vep, who'so (archaic), whosoe'vep 
 (emphaJL), whoe'er' & whosoe'er* (poet. ; 
 -ar), (hoo-), pronn. pers. indef. rel. (cases as with 
 who ; whomsoever or the incorrect w. is usu. 
 substituted withoutspecial emphasis for xvhom- 
 ever, & whosesoever somet. for xvhose-ever), 
 used (1) as mod. equivalent of archaic who in 
 indef. rel. sense (w. comes xvill be xvelcome ; 
 stopped xvhomsoever or w. or xvhomever he saxv; 
 return it to xvhose-ever or xvhoscsoever address 
 isonit); (2) in indef. concessive clauses - though 
 any one (xv. else objects, I do not ; whose-ever it 
 is, I mean to have it ; xvhomsoever or w. or 
 xvhomever I quote, you retain your opinion) ; 
 (3) vulg. for xvho ever, [who, so, ever] 
 
 whole (hoi), a. & n. (Archaic) in good health, 
 well, (they that be xv. need not a physician) ; in 
 sound condition, uninjured, not broken, intact, 
 (hope you xvill come back w.; get off with a w. 
 skin ; there is not a plate leftxv. ; has sxvalloxved 
 a raisin xv.) ; integral, consisting of one or 
 more units, without fractions, (xv. nximbers, in- 
 tegers) ; undiminished, without subtraction, 
 
WHOLESOME 
 
 1020 
 
 WIDE 
 
 (bread made of w. meal, not deprived by bolt- 
 ing of some constituents); (with a in sing.) not 
 less than (spent w. years of misery ; went up a 
 w. tone ; lasted three w. days ; w. regiments 
 were cut down ; talked a w. lot of nonsense) ; 
 (with the, his, See.) all that there is of (the w. 
 truth, world, duty of man ; do thing with one's 
 w. heart, heartily, with concentrated effort &c, 
 without doubts &c, whence whole-heart- 
 ED 2 a., whole-hear'tedLY 2 adv., whole- 
 hear'tedNESS n.; the w. priesthood, city, &c, 
 all members or inhabitants of it ; committee 
 of the w. House ; go the w. hog j ) ; w.-coloured, 
 all of one colour; w.-hoofed, with undivided 
 hoofs ; w.-length, (portrait) representing person 
 from head to foot ; wholesale n. (chiefly attrib.), 
 selling of articles in large quantities to be re- 
 tailed by others {a w.-s. dealer; sells by w.-s.; 
 iv.-s. prices), adj. & adv., on the w.-s. plan, 
 (transf.) on large scale, (our business is w.-s. 
 only; sells w.-s.; a w.-s. slaughter took place ; 
 sends out begging letters w.-s.); hence who'le- 
 ness n. (N.) thing complete in itself ; all that 
 there is of something (often of; the goldenrule 
 contains the w. of morality ; on or upon the w., 
 taking into consideration everything that bears 
 on the question, after weighing pros & cons 
 &c.) ; organic unity, complete system, total 
 made up of parts, {nature is a w.; the w. & the 
 parts). [OE hdl hale l , cf. G heil, Du. heel ; 
 
 COgn. W. HEAL, HOLY] 
 
 who'lesome, a. Promoting physical or 
 moral health, salubrious, salutary, not morbid, 
 (w. food, air, exercise, advice, neglect, excite- 
 ment). Hence who'lesomeLY 2 adv., who'le- 
 somexESS n. [prec., -some] 
 
 who'lly (-1-11), adv. Entirely, without abate- 
 ment, (I am w. yours) ; exclusively, without 
 admixture, (a w. bad example), [whole, -ly 2 ] 
 
 whom. See who. 
 
 whoop (h-). Var. of hoop 2 
 
 whop, v.t. (slang). Thrash, (fig.) defeat, over- 
 come, whence who'ppixcMl) n.; (part.) very 
 large of its kind (esp. a whopping lie), whence 
 who'ppER £n. [also w(h)ap, wop ; etym. dub. ] 
 
 whore (hor), n., & v.i. (not in decent use). 
 Prostitute, strumpet, (the scarlet W.);w.- 
 master, -monger, fornicator ; hence whore*- 
 do.m n. (Vb, of man)practise fornication; (fig., 
 archaic, esp. go a-whoring after strange gods 
 &c.) practise idolatry er iniquity. [ME hore 
 f. ON hora adulteress, cf. Du. hoer, G hure; 
 perh. cogn. w. L carus dear] 
 
 whorl, n. Ring of leaves or other organs 
 round stem &c. of plant ; one turn of a spiral ; 
 disk on spindle steadying its motion. Hence 
 whorlED 2 a. [prob. for whorvel f. OE hiveor- 
 /a7iturn,-LE(l); cogn. w. wharf, whirl] 
 
 whor'tleberry (wer), n. = bilberry. [OE 
 horta] 
 
 whose. Possessive case of who, used also as 
 case of which 2b ; whose-ever, whosesoever, see 
 
 WHOEVER. 
 
 whoso, whosoever. See whoever. 
 
 why 1 , adv. interrog. & reh, & n. (pi. whys). 
 On what ground ?, for what reason ?, with what 
 purpose?, (w. did you do it ?; cannot think w. 
 you came ; often ellipt., as You are late ; why?, 
 esp. in w. so ?, demand forgrounds of statement 
 or view) ; on account of which (the reasons w. 
 he did it are obscure). (N.) reason, explana- 
 tion, (cannot go into the whys & wherefores 
 now). [OE hwi instr. of who, what] 
 
 why 2 , int. expr. surprised discovery or re- 
 cognition (w., it is surely Jones!; w., what a 
 bruise you have got!; w., of course, that was 
 
 it), protest at simplicity of question &c. ( 4 What 
 is twice two ? ' w., four. W., a child could 
 answer that), pause for reflection ( l Is it true ? ' 
 'W., yes, I think so'), objection (w., what is 
 the harm ?), introduction of apodosis (if silver 
 will not do, w., we mtist try gold), &c. [ellipt. 
 uses of prec. interrog.] 
 
 wiek 1 . n. (Piece of) fibrous or spongy ma- 
 terial by which lamp or candle flame is kept 
 supplied with melted grease or oil. [OE ivice, 
 cf. MDu. wiecke, Da. vaege] 
 
 wick 2 , n. Town, hamlet, district, (rare exc. 
 in place-names as Hampton IV. or other com- 
 pounds as bailiwick). [OE ivic f. L vicus] 
 
 wi'eked, a. Sinful, iniquitous, vicious v 
 given to or involving immorality, (w. bible, 
 edition of 1632 with not omitted in seventh 
 commandment), offending intentionally against 
 the right ; spiteful, ill-tempered, intending or 
 intended to give pain, playfully mischiev- 
 ous, roguish. Hence wi'ekedLY 2 adv., 
 wi'ekedNESS n. [f. obs. wikke evil, cogn. w. 
 OE wicca wizard, & weak, +-ed l as if p.p.] 
 
 wi'eker, n. Plaited twigs or osiers as ma- 
 terial of baskets, chairs, mats, protective 
 covers, &c. (usu. attrib., as w. chair'), whence 
 wi'ekerED 2 a.; w.-work, (things made of) w. 
 [earlier sense pliant twig, prob. f. Scand. 
 (MSw. wika to bend, Da. veg pliant) ; cogn. w. 
 
 WEAK, WICK 1 ] 
 
 wi'eket, n. Small door or gate, esp. one be- 
 side or in the compass of a larger one for use 
 when the latter is not open (also w. -door, -gate); 
 turnstile entrance; aperture in door or wall 
 usu. closed with sliding panel; door closing 
 only lower half of doorway ; (Cricket) one set 
 of three stumps & two bails (keep w., be w.- 
 keeper or fieldsman stationed close behind 
 batsman's w. ; keep one's w. up, succeed in not 
 being put out), also the ww. as defended by 
 one batsman (5 ww. down, five men out; 
 match won by 2 ww., with three of winning 
 side still not out), also good &c. state of the 
 pitch (play began on a perfect w.). [ME & AF 
 wiket, mod. F guichet, perh. f. OHG wisken 
 whisk (place to slip out at); cricket w. orig. 
 resembled gate, being 2 ft wide by 1 ft] 
 
 wide, a., adv., & n. Measuring much or 
 more than other things of same kind across or 
 from side to side, broad, not narrow, (to. door, 
 road, river, brim, margin, cloth, interval); 
 (appended to measurement) in width (a strip 
 3ft to.) ; extending far, embracing much, of 
 great extent, (has a w. range ; w. fame, known 
 to many ; the to. world, all the world great as 
 it is ; aw. domain, large ; is ofic. distribution, 
 occurs in many places ; a w. generalization, 
 covering many particulars ; thereis a w. differ- 
 ence between ; also adv., as the principle ranges 
 w., & esp. in far & w.), whence wi'deLY 2 
 adv.; not tight or close or restricted, loose, 
 free, liberal, unprejudiced, general, (to. knick- 
 erbockers ; w. culture, not specialized ; takes 
 w. views ; hazard a w. guess, one allowing 
 margin for errors of detail ; give w. berth to, 
 not go too near, keep clear of, avoid) ; open to 
 full extent (staring with w. eyes ; also adv. or 
 pred. a., as yawned w., open your mouth w., 
 window is w. open, person is w. awake); at 
 considerable distance from a point or mark, 
 not within reasonable distance of, (to. ball in 
 cricket, also w. n., ball judged by umpire to 
 pass wicket beyond batsman's reach & count- 
 ing one to his side ; gave an answer quite w. 
 of the mark or purpose; also adv. or pred. a., 
 as is bowling, shooting, w., arrow fell w. of 
 
 For pronunciation of words in wh- see wh- 
 
WIDGEON 
 
 1021 
 
 WILL 
 
 target); w.-awake a. colloq., wary, knowing; 
 w.-awake n., soft w. -brimmed felt hat; w.- 
 spread, widely disseminated (esp. of beliefs or 
 impressions). Hence wi'dEN 6 v.t. & i., wi'd- 
 ish 1 (2) a. [OE wid, cf. Dn. wijd, G weii far] 
 
 wi'dgeon (-jnfc n. Kinds of wild duck, 
 [ult. f. L vipio kind of crane; cf. F vigeon, 
 vingeon, gingeon] 
 
 wi'dow (-6), n., & v.t. Woman who has lost 
 her husband by death & not married again 
 (grass w. ; w.'s weeds ; also attrib., as w. lady, 
 woman) ; hence wi'dowHOOD n. (Vb) kill 
 husband or mate of, deprive of husband or 
 wife or mate, make into w. or widower, (usu. 
 in p.p. ; the widowed father, mother, &c), 
 (poet.) bereave of friend &c. [OE widwe, cf. 
 Du. weduice, G wittwe', cogn. w. L viduus 
 bereft, Gk eithcos bachelor, Skr. vidhava] 
 
 wi'dowep, n. Man who has lost his wife by 
 death & not married again, [prec, -er 1 ] 
 
 width, n. Measurement from side to side; 
 comprehensiveness or liberality of mind, 
 views, &c. ; piece of material of certain w. 
 (shall icant three wu: of it), [wide, -th 1 ] 
 
 wield, v.t. Control, sway, hold & use, man- 
 age with the hands or otherwise, (w. power, 
 the sceptre, a kingdom &c. chiefly poet., wea- 
 pon, lit. or fig.). [OE geweldan (wealdan rule, 
 cf. ON valda, G walten); perh. cogn. w. L 
 valere be strong] 
 
 wife, n. (pi. -ves). Woman, esp. one who is 
 old & rustic or uneducated (now rare exc. in 
 old wives' tale, foolish or superstitious tradi- 
 tion, & in comb, as fish l w., housewife, 
 midwife) ; married woman esp. in relation to 
 her husband (usu. my &c, w., the w. of, or with 
 epithet as will make a good w. ; wedded, law- 
 fid, w., emphatic phrr. in contrast w. mistress, 
 concubine, &c. ; all the w r ORLD & his iv. ; have, 
 take, to w., = as w.). Hence wi*feHOOD. wi'- 
 fle, [-Y 3 ], nn., wi'feLESS, wl'feLiKE, wi'feLY 1 , 
 aa. [OE wif, cf. Du. icy/, G weib, all neut. nn., 
 etym. dub.] 
 
 wig" 1 , n. Artificial head of hair formerly 
 much worn as ornament, & still to conceal 
 baldness or disguise appearance or as part of 
 official dress esp. of judge or lawyer or of serv- 
 ant's livery (there will be ww. on the green, 'a 
 free fight). Hence (-)wiggED 2 , wi'gLESS, 
 aa. [short for periwig] 
 
 wig" 2 , v.t. Rebuke sharply, rate, (chiefly in 
 the vbl n. ). Hence wi'ggiNG * (1 ) n. [?] 
 
 wi'gan, n. Stiff canvas-like material used 
 for stiffening. [ Wigan in Lancashire] 
 
 wight (wit), n. (archaic or facet.). Person, 
 being, (esp. luckless, wretched, &c, w.). [OE 
 wiht creature, person, thing, cf. Du. wicht 
 child, G wicht fellow ; doublet of whit 1 ] 
 
 wi'gwam (or -6m), n. N.-Amer. Indian's 
 tent or hut of skins or mats or bark, [native] 
 
 wild, a., adv., & n. Not domesticated or 
 cultivated (chiefly of animals & plants, & esp. 
 of species allied to others that are not w.; in 
 the commoner combinations w. & the n. are 
 hyphened, or treated as one wd with accent on 
 w. ; w. beast, plant ; w. man, savage ; w. ass ; 
 w.-boar; w.-duck; wildfowl; w. vine; wildcat 
 lit., also fig. as a. or attrib. of finance or com- 
 mercial speculations, reckless, unsound ; wild- 
 goose lit., also in w.-g. chase, absurdly impossi- 
 ble enterprise ; w. horse, also in be drawn by w. 
 horses, form of torture & death ; w. hyacinth, 
 bluebell ; w. oats ; w. scenery &c, of conspi- 
 cuously desolate appearance; woodnotes w., 
 spontaneous & artless poetry); (of horses, 
 game-birds, &c.) shy, given to shying, easily 
 startled, hard to get near ; unrestrained, way- 
 ward, disorderly, irregular, out of control, 
 
 unconventional, (a w. fellow ; settled down 
 after a w. youth ; w. work, lawless doings ; 
 hair hanging in w, locks ; living in w. times ; 
 room is in w. disorder ; run w., grow uncheck- 
 ed or untrained) ; tempestuous, violent, (a w. 
 wind, night, &c); intensely eager, excited, 
 frantic, passionate, distracted, mad, (is w. with 
 excitement, to try it; w. about person or sub- 
 ject, enthusiastically devoted to; w. delight, 
 excitement, enthusiasm, grief, rage ; w. looks, 
 appearance, &c, indicating distraction ; drive 
 w., madden); haphazard, rash, ill-considered, 
 ill-aimed, disturbed by excitement, (a w. guess, 
 shot, blow, venture ; w. opinions, bowling ; 
 also as adv., as shoot, talk, w.) ; wildfire, = 
 Greek fire l (report spreads like w.-f., very 
 fast); hence wi*ldiSH ] (2) a., wi'ldLY 2 adv., 
 wi'ldNESSN. (N.) desert, w. tract. [OE wilde, 
 cf. Du. & G wild ; prob. cogn. w. will w. orig. 
 sense wilful] 
 
 wildebeest (we'ldebast), n. The gnu. [S.- 
 Afr. Du (prec, beast)] 
 
 wi'ldep, v.t. (poet.). Bewilder, [prob. short- 
 ened f.wildern see foil.] 
 
 wi'lderness, n. Desert, uncultivated & un- 
 inhabited tract, (voice inthe w. &c, unregarded 
 advocate of some reform, w. ref. to Matt. iii. 3 
 &c. ; wandering &c. in the w., of political party 
 out of office, w. ref. to Numb. xiv. 33 &c.) ; part 
 of garden left wild ; unlimited number or 
 quantity of. [for u-t7dernNESS (obs. wildern a 
 desert f . OE. wilder wild animal + -en 5 )] 
 
 wi'lding, n. Plant sown by natural agency, 
 esp. wild crab-apple, or fruit of such plant (also 
 attrib.). [-ing 3 ] 
 
 ■wile, n., & v.t. Trick, cunning procedure, 
 artifice, (usu. in pi.). (Yb) lure, entice, away, 
 into, &c. (also incorrectly for while l vb). [OE 
 wil prob. f. OF guile] 
 
 wi'lful, a. For which compulsion or igno- 
 rance or accident cannot be pleaded as excuse, 
 intentional, deliberate, due to perversity or 
 self-will, (w. murder, waste, ignorance, dis- 
 obedience); obstinate, self-willed, headstrong, 
 refractory. Hence wi'lfulLY 2 adv., wi'lful- 
 
 NESS n. [WILL, -FUL] 
 
 ■will 1 , v.t. & aux. (pres. /, he, we, you, they y 
 w. or 7/, thou wilt or 'It ; past & condit. /, he, 
 we, you, they, woidd pr. wood or 'd, thou 
 xoouldst pr. wdbdst or wouldest or 'dst ; neg. 
 forms ivill not or won't, would not or wouldn't, 
 or 'd not ; no otherforms or parts used). 1. (used 
 irrespective of person with more or less of orig. 
 sense of volition) : Desire (thing; archaic ; what 
 wilt thou ?; what would they ?); want or desire 
 or choose to (the haven where I would be ; come 
 when you w.); wish that, rarely that (usu. in 
 condit. with optative effect; /often omitted ; 
 it shall be as you w.; said it should be as we 
 would ; would or / would I were a bird !; 
 would it were otherwise !; would God I had 
 died!, i.e. if only God had wished, or perh. ellipt. 
 for I would to God ; I would to heaven I was 
 dead ; would-be, prefixed as adj. or adv. to wd 
 describing character that person vainly aspires 
 to or that thing is meant to have, as a would- 
 be gentleman, smart saying) ; consent or be 
 prevailed on to (w. or would not go any further; 
 wound would not heal ; would you pass the 
 salt ?; would not do it for £100) ; refuse to be 
 prevailed on not to (boys w. be boys; accidents 
 w. happen; you iv. have your way; he w., 
 would, get in my light); be accustomed or ob- 
 served from time to time to (w. sit there for 
 hours; now & then a blackbird would call ; w. 
 succeed once in ten times) ; be likely to turn 
 out to (this w. be Waterloo, I suppose ; I don't 
 know who it would be). 2. As tense & mood 
 
WILL 
 
 1022 
 
 WIND 
 
 auxiliaries w. & would are used (a) in 2nd & 
 3rd person (1st having shall, should) to form a 
 plain future or conditional statement or ques- 
 tion (you iv. hear soon enough ; they would 
 have been killed if they had let go ; w. or would 
 you, they, be able to hear at such a distance?, 
 but cf. shall 5) ; (b) in 1st person (others hav- 
 ing shall, should) to form a future or condi- 
 tional statement expressing speaker's will or 
 intention (Iwillnot be caught again ; we woxdd 
 have come if you had given us longer notice) ; 
 (c) alternatively with shall, sho uld, in sentences 
 of type a changed" in reporting to 1st from 
 other person (you say Iiv., said I would, never 
 manage it, reporting 'You w. never'; now 
 more usu. shall, should) or from first to other 
 person (he said he woidd never manage it, re- 
 porting ' I shall never ') ; (d) in reporting 1st 
 pers. sentences of type b (you promised you 
 would not be caught again). [OE willan, cf. 
 Du. willen, G wollen ; cogn. w. L velle wish, & 
 Skr. vr choose, also w. well, weal, wild, 
 & G wahl choice] 
 
 will 2 , n. Faculty by which person decides 
 or conceives himself as deciding upon & ini- 
 tiating action (mind consists of the under- 
 standing & the w. ; freedom of the w., free-will, 
 power of determining one's choice of action 
 independently of causation) ; (also w.-power) 
 control exercised by deliberate purpose over 
 impulse, self-control, (has a strong, weak, &c, 
 w.)', deliberate or fixed intention (the w. to live 
 in a patient is the surgeon's best ally, did it 
 against my w., of my own free w.; where 
 there 's a w. there 's a way ; my poverty but not 
 my w. consents) ; energy of intention, power 
 of effecting one's intentions or dominating 
 other persons, (do thing with a w., energetic- 
 ally; has a w. that overbears all opposition); 
 contents of the w., what is desired or ordained 
 by person, (thy w. be done ; what is your w.?, 
 what do you wish done?; have one's w., get 
 thing desired ; worked his wicked w. upon 
 them)', arbitrary discretion (esp. at w., when-' 
 ever one pleases; tenant at w., who can be 
 turned out without notice; w.-worship ar- 
 chaic, religion constructed to suit oneself); dis- 
 position towards others, wishing of good or ill, 
 (good, ill, w., usu. as compd wds); directions 
 written in legal form for disposition to be 
 made of person's property & minor children 
 after his death (often last w. & testament; 
 nuncupative w., see nuncupate ; make one's 
 w.). Hence -willED 2 , wi'll-LESS, aa. [OE 
 willa (prec.)] 
 
 ■will 3 , v.t. Have as contents of one's w., in- 
 tend unconditionally, (God wills, willeth, will- 
 ed, that manshoidd be happy ; can we w. what 
 we are told to w.?; he who wills success is half 
 way to it), (abs.) exercise w. -power (has no 
 power to w.; willing & wishing are not the 
 same) ; instigate or impel or compel by exer- 
 cise of w. -power (you can w. yourself into con- 
 tentment ; mesmerist wills patient to think 
 himself well ; willed the genie into his pre- 
 sence) ; bequeath by w. (shall will my money to 
 a hospital), [f. will J > 2 ] 
 
 wi'llet, n. N.-Amer. snipe, [imit. of cry! 
 
 wi'liingTj a. Not reluctant, cheerfully ready, 
 (to do, or abs. ; do not spur a w. horse) ; of, 
 given &c. by, w. person (to. hands, help, &c). 
 Hence wi'llingxY 2 adv., wi'llingNESS n. 
 [will 1 , -ing 2 ] 
 
 will-o'-the-wisp, n. = ignis fatuus, 
 jack i-o'-lantern ; also, person of uncertain 
 whereabouts or appearances, [abbr. of Wil- 
 liam ; wisp = handful of (lighted) tow &c] 
 
 wi'llow 1 (-6), n. Kinds of tree & shrub 
 
 with pliant branches growing usu. near water 
 in temperate climates, many of which yield 
 osiers & some timber used for cricket bats & 
 other purposes (wear the w., mourn loss or 
 absence of one's beloved, formerly indicated 
 by garland of w. leaves ; w.-pattern, conven- 
 tional design of Chinese type done in blue on 
 white china &c. introduced in England 1780) ; 
 cricket-bat (handle the w., bat) ; w.-herb, kinds 
 of plant, the commonest with leaves like w. & 
 pale purple flowers. [OE welig, cf. Du. icilg] 
 
 wHlow 2 , v. t. & n. , wi'lly , n. Clean (fibrous 
 material) by beating, picking, &c, with ma- 
 chinery; (n., also to., willowing, -machine) ma- 
 chine for willowing. [f. prec, orig. sense beat 
 with w. rods] 
 
 wi'llowy, a. Abounding in willows ; lithe 
 & slender. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 willynilly. Sec nill. 
 
 wilt 1 . See will 1 . 
 
 Wilt 2 , v.t. & i. Wither (t. & i. of plant, leaf, 
 flower), (make) droop, [perh. var. of welk] 
 
 Wi'lton, n. (Also TV. carpet) kind of Brus- 
 sels carpet with loops cut open into thick pile 
 made at town of W. 
 
 wi'ly, a. Full of wiles, crafty, cunning. Hence 
 wrliLY 2 adv., wi'liNESs n. [wile, -y 2 J 
 
 wi'mple, n. Covering of linen &c. worn by 
 nuns & formerly by other women arranged in 
 folds about head, cheeks, chin, & neck. [OE 
 winpel perh. f. wind 2 , pell covering f. L pal- 
 lium cloak ; cf. Du. & G wimpel streamer] 
 
 win, v.t. & i. (won pr. wun), & n. Secure as 
 result of fighting or competition or (often of 
 person) betting & gaming or of effort (w. victory, 
 fortress, prize, honour, fame, fortune, one's 
 blue 2 , wife; w. one's spurs, be knighted, fig. 
 get recognition as expert at something ; won 
 £5 of him at cards &c, whence wl*nniNG 1 (2)i> 
 n. pi.; w. one's way, progress by struggle &c; 
 w. one's bread, earn livelihood, chiefly now in 
 BREAD-W/'m/ie?'; w. ore &c, get it from mine); 
 be victorious in (w. battle, game, bet, race ; w. 
 the field, be victorious in battle or rig.; to. the 
 toss), (abs.) w. race, contest, money, &c. (to. by 
 a head 1 , in a canter, hand's down, by two 
 &c. lengths, easily, &c; ivinmtiG^post, mark- 
 ing end of race ; the winning horse, side, &c. ; 
 to. at cards ; let those laugh who w.), (part.) de- 
 termining A r ictory (the winninghit, stroke, card, 
 &c); make one's way to (to. the shore, summit. 
 Sec); make one's way, come or (with compl.) 
 become by successful effort, (w. home; w. through 
 the day, through all difficulties ; w. free, clear, 
 &c); persuade, induce to do, gain over, (you 
 have won me ; won him to consent ; soon icon 
 his audience over) ; exercise increasing attrac- 
 tion upon (a theory that wins upon one by de- 
 grees), (part, as adj.) charming, attractive, (a 
 winning smile, winning manners, personality, 
 &c), whence wi'nningXY 2 adv.: winning 
 hazard i; hence (-)winnER 1 n. (X.) a success 
 or victory in a game (has had three ww. <£■ no- 
 defeats). [OE winnan fight, toil, cf. Du. win- 
 nen, G gewinnen ; cogn. w. L Venus & wish] 
 
 winee,iv.i., & n. Show bodily or mental pain 
 or distress by slight start or loss of composure, 
 flinch, (often under pain, the knife, an allusion, 
 &c); (n.) act of wincing, [cf. OF guincirf. OSax. 
 wenkian cogn. w. wink] 
 
 wi'ncey, n. Strong material of wool & cot- 
 ton or wool used for skirts &c. [perh. corrupt, 
 of linsey-woolsey] 
 
 winch (-tsh), n. Crank of wheel or axle; 
 hoisting-machine, windlass. [OE ; orig. sense 
 bend, bent thing, cogn. w. wink, winkle] 
 
 wind l (rhet. &, esp. in rhyme, poet, wi-), n. 
 Air in more or less rapid natural motion, breeze 
 
-WIND 
 
 102; 
 
 WINDY 
 
 or gale or blast, (north &c. to., coming from N. 
 &c; fair, contrary, xo., helping, hindering, 
 ship's course ; hot, cold, wh istling, variable, &c. , 
 xow.; constant w., that always blows in same 
 direction at same place ; periodical w., recur- 
 ring at known periods ; xo. rises, begins to blow 
 or gets stronger; sound, scent, is canned by, 
 comes on, the w.; capful, slant, of w.; ill 
 it".; before, down, the w., helped by its force; 
 "whistle down the w.; between xo. <£• water ; 
 sa il, be, close to or near the to. , as nearly against 
 it as is consistent with xising its force, fig. ven- 
 ture very near indecency or dishonesty ; in the 
 iv.'s eye, in the teeth of the w., directly against 
 it ; go like the w., swiftly ; there is something in 
 the to., there are signs that some step is being 
 secretly prepared; find out how the w. bloics 
 or lies, what developments are likely or what 
 is the state of public opinion ; take the w. out of 
 
 > one's sails, frustrate him by anticipating his 
 arguments, using his material, &c; soxoxo. <£• 
 reap whirls*.; raise the w. fig., obtain money 
 needed); windward position or xceatlier-G auge! 1 
 {take or get the xo. of) ; (pi.) the four cardinal 
 points (came front the four xoxo., from all direc- 
 tions); mere empty words,unmeaning rhetoric; 
 artificially produced air-current, air stored for 
 use or used as current, (collect.) part of band 
 consisting of w.-instruments,(orsra?is£op.sttf/i.e?i 
 
 ; thejic. is exhausted ; xoas knocked doxon by the 
 w. of the bloxo ; the strings were droxoned by the 
 xo., the xcood xo., i.e. flutes &c, by the b?'ass) ; 
 smelt conveyed on w., indication of thing's 
 whereabouts or existence, commencing pub- 
 
 i licity, (get w. of, smell out, begin to suspect, 
 hear rumour of ; take or get xo., be rumoured) ; 
 gas generated in bowels &c. by indigestion, 
 flatulence, (break w., release it by anus ; baby 
 &c. is troubled with w.); breath as needed in 
 exertion, power of fetching breath withoutdiffi- 
 culty while running or making similar con- 
 tinuous effort, spot below centre of chest blow 
 on which temporarily paralyses breathing, (have 
 lost, let me recover or get, my xo.; has a good, 
 bad, xo.; broken xo., see BROKEH-winded ; second 
 xo., recovery of w. in course of exercise after 
 initial breathlessness ; have one's to. taken, be 
 paralysed by blow in the w. ; h it him in the w.). 
 Windbag, wordy orator ; xo.-boxind, unable to 
 sail for contrary ww.; xo.-chest, box for com- 
 pressed air in organ ; xo.-colic, pain caiised by 
 flatulence; xo.-exttter, \ipper lip of mouth of 
 flue-pipe in organ ; w.-egg, unfertilized egg in- 
 capable of producing chicken ; windfall, fruit 
 blown down, fig. unexpected good fortune, esp. 
 legacy ; w.-fanner,— windhover; xo.-floxoer poet., 
 the plant anemone ; w.-gall, soft tumour on 
 horse's fetlock-joint ; xo.-gauge, anemometer, 
 also instrument sho wing amount of w. in organ, 
 also apparatus attached to sights enabling al- 
 lowance to be made for w. in shooting ; xoind- 
 hover, kestrel ; xo.-instrument, musical instru- 
 ment in which sound is produced by current of 
 air, as organ, flute ; windmill, mill worked by 
 action of w. on sails (fight windmills, tilt at 
 imaginary foe or grievance, w. ref. to Don 
 Quixote) ; xoindpipe, breathing-tube, trachea ; 
 w.-row, line of raked hay, corn-sheaves, peats, 
 Sec, made to allow of drying by w.; xc.-sail, 
 canvas funnel conveying air to lower parts of 
 ship; xo.-spoxit, waterspout, tornado, or whirl- 
 wind; w. -tight ; xcindxeard a. & n., (region) 
 tying in the direction from which the w. blows, 
 3xposed to the w., (look to w.-w. ; the w.-xo. side ; 
 let to xo.-w. of, avoid sm ell of, also get weather 
 jauge 1 of or fig. advantage over). Hence 
 wi'ndLESS a. [OE, also Du. & G ; cogn. w. L 
 ;e7itus., Skr. vatas^ & see weather 1 ] 
 
 wind 2 , v.t. Sound (horn, bugle, blast, call) 
 by blowing (wi- ; xoinded or by confusion w. 
 foil, wound) ; detect presence of by scent (wi- ; 
 xoinded; hounds, deer, xo. the fox, stalkers; 
 winded his tobacco half a mile off) ; breathe, 
 make breathe quick & deep by exercise, ex- 
 haust w. of, renew w. of by rest, (wi- ; xoinded ; 
 give horse a gallop to xo. him ; am quite winded 
 by the climb; rested to xo. the horses), [f. prec.) 
 
 •wind 3 , v.i. & t. (xcound pr. wow-); & n. Go 
 in circular, spiral, curved, or crooked course, 
 meander, (path, river, winds ; herd winds o'er 
 the lea ; creeper xoinds roxmd pole ; winding 
 staircase, spiral) ; make one's or its way &c. 
 circuitously,insinuate oneself into, (brook xoinds 
 its xoay ; xooxind himself or his xoay into my 
 affections) ; coil (t. & i.), wrap closely (t. & i.) t 
 surround with coil, embrace, (10. cotton on reel, 
 xoool into ball, &c; also with o^adv. orprep. 
 = unwind ; xo. person roxmd one's fingers, exer- 
 cise complete domination over ; woxmd the 
 blanket roxind him, her ar?ns round the child , 
 the child in her arms ; xcindiXG x -sheet, in which 
 corpse is wound ; xo. pegtop, coil string round 
 it; sex'pent xoinds itself ov xoinds round victim) ; 
 hoist or draw by use of windlass &c. (w. ship 
 out of harbour, ore up from mine) ; = w. up 
 (clock &c); to. ship, reverse positions of bow 
 & stern ; to. up, coil the whole of (xo..up piece of 
 string), tighten coiling or coiled spring or fig. 
 tension or intensity or efficiency of (xo. up 
 stxnngs of fiddle; xo. xip clock &c; is-winding 
 himself up for an effort or to do it ; the admin- 
 istration needs winding up, is slack; personis 
 xcound up to fury; expectation was wound tip 
 to a highpitch), bring to a conclusion, conclude 
 t. & i., (wound up his speech, or wound up, by 
 declaring ; shot his xoife & child & wound up 
 by stabbing himself; xo. up company, arrange 
 its affairs & dissolve it ; company xoinds up? 
 ceases business, goes into liquidation, whence 
 wi'ndiNGJ-up n.); hence wi'ndER 1 (1, 2) n., 
 wi*nding"LY - adv. (N.) bend or turn in course; 
 single turn in winding clock, string, &e.; xv.-xip* 
 conclusion, finish. [OE xcindan, cf. Du. & G 
 xoinden] 
 
 wi'ndage (-ij), n. Difference between pro- 
 jectile's & gun-bore's diameter allowing escape 
 of gas; (allowance for) influence of wind , in- 
 deflecting missile, [-age] 
 
 wi'ndlass, n., & v.t. Machine for hauling 
 or hoisting on wheel-&-axle principle ; (vb> 
 hoist or haul with w. [f. ON vindilass (vindill 
 winder, ass beam)] 
 
 wi'ndlestraw, n. Old stalk of kinds of grass. 
 [OE vindelstreow straw for plaiting (wind 3 , 
 
 STRAW)] 
 
 wi'ndow (-0), n. Opening in wall or roof of 
 building, ship, carriage, &c, usu. filled with 
 glass in fixed or sliding or hinged frames to- 
 admit light & sometimes air to room &c. (blank T 
 blind, false, xo., mouldings or recess as for w. 
 without aperture ; bow-window ; bay 3 , case- 
 ment, DORMER, FRENCH, LATTICE, ORIEL, SASH 2 ,. 
 
 xo.) ; w.-box, slide for weights in sash-w., also 
 box on w.-sill in which flowers are grown. 
 Hence (-)windowED 2 a., wi'ndowLESS a. 
 [f. OX vinda uga (wind \ eye l )] 
 
 Wi'ndsop (-nzer), n. Town in Berks. (W. 
 chair, all of wood with curved support for back 
 & arms ; brown W. soap, brown scented kind ; 
 W. uniform, blue coat with red collar and cuffs 
 worn at Windsor by the royal family, and by 
 others having royal grant). 
 
 wi'ndy, a. Wind-swept (xo. hill-top, plain,, 
 situation) ; in which wind is high (to. night, 
 weather, crossing) ; wordy, verbose, empty, (tt/v 
 eloquence, logic, speaker) ; generating or char- 
 
WINE 
 
 1024 
 
 WIRE 
 
 acterized by flatulence. Hence wi'ndiLY 2 
 adv., wi'ndiNESS n. [-v 2 J 
 
 wi'ne, n. (Kind of) fermented grape-juice 
 (is a sound xo.; dry * or sweet, still * or spark- 
 ling, "white l or red, xo.; green xo., in first year ; 
 port w., port; comet w. ; Adam's w., water; 
 good xo. needs no bush 1 ; new xo. in old bottles, 
 new principle too powerful to be restrained by 
 ancient forms; take xo. with, pledge & be 
 pledged by at tabic; spirit of to.; tear 2 s of 
 strong w. ; over the walnuts & the w, ; xo. 
 whey, beverage of w. & curdled milk; in 
 xo., exhilarated or drunk with w.) ; (at univer- 
 sities) party for w. -drinking after dinner (icw. 
 have gone out of fashion) ; fermented drink 
 resembling w. made from specified fruit &c. 
 (cowslip, currant, gooseberry, orange, palm, 
 to.) ; (Med.) solution of drug in w. (quinine w.; 
 to. of opium) ; winebag, wineskin, or winebib- 
 ber ; xoinebibber, tippler, drunkard ; so wine- 
 bibbing a. & n.; xvinebottle, glass bottle for w., 
 also wineskin ; winebowl, lit., also drinking 
 habits &c. ; w. -carriage, wheeled utensil for cir- 
 culating w.-bottle at table ; xo.-cooler, vessel in 
 which w.-bottles are cooled with ice ; winecup, 
 as wineboxol ; wincfat archaic, winepress ; 
 wineglass, any glass for drinking w. from, esp. 
 of size used for sherry, often as measure (also 
 .xoineglassful) of medicine to be taken, =f our 
 tablespoons"; w.-marc ; w.-palm, kind from 
 which w, is made ; xoinepress, in which grapes 
 are squeezed ; xoineskin, whole skin of goat &c. 
 sewn up & used to hold w.; w.-stone, tartaric 
 deposit in w.-casks ; w.-vault, cellar in which 
 w. is kept, also bar &c. where it is retailed. 
 Hence wi'neLESS, wi'nr 2 , aa. [OE xoin f. L 
 vinuvi, cf. G xoein, Du. wijn, Gk oinos wine, 
 oine vine ; cogn. w. withe, orig. = twiner] 
 
 wing-, n., & v.t. & i. One of the limbs or or- 
 gans by which the flight of a bird, bat, insect, 
 angel, &c., is effected, part in non-flying bird 
 or insect corresponding to w., supporting part 
 of flying-machine, (clip one's ww., limit his 
 movements or ambitions or expenditure ; come 
 on the ww. of the xoind, swiftly ; fear adds tow. 
 to one's course, accelerates ; take under one's 
 w., treat as protege ; money takes to itself ww., 
 disappears); (facet., esp. of wounding) arm; 
 more or less separate projecting part of some- 
 thing, esp. of building or bat tie array (the north 
 w. was added in the 17th century ; cavalry were 
 massed on left w.; ww. in theatre, sides of 
 stage, pieces of side scenery) ; winged flight, 
 wings, (on the w., flying, travelling, in motion ; 
 take w., start flying) ; w.-bcat, one complete set 
 of motions with w. in flying; lo.-case, horny 
 cover, a modified f ore- w., protecting some in- 
 sects' flying w.; xo.-covert, one of small feathers 
 covering insertion of bird's flying feathers ; w.- 
 footed poet., swift; w.-sheath,— w.-case; w.- 
 .spread, measurement across ww. when ex- 
 tended ; w. -stroke, — w.-beat ; hence -wingED 2 , 
 wi'ngr.ESS, aa., wi'ngLET n. (Vb) equip 
 with ww., enable to fly or mount, send in flight, 
 lend speed to, (w. arroxo with eagle's feathers 
 or at the mark; vengeance winged the shaft; 
 winged toords, going like arrows to mark, 
 significant; ambition wings his spirit; fear 
 winged his steps; winged horse, Pegasus, 
 poetry; xoinged god, Mercury ; winged Victory, 
 statue of goddess of victory with ww.); travel, 
 traverse, on ww. (bird xoings its way, wings 
 to its mate, xoings the air) ; wound (bird) in w., 
 (person) in arm. [f. Norw. vengja, cf. Da. vinge, 
 cogn. w. Goth, waian blow, Skr. va blow] 
 
 wink, v.i. & t., & n. Close & open eyes, 
 blink, close & open (eyes or eye), (of eye) close 
 £c open, (like winking slang, very quickly or 
 
 vigorously) ; momentarily close one eye to 
 awaken attention of or convey private intima- 
 tion to person (usu. at person) ; (of light, star, 
 &c.) twinkle, shine intermittently; w. at, shut 
 one's eyes to, purposely avoid seeing, affect not 
 to notice, connive at, (abuse, transgression, 
 &c). (N.) act of winking, esp. as signal &c. 
 (nod is as good as xo. to blind horse ; tip one 
 the w. slang, give him signal or intimation; 
 could not get a w. of sleep; did not sleep a w. 
 all night; forty ww., nap). [OE xcincian, cf. 
 ON vanka, G xoinken beckon ; cogn. w. wench, 
 wince, winkle] 
 
 wi'nkle, n. Edible sea snail, periwinkle. 
 [OE -wincla, cogn. w. winch & prec] 
 
 winnow (-6), v.t. Fan (grain) free of chaif 
 &c, fan (chaff &c.) axoay or out or from; sift, 
 separate, clear of refuse or inferior specimens 
 or falsehood, clear (refuse &c.) out or away, 
 examine, sort, weed out; (poet.) fan (air with 
 wings), flap (wings), stir (hair &c). Hence 
 wi'nnowER ] (1, 2) n. [OE windxoian (wind 1 )] 
 
 wi'nsome, a. (Of person or his appearance, 
 manner, smile, &c.) charming, winning, attrac- 
 tive, engaging, bright. Hence wi'nsomeLY 2 
 adv., wi'nsomexEss n. [OE wynsum (xoynn 
 joy, cogn. w. win, -some)] 
 
 wi'nter, n., & v.i. & t. Season between 
 autumn & spring, three or four coldest months 
 of year (in northern latitudes Nov. or Dec. to 
 Jan. or Feb., or, Astron., from Dec. solstice to 
 March equinox ; hard, mild, xo., with, without, 
 much frost), (attrib.) occurring, used, &c, m or 
 lasting for the w. (w. apple, cough, solstice, 
 Sec; w. sleep, hibernation ; w. quarters, esp. to 
 which troops retire for w.; w. garden, glass- 
 covered space with plants &c. used as lounge); 
 (Rhet., Poet.) year of life (a man of 50 wxo., 
 50 years old) ; w.-grecn, a genus of plants green 
 through w.; w.-lodge bot., bud or bulb pro- 
 tecting plant's embryo through w. ; xo.-tide 
 poet., w. ; hence wi'nterLESs, wi'nierLY 2 , 
 aa. (Vb) spend the w. at, in, &c; keep or feed 
 (plants, cattle) during w. [OE, Du., & G ; perh. 
 cogn. w. wet, water, & L xinda wave] 
 
 wi'ntpy, a. Having the temperature, stormi- 
 ness, or aspect appropriate to winter, cold, 
 windy, cheerless, (xo. xccather, day, sun, scene); 
 (of smile, greeting, &c.) lacking warmth or in- 
 terest or vivacity. Hence wi'ntriNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 ■wipe, v.t. & i., & n. Clean or dry surface of 
 by rubbing with cloth, paper, hand, &c. (w. table, 
 dish, face, hands, &c; w. one's eyes, dry tears, 
 cease weeping; w. one's eye slang, steal march 
 on him, get advantage by anticipating him; 
 w. out bath or other hollow utensil); get rid of, 
 clear axoay or off, take up, wash out, by wiping 
 (w. axoay or w. your tears ; xo. up slops; w. out 
 stain, or fig. disgrace, insult, &c, esp. by ven- 
 geance); w. out, utterly destroy, annihilate, 
 (their vex~y name, the whole army, xoas xoiped 
 out); (slang) take or aim sweeping blow or 
 stroke at (xoiped at me xoilh his sxoord). (N.J 
 act of wiping (give this plate a w.); (slang) 
 sweeping blow (fetched or took a xo. at him; 
 fetched him a w.); (slang) handkerchief. [OE 
 xoipian, cf. EFris. xoip, LG wiep, wisp] 
 
 wire, n., & v.t. & i. (Piece of) metal drawn 
 out into form of thread or slender round or 
 square or tapelike flexible rod (platinum, 
 silver, copper, &c, xo.; BARB 1 ed, live 1 , xo.; 
 telegraph &c. xow. ; private w., telegraph w. 
 reserved for person's exclusive use ; was sent 
 for, sent congratulations, by xo., by telegraph; 
 pull the xow., control puppets by ww. or usu., 
 fig., manage political party or movement by 
 secret influence); telegraphic message (sent me 
 a xo.); w.-cloth, -gaxize, -netting, fabrics woven 
 
WIRELESS 
 
 1025 
 
 WITCH 
 
 or twisted of w.; w.-cutter, tool for cutting w.; 
 w.-dancer, person performing on stretched w.; 
 wiredraw, draw (metal) out into w., (fig.) refine 
 or apply or press (argument, point, &c.) with 
 idle or excessive subtlety (esp. in p.p.); w.-edge, 
 false edge that turns back when blade is over- 
 sharpened; w. entanglement, arrangement of 
 barbed or other w. set up to prevent rapid 
 attack of enemy ; w.-gun, cannon made by 
 coiling flat w. round tube ; w.-haired, with 
 stiff or wiry hair (esp. of dogs); w.-heel, disease 
 of horse's foot; w.-puller, politician &c. who 
 pulls the ww. ; w.-rope, made by twisting ww. 
 together as strands ; w.-worm, kinds of destruc- 
 tive larva ; w.-wove of paper, = wove (weave). 
 (Vb) provide, fasten, &c, with wire(s); string 
 (beads) on w.; snare (bird) with w.; telegraph 
 (w. me the result ; wired to him ; was wired 
 for) ; (slang) w. in, operate vigorously, put all 
 one's force into some continuous effort. [OE 
 wir, cf. ON virr, Sw. vira to twist, L viriae 
 armlets ; cogn. w. withe] 
 
 wire'less, a. & n. Withoxit wire(s), esp. in 
 to. telegraphy; (n.) w. telegraphy, [-less] 
 
 wir*y, a. Made of wire (poet.) ; tough & 
 flexible as wire, (of persons) sinewy, untiring, 
 whence wiP'iLY 2 adv., wiP'iNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 wis, v.i. pres. 1st sing, (pseudo-archaic). I 
 know well (parenth.). [supposed pres. of wist 
 (wit 1 ), obs. yivis certainly, cf. G gewiss, being 
 read as / wis] 
 
 wi'sdom (-z-), n. Being wise, (possession of) 
 experience & knowledge together with the 
 power of applying them critically or practi- 
 cally, sagacity, prudence, common sense ; wise 
 sayings (pour forth w.; W. of Solomon, abbr. 
 Wisd. , IV. of Jesus the Son of Sirach or Ecclesi- 
 asticus, books of Apocrypha) ; w.-tooth, molar 
 usu. cut after 20 years of age (cut one's w.-teeth, 
 gain discretion). [OE wisdom (wise 1 , -dom)] 
 
 wise 1 (-z), a. (Of persons) having, (of action, 
 course, speech, opinion, &c.) dictated by or in 
 harmony with or showing, experience & know- 
 ledge judicially applied, sagacious, prudent, 
 sensible, discreet; having knowledge (w. after 
 the event, of person who has failed to foresee ; 
 came away none the wiser, knowing no more 
 than before ; where ignorance is bliss 'tis folly 
 to be w.) ; (archaic) having occult power or 
 knowledge of mysterious things (w. man, wiz- 
 ard ; w. woman, witch, fortune-teller, also mid- 
 wife) ; suggestive of wisdom, oracular, (with a 
 w. shake of the head ; w. saw, proverbial say- 
 ing). Hence wi'seLY 2 adv. [OE wis, cf. Du. 
 wijs, G weise ; cogn. w. wit *] 
 
 wise 2 (-z), n. Way, manner, guise, (in solemn 
 &c. w. archaic; esp. in some, no, any, w., on 
 this w.). [OE wise (wisian show way, orig. 
 make wise, see prec), cf. Du. wijs, G weise] 
 
 -wise, suf. =prec, forming advv. of manner 
 as in clockwise with motion in direction of 
 clock hands, crosswise with cross arrangement, 
 lengthwise with length arranged in given di- 
 rection, with regard to length, nowise in no 
 way, not at all. 
 
 wi'seaere (-zaker), n. Sententious dullard, 
 [f. MDu. wijs-segger f. G weissager by pop. 
 etym. as if =wise sayer f. MHG wizago (=OE 
 witiga f. witan see cogn. w. witan wit 1 ) seer] 
 
 wish, v.t. & i., & n. Haveasadesire or aspira- 
 tion (that-cldiuse with that usu. omitted, or obj. 
 & compl. ; w. I had never been born, were or was 
 a bird, may live to see it \w.you would be quiet ; 
 it is to be wished that, is desirable that ; Iw. it 
 may not prove, fear it will ; could not w. it 
 better ; w. oneself dead, home, at home, &c; w. 
 person happy, away ; w. one at the devil or 
 further, w. he were away) ; want with the 
 
 F.D. 
 
 kind of desire that tends to affect result (to do, 
 person or thing to do, person or thing -ed, or 
 rarely with simple obj. esp. pronoun ; Fw. to 
 go, you to do it, it finished or to be finished ; 
 what do you w.?; they say they w. peace, an 
 interview) ; be well or ill inclined to or to 
 (wishes me well, well to all men, wishes nobody 
 ill), whence -wishER 1 n.; say one hopes for 
 (joy, luck, pleasant journey, sorrow, &c.) in 
 person's favour or against him (ind. obj. or to ; 
 Iw. you joy, w. sxiccess to each & all) ; have or 
 express desire for (has nothing left to w.for; 
 would not w. for anything better) ; wishing- 
 bone, merrythought (longer part of it when 
 broken between two persons entitling holder 
 to magic fulfilment of any w.); wishing-cap, 
 magic cap securing to wearer fulfilment of any 
 w. (N.): (expression of) desire or aspiration, 
 request, implied command, (w. is father to 
 thought, we believe thing because we w. it 
 true ; if ww. were horses beggars might ride ; 
 has a great w. to go to sea, whence wi'shFUL 
 a. to do ; good ww., hopes felt or expressed for 
 another's happiness &c. ; cannot grant your w. ; 
 he disregarded or disobeyed my ww.) ; thing 
 desired (have gotmyw.). [n. f. vb, OE wyscan, 
 cf. Du. wenschen, G wiinschen ; cogn. w. win] 
 
 wi'sh-wash, n. Washy drink or talk, [re- 
 dupl. of wash 2 ] 
 
 wi'shy-washy (-wo-), a. Thin, sloppy, (of 
 soup, tea, talk, &c). [redupl. of washy] 
 
 wisp, n. Small bundle or twist of straw &c. 
 [earlier wips (cf. hasp, ask) cogn. w. wipe, cf. 
 LG wiep, Norw. vippa] 
 
 wist _See wit K 
 
 Wistar'ia, n. Kinds of pale-purple-flowered 
 leguminous tree. [O. Wistar, American ana- 
 tomist, -ia 2 ] 
 
 wi'stful, a. Affected with or betraying 
 vague yearnings or unsatisfied desire to under- 
 stand (of persons or usu. of eyes, look, voice, 
 mood, &c). Hence wi'stfulLY 2 adv., wi'st- 
 fulNESS n. [perh. for whistful (whist 1 - 2 ), 
 with addition of earlier senses of wish/wZ] 
 
 •wit 1 , v.t. & i. (archaic ; pres. I, he, wot, thou 
 wottest ; past wist ; inf. wit ; part, witting ; 
 other parts not used). Know (God wot, knows; 
 I wot, know well ; tow., that is to say, namely ; 
 witting, not unconscious or unintentional, 
 whence wi'ttingLY 2 adv.). [OE witan, cf. 
 Du. weten, G wissen ; cogn. w. L videre see, 
 Gk eidon I saw, oida know, Skr. veda know] 
 
 ■wit 2 , n. (Sing, or pi.) intelligence, under- 
 standing, (has not the w., the ww.,w. enough, to 
 see ; remedy is past the w. of man to devise ; 
 out of one's ww., mad, distracted ; has his ww. 
 about him, is observant or of lively intelli- 
 gence ; has quick, slow, &c, ww., a nimble w., 
 whence -wittED 2 a.; at one's w.'s end, utter- 
 ly at a loss; live by one's ww., by ingenious 
 hand-to-mouth shifts ; the five ww. archaic, the 
 senses or the mind), whence wi'tLESS a., 
 wi'tlessLY 2 adv., wi'tlessNESS n.; (power 
 of giving sudden intellectual pleasure by) un- 
 expected combining or contrasting of previous- 
 ly unconnected ideas or expressions (possessed 
 of both w. & humour ; pages sparkling with 
 w.), whence wi'ttY 2 a., wi'ttiLY 2 adv., wi't- 
 tiNESS n. [OE witt knowledge (witan wit l )] 
 
 ■wit 3 , n. Wise man (archaic); witty person 
 (see prec), person who talks wittily, whence 
 wi'tLiNG 1 (2) n. [OE wita (witan wit *)] 
 
 witeh,n., & v.t. Woman or (now rarely) man 
 practising sorcery (white w., using powers for 
 beneficent purposes only ; witches' sabbath), 
 (fig.) fascinating or bewitching woman ; ugly 
 old woman, hag ; witchcraft, sorcery, use of 
 magic; w.-doctor, = medicine 1 -man; w.-meal, 
 
 33 
 
WTTCH- 
 
 1026 
 
 WITHOUT 
 
 pollen of club ^moss. ( Vb) bewitch, fascinate, 
 charm, esp. fig., whence wi*tehERY(4, 5) n., 
 Wl'tcfhiNG 2 a., wi'tehingLY 2 adv. [OE 
 xvicca masc., wicce fern, (wiccian practise sor- 
 cery, perh. orig. = avert, cf. OX vikja push 
 aside, OE wican give way, cogn. w. weak)] 
 
 ■witch-. See wych-. 
 
 wi'tenagemo'tl-g), n. (hist.). Anglo-Saxon 
 national council or parliament. [OE witena 
 gen. pi. of wita wit 3 , gemot meeting] 
 
 with (-dh, -th), prep. In antagonism to, 
 against, {fight, quarrel, struggle, dispute, ar- 
 gue, compete, vie, w.) ; in or into company of or 
 relation to, among, beside, (come, go, walk, eat, 
 live, spend the day, mix t. & i., meet, w.; king 
 is expected w. or together w. queen & court; 
 numbered xo. the transgressors ; compare w. ; 
 have nothing io do xo. ; deal xo. ; w. God, dead & 
 in heaven ; have xo. you archaic, I accept your 
 offer or challenge ; so done xv. you) ; agreeably 
 or in harmonious relations to {I feel, think, 
 sympathize, xo. you ; also with neg. wds in opp. 
 sense, as I disagree xo. you ; he that is not w. me 
 is against me ; vote with the Liberals ; blue 
 does not go with green ; one xo., part of same 
 whole as) ; having, carrying, possessed of, 
 characterized by, (vase xo. handles, man w. 
 sinister expression; walking xo. a gun; xuent 
 out w. no hat on ; w. child or young, pregnant); 
 in the care or charge or possession of (have no 
 money xv. m&; leave child, parcel, w. nurse, 
 porter ; it rests xo. you to decide; the deal, de- 
 canter , next move, is xv. you); by use of as instru- 
 ment or means (cut it withaknife ; have no pen 
 to xorite w.; walks xoith a crutch; damnw. 
 faint praise) ; by addition or supply or acqui- 
 sition or possession of as material (fill it, over- 
 flowing, w. water ; laden w. baggage ; blessed 
 w. beauty ; adorn w. frescoes); in same way or 
 direction or degree or at the same time as 
 (changes w. the seasons ; varies directly or in- 
 versely, increases, w.; ruse xo. the sun ; w. that, 
 thereupon, simultaneously; begin w., take as 
 starting-point) ; because or by operation of, 
 owing to, (trembles w.fear ; is down w. fever ; 
 stiff, silent, w. cold, shame) ; displaying or so as 
 to display, under favourable or unfavourable 
 circumstances of, (heard it with calmness ; 
 fought w. courage ; won w. ease, difficulty, a 
 good deal to spare; shot well w. a good, 
 xoretched, light); in regard to, concerning, in 
 the sphere of, in the mind or view of, (be patient 
 xo. him; bear, do, or put xip, xo., tolerate, be 
 indulgent to ; my dealings xo. the natives ; 
 xohat do you xoant w. me ?; away, down, up, to 
 the devil, &c, w. him, take or send or put him, 
 hemaygo,away&c; can do anything, nothing, 
 w. him, influence orutilize him in any, no, direc- 
 tion ; w. God all things are possible ; is it well 
 xo. thee ?; it is holiday time w. us ; the first 
 object w. him is ; has great influence w. the 
 House) ; so as to be separated from (part, break, 
 dispense, w.) ; despite, notwithstanding, the 
 presence of (xo. all his learning, he is the sim- 
 plest of men ; w. many admirable qualities, 
 the best of intentions, he failed completely). 
 [OE, shortened f. wither against, cf. G wider 
 against, ON vidh, Da. ved, Sw. vid ; the sen- 
 ses of obs. mid with have passed to it] 
 
 witha'l (-awl), adv. & prep, (archaic). With 
 it, in addition, moreover, as well, at the same 
 time ; (prep., always after its expressed or 
 omitted obj.) with (hath nothing to. what shall 
 he, fill his belly w.). [prec, all] 
 
 withdraw, v.t. & i. Pull aside or back (w. 
 curtain, one's hand); take away, remove, (boy 
 from school, coins from circulation, horse from 
 race, troops from position, favour &c. from per- 
 
 son); retract (offer, statement, promise; cries 
 of'w.\ demands that speaker shall unsay some- 
 thing as unparliamentary &c.) ; retire from 
 presence or place, go aside or apart ; with- 
 drawing-room archaic, drawing-room. Hence 
 withdraw*AL(2) n. {with in obs. sense to- 
 xoards (oneself, & so away from others), draw 1 ] 
 
 wi'the (-dhi, or widh), wi'thy (-dhl), n. (pi. 
 -thes pr. -dlriz, or -ths). Tough flexible branch 
 esp. of willow or osier used for binding bundles 
 of wood &c. [OE withig, cf. MDu. xoiede, G 
 xoeide, willow ; cogn. w. Gk itea willow, L vi- 
 men twig, vitis vine] 
 
 wi'ther (-dh-), v.t. & i. Make or become dry 
 & shrivelled (often up), deprive of or lose vigour 
 or vitality or freshness or importance (often 
 away), decline, languish, decay, (has a withered 
 arm ; flowers & beauty w.; age cannot w. her\ 
 the individual withers, ceases to be important); 
 blight with scorn &c. (w. one with a look usu. 
 joe), whence wi'theriNG 2 a., wi'thering- 
 L y 2 adv. [ME xoidren expose to weather l ] 
 
 wi'theps (-dh-), n. pi. Ridge between horse's 
 shoulder-blades (my to. are unxvrung, imputa- 
 tion &c. does not touch me), [named as the 
 part that resists or takes strain of collar f. OE 
 xoither against, see with] 
 
 withheld, v.t. (-held). Refrain from put- 
 ting in action, refuse to grant, (w. one's hand 
 archaic for hold, not take action ; w. one's con- 
 sent, sxipport, the light of one's countenance, 
 &c). [with as in withdraw, hold] 
 
 withi'n, adv., n., & prep. Inside, to or at or 
 on the inside, indoors, internally, (chiefly ar- 
 chaic; clean w. & without; go w., into house 
 or room; stay xo., not go out of doors; is 
 Mr Jones w. ?, at home ; beauty without & foul- 
 ness w.; make me pxire w., in spirit ; Bishops- 
 gate w., inside the walls). (N.) the inside (as 
 seen from w.). (Prep.) to or on or in the inside 
 of, enclosed by, (w. doors, in or into house ; safe 
 xo. the walls ; wheel 1 s w. wheels); not beyond, 
 not too far for, not transgressing, so as not to 
 pass or exceed, subject to, (live, keep, w. one's 
 income; w. the meaning of the Act &c, covered 
 by it ; immorality xv. the law, not illegal ; keep 
 it w. bounds ; a task well w. his powers ; run- 
 ning w. himself, without putting forth whole 
 power; is true w. limits); not too far for, near 
 enough to affect or be affected by, not farther 
 off than (of with sense from, or abs.), (is w. 
 reach, sight, call, near enough to reach or be 
 reached &c. ; often of, as w. sight of port ; is w. 
 three miles of a station ; was w. an ace of de- 
 struction); in a time no longer than, before ex- 
 piration or since beginning of, (of with sense 
 from, or abs.; shall have it w. an hour; xo. a 
 year of his death, w. a year, all xoas changed ; 
 have seen him xo. these three days). [OE within- 
 nan on the inside (with, innan adv. in)] 
 
 withotrt, adv., n., prep., & conj. Outside, to 
 or at or on the outside, out-of-doors, externally, 
 (chiefly archaic ; white within & w. ; stands dis- 
 consolate w. , outside the house &c. ; listening to 
 the wind w. (N.) the outside, external sources, 
 (as seen from w.; the suggestion came from w.). 
 (Prep.) outside of (met us w. the gates ; negotia- 
 tions within & w. the House ; is w. the pale of 
 civilization; things w. us, all that is not our- 
 selves); not having, not with, with no, devoid 
 of, lacking, in want of, free from, with freedom 
 from, not feeling or showing, in or with absence 
 of, less, (came w. a hat; a rose w. a thorn ; am 
 w. friends or money ; did it w. difficulty or being 
 discovered ; act w. hesitation ; cannot live w. 
 her, go away w. thanking you ; is absolutely xo. 
 fear, anxiety ; cannot make omelette xv. break- 
 ing eggs ; w. health happiness is impossible; do, 
 
WITHSTAND 
 
 1027 
 
 WOMAN 
 
 go, w., dispense with, also ellipt. dispense with 
 something implied ; cold w.; w. doubt, admit- 
 tedly, certainly; w. fail 1 , prejudice, re- 
 serve 2 ; w. end, infinite, eternal; goes w. say- 
 ing, is too "well known or obvious to need men- 
 tiffin). (Conj.; archaic or vulg.) unless. [OE 
 withutan (with, utan adv. out)] 
 
 withsta'nd, v.t. & i. (-stood). Resist, op- 
 pose, (person, force, hardship, wear, &c); make 
 opposition (poet,). [OE withstand(wiTK,STAKD)] 
 
 withy. See withe. - 
 
 Wi'tness, n., & v.t. & i. Testimony, evidence, 
 (bearw. to or of, state one's belief in, state facts 
 tending to establish), thing stated by way of 
 evidence (my w. is not true ; archaic), confirma- 
 tion (stands there in w. of the event ; call to w. , 
 appeal to for confirmation) ; thing or person 
 whose existence, position, state, &c, serves as 
 testimony to or proof of (is a living w. to my 
 clemency)', (also eye-w.) spectator of incident, 
 bystander, person present at event; person 
 giving sworn testimony in law-court or for legal 
 purposes (w. often used for the w.) ; person at- 
 testing genuineness of signature to document 
 by adding his signature ; w.-box, enclosure in 
 law-court reserved for ww. ( Vb) state in evi- 
 dence (noun, that, &c. ; archaic) ; give evidence 
 (against, for), serve as evidence (usu. against, 
 for, to ; w. or as w. my poverty, of which let my 
 poverty be the proof); be a or the w. (archaic ; 
 w. Heaven!, I call Heaven to w.); indicate, serve 
 as evidence of, (a deathly pallor witnessed his 
 agitation) ; see, be spectator of ; sign (document) 
 as w. [OE witnes (wit *, -ness)] 
 
 wi'ttieism, n. Witty remark, jest, (usu. in 
 disparaging sense), [for wittyism (wit 2 , -ism) 
 on anal, of Gallicism Sec] 
 
 wittingly. See wit 1 . 
 
 wi'ttol, n. (archaic). Man who winks at wife's 
 infidelity, [prob. orig. name of bird (also witwal, 
 woodwall), the green woodpecker, whose nest 
 is utilized by cuckoo ; cf. cuckold] 
 
 ■wive, v.t. & i. (now rare). Provide with, take, 
 wife. [OE wifian (wife)] 
 
 wl'vern, wyf-, n. (herald.). Winged two- 
 legged dragon with barbed tail. [f. AF wyvre, 
 OF wivre; f. L vipero. ; for -n, cf. bittern] 
 
 "wives. See wife. 
 
 wi'zard, n. Magician, sorcerer, male witch ; 
 .person who effects seeming impossibilities ; con- 
 jurer. Hence wi'zardRY (4,5) n. [MEmsarrf 
 
 (WISE 1 , -ARD)] 
 
 wl'zened, wi'zen, wea'zen, a. Of shri- 
 velled or dried-up appearance (chiefly of person 
 or his face or look), [f. OE wisnian become dry, 
 cf. ON visna wither (visinn withered) ; cogn. 
 w. L virus, Gk ios, Skr. vish-a-, poison] 
 
 wizier. See vizir. 
 
 "wo, who'a, int. Stop (chiefly to horses) ; gee- 
 wo ; wo-back, int. used in backing horses. 
 
 woad, n. (Plant yielding) kind of blue dye. 
 [OE wad, cf. Du. weede, G waid ; cogn. w. L 
 vitrum, Gk isatis] 
 
 wo'bble, wa'bble (wo-), v.i., & n. (Of top 
 orrevolving body) revolve with changing incli- 
 nations, rock; (of person, missile, &c.) go un- 
 steadily, vibrate from side to side, swerve, stag- 
 ger; (fig.) vacillate, waver, act inconsistently, 
 be inconstant, whence wo'bblER 1 n.; (of voice 
 or sound) quaver, pulsate ; (n.) rocking move- 
 ment, change of direction or policy, swerve, 
 piece of vacillation, [wa-, now rare, is the 
 earlier form, f. obs. w(h)ap, var. of ME quap- 
 pen palpitate cogn. w. quaver, + -le(3)] 
 
 woe, n. (chiefly poet, or facet,). Affliction, 
 bitter grief, distress, (weal&w., prosperity & 
 adversity ; w. is me, alas ; w. be to, a curse 
 upon; w. worth 2 the day), (pi.) calamities, 
 
 troubles ; woe'begone (-awn, -on), dismal-look- 
 ing [p.p. of OE began (by, go) surround]. Hence 
 woe'FULa., woe'fulLY 2 adv., (often facet., 
 as woefxil ignorance, wocftdly disappointed). 
 [OEu-a. int., orig. cry of pain, cf. Du. wee, G 
 wch, intt. & nn., L vac int.] 
 
 wold, n. Piece of open uncultivated country, 
 down or moor land. [OE weald, wold, forest, 
 cf. G wald, Du. woud ; cf. weald] 
 
 wolf (woo-), n. (pi. -ves), & v.t. Erect-eared 
 straight-tailed harsh-furred tawny-grey wild 
 gregarious carnivorous quadruped allied to 
 dog preying on sheep &c. or combining in packs 
 to hunt larger animals (wy w. too often, raise 
 false alarms till genuine ones are disregarded ; 
 have, hold, w. by the ears, be in situation 
 where ohe can neither retreat, advance, nor 
 stop ; keep w. from door, avert starvation ; w. 
 in sheep's clothing, hypocrite) ; rapacious or 
 greedy person, whence wo'lfiSH 1 a. , wo'lfish- 
 ly 2 adv., wo'lfishNESS n.; (Mus.) discord in 
 certain chords of keyboard instrument due to 
 system of tuning or temperament; w.-dog, 
 kinds of dog kept to guard sheep from ww., 
 alsodog-&-w. hybrid; iv.-Jish, large voracious 
 kind; rv.-hoimd, Russian breed of dog; w.'s- 
 banc, monk's-hood, aconite ; w.'s-claws, -foot, 
 club-moss; w.'s-fist, puff-ball, [OE fist fart]; 
 wolfskin, (mat, cloak, &c, made of) w.'s skin; 
 w.'s-milk, kind of spurge ; w.-spider, tarantula; 
 w.-tooth, supernumerary pre-molar in horse. 
 ( Vb) devour or swallow greedily (often down). 
 [Aryan ; OE wulf, cf. Du. & G wolf, Gk lukos, 
 L lupus, Skr. vrka- ; f. root icelg tear] 
 
 wo'lfram (woo-), n. Ore yielding tungsten, 
 native tungstate of iron & manganese ; (now 
 rare) tungsten. [G (wolf, ra(h)m cream)] 
 
 wo'lverene, -ine (-en), n. American car- 
 nivorous mammal allied to the glutton, called 
 also carcajou & skunk-bear, [irreg. dim. of 
 wolf, perh. after MHG wblfelin] 
 
 wolves. See wolf. 
 
 wo'man (woo-), n. (pi. wo'men^v. wi-), & v.t. 
 Adult human female (every w. is to him a lady; 
 w.'s or xcomen's rights, position of legal equa- 
 lity with men demanded for women ; there 's a 
 to. in it, way of accounting for man's inexplic- 
 able conduct ; w. with a past, with some scan- 
 dal attaching to her past life ; w. of the world, 
 experienced in society, not raw & innocent ; 
 play the w., weep or show fear ; make an hon- 
 est w. of, marry after seducing; tied to w.'s 
 apron-strings, controlled like child by her; 
 single w., spinster; the scarlet w.; wise 1 ^.); 
 (without article) the average or typical w., the 
 female sex, any w., (how does w. differ from 
 man ?; man born of w., mortal man ; is an ex- 
 cellent thing in w.; w.'s wit, instinctive in- 
 sight or resource ; w.'s reason l ; O TV., in apo- 
 strophes) ; queen's or great lady's female at- 
 tendant, lady in waiting, (archaic ; sent one of 
 her row. to ask) ; man with feminine character- 
 istics (is a iv. in tenderness ; the old ww. in the 
 cabinet ; all the old ww. of both sexes) ; the fe- 
 minine emotions (all thew. in her rose in rebel- 
 lion ; stirred the w. in him ; has much of the w. 
 in his composition) ; (attrib.) female (w. doctor, 
 friend, counsellor ; councillor ; w. suffrage, ex- 
 tension or possession of political suffrage to or 
 by ww.) ; (as suf.: chiefly in terms correl. to 
 compounds in -man) w. concerned or dealing 
 or skilful with (country w., shopw., horsew., 
 churchw., chairw., ferry w., applew., needlew., 
 &c; also by close comb, with adj., as gen- 
 tletv.); w.-hater, misogynist ; womankind, ww. 
 (one's w.-k. or ww.-k., the ww. of one's family) ; 
 womenfolk, ww., one's womankind ; hence 
 wo'manHOOD n., wo'manLESS, wo'man- 
 
WOMANISH 
 
 1023 
 
 like, aa. (Vb) make behave like a w., cause 
 to weep &c.; address as ' w.\ 'my good w.', &c., 
 speak of as 'w.' (not 'lady'). IOE wifman 
 (wife, man) i.e. woman person] 
 wo'manish, a. (Of man or his feelings, 
 conduct,looks,&c.) like women or their ways &c. 
 (usu. contempt.), effeminate. Hencewo'man- 
 ishLY 2 adv., wo'manishNESS n. [-ish j ] 
 wo'manize, v.t. & i. Make womanish ; (of 
 men) be licentious, frequent prostitutes, [-ize] 
 wo'manly, a. (Of woman or her feelings, 
 conduct, &c.) having or showing the qualities 
 befitting a woman, not masculine or girlish, (a 
 truly w. woman; w. modesty, compassion, 
 tact, Sec). Hence wo'manliNESS n. [-ly 1 ] 
 wo'mb (woom), n. Organ in woman & other 
 female mammals in which child or young is 
 conceived & nourished till birth, uterus, (fall- 
 ing of the w., prolapsus ; fruit of the w., chil- 
 dren ; also fig., as in the w. of time, of future 
 events &c). [OE xoamb, womb, belly, cf. Du. 
 warn, Da. vom, G wampe, wamme\ 
 wo'mbat, n. Australian marsupial mam- 
 mal about size of badger, [f. native womback] 
 women. See woman. 
 won. See win. 
 
 wo'nder 1 (wu-).n. Miracle, prodigy, strange 
 or remarkable thing or specimen or perform- 
 ance or event, {signs db ww., miracles; work 
 ww., do miracles, succeed remarkably ; whence 
 wo'nder-workER 1 n.; the child is a w., 
 marvellously precocious &c; did ww., had re- 
 markable success ; seven ww. of the world, 
 sights, of which one was the pyramids, socalled 
 in antiquity; a nine-days' w., event of pass- 
 ing interest; what w., it is no w., no w., that, 
 naturally, inevitably, of course, one cannot be 
 surprised or might have guessed that, that usu. 
 omitted; so he refused, & no w.; is a w. of 
 delicate workmanship) ; emotion excited by 
 what surpasses expectation or experience or 
 seems inexplicable, surprise mingled with ad- 
 miration or curiosity or bewilderment, {were 
 filled with w.; looked at him in silent or open- 
 mouthed w.) ; w.-land, fairyland, a country of 
 surprising fertility &c; w.-struck, -stricken, 
 filled or dumb with w. [OE wundor portent, 
 cf. Du. wonder, G wunder; perh. cogn. w. OE 
 wandian turn from, revere, cf. wend 1 , wind 3 ] 
 wo'nder 2 , v.i. & t. Be filled with w., feel 
 surprise, (usu. at, rarely to see &c, or abs.; 
 shall never cease to w. at it ; can you w. at it ? ; 
 Iw. at you to child &c, am shocked by your 
 conduct; wondered to hear your voice ; the 
 kind of person that never wonders), whence 
 wo # ndeping-LY 2 adv.. wo'ndep.MENTii.; be 
 surprised to find that {that usu. omitted : / w. 
 he didn't kill you); be curious, desire, to know 
 (10. why pain exists, who invented gas-lamps, 
 what the time is, how to proceed, Sec), [f. prec] 
 wo'ndepful, a. Marvellous, surprising, ex- 
 ceeding what was expected, remarkable, admir- 
 able. Hence wo'nderfulLY 2 adv. [-ful] 
 wo'ndrous, a. & adv. (poet., rhet.). Won- 
 derful; hence wo'ndpousLY 2 adv., wo'n- 
 dPOUSXESS n. (Adv., qualifying adjj. only) 
 wonderfully (to. kind Sec), [corrupt, on -ous of 
 obs. wonders formed w. -es f. obs. wonder adj. 
 made by back-formation f. obs. wonderly OE 
 wunderlic (wonder 1 , -ly 1 ' 2 ) orig. adi. & adv. 
 but taken for adv. only] 
 
 wont l (wo-, wu-), pred. a. Accustomed to do 
 (usu. after is, was, are, Sec ; as he ivas w. to say). 
 [mixture of ME wone (OE gew un) accustomed 
 w. ME woned p.p. of wonen dwell, be used to] 
 wont 2 (wo-, wu-), v.aux. (poet.; pres. ind., 
 wont, wontest, wonts or wont, pi. wont ; past 
 ind., wont, wontest, wont, pi. wont, or wonted 
 
 WOODEN 
 
 [prop. 
 
 for wont). Be accustomed (usu. to do) 
 past, = woned, of ME wonen see prec] 
 wont 3 (wo-, wu-), n. What is customary in 
 general or habitual to a person {use & w., estab- 
 lished custom ; according to his w.; it is my to. 
 to), [p.p., see prec] 
 won't. See will l . 
 
 wo'nted (wo-, wu-), attrib. a. Habitual to 
 person, (rarely) usual, (heard me with his w. 
 courtesy; met with the w. obstacles), [f. wont 
 p.p. see wont 1 w. erron. # addition of -ed 1 ] 
 
 woo, v.t. Ask in marriage, pay amorous 
 court to, ask the love of, whence woo'er 1 n.; 
 pursue, seek to win, (fame, fortune, &c); (abs.) 
 go courting, conduct oneself as wooer ; coax, 
 importune, try to persuade, (person usu. to do 
 or to compliance &c. ). Hence woo'ingL y 2 adv. 
 [ME wowen, cf. OE dwogian (woh bent)] 
 
 woo'but, ou'bit (ob-), n. = woolly- bear. 
 [ME wolbode (wool, OE budda beetle)] 
 
 wdbd, n. Growing trees occupying consider- 
 able tract of ground, forest, (also pi. in same 
 sense, as came upon a clearing in the ww. ; can- 
 not see w.for trees, details impede general view; 
 don't halloo till you are out of the w., assume 
 too soon that difficulties are over), whence 
 (-)woodED 2 a. ; fibrous substance between pith 
 & bark of tree, whether growing or cut for tim- 
 ber or fuel ; the cask or unbottled storage of 
 wine &c (in, from, the w.); (Mus.; also w.-wind) 
 the wooden wind-instruments of a band &c; 
 w.-agate, showing grain of w.; w.-anemone, the 
 wild flowering anemone ; woodbine or -bind, 
 wild honeysuckle ; w.-block, die usu. of box- 
 wood from which woodcuts are taken ; wood- 
 cock, kinds of game bird related to snipe ; w.- 
 craft, knowledge of forest conditions esp. as 
 applied in hunting &c; woodcut, (print, usu. as 
 illustration in book or newspaper, taken from) 
 engraving made on w. ; w.-cutter, man who cuts 
 w., engraver of woodcuts; w.-engraver, maker 
 of woodcuts, kinds of boring insect; w.-fibre, 
 fibre got from w. esp. as material for paper ; 
 w.-gas, carburetted hydrogen got from w.; w.- 
 ibis, kirfd of X.-Amer. stork ; woodland, wooded 
 country, woods, (often attrib., as w.-l. scenery ; 
 the w.-l. choir, birds); w. leopard, kind of moth; 
 w.-louse, kinds of small wingless many-legged 
 insect; woodman, forester, w.-cutter ; w.-notes, 
 spontaneous poetry ; w.-nymph, dryad, kinds 
 of humming-bird & moth ; w.-opal, silicified w.; 
 w.-paper, made of w.-pulp ; w.-pavement, wood- 
 en blocks used as paving of road ; woodpecker, 
 kinds of bird that cling to tree-stems & tap 
 them to discover insects ; w.-pie, great spotted 
 woodpecker ; w.-pigeon, ringdove ; w.-pulp, w.- 
 fibre reduced to pulp as material for paper ; 
 woodruff, kinds of plant, sweet w.-r. grown esp. 
 for fragrance of leaves when dried or crushed ; 
 woodsman, dweller in or frequenter of ww.; 
 w.-sorrel, kinds of acid-juiced plant ; w.-tar, got 
 from w.; w.-warbler, kinds of bird; w.-wasp, 
 kinds that hang nest in tree or burrow in rotten 
 w.; w.-wool, fine pine shavings used as surgical 
 dressing or for packing ; woodwork, things made 
 of w., esp. the wooden part of a house &c. 
 Hence woo'dLESS a. [OE wudu, cf. ON 
 vithr, OHG witu, also Gael, fiodh, W gwydd] 
 
 Wdbdbupy-type, n. (Picture produced by) 
 process transferring photograph from harden- 
 ed gelatine to 6of t metal, [inventor] 
 
 wdb'dehuck., n. Kind of X.-Amer. marmot, 
 [corrupt, of Amer.-Ind. wejack] 
 
 woo'den, a. Made of wood (w. head, stu- 
 pidity, whence wooden-headED 2 a., wood- 
 en-hea'dedNESS n. ; w. horse, by use of which 
 Troy was taken ; w. spoon ; w. walls, warships); 
 stiff", clumsy, without animation, inexpressive, 
 
WOODY 
 
 1029 
 
 WORK 
 
 (w. motions, manners, stare, face, &c), whence 
 woo'denLY 2 adv., woo'denNEss n. [en 5 J 
 
 woo'dy, a. (Of region) abounding in woods, 
 well- wooded ; of the nature, consisting, of wood 
 {the w. parts of a jJlant ; w. stem, tissue); (rare) 
 found in woods (w. nightshade). Hence 
 woo'diNESS n. [y 2 ] 
 
 wdbf, n. = weft. [ME oof f. OE dicef (a- 1, 
 wef= web) = that which is woven on (to the 
 warp); cf. abb] 
 
 wool, n. Kind of hair distinguished by fine- 
 ness & wavy structure & scaly surface forming 
 fleece of sheep, goat, alpaca, &c, & occurring 
 mixed with ordinary hair in coat of some other 
 animals {carding or short, combing or long, w., 
 less, more, than i in. long & prepared by differ- 
 ent processes for spinning ; dyed in the w., be- 
 fore spinning or weaving ; much cry dfr little to., 
 disappointing result, fiasco ; go for w. & come 
 home shorn, have tables turned on one), whence 
 -woolED 2 a.; woollen yarn, worsted, (speiit an 
 hour matching tow.; Berlin w., fine dyed w. for 
 knitting &c); woollen garments or cloth (safest 
 to wear w.); soft short under-fur or down ; ne- 
 gro's hair, (facet.) any person's hair; kinds of 
 w.-like substance (cotton 1 -w.; mineral w., 
 made from molten slag subjected to strong 
 blast & used for packing walls &c); w.-ball, esp. 
 lump of concreted w. sometimes formed in 
 stomach of sheep &c; w.-carding, -combing, 
 processes by which short, long, w. is prepared 
 for spinning ; w.-dyed, dyed in the w., see above ; 
 w.-fat, -oil, lanolin ; w.-fell, skin of sheep &c. 
 with fleece still on ; w.-gathcring, absent- 
 minded(ness), inattentive (mood); w.-hall, w.- 
 merchants' exchange or market ; to. -pack, (for- 
 merly) 240-lb. bale of w., also fleecy cloud ; wool- 
 sack, w. -stuffed cushion on which Lord Chan- 
 cellor sits in House of Lords (reach &c. the w.-s., 
 become Lord Chancellor ; take seat on the w.-s., 
 open proceedings in House of Lords); w.-icork, 
 embroidery with Berlin ww. imitating tapestry. 
 [OE widl, cf. Du. tool, G wolle ; cogn. w. Skr. 
 urna, & perh. Gk lenos, L lana] 
 
 woo'llen, a. & n. Made of wool. (N.) w. 
 fabric, as blanket, flannel, cloth ; w.-draper, re- 
 tailer of ww. ; hence woollenE - tte(2) n. [-en 5 ] 
 
 woo'lly, a. Bearing or naturally covered 
 with wool or wool-like hair (the w. flock; w.- 
 bear, kinds of hairy caterpillar; a to. puppy, 
 head); resembling or suggesting wool (w. hair, 
 clouds; w. voice, husky), (paint.) lacking in 
 definition or luminosity or incisiveness (w. 
 texture, style, &c). Hence woo'IHness n. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 woo'lsey (-zl), n. Fabric of cotton & wool ; 
 linsey-woolsey, [abbr. of linsev-woolsey] 
 
 wo_ora*li, woorap'a. = curare. 
 
 wootz, n. Special kind of steel made in 
 India & imported into Europe & America for 
 edge-tools. [?] 
 
 ■wop. See whop. 
 
 word 1 (werd), n. Any sound or combination 
 of sounds (or its written or printed symbol) re- 
 cognized as a part i of speech, conveying an 
 idea or alternative ideas, & capable of serving 
 as a member of, the whole of, or a substitute 
 for, a sentence (coin, play upon, torture, ww.; 
 is not the to. for it, not an adequate descrip- 
 tion ; ha ve no ww. to express my gratitude &c. ; 
 takes ww. jor things ; ww. are the wise man's 
 counters & the fool's money; in a or one w., 
 briefly, to sum up ; translate or repeat w. for 
 w., literally or verbatim); speech (honest in 
 w. & deed ; bold in w. only ; by w. of mouth, 
 orally) ; thing said, saying, remark, conversa- 
 tion, (usu. in pi.; take one at his w., act on as- 
 sumption that he means what he says ; fair or 
 good ww., complimentary, conciliatory, flatter- 
 
 ing, &c; high, hard, warm, hot, sharp, &c, 
 ww., angry talk; big ww., boasting, bluff; 
 burning ww., enthusiastic, inspiring, excited, 
 &c; wild & whirling ww., not well weighed ■ 
 hard ww. break no bones, -fine ww. butter no 
 parsnijis, ww. are but wind, depreciations of 
 talk as compared with action ; so ww. or things 
 ww. & deeds ; household w.; have ww. with, 
 quarrel with ; they had ww., quarrelled ; have 
 a w. with, converse briefly with ; so a w. with 
 yo u as demand for interview; suit the action 
 to the w., do at once what one has threatened 
 &c; on or with the w., as soon as something 
 has been said ; aw. & a blow, impetuous per- 
 son s procedure ; proceed from ww. to blows ; 
 waste ww., talk vainly ; a w. in, out of, season, 
 well, ill, timed advice or interference ; have the 
 last w., not let opponent in altercation speak 
 last ; the last w. on a subject, pronouncement 
 including latest views & likely to be definitive ; 
 a truer w. was never spoken ; have a w. to say, 
 something worth hearing; man of few ww., 
 taciturn ; hasn't a w. to throw at a dog, is un- 
 sociably or superciliously taciturn ; say a good 
 w. Jor, commend, defend ; give person one's 
 good w., recommend him for post &c; eat one's 
 ww., retract, apologize under compulsion ; w. 
 of command, w. or phrase giving direction esp. 
 to soldiers being drilled ; a w. to the wise, 
 transl. of verbum sapienti; God's W., the 
 scriptures ; so the W. of God, & see below) ; 
 news, intelligence, a message, send w. of; 
 send w. ; w. came that or of) ; one's promise, 
 assurance, or responsible statement (give per- 
 son, give, pledge, pass, one's w., make promise 
 or rarely statement; keep, break, one's w.; I 
 give you my w. for it, promise it shall be or 
 state that it is so ; so ellipt. my w. upon it ; 
 upon my w., on my honour, also as excl. at 
 something that shocks; w. of honour, promise 
 or statement made upon one's honour 1 ; a 
 man of his w., a promise-keeper ; be as good as 
 one's w., fulfil or exceed what one has pro- 
 mised ; his w. is as good as his bond, may be 
 relied on) ; command, order, password, motto, 
 (his w. is law ; give the w. to do or for ; act 
 promptly at thew.; must give the w. before you 
 canpass; sharp 'sthe w., exhortation to hurry); 
 the W. (of God), Christ as mediator or mani- 
 festation of God to man ; w.-blind, -deaf, in- 
 capacitated by kinds of brain trouble from at- 
 taching meaning to ww. seen or heard; w.- 
 book, vocabulary ; w.-painter, -ting, graphic or 
 picturesque writer, writing ; w.-perfect, know- 
 ing part, piece, &c, by heart ; w.-picture, piece 
 of w.-painting; w.-play, verbal fencing, also 
 play on ww., pun, &c; w.-splitter, -ting, (maker 
 of) oversubtle verbal distinctions; w. -square, 
 set of words so chosen that when they are 
 written under each other the letters read down- 
 ward in columns give same words, e.g. rat, ado, 
 too. Hence wop'dLESS a. [cf. Du. woord, G 
 wort; cogn. w. L VERB?;m, Gk eiro speak] 
 
 word 2 , v.t. Put into ww., phrase, select 
 ww. to express. Hence wor'diNG 1 n. [f. prec] 
 
 wop'dy, a. Verbose, given to or expressed 
 in many words, diffuse ; in, consisting of, 
 words (w. warfare). Hence wop*diLY 2 adv., 
 wop'diNESs n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 ■wore. See wear 1 ' 3 . 
 
 work. 1 (werk), n. Expenditure of energy, 
 striving, application of effort to some purpose, 
 (set to w., begin or make begin operations ; 
 has got to, is at, w. at last; all w. & no play; 
 never does a stroke of w. ; never liked, will do 
 no, w.), (Physics) exertion of force in over- 
 coming resistance or producing molecular 
 change {convert heatinto w. ; unit ofw., lifting 
 
wouk 
 
 1030 
 
 WORKER 
 
 of lib. for 1ft; internal to., exerted on mole- 
 cules of a body); task (to be) undertaken, mate- 
 rials (to be) used in task, (the w. of converting 
 the heathen ; have one's w. cut out for one, no 
 light task, as much as one can do ; bHng your 
 io. downstairs, i.e. sewing-materials, lesson- 
 books, &c); thing done, achievement, thing 
 made, book or piece of literary or musical com- 
 position, literary or other product of, specimen 
 of, (Theol., usu. in pi.) meritorious act as op- 
 posed to faith or grace, (mighty ww., miracles ; 
 a good day's xo., much accomplished ; the ww. 
 of God, nature ; honest man the noblest w. of 
 God ; the ww. of Cicero, his writings ; a learn- 
 ed, historical, w., book; a xo. of art, fine pic- 
 ture, building, poem, &c. ; is the w. of the devil ; 
 ww. of mercy, charitable actions ; covenant of 
 xoxo., O.-T. dispensation ; ww. of suPEReroga- 
 tion) ; doings or experiences of specified kind 
 (sharp, bloody, wild, w.; thirsty, dry, w.; make 
 short xo. of, quickly accomplish or get rid of or 
 overcome) ; employment, esp. the opportunity 
 of earning money by labour, laborious occupa- 
 tion, (is otit of, is in regular, wants, is looking 
 for, xo.; many hands make light w.; do you 
 want the w. or the wages? ; rich men's luxury 
 makes w.for the poor) ; (usu. in pi., & in comb, 
 or with adj.) piece of fortification, structure 
 for defence, (the ww. are impregnable ; ad- 
 vanced, detached, defensive, ww. or w.; out- 
 works, earthworks); (pi.) operations in build- 
 ing &c. (miblicww., such operations done by 
 or for the State ; Board of Ww. db Public 
 Buildings; clerk of the ww.) ; (pi.) acting or 
 operative part of machine (usu. of; theww. of 
 a xoatch Sec; something must be wrong with 
 theww.) ; \p\., often with sing, constr., usu. in 
 comb, with attrib. n.) manufactory (the owner 
 of an iron, a glass, -wio. ; the ivw. xoill be closed 
 from 1st Oct.) ; (articles having) ornamentation 
 of kind specified by adj. or by usu. hyphened 
 attrib. n., things or parts made of material or 
 with tools &c. so specified, (covered with ela- 
 borate w.; rxistic, embossed, beaten, frosted, 
 Sec, w.; woodxo., ironw., stoneio.; fancy, 
 needle, stucco, relief, poker, -w.); (Naut.) 
 upper ww. ; workaday, fit for or used or seen 
 on workdays, ordinary, practical, (now chiefly 
 in this workaday world) ; w.-bag, -basket, -box, 
 holding materials & implements for to., esp. 
 for sewing ; workday, day other than Sunday 
 or festival ; workhouse, public institution for 
 reception of paupers in parish or union of 
 parishes ; workman, operative, man hired to 
 do manual labour, person good, bad, skilled, 
 Sec, at his job {an ill workman quarrels with 
 his tools); workmanlike, characteristic of a 
 good workman ; workmanship, person's rela- 
 tive skill in doing task, relative finish or execu- 
 tion seen in manufactured article or w. of art, 
 one's making (we are God's or of God's work- 
 manship); w.-people, workmen or workwomen; 
 w.-room, in which work is done ; xoorlcshop, 
 room or building in which manufacture is 
 carried on ; w.-table, with drawers for sewing- 
 materiais &c; workwoman, female operative. 
 Hence wor'kLESS a. [Aryan ; OE we arc, cf. 
 Du. & G xoerk, Gk ergon, Pers. warz gain] 
 work. 2 , v.t. & i. (xvorked; also wrought pr. 
 rawt archaic exc. as specified below). Engage 
 or be engaged in bodily or mental w., carry on 
 operations, make efforts, be a craftsman in 
 some material, (men mustw.; w. axvay or on, 
 continue to w.; w. doubleTiDEs ; isxvorking at 
 Greek, history, social reform; xvorks, xvorked 
 or xvroxtght, in brass, leather, oils, distemper ; 
 person is- hard to xo. xvith, impracticable ; is 
 working for, against, the cause) ; (of machine, 
 
 plan, &c.) operate, act, do its appointed work, 
 (of person) put or keep (machine &c.) in opera- 
 tion, keep (person, horse, machine, &c.) going 
 or at w., exact toil from, (charm, drug, pump, 
 scheme, works or will not w.; w. ship, type- 
 writer ; works his men Sec too hard, to death); 
 (of wheel &c.) run, revolve, go through regular 
 motions, (strap, handle, wheel, works on a 
 wheel, pivot, axle; xo. freely, stiffly, Sec); carry 
 on, manage, control, (w. mine, scheme ; works 
 the coach from London to Brighton, has charge 
 of it ; my partner xvorks the Liverpool district; 
 is worked by wires, electricity, Sec) ; have in- 
 fluence or effect, exercise influence on, (often 
 xorought ; noxo let it xo., leave it to produce its 
 effect; xo. upon person or his mind Sec; all 
 these things have worked together for good ; 
 the appeal xorought powerfully upon him; w. 
 the oracle) ; bring about, effect, accomplish, 
 produce as result, (often xorought ; xo. wonders, 
 cures, mischief ,d change ; w. one's will, accom- 
 plish one's purpose often upon person or thing ; 
 will xo. it if I can slang, bring it about); be in 
 motion, be agitated, cause agitation, ferment 
 lit. & fig., (face, features, worked violently; 
 waves w. to & fro ; thoxights, conscience, work- 
 ing within him ; yeast began to w.; to be wroth 
 xvith one xoe love doth w. like madness in the 
 brain); make way or make (way &c.) or cause 
 to make way slowly or with difficulty or by 
 shifting motions (usu. with adv. or prep.), gra- 
 dually become (loose, free, tight, &c.) by motion, 
 (stockings, shirt, w. down, up ; needle worked 
 oxit eventually from her arm ; ferrule has 
 worked off, loose ; w. your knife throxigh the 
 card, your point in; grub xoorks its xvay into 
 or out of; xvind has worked round; ship is 
 xvorking eastwards; some influences w. up- 
 xvards, some downwards, in society ; angler 
 works xip stream); knead, hammer, fashion, 
 into shape or desired consistency (xo. dough, 
 clay, Sec; butter should be thoroughly xoorked; 
 wrought iron, forged or rolled, not cast) ; arti- 
 ficially & gradually excite into (worked his au- 
 dience, himself, into enthusiasm, a rage) ; do, 
 make by, needlework or the like (reads to them 
 while they w.; w. pattern, initials, Sec, on linen 
 Sec; is xoorking a shawl) ; solve (sum) by ma- 
 thematical processes ; purchase (one's passage) 
 with labour instead of money ; w. in, find place 
 for (illustration, subject, &c), admit of being 
 introduced ; w. off, get rid of, get over, find 
 customers &c. for, (xoorks off his bacLtemper on 
 his servants; has worked off his debauch ; xo. 
 off 3000 copies ; xoorks off old jokes on us) ; w. 
 oxit, find (amount &c.) or solve (sum) by calcu- 
 lation, (of amount &c.) be calculated at (works 
 out at £6 10s.), (of sum) give definite result 
 (xoill not w. out), exhaust with w. (person, 
 mine, Sec, is quite worked oxit), accomplish or 
 attain with difficulty (w. out one's salvation), 
 provide for or plan all details of (has worked 
 out a scheme of invasion) ; w. xip, bring gradu- 
 ally to efficient state, elaborate in description 
 (often wrought), ad vance gradually to (climax), 
 excite (persons, expectations, &c.) by degrees 
 (often wroxight ; his xorought-xip nerves; is in 
 a highly xorought-up state, nervous, hysteri- 
 cal), mingle (materials) into whole, acquire 
 familiarity with (subject) by study. [OE xoierc- 
 an, wyrcan, past worhte (prec.)] 
 
 workable, a. That can be worked, that 
 will work, that is worth working, practicable, 
 feasible. HenceworkaBi'LiTV, wcrkable- 
 ness, nn., wor'kabLY 2 adv. [-able] 
 
 wop'kep, n. In vbl senses ; esp., (also xo.-bee, 
 -ant, Sec) undeveloped female of various social 
 insects, [-er 1 ] 
 
WORKING 
 
 1031 
 
 WORSE 
 
 wor'king 1 , n. In vbl senses ; also or esp.: 
 way thing works or result of its working (the 
 ww. of his face, conscience, fancy) ; mine, quar- 
 ry, &c., or part of it in which work is being or 
 has been done (was found in adisusedw.) ; w.- 
 day, — work l -day, also hours of the twenty- 
 four devoted to work; w. capital, expenses, 
 those required by or devoted to actual carrying 
 on of business ; w. drawing, plan, serving as 
 guide for building or construction ; w.-out, cal- 
 culation of results, elaboration of details, [-ing 1 ] 
 
 wor'king' 2 » a. In vbl senses; esp., engaged 
 in manual labour (w.-man; thew.-class). L-ING 2 ] 
 
 world (wer-), n. Time or state or scene of 
 existence (the or this w., mortal life : the other 
 or next w., the w. to come, life after death ; the 
 loxoer w., hell, Hades; Prince of this w., the 
 devil ; we bring nothing into the xo., at birth ; 
 bring child into the w., beget or bear it ; make 
 the best of both xow., reconcile secular & spiri- 
 tual interests ; the end of the w., cessation of all 
 mortal life by destruction of universe or other- 
 wise ; w. without end, for ever) ; secular inter- 
 ests & occupations (thew., the flesh, & the devil, 
 kinds of temptation ; forsake the w.) ; the uni- 
 verse, all creation, everything, (the creation of 
 the xo.; the best of all possible ww.; in thew., at 
 all, that exists, &c, as who, how, what, iwthe 
 w. was it?, nothing in thew.; for all thew. like, 
 precisely like ; carry the w. before one, have 
 rapid & complete success) ; everything that ex- 
 ists outside oneself (the external w., all pheno- 
 mena ; the w. of dreams, things as they seem 
 in dreams ; xoould not do it for the, to gain the 
 xohole, w.; she is all the w. to me ; would give 
 the w. to know) ; the earth, heavenly body 
 supposed to resemble it, its countries & their 
 inhabitants, all people, the earth as known or 
 in some respect limited, (go round thew.; to the 
 w.'s end, to furthest attainable distance; a 
 universe ofww. ; are there other ww. than ours?; 
 federation of the xo., combination of all peoples 
 in one State ; citizen of the w., cosmopolitan ; 
 all the w. 's a stage ; make a noise in the w., be 
 widely talked of ; all the w. knows, it is gener- 
 ally known ; makes the xohole w. kin ; the wise 
 old w., general experience & custom ; w. poli- 
 tics, movement, tendency, affecting or seen 
 among many peoples ; the Old W., Europe, 
 Asia, & Africa, part known by ancients to ex- 
 ist; the Nexo W., America ; the Roman &c. w., 
 as much of the w. as concerned Rome &c. ; the 
 Anglo-Sax.on, English-speaking, &c, xo.); hu- 
 man affairs, their course & conditions, active 
 life, (so xoags the w. ; how goes the w. with xjou?; 
 knoxo, see, the w., have, acquire, experience; man 
 of the xv., experienced practical tolerant person ; 
 begin the w., start one's career ; all's right with 
 the xo., expression of optimism ; take the w. as 
 it is, as one finds it, be adaptable ; let the w. 
 slide, not try to influence events, also disregard 
 convention & public opinion); average or 
 respectable or fashionable society or people or 
 their customs or opinions {the great xo., fashion- 
 able society ; all the w. & his wife, all with 
 pretensions to fashion ; what will the w. say ?. 
 dare we defy opinion ?; live out of thew., avoid 
 society) ; all that concerns or all who belong 
 to specified department or class, sphere, do- 
 main, (the literary, scientific, sporting, animal, 
 ancient, w.; the w. of letters, art, sport) ; a vast 
 or infinite number or amount or extent (a w. 
 of meaning, banknotes, trouble, faxdts ; a xo. of 
 waters, expanse of sea; a w. too xoide &c, by 
 far) ; w.-old, (usu. byexag.) old as creation ; xv.- 
 weary, tired of existence ; w.-wide, spread over 
 the w., known or found everywhere ; xo.-lan- 
 gxiage, that was or will be or is meant to be 
 
 universal, also spoken in more than one part of 
 w. [OE weoruld (wer man, cogn. w. L vir see 
 virile, eld), cf. Du. wereld, G welt] 
 
 wor'ldling 1 , n. Worldly person, [-ling !] 
 
 wor'ldly, a. Temporal, earthly, (xo. goods, 
 property) ; exclusively or preponderantly con- 
 cerned with or devoted to the affairs of this 
 life, esp. to pursuit of wealth or pleasure (w, 
 wisdom, esp. prudence in advancing one's 
 own interests ; xo. people, life, &c.); w.-minded, 
 intent on w. things, whence worldly-mi'nd- 
 edNESsn.; w.-wise, having w. wisdom. Hence 
 wor'ldliNESS n. [-ly i] 
 
 worm 1 (werm), n. Kinds of invertebrate 
 limbless or apparently limbless creeping ani- 
 mal, esp. such as are segmented in rings or are 
 parasitic in the intestines or tissues (also in 
 compd names of larvae, insects, lizards, &c, 
 with some resemblance to ww., as silk, glow, 
 sloio, -xo.; dog, child, has xow., internal para- 
 sites ; food for ww., of person when dead ; a w. 
 will txvrn, the meekest will resist or retaliate 
 if pushed too far ; the xo. of conscience, gnaw- 
 ing pain of remorse ; so where their w. dieth 
 not ; am a xo. to-day, out of sorts & spiritless, 
 w. ref. to Ps. xxii. 6) ; insignificant or con- 
 temptible person ; spiral part of screw, spiral 
 cartridge-extractor, spiral pipe of still in 
 which vapour is cooled & condensed ; liga- 
 ment under dog's tongue ; w.-cast, tubular 
 mass of earth voided by earth- w.; w.-eaten, 
 pawn by ww., full of w. -holes, (fig.) anti- 
 quated ; w.-fishing, with w. for bait ; w.-gear, 
 arrangement of toothed wheel worked by re- 
 volving spiral ; w.-hole, left in wood, fruit, &c, 
 by passage of w.; w.-holed, w.-eaten (lit.); w.- 
 seed, (Levantine plant bearing) seed used to 
 expel intestinal ww.; w.-wheel, wheel of w.- 
 gear. Hence wop'itiy- a., wop'miNESS n. 
 [OE wyrm, cf. Du. worm, G wurm ; cogn. w. 
 L vermis, Gk (h)roxnos] 
 
 worm 2 , v.t. & i. Insinuate oneself into 
 (favour, person's confidence, &c.) ; convey one- 
 self, progress, make one's way, with crawling 
 motion (wormed himself 'or his way or wormed 
 throughthebushes) ; draw (secret &c.)by crafty 
 persistence out (of person) ; cut w. of (dog) ; 
 rid (garden-bed &c.) of ww. [f. prec] 
 
 wop'mul (wor-), n. = warble 2 , [perh. 
 assim. to worm] 
 
 wor'mwdbd (wer-), n. Kinds of perennial 
 herb with bitter, tonic, & stimulating qualities 
 used in preparation of vermouth & absinth & 
 in medicine ; bitter mortification or its cause. 
 [OE wermod, cf. Du. xuermoet, G xoermuth, 
 etym. dub., w. assim. to worm, wood] 
 
 worn. See wear 1 . 
 
 wo'prit (wu-), v.t. & i., & n. = foil. (vulg.). 
 
 wo'rry (wu), v.t. & i., & n. (Of dogs) bite 
 (rat, sheep, dog) repeatedly, shake or pull 
 about with the teeth (xo. problem &c. oxit, as- 
 sail it again & again till it is solved ; w. the 
 sword in fencing, try to fluster opponent by 
 small movements in quick succession ; tease, 
 harass, importune, be continuously or inter- 
 mittently troublesome to, allow no rest or 
 peace of mind to (w. oneself, take needless 
 trouble ; is mxich xoorried, full of uneasiness ; 
 xoears a worried look, looks anxious or trou- 
 bled); give way to anxiety, let the mind dwell 
 on troubles, fret ; w. along, manage to advance 
 in spite of obstacles ; hence wotpIment n., 
 wo*prying"LY 2 a dv. (N.) hound's worrying 
 of quarry; (usu. in pi.) care(s), thing(s) worry- 
 ing person ; cares, worried state, over-anxiety ; 
 hence wo'rriLESS a. [OE wyrgan, cf. Du. 
 worgen, G wiirgen, strangle ; cogn. w. wring] 
 
 worse (wers), a. & adv. comp., & n. More 
 
WORSHIP 
 
 1032 
 
 WRAP 
 
 bad or badly; (as pred. a.) in or into less 
 good health (is w. today, is getting w.), in less 
 good condition or circumstances [is none the 
 xv. for it). (X.) W. thing(s) (have w. to tell; but 
 w. followed, remains); the w., defeat in contest 
 (have, put to, the w., be defeated, defeat). 
 Hence wop'sen 6 v.t. & i. [OE wyrs adv., 
 xvyrsa adj., cf. OSax. xvirs, wirsa, Goth, wairs, 
 wairsiza, the last retaining the corapar. suf. & 
 corresponding to E obs. or vulg. xvorser ; perh. 
 cogn. \v. G wirren twist] 
 
 wop'ship (wer-), n., & v.t. & i. (Archaic) 
 worthiness, merit, recognition given or due to 
 these, honour & respect, (men ofw., worthies; 
 win, have, w., reach, enjoy, high repute ; so 
 still in your, his, W„ used to or of certain ma- 
 gistrates, or to show respect for person of 
 higher station or ironical pretence^ of this), 
 whence wop'shipFUL a., woP'shipfulLY 2 
 adv., wop'shipfulNESSn.; reverent homage 
 or service paid to God (public w., the hours of 
 xc, forms ofw., &c, church services; place of 
 xv., church), adoration or devotion comparable 
 to this felt or shown towards person or prin- 
 ciple (an object of w.; regarding her with w. 
 in his eyes ; the xv. of rank, xvealth, intellect, 
 athletics). ( Vb) adore as divine, pay religious 
 homage to; idolize, regard with adoration, 
 (ivorships the ground she treads on); attend 
 public w. (where does he xv. ?), whence wop*- 
 shippER 1 n ; be full of adoration. [OE xveorth- 
 scipe (worth 1, -ship)] 
 
 wopst (wer-), a. & adv. sup., n., & v.t. Most 
 bad, badly. (X.) w. part, feature, state, pos- 
 sibleassumption, event, possible issue, or action 
 (the xv. of the storm is over ; the xv. ofitis that — ; 
 saw him at his w.; when things are at the 
 or their w.; at w., at the xv., our lives are safe ; 
 get tlie w. of it, be worsted ; have, put to, the w., 
 be defeated, defeat ; the xv. has happened ; be 
 jjrepared for the w ; if the xv. comes to the xv., if 
 the w. happens; do your, let him &c. do his 
 &c, w., expression of defiance. (Vb) get the 
 better of, defeat, outdo, best. [OE wyrst adv., 
 wyrsta adj. (worse, -est) ; the vb may be f. 
 worse with -t as in amongst, whilst] 
 
 wop'sted (wdbs-), n. Woollen yarn (often 
 attrib., as xv. sock). [Worste(a)d in Norfolk] 
 
 wopt (wert), n. 1. Plant, herb, (rare exc. in 
 comb., as spleen, stitch, -it?.). 2. Infusion of 
 malt before it is fermented into beer, [sense 
 
 1 f. OE xvyrt, cf. G wurz, cogn. w. root; sense 
 
 2 f. OE -wyrt, perh. a specialized use of wyrt, 
 but cf. G wiirze] 
 
 worth 1 (werth), pred. a. (governing noun 
 like trans, part.) & n. Of value equivalent to 
 (is xv. much, little, nothing, about 2/6; is little 
 xv. poet., w. little; bird in hand is w. two in 
 bush ; xvhat is the house w.? ; the rarer it is the 
 more it is xv.); deserving, worthy of, bringing 
 compensation for, (w. one's salt, earning one's 
 keep by good service ; to. doing, hearing, 
 notice, the trouble, while 1 , an effort, troubling 
 oneself about, &c; xv. it colloq., w. while ; to 
 reign is w. ambition ; game not w. CxYNDLE) ; 
 possessed of, having property amounting to, 
 {is, died, w. a million ; spent all he was w. on 
 it ; for all one is w. slang, with one's utmost 
 efforts, without reserve). (X.) what a person 
 or thing is w., value, merit, high merit or excel- 
 lence, (of great, little, no, xv.; persons of xv.; 
 true xv. often goes xmrecognized), whence 
 wop'thLESS a., woP'thlessLY 2 adv., 
 wop'thlessNESS n. ; coin's equivalent of 
 commodity (give me a shilling's, hal fa- 
 crown's, xv. of stamps ; also in comb, as penny- 
 
 w., two-pennyw. or -pennorth, three-ha'porth 
 &c). [OE wyrthe a., wyrth n., cf. Du. waard(e), 
 G xverth ; cogn. w. W gxverth price, L vereri 
 respect, & ware 2 ] 
 
 worth 2 (werth), v.t. 3rd sing, subjunct. (ar- 
 chaic). Befall (only in woe w. the day - cursed 
 be), [f. OE weorthan become, cf. G werden) 
 worthy (wer'dhi), a. & n. Estimable,- having 
 some moral worth, of a fair degree of merit, 
 respectable, (a xv. man ; has lived a xv. life ; 
 often with patronizing effect, cf. honest, as I 
 asked the w. rustic whether) ; deserving of or 
 deserving of or deserving to be or do (is w. of or 
 rarely xv. remembrance or being remembered ; 
 is xv. to be remembered, take the lead ; also in 
 comb, as praise, blame, -xv.); corresponding to \ 
 the worth of or of, adequate, appropriate, of 
 sufficient worth or merit, (in words w. of or xv. 
 the occasion ; is not w. of or w. my sxvord, steel ; 
 has found a xv. adversary, received a w. re- 
 xvard); hence wop*thiLY 2 adv., wop'thiNESS 
 n. (N.) w. person, person of some distinction in 
 his country, time, &c, (esp. in pi., as the Wxv. of 
 England ; an Elizabethan &c. xv.). [-Y 2 ] 
 wot. See wit l . 
 would. Seew'iLL 1 . 
 
 wound 1 (woo-), n., & v.t. Injury done by cut 
 or stab or blow or tear to animal or vegetable 
 tissues including & usu. going beyond the cut- 
 ting or piercing or breaking or tearing of the 
 skin or bark or other integument, (fig.) injury* 
 done to person's reputation &c. or pain inflicted 
 on his feelings, (poet.) pangs of love, (receive, 
 inflict, make, heal, a xv.; incised, punctured, 
 contused, lacerated, xv.; open, incurable,* fes- 
 tering, mortal, w.); xv.-wort, kinds of plant 
 supposed to have healing properties ; hence 
 wou'ndLESS a. (Vb) inflict w. on (often fig., 
 esp. xvounded vanity, feelings; willing to xv., 
 spiteful). [OE xvund, cf. Du. wond, G wunde 
 wound, xvund wounded ; perh. cogn, w. win] 
 wound 2 . See wind 2 > 3 . 
 woupa'li. See curare. 
 wove(n). See weave. 
 
 WP-. In all words beginning thus w is silent. 
 wpaek, n. Kinds of sea- weed cast up & used 
 for manure &c. ;= rack. [= wreck] 
 wpaith,n. Person's double or apparition seen 
 shortly before or after his death, [perh. var. of 
 wreath ; but cf. Sc. dial, xvarth ghost & Norw. 
 vardyvle guardian spirit] 
 wrangle (nvnggl), v.i., & n. Brawl, (engage 
 in) loud or vulgar or confused argument or 
 altercation or quarrel, [cogn. w. wring, -le(3)] 
 wpa'nglep, n. In vbl senses ; also, (Camb. 
 Univ.) person placed in first class of mathema- 
 tical tripos (person in 2nd, 3rd, class being called 
 senior, junior, o'ptlme; senior w., first in first 
 class when it was arranged in order of merit), 
 whence wpa'nglepsmp n. [-er l ; spec, sense 
 f. obs. sense of vb dispute publicly on a thesis] 
 wrap, v.t. & i., & n. Enfold, enclose or pack 
 or conceal in folded or soft encircling material, 
 (often up ; w. it in paper, cotton-wool ; w. up 
 parcel ; mountain, affair, is wrapped in mist, 
 viystery ; xvraps up his meaning in tortuous 
 sentences, allegory), (p.p. with up) engrossed or 
 included (mother, country's prosperity, is 
 wrapped, up in her child, its shipping) ; w. up, 
 put on ww. (mind you w. up xvell if you go out) ; 
 arrange ordraw(pliantcovering) round or about 
 person or thing (wrappecZ her shawlcloser about 
 her), whence wra'ppiNG 1 ^) n.; overlap (intr.; 
 the edges should, do not, w.); (n., usu. in pi.) 
 shawl(s), rug(s), cloak(s), neckerchief (s), &c, 
 as addition to ordinary clothes, [perh. cogn. 
 
 For pronunciation of words in wr- see wr-. 
 
WRAPPAGE 
 
 1033 
 
 WRIST 
 
 w. warp ; cf. obs. wlappen in same sense, cf. 
 ] lap 2 ] 
 
 wra'ppage (-Ij), n. Wrapping(s). [-age] 
 
 wra'ppep, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: (garment 
 ] resembling) dressing-gown ; paper enclosing 
 ; newspaper or similar packet for posting ; de- 
 ; tachable paper cover of book ; outer tobacco- 
 ! leaf of superior quality enclosing cigar, [-er l ] 
 
 wrapt. = rapt. 
 
 wrasse, n. Kinds of thick-lipped strong- 
 toothed bright-coloured rock-haunting sea-fish, 
 [perh. f. W gwrachen] 
 
 wrath (raw-), n. Anger, indignation, (poet,, 
 
 irhet., or joe; vessels, children, of w., persons 
 
 destined to divine chastisement ; slow to w., not 
 
 : irascible). Hence wra'thFUL a., wra'th- 
 
 I fulLY' 2 adv. [OE wraetho (wroth)] 
 
 wreak, v. t. Avenge (wrong, wronged person ; 
 archaic); give play or satisfaction to, put in 
 operation, (vengeance, rage, &^c, usu. upon ene- 
 my &c; rarely desire &c, as w. one's thoughts 
 upon expression, find adequate expression for 
 them). [OE wrecan avenge, cf. Du. icreken, G 
 rdchen ; orig. sense drive, cogn. w. wrack, 
 wreck, L urgere urge, Gk eirgo hem in] 
 
 wreath (reth), n. Flowers or leaves strung 
 or woven or wound together into ring for wear- 
 ing on head or for decorating statue, building, 
 coffin, &c, carved imitation of such w.; similar 
 ring of soft twisted material such as silk ; curl 
 < of smoke, circular or curved band of cloud, 
 (poet.) circle of dancers or spectators. [OE 
 wrxth bandage, cogn. w. writhe] 
 
 wreathe (-dh), v.t. & i. Encircle as or with 
 or as with a wreath ; form (flowers, silk, &c.) 
 into wreath ; wind one's amis &c. or (of snake 
 &c.) itself round person &c. ; make (garland); 
 (of smoke &c. ) move in shape of wreaths, [f .prec ] 
 
 wreck, n., & v.t. & i. Ruin, destruction, dis- 
 ablement, esp. of ship (save ship, one's fortunes, 
 from ic, gale caused many iciv.; the w. of the 
 Hesperus, of his life); ship that has suffered w., 
 greatly damaged or disabled building or person, 
 disorganized remains or sorry remnant of, 
 (shores are strewn with ww.; person, building, 
 is a w.; is but a or the w. of his former self); 
 goods &c. cast up by the sea (w. of the sea be- 
 Tongs to the Crown);w.-master, officer appointed 
 to take charge of goods &c. cast up from wrecked 
 ship. (Vb) cause w. of (ship, train, hopes, under- 
 taking, person or his fortunes), (p.p.) involved 
 in shipwreck (wrecked sailors, goods); suffer w. 
 (rare ; this is the obstacle your hopes willxo. on). 
 [OE vrxc expulsion, cf. Du. wrak wreck, ON 
 rek things cast ashore ; cogn. w. wreak] 
 
 ■wreckage (-ij), n. Wrecked material, rem- 
 nants, fragments, [-age] 
 
 wre'eker, n. In vbl senses ; also : man who 
 tries from shore to bring about shipwreck with 
 a view to profiting by wreckage or who steals 
 such wreckage ; person employed in recovering 
 wrecked ship or its contents, [-er 1 ] 
 
 wren, n. Kinds of very small cock-tailed 
 short-winged European songbird (often Jenny 
 W.). [OE wrenna, cf. ON rindill] 
 
 wrench, n., & v.t. Violent twist or oblique 
 pull or tearing off, (fig.) pain caused by parting, 
 (gave a w. to his ankle, at the door-handle; 
 leaving home was a great w.) ; implement made 
 to grip & turn nuts, bolts, &c. ; (vb) twist or 
 pull violently round or sideways, injure or pull 
 off or away by twisting, (wrenched the door 
 open, his horse's head round, his ankle, fowVs 
 head off, opponent's sword from him); pervert, 
 w f rest, (facts &c). [OE wrenc guile, cf. G rank 
 intrigue; cogn. w. wrong, wrinkle, wring] 
 
 •wrest, v.t,, & n. Twist, deflect, distort, 
 pervert, (icrests the laic to suit himself; w. the 
 
 facts, sense or words of a passage, &c); force 
 or wrench away from person's grasp (wrested 
 his sword from him); (n.) key for tuning harp 
 &c; w.-block, part of piano holding w.-pins, to 
 which strings are attached. [OE wrxstan, cf. 
 OX reista, Da. vriste; cogn. w. writhe, wrist] 
 
 wrestle (re -si), v.i. & t., & n. Grapple with 
 & try to throw adversary esp. in sporting con- 
 test under code of rules (with or abs.); have 
 wrestling-match with; contend, grapple, do 
 one's utmost to deal, with evil, temptation, 
 duty, task, problem, &c; w. with God or in 
 prayer, pray fervently; hence wre'stlERi, 
 wre'stliNG 1 , nn. (N.) wrestling-match; hard 
 struggle, [prec, -le(3)] 
 
 wretch, n. Very unfortunate or miserable 
 person ; despicable person, person without con- 
 science or shame (often as term of playful 
 abuse). [OE wrecca outcast (wrecan wreak)] 
 
 wre"tehed,a. Miserable, unhappy, afflicted; 
 inferior, of bad quality or no merit, contemp- 
 tible, unsatisfactory, causing discontent or dis- 
 comfort or nuisance, confounded, (w. weather, 
 health, horse, inn, accommodation, poetry, poet, 
 &c); (with nn. of condemnation) great, severe, 
 excessive, (w. insufficiency, stupidity, &c). 
 Hence wre'tehedLY 2 adv., wre'tehed- 
 ness n. [prec. + -ed \ cf. wicked] 
 
 wrick, rick, v.t., & n. Slightly sprain or 
 strain (neck, back, joint) ; (n.) sprain or strain 
 (have a to. in my neck; gave my back a w.) m 
 [ME wrikken twist, cf. Du. wrikken stir to & 
 fro ; cogn. w. wring] 
 
 Wri'ggle, v.i. & t., & n. (Of worm &c.) 
 move body with short twistings, (of animals 
 or persons) make wormlike motions, (fig.) be 
 slippery, practise evasion ; make way along, 
 through, out, in, &c, by wriggling (often fig., 
 as w. out of a difficulty) ; move oneself, one's 
 body, tail, hand, &c, with wriggling motion ; 
 make one's way by wriggling; (n.) wriggling 
 movement, [frequent, of obs. wrig move about, 
 cogn. w. prec, see -le(3); cf. Du. wriggelen] 
 
 wright (rit), n. Workman, maker, (now 
 rare exc in comb, as ship, wheel, play, -w., or 
 with help of context as the wheel must go to 
 the w. for repair), [OE wyrhta (wyrht work f. 
 wyrcan work 2 )] 
 
 wring, v.t. (wrung). & n. Squeeze, squeeze 
 & twist, twist forcibly, break by twisting, per- 
 vert sense of, torture, (w. person's hand, press 
 it with emotion ; w. one's hands, squeeze them 
 together in sign of great distress; w. out or 
 w. clothes, press water from them by twisting ; 
 wringing tcet, so wet as to need wringing; 
 w. neck of, kill chicken &c; has wrung the 
 words from their true meaning; soul was 
 wrung with agony) ; extract by squeezing, get 
 out by pressure or importunity, extort, (w. 
 water, groan, consent, money, from or out of 
 or out); hence (-)wringER 1 (2) n. (N.) squeeze 
 (gave my hand, give those clothes, a w.). [OE 
 rcringan, cf. Du. urringen, G ringen] 
 
 wri'nkle 1 , n., & v.t. & i. Furrow-like crease 
 or depression or ridge in the skin (esp. of the 
 kind produced by age) or other flexible sur- 
 face ; hence wri'nklY 2 a. (Vb) produce ww. 
 in (often up ; hewrinkled his forehead ; wrinkled 
 with age); assume ww., show wrinkled appear- 
 ance, [frequent, form, see -le(3), cogn. w. prec. 
 & wrench] 
 
 ■wri'nkle 2 , n. Piece of serviceable informa- 
 tion not generally known, tip, dodge, (is full of 
 tow. ; gave me, put me up to, a w. or two). [OE 
 wrenc trick, cogn. w. wrench, -le(1)] 
 
 wrist, n. Joint connecting hand with fore- 
 arm ; (effect got in fencing, ball-games, sleight- 
 of-hand, «Scc, by) working of the hand from 
 
 33* 
 
"WRISTLET 
 
 1034 
 
 WRY 
 
 the w. alone (his wonderful w.; that was all 
 w.); (Mech., also w.-pin) stud projecting from 
 crank &c. as attachment for connecting-rod ; 
 wristband (-zb-), band usu. of folded & starched 
 linen forming or concealing end of shirt-sleeve, 
 cuff; w.-drop, paralysis of fore-arm muscles 
 from lead-poisoning. [OE, f. writhe with suf . 
 -t ; orig. hand-wrist = hand-turner ; cf. ON 
 rist instep, G rist instep, wrist] 
 
 wri'stlet, n. Band or ring worn on wrist to 
 strengthen or guard it or as ornament, brace- 
 let, handcuff, &c. [-let] 
 
 writ 1 , n. Holy, sacred, w., the bible; form 
 of written command in name of sovereign, 
 State, court, &c, issued to official or other 
 person & directing him to act or abstain from 
 acting in some way (w. of attachment, habeas 
 corpus, subpoena, Sec ; serve w. on one, deliver 
 it to him; xv. runs in district &c, is theoreti- 
 cally valid or is actually respected). [OE gewrit 
 a writing (write)] 
 
 writs. See foil. 
 
 write, v.i. & t. (wrote, archaic writ; written, 
 archaic writ). Trace symbols representing 
 word(s) esp. with pen or pencil on paper or 
 parchment, trace (such symbols), trace the 
 symbols that represent or constitute (word, 
 special script, &c), (fig.) stamp marks indi- 
 cating (quality or condition) on or in or over 
 person's face &c, (w. well, legibly, disgrace- 
 fully, &c. ; writes a good, niggling, Sec, hand, 
 produces good &c. writing; cannot read or w.; 
 can xv. his alphabet, the Greek letters, Greek ; 
 write your letters separate; w. one's name; 
 has honesty written in his face ; a paper 
 written all over, covered with writing; a notice 
 is written up on the wall ; w. thing down, 
 record or take note of it in writing; w. out, 
 w. the whole of, w. in full ; w. out fair, make 
 fair copy of ; name is written in book of life, 
 included in the list of the saved; written in or 
 on water, unrecorded; writ large, aggravated, 
 esp. w. ref. to intended remedy that reproduces 
 former evils in greater degree) ; fill, draw up 
 or fill in, with writing (has written three 
 sheets; w. cheque, certificate, application, Sec; 
 w. up the books, reports, Sec, make entries 
 bringing them up to date); compose for written 
 or printed reproduction or publication, put into 
 literary form & set down in writing, be engaged 
 temporarily or permanently in such composi- 
 tion, compose books &c. well Sec, (is writing 
 a book, article, his life, poetry, a novel, report, 
 letter, Sec; w. off, compose with facility; writes 
 cleverly, like an angel; writes a little, in or for 
 the papers, for a living, See); w. & send letter 
 (to person or abs., also commerc. or vulg. with- 
 out to; writes home once a week; have written 
 to him ; we wrote you last week ; will write off, 
 or w.,for afresh supply) ; send or convey (per- 
 son or to person news, that, how, Sec.) by letter 
 (w. me all the news, the result, hoxo you got 
 home ; wrote to his mother that he was bullied); 
 state in writing or print (Herodotus writes, it 
 is written, that); describe, f>utdotv7i, in writing 
 as (writes himself esquire; w. me down an ass); 
 xv. down, disparage in writing; xo. off, cancel, 
 recognize in writing the non-existence or- an- 
 nulment of, (bad debts, sums absorbed by 
 depreciation, &c); w. out refl., exhaust by 
 writing (has xoritten himself out, has no ideas 
 &c. left); w. up, praise in writing, also elaborate 
 account of (incident &c). [OE writan, cf. Du. 
 rijten Se G reissen tear; orig. sense score, cut] 
 
 wri'ter, n. In vbl senses ; esp.: clerk in cer- 
 tain offices, whence wri'tersHip n. ; author ; 
 
 manual teaching how to write specified lan- 
 guage (French Sec. xv.) ; w. to the signet, abbr. 
 W.S., Scotch solicitor; w.'s cramp or palsy, 
 muscular affection incapacitating for writing. 
 
 [-ERlJ 
 
 writhe (ridh), v.i. & t., & n. Twist or roll 
 oneself about (as) in acute pain, squirm; twist 
 (one's body Sec.) about; shrink mentally, be 
 stung or bitterly annoyed, (under, at, insult 
 &c; xoith shame Sec); (n.) actof writhing. [OE 
 xvrithan, cf. ON ritha, OHG ridan] 
 
 wri'ting, n. In vbl senses ; also : written 
 document ; piece of literary work done, book, 
 article, &c, (the ww. of Plato); put thing in 
 xv., write it down ; w. -case, containing w. -ma- 
 terials ; w.-desk, desk; w.-ink, opp. printing- 
 ink ; w.-paper, paper for w. on, esp. cut to size 
 usual for letters ; xv.-table, KNEE^hole or other 
 table kept for w. at. [-ING ] ] 
 
 •written. See write. 
 
 wrong", a. (more, most), n., adv. (no comp.), 
 Se y.t. Out of order, in(to) bad condition, (some- 
 thing is xv. with him ; my live?' is or has gone 
 or has got xo.) ; contrary to law or morality, 
 wicked, (knows the right from the w.; lying is 
 w.); other than the right or the more or most 
 desirable (alxvays does the w. thing ; took the 
 xv. xvay ; the xv. ansxver, move ; in the w. box, 
 awkwardly placed, in a difficulty, at a disad- 
 vantage ; is xv. side out, inside out; has hold 
 of the w. end of the stick, has inverted a theory, 
 position, Sec; on the xv. side of UO Sec, older 
 than ; xv. side of the blanket; xv. fount, abbr. 
 w.f, notice to compositor that letter or wd is 
 not of right fount 2 ) ; mistaken, in error, (a xv. 
 opinion, guess, decision, hypothesis; I think 
 yoxc are, can prove you, w.); w.-headed, per- 
 verse & obstinate; hence wro'ngLY 2 adv. 
 (N.) what is morally w., w. action, (the differ- 
 ence betxveen right & xv.; can two ww. make a 
 right?; do w., sin, offend, transgress, whence 
 wpo'ngdoER 1 , wro'ngdoiNG 1 , nn.; king 
 can do no w., maxim expressing principle o:~ 
 ministerial responsibility in constitutionalmon- 
 archy) ; injustice, unjust action or treatment 
 (do xv. to; suffer w.; has done me a great w.; 
 yoxi do me w., malign me ; complains of her 
 xvw.); position of or responsibility for having 
 caused quarrel, made the mistake, been the 
 offender, &c. (you xvere, they are both, in the 
 w.; put one in the w., show or make it appear 
 that he was the offender); hence (of actions) 
 wro*ngFULa.,wro , ngfulLY 2 adv.,wro , ng- 
 fulNESS n. (Adv., usu. placed last) amiss, in 
 w. direction, with incorrect result, (aim, guess, 
 answer, do sum, sort things, w.; you told, led, 
 me w.; go w., take w. path, esp. fig. of woman 
 failing in chastity). (Vb) treat unjustly, do w. 
 to, (his deeply wronged xvife); mistakenly at- 
 tribute bad motives &c. to (/ assure you you 
 xv. me). [OE wrang n. f. ON (Icel. rangr awry, 
 Da. vrang wrong a.) ; cogn. w. wring] 
 
 wrote. See write. 
 
 wroth (ro-, ro-),pred. a. (rhet., poet., or joe). 
 Angry. [OE wrath (writhe) = perverted in 
 temper, cf. Du. xvreed cruel, OHG reid twisted] 
 
 "wrought. See work 2 . 
 
 wrung. See wring. 
 
 wry, a. (-ier, -iest, or -ye?; -yest). Distorted, 
 turned to one side, skew, (xv. face, mouth, gri- 
 mace expressing disgust; has a xv. nose) ; wry- 
 bill, kind of plover ; wrymouth, kinds of fish ; 
 xv.-moxithed, ironically flattering &c; xvryxieck, 
 bird allied to woodpeckers able to turn head 
 over shoulder. Hence wry'NESS a. [f. ME 
 wrien to twist, cogn. w. wrick, wriggle] 
 
 •e 
 
 I 
 
 '.; 
 
 For pronunciation of words in wr- see wr-. 
 
"WYANDOTTE 
 
 1035 
 
 -Y 
 
 "Wyandotte (-6t), n. American breed of 
 i fowl, [name of Arner.-Ind. tribe] 
 
 wych-, wieh-, witeh-, (-tsh), prefF. in 
 i names of trees, as w.-aldcr, -elm, -hazel, f. OE 
 icicc a kind of tree ; orig. sense drooping, cogn. 
 
 w. WICKER. 
 
 "wye, n. Letter Y; thing so shaped. 
 
 Wykehamist (wika-), a. & n. (Past or pre- 
 sent member) of Winchester college. [William 
 of Wykeham, founder, -ist] 
 
 wynd, n. (Sc). Alley in Scotch towrt. [perh. 
 var. of wi\D 3 n.] 
 
 wyvera. See wivern. 
 
 X (eks), letter (pi. Xs, X's). (As Rom. numeral) 
 : 10, as IX 9, xv 15, lx 60, XC 90, MX 1010, DXL 
 510 ; (Alg.; x) first unknown quantity (cf. A, y), 
 (transf.) incalculable or mysterious factor or 
 influence (X-ray is) ; AT or double-x, XXXov 
 triple-X, {ale), ales of certain strength (from 
 brewers' marks on casks). 
 
 Abbr.: (x) = EX (i.e. not including right to) 
 in x-ep. (coupon), x-d.(ividend),x-i.(interest), 
 x-n.(ew shares); Xmas, Christmas, Xt(ian), 
 Christ(ian), (prop. = Gk letter khi, ch, see 
 
 CHIASMUS). 
 
 Xanthi'ppe (z-, -ti- or -thi-), n. Shrewish 
 wife. [X., wife of Socrates] 
 
 xanth(o)- (z-). comb, form of Gk xanthos 
 yellow: xa'nthate, a salt of xantnic acid; 
 xa'nthein(e), soluble part of yellow colouring- 
 matter in flowers ; xa'nthic, yellowish (x. acid, 
 ethyl-disulpho-carbonic acid with yellow salts ; 
 x. flowers, typically yellow & never passing in- 
 to blue but only into red or white, opp. cyanic 
 flowers with blue as typical & red or white as 
 alternative colours) ; xa'nthin, insoluble part 
 of yellow colouring-matter in flowers, also 
 colouring-matter of madder, also a substance 
 related to uric acid occurring in blood, urine, 
 liver, &c; xantho'chroi n. pi. (ethnol.), blonds 
 or fair whites (cf. melanochroi), so -chro'ic, 
 -chroous, aa.; xanthome'lanous (ethnol.), with 
 black hair & yellow or brown or olive skin : 
 xa'nthophyll, yellow colouring-matter of au- 
 tumn leaves (cf. chlorophyll) ; xa'nthous (eth- 
 nol.), yellow or Mongoloid. 
 
 xe'foee (ze-), n. Small three-masted Mediter- 
 ranean vessel with some square & some lateen 
 sails, [cf. It. sciabecco, zambecco, perh. f. Turk. 
 sumbeki cf. Pers. sumbuk] 
 
 xenela'sia (z-, gz-), n. (Gk hist.). Spartan 
 system of excluding & expelling aliens. [Gk 
 (-ne-), f. xenos stranger, elauno drive] 
 
 xen(o)- (z-, gz-), comb, forms of Gk xenos 
 strange(r): xe'nial, of hospitality or relations 
 between host & guest: xeno'gamy bot., cross- 
 fertilization. 
 
 xer(o)- (z-), comb, forms of Gk xeros dry: 
 xera'nsis [Gk, f. xeraino dry up], desiccation, 
 drying up; xera'nthemum, kinds of annual 
 with everlasting composite flowers ; xero'phi- 
 lous hot., adapted to hot & dry climate. 
 
 xiph(i, -o)- (z-), comb, forms of Gk xiphos 
 sword: xiphoid, sword-shaped (x. appendage, 
 cartilage, or process, or x. as n., lower end of 
 sternum) ; xiphister'num, xiphoid appendage. 
 
 xo'anon (gz-, z-), n. (Gk ant. ; pi. -ana). Pri- 
 mitive usu. wooden image of deity supposed 
 to have fallen from heaven. [Gk (xeo scrape)] 
 
 xylem (z-), n. (bot.). Woody tissue (opp. 
 phloem), [foil., & as phloem] 
 
 xyl(o)- (gz-, z-), comb, forms of Gk xulon 
 wood : xyloba'lsamum, (decoction of) dried 
 twigs of balm-of-Gilead tree; xy'locarp, (tree 
 with) hard woody fruit, so -car'pous a.; xylo- 
 
 graph, a (esp. 15th-c.) wood-engraving, also a 
 decorative pattern got by mechanical repro- 
 duction of wood-grain, so -graphy, -grapher, 
 -gra'phic; xylonite, = celluloid n.; xylo'pha- 
 gotis, (of insects) feeding on wood [-phagous] ; 
 xylophone, musical instrument of wooden 
 bars graduated in length & vibrating when 
 struck or rubbed. 
 
 xyster (z-), n. (surg.). Instrument for scrap- 
 ing bones, [f. Gk xvsler (xuo scrape)] 
 
 xystus (gz-, z-), n. (pi. -ti). Covered portico 
 used by athletes for exercise in classical anti- 
 quity; garden walk or terrace. [L, f. Gk xustos 
 orig. = polished (prec.)] 
 
 Y (wi), letter, (pi. Fs, Y's). (Alg.; y) second 
 unknown quantity (cf. x, B) ; Y-shaped ar- 
 rangement of lines, piping, roads, &c, forked 
 clamp or support, (often attrib., as Y-branch, 
 -cartilage, -joint, ligament ; Y-cross, Y-shaped 
 cross esp. on chasubles suggesting figure of 
 crucified Christ; Y-level, surveying-level 
 mounted on Ys ; Y-moth, kind called also gam- 
 ma with mark liko Y or gamma on wings ; Y- 
 track, Y of railway-line with two branches 
 running into main track enabling engine to re- 
 verse direction by running down one branch 
 into stem & returning up the other. 
 
 Abbr. (1) : (Y.) young, Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A., 
 (men's, women's, Christian association). 
 
 Abbr. (2) : yd, yard ; ye ( pr . as the) the (y a 
 survival in corrupt form of obs. \>, symbol for 
 th; still used as archaism) ; Yorks.(hire) ; y' 
 (pr. as that) that (conj.; as y e above). 
 
 y-, pref . common in ME & still found in a few 
 archaic forms (yclad clad, yclept, ywis surely), 
 repr. OE, Du., & G ge- as pref. of p. pp., col- 
 lective nn., &other wds ; the same element is 
 seen under different forms in alike, among, 
 
 AWARE, EITHER, ENOUGH, HANDIWORK. 
 
 -y ] , suf. of abstract nn. & of adij., repr. ori- 
 ginal L -ins -ia -ivm, added directly to stem as 
 in remedium remedy, furia fury ■, or to another 
 suf. as in wds in -onus, -arius ; also repr. L 
 -id f. Gk -id. The suf. being unaccented in L, 
 -i- was in normal F absorbed into the accented 
 syllable, as in gloire, pbremptoire, victoire, 
 pricaire, or disappeared, as in remede ; but 
 learned formations also occur in -ie & are com- 
 mon in mod. F, as in furie, centurie ; & L or 
 mod.L wds, whether thr. F or not, have in E 
 the corresponding -y, as victory, glory, remedy, 
 primary, peremptory ; but many adjj. add a 
 new suf. as-ous,-AL, (meritorious, monitorial). 
 
 -y 2 , suf. forming adjj. f. nn., repr. OE -ig ; 
 used freely as a living suf., w. senses full of, 
 composed of, having tlie character of, as bony, 
 th orny, milky, slangy ; also appended with sense 
 of -ishM2) to adj. of colour when it is to be 
 used as comb, form (whity-brown, pinky-white 
 &c.) ; also forming adjj. chiefly poet, f. other 
 adjj. without change of sense (paly, stcepy, 
 lanky, stilly). Mute -e is dropped before -y 
 (icy, stony) ; a single final consonant of mono- 
 syllables, if preceded by a single vowel, is 
 doubled (knobby, finny, but beery, downy) ; in 
 wds of more than one syl. treatment varies, as 
 scoundrelly, fidgety ; in clayey, skyey, -e- is in- 
 serted to divide the ys. In tardy -y is of differ- 
 ent origin. 
 
 -y 3 , suf. w. dim. sense added to monosyllabic 
 personal names (Johnny, Jenny, Annie) or 
 animal names ( piggy, doggie) or other nouns 
 (lassie, cooky) & somet. forming nn. f. mono- 
 syl. adjj. (darky nigger, fatty), with implica- 
 tion of affection or familiarity; the -y form 
 
-Y 
 
 1036 
 
 YEAR 
 
 somet. supplants the parent n. in ordinary use 
 (baby) ; for -y, after Sc, -ie is common ; for treat- 
 ment of tinal consonants & mute -e see prec. 
 
 -y 4 , suf. in nn. repr. F p.p. termm. -&, -ee, & 
 ult. L -atits, -ata, -atum, cf. -ade(1, 3), -ado. 
 So deputy (F depute, = -atus), army (F armie, 
 = -ata), assembly (OF asemblec, = -ata), deli- 
 very (AF delivree, = -ata), ditty (OF dit6 f. L 
 dictatum), treaty (Ftraitci.~Ltractatum) ; other 
 wds are formed by anal., as expiry, entreaty. 
 
 yacht (yot), n., & v.i. Light sailing-vessel 
 kept, & usu. specially built & rigged, for racing ; 
 vessel propelled by sails, steam, electricity, or 
 motive power other than oars, & used for pri- 
 vate pleasure excursions, cruising, travel, &c; 
 y.-club, esp. for y. -racing; yachtsman, person 
 who yachts. (Vb) race or cruise in y.j, hence 
 yaeh'tiNG 1 n. [f. Du. jacht,jagt, cf. jagen to 
 hunt ; named f. its speed J 
 
 ya'gep (-g-), n. Member of certain German 
 military corps esp. of riflemen, [f. G jdger 
 orig. = hunter {jagen hunt)] 
 
 yah, int. of derision. 
 
 yahoo* (yet.-), n. Brute in human shape 
 (Gulliver's Travels) ; coarse person of bestial 
 passions & habits, [made by Swift] 
 
 Yahveh'(va) n., Yah'vist n., Yahvi'stic 
 
 a. = JEHOVAH, JEHOVIST(ic). 
 
 yak, n. Long-haired humped grunting wild 
 or domesticated ox of Tibet, [f. Tibetan gyak] 
 
 yam, n. (Edible tuber of) kinds of tropical 
 climbing plant, [f. Port, inhame f. S.-Afr.] 
 
 Ya'ma (yah-), n. Hindu god of departed 
 spirits & judge of the dead. ISkr.] 
 
 yet' men, -un, (yah-), n. Chinese mandarin's 
 official residence (the Tsung li y., Chinese 
 Foreign Office). [Chin, (ya general's marquee, 
 mun, gate)] 
 
 Yank, n. (slang). Yankee, [abbr.] 
 
 Ya'nkee, n. Inhabitant of New England ; 
 Federal soldier or inhabitant of northern 
 States in American civil war; (in Eng. & Eu- 
 rop. use) inhabitant of U.S., American ; (at- 
 trib.) of or as of the Yy. (Y. notions, American 
 appliances &c); Y. Doodle, American tune & 
 song regarded as a national air ; ya'nkeefied, of 
 acquired Y. character [-fy]. Hence Ya'nkee- 
 dom, Ya*nkeeiSM(2, 4), nn. [perh. orig. pi. f. 
 Yengees Indian corrupt, of English or of F 
 Anglais Englishman] 
 
 yap, v.i., & n. Bark shrilly or fussily; (n.) 
 shrill or fussy bark, [imit.] 
 
 yard 1 , n. The unit of long measure, =3 ft, 
 36 in., or 1/1760 mile (abbr. yd ; 100 yy., esp. flat- 
 race distance; square, cubic, y.); y. -length of 
 material (5 yy., a y.-&-a-half, of cloth) ; cylin- 
 drical spar tapering to each end slung horizon- 
 tally (square y.) or slantwise (lateen y.) across 
 mast to support sail (lower, topsail-, topgal- 
 lant-, royal, y., according to sail supported ; 
 man the yy., place men, stand, along yy. as 
 form of salute) ; (archaic) penis ; y.-arm, either 
 end of sail-y.; y. -measure, rod, tape, &c, a y. 
 long & usu. divided into feet, inches, & quar- 
 tersor fifths ; y. -stick, -wand, rigid y. -measure. 
 [OE gyrd stick, cf. Du. garde, G gerte] 
 
 yard 2 , n., & v.t. Piece of enclosed ground, 
 especially one surrounded by or attached to 
 building(s) or used for some manufacturing or 
 other purpose often specified by combination 
 with another word (church 1 , court 1 , dock 4 , 
 
 FARM 1 , KALE, RICK 1 , TIMBER, -y., VINEYARD ; 
 
 brick-y., where bricks are made ; cab-y., where 
 cabs are kept; railway-y., space near station 
 where rolling-stock is kept, trains made up, 
 &c; stock-y., where cattle are penned; tan-y., 
 tanning-ground) ; y.-man, -master, man work- 
 ing in, manager of, railway-y. ( Vb) put (cattle) 
 
 into stock-y., so yap'dAGE(l) n. [doublet of 
 garden ; OE geard, cf. Du. gaard, G garten, 
 L hortus, Gk khortos] 
 
 yarn, n., & v.i. Any spun thread esp. of 
 kinds prepared for weaving, knitting, or rope- 
 making (y.-beam or roll, on which warp-threads 
 are wound for weaving) ; (colloq., esp. naut.) 
 story, traveller's tale, anecdote, rambling dis- 
 course, (spi)i a y., yy., tell yy.; vb, spin yy.). 
 [OE gearn, cf. Du. garen, G gam ; cogn. w. Gk 
 khorde cord] 
 
 ya'ppow (-6), n. Common perennial herb 
 with pungent smell & astringent taste, milfoil. 
 [OE gaeruwe, cf. Du. gerw, G garbe] 
 
 ya'shmak, n. Veil worn by Moslem women 
 in public. [Arab.] 
 
 ya'taghan (-gan), n. Mohammedan sword 
 without guard or cross-piece. [Turk.] 
 
 yaw, v.i., & n., (naut.). (Of ship) fail to hold 
 straight course, fall off, go unsteadily ; (n.) de- 
 viation of ship from course, [f. ON jaga orig. 
 = hunt, cf. Du. & G jagen] 
 
 yawl 1 , v.i., & n., (rare). Howl, yell. [ME 
 goulen, cf. Du. jolen ; imit.] 
 
 yawl 2 , n. Kinds of small boat, esp. ship's 
 jolly-boat with four or six oars ; kind of small 
 yacht of cutter class, [f. Du. jol, cf. D&.jolle ; 
 jollyboat is perh. of same orig.] 
 
 yawn, v.i. & t., & n. (Of chasm See.) gape, be 
 wide open, (a yawning gulf, rent, &c. ; hell 
 y axons for him), (of person or animal) open the 
 mouth wide as effect of drowsiness, boredom, 
 &c. (n., act of yawning) ; utter or say with a 
 y. (yawned goodnight ; ' JVhatis the use V he 
 yawned). Hence yawningLY 2 adv. [OE 
 geonian, ginian, gdnian, cf. ON glna, MDu. 
 gienen, L hiare] 
 
 yaws, n. pi. Framboesia. [perh. f. an Afr. 
 yaw raspberry] 
 
 ycle'pt, a. (archaic, facet.). Called (so-&-so). 
 [v-, obs. clepe call. OE clipian, -ed 1 ] 
 
 ye (ye or yi ace. to emphasis), 2nd pers. pron. 
 pi. (cf. thou, you) now only poet., archaic, reli- 
 gious, or facet, or colloq., & almost exclusively 
 (after confusion in 15th-18th cc.) as subjective 
 case (blessed are ye when men shall hate you ; 
 ye zephyrs gay ; ye gods!, int.; ye gods & little 
 fishes! facet.; go it, ye cripples!, facet, encou- 
 ragement ; also written or spoken for you in 
 some familiar phrr., as How d'ye do ?, W^hat 
 d'ye think ?, Thank ye, I tell ye). [Aryan ; OE 
 ge, ge, cf. Du. gij, G ihr, Goth, jus, Gk humeis, 
 Skr. yuyam] 
 
 yea (ya), particle & n. (archaic; pi. yeas). 
 Yes (let your communicationbey ., y., nay, nay, 
 yes and no without oaths ; yy. & nays archaic, 
 ayes & noes, affirmative & negative votes ; y. 
 &, & moreover) ; indeed, nay, (ready, y. eager). 
 [OE gea,.oi. Du. & Gja, Gk e surely] 
 
 yean, v.t. & i. Bring forth (lamb, kid), bring 
 forth lamb or kid. [earlier also ean, OE ean- 
 ian, perh. cogn. w. ewe] 
 
 yea'nling", n. Young lamb or kid. [-ling l ] 
 
 year, n. Time occupied by the earth in one 
 revolution round the sun (also astronomical, 
 equinoctial, natural, solar, tropical, y.; 365d. 
 oh. 48' 46" in length) or (astral or sidereal y., 
 longer by 20' 23") by the sun in recovering its 
 previous apparent relation to the fixed stars or 
 (Platonic or Great or Perfect y., estimated by 
 ancient astronomers at about 26000 yrs) by the 
 celestial bodies in recovering their relative posi- 
 tions at the Creation ; period of days (esp. com- 
 mon y. of 365 or leap-y. or bissextile y. of 366 
 reckoned from 1st Jan.) used by community for 
 dating or other purposes commencing on a cer- 
 tain day & corresponding more or less exactly 
 in length to the astronomical y. (also legal, civil, 
 
YEARLING 
 
 1037 
 
 YET 
 
 calendar, y. ; lunar y.,of 12 lunar months ; luni- 
 solar y. ; new *, old, y. ; Gregorian, Julian, y,, 
 as fixed by Gregorian, julian, calendars ; sab- 
 batical y. ; y. of grace, of our lord ; in the y. 
 1910 ; in the y. 1, lit., & = very long ago ; from y. 
 to y., y. by y., as yy. go by, each y.; y. in y. out, 
 right through the y., continuously); period of 
 the same length as a civil y. commencing at any 
 day (Christian, Church, ecclesiastical, y., round 
 of sacred seasons reckoned from & to Advent ; 
 the fiscal y., reckoned from 1st April for taxing 
 purposes; the school y., y.'s school terms usu. 
 reckoned from beginning of autumn term; 
 a y. & a day, period specified in some legal 
 matters ; was away for two yy.; it is yy. since 
 we met); (pi.) age, time of life, (young for his 
 yy., bearing age lightly; in yy., old); y.-book, 
 annual publication bringing information on 
 some subject up to date ; year-long, lasting a y. 
 [OE ge(a)r, cf. Du. jaar, G jahr, ON dr; cogn. 
 w. Gk horos, hora, season] 
 yeap'ling 1 , n. & a. Animal more than one & 
 less than two years old ; (Racing) colt a year old 
 dating from 1st Jan. of year of foaling ; (adj.) a 
 year old, having existed or been so-&-so for a 
 year, (y. heifer, bride), [-ling 1 ] 
 yeap*ly,a. &adv. (Occurring &c.) once a year 
 or every year or by or for the year, annual(ly). 
 [-ly h 2 J 
 
 yearn (yern), v.i. & (impers., archaic) t. Be 
 filled with longing or compassion or tenderness 
 (for or after rest, home, affection, &c; to do; 
 towards or to person &c), whence yeap'niNG 1 
 n., year'niNG 2 a., yeap'ning-LY 2 adv.; it 
 yearns me archaic, I y. or am troubled. [OE 
 giernan, cf. ON girna, G begehren, desire ; cogn. 
 w. Gk khairo rejoice, L hortari exhort] 
 yeast, n. Yellowish frothy viscous substance 
 consisting of fungous cells developed by germi- 
 nation in contact with saccharine liquids & pro- 
 ducing alcoholic fermentation, used in brewing 
 beer, making wine, distilling spirit, & raising 
 bread &c; y. -powder, substitute for y. used in 
 bread-making. [OE gist, cf. Du. gest, G gischt ; 
 cogn. w. Gk zed boil] 
 
 yea'sty (or yes-), a. Frothy like yeast (y. 
 waves &c); in a ferment, working like yeast, 
 (a y. conscience^urmoil, imaginings); wordy, 
 superficial, (a y\ fellow ; y. talk, professions). 
 Hence yea'stiNESS n. [-Y 2 ] 
 yelk. See yolk. 
 
 yell, v.i. & t., & n. (Make, utter with) shrill 
 cry of pain or anger or fright.high-pitched shout, 
 or uncontrollable burst of laughter (yelled with 
 pain, fury, delight, laughter; y. out an oath, 
 orders ; yelled curses, my name, a refusal, 
 defiance ; with yy. of horror Sec); (U.S. Univv.) 
 organized cry used by students e.g. in encou- 
 raging their representatives in athletic con- 
 tests. [OE gellan, cf. Du. gillen, G gellen] 
 ye'llow (-6), a. (-er, -est) & n., & v.t. & i. Of 
 the colour between green & orange in the spec- 
 trum, coloured like buttercup or primrose or 
 lemon or sulphur or gold, (with many names of 
 plants, animals, &c, as y. rattle, xvagtail, ochre, 
 Jaundice ; often also in comb, with parts of body 
 &c, as y.-bill, -head, -legs, -root, -rump, -seed, 
 -shanks, -tail, -throat, -top, -wood, forming ani- 
 mal & plant names ; y. boy slang, gold coin ; y. 
 cartilage, elastic kind forming artery- walls &c. ; 
 y. fever, or Jack, tropical fever with jaundice & 
 black vomit ; y. jacket, state garment in China 
 for royal persons & subjects selected for high 
 honour ; the sere & y. leaf; y. men, races, Sec, 
 Chinese, Mongols, &c, xanthochroi; y. metal, 
 brass of 60 parts copper & 40 parts zinc ; the y. 
 peril, the danger that the y. races may over- 
 whelm the white or overrun the world ; the y. 
 
 press, sensational newspapers esp. of chauvin- 
 istic tendencies orig. of U.S. newspapers urging 
 war with Spain 1898 ; y. spot, point of acutest 
 vision in retina); (fig., of looks, mood, feelings, 
 &c.) jealous, envious, suspicious ; yellowback, 
 cheap novel (from y. paper formerly used for 
 covers); y.-gum, infants' black jaundice; y.- 
 (h)ammer, bunting with y. head & neck & 
 breast [OE amore, cf. G ammer ; h- by conf us. w. 
 hammer but now usu.] ; hence ye'llowiSH ] (2), 
 ye'llovvY 2 -, aa., ye'llowLY 2 adv. (rare), 
 ye'llowNESS n. (N.) y. colour; kinds of y. 
 pigment ; kinds of moth & butterfly ; the yy. 
 (archaic), jaundice, also jealousy, (U.S.) a peach- 
 disease. ( Vb) turn y. (paper yellowed with age ; 
 the yellowing leaves). [OE geolu, cf. Du. geel, 
 G gelb, L helvus; cogn. w. Gk khloros, Skr. 
 hari-, & w. gall j ] 
 
 yelp, v.i., & n. (Utter) cry (as) of dog in pain 
 or in eager anticipation. [OE gilpan boast, cf. 
 ON gjalpa yelp] 
 
 yen, n. (pi. yen). Japanese monetary unit = 
 about 2/1&. [Jap., f. Chin, yuen round, dollar] 
 
 yeo-man (yo-), n. (pi. -men). (Hist.) person 
 qualified by possessing free land of 40/- annual 
 value to serve on juries, vote for knight of shire, 
 &c. ; small landowner, farmer, person of middle 
 class engaged in agriculture ; member of the 
 yeomanry force ; y.('s) service, help in need ; y. 
 of the guard, BEEFeater. Hence yeo'manLY l 
 a. [ME yoman, yeman, prob. f. OE gd village 
 (cf. OFris. gdman villager), man] 
 
 yeo*manry, n. Yeomen ; volunteer cavalry 
 force raised from farmers &c. [-ry] 
 
 -yep, suf. seen in lawyer, sawyer, bowyer, 
 arising f. the use in ME cf the suf. -ien in place 
 of -en in causal vbs & vbs formed on nn. Thus 
 OE lufu n. love gave lufiein vb & in ME lovien, 
 whence lovier n. as var. of lover. Lawyer, saw- 
 yer, bowyer, are formed on this anal, direct f. 
 the nn. law &c. 
 
 yercum. See mudar. [f. Tamil eruktoi] 
 
 yes, particle equivalent to affirmative sen- 
 tence, & n. (pi. yeses). The answer to your ques- 
 tion is affirmative, it is as you say or as I have 
 said, your request or command will be complied 
 with, the statement made or course intended is 
 correct or satisfactory, (y. &, y. or, forms for 
 substituting stronger phr., as I could endure, 
 y., & enjoy it, he would beat me, y., or you either ; 
 y.?, indeed?, is that so?); (in answer to summons 
 or address) I am here, I hear or am attending to 
 you, (y. ?, what more have you to say ?). (N. ) the 
 word or answer?/, (say y., consent ; confine your- 
 self to y. & no or yy. & noes). [OE gise, gese, 
 perh. = gea swd yea so] 
 
 yester-%incomb. (l)in ye'sterdayn. &adv., 
 (on) the day before today (he arrived y.; is but 
 ofy., of recent origin ; the day before yesterday, 
 n. & adv.; often attrib., as yesterday morning); 
 (2) chiefly poet, with sense of yesterday, in 
 compds serving as nn. & advv. for which or- 
 dinary usage prefers yesterday — or last — ; so 
 -morn(ing) (usu. yesterday morning), -eve, 
 -even(ing), (Sc.) yestreen, (usu. yesterday even- 
 ing), -night (usu. last night) ; (3) poet. w. sense 
 last past in -year n. & adv. (usu. last year). 
 [OE geostra usu. in geostran daeg yesterday, cf. 
 Du. gistcrcn, G gestern ; cogn. w. L hesternus, 
 Gk khthes, Skr. hyas ; for -ter see -ther] 
 
 yet, adj. & conj. As late as now or then, with 
 continuance to this or to that time, still, (there 
 is y. time ; is he y. alive ? ; there is life in the 
 old dog y. ; much y. remains to le done ; there 
 is one y. missing ; his hands were y. red with 
 blood; his y. unfinished task; I seem to see 
 him y.\ while it w'as y. morning) ; (w. neg. con- 
 text) so soon as now or then, by this or by that 
 
YEW 
 
 1038 
 
 YOU 
 
 time, so far, in the immediate future, (it is not 
 time y.; is he deady.?; they have noty. heard ; 
 I have never y. lied ; the largest y. found ; 
 haven't you learnt y. that fire burns ? ; need 
 you go y. ? ; it will not happen just y. ; these 
 things are not y.); again, in addition, (y. once 
 more or y. once ; another & y. another; y. a- 
 gain; more &yetmore), (with nor) either (won't 
 listen to me nor y. to her) ; before the matter 
 is done with, before all is over, in the time that 
 still remains, (he will win, I will be even xoith 
 you, y.) ; (w. compar.) even (a y. more difficult, 
 easier, task); nevertheless, and in spite of that, 
 but for all that, (though they curse, y. bless 
 thou; &, having nothing, y. hath all; it is 
 strange, &' y. it is true ; strange & y. true ; 
 the logic seems sound, but y. it does not con- 
 vince me) ; as y., up to now or then (esp. w. sug- 
 gestion that the statement would not be true of 
 later time ; it has worked well as y.; a con- 
 science as y. clear). (Conj.) but at the same 
 time, & y., (y. what is the use of it all ? ; faint 
 y. pursuing ; a rough y. ready helper). [OE 
 git, cf. OFris. ieta, Gjetzt] 
 
 yew, n. (Wood of) kinds of slow-growing 
 dark-leaved evergreen tree (also y.-tree) often 
 planted in graveyards & used formerly for 
 making bows & still in cabinet-making. [OE 
 iw, cf. G eibe] 
 
 Y'gCgOdrasil, n . (Scand. myth.). Tree whose 
 roots & branches bind together heaven & earth 
 & hell. [OX, ygg(r) Odin, drasill horse] 
 
 Yi'ddish, a. & n. (In) a modified or mixed 
 form of German used by German Jews. [f. G 
 j iidisch Jewish] 
 
 yield, v.t. & i., & n. Produce or give or bring 
 as fruit or result (earth yields her increase ; 
 land yields good crops ; investment yields 50°/ o ; 
 tax yields a handsome revenue, little ; sinyields 
 bitter fruit), (abs., of land &c.) repay cultiva- 
 tion &c. well, poorly, &c, (n.) amount yielded 
 or produced, output, return ; give up, deliver 
 over, surrender (trans.), resign (trans.), comply 
 with demand for, concede, (y. fortress &c. ; y. 
 oneself prisoner ; y. possession, one's pride of 
 place ; y. precedence to ; y. the palm, be sur- 
 passed ; y. submission, consent, submit, con- 
 sent ; y. up the ghost, die ; y. the point, concede 
 it in argument); surrender (intr.), make sub- 
 mission to, give consent or change one's course 
 in deference to, comply with demand (whence 
 yie'ldiNG 2 a., yie'lding-LY 2 adv.), be inferior 
 or confess inferiority to, (town yielded without 
 awaiting assault ; y. to superior force, persua- 
 sion; courage never to subrnit or y.; ly.to 
 none in appreciation of his merits). [OE giel- 
 dan pay, cf. Du. gelden, G gelten be worth] 
 
 -yl, suf. (chem.) used to form wds denoting a 
 radical, [f. Gk hide material, substance] 
 
 yo'del, v.t. & i. (-dell-, -del-, -dl-), & n. Sing 
 (t. & i.), make melodious inarticulate sounds, 
 warble, with changes between falsetto & ordi- 
 nary notes in the manner of Swiss & Tyrolese 
 mountaineers; (n.) yodelling cry, match of yo- 
 delling, [f. G dial, jodelti] 
 
 yo'gfa, n. Hindu system of philosophic medi- 
 tation & asceticism designed to effect the re- 
 union of the devotee's soul with the universal 
 spirit. [Hind. f. Skr.,= union] 
 
 yo'g"! (-gl), n. Devotee of yoga. Hence yo*g- 
 ism(3) n. [Hind, (prec.)] 
 
 yo*-heave-ho\ yoho*, intt. used by sailors 
 in heaving together. 
 
 yoieks int. & n., yoiek v.i. & t. Fox-hunt- 
 er's halloo ; (vb) cry yoieks, urge (hounds) on 
 &c. with it. [?] 
 
 yoke, n., & v.t. & i. Wooden cross-piece 
 fastened over necks of two oxen &c. & attached 
 
 to the plough or waggon that they are to (help 
 to) draw, (Rom. Hist.) uplifted y. or arch of 
 three spears symbolizing it under which de- 
 feated enemy was made to march (send, pass 
 intr., under the y.), (fig.) sway or dominion or 
 servitude (submitted to his y. ; the heavy y. of 
 opinion ; had never endured the y.), (fig.) bond 
 of union esp. the marriage tie ; pair of oxen &c. 
 (y. of land archaic, as much as one y. of oxen 
 can plough in day) ; piece of timber shaped to 
 fit person's shoulders & support pail &c. at each 
 end ; separately made shoulder-piece of shirt 
 or coat or blouse, or waist-piece of skirt, from 
 which the rest is suspended ; cross-bar on which 
 bell swings ; cross-bar of rudder to whose ends 
 ropes are fastened ; coupling-piece of two pipes 
 discharging into one ; kinds of coupling or con- 
 trolling piece in machinery; y.-bone, cheek- 
 bone connecting bones of head & face ; yoke- 
 fellow, yo'kemate, partner in marriage, work, 
 &c; y. -lines, -ropes, with which rudder-y. is 
 worked. (Vb) put y. upon ; couple or unite 
 (esp. pair) in marriage or otherwise, link (one 
 to another) ; (intr.) match or work together (to- 
 gether, with, or abs. ; do not y. well). [Aryan ; 
 OE geoc, Du.juk, Gjoeh, Ljugum (cf. jungere 
 join), Gkzugon, Skr.juga) 
 
 yo'kel, n. Rustic, country bumpkin, [perh. 
 f. prec.,= ploughman] 
 
 yolk (yok), (now rare) yelk, n. Yellow part 
 of egg ; sebaceous secretion from skin of sheep, 
 wool-oil ; y.-bag, -sac, membrane enclosing y. 
 of egg. Hence (-)yolkED 2 , yol'ky 2 , aa. [OE 
 geolca (yellow)] 
 
 yon, a., adv., & pron. Yonder (a. & adv.; 
 archaic cr poet, or provincial; (pron.; archaic 
 &c.) yonder person or thing. [OE geon, cf. G 
 jener, ON enn ; cogn. w. Gk hos that] 
 
 yo'nder, a. & adv. (Situated) over there, in 
 the direction towards which I am looking or 
 pointing, within or conceived as within view 
 but distant. [ME (prec. , -ther) ] 
 
 yore, n. Old times (now only in ofy. , former- 
 ly, in or of old days). [OE gedra of years (gear 
 year) formerly used as adv. without of] 
 
 York l , n. Y. & Lancaster, rival royal houses 
 & parties in the Wars of the Roses (Y.-&-Lan- 
 caster rose, parti-coloured kin£). 
 
 yopk 2 , v.t. Bowl with yorker. [back-form.] 
 
 yorker, n. Ball so bowled as to pitch imme- 
 diately in front of batsman's block (also tice). 
 [prob. f . York, as introduced in Yorkshire, -er l ] 
 
 Yor'kist, a. & n. (Adherent) of family 
 descended from Edmund Duke of York son of 
 Edward III, or of the White-rose party fight- 
 ing for it in Wars of the Roses, [-ist] 
 
 Yor'kshire, n. County (Y. flannel, un- 
 dyed ; Y. grit, stone used in polishing marble ; 
 Y. pudding, batter baked under & eaten with 
 meat esp. beef; Y. stone, kind used in build- 
 ing ; Y. terrier, small shaggy toy kind). 
 
 you (u or yob ace. to emphasis), 2nd pers. 
 pron. sing. (w. pi. vb) & pi. (archaic &c. subj. 
 pi. ye ; archaic &c. sing, thou, thee ; possess. 
 your, yours). The person(s) or thing(s) ad- 
 dressed (y. are mad, an angel, all fools ; who 
 sent y.?; I choose y. three ; the rest of y. can 
 stay here ; y. & I or me ; are y. there ?, opening 
 of telephone conversation ; you're another 
 vulg., retort to one who calls names ; somet. 
 expressed w. imperat., as don't y. go away, 
 begin y. or y. begin ; as voc. w. n. in apposition 
 - exclamatory statement, as y.fool!, y. dar- 
 ling!, somet. w. y. appended also, as y. idiot y.li 
 as voc. calling attention, as y. there, what is 
 your name ?); (archaic for) yourself (get y. gone, 
 begone ; y. should find y. a wife ; sit y. down) ; 
 (in general statements) one, any one, all con- 
 
YOUNG 
 
 1039 
 
 ZED 
 
 cerned, every one, a person, (y. never can tell; 
 what are y. to do with a child like this ? ; it is 
 bad at first, but y. soon get used to it ; there's a 
 shot for y. !). [OE edw ace. & dat. of ye, sup- 
 planting ye f. more frequent use of obj. case, & 
 thou & thee (cf. similar substitutes in F, G, It.) 
 as more courteous form] 
 young- (yu-), a. (-er, -est, pr. -ngg-) & n. (only 
 in collect, sing.). Not far advanced in life or 
 growth or development, of recent birth or 
 origin or formation, not yet old, still vigorous, 
 immature, youthful, inexperienced, (ay. child, 
 man, animal, plant, nation, institution ; a y. 
 family, of y. children ; a y. person, servants' 
 phr. for unknown y. woman of lower classes ; 
 the y. person, those whose innocence must be 
 shielded from the indecent in talk & literature ; 
 y. people, esp. the marriageable ; my &c. y. man 
 or woman, sweetheart; the night, year, cen- 
 tury, is yet y., still near its beginning ; old 
 head on y. shoulders ; y. & old ; you y. rascal 
 &c, usu. in playful address to child ; a y. man 
 in a hurry, esp. ardent reformer ; y. for his 
 years ; men are now y. at fifty ; an old man 
 but a y. convert ; y. blood 1 ; younger son, esp. 
 member of noble family poor owing to primo- 
 geniture; y. things, often indulgently &c. of 
 persons ; is y. in crime, unpractised ; y. Jones, 
 esp. Jones the son ; y. hin, youngster, often as 
 voc: in my y. days, while I was y.; y. love, 
 ambition, &c, felt in or characteristic of youth; 
 the younger before or after name of person to 
 be distinguished from another, as the younger 
 Pitt, Teniersthe younger ', sothey. pretender; 
 y. England, Ireland, Italy, Turks, &c., esp. as 
 names of political parties claiming to speak 
 for the rising generation ; youngers somet. as 
 n. pi. opp. elders, as is kind to his youngers). 
 Hence you , ng , iSH 1 (2) a., you'ngxiNG 1 n. 
 (poet.). (N.) offspring esp. of animals before 
 or soon after birth (with y., pregnant; cares for, 
 deserts, its y.). [Aryan; OE geong, Du. jong, 
 Gjung, W ieuanc, Ljtwenis, Skr. yuvan] 
 yoirngster, n. Child, esp. active or lively 
 
 boy. [-STER] 
 
 you'nker (yu-), n. Youngster (archaic or 
 colloq.); = junker, [f. Du. jonker (jong young, 
 heer sir)]_ 
 
 your (ur, yor, yer, ace. to emphasis), attrib. a. 
 Of, belonging to, spoken of by, done to or by, 
 you (y. danger, hat, expectations ; so this is y. 
 immaculate saint ! ; y. dismissal of him, by 
 him ; y. father & mine ; y. & my father, fathers ; 
 cf. foil.) ; (colloq. & chiefly archaic, now usu. 
 w. depreciatory implication) much talked of, 
 well known, familiar, (no one so fallible as y. 
 expert in handwriting ; y. facetious bore is 
 the worst ofall)^_ [OE eower genit. pi. of ye] 
 
 yours (urz, yorz), pron. & pred. a. The one(s) 
 belonging to or of you (my father &y.; y.& my 
 father, erron. for your <& ; my father is not y. ; 
 I like y. better ; y. is the only way ; am no 
 child of y.; that cough of y.\ some friends of 
 y.; you&y., you & your family, property, &c; 
 y. is to hand, your letter has come ; so y. of the 
 11th Sec); (adj.) belonging to you, at your ser- 
 vice, (it is y. if you, will accept it ; ever y., y. 
 truly, faithfully, obedientZi/, &c, episto- 
 lary formulae preceding signature ; y. truly 
 facet., I, as but y. t. was not taking any, I refused 
 Sec), [prec., -es, see ours] 
 
 yourself, pron. (pi. -ves). (Emphat.) you in 
 person, in particular, in your normal state, & 
 not another or others, or alone (usu. in apposi- 
 tion w. you except in commands, & either next 
 after it or later, rarely substituted for it; 
 please see to it y. or yy . ; you y. said so or you 
 said so y.; y. have said it archaic, poet., &c; 
 
 by y„ alone, as why are you sitting by y.?, also 
 unaided, as you cannot do it by yy. ; it is y. I 
 want, not your money; how's y.? slang, how 
 are you ?, esp. after answering similar inquiry ; 
 you are not quite y. tonight, are out of humour 
 &c.) ; (refl.) the pqrson(s) previously described 
 as you, or to whom a command is addressed 
 (have you hurt y.?; you seemed pleased with 
 yy. ; ask yourself whether it is not true). 
 [your, self] 
 
 youth (u-), n. (pi. pr. udhz). Being young, 
 adolescence, (the vigour or enthusiasm or 
 weakness or inexperience or other characteris- 
 tic of) the period between childhood & full 
 manhood or womanhood, (has all the appear- 
 ance of extreme y. ; in my hot, raw, vigorous, 
 &c., y.\ from y. onwards; y.'s a stuff will not 
 endure ; the secret of perpetual, of keeping 
 one's, y. ; the y. of the world, early times), 
 whence you'thFUL a., you*thfulLv2 adv., 
 you'thfulNESS n.; young man (as a y. of 20 ; 
 proviising, lanky, &c, yy.); young men & 
 women (the y. of the country ; loves to be sur- 
 rounded by y.; our y. are infected with com- 
 merciality). [OE geoguth (young, -th 2 )1 
 
 yowl, var. of yawl 1 . 
 
 yttep'bium, yttrium, nn. (chem.). Two 
 rare metals. Hence yttep'bic, yttpic," 
 yttpious, aa., yttro- comb. form. [Ytterby 
 in Sweden, -ium] 
 
 yu'eea, n. Kinds of American white-flow- 
 ered liliaceous plant. [Sp., f. Amer.-Ind.] 
 
 yule, n. The Christmas festival (also y.- 
 tide; y.-log, burnt on Christmas Eve). [OE 
 geol, cf. ON jol, etym. dub.] 
 
 Z (zed), letter (pi. Zs, Z's, zeds), (Alg.) third 
 unknown quantity (cf. c, x). 
 
 Abbr.: Zeeh.(ariah), Zeph.(aniah), O.T. 
 books. 
 
 za'ffpe (-er), za'ffer, n. Impure oxide of 
 cobalt used in making cobalt-blue & as blue 
 pigment in enamelling & porcelain-painting, 
 [f. F zafre f. Arab.] 
 
 za'ny, n. (Hist.) attendant clown awkwardly 
 mimicking chief clown in shows, merry-an- 
 drew ; (mod.) person given to buffoonery, fool- 
 ish jester, half-witted person, [f. F zani f. It. 
 zanni abbr. of Giovanni John] 
 
 Zanzibap'i (-ari), n. & a. (Native) of Zanzi- 
 bar. 
 
 za'ptieh (-a), n. Turkish policeman. [Turk.] 
 
 Zarathustp-. See Zoroastr-. 
 
 zare'ba, n. Hedged or palisaded enclosure 
 for protection of camp or village in the Soudan 
 &c. [f. Arab. zariba(t) pen] 
 
 zeal, n. Earnestness or fervour in advanc- 
 ing a cause or rendering service, hearty & per- 
 sistent endeavour. So zea'lous (zel-) a., 
 zea'lousLY 2 adv. [earlier & OF zele f. L f. 
 Gk zelos] 
 
 zea'lot (zel-), n. Uncompromising or ex- 
 treme partisan, fanatic, (Z-, one of a Jewish 
 sect resisting the Romans a.d. 6-70). Hence 
 zea'lotRY(l) n. [f. OF zelote f. L f. Gk zelotes 
 (prec, -ot 2 )] 
 
 zebee(k), var. of xebec. 
 
 ze'bpa, n. Kinds of striped quadruped (true 
 or mountain z., Burchell's z., quagga) allied to 
 ass or horse ; (attrib., & in comb. w. names of 
 animals &c.) striped like z. (z. markings, z.- 
 caterpillar,z.-woodpecker, z.-wood, &c). Hence 
 ze'bpiNE i a. [Port. f. W.-Afr.] 
 
 ze'bu, n. The E.-Ind. humped ox. [F (&&-), 
 ult. f. Tibetan mdzopo] 
 
 zed, n. Letter Z. [f. F zede f. L f. Gk zeta) 
 
ZEDOARY 
 
 1010 
 
 ZONE 
 
 ze'doapy (-6a-), n. Kinds (long, round, z.) 
 of aromatic gingerlike substance made from 
 rootstock of E.-Ind. plants & used in medicine, 
 perfumery, & dyeing, [f. OF zedoaire ult. f. 
 Pers. zadwar] 
 
 zei'tgeist (tsltgl-), n. Spirit of the times, 
 drift of thought & feeling in a period. [G] 
 
 Zela'nian, a. (zoogeog.). Of New Zealand, 
 [mod. L (Nova) Zelania (New) Zealand, -an] 
 
 ze/o'so, mus. direction. With fervour. [It.] 
 
 ze'mindap, n. (Anglo-Ind.). (Hist.) district- 
 governor & revenue-farmer under Mogul em- 
 pire ; (mod.) Bengali landed proprietor paying 
 land-tax to British government. [Pers. (zemin 
 land, -dar -holding)] 
 
 ze'mstvo, n. Local elective assembly regu- 
 lating affairs of district in Russia. [Russ.] 
 
 zena'na (-ah-), n. Part of house in which 
 women of high-caste families are secluded in 
 India (z. mission, of women visiting zz. to 
 spread medical & other reform among inmates). 
 [Pers. (zen woman, cf. Gk gune)] 
 
 Zend, n. Ancient language of the Iranian 
 family, allied to Sanskrit, named from the 
 Zend-Avesta (Avesta or text & Zend or com- 
 mentary) or Zoroastrian scriptures. 
 
 ze'nitn, n. Point of heavens directly above 
 observer (opp. nadir) ; (transf.) highest point, 
 time or place of greatest power or prosperity 
 or happiness ,(is at his, its, the, z.) ; z.-distance, 
 arc intercepted between any body & z., com- 
 plement of body's altitude. Hence ze'nithAL 
 a. [OF f. OSp., f. Arab, semt (er-ras) way (of 
 the head)] 
 
 ze'phyp, n. The west wind personified (Z-) ; 
 balmy breeze, light wind ; athlete's thin gauzy 
 iersey for running, rowing, boxing, &c. in ; 
 kinds of dress-material, [f. F zbphire f. L f. 
 Gk_zephuros west wind] 
 
 zer'o, n. Figure 0, cipher ; no quantity or 
 number, nil; starting-point in scalesfrom which 
 positive & negative quantity is reckoned (z. in 
 thermometers, freezing-point of Avater or other 
 point selected to reckon from ; absolute z. in 
 temperature, point at which the particles whose 
 motion constitutes heat would be at rest, esti- 
 mated at -2737° C); lowest point, bottom of 
 scale, nullity, nadir. [OF f. It., contr. of zefiro 
 f. Arab, as cipher] 
 
 zest, n. Piquancy, stimulating flavour, (esp. 
 fig.; adds a z. to) ; keen enjoyment or interest, 
 relish, gusto, (entered into it with z.). [earlier 
 sense sh re d of lemon-peel; OF, = skin of walnut 
 kernel, f. L f. Gk skhistos cleft (skhizo cleave)] 
 
 zete'tic, a. (rare). Proceeding by inquiry, 
 [f. Gk zetetikos (zeteo seek, -ic)] 
 
 zeug'ma, n. (gram.). Figure of speech in 
 which a verb or adjective does duty with two 
 nouns to one of which it is strictly applicable 
 while the word appropriate to the other is not 
 used (e.g. kill the boys & sc. destroy the luggage, 
 with weeping eyes & sc. grieving hearts; cf. 
 syllepsis). Hence zeugrna'tic a. [Gk(genit. 
 ■atos), f. zeugnumi yoke, -m] 
 
 Zeus, n. (Gk ant.). King of the Olympian 
 gods. [Gk] 
 
 zi'bet, n. The Asiatic or Indian civet, [f. It, 
 zibetto as civet] 
 
 zi'gzag-, a. , n. , adv. , & v. i. (-gg-). With abrupt 
 alternate right & left turns, with alternating 
 salient & re-entrant angles, with motion as of 
 tacking ship, (a z. line, course, road, fence, 
 trench, flash of lightning); (n.) z. line or (esp. 
 for mounting steep hill) road or (in sieges) set 
 of trenches ; (adv.) with z. course ; (vb) go z. [F, 
 f. G zickzack (redupl. f. zacke prong, cf. tack)] 
 
 zinc, n., & v.t. A white metal much used in 
 the arts esp. as component of brass & German 
 
 silver, as roofing material, as coating for sheet 
 iron (cf. galvanize), in electric batteries, & in 
 relief- printing blocks (flowers of z. or z. oxide, 
 powder used as white pigment & in kinds of 
 ointment & cement) ; hence (spelt, before -i-, 
 with -c- or -k- or -ck-) zi'neic, zinei'FEROUS, 
 zi'neoiD, aa., zi'neiFV v.t., zineiFiCA'TioN 
 n., zi'neous (esp. of negative pole of voltaic 
 battery), zi'nkY 2 , aa., zineo- comb. form. 
 (Vb ; -c-, -ck-, or -k-), coat with z. [f. G zink 
 etyrn. dub.] 
 
 zinco, n. (pi. -os), & v. =zincograph. [abbr.] 
 zi'ncode, n. Positive pole of voltaic cell 
 
 (Cf. PL ATI NODE). [ZINC, & as PLATINODE] 
 
 zi'neogfraph, n., & v.i. & t. Zinc plate 
 with design etched in relief on it for printing 
 from, picture taken from it; (vb) etch (t. & i.) 
 on zinc, reproduce (design) thus. So zinco*- 
 GRAPHY, zinCO'GRAPIIER, nn., zincoGRA*- 
 piiic a. [zinco-, -graph] 
 
 zrneotype, n. = prec. n. [as prec, type] 
 
 Zi'ng-apo (-ngg-), n. (pi. -ri). Gipsy. [It.] 
 
 zi'nnia, n. Kinds of composite plant with 
 showy rayed flowers of deep red & other colours. 
 [J. G. Zinn German botanist, -ia 1 ] 
 
 Zi'on, n. (Holy hill of) ancient Jerusalem; 
 the Hebrew theocracy; the Christian Church; 
 the Heavenly Jerusalem or kingdom of heaven, 
 whence Zi'on wards adv.; (name for) noncon- 
 formist chapeL [Gk, f. Heb. Tsiyon orig. hill] 
 
 Zi'onist, n. Advocate of colonizing of Pales- 
 tine by modern Jews. SoZi*onisM(3)n. [-ist] 
 
 zip'con, n. A silicate of zirconium of which 
 some varieties (hyacinth, jargon 2 ) are cut 
 into gems. [f. Arab, zarkun cinnabar f. Pers. 
 zargun gold-coloured] 
 
 zireo'nium, n. A metal found chiefly in 
 zircon. Hence ziped'nic a. (z. acid), zip'eon- 
 ateM3) n. T-ium] 
 
 zi'thep(n), n. Simple stringed instrument 
 with flat sounding-board played on table &c. 
 Hence zi'thePiST(l) n. [G (as cither)] 
 
 Zo*ap,n. Place of refuge, sanctuary. [Gen. xix] 
 
 zo'diac, n. A belt of the heavens limited by 
 lines about 8° from the ecliptic on each side, 
 including all apparent positions of the sun & 
 planets as known to the ancients, & divided 
 into 12 equal parts called signs of the z. (Aries, 
 Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, 
 Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius, 
 Pisces) each formerly containing the similarly 
 named zodiacal constellation but now by pre- 
 cession of equinoxes coinciding with the con- 
 stellation that bears the name of the preceding 
 sign (e. g. the constellations Pisces, Aries, are 
 now in the signs Aries, Taurus); (transf., kow 
 rare) complete course, circuit, or compass. [I. 
 F zodiaque f. L f. Gk zodiakos f. zo(i)dion dim. 
 of zo{i)on animal (zoos living cf. zao live), -ac] 
 
 zodi'acal, a. Of, in, the zodiac (z. light, 
 luminous tract of sky shaped like tall triangle 
 sometimes seen in east before sunrise or in 
 west after sunset esp. in tropics), [-al] 
 
 zo'etpope, n. wheel 1 of life, [irreg. f. Gk 
 zoe life, tropos turn] 
 
 zo'ie, a. Of animals; (Geol., of rocks &c.) 
 containing fossils, with tracesof animal orplant 
 life. [f. Gk zoikos (zoon see zodiac, -ic)] 
 
 Zo'laism, n. Absence of reserve, detailed 
 realism, in describing the gross or immoral. 
 So zo*laiST(2) n., zolaE'SQUE, zolarstic aa. 
 [Zola, French novelist b. 1840, -ism] 
 
 zollverein (tso'lfeiin), n. Union of States 
 having a common customs-tariff against out- 
 siders & usu. free trade with each other. [G] 
 
 zone, n., & v.t. Belt or girdle worn round 
 the body (chiefly archaic & poet,; maiden or 
 virgin z., symbol of virginity ; loose the maiden 
 
zoo 
 
 10a 
 
 ZYMOTIC 
 
 z. of, deprive of virginity) ; encircling band or 
 stripe distinguishable in colour or texture or 
 character from the rest of the object encircled; 
 (Geog.) any of Ave divisions of the earth bound- 
 ed by circles parallel to the equator {frigid zz., 
 N. of arctic, S. of antarctic, circle; torrid z., 
 between the tropics; North, South, temperate 
 z., between frigid & torrid zz.); area enclosed 
 between two exact or approximate concentric 
 circles ; part of surface of sphere enclosed be- 
 tween two parallel planes, or of cone or cylin- 
 der between such planes cutting it perpendicu- 
 larly to axis ; any well-defined tract of more 
 or less belt-like form; hence zo'nAL, zo'iiary 1 , 
 zo'nulAR 1 [-ul-J, zo'nATE 2 (bot., zool.), aa., 
 zo'nalLY 2 adv. (Vb) encircle as or with z. 
 [F, f. L f . Gk zone girdle (zonnumi gird)] 
 
 Zoo, n. (colloq.). Zoological garden, csp. that 
 in London, (abbr.] 
 
 zoo-, comb, form of Gk zoos living, zoon an 
 animal (see zodiac), = of animals, of animal 
 life, (somet. as opp. vegetables & minerals, 
 somet. excluding man also or especially); -chem- 
 istry, of constituents of animal bodies ; dyna'- 
 mics, animal physiology ; -gamy, sexual repro- 
 duction ; -geny, formation of animal organs ; 
 -geo'graphy, zoology dealing with local dis- 
 tribution of animals, so -geo'grapher, -geogra'- 
 phic(al); -gony,= zoogeny ; -graft, zooplastic 
 graft ; -graphy, descriptive zoology, so -grapher, 
 -gra'phic(al), -graphist; -latry, religious wor- 
 ship of animals ; -lite, fossil animal, fossilized 
 animal substance ; zoo'logy, natural history of 
 animals, science of their structure, physiology, 
 classification, habits, & distribution, so -lo'gica 
 [z. garden, public garden or park with collec- 
 tion of animals kept for exhibition), -lo'gically, 
 -logist; -ma'gnetism, animal magnetism; -man- 
 cy, divination from appearances or behaviour 
 of animals; -mecha'nics,=zoodynamics; -mor'- 
 phic, dealing with or represented under animal 
 forms, having gods of beast-like form (cf . anthro- 
 pomorphic), so -mor'phism ; -physics, study of 
 physical structure of animals ; -phyte, kinds of 
 plant-like animal, esp. holothurians, starfishes, 
 jelly-fishes, sea anemones, & sponges, so -phy'- 
 tic, phyto logy, -phytolo'gical, -phyto'logist ; 
 -plastic, (of surgery) transferring live tissue 
 from some animal to man ; -psychology, psy- 
 chology of animals other than man ; -sperm, 
 spermatozoon, also zoospore ; -spore, spore ca- 
 pable of motion, so -spo'ric ; -taxy, classifica- 
 tion of animals ; -theism, beast- worship, so 
 -thei'stic; -tomy, dissection or anatomy of ani- 
 mals other than man. 
 
 zo*oid,a. &n. Of incompletely animal nature. 
 (N.) organic body or cell resembling but not be- 
 
 ing animal or plant ; more or less independent 
 organism given by gemmation or fission ; mem- 
 ber of compound organism, [prec, -oid] 
 
 zd'Pil, n. Carnivorous quadruped of Africa 
 & Asia Minor allied to skunk & weasel, [f. F 
 zorille f. Sp. zorilla (zorra fox)] 
 
 Zoroa/strian, Zarathu-str- (thdb), nn. 
 aa. (Follower) of Zoroaster, Zarathustra, or 
 Zerduscht, (adherent) of the religious system 
 taught by him & his followers in the Zend- 
 Avesta based on the conflict between Ormuzd 
 god of light & good & Ahrimangod of darkness 
 & evil, the religion of the magi & ancient 
 Persia still held by Parsees & somet. called fire- 
 ivorship. Hence Zopoa'strianiSM(3), Zara- 
 thu*str(ian)ism, nn. [f. L Zoroastres f. 
 OPers. Zarathustra, -ian] 
 
 zouave (zoo 'ahv),n. Member of French light- 
 infantry corps orig. formed of Algerians & re- 
 taining Oriental uniform, [name of tribe] 
 
 zounds (zow-), int. (archaic) of indignation. 
 [-(GodYs wounds (i.e. Christ's on the cross)] 
 
 zucche'tta, -etto, (tsobk-), n. R.-C. ecclesi- 
 astic's skull-cap, black for priest, purple for 
 bishop, red for cardinal, & white for Pope. [It. 
 (-a), dim. of zucca gourd] 
 
 Zulu (zoo "loo), n. Member, language, of a S.- 
 Afr. Kafir tribe. 
 
 zwieback (tswe'bahk), n. Kind of biscuit 
 rusk or sweet cake toasted in slices. [G] 
 
 Zwi'nglian (tswingg-), a. & n. (Follower) 
 of the Swiss religious reformer Zwingli (U84- 
 1531). [-IAN] 
 
 zy'gal, a. H-shaped (esp. of brain-fissures), 
 [as foil., -al] 
 
 zyg"(o)-, comb, forms of Gk zugon yoke : zyg- 
 apo'physis, one of the processes on a vertebra 
 serving as articulation with another; zygo- 
 da'ctyl a. & n., -ylous a., (bird) with toes dis- 
 posed in pairs, two toes pointing forward & 
 two backward ; zygomor'phous, (of flower) di- 
 visible into similar halves only in one plane ; 
 zygospore, spore formed by conjugation of two 
 similar gametes. 
 
 zygo'ma, n. (pi. -ata). Bony arch of cheek, 
 yoke-bone. Hence zygomatic a. [f.Gkzugo- 
 mq, -atos yoke(bone) f. zugoo to yoke (prec), -m] 
 
 zygo'sis. n. (biol ). = conjugation, [f. Gk 
 zygosis joining (prec.JJ 
 
 zymo'sis, n. Fermentation ; zymotic dis- 
 ease in general or any form of it. [f. Gk zumo- 
 sis (zumoo ferment f. zume leaven f. zed boil)] 
 
 zymo'tie, a. Of fermentation (z. diseases, 
 epidemic, endemic, contagious, or sporadic dis- 
 eases regarded as caused by multiplication of 
 germs introduced from without), [f. Gk zumo- 
 tikos (prec, -otic)] 
 
ADDENDA 
 
 These addenda consist of (1) words not recorded in the 
 body of the dictionary, including some that have come 
 into existence or into currency since its publication, 
 (2) further senses and constructions of words already treat- 
 ed. Additions of the latter kind, being arranged as ap- 
 pendages to existing articles, are readily distinguished by 
 the absence of pronunciation, grammatical description, and 
 etymology, from the independent articles dealing with 
 new words. 
 
 For material of both kinds we are largely indebted to 
 users of the dictionary. Our grateful acknowledgements 
 are especially due to : the Rev. M. N. Walde ; Mr. Prick 
 van Wely ; F. F. Urquhart, Esq. , Fellow of Balliol ; Sir 
 Arthur Church, K.C.V.O. ; W. H. Thompson, Esq. ; Rev. 
 G. Goodenough ; and L. J. Berlin, Esq. 
 
 References to articles in the Addenda are in italics pre- 
 ceded by an asterisk, thus : * indeterminate. All other 
 references are in small capitals. 
 
 Sept. 1914 
 
ADDENDA 
 
 ABDERITE 
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN 
 
 Abder'ite, n. the A., Democritus (see demo- 
 critean). [GkAbderites(Abdei*a,a,town,-iTm 1 )] 
 
 Aberdo'nian, a. & n. (Inhabitant, native) 
 of Aberdeen. [-IAN] 
 
 abroad, the schoolmaster is a., general im- 
 provements are being made in education. 
 
 a'bsit o'men, sent. May no ominous signifi- 
 cance attach to the words, may my fears not be 
 verified. [L] 
 
 accession. (Esp.) sovereign's coming to the 
 throne. 
 
 accost. (Also, of prostitute) solicit. 
 
 acquirement, n. In vbl senses, esp, 
 quired mental faculty, [-ment] 
 
 acrobat. (Also, fig.) person who performs 
 surprising mental operations, goes through 
 startling changes in political attitude, &c. 
 
 act. I deliver th is as my a. and deed, formula 
 used in giving legal assent to document ; acting 
 copy, text of play as it is to be performed, for 
 
 aeti'nium, n. Radio-active substance found 
 in pitchblende ; an element that turns dark in 
 sunlight. [Gk aktis ray] 
 
 a'etion, v.t. Bring a legal action against. 
 [action n.] 
 
 Adam, not know person from A., have abso- 
 lutely no personal knowledge of him. 
 
 addition, in a. to, as well as, besides. 
 
 address \ a. the ball (golf), take aim. - 
 
 address 2 , pay one's aa. to, court (woman). 
 
 ad eu'ndem, adv. Admitted ad e., to the 
 same (degree at another university). [L] 
 
 admire. (Also, colloq.) express admiration 
 of ( forgot to a. her cat). 
 
 ado'be(-6bi,-6b),n. Unburnt sun-dried brick. 
 
 [Sp.] 
 
 advance, a. copy of book &c, supplied to 
 reviewer &c. before publication. 
 
 advantage 1 , to a., in such a way, in such 
 circumstances, as to bring out the person's or 
 thing's merits (was seen, heard, to a.). 
 
 advise. Hence advi'SER 1 n., esp. person 
 habitually consulted. 
 
 aeta'tis, aet., aetat. Of or at the age of 
 (aet. 17) ', anno a. suae — , in the — th year of his 
 age. [L] 
 
 affaire de cceur (F), n. Love affair. 
 
 affectation. (Also occas., after F) declared 
 occupation or employment (all ships, whatever 
 their a.). 
 
 after. (Also, adv.) afterwards (for months a.), 
 a. all, in spite of all that has happened or been 
 said &c. (a. all, what does it matter ?) or of one's 
 exertions, expectations, &c. (telephoned for an 
 hour & never got on a. all ; so the Australians 
 never won a. all !) ; a. one's own heart, such as 
 one thoroughly approves of (a man a. my own 
 heart). 
 
 a'fterdamp, n. Choke-damp, gas left in 
 mine after explosion of fire-damp. 
 
 against. (Also, archaic, as conj.) by the time 
 that (be ready a. he comes). 
 
 age. a. before honesty, allow precedence to 
 your elders however marked their moral inferi- 
 ority to yourself (said to children). 
 
 agent provocateur (F), n. One who by 
 simulated sympathy &c. draws a person on to 
 use seditious language or commit actionable 
 offence. 
 
 agoraphd'bia, n. Morbid dread of public 
 places. [Ok agora assembly, -phobia] 
 
 air. aircraft, aeroplane(s) or balloon(s), air- 
 manship; a. -cushion, inflated with a. ; airman, 
 aviator; a.-pocket, abrupt local alteration in 
 atmospheric conditions, causing aeroplane to 
 drop suddenly as ball into billiard pocket ; air- 
 ship, (also, and now usu.) dirigible balloon. 
 
 aiteh, )i. =ache 3 . 
 
 a la carte (ah lah kart), adv. & a. (Ordered) 
 item by item from bill of fare (opp. to table 
 d'hote). 
 
 Ala'ddin's lamp, n. Talisman enabling pos- 
 sessor to gratify any wish. [Arabian Nights] 
 
 alarm. alar(u)ms and excursions (facet.), 
 noise and bustle. 
 
 Albert. A. Hall, large hall in Kensington 
 used for musical performances, political meet- 
 ings, &c. ; A. Memorial, monument erected to 
 memory of Prince Consort Albert. 
 
 Albige'nses, n. pi. Heretical sect in S. France 
 in 12th & 13th cc, opposing Roman Church and 
 protesting against corruption of the clergy. [L 
 A Ibiga Albi, in S. France, -ese] 
 
 A'ldershot (awl-), n. (Used for) the perma- 
 nent military camp at A. in Hampshire. 
 
 alienism. (Also) study & treatment of mental 
 diseases, a'lienisx n., mad-doctor. 
 
 all. a. one, = (in some senses, as shown below) 
 a. thesame ;a.there, sane, in one's senses,(chiefly 
 in neg. or interrog. context : is he a. there ? ; not 
 quite a. there) ; a. the same, just the same, with- 
 out any difference or any that matters, {it's a. 
 the same, or a. one, to me whether he goes or not ; 
 if it's a. the same to you, if you don't mind ; a. one 
 usu. only in affirmative context), in spite of this, 
 notwithstanding, however, (teas punished a. 
 the same, in spite of extenuating circum- 
 stances &c. ; a. the same, I wish you hadnt 
 done it). 
 
 Alleynian (alen-), n. Member of Dulwich 
 College. [E. Alley n, founder] 
 
 American. A. cloth, leather, glazed cloth 
 used for covering tables &c. 
 
 analge'sic, a. & n. (Drug &c.) tending to 
 prevent or remove pain. [Gk a- not, algeo feel 
 pain ; for analgetic] 
 
 anchor, a.-stroke, one of the methods (often 
 barred) of securing a long succession of cannons 
 in billiards. 
 
 ancle. See ankle. 
 
 angel, aa., devils,-on-horseback, savoury of 
 oysters wrapped in slices of bacon ; angcls\ or 
 angel-, visits (as type of rare occurrence or less 
 usu. of brief duration) ; entertain an a. un- 
 awares, do a service to one who proves to be a 
 person of importance &c. (Heb. xiii. 2). 
 
 angle 2 . (As n., obs. exc. in) brothers of the 
 a., anglers. 
 
 Anglo-Indian, a. & n. (Person) of British 
 birth but living or having lived long in India ; 
 (in Eurasian use) Indian-Eurasian. 
 
ANGRY 
 
 1015 
 
 BATAVIAN 
 
 angry. (Also, of wound, sore, &c.) inflamed, 
 smarting, aching. 
 
 ano'pheles, n. Kinds of (esp. malarial) mos- 
 quito. [Gk, = hurtful (a- not, opheleo benefit)] 
 
 another. (Also) unnamed additional party 
 to legal action (X versus Y and a.) ; (in list of 
 cricket eleven &c, written A. N. Other) anony- 
 mous player or one still to be selected. 
 
 anticipation, thanking you in a. (i. e. of 
 answer or compliance, formula used in letter 
 of inquiry or request). 
 
 anti-Se*mite, a. & n. (Person) hostile to 
 Jews. So anti-Semitic a., anti-Se*mit- 
 
 ISM n. [ANTI-] 
 
 antito'xin, n. Substance formed in living 
 tissues & neutralizing a toxin. So antito'x- 
 ic a. [ANTI-] 
 
 any. (Also, as adv. with neg. or interrog.) in 
 I a. degree, at all, (is that a. better? ; without being 
 a. the wiser for it). 
 
 apa'che (-ahsh), n. Any of a gang of street 
 ruffians prevalent of late years in Paris ; (A- ; 
 pron. apa'tshi) member of a N. -Amer. tribe, 
 [native, lit._^ enemy] 
 
 Apollinar'is, n. Mineral water (exported 
 from) the A. spring in Prussia. 
 
 apology, a. for, bad specimen of [scrawling 
 with the merest a. for a pen). 
 
 apple, upset person's a.-cart (colloq.), upset 
 his plans. 
 
 appoint. well,baclly, -appointed, so equipped. 
 
 approach. (Also, commerc. &c.) make over- 
 tures or proposals to. 
 
 approve, approved a., pronounced satis- 
 factory, accepted, received, (approved persons, 
 specimens, reasons). 
 
 are.„ (Also, electr.) luminous bridge between 
 two carbon poles separated by small air space ; 
 a. -lamp, -light, electric. 
 
 Ar'eades a/mbo, sent. Scoundrels both (cf . 
 Byron D. Juan iv. 93). [facet, application of 
 Virg. Eel. vii. 4] 
 
 Armageddon (-g-), n. (Scene of) supreme 
 conflict between the nations. [Rev. xvi. 16] 
 
 army. Church A., Ch.-of-Eng. imitation of 
 Salvation A. 
 
 art. (Also, attrib.) of artistic design &c. 
 (chiefly in shop use : a. needlework, bookbind- 
 ing, carpet, curtain, jug). 
 
 as. as . . . as . . . (the first as often omitted) in 
 phrr. expressing by reference to a proverbial 
 type the highest ora high degreeofsomequality, 
 and in alliterative or punning phrr. modelled 
 on these : bald as a coot, black as pitch, black as 
 your or my hat, blind as a bat, bold as brass, 
 brave as a lion, bright as a button, bright as a 
 new pin, brown as a berry, busy as a bee, cold 
 as charity, common as dirt, cool as a cucumber, 
 cross as two sticks, dead as a doornail, dead 
 as mutton, deaf as a post, drunk as a fiddler, 
 drunk as a lord, dry as a bone, dull as ditch- 
 water, easy as A B C, easy as lying, fat as a 
 porpoise, fit as a fiddle, flat as a pancake, good 
 as gold (of children's conduct), good as a play 
 (amusing), hard asnails, heavy as lead, hungry 
 as a hunter, jolly as a sandboy, keen as mus- 
 tard, large as life, light as air, long as your or 
 my arm, mad as a hatter, mad as a Marchhare, 
 meek as Moses, merry as a grig, old as the hills, 
 pale as a ghost, plain as a pikestaff, pleased as 
 Punch, plentiful as blackberries, plump as a 
 partridge, proud as a peacock, proud as Luci- 
 fer, quick as thought, quiet as a mouse, rich as 
 a Jew, right as a trivet, right as rain, safe as 
 a house, sharp as a needle, silent as the grave, 
 snug as a bug in a rug, soft as butter, soft as 
 velvet, sound as a bell, stiff as a poker, straight 
 as a die, strong as a horse, stubborn as a mule, 
 
 sure as fate, sweet as a nut, thick as thieves, 
 thin as a lath, tight as a drum, tight as wax, 
 true as steel, ugly as sin, warm as a toast, weak 
 as a cat, weak as water, white as a sheet. 
 
 A'scot, n. Race-course on A. Heath, Berks.; 
 race-meeting at A. 
 
 ascription. (Esp.) words spoken by preacher 
 at end of sermon & ascribing praise to God. 
 
 ash 2 . bring back the aa. (crick.), wipe out de- 
 feat. 
 
 ask. a. out, invite to dinner or other enter- 
 tainment. 
 
 association, a. football, see rugby. 
 
 assurance, make a. double sure, make quite 
 certain what already seems practically certain 
 (Shaksp. Macb. -iv. i. 183). 
 
 at. at that, at that estimate (will take it at 
 that, accept that account of the matter), (colloq. , 
 to introduce aggravating or intensifying cir- 
 cumstance) moreover, even so, into the bargain, 
 (lives exclusively onmilk, and sour milk at that). 
 
 attach. (Also) win the devotion or attach- 
 ment of (has the gift of attaching people to him ; 
 esp. in pass., deeply attached to person, doc- 
 trine, &c). 
 
 attorney K abuse plaintiff s a. (iron, advice 
 to lawyer with weak case). 
 
 auction, a. bridge, form of bridge in which 
 declaration may be made by any player. 
 
 au grand serieux (F), adv. Quite seriously 
 (Uike the matter au g. s.). 
 
 aut Cae'sar aut nu'l/us or ni'hil, sent. 
 (I will have) the highest place or nothing. [L] 
 
 authority, on the a. of a book, person, &c, 
 with it or him serving as one's warrant for a 
 statement &c. 
 
 a wa'sh, adv. & pred. a. Level with the sur- 
 face of the water so as to be washed by it; wash- 
 ing about, tossed by waves. [a 2 J 
 
 azure. (Also, herald.) blue. 
 
 ba'eey (-ki), n. (colloq.). Tobacco, [abbr.] 
 
 back 1 , the Bb., grounds at the b. of certain 
 colleges at Cambridge ; put, get, set, person's 
 b. up, make him angry. 
 
 bad. (Also, chiefly colloq., of things that are 
 in no case good) notable, decided, pronounced 
 (b. blunder, headache, f all ing-off) ; b. egg, b. hat, 
 (slang) person of b. character. 
 
 bag 2 . (Also, in school slang) claim on the 
 ground of being the first to claim (lb., butusu. 
 bags I or bags, first innings !). 
 
 Ball-platz (bah'lplahts), n. (Used for) the 
 Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office. [B. in 
 Vienna] 
 
 ba'lly, a. & adv. (slang), expr. speaker's dis- 
 gust or satisfaction (stung by a b. wasp ; too b. 
 tired', whose b. fault is that? ; wontheb.lot). [?] 
 
 ba'nket, n. Auriferous conglomerate like 
 pudding-stone found in S. Africa. [Du., = kind 
 of hardbake (banquet)] 
 
 bargee, swear like a b., fluently, forcibly; 
 lucky b. (colloq.). lucky fellow. 
 
 bar'my, a. Full of barm ; frothy (b. on the 
 crumpet, slang, wrong in the head, cracked). 
 [-Y 2 ] 
 
 barrack. (X. , also) building of severely dull 
 or plain appearance. (Vb, also, slang) hoot, jeer, 
 in contempt or displeasure at (players in cricket 
 match &c). 
 
 Bart's, n. St Bartholomew's Hospital in 
 London, [abbr.] 
 
 Bass 4 , n. (Used for) B.'s beer, bottle of this 
 (a small B.). [B., brewer] 
 
 bastardy. 6. order, for support of illegiti- 
 mate child by putative father. 
 
 Batavian. (Also) of, inhabitant of, Batavia 
 in Java. 
 
BATE 
 
 1046 
 
 BREAD 
 
 bate 3 , bait 3 , n. (slang). Rage (was in an awful 
 b. ). [perh. = obs. bate var. of debate ; or f . bait l , = 
 state of baited person] 
 
 bath, air-b., exposure of naked body to air; 
 mud-b., of mud for rheumatism; sitz-b., like 
 hip-b. but with broad flat bottom [G sitzbad 
 sitting-bath]; sponge-b.,esp. of broad flat saucer 
 shape to facilitate sponging; vapour-b., of 
 steam. B. Oliver, biscuit invented by Dr 
 W. Oliver of B. (d. 1761). 
 
 be. to be or not to be (Haml. in. i. 56 ; often 
 facet, in trivial applications) ; been, (often) called 
 here, paid a visit, (has any one been ? ; the butcher 
 has never been for orders) ; been and, colloq. 
 expletive expr. protest or surprise (someone has 
 been and moved my papers ; / have been and 
 won a prize ! ; cf. go l ). 
 
 bean, give person bb. (slang), give it him hot, 
 give him a bad time. 
 
 bear 1 . (Also, St. Exch.) the operation of 
 
 BEAR 2 ing. 
 
 bear 3 , b. repeating, be worth repeating or fit 
 to repeat (the joke, his language, doesn't or won't 
 &. repeating). 
 
 beard 2 . Esp. b. the lion in his den. 
 
 beauty, b. is but skin-deep pro v., one cannot 
 safely judge people by their appearance. 
 
 bed. b.-plate, metal plate forming base of 
 machine. 
 
 Bedfordshire, n. (nursery). Bed (go to B.). 
 
 beg 1 . (Also, of dog) squat with f orepa ws raised 
 expectantly; b. to do, take leave to do, take 
 the liberty of doing, (/ b. to differ, enclose, an- 
 nov ce, &c). 
 
 be B gap. bb. must not be choosers, the needy 
 muf I accept what is offered. 
 
 Belgra'via, n. Fashionable residential part 
 of London south of Knightsbridge containing 
 Belgrave Square. -^ 
 
 bell, b.-ringing, esp. of changes &c. on church 
 bells. 
 
 below, b. stairs, in, to, the lowest floor of a 
 house, esp. as servants' quarters. 
 
 bend 3 . Hence be*ndER l n., esp. (slang) six- 
 pence. 
 
 benefit. (Also) allowance, pension, atten- 
 dance, to which person is entitled under Na- 
 tional Insurance Act or as member of benefit 
 society 8ce.(matemit y, medical, b.); (slang, iron.) 
 fine time, fine job, (had no end of a b. getting 
 things straight). 
 
 Benjamin. B.'s 7ness, large share (Gen. xliii. 
 34). 
 
 better, for b. for worse, on the terms of 
 accepting whatever fortune befalls (see Prayer 
 Book, Solemnization of Matrimony). 
 
 best. b. abused (colloq.), most violently or 
 generally abused (the b. abused book of the 
 year). 
 
 between-maid, n. =tweenv. 
 
 bid 2 , make a b. for, (fig.) make an attempt 
 to secure (favour, the prize, &c). 
 
 big. get, grow, too b. for one's boots (slang), 
 become conceited, put on airs. 
 
 bill 5 , billed to appear &c, announced as 
 going to. 
 
 birth, birthday suit (facet.), one's skin. 
 
 bis dat qui ei'to dat, sent. He gives twice 
 who gives quickly (formula in appeals for 
 charity). [L] 
 
 Bi'sley (-zll), n. (Used for) the ranges or the 
 shooting- competitions of the National Rifle 
 Association at B. in Surrey. 
 
 bit 2 . not a b. of it (colloq. ), (emphatic for) not 
 so, not at all. 
 
 black, blackhead, (also) kind of pimple on 
 the skin ; b.-water fever, W.-Afr. disease with 
 bloody urine &c. 
 
 blessing 1 . b. in disguise, unwelcome but 
 salutary experience &c. 
 
 blight. Hence bligh'tER 1 n., esp. (slang) 
 annoying person. 
 
 blood, b. and iron, relentless application of 
 and exclusive reliance on force (esp. as motto 
 of Bismarckian policy); Prince &c. of the b.- 
 royal or of the b. (i.e. of royal race); his b. is 
 up, he is in fighting mood ; you cannot get b. 
 out of a stone (pity or feeling from the hard- 
 hearted). 
 
 Bloo'msbury (-zberi), n. Part of London con- 
 taining British Museum, formerly a fashion- 
 able residential quarter. 
 
 blow. 6. (part) o#*(said of explosive, gun, or 
 their user, as had its roof, the top of his head, 
 two fingers, blown off). 
 
 blue. Oxford b., dark ; Cambridge b„ light ; 
 the light, dark, bb., representatives or support- 
 ers of Cambridge, Oxford, in sporting contests ; 
 look b., (also) depressing (things looked &.). 
 
 Bluebeard, n. Husband of many wives, 
 [hero of popular story, who hung up in locked 
 chamber the bodies of his murdered wives] 
 
 blush, b. for person, feel shame on his ac- 
 count. 
 
 boar. b.'s head, esp. as dish at Christmas or 
 on festive occasion. 
 
 board. B. of Agriculture, B. of Trade, B. of 
 Education, Local Government B., government 
 departments; Road B., for construction and 
 improvement of roads. 
 
 bob 3 . 6. up like a cork, become active or con- 
 spicuous again after defeat &c. 
 
 bogy. (Also, nursery) the b. man. 
 
 boil 2 . boiled shirt (U. S. slang), cotton or linen 
 shirt with starched front, boiling hot, boiling, 
 (colloq.) very hot. 
 
 bender, n. Person who puts goods into bond 
 or owns goods in bond ; binding stone or brick. 
 
 [-ERl] 
 
 Bond Street, n. A London street, esp. as 
 resort of fashionable loungers (a B.-S. exqui- 
 site). 
 
 bone, horse &c. has plenty ofb., well-devel- 
 oped frame. 
 
 bonne bouche. See also *course. 
 
 book K won't suit my b., my plans. 
 
 born, in all my b. days, my life ; b. fool, 
 idiot, utter, hopeless. 
 
 Bor'stal, n. B. system, of imprisonment for 
 young criminals, based on the * indeterminate 
 sentence; B. Association, for help of B. pri- 
 soners on discharge; B. Institution, formerly 
 B. Prison, at B. in Kent. 
 
 bor'zoi, n. Russian wolf-hound. [Russ.] 
 
 both, have it b. ways (colloq. ), choose succes- 
 sively each alternative, adopt successively each 
 of two incompatible attitudes &c, as it suits 
 one's purpose. 
 
 bounty. King's, Queen's, B., grant made to 
 mother of triplets. 
 
 bo'vril, n. A meat extract used like beef tea. 
 [trade name] 
 
 bow-wow. the (big) b. style, dogmatic man- 
 ner in talk or writing. 
 
 box 2 , b.-keeper (Theatr.), attendant on bb. ; b. 
 spanner, wrench, with socket head. 
 
 Box & Cox. B.-&-C. arrangement &c, by 
 which two persons take turns in sustaining a 
 part, occupying a dwelling, &c. [characters in 
 farce by J. M. Morton] 
 
 boycott. (Also) combine in refusing to use 
 (the goods manufactured by some nation &c), 
 subject (nation, trade) to this treatment, (n.) 
 such combination. 
 
 bread, b. and scrape, meagrely buttered 
 bread. 
 
BREAK 
 
 1047 
 
 CHRIST 
 
 break, b. up, (also, esp. of person) become 
 feeble, show signs of approaching death. 
 
 breath, take away person's b., render him 
 breathless or speechless with astonishment, esp. 
 at one's impudence. 
 
 breeched, a. (-itsht) wearing breeches ; 
 (-etsht) haying a breech. [-ed~] 
 
 Brie (bre), n. A cream cheese. [B., in France] 
 
 brief 1 , watching-b. , of barrister who watches 
 case on behalf of client indirectly concerned. 
 b.-bag, small leather hand-bag. 
 
 brilliant. (Also) a size of type. 
 
 bring*, b. to bear, use, apply, (force, argu- 
 ment, influence, &c.) ; b. up, (also) cause (M.P.) 
 to rise & speak. 
 
 briny, the b. (colloq.), the sea. 
 
 bri*s(t)ling', n. A small sardine-like fish. 
 
 British. B. Academy, institution for pro- 
 motion of moral & political sciences ; B. Asso- 
 ciation (for advancement of science) ; B. Mu- 
 seum, national museum of antiquities &c. in 
 London. 
 
 Broa'dmoor (braw-), n. Asylum in Berk- 
 shire for criminal lunatics. 
 
 bro'lly, n. (colloq.). Umbrella, [abbr.] 
 
 broom, marry over, jump {over), the b.-stick, 
 go through a quasi-marriage ceremony in which 
 the parties jump over a b.-stick. 
 
 brow, b.-ague, megrim. 
 
 Browning", n. (Used for) B. pistol, a modern 
 type of automatic pistol. [B., surname] 
 
 Bu'ckingham Palaee, n. London resi- 
 dence of the King. 
 
 bud 2 . budding lawyer &c, one who is about 
 to become or has just setup as a lawyer &c. 
 
 bug 1 , big b. (slang), person of importance. 
 
 bully, b. off, perform preliminary crossing of 
 clubs in hockey. 
 
 bung*. (Also, slang) lie, falsehood. 
 
 bunker. (Also, vb) send (one's ball) into 
 bunker at golf (be bunkered, of person, have his 
 ball in a bunker, fig. be in difficult situation). 
 
 Bur'berry, n. (Used for) a kind of water- 
 proofed cloth, coat &c. of this. [B., maker] 
 
 burial. Christian b., performed with the 
 ceremonies of the Church. 
 
 Burlington House, n. Building in Lon- 
 don used for Royal Academy's annual exhibi- 
 tion, winter exhibition of old masters, &c, & as 
 head-quarters of British Academy & British 
 Association. 
 
 burn 2 . burnt almond, a sweetmeat. 
 
 but. 6. for this &c, if this &c. were not so, if 
 this objection were removed, without this ad- 
 vantage &c. ; b. then, b. on the other hand (it is 
 hot, no doubt, b. t. the heat is dry). 
 
 butcher. The b., the baker, the candlestick- 
 maker, people of all trades. 
 
 butter, b. bean, kind like French bean, but 
 yellow and often cooked without slicing. 
 
 by-pass, n. Pipe &c. allowing gas &c. to 
 pass when main passage is closed by valve. 
 
 cabinet, c. pudding, made of sponge-cakes, 
 eggs, milk, &c. 
 
 Caesar. C.'s wife must be above suspicion 
 (said by C. when he divorced his wife without 
 evidence of guilt, and used allusively as high- 
 flown expression of sensitiveness). 
 
 cake, c.-ivalk, competition (orig. among 
 negroes) in graceful walking, with c. for prize ; 
 kinds of dance. 
 
 call. c. out (troops), summon them esp. to aid 
 the civil authorities ; c. up, (also, Mil.) summon 
 (reserves &c.) to the colours. 
 
 calm. (Also, colloq.) impudent (pretty c. of 
 him). 
 
 camber. (Also) small dock or tidal basin. 
 
 Canta'te (ahti), n. The canticle O sing 
 unto the Lord. [L, = sing ye] 
 
 caps, abbr. of capitals (capital letters) in 
 directions to printers &c. 
 
 carboru'ndum, n. Compound of carbon 
 & silicon used for polishing by abrasion. 
 
 care. (With neg. &c. : also) be willing or pre- 
 pared or wishful to (should not c. to be seen with 
 him ; do you c. to try them ?). 
 
 Car'lowitz (-w-, -v-), n. A red wine of C. on 
 the Danube. 
 
 Car'lton Club, n. The chief Conservative 
 club in England. 
 
 carry, c. on with (colloq.), flirt or have amor- 
 ous intrigue with. 
 
 carton. (Also) cardboard box for holding 
 goods or the cardboard used for these. 
 
 ca'scara sag-ra'da (-ahda), n. Laxative 
 drug from the bark of a tree. [Sp., =sacred bark] 
 
 case !. in the c. of, as regards (specified in- 
 stance ; i. t. c. o. Jones an exception was made). 
 
 cash. c. on delivery (abbr. C.O.D.), as condi- 
 tion of delivery of goods by carrier or postman. 
 
 cassation. Court of c, court of appeal (esp. 
 of foreign countries). 
 
 ca'sus foe'cfer/s (fed-), n. The circum- 
 stances contemplated in the terms of a treaty as 
 requiring the action of the parties when they 
 arise (the c.f. has not yet arisen). [L, =case of 
 treaty] 
 
 cat. the c.-&-mouse Act, nickname for the Act 
 of 1913 directed against the hunger-strike policy 
 of woman-suffrage prisoners & enabling Home 
 Secretary to release & re-arrest them at need. 
 
 catalogue, c. raisonne (-zona), descriptive 
 c. arranged according to subjects or branches 
 of subject. 
 
 catch, c. out, (fig.) c. in a mistake &c, c. 
 napping ; c.-out n., act of catching out, circum- 
 stance &c. that upsets calculations &c. 
 
 ca'tsup. Variant of ketchup. 
 
 ca'veat e'mptor, L phr. (=let the buyer see 
 to it) exonerating seller from responsibility for 
 condition of & title to thing sold. 
 
 Cd. Cd. U531 &c, paper so numbered presented 
 to Parliament by command of the Crown, [abbr. 
 command] 
 
 cellular, c. shirt &c, of open texture. 
 
 Chaldee* (k-), a. & n. -chaldean (archaic); 
 biblical Syriac or Aramaic, [as chaldean] 
 
 cha'mperty, n. (law). The offence of assist- 
 ing a party in a suit in which one is not natu- 
 rally interested with a viewtc receiving a share 
 of the disputed property, eha'mpertous a. 
 [f. F champart feudal lord's part of produce, f. 
 L campus field, pars part] 
 
 champion. (As attrib. n., also, joe.) incre- 
 dibly bad &c. (c. idiot, blunder). 
 
 charcoal (also used allusively w. ref. to the 
 fumes of burning c. as means of suicide). 
 
 charge. (Also, herald.) device, bearing. 
 
 cheap, feel c. (slang), be out of sorts ; c. & 
 nasty, of low cost & bad quality. 
 
 cheese, c.-straws, a savoury of grated cheese 
 &c. made up into thin strips. 
 
 Che'lsea Royal Hospital, n. An institu- 
 tion for old and disabled soldiers. 
 
 Chelto'nian, a. & n. (Member) of Chelten- 
 ham College, [-ian] 
 
 Cheshire. C. cheese, made in C. 
 
 Chinee, the heathen C, (facet., w. ref. to 
 Bret Harte's Truthful James, for) the typical 
 Chinaman. 
 
 Chi'ppendale, n. A light style of drawing- 
 room furniture. [C, 18th-c. cabinet-maker] 
 
 choose. (With compl.) select as (ivas chosen 
 king). 
 
 Christ, the C.-child, C. as a child. 
 
CHRISTIE'S 
 
 1048 
 
 CURATE 
 
 Chri'stie's, n. A sale-room in London esp. 
 for art sales. 
 
 chu'cker, n. (polo). Each of the periods into 
 which the game is divided. 
 
 chum. c. up (colloq.), form intimacy (with). 
 
 cinch (sintsh), n. (U.S.). Saddle-girth used 
 in Mexico &c; (slang) sure thing, secure hold. 
 [Sp. cincha] 
 
 ci'nema (ni), cinema'tograph (ni), nn. 
 (Now the usu. forms of) kinematograph ; (-?na) 
 building used fore, shows. Soeinematogpa*- 
 phic &c. [as kinematograph ; ci-is in accord- 
 ance with the regular L, F, and E translitera- 
 tion of Gk ki-] 
 
 civil, c. marriage, marriage solemnized as a 
 c. contract, without religious ceremony. 
 
 clar'kia, n. Kinds of annual with showy 
 flowers. [W. Clarke, U.S. explorer] 
 
 Cleopa'tra's needle, n. Egyptian obelisk 
 on Thames embankment. 
 
 clinch. (Also, in boxing) come, coming, to 
 close quarters. 
 
 coco, that accounts for the milk in the c.-nut 
 (facet. ), that accounts for it ( whatever it may be). 
 
 coffee, c.-palace (name given to temperance 
 refreshment houses w. ref. to gin 2 -palace). 
 
 Co*llins,n. (colloq.). = *roofe?\ [Jane Austen, 
 P.&P., ch. xxii] 
 
 co'lly wobbles, n. pi. (colloq.). Rumbling in 
 the intestines, [imit.] 
 
 Co'lney Hatch, n. (Used for) C. H. Lunatic 
 Asylum for county of London. 
 
 Colt, n , (Used for) C. revolver, automatic gun, 
 or pistol. [S. C, inventor] 
 
 come, come a sneeze (colloq. ), sneeze, bring off 
 a sneeze ; compulsory insurance &c. has c. to 
 stay, opposition to it is useless. 
 
 co*mfy(ku-), a. (colloq.). Comfortable, [abbr.] 
 
 commercial, c. room in hotel, for c. tra- 
 vellers. 
 
 company, c. manners, the artificial beha- 
 viour put on in presence of strangers. 
 
 composition. (Also) compound artificial 
 substance, esp. one serving the purpose of a 
 natural one (often attrib., as c. billiard-balls). 
 
 confusion, c. xoorse confounded, made worse 
 than it was. 
 
 conquer, stoop to c, use indirect means for 
 gaining one's end. 
 
 contain. (Also, of military force) hold (an- 
 other) in check, prevent from moving. 
 
 contract, c. oneself out of, c. oiti of, forgo 
 (rights &c.) by contract, 
 
 contrary, to the c, to the opposite effect, 
 contradicting what has been said, assumed, &c. 
 {no evidence to the c. ; his statements to the c. 
 notwithstanding). 
 
 control. (Also) station at which aeroplanes, 
 motors, &c, in races are allowed time to stop 
 for overhauling &c. ; (also, pi.) various de- 
 vices in aeroplane used to assist stability in 
 turning &c. 
 
 convenience, make a c. of one, utilize him 
 unconscionably, abuse his good-nature. 
 
 cook, too many cc. spoil the tooth, super- 
 numeraries are worse than useless. 
 
 co-partnership, labour c, a system de- 
 signed to interest workmen in their business by 
 means of profit-sharing. 
 
 copy, incident &c. will make good c, lends 
 itself to interesting narration in newspapers &c. 
 
 cordon bleu (F), n. (facet.). First-rate cook. 
 
 corn 1 , c.-stalk (colloq.), tall person (applied as 
 national nickname to Europeans born in Aus- 
 tralia, esp. inN. S. W.). 
 
 corn 3 , c.-plaster, for application to cc. 
 
 corner, c.-man, end man in row of negro 
 minstrels, playing bones or tambourine. 
 
 Cornish. (Also, n.) the C. language. 
 
 corre'etitude, n. Correctness esp. of con- 
 duct, [recent formation on rectitude] 
 
 count 1 , 2 , c.-out n. , the counting of 10 seconds 
 to give fallen boxer time to rise {be counted out, 
 fail to rise within this time) ; c. in, include or 
 be included in the reckoning {are you counting 
 in the missing ones?; fractions not to c. in). 
 
 counter. (Also, Skating) see rock 3 . 
 
 coup. c. de the'atre, sensational hit in a play, 
 sensational act or proceeding. 
 
 course. Names of successive cc. as used in 
 menus : potage, soup ; poisson, fish ; entire 
 (made dishes); releve, remove (the most sub- 
 stantial c, consisting of joint &c); roti, roast 
 (roast fowl, game, &c. ) ; entremets (dressed vege- 
 tables, sweets, &c); bonne bouche, savoury; 
 dessert. 
 
 coute que coute (kootkekoot), adv. At all 
 costs. [F] 
 
 Co'vent Garden, n. (Used for) the C. G. 
 fruit and vegetable market in London. 
 
 cow. the c. tvith the iron tail, the pump. 
 
 crack, crack jaw a. & n. (colloq.), (word) diffi- 
 cult to pronounce. 
 
 cre'dat Judae'us (Ape' Ha), sent, express- 
 ing incredulity. [L, = let the Jew Apella believe 
 it, see Hor. Sat. i. 5. 100] 
 
 creme (F), n. c. dela c, the very best, the 
 pick, of anything; c. de menthe, peppermint 
 liqueur. 
 
 cricket, note, not the proper way to play c, 
 (slang) not the thing to do, not fair play, un- 
 sporting. 
 
 crisp. (As n. collect., slang) banknotes. 
 
 crooked. (Also, pron. -kt) having a cross 
 handle (c. stick). 
 
 cross 3 , c.-voting, when in Parliamentary 
 divisions &c. some of either or each side vote 
 against their own party {there teas no c.-v.). 
 
 cross-. c.-head(ing), (in newspaper &c.) in 
 dication of the contents of the following passage 
 inserted here & there across the column for the 
 reader's guidance in an article or report. 
 
 crowd, would pass in a c, is not con- 
 spicuously defective &c. 
 
 crown. C. Derby, (trade name of) a style of 
 china made at Derby & marked often with a c. 
 surmounting a D ; no cross, no c, true triumph 
 is conditional on previous effort &c; (Dent.) c. 
 a tooth, protect its remains with gold &c. cap 
 cemented on. 
 
 crumpet. (Also, slang) see *barmy. 
 
 crystal, c.-gazing, concentration of one's 
 gaze on ball of rock crystal, pool of ink, &c, for 
 the purpose of inducing a hallucinatory picture 
 of future or distant events (crystal colloq., view 
 of the future thus obtained, prophetic utter- 
 ance); C. Palace, building (chiefly of iron & 
 glass) & grounds at Sydenham used for exhi- 
 bitions, concerts, &c. 
 
 eu'bism, n. A recent style in art in which 
 objects are so presented as to give the effect of 
 an assemblage of geometrical figures. So eu*b- 
 ist n. [cube, -ism 1 
 
 cu'eking-stool, n. (hist.). Chair in which 
 disorderly women &c. were ducked as punish- 
 ment, [prob. f. obs. cuck f. OX kuka void ex- 
 crement, stool] 
 
 Cu'fie, K-, a. & n. (Of) a rude form of the 
 Arabic alphabet found chieflv in inscriptions, 
 [f. Cufa, city S. of Bagdad, -ic] 
 
 Cu*rnbrian,a. & n. (Native) of Cumberland ; 
 of the ancient British kingdomof Cumbria, [-an] 
 
 cup. the c. that cheers (facet.), tea (Cowper 
 Task iv. 39). 
 
 curate. (Also, facet.) poker meant for use not 
 ornament. 
 
CURETTE 
 
 1019 
 
 EARTH 
 
 eure'tte, n., & v.t. & i. Surgeon's small scrap- 
 ing-instrument; (vb)scrape withe. [F(ascuRE', 
 
 -ETTE)] 
 
 eursor'ial, a. Having limbs adapted for run- 
 ning (c. birds &c). [as cursory, -alJ ' 
 
 cut l m c o/person'sjift (slang), personal appear- 
 ance ; c.-out, device in motor for releasing gas 
 rapidly without passage through silencer. 
 
 cut-, c. a loss, withdraw promptly from a 
 losing speculation or enterprise ; c. and run 
 (slang), run away, make off; c. a record, break 
 it; c. one's eye or wisdom teeth, attain discre- 
 tion ; c. prices, undersell competitors ; c. the 
 knot, dispose of difficulty in rough-&-ready 
 manner (see also gordian). 
 
 cycle, c. car, kinds of light motor-car of sim- 
 plified pattern usu. with three wheels and with- 
 out water-cooling radiator. 
 
 Cyprian. Also (in first sense) CyprioT(E) 
 a. & n. 
 
 'd. Colloq. clipping of had & would, chiefly 
 after /, tec, you, he, slie, they. 
 
 damn. d. with faint praise, praise in frigid 
 or perfunctory manner so as to have the effect 
 of disparagement. 
 
 Danaos. See Himeo. 
 
 da'ndie, n. Breed of terrier. [D. Dinmont 
 in Guy Mannering] 
 
 dar'i, n. =durra. 
 
 Dar'tmoop, n. (Used for) D. convict prison 
 near Princetown, Devon. 
 
 Dap'traouth, n. Used similarly to * Osborne. 
 
 da'taller, day-taler, (tal), n. Workman 
 engaged and paid by the day. [day, tale in 
 sense reckoning, -er 1 ] 
 
 Da'vid & Jd'nathan, n. Any pair of de- 
 voted friends. [1 Sam. xviii &c] 
 
 day. creature of a day, short-lived. 
 
 dead. d. men tell no tales (argument for 
 killing person who otherwise might tell tales) ; 
 d. end, terminus of branch line of railway &c. ; 
 d.hand, = mortmain (usu. implying protest); 
 d. man (or menYs fingers, finger-like divisions 
 of gills in lobster or crab. 
 
 death, d. -bed repentance (usu. w. disparaging 
 implication) ; d.-roll, list of the killed or dead. 
 
 debacle. (Also) collapse, downfall, e.g. of a 
 government. 
 
 debt, d.-collector, one whose business it is to 
 collect dd. for creditors. 
 
 decasualize, v.t. Do away with the casual 
 employment of (labour). Hence decasualiz- 
 
 A'TION n. [DE-, -IZE] 
 
 decimus. See *primus l . 
 declare. Well, Id.! (colloq. formula expr. 
 surprise or indignation). 
 deco'de, v.t. Decipher (code telegram &c). 
 
 [DE-] 
 
 degree, fine (often quoted as small) by dd. 
 & beautifully less (Prior, Henry & Emma, 431 ; 
 often facet, in meaningless applications). 
 
 demarche (F), n. (In E diplomatic journal- 
 ese) political step or proceeding. 
 
 de mor'tuis nil nisi bb'num, sent. No- 
 thing but good should be spoken of the dead. 
 
 deposit, d. account (on which customer can 
 draw only after notice). 
 
 detach, detached house, not joined to an- 
 other on either side. 
 
 detente (F), n. Relaxation of strained rela- 
 tions between States &c. 
 
 De'us tniserea'tur (-zerl-), n. The canticle 
 God be merciful. [L] 
 
 development. D. Commission, public body 
 set up by an Act of 1909 & provided with funds 
 from which grants may be made in aid of 
 
 schemes for the improvement of agriculture, 
 stock-breeding, industrial processes, &c. 
 
 devil, dd.-on-horseback, see * angel ; d. take 
 the h indmost, every man must take care of him- 
 self (in flight, competition, &c). 
 
 diade;lphous, a. (bot.). With stamens 
 united in two bundles (cf. monadelphous 
 polyadelphous), [di- *, Gk adelphos brother] 
 
 diaphoretic, a. & n. (Drug, treatment) pro- 
 ductive of perspiration, [f. L f. Gk diaphoreti- 
 kos f. DiA(p/io?-eo carry f.phero), -eticJ 
 
 dfcetog-raph, n. Apparatus recording in one 
 room &c. any conversation or sound occurring 
 in another ; apparatus used to facilitate dicta- 
 tion to a typewriter &c. by telephone. [L dico, 
 diet- speak, -graph] 
 
 di-g-by, Di'g-by chicken, nn. Smoked her- 
 ring from Digby, Nova Scotia. 
 
 dinner, d. jacket, tailless dresscoat. 
 
 dirty, d. work, esp. dishonourable proceed- 
 ings,(also)drudgery(doperson'sd. workforhim). 
 
 disappoint, agreeably &c. disappointed, 
 glad to find one's fears groundless. 
 
 discretion, d. is the better part o f valour 
 (used as facet, excuse for cowardice, see Shaksp. 
 1 Hen. IV. v. iv. 121). 
 
 di'ther (dh-), v. i., & n. Tremble, quiver, 
 [prob. imit.] 
 
 divorce, d. a me'nsa et t{h)6'ro, judicial se- 
 paration, opp. to d. a vi'nculo (matrimo'nii). 
 
 djibba(h). See *jibba(h). 
 
 D. L., abbr. Deputy lieutenant. 
 
 do. do in the eye, (slang), cheat (person) gross- 
 ly ; have to do with, have dealings with ; do one- 
 self well (colloq.), make oneself comfortable, 
 make liberal provision for one's own comfort. 
 
 doctor, when dd. (learned men, authorities) 
 differ or disagree, who shall decide 1 
 
 Dom. (Also, in Portugal & Brazil, prefixed 
 to Christian name of persons of royal family, 
 cardinals, bishops, & others). 
 
 D. O. M., abbr. De'd O'ptimo Ma'ximo, to 
 God the best & greatest. [L] 
 
 Do'nnybrook Fair, n. Scene of uproar, 
 free fight. [Donnybrook, in Ireland] 
 
 dor'tour, -ter, n. (hist.). Bedroom, dormi- 
 tory, esp. in monastery. [OF (our), as dormer] 
 
 down 5 . d.-draught, downward draught, esp. 
 one driving smoke down chimney into room. 
 
 down 6 , d. tools, strike work. 
 
 Dreibund (dri'bdbnd), n. = triple A lliance 
 (3). [G (drei three, bund league)] 
 
 Dresden (-z-), n. D. china, porcelain, kind 
 produced at Meissen esp. in 18th c. 
 
 drug", the d. habit, of taking opiates &c. 
 
 dru'mmer. (Also, U. S.) commercial tra- 
 veller. 
 
 dual, the D. Monarchy, Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Dundrear'y (eri), n. D. xchiskers, long side 
 whiskers worn without beard. [D., character 
 in T. Taylor's comedy Our American Cousin] 
 
 du'ple, a. Double (now only in : d. ratio, that 
 of 2 to 1 ; d. time, rhythm, of two beats to the bar), 
 [f. L duplus (duo two, -plus f. pie- fill)] 
 
 Dutch. D. wife, frame of cane &c. for rest- 
 ing the limbs in bed, long bolster similarly used. 
 
 dutch, n. (coster slang). Wife, woman, (my 
 old d.). 
 
 dwale,n. Deadly Nightshade, [prob. f. Scand. 
 (ON dvbl delay, S\v. dvala trance)] 
 
 Eap'lswood (erlz-), n. (Used for) E. Asylum 
 for feeble-minded persons, Redhill, Surrey. 
 
 early, the e. spring, morning, Sec, the e. part 
 of spring &c. ; e. bird (facet.), e. riser (w. ref. to 
 proverb the e. bird gets the worm) ; e. -Victorian, 
 of the e. part of Victoria's reign, antiquated. 
 
 earth, who, xuhat, xchy, xcherc, &c, on e. ?, 
 
EAT 
 
 1050 
 
 FLAT 
 
 who &c. ever? (in questions expr. surprise, curi- 
 osity, impatience, &c. ) ; nothing on e. , nothing at 
 all, nothing whatever. 
 
 eat. e. dinners, = eat one's terms ; well, don't 
 e. me! (joe. reply to vehement protest &c). 
 
 eau sucree (F), n. Water with sugar. 
 
 Eeclesia'stes, n. AnO.T. book. [asECCLE- 
 si astI 
 
 Eeelesia'stieus, n. A book of the Apocry- 
 pha, [as ecclesiastic, = of (i. e. to be read in) 
 church] , „ 
 
 echo, cheer person &c. to the e., loudly. 
 
 e'elaip (e-), n. ' Small finger-shaped cake 
 filled with cream and iced. [F] 
 
 E'dam (e-), n. Spherical Dutch cheese. [E., 
 in Holland] 
 
 edict. E. of Nantes, issued by Henry IV of 
 France to grant toleration to Protestants, and 
 revoked by Louis XIV. 
 
 egg. e.-shell china, thin delicate porcelain. 
 
 Egyptian. E. pound (usu. abbr. £E, as 
 £ElO), coin worth about 20/6. 
 
 E 'Hi man, n. (Used for) E.'s embrocation. 
 [E, maker] 
 
 Elys£e (eleza*), n. Official residence of French 
 President. [F] 
 
 embolism, n. Obstruction of artery &c. by 
 clot of blood &c, esp. as cause of paralysis. 
 [f. Gk embolos peg, stopper (en in, ballo throw)] 
 
 emergency, e. door, exit, &c, for use in ee. 
 only, e. g. in case of fire ; e. man, (in Ireland) 
 bailiff's officer recruited for special service, esp. 
 in evictions. 
 
 empire. E. Day, May 24th, birthday of 
 Victoria, largely kept as (esp. school) holiday 
 in British E. 
 
 end. keep up one's e., sustain one's part, ac- 
 quit oneself well, in conversation, bargain, &c. ; 
 on e., (also) continuously (3 weeks on e.); e. by 
 doing, eventually do (will e. by marrying a 
 duke). 
 
 endorse. (Vulg., in advertisements) declare 
 one's belief in (— 's pills &c.) ; motorist's, pub- 
 lican's, licence is endorsed, has record of offence 
 written on the back. 
 
 enema. (Also) the apparatus used. 
 
 enemy. (Also, as adj.) of, belonging to, the 
 e. (e. ship, goods, alien). 
 
 en famille (F), adv. At home, among one's 
 family. 
 
 en fete (F), adv. & pred. a. Engaged in, at- 
 tired &c. for, holiday-making. 
 
 en gar-con (F), adv. & pred. a. As a bachelor, 
 unmarried. 
 
 E*no(e-),n. (Used for) E.'s Fruit Salt, a patent 
 medicine. [E., maker] 
 
 entente. (Also) diplomatic group of States 
 between which an e. exists (esp. * triple e.). 
 
 enter, e. an appearance, show oneself at a 
 meeting &c. 
 
 enteric. (Also, n.) e. fever. 
 
 entremets. (Also) see *course. 
 
 enzod'tic, a. & n. (Disease) regularly affect- 
 ing cattle &c. in a particular district or at a 
 particular season, [f. en- (2), Gk zdion animal, 
 -ic] 
 
 eoli'thie, a. Of the period preceding the 
 PALAEOlithic age. [Gk ids dawn, lithos stone] 
 
 epizod'tic, a. & n. (Disease) temporarily 
 prevalent among animals (cf. ^enzootic, epi- 
 demic), [epi-, Gk zoion animal, -ic] 
 
 Epsom. (Also, used for) race-course at E., 
 principal race-meeting there held, including 
 Derby and Oaks. 
 
 e scalator, n. Moving staircase for carry- 
 ing passengers up or down, [as escalade, 
 
 -or 2 ] 
 
 et hoc ge'nus o'mne (-1). And all that kind 
 
 of thing (often as ornamental substitute for et 
 cetera). 
 
 eu'genist, n. Student of eugenics, [-ist] 
 
 ever, did you e. ? (as complete sentence), did 
 you e. see or hear the like ? 
 
 evolve, e. from one's inner consciousness, 
 create imaginatively (often joe. of romancing 
 &c). 
 
 ewe. e. lamb, one's most cherished possession 
 (2 Sam. xii). 
 
 exception, with the e. of, except. 
 
 exchange, e. is no robbery (used as facet, 
 excuse for forcing a transparently unfair e.). 
 
 E'xeter Hail, n. Building in Strand for- 
 merly used for May meetings &c. (see *May). 
 
 expect, shall not e. you till I Sec. see you, 
 leave you to arrive when you choose to or can. 
 
 exper'to cre'de (-1), sent. You may take 
 my word for it, because I have tried. [L,=be- 
 lieve one who bas tried] 
 
 extra-, e.-parochial, outside, not concerned 
 with, the parish. 
 
 eye. his ee. are bigger than his belly (said of 
 person who has helped himself to more than he 
 can eat) ; e.-bath, -cup, small glass for applying 
 lotion &c. to e. ; e.-wash, lotion for e., (slang) 
 blarney. 
 
 F. F sharp (colloq.), flea. 
 
 Fabian. E. Society, of socialists following 
 a F. policy. 
 
 face, her f. is her fortune, said of penniless 
 beauty. 
 
 facing, put person through hisff., examine 
 or converse with him to see what kind of per- 
 son he is, what he can do, &c. ; go through one's 
 ff., be thus tested. 
 
 fail. (Also) neglect, not remember or not 
 choose, (to do ; he failed to appear ; dontf. to 
 keep us informed). 
 
 fair 3 . /. & softly, gently, not so fast, (esp. in 
 protest against over-statement, unfair argu- 
 ment, &c). 
 
 fa'kement, n. Piece of faking, dodge, trick ; 
 thing faked up. [-ment] 
 
 father. F. Christmas, F. Time, Christmas, 
 Time, personified. 
 
 fault, inf., guilty of offence, to blame, (who 
 is inf. ?). 
 
 fear, without/, or .favour, impartially, un- 
 influenced by f. of or liking for any one. 
 
 feed. /. a cold & starve a /ever, eat plenti- 
 fully when you have a cold, sparingly when you 
 have a fever, (also) eat plentifully when you 
 have a cold, and thereby avert a fever, (also) if 
 you eat much when you have a cold, you will 
 get a fever and have to eat little. 
 
 fe'minism, n. Advocacy, extended recog- 
 nition, of the claims of women. So fe'minisT 
 n. [feminine, -ism] 
 
 figure. /. of speech, (also, facet.) exaggera- 
 tion, lie. 
 
 film. (Also) celluloid roll f. used in cinema, 
 (vb) reproduce (scene, play, &c.) in f. 
 
 fine 2 , f. feathers, gaudy plumage, lit. & fig. 
 (/feathers make/ birds). 
 
 fine champagne (¥), n. A liqueur brandy. 
 
 first. /. offender, esp. one against whom no 
 previous offence is recorded ; the F. (of Septem- 
 ber, when partridge-shooting begins). 
 
 fit 3 . /. for a soldier &c, f. to be one ; /. for a 
 king &c, suitable for the use of, good enough 
 for. 
 
 fizzle. (Also, n.) failure, fiasco. 
 
 flasket. (Also) clothes-basket. 
 
 flat 2 , join the ff. (Thea.tr. slang), make a thing 
 into a coherent whole, preserve appearance of 
 a consistent attitude &c. 
 
FLATTER 
 
 1051 
 
 GREENWICH 
 
 flatter, flattering unction, salve one ad- 
 ministers to one's own conscience or self-esteem 
 (Haml. in. iv. 145). 
 
 fleet 1 . /. of cabs, taxis, Sec, those owned by 
 one proprietor. 
 
 fleet 2 . F.Street, (used for) the press,the papers. 
 
 flipflap. (Also, in places of amusement) ma- 
 chine with two long moving arms with cars for 
 passengers hung aloft from their outer ends. 
 
 float 2 , floating kidney, abnormal condition 
 in which the kidneys are movable. 
 
 flow. /. of soul, genial conversation (as com- 
 plement to feast of reason). 
 
 fly 1 , a f. in the ointment, trifling circum- 
 stance that mars enjoyment. 
 
 fo'c's'le. See forecastle. 
 
 follow. /. after (adv. & prep.), =/. ; (as n. ; 
 also, at restaurants) supplementary portion of 
 half the quantity ; /. through (golf), carry the 
 stroke through to fullest possible extent after 
 striking ball; f. -through n., such continuance 
 of stroke. 
 
 fool. nof. like an oldf. (esp. w. ref. to aged 
 lover). 
 
 foot, f.-gear, -wear, (shop) boots, shoes, &c. ; 
 f. -guards, the Grenadier, Coldstream, Scots, & 
 (since 1902) Irish, Guards ; set, put, have, one's 
 /. on the neck of, utterly subdue, hold in subjec- 
 tion. 
 
 force majeure. (Also) strike, Avar, act of 
 God, &c, excusing fulfilment of contract. 
 
 forget. (As v.i., esp. with about) be unable 
 to recall the facts, not remember to act &c. at 
 the right time, (If, forgot, about it). 
 
 fortiter. See *suaviter. 
 
 fortnight, would rather keep him &c. a 
 week than af. (joe), he &c. is a large eater. 
 
 foster 1 , f. -mother, (also) =incubator. 
 
 four. OTi all ff., (also, fig.) completely ana- 
 logou s or corresponding(i/ie cases arenoto.a.ff.; 
 no simile is quite o. a. ff. with the thing illus- 
 trated). 
 
 fourth. F. of July, U.S., anniversary of de- 
 claration of Independence ; f. party (hist.), Lord 
 R. Churchill, Sir H. Drummond Wolff, Sir J. 
 Gorst, Mr. Balfour, and a few other Conserva- 
 tives, who (1880-5) attacked impartially the 
 Liberal government & the Conservative front 
 bench. 
 
 frank 3 . (Also) exempt from future payment 
 &c. (a franking duty, imposition). 
 
 Fra'nkenstein (-tin), n. F.'s monster, thing 
 that becomes formidable to the person who has 
 created it. [M. W. Shelley Frankenstein] 
 
 French. F. letter, a neo-Malthusian appli- 
 ance for preventing impregnation. 
 
 fret. /. drfume, show angry impatience. 
 
 fri'llies, n. pi. (colloq.). Frilled petticoats &c. 
 [-Y 2 or -Y 3 ] 
 
 fruit, f. -salad, of various ff. cut up & mixed 
 
 in bowl, often with cream &c. 
 
 Fulham Palace (fob 'lam), n. Official resi- 
 dence of Bishop of London. 
 
 fun. in f, merely by way of a joke, not 
 
 seriously. 
 
 fu'selage (-zellj), n. Framework of aero- 
 plane, [f. Ffuseler cut in spindle form (fuseau 
 
 spindle f. ULfuselhis dim. otfusus), -age] 
 futurist. (Also) adherent of futurism, fu*- 
 .turism n., a recent movement in (esp. Italian) 
 
 art, literature, &c, marked by violent depar- 
 ture from traditional methods and by the use 
 
 of arbitrary symbols in the expression of emo- 
 tion. 
 fytte. See fit l . 
 
 gall 1 , dip one's pen in g., write virulently 
 (perh. with pun on oafc-GALL 4 as ink-material). 
 
 ga'lliot, n. Dutch cargo-boat or fishing-ves- 
 sel ; small (usu. Mediterranean) galley, [f. F 
 galiote dim. of OF galie galley] 
 gammon, g. & spinach, humbug (a world 
 of g. & spinach). 
 
 gang agley (-a), v.i. (Sc, facet). Go wrong, 
 come to grief. 
 
 garden, g. city, industrial or other town 
 laid out systematically with a view to spacious 
 and attractive surroundings ; so g. suburb. 
 garibaldi. (Also) kind of biscuit enclosing 
 a layer of currants. 
 
 gee'zer, n. (slang). Old person, old creature, 
 [var. of north, guiser mummer (as guise)] 
 geist (gi-), n. Intellectuality & sensibility, 
 capacity for or tendency to mental fervour. 
 [G, as ghost] 
 
 gelignite, n. A nitro-glycerine explosive, 
 [f. gelatine, L. ignis fire, -ite 1 (2)] 
 genitive, g. absolute, Greek construction 
 corresponding to Latin ablative absolute. 
 gentleman, gentlemen (as sing, n.), men's 
 public lavatory. 
 geyser 2 . See *geezer. 
 Gilber'tian (g-), a. Of the humorously topsy 
 turvy kind characteristic of Gilbert-&-Sullivan 
 opera (a G. situation). [W. S. Gilbert, librettist, 
 d. 1911, -IAN] 
 
 glad. g. rags (U. S. slang), Sunday clothes. 
 glass, has had a g. too much, is drunk. 
 Glaswegian, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Glas- 
 gow, [perh. on galwegian] 
 glazier, is your father a g.l (facet, ques- 
 tion, = you are opaque, to person obstructing 
 one's view). 
 
 glove, g. fight, fight with boxing-gloves ; 
 white gg., (esp.) the pair presented to judge in 
 honour of maiden assize. 
 go. (Also) proceed in specified manner, esp. 
 perform some operation , go through some bodily 
 movement, (to loosen it, you go like this ; went 
 like this with his tongue) ; going concern, (also) 
 a business already established & not about to be 
 wound up (the business was sold, bought, as a 
 going concern) ; gofut(t) ovphut (slang), collapse 
 like pricked bladder, fail in business, die, [phut 
 imit. f . sound of pricked bladder]. 
 good. g. for, (also) inclined for, up to, (g. for 
 a ten-mile walk) ', g. to eat, drink, not poisonous 
 or unwholesome (are acorns g. to eat?) ; that 's 
 a g. 'un (slang), what a lie ! 
 goodness, g. knows, (also) I appeal to Heaven 
 to witness, I can truthfully say, in all conscience, 
 (g. knoxes, I have tried often enough). 
 Goo'dwood, n. (Used for) race-meeting on 
 course near G. Park, Sussex (G. cup, chief prize 
 at this). 
 
 goose, kill the goose that lays the goldeneggs, 
 sacrifice sure future profit to present necessities 
 or desires, e.g. by living on capital instead of on 
 income, &c. 
 
 goo'segog (-zg-), n. (colloq.). Gooseberry, 
 [facet, corruption] 
 
 grab, have the g. on (slang), have great ad- 
 vantage of. 
 
 grand. G. National, steeplechase run an- 
 nually at Liverpool ; do theg. (colloq.), be osten- 
 tatious, put on airs ; (as n., ellipt. for) g. piano 
 (upright g., kind with the mechanism of the g. 
 accommodated to an upright shape). 
 Grecian. G. gift, = greek gift. 
 green, g. goose, killed under four months 
 old and eaten without stuffing. 
 Greenwich. G. Hospital, formerly used to 
 accommodate old and disabled navy seamen 
 (who are now out-pensioners), now occupied 
 by the Royal Naval College for officer 
 students. 
 
GRIFFIN 
 
 1052 
 
 HUNDRED 
 
 griffin 2 , the G., monument marking site of 
 Temple Bar, London. 
 
 guild, the Guildhall, hall of Corporation of 
 City of London, used for state banquets, muni- 
 cipal meetings, &c. 
 
 Gurkha (goor'ka), n. Member of ruling Hin- 
 du race in Nepal (G. regiments, of Gg. in British 
 army), [native] 
 
 guru (goo'roo, gooroo"). n. Hindu spiritual 
 teacher or head of religious sect. [Hind., f. 
 Skr. =grave, dignified] 
 
 gutter, g. press, journalism, catering for 
 depraved or vulgar tastes. 
 
 Guy's (giz), n. (Used for) Guy's Hospital in 
 London. 
 
 hair. h. stands on end, from terror, hair- 
 breadth escape, narrow escape. 
 
 half. (Also, n.) school term (the school year 
 being formerly divided into two portions), h.- 
 baked, (also) h.-witted ; h. measures, compro- 
 mise, h.-&-h. policy &c. 
 
 halfpenny, turn up again like a bad h., 
 persistently, unfailingly. 
 
 hallow, hallowe'en (Sc), eve of Allhallows. 
 
 hammer. (Also, St. Exch.) declare (person) 
 a defaulter. 
 
 Ha'mpton Court, n. (Used for) H. C. Pa- 
 lace, now partly occupied by persons of rank 
 in reduced circumstances, partly open to the 
 public. 
 
 handle, h.-bar of bicycle &c, steering-bar 
 with h. at each end. 
 
 ha'ngar (-ngg-), n. Shed for housing aero- 
 plane &c. [F, - shed for carriages &c. ,etym. dub. ] 
 
 ha'nk(y), n. (colloq.). Handkerchief, [abbr.] 
 
 Ha'nwell, n. (Used for) H. Lunatic Asylum 
 for county of London. 
 
 ha'p'orth. See halfpenny. 
 
 hard. h. (up)on, too severe in criticism or 
 treatment of {don't be too h. on him), (of circum- 
 stances) bearing with undue severity on ; h. row 
 to hoe, difficult task. 
 
 hare, h.'s-foot, (also) h.'s foot used for apply- 
 ing grease-paint &c. to face. 
 
 harem, h. skirt, woman's loose trousers like 
 skirt. 
 
 Har'ley Street, n. London street associated 
 with fashionable physicians. 
 
 harm, out of h.'s way, (placed, kept, &c.) 
 where no h. is likely to happen to one. 
 
 harness. (Also) utilize (river, waterfall, 
 natural forces) for motive power. 
 
 Ha'rris tweed, n. Kind made in Harris in 
 the Hebrides. 
 
 Harrd'vian, a. & n. (Member) of Harrow 
 school ; (inhabitant) of Harrow, [-ian] 
 
 hasten. (Also) come or go in haste (to, 
 from, Sec). 
 
 head, old h. on young shoidders, wisdom in 
 the young; put thing out of one's h., cease to 
 think of it, give up the idea of it ; put thing out 
 of person's h., make him forget it (something 
 put it out o&my h.); h. & front, essence (of 
 
 offence Sec; but cf. Oth. I. iii. 80), (pop.) leader, 
 
 ringleader. 
 
 hear, h.from, receive letter or message from ; 
 
 h. tell of (archaic), be told about. 
 heel, have the hh.of, outrun; h. of Achilles, 
 
 vulnerable spot, weak point. 
 help. (Also) avoid (doing), h. person on, off, 
 
 with coat Sec, h. him to put it on, take it off. 
 hen. like a h. with one chicken, absurdly fussy. 
 
 h. crab, lobster, female. 
 He'ndon, n. Town in Middlesex associated 
 
 with aviation. 
 He'nley, n. (Used for) annual regatta at H- 
 
 on-Thaines. 
 
 Her'tzian, a. H. waves, electric waves (so 
 called from the discoveries of H. R. Hertz, Ger- 
 man physicist, d. 1891) ; H. telegraphy, wireless. 
 [ian] 
 
 heterozygote, n. (Mendelism). Zygote re- 
 sulting from fusion of unlike gametes. So 
 heterozygous a. [hetero-] 
 hie. (Also with pers. pron. used reflexively, 
 orig. dat.) h. thee, he hied him. 
 high, how is that for h. ? (colloq. formula 
 inviting admiration &c). h.-minded, (also, 
 archaic) proud, overweening, (Lord, 1 am not 
 h.-m.). 
 
 hi'ppo, n. (colloq.). Hippopotamus, [abbr.] 
 Hi'ppoerene (en), n. Fountain on Mount 
 Helicon sacred to the Muses. [L f. Gk (hippos 
 horse, krene fountain, as having been produced 
 by stroke of Pegasus's hoof)] 
 historical. (Also) in connexion with his- 
 tory, from the historian's point of view (of 
 purely h. interest), belonging to the past. 
 historicity, n. Historical character, genu- 
 ineness, of alleged event &c. [-ity] 
 hobble, h.-skirt, so narrow at foot as to im- 
 pede wearer in walking. 
 hoi. See polloi. 
 
 hold 1 , h. up, (also) arrest the progress of, 
 obstruct, (business, traffic, Sec). 
 hole. (Also, colloq.) awkward situation, di- 
 lemma, (am in rather a h.). 
 hollow, h. race Sec, feebly contested. 
 Ho'lloway, n. (Used for) H. prison. 
 home, h.-brewed a. & n„ (beer &c.) brewed 
 at h. ; h.-keeping a., stay-at-home. 
 homily. Books of Hh. (for use in parish 
 churches of the Ch. of England, published in 
 1547 & 1563). 
 
 homozy'gote, n. (Mendelism). Zygote of 
 like gametes (cf. * heterozygote). So homozy- 
 gous a. [homo-] 
 honesty, h. is the best policy (a proverbial 
 maxim of self-interested morality). 
 honour, your, his, H., said to or of County 
 Court judge, and in rustic speech to or of any 
 person of rank. 
 
 honourable, person's intentions (in court- 
 ing woman) are h., he has marriage in view. 
 hook. h. it (slang), make off, run away. 
 horse, h. mushroom, coarse but edible va- 
 riety with hollow stem. 
 
 hospitality, afford me the h. of your 
 columns, put my letter in. 
 host \ person is a h. in himself, equal in effi- 
 ciency &c. to a number of ordinary persons. 
 hot. give it him h., = give it him h. & strong, 
 h. cockles (hist.), rustic game in which blind- 
 folded person guessed who struck him ; h.-foot, 
 in h. haste. 
 
 house. (Also) mercantile firm ; bow down in 
 the house of Rimmon, sacrifice one's principles 
 for the sake of conformity (2 Kings v. IS) ; the 
 H., (pop. euphemism for) the workhouse, h. 
 dinner, (at a club) a specially appointed dinner 
 for members and their guests, h. flannel, coarse 
 kind used for h. -cleaning purposes ; h.-top, esp. 
 proclaim from the h.-tops, publicly. 
 how. (Also) that (weren't we told at school 
 how atonement was merely at-one-ment ? ; do 
 you remember h. he never icould take an um- 
 brella ? ; earlier h. that) ; h. much ?, (slang) 
 what? (as request to person to repeat his re- 
 mark or a particular word : he plays the sax- 
 tuba.— Plays the houi much ?). 
 hullo. Also used to express surprise, and in 
 response to telephone or other call. 
 hundred, hh. & thousands, sweets like 
 small shot used chiefly for decorating cakes 
 Sec 
 
HUNGER 
 
 1053 
 
 KNOW 
 
 hunger, h. strike, prisoner's refusal to take 
 food in order to procure release. 
 
 Hur'lingham, n. (Used for) H. Park, Ful- 
 hara, head-quarters of H. Polo Club. 
 
 husband, h.'s tea, -weak & cold. 
 
 hu'sky, n. Eskimo dog ; (H-) Eskimo (per- 
 son or language), [prob. = ESKIMO] 
 
 Hyde Park, n. A London park, a fashion- 
 able resort, and of late years the scene of many 
 political and other demonstrations. 
 
 hydro-a*eroplane, n. Aeroplane adapted 
 for rising from and alighting on water. I hy- 
 dro-] 
 
 hydroplane, n. Light motor-boat skim- 
 ming surface of water by means of flat bottom 
 sloping up towards bow; fin-like device en- 
 abling submarine to rise or fall, [hydro-] 
 
 Hy'ksos, n. pi. The shepherd kings of Egypt 
 (about 2000 b. a). [Gk Huksos] 
 
 hyosey'amine, hy'oseine, nn. Alkaloids 
 contained in henbane and used in medicine. 
 [f. Gk huoskuamos henbane (hus huos pig, 
 kuamos bean), -ine 5 ] 
 
 hy'po, n. (photog.). Hyposulphite of soda, 
 used in fixing, [abbr.] 
 
 ice. i.-house, building often partly or wholly 
 underground for storing i. ; i.-run, artificial to- 
 bogganing track of i. ; coco-nut &c. i., slabs of 
 sugar flavoured with coco-nut &c. ; i.-wool, 
 kind of fine glossy wool used in fancy crochet 
 work &c. 
 
 idiom. I. Neutral, a universal language. 
 
 ill. (Also, of health) unsound, disordered. 
 
 imperial, I. Institute, a building in London 
 used for the representation of arts, manufac- 
 tures, &c. 
 
 impress 2 . Hence also impressiBi "lit y n. 
 
 in l . nothing, little, not much, in it, (racing 
 slang) no decided advantage as yet gained by 
 any competitor, no guessing who will win. 
 
 in 5 , in nu'bibus, vague, speculative, not 
 brought into definite shape. 
 
 inch, flog person within an i. of his life, 
 almost to death ; an i. of cold iron, stab with 
 dagger &c. 
 
 indeterminate, i. sentence, one that leaves 
 prisoner's release dependent on his conduct & 
 on probability of amendment ; i. vowel, sound in 
 ago, moment, cousin, opine, sr<pport, certain. 
 
 infant. Woolwich i. (name given to a 19th-c. 
 pattern of exceptionally heavy gun). 
 
 ink. i.-pad, for inking rubber stamp &c. 
 
 inspector. (Also, in the police) officer below 
 superintendent and above sergeant. 
 
 instantane (F), n. Snap-shot, (fig.) short 
 sketch in a few sentences. 
 
 insurance. National I. Act, that of 1911 re- 
 quiring wage-earners to make weekly payments 
 supplemented by their employers in return for 
 which they receive State assistance in sickness, 
 unemployment, &c. 
 
 inter 2 , gift i. vi'vos, between the living, as 
 distinct from a legacy or a donation made in 
 contemplation of death. 
 
 interim, i. dividend, dividend paid between 
 two annual &c. balances & not in pursuance of 
 a_ published balance-sheet. 
 
 interplea'd, v.i. Litigate with each other in 
 order to settle a point in which a third party is 
 concerned, [inter-] 
 
 inti'nction, n. Dipping of the eucharistic 
 bread in the wine, to enable the communicant 
 to receive both kinds, [f. LL intinctio f. in- 
 
 (tingere tinct- tinge)] 
 
 intrigue. (Also, Critics' slang) puzzle agree- 
 ably, arrest, catch hold of, (person, imagination, 
 curiosity). 
 
 ! invocation, the i„ (esp.) the words 'In the 
 ! name of the Father' &c. as used by preacher 
 before sermon (cf. * ascription). 
 irida-ceous (shits), a. Of the iris kind. 
 
 [-ACEOUS] 
 
 Irvingite (ervingit), n. Member of a re- 
 ligious body called by its members the Catholic 
 Apostolic Church. [E. Irving, minister of Ch. 
 of Scotland, d. 1834] 
 
 Italian. /. warehouseman), for supply of 
 I. groceries, fruits, olive oil, &c. ; /. cloth, satin- 
 faced Jinen cloth used for linings. 
 
 Ithur'iePs spear, n. Searching or infalli- 
 ble test. [Milt., Par. Lost, iv. 810] 
 
 itself, by i., apart from its surroundings, 
 apart from others, without assistance. 
 
 Ixi'on's wheel, n. (Gk myth.). Wheel on 
 which Ixion was condemned to revolve eter- 
 nally in Hades. 
 
 jaeger (ya'ger), n. Kinds of woollen clothing 
 material from which vegetable fibres are ex- 
 cluded as unwholesome. [J., inventor] 
 
 Japanese (jah-, -z), a. & n. (Native, lan- 
 guage) of Java, [-an, -ese] 
 
 jehad. See jihad. 
 
 jelly, j.-bag. for straining j. 
 
 jeunesse rforee (F), n. Gilded youth, young 
 swells. 
 
 Jew. J.-baiting, systematic persecution of Jj. 
 
 ji'bba(h), ju-, dj-, n. Mohammedan's long 
 cloth coat. [Arab, (ju-)] 
 
 jo*skin,n. Country bumpkin, dolt, [cf.dial. 
 joss bump, -kin] 
 
 joy. j. -ride in motor, taken without owner's 
 leave. 
 
 ju'mbal, -ble, n. Kinds of crisp thin sweet 
 cake. [?] 
 
 jump. j. down person's throat, answer, in- 
 terrupt, in violent manner ; j. out of "one's skin, 
 j.with surprise or shock. 
 
 jury. j. of matrons, j. of discreet women im- 
 panelled to inquire into case of alleged preg- 
 nancy. 
 
 kalends. See calends. 
 
 Kalmuck, -myk, a. & n. (Member, lan- 
 guage) of a Mongolian race living on the Cas- 
 pian. 
 
 kangaroo, k. closure, when chairman in 
 committee selects some amendments for dis- 
 cussion and excludes others. 
 
 keep. k. one's balance, not lose it (lit. & fig.). 
 
 kettledrum. (Also) large afternoon tea- 
 party. 
 
 Kew Gardens, n. pi. National botanical 
 gardens at Kew. 
 
 key. k. up, raise the tone or standard of, 
 brace up, stimulate. 
 
 kick. (Also) score (goal) by a kick ; kicking- 
 strap, arranged toprevent horse from kicking. 
 
 Kikuyu* (-ooyoo), n. (Used for) the con- 
 troversy in the Anglican Church on the admis- 
 sibility to Holy Communion of members of 
 other Christian churches. [K. in Brit. E. Africa, 
 a conference at which in 1913 gave rise to the 
 controversy] 
 
 Kirghi'z (-gez), a. & n. (Member, language) 
 of a Mongolian race living on the Caspian, N.E. 
 of the Kalmucks. 
 
 kissing, k.-gate, small gate swinging in U- 
 or V-shaped enclosure so that only one person 
 can pass at a time. 
 
 kitchen, k. physic, good & plentiful food. 
 
 know. (Also) be able to distinguish (thing 
 from another; k. a haxok from a handsaw, 
 perh. orig. /ie?vis/iatt; = young heron, k. what's 
 what, not be oxxt of one's mind) ; don't you 
 k. (esp. as parenthetic expletive in various 
 
KNOWLEDGEABLE 
 
 1054 
 
 MANY 
 
 contexts : it's such a bore, don't you k. ; what 
 can a fellow do, don't you k., ifihen &c. ?). 
 
 knowledgeable (nolij-), a. (colloq.). Well- 
 informed. ; intelligent, [-able] 
 
 Kufie. See *Cufic. 
 
 Kultur'kampi* (kdbltoor-), n. Conflict be- 
 tween German imperial government and Pope 
 for control of schools and church appointments 
 (1872-87). [G] 
 
 labour. (Also, often L-) the working classes 
 as a political force (L. Party, esp. representa- 
 tives of L. in Parliament). L. Exchange, any 
 of a number of State-organized offices distri- 
 buted throughout the U.K. for the purpose of 
 directing labour to the quarters in which it is 
 wanted : I. of love, work that one likes doing or 
 would undertake without pay or compulsion. 
 Labourite., member, adherent, of L. Party. 
 
 lady. L. Bountiful, character in Farquhar's 
 Beaux 's Stratagem, (alius.) the great or notably 
 beneficent 1. in a neighbourhood ; ladies (as 
 sing, n.), women's public lavatory. 
 
 lakh. See lac 2 . 
 
 La'mbeth, n. (Used for) Archbishop of 
 Canterbury's palace at L., the Archbishop as 
 representing the Church &c. 
 
 Lancastrian. (Also) of Lancashire or Lan- 
 caster, (n.) inhabitant of these. 
 
 largre. gentleman at L, (orig.) gentleman at- 
 tached to the court without special duties, 
 (facet.) person who has no occupation. 
 
 late. 1. in the day, (colloq.) at a 1. stage, esp. 
 unreasonably 1., in the proceedings &c. 
 
 law. the L. Courts, (esp.) the Royal Courts of 
 Justice, see * royal. 
 
 lax 2 , n. Swedish or Norwegian salmon. [OE 
 leax salmon, cf. Da., Swed., &c, lax ; now only 
 as an alien wd] 
 
 lay. (Pari.) Foreign Secretary &c. will I. 
 papers (i.e. on the table, to give information 
 to H. of Commons). 
 
 Lea'denha'll (led-), n. (Used for) L. meat 
 and poultry market in London. 
 
 leakage. (Also) unexplained disappearance 
 of money pointing to embezzlement &c. 
 
 leap 2 , l.-year proposal (of woman to man, 
 allowable only in 1. year). 
 
 leave 1 . without a ' with your I.' or' by your I. ' 
 (colloq.), without even a formal recognition of 
 the need for permission. 
 
 letter. II. of business, royal authority to 
 Convocation to deal with a matter. 
 
 level, l.-headed, of well-balanced mind. 
 
 levy. (Also) extort (I. blackmail). 
 
 libel, the greater the truth, the greater the I. 
 (epigram inculcating the fact that a libel is not 
 necessarily false). 
 
 lie 4 . I. of the land, (fig.) state of affairs. 
 
 like 1 . 1. — , (esp.) in a notable degree (in pro- 
 verbial or facet, pseudo-proverbial phrr. : bhish 
 I. a peony, come down I. a hundred of bricks, 
 drink I. a fish, fight I. cat and dog, fit I. a glove, 
 get on I. a house on fire, lie I. a gasmeter, sell 
 I. hot cake, smoke i.e. tobacco I. a chimney, 
 spread 1. wildfire, stick I. a leech, stink I. a 
 badger, swear I. a trooper, swim I. a duck ; less 
 usu. w. noun in objective relation, hate person 
 &c. I. poison, scatter them I. chaff). 
 
 limit, is the I. (slang), is the last straw, borders 
 on the intolerable. 
 
 listener, good I., one who habitually listens 
 with appearance of interest or is content merely 
 to listen. 
 
 little. L. Mary (colloq.), the stomach. 
 
 live. I. on air, (appear to) take no food ; I. a 
 double life, (esp.) sustain two different charac- 
 ters, act two different parts, in life. 
 
 lo. (Also, now usu. facet.) lo and behold. 
 
 lock. I. the stable door after the horse has 
 been stolen, take precautions too late. 
 
 Lombard. L. Street to a china orange, vir- 
 tual certainty, long odds. 
 
 long*. L. Acre, London street formerly the 
 head-quarters of coachbuilding. 
 
 loo. l.-table, (trade name for) kind of round 
 table. 
 
 look. I. round (adv.), (esp.) examine the pos- 
 sibilities &c. with a view to deciding on a course. 
 
 Lord's, n. (Used for) Lord's cricket ground 
 in London, head-quarters of the M.C.C. and 
 English cricket. [Thomas Lord, maker of suc- 
 cessive grounds named after him] 
 
 Loretto'nian, a. & n. (Member) of Loretto 
 School in Scotland. 
 
 lose, story does not I. in the telling, is if 
 anything exaggerated. 
 
 lottery. (Also, fig.) thing that defies calcu- 
 lation (life, marriage, is a I.). 
 
 love. (Also, w. inf.) be (habitually) inclined 
 (children I. to ape their elders); (colloq.) like, 
 be delighted, (he simply loves to find mistakes ; 
 Will you come ?— I should I. to). 
 
 luck, as I. would have it, by a chance that 
 had favourable or unfavourable results (as I. 
 would have it, he teas in a good, bad, temper). 
 
 lucky, l.-tub (as l.vcKY-bag). 
 
 lull. (As v.i. ; of storm &c.) subside. 
 
 lurk. (As n.) on the I., spying &c. 
 
 macaroni, m. cheese, savoury pudding of 
 m. & cheese baked. 
 
 ma'cedoine (-adwahn), n. Fruit or vege- 
 tables in jelly as a dish or as cook's material. IF] 
 
 machine. (As v.t. & i.) make or operate on 
 with m. (esp. of sewing & printing) ; use m. 
 
 madame. M. Tussaud's (tdbso'g), show in 
 London of waxwork figures of celebrated & 
 notorious persons (often w. ref. to the chamber 
 of horrors in it). 
 
 magne'to, n. (pi. -os). A magneto-electric 
 machine (esp. as name for the igniting-appara- 
 tus of petrol engines in motor-cars &c). [abbr. ] 
 
 Maharanee (mah-harah # ni), n. Maharajah's 
 wife. [Hind, (maha great, rani queen)] 
 
 Mahra'tta (mara-), n. Member of a warlike 
 race of central & S.W. India. [Hind. Marhatta] 
 
 maintenance. (Law) the offence of aiding 
 a party in litigation without lawful cause. 
 
 major 2 . (As n. ; also, in Log., ellipt. for) m. 
 proposition or term (I deny yourm.). 
 
 make. m. of, conclude to be the meaning or 
 upshot or character of (can you m. anything of 
 it?; what am I to m. of your behaviour ?); m. up 
 to, court, seek to curry favour with ; on the m. 
 (slang), making one's fortune. 
 
 man. (all) to a m., all without exception 
 (were killed to a m.) ; am.&a brother, a fellow 
 man (w. ref. to the anti-slavery motto 'Am 1 
 not am. & a b.? ') ; the m. in the street,. the or- 
 dinary m. (esp. as'opp. experts on the matter in 
 question). 
 
 Manchester. M. School, adherents of the 
 doctrines of free trade & laissez-faire, [name 
 given by Disraeli to Cobden & Bright & their 
 followers] 
 
 Mancu'nian, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Man- 
 chester ; (member) of Manchester Grammar 
 School, [f. L Mancunium Manchester, -an] 
 
 ma'nsuetude (-swi-), n. (rare). Meekness, 
 docility, [f. L mansuetudo (mansuetus tame 
 f. manus hand, suesco be used)] 
 
 many. m. a time & oft, very often (rhet.) ; 
 m. 's the time, often (m. 's the time I've seen him 
 do it) ; m.'s the, there are m. that (m.'s the crust 
 you have had from me). 
 
MARCH 
 
 1055 
 
 NICE 
 
 march 4 , m. past, m. of troops in line past 
 saluting-point at review. 
 
 Marlborough House (mawl-), n. Royal 
 Palace used as London residence of Princes of 
 Wales. 
 
 Marlburlan (mawl-), n. & a. (Member) of 
 Marlborough College, [-ian] 
 
 marriage, the m. market, supply & demand 
 of eligible partners for m. 
 
 marron glace (F), n. Chestnut iced with 
 sugar as sweetmeat. 
 
 marti'ni (-ene), n. The M. -Henry rifle. [M., 
 inventor of its breech action] 
 
 matter 2 . (Also) discharge or secrete pus. 
 
 ma'ttery, a. Purulent, festering. [-Y 2 ] 
 
 May 8 . May fair, fashionable London district 
 enclosed by Park lane, Oxford street, Regent 
 street, & Piccadilly (named from fair formerly 
 held in May) ; M. meetings, of religious & 
 philanthropical societies held during M. in 
 London. 
 
 mayor, m. of the palace, nominal subordi- 
 nate to whom the power of his titular superior 
 has passed (see * roi faineant). 
 
 melton, n. Kind of cloth used for men's 
 clothes. [M. in Leics.] 
 
 Me'ndelism, n. A theory of heredity tend- 
 ing to reduce to numerical law the recurrence 
 of inherited characters. 3o Mendelian a. 
 & n. [G. J. Mendel, 1822-84] 
 
 mens sa'na in cor'pore sa'no, L phr. = 
 sound mind in sound body, used esp. as express- 
 ing the ideal of education. 
 
 mercy, in. upon or on us !, excl. of fright or 
 surprise. 
 
 me'ssy, a. Sloppy, dirty, untidy, involving 
 mess, (m.floor, food, feeder, job). Hence me'ss- 
 ily adv., me'ssiness n. [-y 2 ] 
 
 method, there 's m. in his &c. madness (joe), 
 he is not so mad as he seems, there is sense in 
 what he proposes, (w. ref. to Haml. 11. ii. 208). 
 
 middle, m. article, brief essay of literary 
 kind published in weekly or other journal & 
 often placed between the political articles & 
 the book-reviews ; the M. Kingdom, China (f. 
 Chin. phr. orig. applied to Honan as central & 
 sovereign State); m. life, the m. part of life, 
 m. age ; the m. of next week (knock or send one 
 into t. m. o. n. w., knock him senseless, esp. as 
 vague threat). 
 
 mile, not a hundred mm. from, in or at or 
 close to (used like asterisked names to give a 
 definite under the semblance of a vague indi- 
 cation). 
 
 milk, m.-float, light horse-cart of shape used 
 in delivering m. 
 
 mill, m.-pond, (also, facet.) = HEHUiNG-pond ; 
 the mm. of God grind slowly, retribution is 
 often long delayed. 
 
 Mi'neing Lane, n. (Used for) the wholesale 
 trade in tea & similar imports. [London street] 
 
 mind, be in two mm. , vacillate, be irresolute ; 
 make up one's m. to, (also) force oneself to accept 
 as true or inevitable (the crop is ruined, we must 
 make up our minds to that) ; m. you or m. 
 (parenth. imperat. ), please to observe (but I have 
 no objection, m. you ; now m., not a word till I 
 give m the signal). 
 
 _ mine 1 , m.-layer, -sweeper, ship used for lay- 
 ing mm., for clearing away the enemy's mm. 
 
 mingle, m. their &c. tears, weep together. 
 
 mistletoe, kiss under the m. (w. ref. to the 
 custom permitting a girl standing below m. 
 used as Christmas decoration to be kissed by 
 the finder). 
 
 mo, abbr. (vulg. & joe.) for moment (esp. wait, 
 in, half a mo). 
 
 moderate, m. prices, low (in advertisements 
 
 &c. as prices strictly in.) ; (v.i., of fury, storm, 
 &c.) become less vehement. 
 
 monkey, m.-nut, peanut. 
 
 Montenegrin, n. & a. (Inhabitant) of 
 Montenegro, [-ine 1 ] 
 
 moon. (Poet.) month (where summer is but 
 three mm. long). 
 
 moratorium, n. Legal authorization to 
 debtors to postpone payment. ILL moratorius 
 serving to delay (L morari delay)] 
 
 morning 1 , m. performance, matinee. 
 
 Morpheus, in the arms of M., asleep. 
 
 mort, n. (dial.). A in. of, a great amount or 
 number of. [?] 
 
 mother, m. of thousands or millions, the 
 ivy-leaved toadflax; m. ship, ship having charge 
 of torpedo-boats &c. 
 
 motor. (As v.i.) travel by m.-car ; m.-cycle, 
 bicycle &c. worked by m. -engine. 
 
 mountain. Mahomet & the m., Mahomet 
 will go to the m., phrases applied to the pre- 
 tender who is not abashed or resourceless under 
 exposure (w. ref. to the story told in Bacon's 
 Essay on Boldness) ; make mm. out of molehills, 
 exaggerate difficulties or hardships or slights. 
 
 mourning, in m., (of the eye) blacked in 
 fighting &c, (of finger-nails) dirty. 
 
 move \ get a m. on (slang), hurry up, bestir 
 oneself. 
 
 mo'vies (moo-), n. pi. (slang). Cinema pic- 
 tures, [move] 
 
 Mpret, n. Albanian ruler. [L imperator em- 
 peror] 
 
 Mu'die's, n. (Used for) circulating library, 
 [name of London firm] 
 
 mulch. (As v.t.) treat with m. 
 
 mule, v.i. =mewl. 
 
 multi-. m. -millionaire, person with fortune 
 of several millions. 
 
 musical, m. chairs, drawing-room game in 
 which n players circulate round n— 1 chairs till 
 piano ceases, when the one who finds no seat is 
 eliminated, & a chair is removed before the 
 next round. 
 
 Na'taoth's vineyard, n. Possession that 
 one will stick at nothing to secure, [see 1 Kings 
 xxi] 
 
 nakedness, then, of the land, person's or 
 institution's or State's lack of resources or open- 
 ness to attack, [see Gen. xlii. 9] 
 
 nap 3 , n. hand (fig.), position that justifies 
 confident expectation of winning if one takes a 
 risk. 
 
 national. N. Gallery, N. Portrait Gallery, 
 buildings in London in which pictures, por- 
 traits, owned by the nation are permanently 
 exhibited ; N. Liberal Club, club in close con- 
 nexion with the Liberal party (cf. * Carlton). 
 
 naturalist. (Shop) dealer in cage animals, 
 dogs, &c. ; (shop) taxidermist. 
 
 neck, n.-wear (shop), ties, collars, &c. 
 
 negligence, contributory n., n. on a per- 
 son's part that has helped to bring about the in- 
 jury that he has suffered. 
 
 . nerve, on, upon, one's nn., affecting one with 
 irritation or terror or the like (that noise is, you 
 are, getting on my nn. ; have hadituponmynn.). 
 
 ne te'mere (-!), n. The papal decree of 1907 
 under which marriages between Roman Catho- 
 lics & others are not valid unless solemnized by 
 R.-C. bishop or his deputy, [initial L words, = 
 lest at random] 
 
 never. Well, In. !, In.did !, ellipt. forms ex- 
 pressing surprise or indignation. 
 
 news, n.-monger, gossip. 
 
 nice. (As adv. with adjj.) sufficiently or pro- 
 perly (this is a n. long one). 
 
NICY 
 
 1056 
 
 PARTI 
 
 ni*ey,n. (nursery). Sweet, lollipop, [nice,-*' 3 ]] 
 
 nix 5, n. (slang). Nothing, nil. [f . G nichts] 
 
 no. no cards, no flowers, intimations in news- 
 paper announcements of death &c. that invita- 
 tions to funeral &c. are not being sent out, that 
 tributes of flow r ers are not desired. 
 
 noblesse, n. obli'ge (ezh), motto of the 
 morality inspired by pride of birth &c. [F, = 
 nobility binds] 
 
 Noe'l. =NOWEL. 
 
 nonus. See *primus 1 . 
 
 not. n. half (adv., slang), very, very much, 
 (' Was he annoyed ? ' ' A r . half, i.e. yes, exceed- 
 ingly). 
 
 notion. (PI.) the traditional special vocabu- 
 lary of Winchester College. 
 
 Notre- Dame (F), n. The cathedral of Paris. 
 [F, =our Lady] 
 
 -n't, abbr. of not appended to auxiliary verbs, 
 as don't, isn't, sometimes with change of form 
 in the verb, as won't (will), shan't (shall), can't 
 (can), ain't (am, are, is). 
 
 nu'lla bo'na, n. Sheriff's return stating that 
 party has no goods to be distrained. [L, = no 
 goods] 
 
 number. A" 10 Downing street, N° 10, (used 
 for) Prime Minister's official residence (when he 
 is also First Lord of the Treasury). 
 
 nut. (Slang) showy young man. 
 
 object. I o., words used in House of Com- 
 mons in announcing intention to oppose a 
 motion &c. (esp. for purpose of converting it 
 from unopposed to opposed business & so shelv- 
 ing it indefinitely) ; noo., formula in ad vertise- 
 ments&c. announcing that the other party may 
 make his own terms in the specified respect 
 (money, time, distance, &c, no o.). 
 
 observe, the observed of all observers, per- 
 son &c. on whom &c. attention is concentrated. 
 
 octa'vus. See ^primus 1 . 
 
 Oeto'brist, n. (Member of) centre or mo- 
 derate party in Russian Duma. [October 30, 1905, 
 date of Imperial Constitutional Manifesto, -1ST] 
 
 6*eulate(d), a. =ocellate. [f. L oculus eye, 
 
 -ATE 2] 
 
 often, o. & o., emphatic form. 
 oil. o. <£■ vinegar, type of dissimilar or in- 
 compatible or mutually repugnant things. 
 old. O. Age Pensions Act, t\va,tol 1908providing 
 weekly payment by the State to those over 70 
 whose income is not over £31 10s. ; the O. Hun- 
 dredth, the hymn ' All people that on earth do 
 dwell ', a version of Ps. c by W. Kethe first 
 printed in the Geneva English Psalter (1561); 
 the O. Masters, Royal Academy's annual winter 
 exhibition at Burlington House. 
 
 open. o. person's eyes to, cause him to realize 
 or appreciate. 
 
 opso'nic, a. Having the effect on bacteria of 
 making them easier of consumption by pha- 
 gocytes (o. action, power ; o. index, numerical 
 expression of the phagocytic power of the scrum 
 of a patient under antibacterial injections as 
 below). So o'psonin n., the substance pro- 
 duced in patient's' blood by injection of dead 
 cultures of the bacteria of his disease, [f. Gk 
 opsonion provisions (opson cooked meat), -ic] 
 
 order, marching, review, &c, o. (mil.), the 
 regulation uniform & equipment carried by the 
 soldier in marching, at review, &c. ; O. in Coun- 
 cil, sovereign order on some administrative 
 matter given by advice of Privy Council. 
 
 orthogenesis, n. A view of evolution ac- 
 cording to which variations follow a defined 
 direction & are not merely sporadic & fortui- 
 tous. [ORTHO-, GENESIS] 
 
 Osborne, n. (Used for) Royal Naval College, 
 
 O. (training college for naval cadets preliminary 
 to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth); plain 
 kind of sweet biscuit. [O. in I. of W.] 
 
 O.T.C., abbr. Officers' Training Corps (of the 
 Territorial Army). 
 
 other, o. things being equal, if the conditions 
 are, in all other respects than the point in ques- 
 tion, alike (o. t. b. e., I should prefer youto him, 
 but fie is rich & you are poor). 
 
 otherwise. <£• o. , or o. , ungrammatical sub- 
 stitutes for <£• or or followed by the negation or 
 opposite of a noun or adj. or by other (the merits 
 or o. of the Bill, i.e. or demerits usu. omissible; 
 additions automatic & o., i.e. & other). 
 
 out. o. for, o. to do, (colloq.) engaged in seek- 
 ing (is o. for kudos, to capture the market) ; o. 
 with, no longer on friendly terms with. 
 
 outrage, is &c. an o. (up)on, scandalously 
 violates (decency, justice, &c). 
 
 oval, the O., (used for) the cricket-ground of 
 Kennington O. in S. London. 
 
 o'verfiow, n. What overflows or is super- 
 fluous (o. meeting, of those who have not been 
 able to find room at a political demonstration 
 &c. & meet elsewhere), [overflow] 
 
 overt, market o., open displaying of goods 
 for sale to all comers. 
 
 paerfieism, pa'eifism, paerfieist, pa*- 
 eifist, nn. (Adherent of) the doctrine that the 
 abolition of war is both desirable & possible. 
 [pacific, -ism, -ist; the -Jism, -fist, forms are 
 barbarous but usual] 
 
 pack, p.-drill, military punishment of walk- 
 ing up and down in full marching *order. 
 
 paddle, p. one's oxen canoe, (fig.) depend on 
 oneself alone. 
 
 pa'ddy 3 , pa'ddywhaek, nn. (colloq.). A 
 rag3, fit of temper, [paddy 1 ; -ichack unexpl.] 
 
 Pa'gett, M.P., n. Traveller who expects to 
 know all there is to know of a country in a few 
 months, [character in Kipling] 
 
 Pall Mall. (Alsoused for) clubland in London. 
 
 palm. p. -oil, bribe-money, [pun on palm 1 , 2 ] 
 
 pan-, jj.- Anglican, of the Anglican Church 
 & its branches in Scotland, America, the Colo- 
 nies, &c. (p.- A. conference). 
 
 Panama* (-ah). P. hat or p., W&toi fine pliant 
 strawlike material made (orig. in Ecuador) from 
 leaves of the screw-pine. 
 
 Pandora's box, n. The box in which Hope 
 alone remained when by its rash opening all 
 objects of desire were dispersed to play havoc 
 among mankind. [Gk Myth., see Hesiod, Op., 
 50-105] 
 
 panel. (Also) list of the doctors registered in 
 a district as accepting Insurance-Act patients 
 (on the p., so registered). 
 
 paper, p.-bag cookery, method of cooking 
 food of various kinds by enclosing it in buttered 
 p. bag before putting it in moderately hot oven ; 
 p. -chase, cross-country run in which a trail of 
 torn-up p. is laid by one or more runners to set 
 a course for the rest; p.-war, controversy con- 
 ducted by published letters, pamphlets, &c. 
 
 par'ky, a. (slang). (Of weather &c.) chilly. 
 '[park 1 , -v 2 ] 
 
 parliament, the P. Act, that of 1911 depriv- 
 ing the Lords of their veto on money bills & 
 making their veto on other bills merely sus- 
 pensory. 
 
 part. (As adv.) in p., partly, (made p. of iron 
 & p. of wood ; a lie that is p. truth). (As v.i., 
 colloq.) p. with one's money, pay, (ifjknowhim, 
 he won't p.). 
 
 parti* (-e), n. Person regarded as eligible or 
 in specified light in the marriage market (is 
 
 quite a, a desirable, unsuitable, p.). p. pris (-e), 
 
PATENTEE 
 
 1037 
 
 PREPARE 
 
 state of having made up one's mind or taken a 
 side beforehand, prejudice, bias. [F] 
 
 patentee. (Also) person for the time being 
 entitled to the benefit of a patent. 
 
 paternal, p. government, legislation, &c., 
 that limits the freedom of the subject by well- 
 meant needless regulations. 
 
 Patha'n (-tahn), n. Member of the Afghan 
 tribes settled in India or on its NVY. frontier. 
 
 [f. PUSHTOO] 
 
 patience, the p. of Job, the utmost limits of 
 p. (would try the p. o. J.). 
 
 pa'tricide, n. Parricide (less correct & less 
 usual than parricide, but sometimes preferred 
 in the narrower sense of murder(er) of one's 
 father). Hence patriei'dal a. [pater, -cide] 
 
 pa'tronal, a. Of a patron saint (the p. fete 
 
 &C). l-AL] 
 
 pattern. (Attrib.) perfect, ideal, model, (esp. 
 of persons, asp. it' if e, father). 
 
 pax. (Also, R.-C.) the kiss of peace as litur- 
 gical form at High Mass. 
 
 pay. p. in, (esp.) p. to one's own or another's 
 banking account. 
 
 peal. p. bells, ring them in pp. 
 
 peel. (Of bark, surface, &c.) come off or off 
 like p. 
 
 peep, peeping Tom, type of prurient curio- 
 sity, [tale of Godiva] 
 
 pekine'se (-z), n. Chinese pug dog with long 
 silky hair, [-ese] 
 
 pe'ncillep, n. (slang). Bookmaker's clerk at 
 race-meetings, [-er 1 ] 
 
 Pe'ntonville, n. London prison associated 
 with the principle of confinement in separate 
 cells, to suit which & to serve as a model it was 
 designed. 
 
 people. P.'s Palace, East London institu- 
 tion with library, entertainments, educational 
 classes, &c, for the use of the working class. 
 
 peri'que (ek), n. Dark Louisiana tobacco 
 of a choice kind. [?] 
 
 persecution, p. mania, insane delusion 
 that one is persecuted. 
 
 persistent. (Zool., Bot. ; of parts such as 
 horns,hair,leaves) permanent (opp. deciduous). 
 
 persua'der, n. Person or thing that per- 
 suades, esp. (pi., slang) spurs (clap in the pp., 
 spur horse), [-er 1 ] 
 
 phantasy. See fantasv (the ph- form is 
 used esp. for the first sense there given). 
 
 Phili'ppi. thou shall see me at P., meet at P., 
 &c, phrases threatening retribution (w. ref. to 
 Shaksp. , J. C. , iv. iii. 283). [battle at P. , 42 B. c. ] 
 
 phthi'sieal (tlz-), a. Of, having, phthisis. 
 [f. OF tisike (phthisis), -al] 
 
 picture, moving pp. or ellipt. pp. (cinemato- 
 graphic) ; p.-palace, -theatre, building &c in 
 
 which moving pp. are shown. 
 
 pi'eturedrome, n. Building for cinemato- 
 graphic shows, cinema, [bad formation on 
 
 HIPPODROME &C.] 
 
 pig 1 , pp. might fly, what you suggest as pos- 
 sible is so improbable as to be negligible ; please 
 the pp., joe. substitute for please God. 
 
 pill. (Fig.) something that has to be done, a 
 humiliation 8cc.,(mvallowthe p., abitterp.,8cc). 
 
 pillow, p.-fight, bolster-fight (bolster 2 ). 
 
 pilot, drop the p., (fig.) abandon trusted 
 adviser (w. ref. to Punch cartoon on resigna- 
 tion of Bismarck, 1890). 
 
 pi pep. (Sc, & in Highland regiments) bag- 
 pipe-player. 
 
 plane 3 . (Aviation): (n.) the supporting sur- 
 face of a monoplane or oneof those of abiplane, 
 triplane.&c. ; (v.i.)glide down &c. in aeroplane. 
 
 Platonic. (As n., pi.) the talk or relations of 
 P. lovers. 
 
 F.D. 
 
 play, played out, exhausted of energy or 
 vitality or usefulness (our horses were, I felt, 
 free trade is, played out). 
 pli'msolls, n. pi. Cheap rubber-soled canvas- 
 topped shoes. 
 
 pocket, put one's pride &c. in one's p., hold 
 it in check till a more convenient season, submit 
 to doing something that mortifies it ; out-of-p. 
 expenses, actual outlay incurred in executing 
 commission &c. 
 point, to the p., relevant, to the purpose ; 
 (Pugil.) the p. of the jaw or the p., the tip of the 
 chin as the spot for a knock-out blow. 
 pole 1 , under bare pp. (naut.), with no sail 
 set. 
 
 polo'nium, n. A highly RADio-active sub- 
 stance, [f . med. L Polonia Poland, discoverer's 
 country, -ium] 
 
 pom, abbr. for Pomeranian dog. 
 population. (Also) the body of inhabitants 
 of a place (the p. poured out to welcome him). 
 port 1 . P. of London Authority, the corpo- 
 rate body set up by the P. -of- London Act in 1908 
 for control of the p. & docks. 
 porter 2 , p.'s knot, pad resting on shoulders 
 & secured to forehead used by pp. in carrying 
 loads. 
 
 Pop'tland, n. (Used for) P. prison. 
 position. (Mil.) place where troops are 
 posted for strategical purposes (the p. teas 
 stormed ; select a strong p.) ; in a p. to do, state, 
 Sec, enabled by circumstances or resources or 
 information to. 
 
 possession, in p. of, having in one's p. (am 
 in p. of a fine specimen) ; in the p. of, held by 
 (the specimen is in the p. of the present icriter) ; 
 rejoice in the p. of, be so fortunate as to possess. 
 post, post-, post hoc ergo propter hoc, L phr. 
 (after this, therefore on account of this) ridi- 
 culing the tendency to confuse mere sequence 
 with cause & effect ; post-impressionism,-ist, 
 (exponent of) a bizarre experimental style of 
 painting named as aspiring to supersede the 
 impressionism prevalent from c. 1870. [L post 
 after] 
 
 pot. p. paper or p., writing or printing paper 
 15£ in. x 12.4, named from the orig. watermark 
 of a p. ; p. -still, one kind of sti ll 2 (opp. patent s. ) 
 used esp. in making Scotch & Irish whisky. 
 po*tty,a. (slang). Insignificant, trivial, small, 
 of no difficulty, (often p. little', p. little State, 
 shop, details ; p. questions in examination 
 paper, easy to answer). [?] 
 pound K p. day, on w r hich a charity &c. re- 
 ceives contributions from all comers of a p. of 
 anything (e.g. £1, lib. of tea, &c). 
 pbu'ndage. See Honnage. 
 powder, not worth p. and shot, not worth 
 the effort or cost of destroying or refuting or 
 winning ; (Games &c.) force put into a blow or 
 stroke (plenty of p. in his strikes ; no p. behind 
 the ball ; put more p. into it) ; (v.t., esp. in p.p.) 
 reduce to p. (powdered sugar). 
 p.p. See also per. 
 
 ppactise. practising doctor, barrister, &c, 
 engaged in actual practice, not retired nor 
 merely qualified. 
 
 pra'line (-ah-), n. Sweetmeat made by brown- 
 ing nuts in boiling sugar. [F (Praslin, surname)] 
 pra'ties, n. (Anglo-Ir. colloq.). Potatoes, 
 [corrupt.] 
 predicative. (Gram. ) serving to make a pre- 
 dication, forming part or the whole of the pre- 
 dicate, (esp. of adjj. so used, as in the notion is 
 absurd, as opp. the attributive use, as in an 
 absiird notion). 
 
 prepare. (As v.i.) make preparations (for, 
 to do, &c). 
 
 34 
 
PRESS 
 
 1058 
 
 RUM 
 
 press, have Sec. a good &c. p., (of author, 
 actor, public man, &c.) be noticed favourably 
 &c. by the newspapers on the occasion of some 
 performance ; p. campaign, prosecution of poli- 
 tical or other aims by means of articles & letters 
 in newspapers. 
 
 pretext, on or -under or upon the p. of or that, 
 professing as one's object &c. 
 
 pretty, up to the p., to the line in a wineglass 
 or tumbler where the fluting &c. ends. 
 
 ppice. would not have it, do it, &c, at any 
 p., on any terms, for any consideration ; what 
 p. the Concert of Europe &c. ? (slang), taunting 
 allusion to the failure of something vaunted. 
 
 prick, p. a or the bladder or bubble, show the 
 emptiness of a person or thing that has passed 
 for important or formidable. 
 
 primrose, the p. path, pursuit of pleasure 
 (w. ref. to Haml. I. iii. 50). 
 
 pri'mus 1 . p., secundus 2nd, tertius 3rd, 
 quartus 4th, quintus 5th, sextus 6th, Septimus 
 7th, octd'vus 8th, nonus 9th, de'dmus 10th, the 
 first ten Latin ordinals appended according to 
 seniority to names of boys with same surname 
 in a school (Smith quintus). 
 
 pri'mus 2 , n. Kind of stove burning vapor- 
 ized oil for cooking &c. [trade name] 
 
 prize 2 . (Fig.) a find or windfall (see what a 
 p. I have found !). 
 
 process, p.-server, sheriffs officer serving 
 summonses &c. 
 
 prophet. Saul among the pp., person re- 
 vealing unsuspected gifts or sympathies (see 
 1 Sam. x. 11). 
 
 proposition, business, paying, &c, p. (U.S. 
 & commerc), remunerative undertaking or 
 occupation {agriculture can never again be- 
 come a paying p.). 
 
 prosthesis. (Surg.) making up of deficien- 
 cies (e.g. by false teeth or wooden leg) as a 
 branch of surgery. 
 
 public, p. utility societies, co-operative or 
 semi-philanthropic companies for dealing with 
 the housing difficulty. 
 
 pudding*, p.-cloth, cloth in which some pp. 
 are tied up for boiling. 
 
 purfling. (Esp.) the inlaid bordering deco- 
 rating back & belly of fiddles &c. 
 
 put. p. up a fight or a good &c. fight, make a 
 good &c. fight of it. 
 
 Quai d'Orsay • (-ka), n. (Used for) the French 
 Foreign Office. 
 
 quartus (k wor-). See * primus l . 
 
 queen. Q.'s Club, (used for) the athletic 
 ground in Kensington at which some inter- 
 University & other sporting events are decided. 
 
 quench, q. smoking Jl ax, cut short the de- 
 velopment of some promising movement (see 
 Is. xlii. 3). 
 
 quicu'mque vult. the q., the Athanasian 
 creed, [initial L wds, = whosoever will] 
 
 quintus. See *primus l . 
 
 Qui'rinal, n. (Used for) the Italian Govern- 
 ment or Court (esp. as opp. VATICAN), [name of 
 palace] 
 
 rag. r.-time, music with much syncopation 
 as in negro song; 
 
 debate, the reasons for the proposal are em- 
 bodied. 
 
 reconnoitre. (As n., rare) reconnaissance. 
 
 record. (Public) R. Office, building in Lon- 
 don in which State papers and other public 
 documents are stored, calendared, &c. 
 
 red. r. book, a peerage ; all-?: route, line, 
 cable, Sec, traversing British territory or under 
 British control only (w. ref. to use of r. in maps 
 as British colour). 
 
 reform. R. Club, former head-quarters of the 
 Liberal party (cf. * Carlton, * National Liberal). 
 
 register, registry, married at a register 
 office, or registry, or registry office, i.e. without 
 religious ceremony ; servant's registry (office), 
 shop &c. where lists of vacant situations & ser- 
 vants seeking them are kept. 
 
 regular, the five r. solids, tetrahe'dron or 
 triangular pyramid (bounded by 4 triangles), 
 hexahedron or cube (by 6 squares), octahedron 
 (by 8 triangles), dodecahe'dron (by 12 penta- 
 gons), icosahe'dron (by 20 triangles). 
 
 reiver. See reave. 
 
 relation, in or rarely with r. to, as regards. 
 
 release. (Cinemat.) exhibit (film &c.) for the 
 first time. 
 
 re'lev6. See *course. 
 
 remittance, r. man, emigrant subsisting 
 on rr. from home (esp. as typical idler). 
 
 remove. See s course. 
 
 render. (As n., legal) return in money or 
 kind or service made by a tenant to a superior. 
 
 reply, r.-paid, (of telegram) with cost of 
 r. prepaid by sender. 
 
 resin. (As v.t.) rub or treat with r. 
 
 revue', n. Loosely constructed play or series 
 of scenes or spectacles presenting or satirizing 
 current events. [F] 
 
 rib. (Joe, w. ref. to Gen. ii. 21) wife, woman. 
 
 ri'cjsdag, n. Danish Parliament. [Da.] 
 
 ri'ksdag, n. Swedish Parliament. [Sw.] 
 
 R. M. A. (Also) Royal Marine Artillery. 
 
 R. N. A. S. Royal Naval Air Service (insti- 
 tuted 1914). 
 
 R. N. R., abbr. Royal Naval Reserve. 
 
 road, in the, my, Sec, r. (colloq. ), obstructing 
 ! someone or something (get out of the, my, Sec, 
 
 r., make way). 
 
 roi, n. (F for) king (r. faineant, ruler, chair- 
 i man, &c, who is a mere figure-head like the 
 ! Merovingian kings whose power was usurped 
 
 by mayors of the palace ; le r. Ic veult, le r. s'avi- 
 i sera, forms of giving, refusing, the royal con- 
 ' sent to parliamentary bill, = the king wills it, 
 
 will consider). 
 , Rome, do in R. as R. does, as the Romans 
 
 do, accommodate oneself to the prevailing mo- 
 rality &c. 
 
 roo'fer, n. (colloq.). Letter of thanks for en- 
 tertainment sent by departed visitor, [roof, 
 
 -er 1 ] 
 room, there is r. for improvement, things 
 
 are not as good as they should be. 
 ro'ti. See *course. 
 rotten, there 's something r. in the State of 
 
 Denmark (often pointlessly for things are un- 
 
 sctt'i&fctct07*i/)* 
 royal. R. Courts of Justice, the building in 
 
 the Strand, London, in which the_ superior 
 
 ra'hat lakou'm (rah-h-, -oom), n. Kinds of I courts of law & appeal are held ; R. Exchange, 
 
 building in Cornhill, London, for dealings be- 
 tween merchants ; R. Institution, founded 1799 
 for diffusion of scientific knowledge. 
 
 Rugbel'an (-bean), n. & a. (Member) of Rugby 
 School. 
 
 rum 2 , r. customer, (esp.) person or animal 
 that it is dangerous to meddle with ; r. start 
 (slang), surprising occurrence. 
 
 Turkish sweetmeat, esp. * Turkish delight. 
 [Turk.] 
 
 razzle-dazzle. (Also) undulating merry- 
 go-round. 
 
 're, colloq. abbr. of are appended to we, you, 
 Se they (we're, you're, they re). 
 
 reason, a reasoned amendment (pari.), one 
 in which, with a view to directing the cotirse of 
 
RUST 
 
 1059 
 
 SHOP 
 
 pust. better wear out than r. out, exhorta- 
 tion to maintain activity in old age &e. 
 
 sable, his s. Majesty, the devil. 
 
 sa'botag'e (-ahzh), n. Doing of damage to 
 plant &c. by workmen on bad terms with their 
 employers (the derailing of the train is attri- 
 buted to s.; acts of s.). [F] 
 
 Saint. St Andrew, patron s. of Scotland 
 {St A. r s day, 30th Nov.). St Bartholomew : 
 St B.'s, (used for) St B.'s Hospital in London, ! 
 abbr. Bart's ; m&ssacre of St B„ of Huguenots 
 in France on St B.'s day, 24 Aug., 1572. St Ber \ 
 nard (the Great, Little, St B., Alpine passes). 
 St Cecilia, patron s. of music. St Charles, 
 King Charles I as canonized martyr. St Da- 
 vid, patron s. of Wales (St D.'s day, 1st Mar.). 
 St Denis, patron s. of France. St George, patron 
 s. of England (St G.'s day, 23rd Ap.); St G.'s, 
 (used for) St G.'s Hospital in London ; St. G.'s, 
 Hanover Square,liOndon church at which many 
 West-end weddings take place; St G.'s c?'oss, 
 the Greek cross 1 . St Germain (or Faubourg 
 St G.), aristocratic quarter of Paris. St Gott- 
 hard (the St G„ the Alpine pass of St G. or the 
 tunnelled railway used instead of it). St Hele'- 
 na, (used for) place of exile ( w. ref. to Napoleon, 
 1815-21). St James's (or the Court of St James's 
 or St James), the British court (esp. in distinc- 
 tion from foreign courts ; w. ref. to St James's 
 Palace in London) ; (also) fashionable district 
 in London about St James's Palace. St-John's- 
 wort, kinds of yellow-flowered wild & garden 
 plant. St Mark's, (used for) St M.'s church in 
 Venice. St Martin 's-le-Grand, (used for) the 
 General Post Office. St Patrick, patron s. of 
 Ireland (order of St P., Irish order of knight- 
 hood). St Paul's, cathedral of see of London. 
 St Peter's, (used for) the church of St Peter in 
 Rome ; St Peter's chair, (used for) the office of 
 Pope. St Sophia, (used for) the mosque of St S. 
 in Constantinople. St Stephen's, (used for) 
 Parliament (w. ref. to former use of St S.'s 
 chapel, Westminster, for meetings of H. of C). 
 St Swithun, the day (15th July) whose rain or 
 absence of rain presages the same for 40 days. 
 St Thomas's, (used for) St Thomas's Hospital in 
 London. 
 
 sala'me (-lah-), n. Italian sausage highly 
 salted and flavoured often with garlic. [It.] 
 
 salesmanship, n. Skill in finding custom- 
 ers, [-ship] 
 
 salient. (As n.) a s. angle or part in fortifi- 
 cation. 
 
 Salopian. (Also) : (member) of Shrewsbury 
 School. 
 
 Sandhurst, n. (Used for) Royal Military 
 College, S., for army cadets. 
 
 sanitary, s. towel, of kind used in menstru- 
 ation. 
 
 save *. s. up, (esp.) s. one's money till one has 
 enough for some special purpose. 
 
 saw 1 , hacks., metal-cutting s. 
 
 scabbard, .fling, throtv, away the s., com- 
 mit oneself to fighting a matter out to the 
 
 CMld. 
 
 scarlet, s. fever (joe), tendency to fall in 
 love with soldiers. 
 
 Scotch. & broth, soup or liquid stew with 
 pearl barley and vegetables. 
 
 Scotland Yard. (Used for) the London 
 police, the head-quarters of the detection of 
 • rime. [Great, New, S. Y., successive head- 
 quarters of metropolitan police] 
 
 seoupge. the white s., consumption as an 
 endemic disease. 
 
 scratch, s. my back & I will s. yours, claw 2 
 me &c. ; s.-cat, spiteful child or woman. 
 
 scree ve v.i., scree'ver n., (slang). ' (Be) a 
 pavement artist, [ult. f. L scribo write] 
 
 scry, v.i. Use the crystal in crystal-gazing 
 (see * crystal), [descrv] 
 
 sea. s. -plane, hydroplane, esp. one of those 
 employed as naval scouts. 
 
 search, s. out, discover by s. 
 
 -seater, n. Motor-car &c. with seats for 
 specified number, [-er 1 ] 
 
 se'ecotine (-en), n., & v.t. A liquid substitute 
 for glue ; (v.t.) stick with s. (on, together, Sec). [?] 
 
 second, s. ballot, electoral met hod by which, 
 if the winner on the first ballot has not polled 
 more than half the votes cast, a second is taken 
 in which only he & the next candidate are eli- 
 gible ; s. division, lower grade of Government 
 clerks. 
 
 secret, in the s., among the number of those 
 allowed to know it. 
 
 secundus. Sec *primti8 1 . 
 
 see. s. p. id Sec, look at, vide ; Is., now that 
 you have explained I understand ; I see that, I 
 tind from the newspapers that ; s. red (slang), 
 s. things as blood-coloured, be filled with homi- 
 cidal fury or lust for blood. 
 
 self, one's former, better, Sec, s., oneself as 
 one formerly was, one's nobler impulses, &c. ; 
 (commerc, vulg., joe.) —myself, yourself, him- 
 self, &c. (cheque drawn to s. ; a ticket admitting 
 s. & friend) ; our noble ss. (joe, as toast) ; s.- 
 starter, electric appliance for starting motor- 
 car without use of crank-handle. 
 
 sense, in a s., provided the statement is 
 taken in a particular way, under limitations, 
 (what you say is true in a s.). 
 
 septimus. See *primus 1 . 
 
 Ser'bian, a. & n. (Now preferred to) Ser- 
 vian l . 
 
 serve, s. tables, postpone spiritual to bodily 
 needs (see Acts vi. 2). 
 
 service. (Traffic) set of trains, steamers, 
 omnibuses, &c, plying at stated times. 
 
 set. s.-square, draughtsman's appliance con- 
 sisting of a triangular plate of wood or metal 
 with angles of 90°, 60°, 30°, or of 90°, 45°, 45°, for 
 drawing lines at such angles. 
 
 settlement. (Also) company of persons aim- 
 ing at social reform who establish themselves 
 in a poor district to live in intimate relations 
 with the working class. 
 
 severely, leave or let s. alone, abstain from 
 dealings with as mark of disapproval, (joe.) a- 
 void meddling with (formidable person, difficult 
 question, &c). 
 
 sextus. See *primus\ 
 
 shake, s. one by the hand, s. hands with him 
 esp. in reconciliation or congratulation or the 
 like ; s. in one's shoes, tremble with apprehen- 
 sion. 
 
 She'raton, n. Severe 18th-c. style of furni- 
 ture (often attrib., as £. chairs). [T. *$., maker 
 & designer] 
 
 shield, the other side of the s.. the aspect of 
 a question &c. that is less obvious or that is not 
 
 the one lately presented. 
 
 ship. s. of the desert, camel ; s.'s articles, the 
 
 terms on which seamen take service ; when my 
 
 &c. s. comes home, when I &c. make my fortune 
 or can afford what I want. 
 
 shir'ty, a. (slang). In a rage, annoyed. [?] 
 
 shoe, s.-lift, s.-horn. 
 
 shoot, s. the moon (slang), remove one's goods 
 
 by night to avoid paying the rent. 
 
 sin. more sinned against than sinning (esp. 
 
 of transgressor seduced &c. into transgression). 
 
 single-stick. (Also)basket-hilted34in. stick 
 
 used in practising cuts & guards. 
 
 shop, all over the s. (slang), in every direc- 
 
SHORTLY 
 
 1060 
 
 STEPNEY 
 
 tion, irt disorder, wildly, (have looked for it 
 a. o. t.s. ; my books are a. o. t. s. ; hitting, steer- 
 ing, &c, a. o. t. s.). 
 
 shortly, s. before, after, &c, a little while 
 before &c. 
 
 shorts, n. pi. Garment like trousers cut off 
 above knees worn in running, football, rowing, 
 &c. [short] 
 
 sickly. (As v.t.) cover over or o'er with a 
 s. hue (w. ref. to Haml. in. i. 85). 
 
 side. s.-car,—3\\jSTing-car, (also) car for 
 passenger(s) attachable to s. of motor-cycle. 
 
 srdy, a. (slang). Swaggering, [side, -y 2 ] 
 
 silence, keep, break, s., abstain from speak- 
 ing, speak ; put to .v., (esp.) refute in argument ; 
 in s., without speech or other sound. 
 
 si'lencep, n. Kinds of device for rendering 
 (comparatively) noiseless the escape of gas from 
 gun, oil-engine, &c, by means of retarding spiral 
 or plates. 
 
 silk. (Used for) K.C. or Q.C. ; make a s. purse 
 out of a sow's car, transmogrify person &c. to 
 impossible extent. 
 
 silly, the s. seaso7i, the newspapers' time 
 (Aug. & Sep., when news is scanty) for starting 
 or allowing discussions on subjects of peren- 
 nial but not pressing interest (e.g. the effect of 
 athletics) or for recording appearances of the 
 sea-serpent, the size of gigantic gooseberries, 
 &c. 
 
 simple, be cut for the ss. , undergo operation 
 for cure of folly. 
 
 Sinn Fein (shin fan), n. A 20th-c. patriotic 
 movement & party in Ireland aimingat national 
 re vi val in la nguage &c. as well as at Home Rule. 
 [Ir.,= ourselves alone] 
 
 sire. (As v.t.) Beget (esp. of stallions). 
 
 site. s. -val ue, value of land fixed as the 
 standard with which its later value was to be 
 compared in estimating increment under the 
 budget of 1909. 
 
 sitz-bath. See* bath. 
 
 six. six-&-eight(pcncc), common item in 
 solicitors' bills. 
 
 ski'er (she-), n. Person using skis (cf. *skyer). 
 [ski, -er 1 ] 
 
 skirt. 8. of beef Sec, the diaphragm & other 
 membranes as cheap food-material. 
 
 skittles. (Slang, as n. or int.) rubbish, non- 
 sense. 
 
 skyer, n. High hit at cricket, [sky, -er ] ] 
 
 shvpping-.a. (slang). Very fast, big. good, &c. 
 (a s. pace, great girl, dinner), [slap] 
 
 slat 2 , v. i. & t. (Of sails, cordage &c.) flap 
 against mast &c. with reports ; strike noisily 
 with or on a surface, [f. slat, or imit.] 
 
 slip. '«. into (slang), pummel, belabour, eat 
 heartily of. 
 
 slop 3 , n. (slang). Policeman. [=ccilop (police 
 spelt backwards)) 
 
 small, look, feel, s., be humiliated. 
 
 smeech, smitch, n. (dial.). Smell of burn- 
 ing or smouldering. [OE smec, smic, cogn. w. 
 smoke] 
 
 smile, come up smiling, face fresh difficulty 
 &c. confidently (w. ref. to boxer beginning new 
 round). 
 
 Smi'thfield, n. (Used for) the London meat 
 market. [S. in Londonl 
 
 smooth(e). (As n., smoothing touch or 
 stroke (gave his hair a s.). 
 
 smoke(r). smoking -concert or smoker, con- 
 cert at which smoking is permitted ; smoker's 
 throat, kind of sore throat from excessive 
 smoking. 
 
 smut, ditto, brother s. (nursery &c), tu quo- 
 que retort to criticism. 
 
 snow. s. under (U.S.), cover (as) with s., 
 
 overwhelm with numbers &c. (esp. in pass, of 
 election candidate defeated by huge majority) ; 
 5. man, figure made of s. by children &c. & setup. 
 
 snoo'ker, n. Game on billiard-table com- 
 bining pool & pyramids. [?] 
 
 snu'ggepy. (Also) bar-parlour of inn. 
 
 Soho*, n. District in London associated with 
 foreign restaurants &c. 
 
 soldier. (Slang) red herring. 
 
 So-merset House (su), n. Building in 
 London containing chief place of deposit of 
 proved wills, & inland-revenue offices, & often 
 mentioned allusively in these connexions. 
 
 son. s. of the soil, recognizable native of a 
 district, worker on the land, dweller in the 
 country. 
 
 so'rra, adv. (Ir. , slang). Not, never, (s. a one, 
 a bit, a man, 8cc., = the devil a), [sorrow] 
 
 sort. (Archaic) correspond or agree with (his 
 actions s. ill, well, ivith Ms professions). 
 
 S. O. S., wireless code-signal made when ship 
 is in extremities (the liner leasable to send out 
 an S. O. S. message before she sank), [arbitrary] 
 
 So'theby's, n. A sale-room in London for 
 books, MSS., &c. 
 
 soul. (Of persons) personification or pattern 
 of (is the s. of honour, is incapable of dishonour- 
 able conduct). 
 
 sou'tache (sootahsh), n. Ornamental braid 
 for sewing on fabric in designs. [F, f. Hung. 
 szuszak ringlet] _ 
 
 souteneur (sootener 1 ), n. Man cohabiting 
 with & living on the earnings of a prostitute. 
 [F, = protector] 
 
 South Ke'nsington, n. (Used for) the 
 museums of S. K. or the atmosphere of culture 
 & art & instruction associated with them. 
 
 spade, s.-work, (tig.) hard work with atten- 
 tion to details (continual s.-w. is necessary on 
 the Insurance question). 
 
 speed, s. up, cause to work at greater s. (the 
 train service wants speeding up). 
 
 speedo'meter, n. Appliance indicating 
 the speed at which motor-car &c. is moving. 
 [speed, -o-, -meter] 
 
 spoil. (Slang) maim or kill or do for (person); 
 8. one's beauty for him (e. g. by giving him black 
 eye &c). 
 
 sponge, s.-bath, see *bath. 
 
 spoof, v.t., & n., (slang). Swindle, humbug, 
 hoax. Hence spoo'fER 1 n. [?] 
 
 spot, spotted dog, (slang) plum-duff. 
 
 sprat, throw a s. to catch a herring or 
 mackerel or whale, risk a little to gain much. 
 
 Spring- Gardens, n. (Used for) the London 
 County Council or its building. 
 
 sprue, n. Tropical disease with ulcerated 
 mucous membrane of mouth &c. [f. Du. spro?t,w 
 thrush] 
 
 squi'fTer, n. (slang). Concertina. [?] 
 
 St. For St Andrew &c. see * saint. 
 
 stand, xvitness was ordered to s. down, with- 
 drawn from witness-box ; s. to ivin, lose, have 
 one's bets or other dispositions so made that 
 one is sure to win or lose something or a speci- 
 fied amount (whoever loses. Is. to tain; how 
 much do you s. to lose ? ; if Lad as is scratched 
 Is. to win £5000). 
 
 statesman, the Elder Ss., the Japanese ss. 
 who mainly directed the evolution of Japan be- 
 tween the re-establishment of the Mikado(1868) 
 & the end of the 19th c. 
 
 stea'ding- (sted-), n. Farmstead, [ing 1 ] 
 
 steam, steaming hot, so hot as to s., very 
 hot. 
 
 ste'pney. s. wheel or s., extra rim & tire 
 carried on motor-car to be attached to wheel 
 whose tire has collapsed, [inventor's name] 
 
STICK 
 
 1061 
 
 THOUSAND 
 
 stick, s. it out or s. it (slang), endure tne con- 
 ditions {cotUdnots.it any longer); s.it on (slang), 
 make high charges, exaggerate in narration ; 
 stickjaw (slang), pudding &c. hard to masticate. 
 
 stor'thing (-ti-), n. Norwegian Parliament. 
 [Norw.l 
 
 S. T. P., abbr. of Sanctae Theologiae Profes- 
 sor, Latin form of D.D., used esp. in Latin epi- 
 taphs. 
 
 straw, make bricks without s. (of person set 
 to work without adequate means, seei&rod.v.7). 
 
 stretch. (Slang) hang (person). 
 
 strike, s.in, intervene in conversation (often 
 with suggestion &c); s. measure, when grain 
 &c.is measured by passing a rod across the top 
 of the heaped vessel to secure that it shall be 
 full ic no more ; general s., concerted s. by work- 
 men of all trades ; sympathetic s., engaged in 
 by workmen of an unaggrieved trade to lend 
 support to the demands of an aggrieved one 
 on s. ; s.-breaker, workman brought in to take 
 the place of one on s. 
 
 strive, s. after, try to attain. 
 
 struggle, the s. for existence, the competi- 
 tion between organisms esp. as an element in 
 natural selection. 
 
 student, s. interpreter, civil servant quali- 
 fied or qualifying for consular service in China, 
 Persia, &c, by study of the language required. 
 
 sua'viter(swa-). s. inmo' do, for 'titer in re, 
 gently but firmly, with iron hand in velvetglove 
 (see *velvet). [L,=suavely in manner, strongly 
 in matter] 
 
 Su'key (ado-), n. (colloq. ). S. or black S. , kettle. 
 [Susan] 
 
 super-, s.-tax, tax on incomes above a cer- 
 tain amount levied in addition to ordinary in- 
 come-tax. 
 
 Swadeshi (da-), n. Movement in India for 
 boycotting British goods as means of bring- 
 ing political pressure to bear. [Bengali, = own 
 country] 
 
 swallow-, one s. does not make a summer 
 (warning against hasty inference). 
 
 sweet, at one's own s. will, just as or when 
 one pleases, arbitrarily, unsystematically, at 
 random. 
 
 swoop, atone fells, (in describing complete- 
 ness & extent & suddenness of catastrophe &c, 
 see Macb. iv. iii. 219). 
 
 syndicalism, n. A labour movement rely- 
 ing upon the general strike as a means of de- 
 stroying the capitalist system & transferring 
 industrial control & political power to repre- 
 sentatives of the trades, [f. F syndicalisme 
 {syndicat trade-union, syndicate, -ism)] 
 
 tableau. (As int., after description of inci- 
 dent) picture the scene ! 
 
 tactile. (Paint.) producing or having to do 
 with the effect of solidity (t. values &c.). 
 
 tail. (Tossing) t. or usu. tt., reverse of coin 
 turned upwards. 
 
 taint, tainted goods (in trade-unionism), 
 goods that members of a union must not handle 
 because non-union labour has been employed 
 on them or for similar reasons. 
 
 take. (Gram., of verb, preposition, &c.) re- 
 quire or admitof (specified case, mood, construc- 
 tion) ; t. (lady)tn (to dinner), condiict from draw- 
 ing-room to dining-room & sit beside ; t. in hand, 
 undertake the control orreform of (the boy wants 
 taking in hand) ; t. up, (also) interrupt or correct 
 (speaker), make a protege" of. 
 
 talent, t.-money. bonus to professional 
 cricketer &c. for specially good performance. 
 
 talk. t. out (bill, motion, in Pari. ). get rid of by 
 prolonging discussion till time of adjournment. 
 
 tamavsha (-mah), n. (Anglo-Ind.). A show 
 or entertainment or function. [Arab.] 
 
 ta'mmy, n. Tam-o'-Shanter cap. [abbr.] 
 
 ta'ngo (-nggo), n. A S.-Amer. dance recently 
 introduced into Europe. [?] 
 , tar. tarred with, the same brush or stick, hav- 
 | ing the same faults. 
 
 Tate Gallery, n. London public gallery 
 with permanent exhibition of pictures by Bri- 
 tish painters. [Sir H. Tate, donor] 
 
 Ta'ttersall's, n. < Used for) head-quarters of 
 horse-dealing & betting rendezvous (knows his 
 T. better than his Greek Testament). [R. Tatter- 
 sail, founder of firm] 
 
 tattoo 1 . (As v.i.) rap quickly & repeatedly, 
 beat devil's t. 
 
 tax. cannot t. my memory, cannot undertake 
 to recollect the facts wanted. 
 
 tease. (As n.) person given to teasing. 
 
 Te'ddy bear, n. Child's toy bear (named 
 after Theodore Roosevelt). 
 
 telegraphese, n. & a. (In) the elliptical 
 style usual in telegrams, [-ese] 
 
 tell. t. it not in Gath, let it (i.e. disaster, dis- 
 grace, &c.) not come to the ears of those who 
 would rejoice over it (usu. joe, w. ref. to 2 Sam. 
 i. 20). 
 
 temple. T. Bar, gateway (removed 1879) that 
 marked the eastward limit of the City Corpora- 
 tion's jurisdiction, at junction of Fleet street 
 & Strand in London. 
 
 temptation, the T., that of Christ in the 
 Wilderness (see Matt, iv) ; be a t. to one, be 
 tempting to him. 
 
 tenable. (Of office &c.) that can be held for 
 specified time. 
 
 ten de'n tious, a. (Of writing &c. ) having an 
 underlying purpose, coloured by prepossession, 
 calculated to advance a cause, [f. G tendenzios 
 
 (TENDENCY, -OUS)] 
 
 termination, t. of a word, the final syllable 
 or letter or group of letters, esp. as an element 
 in inflexion or derivation ; put a t. to, bring to 
 a t., make an end of, conclude. 
 
 test. t. -match, one of the matches in a cricket- 
 tour &c. that are to count towards the total 
 result. 
 
 that, cowie out of t. (slang form ordering 
 person &c. to clear out). 
 
 The'ban, a. & n. (Inhabitant) of Thebes. 
 
 [AN] 
 
 there, t. or thereabouts, (transf.) about that 
 amount, time, &c. (' Was it two years ago?' 
 ' T. o.V\ will come to £100, t. o. t); thereby (& 
 t.-b. hangs a tale, in which connexion there is 
 something to be told, see As You Like It, n. vii. 
 28). 
 
 ther'mos, n. t. flask or t., kind of ^vacuum 
 flask. [THERMO-] 
 
 thick, a bit t, rather t., a little too t., &c. 
 (slang), going beyond what is reasonable or en- 
 durable, too much of a good thing. 
 
 thin, have a t. time (slang), experience dis- 
 comfort or mortification or tedium ; t. captain, 
 kind of small dry plain biscuit. 
 
 thistle. (Also) Scotch national emblem (cf. 
 
 ROSE). 
 
 thorn, be, sit, on tt., be continuously uneasy 
 esp. in expectation of being detected &c. at any 
 moment. 
 
 thoughtful. (Esp.): given to thought, re- 
 flective, meditative; bearing signs of thought 
 or consideration (t. s<rmon, suggestion) ; con- 
 siderate (how t. of you!). 
 
 thousand. (a)t. & one, myriad, numberless, 
 (the t. & o. small worries of life ; made at.&o. 
 excuses) : a t. thanks, pardons, apologies, &c., 
 forms of polite exaggeration. 
 
THREAD 
 
 1062 
 
 TRIPLICE 
 
 thread, hang by a t., (of person's life &e.) be 
 in precarious state, (of momentous issue &c.) be 
 determinable either way by something still in 
 doubt ; resume or take up the t. of, proceed with 
 after interruption ; gather up the tt., bring the 
 divisions of subject &c. into relation after 
 separate treatment. 
 
 three, t.-cornered, triangular, (of contest &c.) 
 between t. parties each lighting &c. for him- 
 self ; t. halfpence, l$d. ; T. in One, the Trinity; 
 t. -legged race, of couples each having a right & 
 left leg tied together; t.-pair, (of room) up t. 
 pair of stairs (usu. t.-p. back or front). 
 
 Throgmopton Street. (Used for) the Lon- 
 don Stock Exchange or its members or opera- 
 tions. 
 
 throw. (Also) shape (round pottery) on pot- 
 ter's lathe, t. off, (also, of hounds or hunt, & 
 transf.) begin hunting, make a start, (n.) such 
 start {at the first t.-o.) ; t. oneself, one's daugh- 
 ter, &c, at the head of, try openly to catch as 
 husband : t. out, (also) distract (person speaking, 
 thinking, or acting) from the matter in hand 
 so that he blunders or stops, (Cricket, of fielder) 
 put out (batsman) by throwing at wicket. 
 
 thrust. (Also, n.) remark aimed at a person 
 (a shrewd, home 1 , t. ', he parried the t). 
 
 thump, t. the or a cushion (of vehement 
 preacher emphasizing his words with blows on 
 pulpit-cushion). 
 
 thunder, t.-clap, crash of t. (esp. fig. or in 
 simile of sudden terrible event or news ; the t.- 
 c. of Napoleon's escape ; the neivs came on me 
 like a t.-c). 
 
 thyroid, t. gland or t, (also) drug prepared 
 in various forms from the t. gland of animals & 
 administered in cretinism & other diseases. 
 
 tighten, t. one's belt (joe), go without food. 
 
 tile, have a t. loose (slang), be rather mad. 
 
 time, all the t., during the whole of the t. re- 
 ferred to (they were laughing a. t. t.), (U.S.) at 
 all times {is a business man a. t. t.)\ one, two. 
 See. at a t., each, each two &c, separately; at 
 this &c. t. of day (fig.), at this late stage in the 
 world's history, of the negotiations, &c. ; in no 
 t., rapidly, in the twinkling of an eye; the Tt., 
 the newspaper so named, esp. (shall write to the 
 Tt.) as used by correspondents for ventilating 
 grievances &c. ; the t. of one's life (slang), a 
 period of exceptional enjoyment or pleasant 
 or unpleasant excitement (have the t. of one's, 
 give one the t. of his, life). 
 
 ti'meo. (t.) Da'naos et do'na fere'ntes, phr. 
 inculcating or expressing distrust of a concilia- 
 tory enemy. [L, = I fear Greeks even when they 
 are bearing gifts, see Virg. Aen. ii. 19] 
 
 tip. t.-up seat, of the kind used in theatres 
 &c. to allow of free passing. 
 
 toe. the light fantastic t., (joe.) dancing ; t. the 
 line (fig.), conform esp. under pressure to the 
 requirements of one's party. 
 
 To'kenhouse Yard, n. Auction mart of 
 landed property (often allusively w. ref. to price 
 of land, forced sale of estates, &c). [T. V. in 
 
 London] 
 
 tol-lo'l(lish), a. (slang). In fair state, so-so, 
 
 middling, [f. tollable) w. redupl.l 
 
 Tom. T. Fool (imaginary type of witlessness. 
 
 esp. in proverb more knowT.Fool than T. Fool 
 
 knows): T. Thumb, a legendary dwarf, any 
 
 diminutive person, dwarf variety of various 
 
 plants; T. Tiddler's ground, place where money 
 
 can be had for the picking up (w. ref. to chil- 
 dren's game, ' I'm on T. T. g. picking up gold 
 
 & silver '). 
 tommy, t. rot (slang), foolishness, nonsense, 
 
 absurdity, (talked a lot oft. r. ; what t. r. it is 
 
 that we canJiot . . .'). 
 
 1 tongue. %)ut, speak with, one's t. in one's 
 cheek, speak ironically, humour one's hearer. 
 
 tonk, v.t. (slang). Hit (bowling, person) hard, 
 defeat easily in contest. [?] 
 
 tonnage, t. & poundage (Hist.), customs 
 duties on the tun of wine & the pound's- worth 
 , of merchandise imported or exported, granted 
 ; as subsidies (orig. for the defence of the realm) 
 at intervals in the Uth-lSth cc, & levied uncon- 
 stitutionally by Charles I without consent of 
 Parliament. 
 
 too. t. much (of a good thing), intolerable 
 {this is really t. m. or t. m. o. a g. t.). 
 
 tooth, from the tt. outwards (archaic), in- 
 sincerely, not from the heart. 
 
 too*tsy(-wdbtsy), n. (nursery). Foot. [?] 
 
 top. the t. of the morning (to you), Irish 
 morning greeting. 
 
 to*pi, -ee. See sola. 
 
 torch, t.-race, ancient Greek festival per- 
 formance of runners handing lighted tt. to 
 others in relays ; hand on the t., keep know- 
 ledge &c. alive (w. ref. to t.-race). 
 
 tosh, n. (slang). Rubbish, twaddle ; (Cricket, 
 lawn-tennis, &c.) easy bowling or service. I?] 
 
 td'sher, n. (slang). Unattached student (see 
 * unattached), [corrupt.] 
 
 tother. tell i. from which (joe. variant of 
 ; tell one from the other). 
 
 : touch, t. of nature, natural trait, (pop.) ex 
 hibition of feeling with which others sympa 
 ; thize (f. misinterpretation of Shaksp., T. & C. 
 in. iii. 175). 
 
 Toynbee Hall, n. Institution in White- 
 chapel founded 1885 by members of Oxf. & 
 \ Camb. Univv. as a * settlement in memory of 
 A. Toynbee, social reformer. 
 
 traca'sseries (-re), n. pi. Petty worries & 
 | entanglements & quarrels. [F] 
 I Trafalgar Square, n. London square 
 often made use of for popular demonstrations, 
 with plinth of Nelson column as platform. 
 
 transferable, the t. vote, electoral method 
 for securing that elected candidate shall repre- 
 sent a majority, each voter signifying on his 
 ballot-paper to which candidate his vote shall 
 be transferred if no candidate has an absolute 
 majority of first preferences. 
 
 transmigrant. (Esp., n.) alien passing 
 through a country on his way to the one in 
 which he intends to settle. 
 
 tra'nter, n. (dial.). Carrier; hawker, [f. med. 
 L travetarius, etym. dub.] 
 
 trapdoor. (Fig.) L-shaped tear in cloth &c. 
 
 tread, t. or seem to t. on air (of person trans- 
 ported with joy) ; t. on or as on eggs (of person 
 in situation requiring much tact). 
 
 treaty, t. port, one that a country is bound 
 by t. to keep open to foreign trade. 
 
 trralism, n. The idea of converting the 
 Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy into a fede- 
 ral empire of three kingdoms, the third to be 
 Bohemia. So tri'alist, n. [f. tri-, after dual- 
 ism] 
 
 trichind'poli, tri'ehi (tsh-), n. Kind of 
 Indian cheroot. [Trichinopoli in India] 
 
 trig. (As adj.) trim, spruce, smart. 
 
 tripe. (Slang) inferior stuff, nonsense, easy 
 bowling &c. 
 
 tri'plane, n. Aeroplane with three planes 
 (see *plane 3 ). [tri-, plane] 
 
 triple, the T. Entente, the diplomatic group 
 consisting of Great Britain, France, & Russia, 
 formed after the Russo-Japanese war & re- 
 garded as the counterpoise to the Triple Alli- 
 ance in the European balance of power. 
 
 tri*p//ce (-tsha), n. = triple Alliance (3). 
 [It.,=tripleJ 
 
TRUISM 
 
 1063 
 
 WINCHESTER 
 
 truism. (Also) proposition that states no- 
 thing not already implied in one of its terms 
 (e.g. I don't like my tea too hot = I don't like it 
 hotter than I like it). 
 
 trunk, t.-line, (also) telephone main line 
 (esp. of lines from town to town) ; t.-call, tele- 
 phone call on t.-line with speeial charges accord- 
 ing to distance (e.g. 3d. for 25 miles, 1 - for 
 100 miles). 
 
 try'panosome, n. Kinds of blood-parasite 
 some of which cause sleeping-sickness & other 
 diseases, [f. Gk trupanon auger, soma body] 
 
 Turkish. T. delight, a sweetmeat in gelati- 
 nous slabs coated with powdered sugar. 
 
 tup'mut, var. of turnip used by writers as 
 characteristic of rustic speech. 
 
 turn, have a fine, pretty, Sec, t, of speed Sec, 
 be able to go very fast &c. on occasion. 
 
 tweet, n., & v.i. Chirp (of bird), [imit.] 
 
 twelfth, the T. (of August, when grouse- 
 shooting begins). 
 
 two. t. can play at that game, intimation 
 that one means to or might retaliate ; t.-step, 
 kind of round dance in march or polka time. 
 
 Tybur'nia, n. Fashionable London district 
 north of Hyde Park. [tvburnJ 
 
 ugly. ii. duckling, person who turns out the 
 genius &c. of the family after being thought 
 the dullard &c. (w. ref. to cygnet in brood of 
 ducks in an Andersen tale). 
 
 unattached, u. student, member of Uni- 
 versity belonging to no college. 
 
 understand., language Sec understanded 
 of the people, plain words (w. ref. to Articles of 
 Religion xxiv) ; understandings (joe), legs. 
 
 unknown, u. to, (as adv.) without the know- 
 ledge of (did it u. to me). 
 
 up. u. against (slang), confronted with (ob- 
 stacle &c.) ; it is u. to one to do (U.S.), he is called 
 upon, it is the time for him, it rests with or is 
 incumbent on him, to. 
 
 u prig-lit. (As n.) post or rod fixed u. esp. as 
 support of some structure. 
 
 upsides, adv. (pro v.). Get &c. it. with, turn 
 the tables on, get the better of. [up, side] 
 
 vacuum, v. flask, with two walls separated 
 by v. jacket, so that liquid in the inner recep- 
 tacle retains its heat. 
 
 vae vi'ctis (ve), int. expressing determina- 
 tion to exact the full fruits of victory without 
 consideration for the vanquished. [L, = woe to 
 the vanquished] 
 
 valley, v. of tlie shadow of death , (period of) 
 extreme affliction {Ps. xxiii. 4). 
 
 've, colloq. abbr. of have appended to i", we, 
 you, Se they {I've Sec). 
 
 veil, beyond the v., in the unknown region or 
 condition of after death ; draw a v. over, make 
 a mystery of, avoid discussing or calling atten- 
 tion to. 
 
 velvet, v. glove, outward gentleness cloak- 
 ing inflexibility (with an iron hand in a v. g.). 
 
 ve'ronal, n. An opiate. 
 
 vicar, the v. of Bray, (type-name for) person 
 who accommodates his opinions to his interests 
 (w. ref. to 17th-c. song so named). 
 
 villein. See villain. 
 
 vin egar. toilet v. , aromatic v. used for mix- 
 ing with washing- water &c. 
 
 visible. (Also) prepared to receive caller &c. 
 (is she v. T). 
 
 vd'1-plane, n., & v.i. (Of aeroplane or its 
 pilot) descent, descend, by gliding without use 
 of engine, [f. F vol plane (vol flight, planer 
 hover)] 
 
 voluntaryism. (Also) reliance on voluntary 
 
 subscriptions & not on State aid for the main- 
 tenance of education ; (also) reliance on volun- 
 teer enlisting & not on compulsion for raising 
 naval & military forces. 
 
 wall, vaallflower, (also, colloq.) woman sitting 
 out dances for lack of partners. 
 
 Wall Street, n. (Used for) the American 
 money-market, [street in N. Y.] 
 
 wcfncJerjahre (vahndeyyare), n. pi. (Time 
 spent in travel by artisan, student, &c, as a 
 mode of) apprenticeship. [G] 
 
 war. carry the w. into the enemy's counti*y, 
 (fig.) make counter-accusations &c, not confine 
 oneself to defence. 
 
 warble ] . (N T .) warbled song &c. ; warbling 
 voice (spoke in a w.). 
 
 Wap'doup Street (wor-), n. A London 
 street noted for antique furniture &c. (W.-s. 
 English, afFectedly archaic). 
 
 warm. (Also, of clothes &c.) serving to keep 
 one w. 
 
 warrant, warranted pure &c, warranted 
 to be such. 
 
 wash, washed out, (fig.) enfeebled, limp, 
 demoralized, esp. as effect of dissipation ; 
 washerwoman, laundress. 
 
 watch, watched pot never boils, strained 
 expectation makes time seem long. 
 
 water, w.-planc, (also) hydro-aeroplane, 
 (also) - * hydroplane (first sense). 
 
 wa'terbury, n. Kinds of cheap American 
 watch. [ W. in U. S.] 
 
 way. in a w., in some respects or in some 
 sense or to some extent (i. a w. it will actually 
 be better, black ranks as a colour, lam sorry), 
 (also) in an agitated state of mind (she is in a w. 
 or a great Sec. w. about it). 
 
 weep. Weeping-cross (hist.), wayside cross 
 for penitents to pray at (come home by W.-c, 
 be made to repent one's conduct &c). 
 
 well, very w. (esp. as formula of assent or 
 approval ; also iron, in menaces, as v. w., Master 
 Tom, I shall tell your mamma) ; w. & good 
 (formula of dispassionate acceptance of de- 
 cision, as ij you choose to take my advice, w. & g. ). 
 
 welter' 2 , w. weight, (in recent boxing use) 
 between light and middle weight. 
 
 We'nsleydale, n. Kind of cheese. [W. in 
 Yorks.] 
 
 Westminster. (Used for) Parliament ; (used 
 for) member of W. School. 
 
 what, what 's-his (or -her, -its) -name, colloq. 
 substitute for name one has forgotten. 
 
 white. W. Paper, report issued by Govern- 
 ment on any subject ; w. slave, girl entrapped 
 (& esp. exported) for the purpose of prostitu- 
 i tion, so w. slavery; whitewash, (also, colloq.) 
 ' glass of sherry after other wines. 
 
 whi'techapel, n., & v.i., (whist). Lead from 
 one-card suit with a view to subsequent trump- 
 
 ! Whitehall, n. (Used for) departmental 
 ! government, the Government offices. 
 j who. know who's who, know one person from 
 another, know who or what each person is. 
 widow, w.'s cruse, swpply that (looks small, 
 i b\it) proves inexhaustible (see 1 Kings xvii. 
 ! 10-16) ; w.'s mite, = mite (third sense). 
 • Wilhelmstrasse (vi'lhelmshtrahse), n. 
 ! (Used for) the German Foreign Office. [Berlin 
 
 Wi'mbledon, n. (Used fori the lawn-tennis 
 
 tournaments with cbarnpionship matches &c. 
 
 held at W. 
 
 j Winchester, n. W. rifle or W„ type of 
 
 I repeating rifle used esp. by big-game hunters. 
 
 {W. in UTS.] 
 
WIND 
 
 1064 
 
 ZYGOTE 
 
 wind 1 , fling, cast, &c. to the tow., cease to 
 heed or be influenced by (prudence, decency, 
 &c); w.-jarnmer ,'^ig), -"rchant sailing 
 vessel. 
 
 window, w.-dressing, art of arranging 
 goods attractively in shop-w. (often fig. of 
 adroit presentation of statistics &c). 
 
 wing, his tow. are spro uting &c, his virtues 
 are too great for a being below the degree of an 
 angel. 
 
 wish. to. person joy of, hope he will enjoy 
 (iron.). 
 
 witch, the witching time of night, time when 
 ww. are active, midnight. 
 
 wonder, for a to., (esp.) by way of welcome 
 exception {you are punctual f. a to.). 
 
 Wdb'lwieh (-lij), n. (Used for) W. Arsenal 
 with magazines for naval and military stores, 
 ordnance foundry, laboratory, &c. ; (used for) 
 the Royal Military Academy, W., for cadets of 
 Royal Engineers & Artillery. [ W. in Kent] 
 
 world, w.-power, powerful State whose 
 policy &c. may affect the w. at large. 
 
 worse, a change for the w. , to a w. state, in 
 wrong direction. 
 
 wor th. J give you, you must take, this (story, 
 statement, suggestion) for what it is w., I do 
 not guarantee its accuracy, wisdom, &c. 
 
 writing, the w. on the wall, ominously sig- 
 nificant event &c. (see J Jan. v). 
 
 wrong, got out of bed on the w. side, is, are, 
 &c, in bad temper. 
 
 ya'ffle, ya'ffil, n. The green woodpecker, 
 [imit. of laughing cry] 
 
 yapp, n. Kind of book-binding with limp 
 leather cover projecting considerably, [inven- 
 tor's name] 
 
 Ze'ppelin, n. Large dirigible airship of type 
 built for military use in Germany. [Count Z., 
 inventor] 
 
 zouave. (Also) woman's short jacket like 
 that of z. uniform. 
 
 zy*gote, n. Product of the fusion of two 
 gametes, e.g. zygospore, [f. Gk zugoo yoke 
 (zugon)\ 
 
 Printed in England at the Oxford University Pres3 
 
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 ^ 
 
106* 
 
 A cast, &c. to the ivw., cease to 
 tuenced by (prudence, decency, 
 
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