THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES HISTORY OF HAMPTON COURT PALACE IN ORANGE AND GUELPH TIMES. OQj V ALLEGORICAL PI< I'll "I WILLIAM III. I VNDING AT MARGATE, IN I698, AFTER 1111 1 1 \ IYSWK K. tht Pielu 'Ur in William III.' 1 PrtttnttChm at llamfitoiH I page 153). THE HISTORY OF amptott liUJourt Walace . VOL. III. ORANGE AND GUELPH TIMES. ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS, ETCHINGS, MAPS, AND PLANS. BY <£rnest JLato, W.X., BARRISTER-AT-LAW, Author of 'the "Historical Catalogue of the Picture.'; at Hampton Court ; " "A New Guide to Hampton Court," &c. lLontion : GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. is CHISWICK l'RESS:-C. WHITTINGHAM AND Co., TOOKS COURT, ( MAM I KY I. A I SRLF URL reface. HE following pages form the third and con- cluding volume of the History of Hampton Court, taking up the subject from the expulsion of James II., and carrying it on, down to the present time. The period thus embraced is, in many respects, quite as interesting, as far as Hampton Court is concerned, as the Tudor or Stuart Times ; for it was in the reign of William and Mary, and under their supervision, that the greater part of the old State Apartments were pulled down ; the new Palace, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, erected ; and the parks and gardens laid out in the form, in which we now behold them ; while from that time to the middle of the reign of George II., Hampton Court was one of the favourite resorts of the English Court, and the scene of many curious occurrences. This history besides is not closed when the Palace finally ceased, on the death of George II., to be inhabited by the Sovereign and Court ; for its annals are continued down to the end of the year 1890, several chapters being devoted to 548137 vi Preface. an account of its occupation by private individuals, of whom reminiscences and anecdotes are given ; and to a description of Hampton Court as a popular resort. Like its predecessors, this volume aims at giving, not only a full history of the structure of the Palace, but also a com- plete narrative of all the historical events, that took place within its walls, during the period treated of. Its scope is likewise designed to include such an account of its various artistic and archaeological features, as may serve to invest the incidents related, with a local " colouring," which, it is hoped, may add to their vividness and interest, and assist the author in his efforts to present a true and faithful picture of life at Hampton Court in former days. With the same object the text is profusely illustrated with original drawings, specially executed for this work ; with engravings from old historical pictures ; with numerous reproductions from contemporary plates and sketches of the Palace and gardens ; and with plans, maps, and de- signs. The bulk of these have been executed by the Typo- graphic Etching Company; those, however, on pages 58, 84, 93, 294, 345, 352, and 393 are taken, by permission of Messrs. Macmillan and Co., from the " English Illustrated Magazine;" those on pages 89 and 128, by that of the proprietors of " The Graphic ; " while the plate on page 2,7, of Queen Mary's Bower, has been reproduced, by that of the Electrotype Company. In an Appendix is a list of the Private Apartments in the Palace, with the names of all their occupants, during during the last 130 years, with notes on their lives; and also an exhaustive index to the whole three volumes. In conclusion, the author again wishes to express his warm thanks to Sir Spencer Ponsonby Fane, K.C.B., < omptroller of Her Majesty's Household, who has most Preface. vn cordially rendered him every assistance and facility for pur- suing his researches ; to Mr. John Lessels, Surveyor to the Board of Works, who has given him much valuable infor- mation and advice in many particulars, especially in regard to the plans and designs, and has most kindly furnished him with several facsimiles; and to Mr. Edwin Chart, the Resident Clerk of the Works, who has aided him greatly in his investigations into the archaeology of the Palace. Hampton Court Palace, August, 1 89 1. jp2ftp**5tte$>£r< j^sQH f *^^^^^^fiK%^J f\\ ^'. jfiKO^B Jyy it ^jSm>t^B rTrf JjRw^ JHraifc^'^ 3ii (ftc*raa>(l WHfflSfii^tHm hm ^" " " "^jfljTRtilS ontents. RONTISPIECE . Preface . Contents List of Illustrations page iii v ix xxi CHAPTER I. William and Mary at Hampton Court. William and Mary come to Hampton Court — Mary's Conduct at the Palace — King William shocks English Religious Prejudices — Building of New Royal Apartments de- termined on — Sir Christopher Wren entrusted with the Design — Diffi- culties of Wren's Task — Regrettable Demolition of the Old State Rooms — Arrival of the Princess Anne — William III.'s "Brutalities" and "Vulgar Behaviour" — Greedily gobbles up a Plate of Green Peas — His Mode of Life at the Palace — A Camp on Honnslow Heath— Rumoured Conspiracy —Dissatisfaction at William staying so much at Hampton Court — Princess Anne brought to Bed of a Boy — The Child baptized in the Chapel, and named William, Duke of Gloucester — His Sickliness — A Succession of Wet-Nurses — Mrs. Pack, the Quaker's Wife — Mother and Child remove to Kensington CHAPTER II. Commencement of Wren's New Palace. Demolition of the old Cloister Green Court — Foundations of the New Buildings — Their Ground Plan and Configuration — The New Fountain Court — The Semicircle of Lime-Trees before the East Front — The Great Fountain Garden— William x Contents. PAGE and Mary's Interest in the Plans — The Royal Gardeners London and Wise — Audience to George Walker — Accident at the New Buildings — An Inquiry instituted — Sir Christopher Wren's Report — Acrimonious Discus- sion between Wren and Talman, the Comptroller of the Works — " Mali- cious Interpretation" — The Works resumed 16 CHAPTER III. Queen Mary's Private Life at Hampton Court. The Water Gallery furnished and decorated for Queen Mary — An aesthetic Retreat — Her Oriental China and Delfc Ware — Her Bathing Closet — Her Pursuits and Amusements — Her Love of Needlework— Her Gallery of Beauties painted by Kneller — Her Love of Gardening — A choice Collection of Exotics — A Remarkable Agave — Her Hothouses — A Description of the Gardens — Borders of Box — Queen Mary's Bower — Queen Alary super- vises the Works at Hampton Court — Her Consultations with Wren — The Buildings delayed by want of Money and Portland Stone .... 27 CHAPTER IV. Decoration of the New Palace and Gardens. General Aspect of the new Building — The Red Brick — Architectural Features of the East Front — The South Front — The new Quadrangle — The Cloisters — The Colonnade — The Orangery — A new Organ for the Chapel — Occasional Visits of Inspection by William and Mary — Decoration of the new Palace — Laguerre's Paintings of the Labours of Hercules — Carvings by William Emmett — Carvings in Stone by Grinling Gibbons — Sculpture by Gabriel Ctbber — Two beautiful Vases in the Gardens — King William's Taste for Ornamental Gardening — Beautiful Screens of Wrought Iron — Tijou's Designs for artistic Ironwork — Huntingdon Shaw's Claim to their Work- manship — Death of Queen Mary — King William in consequence forsakes the Palace — Whitehall destroyed by Fire — William again turns his atten- tion to Hampton Court — Wren and the King Freemasons — The King presides over a Lodge at Hampton Court ....... 41 CHAPTER V. Fitting and Decoration of King William"s Apartments — IMPROVEMENTS IN THE Gardens. Sir Christopher Wren's interesting Estimate— Proposals for Fitting the Inside of the Rooms of State — Their Cost — Gibbons' beautiful Carvings in Lime-wood — Their consummate Delicacy — Frieze in the King's Great Bedchamber — Verrio employed by William III. — Paints the Ceiling of William III.'s Great Bedchamber- Ceiling of the Little Bedchamber or Dressing Room — Painting of the Contents. xi PAGE King's Great Staircase — Its Gorgeousness — Improvements in the Gardens — The Great Fountain Garden — The Broad Walk — The Gardeners, London and Wise — Their Style of Gardening — The Old Arbour — The Flower-Pot Gate — Improvements in the Wilderness — Espalier Work — Troy Town — The Maze 64 CHAPTER VI. Works and Improvements in Bushey Park — The King's State Rooms. The Avenues and Drive in Bushey Park — The Great Basin — Great Chestnut Avenue — Projected Grand New Approach to the Palace — Plan of the proposed Splendid New Entrance Court — Still vaster Projects of Improvement— Four Hundred Men employed on the Works — The Clerkship of the Works — Talman's Animus against Wren — The King's Impatience to occupy the new Apartments — Letter of Talman's about the Works — The Cartoon Gallery — Its Defects as a Picture Gallery — An artistic Locksmith — Return of William III. — His Visits to Hampton Court — The King's Guard Chamber — Further Improvements — New Fish Ponds in Bushey Park — A Highway Robbery 78 CHAPTER VII. William III. in his New Palace— Further Works. Furniture of King William's Rooms — His State Bedchamber — His Bed — His old Clock and Barometers — His Delft Ware — The King's Dressing Room — His Drawing- Room and Privy Chamber — Beautiful Pair of Fire-Dogs — The King's Visits to Hampton Court — Estimate for further Works — William III.'s Alterations therein — "The Communication Gallery" — The King's Domestic Offices — Rooms in the Upper Storey — Staircases — Lord Albemarle's "Lodgings" — The Haunted Gallery — "Lodgings" for the Great Officers of State — Improvements in the Courts — The Fountain Court — William's Diversions at Hampton Court — Goes out Coursing in the Park — Attacked in Parliament 9 2 CHAPTER VIII. Extensive New Works in the Gardens and Parks— Dismissal OF Lord Somers. Further Schemes of Improvement — Works in the Great Fountain Garden — "The Great Parterre" — Shifting of the Semi- circle of Lime-trees — Two New Divisions in the Fountain Garden — Two "Return Walls"— The Great Broad Walk — Fine shaped Evergreens— A Diana in Brass — The King and the Commons — Meetings of the Privy Council-Hostility to Lord Chancellor Somers — Intrigue against him — xii Contents. PAGE What brought about his Dismissal — The King's Attitude — Somers sur- renders the Great Seal — Lord Chief Justice Holt declines the Office — Sir Nathan Wright appointed — Foreign Ambassadors received by King Wil- liam in the Palace — Stringent Penal Law against Catholics — Reception of the Chevalier Giraldi, Envoy of the Grand Duke of Tuscany — The Eail of Albemarle created a Knight of the Garter ....... 105 CHAPTER IX. King William's declining Health. The Second Partition Treaty negotiated — William III. and the Duke of Shrewsbury — The Duke's Ill- Health — His Resignation — The King's Dislike of England — His failing Health— He longs to depart to Holland — His Dining Room — His Diet — Question of the Darien Settlement — Scotch Parliamentary Commissioners at Hampton Court — Dr. Radcliffe's Opinion of his State of Health — Still pining to be off to Holland — Anxiety of his Ministers and Physicians — The Doctors disagree — Violent Altercation about rival Remedies — Pills and other Doses — Appointment of Lords Justices to administer the Government — Prior the Poet and John Locke the Philosopher at the Palace — The Philosopher's Diagnosis of the King's Case — More Recipes, Prescriptions, and Doses — Somers comes to bid him Farewell — Off at last — The Water Gallery taken down — The Banqueting House — The Great Banquet Room — Its Ceiling painted by Verrio — The New Terrace — The Pavilions . . . .118 CHAPTER X. William III. and Foreign Politics. Return of King William- Congratulations of the Lord Mayor and Corporation — Visit from the Duke of Shrewsbury — Death of the King of Spain — The Due d'Anjou acknow- ledged as his Successor by Louis XIV. — Extraordinary Popular Indiffe- rence in England — William changes his Ministers — Parliament dissolved — The Court goes into Mourning— Further Improvements in the Privy Garden, the Parks, and the Great Fountain Garden — Bills and Debts for the Works — Comte de Tallard's abrupt Visit to King William — His Audience and cold Reception — His difficult Position — Count Wratislaw, Ambassador from the Emperor, at Hampton Court — More Royal Physick- ings — Extraordinary Prescriptions — The Meeting of the New Parliament — Proposed Impeachment of the Whig Lords— An Address to his Majesty — Letter from the Due d'Anjou — Cabinet Council at Hampton Court — The King's Anger against Rochester — William in bad Health again — Further Works in the Privy Gardens — Departure of the King for Holland His continued Interest in the Works at Hampton Court — Accumulation of Debt 132 Contents. xiii CHAPTER XI. PAGE Last Illness and Death of William III. William unexpectedly arrives from Holland — Enthusiastic Rejoicings — Passionate Revulsion of National Feeling — Addresses and Deputations — Receptions in the King's Great Presence Chamber — Address from the University of Cam- bridge — The Lord Mayor and Corporation of London — King William's Health — Question as to a Dissolution of Parliament — William undecided — Proclamation issued dissolving Parliament — William remains in re- tirement at Hampton Court — His failing Health — Continues to hunt violently— Disregards his Physician's Advice — Diary of his Illness — Ex- traordinary Concoctions prescribed — His swollen Legs — Leaves Hampton Court for London — Comes to Hunt in the Park — Falls from his Horse — His own Version of the Accident — Diversities in the Historical Accounts — His Death 151 CHAPTER XII. Quken Anne at Hampton Court. Queen Anne's slight Connection with Hampton Court — "Sometimes Counsel takes, and sometimes Tea" — The Cartoon Gallery — Queen Anne's Bedchamber and Bed — Works in the Parks and Gardens — Clamorous Creditors of the Crown — Verrio paints the Queen's Drawing Room — Statues not paid for — Undischarged Debts to Workmen — Jean Tijou threatened with Imprisonment — A destitute Widow's Bill left unpaid — A Bill of Nine Years' standing — Expenditure on Turfing the Great Fountain Garden — Kip's Plan of Hampton Court — Queen Anne's Political Perplexities — The Duchess of Marlborough — Anne comes to Hampton Court for the Air — Dean Swift at Hampton Court — Lord Halifax's House in Bushey Park — His Relations with Swift and Steele — The Chapel re-decorated — A new Organ made by Schrider — Recent Improvements in the Organ . . . . . . . .170 CHAPTER XIII. Queen Anne — "The Rape of the Lock." More Councils at the Palace — Reception of the Lord Mayor — Improvements in the Parks — Twenty Miles of Chaise Riding in the Parks— The little Canal enlarged — Thomas Savery's Proposal — Invention of a Water Engine for the Fountains, and in Case of Fire — A Party at the "Toy" — Quarrel and Scuffle between Sir Cholmley Dering and Mr. Richard Thornhill — A Challenge — The Duel— Thornhill tried at the Old Baile> — Murder of Thornhill— " The Rape of the Lock " — Facts on which the Poem was founded — The Arrival at Hampton Court — The Severing of the Sacred Hair — Picture of Social Life at Hampton Court — Queen Anne again at the Palace — 'Proclamation for the Reform of the Stage — The Diana Fountain erected in Bushey Park — Hedge-work in the Wilderness — The Lion Gates . . . . .186 xiv Contents. CHAPTER XIV. PAGE George I. and the Prince and Princess of Wales at Hamp- ton COURT. George I. arrives at Hampton Court — His fat ugly Mis- tresses — Madame Schulenburg. " the Maypole" — Madame Kilmansegge, "the Elephant and Castle" — Unpopularity of the German "Frovvs" — The Frau or " Frog" Walk — The King departs in his State Barge — Arrival of the Prince and Princess of Wales — The Queen's State Bedchamber — Its Ceiling painted by Sir James Thornhill — The Princess's gay Court — The Wits and Beauties — The Ladies-in-Waiting — Madge Bellenden and Molly Lepell — The Prince's Guineas scattered on the Floor — Amusements and Gaiety of the Court — The Bowling- Green and Pavilions — The German Ladies — Mrs. Howard's little Supper Parties — "The Swiss Cantons" — Plea- sant Reminiscences of Hampton Court — Ballads, Epigrams, and " Frize- lation" — The Princess slighted by Prince and Ministers — Sunderland's Rudeness — The Queen's Gallery — The Court leaves Hampton Court . 202 CHAPTER XV. George I. — Theatricals in the Great Hall. King George and the Prince of Wales at Hampton Court together — Overpowering Dulness of the Court — Pope's Visit to Hampton Court — He describes the Life of a Maid of Honour — Quarrel between the King and his Son — " Cette Diablesse la Princesse" — Secret Interview between her and her Bed- chamber Woman at the Pavilions — The Prince and Princess retire from Court — A Theatre in the Great Hall — The Royal Company of Actors — The Plays acted — The Demeanour of the Audience — Shakespeare's "Henry VIII." — King George chuckles with Satisfaction at appropriate Passages — Cibber's Account of the Arrangements — Fees and Gratuities to the Actors — Dismissal of Sir Christopher Wren — His House on the Green at Hampton Court — William Benson, the new Surveyor-General — Charges of Jobbery against the Clerk of the Works at Hampton Court — Wren's dignified Protest — Benson's Incompetence — His Expulsion from Office — Closing Years of Wren's Life at Hampton Court — His Death — Apartments in the Palace irregularly occupied — King George's strong Injunctions against the Practice— Reconciliation of the two Courts . . 219 CHAPTER XVI. Court Life at Hampton Court under George II. King George II. comes to Hampton Court — Dulness of the Life at Court — Mrs. Howard, the King's Mistress — The Queen delights in subjecting her to Indignities — The Queen washing at her Bath — Morning Prayers by her Chaplain— The Queen and the Clergy — Her Levees — Mrs. Howard made Mistress of the Robes — The King's Monotonous Regularity — "Nauseous Contents. xv PAGE Selkirk" — The Dull Routine of the Court — Attempt at Liveliness by the Maids of Honour — Their Midnight Pranks — The Prude, Miss Meadows — The King goes Stag-Hunting — His Intolerance of Fox-Hunting — Dining in Public — The Public Dining-Room — Queen's Guard-Chamber, Presence Chamber, and Staircase — Kent employed to alter the Clock Court — George II.'s Gateway — Lord Hervey's Letters to Mrs. Clayton — "Two miserable Court Drudges" — The Duke of Grafton and Princess Emily — The " Pious Pimp Schutz " — Dull Court Recreations 234 CHAPTER XVII. George II., his Queen, and Lord Hervey. Lord Hervey writes a Satire against Pope — Its Feebleness — Pope's Answer — Lord Hervey's Letter to Mrs. Clayton — His Conversations with the King — Fathers' Care on Sons thrown away — The Opposition in Parliament — " Puppies and Fools" — Lord Hervey's Intimacy with the Queen — More Conversations with King George — Lord Hervey's friend Bishop Hoadley — "A great Puppy and a great Rascal " — The King scolds the Queen — " An old Girl that loves to go abroad" — "Always stuffing" — His Majesty's shocking Behaviour and Ill-Humour — Lady Deloraine aspires to be the King's Mistress — The Queen's Taste for Gardening — She transforms the Gardens at Hampton Court— The figured Scroll-work Beds removed — Large Lawns and Yew Trees cut into Pyramids 25: CHAPTER XVIII. Quarrel between George II. and his Son Frederick — The Princess hurried from Hampton Court. George II.'s Hatred of his Son — The King on Fathers and Sons — Outward Appearances kept up — Further Bitterness — "The Nauseous Beast" — Rumours of the Princess being with Child — Her repeated Answer, "I don't know" — George II. wishes the Accouchement to take place at Hampton Court — The Princess in Labour — Hurried secretly by the Prince downstairs and along the Cloisters — " Racked with Pain" — Driven in a Coach to London — Delivered at St. James's — "A little Rat of a Girl" — The News announced at Hampton Court at Two in the Morning — The King in a violent Passion — The Queen goes to St. James's — Their Majesties' Indignation — " Scoundrel, Puppy, Knave, Fool, Liar, Coward " — Correspondence be- tween Frederick and his Father — The King refuses to see his Son — "Verbiage of Sorrow" — The King declines to write and answer his Letters — The Queen visits the Princess — The Prince's Affectation of Respect — The Queen laid up with the Gout — The Prince ordered out of St. James's Palace— Sir Robert Walpole's plain English — "You lie, you lie, you lie " — A garbled Translation of the Correspondence published by the Prince— Rival Publication by the King — " The greatest Ass, the greatest xvi Contents. PAGE Liar, the greatest Canaille, the greatest Beast in the whole World" — The Queen's Illness — Her Intimate Conversations with Lord Hervey — Her Death 264 CHAPTER XIX. George II.— Hampton Court forsaken. Hampton Court de- serted by the King — His occasional Visits with Lady Yarmouth — His Bedroom — Pitt kneeling by his Bedside — His Majesty's irritable Temper — Kicks his Wig about the Room — Boxes his Grandson's Ears — Hampton Court a Show Place — Horace Walpole's Story of the Miss Gunnings — In "The Beauty Room" — An Act of Parliament for a Bridge at Hampton Court — Curious Engravings of it — A second Bridge — Exorbitant Tolls — The third Bridge purchased and freed — A Roadway closed in Bushey Park — Murmurings at Hampton Court and Hampton Wick — Lord Halifax and the Shoemaker — The Right of Way vindicated 2S3 CHAPTER XX. Hampton Court during the Reign of George III. — The Palace divided into Private Apartments. King George abandons Hampton Court altogether — The Furniture removed — The State Rooms disused — Rooms in the Palace granted to private Persons — The Great Gatehouse rebuilt — The Gardens under "Capability Brown," the Land- scape Gardener — He declines undertaking their Improvement — The Great Vine— Its Age, Length, Size, and Girth — Its enormous Yield of Grapes — Not unique — Brown's Intimacy with George III. — The Keepership of Bushey Park vacant — Lord North appointed in his Wife's Name — His constant Residence at Bushey House — The Inhabitants of the Palace at George III.'s Accession — Discreditable Dodges to get Rooms — Court "Squatters" — George III. reforms the Management of the Palace — " Lodgings " granted by Letter or Warrant — Bradshaw, the Duke of Grafton's Secretary — Enormous Suite of Apartments given to him — The Palace divided into Suites of Private Apartments .... 293 CHAPTER XXI. George III. — The Private Apartments and their Occupants. Hannah More's Remarks on the Palace and its Inhabitants — Their Posi- tion and Means — Qualifications for the Favour of Apartments — The Lord Chamberlain's Patronage — Dr. Johnson applies for Apartments — His Application refused — Old Form of Warrant — Irregular Practices by the Occupants of Apartments — Gross Abuse of the Letting of Apartments- Indignation of George III. — Stringent Rule against this Practice — Con- tinued Prevalence of the Abuse — Social Life at the Palace — Horace Walpole and his Relations — Lady Malpas — The Waldegraves at the Pavilions — The Keppcls at the Stud — Accident to Horace Walpole in the Contents. xvii PAGE Palace — Wal poles at Hampton Court for upwards of a hundred Years — Richard Tickell — Throws himself from a Window of his Apartments— The Prince of Orange established in the Palace — Reminiscences of his Residence— The "Frog" Walk— George III. and the Bridge Toll-Col- lector — Increased Interest in Hampton Court — The Great Hall cleared of the Stage — Raphael's Cartoons returned — Supposed Relics of Cardinal Wolsey 307 CHAPTER XXII. Hampton Court during the Reign of George IV. Accession of George IV. — Desolate Appearance of the State Rooms — Private Apart- ments still eagerly applied for — The Countess of Mornington — Her sons the Marquess Wellesley and the Duke of Wellington — " The Mother of the Gracchi " — " Purr" Corner— The Duke of Clarence at Bushey House — The " Toy Club " — Its jovial Dinners — Marrow Pudding, Songs, and Whist— Distinguished Members of the old " Toy Club "—The Sailor Prince's strong naval Vernacular — Balls and Parties — The Sheridans — Mrs. Norton — Practical Jokes of Frank and Charlie Sheridan — The late Lady Dufferin — The present Lord Dufferin at Hampton Court when a Boy— Scott, Moore, Rogers, and Wordsworth visit Hampton Court — The Royal Stud — George IV. as a Breeder of Horses — William IV. and his Stud Groom — His Stud sold and dispersed — The Royal Stud revived by Queen Victoria — Sale of Her Majesty's Yearlings — Enormous Prices given — Statues removed by George IV. to Windsor — Cost of Maintenance of the Palace and Gardens 326 CHAPTER XXIII. Hampton Court during the Reign of William IV. Accession of the Duke of Clarence as William IV. — More Pictures sent to the Palace — Terms of Admission to the State Apartments — The Old Clock removed — The St. James's Palace Clock sent to Hampton Court — A new Clock-Face — Welcome to Queen Adelaide — The King dines with his old Friends — The Banqueting House preserved and made a Private Resi- dence — William IV. confers the Guelphic Order on old Members of the " Toy Club " — The handsome and gallant Seymours — Sir Horace Seymour and the Fainting Beauties — Queen Adelaide at Bushey House — The Due de Nemours . 342 CHAPTER XXIV. The Reign of Queen Victoria — Hampton Court opened free TO the Public. Accession of Queen Victoria— The Palace thrown open to the Public without Charge — Gloomy Prognostications of the Result — Success of the Move — Popular Appreciation of the Boon — Shocking Murder in the Palace of a Sergeant by a Private— The Inhabitants of the t b xviii Contents. PAGE Palace and the Poor's Rates — The Exemption challenged — The Private Apartments assessed — Appeal to the Court of Queen's Bench — Conditions and Obligations of Tenure of Apartments — Periodical Surveys and In- spections, and Orders to repair — Are they " occupied " by the Sovereign ? The Inhabitants held liable to Assessment — Arrangement for the Payment of the Rates — Immunity from Arrest within the Palace — Colonel Rose and the Bailiffs 350 CHAPTER XXV. Queen Victoria — Hampton Court as a Popular Resort. Popu- larity of Hampton Court as a Holiday Resort — Enormous Increase in the Number of Visitors — Averages for the last Fifty Years — Sunday the Favourite Day — Exasperation of the "Unco' Guid" — Sabbatarian Pro- tests — Clerical Assertions — Sunday at Hampton Court " a Hell upon Earth " — The Charges denied — Orderly Behaviour of the Masses — Un- substantiated Arguments — Four Millions of Sabbath Breakers — The Con- tinental Sunday in full Swing — Gaiety of the Scene on a Summer Sunday Afternoon — Restorations to the Exterior and Interior of the Palace — Mr. Edward Jesse, Surveyor of the Royal Parks and Gardens — His happy Knack in framing Rules and Regulations — Reverence for the Old — A felicitous Phrase — Occasional Turbulence of the Sightseers — Practical Joke by Theodore Hook — Hoaxing a Party of Cockneys — Various Cele- brities at Hampton Court — Lady Wellesley given Apartments — Professor Faraday given a Crown House on the Green — Bazaar in the Great Hall — Removal of Raphael's Cartoons and Tijou's Iron Screens — A Fenian Scare 361 CHAPTER XXVI. Queen Victoria— Recent Events and Restorations at Hamp- ton COURT. Writ of fi.fa. executed in a Suite of Private Apartments — Special Case stated for the Court of Exchequer — Arguments for and against the Crown — The Privilege of Immunity held not to attach to the Palace — Appeal to the House of Lords — Remarks of the Judges — The Status of Hampton Court as a Royal Palace — The Decision affirmed — The new Drainage — Discovery of Skeletons in the Fountain Court — Freeing of the Bridge — Princess Frederica of Hanover given Apartments — Birth of her Daughter — Her Exertions in Furtherance of Charitable Institutions — Princess Frederica's Convalescent Home — Grand Enter- tainment in the Great Hall — Renewed Attention to the historic Interest of Hampton Court — Mr. A. B. Mitford appointed Secretary of the Board of Works — Mr. Lessels, Surveyor of the Board — Repairs, Improvements, and Restorations — The Astronomical Clock — New Works — Powerful and elaborate Machinery — The Old Knights Hospitallers' Bell — Curious antique Inscription — The Great Gate-House restored — Annual Estimates — Cost of Maintaining the Palace, Parks, and Gardens 376 Contents. xix CHAPTER XXVII. PAGE Queen Victoria — Fires and Fire Precautions and Appliances at Hampton Court. Fire at the Palace in December, 1882 — A Servant Maid suffocated — Inquest on the Body — Damage done by the Fire — Pre- cautionary Arrangements and Appliances — Committee appointed by the Queen — Further Safeguards adopted — Electric Alarms — The State Apart- ments isolated and divided into Fireproof Sections— Outbreak of a second Fire in November, 1886 — Edward VI.'s Nursery burnt — Extensive Damage — Further preventive Arrangements — Its Extent, and the Damage done — Restoration of the burnt Portion of the Palace — Insurance of Private Apartments — Water Rate for a Supply at constant high Pressure — Security of the State Apartments and Pictures — Danger due to Private Apartments exaggerated — Her Majesty's Jubilee — Conclusion of the Annals of Hamp- ton Court 395 CHAPTER XXVIII. Queen Victoria — The Private Apartments and their Pre- sent Occupants. Variety in the Size, Comfort, and Convenience of the Private Apartments — Complete Houses, Flats, and " Upper Parts" — Con- venient and Inconvenient Suites — Disconnected scattered Accommodation — Square Pegs in Round Holes — Conditions of Tenure — Ordinance against Dogs in the Palace — The Officials defied by an intrepid Lady — Another refractory Resident — Threatens to set Fire to the Palace — Con- flict of Authorities — " Spheres of Influence " of the various Departments — The Board of Works— The Lord Chamberlain — The Lord Steward — The Woods and Forests — Story of a Lady and the " Boards" — Application to use an old Staircase — Obstructed by the several Authorities — Getting through a Doorway — Pining at the Garden Gate — The Inhabitants of the Palace at the present Day — Mrs. Ellice — Lady Georgiana Grey — Apart- ments given in Recognition of distinguished Public Services — Drawbacks to the Advantages of Apartments — Expenses of Maintenance — Rates, Con- tributions, and Subscriptions — Idiosyncrasies of Palatial Life — "The Push " — Friendships formed at Hampton Court — Inhabitants in every Department of Life — The Civil Service — Diplomacy — Sir Augustus Paget — Lord Dufferin and Ava — The Army and the Navy — Sir Frederick Roberts— Soldiers' and Sailors' Graves 405 CHAPTER XXIX. Queen Victoria — Hampton Court at the Present Day — Con- clusion. Occupations and Amusements of Modern Hampton Court — Parties, Dances, Theatricals, Tennis, Boating — Sport and Races — Hamp- ton Court a Racing Centre — Epsom, Ascot, Sandown, Kempton,and Hurst Park — Proximity to London — Intellectual and Social Atmosphere of the Palace — Its Historical and Romantic Attractions — The Pictures — The xx Contents. PAGE Parks — Their enchanting Beauty in Summer — Bushey Park — The Great Lime and Chestnut Avenue — The Chestnuts in full Bloom — The Home Park — Its Lime Avenues and Long Canal — Its exquisite Scenery — The Gardens — Their Antique and Picturesque Charm — Their formal Trimness — The Private Gardens — The Shrubs in the Flowery Month of May — The delightful Fountains, Bowers, and Arbours — The old Pond Garden — Its Rare and Dainty Beauty — The Public Gardens — The Wilderness — The Gardens in Spring and Summer — The Gardens by Moonlight — Exquisite Loveliness of the Scene — Impressive Stillness of the Palace at Night — The Fountain Court by Moonlight — The Watchman on his Rounds — Visions of the Past — Memories of Days gone by — Fleeting Time — Per- manence in Change — Hampton Court a Symbol and Monument of English History — Conclusion 420 APPENDICES. Appendix A. Extract from an Account for Works in the Gardens at Hampton Court in the autumn of the year 1699 435 Appendix B. Extract from an Account for Works in Bushey Park in the years 1 699-1 700 436 Appendix C. "An Estimate of severall Workes to be done at Hampton Court." Dated Nov. 28th, 1699. Submitted by William Talman . . 437 Appendix D. Extracts from a "Memorial of Works to be done in the Gardens of Hampton Court." Submitted by William Talman on Dec. 19th, 1699 439 Appendix E. Works in the Privy Gardens in 1700 . . . .441 Appendix F. The Organ in the Chapel Royal, Hampton Court Palace 442 Appendix G. List of Private Apartments in Hampton Court Palace, with their Occupants, from the Accession of George III. in 1760, to the end of the year 1S90 4^3 Index 493 ist of illustrations* PAGE RONTISPIECE.— Allegorical Picture of William III. land- ing at Margate in 1698, after the Peace of Ryswick. From the Picture by Kneller in William III.'s Presence Chamber at Hampton Court. Plan. — Principal Floor of Hampton Court Palace after William III.'s Alterations 1 Map. — The Royal Domain of Hampton Court, showing the Avenues in the Park as laid out by William III. . . . . 137 Plan of a Portion of Hampton Court Palace, temp. William III. . . iS Portrait of Sir Christopher Wren . ........ 22 Interleaved Plate. — Portrait of Queen Mary, after Kneller . . . 31 The old Greenhouse, with an American Agave in flower, and Queen Mary's Orange Trees 34 Queen Mary's Bower Folding Plate. — View of the East Front of William III.'s New Palace of Hampton Court, showing part of the Great Fountain Garden. Repro- duced in facsimile from an engraving by Sutton Nicholls, published about 1695 Interleaved Plate. — South Front of William III.'s New Palace of Hampton Court, showing part of the Privy Gardens. From an engraving by Sutton Nicholls, published about 1695 The Fountain Court . ... The Colonnade ............ Pediment of a Window in the South Front, surmounted by William and Mary's Coat-of-Arms Folding Plate, — Screens of Wrought Iron, which formerly enclosed the Gardens of Hampton Court. From Jean Tijou's " Nouveau Livre de Desseins," published in 1693 The Lion Gates * The King's Great Staircase 37 42 44 45 46 53 54 58 7o xxii List of Illustrations. PAGE The Flower-Pot Gate 73 Plan of " The Wilderness " 75 The Maze 77 Interleaved Plate. — Facsimile of original Contemporary Plan in H.M. Office of Works, showing the Alterations and the New Grand Approach to Hampton Court Palace from Bushey Park, proposed by Sir Christo- pher Wren (Date, 1699) 79 Plan of the New Grand Entrance Court to Hampton Court Palace, pro- posed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1699 ....... 80 Sketch in the King's Great Staircase 84 The King's Guard Chamber 88 William III.'s Dutch Guard in the Guard Chamber 89 King William's State Bedchamber 93 Folding Plate. — Bird's-eye View of Hampton Court as finished by William III. From Kip's " Nouveau Theatre de la Grande Bre"tagne" 108 Folding Plate. — William III. in the Banquet Room of the Banqueting House, built in 1700 128 Interleaved Plate. — Map of the Royal Domain of Hampton Court, showing the Avenues in the Park as laid out by William III. . . 137 Folding Plate. — The Cartoon Gallery in the reign of Queen Anne. After Gribelin . .170 Folding Plate. — Bird's-eye View, looking westward, of Hampton Court in the reign of Queen Anne. Reduced facsimile of an engraving by Kip, published between 1706 and 1 710 178 Interleaved Plate. — Portrait of Queen Anne 180 The Chapel 183 " The Rape of the Lock." From an engraving by Lud. du Guernier, in the first edition of the completed poem, published in 1 7 14 .... 195 The Lion Gates 200 Interleaved Plate. — The Queen's State Bedchamber, showing the Ceiling painted by Sir James Thornhill in 1 71 5 206 Interleaved Plate. — The Pavilions belonging to the Bowling Green at the end of the Terrace Walk at Hampton Court. Reproduced from an old print by Highmore and Tinney ...... 211 The Queen's Gallery 217 Queen Caroline's Bath ... 236 The Queen's Guard Chamber 244 View of the Great Parterre in the Great Fountain Garden, as altered about the year 1736. From an engraving by J. Rocque. . . . 261 Great Fountain Garden after the alterations in George II.'s time. From an engraving by Highmore and Tinney ....... 262 FOLDING Plate. — View, looking north-westward, of the Palace and Gar- dens of Hampton Court in the reign of George II. From an engraving by J. Rocque, published about 1736 266 Mantelpiece in the Queen's Gallery ........ 276 INTERLEAVED Plate. — View, looking eastward, of the Diagonal Walks in the Great Fountain Garden of Hampton Court in the time of George II. From an old engraving published about 1740 . .... 284 List of Illustrations. xxin Middlesex The Old Bridge at Hampton Court. From an engraving by Hulet, after a drawing by Canaletti, published in 1754 by Robert Sayer in Fleet Street The King's Guard Chamber The Great Vine. From a woodcut made about 1840 . Fireplace in the King's Dressing Room View, looking east, of the Long Canal and Great Avenue in the House or Home Park . North-east Angle of the old Palace. From a plate in Lysons' " Parishes," anno 1800 " Purr Corner " View showing the South and East Fronts of the New Palace The West Side, facing the First Court, of the Clock Tower General View of Hampton Court as seen from the River The Fountain Court ....... The " Push " The Home Park The Privy Garden PAGE 288 294 297 303 315 321 329 340 345 352 393 416 425 429 Plan of the Principal Floor of Hampton Court Palace a : The Pond Garden." 0510 20 30 1 ■ 1 — 1 — 1— Scale of Feet 60 go r William Ill's alterations. w G < — C «/• t/nie/ta in, tl/tulp. HISTORY OF HAMPTON COURT PALACE, IN ORANGE AND GUELPH TIMES. CHAPTER I. WILLIAM AND MARY AT HAMPTON COURT. William and Mary come to Hampton Court — Mary's Conduct at the Palace — King William shocks English Religious Prejudices — Building of New Royal Apartments determined on — Sir Christopher Wren entrusted with the Design — Difficulties of Wren's Task — Regrettable Demolition of the Old State Rooms — Arrival of the Princess Anne — William III.'s "Brutalities" and "Vulgar Behaviour " — Greedily gobbles up a Plate of Green Peas — His Mode of Life at the Palace — A Camp on Hounslow Heath — Rumoured Conspiracy — Dissatis- faction at William staying so much at Hampton Court — Princess Anne brought to Bed of a Boy — The Child baptized in the Chapel, and named William, Duke of Gloucester— His Sickliness — A Succession of Wet-Nurses — Mrs. Pack, the Quaker's Wife — Mother and Child remove to Kensington. HE accession of the Prince and Princess of Orange to the English throne marks as great an epoch in the history of Hampton Court as it does in that of England, for it was during their reign, and under their superintendence, that the greater part of the old Tudor State Apartments was pulled + E 2 History of Hampton Cotirt Palace. [1689 down, the new Palace erected, and the parks and gardens laid out in the form in which we behold them at present. Until their proclamation as King and Queen, on February 13th, 1689 — the day after Mary's arrival in London, and three months after the landing of William at Torbay — William had been too engrossed with affairs of state to find time to visit any of the royal palaces out of London ; but when once firmly seated on his father-in-law's throne, he began to look about him for some place where, without being too far away from his ministers, he might be free from the press and crowd of Whitehall, and give full indulgence to his unsociable inclinations. With this object in view he soon turned his attention to Hampton Court, and, ten days after the proclamation, came down with the Queen to spend two or three days here. 1 With its situation, and the aspect of the surrounding landscape, William was at once captivated : for not only did the flatness of the country remind him of the scenery of his own dear home in Holland, but even from the very palace windows he could look out on a long straight canal, fringed with avenues of lime trees, such as met his eye at Haarlem and the Haoue. The seclusion of the place also, combined with its convenient proximity to the capital, rendered it just such a residence as he was in search of. Accordingly, after paying several short visits to this Palace, he and Queen Mary moved hither for a more pro- longed stay, at the beginning of March. 2 The first we hear of them after their retirement is from Lord Clarendon, Queen Mary's uncle, who — after recording how she showed 1 Saturday, Feb. 23rd, 1689. — London his Relation of State Affairs, vol. i. : Gazette; Clarendon's Diary. "Their Majesties go frequently to 2 Almost at once after their first Hampton Court, taking great delight visit, Narcissus Luttrell records, in in that place." 1689] Arrival of William and Mary, 3 her dislike and hostility towards him and his brother, by at first refusing to see either of them, though the King treated them civilly enough — goes on to say, " In the evening, [March 3rd, 1689,] my brother Laurence 1 told me that he had been to Hampton Court, where King William had at last pre- sented him to the Oueen, but it was in the crowd, as she came from the Chapel-royal in that Palace. He kissed her hand, and that was all." 2 While William was attending to business, Mary amused herself by inspecting everything, walking out five or six miles a day, superintending the gardening, making fringe, and playing basset, and doubtless doing as she had done at Whitehall, on her first arrival as Oueen, where she went from room to room, looking at all the arrangements, and sleeping in the same bed where the Queen of James II. had slept. The Duchess of Marlborough, who was in attendance on her when she first arrived, tells us that she ran about " looking into every closet and conveniency, and turning up the quilts upon the beds, as people do when they come into an inn, and with no other sort of concern in her appearance but such as they express." 3 Evelyn's testimony is to a like effect: — " She smiled upon all, and talked to everybody ; so that no change seemed to have taken place at Court as to queens, save that infinite throngs of people came to see her, and that she went to our prayers." 4 In this last particular, however, the zeal of the newly-installed sovereigns rather out- ran their discretion ; for it was complained of the Queen that her Protestant feeling was so deep as to lead her to 1 Laurence Hyde, afterwards Earl State Bedchamber. See No. 197, His- of Rochester. He married in 1663 torical Catalogue, p. 62. Henrietta Boyle, daughter of Richard, ' 2 Diary of Henry, Earl of Claren- Earl of Cork and Burlington. Her don, vol. ii., p. 267, 4to. ed. 1828. portrait is among the Beauties of 3 Conduct of the Duchess of Marl- Charles II. 's Court, in William III.'s borough, p. 115, ed. 1742. 4 Evelyn's Diary. 4 Uistojy of Hampton Court Palace. [1689 suppress the fiddlers and other musicians who used to play- in the Chapel-royal ; while the King set his face against any church music at all, and deeply offended the prejudices of English ecclesiastics by adhering to the Dutch custom of wearing his hat in chapel. It was here, also, that he shocked the religious feelings of many of his new subjects by scoffing at the old English custom of touching for the King's evil — a superstition con- secrated by the usage of centuries, and sanctioned by the highest authorities in the Church. The close of Lent was the usual time for the ceremony ; and the fact of the Kinsf beinof at twelve miles' distance from London did not prevent a crowd of poor scrofulous wretches flocking from the capital to Hampton Court, to crave the magical virtue of the kingly touch. They received, however, but little medi- cal consolation at the end of their laborious journey. "It is a silly superstition," exclaimed William ; "give the poor creatures some money, and let them go." 1 Previous to this, Queen Mary had written to a friend of hers in Holland, giving her impressions of Hampton Court, and saying that, though the air was very good, the place had been much neglected, and was, in her opinion, wanting in many of the conveniences of a modern palace. 2 William was of the same opinion. " The King," says Burnet, 3 " found the air of Hampton Court agreed so well with him, that he resolved to live the greatest part of the year there ; but that Palace was so very old built and so irregular, that a de- sign was formed of raising new buildings there for the King and Queen's apartments." That he must have come to this 1 Macaulay's History, chap, xiv., - Lettres de Marie, Reine d'Augle- quoting Athenian Mercury, Jan. 16th, terre a M Hc . la Baronne de Wassenaer [691, and Paris Gazette, April 23rd. D'Obtta/u. Conservees aux archives des See also Lamberty's Mimoires de la Barons de Heeckeren de Wassenaer au Derniere Revolution en . ■lnglctcrn\\o\. chateau de Trvickei,p. 116, March 5th. ii., p. 216. 3 Memoirs 0/ His Own limes. 1689] New Royal Apartments determined on. 5 resolution almost immediately after his first visit to the Palace is clear from the fact that the works had already been begun as early as the beginning of April. 1 The architect to whom was entrusted the desiomino- of the o o new apartments was Sir Christopher Wren, by whose aid he hoped to rear an edifice that might in some degree vie with, if it could not excel, the palatial splendours of Ver- sailles. This, of course, determined the architectural style of the building, which — our own old English Gothic being then in great disrepute — was to be that of the debased Renaissance of Louis XIV. Wren's task was, as a con- sequence, no easy one ; for he had to unite his own to another work, totally different in style, and yet do so in such a manner as to maintain an appearance of con- sistency in the whole design, and to exhibit no glaring incongruity. This result, at any rate — whatever we may think of the new building in other respects — Wren, it must be confessed, has been pretty successful in attaining ; partly through having employed red brick, with dressings of white stone in the windows, doors, and string courses, as in the old Tudor work, and partly, also, by arranging the new buildings into the shape of a quadrangle, in conformity with the plan of Henry VIII.'s old Cloister Green Court, on the site of which Wren's new State Apartments stand. When we learn that, in addition to working with these fetters on his constructive skill, Wren had to consult Wil- liam III.'s taste in everything, and to defer to his sovereign's judgment instead of following his own, it is not surprising that the building, as it was finally completed, should scarcely be worthy of the great architect's genius. Horace Walpole, indeed, tells us, 2 on the authority of a descendant of Sir Christopher's, that he submitted another 1 See Audit Office Declared Accounts, Bundle 2482, Roll 294, Works and Buildings at Hampton Court. 2 Anecdotes 0/ Painting. 6 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1689 design for the alteration of the ancient palace " in a better taste, which Queen Mary wished to have executed, but was overruled." If this, however, means that an imitation of the old Tudor building was projected, we cannot but be glad, with Wren's mock Gothic towers at Westminster before our eyes, that the style selected was one with which he was more familiar. In any case, it is much to be regretted that Kine William should have deemed it advisable to order the destruction of Henry VIII.'s old state rooms, with the galleries, towers, and turrets appurtenant to them ; which, as we have observed in our earlier volumes, com- prised the most interesting parts of the old Palace, and were impressed with the historic associations of two centuries. The new apartments he wished to build might, one would suppose, have been erected without any demolition of the older structure. Altogether, we heartily wish that William of Orange, foreigner as he was, had never thought of laying his irreverent hand at all on the ancient home of our English Kines and Oueens. That he should have had any senti- mental feeling about preserving and perpetuating the charm- ing old red-brick courts with their mullioned windows, quaint gables, and moulded chimney shafts, or the curious chambers in which so many interesting events had occurred — with their fretted ceilings, their latticed casements, their old stained glass, and their gorgeous tapestries — could not be expected ; but, leaving the old Palace intact, he might have carried out instead the idea, which he is believed to have entertained at one time, of erecting an entirely new Palace at the west end of the town of Hampton, on an elevation about half a mile from the river Thames, 1 which design, however, is said to have been abandoned 1 Probably at Kempton Park, for- nington, and Chenetonc in Domesday merly called Kennington, Col Ken- Book, where there was at one time 1689] Wrens Designs for the New B nil ding. 7 on account of the time necessary for such an under- taking. However this may be, we can say for certain that William and Mary's existing quadrangle was far from being the whole building that the King and his architect contemplated erecting at Hampton Court. For it is expressly stated in Wren's " Parentalia " that the apartments built for the King and Queen were " a part only of the Surveyor's design for a new Palace there ; " and in the Office of Her Majesty's Works there is preserved a careful and detailed plan — pro- bably drawn by the hand of Sir Christopher himself — for a magnificent new Entrance Court to the Palace, on the north side, and an approach to it from Bushey Park, which im- provements would doubtless have been carried out, as essen- tial adjuncts to the new apartments actually erected — to say nothing of schemes still more grand and extensive, which we shall notice in a subsequent chapter — had not want of money delayed the works, and the death of King William super- vened, before his projects were completed. The fact that we do not, therefore, see Wren's entire design should be borne in mind when criticising his work at Hampton Court, especially if we are disposed to find fault with the insignificance of the approach. While William and Mary were busying themselves with plans and suggestions for the new buildings, preparations were actively going on in London for their coronation, 1 and in view of that great event, their Majesties publicly received the sacrament in the Chapel at Hampton Court from the hands of the Archbishop of York, on the 31st of March. a royal palace. See vol. i., p. 13, of London on April 9th to naturalize this history ; Brewer's London and Schomberg and other of his followers, Middlesex, vol. x., part iv., p. 492 ; and returned to Hampton Court again and Lysons' Middlesex Parishes, pp. the same evening. Lamberty's Me- 270,271. Wren's Parentalia. moires de la Derniere Revolution en 1 Luttrell's Diary. William went to Angleterre, vol. ii., p. 235. 8 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1689 A few days after, they went to London for their coronation in Westminster Abbey, on April nth; but they soon re- turned to the Palace again. 1 Here they were soon joined by the Princess Anne, who took up her abode at Hampton Court, where a suite of rooms had been prepared for her reception, 2 in expectation of her approaching confinement. But in spite of her condition, she was treated with no civility or kindness by her sister and her brother-in-law, and sometimes with positive disrespect and indignity, William not only refusing to let her have the allowance settled on her, but scarcely p-ivingf her enough for her commonest wants. " I could fill many sheets," says the Duchess of Marlborough, "with the brutalities that were done to the Princess in this reign. William III. was, indeed, so ill-natured, and so little polished by education, that neither in great things nor in small had he the manners of a gentleman. I give an instance of his worse than vulvar behaviour at his own table, when the Princess dined with him. It was in the beginning of his reign, and some weeks before the Princess was put to bed of the Duke of Gloucester. There hap- pened to be just before her a plate of green peas, the first that had been seen that year. The King, without offering the Princess the least share of them, drew the plate before him and devoured them all. Whether he offered any to the Queen I cannot say, but he might have done that safely enough, for he knew she durst not touch one. The Princess Anne confessed, when she came home, that she had so much mind for the peas that she was afraid to look at them, and yet could hardly keep her eyes oft" them." 3 1 London Gazette and Let/res de lUindle 2442, Roll 122, April 16SS to Marie d' Angle terre, p. 103, April \4, March 1689. Lamberty, vol. ii., p. 468. 1689. Lord Chamberlain 's Warrants, ' Conduct of the Duchess of Marl- 1 689. borough. a Audit Office Declared Accounts, 1689] King William 's Mode of Life. 9 The regal dinner hour was half-past one, or two at the latest. Supper took place at half-past nine ; if Queen Mary had to write a letter or despatch at eleven at night, she could not keep her eyes open. As a reminiscence of their routine life at Hampton Court this spring may be quoted the following feeble lines of the day : — "A Description of a Hampton Court Life, 1689. By Fleetwood] Shepheard? Man and wife are all one In flesh and bone, From hence you may guess what they mean ; The Queen drinks chocolate To make the King fat, The Kinq- hunts to make the Oueen lean. Mr. Dean he says grace With a reverend face, " Make room," crys Sir Thomas Duppa, 1 Then Benting up-locks His King in a box, And you see him no more till supper. 2 Occasionally their Majesties paid a visit together to London for the day, while the King at other times went to greater distances ; for instance, on the 14th of May, he and Prince George of Denmark went to inspect the fleet mustered at Portsmouth, 3 in view of the declaration of war against France, which had been issued from Hampton Court the week before. 4 1 Sir Fleetwood Shepherd was Gen- 3 Clarendon's Diary ; LuttrelTs tleman Usher of the Black Rod ; and Diary ; and London Gazette. Sir T. Duppa, Gentleman Usher to 4 On May 17th. Complete History of King William. Lord Chamberlain's Europe, 1 676-1 700 ; and Lamberty's Warrants. Mcmoires de ia Demiere Revolution, • Lansdowne MSS., No. 852, p. vol. ii., p. 385. 195. io History of Hampton Coui't Palace. [1689 At one time they had intended, after the prorogation of the Convention Parliament, which took place on August 20th, to remove to Windsor Castle for a while, on account of the dust caused by the demolition of the walls of the old Palace, which smothered the Queen's apartments. 1 But this intention had to be abandoned, by reason of an outbreak of smallpox in the royal borough. Remaining here, the King occupied himself with almost daily visits to a camp 2 which he had ordered to be formed on Hounslow Heath on August 13th, and which was composed of some six thousand men, both English and Dutch, consisting of " 10 battalions of foot and 6 squadrons of horse and dragoons." On the 17th he came over from Hampton Court to review them. " The English had the post of honour, His Majestie, after having exercised them, rode to the head of the English, and told them in effect that he wholly relied on them, and hoped they would endeavour to preserve his person and secure the Protestant religion : which was concluded with shouts from the army " — " avec les cris accutumez d'Angleterre," as Lamberty expresses it. Two days after " the army de- camped from Hounslow Heath." 3 On another occasion, later on, we hear of him visiting the Queen Dowager, Catherine of Braganza, " at her country house between Hampton Court and London," 4 a visit to be noted, because while there he received intelligence of a supposed plot against his life and government. The alarm was founded on an anonymous letter received by the Countess of Monmouth, o-ivinof information that the Catholics intended, on the night of Sunday, July 21st, to attempt the life of the King, set fire to Whitehall and other places in 1 Lamberty, vol. ii., p. 554: — "Les 3 Luttrell, vol. i., pp. 570-71. batimens qu'on faisoit a Hampton ' So Lamberty expresses it ; but we Court, rendant les apartemens de la cannot find that she inhabited any Reine fort poudreux,"' &c. other house at this time but Somerset - Luttrell, vol. i., p. 570. House. 1 689] A Rttmoured Plot. 1 1 London, and seize the Tower. 1 Lady Monmouth handed the letter to her husband, who took it to the Earl of Shrews- bury, who sent it to the King ; whereupon William doubtless hastened back to the Queen and Court at Hampton Court, where it was deemed prudent to take precautions. 2 Several companies of infantry and cavalry were kept under arms, all night, round about the Palace, the guards were doubled, and all persons entering were rigorously scrutinized and ques- tioned. The night, however, passed off quite quietly, the scare soon abated, and nothing more was ever heard of the conspiracy. The whole thing was probably nothing more than one of those bogus " Popish Plots," so often invented by the ultra-Protestants, with the object of exciting terror and hatred against the Catholics. But, except for such brief excursions, William was rarely seen beyond the precincts of Hampton Court, and great dissatisfaction was already beginning to be expressed, in various quarters, at the King's spending so little of his time in London. Even his ardent supporter, Bishop Burnet, is constrained to admit the justice of the com- plaint. " The King," he says, " a very few days after he was set on the throne, went out to Hampton Court, and from that palace came into town only on council days : so that the face of a court and the rendezvous, usual in the public rooms, was now quite broken. This gave an early and general disgust. The gaiety and diversions of a court disappeared." The founding of an English Versailles was, in fact, an idea in everyway repugnant to the ordinary Londoner; " and," as the Bishop adds, " the entering so soon on so ex- pensive a building afforded matter of censure to those who were disposed enough to entertain it." 3 Luttrell, vol. i., p. 561. 3 Burnet's History of His Own Lamberty, vol. ii., p. 512. Times, vol. ii., p. 2. 12 History of Hampton Coitrt Palace. [1689 Reresby l also mentions that Lord Halifax, the minister, told him " that the King's inaccessibleness and living so at Hampton Court altogether, and at so active a time, ruined all business ; that he had desired him to be in town some- times." He pointed out to him also the inconvenience it entailed on his ministers, who, every time they went to see him, lost five hours in going and coming. 2 But the King would listen to no remonstrances. " Do you wish to see me dead ? " he asked, peevishly. His absence from the seat of government was the more inconsiderate at this time, as a question of the very highest importance was just then being debated, namely, what should be the provisions of the Bill of Rights, especially whether the crown should be entailed on the Electress Sophia and her issue. This last point was rendered the more pressing as mis- givings were beginning to arise whether the Princess Anne would ever have a child at all, 3 in which case the ultimate chances of the descendants of the Electress would be of more immediate interest. But in the middle of the discussion all doubts were laid at rest. For on the 24th of July, — as announced in the ''London Gazette," — " about four o'clock in the morning, her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark was safely delivered of a son at Hampton Court. Queen Mary was 1 Memoirs, May 5th. 2 See also Lamberty (who being Portland's private secretary had access to the best information), vol. ii., pp. 203, 393 : " My Lord Halifax representa au Roi que le scjour de Hampton Court <5toit surtout incommode aux conseillers privez, qui toutes les fois quils alloient, perdoient cinq heures a aller et venir." See also Macaulay's History, chap, xi., who cites in addition an extract from a letter of Avaux to Croissy : " Le Prince d'Orange est toujours a Hamp- ton Court, et jamais a la ville, et le peuple est fort mal satisfait de cette maniere bizarre et retire'e." 3 " The Princess Anne of Denmark," says Evelyn, " is so monstrously swol- len that it's doubted whether her being thought with child may prove a tym- pany only." i68 9 ] Birth of William, Duke of Gloucester. 13 present the whole time of her labour, which lasted about three hours ; and the King, with most of the persons of quality about the Court, came into her Royal Highness' bed-chamber before she was delivered. Her Royal High- ness and the young Prince are very well, to the great satis- faction of their Majesties, and the joy of the whole Court, as it will, doubtless, be of the whole kingdom." l The birth of a young prince — a fact which would, at any rate for a while, allay the national anxiety as to the succes- sion — could not fail to be received with delight, not only by the partisans of the Revolution, but also by the many Englishmen whose chief concern was for a peaceful solution of the political difficulties. At various places the news was hailed with public rejoicings, with the ringing of bells, and the burning of bonfires. 2 William himself, in spite of the aver- sion with which he regarded the Princess Anne, was careful to mark his sense of the importance of the event by standing sponsor to the child, and giving him his own name, William. Compton, Bishop of London, formerly tutor to the Queen, was selected to perform the baptism ; and the accomplished Dorset, 3 who was then Lord Chamberlain, and with whom the Princess had taken refuge just eight months before, when she deserted her father, represented the King of Denmark. 4 Lady Halifax, wife of the famous " Trimmer," now Lord Privy Seal, was godmother. The ceremony took place on Saturday the 28th of July, in the evening, in the Chapel, 5 where just a hundred and fifty 1 London Gazette. Luttrell mentions the news in almost identical terms. See also Lamberty, vol. ii., p. 527. 2 Henry, Earl of Clarendon's Diary. 3 Lady Dorset's picture by Kneller is is in King William's Presence Chamber, among the Hampton Court Beauties. See the author's Historical Catalogue. * Macaulay presumes, from the meagre official announcement in the London Gazette and Luttrell, that Dorset was sponsor on his own ac- count ; but see Jenkins Lewis' Life of William Henry, Duke of Gloucester; and Lamberty, vol. ii., p. 527. 5 London Gazette. The Register of Hampton Church gives the date of the baptism as July 27th. 14 History of 'Hampton Court Palace. [1689 years before had been baptized Henry VIII.'s infant son, Edward. The Kino- declared at the font that he was to be known as the Duke of Gloucester, and that designation he bore ever after by usage, though there was no creation of the title, at any rate at that time, on account of his mother's regarding it as an ominously unlucky one. There were grounds, however, more solid than mere super- stition for uneasiness as to the fate of Anne's offspring ; for from the very day of his birth it was evident that he was a very weakly child, and there was only too much reason to fear that he would never survive to sit on the throne. Jenkins Lewis, who afterwards became the young Prince's tutor, tells us of the number of wet-nurses that were called in, in quick succession, to suckle him ; and he adds, with a somewhat superfluous particularity of detail, the reasons that led to the removal of each. After two or three changes, a Mrs. Wanley assumed " the office of wet nurse for six weeks, she being a handy good-tempered woman. All people now began to conceive hopes of the Duke living, when, lo ! he was taken with convulsion fits, which followed so quick one after another, that the physicians from London despaired of his life. They ordered change of milk ; and nurses with young children came, many at a time, several days together, from town, and the adjacent villages. Fresh orders were given for nurses, and each given five guineas." But all was of no avail, and the infant had been given over by the London doctors, when, among the countrywomen that attended, a certain " Mrs. Pack, the wife of a Ouaker, came from Kingston Wick, with a young child in her arms of a month old, to speak of a remedy which had restored her children. As she sat in the Presence Room, Prince George of Den- mark happened to pass by, and observing her to be a strong, healthy woman, he ordered her to go to the young Prince, 1689] The Young Dukes Nurses. 15 who soon suckled her, and mended that night, continuing well whilst she suckled him." 1 The Duke of Gloucester's foster-brother, named Joel Pack, was after this brought up and educated by the bounty and direction of Anne and Prince George, and eventually was given a clerkship in the Admiralty. 2 Queen Mary, notwithstanding the coolness that was springing up between herself and her sister, had been most assiduous in attending on Anne during her accouchement. I n one of her recently published letters to her friend, which she wrote from here on August 10th, she excuses herself for not having written for some time by saying, " Les couches de ma sceur survenant, j'ay eu beaucoup a faire, les premiers quinze jours estant continuellement dans sa chambre, ou celui de l'enfant, ou entouree de monde qui venoit sur cette occasion, de sorte que vous vous pleindrez de moi avec plus de justice, que de manque de nouvelle." 3 When the Princess Anne was well enough to move, she looked out after a house near town fit for his nursery, and pitching on Kensington as a place of good air, ,she went to reside at Lord Craven's house there, which he lent her for the purpose. 1 Life of William Henry, Duke of 3 Let Ires de Marie, Reine d 'Angle- Gloucester, terre d M Ue . la Baronne de Wassenaer 2 Treasury Papa's, vol. ccxv., No. D'Obdam, p. 118. 36. CHAPTER II. COMMENCEMENT OF WREN S NEW PALACE. Demolition of the old Cloister Green Court— Foundations of the New Build- ings — Their Ground Plan and Configuration — The New Fountain Court — The Semicircle of Lime-Trees before the East Front — The Great Fountain Garden — William and Mary's Interest in the Plans — The Royal Gardeners London and Wise — Audience to George Walker — Accident at the New Buildings — An Inquiry instituted — Sir Christopher Wren's Report — Acrimonious Discussion between Wren and Talman, the Comptroller of the Works — " Malicious Inter- pretation " — The Works resumed. [HILE the events narrated in our preceding chapter were passing at Hampton Court, the works for the new Palace were being actively proceeded with ; and by the time the Prince was born, the demolition of the old Cloister Green Court would appear to have been completed, and the foun- dations of the new building already laid. John Evelyn tells us that he went to Hampton Court on the 1 6th of July, 1689, on business, the Council being there, and that " a great apart- ment and spacious gardens with fountains was beginning in the Park at the head of the canal." l The canal, which, as we stated in our second volume, 2 was 1 Evelyn's Diary. 2 P. 217. 1689] Foundations of the New Palace. 17 dug by order of Charles II., and which originally reached close up to the old East Front of the Tudor Palace, had been laid out in such a direction as to make its central line inter- sect that frontage at right angles, exactly through the middle of the gateway. Naturally, therefore, this was now the ruling limitation in the planning of the foundations of Wren's new State Apartments, the intention being — as is clearly shown by a delineation made by Sir Christopher for William III., and preserved among his papers in the Library at All Souls' College, Oxford — that the line of the Long Canal, and those of the diverging side avenues, should converge on the centre point of the new East Front, where, of course, the main entrance on that side would be. The length of the East Front is 300 feet, and the width of the east range 76 feet. As the shape of the new buildings was to be rectangular, according to the rules of pseudo-classic architecture, the direction of the South Front was at once determined. Its length is 3 1 5 feet, and the width of the range 68 feet. Thus we have two of the sides of the new quadrangle ; which was completed, on the north by a range 42 feet wide, built parallel to the Chapel, and on the west by a low connecting gallery or screen, 14 feet in width, not extending in height above the first floor, and erected only a few feet distant from the old western side of Henry VIII.'s Cloister Green Court. The internal dimensions of this quadrangle — now known as " the Fountain Court " — do not, it is strange to say, form a perfectly rectangular space, for though the north and south sides are each 116 feet 10 inches long, the east and west sides differ in length to the extent of 13 inches, the east side being 110 feet 1 inch, while the west is only 109 feet long. How this arose, there is nothing to show. The relative position of the lines of the old and the new f c Plan of a Portion of Hampton Court Palace Temp. William III. nj::w:u:vj"w , .w^ H l v 1 !y: 1 ;y.:w:.wu..w:;:u"^i PRIVY GARDEN o 10 20 30 Co rioFcet 1689] The New Quadrangle and Garden. 19 buildings is shown on the accompanying plan, founded on one prepared by Sir Christopher Wren. Such was the ground-plan of the edifice which Evelyn saw rising on the site of the recently demolished Tudor court ; and from the configuration of the walls, so far as then completed, he can have seen that though the projected building might be grand, massive, and spacious, it would be wanting in most of the elements of originality or picturesque- ness. Of the architectural features of the elevation we shall have some more words to say further on : we may remark here, however, that by carrying back the two ranges on the east and south of the quadrangle, beyond the ends of the ranges on the north and west, an appearance is cleverly given to William III.'s addition to Hampton Court whereby it looks very much greater in size than it really is. By the " spacious gardens with fountains beginning in the Park," Evelyn means the present Great Fountain or Public Garden, which lies on the east side of the Palace ; and to make room for which, a couple of hundred yards or more of the western end of the canal must have been filled up, and the boundary of the park moved considerably to the eastward. The preliminary steps towards forming a new garden out of the park had already been taken, it would seem, by Charles II. himself before his death, for Stephen Switzer, author of a book on gardening called " Ichnographia Rus- tica," assures us 1 "it is certain that Prince did plant the large semi-circle [of lime trees] before the Palace at Hamp- ton Court, in pursuance of some great design he had formed in trardenino- ;" adding that " the foundation of great designs being thus laid by their Royal Uncle, it was thought to be one great inducement " to William and Mary to take up their chief residence there. 1 P. 75- 20 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1689 It was indeed a fine idea of King Charles's thus to link together the converging ends of the great avenues with a grand and bold curve of lime trees, which sweeping round to the line of the east front of the Palace, and to the walls of the old gardens, enclosed a great semicircular space of 9-£ acres : and the design of laying out this space as a splendid fountain-garden, was equally apt and judicious on the part of William and Mary. The plan of the gardens, we are assured by Defoe in his account of Hampton Court in the " Tour through the whole Island of Great Britain," was "devised by the King himself; and especially the amendments and alterations were made by the King, or the Queen's special command or both, for their Majesties agreed so well in their fancy, and had both so good a judgment in the just proportion of things, which are the principal beauties of a garden, that it may be said they both ordered everything that was done." In carrying out their magnificent scheme, they invoked the aid and advice of George London, a pupil of Rose, the famous gardener of the time of Charles II., and his suc- cessor in the post of Royal Gardener, to which he was appointed immediately after the Revolution, at a salary of ^200, and in addition made a page of the backstairs to Queen Mary. 1 With London was associated another inge- nious gardener named Henry Wise, who entered into a sort of partnership with him, and worked in conjunction with him in all the improvements that he carried out in the gardens and parks of Hampton Court. It is doubtless to London or Wise that Defoe alludes, when, in mentioning the gardening operations undertaken by William and Mary at Hampton Court at the beginning of their reign, he tells us that " the fine parcel of limes, which form the semi- circle on the south [?east] front of the house, by the iron 1 Switzer's Ichnographia Rustira^ p. 79. 1689] The Great Semicircular Garden. 21 gates, looking into the park, were, by the dexterous hand of the head gardener removed, after some of them had been almost thirty years planted in other places, though not far off." This remark — had we not the authority of Switzer for ascribing the great semicircle to Charles II. — would have led us to suppose that the lime trees in question were first planted at this time by William and Mary ; but we conceive that on this point Switzer's positive and certain statement must be conclusive, as he shows intimate acquaintance with Hampton Court, and probably worked in these very gardens himself, under London and Wise, whose pupil he was, and whose works he details ; while Defoe wrote thirty-five years after the event from hearsay information, which he may have misunderstood or misapplied. It may, however, be that the semicircle was at this time enlarged and extended, and the lime trees shifted further eastward in the park ; though it is equally probable that Defoe is alluding to the subsequent removal, in 1699 an d 1 700 — five years after the death of Queen Mary — of those lime trees, which were on the circumference of the semi- circle nearest the Palace, and the shifting of which was necessitated, as we shall see when we reach that period, by the extension of the gardens down to the river on the south, and to the Kingston Road on the north, so that the limes in front of the Palace no longer form a complete semicircle, but only a segment of one, and instead of reaching to the line of the facade, turn off at a distance of 50 yards from it, in a parallel direction. With this, however, we will deal more fully later on. 1 Throughout the months of August and September William and Mary remained in seclusion at Hampton 1 Pp. 106-8. Su: GJfndUr, jiin.v. JS ' .Scnven..cc. Sir Christopher Wren. 1689] King William leaves Hampton Court. 23 Court, 1 during which time there was little to disturb the even tenour of their lives beyond the conferring of knighthood on various individuals, who had proved themselves useful adherents to the House of Orange, and the giving of audiences to ambassadors and other persons of distinction. 2 One of these audiences deserves to be particularized, namely, when, on Thursday, the 29th of August, their Majesties re- ceived George Walker, the heroic defender of Londonderry, with many expressions of the sense they had of his great services ; and, as a mark of their royal favour and bounty, the King gave him a present of five thousand pounds. 3 On the last day of September, William left Hampton Court for Newmarket, in order to be present at the autumn meeting, and returned to the Palace on the 10th, quite " cleaned out," for besides having had a bad time of it on the racecourse, he was very "hard hit" at cards, at which he played every night, and lost as much as four thousand at one sitting. 4 A few days after, instigated perhaps by the remonstrances of his ministers and the complaints of the public against his being at a distance from London, he re- moved from this palace to Holland House for the winter. Not long after their departure an accident occurred to the new buildings that were then being erected, by the falling down of a wall, by which three or four men lost their lives, and several more were injured. The accident is ascribed by Luttrell to "the slightnesse of the wall." 5 At any rate, 1 See as to William III. at Hampton 5 Diary, Nov., 1689. Among the Court, Macaulay, History, chap. xi. ; accounts of this year we find the fol- Burnet, History of His Own Times, lowing : — " To Margaret Harrison, al- vol. iii., bk. v. ' lowed her out of y e Office of the Workes, 2 London Gazette and Luttrell's Re- as charity, her husband (who was a lation of State Affairs. labourer in these workes, being killed in :i Lamberty, Memoires delaDerniere June 1689 by the fall of an old brick Revolution en Angleterre, vol. ii., p. wall), 40^.," which seems to refer to an- 563. other previous accident. — Audit Office 1 Do., vol. ii., p. 606, and Luttrell's Declared Accounts, Bundle 2482, Roll Relation. 295. 24 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1690 an inquiry was ordered by the King to be instituted into the occurrence; and, on the 19th of December, Wren was called in before the Lords of the Treasury, and told that " his Majesty commanded that the matter should be ex- amined into by the Office of Works, and that he should re- port it to their Lordships in writings." l The great archi- tect would appear to have rather resented this ; and so remiss was he in sending in his report, that more than ten days afterwards the Lords had to insist on his giving an account of it forthwith. It requires, they told him, " some hast, for the King is of opinion y e building is in a bad condition." Sir Christopher, however, who was evidently very sensitive at any doubts being thrown on the soundness of his work, and apparently distrustful of the impartiality of his co-officials in the Board of Works, declared that he would go and examine persons with regard to it on oath, and that their Lordships should " have the affidavits of able men, not interested — bricklayers, carpenters, and masons, that have left off their aprons — and are without suspicion of being influenced by him ; " and " he promised to bring in his report on that day se'nnight, w ch will be Munday, 6 th January." It was not till the 10th of that month that his report and that of Mr. Tal- man, the Comptroller of the Works, who expressed himself adversely to Sir Christopher, were read by the Lords of the Treasury. He was then called in, and stated his views before the King, who decided, that unless, after hearing Talman, they should find " materiall cause to the contrary, the works at Hampton Court are to proceed." Two days after this, Wren and Talman were called together before their Lordships of the Treasury, when an animated scene took place between the architect and the comptroller. 3 1 Treasury Papers, vol. vi., No. yj ; and the builder, among other houses, of and extract from the Minute Book. Chatsworth. Professional jealousy may 2 Talman, whose Christian name therefore have had something to do was William, was an architect himself, with the acrimony of this discussion. 1690] Wren and the Board of Works. 25 " The- surveyour general [Wren] objects ag' M r Latham [whose opinion was noted in the comptroller's report] for a madman, and sayes the work has stood a new tryal in a hurrycane ; " 1 on which Mr. Talman replied that " my Lord Chamberlain's lodgings kept the wind absolutely from this building, and that M r Latham is not madd." Mr. Bankes (a member of the Board of Works) observed, that " there are 24 peers next the garden, 2 and but four stones crackt ; and y e cracks no bigger than an haires breadth ; that the building, every day it stands, is stronger and grows lighter." " Not at all," replied Talman, " every pier is crackt, that one may put his finger in." Mr. Oliver (another member of the Board) retorted, " None of y e masons M r Talman brought understand so good a work as this' is." " The masons I brought," replied he, "are three that Sir Christopher em- ploys. The piers are all crackt and hollow, and crampt with iron to keep them together." "What was done for greater caution," answered Sir Christopher, warmly, " ought not to be maliciously interpreted." " Pray," suggested Talman, " let 6 be chosen by mee, and 6 by you to judg in this matter." But the Lords thought, " thy'l never agree, one part will say one thing, th'other another." " I'le putt it on this," interposed Wren, " a man cannot putt his finger in y e cracks." "No," rejoined Talman, "because you've had them stopt ! " On this the Lords said, they " thought that that was a matter of fact, and they resolved to appoint in- different persons to view the same and see if the building will stand or no." The result of the inspection seems to have been favourable to Wren's contention, and it was ordered that 1 The hurricane was on the night of 2 The 24 " piers " would appear to the 1 1 th of January, and, according to be the blocks between the windows. Luttrell, "did great damage in several That Sir Christopher was right in as- places, blowing down stacks of chim- serting their solidity has long since neys, and untiling tops of houses." been proved. 26 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1690 the works be resumed and proceeded with, with all possible despatch, Wren continuing his duties as architect, or "sur- veyor" as he was designated in the accounts, at the very modest salary of 4^. \od. a day, 1 and Talman, as Comptroller of the Works, at a salary of 6s. iod., his supervision being probably more arduous and unremitting than Wren's. For a time, at any rate, the ill-feeling between the two was allayed, though a subsequent ebullition, which took place later over the works at this Palace, shows it was still smouldering. o 1 This seems to have been in addi- Majesties Works." — Audit Office De- tion to his regular allowance of £%o a eland Aceoiuits, Bundle 2443, Roll year as "Surveyor-General of Their 124. CHAPTER III, QUEEN MARYS PRIVATE LIFE AT HAMPTON COURT. The Water Gallery furnished and decorated for Queen Mary — An aesthetic Retreat — Her Oriental China and Delft Ware — Her Bathing Closet — Her Pursuits and Amusements — Her Love of Needlework — Her Gallery of Beauties painted by Kneller — Her Love of Gardening — A choice Collection of Exotics — A Remarkable Agave — Her Hothouses — A Description of the Gardens- Borders of Box — Queen Mary's Bower — Queen Mary supervises the Works at Hampton Court— Her Consultations with Wren--The Buildings delayed by want of Money and Portland Stone. (ENDING the completion of the new State Apart- ments, which in any case could not, even with the most urgent despatch, be got ready for the King and Queen's occupation for a considerable time, their Majesties were desirous of having a set of rooms fitted up with all the modern conveniences of that day, in some part of the old Palace, where they might reside in comfort, while superintending the buildings and the laying out of the new gardens. This need was felt especially by the Queen, who was already greatly attached to Hampton Court, and who liked to retire to it whenever she could get away from London, during her husband's long absences in Ireland and abroad. Accordingly she fixed upon a building,at one time occupied 28 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1690 by Queen Elizabeth when princess and under restraint by order of her sister, 1 and occasionally assigned to visitors at Court, but chiefly used as a landing-place from the river, and thence known as the " Water Gallery," which, by its detached situation, at some distance from the main building, was admirably adapted for the purpose of a temporary residence while the new Palace was being finished. It was, therefore, about this time, put into the hands of the decorators and furnishers, who soon made of it, under the Queen's direction, " the pleasantest little thing within doors that could possibly be made, with all the little neat curious things that suited her conveniences." 2 Here Mary delighted to take up her abode : and her retreat would do credit to any aesthetic lady of the present day. The decoration of the rooms was superintended by Sir Christopher Wren, and included painted ceilings and panels, richly carved doorways and cornices, with festoons of fruit and flowers in limewood by the delicate hand of Grinling Gibbons, oak dados, hangings of fine artistic needlework, and corner fireplaces with marble mantelpieces surmounted by diminishing shelves, on which were placed many rare and curious pieces of oriental and blue and white china. The taste for this she was the first to introduce into England, and for her choicest specimens she had cabinets specially made by Gerrard Johnson, a clever cabinet-maker of the time, which were placed in a room called " the Delft- Ware Closett," and many of which may now still be seen in various of the State Rooms. Other rooms of hers in the Water Gallery were : " the Looking Glass Closett," which she en- gaged James Bogdane, the fashionable painter of animals, to decorate for her; 3 her "Marble Closett" in the same 1 See vol. i., p. 271. :| Audit Office Declared Accounts, a Defoe's Tour through Great Bundle 2482, Roll 297. Britain. 1690] The Water Gallery furnished for Queen Mary. 29 suite, which was likewise finely painted and decorated ; and her " Bathing Closett," which was fitted with a white marble bath, " made very fine, suited either to hot or cold bathing, as the season should invite. She had also here a dairy, with all its conveniences, in which her Majesty took great delight," l being once heard to say that she " could live in a dairy." 2 Here, at the Water Gallery, and in the gardens close to it, Mary spent most of her time ; sometimes plying her needle on the balcony of beautiful wrought iron, which overhung the then uncockneyfied Thames, and watching the barges float to and fro ; sometimes superintending the laying out of the gardens, or attending to her botanical collection ; some- times discussing with Wren the details of the new building, and sometimes sitting at work with her ladies, beneath the shade of the curious intertwined trees, still known by the name of " Queen Mary's Bower." Her habit of working with her needle was much extolled by her sycophantic panegyrist Burnet, who, in his Essay on her memory, declares that, " In all those hours that were not given to better employment, she wrought with her own hands ; and sometimes with so constant a diligence, as if she had been to earn her bread by it. It was a new thing, and looked like a sight, to see a Queen work so many hours a day." 3 Specimens of her needlework, consisting of hangings and coverings for chairs, couches, and screens, were long shown at Hampton Court, and were described as " extremely neat and very well shadowed." 4 They were all removed from the Palace some years ago. It was in the Water Gallery, also, that the Queen had her " Gallery of Beauties, being the Pictures, at full length, of the principal Ladies attending upon her Majesty, or who 1 Defoe. 3 Ditto. 2 The Royal Diary, 1705, p. 3. * Apelles Britannicus. 2,o History of Hampton Court Palace. [1690 were frequently in her Retinue ; and this was the more beautiful sight," in Defoe's opinion, " because the originals were all in Being, and often to be compared with their pictures." 1 Sir Godfrey Kneller was the artist who painted this series of portraits, henceforward known as " the Hampton Court Beauties," to distinguish them from Lely's Beauties of the Court of Charles II., to which we adverted in our second volume, 2 and which, having formerly hung at Windsor, were thence at one time called " the Windsor Beauties," though they now hang in this Palace in the King's State Bed- chamber. " Of the Beauties of Hampton Court," remarks Horace Walpole, 3 "the thought was the Queen's during one of the King's absences ; and contributed much to render her un- popular, as I have heard from the authority of the old Countess of Carlisle, who remembered the event. She added, that the famous Lady Dorchester advised the Queen against it, saying : ' Madam, if the King was to ask for the por- traits of all the wits in his court, would not the rest think he called them fools ? ' " The Queen, however, would not be dissuaded ; she apparently wished to emulate the enterprise of the Duchess of York, for whom Lely painted his series of " Beauties ; " and Kneller, on his part, entered thoroughly into the spirit of the idea, and did his best to rival his predecessor. But his productions, it must be confessed, cannot compare with their models, either as works of art or objects of interest. They are heavy in style, and have much sameness in their designs ; and the originals could boast of none of those romantic adventures, or piquant and scandalous anecdotes, which have immortalized the "Beauties" of the Merry 1 Tour through Great Britain. 2 P. 246. 3 Anecdotes of Painting. 1690] The Hampton Court Beauties. 31 Monarch. Kneller was knighted, however, for his perform- ance, and received besides a medal and a chain worth ^300/ Lord Lansdowne, the poet, who knew all the ladies, and celebrated several of them in his verse, concludes his " Pro- gress of Poetry," 2 by the following reference to them : — Oh, Kneller ! like thy picture were my song, Clear like thy paint, and like thy pencil strong, The matchless beauties should recorded be, Immortal in my verse, as in thy gallery. The " Hampton Court Beauties" remained at the Water Gallery after the Queen's death, until that building was demolished on the completion of the new Palace, on account of its obstructing the view, when they were placed in a room directly under the King's Guard Chamber, thence- forth called the "Beauty Room," where William III. used sometimes to dine in private. 3 Since the rearrangement of the pictures about forty years ago, they have adorned the walls of King William's Presence Chamber. They were originally twelve 4 in number, as appears from the set of plates engraved in mezzotint by John Faber, junior, but only eight now remain here, those missing being : Doding- ton, Duchess of Manchester; Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough; and Jane, Countess of Clarendon ; and Queen Mary her- self, whose full-length, painted by Kneller for this series, had long been replaced by Wissing's half-length. The print of the Queen, however, here inserted is after Kneller's picture. Those still at Hampton Court are : Lady Diana de Vere, Duchess of St. Albans, who was the only child and heiress of Aubrey de Vere, twentieth and last Earl of Oxford, and who, being immensely rich, was betrothed when a mere 1 Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, 3 Afielles Britannicus, and George and Buckeridge's Essay towards an Bickham's Delicice Britannia. English School. " See J. Challoner Smith's British ■ Works, ed. 1736, vol. i., p. 63. Mezzotinto Portraits, part i., p. 309. 3 2 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1690 child by Charles II. to his natural son by Nell Gwynne; Lady Mary Bentinck, Countess of Essex ; Carey Fraser, Countess of Peterborough ; Lady Margaret Cecil, Countess of Ranelagh ; Miss Pitt, afterwards Mrs. Scroop; Lady Isabella Bennet, Duchess of Grafton ; Lady Mary Compton, Countess of Dorset ; and Lady Middleton. The portraits are all full-lengths, the ladies being re- presented standing, nearly all looking to the front, and attired in conventional drapery, without the preposterous headdresses of the time, but the hair so skilfully disposed and elevated as not to shock too severely the prejudices of fashion. The backgrounds are landscapes and gardens, with pillars and balustrades. 1 While Queen Mary was living at the Water Gallery, she devoted much of her time to gardening, and she gathered to- gether here a number of choice exotics and other rare plants, for which she sent gardeners at great expense to Virginia, the Canary Islands, and other places. 2 Her collection was entrusted to the care of Dr. Plunkenet, a distinguished her- balist, whom she appointed her head-gardener at a salary of ^200 a year, 3 and who assisted her to raise many foreign, and especially tropical plants from seed in the hothouses in the Privy Gardens, and in the old Melon Ground. 4 Many of these were long preserved at Hampton Court ; and, indeed, some remnants of her collection may still be seen in the Privy Garden — in the winter in the greenhouse and 1 For further information on these paintings see the author's Historical Catalogue of the Pictures at Hampton Court. 2 Audit Office Declared Accounts, Bundle 2482, Roll 298. "To Jas. Road, Gardiner, for going to Virginia to make a collection of Fforeigne Plantes — ^234 1 is. gd. Also to Mr. Whahur (?) being so much to him paid for ye charge of sending 2 persons to the Canaries to collect Plants— £72." 3 Switzer's Ichnographia Rustica, and Archaologia, vol. vii., p. 124. 1 The "Melon Ground" was that part of the old Kitchen Garden— now rented by Mr. Laytham from the Com- missioners of Woods and Forests — which lies between the Tennis Court Lane and the old moat. 1690] Queen Marys Collections of Tropical Plants. 33 orangery, and in the summer ranged on the walk in front of the south side of the State Apartments. For instance, there are several remarkably fine specimens of the Agave Ameri- cana variegata, or " Century Plant," as it is sometimes called, on account of the belief that under cultivation it takes nearly a hundred years before it flowers. This is not actually the case, though specimens, which, in their native country, would probably bear flower in ten years, have been known to be fifty years old without doing so. None of those at Hampton Court, at any rate, had ever been known to bloom by anyone now living, until the summer before last, when one of them suddenly burst into blossom, exactly two hundred years after it was first brought here, and its flower-stalk, which would grow several inches in a day, rose to a height of no less than sixteen feet, and carried thousands of pale yellow flowers, dripping with nectar. The plate on the next page, shows this remarkable plant in flower, in the old Greenhouse, where are also ranged many of Queen Mary's orange trees. Another interesting plant, also of the Amaryllis order, called the Agave Filamentosa, whose leaves are clustered like the American agave, and are about a foot in length, also happened to bloom two summers back. Curiously enough, it had been supposed to be dead and decaying, and had been thrown away in a dark, dry cellar, when it was dis- covered in the spring of the year before last, not only alive and healthy, but throwing out a fine white flower-stem. It was then placed in a tub and nurtured with great care, so that its flower grew to a height of six feet, and carried hun- dreds of blossoms. 1 There also remain at Hampton Court several citrons, and a good many orange trees, which were in William 1 Ex relatione Mr. Jack, head-gardener of the Queen's Private Gardens at Hampton Court. f D The Old Greenhouse, with an American Agave in Flower, and Queen Mary's Orange-Trees. 1690] The Quee?is Orange- Trees and Greenhouses. 35 and Mary's collection — the oranges of course having a political significance, which made their culture an object of great interest. Some of the trees are undoubtedly of very great age, and were perhaps brought over by William himself from his gardens at Loo, where they may have been growing many years before. That some, at any rate, came from Holland is clear from an entry of a payment of £70 5s. 6d. made to Herman Jansen Valck for "orrange trees" about this time. 1 / Three curious catalogues of Mary's botanical collection are preserved in the British Museum, 2 one by Dr. Gray, and one dated 1690. There is also a curious description of the Queen's "stoves," by which is meant her green- houses, as they were in 1692. 3 There appear to have been three of them, each being 55 feet in length, 8 feet broad at the bottom, and 5 feet at the top ; and arranged with furnaces and flues for heating them. Her Majesty's taste in this regard is noticed by Burnet in his commendatory remarks on her death, in which he speaks of her as giving " her minutes of leisure with the greatest willingness to architecture and o-ardenaofe. gj ie f^j a richness of invention, with a happiness of contrivance, that had airs in it that were freer and nobler than what was more stiff, though it might be more regular. She knew that this drew an expense after it ; she had no inclination besides this to any diversions that were expenseful, and since this employed many hands, she was pleased to sav that she hoped it would be forgiven her." 4 Of the garden and the hothouses in which Queen Mary's plants were at this time reared, we will quote an account, written by a horticulturist in the year 1691 : — 1 Audit Office Declared Accounts, 3 Sloane MSS., No. 4036, folio 295. Bundle 2482, Roll 298. 4 Character of the late Queen Mary, ' Sloane MSS., Nos. 2928, 2370-1, in the Royal Diary, published in 1705. and 3343. 36 Histoiy of Hampton Coiwt Palace. [1690 " Hampton Court Garden is a large plat, environed with an iron palisade round about next the Park, laid all in walks, grassplats and borders. Next to the house some flat and broad beds are set with narrow rows of dwarf box, in figures like lace patterns. In one of the lesser gardens is a large greenhouse divided into several rooms, and all of them with stoves under them, and fire to keep a continual heat. In these there are no orange or lemon trees, or myrtles, or any greens, but such tender foreign ones that need continual warmth/' l The fashion mentioned in the above account of using a considerable amount of box in beds and borders, is referred to by Switzer, 2 who observes that " in the Hampton Court gardens, as laid out by William III., the only fault was the pleasure gardens being stuffed too thick with box, a fashion brought over out of Holland by the Dutch gardeners, who used it to a fault, especially in England, where we abound in so good grass and gravel." He adds that Queen Anne's " first work was rooting up the box, and giving an English model to the old made gardens here and elsewhere ; and the gardens laid in that plain but noble manner they now appear in ; " and Defoe, writing six years after Switzer, observes : " The fine scrolls and bordure of these oardens were at first ed^ed with box ; but on the Oueen's disliking the smell, those edgings were taken up, but have since been planted again, at least in many places, nothing making so fair and regular an edging as box, or is so soon brought to perfection." Of the general appearance presented by the gardens at this time, a good idea can be formed from the plates at 1 Archceologia, vol. xii., p. 181, No. are deficient upon a view of them in xvi., "A short account of several gar- 1691 ' — citing an original manuscript, dens near London, with remarks on signed J. Gibson, Jan. 26, 1691. some particulars wherein they excel or -' Ichnographia Rustica, vol. i., p. 75. 690J Queen Marys Gardens. 37 pages 42 and 44, after engravings by Sutton Nicholls, and on pages 108 and 1 78, after engravings by Kip. In that on page 42, giving a view of the South Front of the Palace and of the Privy Garden, there is to be noticed, on the left, the long arbour of wych or Scotch elm, one of the most inte- resting curiosities of Hampton Court Gardens, usually known by the name of "Queen Mary's Bower." It is 100 Oueen Mary's Bower. yards in length, 20 feet high, and 12 feet wide, and the branches of the trees are so wonderfully intergrown and interlaced, as to form an avenue completely enclosed and roofed in. It was, perhaps, in existence prior to the build- ing of the new Palace and the alterations in the gardens ; for Evelyn tells us in his " Diary," under date June 9th, 1662, that " the cradle-work of horne-beame, in the Garden, is for 38 History of Hampton Cotirt Palace. [1690 the perplexed twining of the trees very observable." The trees, however, are not hornbeam, but wych elm. 1 During the summer of 1690, while William was in Ireland, Mary, who had been appointed Regent in his absence, was so busily occupied with public affairs in London, that she rarely had an opportunity of coming down to Hampton Court. She managed, however, to do so now and then, to see how things were getting on, and to report on the progress of the works to her husband. On these occasions, she by no means contented herself with a mere perfunctory and un- intelligent inspection of the works : on the contrary, we are assured in Wren's " Parentalia," 2 that " the Queen pleased herself from time to time in examining and surveying the drawings, contrivances, and the whole progress of the present building, and in giving thereon her own judgment, which was exquisite ; for there were few arts or sciences in which her Majesty had not only an elegant taste, but a knowledge much superior to any of her sex in that, or, it may be, any former a^e." But the absence of the King, and the great expenses con- sequent on the war, made it very difficult to extract the re- quisite funds for carrying on the works, from a reluctant and deplenished Treasury. Mary, who was very anxious that the new apartments should be got into a forward state against the King's return, and who had probably received letters from him exhorting her to press them on, writes to him on the subject on June 24th (O.S.), 1690 : " As for the buildings, I fear there will be many obstacles, for I spoke to Sir J. Lowther' 1 this very day, and hear so much use for money, and find so little, that I cannot tell whether that of 1 Loudon's Encyclopedia of Trees Earl of Lonsdale, was at this time First and Shrubs, p. 720. Lord of the Treasury, and one of the 1 Page 320. Council of Nine. ' Sir John Lowther, afterwards first 1690] Progress of the Works. 39 Hampton Court will not be the worst for it, especially since the French are in the Channel, 1 and at present between Portland and us, from whence the stone must come. Three weeks after, on the 12th of July, 1690, she came down to the Palace to see how the works were progressing, arriving so early in the morning as to be able to see what she wanted, and get back to Whitehall by midday. On the night of the same day she wrote, while in bed at eleven o'clock, to tell the King that things were still going on very slowly, "want of money and Portland stone being the hindrances, and indeed, in a time when there are such press- ing necessities, I am almost ashamed to speak about it, and yet it is become so just a debt that it ought to be paid." 3 But in spite of the justness of the debt, it remained unliqui- dated for nearly ten years, as we shall see later on — a state of things that seems to have been chronic in those days, as far as the works at Hampton Court were concerned. The amount, it is true, was considerable, reaching for the years, April 1st, 1689, to March 31st, 1691, as much as ^54-484- 4 As to the Portland stone, it was required for the frame- works of the windows, the string-courses and other stone ornaments in the new building ; and we may observe that through the want of it, the window-dressings of the top storey, on the inner side of the east range of Wren's quad- rangle, were put in with Bath stone. This stone, however, decayed so much in comparison with the rest of the stone- work, that a few years ago it had to be restored, and was replaced in Portland stone — the deficiency which Queen 1 They were under Tourenne, to 2 Dalrymple's Memoirs, Part II., whom Admiral Torrington gave battle Appendix, p. 14. off Beachy Head on the 30th of June, 3 Dalrymple's Memoirs, Part II., and was defeated. See post, p. 104. Appendix, p. 139. 4 Audit Office Declared Accounts, Bundle 2482, Roll 295. 40 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1690 Mary bewailed being thus at last made good two hundred years later. These delays in the progress of the works seem to have annoyed the Queen very much, for she was anxious to install herself in the new Palace, and to satisfy her husband's im- patience to do the same, of which she was continually being reminded by letter during his absences. We find her still bemoaning this when writing to her friend Mdlle. de Was- senaer D'Obdam, three months after her husband's return, on the 5th of December, 1690 : l " II faut que vous sachiez que durant l'absence du Roi, je n'ay pas eu le temps d'avoir soin des batiments qui se font a Hampton Court, et quelques petites choses que je fais faire icy, cequi m'a tant occupee." 1 Lettres de Marie d'Angleterre, . - - > 53 bo c ^ > rt r/i s- bo ■— • c 0) c rt ." o > — X. 1 691] Architectural Features of Wrens Palace. 45 in the form of four decorated pilasters, which extend through the balustrade, and on the tops of which formerly stood statues. The small stone pediments over the two windows midway between the centre and the wings are very finely decorated with stone carvings, consisting of cupids sup- porting shields with the arms of William and Mary, sur- The Fountain Court. mounted by crowns. These and other decorative carvings, as we shall see shortly, were executed a year or two later than the time of which we are just now treating, and appear to have been from the hand of a sculptor of the name of Caius Gabriel Cibber, father of the celebrated actor. Thus far as regards the East and South Fronts of the new Palace. But, in the meanwhile, the inward side of Wren's Ouad- rangle was also being completed, and here, though the 4 6 History of Hampton Court Palace. [169] general design of the elevation is much the same as that of the two great facades, it varies in having, on the ground floor, an open arcade of semicircular arches, supported on rectangular pillars or piers of stone-work. The arches — from the inner sides of which branch brick-work groinings, forming the roof of the cloister and supporting the floor of the State Rooms above — are twelve in number on the north ■agggSSfe - ' ;:. ""■ '-'^'^ The Colonnade. and south sides, and eleven in number on the east and west. The height of the cloister is 1 2 feet. Lest the architectural critic should be disposed to blame Sir Christopher Wren for making these cloisters so low, we must record the fact, as stated in Wren's " Parentalia," that his Majesty "excused his surveyor for not raising the cloisters under the apartments higher; 1 691] Various Works and Improvements. 47 which were executed in that manner according to his express order." L Another portion of the work, perhaps the most creditable of all to Wren's genius, is the Colonnade in the Second or Clock Court, which was built across its south side to form an approach to the King's Great Staircase, and also to mask the irregular though picturesque range of buildings behind. Though out of place amidst Tudor surroundings, it is in itself very handsome. It consists of seven couples of Ionic pillars, with pilasters of the same order at either end against the wall, supporting an entablature and balustrade at the top. Over the two middle couples stand two large carved vases of stone ; and below are ornaments of foliage, masks, and various trophies of war. Its dimensions are: length, 89 feet 4 inches ; internal height, from floor to ceiling, 20 feet 6 inches ; external height, to the top of the parapet, 27 feet 9 inches. About this time, while the new State Rooms were still unfinished, Queen Mary appears to have made use of the ground floor of the Palace for storing some of her large plants, especially the orange trees ; for there is at the Office of Her Majesty's Works an old drawing, dating from about this time, and made perhaps by Sir Christopher Wren, of the South Front of the Palace, showing these plants in the windows of the Orangery, under the State Rooms ; and that the cloisters were used for the same purpose is evident from the observation of Defoe that "the orange trees and fine Dutch bays were placed within the arches of the building, under the first floor ; so that the lower part of the house was all one as a greenhouse for some time." 2 The old Orangery is still used for housing some of the tropical plants in winter. It is 158 feet long by 18 feet broad, and has 13 windows. 1 Page 327: "Certified to the Collector, by the Right Honourable Thomas, Earl of Pembroke." 2 Tour through Great Britain. 48 History of Hampton Court Palace. [169] Among the various improvements about the Palace, the Chapel was not overlooked ; and Compton, Bishop of London, who was also Dean of the Chapel Royal at Hampton Court, and had baptized the Duke of Gloucester, having complained to the Lord Chamberlain, Lord Dorset, that a new organ was much wanted, his lordship issued his warrant, on August 2nd, 1690, to "Bernard Smyth, Their Majesties' Organ Maker in Ordinary," for the making of a new one. 1 The organ still in use in the Chapel, though well worthy of so distinguished a maker as the celebrated " Father " Schmidt, who is evidently the person here re- ferred to, 2 is, however, apparently not his work ; as his pupil and successor, Christopher Schrider, subsequently made, as we shall see, another new organ for the Palace Chapel in the reign of Oueen Anne. 3 From the autumn of 1691 onwards, for two or three years, we can glean but very little which touches on the history of Hampton Court, except the bare record in Luttrell's " Diary," of the occasional visits of William and Mary to see how the w r orks at the Palace were getting on. 4 Thus, on Dec. 30th, 1691, "Their Majesties went yesterday to view the new buildings at Hampton Court, which are very magnificent ; " and, besides other visits, 6 on Nov. 10th, 1693, "Their Majesties dined at Hampton Court, and re- turned to Kensington in the evening." But during this time, though William and Mary were 1 Lord Chamberlain's Warrants, 1689 to 1 69 1, folio 130. - He died in 1708. See Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. iii., p. 539a ; and Brown's (J. D.) Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, I'- 546. ' See post, p. 184. ' On Nov. 24th, 1691, he notes: '• His Majestie in his way to Hampton Court, took view on Hounslow Heath of the Lord Colchester and Col. Godfrey's Regiments of Horse and the Lord FitzHarding's Regiment of Dragoons, before they go for Flanders." 6 On " Teusday, Oct. 4th, 1692, the ( hicenwent this day to Hampton Court and dined at Lord Faulconbridge's and after came to Kensington." See also I'd). 2 1 st and June 13th, 1693. 1692] Decoration of the Fountain Court. 49 not often here, great activity prevailed in the new buildings, and the workmen were busily occupied in completing and fillintr in what had hitherto been little more than the out- line and shell of the new Palace. In the interior, staircases were being built, floors laid, and doorways, windows, wain- scot, and ironwork fitted ; while on the exterior, carvings and other decorative works were being executed by the most experienced hands. The old bills preserved in the Record Office afford us many curious particulars relating to these works, and the interest they possess in connection with the history of the Palace, as well as the light they throw on the state of the decorative arts and the prices paid for artistic work, render some of them well worthy of notice here. Thus we find that Louis Laguerre, the well-known assistant and imitator of Verrio, and the painter of the great staircase at Petworth, and many of the apartments at Burleigh for Lord Exeter, was employed to decorate the twelve circular spaces of the round-window or half- storey on the south side of the Fountain Court, with frescoes, in chiaroscuro, of the Twelve Labours of Hercules. In this commission was also included the painting of four other similar spaces — doubtless those in the middle of the South Front — with representations of the Four Seasons. These last, however, though indicated in Sutton Nicholls' engraving of this facade, on p. 44, have now disappeared — all the eight " dummies " of this facade being now painted in imitation of windows, as, indeed, four of them had origi- nally been by Laguerre himself. 1 The " Labours of Hercules " are now much damaged by time and weather, although restored not very long ago, and their artistic merit can never have been very great. Yet ^86, which was the sum Laguerre received for the whole 1 Audit Office Declared Accounts, Bundle 2482, Roll 296. f E 50 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1692 job, was wretchedly inadequate remuneration for painting sixteen frescoes, each five feet in diameter, on a scaffold some fifty feet from the ground ! While he was engaged on this work, William III. gave him apartments in the Palace ; and he was also appointed, according to Horace Walpole, to repair Mantegna's nine splendid pictures of the " Triumph of Julius Caesar," which were at Hampton Court, and "had the judgment to imitate the style of the originals, instead of new-clothing them in vermilion and ultramarine." We cannot, however, but wish that his some- what coarse brush had never been suffered to touch them at all. The carvers eno^o-ed to decorate the new Palace were remunerated on a much more liberal scale — thus ^918 3^. $d. was paid to William Emmett " for carving worke by him performed in and about sev 11 partes of the s d New Buildings." 1 It is not possible to identify precisely the portions of the work which he executed ; but we may, with some pro- bability, ascribe to him most of the subsidiary ornamental stonework, such as the garlands of flowers within the arches of the arcade in the Ouadrancde, the stone framework of the round windows, which are carved to represent lions' skins, and the vases over the Communication Gallery. Other similar carvings, which we perhaps also owe to Emmett, are the vases and trophies over the cornice of the Ionic colonnade in the Clock Court, and the key-stones over the windows of the ground floor on the East and South Fronts, which key-stones are carved with heads and the initials of William and Mary in monogram. All this work, however, was doubtless performed under the supervision of Grinling Gibbons,' 2 who — probably 1 Audit Office Declared Accounts, in the accounts, and it is so inscribed Bundle 2482, Roll 296. on his print ; but according to Walpole 3 His Christian name is spelt Grinlin he wrote himself Grinling. 1692] Stone Carvings by Grinling Gibbons. 51 through the influence of Wren — had been appointed " master carver" of the works at Hampton Court, 1 and who seems to have been as competent an artist in stone, as in that exquisite wood-carving, for which he is so generally famous, and some of the finest specimens of which may be viewed in this Palace, as we shall see later on. Indeed, that he himself executed, with his own hand, a good deal of the ornamental stone-carving on the exterior of the new Palace, seems evident from the entries in the old accounts, where we find that between the years 1691 and 1694, a debt of ^744 16s. od. was incurred towards " Grinlin Gibbons for carving by him performed in and about the said buildings ;" 2 and again, in the accounts for the years 1694 to 1696, a sum of £ is entered as payable to ''Grinlin Gibbons, Ma r Carver, for carving cornishes, moldings and picture frames ; for architrave, freeze, sub-base and other carvers worke by him done in and about the s d Buildings." 3 What were all the precise portions of the carver's work " in and about the said buildings " which emanated from Gibbon's chisel, it would be futile to endeavour to dis- cover now. But we shall probably be correct in assigning to him the very fine and vigorous heads on the key-stones of the arches of the Fountain Court ; while the second of the two entries just cited seems to prove that, besides the carving in wood of cornices and picture frames, he executed most of the decorative stonework of the central compart- ment of the East Front — the frieze, in truth, betraying in an unmistakable manner the influence of his well- known style in wood, being carved with vases and baskets of flowers and fruits. The fine bas-relief, however, in the great pediment over the architrave is not from his hand — 1 See Complete History of Europe. 2 Audit Office Declared Accounts, Bundle 2482, Roll 296. 3 Do., Roll 297. 52 History of Hampton Court Palace. [^93 his lack of skill in composition or with the human figure doubtless accounting for the assignment of this task to another artist. That other sculptor, who received ^400 for " Insculpting the Relievo on the Timpan of the Great Frontispiece, with Iconologicall figures, and for sev 11 Journies of himself and men to look after the performance," * was Caius Gabriel Cibber, " statuary," father of the celebrated Colley Cibber ; and he executed the work in question between the month of April, 1694, and the same month in 1696. It represents " The Triumph of Hercules over Envy," and seems to have been intended as a sort of compliment to King William III. — though in physique, at any rate, his Majesty was anything but a Hercules, and " Envy " was scarcely an apt emblem under which to personify the feelings of a dethroned monarch towards his usurping nephew and son-in-law, who had ejected him from his kingdom, robbed him of all his possessions, and seated himself in his place. Nevertheless, as a work of art it is admirable, and must be reckoned among the very best works of Cibber, who has hitherto been chiefly known to amateurs of sculpture by what he did at Chatsworth, and by his excellent figures of Melancholy and Raving Madness, formerly before the front of Bedlam, and immortalized by Pope in that scathing couplet on his son, Colley Cibber : — Where o'er the gate by his famed father's hand Great Cibber's brazen, brainless brothers stand. Much other carving about the Palace was done by Gabriel Cibber, and in fact to him seems to have been entrusted most of the finer sculpture as distinguished from the decorative em- bellishments. Thus there is, in the old accounts, an item 1 Audit Office Declared Accounts, Bundle 2482, Roll 297. ^931 Carvings by Gabriel Cibber. 53 annexed to his name : " For carving two coates of armes in Portland stone, sev" statues and Figures in metall, and for carriage of the statues and other charges — ,£530." The " coates of armes " are evidently the beautiful pieces of stonework, which surmount the small pediments over two of the windows on the first floor in the South Front, and which exhibit cupids supporting shields with the royal arms crowned. The statues and figures were doubtless some of Pediment of a Window in the South Front, surmounted by William and Mary's Coat-of-Arms. those that formerly served to decorate the top of the Palace and the gardens, but were removed to Windsor by George I V. Gabriel Cibber, we also find, carved for Hampton Court " a great Vauze of white marble, enricht with divers orna- ments, with a pedestal of Portland stone, also enricht " for a sum of ^"134 ; L and there was a companion vase sculp- tured by one Edward Pearce, and described as "a great Vauze of white marble, all the figures enriched with leaves and festoons of shells, and Pedestal of Portland stone like- 1 Audit Office Declared Accounts, Bundle 2482, Roll 298. 54 History of Hampton Court Palace. [ l6 93 wise all members enricht." It was evidently to these that Defoe refers, when, in his account of Hampton Court in 1724, he says : " At the entrance gate into the garden stand advanced, on two pedestals of stone, two marble Vases or Flower- Pots, of most exquisite workmanship, the one done by an Englishman, the other by a German." Their pedestals still remain as formerly, but the vases are now at Windsor. Throughout the gardens, there were similar ornaments, very few of which, however, still remain here. Among them there is special mention of " two other vases, bearing a studied resemblance to the former, and sumptuously worked like them in bas-relief, with subjects from the heathen mythology," 1 which stood near the west end of the long canal, and which we may doubtless identify with the " great marble Urne with divers base releeves and figures," carved by Cibber for £521 12s., and the "white great marble Urne with divers figures and other ornaments," carved by Edward Pearce, the price of which was included in a sum of ,£200 paid him for this and other work. 2 Similar urns, vases, and statues were placed about the gardens in formal opposition to each other at measured points, on pedes- tals, on terrace walls, and on flights of steps. In decorations of this sort, and in designing and planning extensive schemes of gardening, rather than in the minutiae of botany and flower-beds, lay William III .'s predilection. And what with levelling of ground and raising of terraces, cutting of drains and making of fountains, building of walls and erecting of iron gates, he had almost as much on hand, at this period, in the gardens, as in the new buildings. One of the ornamental works, which we owe to him, de- serves special notice. We refer to the splendid gates or screens of exquisitely wrought iron, which were made to 1 Beauties of England, ed. 1816, * See Audit Office Declared Accounts, vol. x., part v., p. 481. ubi supra. U- cJi/ou -O 3i- ctdct • y Screens of Wrought Iron, which formerly enclosed the Gardens of Hampto jb- Gcn/ot • fciiiij. c - 'HO Hurt. From Jean Tijou's "Nouveau Line de Desseins," published in 1693. 1693] Magnificent Screens of Wrought Iron. 55 enclose the gardens, and which remained in situ till some twenty-five years ago — the admiration and delight of every appreciative visitor to Hampton Court. 1 They were designed by a Frenchman named Jean Tijou, as appears from a book of copper-plate engravings published by him in 1693, entitled " Nouveau Livre de Desseins, Invente et Dessine par Jean Tijou " (" A New Booke of Drawings Invented and Designed by John Tijou "), and described in French and in English as " Containing severall sortes of Ironworke as Gates, Frontispieces, Balconies, Staircases, Pannells, etc., of which the most part hath been wrought at the Royal Building of Hampton Court." From this work we reproduce the annexed plate, showing two of the best screens of the series, from which the reader can judge how magnificent an embellishment they formed to the gardens of Hampton Court, and how excellent was the workmanship lavished upon them. Indeed, they are the finest specimens of decorative ironwork ever executed in England, and it is doubtful whether that metal has ever, in any country or in any age, been moulded into forms more exquisitely delicate and graceful. 2 Each screen is 10 feet 6 inches high, and 13 feet 4 inches broad, and consists of two upright side panels, capped with crowns, which afford the means of support for the whole by buttresses and stanchions, and which enclose a central com- partment, 8 feet 7 inches across, and 9 feet 10 inches high, itself embracing a small subsidiary panel, where one of the national emblems, a harp, rose, or thistle, or the royal monogram of William and Mary, is introduced. ' It would appear that originally they Archcrologia, vol. vii., pp. 125, 126 surrounded the Private Gardens ; that (1783). then they were placed in the " Great * The only ironwork in England to Fountain Garden," and finally were compare with it, is that at Leeswood, ranged in the railing between the near Mold, in Flintshire. — Archao- House Park and the Long Walk. — logia^ vol. vii., p. 124. 56 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1693 The graceful curves of the foliated scroll-work, and the lightness and delicacy of the leaves, stems, and tendrils of the forged and beaten metal, are truly admirable, and reflect the greatest credit on the handicraftsman, whose artistic hammer and chisel wrought it into these beautiful shapes. The name of that handicraftsman is, as it happens, pre- served to us. He was one Huntingdon Shaw, of Notting- ham, and his monument in Hampton Church, after record- ing that he died " at Hampton Court the 20th day of October, 17 10, aged 51 years," goes on to state that "he was an artist in his way : he designed and executed the ornamental ironwork at Hampton Court Palace." On the authority of this inscription, Shaw has hitherto received the exclusive credit of having produced these screens, and patriotic gratulation has often been expressed that they are thoroughly English in design as well as workmanship. 1 It is added that the King died before the completion of the work, or at least before the screens were paid for ; that the Parliament repudiated the debt; and that Shaw died of dis- appointment. 2 But a suspicion that this plausible inference and the story built upon it, were not altogether in accordance with fact, suggested itself to the author when, on searching among the old Treasury Papers for Shaw's name, he failed to come across any reference to him — although the names and wages of all the artificers engaged on the works, from the great artists such as Cibber, Gibbons, Verrio, and Laguerre, down to the commonest labourers, are frequently mentioned. And this suspicion was confirmed, when among a " List of Debts in the Office of Works in 1701," preserved in the Record 1 Magazine of Art, vol. iii., p. 113; a Do., and Walford's (E.) Greater George Wallis, F.S.A., Artistic Iron- London. icor/:. 1693] Jean TijoiCs Designs for Artistic Ironwork. 57 Office, an entry was found, under the heading of " Hampton Court Gardens," of ",£1,982 os. yd. due to John Tijou, Smith " — the conclusion being that in Tijou we must recog- nize the real author of these magnificent works of art. The clue thus afforded resulted in the discovery of the rare and curious book of Tijou's above cited, whereby the correctness of our surmise was demonstrated. To Shaw, however, there may still remain the honour of having, with unequalled skill and art carried out the designs of the master, under whose immediate supervision he probably worked. The explanation of Shaw being credited, by the memorial inscription, with the designing as well as the execution of the screens, perhaps lies in the exaggerated notion of his achievement, entertained by the friends and neighbours, who erected it to his memory. At any rate, we cannot suppose that Tijou could have ventured, a year or two after their completion, to lay claim publicly to works which did not really emanate from him — unless, indeed, the institution of artists' " ghosts " already flourished under the reign of William and Mar)'. However this may be, and whatever share Huntingdon Shaw may have had in the creation of these beautiful works, certain it is that Jean Tijou was the only person recognized in the matter by the Board of Works and the Treasury. This recognition, however, was somewhat of a negative kind, considering that, as we have seen, there was in 1701, ten years after the work was finished, a sum of no less than £"1,982 due to Tijou in respect of them, and that the bulk of the claim was still undischarged in 1 jot,, nearly two years after the death of William III., when we find Tijou addressing a petition to the Lord High Treasurer of Queen Anne for payment of £"1,889 ls - °^- "due to him from the late King for the Ironwork at Hampton Court, 58 History of Hampton Coiwt Palace. [1693 ^1,782 \s. 6id. being in the gardens," — that is, for these very screens ! 1 There is perhaps, therefore, some foundation for the story that Shaw died of disappointment at not re- ceiving payment for his work ; for Tijou, who himself re- mained so long unpaid, may naturally have been unable to remunerate the workman, who executed them under his direction. From further researches among the old enrolled parch- ment accounts in the Record Office, we seem to have V*^'« V ?%mm? « mm The Lion Gates. identified the exact charge made by him for these screens, together with the gates, which were ranged in the same fence with them 2 : — " To John Tijou for 2 pair of great Iron Gates with two other little gates on each side thereof, for 8 square pillars of ornaments, 12 pannells for the circle of the Fountain Garden at Hampton Court 1 Treasury Papers^ vol. lxxxvi., No. 96, July 7th, 1703. s Audit Office Declared 'Accounts, Bundle 2482, No. 296. 1693] Gates of Decorative Iron. 59 with ornaments, Iron and Workmanship included, and for 10 pilasters between the pannells ; all Iron likewise included, £7SS is- od." The " 12 pannells " are probably the beautiful screens in question ; while of the " 2 pair of Iron Gates with two other little gates on each side thereof," one is still to be seen halfway down the Long Walk, and the other is, per- haps, the entrance-gates to the Wilderness, now known, on account of the two great stone piers which flank it being surmounted by lions, as the " Lion Gates." These gates are by no means of so elaborate a character as the screens, but they are, nevertheless, exceedingly fine specimens of ironwork. There are, besides, in the same accounts, items payable to Jean Tijou for " Three iron gates on the Queen's side next the Parke, and workmanship — ^360," and for another "three pair of Iron Gates" 1 — the first apparently to be identified with the garden gates, which are on the " Queen's side" of the Palace, and which figure among the engravings in Tijou's book. Of Tijou, and of his life and works, nothing has hitherto been known, except that he was father-in-law to the painter Laguerre, 2 and that he designed the iron screens in the chancel of St. Paul's Cathedral. 3 His fame, however, will for the future rest on his achievements at Hampton Court, his title to which being now vindicated, we may hope that further particulars relating to him may come to light. The twelve superb screens themselves unfortunately no longer decorate the gardens for which they were made. They were removed to the South Kensington Museum in 1865, a time when Hampton Court was also denuded of Raphael's cartoons, and of much furniture and tapestry, to 1 Audit Office Declared Accounts, 2 Walpole's Anecdotes. Bundle 2482, Nos. 296 and 297. 3 Phillimore's Life of Wren. 60 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1694 stock that institution, then in its struggling infancy. Their removal was defended on the pretext that they were perishing from neglect and rust, as if they could not have been repaired, repainted, and taken care of where they stood ! The real reason, however, of their being trans- ferred from the gardens here to the museum at South Kensington, was that the museum at that period was much in want of objects of art to justify its existence, and to stock its then empty galleries. But now that this tem- porary need has passed away, and that the loan by the Crown to the National Museum has served its purpose — South Kensington having splendidly vindicated itself, and having since become richly endowed by most judicious purchases with public money and munificent private gifts and bequests — assuredly the time has arrived to con- sider, whether these splendid works of art should not all be restored to the Royal Palace, for which they were originally designed, where they would be seen by as many people and to greater advantage, and from which, in the view of many, it was a mistake ever to have removed them. The sounder views that now prevail on questions of historic art, and the interest attaching to local association, should, we venture to think, effect this desirable restitution before long. Two of them, indeed, were afterwards, in deference to many protests, returned to Hampton Court, and are now placed, somewhat incongruously, in the Queen's Guard Chamber ; while five others were sent not long since to the Bethnal Green Museum. To return to the current of our narrative. All the works above described were still in active operation, when on December 2 in verse : — Great Verrio's hand hath drawn The gods in dwellings brighter than their own.' 1 Thomas TickelPs Poems. yo History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 His fame, however, was short-lived, and Pope's couplet : — On painted ceilings you devoutly stare Where sprawl the saints of Verrio and Laguerre, has given the cue to all criticism since. The King's Great Staircase. The painting of this staircase, which is 43 feet long, t>7 feet wide, and about 40 feet high, affords us a charac- teristic and glaring example of the tasteless exuberance of 1699] King s Great Staircase painted by Verrio. 71 Verrio's pencil : Gods and Goddesses, Nymphs and Satyrs, Bacchanalians and River Deities, Virtues and Attributes, Zephyrs and Cupids, Apollo and the Nine Muses, ^Eneas and the twelve Caesars, Juno and her peacock, Diana and the rainbow, Ganymede and the eagle, Fame blowing her trumpet, Fate slitting the thread of life, Ceres with a wheatsheaf, Peace with an olive branch, Pan with his reeds, Hercules with his club, Romulus and the wolf, Julian the Apostate, with Mercury as his secretary, all jostle one another in amazing confusion, in impossible attitudes and wonderful attire, sitting on reeds, floating on clouds, sailing between columns, and reclining beneath canopies of rain- bows, flowers, and zephyrs' heads. The general effect, however, if one does not linger over the details, is striking and gorgeous, and the whole decora- tion of the staircase, with its walls in their lower part painted in monochrome with emblems and trophies of war, its broad steps of Irish stone, and its handsome ballister of wrought iron, is splendid and magnificent enough, even for the most sumptuous fancy, and forms as good a specimen as there is anywhere in England of that gaudy French taste, which in this reign finally triumphed over our less pretentious, but more picturesque native style. But the improvements were not confined to the interior of the Palace. Orders were at the same time given by the King for increasing the number of fountains in the great semicircular garden, for designing the magnificent terrace, or Broad Walk, no less than 2,300 feet, or nearly half a mile long, in front of the eastern facade, and for laying out the two oblong divisions of the gardens on both sides of the central part, between the Broad Walk and the House Park. William himself attended to all the details, " particularly the dimensions of the fountains, and what quantity of water they should cast up, and increased the number of them after the 72 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 first design." 1 The items during the summer months amounted to about ,£5,000, and included a sum of ,£1,721, " to build a wall next the Wilderness to answer that on the East side of the Terrace in the Gallery Garden," w r hich walls are the western boundaries of the two new divisions. 2 The estimate for these works bears the signature " George London," who, as w r e have seen, 3 was one of the King's head-gardeners, and to whom, in conjunction with Henry- Wise, his coadjutor, belongs the credit of laying out all the gardens and parks at Hampton Court in their present general form. Their style, as carried out here, as well as at Chatsworth, which they had laid out in 1694, and at Blenheim, which they undertook subsequently, combined the special features of the French taste, such as fountains, terraces, flights of steps, statues, etc., and those of the Dutch, such as box, clipped yews, and borders of plants and flowers figured like lace patterns. Indeed, they comprehended in their scheme almost as many things as are declared by Evelyn to be necessary for a royal garden, namely : " knots, trayle- work, parterres, compartments, borders, banks, embossments, labyrinths, daedals, cabinets, cradles, close-walls, galleries, pavilions, porticoes, lanthorns, and other relievos of topiary and horticular architecture ; fountaines, jettes, cascades, pisceries, rocks, grottoes, cryptae, mounts, precipices, venti- ducts, gazon theatres, artificial echoes, automate and hydraulic music." ' Defoe's Tour through the whole with festoons and four faces on each Island of Great Britain, vol. ii., p. 246. Urne and for sever" ffoot of superficiall ' Treasury Papers, vol. lxvii., No. molding in a pair of Peers adjoyning 14. See Appendix A. In the Audit to >'' House before the Princess's Office Declared Accounts, Bundle 2482, Lodgings" — apparently those in the No. 299, we find further particulars little garden called Lady Mornington's relating to these works and those in the (see post), Chapter XXI I. Privy Garden and Wilderness, espe- 3 See ante, p. 20. cially ," for carving two large Urnes [699] London and Wise s Style of Gardening. 73 One of London and Wise's garden curiosities at Hampton Court was an arbour, which was still in existence some ten or fifteen years ago, but which has unfortunately since then been entirely removed, instead of being repaired and preserved, as it might have been. It was described in an account of these gardens written in 1 783, 1 " as a most elegant The Flower-Pot Gate. alcove, consisting entirely of, and arched over with, trellis. Though the carpenter cannot be too much commended for the execution of his work, yet there is certainly a great absurdity in such a building, as it neither excludes wind, sun, or rain." This arbour was built against the wall of the garden at the north end of the Lime Walk. 1 Archceologia, vol. vii., p. 124. 74 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 In the same part of the gardens, at the north end of the Great Broad Walk, is a beautiful old gate, known by the name of the " Flower-Pot Gate," which must have been erected about this time. It is flanked by two handsomely carved piers of Portland stone, which, among other orna- ments, have panels carved with William III.'s initials, and a sceptre and sword crossed, with the crown above. The piers are surmounted by charming figures of boys bearing baskets or pots of flowers, whence the name of this gate. From London's estimate we find that some improvements were also in progress in the Privy Gardens — ^832 being charged for " making four flights of steps " there, and other mason's work ; while the old orchard was also taken in hand, and converted into a "Wilderness." ! " On the north side of the House,'' writes Defoe, " where the gardens seemed to want screening from the weather, or the view of the chapel, and some part of the old building required to be covered from the eye, the vacant ground, which was large, is very happily cast into a Wilderness, with a Labyrinth, and Espaliers so high, that they effectually take off all that part of the old building, which would have been offensive to the sight. This Labyrinth and Wilderness is not only well designed, and completely finished, but is perfectly well kept, and the espaliers filled exactly, at bottom to the very ground, and are led up to proportioned heights on the top ; so that nothing of that kind can be more beautiful." 2 This favourable verdict of Defoe's as to the plantation of the Wilderness was not, however, endorsed by his editors : for in the edition of the " Tour through Great Britain," published in 1742, instead of these commendatory remarks, they substituted the following criticism, with which we are Treasury Papers^ vol. lxxxiv., No. 109. Tour through Great Britain. Vol. i., p. 239. [699] The Wilderness laid otit. 75 more disposed to agree : "As the whole contrivance of the Plantations is in regular strait walks, bounded on each side by tall clipped Hedges, which divide the whole ground into Plan of the Wilderness. A.— The Broad Walk. D.— " Troy Town." B. — The Lion Gates. E. — The Grove or Bosquet. C— The Maze. F.— The Moat. G. — Tennis Court House. angular Quarters, to every person of taste it must be very far from affording any pleasure, since nothing can be more disagreeable than to be immured between hedges, so as to j6 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 have the Eye confined to a straight walk, and the Beauty of the Trees growing in the quarters, intirely secluded from the Eye. And at the same time as you are walking in this un- meaning plantation, you are denied the benefit of shade, by being confined to these regular walks, where it would be deemed an unpardonable fault, to suffer the neighbouring trees to diffuse their branches over these shorn hedges ; so that, in the midst of a wood, a person may faint for shade in a sultry day, the air being excluded from these walks by the taller trees in the quarters ; and pent-up air is much more troublesome in hot weather, than the heat of the sun in the most open exposed plain." The above cut, taken from an engraving of Hampton Court, published in the reign of George II., 1 will show the truth of this criticism of the design of the " Wilderness " as laid out by London and Wise, which corresponds, by the way, with an old plan in the Office of Her Majesty's Works, which we shall have occasion to reproduce later. 2 Though transformed in minor details, it still preserves its main features, prominent among which is the labyrinth or maze in the triangular space in the lower left-hand corner. In other parts other horticultural fantasies and curiosities are indicated, such as spirals and concentric semicircles of espalier work, the latter designated as " Troy Town " (Plan de Troy). A good idea of these and of the whole Wilder- ness is afforded by the bird's-eye view of Hampton Court inserted on page 1 78. The Labyrinth or Maze is now one of the best known and most popular attractions of Hampton Court, and has afforded infinite amusement and delight to three genera- tions of English boys and girls. The winding walks, though they do not cover a space of more than a quarter of 1 In 1736, dedicated to Frederick, Prince of Wales. 2 See post, p. 80. 1699] The Labyrinth or Maze. 77 an acre, amount to nearly half a mile. 1 There is a stand adjacent, in which the custodian places himself, in order to extricate you by his directions, should you acknowledge that The Maze. you are completely tired and puzzled. Switzer, however, condemned this maze for having but four stops, whereas he had given a plan for one with twenty ! 1 Archceologia, vol. vii., p. 124. CHAPTER VI WORKS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN BUSHEY PARK — THE KING S STATE ROOMS. The Avenues and Drive in Bushey Park — The Great Basin — Great Chestnut Avenue — Projected Grand New Approach to the Palace — Plan of the proposed Splendid New Entrance Court — Still vaster Projects of Improvement — Four Hundred Men employed on the Works — The Clerkship of the Works — Talman's Animus against Wren — The King's Impatience to occupy the new Apartments — Letter of Talman's about the Works — The Cartoon Gallery — Its Defects as a Picture Gallery — An artistic Locksmith — Return of William III. — His Visits to Hampton Court — The King's Guard Chamber — Further Improvements — New Fish Ponds in Bushey Park — A Highway Robbery. RESIDES the account, belonging- to the summer of this year 1699, f° r improving the Great Fountain Garden, signed " Henry Wise," there is another one in the same volume of the Treasury Papers, relating to the laying out of Bushey Park in the form which it now presents, with its stately lime-tree groves, its great circular basin, and its chestnut trees, which stretch away on the north side of it, in a magnificent avenue a mile long. Some of the items of charges, which show how a bare flat piece of ground was transformed into one of the noblest parks in England, may be not uninteresting to gardening antiquaries ; so they are collected in the appendix. 1 Here we will only observe that the works consisted 1 See Appendix B, and Treasury Papers, vol. lxvii., No. 14. i. ■> ■* V OS. 9 «r ^ n a. », «. » 4 a. aO <* W»» 4 "» •1 n V? 1699] Laying-out of Bushcy Park. 79 in making a great drive through the Park, 60 feet in width and about a mile in length ; in forming, near the Hampton Court end, a circle, in the centre of which was dug a great Basin — now called " the Diana " — 400 feet in diameter and 5 feet in depth ; in planting, on both sides of the road and parallel to it, and also round the circle, four rows of lime- trees, with a row of horse-chestnuts next to the road, to form the great Chestnut Avenue, leading from Teddington to the north entrance of Hampton Court ; and in making two other avenues, each originally about three-quarters of a mile in length, divergent from the circle and at right angles to the great avenue, one leading to the Paddock, and the other leading to Hampton. The trees numbered altogether 732 limes and 274 chestnuts ; and all these works, such was the cheapness of labour and materials, cost but / £4,300. 1 This Great Chestnut Avenue was evidently laid out with the object of forming a grand approach, not merely to the Lion Gates and the Wilderness, which now close its vista, but also to a new and stately Entrance Court, which in size and splendour would have been adequate to the importance of the Palace, and in keeping with the magnificence of Wren's Quadrangle. The plan for these improvements, which is preserved in the Office of Her Majesty's Works, shows that it was intended to have carried a road straight through the Wilderness and across the old moat, to lead up to the new court, 300 feet long by 230 feet broad, which would have occupied the ground now called "the old Melon Ground " 2 and the intervening space up to the Great Hall. The Court Yard, as the annexed facsimile of the plan shows, was to be enclosed on the east and west sides by buildings, doubtless the same in style as the rest of the new Palace ; the north side, towards the avenue, was to be open ; and on the south side there were to be, besides other 1 See Appendix B. 2 At present leased to Mr. Laytham. 1699] Proposed New Grand North Entrance. 81 architectural features, a colonnade and several great flights of steps. These were to lead up to the Great Hall, which was to be entered in the centre of its north side, and was to be the vestibule of the Palace, whence access was to be obtained, through a series of fine spacious new chambers, to the suite already constructed. That this plan was in view when the Chestnut Avenue was planted, is evident both from the old plans in Her Majesty's Office of Works, in the Library of All Souls' College, and in Sir John Soane's Museum, and also from the fact that the central line of the Avenue, when prolonged, intersects the north wall of the Hall exactly in the middle. The execution of the design would, of course, have in- volved the destruction of much of the older buildings, which, under the circumstances, fortunately remain to us, such as the old kitchens and the Tudor cloisters. Had it not been for this, we should have had every reason to regret that a scheme, calculated to add so much dignity to Hampton Court, was not carried out, it being especially an approach and entrance, worthy of its size and splendour, that the Palace at present lacks. But beyond this, there are among Wren's papers, several outline plans, indicating that still more extensive schemes had, at any rate, been sketched out, which would have involved the destruction of the first two Tudor courts at least, if not of nearly the whole of the old Palace, and the substitution for them of rectangular blocks, in the same classic style as the quadrangle actually built. Of this we have confirmation in what Defoe says : " I have been assured that had the Peace continued, and the King lived to enjoy the continuance of it, his Majesty had resolved to have pulled down all the remains of the old Building ; such as the Chapel, and the large Court within the First Gate, and to have built up the whole Palace after the manner of those two Fronts already done." t G 82 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 "In these," he goes on to say, "would have been an entire set of Rooms of State for the receiving, and if need had been, Lodging and entertaining any foreign Prince, with his Retinue ; also for offices for all the Secretaries of State, Lords of the Treasury, and of Trade ; to have repaired to for the Despatch of such Business, as it might be necessary to have done there upon the King's longer Residence there than ordinary ; as also Apartments for all the great officers of the Household ; so that had the House had two great Squares added, as was designed, there would have been no room to spare, or that would not have been very well filled. But the King's death put an end to all these things." ! Had they been accomplished, William would indeed have succeeded — as was ever his aim in his works at Hampton Court — in matching the glories of Versailles on the banks of the Thames, and England would have been endowed with one of the vastest and most splendid palaces in Europe. With such extensive schemes in hand, we shall not be surprised to find that no less than 400 men were daily engaged in expediting the works, against the King's return from Holland, whither he went on June 1st, 1699.' 2 We have already had occasion to notice the hostility which Talman seems to have entertained against Wren ; and about this time we are afforded another instance of his malevolence. The incident is also worth noticing, as a strange indication of the tendency, ever at work in old days, of public offices becoming hereditary. It appears that the resident clerk of the works of the Palace, whose name was Symonds, and who was a nephew of Sir Christopher's, had recently died ; and according to the statement in a petition of his widow addressed to the Treasury, his uncle had promised him on his deathbed, " that he would get someone to be appointed to his place, in trust for herself and son." She added, " he 1 Tour through Great Britain. ' See Narcissus Luttrell's Diary. 1699] Wren and the Clerkship of the Works. 83 had warned y r poor petitioner out of his Ma" house which her husband left her in, and noe manner of care is had of y r poor Pet" child." The petition was referred to Talman, as the Comptroller of Works, who in his report took care to press the case as strongly as possible against Wren. He declared that the petitioner's allegations were true, that Sir Christopher Wren utterly refused to do anything therein, that he had positively promised the employment at one and the same time to several others, and that he had given it to a Mr. Ball, his kinsman, who was already clerk of the works at Windsor. Under these circumstances, he advised that her son should be appointed to his father's place, with a suitable deputy, until he was of fit age to execute the duties. Sir Christopher's letter refuting the charges brought against him, deserves to be transcribed, as an instance of his straightforwardness, moderation, and good taste. It is dated July 12th, 1699, and addressed to Sir John Clayton. Sir, It is noe surprise to mee to heare the ill news of my deare Nephew's death, having but little reason to expect his recovery when I last saw him. I am much aflicted for his family and am not a little afraid it will not be in my power to serve the poor Children in the way I had projected for them, for it is not an hour since a servant neer the King's person came to me with a sort of mandamus, if I can weather this point, the best I can doe, will be that a friend and not a stranger should succeed ; I heartily lament his Death and his being long soe dangerously ill hath created once not a little trouble to answer the sollicitaeons of great persons whom I must and will disoblige. I wish the best comfort to the good widdow, who hath shown herself a tender nurse and infinitely deserved the good opinion of all his Relations, and particularly of Sr., Y r very humble servant, Chr. Wren. 1 In the meanwhile, King William was still abroad ; but 1 Treasury Papers, vol. lxiii., No. 46. 8 4 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 even amid the delights of his old beloved home at Loo, he was not forgetful of the new palace he was raising at Hampton Court. So anxious was he that everything should be ready when he came back, that, at the end of the month of August, he sent over his housekeeper, Mr. Bryan, from Holland, to announce that he should return at the latter end of September ; and that he expected the new apartments at Hampton Court to be ready by that time, for several foreign princes were coming with him, who were to be lodged in that palace, " where all foreign ambassadors were for the future to have their audience." 1 They were accordingly pushed on with all possible expedition, and Talman, in a letter dated Sept. 7- 1 2, to someone about the King's per- son, whose name does not appear in the document, 2 writes thus : — The 5 Roomes are almost finished, the great Stone Staires is done, and the Iron-work putt-up, the Gallery for the Cartoons of Raphell is soe forward, that I shall fix up the pictures in a week, the King's great Bedchamber and two closetts are in hand that his Ma"' will find I have made use of my time, for it proves a greater work than I expected, and I hope it will be to his Ma ts satisfacon. As to the Great Staircase, we have already noticed the painting of its walls and ceiling by Verrio. The ironwork of the baluster, which is very fine, was doubtless designed by Tijou. '"C~- 1 Luttrell. 9 British Museum Additional AfSS., No. 10, 101, fol. 69. 1699] The Gallery for the Cartoons of Raphael. 85 " The Gallery for the Cartoons of Raphael," which the reader may remember was, according to the proposal of Wren, to be fitted " with wainscot on the window side, and below the pictures, and between them to preserve them from the walls," is also known as the King's Gallery. It is one of the finest of the new State Rooms, being 1 17 feet long, 24 feet broad, and 28 feet high, and it extends along the whole of one side of the Fountain Court, and has twelve windows. Its appearance, with the cartoons hanging on its walls, is well shown in the engraving inserted further on, in Chapter XII. As a gallery, however, for the displaying of the cartoons, it was not altogether a success. The position assigned to them, above the oak wainscot, was so high, that the lower edge of the pictures was but a few inches below the top of the windows ; and the upper circular windows, which might easily have been pierced, and which thus would have given a great deal more light to the room, have never been made at all, but their spaces, on the outside, painted with the frescoes of Laguerre before noticed ; and, on the inside, covered with a heavy oak cornice. This arrangement would be quite unaccountable, unless its object were to guard against the injury, which the pictures might receive from excessive daylight ; and which, it is said, they have already sustained during the twenty-five years they have hung in the South Kensington Museum, since their removal in 1865. We trust that the advisability of their being returned to Hampton Court, and rehung in the gallery expressly built for them by Sir Christopher Wren, which is in many respects admirably suited for their reception, and which, if the upper windows were pierced, would be entirely unexceptionable, may soon be entertained ; and that being removed once more to the purer air of Hampton Court, they may yet remain for many generations unimpaired, 86 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 which they certainly will not, if subjected much longer to the gassy, smoke-laden, and corroding atmosphere of London. To proceed with Talman's letter : he next refers to the making of the road "60 feet broad through the Middle Park, and a Bason of 400 feet diameter in the middle of the Circle of Trees, which will be very noble. We have aboundance of projects," he adds, " (if his Ma tie will like them) by severall Noble Lords that we here call the Critiques!' He then goes on to notice a difficulty he had got into, by entrenching on the Lord Chamberlain's department, in the matter of a locksmith, thus affording us a curious instance of that jealousy between his Lordship's Office and the Board of Works, which seems to have been always latent, and which rumour says is not entirely extinct in our day. As His Majesty had given me power to finish his lodgings at Hampton Court, I concluded I was to take care that every work- man there employed should be a sufficient artist in his way. I find one Greenaway his Ma ts Locksmith by Warrant, who pretends hee has made the Locks for all the Lodgings, ever since the Queen's death, for Hampton Court. 1 The truth is the man is a very dull Smith, not brought up to that trade, but of late yeares has taken it up and has beene several trades. I have no prejudice to the man, but hee is an ignorant fellow. My Lord Ranelagh has desired me to employ one Keys, who is the most ingenious man in Europe and for whose work I will answere ; hee is making ten Locks for the Gallery, King's Bedchamber, Little Bedchamber and the two Closetts, that the Locks of these Rooms might answer the rest of y' finishing, but S r John Stanley has sent me a very sharp letter that if I intrench upon the Lord Chambcrlaine's Office, he must complaine to y* King. S' there is as much difference between the two men in their Art, as between Vulcan and Venus. S r if it is not improper to desire you to know of his Ma" e whether I may goe on ' That his pretensions were founded ham and Mary's reign, as " Locksmith on fact, is proved by the Lord Cham- to their Majesties," and orders for many berlain's warrants, among which is his payments to him. appointment, in the first year of Wil- 1699] Talman and the Lord Chamberlain s Office. 87 with those Locks (they being already half done) and the other may doe the rest (what I undertake I would have of a piece). I should be glad of the favour of an answere and am with the profoundest respect, S r Your most obliged humble servant W M Talman. The recommendation of Lord Ranelagh seems to have prevailed, and the Board of Works scored one in their perennial contest with the Lord Chamberlain's Office. For in a list of debts in the Office of Works, furnished to the Treasury after the death of William III., we find, under the heading " Hampton Court," the name of Josiah Key, smith, entered as a debtor for work done to the amount of ^800 ; while the name of Greenaway is nowhere to be found among the old accounts, after this time. Key was, in truth, thoroughly deserving of the com- mendation bestowed on him by Talman ; for the locks he made for the State Apartments, not only retain to this day the greatest excellence of mechanism and perfection of finish, but they also exhibit, in the brasswork that decorates them, a workmanship than which there is nothing finer of the sort in England. Notwithstanding every effort, however, and although workmen were employed without intermission, 1 it was found impossible to have them quite ready in time, though the King's return was delayed till nearly the third week in October. Four days after his arrival at Kensington, as soon as he could escape from the press of State business, and the receiving of loyal addresses and deputations, he came down to inspect the new buildings, which, in their now almost completed state, pleased him exceedingly. 2 The magnificent Luttrell, Sept. 19th. Oct. 30th, and Nov. 7th. See Luttrell On Thursday, Oct. 23rd, Monday, and the London Gazette. 88 History of Hampton Cotirt Palace. [1699 Guard Chamber, of which we annex a sketch, excited universal admiration, and the King declared that " the new apartments for good proportions, state and convenience jointly, were not paralleled by any palace in Europe." ! The King's Guard Chamber, which is one of the finest rooms of the suite, being 6o|- feet long, $7\ feet wide, and The King's Guard Chamber. 28 feet high, is curiously decorated with old arms, so arranged by a common gunsmith named Harris, who had decorated the Guard Chambers at the Tower and Windsor in this fashion. Harris, we are told," received a pension from the Crown for his ingenuity. The arms are exactly 3,141 in number. Facing the door 1 Wren's Parentalia, p. 326. '* Apelles Britannicns, 1 741 . :699] The Kings Guard Chamber. 89 are three trophies of five drums each, fixed between the upper circular windows of the half-storey and the lower windows. The lower part of the other walls are panelled with oak to about 1 5 feet in height ; the upper part is William III.'s Dutch Guard in the Guard Chamber. divided into sixteen compartments, flanked by oak pilasters. In these compartments are trophies of muskets, pistols, pikes, and bayonets, ingeniously arranged in stars, chequer- work, circles, and ovals ; in the centre of some is Medusa's head, of others Jupiter's thunder, and other devices. The 90 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 number of weapons is : 616 muskets, 180 spears, 82 hal- berds, 791 plug bayonets, 96 pouches, 6 helmets, 4 cuirasses, 2 horse-face fronts, 200 swords, 130 sword-blades, 16 drums, 21 drumsticks, 168 pikes, 629 pistols, and 200 bandoleers. Over the fireplace are William's arms, cypher, and crown, all carved in walnut-wood. Opposite the fireplace are eighteen halberds for the Yeomen of the Guard, who used to sit here in old days. The success of Wren's State Apartments, only stimulated him to aim at still further dignifying what was intended to be henceforth the chief residence of the sovereigns of England ; and, accordingly, on Monday, October 30th, and again on November 7th, the King was busily engaged at Hampton Court planning further works and improvements, and " attended by the Duke of Shrewsbury, who officiated in his place as Lord Chamberlain," having been induced, though very reluctantly, to accept that office, in succession to Sunderland. 1 Every sort of amusement, and opportunity for every kind of sport were to be provided in close proximity to the Palace. " Fish ponds and decoys," says Luttrell, " are making at Hampton Court; the deer are to be removed out of that Park (i.e. Bushey Park), and trees and shrubs to be planted for a hare warren and pheasants, that there may be always game at hand." 2 The pheasantry, which has now grown into a fine plantation, is in Bushey Park, and its position is shown on the map inserted on page 137. The Fish Ponds are also in Bushey Park, and appear to have been the same as those formed by Cromwell in the Hare- warren. 3 1 Luttrell's Diary and Grimblot's the Hare- Warren & in Bushey Park" Letters of William III. , vol. ii., p. 374. this autumn, occurs one for "650 3 Diary, Oct. 8th. Roods A of posts & Railesin the Great ' See vol. ii., p. 182. Among many Avenue there, the posts 7 ft. 6 in. long other items of carpenter's work "clone & 4 in. ^ sq r ; the Cant Railegirt 16 in. .iikI performed for his Ma" service in \v"' two large turnpikes in y e same." 1699] Further Improvements in Bushey Park. 91 For securing an adequate supply of good water for the fountains in the gardens, the Longford River, and drains, and water-courses were cleansed and repaired. 1 Two days after the King's visit of the 7th, Mr. Anthony Row, who designed the ponds in St. James's Park, and who presumably had been down to Hampton Court to advise the King on the works of a similar nature here, was driving back to London with a certain Mr. Charles May, in May's " calash," when they " were robbed by seven or eight foot- pads, of all their money, watches, snuff-boxes, etc. They broke Mr. Row's head for speaking hastily to them, & threatened to kill him " — a sufficiently vivid instance of the humours of the road in the olden time. 2 1 Treasury Papers, vol. lxv., No. 6 ; and vol. lxvii., No. 14, Account No. 3. 2 Luttrell's Relation. CHAPTER VII. WILLIAM III. IN HIS NEW PALACE FURTHER WORKS. Furniture of King William's Rooms — His State Bedchamber — His Bed — His old Clock and Barometers — His Delft Ware — The King's Dressing Room — His Drawing-Room and Privy Chamber — Beautiful Pair of Fire-Dogs — The King's Visits to Hampton Court — Estimate for further Works — W T illiam III.'s Altera- tions therein — "The Communication Gallery" — The King's Domestic Offices — Rooms in the Upper Storey — Staircases — Lord Albemarle's " Lodgings" — The Haunted Gallery — "Lodgings" for the Great Officers of State — Improvements in the Courts — The Fountain Court — William's Diversions at Hampton Court — Goes out Coursing in the Park — Attacked in Parliament. N the meanwhile the furnishing of William III.'s rooms was rapidly proceeded with ; and to enable the reader to conjure up before his imagination the King's domestic life at Hampton Court, we will describe the internal appearance and con- tents of one or two of them. First, we will glance at his Great State Bedchamber, a room 3$ ^ eet 9 inches long, 23 feet 7 inches wide, and 30 feet high, of which the ceiling painted by Verrio, and the carvings executed by Gibbons, we have already noticed. His bed, formerly in this room, and now in the Private Dining Room, was a great four-poster, with hangings of crimson velvet, decorated in its four angles with immense plumes. In the corner of [699] King William s State Bedchamber. 93 the room, by the bed, stood, and stands to this day, the King's great clock, six feet high from the ground, with two small dials on its face, telling the day of the month and other intervals of time, and surmounted by decorative figures in ormolu. It was made by the celebrated Daniel King William III.'s State Bedchamber. Ouare, and goes for one year, but though in good repair it is no longer wound up. In other corners of the room, near the doors, were two curious barometers, one made by Tompion, which still remain in the positions they originally occupied, and be- tween the windows is a fine pier-glass, with a border of cut blue glass, also dating from William's time, and bearing his monogram, W. R., surmounted by a crown, in blue and white engraved glass. 94 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 There are, besides, in various rooms, some of the old stools and high-backed chairs which belonged to the suite of fur- niture in this bedroom, and also several large bowls and jars of blue Delft ware, with the King's arms and monogram painted on them, which served both for use and for ornament. The jars, in which bulbous flowers such as tulips and hyacinths were planted, are especially noteworthy. They stand about four feet hio-h. The fireplace, with its old cast-iron fireback, its carved oak mantelpiece, its looking-glass, and its shelves, whereon are ranged several pieces of old Delft ware and china, forms another salient feature still remaining unaltered ; and when we restore, in imagination, the damask curtains that hung by the windows, as well as the tapestry of the " History of Joshua," and the eight silver sconces, chased with " The Judgment of Solomon," that formerly decorated the walls, we have a complete and vivid picture of the room as it was when inhabited by William III. Next to the State Bedchamber is the King's little bed- chamber or dressing-room, which we described in a pre- ceding chapter; and beyond is the King's Writing Closet, a small room, 24 feet by 17, likewise fitted with carved oak panelling, and formerly hung with pea-green damask. Its original furniture consisted of little else than the King's writing bureau, and a few chairs and stools. Opposite the windows of this room is a door in the wainscot, leading to a private staircase, the balusters of which are of most beautiful wrought iron. The stairs lead to a suite of rooms on the ground floor, which must have belonged to the King's apartments, and also to a private way into the garden, so that the King could go out unobserved. On the other side of the State Bedchamber were : The King's Sitting- Room (subsequently called the " Drawing Room ") ; next to that his Drawing Room (since used as an 1699] Furniture of the King's State Rooms. 95 " Audience Chamber ") ; next his Privy Chamber (now known as the "Second Presence Chamber"), and lastly, the Great Presence Chamber, which we shall describe on a future page. All these rooms were furnished in a similar way, with tapestries, with Turkey carpets or oriental matting, with stools, chairs, and settees of crimson and other coloured damask, embroidered in silver and gold, or silk worked with exquisite needlework, with pier-glasses, with marble tables, and with china cabinets. Much of this furniture can still be seen distributed in various rooms ; some of which still re- tain their beautiful chandeliers, one being of silver gilt, another of silver, and a third of elaborately cut glass. Other ornaments of King William's rooms deserving of special notice were the fire-dogs, of which several sets remain. One pair is particularly beautiful, and was made in 1696-7, probably by Andrew Moore. Each piece is of silver gilt, standing sixteen and a half inches high, having scroll-shaped pedestals, repousse'e with foliage and festoons of oak leaves and acorns, and surmounted by a boy holding a basket of fruit, while in front of each is a medallion, with W. R. in monogram crowned. They were exhibited at the Special Exhibition of Works of Art on Loan at the South Kensington Museum in 1862. 1 Magnificent, however, as the furnishing of William III.'s rooms was, it would probably seem meagre if gauged by the ideas of our own day, when ladies cram their rooms as though they were upholsterer's show-rooms or bric-a-brac shops — though in appropriateness and taste the fashion of the time of William III. was perhaps not so much wanting. At last the King's apartments being ready for his recep- 1 See Chaffers's Plate, p. 120; Museum, 1862, edited by Sir J. C. Cripps's Old English Plate, 3rd edi- Robinson, p. 480. They bear four tion, p. 333 ; and the Catalogue of the stamps — 1. Leopard's head cr. ; 2. Lion Special Exhibition of Works of Art passant; 3. Date-mark — t for 1696; on Loan at the South Kensington 4. Maker's mark, M. A. in monogram. 96 History of Hampton Court Palace. [ l6 99 tion, he came down on Friday, Nov. 17th, to stay here for five days, 1 stopping at Richmond on his way, to dine with Mr. Medina, a rich Jew. 2 He had, the day before, opened Parliament ; and on his arrival at the Palace, in the evening, he wrote as follows to the Pensionary Heinsius to inform him of the state of affairs. Hampton Court, Nov. 17 th , 27 th , 1699. Parliament opened yesterday. You will see from my speech that I ask nothing for myself; I speak only of their own safety in general terms. Hence one might expect a session that would offer no difficulty ; but people here have such a strange temper, that I dare not form any expectation. Opinions are divided as to what is going to be done. But I assure you that nobody is in a condition to judge, or even to form the slightest conjecture about it. We must always say here, like the newspapers, " Time will show." Both houses have adjourned till Friday next. 3 It was probably during one of these visits of the King's to Hampton Court, that he gave instructions for an estimate to be at once prepared by Talman for further works in some of the rooms not included in Wren's estimate, and not yet fitted or decorated. 4 Talman, accordingly, set to work immediately, and on Nov. 28th submitted his estimate to the Lords of the Treasury. By them it was immediately laid before the King, by whose commands it was forwarded the same day to Sir Christopher and the Board of Works, with their Lordship's directions to report thereon and deliver it back the next morning, "in which short time," said they in their report, " we cannot examine into the quantities at all, but take these as we find them." They made suggestions, however, for abatements in various particulars, which would have reduced the total of ^"5,514 $s. id. by £606 i8i". ' London Gazette. 3 Grimblot, vol. ii., p. 379. 2 Luttrell's Diary. * Treasury Papers, vol. Ixv., No. 1. 1699] Talmaiis Estimate for more Works. 97 Their report, with the estimate, was then laid before the King, who went through them and noted in the margin which of the alterations suggested by the Board, he wished to stand, and these documents were then handed to " Sir Ch. Wren & the rest of y e princip 11 officers of y e workes," with orders for the immediate carrying out of the works. Talman's original estimate, the report of the Board of Works upon it, and the King's marginal notes thereon, are still preserved in the Record Office, and are exceedingly valuable and interesting authorities in regard to the archae- ology, not only of Hampton Court, but also of the building and decorative arts in England generally at this time. We have consequently printed them in the Appendix ; ! but here we will not do more than cursorily notice their purport. The works, which were now undertaken, consisted, in the first place, in the completion of several of the state rooms, which adjoin, if they are not to be considered as forming part of, the King's State Apartments. First among these was the " Communication Gallery," which, as the reader will perceive from the plan prefixed to this volume, forms the west side of Wren's Quadrangle, and connects the King's apartments with the Queen's, and leads towards the Haunted Gallery and the Chapel. The Communication Gallery is 104 feet long by 14 feet wide, and is now occupied by Mantegna's " Triumph of Julius Caesar," and its decoration, together with the fitting of the " Eating Room " — a small room in the corner between the Communication Gallery and the King's Presence Chamber, and now used by the warders — cost the sum of ^679 \s. od. Proportionate sums were estimated for the furnishing of the " King's Backstaires," the " Backstairs to the Communication Gallery," the " King's Wine Cellar" — "required to be done to keep the 1 Appendix C. f II 98 History of Hampton Court Palace. [^99 King's wine warm " [cool ?] — and also for the domestic offices of the King's apartments, such as "the King's Side-Board Room," and "the King's Chocolatt Kitchen," which were apparently in the south-east angle of the Palace, with win- dows abutting on a little court known as " the Chocolate Court." A large portion of the work included in Talman's estimate was " To be done in all the Lodgings over the Queen's Great Staires, Guard Chamber and Presence Chamber," which are situated on the north side of Wren's Quadrangle ; and it is to be noticed that the Queen's State Rooms remained unfinished long after those in the upper storey had been completed, 1 and that, in fact, they do not appear to have been decorated at all, during the lifetime of William III. Under the same heading was included the finishing of " 3 pair of stone staires, and severall Rooms as you go up those stairs," known as the " Organ- Loft Stairs," the " Vestry Stairs," and the " Round Stairs," 2 which last were built in an 1 The word " story," when applied " case," room or space, that contains to a building, is always spelt with an the stairs. A "stair" is merely a flight " e " in the old accounts and by old of steps. The term " pair of stairs " writers ; and as long as our present has given rise to some discussion, but unscientific and ridiculous system of its obvious explanation is exemplified haphazard spelling is maintained, it is in nearly every old staircase at Hamp- as well to follow the old usage for the ton Court. To mount from one storey sake of distinguishing the two terms. to another it is necessary, in order that a The round stone stairs were in a each stair may not be too steep, and turret in the corner between the Royal to economize space, that two flights of closet to the Chapel and the Queen's steps should be used, going in reverse Presence Chamber, and a door in the directions. To go from one floor to staircase gave access to the "Haunted another, therefore, we have to go up Gallery." The upper part of the stairs "a pair of stairs." The level space, still remains in the upper floor — the or landing, as it is sometimes called, lower part has been removed. between one pair of stairs and another, The terms, "stairs," "stair case," is always designated in old writers a "pair of stairs," "ballisters," &c, are "hall-pace,"corrupted into "half-pace." much confused in common parlance. Another useful old English expression A "staircase" is properly only the is that of " the stair-head," for which [699] Works in several new Rooms. 99 old turret near the south-east corner of the Chapel, and are now partly demolished. The cost of this portion of the work came to £1,670 15s. 2d. Other portions of the new buildings mentioned in the same estimate were "Ye Lord Chancellor's and Lord Jersey's Lodgings," the entries as to which seem to indicate that they were in the new Palace, and probably in the top or square window storey. Then comes " The Finishing of my Lord Albemarle's Kitchen," together with the lodgings of his servants " in the round window storey." The position of Albemarle's apartments cannot be absolutely determined ; but as the round window storey exists only on the south and east sides of the new Palace, they must have been somewhere in those quarters. Albemarle, it will be remembered, was a graceful and accomplished courtier, at this time the King's great favourite. He had been recently created an Earl, and amongst other posts held that of Master of the Horse. It was by his order, accordingly, that there were included in the estimate certain alterations and additions to the horse guard and stables, probably identical with the present barracks, which appear, from the bird's-eye view reproduced in Chapter XII., to have been at that time divided into two, the building there is no modern English equivalent. To talk, therefore, of a marble stair- case, unless the walls are marble, is incorrect ; as it is also to use the terms, " on the staircase," " going up the stair- case." A similar confusion often arises as to the words " storey," " floor," &c. " Balusters " — usually pronounced and often spelt "banisters" (though this form of the word is found in no good dictionary) — are properly the small columns of a balustrade, thence used to signify the upright supporters of the " hand-rail." This last word is rarely, if ever, heard now, though it has no synonym, and a misapplication of the word " baluster " or " banister " is the only equivalent. These useful distinctions are always observed in the earlier writers and the old accounts, and by workmen of the present day ; but the progress of "genteel" education is corrupting the usage, and causing the distinctions to be confused. ioo History of Hampton Court Palace. [1699 farthest away from the Palace being assigned to the Horse Guards, and the nearer one probably to a detachment of infantry. This was not the only part of the older structure, the repair of which was included in Talman's estimate ; for in- stance, works were to be done " In y e Gallery from y e Queen's Great Staircase to y e old Guard Chamber, in hand that y e King may goe to Chappell," which we identify as " the Haunted Gallery ;" * " In y e Anty-Clossett, and Clossett to y e Chappell ;" and " To fitt up part of y e old Lodgings for y e Archbishop of Canterbury and the Lord President." The items of what was to be done in these and other apart- ments, such as " my Lord Overkirk's {i.e., Auverquerque 2 ) Lodgings" — which, it would seem, were the interesting suite of rooms on the south side of the Clock Court, mentioned in our first volume as Cardinal Wolsey's own, and still retaining two of his ceilings — and " Mr. Van Hull's Lodgings," which were perhaps those adjoining the last-mentioned, afford lamentable evidence of the destruction that was going on in the old Tudor work. For all the beautiful old linen-fold oak panelling was to be painted ; and it was proposed to alter the old stone windows, and insert instead sash windows with Crown glass. Fortunately, economy stepped in to preserve a few, at least, of the old Gothic features of the ancient edifice. For the Board of Works reporting — " In the Lodgings next the green- howse, whether Crowne glass in squares may not serve in the old stone windows, as has been done in other Lodgings near them, and not run into the expence of sashes, w ch cannot well be done this winter season, and may draw a far greater Charge after it, in making all the rest of the old lodgings like them, which will abate ^65. 8. o" — the King noted on the ' See vol. i., p. 224. 9 He was at one time King William's Master of the Horse. 1700] Alterations to the old Lodgings and Courts. 101 margin, " Noe sash windowes," and the mullions accordingly remain to this day. In the courts also some alterations were suggested by Talman, and authorized by the King. Until this time, as we have elsewhere noticed, the area of the Court, now called the First or Base Court, was laid down with turf, like a college quadrangle, and thence was called " The Green Court ; " and the Second or Clock Court, which was paved with stones as it is at present, was often called " The Foun- tain Court," on account of the fountain that Queen Elizabeth erected there. 1 The turf in the Green Court was now replaced by the pebble-paving, which still covers its area ; and the road through the middle of it from the Great Gate- House to the gateway beneath the Clock Tower was paved with " good square stones that the King's coach may come well into the Fountain Court " — that is, the present Second or Clock Court. This was itself laid with a similar pavement from the Great Hall Stairs to the doorway in the east range opposite, leading to " the Queen's Great Staircase " and the cloisters of Wren's Quadrangle, and also to the Colonnade, which is erected across the south side of the court, and which, as we have said, forms the grand entrance to the King's State Apartments, by giving immediate access to " the King's Great Staircase." Probably about this same time, also, Queen Elizabeth's fountain was removed from this Court, and henceforward the old name of " Fountain Court" passes away from the second quadrangle of Wolsey's Palace (to which it is no longer applicable) to attach itself to the new quadrangle of William III., which was soon after levelled, planted out with turf and flower beds, and adorned with a large circular basin and fountain ; 2 and with four carved pedestals of Portland stone, 1 See vol. i., pp. 326 and 334. 2 In the spring of 1700. Treasury Papers, vol. lxvii., No. 39. 102 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 which still remain, though whether they were designed to carry lamps or statues, is uncertain. Passing now from the archaeological details, which have occupied us in the last few pages, and which to the general reader who is unacquainted with the topography of Hampton Court Palace, must have appeared rather tedious, if indeed he has followed us through them, we return again to William III. His sojourn here, at the end of November 1699, lasted, as we have already stated, but five days as his presence was imperatively needed at Kensington during the session of Parliament, where the animosity of the Tory party against him and his advisers was being shown, not only in the unjust attacks against Lord Somers on account of Captain Kidd's expedition, but also in the bitter controversies that were in agitation, as to the question of the Irish forfeitures. Yet even amid these vexations, his thoughts still wandered to the gardens and parks of Hampton Court, for which he had further designs in contemplation, and with regard to which, as we shall pre- sently see, he was giving detailed directions. After the House had risen for Christmas, he hastened away as soon as possible, on Tuesday, December 26th, "to divert himself during the holydays." ' Indeed, he was so impatient to escape from the worry of affairs of State, that he refused an audience to the Comte de Tallard, the ambas- sador from the King of France, on the ground that he could not be troubled with business at Hampton Court. * His "diversions" consisted in superintending the altera- 1 Luttrell. deavour the opening a free trade with 2 See a letter from the Earl of iMan- England, and 'tis said has already Chester, the English ambassador in made some venture in relation thereto 1'aris, to the Earl of Jersey. Grim- to the King and Council." See Cole's blot's Letters of William III., vol. Memoirs, p. 90. Earl of Jersey to the ii., p. 389. M. de Tallard had "re- Earl of Manchester, Hampton Court, ceived orders from his master to en- Dec. 28th, 1699. 1700] William III! s Diversions at Hampton Court. 103 tions that were being carried out, and occasionally in having a day's coursing in the Park ; 1 and not less in enjoying the repose, and the escape from the unwelcome throng in his London palaces. He had, in truth, no relish for the sort of festivities that in Tudor and in Stuart days would have enlivened this season with one long series of banquets, balls, tilting matches, mummeries, masques, and plays ; nor could he, like them, enter with easy good nature into familiar intercourse with his subjects. Indeed, the very smallest social gathering or State ceremonial seemed distasteful to him. It had been arranged that on New Year's day he should receive the congratulations of the Court and the nobility, and that an ode, specially composed for the occasion, should be sung in his honour. Yet even such a simple celebration as this, of a day, which, in the good old times, would have been filled with a succession of sports and pastimes, was, at the last moment, countermanded, and ordered to take place instead on the birthday of the Princess Anne, three days after, when he was to honour her with his presence at dinner and at a ball at St. James's, 2 and when he hoped to discharge two debts of courtesy at once. The day before the ball he indulged in his favourite sport of " hunting," or, as we should call it now, " coursing," in the Park ; and the same day he dined with Arthur Herbert, Earl of Torington, whom he had dismissed from the navy after his defeat off Beachy Head, although the court-martial had acquitted him. 3 At that time the King had refused to see him, although he was one of those who had invited his Majesty into England in 1688, and had commanded the fleet that put into Torbay on the eventful 5th of November. This visit, therefore, no doubt, marked a reconciliation of old friends, and was an act of reparation on William's part. But he could not afford to remain long in the seclusion of 1 Luttrell and London Gazette. 2 Luttrell. 3 See ante, p. 34, n. 104 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 his country retreat. The temper of the House of Commons had become, since the adjournment, even more outrageous than before. Not content with having exposed the King's excessive grants of the Irish forfeited lands to his foreign favourites, they were now pressing on, with every accom- paniment of rancour and animosity, the bill for the resump- tion of these forfeitures, and especially assailing the grant to the King's mistress, Elizabeth Villiers, Countess of Orkney. On January 5th he, accordingly, returned to town. *^^pK2S *^8& ^Jiffi 5^?^ ^b^^TaF PfJ^WSqA. w£t5^# ^s^mr avxTr* V - liwff f jiSf a »■ f-^" a 33*£j&?£ " - fio. ^olbk ""4^- ' B^~^ W*VV. *Vei ' ^ragni 1 fP^'ffSZf^s %^F^M?L * a?^^ &ffi~^ frffffiffift^Ug L^L>»^?a5£^ S^^n^ E\*Jj CHAPTER VIII. EXTENSIVE NEW WORKS IN THE GARDENS AND PARKS DISMISSAL OF LORD SOMERS. Further Schemes of Improvement — Works in the Great Fountain Garden — " The Great Parterre " — Shifting of the Semicircle of Lime-trees — Two New Divisions in the Fountain Garden — Two " Return Walls " — The Great Broad Walk — Fine shaped Evergreens — A Diana in Brass — The King and the Commons — Meetings of the Privy Council— Hostility to Lord Chancellor Somers — Intrigue against him — What brought about his Dismissal — The King's Attitude — Somers surrenders the Great Seal — Lord Chief Justice Holt declines the Office — Sir Nathan Wright appointed — Foreign Ambassadors received by King William in the Palace — Stringent Penal Law against Catholics — Reception of the Chevalier Giraldi, Envoy of the Grand Duke of Tuscany — The Earl of Albemarle created a Knight of the Garter. URING King William's absence in London a new and more extensive scheme for the improvement of the gardens and parks, which had been so often formed and reformed, was taken in hand. In accordance with the King's directions, Talman on the 19th of December had given in to the Lords of the Treasury a memorial about " Works to be done in the gardens," which were estimated by him to cost, with a few additional works in the Bushey and the House Parks, £ 1 0,864. 1 The particulars, however, did not satisfy the 1 Treasury Papers, vol. lxvii., No. 12. 106 Histoiy of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 Board of Works, to whom they were referred, and abate- ments were made in the prices, which reduced the total to ,£8,933 1 is. The report was laid before the King towards the end of January, and he directed " M r . Talman to proceed with the work, but to take care that the estimate, as reduced by the Office of Works, be not in any way exceeded." 1 Amongst the first charges were several relating to the fountains in the Great Fountain Garden, as to which we have already noted 2 that the King gave particular direc- tions ; especially the great oval fountain in the centre, the coping of which was to be of Derbyshire marble. At the same time this central semicircular part of the garden, which was described as "The Great Parterre," was enlarged and extended further into the Park, and afterwards re-made. We have already cited 3 what Defoe tells us of the limes, which form the semicircle in front of the Palace, being removed, " after some of them had been almost thirty years planted in other places, though not far off, and they thrive perfectly well." This statement is confirmed by the testi- mony of the old accounts, from which we find that ,£200 was paid for transplanting 400 large lime-trees. 4 The lime-trees, which form the eastern boundary of the two divisions of gardens, that lie on each side of the " Great Semicircular Parterre," having also been shifted, it was necessary to enclose them on the eastern side, so as to separate them from the Park. Two low " Return Walls," as they are designated, each 742 feet long, were accordingly built, parallel to the line of the east front of the Palace, and at a distance of 210 feet from it, which walls, together with ' Minute Book, vol. be., p. 258. ' Appendix D. Treasury Papers, ' Page 71, and see Appendix A. vol. lxvii., No. 12. 1 S( e ante, p. 20. i7oo[ Works in the Great Fountain Garden. 107 their coping of Portland stone and the iron railings sur- mounting them, cost £2>^7S- 1 The wall on the northern side of the garden, opposite the Wilderness, was built on the near side of the little canal, which brings the water from the Longford River to the Great Canal, and which had been made in the time of Charles II. ; 2 and a corresponding little canal was now made on the south side, 713 feet long, 18 feet wide, and 4 feet deep, at a cost of £ 1 1 8 1 5 s. " To carry on the remaining part of the Terras wall down to the Thames, being 313 feet long" was the next step, and finished the enclosure of this division of the gardens, the cost being ^"643 $s. The wall in question is the low one on the east side of the lower part of the Privy Garden, which, from the plates on the next page and on page 178, is seen to have been triangular in shape, and separate from the rest of the Privy Garden, and which was known at this time as " the Gallery Garden." The next thing that claims our attention is the forma- tion of the magnificent Broad Walk in front of the East Facade of the Palace, which extends from the Flower- Pot Gate on the highway to Kingston, to the Water Gallery by the riverside, a distance of no less than 2,264 f eet > or nearly half a mile in length, its width being 39 feet, which cost ^"600, and also the turfing of the two grass verges on each side of it. This having been done, things were ready for carrying out the next portion of the work described in the estimate as " More Extraord rys in y e Gardens, the 2 Divisions w ch lye on each side of y c Circular Garden parallel to y e Walk," which consisted in levelling, turfing, gravelling, &c, making the borders ready "for the use of planting y e fine shap'd evergreens in," and planting them all with box. The appearance of these improvements, when complete, 1 See Appendix D. 2 See vol. ii., pp. 205 and 217. io8 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 may be judged from the accompanying plate, which is a reduced facsimile of an engraving by Kip, and also from that on page 1 78. The works in Bushey Park were likewise pushed forward, and the 1,040 trees in the avenues carefully attended to. In the same document we find an estimate for "a pedestall of Portland Stone for a Diana in brass to stand on, and 4 panells each to be carved with emblems," probably for the fountain previously referred to, which was still in the Privy Garden, and is seen in Sutton Nicholls' engraving, and which was afterwards, as we shall see, removed to the centre of the great basin in Bushey Park, where it now is, and to which it gave the name of the " Diana Fountain." To revert once more to the current of our narrative. We need not follow the course of events which induced William eventually to give a reluctant consent to the Re- sumption Bill. The very next day, the nth of April, 1 700, he suddenly prorogued Parliament, in order to prevent the passing of the Commons' address requesting him to remove all foreigners from his counsels, doing so, for the first time since the Revolution, without a speech from the throne. Of the session, which had been so humiliating for him, he gives an account to his old friend Heinsius, in a letter written from Hampton Court on the following day : — At last I prorogued Parliament yesterday. It has been in truth the most dismal session I have ever had. The members have sepa- rated in great disorder and after many extravagances. Unless one had been present, one could have no notion of their intrigues — one cannot even describe them.' When William wrote this letter he had comedown to the Palace only for a day, but, on Friday the 19th, 2 he removed 1 Grimblot's/.<:7/Vr* of William III., - Luttrell's Diary, Vernon Corre- vol. ii., pp. 29 and 30, &c. sponJcncc, vol. iii., pp. 29, 30, &c. s«r**^ Bird's-eye View of Hampton Court as finished by William ynccrLcrt -"'■ ^^3-^rT^r}-} "-;,7J-V-^ « A-^' ^r^^Tr^^ ^5--— ...-T-. m-i<.::Ji' .' ■:■'■ ■•.„v:i{ r ..».«,«j/-" *?SBWKBl*^w■■''* , ^•" « jjawwffiffiSAs--- 7 *• — u - 5 ^^«»3S::;:...:^.^;c ';^-,^ : ' " Vi .-.--- : --i^T ■...-.■■:■■-■ •■■ ••.•-. ^.'■..'.■..•.'>^.'.--"-.'....-,n.«.— "7.',;., '•" j "".v-.-:-.,J.'''-J."» , ir„.„ From Kip's " Nouveau Theatre de la Grande Bretagne." 1700] King William harassed by Parliament. 109 here for a sojourn of a month or six weeks' duration, remain- ing most of that time in gloomy seclusion. 1 He was, in truth, too much out of humour to show himself in public at all, and he abandoned the intention he had at one time announced of attending the Newmarket Spring Meeting, where all the world had then gone. Nevertheless, some effort was made to exhibit a show of hospitality, and to put an emphasis upon his recent reconciliation with the Princess Anne, by issuing the intelligence that the King " had commanded all the white- staff officers to keep public tables, where the Princess will be twice a week with the ladies, who are to be nobly enter- tained at his Majesty's cost. The Duke of Shrewsbury will be also there (at Hampton Court) on Saturday to wait upon the King." 2 On Tuesday, 3 the 23rd of April, a meeting of the Privy Council was held, doubtless in the Great Council Chamber, on the question of reducing some of the horse in England, so that the very meagre allowance of ,£300,000, voted by Parliament for the army, might suffice at any rate to main- tain 7,000 men. And, two days after, the Council met again, to consider what alterations should be made in a list of the justices of the peace, in conformity with the King's gracious answer to the Commons' address in relation thereto, during the recent session of Parliament. 4 The address of the House had urged on his Majesty that "it would much conduce to the service of his Majesty, and the good of the kingdom, that gentlemen of quality and good estates be restored and put in to the Commissions of the Peace and Lieutenancy ; and that men of small estates, be neither continued, nor put into the said Commissions." 5 This, though seemingly a fair 1 He wrote from here on that day Scots is dated Hampton Court, April to Heinsius. — Grimblot, vol. iii.,p. 399, 25th. For full text of it see Complete &c. History of Europe, vol. 1676- 1700. 2 Luttrell. l Luttrell. 3 Luttrell. The King's letter to the s Ralph's History, vol. ii., p. 843. 1 10 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 and disinterested recommendation, was, in fact, aimed at the ministry, and especially at Lord Chancellor Somers, who, besides the many other unjust charges brought against him, had been accused by his implacable enemies among the Tory party, of making " a partial and undue distribution of the Commissions of the Peace," and of putting into it " not only many persons who dissented from the Church of England, but also men of small fortunes, who, consequently, had an entire dependence on the Court." And now, at last, their pertinacious hostility to that illus- trious man, which had so often been foiled, was about to be crowned with success. At this meeting of the Council, Somers was present as Lord Chancellor for the last time. How his dismissal was exactly brought about has never been made quite clear ; and it is much to be regretted that the bril- liant narrative of the great Whig panegyrist, Macaulay, should abruptly break off at this point, so that we are deprived of what would, at any rate, have been a strong partisan state- ment of one side of the question. By some it is maintained that his removal was entirely due to an intrigue of the Tories, who had recourse to Albe- marle, the King's new favourite, in order to imbue him with the idea of " the necessity of changing his ministry, in particular of removing the Lord Somers, who, as he was now considered the head of the Whigs, so his wise counsels, and his modest way of laying them before the King, had gained him a great share of his esteem and confi- dence, and it was reckoned that the chief strength of the party lay in his credit with the King, and in the prudent methods he took to govern the party." l They accord- ingly insinuated to the King " that all the hard things that had been of late put on him by the Parliament were occa- sioned by the hatred that was borne to his ministers ; and ' Burnet, vol. iv., p. 433. i7°°] Intrigues against Lord Chancellor Somers. 1 1 1 that if he would change hands and employ others " — the right reverend historian here succinctly laying bare the mainspring of party government — " matters might be softened and mended in another parliament." In confirmation of this view, it may be observed that Lord Dartmouth assures us, in his notes to Burnet, that the King repented it immediately after, having probably been worked up to it by some of his favourites, who were angry with Lord Somers for not opposing the bill about Irish forfeitures. On the other hand, however, Ralph, who carefully reviews the whole evidence, inclines to the belief that, " notwith- standing the moderate and complaisant part which Lord Somers had acted in relation to the King, he had, on so many occasions, preferred the interests of his party to the inclinations of the King, that he could not but partake of his Majesty's displeasure as often as he interposed his credit and service as a screen for them ; consequently he was so much the easier shaken by the storm his enemies raised against him." 1 The exact time, too, when his dismissal was first re- solved on by the King has not been quite determined. According to Oldmixon, 2 the King had given him a hint some time even before the prorogation, that " he should be under the necessity of parting with him," and notwithstand- ing Somers' declaration " that he was resolved, with his Majesty's permission, to keep the great seal in defiance of their malice," William shook his head a little as a sign of his disapproval, and only said, " It must be so." Burnet's narrative, however, which is probably more accurate in this particular, would seem to require that this interview should be assigned to a later period. But that his removal was in contemplation some time before it took effect, is indicated in a letter from Matthew Prior the poet to the Earl of Man- 1 Ralph's History, vol. ii., p. 854. ■ History, vol. ii., p. 908. ii2 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 Chester, the English ambassador at Paris, dated April 18th, in which he says, " His Majesty goes to-morrow to Hampton Court and will stay there, they say, these six weeks. At the end of a session of Parliament, you know we always talk of a change of ministry ; we do so now, but upon what ground I do not know." l The intrigues of the Tories, Burnet's account of which we have cited above, were doubtless carried on in this Palace, whither Somers himself soon followed his royal master, and where he, of course, had a regular suite of rooms, in virtue of his office, as had all the other great officers of State. The interesting relation given by the historian- Bishop of what passed between them at their interview here substan- • tially agrees with other versions of the same events : " The first time," writes he, " that the Lord Somers had recovered so much health as to come to court, 2 the King told him it seemed necessary for his service that he should part with the seals, and he wished that he would make the delivering up his own act. He excused himself in this. All his friends had pressed him not to offer them, since that seemed to show fear or guilt : so he begged the King's pardon if in this he followed their advice ; but he told the King, That whenso- ever he should send a warrant under his hand commanding him to deliver them up, he would immediately obey it." He did not have to wait long; for that careful and well-in- formed diarist Narcissus Luttrell, after recording, on Satur- day the 27th of April, that Somers had the night before "sent 1 Cole's Memoirs, p. 125. did not preside in the House of Lords 1 He was ill the whole time of the on the day after, when Parliament was debate in the Lords on the Resump- prorogued. See Cole's Memoirs, p. 121. tion Bill, "his great attendance in the 3 Burnet, vol. iv., p. 434. There is Court of Chancery and the House of no direct evidence that this interview Lords, and at the Council Table," occurred at Hampton Court ; but Ver- having impaired his health ; and he non's and Luttrell's remarks justify us was, according to a letter of Prior's, in assuming that it did. " very sick" on the 10th of April, and 1700] Dismissal of Lord Somers. 113 to Mr. Baron Powis to sit for him this day in the Chancery Court, and is resolved not to resign the great seal till his Majesty command it from him," tells us, a little further on, that on that very same Saturday, at 5 o'clock in the evening, the Earl of Jersey, 1 who had been the mediary between the Tories and the King's favourite, Lord Albemarle, came to the Lord Chancellor's lodgings in Hampton Court Palace, which it would appear from the old bills were situated, at this time, in the north corner of the west front, and by order of his Majesty demanded the great seal of him, which he thereupon delivered. 2 " Thus," says Burnet, " the Lord Somers was discharged from this great office, which he had held seven years with a high reputation for capacity, integrity, and diligence : he was in all respects the greatest man I had ever known in that post ; his being thus removed was much censured by all but those who procured it." 3 In the meantime, they had been so precipitate that they had not even concerted mea- sures for proposing his successor. They fancied that among the leading men on the Bench or at the Bar there would be no difficulty in finding someone who would be only too willing to rise to so tempting a bait. But in this they were disappointed. The King sent, in the first instance, on the Monday following Somers's dismissal, for Lord Chief Justice Holt, on whom he strongly pressed the office. Holt, however, doubtless had no idea of exchanging the great office which he held quamdiu se bene gesserit, for the scarcely more exalted or dignified, and certainly more precarious, position of Chan- cellor ; so he modestly declined the offer, saying, " that he 1 Luttrell, vol. iv., p. 638. White chapter to his History of the Reign of Kennett, following Boyer, says Port- Queen Anne, says that the seals were land was the person sent by the King; surrendered on the 17th, which is ob- but Luttrell, who is confirmed by Bur- viously an error for the 27th. net, is doubtless correct. 3 Burnet's History of His Own - Lord Stanhope, in his introductory Times, vol. iv., p. 434, ed. 1823. f I 114 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 had never but one cause in Chancery, and as he lost that he could not think himself qualified for so great a trust." ' But the King would not acquiesce in his refusal, and told him " he was well satisfied with his abilities ; let him consider of it, and return an answer to-morrow (Tuesday) afternoon." To decline so enticing an office as that of the Chan- cellorship gives proof of such rare self-command that it was confidently believed in the Palace 2 that Holt would require little pressing to yield to the King's wishes — that his appoint- ment, in fact, would be announced that evening. Holt, never- theless, persisted in his refusal of the great seal ; and on the Council meeting on the Thursday following, " when it was expected that a Lord Keeper would be declared," the matter had to be again deferred. 3 The King next had recourse, about Friday, 10th of May, to Sir Thomas Trevor, the Attorney General, and during the ensuing week the quidnuncs of the Palace busied them- selves with speculating whether he would " have the great seal either to-morrow or Thursday (being Council days) with the title of Lord Keeper." 4 When Thursday, 16th, came, however, it was found that he also had declined the office. Rumour next designated Sergeant Sir Nathan Wright 5 for the dignity. " To him, in fact, a man in whom," says Burnet,' 5 " there was nothing equal to the post, much less to him who had filled it," the great seal was delivered at a meeting of the Privy Council at Hampton Court on the evening of Tuesday, the 21st May, 1700. Mr. Secretary Vernon, who came down specially for the function, was present. " I am just come from Hampton ' Lord Campbell in his Life of ' All that is known of him, and Sowers; and ' ir. unger, vol. i., p. 164 ; something more, will be found in Lord see also Luttrell. Campbell's Lives of tlic Lord Chan- - Luttrell. cellors. 3 Do. Hist, of His Own Times, vol. iv. 4 Do. 1700] The Lord Chancellorship. 1 1 5 Court," writes he, the same evening, "where I have seen the seals delivered to M r Sergeant Wright ; 1 he has had a great fit of sickness." While the Court was thus agitated for a full month with Somers's dismissal and the problem of who would be his successor, minor events took place in the Palace, which for the sake of completeness should perhaps be chronicled here. We have already noticed the idea that William had formed of always receiving foreign ambassadors amid the splendour of his new Palace, where he need not be ashamed, as in London, of the meanness of the abode of the Majesty of England. An opportunity for carrying it into effect was afforded for the first time at this period. For on the 25th of April, the day on which Somers sat at the Council board as Lord Chancellor for the last time, the am- bassador of the Emperor and the minister of the King of Portugal came down from town and presented a memorial to his Majesty in relation to the Catholic priests who were then in the kingdom, most of whom were under their pro- tection. This proceeding was caused by the royal proclama- tion, which had been issued the night before from here, to put in execution the Act of Parliament passed in the recent session "against the growth of Popery." Its provisions were very severe. All Catholic priests were to be banished, and adjudged to perpetual imprisonment if they should again return to England ; while " all persons educated in that religion or suspected to be of it, who should succeed to any estate before they were the age of 18," were to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy and the test as soon as they came to that age, or their estates were to devolve on their next of kin. Burnet, with odious cant, says : " I was 1 According to Lord Campbell, apparently no ground for this asser- Wright was knighted in 1696, when tion. called within the bar; but there is n6 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 for this bill, notwithstanding my principles of toleration and against all persecution for conscience sake ; " and he then proceeds to use the stock arguments of intolerance. The Act had been prompted by the consternation caused by the "great swarm of priests" who came over to England, and " who appeared in many places with great insolence," after the peace of Ryswick. The right of the foreign am- bassadors to have their private chaplains could not, of course, be questioned ; but except for acknowledging that privilege, the answer they received does not appear to have been very satisfactory, for a few days after they deemed it expedient to dismiss "all the English, Scotch and Irish priests from their families, and ordered only three masses a day to be said in their chappells, whereas before they used to have five >> 1 or six. Another opportunity of displaying the grandeur of the English Versailles to a representative of a foreign sovereign soon after offered itself, on the arrival in London of the Chevalier Giraldi, the envoy extraordinary of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who was at once informed that his Majesty would receive him at Hampton Court. On the 7th of May, accordingly, he was driven down from town in one of the King's coaches, Sir Charles Cottrell, master of the ceremonies, attending him, and introducing him in public audience to the King. 2 The presentation took place in William III.'s Presence Chamber, one of the finest rooms in Wren's new State Apartments, which is described further on. 3 Soon after this, an event took place at the Palace which gave a strong indication of the new influences that were becoming more and more paramount at Court. This was the holding of a chapter of the Order of the Garter, at which nine knight companions were present, for " electing ' Luttrell. a London Gazette. 3 Page 153. 1700] State Functions in the New Palace. 117 the Earls of Pembroke and Montgomery, the Lord Presi- dent of the Council, and the R l Hon ble Arnold Joost Earl of Albemarle, Master of the Robes to his Majesty, Knights of the Garter in the room of the late Kings of Sweden and Denmark. They were introduced into the chapter and knighted by the sovereign with the sword of State and then severally invested with the George and Garter, the two principal ensigns of the Order, with the usual ceremonies." * The conferring of so distinguished an honour on Albe- marle, who was regarded as merely one of the King's foreign favourites, was viewed with very great and general disgust, 2 and several knights absented themselves from the ceremony of investiture, notwithstanding that " to make it go down the better " he had bestowed the Garter at the same time on Lord Pembroke. Prior mentions forcibly how his unalien- able attachment to Albemarle was " the cause of his losing many friends, whom to the disgust of the nobility, he created a Knight of the Garter." And Bishop Kennett notices that " many severe reflections were then made on his Majesty for lavishing away a Garter on his favourite." 3 1 Luttrell and Londori Gazette. 3 The new knights were installed 2 White Kennett's History, vol. iii., on the 9th of June in St. George's p. 782. Oldmixon, vol. ii., p. 209. Chapel at Windsor. CHAPTER IX. KING WILLIAM S DECLINING HEALTH. The Second Partition Treaty negotiated — William III. and the Duke of Shrewsbury — The Duke's Ill-Health — His Resignation — The King's Dislike of England — His failing Health — He longs to depart to Holland — His Dining Room — His Diet — Question of the Darien Settlement — Scotch Parliamentary Commissioners at Hampton Court — Dr. Radcliffe's Opinion of his State of Health — Still pining to be off to Holland — Anxiety of his Ministers and Phy- sicians — The Doctors disagree — Violent Altercation about rival Remedies — Pills and other Doses — Appointment of Lords Justices to administer the Govern- ment — Prior the Poet and John Locke the Philosopher at the Palace — The Philosopher's Diagnosis of the King's Case — More Recipes, Prescriptions, and Doses — Somers comes to bid him Farewell — Off at last — The Water Gallery taken down — The Banqueting House — The Great Banquet Room — Its Ceiling painted by Verrio — The New Terrace — The Pavilions. W^p%f*?^. H I LE trivial personal incidents of the sort treated L % vif A °*~ * n our f° re g om & chapter occupied the atten- KwBiSff^ t * on °^ tne frequenters of the Court, the minds of L2lJUL/^J tne King and of his advisers were engrossed with KSsafcL^ a ff a j rs of great and imperial moment. We refer to the negotiations for the second Treaty of Partition, which, belonging as it does to general history, lies outside the purview of this book, but to which some reference must be made, because, as we learn from several letters written by William to Heinsius from this Palace, recounting the progress of the negotiations, two or three interviews of 1700] William III. and the Duke of Shrewsbury. 1 19 some importance took place here between himself and Tallard, the French ambassador. 1 At the same time the mind of William was greatly exer- cised with a matter of much personal interest to himself. This was the reiterated request of his trusted friend, the Duke of Shrewsbury, to be allowed, in opposition to the King's most earnest entreaties, to resign the office of Lord Chamberlain, which, in the autumn before, he had reluc- tantly consented to accept, only on the persistent solicita- tions of his royal master. Shrewsbury, in truth, had no taste for politics, and was only pining for leisure and freedom from care. " Had I a son," he said, " I would sooner breed him a cobbler than a courtier, and a hangman than a statesman." 2 His health, besides, was not good. Some years before this he had had an accident while riding, which had inflicted a permanent injury on his chest, and caused him frequently to be attacked with blood-spitting. Even the salubrious air of Hampton Court, whither he had come at the end of April, at the King's express desire, does not seem to have agreed with him. 3 He remained but a few days in the Palace, retiring on Wednesday, May 8th, to Woburn, 4 whence he wrote to Mr. Secretary Vernon, a few days after, saying that he found himself so ill as to be unable to serve his Majesty any longer. Malicious reports, however, were cast about that his illness was nothing more than an unworthy pretence for the purpose of escaping from the responsibilities of office, and of basely 1 Grimblot, vol. ii., pp. 407 and agrees not better with you." — Vol. Hi., 412. pp. 38, 49-51. - Letter from Rome, June 17th, 1 701. 4 Archdeacon Coxe (Shrewsbury Hardwicke Collection, vol. ii., p. 440. Correspondence, p. 616) says that "he 3 Vernon wrote to him on the 10th suddenly left without seeing the King;" of May : — " I am very glad you did but this is as improbable as it is un- not stay at Hampton Court, since it supported by evidence. 120 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 deserting his royal master in his difficulties. In relation to this a story is told in a curious " Life of Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury," l that " there were not wanting those that en- deavoured to persuade the King that it was so, but the King knew him too well to believe anything of that kind, and surprising him in his room at Hampton Court one morning before he was up, saw by the sheet being all over spit with blood, that it was but too true." After much correspondence and communication, the King at length consented to accept his resignation ; 2 and the Earl of Jersey was appointed Lord Chamberlain in his place on June 24th at Hampton Court. 3 At one time, early in the spring, the King had announced his intention of not going abroad to Holland at all this year, but of spending the ensuing summer amid the delights of his new palace at Hampton Court. 4 But the events of the past session had not been of a nature to confirm him in his resolve ; and he was in no mood to sacrifice his personal desires in any attempt to conciliate such troublesome and refractory subjects, and to forego that annual visit to his native land, which he looked forward to, from the moment he set foot on our shores. To him, in truth, England had always been a foreign country. Even his panegyrist, Macaulay, is constrained to admit that "while he was forced to be with us he was weary of us, pining for his home, counting the hours to the prorogation. As soon as the passing of the last bill of supply had set him at liberty, he turned his back on his English subjects, and hastened to his seat in Guelders, where during some months he might be 1 Published in 1718, and written ■ Shrewsbury Correspondence^ p. 624, " by a gentleman that was privy to the and Vernon, ;// supra, June 23rd. most material passages." The inci- :| Luttrell. dent is assigned, but certainly erro- 4 Do., March 8th, and April 13th, neously, to the period of the discussion Saturday, in Parliament on the Partition Treaty. 1700] William III. pining to go to Holland. 121 free from the annoyance of seeing English faces and hearing English words." ' In the first few days of the month of June he had been unwell, Vernon noticing,' 2 on the 4th, that he looked pale, and had been a little feverish, which was attributable either to his riding in the sun, or walking about the gardens in the evening without a great coat ; and though, on the previous Sunday, he had been to chapel, he did not dine in public on that day. As often as possible, in fact, William took his meals in private, chiefly using for this purpose the room already mentioned under the names of the " Beauty Room " and "Oak Room," which is on the ground floor, under the " King's Guard Chamber," 3 and is connected by the Orangery with the King's Private Apartments, in the south-east corner of the Palace. The alcove in this room, which was used for the service of the King's table, is still in existence. While on this topic we may mention a very curious memo- randum as to his diet, drawn up while he was at Hampton Court in the summer of the year after the period of which we are now treating, by the doctors attending on him : 4 " He eat most of the first course, viz., soup made of pulse, pot herbs, and stewed meat. Of the second service he used to eat but little ; but he eat a great deal of fruit, though never, or very seldom, between meals. . . . For five or six months of the year, both his wine and his beer was always cooled in ice ; and the last was always bottled. His break- fast was only a dish of chocolate, without any water in it." In the meanwhile his ill-health increased his desire to leave England ; and all his private letters at this time abound 1 History, chap, xxiii. l Complete History of Europe, pub- 2 Correspondence, vol. iii., p. 69. lished in 1702, p. 52, June 25th, 3 Defoe's Tour through Great 1701. Britain. 122 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 in expressions of impatience at being so long detained by- business. " What vexes me in particular," says he, in a letter to Heinsius, from Hampton Court, "is that this affair [the question of the Darien settlement] retards my departure for Holland, for which I long more than ever. I shall become ill, if I have to remain here longer : I have been indisposed for some days, but am better now." This was on Friday, the 7th of June. On the Sunday after, the 9th, Lords Argyle and Annandale waited on him to lay formally before him the views of the Scotch lords on the question of the Darien colony, Macaulay's graphic review of which everybody is familiar with. And on the Tuesday (the nth) the com- missioners of the Scotch Lower House came down to Hampton Court to present their address, in which they set forth that, to their 1 "unspeakable grief, no return had been given to the unanimous address of the last session of Parlia- ment, expressing the national concern of our East India Company ; " that parliament had been abruptly adjourned while a resolution was being moved that their colony at Darien was a legal settlement ; and that they " therefore de- sire the Parliament may sitt the 20 th instant, and continue so long as necessary to redress the grievances of the nation, and asserting their just rights, as well at home as at their colony at Darien." At the presenting of the addressa curious incident took place through their mistaking " the manner of doing it." " It was their intention to have read it to the King ; but as soon as they had kissed his hand they presented it; and the King not opening the paper, one of them made a motion as if they would have had it again to read it, but the King kept it fast, and said he would read and consider it, and so passed on to the Treasury, leaving the deputies to look upon one another as persons that found themselves in an error." a ' Luttrell. Vernon Correspondence , vol. iii., p. 77. 1700] King William detained by Business. 123 All these matters kept on postponing the King's depar- ture ; and Vernon, in the letter, part of which we have just cited, after remarking that he much doubts whether Scot- land is quiet enough to allow of the King's leaving for Holland, proceeds : — His heart seems fixed upon the journey. I believe it may be of consequence to his health, one way or another, whether he goes or stays. In all appearance the King is now well again : they tell me he eat a better meal last night than he has done for some time before, and slept well after it. But there runs a whisper, that Dr. Radcliffe observing him during his late indisposition, came out with it to some of his confidants, that he thought the King could not live three months to an end. He has been mistaken in many of his conjectures, and it is of infinite consequence that he should be in this. I believe a journey to Loo would entirely expel this dis- temper, but what condition we shall be in, I know not. This letter is dated the nth of June. That he should have eaten a better meal the night before is perhaps sur- prising, when we find that Dr. Radcliffe had given him on the morning of the 10th a dose consisting of "ale impreg- nated with the leaves of ground ivy, fir tops, hart's tongue, and wild carrot seed " ! ] Shortly after this William recurs again to his wished-for departure 2 : " I trust, by the favour of Heaven, that I shall be able to start from here in the beginning of next month. I cannot express to you how ardently I long to breathe the air of Holland." And again, the week after : " I trust, by the blessing of Heaven, to leave here this day fortnight, unless something unforeseen occurs, which I trust will not be the case, for nobody can long more ardently than I do for my return to Holland." His impatience to be off was not unnatural, for the state of his health was once again occasioning much anxiety 1 Complete History of Eiirope, pub- 2 Letter of June 14th. Grimblot, lished in 1702, p. 52. vol. ii., p. 416. 124 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 to his physicians and ministers. On the day Jersey was appointed Lord Chamberlain, he was present with Albe- marle at a consultation held between the physicians, Sir Thomas Millington, Dr. Radcliffe, and Dr. Laurence con- cerning the King's health. Unfortunately, however, the first two doctors agreed in nothing — neither as to the disease, nor as to the remedies. Dr. Radcliffe thought the swelling in the King's leg was little less than dropsy, and advised " purging and asses' milk." Millington, on the other hand, said both such remedies were contrary to the King's constitution, and he was for the King's taking garlic, " as it might be prepared and qualified." " That," said Radcliffe, " will destroy such weak lungs as the King's." "Weak lungs!" cried Millington in answer, " why his lungs are the soundest part about him ! ' Then they fell out as to his Majesty's journey. Radcliffe maintained that he would be the worse for going to sea, while Millington asserted that he would be all the better for going to Loo — opinions which might certainly be consistent. So far they could differ without serious altercation. But when Millington happened to say " that Dr. Hatton ought to be called to the consultation, he being the King's first physician, and long acquainted with his constitution, Radcliffe, as if he were frightened at the name, flung out of the room in a passion ; and so they broke up, resolving nothing." l A few days after, however, they seem to have so far agreed as to let Radcliffe have his way ; for we find it duly recorded, that on the night of Wednesday, June 26th, 1700, King William III. took a pill that the doctors gave him," " and we learn also from another source 3 that it was Vernon, vol. iii., p. 97. where an elaborate history of the Do., p. 100. King's illness, with the doctors' report History of Europe for 1702, p. 52, on his case, is given. 1700] Anxiety and Quarrels about the Kings Health. 125 composed of " Pillula Stomachicaecum cum gummis, the volatile Salt of Hartshorn, and the Syrup of violets." At the same time they prescribed " 20 drops of the tincture of the Salt of Tartar to be taken every day ; and the juice of 30 Hog-lice at six o'clock at night." We are surprised to learn that " the next day he looked very well and was cheerfull." l But the success of a rival's remedy could carry no conviction to the minds of the other worthy medicos, and Laurence, who sided with Millington, announced that he had determined not to relinquish his own prescription of garlic. In the meanwhile the near approach of the day of depar- ture probably reacted favourably on William's constitution and spirits, especially when he found he would be able to escape a few days sooner than he had anticipated. Before going, however, he had to make arrangements for the carrying on of the government during his sojourn abroad. Accordingly we read a notice in the " London Gazette," dated " Hampton Court, Thursday, June 27th, 1700," announcing the appointment of Lords Justices to administer the govern- ment during his absence. On the same day, John Locke, the philosopher, was sent for, and had an audience of the King, when he gave in his resignation of one of the Commissionerships at the Board of Trade and Plantations, while Matthew Prior, the poet, who had been Portland's secretary, succeeded to the vacancy thus caused. Prior had been hanging about the Palace, waiting for what might turn up, and amusing himself, for some time previous to this. His occupations, indeed, must have been of a peculiarly interesting nature, for Manchester, writing from Paris, rallies him on the subject, and hints that his diversions at Hampton Court were more to his satisfac- tion than any of the delights even of the " gay French capital." 2 1 Vernon, ubi supra. '* Prior's Own Times, p. 179. 126 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 At the same time, Locke seems to have been asked, as a scientific man, to take a diagnosis of the King's condition, and he was able so far to endorse Millington's opinion, as to state that, in his view, "if the King had a dropsy, he would not have so fresh a colour." Thus fortified with the philo- sopher's pronouncement, Millingtonand Laurence proceeded to treat his Majesty after their own fashion, and accordingly on the 23rd he was ordered " 2 grains of Scammony sulphu- rated, with 26 grains of the Stomachic pills, to be taken at night, going to bed." That their recipes were not without an effect of some sort is clear from Vernon's account of an interview he had with the King a few days after. 1 He says : " I was at Hampton Court this morning, and the King seeming a little heavy, I asked him ' if he were out of order ? ' He said, ' he should be very well, if they would leave off giving him remedies. He had taken something that had put his stomach out of order.' I wished him at Loo, that he might be a little eased of the cares and chagrins he met with here. To that he answered, that ' he should grow like the Duke of Shrewsbury, and never be at quiet for thinking of what may be troublesome and vexatious hereafter.' " But the hour of his escape both from England, and from the antagonistic remedies of his physicians, had now arrived. Next day, being Wednesday, July 3rd, he held a grand council at the Palace, which was attended by the Lords Justices, who came to bid him farewell. The same day, also, Somers, who had absented himself from Court since his dismissal, came to kiss his Majesty's hand, and wish him a good voyage. " He came," Vernon tells us, 2 "a little before dinner, and went into the bedchamber, while the King and Princess [Anne] were there, who dined together. He stayed till the King rose from table, 1 July 2nd. Vernon, vol. Hi., p. 105. 2 Ubi si. 107. 1700] Pills cuid Doses for King William. 127 and kissed his hand with some others. The King asked him a few questions, whether he came from London and the like. I made my bow to his Lordship as others did, but exchanged no words with him." Up to the last moment, however, the doctors would not relax their hold on his Majesty. That same night a consulta- tion was held and they prescribed aglyster. " I hope," says Vernon, " the King will be better, when he is out of their hands at Loo." l Next day, at six o'clock in the morning, he left for Margate on his way to Holland, 2 taking with him only Albemarle and Romney, and Blathwayte, his Secretary at War. Durinor the King's absence from England this summer the work of improvement at Hampton Court was again actively renewed — the remaking of the ground which lies between the south front of the Palace and the river, and which had hitherto escaped the reformer's hand, being now undertaken by his Majesty's orders. The scheme, as decided on in consultation with Sir Christopher Wren, Talman, and Wise, involved, in the first place, the demolition of the old Water Gallery, which by its situation impaired the appear- ance of the new Palace, and obstructed the view of the river from the State Apartments. This work was soon accomplished, the Board of Works reporting, on the 25th of September, 1 700, that it had already been taken down, and all the useful material preserved, as the King directed, and "used in places where it hath saved money in lieu of new materialls." 3 They add that " the little tower in the Glass-case Garden, which the Kinof signified Lord Ranela^h should be 1 Vernon, vol. iii., p. 107. 2 London Gazette, Luttrell, &c. 3 Treasury Papers, vol. lxx., No, 33a ; and see Beauties of London and Middlesex. 128 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 augmented by adding a Room and a closett, is now covering in." It would seem they here point to an oblong building — standing partly at the edge of the old Pond Garden, partly in a small garden of its own, and partly on the towing-path — which is known as the Banqueting House, and which was certainly enlarged and fitted up and decorated about this time. Its position is shown in the reproduction of Kip's bird's-eye view of the Palace and Gardens on page 108. That there was a tower, or a building of some sort here, prior to William III.'s time, is evident from the fact that traces of Tudor brickwork are discernible in the structure, and that not long ago, during some repairs, several bones and the remains of an old fireplace were found in the basement. The old Surveys frequently speak of " towers " and " bowers," and other similar outhouses, existing here close to the river. As finished by Sir Christopher Wren, the house consisted of one storey only, supported on brick groining, and reached by a flight of stone steps from the garden. It was divided into one large room, a smaller one, and two ante-rooms or lobbies. The basement has since been altered by the addition of a kitchen and offices ; in doing which some of the groining has been removed, and the walls much weakened thereby. In one of the arches of this groining is a sort of passage about six feet high, where there is an old Tudor doorway, with a very ancient oak door. The Banquet Room, the principal room of the building, is 32 feet long, 21 feet broad, and 18 feet high. Its ceiling and walls are richly painted and gilt, and its whole ap- pearance is very gorgeous. It has seven large sash windows : three looking south over the river and "those meads for ever crowned with flowers," towards Claremont ; two look- ing east into the gardens and down the river to Thames Ditton ; and two others looking up the river, and showing William III. in the Banquet Room cb g Banqueting House, built in 1700. 1700] The Banqueting House. 129 the southern wing of the Palace, and the bridge. Nothing could be more charming than the site and the views it affords. The spot is sufficiently quiet and secluded, and with the river almost surrounding the house, and ever gay with sailing and rowing boats — with the picturesque land- scapes in the distance, and the cool breezes floating from the water on all sides — it is almost the perfection of a summer residence. It shows the taste and good sense of our ancestors, who had buildings of this sort in which to dine or sup in hot weather, in a sort of al fresco style. Here William III. doubtless spent many of his evenings, in the last year of his reign, smoking and drinking with Portland or Albemarle. The ceiling, painted, it would seem, by Verrio, represents Minerva as the Goddess of Wisdom, surrounded by alle- gorical figures of Astronomy, Music, Poetry, Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting. Sculpture holds a bust of William III. crowned with laurel. There are also fio-ures emblematic of the winds and zephyrs, and one or two others of doubtful meaning. The borders represent scroll-work, richly coloured and gilt, amidst which appears the mono- gram W. R. The cornice is in a like style, and in the four corners of the room clusters of arms and armour are shown. Altogether the ceiling is well painted, and one of Verrio's best. The walls are also painted, the ground being a pinkish grey. Over the fireplace is a fresco in chiaroscuro, showing Jupiter and Juno in the clouds, and above it are two cupids holding a wreath of laurel over William III.'s device. On either side of this are two vases of flowers, too well painted to be the work of Verrio ; they are perhaps from the pencil of Baptiste. The chimney-piece is of white marble, and over it is fixed an old looking-glass ornamented with a border of f K 130 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 white and blue cut-glass. On the walls by the fireplace are painted : to the right, Bacchus and Ariadne with the crown of stars above her ; and to the left, a satyr pursuing a nymph, who appeals to Diana for protection. In the corners of the room are eight small designs in chiaroscuro, representing Apollo and Daphne, and other mythological legends ; and between the windows are four medallions gracefully executed in chiaroscuro on a blue ground. Beneath them were formerly some life-sized figures, but they were painted out a few years ago. The doors and shutters are oak, painted in the same pinkish grey as the rest of the room, the carving and moulding being gilt. The other rooms demand little notice. They are all panelled with deep-toned Norway oak, finely moulded and carved ; and in one of them there is a pretty old-fashioned corner fireplace. In the same report it is stated that "the foundations of the New Terrace were in prosecution of a design for a building sent to Loo, and approved by the King, but were not intended to be carried higher than the level of the terrace this year;" and that it "consists wholly of the old bricks of the Water Gallery, with little more expense than the carrying off elsewhere would have cost." Here we have the inception of the Great Terrace along the river side, extending from the end of the Broad Walk, alongside the river, for a distance of 2,300 feet, or nearly half a mile, to the Bowling Green and Pavilions at the end of it. Switzer, the writer on gardening, whom we have so often quoted, pronounces it " the noblest work of that kind in Europe." A reference to Kip's bird's-eye view on page 108 will show its position and appearance. The Pavilions were four small rectangular buildings — originally it would seem of only one storey — in the four corners 1700] The Great Terrace and Pavilions. 131 of the Bowling Green. They served apparently very much the same purpose as the Banqueting House, and were the ordinary resorts of the inhabitants of the Palace in summer afternoons and evenings, when the time was be- guiled with bowls, cards, coffee-drinking, gossipping, and flirting. A reproduction of an old view of them is given in Chapter XIV., and they may be made out in the bird's- eye view by Kip. CHAPTER X. WILLIAM III. AND FOREIGN POLITICS. Return of King William — Congratulations of the Lord Mayor and Corporation — Visit from the Duke of Shrewsbury — Death of the King of Spain — The Due d'Anjou acknowledged as his Successor by Louis XIV. — Extraordinary Popular Indifference in England — William changes his Ministers — Parliament dis- solved — The Court goes into Mourning — Further Improvements in the Privy Garden, the Parks, and the Great Fountain Garden — Bills and Debts for the Works— Comte de Tallard's abrupt Visit to King William — His Audience and cold Reception — His difficult Position — Count Wratislaw, Ambassador from the Emperor, at Hampton Court — More Royal Physickings — Extraordinary Prescriptions — The Meeting of the New Parliament — Proposed Impeachment of the Whig Lords — An Address to his Majesty — Letter from the Due d'Anjou — Cabinet Council at Hampton Court — The King's Anger against Rochester — William in bad Health again — Further Works in the Privy Gardens — Departure of the King for Holland — His continued Interest in the Works at Hampton Court — Accumulation of Debt. N King William's return from Holland in the autumn of the year 1 700, he came straight back to the Palace, arriving on the night of Sun- day, October the 20th; 1 and the next day the State Apartments were thronged with the nobility and gentry, who came down from town to offer him their congratulations on his safe return. On Tuesday he had a meeting of the Privy Council ; but the inconvenience of the ' Cole's Memoirs, p. 233. 1700] Return of William III. 133 two hour's drive down from London and back, several times a week, was found so great, that he determined they should sit at Kensington, "for their greater ease as being nearer London, whither he should come up on every council-day." 1 On Wednesday the 23rd, " the Sheriffs of London and Middlesex went to wait on His Majesty at Hampton Court, to know when he would please to be attended by the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, to congratulate His Majesty on his safe return ; and they are to attend His Majesty to- morrow." 2 This they did; and the Recorder, in the usual manner, " in the name of the City congratulated His Majesty's Health, and Safe Return ; which his Majesty was pleased to accept very graciously, and conferred the Honour of Knighthood upon Robert Beachcroft, one of the Sheriffs. After which they were, by His Majesty's com- mand, entertained with a very splendid dinner, and returned to the City with great satisfaction." 3 William had not been back long, when he received . a visit from the Duke of Shrewsbury, who came to bid him farewell before retiring abroad, thoroughly disgusted with the failure of his efforts to restore harmony in the adminis- tration. The interview took place on the 28th of October, and the King and his trusted friend remained in close con- ference for a very long time that evening. No circum- stantial record exists of what passed between them ; but we may suppose that Shrewsbury, who had been narrowly watching the current of affairs during William's absence, unfolded to him his view of the political situation, and ten- dered his advice. His correspondence offers indications " of his having made up his mind to the absolute necessity of calling the House of Hanover to the succession, and of announcing that fact openly." 4 ' Luttrell ; London Gazette. 2 Luttrell. 3 London Gazette. 4 Shrewsbury's Correspondence, vol. iii., p. 143. 134 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 But, in the meanwhile, an event had taken place which for a time overshadowed all questions of domestic politics, and which was destined to have the most far-reaching and tremendous consequences. On the evening of the 1st of November William received at Hampton Court " the terrible news," l as he designated it, of the death of the King of Spain, which, occurring as it did in the midst of the negotiations for the Second Partition Treaty, plunged the whole of Europe in a ferment. Three days after, William received further in- telligence here, which burst upon him like a thunderbolt. This was the news that Louis XIV., in violation of his solemnly pledged word, had accepted the will made by the late King of Spain, in favour of the Duke of Anjou, bequeathing to him the whole of the vast dominions, in the Old World and the New, subject to the Spanish Crown. Of his indignation and dismay, no words but his own could convey any idea. Writing to Heinsius the next day, the 5th of November, from Hampton Court, he says : — " I never relied much on the engagements with France ; but I must confess I did not think they would, on this occa- sion, have broken, in the face of the whole world, a solemn treaty, before it was well accomplished. The motives alleged in the annexed memorial are so shameful, that I cannot conceive how they can have the effrontery to pro- duce such a paper. We must confess we are dupes ; but if one's word and faith are not to be kept, it is easy to cheat any man." 2 But what caused him even still greater vexation and anxiety was the mood in which the English people received the news. We need not dwell here on the strange aberra- tion of popular feeling, too often paralleled in modern times, which, fanned by interested party politicians, looked upon 1 (Irimblot, vol. ii., p. 453. 1 Do., vol. ii., p. 477, and Hardwicke's State Papers, vol. ii., p. 393. 1700] William III. and Foreign Affairs. 135 the Partition Treaty as more obnoxious to English interests than the King of Spain's will. William had to deal with that deplorable indifference to foreign politics, and with one of those strange infatuations, which have so often foiled the calculations of our astutest statesmen. " The blindness of the people of England," as the King himself said, was indeed incredible. " They are all quiet here," l he goes on to say, "and trouble their thoughts little with the great change in the affairs of the world. It seems as if it were a punishment from heaven that people here are so little sensible to what passes without the island, though we ought to have the same interests and anxieties as those upon the Continent." 2 His only course now was to try and "engage the English people," as he put it, "by a prudent conduct, by degrees, and without their perceiving it." It was as much in pursuit of this object as from any other cause, that he proceeded forthwith to seek for popular sup- port by dismissing all the Whigs and calling the Tories to his counsels. Accordingly, on Sunday, December the 1st, there assisted at one of the Cabinet Councils (which still continued to be held at Hampton Court, though the meetings of the full Privy Council took place at Kensington), Lord Godol- phin, who had not been to Court since his dismissal from office four years before, on account of his implication in Fen- wick's plot, whence " it was concluded he would be sworn First Commissioner of the Treasury again." 3 To this office he was, in fact, appointed ; and he attended the King at Hampton Court again on the following Tuesday with Lord 1 From Hampton Court, dated Nov. audience of His Majesty (at Hampton 23rd, N.S., i.e., 1 2th, O.S. — Hardwicke Court), being introduced by Sir Charles Papers, vol. ii., p. 397. Cottrell, Master of the Ceremonies." 2 On the 19th of November "Agi — London Gazette. Mustapha Aga, Envoy from the Bashaw 3 Luttrell. and Government of Tripoli, had an 136 History of Ha7npton Coni't Palace. [1700 Rochester, who was regarded as the chief of the Tory party, rather from his connection with the Princess Anne than on account of his abilities. On the 12th Rochester was declared Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and other ap- pointments quickly followed. At the same time the King did not entirely forget his old friends, for Charles Montague, his late Chancellor of the Exchequer, was raised to the peerage with the title of Lord Halifax. 1 On the 19th the King in Council at Hampton Court, in deference to the wishes of his new advisers, dissolved Parliament, and ordered writs at once to be issued for a new one. Although the King of Spain's death had taken place at the end of October, it was full six weeks after before the English Court went into mourning. This delay was due to a difficult question of etiquette, which was started as soon as the news reached England. The point was this, whether his Majesty was to wait for an official notification of the event before going into mourning, and if so, from whom ? It was thought that the question would be best determined by the usage of the French Court, which was regarded as the arbiter in such fine-drawn punctilios, and Vernon was accordingly instructed to refer the matter to the Earl of Manchester, our ambassador at Paris. 2 What answer was received we cannot say ; but the death being notified to the King on December 1st, an order was issued on Sunday the 8th, at Hampton Court, signifying his Majesty's pleasure, " that the whole Court should go into mourning for three months." 8 Having carried our narrative so far, we will here turn aside a while to notice what progress was being made with the 1 On Dec. 4th. — Ralph, vol. ii., p. 890. 2 Cole's Memoirs ) p. 249; Grimblot, vol. ii., p. 471. 1 London Gazcitej Luttrell. • 1700] More Works in the Gardens. 137 works in the parks and gardens of Hampton Court, and first with the improvement in the ground to the south of the Palace. As we noted a few pages back, the remaking of this part of the gardens had already been begun in the summer, by the pulling down of the Water Gallery. This obstruc- tion to the view from the new State Apartments being now removed, Wise, the gardener, submitted an estimate on November 13th, 1700, for levelling the old " Mount " — a raised mound of earth, with a winding path to the summit, which had been made in the reign of Henry VIII., as we saw in our first volume, 1 but which now, besides being thought an interference with the view, seemed to be out of place among the formal walks and parterres of the gardens of William of Orange. Accordingly an expenditure of some ^500 was at once incurred in " removeing the great Body of Earth, which lies above the fountain in the Privey Garden, being 10,000 solid yards," 2 and in "taking up the severall Lines of Hornbeam, Cypruss and the flowering shrubs, which are in the Lines and Quarters of the Privey Garden, carrying them to the Wilderness and securing them in earth," while the borders were being prepared for them. In the meantime the raising of the new terrace by the river side to the Bowling Green was continued, and, as an extension of the improvements in the same direction, a pro- posal of Wise's was authorized for : " The Planting 4 Rows of Lime Trees from the Straite Line of the Bowling Green to the Thames, alsoe 4 more lines from the end of these lines, to the Circle, which takes the Diagonal walke in the House Parke, and will require 360 Trees." 3 A reference to the upper right-hand corner of Kip's bird's-eye view on page 108, will show what Wise referred to. 1 Vol. i., p. 207. 2 Treasury Papers, vol. lxxi., Nos. 35 and 35. 3 Do., vol. lxxi., No. 35. 138 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 Another improvement effected at the same time was the making of " the Rushy Pond at the lower of the House Park into a regular form " — the pond referred to apparently- being that near the gate at Hampton Wick. In Bushey Park no further works of importance were entered upon ; though there is an item in the accounts for this autumn which, in view of a recent agitation for further access to Bushey Park, may have a certain local interest : " For taking away the bank, and sinking a new ditch to prevent people coming over the pales ; to make a new footway through the Park from Hampton Wick — £/\. 10s." This is the footway through the Hare warren, which was closed by Oliver Cromwell ; opened again by Charles II. ; closed again, as we shall see in a subsequent page, 1 by Lord Halifax, in the reign of George II., when ranger of Bushey Park, about 1754 ; and at last reopened for ever, through the triumphant vindication of the right of way by Timothy Bennett, a native of Hampton Wick. As to the Great Fountain Garden, and the two new divisions that had just been formed and laid out, they appear to have been at last perfected according to the King's fancy ; and therefore we do not find record of any further expen- diture on them. The interior of the King's apartments also was probably by this time pretty well completed ; though the imperfections of the records, through several of the estimates and bills being wanting, do not admit of our presenting an exhaustive account of what was done. For the works above enumerated, and in respect of a debt of about ,£5,000, as yet undischarged, for former works, an allowance of £"150 a week was to be continued until the debt was paid off; and afterwards £100 a week for these works. 1 ' An "abstract of bills passed for the gardens att ' Post, Chapter XIX. Treasury Papers, vol. lxxi., No. 35, and vol. lxxiii., No. 33. 1700] Cost of various Works. 139 Hampton Court, from the last of December, 1699, to the last of December, 1700," included several which may be noticed here. One was for ,£1,315, still due to John Tijou, the smith, whose exquisite ironwork we have described on a former page. 1 Other sums were — to John Nost, carver, £304; to Richard Osgood, 2 figure caster, £ 1 7 1 ; to Thomas Highmore, painter, £173. Thomas Highmore was serjeant-painter to William III., uncle of Joseph Highmore, the portrait painter, and great- uncle of Anthony Highmore, who drew some views of Hampton Court in the reign of George II. He was also master of Sir James Thornhill, who succeeded him as ser- jeant-painter in 1719-20, and who painted a ceiling in the State Apartments here in 171 5, as we shall see later. Besides these there are very large amounts entered as due to purveyors, masons, carpenters, bricklayers, iron- mongers, plumbers, and other workmen, who had to wait more than ten years before they could get their money. In the meanwhile, the Comte de Tallard, the French ambassador, whom the reader will remember as visiting William in the foregoing spring, and who signed with Port- land and Jersey the Second Partition Treaty, which his master had so flagrantly just set at naught, arrived in Lon- don on Monday, December 8th. That day or the next, he called on Vernon to know when he might present to Kino; William a letter he had brouoht from his own sovereign, Louis XIV. Vernon accordingly came down to the Palace on Tuesday, 10th, to arrange an audience for him, which was fixed for next day at 1 1 o'clock. 3 But much to the secretary's surprise, just as he was about to get into his coach, he met Tallard alighting at the great gate at the first court. He stopped him and told him that the audience ' See p. 55. 2 Sztfiost, p. 202. 3 Cole, pp. 268, 270. 140 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 was appointed for the morrow at eleven. The ambassador answered that he would be at Hampton Court at that hour; but that being there he thought "he might go and make his leg to the King." To this Vernon replied that " that needed no advice of his, and that he would do therein as he thought fit." Thereupon the comte " went into his coach to change his perriwig ; " and Vernon went away to London. " Whether," observes he, " his hastening to Hampton Court be according to rule or not, I don't pre- tend to judge ; your Excellency," added he to Manchester, " will know best, being so well versed in the practice of that court." In answer to this Manchester simply ob- served, " His coming so abruptly to Hampton Court, before he had an answer from you, shews the nature of the man." 1 Vernon afterwards heard that Tallard came into the bed- chamber before the King went to the Treasury; the King stopped a little to speak to him about his journey, and so went on to the Treasury, and the ambassador returned to London. This must have been the occasion of which it is related, 2 that when Tallard came to wait on the King, he gazed abstractedly out of the window, and merely observed "Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, le temps est bien change;" by which expression he meant not only the alteration of the weather, but chiefly " the change of time and circumstances of things." Next day the count repaired again to Hamp- ton Court to have his appointed audience. His reception was now very different from what it had been in the spring. William would scarcely deign to notice him, 3 and the inter- view was very brief. " He delivered his letter to the King, saying very little at the presenting of it, and then stood 1 Cole, p. 272. the date right here, but who must I '-oyer's History of William ///., have been misinformed when he states p. 4^'f>. that the letter was given at the Tues- 1 Luttrell, vol. iv., p. 717, who gives clay audience. 1700] The French Ambassador s Audience. 141 silent. The King said something about his own inclina- tions to preserve the peace of Europe, in manifesting whereof, he might perhaps have advanced too far, but he was very desirous that all the world should be satisfied of his dispositions towards the public tranquillity. The am- bassador's answer to this was to this effect : ' That his master had the same inclinations to peace, and thought he had given a proof of it by accepting the King of Spain's will.' His Majesty seemed not to understand how that could be made out, and the ambassador proceeded no further ; but only made a particular compliment on his own account, how much he valued the honour of returning hither again, to assure his Majesty of his profound respects, and so took his leave." * The interview lasted but four minutes, and " he returned without the usual notice taken of him by the nobility, who attended his Majesty." 2 The King had not opened the letter while the ambas- sador was with him, it not being usual to do so. But reading it afterwards, he found it was "there said of the am- bassador, 'Qu'il expliquera particulierement les justesraisons qui nous ont obliges de preferer le repos public a nos interets particuliers, en acceptant comme nous avons fait, le testament du feu Roy Catholique en faveur du Roy nostre petit fils.' And therefore, his Majesty seemed a little surprised that he did not enlarge further at his audience, or desire some other time for doing so." 3 Vernon, whose account we have been quoting, and who, though he was not present himself, got it on good authority, visited Tallard that evening in town. The count told him he had been to Hampton Court at the time appointed, but that he was a very short time with the King ; and he added : " Qu'il avoit rendu la lettre et s'estoit acquite de sa commission." 1 Cole, p. 271. 2 Luttrell, who again confuses the dates. ' Cole, p. 271. 142 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1700 He had indeed a difficult part to play, and Prior, writing the same day 1 to Manchester, remarks: "Count Tallard makes a foolish figure here ; I do not know as yet what he says to the King on this occasion, but everybody observes his Excellency to be very melancholy and desponding, and one may judge he has reason to be so, as to his own par- ticular concerning the part he has been made to act, how- ever his country in general may approve their monarch's breach of truth and treaty." Vernon did not see him for some days after, and as he avoided visiting Hampton Court after his cold reception by the King, the secretary suspected that he had " taken something amiss," and he judged from his "reserved humour,' 5, that he had written some complaint to his own Court. But of this Manchester could find no confirmation ; indeed v the reverse seems to have been the fact, for he appears to have been at variance with his royal master in regard to the policy pursued, and " had like to have undone himself [at Paris], by talking too freely of the treaty, and how they ought to be kept to it." 2 At any rate, whatever constraint there was, it soon passed off, and the count endeavoured to put the best face on matters by coming to Court once a week. A very different reception was accorded to the Ambas- sador Extraordinary of the Emperor, Count Wratislaw, who arrived in England on Saturday, December 28th, as the bearer of important confidences, and who was received in a special private audience at Hampton Court by the King two days after, and treated with the greatest honour and respect. 1 The Emperor, who was by no means disposed to abandon his pretensions to the Spanish succession and the fief of Milan, had instructed him to discuss the renewal and extension of the confederacy for carrying out 1 Cole, p. 269. Dec. 10th, U.S. 9 Do., p. 278. ' Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs. 1700] More Royal Physic kings. 143 the provisions of the Treaty. But William, fettered as he was by the position of political parties, and the state of public opinion in England, was powerless to adopt these measures, which he thought vital to the security of Europe. He was, indeed, harassed on all sides, and his worries began again to affect his health. " His Majesty is not very well," writes Vernon, " his appetite abates, and his legs are more swelled ; but it chiefly arises from his great thoughtfulness in relation to the public. Physicians have been consulted and have prescribed remedies." 1 What these were we learn from the curious record of the royal physickings which we have already cited. The night of his return to Hampton Court, he was given "half a dram of the cream of tartar (to be taken twice a day) ; a ptisane (to be taken at pleasure) of the clarified decoction of barley, after a warm infusion of Eryngo roots condited, sal prunellae, and the spirit of black cherries." At the same time they recom- mended " the frequent use of tablets, made of the species de Althaea, with Sal prunellae, Loaf-sugar, and Mucilage of Gum Tragacanth." But a few days after the treatment was changed to " Nynsichtius' elixir vitrioli and Spa water ;" and these were followed in quick succession, during the next month or so, by gentian, centaury, tartar vitriolated, salt of wormwood, salt of steel, balsamic syrup, Epsom salts in chicken broth, crabs' eyes, steel prepared with sulphur, hog's lice, chalybeate pills, elder flowers, after which recourse was again had to the old prescriptions. While undergoing this stringent course of dosing, Wil- liam remained in seclusion at Hampton Court, absorbed in his labour of inditing instructions to his agents abroad, or receiving despatches from them. The only incident to break the routine, of which we find record, is his giving an 1 To the Earl of Manchester, Dec. 30th, O.S.— Cole, p. 279. 144 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1701 audience to Monsieur Leyoncroua, 1 the Resident from Sweden, who came to notify to his Majesty " the late signal victory, obtained by the King his master, over the Czar of Muscovy's army before Narva." But the anxious moment of the meeting of the new House of Commons was now drawing nigh ; and on the 29th of January the King left Hampton Court for Ken- sington for the opening of Parliament, which took place on February 6th. But his Majesty soon found that, in sacri- ficing his own predilections to political exigencies, and " by dismissing the Whigs, because they could no longer do his business in Parliament, he had done enough to disoblige them, but not enough to gain the Tories." Now it was that the faults of the royal character, on which the Tories had so long laid stress, suddenly became apparent to the Whigs, who "began to complain of the King's conduct, of his mind- ing affairs so little, of his being so much out of the kingdom, and of his ill choice of favourites ;" a while the ultra-Tories, being resolved not to be put off by the King calling to his counsels only the moderate men of the party, never abated for a moment in their attacks upon the King and Court. So sensible was he of having failed to conciliate either faction, that he remarked to Halifax, " All the difference he knew between the two parties was, that the Tories would cut his throat in the morning, and the Whigs in the after- noon. But the events of the interesting session that had now begun, in which it will be remembered the Act of Settlement was passed, have little bearing on the history of Hampton Court. Nevertheless, we may observe that the excitement then convulsing the country, on the question of the Partition 1 On Jan. 14th, 1701. — See London Gazette. 2 Stanhope's History, and Tindal, vol. iii., p. 275. 3 Ralph, vol. ii., p. 908. I7 oi] The New Parliament and the Whig Lords. 145 Treaty, soon found vent in the impeachment of Somers, Halifax, Oxford, Portland, and other Whigs, and in an address of the House of Commons to the King, that he should "banish them from his counsels and presence for ever." The House of Lords, however, though not backward themselves to strike at the King's late ministers, resented the independent action of the Commons ; and while the Re- port on the Address was still in debate in the Lower House, they carried a resolution for an address to his Majesty, pray- ing that he " should be pleased not to pass any censure upon them [the Whig Lords] until they are tried upon the said impeachments, and judgment be given according to the usage of Parliament and the Laws of the Land." ! This address was entrusted to the Duke of Devonshire and the Earl of Romney, who brought it down to the Palace on the 16th of April, where the King was then staying for a few days, and presented it to him, in their state robes, with white staves. His Majesty did not vouchsafe them any answer — a want of courtesy which so much exercised their lordships, that a committee was appointed by the House, to search the journals, to see whether there was any precedent for such conduct on the part of the King. The attack on his late ministers, however, was not the only matter engaging William's care; for on April 13th, 1 70 1, three days previous to the presentation of the Lords' address, he had received at Hampton Court a solemn letter from the Duke of Anjou, the new King of Spain, giving formal notice of his arrival at Madrid, and of his having taken possession of the Spanish throne, and concluding with assurances of friendship, and of his desire to live on good terms with England. It was read that night at a 1 Ralph's History, vol. ii., p. 944 ; and Luttrell. f L 146 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1701 special Cabinet Council summoned for the purpose. Of what passed on this interesting occasion there is no precise record ; but Burnet, who was probably at the Palace, tells us that there was some short debate concerning the course to be pursued : " The Earl of Rochester saw the King seemed distrustful of him, and reserved to him in that matter, and was highly offended at it : he and the rest of the new ministry pressed the King to own the King of Spain, and to answer his letter ; and since the Dutch had done it, it seemed reasonable that the King should like- wise do it : they prevailed at last, but with much difficulty : the thing was kept secret, and was not communicated to the Privy Council, or to the two houses, nor did the King speak of it to any of the foreign ministers ; the ' Paris Gazette' gave the world the first notice of it." l But though the King's far-seeing statesmanship had to give way to the party exigencies of his ministers, and he was reluctantly compelled to yield to their insistence, it was their thwarting him on this and similar points of policy at this period, that first determined him to disengage himself from them, as soon as an occasion offered. Rochester's imperious- ness and assuming conduct, not only in what he said, but especially in his manner of saying it, were highly offensive to William. It is apparent that the curious incident related by Lord Dartmouth in his " Notes " took place at Hampton Court at this time, and possibly on the night of the very Cabinet Council just referred to. " Lord Jersey," says he, " told me, he (i.e. Rochester) was with him once in the King's closet, where he took the liberty to tell the King ' that princes must not only hear good advice but ??iust take it.' After he was gone, the King stamped about the room, and repeated the word ' must ' several times. At last, turn- 1 History of His Own Times, vol. iv., p. 482. 1701] Cabinet Councils — William ill again. 147 ing to Lord Jersey, he said : * If I had ordered him to have been thrown out of the window, he must have gone ; I do not see how he could have hindered it.' ' While the two Houses, instead of minding the business and affairs of the country, were continuing their mutual wranglings over all the various stages of the impeachments, William could not indulge in any prolonged sojourn at his favourite home. He made arrangements, however, to reside here chiefly, coming up to Kensington every week from Wednesday to Friday, " unless extraordinary occasions re- quired his coming at other times." * He was the more induced to adopt this plan on account of the injurious effects which he fancied the atmosphere of London had on his health. His cough and the swelling in his legs were growing troublesome again, and defied all the remedies his physicians could devise. "I hope," observes Vernon, "he will have more benefit from the air and exercise of Hampton Court than from the Doctor's prescriptions, which he is not apt to be a regular observer of" 2 — a fact not to be marvelled at, when we find that they were now resorting to a new set of remedies, and prescribing for him "four spoonfuls a day of the juices of garden scurvy-grass, water-cresses, Brooke- lime and oranges, with Rhenish wine and wormwood- water compound, with some drops of the Tincture of Steel." 3 Hampton Court, therefore, became his head-quarters for the rest of the session; and here, on June 1st, he so far overcame a long-standing personal repugnance as to appoint "the Right Honourable John Earl of Marlborough, General of the Foot and Commander in Chief of His Majesty's Forces in Holland," 4 naming him soon after ambassador 1 Cole, p. 370. He held another Cabinet Council here on April 27th. 2 Do., p. 376. : ' Complete History, &c. 4 London Gazette. 148 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1701 extraordinary and plenipotentiary to carry on the negotiations at the Hague for the treaties, which were to be made with foreign powers against France. 1 But the magnitude of the danger now threatening the liberties of Europe did not prevent William from devoting time and attention to his works at Hampton Court. On the 1 6th of June he approved a plan that had been made by Wise, in accordance with his directions, for further re- modelling the Privy Gardens. 2 The chief features of the new design were the raising of the two side terraces, and the sinking of the ground in between them, to afford a better view of the Thames from the windows of the State Rooms, 3 thus completing the improvement of the ground on the south of the Palace, which had been begun the year before by the removal of the Water Gallery and the old " Mount." Defoe 4 mentions that this portion of the ground "received some alterations since the taking down the Water Gallery ; but not the part immediately next the lodgings," and in " Magna Britannia" we are told that "the Privy Garden was sunk ten feet to give a view of the Thames from the State apart- ments ; " and we must allow that, like all the improvements carried out in the gardens at this time, it was an alteration ingeniously designed and tastefully carried out, which adds much to their attractiveness. The whole cost of moving the soil, and remaking the beds and borders, amounted to ^"i,426. 5 About the same time the Pond Garden was " laid out into small enclosures, surrounded by tall hedges, to break the violence of the winds, and render them proper for the 1 Duke of Marlborough's Papers, ' Defoe's Tour and Magna Bri- Eighth Report of the Historical Com- tannia, vol. iii., p. 9. ion, part i., p. 12, June 26th, '' Tour through Great Britain. 1701. Treasury Papers^ vol. lxxv., No. 6. 2 Treasury Papers, vol. lxxv., No. 6. See Appendix P. 1701] The Privy Gardens remodelled. 149 reception of such exotic plants in summer, as were moved out of the conservatories during the season." l The prorogation of Parliament took place on Tuesday, 24th of June ; and on the ensuing Saturday, the 28th, William held a council here, when Lords Justices were appointed to carry on the government during his absence ; and Mr. Northey accepted the post of Attorney-General, resolving "to lay aside all other practice but that of His Majesty " 2 — a resolve that, unfortunately, has not been imitated by any of his successors. The same day the Palace was thronged by a "great number of the gentry and nobility," and by the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, who came from London in a body, doubtless by water in their picturesque barges, to take leave of the King. His Majesty seems to have had a good notion of how best to ingratiate himself with the Corporation, for we learn from a newspaper of the time that " they were nobly treated with a plentiful dinner." Early on the following Monday, the 30th of June, 1701, King William left Hampton Court for Holland. During the King's absence abroad, the works in the Privy Garden, the estimate for which we have cited above, were begun, while several other minor works, which had been estimated for early in the spring by Mr. Phil. Ryley, for Bushey Park, were now also put in hand. The particulars chiefly related to the building of " 2 new Lodges at the Ends of the Aveniew in Jockey Park" (i.e. Bushey Park). The King was meanwhile in Holland, paying what was destined to be his last visit to his native land, and stimu- lating the coalition against France. Yet even amid the whirl of continental politics, his thoughts often recurred to the trim walks and fountains of his favourite home on the banks of 1 Defoe's Tour, Sec, ed. 1742. 3 The English Post, June 30th, - LuttrelFs Diary. 1701. 150 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1701 the Thames. From Loo he instructed his secretary, Mr. Wm. Blathwayt, to write to Mr. Lowndes, on the 6th of September (N. S.), directing that "the Lords of the Treasury should appoint what was needful for the works at Hampton Court, under the direction of Mr. Talman, as he expected them to be despatched before his return." ' It was necessary for him to spur on the great obstructive office of the English Government, for the works had come to a standstill by the accumulation of debt, there being at the end of July a sum of ^"11,000 still unpaid for works in the house, and another of ,£4,313 8s. id. for works in the gardens, which swallowed up all the money allowed for these works. 2 1 Treasury Papers, vol. lxxvi., No. 13. 2 Do., vol. lxxv., No. 54. CHAPTER XI. LAST ILLNESS AND DEATH OF WILLIAM III. William unexpectedly arrives from Holland — Enthusiastic Rejoicings — Passionate Revulsion of National Feeling — Addresses and Deputations — Receptions in the King's Great Presence Chamber — Address from the University of Cambridge — The Lord Mayor and Corporation of London — King William's Health — Question as to a Dissolution of Parliament — William undecided — Pro- clamation issued dissolving Parliament — William remains in retirement at Hampton Court — His failing Health — Continues to hunt violently— Disregards his Physician's Advice — Diary of his Illness — Extraordinary Concoctions pre- scribed — His swollen Legs — Leaves Hampton Court for London — Comes to Hunt in the Park — Falls from his Horse — His own Version of the Accident — Diversities in the Historical Accounts — His Death. ROM Loo William III. went on to Breda, and from there to the Hague, 1 whence, after being detained for three weeks by adverse winds, he sailed on November 3rd for England, landing at Margate unexpectedly early the followingmorn- ing, the 4th, the anniversary of his own birth, and of his land- ing in 1 688 at Torbay. From the coast he came post-haste to Hampton Court, avoiding the fatigue of a progress through London, 2 which the enfeebled state of his health could not have suffered him to bear, and reached the Palace on the 1 From the Hague, on Nov. 1st (N.S.), he signified the appointment of Mr. Jackson as master mason at Hampton Court, in the place of Mr. Oliver, deceased. 2 Luttrell ; London Gazette. 152 History of Hampton Court Palace. [170 1 evening of the 5th, about 8 o'clock, " much tired with his journey, so that he went immediately to bed." * That very same night he signed a commission for the proroguing of Parliament." 2 His arrival is chronicled thus in the " London Gazette" : — Nov. 5" 1 . The King came yesterday from Margate to Sitting- bourne where His Majesty lay last night ; His Majesty dined this day at the Earl of Romney's at Greenwich, 3 and came this evening to Hampton Court. Yesterday was celebrated His Majesty's birth- day ; and the Public Joy on this occasion being very much en- creased by the news of His Majesty's good health, and safe Arrival, the same was expressed in an extraordinary manner by the Ring- ing of Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations, in the cities of London and Westminster. And this day was observed the anniversary of the Discovery of the Gunpowder Treason, with the usual solemnity. 4 No moment, in truth, could have been more aptly chosen for his return. During his absence an event had occurred of incalculable importance in the history of the world. James II. had died, and, in a moment of ill-considered bravado, Louis XIV. had acknowledged the Pretender as King of England. This was just the one thing needed to revive William's fast vanishing popularity, for it touched the English nation in what has ever been its most sensitive point — its jealous dislike of the interference of foreigners in its domestic affairs. The effect was, in truth, instantaneous. All the pride of the English nature, all its enthusiasm for liberty and its impatience of foreign influence, all its pent-up loyalty and patriotism were exalted to the highest pitch. The voice of disaffection was hushed, while the whole nation Complete History of Europe for ' Macaulay, in the last unrevised 1702, p. 66, and Correspondence of chapter of his history, says, " He slept Henry Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, vol. at Greenwich" which is no doubt in i., p. 419. oversight. 2 Ralph's History. ' See also the Flying Post. 1701] King William s triumphant Return. 153 rallied with one accord round the throne. It was a striking instance of those revulsions of English national feeling, which have so often perplexed and bewildered foreign poli- ticians, and disturbed their deepest calculations. Even while William was yet abroad, addresses had been drawn up by public bodies in every part of the kingdom, de- claring their devotion to his crown and person, and their high resentment at the indignity offered to him and the English people. And now, on the day after his arrival, even at Hampton Court, the King could find no refuge from the importunate loyalty of his subjects. Deputations from cities, counties, universities, besieged him all day. 1 He doubtless received them in his new Presence Chamber, which is one of the finest of Wren's stately suite of rooms, and which has undergone but little change in appearance since that day. The throne, or chair of state, by which he stood, was placed underneath the canopy of crimson damask, which still remains fixed to the wall in its original position, w T ith its valance richly embroidered in silver and gold, with the rose, thistle, fleur-de-lis, harp, and the cypher W. R., all crowned. The same emblems were embroidered on the rest of the furniture, which was of crimson damask, en suite ; and they were embossed on the beautiful silver chandelier which still hangs from the lofty coved ceiling. Opposite the throne there was, as there is to-day, the large allegorical picture of William, which had just been finished by Kneller, 2 and which is engraved as a frontispiece to this volume, and in which he is represented landing in England after the Peace of Ryswick in 1697, in armour, on a white horse, trampling on the emblems of war, attended by Mercury 1 London Gazette, and Correspon- 1701. For a detailed account of this dence of Henry Hyde, Earl of Claren- picture see the author's Historical don, vol. ii., p. 420. Catalogue. 2 It is 18 ft. by 15 ft., and is dated 154 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1701 Peace, and Plenty, and welcomed to British soil by Neptune. The rich dark panels of Norway oak, relieved by delicately- carved festoons of fruit and flowers in limewood from the incomparable hand of Gibbons, and lightened by inter- mediate hangings of rich tapestry, formed an admirable background for the assembled Court. We can imagine the ceaseless throng passing up Verrio's resplendent staircase, making their way through the stately Guard Chamber, and surveying with curiosity all the magnificence of the new Palace, of which so much had been reported, and then approaching the feeble but high-spirited King, who stood to receive them pale, haggard, and coughing. Among- the numerous addresses that the King received on the day after his arrival was one presented by " His Grace the Duke of Somerset, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, attended by the Vice-Chancellor, and several of the masters and scholars, who came to town upon this occasion," on behalf of that ancient seat of learning. It will serve here as a specimen of similar documents presented to him within the next three or four weeks, all of which were printed at length in the " London Gazette" : — May it please Your Majesty, Your Majesty's most Loyal and Dutiful Subjects, the Chan- cellor, Masters and Scholars, of Your University of Cambridge, having a just detestation of the late Indignity offered to Your Sacred Majesty by the French King, in setting up a pretended Prince of Wales, as King of these Realms ; humbly crave Leave, on this occasion, to assure your Majesty, that from our Hearts we own and assert Your most Just and Rightful Title to the Crowns of these Kingdoms, and will contribute our utmost to its Defence with all the Cheerfulness and Affection that becomes our Duty to the best of Kings, and our Gratitude to our Happy Deliverer. We can never forget the once deplorable state of this Church and Nation, under the Fatal Influence of Popish and Arbitrary Counsels, when all our Prayers and Addresses to Heaven were for 1 7 o i ] Receptions of Deputations. 1 5 5 your Majesty's speedy arrival, to rescue us from the dangers of Idolatry and Slavery. And we are daily sensible, that we entirely owe the Safety of our Religion and Liberties to Your Auspicious Government. Neither can we doubt, but God will still Support and Enable You, not only to maintain Your own Crown and Dignity at home, but to defend Your injured Neighbours abroad, and secure the threatened Liberty of Europe. May the same good Providence that has hitherto protected You from so many secret and open Attempts, preserve and prolong Your Sacred Life, assist and prosper You in all Your Great and Good Designs, direct Your Subjects in Parliament to the wisest and best Counsels, and ever continue these Nations under the Happy Establishment of a Protestant Succession. The " Mayor, Bayliffs and Commonalty of the King's Ancient City and Corporation of Winchester," the " Lord Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and Sheriffs, and four and twenty Commons of the City of York, assembled in Council at the Guildhall of the said City," and similar bodies, and depu- tations representing Grand Juries and Justices of the Peace, from upwards of a hundred towns in England, were equally vehement in the expression of their loyalty and patriotism. The Lord Mayor and Corporation of London attended in a manner even more formal, on the 7th of November, when " Mr. Recorder, in the name of the City, made a speech, containing the highest expressions of their Zeal and Affec- tion to his Majesty's Royal Person and Government, and assurances of their utmost assistance against all Enemies of His Majesty's Crown and Dignity whatever; which His Majesty received very graciously." * It is not surprising that the King was, as he wrote to Heinsius, " quite exhausted by the labour of hearing harangues and returning answers," 2 and that he was reported to look a little pale." 3 Yet so great was his energy, and so 1 London Gazette. 2 Macaulay. 3 Correspondence of H. Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, ubi supra. 156 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1701 anxious was he to see how the works in the grounds of the Palace were getting on, that on the first day on which he received addresses, he spent two hours, ill as he was, in the cold November afternoon, walking about the gardens ; and afterwards dined in public. The swelling in his leg was, at this time, better, " by the help of the medicines administered to him by Dr. Bidloe, whom his Majesty brought over with him from Holland:" 1 and what those remedies were we learn from the diary of his health, kept without intermission from this time to the day of his death. He was, by the orders of Doctors Bidloe, Black- more, and Laurence, to take " Forty drops of the Tincture of the Salt of Tartar, morning and evening in a draught of medicinal wine." Whether or not such a dose is to be found in the modern pharmacopoeia, it was credited with a good result, for "soon after the swelling of his legs fell so much that on the 9th he expressed himself to this effect : ' I did not think that one could recover so soon ; I rode out yesterday on horseback, and eat lustily." His Majesty dined that day in public with the Prince and Princess of Denmark, and despatched (though it was Sunday) a great deal of business in council and elsewhere. At night, how- ever, his legs were more swelled again : " As I take it," said his Majesty, "this is occasioned by standing so long." The fervent demonstrations of loyalty and regard which we have just noticed, afforded the very opportunity which the King was in want of, to shake off his Tory ministers, and to relieve himself of the Tory House of Commons, which had thwarted and affronted him in so many ways. On the evening of his arrival here, he had, as we have seen, prepared the way by signing a commission for pro- roguing Parliament till the 13th; but before that day arrived, the question of a dissolution was discussed. Fortu- ' Luttrell. 1 70 1 ] The King s Health — The Parliamentary Position. 1 5 7 nately this topic is one of those which Macaulay had treated of, in a separate and completed fragment of the last unfinished chapter of his history ; and we may therefore have recourse to his graphic pages for an account of what occurred : — " The whole kingdom, meanwhile, was looking anxiously to Hampton Court. Most of the ministers were assembled there. The most eminent men of the party, which was out of power, had repaired thither, to pay their duty to their sovereign, and to congratulate him on his safe return. It was remarked that Somers and Halifax, so malignantly per- secuted a few months before by the House of Commons, were received with such marks of esteem and kindness as William was little in the habit of vouchsafing to his English courtiers. The lower ranks of both factions were violently agitated. The Whigs, lately vanquished and dispirited, were full of hope and ardour ; the Tories, lately triumphant and secure, were exasperated and alarmed. Both Whigs and Tories waited with intense anxiety for the decision of one momentous and pressing question : — Would there be a dis- solution ? On the 7th of November the King propounded that question to his Privy Council. It was rumoured, and is highly probable, that Jersey, Wright, and Hedges advised him to keep the existing parliament. But they were not men whose opinion was likely to have much weight with him ; and Rochester, whose opinion might have had some weight, had set out to take possession of his vice-royalty just before the death of James, and was still at Dublin." l According to Boyer, two illustrious peers represented to his Majesty " the necessity of calling a new Parliament," urging " that the present one would never do His Majesty's business, nor the nation's." The King, it is asserted, showed great reluctance to follow this advice, but the friends of the impeached lords removed his Majesty's scruples. 1 Macaulay 's History. 158 History of Hampton Court Palace. [*7oi "William, at any rate, had, as he owned to Heinsius, some difficulty in making up his mind. He had no doubt that a general election would cause delay ; and delay might cause much mischief. After balancing these considerations during some hours, he determined to dissolve.'' Accordingly, on Tuesday, the 1 ith of November, 1701, the Kingr announced his intention in council ; and the following day a proclamation dissolving Parliament, and calling to- gether a new one, to meet on the 30th of December, was issued from Hampton Court at eleven o'clock at night, 1 in these terms : — William R. Whereas Our Loving Subjects have Universally, by their Loyal Addresses, Expressed their Resentment of the Injustice and In- dignity offered to Us and Our People, by the late Proceedings of the French King, in taking upon him to own and Declare the Pre- tended Prince of Wales to be King of England, Scotland, and Ireland ; and have thereby also, in the most Dutiful manner, Ex- pressed their Affection to Our Person and Government, and their steady Resolution at this time to do all things, which can be desired from good English men and Protestants ; We have Re- ceived the same with great Satisfaction, and have thought it Reason- able, in this Extraordinary Juncture, to give Our Subjects the Opportunity of Choosing such Persons to Represent them in Par- liament, as they may judge most likely to bring to Effect their Just and Pious Purposes, and in Order thereto to dissolve this present Parliament. While the country was passing through the turmoil of a general election, William remained quietly at Hampton Court, anxiously watched and tended by his intimate friends — the staunch and ever-faithful Portland and the filial and loving Albemarle, who now both perceived, only too clearly, that the health of their beloved master, which ' Luttrell ; London Gazette. 1701] Dissolution of Parliament. 159 had been so long failing, was at last about entirely to break down. Every symptom, in truth, plainly indicated that his end was fast drawing nigh. And though it was necessary in the then state of affairs to keep facts of this sort secret, and practise a sort of pious deception on the world, lest the mere news of his indisposition should inspirit the enemies of the liberties of Europe, William himself could not be deceived as to his real condition. While talking one day, about this time, " of the successes of Charles XII. of Sweden in the North against the Poles and Saxons ; and of Prince Eugene in Italy against the French, he fetched a sort of languishing sigh, and said, ' It is a fine thing to be a young man !' And it is recorded that while walking in intimate converse with Portland one day this winter, " in his garden at Hampton Court, he declared 'that he found himself so weak that he did not expect to live another summer.' But he charged him at the same time ' to say nothing of it till he was dead.'" 1 Yet his undaunted spirit, "fretting the pigmy body to decay," continued manfully to struggle on against the weakness and disease that were wasting his already emaciated frame. Not only would he abate nothing of the labours of his cabinet, where he was busy framing fresh combinations to curb the restless ambition of the French King, but he absolutely refused to forego his favourite exercises, and occasionally, in the Bushey and House Parks, " took the divertisement of hunting attended by a great number of the nobility," 2 though when he returned he had "to be carried up the steps of the palace." 3 The " hunting " was either that unsportsmanlike and cruel diversion of coursing, or stag-hunting, of both of which he 1 Boyer's History of William III., 2 Luttrell. vol. iii., ; and White Kennett's His- 3 Letter of Tallard to Louis XIV. lory, vol. iii., p. 826 ; and The Royal — Grimblot, vol. i., p. 352. Diary, 1705, p. 87. 160 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1701 gives an account in a letter to Portland : " I am hunting the hare every day in the Park with your hounds and mine. The rabbits are almost all killed, and their burrows will soon be stopped up. The day before yesterday I took a stag to forest with the Prince of Denmark's pack, and had a pretty good run, as far as this villanous country will permit." l This exercise, indeed, he had always regarded as essential to his health, and when remonstrated with by Dr. Bidloe for not taking more rest, he answered : " Every one tells me that I do myself an injury by hunting hard ; but if I do not follow violent exercises, the freedom of my respiration is much impair'd, and thereupon my feet swell more than at other times. Faint exercises do not avail me ; but you'll see, that as soon as I have hunted hard this swelling will abate." 2 His physician's advice to use "Warm Bags of the Powder of Cummin-Seed, Mint, Roses and Lavender to be applied to his leg" was as little regarded. He used them only twice, saying, "This breaks my rest, and I must sleep: I had rather have swelled legs than not sleep." After that, when the doctor was advising him to go to bed betimes, to be regular in his diet, and so on, his Majesty made answer to this effect : " At this rate I must always have a doctor to tend me. I'll do what I have a mind to. I am very well acquainted with my own constitution. All the doctors would have me take hot things, and lead a sedentary life : but they are mistaken. Every one that is above 30 or 40 years ought to be his own physician. From my infancy I have all along lov'd shoot- ing, and have oftentimes been wet up to the knees, after which I always fed heartily, without shifting myself, and then slept in a chair, being very tired. Now my legs being < .1 imblot, vol. i., p. 327. - Complete History oj Europe for 1701 and 1702, p. 63. 1701] William disregards his Physicians Advice. 161 always cold, I believe that has occasioned the swelling of my feet ; but so long as I eat well, I am of the opinion, 'twill do me no great harm." He had made this protest against the course of treatment recommended by his physicians, some two or three years previous to the period, which we have now reached ; and though his condition had long passed the stage, when he could follow his own inclination with impunity, nevertheless he still persisted in defying the doctor's advice. How trouble- some a patient they found him, is plainly demonstrated by the subjoined extracts, from the journal of his illness, be- ginning with the day on which he dissolved Parliament. 1 Nov. 1 i ,h . His physicians advised him to eat more mode- rately ; but without regarding their remonstrances he eat more than ordinary both at noon and night ; and when he went to bed was very sleepy, but his legs were much swelled. The 12 th being much refresh'd with sleeping, he took a gentle purge. The 14 th his legs were in a tolerable condition and he breath'd freely. The 16 th he slept in a chair for a long while and had no appetite. The 17 th he was better and went a shooting. The 18 th D r Hutton and D r Black- more being called to Court by my Lord Chamberlain, found his Majesty's legs a little thicker than ordinary, and joined with D' Bidloe in the following Prescription : — Take of the Extract of Rhubarb, a scruple ; Resin of Jalap, 6 grains ; Tartar vitriolated, 5 grains ; with a sufficient quantity of Balsamick Syrup, make pills to be taken early in the morning. Exhibit twice a day 20 drops of the Tincture of sassafras, ex- tracted with the tincture of salt of Tartar. Repeat the Pills made of the Volatil Salt of Amber, Extract of Gentian, etc. Take of the Roots of Florentine Orris and Tormentil, the Tops of Southernwood, Roman wormwood, Rosemary Flowers, Pome- granate-flowers, Leaves of Marjoram and Thyme, Olibanum and Benjamin, of each a sufficient quantity. Make a fumigation for His Majesty's legs." 1 The dates are here altered to the old style. 2 Complete History, &c, tit supra. t M 1 6 2 His to ry of Ha mpton Cou rt Palace. [ 1 7 o 1 Whether modern science would recognize these extra- ordinary prescriptions as efficacious, we must leave the faculty to determine ; though we certainly find it stated that "upon the use of the above mentioned remedies, His Majesty recovered apace, and on November 25th (O. S.) spoke to this purpose : ' I find myself very well, I have eat with a good appetite, and my legs are fallen in some neasure.' ' During the remainder of the month his case still con- tinued to cause incessant and increasing anxiety. His breathing grew more difficult ; he was attacked with head- aches and shivering fits, and his spirits sank. But what troubled him most was the state of his legs, which he feared was owing to dropsy, and caused him much incon- venience. " My legs are always swelled," said he to Dr. Bidloe ; " can't that swelling be removed ? For if it reaches above my knees, I shall walk like a sprained hare ; and if it goes further, I doubt I shall not be able to go a step." On that the doctor proposed " a sweating of his legs in a stove;" but his Majesty replied, " How can that succeed ? 'Twill heat me ; besides that, no force can make me sweat. I have often been told that if I could sweat I was cured. But as soon as I take a sudorifick medicine, I become thirsty, and then I cannot sleep, and I am oppressed in my breathing." But Bidloe explained that the stove would be so contrived as to affect only his legs. It was accordingly made ; and the King, after using it once or twice, declared that it did him great benefit. But the imperative call of duty soon obliged him to ex- change the repose and seclusion of Hampton Court for the less congenial air of Kensington, in order that he might be at hand to open Parliament, which was summoned to meet on the 30th of December. The night of Monday, the 22nd of December, 1701, accordingly, was the last that he ever 1702] William Ill's Accident while Hunting. 163 passed beneath the roof of his beautiful and cherished abode on the banks of the Thames. 1 The remove to the neighbourhood of foggy and smoky London was not calculated to improve his condition ; but his spirit never quailed before his increasing infirmities. With a view as much to reassure the public mind in regard to his condition, as to relax his mind from the cares of state, he made it his custom, soon after his arrival at Kensington, to come down once a week, on Saturday, to hunt in the park at Hampton Court. In accordance with this plan, on Saturday, the 2 1 st of February, 2 though he had suffered from an attack of giddiness in the head that very morning, and though his body was more infirm and his legs were more swollen than usual, 3 he set out for a day's stag-hunting. The account of what followed, is best told in what purports to be the King's own words : 4 — " I was riding in the park at noon, 5 and while I endeavoured to make the horse change his walking into a gallop, he fell upon his knees. Upon that I meant to raise him with the bridle, but he fell forward to one side, and so I fell with my right shoulder upon the ground. 'Tis a strange thing, for it happened upon a smooth level ground." 6 It would appear from this narrative that the King was not aware that his horse had stumbled on a mole-hill, and it is strange that this fact is only mentioned, as we shall find, in one contemporary historical account. 1 So it would appear from Luttrell ; 4 These words first appeared in the but Vernon on Jan. 9th, 1702, talks of Coniplete History of Ettrope for 1702, laying a letter " before his Majesty the first edition of which was published to-morrow, at his return from Hampton in 1702, and which was continued as a Court." — Vol. hi., p. 164. Perhaps he sort of precursor of the Annual Regis- had gone there only for the day. ter. Thence they were copied into all 2 In Macaulay's last unrevised chap- the subsequent histories, such as Ralph, ter, the date is given as the 20th — which Oldmixon, White- Kennett, &c. is unquestionably a mistake. 5 Bonnet (see post, p. 165), says it 3 " He feels to-day a goutish pain in was " vers les trois heures apres midi." his knee." — Vernon's Correspondence, 6 See post, p. 168. vol. iii. 164 History of Hampton Court Palace. C«7 02 The fall was so violent that William's right collar-bone was broken, and he had to be carried into the Palace, 1 pro- bably to the royal apartments on the ground floor, in the south-east angle of Wren's building. 2 Fortunately, Monsieur Ronjat, the King's serjeant-surgeon, was at hand, 3 being perhaps in attendance on his Majesty in case of accidents, or possibly happening to be staying at Hampton Court. He at once set the bone, and after feeling his Majesty's pulse, told him he was feverish, and that in the case of any other person in the same condition he would advise bleed- ing. " As for that," replied William, " I have now and then had a headache, 4 and some shivering fits, this fortnight, and had this very morning a pain in my head before I went out a-hunting." No bleeding, therefore, was resorted to, and in the evening, finding himself better, he resolved, contrary to his doctor's advice, to return at once to Kensington. It must have been quite dark long before he set out, as he did not arrive till nine o'clock ; and he slept almost the whole way, in spite of the jolting of the coach. On arriving at Kensington Palace, he went straight to his Great Bedchamber, and seeing his Dutch doctor Bidloe, said to him : " I have got a hurt in my arm, pray come and see it;" and then gave him the account of the accident quoted above. " Ronjat," he added, " says there's a little bone broken ; and indeed I feel some pain towards 1 Bonnet, as quoted by Ranke (His- tory of England, vol. v., p. 297), says that he was first taken to Kingston, then to Hampton Court, and from there to Kensington. Tindal, how- ever, does not mention his being taken to Kingston. Ranke states that Span- heim has also left an account of this accident ; but we have not succeeded in discovering it. a See ante, p. 67. 3 Vernon's words are, " There was a surgeon at hand." 4 In the account in the Complete History of Europe, the first that ap- peared in print, and apparently the authority for all subsequent accounts, the word is printed " handnche," and further on also hand instead of head. But this was probably a misprint, and Tindal, in his history, while adopting the rest of this version, substituted the word head. 1702] Details of King William s Fatal Accident. 165 my back ; there, there," said he, pointing with his left hand to the shoulder-blade. Bidloe then examined him, and finding his pulse in good order, dissuaded him from being bled, and told him that " the right channel-bone was broke obliquely a little below its juncture with the shoulder-blade." The King then asked if it was well set ; whereon Dr. Bid- loe saying it was not, a sharp wrangle ensued between him and Ronjat, who, on the King appealing to him to vindicate himself, maintained that it was well set, " but that the jolting of the coach and the loosening of the bandage had occasioned that disunion." The fractured bone was then set again, and William went to bed, and slept the whole night so soundly that the gentlemen who sat up to watch him declared that "they did not hear him complain so much as once." Turning now to consider the precise circumstances of this famous accident, it is strange to find in regard to an occur- rence, which caused so much excitement at the time, that almost every incident of it is involved in obscurity and doubt, and that there are considerable discrepancies in the various contemporary accounts. In the first place, as to the time when the accident occurred, we find Bonnet, who was diplomatic agent to the Duke of Brandenburg at the Court of St. James's, and who was usually careful and well-informed, giving it as " vers les trois heures apres midi," whereas other authorities state that it happened "at noon." In the next place, as to the horse William was riding at the time. None of the contemporary and earlier authorities make any mention as to this except Bonnet, who, writing immediately after the accident, uses these words : " Sa Majeste estant allee a la chasse vers Kingston sur la Thamise, il arriva quelle monta contre l'avis des ecuyers, un jeune cheval, qu'elle n'avoit jamais monte," &C 1 1 Ranke's History of England, vol. v., p. 297. 1 66 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1702 This is entirely at variance with the version adopted by Macaulay, in the last unrevised chapter of his History, to which unfortunately no authorities are appended, where he speaks of William as riding " his favourite horse Sorrel." The point is the more puzzling, as we have succeeded in finding no solid warrant for this statement, if we except an unpublished manuscript couplet by Pope, in the " Epilogue to the Satires " : 1 — "Angels that watched the Royal Oak so well, How chanced ye nod, when luckless Sorel fell ? " — and a line in a versified receipt for stewing veal, contributed by the poet Gay to a letter jointly written by him, Pope, and Bolingbroke, to Swift, where the herb " sorrel " is given as an ingredient, and referred to as — " That which killed King Will." 2 Sorrel is stated, 3 though we know not with what accuracy, as no authority is given, to have belonged to Sir John Fenwick, who was attainted on a charge of conspiring against the King's life, and executed in 1697, when William seized all his personal effects, and converted them to his own use — among them the horse that proved so fatal to him. An equal uncertainty involves the question as to the place where the King met with the accident. Bonnet, as above cited, speaks of it as occurring while he was hunting "vers Kingston sur la Thamise ;" and the statement is sup- ported by Luttrell, who, in an entry made in his Diary three days after the accident, records that it happened " as his Majestic was hunting a stagg near Kingston-on-Thames? ' After line 227, Elwin and Court- ' Strickland's Life of Queen Anne, hope's Pope, vol. iii., p. 486. under dates 1697 and 1701. ' Do., vol. vii., p. 81. 1702] Conflicting Versions of the Circumstances. 167 On the other hand, the " Post- Boy," published on Tuesday, 24th, announces that " as the King was taking the diver- tisement of Hunting a deer near Hampton town on Satur- day last, his horse slipped," &c. ; and " The Flying Post," another newspaper, which appeared on the same day, records that " As His Majesty was hunting near Hampton Court, his horse fell with him," &c, while the " London Gazette," which was issued on the 28th, merely notices it briefly as an "unhappy accident by a fall from his horse in hunting." The best authority, however, is Vernon, who being in constant attendance on the King, and being the medium of conveying the official intimation of the accident to Parlia- ment, had exceptional means of acquiring correct informa- tion. He, in a letter to a correspondent, written on the Monday, describes it as " the ill accident that befell his Majesty on Saturday last at Hamptoji Court, when he fell from his horse that stumbled at a mole-hill." 1 In saying that it took place at Hampton Court, meaning, of course, in the Park here, he agrees with the account of the accident attributed to the King as above given ; and the version, which appeared in the newspapers, stating that the accident occurred " near Hampton Court" may perhaps be not incon- sistent with it. The same may be said of the account given in the " History of the Reign of William III.," published in 1 703, to which all the subsequent historians, such as White-Kennett (published in 1 706), 2 Ralph, Tindal, and Oldmixon, are indebted for what they tell on the subject of the King's accident and illness, and which speaks of" the King having the misfortune, as he rode out from Kensington to hunt near Hampton, to fall off his horse near Hampton Court." :< 1 Vernon's Correspondence, vol. iii., 3 Life of King William III., vol. Hi., p. 184. p. 639, 2nd edition (1703V 2 Vol. iii., p. 831. 1 68 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1702 Among these many accounts, published so soon after the event, it is not a little curious that not one should mention the fact of the King's horse stumbling on a mole-hill; and we should have been inclined to suspect that the story of "the little gentleman in black velvet " was a figment of later Jacobite fancy, were it not that it is mentioned by Vernon in a private letter, as we have seen, two days after. It is strange, too, to find Ralph, the Jacobite historian and William's great critic and asperser, writing in apparent igno- rance of this detail in 1746, and observing that : " Tradition says that he, who had removed the landmarks of kingdoms, was thrown by an anthill ; but however this may be," &C. 1 Oldmixon, however, his apologist, in his History, published in 1 734, after citing William's remark that it was " a strange thing, as it happened on smooth level ground," observes, " but a mole had heaved it up, and left a hole there, in which the horse's feet struck." It is almost superfluous, after showing the uncertainty that exists as to the place where the accident happened, to remark that all attempts, which we might make, to identify the exact spot of ground where William's horse stumbled, must be futile. 2 Nothing more definite will pro- 1 Ralph's History, vol. iii., p. 1020. bouring excavation raised the over- a Miss Strickland, however, unde- thrown monarch, and assisted him to terred by the absence of evidence, the palace," and so on. But unfortu- furnishes her readers, in her Life of nately for all this, and much more Queen Anne, with full details — how relative to Hampton Court, in that William was riding in the Home Park authoress's brilliant pages, there is no "to look at the excavations making, sort of .warrant at all, beyond the under his directions, for a new canal, fertile imagination of the lady herself, which was to run in another longitu- and certain shadowy Hampton Court dinal stripe " by the side of the existing "traditions," which were probably one ; how " the half-excavated canal nothing more than the haphazard sur- may still be seen" in an unfinished mises of "the oldest inhabitant." Not state ; how the pony fell "just as he only is there no trace of a second came by the head of the two canals, canal, but none was ever begun or oppositethe Ranger's park pales" ; how even projected. " the workmen employed on the nei;h 1-J02] Death of William III. 169 bably ever be known, than that the accident occurred near Hampton Court, and most likely in one or other of the Parks. It is not within the purview of these annals to trace the further course of the King's illness, after his removal to Kensington Palace, nor to recount the discreditable wrangles of the rival doctors that raged around the sick bed of the dying monarch. Though at first it seemed as if his fall would be followed by no serious results, this favourable aspect did not last long. He was seized with shivering fits and other alarming symptoms, and on the morning of Sunday, the 8th of March, 1702, the spirit of William III. passed to its account. CHAPTER XII. QUEEN ANNE AT HAMPTON COURT. Queen Anne's slight Connection with Hampton Court — " Sometimes Counsel takes, and sometimes Tea " — The Cartoon Caller}' — Queen Anne's Bedchamber and Bed — Works in the Parks and Gardens — Clamorous Creditors of the Crown — Verrio paints the Queen's Drawing Room — Statues not paid for — Undischarged Debts to Workmen — Jean Tijou threatened with Imprisonment — A destitute Widow's Bill left unpaid — A Bill of Nine Years' standing — Expenditure on Turfing the Great Fountain Garden — Kip's Plan of Hampton Court — Queen Anne's political Perplexities — The Duchess of Marlborough — Anne comes to Hampton Court for the Air — Dean Swift at Hampton Court — Lord Halifax's House in Bushey Park— His Relations with Swift and Steele — The Chapel re- decorated — A new Organ made by Schrider — Recent Improvements in the Organ. UEEN ANNE, on whose short reign of twelve years we now enter, has but few and unimportant associations with the history of Hampton Court; for though she visited the Palace several times, her sojourns were never eventful or prolonged, her Majesty much preferring Windsor and Kensington as residences. Nor did she enter upon any considerable new works in the palace, gardens, or parks, though she carried on and completed such improvements, as had been begun by William III., but remained unfinished at the time of her accession. ^AeJei 'enZTunuruf Cartons pfjla/?/ia£lMrt'ial?rarvri> atl/ie {hmmandcf-PepeZen /Ac rt/ajTalftrnt fir 'Tdp&fl/y/; 'I/iay rveretpuafatyJL 'Gfcarfo tAe/ihtfal //ieZ\'jyua/ibn, of S r rr JluJ&u/artd ' /rpiyAt/nnriMa/u/ou into 2Z/iy£in&: a/krnras7& ■K./titfiam/ix'd 'Mem iaAt/2'aA2C& gfBamp/vri/ - .Cwrti/i l/ie f?a//e/j/ Aer&Sqprtzf&i&u/ ■ J/z /yoy. lAey n/ene cA-awnartdTinyrai'fsi' ty Sim,:6fri6e/i/v anWty/utrv mart /wrn/'/yDedtfa&ti IvJ/crZa/o^J/iyGfty - J~epfemZ7a/'u/aj C/uirtarea^^aJJiiZeimifXPimli^zaJ Bemani} 'aRapAcU ■/<■ /// h suite eh^i/axmimffav/urani pec&zyutuJlet tizre/w I( SuajtiFJ'.Jlu/'&tJ Eytufo J atF/andnii en. fng/MmsodivAiyuJJat.rtyuaj fttt&O' JSex fu/wZ/nw 7h/afa? juc ^amp/en Ccrurt dicfo Ms Tinacc^Aeca foe reyrfjen/a/a^c^utai^"- dnno /yo/eaj tYe/theaiii^Enyw- isicu&it Sim/:G r ru /, e/in/ etSeren m ?J/isueHeatn& Aami/vj/me J?e^/i^atn/- . & S.O. inu'.afaitp' 3C acCudit.HU i7° 2 ] Queen Anne " sometimes Counsel takes" 171 Her connection, in fact, with the subject of these pages may be summed up in the well-known lines of the third canto of Pope's " Rape of the Lock" : — Close by those meads, for ever crowned with flowers, Where Thames with pride surveys his rising towers, There stands a structure of majestic frame Which from the neighb'ring Hampton takes its name. Here Britain's statesmen oft the fall foredoom Of foreign tyrants, and of nymphs at home ; Here thou, great ANNA ! whom three realms obey, Dost sometimes counsel take — and sometimes tea. The phrase, "dost sometimes counsel take," proves to have a more definite signification and appropriateness, than would be supposed by the casual reader, for Queen Anne, especially in the first few years of her reign, used frequently to come over to Hampton Court, while staying at Windsor Castle, for the purpose of presiding over meetings of her Privy Council, which were held in the Cartoon Gallery, otherwise known as the Great Council Chamber, or King's Gallery. Thus we have record of councils being held here in the year 1702, within a few months of her accession, on July 7th and 23rd, and August 6th, 18th, and 25th; 1 in 1703 on June 8th, July 8th, and August 31st;: and in 1704 on June 1st, on which occasion she dined and slept at the Palace ; and in the summers of subsequent years. Of the Cartoon Gallery, which is one of the finest rooms at Hampton Court, we have already made some mention in a previous chapter ; 3 and the annexed plate will afford the reader a good representation of its general appearance, when the seven great cartoons of Raphael, for the reception of which it was built, still hung on its walls. The plate is a 1 Luttrell's Relation, vol. v., pp. 192, 2 Do., pp. 303, 333, 430, 470. 202, 205, and 207. See also London 3 See ante, p. 85. Gazette. 172 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1703 slightly reduced facsimile of one by Simon Gribelin, who executed a series of engravings of the cartoons for Queen Anne in 1 707, to which this is a sort of introductory frontis- piece. The chimney-piece in the gallery is a fine bas-relief in white marble of Venus drawn in a chariot by cupids ; but of its beauty, as well as that of the carving of the capitals of the oak pilasters, and of the cornice and the doorways, a very inadequate idea is conveyed by this view. The other rooms composing the King's suite of State Apartments were, doubtless, also occupied by Queen Anne, whenever she was at Hampton Court; as well as two or three rooms of the Oueen's suite, which having remained unfinished at the death of William III., were probably com- pleted for her use about this time. As to which bed- chamber she slept in, when residing at the Palace, we cannot say for certain ; most likely it was the " Queen's State Bedchamber," in the east side of the Fountain Court, though its ceiling was not decorated until after the accession of George I. Her bed, at any rate, is traditionally identified as the one now in that room — a magnificent four-poster, with rich hangings of fine silk velvet, worked with an elaborate pattern, of architectural designs and conventional vases and flowers, in orange and crimson, on a white ground. In the meantime, various works were proceeded with, in the parks and gardens, with the object, as we have said, of putting the finishing touches to what William III. had begun. One of the first of these was a proposal for fencing the meads, at the end of the House Park, from the barge- way, in order to preserve " Her Maj ts studd there from the ^rcat hazard of their being killed or drowned ; " whence it would appear that, hitherto, the meadows had been open to the bargeway and river, and that the stud in the House Park at Hampton Court, which has since been so renowned, dates from as far back as the time of Oueen Anne. This work 1 703] Clamorous Creditors of Royalty. 1 75 was estimated to cost .£686, and it was minuted that " the Queen would have the fence made, but thinks it ought to cost half that sum." * Her Majesty, in truth, as far as concerned expenditure on Hampton Court, or indeed on any of her palaces, was always the reverse of profuse ; and it was with the greatest difficulty, and only after a most persistent " dunning," that the workmen, who had been employed on the Hampton Court works for many years by the late King, and whose accumulated arrears of debts against the Crown amounted to thousands of pounds, could succeed in getting paid what was due to them. Among the first and most clamorous of these creditors of Royalty was Verrio, the painter, to whom there was owing a sum of £"1,190 on account of the painting of the King's Great Staircase and the Little Bedchamber, of which we have spoken on a former page. 2 The necessities of Verrio — or " Signor " Verrio, as he preferred to call himself in his memorial, imagining that it was a title of honour — " were very pressing for money, and without speedy assistance he was like to be reduced to great extremity." 3 In response to this appeal her Majesty directed the payment to him of ^600 ; and having done so, forthwith commissioned him to paint the ceiling of " the Great Room," so that eighteen months later we find him again crying out for cash, 4 and stating that he wanted it for colours, &c, to finish the great room at Hampton Court ; that he had received only ,£200; but that another " ,£500 would serve for his subsistence and charges until the room was complete." His memorial was referred to Sir Christopher Wren, who recommended that 1 Treasury Papers, vol. lxxx., No. 3 Treasury Papers, vol. lxxxi., No. 100, July 6th, 1702, and vol. lxxxv., No. 22, July 28th, 1702. 89, July 1 6th, 1703. 4 Do., vol. lxxxix., No. 41. 2 See ante, p. 69. 174 History of Hampton Court Palace. [ x 7°3 he. should have the ,£500 " till the room be finished, measured and allowed in proportion to his other works." The room in question is the Queen's Drawing Room, the central room of the East Front, and one of the finest of the suite, being 41 feet long, 35 feet wide, and 30 feet high. From it the visitor can judge of the real taste of this reign, which was nothing better than an imita- tion of the bastard classic of Louis XIV., as distinguished from the so-called " Queen Anne style," which never had any existence at all, except an imaginary one in the brains of modern aesthetes and china-maniacs. Verrio's ceiling represents Queen Anne in the character of Justice, with scales in one hand and a sword in the other; her dress is purple, lined with ermine. Over her head a crown is held by Neptune and Britannia ; while sur- rounding her, and floating in the clouds, are various alle- gorical figures representing Peace, Plenty, &c. " On the sides of this room," we are told in 1 74 1 , " are more paintings of Verrio, representing the British fleet, and Prince George of Denmark pointing to it ; and the four parts of the world, shown by four figures ; but these were thought so indifferent that they are now concealed and covered over with hang- ings of green damask." l A flock paper, affixed to a stretched canvas, now takes the place of the old hangings ; but the painted walls behind them remain as they were. It is worthy of consideration, whether it would not be well to uncover the painted walls, and show the room as it was in the time of Queen Anne, that the visitor to Hampton Court may have a truer idea of the decoration of that period. Soon after painting this room, Verrio's eyesight failed him ; and it is stated by Walpole that "Queen Anne gave him a pension of ^200 a year for life, but he did not enjoy 1 Apelles Britannicus. 1705] Verrio paints Queen Anne's Drawing Room. 175 it long, dying at Hampton Court in 1707," 1 doubtless in his apartments in the Palace. Another creditor who was demanding payment of his account about the same time as Verrio, was Robert Balle, a London merchant, who claimed a sum of ^*6oo for seven marble Italian statues and one marble head, which were purchased by him by the late King's orders in Italy, and were intended for Hampton Court. They consisted of " Autumn, with two Satyrs at his feet, to the life, £\ 20 ; Ceres or Venus, to the life, £1 20 ; Apollo, bigger than the life, £90," and five other similar pieces ; 2 and they had not been paid for, on account of William III.'s death occurring immediately after the order had been given. What was done in the matter does not appear ; for on the man's memorial are endorsed two minutes, one dated 30th June, 1703, " He may have the statues again," and another, 6th July, 171 1, "To be layd before the Queen," which seems to imply that his claim was still unsatisfied nine years after it was preferred. Other creditors of the Crown had equal, if not more, diffi- culty in getting their bills attended to, to say nothing of their being settled. Thus, the petition of Matthew Roberts, plumber, for payment of a considerable sum due to him on account of work " in and about the gardens at Hampton Court," was responded to by the mere endorsement, ' ' Read." 3 While Richard Stacey, master-bricklayer, who was owed ^6,481 os. \\\d. for work done at Hampton Court and elsewhere, and who stated that "part of the work at Hampton Court was finished in her present Ma tys reign, although directed by the late King," 4 received a no less unsatisfactory response. His petition alleged that " Your pet rs creditors 1 Anecdotes of Painting. 2 Treasury Papers, vol. lxxxvi., No. 76. 9 Treasury Papers, vol. lxxxvi., No. 78, June 30th, 1703. * Do., vol. lxxxviii., No. 32, Dec. 18th, 1703. 176 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1705 are generally very clamourous, but more particularly the bricklayers, Lyme-men and other persons, who furnished materialls for y e said works at Hampton Court, and threaten speedily to sue y r pet r for y e goods delivered for that service ; '* and he asked for payment to enable him to pay for " y c goods and materialls in her Ma tys services, to ease him of y e said clamour." Yet all the answer he got from the Treasury was : " There is no money at present for arrears." A similar reply was given to " John Tissue," i.e. Jean Tijou, who prayed for payment of ,£1,889 is. 6\d. still due and owing to him for the ironwork at Hampton Court, in regard to which he was " indebted to several persons, who threaten to imprison him." l One of these was probably Huntingdon Shaw, the skilful artificer, to whom we have referred in an earlier chapter, and who is said to have died of disappointment at not being paid. 2 And with regard to the claim of Benjamin Jackson, master- mason, a creditor for £558 iSs. yd. for works "done in the house and gardens of Hampton Court, which were begun during the life of his late Ma tie , but not finished till some time after her present Ma"" accession to the throne," though his petition was reported on as true by the Officers of Works, on May 9th, 1705, nothing was done in regard to it for four years, when, at last, on the 29th of September, 1709, it was ordered, by the Lord High Treasurer, that the debt should be paid "by tally on tin." 3 Nor do we find that any notice whatever was taken of the petition of Thomas Highmore, her Majesty's serjeant- painter, who was owed £163 odd, for painting done in the gardens at Hampton Court, although the Board of Works reported that the painting was since her Majesty's accession, 1 Treasury Papers, vol. lxxxvi., No. 3 Treasury Papers, vol. xciv., No. 96, July 7th, 1703. 52. 2 See ante, p. 56. 1707] More A r rears of Debts. 1 7 7 that the allegations of the petition were true, and that the claim was just and should be paid. 1 Another petitioner, one Tilleman Robart, who craved, in August, 1 707, for payment to him of arrears for keeping the gardens in order at Hampton Court, "the greater part being of nine years' standing," was treated equally unceremoniously. 2 While a still more unfortunate creditor of the Crown was one Rachel Bennett, widow and executor of John Bennett, late quartermaster to her Majesty's first regiment of Guards, who had done repairs to the amount of £227 2s. lid. at the barrack at Hampton Court and other of the Queen's palaces, and who complained that several of the workmen " brought their accounts against her, whereby she was reduced to very mean circumstances, and almost to a starving condition." 3 But even the piteous appeal of a starving widow did not avail to draw coin from the royal coffers, and this at a time when the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough were extracting thousands on thousands from their feeble-minded sovereign ! But though Queen Anne was slow to discharge the arrears of debts accumulated in the Office of Works, she was — after the manner of debtors — ready enough to incur new ones. For we find that in 1 joy, soon after a visit 4 she paid to Hampton Court in the month of April of that year, she gave orders for "the new Turfing and Gravelling of y c Great Fountain Garden, with some new turfing where y e drowth of y e 3 last summers has burnt the turf" at a cost of .£1,141 Ss. 3^. 5 This may have had something to do with an alteration effected by Queen Anne in the style of the gardening at 1 Treasury Papers, vol. xcviii., No. * Luttrell, vol. vi., p. 154. 71, May 31st, 1706. 6 Treasury Papers, vol. cvii., No. 3, 2 Do., vol. cii., No. 93. May 3rd, 1708. 3 Do.jvol.xcv., No. 27, July 25th, 1705. + N 178 History of Hampton Court Palace. [17 10 Hampton Court, to which we previously referred, namely, the rooting up of the box, which had been planted to excess in William III.'s time. 1 To about this period, we may here observe, belongs the large copper-plate of Hampton Court, engraved by Kip, of which the accompanying plate is a reduced facsimile. Its approxi- mate date of publication is determined by its dedication to " Charles Spencer, Earle of Sunderland, Baron of Worm- leighton, one of her Majesty's Principal Secretary's (sic) of State," &c, whose period of office extended from 1706 to 1710. After the year 1 707 we do not hear of the Queen being at Hampton Court again until January, 1710, the time when Dr. Sacheverell's impeachment was still pend- ing, and when the Queen, who had recently quarrelled with the Duchess of Marlborough, was endeavouring - to free herself from her toils. It was from this Palace that she wrote an important letter to Harley, telling him of the per- plexities in which she was, rebuking his want of courage in not coming to speak with her, and claiming his loyal assistance in her troubles and difficulties. So fearful was she, however, lest the fact of her communication should become known to Godolphin and the Marlboroughs, that she sent the letter to him by the hand of " one of the under labourers in Hamp- ton Court Gardens," by whom it was given to a messenger, who handed it to its recipient all begrimed with dirt. 2 Another visit of Queen Anne's to Hampton Court took place on the 4th of May following, when she entertained some Indian kings in this Palace; 3 while in the month of June, she came down from London twice a week "for the air." By the end of July in the same year, 1710, she seems 1 See ante, p. 36. ' Swift's Memoirs, relating to the change of ministry in 1710. — Swift's Works, ed. 1824, vol. iii., ]>. 182. ' Luttrell, vol. vi., p, 599 • IllK KOVilL PALAfl t I tw . am , i ]e^ ■ '' rablc Charles Spencer, &cwU oj Si n i>i.i< i,ani> v//wy vfiti J' Lit. ii humbly Dedicated by your 1 I'M. I > i \ 1 1 >•. . lookin i tward, "I Hampton (nun, in the r< ign oi Queen m --;., ■ . maiu^u^ :{"vi ' US :1 I -)! ■-^r ^ 1 ' / ; J 1 life . "^%3: — -'r«%&>™ 5^SSSk2SM!? II^/'Wormlkighton, one of kcr^iajesly's Principal (Secretary's of cSkib: izc \f J ^ordAi V s Wash Obedient vScrvanh U ^ U O ne. Reduced facsimile of an engraving by Kip, published between 1706 and 1710. i7 IQ ] Queen Anne retires to Hampton Court. 179 to have resolved to make a prolonged stay at Hampton Court in the ensuing autumn ; for, preparatory to her coming, the Duke of Shrewsbury, then Lord Chamberlain, issued his warrant, 1 on the 31st of that month, for the delivery to " Richard Marriott, Esq., the Keeper of the Privy Lodgings and Standing Wardrobe at Hampton Court," various articles for her Majesty's service in this Palace, amonof which were : " Four thousand tenterhooks of several sizes, two thousand tacks, one dozen of brushes, twelve lined buckets for coals, four pound of thread of several colours, two hundred needles of several sizes, one ream of writing paper, two folio paper books, five hundred pens, a gallon of ink, five thousand wafers, one pound of sealing wax," with many other similar things, which cost altogether £^2. On the 26th of September, 2 17 10, accordingly, she moved to Hampton Court with the whole court for a fortnight's stay, which was the longest time she had hitherto ever spent at this Palace, since her accession. This was just after the dissolution of Parliament, and while the Queen's new Tory ministers were coming into office, with Harley as their practical head. It was the time, also, when the Duchess of Marlborough was retaining the key of her office as Mistress of the Robes, in defiance of the Queen's reiterated commands to her to surrender it at once. Swift, as we learn from his " Journal to Stella," came down to Hampton Court once or twice while the court was here, the first occasion being on October 2nd, to dine with Lord Halifax at his lodgings in the Palace — those in the upper- most storey of the south side of the Fountain Court, overlook- ing the Private Gardens, and now comprised in Suite XVI . — where he met Sir Paul Methuen, the English ambassador at Lisbon. " I went," writes he, " to the drawing-room " — the 1 Now in the British Museum, Add. MSS., No. 10,101, fol. 73. 2 Luttrell, vol. vi., p. 633. 180 History of Hampton Court Palace, [1710 room we mentioned a page or two back — " before dinner (for the Queen was at Hampton Court) and expected to see nobody ; but I met acquaintance enough." Anne's demea- nour at one of her levees, which, as few attended, was held in her bedroom, he describes on another occasion thus : " We made our bows, and stood, about twenty of us, round the room, while the Queen looked at us with her fan in her mouth, and once in a minute said about three words to some that were nearest to her ; and then she was told dinner was ready, and went out. ... I dined at her Majesty's board of green cloth. It is much the best table in England, and costs the Queen ^1,000 a month while she is at Windsor or Hampton Court, and is the only mark of magnificence or royal hospitality that I can see in the Royal household." J . ... "I walked in the gardens, saw the cartons (sic) of Raphael and other things, and with great difficulty got from Lord Halifax, who would have kept me to-morrow to show me his house and park and improvements. We left Hampton Court at sunset." 2 Lord Halifax's park and house, here mentioned, were not his own property, but belonged to the Crown, being, in fact, Bushey Park and the residence situated in it, now known as Bushey House, which is near the Teddington gate, on the west side of the Chestnut Avenue, and which is in the present occupation of the Due de Nemours, by the favour of our own Most Gracious Sovereign. It was on the 3rd of June of this year 1710, that Halifax had entered into posses- sion, on his appointment to the offices of Chief Steward of the Honour and Manor of Hampton Court, Feodary of the Honour, Lieutenant and Keeper of the Chase, Keeper of Bushey Park, and of the Middle, North, and South Parks, and Paler and Mower of the brakes of the same, Keeper of 1 Journal to Stella, Aug. 8th, 171 1. a Do., Oct. 2nd, 1710. 1710] Lord Halifax s House in Bus key Park. 181 the Game in and about the Honour, and Principal House- keeper of Hampton Court Palace ; some of them for two lives and others of them for three lives, with the wages, fees, and allowances thereto belonging, which amounted to something about ^200 a year. These posts, with their emoluments, had been conferred on Thomas Young, Esq., by letters patent of Charles II., 1 on the death of the Duke of Albemarle, to hold them during the lives of the Duchess of Cleveland, whose trustee he was, 2 and the Duke of Northumberland. Young's interest Halifax had acquired by purchase, on the death of the Duchess in 1709, and also his reversion, after the death of Edward Progers — whom we mentioned in our second volume 3 as a boon companion of Charles II., and confidant of his amours — to the office of Keeper of the Harewarren ; and in consideration of his surrender of them, and of " the good and faithful and ac- ceptable services" of the said Charles, Lord Halifax, Queen Anne made a new grant to him of all the above enumerated offices. 4 There was a stipulation, however, that Halifax was "at his own proper cost and charges, to rebuild or well and substan- tially repair " the Lodge in Bushey Park, which had not been inhabited for upwards of twenty years, and had gone to ruin and decay. This he seems to have done at considerable expense. 5 1 Patent, 29 Charles II., pt. iii., to Charles, Earl of Halifax ; and vol. No. 7. cxcviii., No. 51, Feb. 27th, 1716. See 2 Lysons' Middlesex Parishes, pp. also Patent, 8 Anne, pt. i., No. 3 57 and 75. 5 This Lodge is not to be confounded 3 See vol. ii., pp. 205-7. He is buried with the Upper Lodge, which, in the at Hampton. Antiquarian Repertory, vol. ii., p. 374, 4 Treasury Papers, vol. cxiv., No. ed. 1807, is, we think, erroneously 28, which contains the draft, corrected stated to have been inhabited by the in the hand of Northey, Attorney- Earl of Halifax. Switzer, in his Ichno- General, of Queen Anne's Letters Pa- ^raphia Pustiea, vol. i., p. 87, mentions tent under the Great Seal for the grant with approval Halifax's " forest work" of the several offices at Hampton Court in Bushey Park. 1 82 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1710 It was to this house that Halifax invited Swift, as we saw above, to inspect his improvements ; and he again, on October 4th, pressed him to come and dine with him. Swift, however, declined the honour, on the plea that " he had business of great importance that hindered him ; " and in effect he saw, that same day, Harley, who was the leader of the opposite party — the Tories — who received him " with the greatest respect and kindness imaginable," being, doubtless, desirous of his literary support. Halifax was probably equally anxious to ingratiate himself with a man, who wielded so powerful a pen ; and Swift, perhaps suspecting this motive, did not respond with much alacrity. " Lord Halifax," says he, " is always teasing me to go down to his country house, which will cost me a guinea to his servants, and twelve shillings coach hire ; and he shall be hanged first." ] At the same time, his civility to Swift was perhaps not altogether self-interested, as Halifax had a genuine regard and love for men of letters. Of this Steele ' l is a witness, when, in the dedication of the fourth volume of "The Tatler " to "Charles, Lord Halifax," which is dated from "the Hovel at Hampton Wick, April 7th, 171 1," he says : " I could not but indulge a certain vanity in dating from this little covert, where I have frequently had the honour of your Lordship's company, and received from you many obligations. The elegant solitude of this place, and the greatest pleasures of it, I owe to its being so near those beautiful manors wherein you sometimes reside." Steele had taken "the Hovel" — as he humorously called it in contrast to the neighbouring Palace — in the summer of Swift's Journal to Stella. vol. i., pp. i4oand2oS. Oneof his letters 2 Sec Montgomery's (H. R.) Me- is addressed "To Mrs. Steele, at her moirs of Steele, voL i., p. 205. house in the Wick, near Hampton Steele's Epistolary Correspondence, Court," p. 142. 7io] Swift and Steele at Hampton Court. 183 the year 1 708 ; and he was afterwards, on the accession of George I., appointed Surveyor of the Royal Stables at Hampton Court — a post to which some small emolument was probably attached — as well as put into the Commission of the Peace for Middlesex. 1 There is a print of Steele, with this title after his name, and his age — 46. The Chapel. Returning now to Queen Anne's visit to Hampton Court in the autumn of 1710, we may observe that it was probably during this sojourn of hers at the Palace, that she gave orders for the re-decoration of the Chapel, the elaborate Tudor ceil- ing of which was repainted, the walls embellished with ' Montgomery's (H. R.) Memoirs of Sir Richard Steele, vol. ii., p. 66. 184 History of Hampton Cotirt Palace. [17 10 carving by Gibbons, the windows deprived of their Gothic mullions, the floor paved with black and white marble, and new pews made of fine Norway oak in the classic taste. These alterations are, of course, quite out of harmony with the original style of the Chapel, though they are made to blend with considerable skill ; and time and historic associa- tion help to tone the incongruity. Probably it was at the same period, that the old gallery at the west end of the chapel, over the ante-chapel, was entirely altered, the magnificent Tudor decorations of Henry VIII. being swept away, and a small royal pew made in the centre of it for the Queen. The ceiling of the pew is noteworthy, being painted, probably by the hand of Verrio, with a group of cherubim sustaining the British crown imperial over Queen Anne's initials, A. R., and waving over it an olive-branch. About the same time, also, a new organ was ordered to be made for the chapel, by Christopher Schrider, 1 one of " Father" Schmidt's pupils, who, having become his son-in- law, succeeded, after his death in 1 708, to his business, and in 1 7 10, to his post of "Organ-Maker to her Majesty." 2 The cost of Schrider's organ was ^"Soo, 3 exclusive of fees ; and it is, doubtless, the one now in use in Hampton Court Chapel, which occupies the old gallery or " organ- house " added to the chapel by Henry VIII., and stands about 20 feet high, and 10 feet broad. Its case is of oak, beautifully carved by Gibbons ; and the sound-board and movements are also of oak, and in excellent preser- vation. The organ, however, has from time to time undergone alteration and improvement. In 1840, a new bellows was added by Hill, who removed ' Sometimes spelt Sclireidcr, or pos- ' Treasury Papers, vols, cxxxiii., No. sibly Schroder. 48, April, 1711, and clxi., No. 23, May ■ Grove's Dictionary of Music. 1 5th, 1713. 17 10] A new Organ f 07' the Chapel. 185 a mounted cornet consisting of 20 pipes, and added a swell of five stops. The great organ, as distinguished from the swell and choir organs, still remains in its original state, and comprises nine entire stops — which, for the information of our musical readers, we may add, consist of: open diapason, 8 ft. ; stopped diapason, 8 ft. tone ; flute, 4 ft. ; principal, 4 ft. ; twelfth, 2| ft. ; fifteenth, 2 ft. ; sesquialtera, 3 ranks ; cornet, 3 ranks ; trumpet, 8 ft. The choir organ is also in its original state, and consists of: stopped diapason, 8 ft. tone ; flute, 4 ft ; principal, 4 ft. ; fifteenth, 2 ft. Subsequently, when Dr. Selle was organist, further enlarge- ments and improvements were made by Messrs. Hill and Son, chiefly to the swell organ, the nature of which our musical readers will understand from the table printed in Appendix F. The peculiarity of the alteration was, that the original work was left untouched, as far as regards the voicing of the pipes, this organ being almost the only old one that has not been spoilt by cutting them. Concerning the quality of tone of the Hampton Court organ, as far as the diapasons are concerned, there does not exist the least difference of opinion among connoisseurs — all are delighted with it. This is owing, in a great measure, to the quality of the wood and metal used in its construction, as well as to the mellowing influence of time. fc^jjmife 'MSS^^iti ^<~-'&^*?<* HtePi i% C -4 ^ JV« /.w\ '#S^ ; A3 ^tf ^^V d". Gribtim >n. tt/tufa CHAPTER XIII. QUEEN ANNE " THE RAPE OF THE LOCK." More Councils at the Palace — Reception of the Lord Mayor — Improvements in the Parks — Twenty Miles of Chaise Riding in the Parks — The little Canal enlarged — Thomas Savery's Proposal — Invention of a Water Engine for the Fountains, and in Case of Fire — A Party at the "Toy" — Quarrel and Scuffle between Sir Cholmley Dering and Mr. Richard Thornhill — A Challenge — The Duel — Thornhill tried at the Old Bailey — Murder of Thornhill — " The Rape of the Lock" — Facts on which the Poem was founded — The Arrival at Hampton Court — The Severing of the Sacred Hair — Picture of Social Life at Hampton Court — Queen Anne again at the Palace — Proclamation for the Reform of the Stage — The Diana Fountain erected in Bushey Park — Hedge-work in the Wilderness — The Lion Gates. jUEEN ANNE remained at Hampton Court in the autumn of the year 1710, for about a fort- night or so, and after her return to town she used to come down occasionally, as she had formerly done, for the meetings of the Privy Council, which were held hereon October 7th, 10th, and 19th, at which the I)uke of Ormond was declared Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 1 and 23rd,' 2 — on the last of which dates " the Lord 1 Swift's Journal to Stella. a Luttrell's Relation, vol. vi., p. 640. i 7 1 °] Reception of the Lord Mayor. 1 8 7 Mayor and the rest of the Lieutenancy for the City of London waited upon the Queen, and presented an address to her of the usual loyal tenour, filled with such stock phrases as " prostrating ourselves before Your Majesty," " Defence of your Royal person," " Insolence of Faction at Home," " Despicable Meanness of a Pretender abroad," " Pure and Undefiled Mother the Church of England," " Opposition to Popery," " Protestant Succession," and so on, to which Queen Anne, of course, made a most gracious answer. Again, on November the 2nd and 9th, other councils were held at Hampton Court ; while on the 6th or 7th the Queen was here for the holding of a Chapter of the Order of the Garter, and she removed hither the day after Christmas- day for the holidays. 1 During this sojourn Queen Anne showed, by giving orders for certain improvements in the parks and gardens, that she had taken sufficient fancy to Hampton Court to contemplate returning to it at a subsequent time, and residing in it a good deal. The chief work was the making of some "Chaise- Ridings fitt for her Ma tvs passage with more ease and safety in her chaise or coach in both her parks ... to be made 20 miles in compass, by taking off the hills, filling in y e holes, digging ditches and watercourses, to carry off y e water, where wanted, digging and getting out of y e Fern, Nettles, and other weeds that annoy them, making all passable and sow- ing with Hay-seed where wanted." 2 The " chaise-ridings " were partly in the avenues, thus forming about eight miles of shady walks, and partly in the open. A map of the two parks accompanies the estimate and shows how the twenty miles of drive is made up. One would think that it could have afforded but little pleasure to anyone to drive round and round a park, backwards and forwards along parallel roads, and in and out of avenues ; 1 Luttreli, p. 667. 2 Treasury Papers, vol. exxvi., No. 21, Nov. 23rd, 1710. 1 88 History of Hampton Court Palace. [ 1 7 1 o but it happens to have been one of Queen Anne's fancies so to do. " She hunts in a chaise with one horse," writes Swift, during a visit to court about this time, " which she drives herself, and drives furiously like Jehu, and is a mighty hunter like Nimrod." And a few days after he speaks of her hunting the stag till four in the afternoon, and driving in her chaise no less than forty miles. 1 Another improvement estimated for at the same time was the " making wider from 30 to 40 feet that part of y e Canal that leads from Bushey Park north, to the Great Canal south, that taketh the middle line of the house, and half incloseth the Great Fountain Garden on y e East Front ; and new digging and making the other part from the said Great Canal to the Terrass next y e Thames south of 40 feet wide, both being near 2,500 foot long." 2 This refers to the ornamental water, between the lime groves and the House Park, which is known as the Little Canal, and which, subse- quent to this time, was taken into the Great Fountain Garden, by the shifting of the iron fence to the east side of it. It was probably about the same time that a proposal was submitted to her Majesty " for the improvement of the Fountains at Hampton Court," : ' by Captain Thomas Savery, an exceedingly clever engineer, who was the first inventor of a steam-engine which was put into extended practical use. 4 His proposal in regard to the fountains at Hampton Court seems to have depended on a very ingenious contrivance, much in advance of the average mechanical appliances of that period. It was "to make an engine to go by a water- wheele, . . . the engine to be double, and to worke either four or eight barrells at a time, or either sett of the barrells 1 Journal to Stella, July 31st and ' Brit, Mus. A,l,l. MSS. 20,101, August 7th, 171 1. f. 71. 3 Treasury Papers^ vol. cxxvi., No. ' Bourne's Treatise on the Steam 21, Oct. 1 2th, 1710. Engine, p. 4, et seq. 17 io] Thomas Saverys Proposed Water Engine. 189 as shall be thought fitt. Each sett will raise three hundred Tuns in twelve hours, and boath, six hundred tuns in twelve hours." The engine, which was to be fixed at the Reservoir in Bushey Park, near the Upper Lodge, was to " command water enough to serve the Greate Fountaine in the Garden at the upper end of the canall, the lower Fountaine next the Thames, and the Fountaine in the Court and something more . . . and being turned off from the Fountaines will in a moment convey water with great force through all the apartments of the said court, without lodging any quantity of water on the Roofe thereof to injure the same, notwith- standing it will answer the End of a very large Cisterne on the Top of the Pallas, and will be of more use than if the whole Roofe were one intire cisterne." The apparatus, as the inventor pointed out, would be of wonderful service in case of fire. The engine was to be completed in three months, and was to cost but one thousand pounds ; and Savery proposed that he should be given a salary of ^250 a year for maintaining it and keeping it in repair, and for servants' wages and all other contingencies. Queen Anne, however, was not the sort of person likely to give any encouragement to a mere inventor, however useful and ingenious his contrivance might be ; and we do not hear that Savery's proposal was ever entertained by her at all. It was afterwards laid before George I.; but he was still less likely to have interested himself in anything of the sort. 1 Indeed, Hampton Court had to wait till 1878, before a scheme for water supply in case of fire, as efficacious as that designed by him, was carried out at the Palace. The spring of the following year, 171 1, is marked in the social history of the reign of Queen Anne by a quarrel, which, having resulted in the most tragical consequences, 1 The manuscript is endorsed, " From Mr. Talman for the King." 190 History of Hampton Court Palace. [171 1 made a great stir at the time, and which, as it occurred within the precincts of the royal manor of Hampton Court, must be duly chronicled in these pages. The incident lead- ing to it, occurred at the " Toy," the famous hostelry, which, until about the year 1852, when it was pulled down, had stood for generations at the right-hand side, as you go in, of the western entrance to Hampton Court, on the piece of ground now planted with shrubbery, to the south of the " Trophy Gates," and opposite the Mitre Hotel. The "Toy" had probably been built in the time of Henry VIII., and in the Parliamentary Survey of 1653, referred to in our second volume, 1 it is mentioned as being " now used as a victualling house." Trade tokens of this house in the seventeenth century are extant, 2 one being heart-shaped, with the inscription, " John Drewree at y e Toye at Hampton Court;" and another, also heart-shaped, inscribed "John Drewry, at the Toye at Hampton Court. His Halfe-Peny." 3 Here those staying in the Palace, or visiting Hampton Court for the day, used frequently to resort for convivial gatherings; and here, on the 27th of April, 1711, a large company of eighteen gentlemen was assembled, when a difference arose between two of the party — Sir Cholmley Dering, Member of Parliament for the County of Kent, and Mr. Richard Thornhill. From high words they passed to blows, and a violent scuffle ensued, in which the wainscot of the room was broken in, and Thornhill was thrown down, and some of his teeth — no less than seven, according to Swift' 1 — were dashed out, Sir Cholmley Dering stamping upon him in the incite. The rest of the company hereupon es [67 and 258. made on the proprietor of the " Toy," 2 Larwood and Hotten's History of on March 19th, 171 1, probably for rates irdSf p. 505. due to the parish of Hampton. Do., Ripley's History and Topography p. 86. of Hampton, p. 83. A distraint was ' fournal to Stella, May 9th, 171 1. 171 1] Quarrel and Sniffle at the " Toy '." 191 interposed between the combatants, and Sir Cholmley being induced to acknowledge himself in the wrong, declared himself ready to beg Mr. Thornhill's pardon. Here the quarrel might have ended, had not Thornhill, still smarting with the pain of the blow and the loss of his teeth, protested that a mere apology was not sufficient atonement for batter- ing a man's teeth out of his head, and demanded further satisfaction. Irritated at this reception of his overtures, Sir Cholmley answered that " he did not know where to find him ; " to which Thornhill promptly retorted, " That is a lie !" Soon after the party broke up ; the two antagonists returning home in different coaches. It appears that after this Sir Cholmley again made offers of accommodation to his former friend, but Thornhill would not accept them, and as soon as he had somewhat recovered from his injuries, — which the doctors deposed, at the sub- sequent trial, 1 to be so severe that he might have died of them had he not possessed an excellent constitution, — he sent Sir Cholmley the following challenge: — May 8th, 171 1. Sir, — I shall be able to go abroad to-morrow morning, and desire that you would give me a meeting with your sword and your pistols, which I insist on : the worthy Gentleman my Friend, who brings this, will concert with you for Time and Place. I think Tuttle Fields will do very well. Hide Park will not, this Time of the Year being full of company. I am Your Humble Servant, Richard Thornhill. This letter of course left Sir Cholmley Dering no alterna- tive ; and accordingly early next morning, May 9th, he came with a brace of pistols to Thornhill's house, who received him 1 Tracts. British Museum, E. ±£f^. 192 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1711 in his dining-room, and asked him to "drink a Dish of Tea, which he refused, but drank a glass of small beer." They then proceeded together in a hackney-coach to Tuttle Fields. Here a most furious encounter took place, the evidence being that " they came up like Two Lions with their Pistols advanced, and when within four yards of each other dis- charged so equally together, that it could not be discovered which shot first." According to another account l they advanced until the muzzles of their pistols touched, when Thornhill fired first, and Dering, having received the shot, discharged his pistol as he was falling, so that it went off into the air. At any rate, Dering fell dying ; when Thornhill ran up to his former friend, and " embraced him, lifting up his hands and eyes with great concernment," reproaching himself, and wishing to be of use, and so on, while a doctor was sent for, and Sir Chomley, before his death, freely forgave Thornhill, and admitted that the misfortune was his own fault and of his own seeking. The event was the more sad as Dering was just about to be married. About a week afterwards, on May 1 8th, Thornhill was put on his trial at the Old Bailey for murder, but many witnesses " of worth and quality " were called to testify that he was anything but of a quarrelsome disposition ; while, on the contrary, Sir Cholmley Dering " was given to be unwarrantably contentious ; " so that he was found guilty of manslaughter only. This fatal duel made an immense sensation at the time , and Steele, in the " Spectator," 2 represents Thornhill, under the name of " Spina-mont," as a prey to the keenest re- morse for having slain his friend, and as bewailing the ' Swift's Journal to Stella, May 9th. a No. 84, 171 1. 171 1] ThornhilVs Trial and Murder. 193 tyranny of social convention that had forced him to the deed. The facts of the case, however, as we have seen, indicate rather that he rejected Dering's apologies, and re- fused all his proffers of a reconciliation. That it was he, who was chiefly to blame, seems, at any rate, to have been the general impression at the time ; and when, three months after, two men, with whom he had quarrelled at Hampton Court, followed him from that place, to Turnham Green, and there murdered him by stabbing him on horseback — telling him, in doing so, " to remember Sir Cholmley Dering " ' — there were not wanting those, who thought that a very just retribution had overtaken him. To the summer of the same year, 171 1, is probably to be assigned another incident, of a very different nature, and originally of most trivial import, but which will be perpe- tuated, as long as the English language endures, by the im- perishable fame with which it has been invested through the genius of Pope. We refer to the cutting off of a lock of a lady's hair, which occurred at Hampton Court about this time, and which led to the composition of the immortal poem, " The Rape of the Lock." The exact date of the occurrence, on which that airy poetic structure was founded, has nowhere been revealed, even amid the vast mass of critical comments which, for nearly two centuries, have been showered upon every line, allusion, and expression in that exquisite creation. But from the facts that the first sketch of the poem was written in 1711, in less than a fortnight's time, and that it was conceived in response to the request of a friend, Mr. Caryll, to put an end to an estrangement that had arisen between two families, hitherto on terms of great intimacy and friendship, we may presume that the incident itself took place but a very short time previously. 1 Swift's Journal to Stella, Aug. 21st, 171 1. t O 1 94 History of Hampton Court Palace. [ 1 7 1 1 The facts, so far as they transpierce the poetic glamour, with which they have been clothed, or can be derived from other sources, 1 were these : — One summer's day, there set out on an excursion to Hampton Court a party of friends, amongst whom were Lord Petre, " the Baron" of the poem, Sir George Brown of Berkshire, immortalized under the designation of " Sir Plume," Mrs. Morley, who figures as " Thalestris," and Miss Arabella Fermor, the heroine of the poem, under the name of " Belinda." These four friends, who by the way were all Catholics, were accompanied by one or two others, and started, probably from London, to go up the Thames, and spend the day at the Palace. Their pro- gress up the river is exquisitely described in the verses : — But now secure the painted vessel glides, The sun-beams trembling on the floating tides ; While melting music steals upon the sky, And softened sounds along the waters die. Smooth flow the waves, the zephyrs gently play, Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. Arrived at Hampton Court, the company had dinner, whether in the Banqueting" House, the Pavilions, some of the private apartments, or at the " Toy " inn, there is nothing to show ; and, afterwards, they sat down to play at the then fashionable game of ombre, described so wonder- fully in the third canto of the poem as finally published. In the middle of the game utensils for coffee were brought in, and, as was the custom in those days, the ladies of the party roasted and ground the coffee-berry, and boiled the water : — For lo ! the board with cups and spoons is crowned, The berries crackle and the mill turns round ; On shining altars of Japan they raise The silver lamp ; the fiery spirits blaze. 1 El win's /'f the tilt-yard, near the palace gate, is indebted for its n,mi«- of the " Frog Walk." The tradition is that they ' Walpole's Reminiscent • r. Mht's/w/vw/, May 27th, 1721. ' Walpole's Remim 1716] George I. and his Mistresses. 205 used to promenade up and down, beneath the broad spread- ing branches of the chestnut and elm trees there, waiting for the return of the King, when he had ridden or driven out; and that it was thence designated Frau or Frow walk, which was corrupted by the commoner people, by mistake or in derision, into the name " Frog Walk," by which it is known to this day. It is more likely, however, that the Fraus, who gave this name to the walk, were those in attendance on the wife of the Stadtholder of Holland, who, when driven from his native land by the French Revolu- tion in 1795, found, as we shall see, an asylum for him- self and his family in this palace. The only occasions on which George I. appeared in any state, was on his arrival at or his departure from the palace. When he returned to London he walked, or was carried in a sedan chair, to the riverside, with six footmen in front, and six yeomen of the guard behind ; while following him came his two ugly mistresses in their chairs carried by ser- vants in royal livery. They were accompanied by the courtiers and attendants ; and the whole party embarked in state barges hung with coloured cloths ; while his Majesty's musicians, in their barge, played music as they floated down the stream. This agreeable mode of travelling to and from Hampton Court, was the favourite one with the Prince of Wales, who, in the summer of 1716, when the King went to Hanover, was appointed regent, and allowed by the King to reside at Hampton Court. Here, accordingly, they esta- blished themselves ; and during their sojourn they lived in semi-regal state, and made use of the beautiful suite of apart- ments in the eastern range of the new palace, formerly occu- pied by Queen Anne, and still known as the Queen's State Rooms. Of the State Bedchamber we append a sketch. The 206 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1716 ceiling had just been painted by Mr., afterwards Sir James, Thornhill, who had succeeded Verrio and Laguerre as a deco- rator of palaces and public buildings. It was by Halifax's influence that Thornhill was employed. The Duke of Shrewsbury, whom we have mentioned before in connection with William III., and who had once more become Lord Chamberlain on George I.'s accession, intended that it should be executed by Sebastian Ricci ; but Halifax, who was then First Commissioner of the Treasury, pre- ferring his own countryman, told the Duke that " if Ricci painted it he would not pay him." 1 The power of the purse, of course, prevailed, and Thornhill was given the commission. The work must have been executed in the earlier part of 1 7 1 5 ; for, on the 20th of October of that year, we find Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, and Sir Charles Dartiquenave,' 2 the officers of His Majesty's Works, reporting to the Lords of the Treasury on Thornhill's petition for pay- ment " for the painting of the bedroom of the Prince and Princess of Wales at Hampton Court." They stated that they considered it "skilfully and laboriously performed," and they were "of opinion that^"45/ \o$. might be allowed him, including all gilding, decoration, and history painting, being at the rate of £$ r ls - P er y ai "d, which price is inferior to what was always allowed Seignior Vario, for works, in our opinion, not so well executed."' 1 Verrio was generally allowed 8j, per square foot, which, after all, is almost exactly at the same rate as the above. Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting. moiety of the Keepership of Bushey Dartiquenave, or Dartineuf, was Park, during the lifetime of the Duchess "I ill" Board lie was of Cleveland. See also Elwin's Pope, an epicure, and is frequently noticed vol. iii., p. 292. in the works of Swift and Pope. He 3 Treasury Papers, vol. excii., No. uppo ed t" be .1 natural son of 68. • II. In 1688 he purchased .1 The Queen's State Bedchamber, showing the Ceiling painted by ■Sir James Thornhill in 171 1 '/'> 1716] The Qtieen 's State Bedchamber. 207 This ceiling is, in truth, the best at Hampton Court. The design shows Aurora risino- out of the ocean in her golden chariot, drawn by four white horses, and attended by cupids ; below are Night and Sleep. In the cornice are portraits of George I., with the crown, over the bed ; of Caroline, Princess of Wales, over the fireplace ; of George II., as Prince of Wales, opposite his wife, and of their son, Frederick, Prince of Wales, at this time a boy of nine years of age, over the window. The bedroom is 30 feet long by 25! feet broad, and 30 feet high. The bed, with furniture to match, which, as we re- marked in a previous chapter, is believed to have been Queen Anne's, and was doubtless used by the Prince and Princess of Wales when occupying the Palace this summer, has remained undisturbed ever since. The material has suffered much from age, but it reveals, when closely inspected, a workmanship of great delicacy. A beautiful chandelier of silver, elaborately decorated with glass balls, hangs from the centre of the ceiling. Here, at Hampton Court, their Royal Highnesses, on this occasion at any rate, were determined to show how gracious and amiable they could be ; and how gay and splendid a court they could hold. Their motive was, doubt- less, to exhibit a sharp contrast to the stiff formality of the King's conduct, which had already excited disgust in England. Accordingly, we find that all that England could then boast of wit, intelligence, and beauty, was welcomed at the palace. Here came Philip Dormer, Lord Stanhope, after- wards third Earl of Chesterfield, who had been appointed, the year before, a gentleman of the bedchamber to the Prince, and who, though but twenty years of age, was already acknowledged as without a rival in that brilliant wit for which he became so famous ; Carr, Lord Hervey, and his 208 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1716 more celebrated, though not more clever brother, John; Lord Scarborough, Charles Churchill, brother of the Duke of Marlborough, and many others. Among the ladies were Lady Walpole, Sir Robert's wife, Mrs. Selwyn, mother of the well-known George, and the famous Mrs. Howard, so well known to history as the mistress of George II., and so often celebrated in the poems of Pope, Swift, and Gay, with whom she was in frequent correspondence. It was about this time that the Prince's attentions to her were first of such a nature as to attract notice and create scandal ; and it was at Hampton Court that she was first regularly looked upon as the Prince's established mistress. But the most delightful members of that charming society were the beautiful and vivacious Ladies-in-Waiting to the Princess, and especially those two paragons, Miss Bellenden and Miss Lepell. Of Miss Mary Bellenden, who, with her sister Margaret, was celebrated by Gay, Madge Bellenden, the tallest of the land, And smiling Mary, soft and fair as down, 1 Walpole, in his account of the society which used to meet in Mrs. Howard's apartments in the Palace, says : " Above all for universal admiration was Miss Bellenden. Her face and person were charming, lively she was almost to 6tourderie, and so agreeable that she was never afterwards mentioned by her contemporaries but as ' the most perfect creature they had ever known.' " a It was not to be expected that the Prince should be insen- sible to such charms. But the lively lady-in-waiting met his Royal Highness's advances with singular spirit and pert- ness. She records herself, how she used to stand in his pre- sence, with her arms saucily crossed before her, and when he 1 Welcome to Pope from Greece. * Walpole's Reminiscences. 1716] The Prince and the Ladies-in- Waiting. 209 asked her whether her hands were cold, she told him they were not, but that " she crossed them because she liked to stand so." x The Prince, however, was a persevering- admirer ; and never ceased to ply her with attentions, with- out receiving anything in return but saucy remarks or playful scorn. It has been said, and it is not at all improbable, that it was at Hampton Court that occurred the following well-known scene. One evening the Prince, while sitting by her, took out his purse and began counting his money, his Royal Highness thinking in this manner to excite her avarice and tempt her virtue by the display of the golden coin. As he did so he kept glancing at her, pausing in his occu- pation, as if to watch the effect it was producing ; until Miss Bellenden, impatient at this tiresome proceeding, or perhaps suspecting the flagrantly insulting nature of his in- tentions, cried out, " Sir, I can bear it no longer ; if you count your money any more, I shall go out of the room." 2 But the gallant Prince was not to be put off by so distinct a repulse even as this. He continued to pester her with his attentions, until one day, finding her alone in one of the drawing-rooms, he followed her about again, counting out his money ; when she, turning round suddenly, with a dexterous motion of her foot or hand, sent his Royal Highness's guineas rolling on the floor, and ran out of the room, leaving him to go down on his knees to pick them up. 3 There was also at Hampton Court this year her friend and companion, "youth's youngest daughter, sweet Lepell," who, in the estimation of most persons, equalled, if she did not excel her, in all these courtly charms : — ' Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. 62. I have inserted this second incident 2 Walpole's Reminiscences and Me- with some hesitation, as it seems to moirs of George II, p. 153. be only an embroidered version of the 3 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. 62. story as told by Horace Walpole. f P 210 Histo7y of Hampton Court Palace. L 1 ? 16 What pranks are played behind the scenes, And who at court the belle ; Some swear it is the Bellenden, And others say Lepell. 1 " Dear Molly Lepell," as Pope called her, was indeed endowed — if we are to credit the unanimous testimony of all her contemporaries, such as Pope, Gay, and Chesterfield — with every charm, that can engage affection and regard. Her beauty was only equalled by the vivaciousness of her manner, and the brilliancy and wit of her conversation ; and Lord Chesterfield, who was no mean judge on such a question, declared that she was a perfect model of the finely-polished, high-bred, genuine woman of fashion. " She had been bred," he says, " all her life at courts, of which she has acquired all the easy good-breeding, and the politeness, without the frivolousness. No woman ever had more than she had ' le ton de la parfaitement bonne compagnie, les manieres engageantes, et le je-ne-scais-quoi qui plait.' " In the summer of this year these charming maids of honour had every opportunity of exercising their social talents. Every day was absorbed by one long round of amusement and gaiety. In the morning the Prince and Princess usually went on the river in barges finely carved and gilt, and hung with crimson silk curtains. 2 As they were rowed along by the stout oarsmen dressed in the royal liveries, something of the restraint that royalty imposes was discarded in the flow of wit and repartee, and the lively chatter of the maids of honour ; or, perhaps, they sang a glee or a ballad, while the plash of the oars was stilled for a few minutes as they floated idly down the stream. In the middle of the day they came home, when the Prince and Princess dined in public in the Princess's apart- 1 Pope 1 Lady Cowpcr's Diary, p. 121, et scq. ; Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i. i 7 i6] Amusements of the Court. 211 ments with the whole court, the lady-in-waiting serving at table. In the afternoon the Princess saw company, or read and wrote letters ; and later on, as evening came on, usually walked for two or three hours in the gardens. 1 The rest of the court found occupation in strolling among the fountains, and beneath the shady lime-groves, or in loitering by the water edge of the canals ; or they repaired to the bowling- green at the end of the terrace walk by the riverside, re- minding one of the lines in Dryden : — Hither in summer evenings you repair To taste the fraicheur of the cooler air. Some of the gentlemen played bowls, while the rest looked on with the ladies, or strolled along the terrace, to gaze over the wall at the Thames flowing beneath, or sat flirting in the shady nooks and arbours, that were judiciously disposed around. The four pavilions, also, that stood at each corner of the bowling-green, were adapted for intimate converse. They were fitted up as drawing-rooms, boudoirs, and card rooms, where those who would, might join in a game of ombre or commerce, or sip coffee or tea, while listening to some fair musician accompanying herself to one of Lans- downe's songs on the spinet. Here they lingered long into the evening ; and the Prince, we make no doubt, was frequently of these parties, dangling after Miss Bellenden and Mrs. Howard. The Princess, too, after her evening walk, often joined the company, and would stay playing cards at the Pavilions till long after dark. But one rainy and dark night the Countess of Buckenburgh, one of the German ladies, who was very fat, tripped and fell as she was walking home, and put her foot out of joint, and after that accident the Princess did not stay so late, but often 1 Lady Cowper's Diary, p. 125, which court life at Hampton Court this gives a circumstantial relation of the summer. 212 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1716 had cards in the Queen's Gallery from nine till about half- past ten, to which she commanded a few of the inhabitants of the Palace. The old Duchess of Monmouth, " whom the Princess loved mightily," used often to be there, in spite of her years and many afflictions, still full of all the life and fire of youth. Sometimes, also, the Princess used to ask company to sup with her in the Countess of Buckenburgh's chamber. 1 That lady, and indeed most of the German followers of the court, detested the English, and were always loud in their abuse. On one occasion she declared before several English ladies that " English women do not look like women of quality, but make themselves look as pitifully and sneak- ing as they can ; they hold their heads down and look always in a fright, whereas foreigners hold up their heads, and hold out their breasts, and make themselves look as great and stately as they can, and more nobly and more like quality than you English." To which Lady Deloraine, with a sarcastic reference to the countess's corpulence, replied, " We show our quality by our birth and titles, madam, and not by sticking out our bosoms." 2 While the Princess received in the state rooms, such of the ladies and gentlemen of the court, as had not received the royal summons, made up parties in the private apart- ments of the palace to spend the evenings. Of these gather- ings, Mrs. Howards little supper parties were the most frequented and celebrated ; and her apartments (which were known by her most intimate friends as the "Swiss Cantons," and herself as " the Swiss," perhaps on account of the neutral position which her prudence and discretion enabled her to maintain at court) became the fashionable rendezvous of all the brilliant wits and beauties in the palace, to whom we 1 Lady Cowper's Diary, p. 125. u Do., p. 102. 1716] Mrs. Howard's Supper Parties. 213 have already referred, and who were attracted by her social talents and charms. Where Mrs. Howard's rooms were situated, cannot, un- fortunately, be exactly determined. But we may be pretty sure that they were in the eastern range of the new palace, and not improbably in the Round Window, or Queen's " Half-Storey," over the Queen's apartments, at this time, as we have said, occupied by the Princess. A direct com- munication with the Queen's State Bedchamber existed by means of a curious old staircase in an ante-room,* which could itself be approached from the Queen's back stairs. In the Queen's half-storey, at any rate, we may presume, lived the maids of honour, and up and down the Queen's back stairs they must often have gone, recalling the lines in the "Excellent New Ballad"— But Bellenden we needs must praise, Who, as downstairs she jumps, Sings o'er the hills and far away, Despising doleful dumps. 2 It was, indeed, a pleasant time, which long dwelt in the remembrance of those who took a part in its enjoyments. Of this we have many testimonies. Miss Howe, who was a maid of honour, and one of the wittiest of them, and certainly the greatest flirt at the palace at this time, thought that no other life was worth living. When she went away to spend a month or two in the country, she wrote from her retreat to a friend : — " One good thing I have got by the long time I have been here, which is, being more sensible than ever I was of my happiness in being a maid of honour. I won't say God preserve me so neither : that would not 1 This room is now converted into old prints and carvings and other a museum, formed by the author, of curiosities relating to the palace. 2 Jesse's Court of England, vol. ii., p. 437. 214 History of Hampton Court Palace. [i 7 1 6 be so well." ' It was to her that Pope addressed the lines in answer to the question, What is prudery ? — 'Tis a beldam Seen with youth and beauty seldom. 'Tis an ugly envious shrew That rails at dear Lepell and you. Giles Earle, also, who belonged to Mrs. Howard's set, and afterwards became groom of the bedchamber to the Prince, writes to her the following summer, Aug. 10th, 171 7, when the King and Prince were at Hampton Court together, saying, " Would to God I was at Hampton Court ; I stupify myself by eternally thinking of that place." 2 Miss Bellenden, also, a few years after, 3 when she had married Colonel Campbell, one of the grooms of the bedchamber, in a letter to Mrs. Howard, says : " I wish we were all in the Swiss Cantons again." And nearly twelve years after, Miss Lepell, in the meanwhile married to John, Lord Hervey, whom she used to meet at Hampton Court, dwells fondly on the reminis- cences of the old days. She writes, in answer to a letter from Mrs. Howard from Hampton Court, as follows 4 : — The place your letter was dated from recalled a thousand agree- able things to my remembrance, which I flatter myself I do not quite forget. I wish I could persuade myself that you regret them, or that you could think the tea-table more welcome in the morning if attended, as formerly, by the Schatz [a nickname given to Lady Hervey when Miss Lepell]. If that were possible, it would be the means (and the only one at this time) to make me exchange Ick- worth for any other dwelling in England. I really believe a frizela- tion [flirtation] would be a surer means of restoring my spirits, than the exercise and hartshorn I now make use of. I do not suppose that name still subsists ; but pray let me know if the thing itself 1 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. ' Oct. 22nd, 1721. Do., vol. i., p. 82. 41. 1 Do., vol. i., p. 320. From Ick- ' Do., vol. i., p. 15. worth, Aug. 31st, 1728. 1 7 1 6] Reminiscences of Mrs. Hozvard's Parties. 215 does, or if they meet in the same cheerful manner to sup as formerly. Are ballads and epigrams the consequence of those meetings ? Is good sense in the morning, and wit in the evening, the subject, or rather the foundation of the conversation ? That is an unnecessary question ; I can answer it myself, since I know you are of the party, but, in short, do not you want poor Tom (herself) and Bellenden (Mary Bellenden) as much as I want Swiss in the first place, and them ? I pass my mornings at present as much like those at Hampton Court as I can, for I divide them between walking, and the people of the best sense of their time : but the difference is, my present companions [books] are dead, and the others are quite alive. If you would have the good nature to add, by your letter, the charms of Hampton Court to the pleasures of Ickworth, they will be re- ceived and acknowledged with gratitude by, dear Mrs. Howard, Your faithful humble servant, M. Hervey. And in another letter to Mrs. Howard, a few days after, she says : ! — My spirits, which you know were once very good, are so much impaired, that I question if even Hampton Court breakfasts could recover them, or revive the ScJiatz (herself), who is extinguished in a fatigued nurse, a grieved sister, and a melancholy wife. Outsiders, however, who did not belong to Mrs. Howard's select coterie, found the time hang more heavily on their hands. " Hampton Court," says Lady Cowper, lady of the bedchamber to the Princess, writing" from here on August 1 8th, " is very little entertaining to me, except the pleasure of being with our dear mistress, when you are not here. You know I have very little acquaintance among them." 2 At the same time, the discordant element of politics was not entirely banished from the scene. The ministers were at Hampton Court a good deal — including Sir Robert Wal- 1 Oct. 7th. Lady Suffolk's Letters, 2 Memoirs of Lady Sutidon, vol. i., vol. i., p. 324. p. 334. 216 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1716 pole, Lord Methuen, and the Lord Chancellor Finch, Earl of Nottingham ; while George I.'s German minister and favourite, Count Bothmar, was here the whole time. He was left in England by the King as a sort of spy on the Prince, " to keep all things in order, and to give an account of everything that was doing." Lord Townshend, also, and his family were at the palace constantly, and he thereby " found means to insinuate himself mightily into the favour of the Prince, but left the Princess quite out, even to the showing her all the contempt in the world." On the other hand, he took care to pay his court to Mrs. Howard and Miss Bellenden, so that, says Lady Cowper, " When I came to Hampton Court, I was never so surprised in my life as to see that so little respect was shown to the Princess." Her ladyship was so exercised about the matter, that she exerted herself to have it represented to Lord Townshend, by her husband and others, " how wrong this usage of the Princess was, and how much it was for their interest and advantage to get her on their side." This had the desired effect, and from that time he quite altered his demeanour towards her Royal Highness, " to the great pleasure of those who had been concerned in the thing. This brought the Princess into perfect tranquillity." x Lord Sunderland, who was another of the King's friends, and was commissioned by the ministry to go over to Han- over, with the object of urging the King to come back soon, was also seen at the palace occasionally ; and he seems, like Townshend, to have been disposed to treat the Princess with a very inadequate degree of deference. He was to go about the middle of August, but before he started he came down to take his leave. The Princess received him in the Queen's Gallery, and some political topic being touched on, 1 Lady Cowper's Diary, p. 123. 1 7 1 6 j The Princess slighted by the Ministers. 2 1 7 they had so loud and heated a conversation, that she desired him to speak lower, for the people in the garden would hear ; to which he rudely answered, " Let them hear." To this the Princess replied, " Well, if you have a mind, let 'em ; but you shall walk next the windows, for, in the The Queen's Gallery. humour we both are, one of us must certainly jump out at the window, and I'm resolved it sha'n't be me." Of the room in which this interview occurred, and which is one of the finest in the new Palace — being 81 feet long- by 25 feet broad, and having seven large windows abutting east on the Great Fountain Garden — we here insert a sketch. It is probable that, like the State Bedchamber at the end of 218 Histoiy of Hampton Court Palace. \yi^ it, which we described at the beginning of this chapter, it had remained unfinished until the early years of the reign of George I. ; and it was not, at any rate, until then that the tapestry, with which it is now decorated, was hung on its walls. The tapestries, which consist of a series of seven pieces from the celebrated designs of Charles Le Brun, illustrative of the life of Alexander the Great, were, it seems, purchased by General, afterwards Lord Cadogan, in Flanders or Hol- land, probably when he was ambassador to the Hague, for a very small sum, and set up here by order of George I. They may have been worked at the Gobelin manufactory, where manv sets were executed from Le Brun's cartoons, under his personal supervision, during his tenure of the directorship ; or perhaps they were the products of the looms at Brussels : in any case, the workmen were Flemings. Le Brun's own paintings from the same designs, which were very finely engraved by Gerard Audran, are well known. On the 28th of October, 1716, the Court left Hampton Court, the ladies going by water in a barge with the Prince and Princess. "The day was wonderfully fine, and nothing in the world could be pleasanter than the passage, nor give one a better idea of the riches and happiness of this kingdom." ' 1 Lady Cowper's Diary, p. 126. Whole Island of Great Britain, \o\.\., See also Defoe's Tour through the p. 5. CHAPTER XV. GEORGE I. THEATRICALS IN THE GREAT HALL. King George and the Prince of Wales at Hampton Court together — Over- powering Dulness of the Court — Pope's Visit to Hampton Court — He describes the Life of a Maid of Honour — Quarrel between the King and his Son — " Cette Diablesse la Princesse" — Secret Interview between her and her Bedchamber Woman at the Pavilions — The Prince and Princess retire from Court — A Theatre in the Great Hall — The Royal Company of Actors — The Plays acted — The De- meanour of the Audience — Shakespeare's" Henry VI II." — King George chuckles with Satisfaction at appropriate Passages — Gibber's Account of the Arrangements — Fees and Gratuities to the Actors— Dismissal of Sir Christopher Wren — His House on the Green at Hampton Court — William Benson, the new Sur- veyor-General — Charges of Jobbery against the Clerk of the Works at Hampton Court — Wren's dignified Protest — Benson's Incompetence — His Expulsion from Office — Closing Years of Wren's Life at Hampton Court — His Death — Apart- ments in the Palace irregularly occupied — King George's strong Injunctions against the Practice— Reconciliation of the two Courts. jAMPTON COURT, in the month of August, 1 7 1 7, was again visited by the Prince and Princess of Wales and all their suite, as well as by the King. 1 But the presence of his Majesty did not at all conduce to the cheerfulness of the Palace. On the contrary, the endeavours of his son and daughter-in- law in this direction met with no encouragement, and, indeed, were entirely neutralized, by the overwhelming dulness which 1 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. 15 ; Memoirs of Lady Sundon, vol. i., P- 330. 220 History of Hampton Cou?'t Palace. [1717 pervaded every place where George I. ever resided. Besides, he regarded with no sort of favour the efforts which the Prince and Princess were making to gather a court about them, and to acquire popularity by their gaiety and condescension. Pope, who came to visit Hampton Court at this time, records his impressions of the dreariness of the life at court in a letter to Teresa and Martha Blount, written on September 13th, 1717 1 : — I went by water to Hampton Court, unattended by all but my own virtues, which were not of so modest a nature as to keep them- selves, or me, concealed ; for I met the Prince with all his ladies, on horseback, coming from hunting. Mrs. B. [Bellenden] and Mrs. L. [Lepell] took me into protection, contrary to the laws against har- bouring papists, and gave me a dinner, with something I liked better, an opportunity of conversing with Mrs. H[oward]. We all agreed that the life of a Maid of Honour was of all things the most miserable : and wished that every woman who envied it had a specimen of it. To eat Westphalia ham in a morning, ride over hedges and ditches on borrowed hacks, come home in the heat of the day with a fever, and (what is worse a hundred times) with a red mark on the fore- head from an uneasy hat ! all this may qualify them to make excellent wives for foxhunters, and bear abundance of ruddy com- plexioned children. As soon as they can wipe oft* the sweat of the day, they must simper an hour and catch cold in the Princess's apartment ; from thence (as Shakespeare has it) to dinner, with what appetite they may ; — and after that, till midnight, walk, work, or think, which they please. I can easily believe no lone house in Wales, with a mountain and a rookery, is more contemplative than this Court ; and as a proof of it, I need only tell you Miss L[epell] walked with me three or four hours by moonlight, and we met no creature of any quality but the King, who gave audience to the Vice- Chamberlain, all alone, under the garden walk. In short, I heard of no ball, assembly, basset table, or any ' Ehvin and Courthope's Pope, vol. but reappeared in Cooper, 1737. The ix., pp. 272-4. This letter was ori^i- original, Mr. Carruthers states, exists Daily published in the edition of Pope's at Mapledurham, and is dated as works of 1735, not republished in 4to., above. 1717] Popes Description of Hampton Court Life. 221 place, where two or three were gathered together, except Madam Kilmansegg's, to which I had the honour to be invited, and the grace to stay away. In another letter of Pope's to Lady Mary Wortley Mon- tagu, assigned to the summer of the following year, 1718, there is a similar passage, with curious variations : — Our gallantry and gaiety have been great sufferers by the rup- ture of the two courts here : scarce any ball, assembly, basset-table, or any place where two or three are gathered together. No lone house in Wales, with a rookery, is more contemplative than Hamp- ton Court. I walked there the other day by the moon, and met no creature of quality but the King, who was giving audience all alone to the birds under the garden wall. 1 In the meanwhile, the differences between the Kingr and the Prince, which had been smouldering for some time, were now about to break out into an open flame. The exact cause of the quarrel is unknown, but it is probable that the King conceived a jealousy of his son showing so much fondness for acting the king, and being so eager to win popular favour ; while towards his daughter-in-law, whom he was accustomed to speak of as " cette diablesse la Princesse," he had always nourished an inveterate dislike. This state of ill- feeling doubtless rendered necessary the secrecy of the in- terview at the Pavilions between the Princess and her bed- chamber woman, Mrs. Clayton, which is alluded to in a letter to her from Lady Cowper at Hampton Court. 2 Wednesday, one o'clock. Dear Madam, I have made all your compliments to our dear Princess, who loves you mightily, and desires you would not come hither unless you find you can do it with safety ; and she has ordered me to tell you, that if you do think of coming, she desires it may be by 1 Elwin and Courthope's Pope, vol. 2 Thomson's Memoirs of Lady Sun- ix., p. 395. don, vol. i., p. 332. 222 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1718 water, and that you would be here by nine o'clock in the morning, and if you will give her notice of the day you will come, she will meet you in the garden-house, at the end of the terrace, that nobody may see you. At any rate, after they had spent a couple of months with the King at Hampton Court, the mutual relations of the various members of the Royal Family became so strained, that the Prince and Princess, with their attendants and adherents, retired altogether from the Palace, leaving the King behind. He remained on here till November, in which month the Princess gave birth at St. James's to a son, afterwards the Duke of Cumberland. The news was brought down by Carr, Lord Hervey, gentleman of the Prince's bedchamber, who announced it to the King. 1 But no other communication took place between the two branches of the family ; and shortly after the quarrel grew so bitter, that the King put a notice into the "Gazette " that he would not receive at his Court anyone who should visit the Prince. 2 When the King visited Hampton Court again, in the sum- mer of the succeeding year, 1718, the Prince held an oppo- sition Court at Richmond. His Majesty's, however, was, for this one occasion at least, the gayer of the two ; for he had ordered a theatre to be erected in the Great Hall, where he intended that plays should be acted twice a week during this summer, by the King's Company of Actors. But the theatre taking longer to finish than had been anticipated, it was not until nearly the end of September that it was ready, so that only seven plays in all were given in it before the Court re- turned to town. 8 It was opened on the 23rd of September, with " Hamlet ;" and on the 1st of October, " Henry VIII., or the Fall of W'olsey," was represented on the very spot which 1 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p.17. 3 Collcy Cxbhar's Apology for his Life, Do., vol. i., p. 18. ed. 1740, p. 447. 1718] George I.'s Theatre in the Great Hall. 223 had been the scene of the Cardinal's greatest splendour. The other plays were : " Sir Courtly Nice," on the 6th of October ; " The Constant Couple," on the 9th ; " Love for Money," on the 1 3th ; " Volpone, or the Fox," on the 16th ; and " Rule a Wife and have a Wife," on the 22nd. 1 After one of the first performances, Miss Bradshawe, a lady attached to the Prince's Court, and described as " an old maid of more gaiety than delicacy," writes from Rich- mond, saying, " Our world is extremely dull ; though 1 hear there are brave doings at Hampton Court. I was much im- portuned to go on Tuesday to the play, but I have no notion of serving- two masters." 2 The Royal Company of Actors, otherwise known as the Drury Lane company, included Colley Cibber, Barton Booth, Mills, Wilkes, the famous Mrs. Oldfield, Mrs. Porter, and Miss Younger. Cibber, in his amusing Apology for his life, remarks of the theatricals here, " This throwing open a theatre in a royal palace, seemed to be reviving the old English hospitable grandeur, where the lowest ranks of neighbouring subjects might make merry at Court, without being laughed at themselves." " Still," as he goes on to observe, " a play presented at Court or acted on the public stage is a very different entertainment. For at Court, where the Prince gives the treat, and honours it with his own pre- sence, the audience is under the restraint of a circle where laughter or applause raised higher than a whisper would be stared at. This coldness and decency," he continues, " of attention at Court, I observed, had but a melancholy effect upon the impatient vanity of some of our actors, who seemed inconsolable when their flashy endeavours to please had passed unheeded : their not considering where they were 1 Lysons' Middlesex Parishes, p. 67. letter is given as September 4th, per- 2 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. haps a misprint for October 4th. 29. The date of Miss Bradshawe's 224 History of Hampton Court Palace. [17 18 quite disconcerted them ; nor could they recover their spirits till from the lowest rank of the audience some gaping John or Joan in the fulness of their hearts roared out their appro- bation." However, they had, properly speaking, but one auditor to please, and that he was very often pleased, in spite of his imperfect knowledge of English, could be seen from the satisfaction in his looks at particular scenes and passages. One instance of this was particularly noticeable in the play of " Henry VIII.," of which George I. was especially fond, and which he ordered, with a view, doubtless, to its suit- ability to the place associated with Wolsey's greatness and splendour. In the first act, it will be remembered, the King commands the Cardinal to write circular letters of indemnity into every county, where the payment of certain heavy taxes had been disputed ; upon which the Cardinal whispers the following directions to his secretary Cromwell : A word with you ; Let there be letters writ in every shire Of the King's grace and pardon. The grieved Commons Hardly conceive of me ; let it be noised, That, through our intercession, this revokement And pardon comes : I shall anon advise you Farther in the proceeding. The solicitude of the minister in filching from his master the grace and merit of the pardon, and making out that he was the author of it, suggested to George I. such parallels among his own ministers, that he never failed to smile in approbation of its appropriateness. This little trait is re- corded by Colley Cibber, whose proper stand when he him- self spoke the lines, in the character of the Cardinal, required him to be near the box where the Kin£ sat. So gratified, indeed, was his Majesty with the whole performance, that Sir Richard Steele, — who held with Wilkes 1718] George I. 's Gratification with tlie Acting. 225 the patent of the royal company of comedians, and who wrote a very fine prologue to these theatricals, describing the King exactly, " not as he was, but as he should have been," 1 — when asked by " a grave nobleman," after this play was presented at Hampton Court, how the King liked it, replied : " So terribly well, my lord, that I was afraid I should have lost all my actors ; for I was not sure the King would not keep them to fill the posts at Court that he saw them so fit for in the play." 2 It may well be imagined that giving plays at such a dis- tance from London could not but be attended with extra- ordinary expenses. Cibber, therefore, proceeds to give us a particular account of what they were, " that in case the same entertainments should at any time hereafter be called to the same place, future Courts may judge how far the precedent may stand good or need an alteration." One of the points of precedent was that the King should bear the whole expense, as it was, of course, inconsistent with the dignity attaching to a Royal Palace, that money should be taken at the door. The stated fee for a play acted at Whitehall had been formerly only ^20 ; but as that did not hinder the company's acting on the same day at the public theatre, that sum was almost all clear profit to them. But this not being practicable when they were commanded to Hampton Court, the managers said they should hold themselves ready to act any play, at a day's warning, pro- vided the other actors were allowed each their day's pay and travelling charges, the managers themselves desiring " no consideration for their own labour, farther than the honour of being employed in his Majesty's commands." To this the Lord Chamberlain assented, and arranged at the same time that the household music, the wax lights, and 1 Montgomery'sLt/e of Stee/e, vol. u., a Colley Cibber's Apology, ubi p. 170. supra. T Q 226 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1718 a chaise-marine, to carry the moving wardrobe for each different play, should be under the charge of the proper officers in the King's household. Notwithstanding this, the expense of every play amounted to £$0 ; which sum, when all was over, was allowed them. And, in addition to this, " His Majesty was graciously pleased to give the managers ^£200 more, for their particular performance and trouble in only seven times acting." This gratuity, though not, perhaps, too much for a sovereign prince to give, was, in old Cibber's opinion, more than their utmost merit ought to have hoped for ; and he confesses that when he received the order for the money from the Duke of Newcastle, then Lord Cham- berlain, he was so surprised that he imagined " his grace's favour or recommendation of their readiness or diligence must have contributed to so high a consideration of it ;" and was offering his acknowledgments, when he was stopped short by the Duke, who, perhaps taking a hint from the King's demeanour in regard to the lines quoted above, told him that they were under obligation to no one but to the King himself, " who had given it from no other motive than his own bounty." x The theatre in the Great Hall was never used again after this, except once in the year 1 73 1, as we shall notice under that date. The stage, nevertheless, continued to block up the Hall till the year 1798, when James Wyatt, then Sur- veyor-General of the Board of Works, obtained George III .'s permission to remove it, which was accordingly done, and the Hall restored to its original form and beauty, as we now see it. 8 The mention of the Surveyor-General of the Board of Works reminds us it was in the year, which we have now reached, 17 18, that Sir Christopher Wren, the most illus- 1 Cibber"s Apology, p. 455. 2 Lysons' Middlesex Parishes, p. 67. 1 7 1 8] Dismissal of Sir Christopher Wren. 227 trious of all the holders of that office, was, after nearly fifty years spent in the active and assiduous service of the Crown and the public, and in the fourscore and sixth year of his age, driven from the post that he had filled so long, with such conspicuous and splendid success. This shameful and ungenerous act, though perhaps not emanating directly from the King, who seems to have been instigated to it by some of his German favourites, 1 has deservedly been ever regarded as one of the worst blots on a reign sufficiently blurred and bespattered, without this addi- tional and gratuitous stain. The fact was, however, that the great English architect was altogether of too noble a nature, to stoop and cringe to the corrupt and hungry crew of foreign parasites and mistresses, who dispensed the royal patronage of the first George ; and it was inevitable that he should be pushed aside for one, whose character was more compliant, and whose gross ignorance and incompetence were more in consonance with the influences paramount at Court. Such a one was William Benson, in whose favour, probably by a judicious distribution of largess, the patent which Wren had received from Charles II., and which he had held under five successive sovereigns, was withdrawn, on the 26th of April, 1718. 2 Wren bore the slight thus put upon him with exemplary fortitude and dignity. He retired to Hampton Court, say- ing only with the Stoic : " Nunc me jubet fortuna expedi- tes philosophari." His residence, however, was not in the Palace, but in a house on the Green, which he had taken on lease from the Crown in 1708, at a rent of £10 a year for fifty years, and which he considerably improved. 3 The original house, which, indeed, was only of wood and plaster, and very old 1 Ker^s Memoirs, part ii., p. no, s Elmes's Life of Wren, p. 507. ed. 1726. * Lysons' Middlesex Parishes, p. 76. 228 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1718 and decayed, he seems to have rebuilt, almost entirely, in substantial brickwork ; and it was in consideration of his large expense in so doing, and also of his surrendering his claim to a sum of ^341 3-s - . ^d. — being several years' arrears of his salary, due to him from the Crown — that he procured at so low a rent, a lease of premises, which had hitherto been the official residence of the Surveyor-General of the Works, and which included a charming garden, extending, for a dis- tance of 327 feet, behind the house, to the Thames. 1 After the great architect's death, the house, or rather his lease of it, devolved, by his will, upon his son Christopher Wren ; who, getting a renewal of the original lease, left it by will to his own son Stephen, from whom it passed into other hands. The premises are now, after having had various tenants, during this present century, leased by the Crown to Mr. James Fletcher, the present occupant. 2 Sir Christopher's old house and garden are but little changed to this day : the terrace that he constructed by the riverside, where he built an arbour, his old tool-house, the tree on the lawn, beneath the shade of which he loved to sit, his drawing-room, his dining-room, his bedroom, all remain, much in their original state, consecrated, for all time, by their association with so renowned and lofty a genius. Here, within sight of the Palace that he had reconstructed and embellished, he passed the greater part of the last five years of his life, " free from worldly cares, in contemplation and studies," says his grandson and biographer, " and prin- cipally in the consolation of the Holy Scriptures, cheerful in solitude, and as well pleased to die in the shade as in the light." 3 1 Records of the Office of Woods and west, which now forms one habitation Forests, kindly traced out for me by with Wren's house ; but the two are Mr. Hellard. still substantially distinct. J i\lr. Fletcher also rents from the ' Parentalia. Crown a small adjoining house on the 1718] Charges against the Board of Works. 229 The pretext for his supersession, after such signal services rendered to the State, with so splendid a record of great achievements, and with a mind that retained, in spite of his years, all the vigour and freshness of youth, was founded on the old and specious pretence that economies would thereby be effected in the public service. This well-worn device was paraded by the man who looked to stepping into his shoes, and who, when duly installed, proceeded to level a series of accusations of extravagance and carelessness against the late Board, supplementing them with specific charges of the grossest jobbery, against some of the subor- dinate officials in the department. These accusations, how- ever, Benson was far too astute to prefer himself; but in- duced his brother Benjamin, whom he had pitchforked into the post of Clerk of the Works at Whitehall, and one Colin Campbell, a servile agent of his own, to formulate them in a memorial to the Treasury. 1 The chief allegations were of the " abominable cheats," that had been so long practised, to his Majesty's great pre- judice ; in particular, " that the Clerk of the Works at Hampton Court had built a house for one of the workmen with H. M. stores, and the labourers paid by H. M., and had also charged the said house on the office books, by which means his Majesty's paid twice for a building, which he ought not to have paid for at all." This was stated on the authority of Colin Campbell, while Benjamin Benson, the new Surveyor's brother, stated that " Mr. Chr. Tilson at Hampton Court has the possession of one of the pavilions at that Palace, upon which several considerable sums of money have been expended from time to time in divers conveniencies and additions and embellishments, partly by collusion with the Clerk of his Majesty's Works, and partly 1 Treasury Papers, vol. ccxii., No. 8, Dec. 2nd, 171 8. 230 History of Hampton Court Palace. [17 19 by a greater authority, but both equally unwarrantable and grievous to the Crown." He gave another instance of malpractices at Hampton Court by a Mr. Huggins, who by clandestine means, with the aforesaid Clerk of that Palace, " got a wall and gates and duck ponds and other things made for himself." He referred also to other " abominable abuses " which he declared had been discovered, " such as making H.M. pay double for workmen, false measuring, cutting the lead to pieces," &c. This memorial the Lords of the Treasury, regardless of Wren's retirement from the King's service, the circum- stances attending it, his advanced age, and his many other claims on their forbearance, forwarded to him to report upon. The dignified, and indeed pathetic letter which the old man wrote from Hampton Court, and in which he protested against this procedure, is well worthy of being transcribed in full from the Calendar of State Papers, in which it first saw the light a few years ago. My surprise is equal to my concern to find, that after having served the Crown and the publick about fifty years, and at this great age, I should be under the necessity of taking a part in answering a memorial presented by Mr. Benson to y r Lordships, charging some mismanagements on the Commissioners of the Board of Works. It was his Majesties pleasure, on his happy accession to the Throne, to continue me in the office of Surveyor of the Works : but soon after, in regard to my great age, he was pleased of his Royal clemency to ease me of the burden of the business of that office, by appointing other worthy gentlemen with me in the Commission, which was under such regulations and restrictions, as that altho' 1 had the honour to be first named with the old title of Surveyor, yet in acting, I had no power to override or give a ting vote: I did, however, as often as my infirmities would permit, attend the Board, and endeavoured to doe his Majesty all the service I was able with the same integrity and zeal, which I had ever practised. 1 7 1 9] Wren's dignified Letter of Protest. 2 3 1 I doubt not but the gentlemen concerned in the late Commission will lay before y' Lordships such particular answers to the memorial of complaint as will be satisfactory. I crave leave to refer thereto, and may presume to say that, notwithstanding the pretensions of the present surveyor's management to be better than that of the late Commissioners, or theirs to be better than what preceded, yet I am persuaded, upon an impartial view of matters, and fairly distinguishing all particulars, with due consideration had to long protracted payment of artificers, there will be no just ground for the censuring former managements, and as I am dis- miss'd, having worn out (by God's mercy) a long life in the Royal Service, and having made some figure in the world, I hope it will be allowed me to die in peace. Hampton Court, April 21st, 1719. 1 This letter, if any vindication of Sir Christopher Wren were needed, would entirely have exonerated him from any responsibilities in the abuses exposed in the Benson memorial, had they proved to be true. As it happened, however, they appear to have turned out, on investiga- tion, to be entirely devoid of foundation ; and so great was the discredit which overtook Benson on this account, and for his gross incapacity, jobbery, and misconduct, that he was soon after ignominiously expelled from his appointment, and only escaped prosecution, by the renewed influence of the foreign favourites exerted in his favour — an influence, which afterwards positively secured him another post, in a different sphere, with a salary of £i,200. 2 Benson's dismissal from the Office of Works took place scarcely more than a twelvemonth after his appointment. Wren, therefore, had not long to wait for his vindication. But in his Hampton Court retreat, with his clear and vigorous mind engrossed to the last day of his life in scientific researches, he let the world go by, and cared 1 Treasury Papers, vol. cexx., No. 48, April 21st, 1 7 19. 2 Elmes's Life of Wren, p. 512. 232 History of Hampton Court Palace. [17 19 for none of these things. Once a year only did he leave home to be borne to London, to sit for awhile under the dome of his own great cathedral ; and it was on the last of these visits that he caught the cold, which hastened his end. It was his custom latterly to sleep in his dining-room after dinner, and on the 25th of February, 1723, his servant, who constantly attended him, thinking he slept longer than usual, and going in to rouse him, found him dead in his chair. 1 The old-fashioned panelled room, in which he died, is on the ground floor of Mr. Fletcher's house, on the left- hand side as you come in from the Green. From Hampton Court his remains were removed to London to repose beneath the shelter of St. Paul's. In the meanwhile, the Board of Works was not the only department of State in which disorders and irregularities were declared at this time to prevail at Hampton Court. The conduct of his Majesty's household was equally im- pugned : for in a letter, addressed by King George, on the 5th of May, in the year after Wren's dismissal, 1 7 19, to the Lord Chamberlain, the Duke of Newcastle, animad- versions are made on an abuse, which seems always to have been more or less existent at Hampton Court, and which it taxed even the strong arm of Henry VIII. to grapple with — namely, the practice of persons, who had no sort of right to occupy rooms in the Palace at all, calmly settling themselves down there, probably with the con- nivance of some friendly or corrupt official, and in this manner endeavouring surreptitiously to acquire a sort of prescriptive footing, which it was afterwards difficult to dis- pute, and from which it was still more difficult to dislodge them. The King's letter was as follows : — Whereas we are informed that contrary to the Standing Rules ' Parentalia, p. 346, and Elmes's Life of Wren, p. 523. 1 719] Intruders in the Royal Palace. 233 and Order made for the better care and government of our Houses, severall persons are Lodg'd in our Palaces of Hampton Court, Windsor and Kensington, who have no places or offices about our Person to entitle them to Lodgings : These are, therefore, to require you not to permitt any person to have Lodgings in our palaces of Hampton Court, etc., who are not by their offices entitled thereto, and that you give orders to the Keepers of our s d Houses not to admitt any of our servants who have Lodgings appointed them for their attendance in our service there, to make use of their Lodgings, without leave first had from you, or the Chamberlain of our House- hold for the time being, as they shall answer the contrary at their perill. The ordinances, however, of a George I. were not likely to have much effect, in a case where a Henry VIII. had failed to secure obedience — and, as we shall have occasion to note later, the abuse continued to flourish till nearly the beginning of the present century. Not very long after this, efforts were made for the com- posing of the quarrel between the two Courts, and even- tually, on St. George's Day, 1720, an open reconciliation took place between the King and his son, when " the officers of the two Courts kissed, embraced, and congratulated one another upon this auspicious reconcilation." ' This event was soon followed by the marriage of Miss Lepell to Lord Hervey, and of Miss Bellenden to Colonel Campbell, who became long after Duke of Argyle, and these two marriages, to a great extent, broke up the charming little society, of which Mrs. Howard was the centre. Both Courts, besides, seem to have forsaken Hampton Court ; and we find for eight years or so no reference to it, until after the death of George I., on the nth of June, 1727. 1 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. 53. CHAPTER XVI. COURT LIFE AT HAMPTON COURT UNDER GEORGE II. King George II. comes to Hampton Court — Dulness of the Life at Court — Mrs. Howard, the King's Mistress — The Queen delights in subjecting her to Indignities — The Queen washing at her Bath — Morning Prayers by her Chap- lain — The Queen and the Clergy — Her Levees — Mrs. Howard made Mistress of the Robes — The King's Monotonous Regularity — "Nauseous Selkirk" — The Dull Routine of the Court — Attempt at Liveliness by the Maids of Honour — Their Midnight Pranks — The Prude, Miss Meadows— The King goes Stag- Hunting — His Intolerance of Fox-Hunting — Dining in Public — The Public Dining- Room — Queen's Guard-Chamber, Presence Chamber, and Staircase — Kent employed to alter the Clock Court — George 1 1. 's Gateway — Lord Hervey's Letters to Mrs. Clayton — "Two miserable Court Drudges" — The Duke of Grafton and Princess Emily — The "Pious PimpSchutz" — Dull Court Recreations. HE new King, after his accession, still preserved his old affection for Hampton Court ; and the Court came here for several months, on July 2nd, 1 7 2 cS , and, for the next ten years or so, a re- gular practice was made of spending a couple of months every summer in this Palace. 1 Nevertheless, times were now sadly changed from what they had been, and life at Court, which had lost so many of its brightest ornaments, was oppressed with an intolerable, if ■■, vol. 1., pp 299 and 312 ; and Martha Blount to Swift, May 7th, 1728. Kl win's Pope, vol. vii., p. 129. 1728] Dulness of George II.' s Court. 235 George II., who was never of a really vivacious tempera- ment, seems to have thought more befitting his new dignity. Mrs. Howard, in answering Lady Hervey's letter, cited in a previous chapter, 1 dwelling on the memories of old Hampton Court days, says : — Hampton Court is very different from the place you knew ; and to say one wished Tom Lcpcll, Schatz, and Bellenden at the tea- table is too interested to be doubted. Frizclation, flirtation , and dangteation are now no more, and nothing less than a Lepell can re- store them to life ; but to tell you my opinion freely, the people you now converse with [that is, her books] are much more alive than any of your old acquaintance. 2 Mrs. Howard had other reasons for regretting the change from former days at Hampton Court. Though, through her lover's accession to the throne, she might have hoped for an increase of power, and of the equivocal dignity of position that attaches to a monarch's mistress, her position was, in truth, in every respect, a most unenviable one. "No established mistress of a sovereign," says Walpole, " ever enjoyed less of the brilliancy of the situation than Lady Suffolk." Though she was fond of power, and was courted by wits and politicians on the look-out for patronage, the wariness of the ministers and the jealousy of the Queen effectually nullified her influence with the King. The Queen, besides, delighted in subjecting her to every in- dignity, and rigorously imposed upon her all the menial duties of her office as bedchamber-woman. For instance, she required Mrs. Howard, when she brought her the chocolate, to present it kneeling, and to do the same when she set down the basin and ewer brought by the pages of the backstairs for the Queen to wash her hands. At first Mrs. Howard rebelled, and refused to comply; and made 1 See page 214. a Lady Suffolk's Letters vol. i., p. 323, Sept., 1728. 236 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1728 inquiries of Mrs. Masham what had been the etiquette in the time of Queen Anne. 1 The answer was not one to encourage her to resist on the score of precedent, and even- tually she had to give in. Oueen Caroline used afterwards to tell how she would say to her, not in anger, " but calmly as I would have said to a naughty child, 1 Yes, my dear Howard, I am sure you will ; indeed you will. Go, go ; fie for shame ! Go, my good Howard, we will talk of this another time.' " 2 The room at Hampton Court where Mrs. Howard waited on the Oueen while she dressed, re- mains to this day pretty much as it did a hundred and fifty years ago. On one side is the tall marble bath where her Majesty performed her ablutions, and on the same side is the door into her private chapel. Here prayers were read while the Queen dressed, the door being left ajar so that the chap- lain's voice might be heard. The bedchamber woman - in - waiting was one day ordered to bid the chaplain, Dr. Maddox (afterwards Bishop of Worcester), begin the service ; but seeing a picture of a Queen Caroline's Bath. naked Venus over the fireplace, he made bold to remark, 1 See Lord Hervey's Memoirs, vol. ii., p. 16, note ; Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. 291. 3 Do. 1 7 28 J Queen Caroline at her Toilet. 237 " And a very proper altar-piece is here, madam ! " ' Of this peculiar custom we have other proof. The following passage occurs in a sort of dramatic trifle in Lord Hervey's memoirs,' 2 entitled, " The Death of Lord Hervey ; or, a Morning at Court. A Drama." The scene is laid in the Queen's dress- ing-room ; the Queen is discovered at her toilet, cleaning her teeth, with Mrs. Purcell dressing her Majesty's head, and the princesses and the ladies and women of the bed- chamber standing round. Morning prayers are being said in the next room. 1st Parson {behind the scenes). " From pride, vain-glory, and hypo- crisy, from envy, hatred, and malice, and all uncharitableness." 2nd Parson. " Good Lord, deliver us ! " Queen. " I pray, my good Lady Sundon, shut a little that door ; these creatures pray so loud, one cannot hear oneself speak. (Lady Sundon goes to sJiut the door.) So, so, not quite so much ; leave it enough open for those parsons to think we may hear, and enough shut that we may not hear quite so much." The fact was, the Queen had no very great regard for the ministrations of the clergy ; and though she was fond of studying theology, and of having discussions with the learned divines of the period, her views on religion were very far from orthodox. Her levees, which were probably held in the Queen's State Bedroom already mentioned, were " a strange picture of the motley character and manners of a queen and a learned woman. She received company while she was at her toilet ; prayers, and sometimes a sermon, were read ; learned men and divines were intermixed with courtiers and ladies of the household ; the conversation turned on metaphysical subjects, blended with repartees, sallies of mirth, and the tittle-tattle of a drawing-room." 1 Walpole's Reminiscences. s Coxe's Life of Sir Robert Walpole, 2 Vol. ii., p. 163. vol. i., p. 274. 238 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1731 Levees of this nature, we need scarcely say, were not at all suited to the taste of George II., who held the arts, litera- ture, and learning in the greatest contempt ; and who rarely honoured the Queen with his presence, while they were going on, and while she was being dressed by Mrs. Howard. If, however, he did come into the room during this cere- mony, he would snatch away the handkerchief, placed over the Queen's shoulders by her bedchamber-woman, exclaim- ing, " Because you have an ugly neck yourself, you love to hide the Queen's." l It is not surprising to find Mrs. Howard glad to escape from a post that involved her in so many mortifications. When, by the death of her brother-in-law in 1 73 1, she became Countess of Suffolk, and consequently could no longer hold the post of bedchamber-woman, she wrote from the palace with evident gratification to inform the poet Gay of the agreeable change in her life : — Hampton Court, June 29, 1731. To prevent all future quarrels and disputes, I shall let you know that I have kissed hands for the place of mistress of the robes. Her Majesty did me the honour to give me the choice of lady of the bedchamber, or that, which I find so much more agreeable to me, that I did not take one moment to consider of it. The Duchess of Dorset resigned it for me ; and everything as yet promises more happiness for the latter part of my life than I have yet had a pros- pect of. Seven nights' quiet sleep, and seven easy days have almost worked a miracle upon me. 2 From this time to that of her retirement from Court, two years afterwards, her position was much more agreeable and independent than previously. She appears to have been lodged, when at Hampton Court, in the charming and beautiful suite of rooms in the south-east corner of the palace, 1 Walpole's Memoirs of George II., vol. i., p. 446, ed. 1846. 3 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. ii., p. 1. r 73 x ] Clockwork Regularity of George II. 's Life. 239 on the ground floor, once used, with the rooms above, by William III., and now occupied by Lady Georgiana Grey ; and here the King visited her every evening at nine o'clock, " but with such dull punctuality, that he frequently walked up and down the gallery for ten minutes with his watch in his hand if the stated minute was not arrived." l The clockwork regularity of his Majesty George II., both in business and pleasure, and the monotony of life which it imposed on the Court, was a constant cause of complaint to those, who came within its influence. The Countess of Pom- fret, for instance, who, as one of the ladies of the bed- chamber to Queen Caroline was often in attendance at the palace, writes from Hampton Court on the 7th of August, 1 73 1 :— All things appear to move in the same manner as usual, and all our actions are as mechanical as the clock which directs them ; to repeat our diary would but be to spoil the agreeable description I heard of it one night at supper. The new bedchamber-woman was here on Sunday last, and comes into waiting when I go out. My late hours of a night (it being often two o'clock before I get to bed) oblige me to rise so late of a morning, that I have hardly more time to be dressed, etc., before the Queen calls ; which forces me, much sooner than I would wish, to come to a conclusion. 2 Lady Hervey, also, who seems to have been rarely at Court herself after her marriage, though her husband as Vice- Chamberlain was almost continuously in attendance at the palace on the Queen, had evidently heard how appallingly dull Hampton Court life had become; and we find her writing to Lady Suffolk on the subject in the summer of 1 73 1 . 3 Lord Selkirk, concerning whom she inquires, had been a lord of the 1 Walpole's Memoirs of the Last Four his going down is given as seven Years of George II.'s Reign, vol. i., p. o'clock. 513, and Reminiscences. The same 2 Lady Sundon's Memoirs, vol. ii., anecdote is recorded in both these p. 48. books; but in the first the hour of s Memoirs, vol. ii., p. 156. 240 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1731 bedchamber almost uninterruptedly since the Revolution, and, to judge from a couplet in Lord Hervey's poetical epistle to the Queen, was evidently no favourite with the Hervey s : — Let nauseous Selkirk shake his empty head Through six Courts more when six have wish'd him dead. " How do all things go on at Hampton Court ? " asks Lady Hervey. " Is there nothing new ? Does Selkirk . . . ? does Lady Bristol cry ? Are the maids still unmarried, and the Swiss most agreeable?" . . . "Sure there wants some change to diversify and enliven the scene," continues Lady Hervey, " which, whenever it happens, I beg you will inform me of." 1 But, indeed, there was little change ; once only was the routine of Court life broken at the palace, when a perfor- mance, for which the Actors' Company received ^"ioo, was given in the Great Hall on Monday, the 18th of October, 1 73 1, for the entertainment of the Duke of Lorraine, after- wards Emperor of Germany, who was on a visit to England. 2 He had on the previous Saturday been entertained at dinner in the Beauty Gallery. 3 The maids of honour, on whom the monotony of the life at Court weighed more heavily than anyone, occasionally en- deavoured, however, to enliven themselves by some frolics about the palace. One night, several of these lively young ladies stole into the gardens, and went round rattling at, and opening, the windows of several apartments. 4 Lady Hervey, who heard of these pranks of her former companions, 1 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. 3 The Craftsman, Oct. 23rd, 1 731. 41 1. 'It would seem more probable from : Colley Gibber's Apology, pp. 447 the context, that Kensington was the and 456. Gibber gives the date as the scene of this lark ; but in any case it l6th, but the Daily Advertiser and is illustrative of life at Hampton Court other newspapers of the time show it at this time. was on the 1 8th. 1731] Midnight Pranks of the Maids of Honottr. 241 comments on them with half-serious severity : " I think people who are of such very hot constitutions as to want to be refreshed by night-walking, need not disturb others who are not so warm as they are ; it was very lucky that, looking over letters till it was late, prevented some people being in bed and in their first sleep, otherwise the infinite wit and merry pranks of the youthful maids might have been lost to the world." x In this lark they were joined even by Miss Meadows, whose gravity or prudery was a common jest at Court, and who has been immortalized by Pope, in the verses already referred to, written in answer to the question, " What is prudery ?" : — Tis a fear that starts at shadows ; 'Tis (no, 'tisn't) like Miss Meadows. In the meanwhile the King's chief occupation was stag- hunting and coursing, of which he was very fond, and which was not relinquished even in the summer, 2 and was the only diversion that broke the dull routine at Court. " We hunt," writes Mrs. Howard on July 31st, 1730, from Hampton Court, "with great noise and violence, and have every day a very tolerable chance to have a neck broke." 3 Her fears were by no means imaginary, as the following extract from a newspaper of the day proves : — August 25th, 1 73 1. The royal family were a hunting, and in the chase a stag started upon the Princess Amelia's horse, which being frightened threw her. The Hon ble Mr. Fitzwilliam, page of honour to his Majesty, fell with his horse among the coney-burrows, as also a servant to the Queen's coachmaker. 1 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. kill the beast for eating, and not to 333 (July 7th> 1729). gallop after hounds only. 2 Stag-hunting always took place in 3 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. i., p. the summer in old days. During the 376. season of the stag, the object was to f R 242 History of Hampton Coni't Palace. [1731 The King was not a little proud of his exploits as a sports- man, and was every Wednesday and Saturday hunting in the parks for four or five hours. But the Queen, though she accompanied his Majesty in a chaise, neither saw nor cared to see much of the sport. She undertook " to mount Lord Herveythe whole summer (who loved hunting as little as she did), so that he might ride constantly by the side of her chaise, and entertain her, whilst other people were enter- taining themselves with hearing dogs bark, and seeing crowds gallop." l Nevertheless, the King had no taste for fox-hunting, and, like too many sportsmen, was intolerant of a sport he did not himself relish. Once, "when the Duke of Grafton notified his design to go into the country, the King told him it was a pretty occupation for a man of quality, and at his age, to be spending all his time in tormenting a poor fox, that was generally a much better beast than any of those that pursued him ; ' for the fox hurts no other animal but for his subsis- tence, whilst those brutes who hurt him, did it only for the pleasure they took in hunting.' The duke said ' he did it for his health.' The King asked him ' why he could not as well walk or ride post for his health ?' and added, ' if there was any pleasure in the chase, he was sure the Duke of Grafton could know nothing of it ; for,' pursued his Majesty, ' with your great corpse of twenty stone weight, no horse, I am sure, can carry you within hearing, much less within sight of the hounds.' " 3 After the hunting, which usually took place in the morn- ing, they came home to dinner early in the afternoon, when the King and Queen, with the whole Court, frequently dined in public in the magnificent room still called "The Public Dining Room." Even now it is one of the finest ' Hi- v. \\ Memoirs^ vol. i., p. 262 (1733). ' Do., vol. ii., p. 40. 1 7 3 1 ] George II. 's A m usements . 243 of the State suite, being 31 feet wide, and nearly 60 feet, though originally 80 feet, long. It would seem to have been redecorated about this time, for the white marble doorways, the plain painted panelling, with distempered walls above, and the heavy classic cornice, are clearly in the style of the early Georgian period. The ponderous chimney- piece of massive white marble is especially characteristic of that taste, and worthy of notice from bearing the arms of George II. in the pediment. In the evening almost the only amusement seems to have been cards. But sometimes the King or Queen had drawing- rooms and levees, which, we may suppose, were either held in the Queen's Audience Chamber, where the canopy of crimson silk under which she sat is still affixed to the wall, or in the Queen's Presence Chamber, adjoining the Queen's Guard Chamber. " I have been twice to Hampton Court," writes Dr. Alured Clarke to Mrs. Clayton, on July 1st, 1 73 1 , "to finish the ceremony of kissing the hands of the Royal Family. The King and Queen were pleased to receive me in a very kind manner." 1 The two rooms last mentioned, the Queen's Presence and Guard Chambers, if completed at all by William III., afterwards underwent a transformation at the hands of George II. It would appear that originally they did not extend in height, beyond the heavy cornice above the oblong windows, and that the including of the round-window storey above, was an afterthought, which has certainly greatly improved them, both in proportion and in light. The orna- ments here, as in the Public Dining Room, are clearly not from any design of Sir Christopher Wren's; but may be attributed, with tolerable certainty, to Kent, a very indifferent architect, who was just coming into fashion, and was much 1 Lady Sundon's Memoirs, vol. i., p. 212. 244 History of Hampton Court Palace. [i73 ] employed by George II. The Guard Chamber, with its seven tall oblong windows, and the same number of circu- lar ones above, and its great chimney-piece of white marble, the sides of which represent Yeomen of the Guard, is re- markably fine. It is 54 feet long, by 34 feet wide, and 28 high. Nevertheless the decoration of these rooms is ob- The Queen's Guard Chamber. noxious to Walpole's criticism of Kent, that " his chimney- pieces were too ponderous, and his constant introduction of pediments and the members of architecture over doors, and within rooms, was disproportioned and cumbrous." It was in George II. 's reign, also, that the Queen's Great Staircase — which gives access, from the Clock Court and from 1731] Kent decorates the Queens Rooms. 245 the cloister of the Fountain Court, to the Haunted Gallery on one side, to the Communication Gallery on the other, and to the Queen's Guard Chamber in the middle — was finished and decorated. As far as size goes, being 52 feet long, by 30 feet wide and 40 feet high, it is a worthy approach to the Queen's State Rooms ; and the flight of stairs is fine, as is also the balustrade of wrought iron. The walls and ceiling, however, are painted, or rather besmeared with paint, in a way that does little credit to the artist, who executed the work, and who is believed to have been Wyck — the walls being covered with scroll-work, and a few unmeaning figures, while the ceiling represents, or rather simulates, a dome. In the cornice of the ceiling is George II.'s mono- gram ; and from the centre hangs an old-fashioned lantern. About the same time, likewise, it must have been, that the Prince of Wales's apartments in the north-east angle of the new palace, which had been left unfinished since the death of William III., were decorated and finished, the mantel- pieces being unmistakably " Georgian " in style. His alterations, however, were not confined to the interior of the building ; for in 1732 he commissioned Kent to rebuild part of the east range of the Clock Court. Horace Walpole, who censures Wren for the glaring blemish of the Ionic colonnade that crosses that court, by its want of harmony with the rest of the fabric, tells us that Kent was on the point of repeating this incongruity, in the same place, in George II.'s reign, but was overruled by his father, Sir Robert ; though even Horace, bad judge as we must pro- nounce him in such a question, could not commend Kent's skill in Gothic. For ourselves, we scarcely know which to regard as most incongruous, Wren's colonnade, which is a beautiful work in itself, or Kent's miserable specimen of bastard carpenter's Gothic, consisting of an attempted Early English doorway, a ridiculous pointed window, an imitation 246 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1733 vaulted ceiling of stucco, and two new turrets, which he sub- stituted for the fine old bay windows, which are seen in the engraving on page 188 of our first volume. Besides, the for- mality in the grouping of the windows, the stiff cutting of the stone jambs, which are neatly shaved and trimmed, the use, in the brickwork, of the affected Flemish, instead of the old English bond, all betray how alien was the spirit of his work to that of the old. This gateway of George 1 1. is, nevertheless, interesting from the fact of its being one of the earliest specimens of the revived Gothic taste, which Horace Walpole afterwards did so much to forward ; and it is curious that we should be indebted for it, to the influence of his father. Unfortunately, the mischief which Kent did, in this part of the old Tudor palace, was not confined to the exterior of the building ; for at the same time, he remodelled two of the rooms in this range, which were among the finest in the old palace, and full of associations of Tudor and Stuart days, dividing them into six smaller ones. The new ceilings, how- ever, which he designed for some of them, are not devoid of merit. We must record, also, to his honour, that incapable as he was of understanding the true principles of Gothic, he was not insensible to its beauties. For he made a design of the Great Hall, as it was in the time of Henry VIII., with that king receiving foreign ambassadors in state, probably to give George II. an idea of what its appearance would be, un- encumbered by the theatre, which had been erected in it, and which then still disfigured it. His design was afterwards engraved by John Vardy and published by him in 1749. Things at Hampton Court were still moving in a very uninteresting and tedious groove in 1 733, when Lord Hervey, on July 14th, writes as follows to Mrs. Clayton (afterwards Lady Sundon), one of the Queen's women of the bed- J 733] Two Miserable Court Diuages. 247 chamber and her great confidante, — according to Horace Walpole " an absurd and pompous simpleton," and to Sir Robert " a d — d inveterate b — h." 1 The Court removes on Monday after dinner to Hampton Court, so that I shall no longer be obliged to lead the disagreeable stage- coachman's life, which I have done during their stay at Richmond, and I assure you I have so little of the itinerant fashionable taste of many of my acquaintance, that I look on the negative pleasure of fixing with no small comfort. If I knew any facts to entertain you, I would launch out afresh, but there is nobody in town to furnish, invent, or relate any ; and at Court I need not tell you, madam, one seldom hears anything one cares to hear, more seldom what one cares to retain, and most seldom of all, what one should care to have said. 2 In another letter to Mrs. Clayton, which we shall quote presently, he furnishes us, a few days after, with a complete picture, in miniature, of the Court life at Hampton Court during this reign. Foremost in it figure Lord Lifford and his sister, Lady Charlotte de Roussie, children of a Count de Roucy, a French Protestant, who came over to England in 1688, and was created Earl of Lifford in Ireland. "These two people," Lord Hervey tells us in his Memoirs, " having more religion than sense, left their native country on account of being Protestant ; and being of great quality and not in great circumstances, they had, during four reigns, subsisted upon the scanty charity of the English Court : they were constantly, every night in the country, and three nights in the week in town, alone with the King and Queen, for an hour or two, before they went to bed, during which time the King walked about and talked to the brother, of armies, or to the sister, of genealogies, whilst the Queen knotted and yawned, till from yawning she came to nodding, and from nodding to snoring. 1 Hervey's Memoirs, vol. ii., p. 357. p. 229 ; and see also Hervey's Me- a Lady Sundon's Memoirs, vol. ii., moirs, vol. i., p. 245. 248 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1733 " These two miserable Court drudges were in more constant waiting than any of the pages of the back stairs, were very simple and very quiet, did nobody any hurt, nor anybody but his Majesty any pleasure, who paid them so ill, for all their assiduity and slavery, that they were not only not in affluence, but laboured under the disagreeable burdens of small debts (which a thousand pounds would have paid), and had not an allowance from the Court that enabled them to appear there even in the common decency of clean clothes. The King, nevertheless, was always saying how well he loved them, and calling them the best people in the world. But, though he never forgot their goodness, he never remembered their poverty." ! There also figures in Lord Hervey's sketch, the Duke of Grafton, whose fox-hunting proclivities we referred to a few pages back. He was the grandson of Charles II. and Lady Castlemaine, and in virtue of this royal connection, of which he was very proud, was accustomed to allow himself almost the familiarity of a relative, in his intercourse with the royal family. This was the cause of much irritation against him on the part of the Queen, who, as well as Lord Hervey, cordially disliked him. Nevertheless, he managed to be always well at Court, by continuing, according to Walpole, to be generally thought a fool, whereby it was not remarked that he was in such favour. In person, he was very dignified, and, in speaking, delivered himself with a sort of impressive and stately slowness, which in Georgian days, it seems, was much commended in a great nobleman. His intercourse with the Princess Emily, who was sup- posed to be in love with him, was carried to the very verge of propriety : if, indeed, it did not pass it. She was at this 1 Hervey's Memoirs, vol. i., p. 292. 1 733J Courtiei's and Court Occupations. 249 time pretty and lively, and, like the duke, passionately fond of hunting and of horses, and would visit the royal stables on Hampton Court Green, if her horses were ill. in defiance of all the laws of Court etiquette. She and the Duke of Grafton used to hunt two or three times a week together ; and once gave occasion for much scandalous comment, by separating themselves from their attendants, affecting to lose their way, and going together to a private house, from which they did not return to the palace till quite late at night. 1 The duke was commemorated by Pope, together with Mr. Schutz (another favourite at Court), in his court ballad, " The Challenge " : — Alas ! like Schutz I cannot pun, Like Grafton court the Germans, Tell Pickenbourg how slim she's grown, Like Meadows run to sermons. To him and to Lord Grantham, another Court dullard, there are also allusions in Hervey's poetical epistle to the Queen : — Grantham set chairs and wiser Grafton hunt : Let one, the extent of his discourse to show, Vary Comment qa va ? and How do you do ? T'other his journals eloquently tell, Which hound first hit it off, what horse did well. Mr. Schutz, likewise, whom he always cites as a personifi- cation of dulness, is reflected on in the same satire : — And sure in sleep no dulness you need fear, Who, ev'n awake, can Schutz and Lififord bear ; and again, Charlotte and Schutz like angry monkeys chatter, None guessing what's the language or the matter ; 1 Walpole's Reign of George II, vol. i., p. 157. 250 History of Hampton Coicrt Palace. [1733 while in another satire of Lord Hervey's occur these lines : — There's another court booby, at once hot and dull, Your pious pimp Schutz, a mean Hanover tool. 1 The reader will now, after these elucidatory remarks, be in a position to appreciate the allusions in Lord Hervey's letter, giving a sketch of Hampton Court life in 1733. Hampton Court, July 31st, 1733. I will not trouble you with any account of our occupations at Hampton Court. No mill-horse ever went in a more constant track, or a more unchanging circle, so that by the assistance of an almanack for the day of the week, and a watch for the hour of the day, you may inform yourself fully, without any other intelligence but your memory, of every transaction within the verge of the Court. Walk- ing, chaises, levees and audiences fill the morning ; at night the King plays at commerce and backgammon, and the Queen at quad- rille, where poor Lady Charlotte f_de Roucy^] runs her usual nightly gauntlet — the Queen pulling her hood, Mr. Schutz sputtering in her face, and the Princess Royal rapping her knuckles, all at a time. It was in vain she fled from persecution for her religion : she suffers for her pride what she escaped for her faith ; undergoes in a draw- ing room what she dreaded from the Inquisition, and will die a martyr to a Court, though not to a church. The Duke of Grafton takes his nightly opiate of lottery, and sleeps as usual between the Princesses Amelia and Carolina ; Lord Grantham strolls from one room to another (as Dryden says), " like some discontented ghost that oft appears and is forbid to speak," and stirs himself about, as people stir a fire, not with any design, but in hopes to make it burn brisker, which his lordship constantly does, to no purpose, and yet tries as constantly as if it had ever once succeeded. At last the King comes up ; the pool finishes, and everybody has their dismission : their Majesties retire to Lady Charlotte and my Lord Lifford ; the Princesses, to Bildcrbec and Lony ; my Lord Grantham to Lady Frances and Mr. Clark ; some to supper, and 1 Jesse's Court of England. 1733] Life at George II! s Court described. 251 some to bed ; and thus (to speak in the scripture phrase) the evening and the morning make the day. 1 Lord Chesterfield, also, who remembered the lively evenings at Mrs. Howard's at Hampton Court, in old days, when the King was Prince of Wales, writing a fort- night after to her, cannot refrain from indulging in some satirical comments on the dull nature of their present occu- pations. " Your Court recreations," he says, " I find, give the lie to those who complain of the uncertainty and instability of Courts, or must at least claim an exception for yours, since the same joyous measures have, for these sixteen revolving years, been steadily pursued without interruption. Commerce must surely have played its cards excellently well to have kept its ground so long." 2 1 Lady Sundon's Memoirs, vol. ii., p. 231. Hervey to Mrs. Clayton. 2 Lady Suffolk's Letters, vol. ii., p. 65. Aug. 17th, 1733. Mfcfi s^^ L&cT™^** CHAPTER XVII GEORGE II., HIS QUEEN, AND LORD HERVEY. Lord Hervey writes a Satire against Pope — Its Feebleness — Pope's Answer — Lord Hervey's Letter to Mrs. Clayton — His Conversations with the King — Fathers' Care on Sons thrown away — The Opposition in Parliament — " Puppies and Fools" — Lord Hervey's Intimacy with the Queen — More Conversations with King George — Lord Hervey's friend Bishop Hoadley — "A great Puppy and a great Rascal" — The King scolds the Queen — "An old Girl that loves to go abroad" — "Always stuffing" — His Majesty's shocking Behaviour and Ill-Humour — Lady Deloraine aspires to be the King's Mistress — The Queen's Taste for Gardening — She transforms the Gardens at Hampton Court — The figured Scroll-work Beds removed — Large Lawns and Yew Trees cut into Pyramids. [ORD HERVEY, who fills such a large space in the Court life of this period, was occupied, in the summer of i 733 at Hampton Court, in other ways besides attending on the King and Queen, and writing the memoirs, letters, and court verses from which we have given extracts in our last chapter. For, throughout the month of August, he was busy composing a satire, entitled " An Epistle to a Doctor of Divinity from a Nobleman at Hampton Court, August 28, 1733," in which he sought to reply to the attacks made against him by Pope. There can be no doubt that he was most justly irritated by the way in which the poet, without any provocation on his part, had referred to him several times in his satiric pieces, 1733] Lord Hervcys Satire against Pope. 253 under the opprobrious sobriquet of " Lord Fanny," laugh- ing at his taste for versifying, hinting at his physical infir- mities, and maligning, in the most filthy terms, his friend Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. The principal lines in which Hervey was aimed at, and which impelled him to compose his reply, were these : — The lines are weak, another's pleased to say, Lord Fanny spins a thousand such a day ; and, again, Like gentle Fanny's was my flowery theme, A painted mistress or a purling stream. Accordingly, he set to work, with no very great pru- dence, to attack, in the heroic couplet, the poet who handled that form of verse with such masterly effect. But his lordship's satire, though no doubt the best he could pro- duce, was disastrously unequal to such a contest. In the whole epistle there are scarcely any lines of more vigour than the following, in which he disparages Pope's claims to to be regarded as a poet on account of his translation of Homer's " Iliad " : — Such Pope himself might write, who ne'er can think, He who at crambo plays with pen and ink, And is called poet, 'cause in rhyme he wrote What Dacier construed, and what Homer thought, . . . But in reality this jingler's claim A judge of writing would no more admit, Than each dull Dictionary's claim to wit, That nothing gives you at its own expense But a few modern words for ancient sense. 1 Such verse is indeed " impar congressus Achilli," and is only worth remembering from the fact of its having drawn 1 Lord Hervey's epistle, which was addressed to Dr. Sherwin, was not published till the month of November. 254 History of Ha?)tpton Court Palace. [1733 from Pope, in prose, the " Letter to a Noble Lord," one of the keenest pieces of ironical writing in the English language, and in poetry, the terrible character of Sporus, perhaps the most powerful, and at the same time the most brutal, piece of satiric invective in the whole ranofe of modern literature. The Court was still at Hampton Court in September, 1 733, when Lord Hervey writes another letter to Mrs. Clayton, in- forming her of the news, which had just reached the palace, that Stanislaus Leczinski, the father of the Oueen of France, had been elected King of Poland, instead of Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony, son of the late king ; and adds that "considering all things, it is the luckiest piece of news for England and for some people who shall be nameless that I have heard a great while. Adieu, dear madam, I am in a great hurry, being just come from walking with the Queen, and obliged (as the Duke of Grafton is in Northamptonshire) to dress immediately to attend the King in council." l By the phrase, " some people who shall be nameless," Lord Hervey evidently meant the King and royal family, and he says in his " Memoirs " " that he ventured to tell the King, though he knew his Majesty held the opposite view, that " he thought the success of Stanislaus the best news he had heard a good while." The King, on his saying this, took him up very short, and said, "it was no great proof of his justice to rejoice at the good fortune of a man that had been a traitor and a rebel to his lawful sovereign, and had usurped his crown." Lord Hervey assured the King, " he neither considered the justice of Stanislaus' former nor present pre- tensions to the crown ; that all the reason he had for being glad on this occasion was, having the welfare of England and the ease of his Majesty's government more at heart than an)- other consideration." 1 Lady Sundon's Memoirs, vol. ii., p. 233. Sept. 11th. 2 Vol. i., p. 257. 1733] Conversations of George II. 255 He also recounts another incident that happened soon after. 1 He was with the King one morning at breakfast in the garden at Hampton Court, when no one else was pre- sent but the Queen, discussing the conduct of the King of Sardinia in regard to the quarrel that arose out of these Polish affairs between the Emperor and the King of France. The Queen asked Lord Hervey if the low opinion that was entertained of that king's abilities " was said to be merely owing to his natural want of understanding, or if his father had ever been reproached with neglecting his education ? " Lord Hervey told her Majesty " that his father, as he had heard, had always kept him in great subjection, but that no pains had been spared to form him or to make something of him, if there had been any materials to work upon." Here the King interrupted, and colouring with a mixture of anger and hatred said, " I do not want to know that there may be people on whom all pains and care in education are thrown away," alluding to his own son, Frederick, Prince of Wales. Upon which the Queen winked at Lord Hervey to make no reply, and immediately turned the conversation. This is a curious indication of the strained state of feeling which already existed between the King and his son, and which, as we shall shortly see, soon after led to a complete and public rupture. In similar political discussions that Hervey used to have with the King and Queen this summer at Hampton Court, the conversation often turned on the prospects of the general election, which was then impending, and their Majesties were always urgent in their inquiries whether " the opponents seemed in spirits and in hopes ? " In answering this question Lord Hervey told the King that " as almost all mankind are either to be convinced or to be bought," he used to say to the 1 Hervey's Memoirs, vol. i., p. 259. 256 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1733 anti-Court party that " as we, the Court party, have sense enough among us to open our mouths, and resolution enough to open our purses, what real foundation you gentlemen in the opposition have to build your hopes upon, is past my finding out." " And what," replied the King, " do the puppies answer to this ? Do they not look silly ? They did not suspect, I suppose, to find me so firm. The fools imagined, perhaps, they could frighten me ; but they must not think they have got a Stuart upon the throne, or if they do, they will find themselves mistaken." The foreo-oingr anecdotes are evidences of the close terms of intimacy in which Lord Hervey lived with the royal family, and especially with the Queen. Her Majesty used to send for him every morning to have breakfast with her in the gallery which adjoins the Queen's State Bedchamber, 1 and which we have already described, and they remained a long time in intimate conversation. She got a thousand a year added to his salary, gave him a hunter, and, as we have seen, on hunting days, he never stirred from her chaise. On the other days of the week, he walked and talked with her, and sometimes with the Princesses ; and on all occa- sions she confided in him with the completest confidence and familiarity, and discussed every topic with him 2 — poli- tics, the proceedings of the King, the conduct of the Prince, the gossip of the Court and of the town, philosophy, art, literature, and the satires of the "malignant wasp of Twicken- ham." She called him always "her child, her pupil, and her charge ; used to tell him perpetually that his being so imperti- nent and daring to contradict her so continually, was owing to his knowing she could not live without him ; and often said, ' It is well I am so old, or I should be talked of for this creature." Hervey's Memoirs, vol. i., p. 382, and vol. ii., p. 159, and see ante, p. 206. * Do., vol. i., p. 262. ' Do., vol. i., p. 3S2. : 735] Queen Caroline and Lord Hervey. 257 Lord Hervey assures us that besides making prodigious court to her, he really loved and admired her. He gave up his sole time to her disposal ; and always told her he devoted it " in winter to her business " (meaning in Parliament), and " in summer to her amusement." The Queen often used to send for him in the evening, when the King came upstairs, to entertain them till they retired, which was generally at eleven. But the King had very little liking for the sort of subjects, that engaged their conversation, and interested the Queen. One evening, as soon as Lord Hervey came into the room (probably the Queen's State Bedchamber), the Queen, who was knitting while the King walked backwards and forwards, began jocosely to attack Lord Hervey upon an answer, just published, to a book of his friend, Bishop Hoad- ley, on the Sacrament, in which answer the Bishop was very ill-treated ; but before she had uttered half what she had a mind to say, the King interrupted her, and told her she always loved talking of such nonsense and things she knew nothing of; adding, that if it were not for such foolish people, loving to talk of those things when they were written, the fools who wrote them would never think of publishing their nonsense, and disturbing the government with imper- tinent disputes, that nobody of any sense ever troubled him- self about. The Queen bowed and said, " Sir, I only did it to let Lord Hervey know that his friend's book had not met with that general approbation he had pretended." " A pretty fellow for a friend," said the King, turning to Lord Hervey. " Pray what is it that charms you in him? His pretty limping gait " (and then he acted the Bishop's lame- ness), " or his nasty stinking breath ? Phaugh ! — or his silly laugh, when he grins in your face for nothing, and shows his nasty rotten teeth ? Or is it his great honesty that charms your lordship ?" And then the King recounted f s 258 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1735 all that he objected to in him on this score, adding : " If he is your friend, you have a great puppy, and a very dull fellow, and a great rascal for your friend. It is a very pretty thing for such scoundrels, when they are raised by favour so much above their desert, to be talking and writing their stuff, to give trouble to the government, that has showed them that favour; and very modest in a canting, hypo- critical knave to be crying, ' The kingdom of Christ is not of this world,' at the same time that he, as Christ's ambas- sador, receives .£6,000 or £7,000 a year." 1 His Majesty was as impatient of artistic as of theological matters. During this same conversation he found fault with the Queen, who was very fond of pictures, for going into some of the great houses in London, to see the collec- tions. " You don't see me," cried he, " running into every puppy's house to see his new chairs and stools. Nor is it for you to be running your nose everywhere, and trotting about the town to every fellow that will give you bread and butter, like an old girl that loves to go abroad, no matter where, or whether it be proper or no." 2 On another occasion he was very angry with her for having removed during his absence in Hanover some pic- tures from Kensington to Hampton Court, and rearranging them so as to have the best in the Drawing Room, and some wretched signpost daubs hung where they would be less seen. He insisted on their being all replaced ; and scolded Lord Hervey for giving to the Queen his " fine advice, when she was pulling my house to pieces and spoiling all my furniture : thank God, at least, she has left the walls standing." 3 In fact, the whole conduct of the Kin/ his Own Time, vol. Sussex related it, while passing through 1.. p. J13. the State Apartments. See Jesse's 1 1 '., vol. i., p. 417. Life of George III., vol. i., p. 10. 1 Told to Mr. J. Heneage Jesse, by 1751] Occasional Visits to the Palace. 285 inhabited by any sovereign of these realms, and that the his- tory of Wolsey's palace, which for nearly three centuries had formed part of the majestic current of English national life, has, during the last hundred years or more, flowed in a quiet and uneventful channel of its own. Previous, however, to the accession of the third George, the Palace had gradually, as a consequence of the continued absence of the Court after the death of Queen Caroline, became more and more of a show place, to which excursions were frequently made from the neighbouring towns and country houses, and also from London. At this period, visitors were conducted through the State Rooms by the deputy-housekeeper, who, for her services, exacted a fee, the greater part of which found its way into the pockets of the lady housekeeper, whose post was consequently one much sought after and very lucrative. Horace Walpole, who lived within three miles at Straw- berry Hill, always took much interest in Hampton Court, and frequently came over to look at the pictures and study the architecture and archaeology of the Palace ; and to him we are indebted for the number of valuable observations on these topics, elucidatory of its history, art, pictures, and curiosities, which have been duly noticed in the course of these pages. He records also an amusing story of the Miss Gunnings, the famous beauties, who, when the furore about them was at its height, could not walk in the streets or the park without being followed by hundreds of people ; who found crowds collected at their door to see them get into their chairs ; and whose rumoured presence at the theatre caused a run on the seats. "As you talk of our beauties," wrote he to Sir Horace Mann, on August 31st, 1 75 1, " I will tell you a new story of the Gunnings, who make more noise than any of their pre- 286 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1751 decessors since the days of Helen. They went the other day to see Hampton Court ; as they were going into the Beauty-room, another company arrived ; the housekeeper said, ' This way, ladies ; here are the Beauties.' The Gun- nings flew into a passion, and asked her what she meant ; that they came to see the Palace, not to be shown as a sight themselves." l The " Beauty Room," here referred to, is the one which we have once or twice noticed, on the ground floor, in the south range, under the King's Guard Chamber, now called the " Oak Room," and which is used for entertainments by the occupants of apartments in the Palace. The youngest of the Miss Gunnings was married a few months after to the Duke of Hamilton, and the excitement about them was still so great, that when she was presented at the Drawing Room, " the noble crowd clambered upon tables and chairs to look at her ; " and when on her way to the north, later in the year, " seven hundred people stayed up all night in and about an inn in Yorkshire to see her get into her post-chaise next morning." Though the Court was now rarely at the Palace, the inconvenience of there beinof no means of ofettino- from East Molesey on the Surrey side, to Hampton Court on the Middlesex side of the Thames — except by the ferry, which had existed, just opposite the " Toy " inn, since the time of Henry VIII. — was felt more and more in the neighbour- hood, as the traffic continually increased. A bill was ac- cordingly promoted in Parliament in the year 1 750 by James Clarke, Esq., who, as lessee under the Crown of the manor of East Molesey, 2 and likewise of the ferry at Hampton Court, was the person most interested in improved com- munication, to enable him to build a bridge across the river 1 Horace Walpole's Letters, ed. by ' x Br.iyley's History of Surrey, vol. P. Cunningham, vol. ii., p. 265. ii., pp. 301, &c. 1753] Building of a Bridge at Hampton Court. 287 at this spot. In favour of the scheme a petition, influen- tially signed, was presented to the House of Commons on Friday, January 12th, 1750; and the bill, having passed both Houses of Parliament, received the royal assent on April 1 2th following. 1 The bridge was designed and built by Samuel Stevens and Benjamin Ludgator, and opened for traffic on the 13th of December, 1753, as we learn from an engraving published at the time, entitled : " A Prospective View of Hampton Court Bridge cross the River of Thames. Opened Dec r 13 th 1753." This plate, which was engraved by Grignion from a drawing by A. Heckel, gives a view of the bridge looking up the river ; and on the right is seen the landing platform of the old ferry, just in front of the " Toy " inn, the sign-post of which can be distinguished, as well as a house on the opposite side of the road, probably identical with the present " Mitre Hotel." On the left — that is, on the East Molesey side and the Surrey bank — we make out the present " Castle " inn, then apparently called the M Prince of Wales," as his feathers are painted on the sign- board. Another print, published in 1754 by "Robert Sayer in Fleet Street, opposite Fetter Lane," gives us a view of the bridge looking down the river towards the Palace. To the left is seen the old-fashioned gables of the " Toy," beyond which appears the gable end of the Great Hall of the Palace, and some houses, most of which still remain, also on the Hampton Court side of the river. At the Surrey end of the bridge just a glimpse is caught of the " Castle " inn, while through the third arch from the Middlesex side we recognize, in faint outline, the form of the Banqueting House. Of this engraving, which was executed by Hulet 1 Gentleman's Magazine, vol. xx., pp. 41 and 186 ; D. Lysons' Middlesex Parishes, p. 75. 288 * History of Hampton Court Palace. [ 1754 after a drawing by Canaletti, we give a reduced facsimile here. From it the reader will perceive that the old bridge was a highly curious and picturesque structure, composed of seven light wooden arches ; but it would puzzle anyone to make out, how horses and carriages could ever have been The Old Bridge at Hampton Court. (From an engraving by Hulet, after a drawing by Canaletti, published in 1754 by Robert Sayer in Fleet Street.) driven across the strange and impracticable roadway, it must have afforded. Its construction turned out, in fact, to be so defective, that within less than twenty-five years of its erection it became unsafe, and in 1778 was replaced by another bridge, more convenient in plan and more solid in structure, which was erected under the superintendence of Mr. White, a builder at Weybridge. 1754] The Old and New Bridges, 289 This second bridge, which was likewise of wood, with eleven arches, supported on piles and surmounted by a low parapet, 1 stood for nearly a century, and was an exceedingly picturesque, though somewhat lumbering feature, in the land- scape. Unfortunately it became decayed, and in 1865 was removed to make way for the existing hideous structure of cast iron, one of the ugliest bridges in England, and a flagrant eyesore and disfigurement both to the river and to Hampton Court. 2 At the time the original bridge was erected, its annual value to its owner, Mr. James Clarke, can have been but a few score pounds, if we take into account the interest on the cost of construction ; and that he and his successors in title were never intended to make large profits out of it, is evident from the fact that a clause was inserted in the Act, doubtless at the instance of the advisers of the Crown, that if, at the expiration of Mr. Clarke's lease of the ferry in 1775, the Crown shall elect to defray the expense of the building of the bridge, both his right and the payment of the tolls should cease, and the bridge vest in his Majesty. 3 Unfor- tunately, however, this option of purchase was not exercised when the time arrived, probably because Hampton Court having by that time ceased to be a royal residence in the actual occupation of the sovereign, the ownership of the bridge was deemed of less importance. This was the more to be regretted, as the tolls authorized by the Act to be levied were on the most exorbitant scale — every coach drawn by six horses having to pay half-a-crown, and every one- horsed carriage or cab being- charged as much as one shillincr while the unfortunate foot passenger, in deference to a strange 1 Brayley's History of Surrey, vol. ii., p. 307. 2 It was then the property of Mr. Thos. Newland Allen, and its building cost ,£11,176. The engineer was Mr. E. T. Murray, of Westminster Chambers. 3 Statutes at Large, 23 Geo. II., chap, xxvii. T U 290 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1754 Sabbatarianism, was mulcted of a penny on Sundays instead of the usual halfpenny. The result was that James Clarke's successors secured to themselves the whole benefit of the unearned increment, which might, and should, have inured to the benefit of the State, and they drew latterly a revenue of upwards of ,£3,000 a year from the pockets of a long-suffering and heavily paying public. At length, however, in 1876, the third bridge — the obnoxious structure mentioned above — was purchased for ^50,000 by the late Metro- politan Board of Works, under the Act enabling them to devote the proceeds of the coal and wine dues to the freeing of the bridges in the vicinity of London ; and thus, on the 8th of July, 1876, Hampton Court Bridge, in the midst of much popular rejoicing, was declared " free for ever." The making of the new bridge over the Thames during the years 1750 to 1753, was not the only topic interesting the neighbourhood of Hampton Court at this period. For local feeling was just then keenly excited by the closing of a roadway through Bushey Park, which, it was asserted, had formerly been entirely free to the public. As early as 1744, Grove, in a note to his " Life of Cardinal Wolsey," animad- verted severely on this encroachment, drawing an ominous parallel between the closing of this right of way and the at- tempted enclosure by Charles I. of an immense tract of country ten miles round between Richmond and Hampton Court, which had to be abandoned in consequence of the popular indignation it provoked. 1 As Charles I.'s attempt was, in the view of many, " the forerunner of the melancholy consequences that followed," even so, he not obscurely hinted, persistence in the closing of 1 c CC vol. ii. of this History, p. 126. 1754] Closing of a Pathway in Bushey Park. 291 the right of way in question might lead to as fatal results in the case of his then Majesty. 1 George II., however, was probably quite innocent of any part or share in these injudicious proceedings, which excited such hostile murmurings in and about Hampton Court. Like too many of the cases in which Royalty is brought into unpopularity, it was due to the selfish action of one of the dependants of the Crown, the second Lord Halifax, who — not content with all the lucrative offices, including the Keepership and Rangership of Bushey Park, and the occu- pancy of Bushey House, which he enjoyed by virtue of the grant from the Crown to his great-uncle, as before narrated, 2 — was now bent on turning Bushey Park into his own private property, regardless of the rights of his Sovereign and the convenience of his Majesty's subjects. According to Grove, " No persons are permitted to pass through the Park without producing tickets, of which few or none are delivered to the inhabitants thereabouts." Although from this one might suppose that all passage through Bushey Park was interdicted to the public, it is more probable that it was only the footpath through the Harewarren, from Hampton Wick to Hampton Court, which Halifax had closed — it being scarcely to be supposed that he would have had the audacity to shut the great road in the centre of the Park, down the Chestnut Avenue, from Teddington to Hampton Court. The grievance, at any rate, was borne with increasing im- patience for some time, until, about the year 1 75 2, a champion of the popular cause stepped forward in the person of a native of Hampton Wick, named Timothy Bennett. He, probably supported by more influential persons, boldly braved Lord Halifax's displeasure and appealed to the law. 3 In doing so 1 See a note in Grove's History of Wolsey, vol. iv., p. 189, n. 2 See ante, p. 181. 3 Brewer's Beauties of England (Middlesex), vol. x., part iv., p. 487. 292 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1754 he doubtless recalled how Oliver Cromwell had been the first to endeavour arbitrarily to close the road through the Harewarren, which had from time immemorial been open, 1 and how one of the first acts of Charles II. at his restoration had been to remove the obstruction, insolently placed by the usurper in the royal demesne, to the detriment of the King's property and the inconvenience and annoyance of his Majesty's lieges. Whether the case ever came into court or not, the result of the action of the village Hampden, was entirely successful, and the right of free passage through Bushey Park trium- phantly vindicated for ever. The fame of the shoemaker's exploit not unnaturally spread far and wide, and to perpetuate the memory of his intrepidity and public spirit, a mezzotint portrait of the heroic Timothy was published bearing this inscription : — " Timothy Bennet, of Hampton Wick, in Middlesex, shoemaker, aged seventy-five, 1752. This true Briton (unwilling to leave the world worse than he found it), by a vigorous application of the laws of his country in the cause of liberty, obtained a free passage through Bushey Park, which had many years been withheld from the people." 1 See vol. ii., p. 182. CHAPTER XX. HAMPTON COURT DURING THE REIGN OF GEORGE III. PALACE DIVIDED INTO PRIVATE APARTMENTS. -THE King George abandons Hampton Court altogether — The Furniture removed — The State Rooms disused — Rooms in the Palace granted to private Persons — The Great Gatehouse rebuilt — The Gardens under " Capability Brown," the Landscape Gardener — He declines undertaking their Improvement — The Great Vine — Its Age, Length, Size, and Girth — Its enormous Yield of Grapes — Not unique — Brown's Intimacy with George III. — The Keepership of Bushey Park vacant — Lord North appointed in his Wife's Name — His constant Residence at Bushey House — The Inhabitants of the Palace at George III.'s Accession — Discreditable Dodges to get Rooms — Court " Squatters " — George III. reforms the Management of the Palace — " Lodgings" granted by Letter or Warrant — Bradshaw, the Duke of Grafton's Secretary — Enormous Suite of Apartments given to him — The Palace divided into Suites of Private Apartments. EORGE III.'s accession to the throne, which took place on the 25th of October, 1760, marks, as we have already indicated, a new era in the history of Hampton Court ; for thenceforth the regal splendours of the Palace came entirely to an end, it definitely ceased to be a residence in the actual occupation of the sovereign, and the whole building, with the exception of the State Rooms, was gradually divided into suites of apartments, allotted by the grace and favour of the King to private families. 294 History of Hampton Court Palace, [i76< King George's resolve not to occupy Hampton Court, whether dictated by motives of economy or by dislike of the place, seems to have been arrived at almost at once after he succeeded to the crown ; and one of the first items we can cull from the records, is an order from John Grey, " Clerk o'e Green Cloth," to the housekeeper to deliver "the keys of His Majesty's kitchens in the Palace at Hampton Court, in order that the kitchen goods may be The King's Guard Chamber. removed from thence to Westminster for his Majesty's service at the ensuing coronation." After this, bit by bit, many other articles of use and ornament were gradually removed. Even Raphael's cartoons, that had hung for sixty-eight years on the walls of the Gallery built expressly for them by William III., were removed, in 1766, to Buck- ingham House, and afterwards, in 1788, to Windsor Castle; whence, however, they were returned to Hampton Court, towards the close of George III.'s reign, in 1808. 1760] The Royal Apartments disused. 295 Nevertheless, it may greatly be doubted, whether the King had formed a deliberate intention never to inhabit this Palace at all, and still more whether he contemplated that it should cease for evermore to be a royal residence. Its prolonged disuse by him, however, had, in effect, this result ; for being gradually denuded of most of its furniture, and the State Apartments dismantled and untenanted during his long reign of sixty years, the expense of preparing it for habitation by the King and Court, would have been so considerable, that this fact alone would always have formed a sufficient obstacle to its being occupied, either by him or by his successors — if any of them had ever taken a fancy to do so. A still more serious difficulty, also, in the way of any such project, would have arisen from the bulk of the palace having been apportioned into private apartments, which, though held during the pleasure of the sovereign, could not very well have been summarily cleared of their occupants. If, therefore, any of George III.'s successors ever con- templated resuming actual possession of this ancient home of their ancestors, they would have encountered so many obstacles, as must speedily have induced them to abandon the idea. Had the reign of George III., however, been a short one, the last hundred and thirty years of the history of this Palace might have been very different. In the meanwhile, however, Hampton Court was not entirely abandoned to neglect — the Palace being still kept up, and a certain sum annually spent on necessary repairs. For instance, it is to this period of the first decade of George III.'s reign, that belongs the alteration of the Great Gatehouse in the West Front of the Palace, which, having fallen into decay, was partly taken down and rebuilt about the year 1 773. 1 Unfortunately, however, it was not restored 1 Grose's Antiquities of England and Wales, vol. ii. 296 History of Hampton Court Palace, [1760 to its original form, for its proportions were maimed, and its height dwarfed by the removal of its two upper storeys, 1 and its general appearance spoilt by the use of a brick of a different colour to that in the old Tudor work, and by the absence, from the tops of the four angle turrets, of the leaden cupolas which, with their crockets, pinnacles, and gilded vanes, formerly gave so quaint and picturesque an aspect to this part of the Palace. The contrast between the grand, lofty, deep-crimson Gothic tower, five storeys high, with its four angular turrets capped with cupolas, and the existing squat three- storeyed gateway, with its bare and truncated stumps of turrets, and its modern glaring scarlet brick, is a measure of the degradation of English taste from the age of Wolsey to that of George III. As to the gardens at this period, they remained under the care of Lancelot Brown, the famous landscape gardener, better known as " Capability " Brown, on account of his frequent use of that word in reference to grounds submitted to his skill, who had been appointed Royal Gardener at Hampton Court in 1750 by George II. 2 He had been recommended for the post by Lord Cobham, whose service he had entered when a boy in 1737, and whose head- gardener he became at Stowe. George III. not only con- tinued him in his post, but esteemed his character and admired and appreciated his talents so highly, as to admit him into his most intimate intercourse. Luckily Brown, when asked by the King to " im- prove" the gardens here and adapt them to the modern style, had the good sense and honesty to decline the un- promising task, " out of respect to himself and his profes- 1 See vol. i., p. 251. II "a 1 'pole's Modern Gardenings lie was ' According to I )allaway, however, nut appointed Royal (iardener at in his Supplcmentiiry Anecdotes to Hampton Court until after 1770. 1769] The Gardens tinder " Caf>a6i///y" Brown. 297 sion;" and thus they escaped the destruction that overtook so many of the old gardens of England, and have preserved — especially the Privy Gardens — much of their charming old-fashioned air to this day. Nevertheless, it was probably he, who replaced most of the terrace steps in the Privy Gardens — though two flights were left — by gravel and grass slopes, for the theoretic reason that "we ought not to go up and down stairs in the open air." We may presume, also, that to him we owe something more interesting and useful, namely, the planting in 1 769, in a corner of the old Pond Garden, of the famous vine, which has now, The Great Vine. (From a woodcut made about 1840.) for upwards sights and cu The vine originally a Ilford, near planted in 1 vine at Ham of a hundred years, been one of the great riosities of Hampton Court, is of the Black Hamburgh variety, and was slip off one at Valentines, in the parish of Wanstead, in Essex, which itself had been 758 and attained a portentous size. 1 The pton Court seems to have grown with much Notes and Queries, vol. xii., p. 404. 298 Histoiy of Hampton Court Palace. [1769 rapidity ; for, some twenty years after it was planted, namely, in 1800, its yield was reported to be 2,200 bunches, weighing, on an average, a pound each, its stem 13 inches in girth, and its main branch 1 14 feet long ; l while a visitor to Hampton Court in 18 13 notes that it had the year before borne 2,278 bunches, and that the house was 72 feet long by 20 feet wide. 2 Forty years ago its yield was stated to be, on an average, between 2,300 and 2,500 bunches, weighing about a pound each. But recently both the number and size of the bunches had fallen off, until in 1874 the crop was as low as 1,750, and in 1882 only 1,250, which was due, perhaps, to its having been previously over-cropped and mismanaged. Lately, however, it has been better cared for, 3 and the tree is greatly improved in appearance ; but its average mature crop is not usually raised above 1,200 — no less than 2,000 bunches or so being pinched off to improve the quality of the remaining fruit, and with great benefit to the old tree. The greatest girth of its stem is now as much as 3 feet 9 inches, and its branches cover a space of 2,300 square feet. The length of the principal branch still remains stationary at 90 feet, doubtless because it had years ago reached the limit of the vine-house, which is now 90 feet long. Had the house been enlarged, the vine would by this time have covered a space three or four times as large as it does. Unfortunately its position, in a corner between two walls, makes its extension a matter of some difficulty, and no person in authority has yet taken sufficient interest in it to have this obstacle surmounted. 1 Lysons' Middlesex Parishes^ p. '-' Brit. Mus. Add. MSS., 6341, 72. From the information of Thomas f. 2b. Haverfield, principal gardener of ' By the present gardener, Mr. Jack. Hampton Court in 1800. i7 6q] The Great Vine. 299 Various conjectures have been advanced to account for the great size, to which it so quickly grew. Some have surmised that its roots have made their way into the vast drains of the Palace, or into a neighbouring cesspool, and that it has, in fact, been nourished on sewage. 1 This, how- ever, is not the case. The filaments, which are found clinging to the brick walls of the now disused great sewer not far off, and which were probably mistaken for the roots of the vine, are nothing- but fungous growths. If its luxuriance is to be ascribed to any special cause, it is most likely due to the roots having penetrated to the bed of the river, which is not more than 60 feet from the end of the vine-house. It is a fact, however, that the vine is a plant, which very commonly grows to enormous sizes, and the one at Hampton Court, which has often been spoken of as the largest in Europe, if not in the world, is anything but unique in this particular, even in England. The parent vine at Valentines, for instance, is nearly as big ; 2 the one at the Jesuit Seminary at Manresa House, Roehampton, has as great a yield of grapes, and covers 3,825 square feet of glass; 3 that at Sillwood Park, Sunninghill, occupies a house 129 feet by 12 feet, and produces i,8oo bunches annually; while the great vine at Cumberland Lodge, in Windsor Park, fills a house 138 feet in length, has a stem 3 feet 8 inches in circumference, and produces 2,000 bunches a year. The largest of all, however, is the one at Kinnel House, Breadalbane, Scotland, which covers 4,275 superficial feet of wall space. 4 All these are of the Black Hamburgh variety, which, as it is the best adapted for cultivation in England, seems, also, the one most disposed to grow to gigantic dimensions. It 1 Keane's Beauties of Middlesex. 3 Journal of Horticulture and Cot- 2 Notes and Qtteries, ubi supra. tage Gardener, August 1 8th, i S87, p. 1 39. 4 Barron's Vines and Vine Culture, ed. 1883, p. 188. '- 300 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1769 is sometimes called the " Hampton Court Black Hamburgh," as the vine here has the reputation of being the true variety, producing small ovate berries. 1 The Hampton Court vine, however, maintains an undis- puted pre-eminence — after its parent of Valentines — for dignified age ; and had the vine-house been continually enlarged, as the vine expanded its branches, there is no knowing to what size it might by this time have attained. Reverting now to " Capability " Brown. He continued to reside many years at Hampton Court, much esteemed for his attainments both as landscape gardener and architect, and employed by all the principal persons of the day. Lord Chatham, who corresponded with him, writes of him in a letter to Lady Stanhope : 2 " The chapter of my friend's dignity must not be omitted. He writes Lancelot Brown Esqtcire, en titre d 1 office : please to consider he shares the private hours of the King, dines familiarly with his neigh- bour of Sion [the Duke of Northumberland], and sits down at the tables of all the House of Lords, &c. To be serious, Madam, he is deserving of the regard shown to him ; for I know him, upon very long acquaintance, to be an honest man, and of sentiments much above his birth. As he lives at Hampton Court, and has many calls upon his time, he may not be at liberty." Turning now, for a moment, to glance at the parks at Hampton Court, we must recall the fact, recorded in a 1 Barron's Vines and Vine Culture, ■ Lord Cobhani, Brown's former ed. 1883, p. 188. A vine, called the master(seetf;//<", p. 296), was Lady Chat- " lUack Monukka," supposed to be of ham's father. There is a letter from Indian origin, was introduced by the Brown to Chatham, dated Hampton late Mr. Johnson, gardener at Hamp- Court, May 3rd, 1777, mentioning an ton Court in 1850, and was by him interview he had lately had witli the sent to the Horticultural Society, and King, and containing many political planted in the great conservatory at allusions. Chatham Correspondence, Chiswick, where it is now growing. vol. iv., pp. 179 and 430. Do., p. 191. 1771] The Rangership of Bushey Park. 301 previous chapter, which treated of the reign of Queen Anne, 1 that Charles, first Earl of Halifax, received from that Oueen a grant of various offices and privileges, connected with the Manor and Palace of Hampton Court, and especially the Keepership of Bushey Park (for three lives). This grant was subsequently enlarged by George I. to his nephew, George, second Earl, and to his son George, 2 third and last Earl of Halifax, of the line of Montague, who succeeded to the offices, together with the occupancy of Bushey House, in 1 739, and who was in possession of them during the early years of George III.'s reign. In the summer of 1 771, however, Lord Halifax fell dangerously ill, and on June 7th, the day before his death, the King, who knew he was dying, wrote to Lord North, already his favourite minister, saying : " I shall immediately appoint you Ranger of Bushey Park. As I am resolved to make out none of these grants but during pleasure, and have done so in the case of my own brothers, I am certain you will very willingly accept it on that footing, which from the conduct you uniformly hold, must be a tenure of a permanent kind." Next day Lord Halifax died, and on June 9th the King wrote again to North : " You will also direct a warrant to be prepared for appoint- ing you Ranger of Bushey Park, and I cannot help adding the pleasure I feel on bestowing on you what you seem so much to desire." 3 From a letter, however, of Mr. Gerald Hamilton to Mr. Calcraft, dated June 13th, we learn: " Lord North has got Bushey Park in his wife's name, that it may not vacate his seat [in the House of Commons], but only during pleasure;" 4 and accordingly, on July 9th, 1 See ante, p. 181. 3 Correspondence of George III. with 2 Treasury Papers, vol. cxcviii., No. Lord North, vol. i., p. 74. 51, Feb. 27, 1716. Pat. 2 Geo. I. and * Chatham Correspondence, vol. iv. r Pat. 3 Geo. II. Lysons' Middlesex p. 179, n. Parishes, p. 57. 2,02 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1771 the " London Gazette" duly announced that Anne, Lady North, had been appointed " Keeper of Bushey Park, in or near Hampton Court." Lord North soon after took up his residence at Bushey, of which he became very fond, and to which he came whenever he could escape from business. 1 After his final retirement from office in 1782 he continued to reside there until his death in 1 792 ; after which his widow, then Countess of Guildford, remained on, until her own death in January, 1 797. The Rangership and associated offices, together with the occupancy of Bushey House, were then given to William, Duke of Clarence, who dwelt there, as we shall see, until his accession to the throne as William IV. Having made this digression concerning the occupants of Bushey House, we must resume the annals of Hampton Court Palace, and of its inhabitants, during the reign of George III. In reference to this topic, we should note, in the first place, that, on the accession of that monarch, there were, probably, but few persons residing in it, beyond officials and servants : though it is likely enough, that, here and there, some dependants of the Court were in occu- pation of apartments, to which they may have been ad- mitted by permission or order of the Lord Chamberlain, or to which they might have acquired a sort of prescriptive right, by some of the irregular and surreptitious devices and methods, noticed under the reign of George I. These were, as we then explained — to prolong their stay indefinitely, on one pretext or another, in rooms assigned to them, when summoned to Court for a brief visit ; to get a footing in the building, by begging a grant of a few rooms from the Lord Chamberlain, or by bribing the housekeeper, or some such functionary, to lend them a room or two, and then stealthily to add other neighbouring rooms thereto, until, by a mingled 1 Correspondence of George III., rol. ii., p. 109. 177* ] Court " Squatters " «;/^ //jost. Appendix G, Suite XLVII. 1 Horace Walpole's Letters, vol. iii., * See Suites IX., XIV., and XV. : 7 8 2 ] Walpoles, WaldegraveSy and Kcppcls. 3*5 " The Stud," where, Walpole tells us, the Keppels were staying, was evidently the Stud House in the Home or House Park, situated on the north side of the Long Canal, the official residence of the Master of the Horse, now in the occupation of Colonel Sir George Maude, K.C. B., View, looking east, of the Long Canal and Great Avenue in the House or Home Park. Crown Equerry. 1 Mrs. Keppel was another of Horace Walpole's nieces, being Louisa, Sir Edward Walpole's eldest illegitimate daughter, who married the Hon. and Rev. Frederick Keppel, Dean of Windsor and Bishop of Exeter, and who, in 1777, was left a widow with one son and three daughters. 2 1 See Appendix G, Suite LI I. 2 Horace Walpole's Letters, vol. iii., p. 155. ^16 History of Hampton Court Palace. [178: o It was apparently to the Misses Keppel that Walpole alluded in a letter to Lady Ossory, dated November 10th, 1782 : " You are very kind about my nieces, madam ; but I do not believe there was the least intention of hurt to them. The gentlemen were cleaning their pistols at the window of the ' Toy,' and discharged them as the girls were going by. Mrs. Keppel took an alarm; and much less falling on such a soil as Hampton Court will bring forth lies an hundredfold." l One of these ladies, Mrs. Keppel's second daughter, Laura, a " beautiful girl, more universally admired than her sisters, or cousins the Waldegraves," 2 married two years after the first Lord Southampton's eldest son, whom she doubtless met at the Palace, where Lord Southampton had apart- ments, as well as his mother, Lady Augustus FitzRoy, as we have already seen. 3 It was when visitino- some of his relations or friends in the Palace, that Horace Walpole met with an accident, to which he refers in a letter to Lady Ossory, under date September 13th, 1789 : "The night before last, going into a stone hall at Hampton Court, a very low step, that I did not perceive in the dark, tripped me up. ... I fell headlong at once on the stones, and against the leg of a table, bruised one of my fingers, and both knees and an elbow, and battered my hip so much that it has a patch as large as the crown of a hat, and as black ; but there again my feather- hood saved me, and I did not break one of my straw- bones." 4 In regard to the connection of the family of Walpole with Hampton Court, it is curious to note that the year be- fore this accident of Horace's, a cousin of his, Colonel Lambert Theodore Walpole, married one of the great Lord 1 Horace Walpole's Letters, \o\. viii., 3 Ante, pp. 308 and 314. p. 303. ' Horace Walpole's Letters, vol. ix., 1 Do., vol. viii., p. 487. p. 222. 789] The Walpole Family at the Palace. 31 7 Clive's daughters, Margaret, who, her husband being killed in the Irish Rebellion in 1798, was given apartments in this Palace in 1812. 1 She occupied them, however, only two years, as she died in 18 14 ; but five years after, her daughter, Frances, received a warrant for another suite, 2 in which she lived with her sister Charlotte, for sixty-seven years, until her death in September, 1886, at the age of ninety-seven, her sister dying in November the following year, at the age of ninety-eight. These interesting old ladies well remembered their cousin Horace, who himself as a boy had kissed the hand of George I. One or two more such links, and we should be carried back to Cardinal Wolsey. In the meanwhile, the widow of Colonel Sir Robert Walpole, K.C.B., having been given apartments in 1878 (see Suite II.), the connection of the family with the Palace still continues, after having been maintained nearly uninter- ruptedly for upwards of a hundred years. With regard to the other inhabitants of Hampton Court at this period, namely, the close of the eighteenth century, beyond Horace Walpole's relations, and the persons re- ferred to in Hannah More's letter, which we cited above, we need not linger long over their names — for to the present generation most of them are but names, and little more, few of them having left any impress on the history of their times. We have endeavoured, however, to make out the identity of all of them, as far as possible, in Appendix G, adding such notes of the main facts of their lives, as may serve to link them to those, who were connected with them by family, marriage, or other ties, and who were more or less prominent in the political and social life of England a hundred years or so ago ; and as may also show by what influence, or on what grounds, they obtained their grants of rooms. Among them, nevertheless, there were some, who are de- 1 See Suite XIII. 2 See Suite XLIII. 3 1 8 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1793 serving of more prominent notice here. Such, for instance, was Richard Tickell — grandson of Addison's Thomas Tickell — who was given apartments, by a warrant dated the 28th of September, 1782, in what is called the "Gold Staff Gallery" — the suite of rooms lately in the occupation of Lady Colley. 1 Tickell was a brother-in-law of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, his first wife, who died in 1 784, being Mary, sister of the beautiful Miss Linley, Sheridan's first wife. He was an author of some distinction, being, as was said of him by Mathias, " one of the happiest occasional writers of his day." His poem, " Anticipation," which is full of wit and satire, was considered by Lord North's ministry to be so serviceable to their party, that he was given the appointment of a Commissioner in the Stamp Office. 2 His apartments at Hampton Court were probably also a reward for political services. He was a man of great conversational talents and conviviality, but, like too many men with these captivating qualities, subject to the reaction of fits of deep depression. It was in one of these, that Tickell, on the 4th of November, 1 793, threw himself from the window of his bedroom in the Palace — which, as his apartments were in the uppermost storey, was a height of sixty feet — and was killed on the spot. 3 " The fall was so violent, that there was a hole a foot deep made by his head in the gravel walk." Some attributed his despair to debts ; 4 others to a breach with his political friends ; while others again maintained 1 See Suite XVII., post. * Correspondence and Diary of John '' Jesse's George Selwyn and his Wilson Croker, where it is stated, vol. Contemporaries, vol. iii., p. 375. i., p. 245, that "he was in great dis- 3 Horace Walpole's Letters, vol. ix., tress." Croker adds that "his apart- p. 420, Nov. 7th, 1793. To the Misses merits were the same as Lord George Berry : "He threw himself from one of Seymour now has" — undoubtedly a the uppermost windows, an immense mistake. height." 1793] Suicide of Richard Tickell. 319 that it was entirely an accident: "It had frequently been his delight to sit and read on a parapet-wall, or kind of platform before his window, in one of the upper apartments of the Palace ; he much delighted in the situation, which was constantly filled with flower-pots." x The platform or ledge in question, which is over the top of the capitals of the pillars of the South Front, does, in fact, jut out sufficiently to hold a chair, and perilous though it be, some of those who have lived in the same apartments after Tickell, have been so reckless as to risk their lives in the same way. " About twelve at noon, while his carriage was waiting to convey himself and his family to town for the winter, Mrs. Tickell left the room for a moment, and on her return, not finding him there, she ran into an adjoining chamber, which commanded a view of the garden beneath, where she beheld her husband lying on the ground ; but before she reached the fatal spot he had expired. By what unhappy cause, or by what means he fell, never can be known to a certainty." The identical window cannot be pointed out ; but the above account indicates that it was one of the three middle windows in the top square-window storey of the South Front, overlooking the Private Gardens. He was buried, on November nth, in the churchyard at Hampton, where his monument may be seen in the church. 2 Anotherdistinguishedinhabitantof Hampton Court Palace, during the reign of George III., was William V., Prince of Orange, whose mother was Anne, daughter of George II., and who, having to fly from his dominions in 1795, on the invasion of Holland by the French Revolutionary troops, took refuge in England, where he and his family were 1 Mrs. Le Fanu's Life of Mr. F. * Ly sons' Middlesex Parishes, p. 89. Sheridan. 320 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1795 received with every kindness, respect, and sympathy by George III. and the rest of the royal family, and by the public in general. 1 The King at once assigned him apartments at Hampton Court, whence, very soon after his arrival, on the 28th May, 1795, he issued a protest against the decree of the States- General abolishing the Stadtholdership. 2 The exact extent of the apartments in the Palace, occupied by him and his family, cannot be precisely ascertained ; but we know that they embraced the suite recently occupied by the late Hon. Lady Hill, in the range on the east side of the Clock Court, with several adjacent rooms, including such of the State Rooms, in the ranges north and south of the new Palace, as abut on the Fountain Court. The Queen's Guard and Presence Chambers were their reception rooms. 3 Several of the occupants of private apartments had to vacate their rooms to accommodate the Stadtholder and his suite, but they were readmitted to them when he left the Palace. One of his household, Baron Nagel, occupied the apart- ments on the first floor in the north-east angle of the Palace, now Mrs. Rowley Lambert's, 4 some of the windows of which are seen in the accompanying engraving. The door, shown in the same view, is that into the little garden called " Lady Mornington's," which lady, as we shall see later, was given apartments in the Palace in the same year as the Stadtholder. The Stadtholder and his family continued to reside at Hampton Court until 1802, when they returned to the Continent, after the Treaty of Amiens. Of his residence at Hampton Court, scarcely any tradi- 1 Wraxall's Memoirs of his Own ' Brewer's Beauties of Etigland,vo\. Times. x., part v., p. 456, ed. 18 16. 1 Biographie Universelle, vol. xxx., * Suite XL1V. p. 311. 1797] The StadtJiolder of Holland in the Palace. 321 tionary reminiscences survive, although, but a few years ago, there were one or two persons about Hampton Court, who remembered haviner seen him and his attendants. Nor do we find recorded in the annals of the time any notable incidents connected with his stay in England. There is a caricature of him, however, by Gillray, dated April 1st, 1797, North-east Angle of the old Palace. (From a plate in Lysons' Middlesex Parishes, anno 1800.) representing him as he used to perambulate with his secre- tary, Count Nasselin, — the Prince himself, who was very heavy and corpulent, being usually in a state of somnolence in his walk. It is, perhaps, also, to his wife and her ladies-in- waiting, that the walk under the elms and chestnuts against the Tilt Yard wall, owes its curious name of the " Frog f Y 322 History of Hampton Court Palace. ^1798 Walk," which, it is supposed, was the favourite promenade of the Dutch Fraus or F rows of her Highness's household. At any rate, the life of himself and of his family, during the eight years they spent at Hampton Court, must have been dull and uneventful in the extreme — enlivened by nothing more exciting than an occasional visit from George III., who, whether at Windsor or at Kew, was within an easy drive of the Palace. In relation to one of these visits a story is told, which may be inserted here, as it relates to this period, and as it is almost the only recorded instance, we can find, of George III. ever being at Hampton Court after his accession. 1 It appears that Hampton Court Bridge, to which we referred in Chapter XIX., was at this time rented by a man named Feltham, who, to prevent any vehicle or horseman passing without paying the toll, kept the gate shut. " One morning the Royal Hunt came across Hounslow Heath to the bridge, where the stag had taken water and swum across. The hounds passed the gate without ceremony, followed by a large party, crying, ' The King ! ' Feltham opened his gate, which he closed again after they had rushed through without paying; when a more numerous and showy party came up, vociferating more loudly, ' The King!' He stood with the gate in his hand, though menaced with horsewhips. 'I'll tell you what,' said he; * hang me if I open my gate again until I see your money. I pay ^"400 a year for this bridge, and I laid out £ 1,000 upon it. I've let King George through, God bless him ! I know of no other king in England. If you have brought the King of France, hang me if I let him through without the blunt!'" At this moment, however, the King himself appeared; 1 W. J. Thorns, Book of the Court, p. 43. 1798] George III. and the Bridge Toll-man. 323 and Feltham recognizing him, made his bow, and let his Majesty through ; and the whole company went over to Molesey Hurst, where the hounds were at fault. The King, annoyed at the spoiling of the sport, sent back to inquire the reason of the interruption, and after having it explained to him, and learning that a guinea had always been paid when the Royal Hunt passed over this bridge, directed that a handsome reward should be given to Feltham. Soon after, King George having occasion to cross the bridge again, after visiting the Stadtholder at the Palace, pulled down the carriage window, and laughing heartily, said to old Feltham, u No fear of the King of France coming to-day." Besides the Stadtholder, Hampton Courtis stated — though we cannot discover any authority for the assertion — to have sheltered another royal refugee, namely, Gustavus IV. of Sweden, who, being deposed by his rebellious subjects, came to England, in 18 10, and occupied for a time a suite of apartments in the Palace. 1 In the meanwhile, during the whole of George III.'s reign, Hampton Court continued to be a show place, to which excursions were frequently made by those interested in archaeology or the fine arts ; and the increased interest taken in the Palace and its contents about this time, is evidenced by the ample descriptions given of them in such works as Brewer's " Beauties of England," Lysons' 41 Middlesex Parishes," and Pyne's " History of Royal Resi- dences," which were published about the beginning of the nineteenth century, and which we have frequently haa occasion to cite in the course of these pages. Foreigners, also, travelling in England, were, as usual, enthusiastic in their praise of Hampton Court : witness among others, " le citoyen Chantreau," as he designated himself, who visited •the Palace in 1 j88, and who declared, among many other 1 Walford's Greater London, vol. i., p. 157. 324 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1800- commendations, that " il n'est pas possible de trouver une demeure plus delicieusement situe;" 1 also Dr. Silliman, an American gentleman, whose excursion to Hampton Court was made in the month of August, 1805, 2 ana ^ wno was equally delighted with all he saw, especially with the majestic avenues of ancient trees, and the deer, in herds, gliding through the openings. An excursion to Hampton Court was even made the subject of a poem by a certain F. Streeter, whose feeble effusion, which was a sort of poor imitation of the " Rape of the Lock," was published at Rochester in 1 778. Later on, in 181 7, there was issued, at Kingston-on-Thames, the first guide-book to Hampton Court — " containing a descrip- tive Account of the Paintings, Statues, etc., in the Palace and Gardens" — in which it was remarked that " no place near the metropolis has for years been more the resort of fashionables than Hampton Court." Even Georcfe III. seems to have been stirred to taking some interest in the Palace, for, in 1 798, he granted permis- sion to James Wyatt, Surveyor-General of the Board of Works, to clear the Great Hall of the stage, which since the theatricals in the time of George 1 1., in honour of the Duke of Lorraine, had been suffered to cumber this splendid room, and mar its noble proportions. At the same time, such re- pairs and renovations as were necessary, were made in its structure, and especially in the ornaments of the roof. 3 The King also directed the return to Hampton Court, in 1S08, of Raphael's cartoons, which, as we stated, had been removed at the becrinninc: of his reiirn. Nevertheless, the Palace was, at this time, extremely ill- kept ; suffering indeed, not merely from neglect, but also from the reckless defacements of its ancient structure by 1 Voyages en Angleterre, vol. iii., " Do., vol. ii., pp. 115, 116, &c. p. 265. 3 Lysons' Middlesex Parishes, p. 67. -i 8 1 9] Increased Interest in the Palace. 325 additions and excrescences, to afford various domestic offices, such as pantries, sculleries, and larders, for the inhabitants. It is only quite recently that many of these disfigurements have been removed. At this period visitors were shown, according to Hannah More, "an ordinary room, full of the original furniture of the Cardinal, chiefly curious for its antiquity, consisting only of cane tables, chairs, etc." x But the authenticity of these relics we very much doubt, for they are not men- tioned in any of the old elaborate inventories of Henry VI 1 1. 's and Charles I.'s goods, nor in any other account of the Palace ; and there is now no trace or tradition of anything of the sort. It is recorded, however, that at the beginning of the century, one of the Cardinal's shoes was still to be seen in the Palace ; but as the upper leather had been renewed at one time, and the sole at another, its claim to reverence was of a somewhat impalpable kind. Many relics, reputed to belong to historic persons, can scarcely boast even such a shadowy claim to genuineness as that. We may mention here that the Pavilions, after the death of the Duchess of Gloucester in 1807, were given to the Duke of Kent, father of the Queen ; and he occasionally resided here till his own death in 1820. 1 Roberts' Memoirs of Hannah More, vol. i., p. 41. CHAPTER XXII. HAMPTON COURT DURING THE REIGN OF GEORGE IV. Accession of George IV. — Desolate Appearance of the State Rooms — Private Apartments still eagerly applied for — The Countess of Mornington — Her sons the Marquess Wellesley and the Duke of Wellington— " The Mother of the Gracchi" — "Purr" Corner — The Duke of Clarence at Bushey House — The "Toy Club" — Its jovial Dinners — Marrow Pudding, Songs, and Whist— Dis- tinguished Members of the old "Toy Club" — The Sailor Prince's strong naval Vernacular — Balls and Parties — The Sheridans — Mrs. Norton — Practical Jokes of Frank and Charlie Sheridan — The late Lady Dufferin — The present Lord Dufferin at Hampton Court when a Boy— Scott, Moore, Rogers, and Words- worth visit Hampton Court — The Royal Stud — George IV. as a Breeder of Horses — William IV. and his Stud Groom — His Stud sold and dispersed — The Royal Stud revived by Queen Victoria — Sale of Her Majesty's Yearlings — Enormous Prices given — Statues removed by George IV. to Windsor — Cost of Maintenance of the Palace and Gardens. EORGE IV. 's accession to the throne on the 29th of January, 1820, caused little, if any, change in the fortunes of Hampton Court ; and of its history at this period we have not much to record, beyond some reminiscences and anecdotes, handed down by tradition, or culled here and there from memoirs and letters of the time. As to the Palace itself, it presented, as far as the State Rooms were concerned, a most desolate and deserted appearance. "These princely halls," remarks a visitor in 1823, "have 1823] Desolate Appearance of the State Rooms. 327 come to be almost as silent as their dead master's tomb. They have nothing to echo back but the hurried footstep of a single domestic, who passes through them daily, to wipe away the dust of their untrodden floors, only that it may collect there again ; or the unintelligible jargon of a superannuated dependant, as he describes to a few straggling visitors (without looking at either) the objects of art that have been deposited in them, like treasures in a tomb." ' An air of stately desolateness attached also to the sub- roundings of the Palace ; the same writer observing that about them there was an appearance which he knew not " how to describe otherwise than by calling it courtly. . . . The great wide, yet unfrequented road, worn only in the middle, and grown with grass at the sides — the great walls that line the wide pathways on either hand, and the great stately elms, that stand out, here and there, almost in the middle of the road, as you see them nowhere else — all give an imposing appearance, that I do not remember to have seen elsewhere." In the meanwhile, however, the private apartments con- tinued to be as much sought after as ever ; and whenever a vacancy occurred, there were always several eager appli- cants for the coveted privilege of free quarters in his Majesty's Palace. The changes which took place among the inhabitants at this period, as the earlier nominees of George III. died off, and were replaced by those of George IV., need not here be alluded to, further than by again referring our readers to the list in Appendix G, where the names of all the successive occupants of each apartment are given, with the dates of their warrants, and brief notes of their lives. One illustrious inhabitant of the Palace, however, requires more particular mention in this place, namely, the Countess 1 Penny Magazine, vol. x., p. 378. 328 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1823 of Mornington, mother of those two great brothers, the Marquess Wellesley, the brilliant and sagacious statesman who consolidated the British Empire in India, and the Duke of Wellington, who saved the liberties of Europe, and con- quered Napoleon. The apartments occupied by Lady Mornington, who, her warrant being dated 1 795, had, at this time, been residing at Hampton Court for about thirty years, and whose daughter, Lady Anne FitzRoy, afterwards Culling-Smith, and son, the Hon. and Rev. Gerald Valerian Wellesley, Chaplain of the Palace, also had apartments, 1 were those on the ground floor in the north-east angle of William III.'s palace, formerly occupied, in the reign of George II., by the Prince of Wales, and now by the Dowager Countess of Desart (Suite XXV.). Here Lady Mornington was often visited by her two famous sons ; and here several persons still living remember seeing them together — " the mother of the Gracchi and her sons " — as she proudly liked to call herself. Adjoining her apartments is a little enclosed garden — still known as " Lady Mornington's Garden " — where she loved to sit, and where she planted a catalpa tree, ever since cherished in memory of her, though it is, unfortunately, now reduced to little more than a bare stump. A slight reminiscence of the Duke of Wellington, also, still lingers at Hampton Court, for it was he who gave the name of " Purr Corner" to the nook in the east front of the Palace, on the right-hand side of the gate as you come out from the cloister into the garden. There was, in former days, a seat in this spot, which, being warm and sheltered, was the favourite one with the more elderly ladies in the Palace ; and here they used to sit basking in the sun, and talking and gossipping — whence the Iron Duke's reference to the feline murmur that pervaded this corner. 1 See Appendix G, Suites XXVI I. and XLIV. 1824] The Duke of Wellington and "Purr" Corner. 329 Turnine now to the social life of the Palace at this time, we find that its chief centre was the Duke of Clarence, after- wards William IV., who had been appointed Ranger of Bushey Park in 1797, on the death of Lady Guildford " Purr " Corner. (formerly North), and who, during the reign of George IV., resided almost entirely at Bushey House, leading the life of a country gentleman, and superintending a farm, which he had formed in the Park. Being of an easy and genial temper, he became a great favourite with his neighbours, 330 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1825 whom he entertained with much hospitality, and in the amuse- ments of whom, whether balls, dinners, races, cricket matches or pugilistic contests on Molesey Hurst, he always took a keen interest. He was, also, President of the " Toy Club," a society which held its meetings in that famous hostelry the " Toy," whence it took its name. The memory of the club still lingers about Hampton Court, though its local habitation — which stood, as we have before mentioned, by the side of the Trophy Gates, at the west entrance to the Palace — vanished upwards of forty years ago. The " Toy Club " included almost all the gentlemen in the Palace, on the Green, and in the neighbourhood, and it met once a month, when the members dined together with much conviviality — the Duke of Clarence's joviality and kindliness making everyone feel at their ease, and imparting to the evening's entertainment a freedom, and an absence of restraint, not usual in the presence of royalty. As to the dinners, though good, they do not appear to have been extravagantly choice, if we are to judge from the fact that a marrow pudding was always served for the special delecta- tion of his Royal Highness. It is said that when he afterwards became king, he used to declare that the dinners at the " Toy Club " were the most enjoyable he had ever been present at. 1 After dinner, the remainder of the evening was devoted to whist, to chaff and banter, the telling of good stories, and the singing of jovial seafaring, drinking, and other songs. One of these, which sings the praises of the " Toy " in not very vigorous verse, has been preserved, and we give the following stanza as a specimen : — With some Toy or other all mortals are pleased, Their fancies delighted, their troubles appeased ; 1 Mrs. Houston's Memories of World-known Men, vol. i., p. 35. 1 826] The" Toy Club" 331 The globe through all quarters they search for their sport, But no prettier they'll find than at sweet Hampton Court. Amongst the members of the " Toy Club," whose names have been transmitted to us, were : Mr. James Campbell, who lived in the large house on the Green ; Colonel, afterwards Sir Henry, Wheatley, who, also, lived on the Green, in Sir Christopher Wren's house, and was the father of Colonel Wheatley, the present Bailiff of the Royal Parks; Mr., afterwards Sir James, Reynett, who lived in Suite VII. in the Palace; the Right Hon. John Wilson Croker — the famous Secretary of the Admiralty, and editor of the " Quarterly Review," — who lived at Molesey; Mr. Edward Jesse, Surveyor of the Royal Parks and Palaces, who lived for many years in or near Hampton Court, and whose duties comprised the care and overlooking of the Palace, Parks, and Gardens, and of whose association with Hampton Court, in this capacity, we shall have something to say further on ; Lord George Seymour, another resident in the Palace (Suite XLI I.) ; his son, the late Sir Hamilton Seymour, formerly Ambassador at the Court of Vienna; his nephew, Admiral, afterwards Sir George Sey- mour, one of the handsomest, as well as bravest of England's naval heroes, who had apartments in the Palace (Suite IV.), and who was father of the late, and grandfather of the present Marquess of Hertford; and, finally, Sir George's brother, Colonel, afterwards Sir Horace Seymour, M.P., who, also, had apartments in the Palace (Suite II.), who was father of the present Lord Alcester, and of whom we shall have more to say presently. Besides these, there were many other members, especially several of the Duke's old naval friends ; among whom the individual, so we are assured, whose conversation the Duke of Clarence appeared to delight in most, " was a certain 332 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1826 rough, but jolly old merchant captain, before whose after- dinner euphemisms, those employed by the bo'sun, whom Captain Marryat has immortalized, would have paled their ineffectual fires." l Rollicking humour and unrestrained mirth were, in fact, just the qualities that the Sailor Prince delighted in most, and a sort of strong, downright, naval ver- nacular was the language he most appreciated in others, and chiefly affected himself. Of this we have an instance in the following anecdote : — One day he was riding in Bushey Park with Mr. Jesse and his daughter, Mrs. Houston, when a lady, verging on threescore and ten, the widow of a former shipmate of his, met them, dressed in the most juvenile of costumes, and riding with a youthful parson whom she was about to marry. " By ! " exclaimed his Royal Highness, "to think of 's wife making; herself such a d — d old scarecrow as that! I promised her some time ago that I would use my interest to get her a set of rooms in the quality poor-house [the de- signation by which Hampton Court Palace was usually playfully alluded to] ; but, upon my soul, I think that rooms in Bedlam would be more to the purpose." a In addition to the meetings of the "Toy Club," the old " Toy " inn, both at this time and subsequently, was often the scene of other festivities, especially of balls, which were among the smartest anywhere within the environs of London. The late Lord Chief Justice Cockburn remem- bered often being present at them as a young man. There were likewise dinners, parties, and balls, at Bushey House, and occasionally, also, at the Stud House in the Home Park, where several persons, still living in Hampton Court Palace, remember to have met the famous Mrs. Norton, then resplendent in the zenith of her beauty and charms. 1 Mrs. Houston's/? Woman's Memories of World-known Men, vol. i., p. 36, and Sylvanus Urban. a Do., vol. i., p. 41. 1826] Sheridajis and Dufferins in the Palace. 333 Her mother, Mrs. Tom Sheridan, daughter-in-law of the great Sheridan, had been given apartments in 1820 — those recently occupied by the late Lady Ward (Suite XXXVI.) — and here she was living at this time with her two other daughters, whom we shall mention again presently. Prominent in all entertainments in and near Hampton Court, and doubtless, especially, at the meetings of the "Toy Club," were Mrs. Norton's two brilliant brothers, Frank and Charlie Sheridan, whose youth was passed in the Palace, and of whom tradition still preserves a faint, though fast- fading memory. Suffice it to say here, that at Hampton Court they fully maintained their reputation for those boyish high spirits, which rendered them the spoilt darlings of society, and those rollicking practical jokes, which, usually having an element of humour, were relished by all except the victims of them, and in spite of which they remained great favourites in the Palace, the irresistible charm of their winning manners always gaining over, in the end, even the most implacable of dowagers. Besides Mrs. Sheridan's two sons and her daughter, Mrs. Norton, who married in 1827, there were with her at Hampton Court at this time, as we have said, her two other daughters, equally famous and equally beautiful — the eldest, Helen Selina, who married, in 1825, Lord Dufferin ; and the youngest, Jane Georgiana, who, marrying on June 10th, 1830, Lord Seymour, afterwards became Duchess of Somerset, and was the Queen of Beauty at the famous Eglington tournament in 1839. Lady Dufferin, as every- one knows, became the mother of the present Lord Dufferin and Ava, who, doubtless, inherited many of his captivating and splendid qualities from his mother's family, and the career of whom has been, perhaps, the most brilliant and honourable of any Englishman of this century. He also, as a little boy, was much at Hampton Court with his 334 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1826 mother; and writing from India a few years ago, in the midst of the Burmah campaign, to a dear and lifelong friend, whom he first met at Hampton Court, he says of the old Palace : " I cannot tell you what an affection I have for that place, and what tender memories it brings back to my recollection." In the meanwhile, the popularity of Hampton Court as a place of excursion from London continued to grow, and it was every day more and more admired and appreciated by persons of education from all parts of the kingdom. Thus, Miss Mitford, in one of her letters, dated July 5th, 1820, observes : " What a beautiful place ! What a real palace ! How can anybody leave Hampton Court and live in the Pavilion ? " x And, on April 20th, 1828, Scott records in his Diary : "We went to Walter's quarters [his son, who was quartered at the Palace] in a body, and saw Hampton Court, with which I was more struck than when I saw it for the first time about 1806. The pictures are not very excellent, but they are curious, which is as interesting to con- noisseurs." About a month after this, Scott, and his daughter Sophia, visited Hampton Court again, carrying with them, as he expresses it, " the following lions and lionesses — Samuel Rogers, Tom Moore, Wordsworth, with wife and daughter." 2 This party is also referred to, in Moore's journal, May 25th, 1828, as follows : "On our arrival at Hampton [Court] (where we found the Wordsworths) walked about, the whole party in the gay walk, where the band plays, to the in- finite delight of the Hampton [Court] blues, who were all eyes after Scott, the other scribblers not coming in for a glance." Before passing on from George IV., we must mention that it was in his reign that the Royal Stud at Hampton Court — the paddocks of which lie behind the brick walls on either 1 Life and Letters of Mary Russell 2 Scott's Journal, vol. ii., p. 189. Mitford, vol. ii., p. 102. ' Moore's Journal, vol. v., p. 287. 1827] The Royal Stud. 335 side of the road separating Bushey Park from the House or Home Park — was very much increased and improved. A stud already existed here in the time of William III. and of Oueen Anne, 1 who ran horses in her own name, and whose husband, Prince George of Denmark, seems to have taken some interest in the breeding of horses ; and the stud was also maintained in a state of more or less efficiency during- the reigns of the first three Georges. 2 But it was George IV., who must be considered the real founder of the famous Hampton Court Stud as it at present exists. When Prince of Wales, he used frequently to visit the royal pad- docks, and he spent, so we are told, 3 " many gay hours at the Stud-house," and, in 181 2, established a stud here to breed riding-horses of pure blood — all of which, as far as practicable, he intended to be grey. For this purpose the stud was maintained until his accession to the throne in 1820, when he sent the whole lot to the hammer at Tatter- sail's. The paddocks and stables then passed into the hands of the Duke of York, who kept a stud of his own here for breeding racehorses, with Moses, the Derby winner of 1822, as the leading sire. On the Duke's death in January, 1827, his whole stock was also disposed of by auction at Tattersall's. George IV. hereupon resumed possession of the Hampton Court paddocks, this time for the breeding of his own racehorses, and he devoted considerable sums to raising the Royal Stud to the highest state of efficiency, and to improving the stabling and paddocks. These, we may observe, are now forty-three in number, seventeen in the Home Park and twenty-six in Bushey Park, varying in size 1 Ante, p. 172. 2 Treasury Papers, vols. cclii.,No.29, March, 1725 ; cclxix., No. 18, March 16th, 1728. 3 The Stranger's Guide to Hampton Court, anno 1825. 336 History of Hampton Cottrt Palace. [1830 from three to five acres each. Of brood mares George IV. had as many as thirty-three ; and, as to stallions, a particular regard has always been paid in the Hampton Court Stud to what is termed " stout blood." For example, there were in his stables, towards the end of his reign, Waterloo, out of a Trumpeter mare ; Tranby, out of an Orville ; Ranter, out of a Benningbrough ; and the Colonel, out of a Delpini mare. When William IV. became king, he was anxious, although he knew nothing at all about horses, to keep up and still further improve the Royal Stud ; and the above stock were by him supplemented with the following celebrated English stallions — exclusive of four Arabians, two from the King of Oude, and two from the Imaum of Muscat, as presents to the King — Actaeon, by Scud out of Diana, by Stamford, purchased of Viscount Kelburne for a thousand guineas ; Cain, by Paulowitz, dam of Pagnator ; and Rubini, by St. Patrick out of Slight, by Selim : the two latter hired for the use of the stud. 1 William IV., however, did not interest himself personally in any of the details of the management of the stud, leaving all that entirely in the hands of Colonel Wemyss and his stud-groom ; while, as to selecting what horses were to run in any races, when, in June, 1830, just after his accession, Edwards, his trainer, inquired what were to go to Goodwood, the Sailor King replied, " Take the whole fleet ; some of them will win, I suppose." The three horses belonging to his Majesty, which were engaged in the Goodwood Cup, were, accordingly, despatched to the scene of action, and finished as follows: Fleur-de-lys, 1; Zinganee, 2; and the Colonel, 3; for the Goodwood Cup, August 11th, 1830, there being six other starters. 2 On the death of William IV. in 1837, the entire stud of 1 The Turf, by Niinrod, ed. 1834, 2 Day's The Horse, and how to rear p. 77. him, p. 48. 1830] Sale of the Sovereigns Yearlings. 3 37 forty-three brood mares, five stallions, and thirty-one foals, was sold under the hammer for 15,692 guineas. This pro- ceeding caused the greatest indignation in sporting circles, the dispersal of this noble appanage of royalty being espe- cially resented, on account of the opportunity it afforded the dreaded foreigner, of making several valuable purchases of thoroughbred stock. M. Lupin, for instance, now " the father of the French turf," secured, among other lots, the famous mare Fleur-de-lys. 1 The paddocks were next lent to General, then Colonel, Peel, and Mr. Charles Greville, to occupy them with their breeding studs. General Peel enjoyed this privilege until he gave up and sold all his stock off, except the stallion Orlando, who was winner of the Derby of 1844, through the disquali- fication of the four-year-old Running Rein ; and whose daughter, Imperieuse, by the bye, was bred here, and beat the famous Blink Bonny for the One Thousand Guineas and St. Leger ; while his son, Diophantus, won the Two Thou- sand. In the meantime, Mr. Greville remained in possession, conjointly, after 185 1, with her Majesty the Queen, who in that year, on the advice of the Prince Consort, consented to the formation of the nucleus of the present stud. Her Majesty's first managers were Major Groves and Mr. Lewis, assisted by Mr. William Goodwin, as veterinary surgeon. As to the profits on the Royal Stud at Hampton Court, they have always been considerable. In the days of George IV. and William IV. the yearlings, which were sold at Tatter- sail's on the Monday in Epsom race week, generally realized an average of from ^150 to ^200 apiece. 2 Since the Hampton Court Stud was re-established by the Queen, the prices have — except for a short period of de- pression some years ago — steadily tended to rise, and of 1 Christie Whyte's History of (he s Seealistofpricesin thejunenumber British Turf vol. ii., p. 288. of the New Sporting Magazine 'in 1836. t Z 33S Histoiy of Hampton Court Palace. [1830 late years, especially, there has been a most marked increase in the average attained. The paddocks are at present under the supervision of Colonel Sir George Maude, K.C.B., Crown Equerry, whose skilful management and care have brought the Royal Stud to the very highest pitch of excellence and success. Mr. Mackrell is stud groom. The sale of the Queen's yearlings now takes place on the Saturday in the week after Ascot race week, in one of the pad- docks in Bushey Park, where a large number of gentlemen in- terested in horse-breeding, and most of the celebrities of the racing world, assemble in front of Mr. Tattersall's rostrum to bid for her Majesty's stock. The high quality of the animals, and the keen competition for them, usually render the auction a most interesting and animated scene. The yearlings most admired are generally Springfield's (the famous winner of the Champion Stakes at Newmarket, 1 &c, in 1877), or Hampton's (the winner of the Goodwood Cup and Doncaster Cup in 1877); a bay colt, for instance, by Hampton out of Land's End, fetching, in the sale of 1889, 3,000 guineas. On that occasion, twenty-eight yearlings brought as much as 11,745 guineas, being an average of 420 guineas apiece. But the climax was reached last year, 1890, on the 28th of June, when twelve fillies and eight colts were sold for a little over 14,000 guineas, an average of no less than 700 guineas each ! The facts that Sainfoin (by Springfield out of Sanda), the winner of the Derby of 1890, had been bred in the Hampton Court Stud, and had been sold in the paddocks, two years before, for 550 guineas to Mr. John Porter, the Kingsclere trainer, and that Memoir, the winner of the Oaks, had likewise been a Hampton Court yearling, lent a special interest to this year's sale, which was greatly enhanced by the additional circumstance that a very promising sister to Memoir was to 1 See Racing and Steeple-Chasing (Badminton Library), p. 394. 1830] Sale of the Queen's Yearlings. 339 be sold, and that It was known she would be keenly com- peted for, by several wealthy owners. This daughter of St. Simon out of Quiver — a beautiful brown filly, considerably finer than her sister at the same age — was in effect knocked down, after a sharp contest between the Duke of Portland, Lord Marcus Beresford, Colonel North, and Mr. Douglas Baird, to Lord Marcus for Baron Hirsch at 5,500 guineas, the largest price ever given for a yearling, and exactly 4,000 guineas more than the Duke of Portland gave for her sister two years before. This immense sum, of course, had a considerable effect on the aggregate ; but there were one or two other big prices : Lord Randolph Churchill securing a bay colt by Springfield out of Lady Binks for 1,750 guineas; the Duke of West- minster giving 1,350 guineas for a bay filly by Hampton out of Gallantry, and Baron Hirsch 1,000 guineas for a sister of Sainfoin, more remarkable, however, for her relation to the Derby winner than for her own looks. Altogether the sale was a most pronounced success, and is sufficient justification, if any were needed, for the existence of the royal breeding establishment. In the Hampton Court paddocks also — that is to say, in the seventeen in the House Park — are kept most of the horses required for the Queen's state carriages and household, as well as those presented to her Majesty by Eastern poten- tates, most of which horses are Arabs, and many of them very beautiful animals. Here, also, are bred the Queen's famous cream-coloured horses, which excite so much popular interest whenever they appear on state occasions, to draw the Queen's coach, and whose last appearance was on the occasion of her Majesty's Jubilee. They are descended from the horses brought over by George I. from Hanover, of which country they are a special product, and they may be considered as the last surviving representatives of the 340 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1830 old Flemish horses, once so much admired. The breed has always been kept pure and untainted to this day. They are rather slow and majestic in their action ; but are powerful animals, and some of them are as much as eighteen hands high. Some of them are upwards of twenty years old. Mr. Target is the stud groom. View showing the South and East Fronts of the New Palace. Reverting once more to the reign of George IV., we must record that it was by him that the beautiful vases and statues, which formerly decorated the gardens of Hampton Court, and to which we made reference in an earlier page, were removed from the pedestals they had occupied since the days of William III., to Windsor Castle. Among them were also four statues — Flora, Ceres, Diana, and Pomona — that originally stood on the piers at the top of the south 1830] Divine Service in the Hall. 341 front of the Palace, 1 on the parapet in the line with the columns beneath. These ornaments were so characteristic of the style of the new Palace and gardens, that their dis- placement is a matter of regret, and we venture to express a hope that they may eventually be returned to the place, for which they were originally made. In the meanwhile, however, the Palace and gardens were very fairly maintained : the average sum expended, during the ten years of George I V.'s reign, on the Palace — including, of course, all such charges as salaries, wages, lighting, draining, watching, cleaning, water, &c. — being £5, 100 a year ; and on the gardens — including the cost of keeping up the water- course called the Longford river 2 — ^2,880 a year. In the last year of the reign of George IV. the use of the Great Hall was granted by his Majesty to the inhabitants of Hampton for divine service, while their parish church was being rebuilt, until September, 1831, when the new church was consecrated in the presence of Queen Adelaide. 1 Brewer's Beauties of England Hampton Court Guide, 1819. (Middlesex), vol. x., part iv. ; and The * See vol. ii., p. 124. CHAPTER XXIII. HAMPTON COURT DURING THE REIGN OF WILLIAM IV. Accession of the Duke of Clarence as William IV. — More Pictures sent to the Palace — Terms of Admission to the State Apartments — The Old Clock removed — The St. James's Palace Clock sent to Hampton Court — A new Clock-Face — Welcome to Queen Adelaide — The King dines with his old Friends — The Banqueting House preserved and made a Private Residence — William IV. confers the Guelphic Order on old Members of the "Toy Club" — The handsome and gallant Seymours — Sir Horace Seymour and the Fainting Beauties — Queen Adelaide at Bushey House — The Due de Nemours. HE accession of the Duke of Clarence as King William IV., on the 20th of June, 1830, opened a somewhat new prospect for Hampton Court ; for his Majesty, having resided so long within the precincts of the manor, took a good deal of interest in the Palace ; and it was he, who seems first to have conceived the idea of making it a sort of receptacle or museum, for the many curious pictures which had hitherto been stored away, out of sight, in the other royal palaces. With this object, he sent from Kensing- ton, St. James's, Windsor Castle, Buckingham House, and Carlton House, hundreds of canvases — many of them little better than rubbish — to swell the contents of Hampton Court, and to accommodate which several extra State Rooms 1835] William IV.'s Improvements. 343 were added to those already open to the inspection of sight- seers. His Majesty also gave orders that the King's Great Staircase, which was in a dilapidated condition, should be restored and repainted. The work was entrusted to Mr. Fairs, and was executed in the autumn of 1836, at a cost of ^400. It had not previously been repaired for upwards of fifty years. 1 Admission to the Palace, however, was still under the same conditions — that is, a fee of a shilling or so was exacted from each visitor, and parties were conducted, or rather " driven," to use the expression of a disgusted connoisseur, through the State Apartments by the deputy-housekeeper or one of her housemaids, who pointed out the pictures with a long stick, calling out, in a loud voice, at the same time, the names of the subjects and their painters to the awe stricken company — a procedure that allowed of little oppor- tunity for studying or enjoying them. A work of William IV.'s at Hampton Court, which we must not omit to mention, was the removing, in 1835, of the old clock, originally erected, as we saw in our first volume, 2 by Henry VIII. ; but subsequently repaired and altered at various times, especially in 1 71 1, by Mr. Lang Bradley, of Fenchurch Street, who, finding that the original pricked wheel and pinion had been removed, probably by some ignorant workman, made sfood this defect and otherwise altered and improved the works. 3 The original internal mechanism, indeed, of the clock, having been designed before the discoveries of Copernicus and Galileo, must have been of a very defective nature ; and even after the improve- ments effected in it by Bradley, it would appear, from the numbers of the toothing of the wheels, as given by Dr. 1 Letter-Books of the Lord Chamber- 3 Derham's Artificial Clockmaket lain and the Board 0/ Works. ed. 1734, p. 121. 2 Pp. 217-220. 344 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1835 Derham, that it can never have performed its functions accurately. 1 Latterly, indeed, the old astronomical clock (although it had, subsequently to Derham's time, again been altered), ceased to go altogether — at any rate, as far as the astro- nomical dial was concerned, though it seems that there was formerly, as now, a clock face, looking west, into the First Court, the hands of which, no doubt, were driven by the old works, defective as they were. 2 At any rate, William IV., who, we may suspect, had often, in old days, experienced inconvenience from the inaccurate time-keeping of the old clock, gave order that it should be removed and replaced by one formerly at St. James's Palace. The works of the old clock, had they been preserved, would have been an interesting curiosity ; but unfortunately they were carried offby Messrs. Vulliamy, under the vicious system, which formerly gave all old work as a perquisite to those who replaced it by new — a system doubly injurious, both as leading to the substitution of new work, almost invariably inferior to the old, and also as affording an additional motive to workmen and tradesmen, to recommend as absolutely necessary total restoration, in cases where partial repairs would suffice, and thus greatly increasing the cost of main- tenance of old buildings. When the St. James's clock was in its turn removed, in 1880, as we shall see in a subsequent chapter, the follow ing inscription was found upon it : " This clock, originally made for the Queen's Palace in St. James's, and for many years in use there, was, a.d. 1835, by command of His Majesty King William IV., altered and adapted to suit 1 E. J.Wood's Curiosities of Clocks "Clocks," which gives an excellent and Watches. account of the condition of the Hamp- a See Kee's Encyclopedia, article ton Court clock in 1802. :8 3 5] The Old Clock removed. 345 Hampton Court Palace, by B. L. Vulliamy, Clock-maker to the King; " and on another plate on the clock : "Vulliamy, London, No. 352, a.d. 1799-" 1 jp- v The West Side, facing the First Court, of the Clock Tower. The motive power, however, of the St. James's clock, was evidently found not sufficient to drive the astronomical dial, as well as the hands of the clock face on the other side of the tower; and accordingly the old dial, with the 346 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1835 mechanism and wheels attached to it, was taken down some years after, to be stowed away in a workshop as useless, the space it had occupied being filled by black painted boards. The new clock face fixed, in 1835, on the west side of the clock tower, facing the First Court, is 5 ft. 8 in. in diameter, and above the square clock front, in which it is placed, is a small circular space, 3 feet in diameter, covered with a slab of slate, on which is cut the monogram of William IV. This space would seem, from the form of the brickwork behind, to have been formerly filled by a small clock dial, probably until the St. James's clock was put up. In the meanwhile, however, Hampton Court saw little of its new sovereign, and there is scarcely anything to record in its annals during his reign. Tradition, however, preserves a recollection of a visit by Queen Adelaide, soon after her husband's accession, when a triumphal arch was erected in the road near the " Frog Walk," and she was received with every mark of respect and affection, by the loyal inhabi- tants, whose neighbour she had formerly been, and whose hearts she had won by her simplicity and kindliness of heart. But though William IV. does not appear to have made any state visit to Hampton Court after his accession, he showed that he still remembered his old friends there, by often coming and dining with them familiarly in their apartments or private houses, as of yore ; and also by adding the names of several of them to the warrants already held by their relatives : for instance, he inserted Sir George Seymour's name in his wife's warrant. We should record here, also, that it was in his reign, that the interesting old Banqueting House, which was built by William III. in the Pond Garden, 1 but which had been, for many years, entirely unused and uncared for, was repaired 1 Ante, p. 128. 1S36] William IV. knights his old Friends. 347 and restored, and converted into a private residence. Its preservation from neglect and decay came about in this way. One day William IV. chanced to be walking about the gardens of Hampton Court, with his friend Sir James Reynett, when they passed by the Banqueting House, and the King observed that it was getting so dilapidated he thought he should have it pulled down. Fortunately, how- ever, Sir James Reynett ventured to remonstrate : " Don't do that, Sir, I pray you. If you will allow me to occupy it, I will undertake to put it in repair and take care of it." To this his Majesty assented ; and the house, with its beautiful carved oak panelling and painted ceiling, was soon put in order, and turned into a charming little summer residence, in which Sir James lived until his death in 1864. William IV. further marked his regard for his old Hamp- ton Court friends by conferring the honour of the Guelphic Order — a sort of private order of knighthood of the Sove- reign as King of Hanover, independent of his English ministers — on three members of the "Toy Club," that is to say, Sir Henry Wheatley, Sir Horace Seymour, and Sir George Seymour. Apart, however, from the friendship and regard of their sovereign, the personal merits and distin- guished services of the two gallant Seymours — one of whom, Sir Horace, was a Waterloo hero, in which battle he had picked out of their saddles, by sheer force of arm and length of sword, six or seven French cuirassiers, one after another ; and the other, Sir George, had been wounded in battle by a splinter, when gallantly boarding one of the enemy's ships off St. Domingo, and carried the mark in his jaw to the day of his death — would have more than entitled them to the distinction they received at the hands of the Sailor King. Sir George, in fact, was eventually promoted to be Admiral of the Fleet, and was decorated with the Grand Cross of 34S History of Hampton Court Palace. [ l8 3*- the Bath by her present Majesty, after serving his sovereign and country in every part of the world. In addition to their professional deserts, both these officers were, indeed, the very beau idtals of high-bred English gentlemen — of innate courtesy of manners, of striking good looks, of commanding presence, of undaunted courage, of spotless reputation, of lofty principle, and of scrupulous honour — no wonder that the name of Seymour — though the long connection of the family with the Palace was finally severed in 1878, on the death of Lady Seymour, the widow of Sir George — is still remembered and revered at Hampton Court. In relation to Sir Horace Seymour, an anecdote is told which, being referable to about this time, may be related here, though we cannot exactly vouch for the accuracy of all the details. The story occurs in the Memoirs of the Rev. Julian Young, son of the famous actor, who was, on Oct. 31st, 1830, appointed sub-chaplain of the Palace, his chief being the Hon. and Rev. Gerald Valerian Wellesley, 1 brother of the Duke of Wellington, then non-resident. One very hot Sunday in the summer of 1831, a young lady, Miss B y, not a resident in the Palace, but living in the vicinity, fainted in chapel during the service. Con- siderable commotion arising among those near her, Sir Horace Seymour, then a widower, who was seated in the gentlemen's pew, " walked across the chapel, raised the prostrate fair one in his arms, carried her to his apart- ments, deposited her on a sofa, left her to the charge of his housekeeper, and straightway returned to his seat. Strange to say, on the two following Sundays, a young lady, each time a different one, fainted ; and on each occasion, as if by prescriptive right, the same gallant knight performed the same kind office for the sufferers, and then returned to his post." 1 See a>t/t; p. 328, and Suite XLIV. -1S37J Fainting Beauties in the Chapel. 349 On the last of these three fainting Sundays, Lady George Seymour, wife of Lord George, who was uncle of Sir Horace, went to the chaplain in the vestry after service and said, " I say, Mr. Young, this fashion of fainting will degenerate into an epidemic if it is not put a stop to. With your permission I will affix, before next Sunday, this notice in the cloister, at the door of entrance : NOTICE! Whereas a tendency to faint is becoming a prevalent infirmity among young ladies frequenting this chapel, notice is hereby given, that, for the future, ladies so affected will no longer be carried out by Sir Horace Seymour, but by Branscombe the dustman." This warning produced the desired effect, and the plague of fainting beauties was stayed. After the death of William IV., his widow, Queen Ade- laide, was granted Bushey House as a residence; and here she led a quiet and unselfish life till her death in 1849, dis- pensing in public and private charities in the neighbourhood and elsewhere, no less a sum than ,£30,000 a year. In 1844, she gave, in a summer-house in the pheasantry, a dejeuner to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, the King and Queen of the French, the King and Queen of Belgium, the King of Holland, and many other royalties. 1 Bushey House is now lent by the Queen to the Due de Nemours. 1 Keene's Beauties of Middlesex. CHAPTER XXIV. THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA HAMPTON COURT OPENED FREE TO THE PUBLIC. Accession of Queen Victoria — The Palace thrown open to the Public without Charge — Gloomy Prognostications of the Result — Success of the Move — Popular Appreciation of the Boon— Shocking Murder in the Palace of a Sergeant by a Private — The Inhabitants of the Palace and the Poor's Rates — The Exemption challenged — The Private Apartments assessed — Appeal to the Court of Queen's Bench — Conditions and Obligations of Tenure of Apartments — Periodical Sur- veys and Inspections, and Orders to repair — Are they "occupied" by the Sove- reign ? — The Inhabitants held liable to Assessment — Arrangement for the Pay- ment of the Rates— Immunity from Arrest within the Palace — Colonel Rose and the Bailiffs. .ITH the accession of her present most gracious Majesty Queen Victoria to the throne, there opened a new, and, up to the present time, the final era in the history of Hampton Court ; for one of the first acts of her reign was to order that the Palace should be thrown open to all her subjects without restriction, and without fee or gratuity of any kind. The carrying out of this act of queenly beneficence was facilitated by the death, in April, 1838, of Lady Emily Montague, the Lady Housekeeper; when, that office being abolished, it was no longer necessary to exact fees from visitors to the Palace, in order to augment the lady's salary. 1838] The Palace opened free to the Public. 35 1 Accordingly, an order was issued, on August 15th, 1838, that the State Apartments should be closed, until arrange- ments could be made for the new dispensation ; and after the lapse of a few months, they were re-opened, in November, 1838 ; since which date they have never been closed to the public, — except, of course, in times of national mourning, — and every facility has been afforded, ever since, for seeing and enjoying Hampton Court, and its treasures. So great a change, we can well understand, was not carried out without the gloomiest forebodings on the part of many, as to the disastrous results, which they alleged would infallibly ensue. Indeed, there were not wanting those, who declared that if the general public were admitted without some restriction, neither the Palace nor its contents would any longer be safe. Visions of an insulting rabble, such as that which invaded the Tuileries in the time of Louis XVI., marching through the State Apartments, tearing down the tapestries, wrecking the furniture, and carrying off the pictures, seemed to arise in the terrified imaginations of some ; while there were others who, though taking a calmer view of the situation, yet affirmed that it would be impossible to safeguard the contents of the Palace from mischievous injury and depredation, without an army of warders and guardians. How completely these prognosti- cations have been falsified we shall notice further on. Doubtless, also, to the inhabitants of the Palace, who valued the seclusion and quiet of Hampton Court, and who appreciated the immunity they had hitherto enjoyed from the more objectionable accompaniments, inseparable from crowds of noisy excursionists and trippers, the change was not altogether welcome. It was very soon seen, however, that what Hampton Court lost in repose and dignity, it gained in cheerfulness ; and that what was sacrificed by its popularization, was com- 352 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1838 pensated for by the greater interest taken in the Palace, and the care devoted to it. It was equally evident, also, that the boon conferred on her Majesty's subjects was thoroughly appreciated in every way, and in nothing more than the freedom with which anyone might wander at will, unmar- shalled by the Housekeeper's rapacious housemaids, through the series of interesting rooms, and inspect at leisure their varied contents. Before passing on from the year 1838, we must briefly V #ifr fc 4> General View of Hampton Court, as seen from the River Thames. record that the Palace was, on Thursday, the 21st of June, the scene of a very shocking occurrence, the murder of Sergeant Hamilton of the 1 2th Lancers, then quartered at Hampton Court, by John Rickey, a private in the same regiment. Rickey, it seems, had been to Hampton races, where he had been drinking hard, and when ordered under arrest, about seven o'clock in the evening, seized a pair of loaded pistols, rushed out from the barracks, and stationed himself defiantly at the gate of the First Court. From there, when pursued by Hamilton and another sergeant, he " went 1 841] Rateability of Private Apartments to the Poor. 353 in the direction of Sir Horace Seymour's apartments ; " and stood in an angle of the passage ; where, after threatening to fire at anyone who came near him, he discharged both pistols at his pursuers. The bullet of one entered the body of Sergeant Hamilton, who died within a few days. Rickey was tried at the Old Bailey on the 1 ith of July, 1 found guilty of murder, and condemned to death ; but some extenuating circumstances being found, he was afterwards reprieved, and his sentence commuted. Soon after the unrestricted opening of Hampton Court to the public, namely, in 1 841, a question arose as to the liability of the inhabitants of private apartments, by grace and favour of the Crown, to contribute to the rates in relief of the poor of Hampton, in which parish the Palace is situated. For- merly, as long as Hampton Court was a royal residence in the actual occupation of the Sovereign, there could have been no doubt that entire immunity from rateability was conferred on all those who dwelt within its precincts ; though in October, 1694, the sixth year of the reign of William and Mary, their Majesties had been pleased, in consideration of the fact that the parishioners of Hampton felt themselves " peculiarly aggrieved by the increased charges on the parish funds, arising from the relief of the poor persons who followed the court, and by workmen then engaged in the alterations making at the Palace," to grant to the said parish an annual bounty or pension of ,£50, payable out of the receipts of the Exchequer, by writ of Privy Seal. This, however, was a mere royal gratuity, varying in its amount from time to time by reason of the land tax and other taxes attaching on it ; and for some years immediately following the time of the grant, it was received by the Under-housekeeperof the Palace, and distributed by him at his discretion. Latterly, however, for many years previous 1 Times, June 23rd and July 12th, 1838. f A A 354 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1841 to the accession of Queen Victoria, it had been received by the churchwardens of Hampton, and applied by them in aid of the funds created and established by, and with other charitable donations given generally by, the donors to the use of the poor of the said parish. In the meanwhile, the exemption from contribution to the poor's rates, which un- doubtedly formerly attached to residence in the Palace, continued unquestioned and unchallenged long after it had ceased to be actually occupied by the sovereign and court. But in 1 84 1, as we have said, the parochial authorities of Hampton ventured to raise the question in an acute form, by making an assessment on the inhabitants of the private apart- ments, which, being appealed against by them, was confirmed by Quarter Sessions. Thereupon, a special case was stated, on appeal, for the opinion of the Court of Queen's Bench, and came on for hearing on Saturday, April 23rd, 1842, before the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Denman. 1 As the case — The Queen v. Lady Emily Ponsonby and others — stated for the opinion of the Court, sets out, authoritatively, all the circumstances of the tenure of apartments by private individuals in the Palace ; explains the conditions on which they were, and are still, held ; and gives the obligations im- posed upon their occupants ; some of its paragraphs may be conveniently cited here, especially in so far as they are applicable to the state of things at the present time. " The Palace contains a suite of rooms called the State Apartments, all of which contain a collection of pictures, the property of the Crown, to which the public, under certain regulations, are permitted to have access ; a room called the Board of Green Cloth [the Great Watching Chamber], and a gallery [the Haunted Gallery], which the public are not per- mitted to enter, and which is used as a depository for lumber. For sixty years the State Apartments have not been used 1 The Queen v. Lady Emily ronsonby ami others, 3 Q. B. 14. 1 841] Appeal to the Court of Queens Bench. 355 for any other purpose, and they are not included in the present assessment." " A guard of honour is always on duty at the Palace, and Divine Service is regularly performed therein by a chaplain appointed and paid by the Crown. The Palace, as well as the Gardens which surround it, are maintained and kept in order by the Crown ; and the produce of the Gardens (which gardens are not assessed) is applied to her Majesty's use. Sentinels are posted at the various entrances ; and those entrances are opened and closed at the pleasure of the rown. " The housekeeper of the Palace, who is the only officer of the royal establishment resident in the Palace, formerly employed servants to show the pictures, and received a fee or gratuity for such a view, as a perquisite of office. Upon the decease of Lady Emily Montague, the late housekeeper, the State Apartments were thrown open for the gratuitous admission and view of the public, under the superintendence of persons in the dress of police constables [now the undress livery of the royal domestics], but appointed and paid by the Crown." " There are several other apartments in the Palace, which are in the occupation of private individuals. Some consist of spacious drawing-rooms, dining-rooms, bed-rooms, ser- vants' rooms, kitchen, and other domestic offices, suitable for the residence and accommodation of persons with consider- able household establishments ; and are now, and always have been, occupied by persons of rank and distinction ; and others are occupied by persons of respectable station." " One of the parties included in the rate appealed against is a Mr. Grundy, the husband of the housekeeper of the Palace, appointed and paid by the Crown ; who, as such housekeeper, and for the proper performance of her duty, resides (with her husband and children) in the part of the 356 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1841 Palace set apart for her use, and in respect of which her husband is rated." " With this exception, and that of some other persons similarly situated, the several suites of apartments occupied by private individuals are not enjoyed by them as appur- tenant, or annexed to any office under the Crown, but are occupied by virtue of a written grant or warrant, made by the Lord Chamberlain of her Majesty's household." Here followed a copy of the form of warrant as given in Appendix G. "In some cases the names of two or more individuals (members of the same family) have been included in one warrant. The occupiers of these suites of apartments provide at their own expense every kind of household furniture and fixtures requisite for the furnishing and fitting up of such apartments. Previously to occupiers taking possession of the apartments, such repairs as may be con- sidered by the officers of the Crown, as necessary to be done to such apartments, are done at the expense of the Crown; but, in some instances, where the repairs desired for the accommodation of such occupiers have been of such a nature as to require a considerable outlay, such repairs have been effected at the joint expense of the Crown and the occupier. But all alterations or additional works required by the occupiers are done at their own expense, and in some instances such additional works and alterations have amounted to .£1,000 and upwards." " Afterwards the occupiers themselves are bound, at their own expense, to do whatever internal works, alterations, and repairs, may be found necessary for keeping up and preserv- ing the apartments in a proper and tenantable condition, or which they may consider essential to their greater con- venience and enjoyment ; but no works, alterations, and re- pairs, are done except under the direction of the officers of 1841] Conditions of Tenure of Apartments. 357 her Majesty's Office of Woods and Forests [now the Office of Works], and the Government contracting tradesmen are employed and paid by the occupiers of the apartments." " A periodical survey is made of the apartments every second year by the officers of the Crown ; and a report made of the repairs necessary for placing them respectively in tenantable repair ; and notices are given by the Crown, to the occupiers to have such repairs done, which are done by them accordingly." The case then set out the form of notice of an intended inspection, as formerly served on the occupants, signed by three Commissioners of the Office of Woods and Forests, which notice was as follows : — Office of Woods, &c, 20th March, 1841. In pursuance of the Queen's commands signified to the Chief Commissioner of Her Majesty's Woods, &c, an inspection of the several apartments at Hampton Court Palace, had by grace and favour of Her Majesty, will take place in the ensuing summer, and in the summer of every ensuing second year, of which due notice will be given to each of the several occupiers, who, after such survey and inspection, will be required to execute whatever internal works and repairs may be found necessary for keeping up and preserving the apartments in a proper and tenantable condition. (Signed) Duncannon, A. Milne, Charles Gore. The case further set out a notice from one of the Com- missioners, stating what repairs were required, and request- ing that directions might be given for performing them, which notice was in the following form : — Her Majesty's Office of Woods, &c, September, 1841. Referring to the notice of the 20th of March last, addressed to you by this Board, I beg to inform you that a survey has been made of the present state of the interior of the apartments you occupy, by the grace and favour of the Sovereign, in Hampton Court Palace, and the repairs, &c. (according to the statement on the 358 History of Ha*7ipto?i Court Palace. [1841 other side), are reported as necessary for placing your apartments in tenantable repair. I am, on behalf of the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Woods, &c, to request that you will, at your earliest convenience, give directions for executing the works enumerated, which must be done under the direction of the officers of this Board. I am, Your most humble, (Signed) A. Milne. The periodical surveys and inspections of the private apart- ments, and the notices to repair consequent thereon, have now, for some years, been dispensed with, but are made and given, in each instance, as circumstances may require. In the arguments on the case, 1 it was urged in support of the assessment, that the Sovereign's exemption from rate- ability being a personal privilege, and the Palace not being in the actual occupation of the Sovereign, no privilege of exemption attached to the building and its inhabitants, unless they w r ere residing in it for purposes of service to the Crown ; that, on the contrary, the inhabitants had, in fact, a "beneficial occupation," stress being laid especially on their being permitted to join their families in the occupa- tion. On the other hand, in opposition to the rate, it was urged that the inhabitants had technically neither " tenancy" nor " occupation ; " that the real " occupier " was the Queen, who was present by one of her domestics, her housekeeper ; that the appellants only had a permission by the occupier to retain possession of the apartments, which was neither, in right nor fact, exclusive ; and that they were no more rate- able than a visitor to a gentleman's house. The Court, however, held clearly that the occupation was beneficial ; and that the inhabitants were consequently liable to the rate. The peculiar circumstances, however, of the 1 3Q- B.,p.2i. 1842] Arrangement for Payment of the Rate. 359 Palace would have rendered periodical assessments of the apartments highly inconvenient both to the officials of Her Majesty's household and to the parochial authorities of Hampton. An arrangement, which still subsists, was accord- ingly entered into, for the permanent and definite annual payment to the guardians of the poor of Hampton, without any expense to the parish, of a lump sum, amounting to no less than ^500, in respect of all the apartments in Hampton Court Palace, towards which the occupants have to con- tribute rateably, in proportion to the size of their apart- ments, some being rated as low as £j and others as high as ^15 per annum. But though the inhabitants were thus deprived of one of their most important privileges, there still remained to them another — that of inviolability from civil process, as long as they remained within the precincts of the Palace — which, while not of such general application as the exemption from poor's rates, might still be of no small consequence to some of them, in the good old days of imprisonment for debt. For if an insolvent debtor could only find a refuge in the Palace, he might, in virtue of the right of sanctuary apper- taining to it as a royal residence, revel, as long as he did not rove beyond its walls, in a happy impregnability from the harassing incursions of bailiffs and such like objec- tionable myrmidons of the law, instead of passing his time in the hopeless gloom and misery of the debtors' prison. Of this right of asylum, advantage was taken by Colonel Rose, brother of Lord Strathnairn, who had married a daughter of Mrs. Vesey, a lady with apartments in the Palace (see Suite XIV.), and who, being unfortunately much in debt, and having writs of execution out against him, could not venture outside the Palace, without exposing himself to the risk of arrest. For a long time, accordingly, he used to take his exercise on the top of the Palace, pacing up and 360 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1842 down the vast lead flats of the roof, from which secure and lofty position he looked down on his baffled pursuers. Once, however, having imprudently come down into the Barrack Yard, the bailiffs, who were on the watch, pounced on him in an instant, and proceeded straightway to march him off triumphantly to the debtors' prison. But the in- solvent colonel, though captured, was not yet at the end of his resources ; for, managing to divert their attention for a moment, he suddenly escaped from their grasp, vaulted over the railings into the Towing Path, rushed to the river-side, plunged in, and swam — in the midst of a shower of stones from the exasperated bailiffs thus baulked of their prey — across to the Surrey side of the Thames, where, in a different county, his person was inviolable from the writs issued in Middlesex. CHAPTER XXV. QUEEN VICTORIA — HAMPTON COURT AS A FOPULAR RESORT. Popularity of Hampton Court as a Holiday Resort — Enormous Increase in the Number of Visitors — Averages for the last Fifty Years — Sunday the Favourite Day — Exasperation of the " Unco' Guid" — Sabbatarian Protests — Clerical Assertions — Sunday at Hampton Court "a Hell upon Earth" — The Charges denied — Orderly Behaviour of the Masses — Unsubstantiated Argu- ments — Four Millions of Sabbath Breakers — The Continental Sunday in full Swing — Gaiety of the Scene on a Summer Sunday Afternoon — Restorations to the Exterior and Interior of the Palace — Mr. Edward Jesse, Surveyor of the Royal Parks and Gardens — His happy Knack in framing Rules and Regula- tions — Reverence for the Old — A felicitous Phrase — Occasional Turbulence of the Sightseers — Practical Joke by Theodore Hook — Hoaxing a Party of Cockneys — Various Celebrities at Hampton Court — Lady Wellesley given Apartments — Professor Faraday given a Crown House on the Green — Bazaar in the Great Hall — Removal of Raphael's Cartoons and Tijou's Iron Screens — A Fenian Scare. FTER the throwing open of Hampton Court to the public, it came almost at once into the greatest popular favour as a holiday resort ; and the visitors, who hitherto had been numbered by scores or hundreds, rose immediately to tens, nay to hundreds, of thousands ; and they continued to in- crease, during the first four years after the free opening of the Palace, from 115,971 in 1839 to 122,339 in 1840; and from 147,740 in 1841 to 179,743 in 1842. 362 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1842 After attaining that figure, the numbers fluctuated for some eight years between a maximum of 180,000 and a minimum of 150,000 — a period, by the bye, before the opening of the branch of the South Western Railway to Hampton Court in 1849, which, strange to say, however — although, of course, the train thereafter brought the bulk of the excursionists — had but little effect in increasing their number, perhaps because of the many new places of amuse- ment and attraction started in the neighbourhood of London about that time. The average, in fact, for the two decades between 1850 and 1 870 was about 220,000; except in the Exhibition years, which showed an abnormal increase, 350,848 persons having been reckoned as passing through the State Rooms in 1851, and 369,162 in 1862. During the last twenty years the average number of visitors has been about the same, the lowest total being 165,000 in 1884, and the highest 236,000 in 1882. The numbers were 220,000 in 1886; 204,000 in 1887; 215,000 in 1888; 226,000 in 1889; and 239,000 in 1890. The most popular period of the year has, of course, always been the summer, and the most popular months July and August; for instance, in 1842, the visitors num- bered in May 24,000 ; in June 29,000; in July 50,000; in August 24,000; and in September 14,000; while the average for each of the three months, November, Decem- ber, and January, scarcely exceeded 1,000 a month. The same proportions still hold good at the present time. 1 As to the day of the week on which Hampton Court is most visited, it is interesting to note that Sunday was, is 1 Returns of visitors issued by the 7 f ; 30th July, 1856, 9e; 2nd Sept., Office of Woods. See Times, 21st 1857,9c; and figures supplied to the Aug., 1846, 5a ; 10th July, 1849, 8d ; author by the Office of II. M. Works. 2 1 st Aug., 1851, 5 b ; 22nd June, 1854, l8 43] Hampton Court open on Sundays. 363 now, and always has been, the most popular of all — the visitors on that day usually amounting to half the total for all the other days in the week put together, and occasionally attaining as large a figure as 5,000 on a single Sunday. 1 How it came to pass that the Palace was ever allowed to be opened to the public on Sundays at all, at a time when all other places of innocent recreation and amusement were, in deference to an austere Sabbatarianism, strictly closed, is not a little curious. It appears that this unwonted excep- tion to the dismal severity, which has distinguished the national observance of the day of rest, since the time of the Puritans, was the result, as far as the authorities were con- cerned, of an accident, and occurred in this way. In the old days of the lady housekeeper, her deputies and her housemaids, the days and times of the opening and shutting of the Palace were matters entirely within her own province ; and as a rigid and narrow interpretation of the Sabbatical precept would have involved a most serious diminution in the fees, charged by her for admission into the State Rooms, and the perquisites of her office, it is not sur- prising that her ladyship should have succeeded in recon- ciling her conscience, and those of her satellites, to a little lucrative Sabbath-breaking between them. Thus it was that the system of admitting visitors to Hampton Court on Sun- days, was already in quiet operation, when, on the death of Lady Emily Montague, arrangements were made for the free opening of the Palace to the public. The authorities in London, however, seem not to have been aware of the fact, or, at any rate, to have overlooked it — perhaps with that wise official eye that knows when not to see — and accord- ingly orders were merely given that the State Rooms were to be opened, as formerly, on all the days of the week, ex- cept on Fridays, when they were to be closed, as they still 1 Times, 2nd Sept., 1846, 5 f ; and 2nd Sept., 1857, 9 a, &c, ubi supra. 364 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1843 are, for cleaning. In this way was Hampton Court the first, and for a long time the only, place of recreation open to the public on Sunday. Needless, however, to say that no sooner did this liberal and enlightened proceeding become known to the " unco' guid," than the terrible nature of the innovation thus brought about, burst upon them with a terrific shock, and at once set a train to the whole artillery of Puritan invective. " Desecration " and " profanation " were among the milder terms, hurled at the heads of the placid officials at White- hall and St. James's, whose carelessness had permitted, or whose insidious wickedness had planned, this awful outrage on that fine old institution, " the British Sabbath." The protests of the Sabbatarians could not, indeed, have been more frantic had a visit to Hampton Court on Sunday been, not optional, but compulsory. With that bitter intolerance, and selfish disregard for the freedom of others, which always stamps your true fanatics, these self-appointed censors of public manners were exasperated, beyond measure, that other people should be permitted to amuse themselves in a fashion, of which they — the salt of the earth — did not ap- prove ; and they, accordingly, vociferously clamoured for the retracing of so fatal a step on the downward path towards the abysmal depths of "the continental Sunday" — the Sunday, not only of a hundred and fifty million be- nighted papists, but also of some sixty million sober-minded Protestants in Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden ; to say nothing of an inconsiderable eighty million or so members of the Greek Church. Alto- gether it was an opportunity, not to be missed, by those exquisite individuals, who love to step forth in their favourite self-gratulatory character of " superior persons," to lecture " the worldly " on their duties. One of these pragmatical busybodies, adopting the strange 1843] Hampton Court a " Hell upon Earth!' 365 and presumptuous expedient of addressing a personal letter to the Queen, 1 implored her Majesty, "as one, who long loved and honoured your Majesty's pious grandfather, who was a king blessed of the King of kings," to interpose her autho- rity and prevent the profanation of her Royal Palace. Another, a clergyman, the Rev. D. Wilson, although he had no personal experience in the matter whatever, boldly adopted the language of a friend of his, and denounced Hampton Court on Sunday as " a hell up07i earth; the people come intoxicated, and the scenes in these gardens on the Lord's day are beyond description." 2 This reverend gentleman's sweeping, second-hand imputa- tions against the behaviour of some 80,000 Sunday visitors a year, were emphatically denied at the time by several corre- pondents of the " Times," among others by Dr. Selle, organist of her Majesty's Chapel at Hampton Court, who, having attended at the Palace officially every Sunday for seven years, had ample opportunity of judging of the conduct of the excursionists, and who declared that " the conduct of the masses is orderly, quiet and respectable, nor do I ever remember seeing a drunken character." 3 This testimony was confirmed by a German, a frequent visitor to the Palace on Sundays, who asserted that he had never seen, " either in the gardens or in the gallery any badly-behaved person ;" and that he was " often struck with the good and quiet behaviour of the multitude." The superior champions, however, of the morose and sour observance of the British Sabbath, were not likely to defer to the tainted testimony of a " Godless foreigner." On the contrary, the Rev. D. Wilson, when challenged to give his authority for his statements, and to specify dates and circumstances, like too many clerical disputants, merely 1 British Museum, 1355 k. 2 Times, 2nd Nov., 1852, 3 c. 3 Times, 5th Nov., 1852, 8f. '•66 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1843 o evaded the issue, reiterated his assertions, and took refuge in vague generalities. o o The sole argument, in fact, of the Sabbatarians, apart from sentiment and the misrepresentations of prejudice, was, that through the opening of the Palace on Sundays, the warders in the State Rooms were denied one day's rest in the seven, to spend in the bosom of their families. When it was pointed out to these objectors, that the warders were given a full day on Friday in every week, they shifted their ground, and bewailed the fate of the unhappy men who were, by this scheme, deprived of the opportunity of attending divine service on the Sabbath. Shown that this was not the case, the Palace not being opened on Sundays until two o'clock, and the men, therefore, having the whole morning at their own disposal, and ample opportunity of going to church if they chose, they could only fall back on the demoralizing spectacle, of which these unfortunate servants of the Crown were compelled to be the reluctant witnesses. Fortunately for the four millions of Sabbath-breakers, who have, during the last half-century, braved the thunders of the "Lord's Day Rest Association," and sought a true day of rest, after the strain of their hard weekday labour, and the close confinement of unhealthy London offices and work- shops, in the fresh and invigorating air of Hampton Court, no heed was paid, by those in authority, to the vapourings of the sanctimonious smugs, who would have robbed the people of their holiday ; so that the Palace remains open to the public to this day, on every Sunday throughout the year. As to the general conduct of the excursionists on that day, as well as all the other days of the week, the author can tender his emphatic testimony, after a continuous experience of some twenty years, that it is entirely unexceptionable. True, the visitors do not walk about on the Sabbath day with an air of 1843] " The Continental Sunday" in full Swing. 367 prim self-satisfaction ; true, they are not all dressed in long shiny black coats, and tall greasy chimney-pot hats ; on the contrary, the Sunday sightseers arrive full of high spirits, intent on enjoying themselves ; and they have even been known — horribile dictu ! — to smile, to laugh, to sing, to run, and do many other things, calculated to draw down on them the severest censure from our rigid precisians. But to those, whose eyes are not jaundiced by the blight of Puritanism, there could be no more cheering sight than the happy crowds of young men and women, who, throwing aside their weekday cares, come down to Hampton Court on Sunday, to enjoy themselves in an unconventional and unre- strained fashion ; wandering through the State Apartments ; gazing at the Palace and the pictures ; treading the velvet turf and scenting the flowers, in the gardens ; strolling in the lime walks ; roaming beneath the broad-boughed avenues, or picnicking among the ferns, in Bushey Park ; rollicking in the maze ; or rowing on the river. Indeed, to anyone, who would like to know what "a free Sunday " means, we would commend a visit to Hampton Court some afternoon of that day, in the height of the summer. He will then witness—what is to be seen in no other place in Great Britain — the much-dreaded " Continental Sunday" in full swing, within twelve miles of Charing Cross. Arriving by the crowded train, and standing for a moment on the centre of the bridge, a bright and animated scene meets the eye. On all sides are to be seen hundreds of omnibuses, vans, char-a-bancs, brakes, cabs, dog-carts, and carriages and con- veyances of all sorts, including several coaches ; all of which have brought their parties for the palace, the gardens, the parks, and the river. On the river, above all, the scene is of the gayest : it is often so crowded with rowing boats, steam launches, sailing boats with various coloured sails, and house- boats decked with drapery and flowers, that one would 368 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1843 imagine a regatta was going on. Through Molesey Lock also, just above the bridge, ceaseless streams, literally of hundreds of pleasure boats, each with their merry party of holiday makers, pass all day long ; while upon the banks stroll throngs of young people, not perked out in " Sunday- go-to-meeting best," but men rationally dressed in easy shooting suits or flannels, and girls in neat and pretty lawn- tennis or boating costumes. In the meanwhile, perhaps, down the stream, from the lawn of a riverside club, opposite William III.'s Terrace or Long Walk, there is a "sound of music on the waters," in the lively strains of the last new valse ; while a crowd of boats gathers around, and on the ear " drops the light drip of the suspended oar." To exchange a scene like this, with all its freshness, naturalness, and " abandon," for the hot London streets and parks on Sunday, with their conventional dressed-up crowds, strutting, prayer-book prominently in hand, along the pave- ments, or crawling in dense masses by Rotten Row, enables us to judge how heavy is the load of formalism that still weighs upon English life. Reverting now to the period immediately subsequent to the opening of Hampton Court free to the public, we should notice that the Palace henceforth was much better cared for, and that many excellent restorations were carried out, both on the exterior and in the interior of the building. The hideous sash windows, for instance, that had so long dis- figured many parts of the old Tudor west front, were replaced by Gothic mullioned, casemented, and latticed windows; the ornamental stone carvings were restored ; and chimney- shafts, of finely moulded brick, substituted for the shapeless and graceless masses of yellow brick of the Georgian era. The restoration of the interior of the Great Hall was also undertaken : the walls, so long bare, being rehung with old tapestry; the east and west windows being filled, in 1843, 1843] The Hall and Chapel restored. 369 and the side windows in 1847, with appropriate stained glass by Willement ; and the roof re-decorated. It was objected at the time that these restorations — and espe- cially the painting of the roof — were altogether too brilliant and gorgeous ; but as we noticed in our first volume, 1 though it looks somewhat too fresh and raw for an old building, little more was done than follow the indications of the original colouring, which was always excessively rich in Henry VIII.'s palaces, and which time is continually softening. The same remark applies to the restoration of the roof of the chapel, which was undertaken in 1847, an ^ cost about ,£2,200. The gardens, also, were henceforward much better cared for, and the trees, so long allowed to grow in tangled masses, and to be overrun with ivy, were more sedulously tended. All these matters were carefully supervised by Mr. Edward Jesse, Surveyor of the Royal Parks and Palaces, whom we have already noticed in an earlier page, and to whose memory a word of acknowledgment is due, for the useful work he did at Hampton Court at this time, both in regard to everything of historic interest in the Palace, an^ in promoting its enjoyment by her Majesty's subjects. Mr Jesse had a happy knack, in all the regulations he laid down, of combining that freedom from vexatious restraint, so essential to the public enjoyment of a popular resort, with the respect and dignity, which should invest a Royal Palace, and the reverence, with which a great historic building should be treated. Nothing that could have detracted from, or impaired, the old-fashioned charm of the Palace and gardens, or which might have given it a cockney, suburban, tea-garden air, was tolerated ; on the contrary, everything was done to 1 P. 168. f B B 370 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1843 preserve and maintain its Tudor, Stuart, Orange and Guelph associations — with immense advantage to the interest of the place, and with a much enhanced value to its educa- tional influence over the millions, who have visited it, and who, though uncultured, are far from being entirely proof against the magic spell of a romantic and mysterious past. In all the arrangements Mr. Jesse made, he gave the cue and tone, and originated the precedents, which have since been usually followed. It was one of his ideas, for instance, inspired by his deep love of old trees, to treasure up the remains of the ancient trunks, and make them serve as receptacles or vases, as it were, for ferns and trailing plants, in a way that excited the admiration of M. Taine, who, when describing his visit to Hampton Court, cites it as an instance of the English love and respect for what is old. 1 Mr. Jesse was, also, the inventor of the felicitous phrase, which has ever since been inscribed on the notice-boards in the gardens of Hampton Court : " The Public is ex- pected to protect what is intended for the public enjoy- ment" — a sentiment which equally won the commendation of the great French critic, and which, while much facilitating the protection of the flowers and plants from heedless mischief-makers, has had no small influence in educating the popular conscience to that adequate appreciation of Hampton Court and its attractions, now almost invariably evinced by all, except the very lowest class of excursionists. That in the earlier years of the Queen's reign, however, the disposition of the general public, in this regard, left something to be desired, is evident from the fact that at the time of which we are now treating, Mr. Jesse was put into 1 Notes sur VAnghterre^ p. 30 : fait avec le reste de leur troncs, des "Les vieux arbres sont e'tan^onnesavec sortes de urnes. Yisiblement on les des tigcs de fer ; quand ils meurent, respecte et on les aime." pour ne pas les perdre tout cntiers, on 1843] Excursionists at Hampton Court. 371 the Commission of the Peace for the County of Middlesex, in order, as the " Times " stated, in its obituary notice of him, "to control the visitors, who came to see Hampton Court Palace, and were in the habit of committing depreda- tions in the gardens thereunto belonging." 1 His daughter further informs us that on every Monday and Tuesday, during the height of the season at Hampton Court, his time was fully occupied with " cases for hearing," which were especially numerous and urgent on those days, when the crowds visiting the Palace were greatest, and when " they used to take Bushey Park, together with the neigh- bouring Palace and gardens, almost literally by storm." She goes on to describe a rowdy demeanour on the part of the holiday-makers, which, without saying that it is abso- lutely unknown in the present day — especially on Bank Holidays — is at any rate exceedingly rare, and which, when contrasted with their present behaviour, enables us to gauge how great has been the improvement in the manners of the populace. At this point we may relate, as connected with the ex- cursionists to Hampton Court in the earlier years of her Majesty's reign, an anecdote told of Theodore Hook, which is thoroughly characteristic of that celebrated wit and humorist. 3 It was a broiling day in mid July : the scene, the Chestnut Avenue in Bushey Park, where Mr. Jesse and his daughter were riding under the shelter of the trees, when they met, near the Teddington gate, two gentlemen, one Mr. C , an inhabitant of the Palace, and the other Theodore Hook, both very hot, tired, and exhausted, walking towards Hampton Court. While they were long- ing for some conveyance to carry them back to the Palace, Hook suddenly caught sight of a group of cockney sight- 1 Mrs. Houston's Sylvanus Recti- J A Woman's Memories of World- vivtis, p. 283. known Men, vol. i., p. 152. 372 History 0/ Hampton Court Palace. [1843 seers, who having, as he remarked, " emptied their nose- bags," were preparing to return to Hampton Court. The humorist carefully watched them, until the two parties approached close to each other, when, without giving any notice to his friends of what he was about to do, he sud- denly staggered wildly, caught hold of Mr. C 's arm, and fell to the ground. " Of course there was a rush to help him — 'a poor gentleman had fallen down in a fit' — and the good-natured cockneys set themselves to devising means for the transport along the avenue of the afflicted man. In order to effect this object, no scheme save that of borrowing a door from the gatekeeper's lodge, seemed practicable, and that plan was therefore adopted. The apparently lifeless body of the supposed apoplectic sufferer was carefully laid upon the board, whence occasionally a stertorous sound arose. Four not very powerful-looking young men then cheerfully took up the weighty burden > and bore it tenderly along beneath the chestnut-trees. An equal number of ' ladies,' with looks of awe and sympathy, followed immediately behind the ' body,' whilst the rest of the party, with solemn steps and slow, brought up the rear. Ever and anon the bearers stopped for breath and rest. . . . At length their wearisome pilgrimage came to an end. The iron gates leading to the Wilderness were reached, and, as the gardener in charge proceeded to open them,. Hook slowly rolled himself off the improvised ' shutter,' and taking off his hat, thanked his bearers, and wished them a very good morning." As he disappeared within the gates,, the excursionists gazed, at first, wonder-stricken after him ;. then they waxed angry at the trick which had been played them ; but when they were told that the perpetrator of the hoax was no other than the famous Theodore Hook, their indignation was somewhat mollified. Theodore Hook was only one of many celebrities, literary 1843] Various Celebrities at Hampton Court. 2>72> and social, who about this time were frequently residing in the neighbourhood of Hampton Court, and often visiting the Palace and its inhabitants. There were, besides those mentioned in our foregoing chapter, James Smith, the author of " Rejected Addresses;" Mr. Murray — Byron's Murray, "the Prince of Publishers;" the Rev. J. Mitford, editor of the " Gentleman's Magazine," whose great delight it was to sit reading under the old yew-trees in the gardens ; Sir Francis Chantrey, the great sculptor ; Sir Thomas Lawrence, the painter; John Wilson Croker, whom we have already spoken of as a frequenter of the " Toy Club ; " all of whom were friends and acquaintances of Mr. Jesse, himself an author of several delightful works on natural history, and who often met in his and other houses on the verge of the royal manor of Hampton Court. 1 As to the inner social life within the Palace at this period, we have little or nothing to record ; though we must not omit to mention that in February, 1843, tne inhabitants received a notable addition in the Marchioness Wellesley, 2 widow of the Marquess Wellesley, who had died in September, 1 842, at the age of eighty-two, and whose association with Hampton Court through his mother, Lady Mornington, we have ad- verted to in a previous chapter. Lady Wellesley 's apartments consisted of Suite VI. in the West Front, where she resided much respected and beloved till her death in 1853. Another recipient of the Queen's bounty at Hampton Court, not very long after this, was Professor Faraday, to whom, in 1858, her Majesty, at the thoughtful and kindly instance of the Prince Consort, offered the Crown house on the Green, which now bears his name (see Suite L.). Need- less to say that Faraday had not solicited this favour ; and he, at first, hesitated to accept it, fearing lest he had not the 1 A Woman's Memories, 75 an attempt was to be made to destroy the Palace with Greek fire, or some dangerous explosive. The watchmen were accordingly increased, " most of the gardeners were divided into parties, and patrols were appointed to keep under view the principal approaches of the Palace." Other men were stationed in the courts and passages, " and so a close watch was kept throughout the night, it being so arranged that patrols met at some point or other at very short intervals." l Nothing, however, happened ; and in a day or two, life at Hampton Court resumed the even tenour of its way. 1 Tifnes. ^£*g» Ki3 ^^•*^^ ^^^SABsSSi SM«. lvKS^®U /caal'vW \¥ Ev v?^ " Jo*? 1 ^^!^ Bj^q^jk 3l^^%^*^ i^^^^^M^S, I^^l CHAPTER XXVI. QUEEN VICTORIA RECENT EVENTS AND RESTORATIONS AT HAMPTON COURT. Writ of Ji. fa. executed in a Suite of Private Apartments — Special Case stated for the Court of Exchequer — Arguments for and against the Crown — The Privilege of Immunity held not to attach to the Palace— Appeal to the House of Lords — Remarks of the Judges — The Status of Hampton Court as a Royal Palace — The Decision affirmed — The new Drainage — Discovery of Skeletons in the Fountain Court — Freeing of the Bridge — Princess Frederica of Hanover given Apartments — Birth of her Daughter — Her Exertions in Furtherance of Charitable Institutions — Princess Frederica's Convalescent Home — Grand Entertainment in the Great Hall — Renewed Attention to the historic Interest of Hampton Court — Mr. A. B. Mitford appointed Secretary of the Board of Works — Mr. Lessels, Surveyor of the Board — Repairs, Improvements, and Restorations — The Astronomical Clock — New Works — Powerful and elaborate Machinery — The Old Knights Hospitallers' Bell — Curious antique Inscription — The Great Gate-House restored — Annual Estimates — Cost of Maintaining the Palace, Parks, and Gardens. NTERING now upon the last thirty years of the history of Hampton Court, the next occur- rence of importance to be recorded, was a case, that arose on an information of intrusion, filed by the Attorney-General, on behalf of the Crown, against the Sheriffs of Middlesex and their officers, who had, on the ioth of February, 1865, executed a writ oifi.fa. in a suite of apartments in the Palace, occupied by the wife of the execution creditor. 1 L. R., 2 Exch., p. 290, A ttomey -General x. Dakin and others. 1867] Writ offi.fa. executed in the Palace. $77 A special case was stated for the opinion of the judges, which recited, in the main, the same facts as those given in the case of the Queen v. Lady Emily Ponsonby and others, noticed in an earlier chapter ; l though there were some addi- tional circumstances, which may be set down here, as further elucidating the status of the Palace. They were : that the Sovereign has a pew in the Chapel, which was a few years since used by the Prince of Wales, when residing in the White Lodge, Richmond ; that on the demise of the Sove- reign or consort an achievement of the royal arms is affixed to the Palace ; that the Palace and Gardens are maintained by the Crown ; that the grapes grown in the Vinery are used for the service of her Majesty's table ; that the head- gardener [of the Private Gardens], commonly called the Queen's Gardener, with his three assistants, is appointed by the Lord Steward, and paid by him from the third class of the Civil List, as settled by 1 Vict., c. 2, on her Majesty's accession to the throne ; that he occupies an official residence in the Palace ; and that the Housekeeper, who is appointed by the Lord Chamberlain, is paid in a similar way. It was further stated 2 that this case was the first instance, in which a Ji. fa. had been executed, or attempted to be executed, within the Palace ; but the defendants alleged that writsof capias had been, on several occasions,executed therein, though they admitted that the officers of the Crown were not cognizant of their execution ; nor were they, in fact, aware that any process of the superior courts had ever been executed within the Palace, without the previous permission of the Board of Green Cloth, or the Lord Steward of her Majesty's Household. Further, the defendants could not furnish the names of any parties arrested, nor the dates, nor the parti- cular parts of the Palace where any such arrests took place, 1 Ante, p. 354. a P. 293. 378 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1S67 the validity of such arrests, so they declared, not having been questioned, and no note, therefore, taken of the matter. In the argument against the Crown, it was urged that the privilege claimed was one annexed to the person of the Sovereign, and that it ceased when the acts of the Sovereign indicated that there was no animus revertendi, and that such an indication was given, when the State Apartments were turned into a public picture gallery, and the rest of the Palace into private residences. 1 This contention was adopted by Baron Bramwell, who, laying it down that it was the privilege of the person of the Sovereign and not of the building, gave judgment in favour of the defendants. In this decision Baron Martin concurred. He took the view, that as the State Apartments were " totally unfit for the Queen's occupation, and as it would be impossible for her to occupy them as her dwelling, without remov- ing the present inhabitants," the Palace was, in fact, really and substantially occupied by them, and that the privi- lege, consequently, did not attach ; though it undoubtedly would at once, " were the Queen to change her mind and choose to occupy Hampton Court as her residence." * The Chief Baron Kelly, however, took the opposite view. He held that the mere fact of the sovereign having ceased to reside at Hampton Court, for a very considerable time — without abandoning the possession, or control, or regulation of it as a Royal Palace, and still retaining the power to return to it and actually to reside in it — did not operate to divest the building of its privilege, for it was "impossible not to see that executions, whether against the person or the property of a subject, executed in any place, which is or at any time might become a royal residence, is calculated to 1 The case was argued on May ioth,and judgment given on June 4th, 1S67. 2 P. 298. 1 868] The Pi'ivilege of Itmnnnity from Pi'ocess. 379 offend the dignity, and invade and disturb the personal com- fort and privacy of the sovereign." In support of this view, he relied on the judgment of Lord Ellenborough in the case of Winter v. Miles, 1 where the same point had arisen with regard to Kensington Palace ; and adopting his language therein, declared that the question of the discontinuance of any place as a palace of residence would involve an "un- seemly and unbecoming inquiry, how soon it may be her Majesty's pleasure to come and take up her residence, for a longer or a shorter period of time, actual and personal within this Palace of Hampton Court." The majority of the Court, however, being of the contrary opinion, judgment was entered for the defendants. The case was then taken to the Exchequer Chamber, and was argued on Feb. 7th, 1868 ; judgment being given on June 20th following. Blackburn, Mellor, and Lush, J. J., upheld the decision of the Court below; 2 Willes, Keating, and Montague Smith, J. J., dissenting, and pointing out that it was not likely "that the existence of this privilege will ever lead to injustice or inconvenience, as an application to the Lord Steward or other proper officer of her Majesty's household will always obtain a remedy for the creditor, either by permission to execute the process within the palace, or by his insisting upon the prompt discharge of the debt, as a condition of the enjoyment of her Majesty's bounty." 3 They laid stress also on the fact that the in- habitants " have no tenure, even at will, against the Crown, and are bound to quit at a moment's notice." The Court, however, being equally divided, the judgment of the Court below was affirmed. After this the case was carried to the House of Lords, before whom the appeal was heard on the 24th of June, 1 10 East, p. 581. 2 L. R., 3 Exch., p. 288. 3 Do., p. 29S. 380 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1869 1869, 1 when the following judges attended: Blackburn, Mellor, Brett, and Keating, J. J., and Cleasby, B., the last two giving their judgments in favour of the privilege. In the course of his judgment, Mr. Justice Keating remarked : " Whether some Court physician might discover a peculiar salubrity in the air of Hampton Court [as, indeed, had the physicians of Wolsey, Henry VIII., and William III.], and whether it might not thereupon be her Majesty's wish to reside there for a greater or less portion of the year, or the like, are matters on which it would be difficult even to speculate. 2 But there can be no difficulty in saying that, if such were to be her Majesty's wish, there is nothing to prevent her doing so." He went on to observe: "A view was pressed in the Court below, though less strongly at your Lordships' bar, as if the privilege claimed were, in some way, for the benefit of the Sovereign, and in deroga- tion of the rights of the subject. This appears to me to be a fallacy. The privilege is given, not for the benefit of the sovereign, but of the public, who are interested in the pre- servation of the royal palace of the sovereign from the probable scandals consequent on the intrusion of the sheriffs' officers — such as a seizure of the property of the Crown, a necessity for interpleader, or the like. Nor is the privilege claimed, the absolute exclusion of the sheriffs' officers ; but only that they should enter under such permission and con- trol as would insure the execution of the process without the risk of scandals, which are considered offensive to the public." The Lord Chancellor, Lord Hatherley, who was likewise of the same opinion, emphasized the fact of there being " large state rooms, which undoubtedly might be used, either for the purpose of holding courts, or of giving royal entertainments at Hampton Court Palace, and not very im- 1 L. R.,4 H. ofL.,p. 338. 2 Do, p. 358. 1870] The Judges on the Status of the Palace. 381 probably so, considering on the one hand the neighbourhood of Hampton Court to town, and, on the other hand, its neighbourhood to the palace where the Sovereign is now constantly residing at Windsor." ! The judgment of the Court of Exchequer Chamber, however, being sustained by Lords Chelmsford and Colon- say, it was affirmed on the 4th April, 1870. It is not for us to dispute the soundness of the decision, in spite of the great and singular discrepancy of opinion among the judges ; but it is admissible to remark that the facts of the case, as submitted to the judgment of the Courts, were not stated with all the accuracy they should have been ; and that they so far misled Lord Chelmsford, that he is reported to have spoken of the State Apartments as consisting only of " a picture gallery, a room called the withdrawing room, and a gallery used as a depository for lumber." However, in effect, the decision in this case has made little difference ; for in the rare cases where difficulties of this sort occur, the sheriffs' officers always previously com- municate with the officials of the Oueen's household, and matters are arranged and adjusted, without the scandal of process being executed within her Majesty's Palace. The next thing in the history of Hampton Court, which we must, for the sake of completeness, just briefly mention here, was the carrying out of the new system of drainage, rendered necessary by the Act of Parliament, passed in 1866, entitled "The Thames Navigation Act," 2 which prohibited the outfall of sewage into the Thames. The new Hampton Court drainage, which was begun in 1871, and completed in 1872, cost altogether about ,£2,800. The sewage from the Palace is, consequently, no longer carried by the great brick drains, constructed by Cardinal Wolsey and Henry VI 1 1., into the river; but now passes, in an iron sewer, underneath the 1 P. 368. 2 29 and 30 Vict. cap. 89. 382 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1880 gardens, the Little Canal, and the House Park, to the meadows at the end of the Long Canal, by the riverside, opposite Surbiton, where, after being subjected to a process of infiltration and purification in sewage beds, the effluent liquid residue is discharged into the Thames, opposite the place of intake of the reservoirs of the Chelsea Water- works Company. It was during the works in the Palace for carrying out this new scheme of drainage, that, on Nov. 2nd, 1871, as we related in detail in our second volume, 1 the skeletons of two full-grown men were found under the pavement of the west cloister of the Fountain Court. Nothing else worthy of note occurred in relation to Hampton Court until July, 1876, when, as we have fully recorded in a former chapter, 2 the bridge was freed of toll. But with the year 1 880, there began a decade of the annals of Hampton Court, which has been, in various ways, interest- ing and eventful. In the first place, it was in 1880 that her Royal Highness Princess Frederica and her husband, Baron von Pawel Rammingen, came to reside at Hampton Court, the Queen having given her the suite of rooms in the west front of the Palace, formerly known as the " Lady House- keeper's;" 3 and in these apartments, on the 7th of March in the following year, was born their daughter Victoria, an event which was the occasion of a private visit by her Majesty the Queen to the Princess. Unfortunately, her Royal Highness's little daughter died within three weeks after her birth. In this sad event, the Princess and the Baron had the lively sympathy of everyone at Hampton Court, and in its vicinity. For, short as had then been the Princess's residence in the Palace, she had won all hearts by the kindliness and courtesy of her nature, and her 1 Vol. ii., p. 160. a Ante, p. 290. 3 See Appendix G, Suite I. 1881] Princess Frederica at Hampton Coii7't. 383 consideration for all those, with whom she had been brought in contact. Since then, as years have gone by, the cordial feeling, entertained by her neighbours towards her Royal Highness and her husband, has increased and deepened into a sentiment of the warmest regard and affection, in- spired equally by the natural grace and refinement of their characters, and by the dignified simplicity of their lives. Of the Princess's sympathetic nature, and her active inte- rest in all undertakings, that can promote the welfare of those in a less fortunate station in life than herself, we have witness in the number of benevolent and charitable institu- tions, with which she is connected, and the originating of several of which, was entirely due to her exertions. Of these, the most important was the establishing by her, near Hampton Court — a few months after the death of her child — of a Convalescent Home for poor and delicate married women, who have recently become mothers, and who re- quire the advantages of medical aid, fresh air, and good food, which they are unable to obtain in their own homes, or at their own expense. Strange to say, until Princess Frederica suggested this institution, and worked most assi- duously to promote it, nothing of the sort existed anywhere in England. In furtherance of this laudable object, her Majesty the Queen granted the Princess, in the summer of 1 88 1, the special and exceptional privilege of using the Great Hall of the Palace, for an entertainment, in aid of the funds needed for starting it. The entertainment, which was given on Friday, Aug. 5th, and was honoured by the presence of Princess Mary as well as Princess Frederica, was the first that had taken place within the walls of the Great Hall, since the theatrical per- formance, 1 given by George II., in 1 73 1, in honour of the Duke of Lorraine. The programme consisted of a selec- 1 Ante, p. 240. 384 History 0/ Hampton Coicrt Palace. [18S1 tion of music, and two small dramatic pieces — " Yellow Roses" and "Tears" — in which Sir Charles Youne and Lady Monckton were the principal performers. For these purposes a stage was erected on the dais, at the upper end of the Hall; while the rest of the space was made available for an auditorium, in which some five hundred people were seated. An additional attraction was the band of the Mili- tary School of Music from Kneller Hall, which is reckoned the best in the service, and which, though, as a rule, it never performs in public, attended, on this occasion, by special permission of his Royal Highness the Commander-in-Chief. It was placed in the old minstrel gallery, where formerly the minstrels played during banquets, masquerades, and dramatic performances. Altogether the scene was an exceedingly interesting and brilliant one; and it could not fail to evoke, even in the most uninformed mind, thoughts of the many splendid festivities, that had taken place in ancient times, beneath the same historic roof. The proceeds of the sale of the tickets for the enter- tainment amounted to a large sum, which, with many donations and annual contributions, enabled " Princess Frederica's Convalescent Home" to be started on the prosperous and beneficent career, which it has maintained ever since. In the meanwhile, the historical and artistic aspects of the Palace of Hampton Court, which had, for so long a time — in fact, since the first few years immediately succeeding its free opening to the public — been almost entirely overlooked and neglected, began, about the period we have now reached, to receive renewed attention. This was principally due to the appointment, in 1874, of Mr. A. 13. Mitford, C.B., as Secretary to the Board of Works, who, appreciating, at its priceless worth, the picturesque and romantic edifice en- trusted to the care of his office, and taking, not merely a !88i] Works and Restorations. 385 perfunctory, but a warm, personal interest in everything relating to it, at once devoted all his energy and taste to preserving its ancient structure, and to effecting everything, that might add to its attractions and interest. In these efforts he was, fortunately, most ably seconded by Mr. John Lessels, the Surveyor of the Board, whose province it is to supervise all works undertaken in the royal palaces, and who rejoiced in the opportunity for doing his best to main- tain Hampton Court in a proper condition. The Board, also, could not have had a more active representative at Hampton Court itself, than Mr. Chart, the Clerk of the Works, who had been appointed not long before, and who has zealously promoted and carried out all that has been recently done in the Palace, and to whom, as well as to Mr. Lessels, Mr. Mitford, and to Mr. Primrose, the present Secretary of the Board, the author owes a hearty acknow- ledgment, for the cordiality with which any proposals or sug- gestions made by him have always been entertained. Thus it was that, about the year 1878, Hampton Court entered upon a new epoch of improvement and restoration, which has continued to the present day, and which, we trust, will not close until that remote future, when all the works still needed have been achieved. The first and preliminary step taken, was one of pre- caution, namely, the rendering of the Palace as secure as possible against the danger of fire — a topic to which we shall further allude later on. The next was a gradual, but systematic, execution of all such structural repairs — and they were many — as were absolutely essential to arrest serious deterioration in the fabric : repairs, that is, to roofs, walls, and water-courses. After this a further step was the gradual ridding the Palace, as opportunity served, of several un- sightly excrescences, which had been allowed to be built up and disfigure its appearance in former days ; while of equal f c c 386 Histoiy of Hampton Court Palace. [1881 o importance were : the replacing of shabbily executed modern repairs, by work in harmony with the old, and the renewal of all decayed ornamental features, in a style and manner adhering as closely as possible to that of the past — great care being taken, neither to destroy the smallest portion of the old work, nor to mar the antique aspect of the Palace, by sham and unnecessary restoration. Much of what has been done in this regard, is consequently scarcely observable by the ordinary eye — though not without account in the general effect. We will not, therefore, specify the many scores of windows, that have had their commonplace sashes replaced by stone jambs and mullions, and their ugly plate glass, by old-fashioned lattices of leaded diamond panes ; the numerous badly-built chimneys of yellow brick, that have given place to decorative shafts of moulded red brick ; and the oak panelling, doors, and shutters, that have been relieved of their accumulated coats of paint. All this and much more has been carried out so unobtrusively, that only those, who were intimately acquainted with the structure of the Palace some twelve years ago, and who, not having seen it in the meanwhile, should visit it now, could justly estimate how much has been recently done to improve its general external appearance. Repairs of this general nature having been put in hand for gradual execution, the way was ready for undertaking restorations of a more attractive and noticeable kind. One of the first and most interesting of these was the replacing, in 1880, of the dial of the old astronomical clock, which had been, for many years, stowed away uncared for in an outhouse, 1 in its original position, on the east side of the Clock Tower, facing the Second or Clock Court of the Palace ; and the making of it to move again once more, after so many years of rest. The dial — composed of three 1 See ante, p. 345. 1881] Restoration of the old Astronomical Clock. 387 concentric discs, overlapping each other, but revolving at varying rates — we have sufficiently described and explained in our first volume, where, under Henry VIII., by whom the clock was originally erected in 1540, 1 the reader will find an engraving of the dial, and the stone framework in which it is set ; while the alterations of the old works at various times, and the replacing of them by a clock from St. James's in William IV.'s reign, we have adverted to in this volume, under that King. 2 As to its recent restoration : when Messrs. Gillett and Bland, of Croydon, the firm to whom the Board of Works entrusted the work, came to examine the wheels, by which the discs were to be moved, they found, by the number of teeth in some of the wheels, that it would be impossible to make the astronomical clock keep proper time, if they were left as they were. New wheels, accord- ingly, had to be cut, and the works adapted to our present accurate astronomical knowledge : there is, therefore, now, little left of the original clock beyond the old dial. The clock from St. James's Palace, also, being apparently un- equal to the labour of driving the astronomical dial, as well as the hands of the ordinary clock face on the other side of the tower, new machinery, with all the most modern improvements in horology, was made to replace it. The motive power is now given to the clock by three weights — one of 8 cwt., and two, moving the striking mechanism, of 4^ cwt. each. These weights, attached to steel wire-ropes carried over pulleys, are suspended in the north-west angle-turret of the Clock Tower, and descend to a depth of nearly 60 feet. An important feature in the construction of the works is technically described as " the double three-legged gravity escapement," which has this advantage, that a greater weight can be used than with other escapements, to drive the clock without affecting the 1 See pp. 217, 220. ' Ante, p. 344. "SS History oj Hampton Court Palace. [1881 o arc of the pendulum's oscillation, — this escapement, which is actuated by a " gravity remontoire," being a constant power giving the impulse to the pendulum. The hands of the western clock-face have not a continuous motion, but jump forward every quarter of a minute ; by this way of moving them the effects of their own weight and the pressure of the wind are diminished. The compensation pendulum, made of brass and iron tubes, with a cast-iron cylindrical bob, weighing about 2\ cwt., beats i^ seconds. This elaborate and powerful machinery is not more than is needed for the labour of driving the discs of the dial, which are of copper, and of great weight and size — the largest, or outer one, being as much as 7 feet 10 inches in diameter. Nevertheless, it performs its functions with great accuracy, and keeps very fair time, rarely losing or gaining more than half a minute in a month. It would not even vary half a second, were it not for the disturbing in- fluence of the wind, which gains enormous leverage from the size and weight of the dial. Since its restoration this curious and almost unique relic of Tudor times has, we need scarcely observe, excited great interest ; and visitors to the Palace are continually seen gazing, with puzzled awe, on its mystic face. If the dial is carefully studied and understood, it will tell, not only the hour of the day, but the month, the day of the month, the position of the sun in the ecliptic, the number of days since the beginning of the year, the phase of the moon, its age in days, the hour of the day at which it souths (that is, crosses the meridian), and thence the time of high water at London Bridge — all things, it is true, which the hurried excursionist, anxious to know if he has minutes enough to catch his train, cares little about ; but which still may prove a useful lesson in astronomy, even in these days of " assisted educa- tion " and cheap almanacks, to anyone who will take the 1881] The Old Knights Hospitallers Bell. 389 trouble to master the lesson taught by the monster time- keeper of Henry VIII. Above the astronomical clock is a hybrid classical cam- panile of painted wood — apparently of the time of Charles II. — which surmounts and greatly disfigures the finely-pro- portioned Tudor Clock Tower, and in which are hung the three clock bells, the two smaller ones " ting-tanging " the quarters. The largest one, on which the hours are struck, has a fine mellow sound, and weighs about 18 cwt. It was evidently, at one time, hung for ringing, possibly as long ago as the time of the Knights Hospitallers ; for, curious to say, this bell is the oldest thing at Hampton Court — older not only than Henry VIII.'s clock, but older even than the Cardinal's palace, some years before the building of which, it issued from the foundry of a famous London bell-founder, Thomas Harrys by name, who flourished about 1479. This fact is proved by his initials, "T. H.," which are found stamped on the bell. 1 It is, therefore, very likely one of the two bells mentioned in the schedule to Wolsey's lease of the manor of Hampton Court,^ as being in the chapel-tower of the old preceptory or manor-house of the Knights of St. John. This is the more probable, as the chapel is believed to have been dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, and the old bell, in addition to its founder's initials, bears the following legend : + STELLA + MARIA + MARIS + SUCCVRRE + PIISIMA + NOBIS + (Mary most holy, Star of the Sea, come to our assistance.) It is strange to think of this inanimate witness to the old faith, ringing out, hour by hour for nearly four centuries, this pious Catholic ejaculation in the unconscious ears of 1 Stahlschmidt's5 , //ryr>'iu7/j'. There King's College, Cambridge, about is a bell of Harrys's at Limpsfield in 1479. Surrey ; and he was doing work at 2 See vol. i., p. 343. 390 History of Hampton Court Palace. [ l8Sl the Protestant inhabitants of the Palace. How strange, especially, to think how little the Puritan " saints" could have suspected, on that night when Cromwell lay dying on his bed of fever in the Palace, and when they were praying for his recovery — or rather, in " saucy expostulation with God," declaring that he must recover 1 — that the bell up aloft, as it struck out the solemn hours of night, was uttering forth, with its iron tongue, this superstitious and idolatrous invocation to the Mother of God ! How quickly, had they known it, would the bell have been dashed down and silenced for ever — dashed down as the altar, the sacred pictures, and the fine stained glass in the chapel had been, when the " godly " iconoclasts entered into possession of Charles I.'s Palace. Strange, too, that the secret, as it were, of the old Knights Hospitallers' bell, should have been undiscovered until our day of rational toleration, when the bitterness of religious hate has been so far mitigated, and the superstitious dread of superstitious things so much allayed, that the bell, with its inscription, may yet go on, unmolested, for generations to come, sounding the hours, and marking the flight of time. The interesting restoration of the old astronomical clock was soon followed by many others, several of which have been incidentally referred to in the course of these volumes. One, not previously noticed, which was executed in 1882, was the substituting of a fine groined ceiling of carved stone, in the archway of Wolsey's gatehouse, in the West Front, 2 in place of the flat unsightly plaster ceiling, which replaced, a hundred and ten years ago, Wolsey's original stone ceiling, and which had disgraced this entrance to the Palace ever since. The restored groining is similar in style and pattern to that under the second gate, with necessary 1 See vol. ii., p. 195. 1 See ante, vol. i., pp. 27, 54, 249, and 251, and vol. iii., ante, p. 295. 1SS2] The Great Gate-House restored. 391 variations for the difference in size and proportion, this ceil- ing being 30 feet long by 20 broad, while the other is 18 feet square. The curvature and direction of the moulded stone ribs were determined by two angle shafts, corbels, and springing stones, which fortunately remained in two corners ; and the general construction is in accordance with what is believed to have been the design and form of the original. The central compartment is filled with panels of Gothic tracery and Tudor details, and ornamented with quatrefoils containing shields, upon which are carved the arms and de- vices of Cardinal Wolsey, one being " T. C." (Thomas Car- dinal), a favourite cypher of Wolsey 's. The central "boss," or keystone, which alone weighs a ton and a half, is carved with the royal arms of the Queen. The stonework weighs altogether forty tons. The whole was designed by Mr. Lessels, and carried out under his direction. At the same time, Wolsey's entrance gateway was further improved by the restoration of its inner walls, and of the doorways, which give access from it to the cloisters on either side; and also by replacing, in October, 1882, in their original position — instead of the hideous cast-iron gates that had so long disfigured this noble arch — the grand and mas- sive old carved oak doors, which had lain for upwards of a century discarded in an outhouse, and were lately found serving as a floor to a carpenter's shop ! These doors, which are undoubtedly of Henry VIII. 's time, are each 17 feet high by 6 \ feet wide ; the ribs, which are six inches thick, are studded with nails ; and the panels, which are carved with the linen-fold pattern, are still, after being exposed to the weather for nearly four centuries, wonderfully well pre- served. Another important restoration, carried out about the same time, was the refacing with brick of the dilapidated plastered walls of the staircase to the Great Hall, the repairing of its 39 2 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1882 ceiling, and the replacing of its decaying supports by carved oak rafters. Other works have been: the restoration of the parapet, "crests," and pinnacles of the Great Hall, and the re- placing on them of the " Kynge's Beastes" of carved stone, grasping vanes ; the substitution of an octagonal red brick staircase in the " Master Carpenter's Court," for a very ugly one of yellow brick ; the removing, in the same court, of a disfiguring pent-house or lean-to ; the opening up of the old " Serving Place," by the removal of an excrescence built along one side of it to form a passage ; the repairing and re- painting of the ceiling of the " Great Watching Chamber," l come of the ornaments of which had disappeared, and are now replaced by careful copies of those still remaining ; and many similar works throughout the State Rooms, which we need not enumerate. Equally important improvements have been the opening to public inspection of several curious rooms, hitherto neglected and inaccessible: for instance, the " Horn Room," between the Great Hall and the Great Watching Chamber, where the old staircase, which leads to Wolsey's kitchens, and up which the dishes were brought for his banquets, has been uncovered and revealed. " Cardinal Wolsey's Closet," also, which we described at length in our first volume, 2 has recently been restored, and was opened to the public last year. In the meanwhile, much has been done in repairing, cleaning, and rehanging the tapestries ; and there is now in hand the repairing of the stone ornamental carving on the exterior of the building. Last year, Henry VIII.'s arms, over the archways in the first two courts, were most excel- lently restored by Mr. Ruddick, who carefully preserves the smallest fragment of the old work, and pieces the new on to it so well, that it is impossible to detect the difference between 1 See vol. i., p. 180. 2 P. 53. 1882] Further Improvements mid Restorations. 393 the old and new. At present the same skilful artist is v '-■■■■ ! v 1 The Fountain Court. engaged in repairing the decaying stone carving in the Fountain Court, and on the South and East Fronts of the new 394 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1882 Palace — a work undertaken only just in time, as the old designs were fast being obliterated altogether. We may take this opportunity of observing that the pre- sent total annual cost of maintaining Hampton Court Palace, and the detached buildings within the manor, is ,£8,700 — the chief charges being : salaries and allowances, about .£1,300; police, £770; fuel, lighting, and water, ,£1,200; and repairs and maintenance, about ,£5,000 — in which last sum, besides the wages of workmen and the cost of material, are included such charges as sewerage, cleansing, drainage, expenses for fire prevention, heating apparatus, camp- shedding for the river, &c. The cost of keeping up the Gardens is annually ,£2,200 — salaries and wages being ,£252; police and keepers, £2 5 7 ; and maintenance, ,£1,560. Bushey Park costs about ,£3,000. CHAPTER XXVII. QUEEN VICTORIA — FIRES AND FIRE PRECAUTIONS AND APPLIANCES AT HAMPTON COURT. Fire at the Palace in December, 1882 — A Servant Maid suffocated — Inquest on the Body — Damage done by the Fire — Precautionary Arrangements and Appliances — Committee appointed by the Queen — Further Safeguards adopted — Electric Alarms — The State Apartments isolated and divided into Fireproof Sections — Outbreak of a second Fire in November, 1886 — Edward VI. 's Nursery burnt — Extensive Damage — Further preventive Arrangements — Its Extent, and the Damage done— Restoration of the burnt Portion of the Palace — Insurance of Private Apartments — Water Rate for a Supply at constant high Pressure — Security of the State Apartments and Pictures — Danger due to Private Apart- ments exaggerated — Her Majesty's Jubilee — Conclusion of the Annals of Hampton Court. ESUMING now our annals of events in the Palace, which, in our last chapter, we brought down to the year 1881, we must notice that Hampton Court, which, with a good fortune rare among old buildings, had enjoyed complete immunity from the smallest fire, ever since its foundation 370 years ago, was unfortunately involved, within four years, in two most serious conflagrations. The first of these broke out on the morning of the 14th of December, 1882 ; but, as all the circumstances of this alarming occur- rence were fully recorded in the public press at the time, it n 96 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1882 will not be necessary to do more here, than briefly to recapitulate the main facts. The fire broke out, at about half-past seven in the morning, in a suite of private apartments in the new Palace, then Mrs. Crofton's (Suite XXVII.), in the "Round Window," or " Queen's Half Storey," in a room exactly over one called the " Indian Chief's Room " — now used as the author's museum of prints and curiosities relating to Hampton Court, and adjacent to the Queen's Gallery and George II.'s Private Chamber. It owed its origin to a heating lamp, used for making tea by a servant in her bedroom, unknown to her mistress. Luckily the outbreak was discovered before it had extended very far, and an alarm being at once raised, the Palace Fire Brigade was, in a few minutes, on the spot playing on the flames, which were completely got under in about half-an-hour. The fire, however, resulted in the death of the servant, Mrs. Lucas, in whose room it originated, and who was suffocated by the smoke in going back, after having raised the alarm, to fetch some- thing in the burning room. This sad incident necessitated an inquest, which was held in the "Oak Room," in the Palace, on December 16th, by the " Coroner of the Verge of the Court," the official of her Majesty's Household, to whom appertains all inquiries into deaths occurring within any of the royal palaces, and who accordingly empanelled a jury of fifteen residents in the Palace, the chaplain acting as foreman. The facts elicited at this inquiry were, substantially, as we have just stated them ; but the inference drawn from the evidence given, tending to show that the fire was caused by a mineral oil heating lamp, was, by subsequent investigation, shown, pretty conclusively, to have been erroneous, the real origin of the conflagration having been the overflowing of the burning spirit in a small spirit lamp. 1882] Fire in the Palace. 397 The damage done by this fire to the fabric of the Palace was greatly exaggerated at the time, only three out of the thousand rooms which the Palace contains having been burnt ; not more than five or six rooms touched by fire or smoke ; not one two-thousandth part of the structure of the Palace destroyed, and no permanent injury whatever done to any work of art. The whole was made good at a charge of about ^4,000. Extensive and irretrievable damage, however, was undoubtedly only prevented by the prompt and energetic action of the Fire Brigade, assisted by Captain Ramsay and the men of the 4th Hussars, then quartered at Hampton Court; and especially by the excel- lent appliances for extinguishing fire, with which the Palace had then recently been furnished. As the apparatus in use at Hampton Court played a most important part in subduing the flames, not only on this occasion, but also on that of the subsequent fire in 1886, we shall offer no apology for describing them with some fulness of detail, as well as the precautions taken for localizing any outbreak that might occur, and for insuring the safety of the Queen's pictures and other works of art. The principal apparatus is a steam fire-engine and pump, fixed on the premises, near the building, which can, in a few minutes, develop a pressure capable of throwing six large jets of water far above the highest pinnacle of the Palace, and which can pump about 700 gallons of water a minute. In connection with this, there is a special fire-main, laid on the roof behind the parapet, by which the firemen are enabled to deluge the top of the Palace with water, and to the existence of which was chiefly due the extinguishing of both the fires at Hampton Court. This fire-main and the fixed steam-engine, by which it is charged, were erected at the instance, and through the determined energy of Mr. Mitford, in spite of much opposition, soon after his appoint- 398 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1884 ment to the Secretaryship of the Board of Works, who, as we have said, did so much for the Palace during his tenure of office. Besides this there are, on the main, fifty-five hydrants, fourteen of which are within the State Rooms, and twenty outside, and all of which are kept constantly charged with water, at a pressure reaching to the level of the ceilings of the State Rooms. In addition to all this, there are two manual engines, a fire curricle, three hand-pumps, seventy- five buckets, six new corridor engines, and two hand- pumps on the landings, and a fire-escape of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade pattern. The Fire Brigade now consists of a Superintendent and eighteen men, six of whom are resident within the Palace, and all of whom live close by. They have weekly practices; are regularly drilled once a month ; and periodically inspected by an experienced officer, specially selected for this service. All these precautionary arrangements and appliances existed prior to the fire of December, 1882; and their efficiency has been amply demonstrated by the successful way in which they coped, not only with that outbreak, but also with the more serious and dangerous one of November, 1 886, as we shall see. After the first fire, however, many further measures were taken to guard against this danger to Hamp- ton Court. Had it not been, indeed, for the loss of life, that was caused by the first outbreak, it might have been regarded rather as a fortunate occurrence than otherwise. For it gave the authorities, who were anxious for the safety of the Palace, an excellent opportunity for pressing upon the Treasury, the urgent necessity of further precautions. To consider what steps should be taken in this direction, a committee was appointed by her Majesty the Queen, con- sisting of Sir Spencer Ponsonby Fane, K.C.B., Comptroller of her Majesty's Household; Mr. A. B. Mitford, then 1885] Precautions against Fire. 399 Secretary of H. M. Board of Works; and Mr. March, Secretary of the Board of Green Cloth, to inquire into and report upon the whole subject. In accordance with their recommendations, the Palace was soon after provided throughout with electric fire- alarms ; all the State Apartments, which had hitherto been heated by means of coke stoves, were fitted with hot-water pipes ; several rooms adjacent to them, which had until then been in private occupation, were detached from the inhabited part of the Palace ; and the whole series of State Rooms isolated from the rest of the building by solid brick walls, carried up through the roofs, and by steel doors ; and sub- divided, besides, into several fire-proof sections ; while to all the important pictures and the tapestries was attached lowering gear, for facilitating their speedy removal. In addition to these safeguards, there have been, since 1882, four night watchmen, the night being divided into two watches, and two men constantly patrolling both the inside and the outside of the Palace ; besides the sentry at the gate, and the extra police, who are continually on duty night and day, since the dynamite " scares." These supplementary precautions, which cost an additional ^"4,500, had no sooner been in operation at Hampton Court, when another alarming fire broke out, on the 19th of November, 1886, which, though unattended with any loss of life, and though not occasioning injury to anything of artistic interest, yet was much more formidable in its extent and the amount of damage it caused, than the fire of December, 1882. Fortunately, the scene of the conflagra- tion, which at one time assumed very threatening propor- tions, was a long way from the State Rooms, and in a portion of the Palace — known as " My Lord Prince's Lodg- ings " or " Edward VI. 's Nursery" — which had been much rebuilt in Georgian days, and in which there was very little 400 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1886 of any archaeological interest. The apartments in question are situated on the first floor, in the north-east corner of the Tudor Palace, having windows abutting south on the Chapel Court, and north on Tennis Court Lane. 1 They were, in 1886, as at present, in the occupation of Miss Cuppage (Suite XXXIX.), though temporarily tenanted, at the time of the fire, by Lord Alwyne Compton, who was then in command of a detachment of the 10th Hussars quartered at Hampton Court. The flames, which were first noticed at half-past ten in the morning, originated in a dark housemaid's closet (situated in the south-west angle of the Chapel Court), where the use of a light was always required, and where a servant had left a lighted candle. Unluckily this corner of the Palace was very confined, and contained much inflam- mable modern material, such as flimsy partitions and panel- ling, furnishing ready food for the fire, which rapidly ac- quired considerable hold of the building. As soon, however, as the steam fire-engine and mains were got to work, all serious anxiety lest the flames should extend their area, and spread to more important parts of the Palace, was allayed ; though it tested all the energies of the Palace Fire Brigade, heartily assisted by the men of the 10th Hussars, and after- wards by a dozen fire-brigades from neighbouring towns, to subdue them. Indeed, nearly three hours and a half elapsed before the fire was entirely extinguished, though it was practically mastered in an hour and a half. An exciting incident was the rescue of an invalid lady, Miss Somerset, from her apartments (Suite XL.), and the carrying her over the roof to a place of security ; for which Mr. Thorne, the warder of the Garden gate, received the medal of the Royal Humane Society. It was a fortunate circumstance that this fire occurred in 1 See Appendix G, Suite XXXIX. 1 886] Second Fire in the Palace. 401 a portion of the Palace, of all others, where least mischief could have been done to anything - of historical or archaeo- logical interest. For though the main and outer walls — ■ the only part that withstood the flames — were ancient, and dated from the time when Edward VI. was Prince of Wales, the internal part, which was entirely destroyed, had been completely transformed and badly rebuilt in Georgian days ; and the whole so much needed repair and restoration, that it had long been marked out for this purpose by those interested in Hampton Court. This second fire, therefore, likewise brought some good results in its train ; for it afforded an opportunity, which could not otherwise have occurred, of re-erecting the whole of the inside in a solid and substantial manner, and also of thoroughly restoring the Tudor aspect of this part of the Palace. This improvement has, in fact, been thoroughly effected : the patched walls, the slated roofs, the common- place sash-windows, the nondescript doors, the shapeless chimneys, having given place to deep-crimson Tudor brick- work, red-tiled roofs, stone mullioned windows, with latticed casements of leaden panes, and moulded chimney-shafts; while the inside has been equally improved, dark narrow passages, stuccoed walls, flimsy inflammable partitions, and all the common and tasteless contrivances of the end of the last century, being now succeeded by ample spaces, in har- mony with the old cloisters, by solid walls, by oak panelled doors, and the various quaint and picturesque features of the Tudor style. As nearly forty rooms had been destroyed or damaged by the fire, the work thus entailed was very great ; and the total cost — of which no inconsiderable pro- portion was incurred in respect of these excellent restora- tions — amounted to about ^8,000, for which a special vote was obtained in 1887. All possibility, however, of a similar expenditure ever again f D D 402 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1886 being necessary, to make good damage by a fire originating in the private apartments at Hampton Court, will be pre- vented in the future by a new regulation, whereby each occupant is now required to contribute a quota towards the insurance of the Palace against fire. Hitherto Hampton Court, like all other Royal or State property, had never been insured, for a reason, which will be apprehended at once by everyone, who understands the theory of assurance and the principle of averaging a loss ; but the special risks, to which it is exposed from the occupation of apartments by private individuals, seemed to make it fair that they should insure the Crown and State against a danger, of which they are the occasion. On the same principle, the inhabitants of the Palace are, since the second fire, required to pay a sort of " water rate," to make up a sum of ^50 a year, which is the rent payable to the Grand] unction Water-Works Company foran extra supply of water to the Palace, at constant high pressure. This supply was provided, on the recommendation of the Committee, after the second fire, as a supplementary precaution ; and is con- veyed to the Palace from the works of the company at Hampton in a nine-inch main, and distributed throughout the building by branch pipes. The cost of laying the main was about ^1,500, and the re-arranging the branches about £600. Now, therefore, at all hours of the day and night, every hydrant throughout the palace is constantly charged, and ready, at a moment's notice, to pour water to the highest point of the Palace, wherever and whenever required. Taking all these arrangements and precautions into con- sideration, we doubt whether there is any building in Europe so thoroughly equipped against the danger of fire as Hampton Court. But besides these provisions against disaster, there are several other circumstances, which afford still further secu- 1887] Security of tlie State Rooms and Pictures. 403 rity to the State Apartments and their valuable contents. Among these, we may reckon the fact that the rooms in which the pictures and tapestry are hung, for the most part extend, as a glance at the plan will show, round the four sides of the Fountain Court to a length of nearly 1,500 feet ; and that they are located in such a manner that one part is almost entirely isolated from the other. Next, the great thickness of the old walls would always materially aid in localizing anyconflagration, as, in fact, was the case in the two fires that have occurred. Then, the twenty-five State Rooms are all on the first floor, and have as many as ninety-seven large sash-windows, abutting on four different open spaces, and in seven different directions, as it were, through which the pictures could be passed, with the greatest facility, to the ground. Further, besides the machinery, which we have before spoken of, for moving the pictures with ease and safety in case of fire, the nine great pieces of Mantegna's Triumph are attached to a special hydraulic mechanism, whereby they can immediately be lowered from the walls of the gallery, where they hang, through a trap door in the floor, to the open cloister beneath. Comparing all these circumstances with those of the National Gallery, with its skylights and its single entrance, or with the confined and combustible buildings of the South Kensington Museum, it will appear that the treasures of art at Hampton Court are relatively secure. With regard to the source of danger to the State Rooms and pictures, consequent on four-fifths of the Palace being occupied by private families, it is one that has been much exaggerated, by persons unfamiliar with the topography of the Palace. For Hampton Court is a vast and somewhat straggling conglomeration of buildings, rather than one com- pact whole, covering about nine acres of space, and enclosing numerous courtyards ; so that some parts of the Palace are t 404 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1887 as far separated from each other, and as distinct and de- tached, as the various sides of a London square — another circumstance, which would tend to localize any outbreak. It is to be observed, also, that not more than ten out of the fifty private apartments are in the same block as the State Rooms, and of these only three or four in close proximity with them ; while many are as far removed and almost as detached as Morley's Hotel from the National Gallery. Keeping all these points in view, it would seem impossible, therefore, that any fire could ever occur, which would involve the whole Palace. After the fire of November, 1886, no further event of any note took place at Hampton Court. Having, therefore, chronicled the fact that her Majesty's Jubilee, in 1887, was celebrated with much rejoicing in the royal manor, we are brought down to the close of the year 1890, with which these annals of Hampton Court conclude. Before, however, bidding farewell to our readers, we may devote a couple of chapters to a topic, on which much curiosity is often expressed — namely, the inner life of the present denizens of the Palace — a curiosity, which we will gratify, in so far as we have not already done so incidentally, here and there, in our preceding pages, by lifting the veil, and affording the public a peep into the private apartments. WW Down at Hampton Lady Shaclzleton's "Grace and Favour Apartment >? ITie lovely arch of Anne Boleyn's Gateway at Hampton Court, seen through the Great Gatehouse. quaint construction. One was dis- covered to have three or four tlues! Her dining-room looks on to a quiet courtyard, the drawing-room ''runs the length of the house, and two of the bedrooms and a bath- room are over the Tudor kitchen — Henry VIII. 's " Great Kechyn," a quaint store place with immense arched The new tenant is having her home made as modern in comfort as possible. She will actually have two bathrooms, and bathrooms have always been scarce in the palace. Not ADY SHACKLETON had three .sets of " Grace and Favour Apartments " from ch to choose when she was ted by the Ring to take up residence in Hampton Court ace. he apartments are so called luse they are granted by royal le and favour, in recognition of ■ices to the Crown and country, y Shackleton chose to live re once the mother of Com- ider Scott, who, like Sir Ernest ckleton, was an explorer of immortal 3, had her home. The apartments always given to the women relative* len who have served the Empire. Of 45 residents, there is only one man, chaplain. turesque, but Unpractical. idy Shackleton's apartment, which n two floois, is in the old part of the ice, which is distinguished by the uresque moulded chimneys. These, practical purposes, are sometimes of so long ago invita- tions to dinner among the resi- dents were often worded : " Come and bath and dine ! " for at one time there were only two baths in the whole place. Easy to Decorate. Neither gas nor oil is permitted in the palace, so Lady Shackleton is hav- ing many point3 arranged for elec- tric current. The decorations she ha3 not yet de- cided, but the beautiful Queen Anne panelling in most Of the apart- ments makes these an easy problem. There are tine old fireplaces, and the latticed windows are very decora- tive, those in the Goldstick Gallery, for instance, being quite round. This gallery was once the sitting-room of - A delightful photograph of Lady Shackleton in her uniform as Girl Guide Commissioner. Queen Anne's maids of honour, and as it overlooks the gardens is one of the most pleasant of the roome. The Grace and Favour Apart- ments are regarded more or less as guest-chambers and are kept in order for the residents. The win- dows are cleaned by a glazier, and an electrician, a turnkey, and a fireman livt; on tihe premises. There is also a housekeeper who looks after the keys when the residents are away and is al- ways at lhand to help in any difficulty. The faomes vary ia 6ize; generally they have from 12 to 15 rooms. Lady Maude, the widow of Sir Stanley Maude, has the largest with 45 rooms, only 8 of which, however she uses. Lad v Shackleton has twelve. She had the choice of an apartment having a spiral staircase, and possibly it was because a former resident said that the staircase made one of her le'jj longer than the other that it was rejected. Shrieking Ghost. Some people might think bells every quarter of an hour a draw- back to this beau- tiful home. The great bell strikes the hour and also summons to chapel. There are phosts, too. Catherine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII., is said to hurry along ©S'-W't^^^ 'CH .18, 1930. J WD COLD WEATHER TENNI CHAPTER XXVIII. QUEEN VICTORIA THE PRIVATE APARTMENTS AND THEIR PRESENT OCCUPANTS. Variety in the Size, Comfort, and Convenience of the Private Apartments — Complete Houses, Flats, and "Upper Parts" — Convenient and Inconvenient Suites — Disconnected scattered Accommodation — Square Pegs in Round Holes — Conditions of Tenure — Ordinance against Dogs in the Palace — The Officials defied by an intrepid Lady — Another refractory Resident — Threatens to set Fire to the Palace — Conflict of Authorities — "Spheres of Influence" of the various Departments — The Board of Works — The Lord Chamberlain — The Lord Steward — The Woods and Forests — Story of a Lady and the "Boards" — Application to use an old Staircase — Obstructed by the several Authorities — Getting through a Doorway — Pining at the Garden Gate — The Inhabitants of the Palace at the present Day — Mrs. Ellice — Lady Georgiana Grey — Apart- ments given in Recognition of distinguished Public Services — Drawbacks to the Advantages of Apartments — Expenses of Maintenance — Rates, Contributions, and Subscriptions — Idiosyncrasies of Palatial Life — "The Push" — Friendships formed at Hampton Court — Inhabitants in every Department of Life — The Civil Service — Diplomacy — Sir Augustus Paget — Lord Dufferinand Ava — The Army and the Navy — Sir Frederick Roberts — Soldiers' and Sailors' Graves. F the division of Hampton Court Palace into private apartments, and its occupation by private families, we have already said a good deal when dealing with the reign of George III., and in- cidentally in our last six chapters ; and on the general topic we have little to add. But we may observe here, that the suites, which now number altogether fifty- 406 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 three, inclusive of such detached houses, as the Pavilions, the Banqueting House, the Tennis Court House, the Stud House, and so on, vary considerably in size, com- fort, and convenience ; some, such as that formerly the Lady Housekeeper's, having- as many as forty rooms, with five or six staircases ; others, that is, the smaller suites, having no more than ten or twelve. The average accommo- dation lies between fifteen and twenty rooms ; but the sizes, again, of the rooms themselves, vary very much, some being exceedingly large and lofty ; others, on the contrary, very small and low. Scarcely any two suites, either, resemble each other in arrangement or shape — a fact partly due to the haphazard way in which the Palace was first diverted from its original to its present use, and private and separate residences cut and carved out of a series of rooms, intended for the very different purpose of accommodating a court. Some indeed are, as it were, complete houses in themselves, of several storeys, with front and back doors and staircases, with large entrance halls, galleries, and passages ; others, again, are rather in the nature of " flats," all the chief rooms, and sometimes the offices also, being on one floor ; while others are something between the two, resembling rather what are known in London as " upper parts." Again, though, in some cases, the suites of apartments are entirely self-contained and compact; in others they are incon- veniently disjointed and disconnected ; the offices, perhaps, being on the ground floor, and the rest of the rooms in the upper storeys ; the bulk of the suite on one floor, up one staircase, and a couple of bedrooms on another floor, up a different staircase ; or, again, as in one or two cases, the kitchen and offices being across a semi-open cloister. Indeed, there is a special instance of an inconvenience worse than this, in the case of a suite, the principal rooms of which are composed of Wolsey's guest-chambers, on the 1890] Size and Accommodation of the Apartments. 407 first floor in the north range of the First Court ; while the offices are in another part of the building, among the Cardinal's kitchens, not only some way off, but positively on the other side of a small open court, across which, in mediaeval fashion, the dishes for every meal have to be brought, from the kitchen to the dining-room. Anomalies such as these were partly occasioned by the capricious fashion in which, in old days, rooms in one corner of the Palace were, for no apparent reason, unless to favour some influential individual, attached to an apartment far away at the other end of the building ; and partly by the calm way, in which some of the inhabitants would grab any room that might be vacant, anywhere in the Palace, and, without leave, appropriate it to their own use. In the present day, of course, anything of this sort would be utterly impossible ; for not only is the Lord Chamberlain's full and deliberate sanction requisite, before the smallest nook or corner can be occupied by an inhabitant, but every room, and even receptacle, is separately numbered, and its allocation to any particular person carefully recorded in the books of the department. In the meantime, such inconveniencies as still subsist, are much less than they were formerly ; and they are gradually being mitigated, as far as is feasible, whenever opportunities occur. Changes, with this object, however, can rarely be made, except when vacancies take place ; and even then there is always much to hamper the best efforts, in the overlapping of contiguous apartments, and still more in the adjusting of conflicting claims. But apart from the inconveniences above adverted to, the difference of size and accommodation in the various suites, is not to be considered altogether as a disadvantage ; as their diversities minister to different requirements ; and much of the charm of the private apartments at Hampton Court is 408 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 owing to their quaintness and old-fashioned variety. Efforts, besides, are usually made to select for a particular suite a recipient, whose requirements are adapted to the accommodation afforded. Nevertheless, it must be ad- mitted that there are still a good many square pegs in round holes — occupants with large families and their accompaniments of a staff of nurses and governesses being cramped into small apartments ; while in a neighbouring one, perhaps, a widowed and solitary lady luxuriates in a surplusage of half-a-dozen spare bedrooms and three or four reception rooms. Passing now to consider the conditions, subject to which apartments in Hampton Court Palace are at present granted, we may observe that the chief of them have already been mentioned in former chapters. But in addition to what we have there stated, as to the injunctions put upon the occu- pants, to maintain their rooms in a state of tenantable repair; as to the stringent rules against retaining possession of them, unless occupying them regularly a part of every year ; against leaving them unprotected when absent ; and, above all, against the malpractice of lending them without leave ; there are now one or two further regulations. For instance, a clause has usually been inserted in recent warrants, pro- viding that the grant should lapse on the marriage of the occupant ; and another is generally added, stating that it is a condition of the grant that no dog is to be kept in the apartments. This last regulation — which was made chiefly in reference to the suites situated in the uppermost storeys of the new Palace, and therefore a long distance from any open ground — is one to which, it may well be imagined, it is not very easy to compel obedience. Some of the inhabitants, indeed, have not shrunk from covertly disregarding alto- gether the official ordinance banishing their pets ; while 1890] Refractory Residents. 409 one intrepid and determined lady is said valiantly to have hurled explicit and terrible defiance at the whole phalanx of authorities, that hold sway over the Palace : at the Lord Chamberlain of her Majesty's Household, and all his officers and henchmen ; at the Lord Steward of her Majesty's Household, and his whole assembled " Board of Green Cloth ; " at the First Commissioner of her Majesty's Works and Buildings, and each and every member of his " Board;" with their attendant staff of secretaries, surveyors, and clerks, armed in all their panoply of foolscap and quill pens. Whether an encounter, at close quarters, ever took place between these two opposing forces — between my lady with her lapdogs and "my lords" with their red-tape — history does not record ; but if such a conflict of giants ever did come to pass, we may be pretty sure, whatever its issue, and whatever the terms of peace, that the lady, after the enemy had withdrawn from the field, immediately reverted to the status quo ante. Nor is this a solitary instance of a refractory resident at Hampton Court proving a match for all the officials of the Crown. For a story is told of another lady, occupying some years ago one of the best suites of apartments in the Palace, who, when informed by the Lord Chamberlain that some fine old tapestry, belonging to the Crown, which hung in her rooms, was required for another of the royal palaces, replied that she altogether declined to part with it. My lord re- monstrated, my lady was firm ; my lord insisted, my lady was inexorable. At last his lordship threatened that unless she gave it up voluntarily, he would send some of his myrmidons, and have it forcibly removed ; to which her ladyship replied that, if he dared to do so, she would set fire to the Palace! The determined character of the lady being well known, her threat prevailed, and she remained in un- disturbed possession of the tapestry until her death. 410 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 On the other hand, it must be allowed that the inhabitants sometimes, on their part, find the officials rather difficult to deal with ; especially when, owing to the subdivision of departments, distinct and even antagonistic authorities claim control. An amusing case of this is recorded of some windows of a royal palace which needed cleaning, but which remained dirty for a considerable time, because the outside of the panes being subject to the Woods and Forests, and the inside to the Lord Steward, nothing could be done until these two high departments of state were induced to combine for this important purpose. 1 But a still more curious instance of this sort of thing occurred at Hampton Court, many years ago, to a lady, who inhabited a suite of private apartments in the Palace. By way of preamble we must remark that "the spheres of influence" of the various departments are, in a broad and general way, delimited thus : the outside or " shell " of the building, including all that relates to structural maintenance and repairs, falls under the jurisdiction of the Board of Works ; the regulation of the interior of the building, involv- ing all such high questions as the use to which rooms are to be put, the opening and shutting of doors, and the pass- ing from one state room to another, are within the province of the Lord Chamberlain; while, superimposed overall, and, to a certain extent, co-ordinate with both the foregoing, is the undefined and indefinable authority of the Lord Steward, or the " Board of Green Cloth" : so that, to decide, in certain cases, whose is the responsibility, and whose the power, may give rise to discussions transcending in nicety the most re- condite legal arguments, and involving points of the subtlest metaphysics. Further to complicate matters, the portions of the Palace open to the public are, even as regards their 1 Stanhope's Conversations with the Duke of Wellington, p. 275. 1890] Multiplication of conflicting Authorities. 411 interior, to a certain degree, within the purview and control of the Board of Works ; while, in addition to these three de- partments, there is the Office of Woods and Forests, which, at one time, had a roving commission over everything in the nature of parks, gardens, and open spaces. When we add to all these, the departments of the Master of the Horse, and of the War Office, to say nothing of the Metropolitan Police, all of which occasionally join in the fray, if they deem that their prerogatives are being tampered with, or their dignity lightly treated, our readers will understand something of the difficulties of getting anything done at Hampton Court. No better instance, as we have said, could be given of this, than the story of the lady mentioned above, who applied for the privilege of having access to the gardens, down a disused staircase, which communicated with her rooms. In the first place, she had to apply to the Lord Chamberlain's department for permission to use the stair- case, and to open the doors at the top and the bottom of it. This having been, after much discussion, conceded, she thought she would have no difficulty in passing through the door, at the bottom of the stairs, into the passage that leads to the garden. But in this she was pitiably mistaken. She did, indeed, manage to reach the door, and the Lord Chamberlain had opened it, but she could not cross its threshold without authorization from the Board of Works ; for woe to anyone who breaks their " shell " without leave ! This obstacle, however, being in due course surmounted, the lady thought she would now be allowed to pass, with- out any further obstruction, through the passage into the garden. But it is one thing to get into one end of a passage in a Royal Palace, quite a different thing to get out of it at the other. For barring her way into the garden, all three 412 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 " Boards " again confronted her : first, the Lord Chamber- lain, brandishing his keys ; next, the Board of Works, with their " shell ; " then the Board of the Lord Steward, who always mysteriously appears on the scene, when least expected, flourishing his "green cloth," and objecting to everything everywhere, on no grounds in particular. The three " Boards," however, were once more propitiated ; and the lady rashly thought that, at last, the goal of her hopes was won. But she had reckoned without another " Board." For, after reaching the garden door by the combined autho- rity, and the joint and several assents and consents of the three chief departments ; after turning the lock by leave of the Lord Chamberlain, opening the door by leave of the Lord Steward, and passing through it by leave of the Board of Works, she could not get into the garden, through a small iron gate, without the high permission and authority, for that purpose duly sued for, and after full consideration, deliberation, and consultation, properly had and obtained from the First Commissioner and Board of her Majesty's Office of Woods and Forests. For a while the matter looked ominous, for the " Board" at first would not relent — the sensibility, so it was maliciously said, of some sensi- tive Commissioner having been ruffled, by the way in which his permission had been taken for granted. The lady, in fact, would, we suspect, have been pining at the gate of this paradise to this day, had she not wisely approached this Commissioner in a proper spirit of deference, so that at last the " Board " was soothed, permission was given, " the gate was passed, and heaven was won." Of the individual inhabitants of the Palace at the present time, it will be unnecessary to say much ; for their identity, and the circumstances and causes of their receiving the Queen's gracious favour, are sufficiently apparent from 1890] Present Inhabitants. 413 the notes appended to their names, under the headings of the suites they occupy. 1 Two only will we mention by name here : Mrs. Ellice, who, during her fifty years' residence in the Palace, has always taken a chief part in its society, by constantly en- tertaining, and by her unrivalled social talents ; and whose rich fund of interesting anecdote and reminiscences of bygone celebrities in the old world of politics, fashion, and diplomacy, in which she spent so much of her life, are the delight of the intimate friends she still receives ; and Lady Georgiana Grey, daughter of Earl Grey, the famous Reform statesman and Prime Minister. Lady Georgiana is often referred to in the diaries and letters of ministers and famous literary men : by Macaulay, 2 and by Lord Malmesbury, who records how beautifully she played on the harp. 3 It is no secret that Lady Georgiana is now within a few months of her ninety-first year ; but, with every sense and faculty unimpaired, she is as strong, well, and healthy as most people at half her age. We may add that her apart- ments are still one of the chief social centres of Hampton Court, her dinners and parties being the pleasantest in the Palace ; while to her the young men and ladies in the Palace and its neighbourhood, have owed many delightful dances and theatrical entertainments in the Oak Room. For it is ever her greatest delight to see the young people about her enjoying themselves ; and she enters with keen- ness into everything that may minister to their amuse- ment. As to the other inhabitants of the Palace, we will only observe, in a general way, that the apartments are con- 1 Appendix G. 3 Memoirs of an Ex-Minister^ vol. 2 Trevelyan's Life and Letters of i., p. 36. Macaulay \ July, 1831. 414 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 ferred, almost invariably, in recognition of distinguished services rendered to the Crown and country by the hus- bands or near relatives of the recipients. Indeed, what- ever may be said of some of the earlier nominations, in pre- vious reigns, to discover plausible objections to the grounds, on which persons have been thus favoured in the present reign, would tax the ingenuity, even of the most captious of disappointed applicants. Recently the privilege has been almost entirely confined to widows or unmarried ladies, who are, however, permitted to join their families or relatives in the occupation. We may here take theopportunity of correcting a misappre- hension, which seems sometimes to prevail, that the poorer a lady, to whom apartments are given at Hampton Court, the greater the boon conferred. Nothing could be more fal- lacious : and the proof lies in the facts, that, in several cases, ladies, who have been offered apartments, have declined them, on the ground that they had not sufficient means adequately to maintain them ; that some, after occupying them for a time, have given them up, for the same reason ; that the most frequent absentees are usually those who, one would suppose, could least afford to forego the advantage of lodging rent-free ; whilst conversely, among the residents, who most continuously occupy their rooms, are usually those who are relatively well off; and that, in one or two cases, residents whose incomes have diminished, have resigned their apartments in consequence. The reason of this is that, apart from the duty incumbent on the inhabitants of maintaining the inside of their apartments; and apart from the cost of warming, lighting, and cleaning large suites of rooms ; there are the poor's rates, insurance, water rate, and many other contributions and subscriptions of a more or less obligatory nature, which, taken with the high cost of living at Hampton Court, materially detract from the 1890] Peculiarities of Palatial Life. 415 advantage of having no rent to pay. These facts, which are not always patent to aspirants for the luxury of apart- ments in the Palace, and of which the after-discovery is apt to produce very considerable disappointment, are now, we believe, usually taken official cognizance of, by an in- quiry, before an offer of apartments is made, as to whether the pecuniary circumstances of the applicant are sufficient to keep them up in a proper condition. Beyond the peculiar arrangements, incidentally noticed above, due to the circumstance that a large building has been divided to accommodate fifty families, there is little to notice in the mode of domestic life of the inhabitants of Hampton Court at the present time, which is, in most respects, much the same as any other place. One or two idiosyncrasies, however, may be mentioned : the first, the case of suites of apartments entirely in the upper storey of the new Palace, and, consequently, at an immense height from the ground, when it is customary, for the purpose of hoisting up cards, notes, letters, and small parcels, to make use of a basket, attached to a string, the lowering of which suddenly, about the unsuspecting head of a visitor, unac- customed to this peculiarity of palatial life, has a somewhat startling effect. Another idiosyncrasy of the inner life of the inhabitants of the Palace, is the use of an old sedan-chair, mounted on wheels, drawn by a chairman, and called " the Push," which is used by the ladies for going out in the evening to dinners or parties, from one part of the building to another. This curious survival of a bygone age, of which we here insert a sketch, is probably the only sedan-chair in actual use in England. As for the mysteries of modern society within the Palace, we shall not attempt to penetrate them ; for it is a subject, which would require the pen of a Miss Austen or a " George 4i6 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 Eliot " adequately to portray. Besides, the palmy days of Palace society were, probably, in the earlier part of the century ; when the inhabitants belonged rather more to the same social "set" than they do now; when half of them were, more or less, nearly related to each other — each of the families of FitzRoy, Wellesley, Seymour, and Paget, holding three or four suites of apartments — and when they mostly had the same acquaintances and friends. k snip The " Push." Even now, however, the inhabitants, living, as they do, all under the same roof, constantly seeing and meet- ing each other, and having so many interests in common, it is not surprising that bonds of the most intimate friendship are formed between many of them ; which bonds have been the closer, when those, whom they link, have grown up together from childhood in the Palace, and have passed their youth together, engaging in the same pursuits, and sharing the same amusements ; and 1890] Friendships formed at Hampton Court. 417 they have usually endured, long after the connection with Hampton Court has ceased ; while in many cases they have been cemented by that closest tie of all — marriage. There is, in truth, something so essentially home-like in the old Palace, that very few can dwell within it long, without growing attached to it ; and most of those, who have left it, though their lot may be cast on long-distant shores, yet look back, with warm affection and regret, to the old home in the old days gone by, cherishing fond remembrance of their old friends, and sad thoughts of the past at Hampton Court, entwined with tender memories of sweet forms and faces vanished for ever, of sweet voices heard now, alas ! no more. Besides this, there are so many relatives of present or former occupants — such as their sons, daughters, nephews, nieces, and cousins, who may have resided more or less at Hampton Court — diffused in every quarter of the globe, that it is a common remark, that it is impossible to go anywhere without meeting someone who has lived at Hampton Court, and with whom there is at once a bond of union. In every department of life, also, and in every profes- sion, there are numerous links of this sort — especially in the Civil Service, and in the Army and the Navy ; for it is above all in the service of the Crown and State that the sons of those, who have received apartments at Hampton Court, look for a career — in spheres where the honour of their Queen and the interests of their country are the spur to action and endeavour, rather than the sordid motives of personal gain. Thus we find in almost every branch of the Civil Service, the sons of present or former occupants : in the Foreign Office; in the Treasury; in the Inland Revenue ; in the Admiralty, the Secretary of which is an old Hampton Court man (see Suite L.) ; in the Board of Trade, in f E E 41 8 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 which the Secretary of the Railway Department is also the son of one of the present occupants (see Suite XXXVIII.) ; while the Queen's Private Secretary, General Sir Henry Ponsonby, K.C.B., is the son of a former inhabitant, Lady Emily Ponsonby (see Suite I.). In diplomacy, likewise, former inhabitants of the Palace have been particularly prominent, among them being Sir Augustus Paget, son of Lady Augusta Paget (see Suite V.), formerly Ambassador at the Court of Rome, and now of Vienna ; and Lord Dufferin and Ava, now Ambassador at Rome. 1 The Army and the Navy, also — not to mention many, who are serving in posts of honour and utility in every quarter of the British Empire — are equally beholden to Hampton Court for some of the most distinguished officers ; for in- stance, Admiral Lord Alcester, son, as we have before stated, 2 of the late Sir Horace Seymour (see Suite II.); while in the Army, besides many others, several of whom have received the Victoria Cross, we have the Commander- in-Chief in India, General Sir Frederick Roberts, son of the late Lady Roberts (see Suite XXXIII.). Some there are, also, with equal title to have their names inscribed on the bead-roll of fame, who have gone forth from their loved home, to fight in distant climes for the honour of their Queen and country, who have gone forth — never to return ! They have fallen in the bush in South Africa ; amid the frozen passes of Afghanistan ; on the scorching deserts of the Soudan : no loving woman's hand to close their eyes, or lay their form to rest ; no stone in- scribed or slab, to mark the spot. But theirs is that noblest shrine — a soldier's grave : only a cross — a simple wooden cross — to tell the hope of him who is gone, and of those who linger yet behind. Others there are whose tomb is 1 See ante, p. 333. a See ante, p. 331. :8 9°] Soldiers and Sailors Graves. 419 the limitless ocean ; whose shroud is the tossing wave ; and who, blended with the mighty, ever-rolling waters, which are their monument, shall be borne onwards and onwards, until time and they dissolve and pass to the haven of eternity. CHAPTER XXIX. QUEEN VICTORIA — HAMPTON COURT AT THE PRESENT DAY- CONCLUSION. Occupations and Amusements of Modern Hampton Court — Parties, Dances, Theatricals, Tennis, Boating — Sport and Races — Hampton Court a Racing Centre — Epsom, Ascot, Sandown, Kempton, and Hurst Park — Proximity to London — Intellectual and Social Atmosphere of the Palace — Its Historical and Romantic Attractions — The Pictures — The Parks — Their enchanting Beauty in Summer — Bushey Park — The Great Lime and Chestnut Avenue — The Chestnuts in full Bloom — The Home Park — Its Lime Avenues and Long Canal — Its exquisite Scenery — The Gardens — Their Antique and Picturesque Charm — Their formal Trimness — The Private Gardens — The Shrubs in the Flowery Month of May — The delightful Fountains, Bowers, and Arbours — The old Pond Garden — Its Rare and Dainty Beauty — The Public Gardens — The Wilderness — The Gardens in Spring and Summer — The Gardens by Moonlight — Exquisite Loveliness of the Scene — Impressive Stillness of the Palace at Night — The Fountain Court by Moonlight — The Watchman on his Rounds — Visions of the Past — Memories of Days gone by — Fleeting Time — Permanence in Change — Hampton Court a Symbol and Monument of English History — Conclusion. E have now reached the final stage in these annals of Hampton Court ; but before our closing words, we have first to devote a few paragraphs to the occupations and amusements, which Hamp- ton Court affords its inhabitants at the present day. In regard to this, within the Palace itself, besides the dinners, parties, dances, and occasional balls that take 1S90] Occupations and Amusements. 421 place, there are now and then private theatricals on the charming little stage, which, with several set scenes, and all the needful properties, is set up, whenever required, in the " Oak Room," where many a piece — from Shake- speare's "Hamlet" and the "Tempest," to "Woodcock's Little Game " — has been presented with great success. Within the precincts of the Palace, also, there is the attrac- tion of the Tennis Court, one of the best, as it undoubtedly is the oldest, in England, and the prototype of all the existing courts. The Tennis Court and its marker are maintained by the fees of the gentlemen in the Palace and neighbour- hood, who are members of the club, and by those of any- body — for the court is open to the public — who likes to engage the court to play in. There is, likewise, a lawn tennis court, in the Private Gardens, kept up by subscrip- tions from among the inhabitants ; while Bushey Park is, in the summer, frequently the scene of cricket matches. In winter, too, enthusiastic athletes may often have a game of football on the Green, or a run with a neighbouring pack of beagles ; and in severe winters may enjoy, on the Long Canal in the Home Park, some of the best skating to be had anywhere within twenty miles of London. For half the year, however, the river, that flows under the very walls of the Palace and Gardens, is the chief source of delight to the inhabitants — fishing, rowing, punting, canoeing, and sailing, all having their fervent devotees among both sexes — for, so much has the tyrant, Convention, lost her power, that it is very rare not to see, on a summer's day, some young lady from the Palace handling an oar, punting-pole, or paddle, in the stream of the silver Thames. But we have yet to mention another element that, above all, adds to the liveliness of modern Hampton Court : we mean its proximity to so many racecourses, which have, within recent years, surrounded it on all sides. It has, in 422 History of HamptcHi Court Palace. [1890 fact, now become a regular racing centre, whence keen sportsmen or sportswomen — and there are many of these both in the Palace and on the Green — may attend race- meetings almost every week of the year. For instance — to say nothing of Epsom, which is within a pleasant and easy drive, and to which, especially in Derby week, several parties always set out from Hampton Court — Ascot, Windsor, Aldershot, and other places are within easy reach by train. But more than this, two miles on one side of the Palace is Kempton Park, with its six meetings, and ten days' racing in the year ; and two miles on the other side is Sandown Park, the favourite resort of the younger inhabitants, with its five meetings, and ten days' racing. As if all these race-meetings did not afford enough sport for the most ardent lover of horseflesh, there was established, about two years ago, on the far-famed Molesey Hurst, almost at the very gates of Wolsey's Palace, the Hurst Park Club, which, though started as a course for pony and galloway races, has now got a licence from the Jockey Club for flat- racing ; and which, besides, offers, throughout the season, one long succession of sporting events, such as pony races, steeple-chases, hurdle races, polo, football, cricket and lawn tennis matches, and horse- shows. Add to all these attractions the annual sale, in the Bushey Park Paddock, of her Majesty's yearlings ; the de- tachment of cavalry always quartered at the Palace ; its situation in a pleasant neighbourhood ; its advantages of a gravelly soil and a fine air ; and its proximity to London — and it will be understood, that the people, who reside here, need not necessarily lead lives of unrelieved and unmitigated tedium. Hampton Court is, perhaps, a dull place — for dull people ; but for those, who know how to make the best of things, and snatch pleasure as it flies, there are not many 1890] Attractions of Modern Hampton Court. 423 country places, which offer such a variety of occupation and amusement as the spot, which Cardinal Wolsey, in his wisdom, three hundred and seventy-five years ago, pitched upon as a suitable place whereon to build himself a home. Hampton Court, in fact, while still retaining a sort of cachet of its own, has become a pleasant suburb of London ; whence it is easy — as the railway station is only six minutes' walk from the Palace, and, especially, since recent improved facilities of access by rail — to visit in comfort all the sights and amusements of the town, to dine and go to the play there, and get back home at a reasonable hour. In this way, with a constant going and coming between the Palace and the great metropolis of the British Empire, life in the royal manor is far from stagnating : all that resounds in the world of fashion, politics, literature, and the stage, reaching it with surprising rapidity, and awakening responsive echoes in the breasts of both young and old. Thus, it is the last place, which one would select to vegetate in ; nor is its in- tellectual and social atmosphere at all comparable to that of a cathedral close, to which it has been inaptly compared. On the contrary, its tone is, on the whole, decidedly modern and cosmopolitan, rather than provincial, the variety in the experiences of its inhabitants, and their diversities of opinions in religion and politics, compelling a toleration, which would never be suffered for a moment by the parson and the squire of the typical English village, and would stir to the depths even the ordinary quiet country town. In one thing only is its society old-fashioned : it is in this, that birth and breeding, simplicity and dignity of life, and devoted service to the State, have always been held of more account, and in greater esteem, at Hampton Court, than the most ostentatious displays of prosperous vulgarity, or the most successful careers in stock-jobbing or beer-selling — a 424 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1S90 peculiarity in which, we apprehend, the old Palace is wofully far from being abreast of the much-extolled plutocratic ten- dencies of the aee. Paramount, however, above all the more modern attrac- tions of Hampton Court, are still, of course, those of the old historic building itself, suffused and penetrated, as it is, with the romance and poetry of the past ; and those, too, of the parks and gardens, which encompass it around, with all their amenities of nature and art. On the appearance of the Palace, and on its richness in his- toric associations, it would be superfluous to dilate any further, after expatiating on this theme in some twelve hundred pages. Nor need we say anything of the State Rooms, which are open to inspection six days in the week, which can always be reached under cover, and which, on a wet day, afford not only the fascinating diversion of a varied and interesting collection of pictures, but also a de- lightful promenade. But of the parks and gardens, at the present day, we must say something here — though no words of ours can convey any adequate conception of their enchanting beauty in the early summer. It is then, that the ancestral hawthorns, which thickly stud the whole 1,080 acres of the area of Bushey Park, are in full flower, and the air scented by the sweet odour of the blossoms of the lime-trees, which compose the quadruple aisles, as it were — each fourteen yards wide, from row to row — of the great avenue down the centre of the Park, fifty-six yards wide, and a mile and forty yards long, its centre, or nave, being flanked by stately horse-chestnuts, which, when themselves in full blossom, about the middle of May, present an appearance of unrivalled splendour. Their wide, low, sweeping branches are then laden with myriads of spiked white flowers, tinged with red, to which the massy, dark-green piles of foliage serve as an admirable back- :89o] Bushey Park and the Home Park. 425 ground; and which, falling, powder and bespangle the turf below with countless stars. The sight of this magnificent chestnut avenue, in all the pride of its growth, and the full glory of its bloom, usually draws thousands of visitors from London and the neighbourhood ; and the Sunday when it is gjg£ The Home Park. at its zenith, is called " Chestnut Sunday," and is announced beforehand in the newspapers. It is at the same time that the Home Park, of 752 acres, is also at its prime, and offers a picture of surpassing loveli- ness and delight. For the great avenues, that border the Long Canal, and bend the graceful amplitude of their lower branches, arch-like, towards the water ; as well as the side 426 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 avenues, that stretch away in long divergent vistas — " living galleries of ancient trees " — are composed of limes, every se- parate twig of which carries its fragrant blossom ; so that the air, far around, is pervaded with the intensest perfume, and filled with the murmuring music of innumerable bees. At such a time, it is indeed an exquisite pleasure to stroll over the fresh green velvet turf; to wander beneath the low-hanging branches, by the side of the long sheet of water, whose placid surface, whereon " broad water-lilies lie tremulously," is broken only by the plash of some sluggish carp ; to watch a herd of deer, browsing peacefully amid the ferns, or gracefully gliding beneath the cool shade of the trees ; to come, perhaps, upon one solitary fawn, drinking at the water's edge, which bounds, startled, away, at the sound of an approaching step : all this combines to form a picture of stately grandeur and repose, which endues this park with an indefinable fascination and a poetic beauty, entirely its own. The gardens of Hampton Court, also, have a captivating charm peculiar to themselves, chiefly derived from so much of their original formal trimness, and their old-fashioned air, as they are still permitted to retain. They have, however, suffered — especially the Great Fountain or Public Garden — at various times recently, by attempts to follow the fluctua- ting follies of successive fashions in gardening, so that their archaic aspect has been unduly encroached upon, by efforts to vie with the costly pretentiousness of the modern style. This is to be regretted, not only on the score of unnecessary expense, but also because it is positively incongruous in a place like Hampton Court, where, the more the original arrangement is preserved, and the more it harmonizes with the conformation of the grounds and their antique and picturesque surroundings, the greater is the benefit to the character of the place. To this we believe Mr. Graham, the 1890] The old-fashioned Charm of the Gardens. 427 present superintendent, is fully alive ; and he has already taken some steps towards rectifying- previous mistakes. Visitors, in fact, to Hampton Court Gardens, whether amateurs of antiquity, or intelligent working men, do not look for, nor wish, nor care to find an imitation of the profusion of blossom and the gorgeousness of colour, that blaze in the flower-beds of Hyde Park. It is on this account, probably, that so many excursionists of all classes always express their strong and decided preference for the Private Gardens — as they are called, though they are open to the public — which are much more unaltered than the others, and in which very little bedding-out is attempted : though a truly delightful effect is produced by the number of old-fashioned English shrubs and plants, which are arranged and disposed in the ancient style. These gardens retain, indeed, more, perhaps, of the form and spirit of former days than any others in England, the grounds being laid out in a way suited to the variability of our climate : for winter, walled parterres and sheltered alleys ; for summer, grassy banks and plots, shady bowers and nooks, refreshing fountains, and flowery arbours — all of which give it an air of repose and seclusion, and an irresistible charm, entirely unattainable by the most lavish expenditure and display of modern horticultural art. To see them in all their beauty, one should visit them on some sunny morning, towards the latter end of the month of May, when all the flowers are just budding forth, and all the shrubs are in bloom. Standing on the terrace, or looking from the windows of the Palace, nothing could be then more enchanting than the scene. On either side are the fresh grassy slopes of the two terraces ; and be- tween them are three vistas or alleys extending [to the Thames — the centre one a shady walk entirely canopied by over-arching boughs of" tressy yew," amid which is just seen 428 History of Hampton Cotirt Palace. [1890 the picturesque old fountain ; and the two others carpeted with turf, edged with brilliant masses of candy-tuft and alyssum, and embanked with the blossom of lilac, laburnum, laurestina, and cyringa. A pretty effect is produced by one alley being bordered with candy-tuft, so that it forms a long line of white, and by the other alley being bordered with alyssum, so as to make a similar line of brilliant yellow. The graceful statue of a girl with flowers in her lap, most appropriately placed a few years ago on the old stone pedestal in the left alley, irresistibly reminds us of the lines : Now the bright morning star, day's harbinger, Comes dancing from the East, and leads with her The flowery May, who from her green lap throws The yellow cowslip, and the pale primrose. From the terrace one should stroll beneath the dark-green branches of the yew-trees, or along the ever-verdant grass walks, to the fountain that plashes gently in the middle of the parterre ; and thence returning, through the leafy arcade of Queen Mary's Bower — a " dappled path of mingled light and shade " — pass to the old " Pond Garden," which remains very much as it did, when Henry VIII. strolled therein with Anne Boleyn ; and where, in the midst of a walled enclosure, surrounded with flowering creepers of all sorts, an old fountain trickles in front of a picturesque arbour. This is indeed a spot of the daintiest and rarest beauty, the product of nigh four centuries of care and time, which no expenditure of money or art could possibly create. But even the Public Gardens have still some elements of this kind, which go to intensify a beauty chiefly derived from delightful groves of lime; shelving banks of grass; winding streams with floating: water-lilies ; wide, level lawns; long, soft walks of velvet turf; evergreen trees of many-toned verdure ; dark-boughed yews and variegated [890] The exquisite Beauty of the Gardens. 429 hollies ; walls with clustering" roses and creepers ; and borders rich with masses of sweet and lovely flowers. All these cover an expanse of thirty acres ; while eleven more — called " the Wilderness," in which is the Maze — form a pleasant and shady retreat of winding walks, overshadowed by the foliage of ancient trees. To appreciate, however, the full fascination of the gardens The Privy Garden. of Hampton Court, they should be seen and enjoyed in all circumstances ; at all times of the year ; and at every hour of the day — in early spring, when the tender leaves of the limes contrast with the sombre tints of the yews ; when the lawns are dressed in the dazzling brightness of fresh green, and the borders lined with crocuses, tulips, and hyacinths ; in the early summer, when the lilacs, laburnums, cyringas, 430 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 wisterias, and lime-trees are flinoqn£ their mingled fragrance 7 0000 on the air ; and in the height of the summer, when all the flower-beds are ablaze with splendour, and the fountain is joyously spouting its streaming showers, which flash like diamonds in the beams of the golden sun, and then melt into vaporous spray, on which dance miniature rainbows. They should be seen even in winter, when the boughs of the yew-trees and hollies are spangled with hoar-frost, or enwreathed with snow ; and when the red walls of the old palace, fringed here and there, at "coigns of vantage," with intercepted flakes, stand out, glowing with an unwonted ruddiness, amid the dazzling whiteness of the surrounding scene. They should be seen in the freshness of the dewy mornino- : in the stillness of the midnight hour: when the Lonor Canal fleams like a sheet of silver in the moonlight, slanting down the avenue ; and when nought is heard but the niVhtincrales' distant music, floating across the river from the hedgerows, where they sing embowered. There could, indeed, be no more enchanting scene, than is then afforded from the upper windows of the Palace, whence the gardens are viewed lying beneath, dimmed in a silvery mist ; while, far away, beyond garden, park, and river, the eye can wander over a glimmering expanse, reaching to the Surrey hills. It is at night that the Palace, also, is invested with its most romantic garb. Few things, in truth, could be more impressive than the solemn stillness that then pervades the spot, which, but a few hours before, echoed to the sound of thousands of voices and the tramp of thousands of feet ; and it would be difficult to match the exquisite beauty of the picturesque old courts, gables, towers, and turrets, when their broken outline stands out against a sky, bathed in the radiance of the rising moon ; or the poetic aspect of the Fountain Court, when the moonbeams shoot down upon the 1890] Hampton Court by Moonlight. 431 water of the circular fountain in its midst, glitter on the panes of the old windows, or mingle with the lights that blink and flicker through the arches of the arcade beneath ; while all night through the sound of the cool trickle of the fountain soothes the ear. Elsewhere, in the courts and cloisters of the vast build- ing, not a sound : only the measured tread of the sentry, as he paces up and down in front of Wolsey's gate ; or the clank of the keys, and the groan of the hinge of the old oak door, as the watchman, on his rounds, vanishes with his lantern, into the gloom of the Hall or the Haunted Gallery. It is at such times that a thousand stirring thoughts rush in upon the mind, a thousand swelling feelings fill the heart — thoughts of the moving scenes these walls have witnessed, of the thrilling deeds which have been done, upon the very spot whereon we stand. And contemplating the visionary pageant of the past, unfolded to the mental view, as the centuries roll by before us, and succeeding generations of the mighty dead step forth to play their transitory part, and disappear, we are drawn to dwell on memories of our own brief time ; of happy days gone by for ever ; of sweet loved faces passed away ; of tender hearts that throb no longer ; of gentle voices silent ever more. And yet, while musing thus, and feeling how short is history, and how fleeting time ; how soon the present fades away into the past— there often comes upon us a sense of permanence in change ; a thought that, as around us so much still endures unchanged, all things, that have been and will be, are indissolubly linked with what succeeds ; and that time itself is but the ever-varying aspect of eternal things. And herein lies the deep significance of such a story as we have endeavoured in these volumes to set forth ; and 432 History of Hampton Court Palace. [1890 the high function that, we trust, this antique pile of Hamp- ton Court may long continue to discharge. And there is yet another aspect in which we may regard it ; for it stands to-day, consecrated by antiquity, as an emblem and monument of English history, combining the picturesque and romantic elements of an ancient monarchy, with the priceless boon of popular freedom ; linking to- gether the honour and prosperity of the Royal House, with the progress and happiness of the toiling multitude; standing, too, as a symbol, palpable and tangible, of that tender attachment between Queen and people, which has distin- guished the reign of Victoria among those of all other sove- reigns of England ; and which inspired the gracious act of freely opening to all her subjects, the beautiful home of her ancestors at Hampton Court. THE END. APPENDICES AND INDEX TO THE THREE VOLUMES. t F F APPENDIX A. Extract from an Account for Works in the Gardens at Hampton Court in the autumn of the year 1699. (Treasury Papers, vol. lxvii., No. 14.) (See page 72.) £ s. d. To lay all y e leaden pipes to the Fountaines . . 987 14 o To pave the Fountaines & the ffoundacons with , bricks 91663 To build a wall, next y* Wilderness, to answere that on the East side of y e Terras in y e Gallery Garden, with y e Mason's work . . . . 1721 9 8 To make 4 Flights of Stepps in y e said Garden, with the Mason's work, & to Coap y e wall there with stone 832 16 2 To make a gravell walk in y e Privy Garden, & finish y e water-gallery garden ..... 500 o o Worke to be performed in y e Wilderness to y e value of 200 o o To make prepairacSns for planting in y e Parkes 225 o o 436 Appendix B. APPENDIX B. Extract from an Account for Works in Bushey Park in the years 1699- 1700. (Treasury Papers, vol. lxvii., No. 14.) (See pages 78 and 79.) Several/ works done & performed for his Ma u service in Bushy Parke by Henry Wise, Gardener. For 30233 solid yards of gravell, laid in the Great Avenue in Bushy Park, in the 60 ft walk, and without the gate to the wall of y e Wilderness, the charge of ranging out the lynes, prepairing and making the said 60 foot walk, fitt to receive the said gravell, also to levell & prepaire, on each side of the gravell-walk, a division of 20 feet wide, the whole wydth being 100 ft, all being wraught to a levell & included into y e charge of the Gravell, at 2 s per solid yard being dugg, carted & spread with y e charge of wheelbarrows stakes etc £3,025. 6. o. In the digging and sinking the Bason of 400 ft Diameter and 5 ft deep are contained 21,005 solid yards, the charge of digging and carting it into the low grounds between the Lyme trees and other low places withy 6 charge of working and levelling the grounds & sowing it with hayseed all workes being contained in y e removing it w ,h all charges defrayed as above said at I2 d per solid yard £1050. 5.0. For 3256 superfitiall yards of Turffe round the Bason, in a division of 22 foot wide ; the charge of prepaireing the Ground to receive it paying and defraying all charges at 4 11 p. y d . £54. 5. o. For planting in the Lynes, in the Great Avenue, leading from the gate by M r Progers to the Gate by y e Wilderness, and round the circle 274 large horse Chesnutt trees ; and in the 4 Lynes that leads from y e bason to Hampton, and from the Bason to the Paddy course, and to make good some among y e Lymes that were dead, in all 458 large Lyme trees, w (h together make 732 trees ; the charge of carting them to the place, ranging out the Lynes, digging the holes 10 ft wide, and 2 f t & \ deep, Carting to each tree, one with another, two loads of good fresh earth, planting the trees and after- wards mulching them with flfern, the whole charges defrayed at 6' 1 p. tree £219. 12. o. Accounts for Works in the Palace. 437 APPENDIX C. "An Estimate of severall Workes to be done at Hamp- ton Court." Dated Nov. 28th, 1699. Submitted by William Talman. (Trcastiry Papers, vol. Ixv., No. 1.) (See page 97.) In the Communication Gallery & f Eating Room at y Ende of it. For 741 y ds of right vvainscote at io d p. y d . . For 352 squares of y e plate glasse w th putty at io s 6 d p. y d For weights, lynes & pullys for 13 sash windows. For iron hold-fasts to fasten the wainscott . For 8 paire of large hinges For 2 marble Chimney pieces .... For Carving 250 foot of cornice .... For takeing out y e old glass that is in y e sashes & lay- ing it up in the stores ..... For pointing 352 lights of sashes on both sides at 3 d p light For carpenters work & materialls in two doorwaies £ s. d. 37o 10 O 184 16 O 13 O 2 O 4 40 O 37 O 10 O 4 8 O 3 O For a marble Bason brass cock in y e Eating Room w th pipes & 20 679 4 o I11 f K s . Backstaircs & f Backstaires to f Commu ion Gall' 7 . For 185 y" 3 of right Wainscott at io d p y d . For 200 foot of hand raiie at 2 d p. ft For iron holdfasts ....... £ s. d. 92 10 20 1 £113 10 o £ j. d. 3 O i O 24 4 2 2 O .438 Appendix C. To fitt up part ofy e old Lodgings for y e Archbishop oj Canterbury & the Lord President. To alter the old wainscott ...... To brick up one doorway ...... For 581 y ds of painting old wainscott at 10 s p. y d . For whiteing y e old staircase & rendring the walls In y e Gallery Room from y Q u great Stair Case to y e old guard Chamber, in that y King may goe to Chapel. £ s. d. For 21 sq r of boarding & fferring the floors at 45 s p sq . . . . . . 47 5 o For 21 sq firring y e Cieling & a new Cieling at 21 s p. sq r 22 10 o For 621 y ds of Whiteing, sizing & colouring at 2 d p. y d . 552 71? be done in all the Lodgings over the Queen's great Staires, Guard Chamber, Presence Chamber, and to finish 3 pair of Stone Staires & severall Roomes as you go up those Staires. For 60 Squ r of boarding the floor at 30 s p. 1 q 1 ' . . ^90 o o For hearths, foot-paces, & cornice stones for 27 Chimneys at 25 s each ...... £2^ 10 o For 1 8 167 y d3 of Dcale Wainscott & painting at 6 s . £554 16 o For 390 y ds of right Wainscott x indoorcs & Shutter windows at 10 s p yard ..... ^ 195 O O For 280 ft. of Sashes ^28 16 o For weights Lynes & Pulleys . . . . .^"200 For 280 ft of Crownc glass £21 o o For a pair of Staires of wood out of y e Guard Chamber up to y e Lodgings 30 ft high w"' stepps, railes, and ballistcrs and half paces, £40. o. o. 1 Right wainscot is the term always used for oak panelling. Accounts for Works in the Palace and Gardens. 439 In the Green Court, part of which must be done that y* Kings coach may come well into the ffountaine Cotirt, y e whole is as followeth, viz* For 410 y ds of square paveing at 4 s 6 d p. y d . . . £92 5 o For 2350 y cls of Ragg paveing ^235 o o For 2760 y ds levelling & Carting of Earth at 3 d . . 34 10 o For 350 ft. of brick Draine with Digging at 2 s 6 d . 43 15 o In the Fountain Court For 465 y ds of square paveing at 4 s . 6 . . . . £104 12 6 For 847 y ds of Ragg paveing at 2 s . . . . 84 14 o For 13 12 y ds levelling y e ground & carting of Earth at 3 d £16 8 1 o APPENDIX D. Extracts from a " Memorial of Works to be done in the Gardens of Hampton Court." Submitted by William Talman on Dec. 19TH, 1699. {Treasury Papers, vol. Ixvii., No. 2.) (See pages 105-108.) For 1060 ft superficiall of Circular Derbyshire marble in the Coaping of the Great Fountain at 8 s p. ft. .£422. 0. o (abated £106). To remove & new plant 403 Large Lyme trees y e dimensions of their girt from 4 ft 6 in to 3 ft, the charge of taking up these trees, bringing them to the place, digging holes of 10 or 12 ft diameter, Carting 5 Loades of Earth to each tree one with another w th all charges at 10 s p. tree. ^"201. 10. o. 100 Trees to digg 20 ft round them & to take out y e gravell & Sand & raise their Roots & putt in 5 Loads of Earth to each tree at 8 s . p. tree ^"140 o. o etc. Two Return Walls in y* Fountain Garden being 742 feet long. 1 1 This is the exact length of the north and south boundaries of the railings from the semicircle to the garden. 440 Appendix D. £ s. d. For 80 Rodds of Brickwork at 6" p. Rodd . . 480 o o For 1442 ft of Iron Railes to be done on both sides the Fountaine Garden, cont. 172 pannells \v ,h 454. tun. 4 cwts. o qrs. 6 at 5 d p. lib. . . . 2132 16 o Painting the said Iron Work ab l . . . IOO O O For 3500 Cubicall feet of Portland stone in the coap- ingfory 6 said Iron Worketo stand in at 2 s 6 d p ft 437 10 o Workmanship of 7000 ft superficiall for the same at i8 d pft 525 o o 3675 6 o Works in the Gardens being Extraordinary s. The walk parrallel to y e House that lyeth between y e Fountaine Garden & the Building, sinking & carrying away all the ground to y e Levell of the floor by y e Building, make, 10475 sollid y dl being sunk & carryed off at twice as first was sunk & carried off2097 solid y d * to lay y e ground to the Levell of the Great Fountain garden afterwards to the floor of y e Levell of the Building & one foot under, for to allow a ft thick of gravell, both which sinkings come to 10474 solid y (1> . The charges of carting it to y e lower end next y e Thames to raise all that lowe ground to y e levell of y e floor of the Building, sorting it & spreading it sinking it to its true levclls & into its severall Divisions, as a walk for gravell, 2 verges for grass & a border all workes being included in it at I5 d p solid y d most of it being pickaxe work £654 13. o. (In the margin there is a note : — " It appears to be 7252 yards as now altered and the total accord- ingly diminished by £ ? .") To prcpairc the ground & lay it with turffe in the two verges that arc on the sides of the gravell walk being 4786 superficiall y d ' with y e charge of y e turffe & all other charges of cutting carting wheeling & laying at 4' 1 p. y d . .... £79. 16. O. To lay this walk with gravell y" length of y e lymes w th is 2264 ft long 39 ft wide & I ft thick halfc course halfe skrecned will take up 3270 solid y* at 3'' p y". £490. 10. o. Accounts for Works in the Gardens. 441 More Extraord rys in f Gardens, the 2 Divisions w ch lye on each side ofy e Circular Garden parallel to f Walk. To work & make all y" severall borders that are to be made for the use of planting y e fine shap'd evergreens in with fine earth & good rotten dung w ctl to make 6 ft wide and 3 ft deep will containe 2835 solid yards at i8 d p y d £210.0.0. To levell & work the 2 divisions which the great lyme trees are in being 41 12 superficiall y ,u at 2 d p y d . . . ^34- 5- °- Other items are for laying " 6209 superficiall yards with turff," for laying coats of " rough gravell," " fine skreen'd gravell & land in all the walks & alleys "; "to plant all the borders with box— £33. 5. 10." To make a pedestall of Portland Stone for a Diana in brass to stand on being 3 ft 6 in. high and 2 ft 6 in. square ; & 4 pannells, each to be carved w ,h Emblems will come to £20 ; & to do y e same in marble will come to ab l £60 — APPENDIX E. Works in the Privy Gardens in 1700 Papers, vol. Ixxv., No. 6.) (See page 148.) To Sinke and Wheele of Rubbish y l y £ Terrasses will receive to lengthen them and Raise them to their height 4528 solid yards ; y e charges of wheeleing it to y e place with y e charges of I spreading and Ramming it at io d p. yard is . J To Sinke and Cart away near y e distance y 1 y e j {Treasury 188 : 13 : 04 §l"j : 1 1 : 00 Last was Carted 1675 1 Solid yards of Rubbish with all charges at I2 d p. yard is . . . ) The Charges of takeing up all y e Plants & Lynes of Box, putting them in Basketts with y e charges of y e Basketts, Carryeing them into y e Wilder- ness and Planting them there till Such time as y e ground is made, new gravelling and makeing all y e Walkes, Turfeing all y e Verges, Quarters, Walkes and Sloopes with y e Charges of y e new Earth and gravell y* must be carted some dis- tance with all charges of makeing and com- J pleating may come to .... Totall £1426 : 04 400 : 00 : 00 04 442 Appendix F. APPENDIX F. The Organ in the Chapel Royal, Hampton Court Palace. In addition to the information given in the text, we may refer our readers to an account of the organ, as it was in 1855, in Hopkins and Rimbault's " History of the Organ." Its present state is shown in the table below : — Great Organ. Bourdon (wood) Open Diapason Stopped Diapason Principal . . Flute (Nason) Twelfth . . Fifteenth . . Sesquialtera . Trumpet . . Choir Organ. Stopped Diapason . , Dulciana Gedact Flute Principal Cremona Swell Organ. Bourdon Open Diapason . . . 16 ft. 8 ft. 8 ft. 4 ft. 4 ft. 2 J- ft. 2 ft. ranks. 8 ft. 8 ft. 8 ft. 8 ft. 4 ft. 4 ft. 8 ft. 16 ft. 8 ft. Stopped Diapason. . . 8 ft. Flute 4 ft. Principal 4 ft. Fifteenth 2 ft. Oboe 8 ft. Horn 8 ft. Vox humana . . . . 16 ft. Pedal Organ. Open Diapason. . . . 16 ft. Couplers. Swell to Great. Swell to Choir. Great to Pedals. Choir to Pedals. Pedal octave. Compass. Swell. — Tenor C to F a in alt. Great. — CC to F 3 in alt. Choir. — CC to E 3 in alt. Pedals. — CCC to Tenor F. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 443; APPENDIX G. List of Private Apartments in Hampton Court Palace,. with their Occupants, from the Accession of George III. in 1760, to the end of the Year 1890. The warrants were and are issued and signed by the Lord Chamberlain of the Household for the time being. They were, in the reign of George III. : — William, Duke of Devonshire, 1760; George, Duke of Marlborough, Nov. 22nd, 1762 ; Granville Leveson, Earl Gower, April 22nd, 1763 ; William Henry Cavendish, Duke of Portland, July 10th, 1765 ; Francis Seymour, Earl of Hertford, Dec. 4th, 1766; George, Duke of Manchester, April 10th, 1782; Francis Seymour, Earl of Hertford, again, April 9th, 1783 ; James, 7th Earl, afterwards Marquess of Salisbury, Dec. 26th, 1783 ; George, Earl of Dartmouth, May 14th, 1804; Francis, Marquess of Hertford, again, March 5th, 1812. In the reign of George IV. they were: — James, Duke of Montrose, Dec. nth, 1821 ; William Spencer, Duke of Devonshire, May 5th, 1827; James, Duke of Montrose, again, Feb. 18th, 1828. In the reign of William IV.: — George Child Villiers, Earl of Jersey, July 24th, 1830; William Spencer, Duke of Devonshire, again, Nov. 22nd, 1830 ; George, Earl of Jersey, again, Dec. 15th, 1834; Richard, Marquess Wellesley, April, 1835; Francis-Nathaniel, Marquess Conyngham, May, 1835. I n tne reign of Queen Victoria they have been : — Henry Paget, Earl of Ux- bridge, May 6th, 1839; George John Sackville, Earl Delawarr, Sept. 14th, 1 841 ; Frederick, Earl Spencer, July 8th, 1846 ; John Campbell, Marquess of Breadalbane, K.T., Sept. 4th, 1848 ; Brown~ low, Marquess of Exeter, K.G., Feb. 27th, 1852 ; John Campbell, Marquess of Breadalbane, K.T., again, Jan. 15th, 1853; George John, Earl Delawarr, again, Feb. 26th, 1858; John Robert, Viscount Sydney, June 23rd, 1859 ; Orlando George Charles, Earl of Bradford, July 10th, 1866; John Robert, Viscount Sydney, G.C.B., again, Dec. 9th, 1868 ; Francis Hugh George, Marquess of 444 Appetidix G. Hertford, March 2nd, 1874; William Henry, Earl of Mount-Edg- cumbe, May 7th, 1879 ; Valentine Augustus, Earl of Kenmare, K.P., May 3rd, 1880; Edward, Earl of Lathom, June 27th, 1885; Valentine Augustus, Earl of Kenmare, K.P., again, Feb. loth, 1886 ; Edward, Earl of Lathom, again, Aug. 5th, 1886. The warrants were addressed to the Lady Housekeepers or their deputies, who were: — Mrs. Elizabeth Mostyn ; Mrs. Mary Keete; Lady Anne Cecil, 22nd April, 1803 ; Lady Elizabeth Seymour, and Lady Emily Montague, the last lady who held the office at Hampton Court. The post of " Housekeeper," with its fees or salary of some £800, was almost a complete sinecure, and was abolished at the beginning of the Queen's reign, on Lady Emily Montague's death. At the beginning of George III.'s reign, as we have stated in the body of this work, rooms were sometimes granted simply by letters. Afterwards warrants were made out, the form of which, in use till about 1782, was as follows : — These are to require you to deliver to Sir Robert Hamilton, Bart., the Keys and Possession of the Apartments in the Outer Lodging of Hampton Court Palace, which, when the Court was there, were used by Their Royal Highnesses The Princesses Amelia and Caroline, Also to deliver to the said Sir Robert Hamilton the Keys and Possession of the Garrets immediately over, and of Three Rooms under the said Apartments, the whole to be held by him till further Order. And for so doing this shall be your Warrant. Given under my Hand this 26th Day of April, 1775. In the Fifteenth Year of His Majesty's Reign. Hertford. To Mrs. Anderson, Under-Housekeeper of His Majesty's Palace of Hampton Court. The warrant in use after was in a similar form, but with a proviso, as we have shown in the body of this history, 1 making it incumbent on the holder to inhabit the " lodgings" a part of every year, and to hand the key to the housekeeper when he or she was absent. 1 See p. 310. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 445 Suite I. — The Lady Housekeeper s Lodgings, now occtipied by H.R.H. Princess Frederic a of Hanover. (South-west Wing of the West Front.) Mrs. Anne Mostyn. Died in 1759. Mrs. Elizabeth Mostyn. Housekeeper in 1758. Mrs. Mary Keete. Housekeeper in 1785. (?) Sister of the Rev. John Keete, Rector of Hatfield, and aunt of James, 7th Earl and ist Marquess of Salisbury, Lord Chamberlain from Dec, 1783, to May, 1804. Lady Anne Cecil. Housekeeper, 22nd April, 1803. Daughter of James, 6th Earl of Salisbury, by Elizabeth, sister of the Rev. John Keete, Rector of Hatfield. Lady Elizabeth Seymour. Housekeeper. Fifth daughter of Francis, Earl and ist Marquess of Hertford, Lord Chamberlain in 1812. She died in 1825. Lady Emily Montague. Housekeeper, 8th April, 1825. Third daughter of George, 4th Duke of Manchester, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Dashwood, Bart., of Northbrook and Kirtlington. Lady Emily died on 21st April, 1838. She was the last lady who held the old appointment of Housekeeper of Hampton Court Palace, with its salary of ^250, and its fees, which made it worth some £800 a year (see ante, P- 35o)- Lady Emily Ponsonby. 30th April, 1838. Second daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Bathurst, K.G., successively President of the Board of Trade, Secretary of War, and Colonies, and President of the Council in the Duke of Wellington's administration, by his wife Georgina, third daughter of Lord George Henry Lennox. Lady Emily married, on the 16th of March, 1825, Major-General the Hon. Sir Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby, K.C.B., son of Frederick, 3rd Earl of Bessborough. Sir Frederick died nth Jan., 1837 ; and Lady Emily on ist Feb., 1877. Her eldest son is General the Right Hon. Sir Henry Ponsonby, G.C.B., Private Secretary to Her Majesty the Queen. Mrs. Hugh Campbell. 1877. Lucy Eleanor, daughter of Major Archer, of Hill House, Hampton, and great granddaughter of Mrs. Lucy Wright, who occupied Suite XII. She -44 6 Appendix G. married in Sept., 1868, Captain Hugh Campbell, R.N., brother of Mrs. Rowley Lambert, who now has Suite XLIV. He died in 1877. She vacated the apartments on her marriage on 3rd July, 1880, with Mr. Edward Stanley Handcock, son of the Hon. Robert Handcock, and died May 12th, 1882. Her Royal Highness Princess Frederica of Hanover. 1880. Princess Frederica-Sophia-Maria-Henrietta-Amelia-Theresa, daughter of His Majesty the late King of Hanover, 2nd Duke of Cumberland, K.G., by his wife, Princess Mary-Alexandrina, eldest daughter of Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. Princess Frederica was born 9th Jan., 1848 ; and married 24th April, 1880, at Windsor Castle, Luitbert Alexander George Lionel Alphonse, Freiherr von Pawel Rammingen, who was born 27th July, 1843, K.C.B., K.H., Officer of the Hanoverian Ernest Augustus Order, Officer of the Legion of Honour, Knight of the Brunswick Henry the Lion's Order, medal of Langensalza. Their daughter, Victoria-Georgina-Beatrice-Maude- Anne, who was born in these apartments, 7th March, 1881, unfortunately died three weeks after. (See ante, p. 382.) Suite II — Secretary at Wars Lodging. (South side of the West Front.) General and Lady Sophia Thomas. iSth May, 1766. Lady Sophia Keppel, daughter of Arnold Joost, 1st Earl of Albemarle ; married General John, brother of Sir Edward, Thomas, Bart., of Wenvoe. They seem to have had apartments here as early as Oct. 1748. (See Horace Walpole's Letters, vol. ii., p. 132.) Their son, Col. Charles Nassau, was Vice-Chamberlain to George IV. when Prince Regent, and died unmarried in 1820. Mrs. Elizabeth Mallet Seymour, nth April, 181S, and 12th May, 1820. Wife of the following. Col. Sir Horace Beauciiamp-Seymour, K.C.H. 31st Jan., 1827. Younger brother of Sir George Seymour (see Suite IV.). He was born in 1791, and married, 16th May, 1818, first, Elizabeth Mallet, daughter of Sir Lawrence Palk, 2nd Bart., by whom he had, Frederick Bcauchainp Paget List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 447 Seymour, now Lord Alcester (see ante, p. 331) ; Colonel Charles, killed at Inkermann ; and Adelaide, afterwards Countess Spencer. Mrs. Seymour died iSth Jan., 1827. Captain Seymour was knighted K.C.H. by William IV., and married, secondly, in 1835, Frances Isabella, Dowager Lady Clinton, daughter of William Stephen Poyntz, of Cowdray, M.P. Sir Horace died on 23rd Nov., 185 1. Duchess of Buckingham. 3rd Jan., 1852. (See Suite XXXVI.) Mary, youngest daughter and co-heiress of John, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane; she married, 13th May, 1819, Richard Plantagenet, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, K.G. He died, 29th July, 1861 ; and she died, 28th June, 1862. Mrs. R. Burgess Watson. July, 1862. Helen, daughter of J. Bettington, Esq., of Bathampton, co. Somerset ; married in 1845, Captain R. Burgess Watson, R.N., C.B., A.D.C., who served with distinction in the first China War, commanding H.M.S. " Brilliant," and being first to scale the walls of Chin-Keang-too, where he was severely wounded. During the Crimean War he commanded a blockading squadron off Finland, and was afterwards sent, during the mutiny, to India, where his health broke down, when he was appointed to Sheerness Dockyard, where he died. Mrs. Watson died in 1878. Her son, Captain Burgess Watson, now commands H.M.S. " Leander." LADY Walpole. 1878. (See ante, p. 317.) Gertrude, youngest daughter of the late General Ford, married, 29th Jan., 1846, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Robert Walpole, K.C.B., who was Dep. Quarter- master Gen. in the Ionian Islands in 1846-56 ; served with distinction in India, in command of a brigade during the Mutiny ; commanded a division at the siege of Lucknow and received the thanks of Parliament ; was General Com. in Chief of Chatham Garrison, 1864-66. He died 12th July, 1876. Suite III. (North side of the West Front.) Lady Bowyer. (See Suite X.) Sir Frederick and Lady Eden. Jan., 1807. Sir Frederick Morton, 2nd Baronet, who married, in 1792, Anne, daughter and heiress of James Paul Smith, Esq., of New Bond Street, who died in 1808. He died, 14th Nov., 1809. One of his granddaughters is Mrs. Ward Hunt (see Suite XL). 44 8 Appendix G. Mrs. Mary Ware Bampfield. (See Suite X.) Daughter of John Bampfield, Esq., M.P. for Devon, by Margaret, daughter and heiress of Sir Francis Ware, Bart., of Hester Combe. Miss Catherine Chester. 22nd Oct., 1808. (See Suite X.) Eldest daughter of William Bagot, Esq., who assumed by Act of Parliament the surname of Chester, brother of" the ist Lord Bagot. Miss Mary Chester. 18 15. Sister of the foregoing. Afterwards married Robert, Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827. She vacated her rooms in Jan., 1824, when they were granted to her sister Louisa (see next). She died in 1846. Miss Louisa Chester. 23rd Jan., 1824. Miss Anne Chester. 16th March, 1830. Miss Elizabeth Chester. 2nd Dec, 1S41. Sisters of the foregoing. Miss Anne died in 1841, and Miss Elizabeth, 1 2th May, 185 1. Dowager Viscountess Hereford. 27th May, 185 1. (See XXIX.) Frances Elizabeth, third daughter of Sir George Cornwall, Bart., married, 12th Dec, 1S05, Henry Fleming Lea, 14th Viscount Hereford, who died 31st May, 1843 ; she died 20th Feb., 1864. The Lady Lyndhurst. April, 1S64. Georgiana, daughter of the late Lewis Goldsmith, Esq., married, 5th August, 1837, as his second wife, John Singleton Copley, Lord Lyndhurst, three times Lord Chancellor of England, who died 12th Oct., 1S63. Lady Lyndhurst resigned her apartments in 1883. The Hon. Lady Clifford. 18S3. Josephine Elizabeth, daughter of the late Joseph Anstice, Esq., married, 2ist March, 1857, Major-General Hon. Sir Henry Hugh Clifford, V.C., K.C.M.G. and C.B., who served in the Kaffir War, 1852-3, with great dis- tinction ; in the Crimea, receiving the Turkish war medal, the Y.C., and the Legion of Honour, and the Medjidie ; and in the China Expedition, and in command in the Zulu War. He held various appointments at the Horse Guards and was A.D.C. to H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge. He died 1 2th April, 1883. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 449 Suite IV. (In the North Wing of the South Front.) Countess Talbot. Mary, only daughter and heiress of the Right Hon. Adam de Cardonnel, of Bedhampton Park, co. Southampton, who married, 1733-4, William, 2nd Baron and 1st Earl Talbot, Lord Steward of the Household to George III. in 1761. Her husband was made Baron Dynevor in Sept. 1780, that his daughter, Lady Cecil, who had married George Rice, Esq., might succeed to the barony on his death. He died 17th April, 1782. Countess of Bellamont. 28th June, 1802. Emily Maria Margaret, daughter of James, ist Duke of Leinster ; married 1st Earl of Bellamont of second creation. She and Mrs. Charles Lock were sisters, and she was thus an aunt of Mrs. Ellice (see Suite XVI.). She died in 1818. Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Francis Seymour, G.C.B., and Lady Seymour. {See ante, pp. 331,347.) Warrant to Lady Seymour, 12th May, 1820; to her and Sir George jointly and separately, 13th Aug., 1832. Sir George, who was the eldest son of Lord Hugh Seymour by his wife Horatia, third daughter of James, 2nd Earl Waldegrave (see ante, p. 314, and Suite XLVIL), was born 17th Sept., 1787; married, Feb., 1811, Georgiana Mary, daughter of Admiral the Hon. Sir G. C. Berkeley, G.C.B. Sir George, who became an Admiral of the Fleet, after distinguished services in all parts of the world, died 20th Jan., 1870 ; and Lady Seymour, 20th Aug., 1878. He was father, among other children, of the late Marquess of Hertford, of Lady Harlech, and of Princess Victor Hohenlohe Langenburg, Countess Gleichen ; and grandfather of the present Lord Hertford. The Lady Gifford. 1878. Frederica Charlotte Berkeley, eldest daughter of the late Lord FitzHardinge, by Lady Charlotte Lennox, daughter of 4th Duke of Richmond, born 15th April, 1825 ; married, 2nd April, 1845, Robert Francis, 2nd Lord Gifford, who died 13th May, 1872. Lady Gifford is the mother of the present Lord Gifford, who received the Victoria Cross for his conspicuous gallantry in the Ashantee War. He also served with distinction in Egypt and South Africa, and was sometime colonial secretary at Gibraltar. Her second son was lost in the "Eurydice," which foundered off the Isle of Wight on 24th March, 1878. G G 450 Appendix G. Suite V. — Treasurer s Lodgings. (In the North Wing of the West Front, held from 1782 till Aug., 1S41, with the following apartment, as one.) Viscount Cantelupe, afterwards 2nd Earl Delawarr. 7th July, 1762. John, son of 7th Baron and 1st Earl Delawarr, by his first wife Charlotte, daughter of Donagh MacCarthy, Earl of Clancarty. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl in March, 1766 ; was a Lieutenant-General in the army, and was appointed Master of the Horse to the Queen in 1776. He married the following lady ; and died 22nd Nov., 1777. His sister also had apart- ments (see Suite IX.). Countess of Delawarr. 24th July, 17S2. (See next Suite.) Mary, daughter of Lieut.-Gen. Wynyard ; married, on 31st Jan., 1774, to 2nd Earl Delawarr, the foregoing. She died 27th Oct., 1784. Countess of Galloway. 25th Feb., 1785. (See next Suite.) Mr. Thomas and Mrs. Fauquier. Warrants variously dated 1785, 1786, 1 791, and 9th Jan., 1826. (See next Suite.) Lady Augusta Paget. 5th Aug., 1841. (See Suite X.) Augusta, second daughter of John, ioth Earl of Westmorland ; married, first, in 1 804, John, 2nd Lord Boringdon, afterwards Earl of Morley ; and secondly, 1 6th Feb., 1809, the Right Hon. Sir Arthur Paget, G.C.B., second son of Henry, 1st Earl of Uxbridge, by whom she became the mother of, among other children, the Right Hon. Sir Augustus Paget, G.C.B., now Her Majesty's ambassador at Vienna, and formerly at Rome. Sir Arthur died in 1840 ; and Lady Augusta in 1872. Hon. Lady Gore. 12th Dec., 1872. Sarah Rachel, daughter of the Hon. James Frazer, of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia ; married, 1824, the Hon. Sir Charles Gore, G.C.B., Governor of Chelsea Hospital, who died 4th Sept., 1869. He had been in every battle in the Peninsular War, and had three horses shot under him at Quatre Bras. Lady Gore died 17th Oct., 1880. Rev. Philip Cameron Wodehouse. Chaplain. (See Suite VIII.) Third son of Philip, second son of 1st Lord Wodehouse, Chaplain of the Palace from 1869 to 1882 ; born 22nd Jan., 1S37 ; married Mary, second daughter of the late Rev. Edward Henry Sawbridge, of East Haddon Hall; List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 45 1 and died 16th Dec, 1883. His sister-in-law, Mrs. Edwin VVodehouse, also had apartments (see Suite XXXVIII.). Rev. Thomas Crossley. Chaplain, 1882. Rev. D. Lancaster McAnally. Chaplain. Suite VI. — Cofferer s Lodgings. (In the North Wing of the West Front. Held from about 1782 to 1841, with the preceding apartment as one.) Viscount Cantelupe, afterwards 2nd Earl Delawarr. 7th July, 1762. (See preceding Suite.) Countess Delawarr. 24th July, 1782. (See preceding Suite.) Countess of Galloway. 25th Feb., 1785. (See preceding Suite and Suites VIII. and LI.) Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Fauquier. Various Warrants, dated 1785, 1786, 1791, and 9th Jan., 1826. (See preceding Suite.) Charlotte, daughter of Edward, fourth son of Charles, 2nd Viscount Towns- hend ; married, first, 12th May, 1773, to John Norris, Esq., ofWhitten, Nor- folk ; and secondly, in June, 1779, to Thomas Fauquier, Esq. " Mrs. Norris," writes Miss Mary Townshend to George Selwyn, on 9th of June, 1779, " within this week, was married to Mr. Fauquier, whom you may remember to have formerly seen at Holland House, acting and singing catches in their troupe." He held an appointment in the Royal Household, and died in Hampton Court Palace about 1841. See Jesse's George Selwyn and his Contemporaries, vol. iv., pp. 137 and 181. The Hon. Julia, Lady Pechell. 5th Aug., 1841. Julia Maria, daughter of Robert Edward, 9th Lord Petre, by Juliana, sister of Bernard, 12th Duke of Norfolk. She married 15th April, 1833, Sir S. J. Brooke-Pechell. (See next.) She died 6th Sept., 1844. Admiral Sir Samuel John Brooke-Pechell, C.B., 3RD Bart. 19th Nov., 1844. Second son of Sir Thomas Brooke-Pechell, 2nd Bart, (see Suite XVI.), and elder brother of Sir George Richard, 4th Bart, (see Suite X.), by his wife, Charlotte, second daughter of Lieut.-Gen. Sir John Clavering by his 452 Appendix G. ■wife, Lady Diana West (see Suite V., VI., and IX.). Sir Samuel John married the foregoing, after whose death he was granted a warrant for her apartments, which warrant is marked as being a special exception to the rule that no apartments are now granted to married men or widowers. He died 3rd Nov., 1849. Marchioness Wellesley. 30th Nov., 1849. (See Suite XXI.) Marianne, daughter of Richard Caton, Esq., of Philadelphia, U.S.A., and widow of Robert Paterson. She married, 29th Oct., 1825, Richard, Marquess Wellesley, K.G., the famous Governor-General of India, and the true consolidator of the British Empire in India, who died 26th Sept., 1842. She died 17th Dec, 1853. Dowager Marchioness of Ely. 1854. Anna Maria, daughter of Sir H. W. Dash wood, Bart., married, 1S10, John, 2nd Marquess of Ely, who died 26th Sept., 1845. Lady Ely died 6th Sept., 1S57. She was a niece of Lady Galloway (see Suite VIII.). Lady Sarah Maitland. Second daughter of Charles, 4th Duke of Richmond and Lennox, born 22nd Aug., 1792 ; married, 9th Oct., 181 5, General Sir Peregrine Maitland, G.C.B., who died 30th May, 1854. She died 8th Sept., 1873. Lady Sarah was present at the famous ball at Brussels the night before Waterloo. Her two sons were wounded severely in the Crimean War. Mrs. Chesney. 1873. Louisa, daughter of Edward Fletcher, Esq., of Corsack, Dumfriesshire, N.B., married Colonel, afterwards General, Francis Rawdon Chesney, R.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., &c. General Chesney surveyed in 1832 the Isthmus of Suez in view of a canal, explored the Euphrates, and subsequently com- manded the Euphrates Expedition. He also commanded the troops at Hong Kong from 1S43 to 1847, and served in the expedition up the Canton river, and the capture of the Bogue forts. He commanded the troops in the South of Ireland from 1848 to 1851, and was appointed in 1855 to the command of the Foreign Legion then being raised for service in the Crimea, the formation of which, however, was countermanded. Lady Macpherson. 1887. Maria, daughter of Lieut.-Gcncral James Eckford, C.B., married, in 1S59, Sir Herbert Macpherson, K.C.B., K.C.S.I., V.C., the distinguished Anglo- Indian general, who served in the Persian War, in the Mutiny with Have- lock's column, and who gained the Victoria Cross for his heroic gallantry at Lucknow. His more recent services included the Afghan War, during which he accompanied Sir Frederick Roberts in the march from Cabul to Candahar, in command of the First brigade, and was present at the battle ofCandahar; and the Egyptian War of 1882, when he commanded the Indian contingent. He died of fever in October, 1886. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 453 Suite VII. — Lord Privy Seals Lodgings. (First Floor of North Range in First Court.) General and Mrs. Stephens. 6th Oct., 1791. Mrs. Stephenson. Mr. and Miss Anne D. Reynett. 1815. (See Suite XIII.) Miss Copley. 23rd Sept., 1839. Elizabeth Mary, daughter of Sir Joseph Copley, Bart., by Cecil, daughter of the Hon. and Rev. George Hamilton, first cousin of John James, ist Marquess of Abercorn, at whose request Miss Hamilton was raised to the rank of an earl's daughter, and whom she married after the death of his first wife. Eight years later her husband divorced her, and the month following she married her divorced husband's first wife's brother, Sir Joseph Copley. Miss Copley was a sister of the late Countess Grey. Her aunt, Lady George Seymour, had Suite XLI. She resigned her apartments on succeeding in 1884 to her brother's estates at Sprotborough, Yorkshire. Mrs. Charles Bagot. 1884. Mary, second daughter of Major-General Chester ; married, 18th Feb. 1846, her cousin, the Rev. Charles Walter Bagot, Chancellor of Bath and Wells, and Rector of Castle Rising, Norfolk. He died 10th Sept., 1884. Suite VIII. (Ground Floor of North Range in First Court.) Mr. James Ely. 5th March, 1782. Mrs. Henrietta Walker. 1794. Countess of Galloway. (See Suites V., VI., and LI.) Anne, second daughter of Sir James Dashwood, M.P., of Kirklington; married, in 1764, John, 7th Earl of Galloway, Lord of the Bedchamber to George III. He died 13th Nov., 1806, and she died 8th Jan., 1830. (For her daughters, see next three names.) 454 Appendix G. Lady Charlotte Crofton. Lady Charlotte Stewart, fifth daughter of 7th Earl of Galloway, by the above. She married the Hon. Sir Edward Crofton, Bart., eldest son of Baroness Crofton, and died 1842. Hon. Lady Stewart. 30th May, 1829. Frances, daughter of the Hon. John Douglas. She married in 1804 the Hon. Sir William Stewart, son of Lady Galloway (see above), and brother of Lady C. Stewart (see above), and a Lieutenant-General in the army, and K.C.B. He died in 1827, and she in 1833. Susan, Duchess of Marlborough. 7th Aug., 1833. Second daughter of John, 7th Earl of Galloway,byhis wife, Anne Dashwood (see above); married, in 1791, George, 4th Duke of Marlborough, K.G. She died in 1841. Mrs. Alexander Ellice. 5th Aug., 1841. (See Suite XVI.) Mrs. and Miss Caroline FitzGerald. 4th Dec, 1S41. (See Suite XXXIV.) Mrs. FitzGerald died 5th May, 1849, and Miss FitzGerald 29th Aug., 1845. Rev. W. P. Bailey. Chaplain. Fellow of Clare College ; Chaplain of the Palace from 1S48 to 1865. Hon. and Rev. Francis Edmund Cecil Byng. Chaplain, 1865. Third son of George Stevens, 2nd Earl of Strafford, by Lady Agnes Paget,, fifth daughter of Henry William, 1st Marquess of Anglesey. Born 1 5th Jan., 1835 ; married, first, 8th June, 1859, Florence, seventh daughter of Sir Wm. Miles, Bart., who died 14th Feb., 1862. He was Chaplain of the Palace from 1865 to 1 868, and sometime Vicar of St. Peter's, South Kensington, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, and Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons. His second wife, whom he married 4th Aug., 1866, is Emily Georgina, eldest daughter of Lord Frederick Kerr, who formerly resided occasionally in the Palace with her grandmother, Lady Sarah Maitland (see Suite VI.). Rev. Frederick Tonsonby. Chaplain, 1867. Chaplain of the Palace from 1867 to 1869. Son of Lady Emily Ponsonby (see Suite I.), brother of Sir Henry Ponsonby, the Queen's Private Secre- tary, and now Vicar of St. Mary Magdalen's, Munster Square, London,, N.W. Rev. Philip Cameron VVodeiiouse. Chaplain, 1869. (See Suite V.) L ist of Occupants of Private Apartments. 455 Viscountess Mountmorres. Harriet, second daughter of the late George Broadrick, Esq., of Hamphall Stubbs, co. York ; married Nov., 1862, William Browne, 5th Viscount Mountmorres, who was assassinated in Ireland, 25th Sept., 1880. Suite IX. — Principal Secretary of State's Lodging. (First Floor, North-east Angle, First Court.) Lady Augustus FitzRoy. 24th August, 1765. Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel William Cosby, Governor of New York, younger son of Alexander Cosby, Esq., of Stradbally Hall, Queen's County. Her mother, who was Grace, sister of George Montague, Earl of Halifax, also had apartments (see Suite XIV.). She married Lord Augustus FitzRoy, younger son of Charles, 2nd Duke of Grafton, K.G., who died 24th May, 1 741, and by whom she became the mother of the 3rd Duke of Grafton, Prime Minister under George III. in 1766-8. She married, secondly, James Jeffreys, Esq. Lady Diana Clavering. Lady Diana West, younger daughter of John, 7th Lord and ist Earl Delawarr, sister of Lord Cantelupe, who was in Suites V. and VI., which see. She married General Sir James John Clavering, K.C.B. Mrs. Stevens. Lady Lavington. iSio. Widow of Ralph Payne, Esq. (of the family now Payne-Gallwey), created ist Oct., 1795, Lord Lavington in the Peerage of Ireland, a dignity which expired with him. Lady Montgomery. 13th May, 1830. Sarah Mercer, daughter of Leslie Grove, Esq., of Grove Hall, Donegal, married Sir Henry Conyngham Montgomery, Bart., who greatly distin- guished himself in the war against Tippoo Sultan, was afterwards M.P. for three several constituencies. He died 2 ist Jan., 1830. Lady Mont- gomery died 8th Dec, 1854. Lady Montgomery's eldest son, Sir Henry, was for many years Member of the Council of India, and was made a P.C. in 1877. Her second son was Admiral Sir Alexander Montgomery; and her fourth, Alfred, Commissioner of Inland Revenue. 456 Appendix G. Lady Whichcote. 26th June, 1833. Isabella Eliza, third daughter of the foregoing, married 25th March, 1856, Sir Thomas Whichcote, Bart., of Aswarby Park, Lincolnshire. Lady Which- cote's only daughter, Isabella, married in 1875 Brownlow Cecil, Lord Burghley, M.P., eldest son of the Marquess of Exeter. The Hon. Mrs. William Law. 26th June, 1833. Matilda, second daughter of the same, married in Jan., 1846, the Hon. William Towry Law, youngest son of the 1st Lord Ellenborough, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and brother of the 1st Earl, who filled, among other offices, that of Governor-General of India. Mr. Law was Vicar of East Brent and Harborne, and Chancellor of the Diocese of Bath and Wells ; but resigned his preferments on being received into the Catholic Church. He died on October 31st, 1886. Suite X. (Range between the First Court and Clock Court, south of and including the Clock Tower.) Mrs. Brudenell. Anne, daughter of Sir Cecil Bisshopp, Bart., of Parham, Sussex. She was a great beauty, and married, in 1752, the Hon. Robert Brudenell. Anne, Lady Bowyer. 21st March, 1768. Daughter of Sir John Stonehouse, Bart., of Radley, M.P. for Berkshire, and Comptroller of the Household to Queen Anne. She married Sir Wm. Bowyer, Bart. Mrs. Carey. 1 8th July, 1786. Mrs. Mary Ware BAMrriELD. (See Suite III.) Miss Catherine Chester. 16th Dec., 1806. (See Suite III.) Mrs. Mann. Lady Hervey. Elizabeth, daughter of Colin Drummond, Esq., married Lord Hervey, R.N., eldest son of the 4th Earl of Bristol, one of whose sisters was first wife of Lord Liverpool, the Prime Minister and the other Countess of Erne. (See Suite XXXIX.) List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 457 Mrs. Margaret Vesey. 15th Sept., 18 18. (See Suites XIV. and XLVII.) She was sister of Sir James Reynett, who held Suite XLVII I., widow of General Vesey, of the 52nd Regiment, and sister of Miss Reynett, who held Suites VII. and XIII. Her daughter married Col. Rose (see ante, p. 359), brother of Lord Strathnairn. She died 31st June, 1859. Lady Augusta Paget, ist July, 1840. (See Suite V.) Admiral Sir George Richard and the Hon. Katherine Lady Brooke-Pechell. 5th Aug., 1841. George Richard, third son of Sir Thomas Pechell (who had Suite XVI.), and brother of Sir Samuel John (who had Suite VI.). He married, ist Aug., 1826, the Hon. Katherine Annabella Bisshopp, daughter and co-heiress of Cecil, Baron Zouche, and sister of Harriett Anne, Baroness Zouche in her own right. He died 29th June, i860, and she 29th July, 1871. Lady Cecil Gordon. Emily, daughter of Maurice-Crosbie Moore, Esq., of Moresfort, co. Tipperary, married in 1841 Lord Cecil James Gordon, brother of Lord Henry Gordon (see Suite XX.), who died 15th Jan., 1878. Suite XL. — The Lord Treasurer 's Lodgings. (First Floor of the South Range in the First Court.) Mr. Lowndes. See Hannah More's letter, ante, pp. 305, 306. Mr. Richard Stonhewer. ioth May, 1769? (See ante, p. 305.) He was Secretary to the Duke of Grafton, when Prime Minister, in con- junction with Thomas Bradshaw (see Suites XXXV., XXXVI I., and XXXVIII. ). He held the office of Auditor of the Excise for about forty years, till his death in 1809. He was a friend of Horace Walpole's, and interested himself in literature and art. The Uuke of Grafton has a portrait of him by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Colonel and Mrs. Braddyll. Thomas Richmond Gale Braddyll, Esq., of Highhead Castle, Conishead Priory, &c, Lieut.-Col. Coldstream Guards ; born 14th Nov., 1776 ; married 6th Aug., 1803, Frances, daughter of Charles Bagot Chester. For her cousins, see Suites III. and VII. 453 Appendix G. Mrs. Boehm. 4th Aug., 1827. She was the widow of a wealthy West Indian merchant, who was a friend of the Duke and Duchess of York. Lady MacLean. 20th April, 1842. Daughter of Sir William Congreve, Bart., the inventor of rockets ; married General MacLean, R.A., who had been a member of the Irish Parliament in 1800, who in 1832 was appointed to the command of the Artillery in Ireland, and who in 1834 became Commandant at Woolwich, when he was knighted. He died in 1839, and Lady MacLean in 1845. Miss MacLean. 7th Oct., 1845. Daughter of the foregoing. Miss Julia, Miss Anne, and Miss Caroline MacLean, while each remained unmarried, were to have the joint benefit of the occupation with their sister Margaret ; but in the event of her marriage or death, the lodgings were to become vacant and the warrant cancelled. She died in 1880. Mrs. Ward Hunt. July, 1880. Alice, daughter of the Rt. Rev. Robert Eden, D.D., Bishop of Moray and Ross, and Primus of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, by his wife Emma, third daughter of Sir James Allan Parke, one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas. Miss Eden married, 5th Dec, 1857, the Right Hon. George Ward Hunt, M.P., First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Beaconsfield's administration, who died 29th July, 1877. For Mrs. Ward Hunt's grandfather and grandmother, see Suite III. ; and for her cousin, Miss Dulcibella Eden, see Suite XIV. Suite XII. — Loi'd Chamberlains Lodgings. (In the Range on the south of the First Court.) Hon. Anne Granville. 4th July, 1764. She came from Windsor Castle for her health. Hon. Elizabeth Granville. 22nd Dec, 1767. (?) The unmarried daughters of George Granville, ist Lord Lansdowne by Lady Mary Villiers, daughter of Edward, Earl of Jersey. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 459 Lady Fust. Mrs. Lucy Wright. 1782. Born 10th Feb., 175 1. She was the daughter of Shuckburgh Boughton, of Poston Hall, co. Hereford, by his wife, a daughter of the Hon. Algernon Greville, a famous beauty, who inspired the lines of Pope, which begin : " Greville, whose eyes have power to make, A Pope of any swain." Lucy Boughton married Robert Wright, son of Thomas Wright, Chaplain to Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Canon of York. Mrs. Lucy Wright was mother of Mrs. Archer, who lived for many years at Hampton Court, and was thus great grandmother of Lucy Archer, afterwards Mrs. Campbell, who had Suite I. Another of her daughters married Lord Templetown. Lady Isabella St. John. 4th June, 1839. Isabella Frances, fourth daughter of George Henry, 4th Duke of Grafton, K.G., by his wife Charlotte Maria, daughter of James, 2nd Earl of Waldegrave (see Suite XLVIL). Lady Isabella married Henry Joseph St. John, Esq., who died in 1857 ; and she died 27th Aug., 1875, aged eighty-three. Mrs. Middleton. 1875. Harriet Margaret, daughter of Thomas Kavanagh, M.P., of Borris Castle, co. Carlow, and sister of the well-known M.P. She married Colonel Middle- ton, R.A., C.B., late Deputy Adjutant General at the Horse Guards. She died in 1876, a few months after being granted these apartments. Miss Fanny Middleton. May, 1876. Eldest daughter of the foregoing. She married, in 1878, Capt. Maxwell, when the warrant was renewed to her younger sisters. Miss Louise and Grace Middleton. 4th July, 1878. Miss Anna Louise married, in 18S4, Evan MacGregor, Esq., C.B., Secre- tary of the Admiralty, and son of Lady MacGregor (see Suites L. and LI.). Miss Grace in 1889 entered an Anglican sisterhood. The Misses Conolly. 24th June, 1889. Daughters of John Augustus Conolly, V.C., late Lieut.-Col. of the Cold- stream Guards. 460 Appendix G. Suite XIII. (Ground Floor, south side of Clock Court.) Commodore Hon. Robert Boyle Walsingham. Youngest son of Henry, 1st Earl of Shannon. He took the name of Wal- singham on succeeding to that property, and was at one time M.P. for Knaresborough. In 1780 he commanded a squadron sent to the West Indies to reinforce Rodney, and was lost on board H.M.S. "Thunderer," in October of that year. He married 17th July, 1759, Charlotte, second daughter and co-heiress of Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, K.B., who after his death bought a property at Thames Ditton, and built Boyle Farm, opposite Hampton Court, where their daughter Charlotte, Baroness de Ros in her own right, subsequently lived. Mrs. Mary Bowater. 2nd Oct., 1766. Mary, daughter of Thomas Bailey, Esq., of Derbyshire, and wife of Richard Bowater, of Warwickshire, who died in 1790, and was buried at Hampton. She was the mother of Admiral Bowater, whose wife was Miss Poyntz Lane, and great grandmother of the present Lady Knightley. Miss Bridget Bowater. 6th Jan., 1789. Probably the daughter of the above. Hon. Mrs. Margaret Walpole. 12th May, 18 12. Margaret, daughter of Robert, ist Lord Give ; married nth April, 1788, Lieut.-Colonel Lambert Theodore Walpole, who was killed when in command of a detachment of troops sent to suppress the Irish Rebellion in Wexford in May, 1798. She died in 18 14, and was the mother of the two Misses Walpole, who occupied Suite XLIII. for sixty-seven years. See ante, p. 315. Countess of Sefton. 3rd June, 1818. (See Suite XLIII.) Isabella, daughter of William, 2nd Earl of Harrington, by Caroline, eldest daughter of Charles, 2nd Duke of Grafton. She married, 27th Nov., 1768, Charles William, ist Earl of Sefton, who died 31st Jan., 1795 ; and died 29th Jan., 1819. She moved from Suite XLIII,, which see. Mrs. Elizabeth Mallet Seymour. (See Suite II.) Miss Gertrude Mary Thomas. 12th May, 1820. Miss Barbara St. John and Mrs. Charlotte Bainbrigge. 27th Oct., 1826. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 46 1 Miss Anne D. Reynett. 23rd Sept., 1839. (See Suite VII.) Sister of Sir James Reynett (see Suite XLVIII.), and of Mrs. Vesey (see Suite XIV.). She resigned her apartments in 1866. The Misses Gordon. 1867. Misses Wilhelmina Gertrude Mary, Millicent Theresa, and Augusta Gordon, daughters of the late Lord and Lady Henry Gordon (see Suites XIX. and XX.). Miss Augusta married, first, on 21st July, 1869, Capt. Wm. Gerard Walmesley, 17th Lancers, of Westwood House, co. Lancaster, who died 2nd Jan., 1877; and secondly, 6th Feb., 1879, George Nugent-Ross Wetherall, Esq., late 15th Hussars, of Astley Hall, co. Lancaster. Mrs. Wetherall died 14th May, 1881. Suite XIV. — "My Lord Cardinals Lodgings." (Formerly Cardinal Wolsey's ; behind the Colonnade on the south side of the Clock Court, looking into the Pond Garden, see vol. i., p. 48.) Mrs. Cosby, nth Nov., 1763. She moved into this apartment from another part of the Palace. Grace, sister of George Montague, Earl of Halifax, K.B., who married William Cosby, Brigadier-General, Governor of New York and the Jerseys, and who died 10th March, 1737. She died 25th Dec, 1767. Her daughter Elizabeth, who married Lord Augustus FitzRoy, also had apartments at Hampton Court (see Suite IX.). George Montague, in a letter to Horace Walpole, dated April, 1763, asks him to have some family portraits, presented to him by his aunt Cosby at Hampton Court, packed up and forwarded to Great-North {Historical Com- mission, 8th Report, pt. ii., pp. 116 a and b, Duke of Manchester's Papers). She and her daughter probably owed their rooms to the influence of the Duke of Grafton, or to Lord Halifax, who, as Housekeeper of Hampton Court, must have had powerful patronage. Mrs. Barbara Wrighte. 17S7. Lady Frances Beresford. 4th Feb., 1829. (See Suite XXXIII.) Frances Arabella, daughter of Joseph, ist Earl of Milltown, by his third wife, Elizabeth Ffrench, daughter of the Very Rev. Wm. Ffrench, Dean of Armagh, who survived her daughter two years, dying at the extraordinary age of 105. Lady Frances married, 25th July, 1790, Marcus Beresford, son of the Right Hon. John Beresford. He died 16th Nov., 1797 ; and she died 9th 462 Appendix G. May, 1840. Her son, the Right Hon. Wm. Beresford, had Suite XLVI. ; another son, John Theophilus, 88th Connaught Rangers, led the forlorn hope at Ciudad Rodrigo, 1812, and was killed by the springing of a mine, under the breach, by the French. There is a tablet to his memory in Westminster Abbey. Mrs. Margaret Vesev. 22nd May, 1840. (See Suites X. and XLVII.) Mrs. Thompson. Aug., 1859. Hon. Dulcibella Eden. 1863. Eldest daughter of Thomas Eden, Dep. Auditor of Greenwich Hospital, by Mariana, daughter of Arthur Jones ; niece of the 1st Lord Auckland ; sister of Lady Brougham ; and Maid of Honour to Queen Adelaide. Mrs. Carey. Olivia Hester, daughter of William Gordon Thomson, Esq., of the Mount, Wadhurst ; married in 1861 Major-General George Jackson Carey, C.B., who served with distinction at the Cape and in New Zealand, and was appointed in 1865 to command the troops in Australia. He died in 1872, in command of the Northern District. Suite XV. — Duke of Cumberland's Lodgi7igs. (Ground, First and Second Floors of the East side of the Clock Court.) Lord Southampton. George Ferdinand, 2nd Baron, born 7th Aug., 1761. His grand- mother, Lady Augustus FitzRoy, had Suite IX., his great grandmother, Mrs. Cosby, Suite XIV., his mother-in-law, Mrs. Keppef, Suite LI I., and his sister-in-law, Lady Anne FitzRoy, Suite XXVII. The Stadtholder of Holland. 1795. See ante, p. 320. Mr. Louis de Curt. 1798. Admiral Sir James Hawkins-Whitshed, Bart, and Lady Hawkins-Whitshed. 1802. Third son of James Hawkins, Bishop of Raphoe. He took the surname and arms of Whitshed in 1 791, in which year also he married Sophia Henrietta, daughter of Capt. John Albert Bentinck, R.N., grandson of 1st Earl of Portland. He was made G.C.B. and Admiral, and on 16th May, 1834, a baronet. He died 29th Oct., 1849. His brother, the Rev. John Hawkins, married Anne, daughter of Alexander Montgomery of the Hall, Donegal (see Suite IX.). Lady Hawkins-Whitshed died 20th Jan., 1852. List of Occupants of Priixite Apartments. 463 Hon. Lady Hill. 3rd Aug., 1843. Anna Maria, second daughter of John Shore, 1st Lord Teignmouth, Governor-General of India. She married, 27th July, 182 1, Colonel Sir Thomas Noel Hill, K.C.B., whodied 1832, younger son of Sir John Hill, Bart. Lady Hill died 25th Feb., 1S86, aged eighty-eight. Mrs. Dalison. 1886. Charlotte Grace, daughter of Hy. Wm. De la Poer Beresford-Peirse, Esq., of Bedale and Hutton Bonville, co. York, by his wife, Henrietta Anne Theodosia, only daughter of the Hon. and Rev. Thomas J. Monson. She married, 4th Oct., 1874, Capt. Maximilian Dudley Digges Dalison, Scots Fusilier Guards, who was killed in the Soudan War in 1885. Suite XVI. — Lodgings of the Keeper of Bushey Park. (In the uppermost Storey of the New Palace, over the King's Guard Chamber, Presence Chambers, &c. These apartments have a fine extra private stair- case, leading to the King's Guard Chamber, and the passage on the ground- floor, known as " the Beauty Passage," into the Privy Garden. On one of the windows of the staircase is scratched the following : Tho. Loyd Clare this Appartment Oct. 12th, 1762. God save the King! Martha Clowd this Apart. Jan. 15, 1770.) Mr. and Mrs. Christopher D'Oyley. 16th Dec, 1767. Sir Thomas and Lady Brooke-Pechell. 1786. Second bart. ; a Major-General in the army; he married, in 1783, Charlotte, second daughter of Lieut. -General Sir John Clavering, K.B., Commander-in-Chief in Bengal, by his wife, Lady Diana West, youngest daughter of John, 1st Earl Delawarr. (See Suites V., VI., and IX.) Sir Thomas died 18th June, 1826, and Lady Pechell 23rd Oct., 1841. Their two sons and daughters-in-law also had apartments (see Suites VI. and X.). Mrs. Alexander Ellice. 4th Dec, 1841. (See Suite VIII.) Daughter of Charles Lock, Esq. She married, in 1825, Capt. Alexander Ellice, R.N., brother of the well-known politician, Edward Ellice, M.P. Capt. Ellice took part in the battle of Algiers, and was M.P. for Harwich from 1830-3, but resigned his seat to become Comptroller of the Coast- guard, He died in 1853. 464 Appendix G. Suite X VII — Gold Staff Gallery. (Uppermost Storey of South Front, with rooms also looking into the Fountain Court.) Mr. William Brummell. (See Suites XXIX. and XXX.) Mr. Richard Tickell. 20th Sept., 1782. Grandson of Addison's Thomas Tickell, a political writer and poet, killed by throwing himself out of his bedroom window, from the top floor of the Palace, on the 4th of November, 1793. For particulars, see ante, p. 318. Mrs. Marianne Ellis. 1796. The Lady Graves. 26th Aug., 1828. Lady Mary Paget, fifth daughter of Henry, ist Earl of Uxbridge, and sister of the ist Marquess of Anglesea. She married, in 1803, the 2nd Lord Graves, vacated her apartments in 1832, and died in 1835. The Hon. Mrs. Cuthbert. 29th Nov., 1832. Jane Anne Graves, daughter of the foregoing, married, in 1S29, Capt. James W. Cuthbert, Esq., Equerry to the late Duke of Cambridge. He died 6th May, 1874 ; and she, 14th September, 1881. She left by her will a sum of ^300, called the " Cuthbert Fund," to be invested in consols, and the income applied for the benefit of the poor of Hampton Court. Lady Pomeroy Colley. 1881. Edith Althea, daughter of Major-Gen. Henry Meade Hamilton, C.B. ; married, 1878, Major-Gen. Sir George Pomeroy Colley, K.C.S.I., C.B., &c, who served throughout the China War, in the Ashantee War ; and was Military and Private Secretary to Lord Lytton, when Viceroy of India; Chief of the Staff to Lord Wolseley in the Zulu War ; and was killed when in command at Majuba Hill in the Boer War in 1S80. Suite XVIII— Gold Staff Gallery. (Uppermost Storey of the South-east Angle of the New Palace, with windows looking east and south.) Mr. Fitzherbert. 30th April, 1771. Viscount Hinciiinbroke. John, afterwards 5th Earl of Sandwich. He married first, in 1766, Elizabeth, only surviving daughter of George, 2nd Earl of Halifax, to whom he probably owed his apartments. In 1772 he married Lady Mary Paulett, daughter of 6th and last Duke of Bolton. He succeeded his father in 1792, and died in 1 8 14. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 465 Viscountess Malpas. 7th June, 1782. (See ante, p. 3 14.) Hester, daughter of Sir Francis Edwardes, 4th Bart., of Shrewsbury and of Grete in Shropshire, by his second wife, Hester, daughter of John Lacon, Esq., of West Coppice, co. Salop. Miss Edwardes married, 19th Jan., 1747, George Viscount Malpas, eldest son of George, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley, by his wife, Mary, only daughter of Sir Robert Walpole, and sister of Horace Walpole. Lord Malpas, who was sometime M.P. for Corfe Castle, died 15th March, 1764, in the lifetime of his father, leaving a son, George James, afterwards 4th Earl. Lady Malpas was given her rooms on ac- count of being left in rather straitened circumstances. See Horace Walpole's Letters, inter alia, vol. i., p. 409, and vol. iv., pp. 205 and 207. Hon. Mrs. Bouverie, afterwards Talbot. Arabella, eldest daughter of Admiral Sir Chaloner Ogle, 1st Bart. She married, first, Hon. Edward Bouverie, who died in 1824 ; and secondly, 17th Oct., 1828, Hon. Robert Talbot, who died 1843. She died 29th Oct., 1855. Lady Torrens. 1855. Maria, daughter of the late General Murray. She married, in 1832, Major- General Sir Arthur Wellesley Torrens, who died in 1855; and died Feb., 1890, aged eighty. Mrs. H. D. Keith. 1890. Widow of Surgeon-Major Keith, who was on the staff of the Duke of Connaught in India. Suite XIX. (Uppermost Storey in the South-east Corner of the New Palace.) Mr. R. Drummond. 31st March, 1772. His apartments described as in the South-east corner, entrance through the Gold Staff Gallery. Hon. Mrs. Storer. In a warrant added the "Chocolate Room" for a kitchen, with entrance from the Coffee Room Court. Mrs. F. Dawson. 1808. -j~ H H 466 Appendix G. Lady Elizabeth Monck. 4th Feb., 1829. (?) Elizabeth Araminta, second daughter of Arthur Saunders, 2nd Earl of Arran, K.P. ; married, 6th Aug., 1783, Henry Monck, of Fowre, co. West- meath. Their daughter, Catherine, married the 1st Lord Oranmore (see Suite LI I.), and the other, Elizabeth, Adm. Hon. Sir Charles Paget. Lady Elizabeth died in 1845. Lady Henry Gordon. 28th July, 1845. (See next Suite.) Mrs. Sarah Pennycuick. 4th April, 1851. Widow of Brigadier Pennycuick. Mrs. Chamberlain. 1878. Daughter of Thomas Holroyd, Esq., and granddaughter of Mr. Justice Holroyd, Judge of the Court of King's Bench ; married, in Oct., 1872, Admiral William Charles Chamberlain, who served with much distinction at St. Jean dAcre, in the Baltic in 1855, and on the coast of Syria, and was subsequently Admiral Superintendent of Devonport Dockyard. He died in 1878. All his brothers are distinguished officers, among them Sir Neville Chamberlain. Suite XX. — The Maids of Honour 's Gallery. (Uppermost Storey in the East Front.) Countess of Berkeley. 13th March, 1773. (See next Suite.) Lady Albinia Cumberland. Jan., 1794. Daughter of George, Earl of Buckinghamshire, married Richard Cum- berland, Esq., son of the celebrated dramatic writer, who died in 1794, and was buried at Hampton. (See Lysons' Middlesex Parishes.) She died 2nd Aug., 1850. Lady Henry Gordon. 8th Oct., 1850. (See Suite XIX.) Miss Louisa Payne married, 6th March, 1827, Lord Henry Gordon, son of 9th Marquess of Huntley, who died 28th August, 1865. She died 17th May, 1867. Her daughters now have Suite XIII. ; and her sister-in-law, Suite X. Mrs. Home Purves. 1867. Widow of Col. Home Purves, Equerry and Comptroller of the Household to H.R.H. the Duchess of Cambridge. She vacated these rooms to go to Kensington Palace in 1SS0. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 467 Mrs. Marcus Slade. 1880. Charlotte, daughter of the Hon. Andrew Ramsay, fifth son of 8th Earl of Dalhousie ; married, 7th April, 1842, Lieut.-Gen. Marcus John Slade, sort of Sir John Slade, and Lieut. -Governor of Guernsey, who died 7th March, 1872. Mrs. Slade's eldest son, Col. John Slade, C.B., is military attache" at Rome ; her second son, Major Montague Slade, 10th Hussars, was killed at El Teb ; and her third son, Col. Frederick Slade, is now Dep. Assist.- Adjutant and Quartermaster General. Suite XXL (Uppermost Storey in the East Range of the Fountain Court. On a window pane in one of the rooms in this suite there was formerly scratched the following : Georg. Albrecht Notche, Ano. 1 73 1, 2$Junij.) Countess of Berkeley. 13th June, 1782. (?) Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Drax, Esq., of Charborough, co. Dorset, who married Augustus, 4th Earl of Berkeley, K.T. She married, after his death, Robert Nugent, afterwards created Earl of Clare. " During her latter marriage she had two daughters, the younger of whom Mr. Nugent dis- avowed for his. The elder married the 2nd Earl Temple." Horace Walpole, writing of her, says : " Be doubly on your guard against her. There is nothing so black of which she is not capable. Her gallantries are the whitest specks about her." — Vol. vii., p. 149, 16th Nov., 1778. Mrs. Henrietta Gardiner. Mrs. Cottin. ioth Nov., 1797. Colonel Cottin. 13th May, 1830. He died in 1S43. Marchioness Wellesley. 19th July, 1843. (See Suite VI.) Lady Robert Kerr. 24th Nov., 1843. (See Suites XXVI. and XXVII.) Florence, Lady Sale. 31st July, 1846. Widow of General Sir Robert Sale, whose splendid services in the first Afghan War are well known. She resigned her apartments in 1S48. Misses Louisa and Melliora Campbell. 6th June, 1848. 468 Appendix G. Lady Fox-Strangways. 1855. Sophia-Eliza, eldest daughter of Benjamin Harenc, Esq., of Foot's Cray, married 20th July, 1833. Widow of" Brigadier-General Thomas Fox- Strangways, R.A., second son of the Hon. and Rev. Charles, third son of Stephen, 1st Earl of Ilchester. General Fox-Strangways commanded the R.A. in the Crimea, and was killed at Inkermann, 5th Nov., 1854. Mrs. Robert FitzRoy. 1870. Maria Isabella, daughter of the late John Henry Smyth, Esq., of Heath Hall, Yorkshire, by Lady Elizabeth Anne FitzRoy. She married, 22nd April, 1854, as his second wife, her cousin, Vice- Admiral Robert FitzRoy, the well-known meteorologist, who died 30th April, 1865. Mrs. FitzRoy died in January, 1890. Miss Dennehy. 1890. Elsie, daughter of Major-General Thomas Dennehy, C.I.E., who served in the Sonthal Campaign, 1855-6, and during the Indian Mutiny, and was Political Agent at Dholepore, 1879-85. He is now extra-groom-in- waiting to the Queen, having charge of her Majesty's Indian servants. Suite XXII. (Uppermost Storey of the North-east Corner of the Fountain Court.) Mr. and Miss Stanley. Mrs. Wynch. Mrs. Flora Willis. Mother of the next lady and widow of Dr. Francis Willis, parson and "mad doctor," who had the entire management of George III. in his lunacy. She died in 1843. Miss Willis, afterwards Mrs. Wolley. 12th Sept., 1843. Emily Frances, daughter of the foregoing ; married about 1S44 the Rev. Mr. Wolley. Lady Cavagnari. 19th April, 1S80. Mercy Emma, daughter of Dr. Henry Graves, of Cookstown, co. Tyrone ; married, in 1871, Major Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari, K.C.B., C.S.I., who was appointed, after the Afghan War, Resident at Cabul, where he was murdered in Sept., 1879. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 469 Suite XXIII. — Duke of York's Apart?nents. (Ground Floor, South-east Angle of the New Palace.) Lady Harriett Hoste. 1830; warrant not made out till Oct., 1845. Daughter of the 3rd Earl of Orford, and widow of Capt. Sir Wm. Hoste, K.C.B., 1 st Bart. Lady Georgiana Grey. Daughter of Charles, 2nd Earl Grey, the great Reform statesman. She was given in 1861 Suite XXVII., but never occupied them. For further particulars about Lady Georgiana, see ante, p. 413. Suite XXIV. (Ground Floor in the East Front, to the north of the Garden Gate.) Mrs. Horneck. Widow of General Horneck. Her two daughters, Mrs. Bunburyand Mrs. Gwynne, were celebrated beauties, and their portraits among the best of Sir Joshua Reynolds's (Mdme. D'Arblay's Diary and Letters). Elizabeth, Countess of Errol. i 8th June, 1800. (See Suite XLIV.) Mrs. Margaret Blake. 10th Jan., 1820. She resigned her apartments in 1847. She was aunt of the following. Lady Hamilton Chichester. 3rd Feb., 1847. Honoria Anastatia, daughter of Col. Henry James Blake, of Ardfry, co. Galway, and sister of the 3rd Lord Wallscourt. She married, 7th Dec, 1837, Lord Hamilton Chichester, who died 1st Jan., 1854. Lady Hamilton died 7th Feb., 1878. The Misses Cuppage. (See Suite XXXIX.) Mrs. Wilkinson. 1SS4. 470 Appendix G. Suite XXV.— Prince of Wales Lodgings. (Ground Floor, North-east Angle of the New Palace.) Rev. Dr. Richard Lillingston, LL.D. Chaplain (? 31st Jan., W4 ?)■ Reader and Preacher at the Chapel Royal, Prebendary of Sarum, and Vicar of Leigh, Kent. Died in 17S6, and was buried in Hampton church- yard. , , (His curate given the use of three rooms on the organ-loft stairs ; and a place for coals at the bottom.) Rev. Mr. Keete. Countess of Mornington. 1795. Anne, eldest daughter of Arthur Hill, ist Lord Dungannon ; she married, 6th Feb., 1759, Garrett, ist Earl of Mornington, and thus became the mother of the Marquess Wellesley, the illustrious Governor-General of India, and of his brother the great Duke of Wellington. Lady Mornington died 10th Sept., 1831. Her daughter and her son also had apartments in the Palace (see Suite XXVI I.), as well as two of her daughters-in-law (see Suites VI. and XLIV.). Countess of Bessborough. (?) Lady Caroline Cavendish, eldest daughter of William, 3rd Duke of Devonshire, married, 5th June, 1739, William, 2nd Earl of Bessborough, who died nth March, 1793. Mrs. Jane Kirby. 19th Sept., 1831. Wife of Thomas Norbury Kirby, Esq., of Antigua. Hon. Mrs. Anne Bryant Stapleton. 7th July, 1835. Daughter of the foregoing; married Hon. and Rev. Miles Stapleton, Rector of Nurworth. Miss Adelaide Stableton, afterwards Mrs. Catesby Paget. 7th July, 1835. Daughter of the foregoing ; married Capt. Catesby Paget, son of the Hon. and Rev. Berkeley Paget. She died in i860. Lady Bourciiier. Sept., i860. Jane Barbara, eldest daughter of the late Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, G.C.B., who commanded at the " untoward event," the Battle of Navarino. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 47 1 She married, in 1843, Capt. S' r Thomas Bourchier, R.N., who was made a K.C.B. in 1843, and who died in 1849. Lady Bourchier died on 3rd April, 1884, at the age of seventy-four. Lady Margaret Bourke. 1884. (See Suite XXXIX.) Miss Somerset. April, 1887. (See Suite XL.) Countess of Desart. 1888. Lady Elizabeth Lucy Campbell, daughter of ist Earl of Cawdor ; married 28th June, 1842, the Earl of Desart, who died ist April, 1865. Lady Desart was Lady-in-Waiting to the Queen. Suite XX VI. — The Prince of Wales Private Apartments. Mrs. Whitehouse. 23rd March, 1808. Miss Yeo. 19th Sept., 18 17. After frequently applying for leave of absence, she vacated her rooms in Aug., 1843. Lady Robert Kerr. 13th Sept., 1843. (See Suites XXI. and XXVII.) Mrs. Jane Bulley. 14th Dec., 1843. Daughter of Rev. William Beloe, Prebendary of St. Paul's, &c, translator of Herodotus, and author of various works ; she married Ashburnham Bulley, Esq., of H.M. Exchequer, and Chief Clerk of Issues, who brought to light the forgeries of Exchequer bills by Beaumont Smith. He died in 1843 ; and she in 1859. Mrs. Hodson. Jan., i860. Susan, daughter of Capt. C. Henry, R.N. ; married, first, John Mitford, Esq., of Exbury, Hants, and secondly, Major Hodson, of Hodson's Horse, who, after many brilliant exploits, especially before Delhi, was killed at Lucknow, during the Mutiny, on March 12th, 1858. Lady William Phipps. Nov., 1884. Constance Emma, youngest daughter of Alfred Keyser, Esq., of Kings- hill, Great Berkhampstead ; married 31st March, 1875, Lord William Phipps, R.N., second son of the Marquess of Normanby, who died 19th Feb., 1880. 47 2 Appendix G. Suite XX VII. — The Qtiee?is Half -Storey. (This is the apartment in which the fire broke out in December, 1882.) Miss Hester Greville. 4th May, 1770. Daughter of Hon. Algernon Greville (son of 5th Lord Greville), by his wife Mary, daughter of Lord Arthur Somerset. Hon. Mrs. Storer. Lady Anne Wellesley, afterwards FitzRoy, afterwards Culling Smith. Only daughter of Garrett, 2nd Baron and 1st Earl of Mornington, and was thus the sister of the great Duke of Wellington and of Marquess Wellesley. (See ante, p. 328, and Suites VI. and XXV.) She married, first, in 1790, Hon. Henry FitzRoy, son of Lord Southampton (see Suite XV.), and grandson of Lady Augustus FitzRoy (see Suite IX.), who died in 1794 ; and secondly, Charles Culling Smith, Esq., of Hampton, who died in 1853. She died 16th Dec, 1844. Her daughter, Emily Frances, married Henry, 7th Duke of Beaufort, father of the present duke. Lady Caroline Barrington. 24th May, 1845. She resigned these apartments on receiving a grant of rooms in Kensing- ton Palace, 28th July, 1845. Lady Robert Kerr. 19th Dec, 1845. (See Suites XXI. and XXVI.) Mary, daughter of Rev. Edmund Gilbert, of Windsor House, Cornwall. Married, in 1806, Lord Robert, youngest son of William John, 5th Marquess of Lothian. Lady Georgiana Grey, ioth Dec, 1861. (See Suite XXIII.) Lady Georgiana was given these rooms, but never occupied them. Hon. Mrs. Montagu Villiers. 1862. Amelia Maria, eldest daughter of William Hulton, Esq., of Hulton Park, Lancashire ; she married, 30th Jan., 1837, the Hon. and Rev. Henry Montagu Villiers, Bishop of Durham, and brother of the illustrious Foreign Secretary, 4th Karl of Clarendon. The bishop died 9th Aug., 1861, and Mrs. Villiers 5th Feb., 1 871. List of Occupcuits of Private Apartments. 473 Mrs. Crofton. Feb., 187 1. (See Suite XXXVI.) Fanny, daughter of Surgeon Home ; widow of Col. Crofton, R.A., who was Brigadier of Artillery in China, and who died suddenly at Malta while commanding there. Mrs. William Mayne. Helen C. Davidson, daughter of J. R. Davidson, of the Bengal Civil Service, at one time Resident at Lucknow, and after Secretary to the Indian Government. She married, in 1844, Col. Wm. Mayne, A.D.C., who served with great distinction in the first Afghan War, and was one of the "Illustrious Garrison" under Sale, at Jellalabad. He commanded the Governor-General's bodyguard, and was on the staff of Lord Ellenborough and Lord Hardinge. Suite XXVIII. — The Queeiis Half -Storey. (East side of the Fountain Court.) Mrs. Anne Walsh. 3rd April, 1771. Mr. W. Myddleton or Middleton. 20th Feb., 1782. Mrs. Brereton. 1803. Great-aunt of Mrs. Ellice (see Suite XVI.), being sister of Sir Luke Schaub. Miss Charlotte Tiioroton. 27th Feb., 1829. Mrs. Sarah Pennycuicr. 4th April, 185 i. Mrs. Cureton. (See Suite XXXIV.) Lady Boxer. Widow of the distinguished Capt. Boxer, R.N. She died 15th April, 1873. Mrs. Hore. 27th April, 1873. Maria, daughter of the late General Sir William Reid, R.E., K.C.B., &c, Gentleman Usher to H.R.H. the Prince Consort ; she married, in 1847, Capt. Edward George Hore, R.N., who, among many other services, served at the capture of St. Jean d'Acre and in the trenches before Sevastopol. He was afterwards Naval Attache to the British Embassy in Paris for eleven years, where he frequently received the thanks of the two govern- ments, especially for his zeal and discretion during the Franco-German War. He died Sept., 1871. 474 Appendix G. Suite XXIX. — Silver Staff Gallery. (Held originally as one with the next. Uppermost Storey, North side of the Fountain Court.) Mr. William Brummell. 28th Sept., 1782. Mr. John Hale. Mrs. Mary Barne. April, 1803, and 14th Sept., 1831. Mrs. Barne was mother of Mrs. Bowater (see Suite XIII.). Viscountess Hereford. 3rd Aug., 1843. (See Suite III.) Miss Pottinger. 2nd Feb., 1844. Alicia, sister of the Right Hon. Sir Henry Pottinger, Bart., G.C.B., sometime Governor of Madras. (?) Lady Jones. Miss Longley. 1869. Frances E. Rosamond, daughter of Dr. Longley, Archbishop, first of York, and then of Canterbury. Suite XXX. (Second Floor on the East side of the Clock Court.) Mr. Brummell. 31st March, 1772. Mr. J. Hale. 6th Jan., 1796. Mrs. Charlotte Anne Moore. 31st March, 1S03, and 16th Dec, 1 8 1 5. Mrs. C. A. Moore and Miss Mary Bridget Moore. 8th Oct., 1831. She was granddaughter of Mrs. Sarah Trimmer, famed for her educa- tional books for children — " The History of the Robins'' being one of the best known. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 475 Mrs. Spencer. 1873. Widow of the Bishop of Jamaica, who was thirty years Missionary and Bishop. Mrs. Moncrieffe. 1883. Widow of Capt. Moncrieffe. Removed to Kensington Palace in 1884. Mrs. Robert Hall. 1884. Teresa Bridget Tunstall, of Wycliffe Hall, Yorkshire, widow of Admiral Robert Hall. Suite XXXI. — Stiver Stick Gallery. (A Gallery with a set of some twelve rooms, in part above the Queen's Great Stair- case, on the south side of the Round Kitchen Court, with windows abutting north into that court, and south over the Communication Gallery and the court behind it. Half of this apartment formerly belonged to the foregoing suite, and half to Suite XVIII., the occupants of which, Mrs. Hall and Lady Torrens, surrendered them in 1886 to form a new suite for Miss Barnard. This is the gallery said to be haunted by the ghost of Jane Seymour, see vol. i., p. 195.) Miss Barnard. Rose, daughter of Lady Barnard. (See Suite XXVII.) Suite XXXII. (Second and Third Storeys in East side of Clock Court.) Mrs. Elizabeth Parsons. 21st Sept., 1786. Lady Cecilia Johnstone. 17th April, 181 3. Lady Henrietta Cecilia West, daughter of John, 1st Earl Delawarr. She was born in 1730, and married, May 5th, 1763, Lieut.-Gen. James Johnstone. The Hon. Henry St. John, writing to George Selwyn, on July 21st, 1768, says: "Lady Cecilia is our Queen. I dine and sup, and pay my court to her, as Indians do to the devil, out of fear. I have no reason to complain of her want of civility to me." — George Selwyn and his Contem- poraries, vol. ii., p. 314. Her death took place at Hampton Court, Feb. 24th, 18 1 7. 476 Appendix G. Marquise and Miss Clementina de la Pierre. 1817. Lady Jane Hildyard. 27th Nov., 1817. Daughter of the Right Hon. Lord John Townshend, M.P. for Cambridge, Westminster, &c, by his wife Georgiana Ann Pointz. Lady Jane was sister of the 4th Marquess Townshend, and was granted a patent of precedence as a marquess's daughter. She married, 6th Nov., 1824, John Hildyard, Esq., who died 1855. She died 7th March, 1878. Mrs. Goodenough. March, 1878. Victoria, daughter of William John Hamilton, Esq., by his wife, the Hon. Margaret Frances F., daughter of 13th Viscount Dillon ; married, 31st May, 1864, Captain James Goodenough, R.N., C.B., C.M.G., son of Dr. Good- enough, Dean of Wells. Captain Goodenough died on board H.M.S. " Pearl," on 20th Aug., 1875, from arrow wounds received at Carlisle Bay, in the island of Santa Cruz, which he was visiting for the purpose of estab- lishing friendly relations with the natives. He sailed away to die, refusing to allow a single life to be taken in retribution. Suite XXXIII. — " Clerk of the Spiceries Lodgings." (Ground Floor of the West side of the Clock Court, including rooms behind the Colonnade, one known as " Sir Christopher Wren's Studio.") (?) Mr. Dunkerlkv. Mrs. Biddell. Mrs. Fletcher. MRS. NOTT. 24 Jan., 1809. (See Suite XLII.) Lady Frances Beresford. 12th Jan., 1813. (See Suite XIV.) Lady Henrietta de Blaquiere. 4th Feb., 1829. h LUghter of 1st Marquess Townshend. She married, 16th Sept., 1S11, the Hon. Lieut-General William dc Blaquiere, afterwards 3rd Lord dc Blaquiere, who died 2nd Nov., 1S51. She died 9th Nov., 1848. Mrs. Anne Skinner. 19th Nov., 1844. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 477 Lady Hawes. Sophia, elder daughter of Sir Marc Isambard Brunei, the celebrated engineer, by his wife Sophia Kingdom. She married, in 1820, Mr. Benjamin Hawes, M.P. for Lambeth in 1832, and afterwards Permanent Under-Secre- tary-at-War, and K.C.B. Lady Hawes resigned her apartments in 1876. Lady Roberts. 1876. Daughter of Abraham Bunbury, Esq., of Kilfeacle, co. Tipperary. She married, first, Major Hamilton George Maxwell, of Ardwell, N.B. ; and, secondly, in 1830, Sir Abraham Roberts, G.C.B., who died in 1873. Lady Roberts was the mother of General Sir Frederick Roberts, the hero of the famous march from Cabul to Candahar in 1SS0. Lady Roberts died on March 8th, 1S82. Miss Roberts. Daughter of the foregoing. Her name was put into her mother's warrant after her brother's brilliant services in Afghanistan, but she died before her mother. Mrs. Stirling. Eldest daughter of the late Colonel Francis, R.E., Governor of the West- end branch of the Bank of England up to the date of his death. Miss Francis married Capt. Frank Stirling, who commanded the naval brigade in the Perak Expedition, and who was captain of the ill-fated ship, the " Atalanta," which mysteriously foundered in Feb., 1880. Suite XXXIV. — " The Lady of the Bedchamber s Lodgings!' Mrs. Sarah Hodges. 9th Nov., 178 1. Hon. Mrs. Poole. 19th March, 1799. MRS. FitzGerald. 25th June, 1800. (See Suite VIII.) Miss Caroline Georgina FitzGerald. 17th Aug., 1830. (See Suite VIII.) Mrs. Otter. 4th Dec., 1841. Widow of Bishop Otter. 47 '8 Appendix G. Miss Drummond. 3rd Aug., 1843. Mrs. Cureton. 15th Dec, 1855. (See Suite XXVIII.) Charlotte Agnes, widow of Brigadier-General Charles Cureton, C.B., killed in action in India. Her son, General Sir Charles, was also a dis- tinguished cavalry officer, who served in the Sutlej Campaign, and through- out the Indian Mutiny. Mrs. Robert Keate. Feb., 1876. Daughter of Mr. T. Murray, of Woodbrook, Trinidad, and widow of Robert W. Keate, Esq., successively Commissioner of the Seychelles Islands, Governor of Grenada, Trinidad, Natal, and, in 1873, of Western Africa, where he died from the effects of the climate. He was son of Mr. Robert Keate, Sergeant Surgeon to her Majesty, and nephew of Dr. Keate, of Eton celebrity. Suite XXXV. — "Haunted Gallery Lodgings!' Mr. Bradshaw. (See Suites XXXVIII. and XXXIX.) For an account of him, see ante, p. 304. Rev. J. Booty. Lady Louisa Cadogan. Mrs., afterwards Lady Jane, Hildyard. 2nd June, 1827. (See Suite XXXII.) Miss Clementina de la Pierre. 4th Dec., 1827. Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Berkeley Paget. 20th Aug., 1833. (See Suite XXXVIII.) Mrs. Wellesley. 1859. Widow of Major Wellesley, who died of cholera just after landing in the Crimea. Mrs. Wellesley died in 1878. Her daughter, Hyacinthe, married Sir William Bartlett Dalby, the well-known aurist. Mrs. Buchanan. 1878. Julia, daughter of the late Gen. Wallace, R.A., widow of Gen. Buchanan, R.A., and niece of Sir John Paul Hopkins, who was severely wounded in the Peninsular War, and was many years Service Knight of Windsor. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 479 Suite XXXVI. (Ground Floor, oft" the Serving Place.) Lady Sherard. Of the family of the extinct Earls of Harborough, and present Barons Sherard. Hon. Lucia Southwell. 29th June, 1768. Daughter of the ist Lord Southwell by Lady Melliora Coningsby, daughter of Earl Coningsby. Mrs. Wilmot. Mother of Valentine Wilmot, Esq., of Farnborough, Hants, first husband of the following. Lady Dacre. Daughter of Admiral Sir Chaloner Ogle, 2nd Bart., of Wortley ; she married, first, Valentine Wilmot (see foregoing), and secondly, Thomas Brand, 20th Lord Dacre. Mrs. Thomas Sheridan. 2nd Oct., 1820. Miss Caroline Callender, daughter of Colonel Callender, by his wife, Lady Elizabeth McDonnell, daughter of the Earl of Antrim. She married in June, 1805, Tom Sheridan, son of the great Richard Brinsley Sheridan. He died at the Cape of Good Hope on Sept. 17th, 1817. Her daughters were the three famous beauties — Mrs. Norton, the Duchess of Somerset, and Lady Dufterin, mother of the present Marquess of Dufferin and Ava. As to her sons Frank and Charlie, see ante, p. 333. Mrs. Sheridan died 9th June, 185 1. Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos. 18th June, 1851. (See Suite II.) Mrs. Planta. 23rd Feb., 1852. Widow of the Right Hon. Joseph Planta, Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and Secretary of the Treasury. (See Croker's Memoirs, i., 398, 1828.) Lady Stephenson. Widow of Sir Benjamin Stephenson, long in the service of the Royal Family. 480 Appendix G. Lady Ward. 12th Dec, 1861. Emily Elizabeth, daughter of the late Sir John Edward Swinburne, 6th Bart., of Capheaton, co. Northumberland, by his wife, Emily Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. R. H. A. Bennett, of Beckenham, co. Kent. Miss Swin- burne married, in 1824, Sir Henry Ward, K.C.B., Secretary of the Admiralty, High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, Governor of Ceylon, and finally of Madras, where he died in i860 of cholera, contracted in undertaking the sanitation of the town. Lady Ward, who died in the Palace on 19th Nov., 1 88 1, at the age of eighty-four, was aunt of the poet Algernon Charles Swin- burne. Mrs. Crofton. 1882. (See Suite XXVII.) Mrs. Thomson. 1885. Emily, daughter of the Rev. Henry Salmon, and sister of Admiral Sir Nowell Salmon, V.C., K.C.B. ; married Capt. Frank Jourle Thomson, R.N., late Captain of the "Challenger," and of the Royal Yacht. He died in 1884. Suite XXX VIL (In the North Range, entrance in the Tennis Court Lane.) Mr. Knight Mitchell. 26th Oct., 1782. Countess of Athlone. Before 1804. (?) Elizabeth Christine, Baroness de Tuyll de Cerookerkcn, and widow of the 6th Earl. She died in 1819. (See Burke's Extinct Peers.) Mrs. Mackenzie Fraser. 17th April, 1851. Daughter of the Right Hon. Sir Charles Bagot, G.C.B., ambassador at St. Petersburg, and Governor-General of Canada. Mrs. Henry Bagot. 8th July, 185 1. Sister of the foregoing. Married Admiral Bagot. Mrs. Eden. Mrs. Mary Harriet Litscombe. Widow of a colonial bishop. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 48 1 Lady Barnard. March, i860. Isabella Letitia, daughter of Brigadier-General James Catlin Crauford ; married, in 1828, General Sir H. Barnard, K.C.B., who was Chief of the Staff in the Crimea, present at the taking of the Redan and the storming of Sevastopol ; and who died of cholera, in 1857, while commanding in chief the troops before Delhi during the Indian Mutiny. Lady Barnard died Jan., 1886. (For her daughter, see Suite XXXI.) Mrs. Henry Brooke. 1886. Anne Isabella, elder daughter of Major L. R. Christopher, of the Bengal Staff Corps ; married, in 1865, Brigadier-General Henry Francis Brooke, of Ashbrook, co. Fermanagh, who, after serving in the Crimea at the siege of Sevastopol, and in the campaign in China, in which he was wounded, and holding numerous important staff appointments in India, was selected to command the 2nd Infantry Brigade in the Afghan War. He was killed at Candahar on 16th Aug., 1880, in the endeavour to save the life of a brother officer. Suite XXX VI I L Mr. Bradshaw. Before 1770. (See Suites XXXV. and XXXIX.) Mr. Calvert. Ladies Frances and Anne Ludlow. 1803. Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Berkeley Paget. 20th Aug., 1833. (See Suite XXXV.) Sophia Askell, daughter of the Hon. William Bucknall, married Novem- ber, 1804, the Hon. Berkeley, fifth son of Henry, 1st Earl of Uxbridge. He died 26th Oct., 1843, ar *d she on 18th Feb., 1859. Her eldest daughter was the late Viscountess Guillamore. (See Suite XLI.) Hon. Matilda Paget. Third daughter of the foregoing, born 7th July, 181 1, was Maid of Honour to the Queen, and died 17th May, 1871. Mrs. Edwin Wodehouse. 1S71. Catherine, only daughter of Capt. John Strut ; married, 16th Oct., 1845, Col. Edwin Wodehouse, R.A., C.B., A.D.C. to the Queen, Knight of the Legion of Honour, son of Admiral the Hon. Philip Wodehouse, and brother of the Rev. Philip C. Wodehouse. (See Suite V.) Col. Wodehouse died 6th Oct., 1870, and Mrs. Wodehouse 9th Jan., 1873. Mrs. Cavendish Boyle. Jan., 1873. Rose Susan, second daughter of thelateLieut.-Col. Chas. Carson Alexander, R.E., who died before Sebastopol, Oct. 19th, 1854, and married 19th Dec, 1844, Capt. Cavendish Spencer Boyle, late 72nd Highlanders, and Governor of the Military Prison, Weedon, who died in 1868. f I I 482 Appendix G. Suite XXXIX. (North Range. It was in this suite that the fire broke out in November, 1886.) Mr. BRADSHAW. (See Suites XXXV. and XXXVIII.) Countess of Erne. 1803. Lady Mary Hervey, eldest daughter of Frederick Augustus, Earl of Bristol and Bishop of Deny, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Jermyn Davers. She married the 2nd Baron and ist Earl of Erne, being his second wife, and died loth Jan., 1842. Dowager Countess of Cavan. 20th April, 1842. Lydia, second daughter of William Arnold, Esq., of Slatswood, Isle of Wight, by Martha, daughter of John Delafield, Esq. She married Richard, 7th Earl of Cavan, as his second wife, on nth August, 1814. He had com- manded a division in Egypt in 1800, under Sir Ralph Abercrombie. He died 21st Nov., 1838, and she on 7th Feb., 1862. Hon. Lucy Kerr. Lucy Maria, fifth daughter of Major-General Lord Robert Kerr (youngest son of William John, 5th Marquess of Lothian). (For her mother, see Suite XXVII.) Miss Kerr was born 21st June, 1822 ; was Maid of Honour to the Queen, and died 27th June, 1874. Lady Margaret Bourke. (See Suite XXV.) Margaret Harriett, eldest daughter of Robert, 5th Earl of Mayo, by Anne Charlotte, only daughter of the Hon. John Jocelyn ; born 14th April, 1825, and died 29th Dec, 1886. She was sister of Lord Mayo, Governor-General of India, who was assassinated in 1872. Miss Cuppage. 1884. (See Suite XXV.) Daughter of Lieut. -Gen. Sir Burke Cuppage, K.C.B., and Emily Anne Fouril, daughter of Sir John and Lady Emily Macleod. Sir B. Cuppage served in the Peninsular War under the Duke of Wellington, and also in the campaign of 1815, including the battle of Waterloo. Miss J. L. E. Cuppage. 1889. Sister of the foregoing. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 483 State XL. — Ladies and Women of the Princess s Lodging. (Second Floor, North Range, with windows abutting north on Tennis Court Lane, and south and east on the Chapel Court. Held till 1803 with the following suite.) Miss Jane Pennington. (See Suites XLI. and XLIII.) Daughter of Sir Joseph Pennington, co. Cumberland, and sister of the 1st and 2nd Lords Muncaster. She appears to have held the following apartment with this ; the two being then undivided till after her death. Admiral the Hon. Sir Courtenay and Lady Boyle. iSio ; a new warrant including her husband, 8th Oct., 183 1. He was the third son of Edmund, 7th Earl of Cork, by Anne, daughter and co-heiress of Kelland Courtenay, Esq., of Painsford, co. Devon. Sir Courtenay was born in 1770 ; married, in 1799, Carolina Amelia, daughter of William Pointz, Esq., of Midgham, co. Berks, whose name was also in the warrant. He died 21st May, 1844. Lady Boyle vacated her apartments in 1845, an d died 7th Oct., 185 1. Sir Courtenay was father-in-law of Mrs. Cavendish Boyle, now likewise an inhabitant of the Palace (see Suite XXXVIII.). Miss Somerset, i 8th Nov., 1845. (See Suite XXV.) Louisa Isabella, eldest daughter of General Lord Robert Edward Somerset, uncle of the present Duke of Beaufort, by his wife, Louisa Augusta, daughter of William, Viscount Courtenay. After the fire in Nov., 1886, which extended to this apartment, Miss Somerset was given Suite XXV. Lady MacGregor. 4th Dec, 1888. Charlotte Mary, daughter of Mr. Fred. W. Jardine, married in 18S3, as his second wife, Major-General Sir Charles MacGregor, K.C.B., one of India's most illustrious soldiers, who was Sir Frederick Roberts's Chief of the Staff, and accompanied him on the famous march from Cabul to Candahar. He died on Feb. 5th, 1887. Suite XLI. — Ladies and Women of the Princess s Lodging. (2.) (Second and Third Floor of the North Range, with windows abutting on the Chapel Court, Tennis Court Lane, and Public Gardens. Now held as one with the following suite.) Miss Jane Pennington. (See Suites XL. and XLIII.) 484 Appendix G. Lord and Lady George Seymour. May, 1S03. He was seventh son of Francis, ist Marquess of Hertford, who was Lord Chamberlain in 1766, and brother of the 2nd Marquess, who was also Lord Chamberlain. He was born 1763 ; married Isabella, daughter of the Hon. and Rev. George Hamilton, and died in 1848. He was uncle of Sir George Seymour (see Suite IV.), and of Sir Horace Seymour (see Suite II.). Lady George's niece, Miss Copley, had Suite VII. Dowager Viscountess Guillamore. 15th Jan., 1852. Gertrude Jane, eldest daughter of the Hon. Berkeley Paget, by Sophia Askell, daughter of the Hon. Wm. Bucknall. She married, 16th Oct., 1828, Standish-Derby, 2nd Viscount Guillamore, who died 22nd July, 1848. She died 22nd Oct., 1871. (For her father and mother, see Suites XXXV. and XXXVIII. ; for her sister, see Suite XXXVIII. ; for his sister-in-law, Suite XXV. ; and for her cousin, Suites V. and X.) Lady Burgoyne and Miss Burgoyne. October, 1871. Charlotte, daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Hugh Rose, of Holme, Nairnshire ; married, in 1821, Field-Marshal Sir John Fox Burgoyne, Bart., G.C.B., who served with great distinction in the Peninsular and American Wars ; and was second in command of the forces in the Crimea. He was Inspector- General of Fortifications from 1845 to 1868 ; and when he died, in 1S71, was Constable of the Tower. Lady Burgoyne never occupied the rooms, dying a few months after her husband ; but they were passed on to her daughter Selina. Suite XL II. — Prince of Wales Servants Lodging. Mrs. Melliora Otway. 25th Nov., 1775. Miss Charlotte Nott. 1813. (See Suite XXXIII.) Lord and Lady G. Seymour. 6th Oct., 1826. (See foregoing Suite.) Dowager Viscountess Guillamore. (See foregoing Suite.) Lady and Miss Burgoyne. (See Suite XLI.) List of Occupants of Private Apartmc7its. 4S5 Suite XLIII. — Pages and Servants of the Princesses Lodging. (Ground Floor, East side of the Chapel Court.) Mr. and Miss Pennington. (See Suites XL. and XLI.) Dowager Countess of Sefton. (See Suite XIII.) Lady Isabella Stanhope, second daughter of William, 2nd Earl of Harrington, by Caroline, eldest daughter of Charles, 2nd Duke of Grafton. She married on 27th Nov., 1768, Charles William, ist Earl of Sefton, who died on 31st January, 1795. She died 29th Jan., 1819. Miss Frances Walpole. March, i 8 19. (See ante, p. 317.) Frances Margaretta, daughter of Col. Lambert Theodore W T alpole. She lived in these apartments with her sister, Charlotte Louisa, for sixty-seven years, dying on 21st Sept., 1886, at the age of ninety-seven. Her sister died nth Nov., 1887. (For her mother, see Suite XIII.; and her cousins, Suites II. and XVI 1 1.) Mrs. Durnford. 1886. Widow of Col. A. W. Durnford, R.E., who was killed at Isandlwana during the Zulu War. The Misses Gleig. Daughters of the late Rev. George Robert Gleig, Chaplain-General of the Forces, who originally served with distinction in the Peninsular War, where he was thrice wounded, and in the American War ; and afterwards went into the Church, and became a prolific writer on military and other topics. He married, in 1819, a daughter of Captain Cameron of Kinlochleven ; and died in 188S. Suite XLIV. — Princesses Amelia and Caroline s Lodgings. (First Floor, East end of the North Range.) Sir Robert Hamilton, Bart. 26th April, 1775. Apparently the 4th Baronet, of Silvertonhall, co. Lanark. Pie served in the army and attained the rank of Lieutenant-General ; married, first, Mary, daughter of W. Pier Williams, Esq., and secondly, in 1775, Anne, daughter of Sir John Heathcote, Bart., of Normanton, co. Rutland. His warrant grants him also " the garrets immediately over, and three rooms under the said apartments." [Prince of Orange?] (See ante, pp. 320, 462.) 486 Appendix G. Hon. and Rev. Gerald Valerian and Lady Emily Wel- lesley. 1 806. Fourth son of Garrett, 1st Earl of Mornington, and brother of the Marquess Wellesley and the 1st Duke of Wellington. (For his mother, see Suite XXV.) Born 7th Dec, 1770 ; married 2nd June, 1802, Emily Mary, eldest daughter of Charles Sloane, 1st Earl Cadogan. He was D.D., Prebendary of Dur- ham, and Chaplain of Hampton Court Palace. Lady Emily died 22nd Dec, 1839, and Dr. Wellesley 24th Oct., 1848. Countess of Errol. Nov., 1823. (See Suite XXIV.) Lady Emily FitzClarence, daughter of the Duke of Clarence, and sister of the 1st Earl of Munster. She married, 4th Dec, 1820, William George, 17th Earl of Errol, K.T., who died 19th April, 1846. Lady Errol died 16th Jan., 1S56. In Dec, 1831, they moved to St. James's Palace. Mr. and Lady Sarah Bayley. 12th May, 1S31, and Mr. Bayley's name added jointly and separately, nth April, 1832. Daughter of George Bussy, 4th Earl of Jersey, by Frances, only daughter and heiress of the Right Rev. Philip Twysden, D.D., Bishop of Raphoe ; she married in 1800 Charles Nathaniel Bayley, Esq., and died 25th May, 1852. Mr. Bayley died in 1854. Mrs. Doherty. 1854. Widow of Lord Chief Justice Doherty. She died Sept., 1SS1. Mrs. Rowley Lambert. Helen, daughter of the late James Campbell, Esq., of the Green, Hampton Court ; married in 1863 the late Admiral Rowley Lambert. Suite XL V. Miss Smart. Daughter of the keeper of the old "Toy"' inn (see ante, p. 330); born about 1796. Her apartments were given to her by William IV. Mrs. Wyndham. Daughter of T. Case, Esq., of Shcnstone Moss, Lichfield, and widow of Col. Charles Wyndham, of the Scots Greys, who was severely wounded as a lieutenant, aged nineteen, at the battle of Waterloo, and who, after twenty- tight years' service, retired from the command of the regiment, and after- wards was for nearly twenty years Keeper of the Regalia in the Tower of London. Mrs. Wyndham died in 1882. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 487 Mrs. Domville. Anne, daughter of Capt. James Rickard, R.N. ; married, in 1848, Dr. William Domville, C.B., M.D., R.N., who was Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets, Honorary Surgeon to the Queen, and who, while in charge of the Royal Naval Hospital at Haslar, contracted typhoid fever, from which he died in 1879. He had served in the Crimea, and in the Arctic Expeditions. Suite XL VI. — " Lodgings of the blaster of the Tennis Court!' Mrs. Meynell. Miss Eliza Stewart. 9th June, 1S30. Miss Stewart was lent these rooms by Mr. Beresford, by permission. She was an aunt of the present Sir Christopher Teesdale, the Prince of Wales's Equerry. She died 31st Dec, 1848. The Right Hon. William Beresford. 23rd Jan., 1849. Second son of Marcus Beresford, by Frances Arabella, daughter of Joseph, 1st Earl of Milltown ; born in 1797 ; Major in the army and M.P. for North Essex, 1847-65, Secretary at War, 1852. He married, 19th Dec, 1833, Catherine, youngest daughter of George Robert Heneage, Esq., of Hainton Hall, co. Lincoln, and died 6th Oct., 1883. He was the last holder of the ancient office of " Master of the King's Tennis Courts," to which he was appointed at the age of eighteen. His mother had Suites XXXIII. and XIV. Mr. A. Graham, Superintendent of the Gardens. Suite XL VII. — The Pavilions. H.R.H. William Henry, Duke of Gloucester (June, 1764), and Countess Waldegrave, afterwards Duchess of Gloucester. Maria, second illegitimate daughter of Hon. Sir Edward Walpole, K.B. She married, in 1759, James, 2nd Earl Waldegrave, Governor to George III., when Prince of Wales. By him, who died 13th April, 1763, she had three daughters, the beautiful Ladies Waldegrave, so well known from Sir Joshua Reynolds's picture. Her second daughter, Charlotte Maria, who married 488 Appendix G. the 4th Duke of Grafton, was the mother of Lady Isabella St. John (see Suite XII.)- Horace Walpole mentions Lady Waldegrave living at the Pavilions in 1784, and also his three beautiful nieces. (See ante, p. 314.) Lady Waldegrave's subsequent marriage to the Duke of Gloucester, George III.'s brother, was the occasion of the passing of the Royal Marriage Act. He died in 1805, and she 22nd Aug., 1807. H.R.H. Edward, the Duke of Kent. 1807? Fourth son of George III. ; married Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield, by whom he was father of Her Majesty the Queen. He died in 1820. Mrs. Margaret Vesey. 1815. (See Suites X. and XIV.) Major-General and Mrs. Moore. By the King's commands, Nov. 1st, 1822, and 27th July, 1830. The Pavilions were assigned to General Moore "in recognition of important services rendered by him to the Duke of Kent, when his life was endangered in the Pigtail Mutiny at Gibraltar" (Julian Young's Journal, vol. i., p. 206). Mrs. Shadforth. 16th Nov., 1855. Eliza, 'widow of Lieut. -Col. T. Shadforth, 57th Regiment, who was killed at the head of his regiment, whilst storming the Redan before Sevastopol, 18th June, 1855. Mrs. Wyatt. Dec., 1871. Fanny H., daughter of Capt. Ryder, R.N. ; married, in 1837, Col. A. F. Wyatt, C.B., who served throughout the New Zealand Campaign, and died in command of the 65th Regiment in 1869. Suite XL VIII. — The Banqueting Ho:ise. Sir James Reynett, K.C.II. and C.B. nth Oct. 1836. (See ante, pp. 331, 347, and Suite VII.) Son of the Rev. Henry Reynett, D.D. ; born in 1784 ; served in the 54th regiment under Sir John Moore in the Peninsula ; was present at the battle of Talavera, and at the retreat from Corunna ; and was secretary to the Duke of Cambridge. He married, in 1837, Eliza, eldest daughter of James Campbell, of Hampton Court. He was Lieut. -Governor of Jersey from 1847 to 1852. He died at Hampton Court in August, 1864. Miss Baly. April, 1864. Elizabeth, sister of Dr. Baly, who was Physician Extraordinary to the Queen, and who was killed on the South Western Railway. List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 489 Suite XLIX. — Wilderness House. (Formerly the Head-Gardener's Residence, and as such inhabited by Lancelot Brown, see ante, p. 296.) Lady Adam, C.I. Emily, daughter of General Sir Wm. Wyllie, G.C.B.; married, 23rd Feb., 1856, the Right Hon. William Patrick Adam, of Blair Adam, co. Kinross, M.P., Lord of the Treasury, First Commissioner of Works, and Governor of Madras. He died 24th May, 1881. On 27th Sept. his widow was nomi- nated a member of the Order of the Crown of India, and on 24th May, 1882, was given the rank and precedence of a baronet's wife, her eldest son, Charles, being created a baronet. Suite L. — Faraday House. Mr. Wyatt. Col. Sir Henry Wheatley, K.C.H. 1835. (?) Son of Thomas Wheatley, Secretary of the Treasury, and author of (1770) Observations on Modem Gardening. Professor Faraday. 1858. (See ante, p. 373.) Michael, son of James Faraday, a blacksmith, by his wife, Margaret Hastwell, a farmer's daughter. He was born at Newington, London, in 1 79 1. His splendid services to science are too well known to need any notice here. He married, 12th June, 1821, Miss Sarah Barnard. In 1858, he was given the house that now bears his name. " This act of royal kindness obviously delighted him, and indeed nothing could have been more delicate and considerate than the manner in which the house was offered him. It was understood to have been done at the instance of the Prince Consort, though his name never appeared in the correspondence." — Diet, of National Biography. He died here 25th Aug., 1867. Lady MacGregor. 1867. Mary Charlotte, daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Bart., G.C.B., Nelson's Flag-Captain at Trafalgar, afterwards Governor of Greenwich Hospital, by his wife, afterwards Lady Seaford. Miss Hardy married, 14th Nov., 1833, Sir John Atholl Bannatyne MacGregor, Bart., who was Lieut.-Governor of the Virgin Island, and who died nth May, 185 1. Lady MacGregor's son, Evan, is Permanent Secretary of the Admiralty. 490 Appendix G. Suite LI. — " The Trophy Buildings." (Two sets of apartments in the Outer Court or Barrack Yard, adjoining the old " Toy" inn, and extending from the Trophy Gates to the old elms. Besides the two suites, the occupants of which we cannot discriminate, there were three or four residences for royal servants and dependants. Pulled down in 1867.) Mr. and Mrs. Secker. (?) Mr. John Secker, who was buried at Hampton, 1785. Miss Elizabeth Secker. 1795. (?) Daughter of the foregoing. She died about Jan., 1S31. Miss Anne Secker. 23rd Feb., 1831. Mr. San by. Rev. Mr. Belgrave. Mr. Charles Herbert. Lady Caroline Herbert. 4th Oct., 1816. Countess of Carnarvon. 18 18. (?) Elizabeth Alicia Mary, daughter of Charles, ist Earl of Egremont ; she married, 15th July, 1771, Henry Herbert, created Earl of Carnarvon in 1793. He died 3rd June, 181 1, and she died 10th Feb., 1826. Dowager Countess of Galloway. 20th April, 1826. (See Suites V., VI., and VIII.) Miss Margaret Boyd. 28th Jan., 1830. Margaret, daughter of Sir John Boyd, Bart., by Margaret, daughter of the Right Hon. Thomas Harley, son of Edward, 3rd Earl of Oxford. The Hon. Mrs. Heneage Legge. 19th Nov., 1845. (?) Honora, eldest daughter of Rev. Walter Bagot, brother of William, ist Lord Bagot. She married, 15th Dec, 1795, Hon. Rev. Augustus George Legge. He died in 1828, and she 2nd Oct., 1863. Lady Elizabeth Courtenay. 14th June, 1848. Eldest daughter of Henry Reginald Courtenay, Bishop of Exeter, by Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Effingham. She was sister of William, i ith Earl of Devon, and Maid of Honour to Queen Char- lotte. She died 20th June, 1852. Lady MacGregor. 1852. (See Suite L.) List of Occupants of Private Apartments. 49 1 Suite LI I. — The Stud House in the House Park. The Hon. Mrs. Keppel. (See ante, p. 315.) Laura, illegitimate daughter of Sir Edward Walpole, married Hon. Frederick Keppel, fourth son of William Anne, 2nd Earl of Albemarle. Mr. Keppel afterwards became Bishop of Exeter, and Dean of Windsor, and died in 1777. For her sister at the Pavilions, see Suite XLVII. Lord Oranmore (?). Earl of Albemarle, Master of the Horse. Marquess of Ormonde, K.P. Earl of Rosslyn, Master of the Buckhounds. Marquess of Breadalbane, K.T., Lord Chamberlain. 1853. Colonel Sir George Ashley Maude, K.C.B. 1865. Second son of Hon. John Charles Maude, Rector of Enniskillen; served in the Crimea, and is Crown Equerry to the Queen. He married, April, 1845, Catherine Katinka, daughter of Charles George Beauclerk, Esq., of St. Leonard's Lodge, near Horsham. She died 1st June, 1882. Suite LIII. — Charles II! s Lodge, Bushey Park. Lady Isabella Wemyss. 1854. (?) Lady Isabella Hay, daughter of William, 16th Earl of Errol, married, 14th April, 1820, Lieut-General Wemyss, Equerry to the Queen, who died 30th Nov., 1852. Lady Isabella died 28th July, 1868. The Earl of Denbigh. William Basil Percy, 7th Earl, father of the present Earl. 492 Appendix G. Lord and Lady Alfred Paget. Alfred Henry, C.B., M.P., second son of ist Marquess of Anglesey, by his second wife, Lady Charlotte Cadogan, daughter of ist Earl Cadogan. Lord Alfred was born 29th June, 18 16 ; was a general in the army, Equerry and Clerk Marshal of the Royal Household ; married, 8th April, 1847, Cecilia, second dau. and co-heiress of G. T. Wyndham, Esq., of Cromer Hall, Norfolk, by Maria, his wife, Countess of Listowel. He died Aug., 18SS. Names of Persons whose apartments are unidentified. Rev. Dr. Lillington, LL.D. 31st Jan., 1775. Mrs. Mary Hamilton and Mrs. Philippa Hamilton in the Lord Chamberlain's Secretary's Lodgings. BtfjMfflf" n TOf *&^0k y^z^!9 KL*d Lei A*- j W^*T CjUjM 2rTh ? $ ijs^jibi*^*** •W^CTiJ w^n \^tt^ Xjff > KjSli Al' ., H^jW 1 ?J5i \V JJ ^7^. ° ^^fl 1 |f§[~ \*c5^U»! NT Qk k a^^^J Tx% ^ jQa* Slink ■5jff?^i* Ay V^Sr^K SB Baasi *S£^ INDEX. BBOT, Dr., Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 84. Aberdeen, " Base Con- venticle" of, ii. 53. "Abraham, History of," tapestry of, i. 169 ; described, 239-241 ; mentioned, ii. 71, 72> > valued and sold by the Commonwealth, 165 ; mentioned, 216. " Accatry," the, i. 151. Adam, Lady, iii. 489. Addison, Joseph, i. 3 ; iii. 196. Adelaide, Queen, opens the new church at Hampton, iii. 341 ; visits Hamp- ton Court, 346 ; her residence as Queen Dowager at Bushey, 349. Admiralty, the, iii. 15, 305, 416. Adonis, statue of, ii. 302. Agave Americana, iii. 23- Agave Filamentosa, iii. 33. " Ahasuerus, King," tapestry of, i. 59. Albemarle, George Monk, Duke of, declares for a free Parliament, ii. 200 ; proposal to settle Hampton Court on, 200 ; Keeper of Hampton Court, 201, 207 ; presents Evelyn to Charles II., 249 ; iii. 181. Albemarle, Arnold Joost, 1st Earl of, his lodgings as Master of the Horse, iii. 99; William III. 's favou- rite, 1 10, 113; at a consultation about the King's health, 124; goes to Holland with William III., 127 ; smokes and drinks with him, 129 ; his filial attachment to him, 158. Albert, Prince, advises the Queen to re-establish the Royal Stud, iii. 237 ', visits Queen Adelaide at Bushey Park, 349 ; suggests the offering of a Crown house to Faraday, 373. Alcester, Lord, iii. 331, 418. Aldershot races, iii. 422. Alen, Rayff, i. 362. AW zander the Great, ii. 15; tapestry jf the life of, iii. 218. Algar, Earl, owns the manor of Hamp- ton Court, i. 7, 339. Allde, Edward, printer, ii. 28. Allen, agent of the Earl of Shrewsbury, i. 36 ; importunes Wolsey, 37, 39. Allen, Mr. Newland, proprietor of the bridge, iii. 289. All Souls' College, library of, old plans in, i. 176, 202 ; iii. 17, 81. " Almonry," the, i. 151. Alonzo, Don, ambassador of Spain, ii. 184. Altar rails of carved oak, ii. 132. Alva, Duke of, at Hampton Court, i. 494 History of Hampton Court Palace. 266 ; sends Queen Elizabeth a valen- tine, 306. Ambassadors entertained by Wolsey, i. 33; visit Wolsey, 95, 103-111; quarrels between, ii. 16 ; wranglings of, 27 ; feasted by James I., 15, 16 ; and see Florentine, French, Polack, Savoyard, Spanish, Venetian. Amboiz, horns from, ii. 284. Amelia, Princess, out hunting, iii. 241 ; mentioned, 250, 313; her lodging, 4 8 5- Amiens, i. 103 ; treaty of, iii. 320. Ammersham, i. 358. Ampthill, honour of, i. 213 and n., 221. Anderson, Mrs. Mary, under-house- keeper, iii. 312, 444. Andirons, i. 78, 79 ; ii. 278, 280. Andrews, Dean of Westminster, ii. 33. Andrews, Launcelot, Bishop of Chiches- ter, ii. 55. Angelo, Michael, iii. 199. Anglesea, Christopher Yilliers, Earl of, ii. 119. Anglesey, Countess of, ii. 151. Anjou, Due d', his claim to the crown of Spain, iii. 134, 145. Annandale, Lord, iii. 122. Anne, Princess, afterwards Queen, takes up her abode at Hampton Court, iii. 7 ; hungers for a plate of peas, 8; gives birth to a son, 12; her birthday celebrated, 104 ; recon- ciled with William III., 109; dines with William III., 126; mentioned, 136 ; her accession, 170 ; her asso- ciations with Hampton Court, 170; takes counsel in this Palace, 171 ; rooms occupied by, 172 ; her bed- chamber and bed, 172 ; her stud, 172 ; won't pay the Crown creditors, 173 ; her so-called "style," 174 ; her drawing-room, 174 ; slow to dis- charge her debts, 177; her political perplexities, 178 ; comes to the Palace, 179; her levdes, 180; re- decorates the chapel, i. 1S5, iii. 183, 184; appoints Lord Halifax keeper of Bushey Park, &c, 181-3, 301 ; her councils, 186 ; her improvements in the parks and gardens at Hamp- ton Court, 187 ; picture of life at her court, 196 ; her initials on the pillars of the Lion Gates, 201, 205 ; her death, 201 ; her bed, 207 ; men- tioned, 236 ; her stud, 335. Anne of Austria, ii. 109. Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII. makes love to, i. 3, 32 ; installed at Hampton Court, 118 ; sends a token of good- will to Wolsey, 119; treated with consideration by Henry VIII., 131 ; given a black satin nightgown by Henry VIII., 132 ; her lodgings, 132; shoots at the butt with the King, 133, 138 ; rides out with Henry VIII., 142 ; her bed, 149 ; works a testor for Henry VII I.'s bed, i5on., 163, 334; her honeymoon, 162 ; her amusements, 163 ; her gateway, 164, 170; her badge of a falcon, 164, 168, 178 ; reproaches Henry with the loss of her son, 177 ; her execu- tion, 177, 178; her arms displaced for Jane Seymour's, 179, 180; men- tioned, 195. Anne of Denmark, wife of James I., her dress, &c, for Daniel's masque, ii. 7-9 ; shoots the King's favourite hound, 72> > Vansomer's portraits of, 74 ; her health fails, 80 ; seriously ill, 81 ; grows dangerously worse, 82, 83 ; her deathbed, S4, 85 ; her death, 86 ; her funeral, S7 ; her will, 87 ; her jewels, 88. Anne, Princess, daughter of George II., iii. 319. Annesley, Bryan, i. 332. Anstis, i. 93 n. Anti-chappell, ii. 303. See Chapel. Antwerp, i. 269. "Antyke-worke," i. 352, 355. Apartments. See State Apartments and Private Apartments. Apollo, statue of, ii. 302. App's Court, i. 15. Index. 495 Arbours, Cardinal Wolsey's, i. 22 ; HenryVIII.'sround, 205 ; in William III.'s gardens, iii. 73; in the Pond Garden, 428. Arches, Knights and Doctors of the, ii. 42, 43- Architect of Wolsey's Palace, i. 25, 26; of Henry VHP's, 155 ; of William HP's, see Wren, Sir Christopher. Argyle, Pord, ii. 77 n. ; iii. 122. Arlington, Pord, ii. 245, 250. Armoury, the Cardinal's, i. 79. See Guard Chamber. Army, the Parliamentary, bring Charles I. to Hampton Court, ii. 133 ; at Putney, 134. Arnold, Edward, mason, i. 158. Arras, ii. 27S ; and see Tapestry. Arthur, Prince, Henry VIP's son, i. 187 n. Arundel, Countess of, ii. 85. Arundel, Sir Thomas, i. 186. Arundel, Earl of, i. 187, 272, 285. Arundel and Surrey, Earl of, ii. 92 n. " Arviragus," a play, first part of, ii. 122 ; second part of, 122. Ascot races, iii. 422. Ashburnham, John, allowed to return to Charles P, ii. 134; introduces Mrs. Cromwell to the King, 136 ; dis- missed from his post of attendant to Charles P, 140 ; plots the King's escape, 143, 144 ; conducts the King from Hampton Court, 147, 157 n. Ashley, Mrs., i. 288. Ashley Cooper, Pord Anthony, ii. 251. Astronomical clock, erected by Henry VHP, i. 217, 218 ; description of, 219,220; legend of, ii. 86, 87 ; painting of the dial of the, 311; its old mecha- nism removed, iii. 343 ; a new clock- face, 346 ; its old dial replaced, 386 ; its works renewed, 387 ; the new machinery described, 388. " Atchilles " tapestry, i. 61. Athlone, Countess of, iii. 480. Atkins, Dr., ii. 83. Aubigny, M. d', ii. 15. Aubigny, Pady, ii. 151. Aubrey, ii. 159. Audience Chamber, Charles P's, ii. 1 14. Audience, Queen Elizabeth's Chamber of, i. 334 ; and see King's, and Queen's Audience Chamber. Audran, Gerard, iii. 218. Augustine, Bryce, clockmaker,i. 200 n., Auverquerque, iii. 100. Avaux, iii. 12. Avenue, Great Canal, iii. 315, 425. Awen, Mr., his lodgings, i. 374. Aynscome, Ric, i. 361. Babington, Bishop of Worcester, ii. 33. Backgammon, played by Henry VHP, i. 140. Backstairs, King's, iii. 97. Backwell, Edmund, Bushey Park sold to, ii. 172. Backwell, Edward, ii. 273, 276. Backwell, John, ii. 273, 276. Bacon, Francis, letters to, i. 332, 333 ; his interest in masques, ii. 20, 30 : mentioned, 78. Bacon, Nicholas, i. 309. Bagot, Mrs. Charles, iii. 453. Bagot, Mrs. Henry, iii. 481. Bailey, Rev. W. P., chaplain, iii. 454. Bainbrigge, Mrs. Charlotte, iii. 460. Baird, Mr. Douglas, iii. 339. Bajazet IP, the Sultan, ii. 69. Baker, William, carver, i. 351, 355. Ball, Mr., iii. 83. Ballcony Roome, ii. 278 ; iii. 29. Balle, Robert, iii. 175. Balls, ii. 13911. Balusters, iii. 99 n. Baly, Miss, iii. 48S. Bampfield, Mrs. Mary Ware, iii. 44S, 45°. Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 49. Bancroft, Bishop of Pondon, 11. 2>3i 3°, 37, 43, 44- " Ban-dog," i. 52. "Bankes' Horse," ii. 15. Bankes, Mr., iii. 25. 496 History of Hampton Court Palace. Banqueting House, Henry VIII.'s, i. 209 ; ii. 302. Banqueting House at Whitehall, iii. 63. Banqueting House, William 1 1 I.'s, de- scribed, iii. 128 ; ceiling of the great room in, 129, 130 ; mentioned, 194 ; seen in an old engraving of the bridge, 287 ; made into a private residence, 346 ; occupants of, 488. Banquets given by Wolsey, i. 33 ; by Elizabeth, 317, 322 ; by James I., ii. 15,27; and see French ambassadors. Banstead, i. 159. Baptiste, painter of flower-pieces, iii. 129. Barge, Wolsey's state, i. 94 ; Henry VIII. travels in his, 142 ; Queen Mary sets out in her, 279 ; Charles II.'s progress to London in his, ii. 240; George I. in his, iii. 205; George II., as Prince of Wales, in his, 205, 210, 218. Barker, Robert, printer, ii. 53 n. Barlow, Friar, satirizes Wolsey, i. 9311. Barlow, Bishop of Salisbury, ii. 2>3- Barlow, Dr., afterwards Bishop of Lin- coln, his account of the conference between Anglicans and Puritans, ii. 34-42 ; preaches at the Presbyterians, 52, 53- Barnaby, Seynt, i. 340. Barnard, Lady, iii. 481. Barnard, Miss Rose, iii. 475. Barnard's Castle, i. 345. Barne, Mrs. Mary, iii. 474. Barnes, Dr., satirizes Wolsey, i. 87, 88. Barns, ii. 170 ; the great, 266. Barometers, William I II.'s, iii. 93. Baronets, order of, founded, ii. 3. J '.arrack Yard, or Outer Green Court, i. 135 n., 250 ; ii. 263, 264. Harrington, i. 159. Harrington, Lady Caroline, iii. 472. Barrington, Lord, iii. 304. Bartlymew, John, of Marlow, i. 345. Barton, Henry, clerk, i. 155. Base Court or First Court, windows and galleries in, i. 46, 59 ; mentioned, 125, 164. See also First Court and Green Court. Basins, Wolsey's, i. 82. Bassompierre, M. de, his mission to the English court, ii. in ; arrives in London, 112 ; comes to Hampton Court, and is interviewed by Buck- ingham, 1 13 ; presented to Charles I., 114; refused a private audience, 115; sent for again, 116 ; his account of this interview with Charles I. and Buckingham, 1 16, 117. Bates, Dr., attends Elizabeth Claypole, ii. 190; and Cromwell, 194. Bath, Wolsey, Bishop of, i. 19. Bath stone, iii. 39. Baths in Wolsey's Palace, i. 24. Battlements, i. 124. Bawdekyn, cloth of, i. 68 n. Bayle, Thomas, merchant of London, i. 366. Bayley, Mr. and Lady Sarah, iii. 486. Baynes. See Baths. Bayntton, Sir Edward, his lodgings, i. 37o. Bazill, Simon, ii. 246 n. Beachcroft, Robert, Sheriff of London, iii- 133- Beachy Head, iii. 39, 104. Beard, Thomas, ii. 300. Beauchamp of Hache, i. 179 n. Beauchamp, Viscount, i. 187. Beaulieu, ii. 99. Beaumond, manor of, i. 197 n. " Beauty, Masque of," ii. 29. "Beauty Room,The,"or"Oak Room," iii. 31 ; used by William III. as a dining-room, 121 ; the Miss Gun- nings in, 286 ; inquest in, 396 ; en- tertainments in, 421. Bedchambers for Wolsey's household, i.49; Wolsey's own, 73 ; Cromwell's, ii. 280; Charles I.'s, 283; Mr. How's, 297 ; William 1 1 I.'s State, iii. 65, 93. Bcdfont, ii. 181. Bedford, Lucy, Countess of, ii. 6, S, 15, 22, 24, 85. Bedford, Richard, i. 196. Index. 497 Bedingfield, i. 271, 274. Bedsteads, Wolsey's, i. 72, 73 ; Henry VIII. 's, 149; Cromwell's, ii. 282, 291. Beeston, Mr. Christopher, ii. 120. "Beggar's Bush," a play, ii. 121. Belchamp, John, painter, ii. 151, 164. Belgium, King and Queen of, received by Queen Adelaide, iii. 349. Belgrave, Rev. Mr., iii. 490. Bellamont, Countess of, iii. 449. Bellenden, Miss Madge, iii. 208 ; pes- tered by the Prince of Wales, 209, 211 ; her high spirits, 213 ; marries Col. Campbell, 214, 233 ; mentioned, 216, 220, 235. Bellows, i. 79 ; ii. 280. Bennett, Sir John, ii. 42. Bennett, John, iii. 177. Bennett, Rachel, iii. 177. Bennett, Timothy, iii. 138; champion of the popular rights in Bushey Park, 291, 292. Benson, Benjamin, Clerk of the Works at Whitehall, iii. 229. Benson, William, supplants Sir Chris- topher Wren as Surveyor-General of the Works, iii. 227, 229 ; his base accusations, 230, 231 ; dismissed, 230, 231. Benston, Win., glazier, i. 194. Bentinck, Wm. See Portland, Duke of. Bereman, John, of Ditton, 372. Beresford, Lady Frances, iii. 461, 476. Beresford, Lord Marcus, iii. 339. Beresford, Right Hon. William, Master of the Tennis Court, iii. 487. Berewood, i. 159. Berewyk, John de, i. 9 n. Berkeley, Sir John, allowed to return to Charles I., ii. 134 ; plans the King's escape, 143, 144 ; accompanies Charles I. when escaping, 147, 157 n. Berkeley, Countess of, iii. 466, 467. Berry, the Misses, iii. 318. Berulle, Fr., Queen Henrietta Maria's chaplain, ii. 96, 101. Berwick, i. 312. Bessborough, Countess of, iii. 470. Bethnal Green Museum, iii. 60. Bettes, James, master of Wolscy"s works, i. 25. Bible, Authorized Version of, ii. 37. Biddell, Mrs., iii. 476. Biden's " History of Surrey," i. 41 n. Bidloe, Dr., attends William III., iii. 156, 160; his extraordinary prescrip- tions, 161, 162 ; helps to set the King's broken bone, 165. Bilderbec, iii. 250. Bilson, Bishop of Winchester, ii. 33. Birds, Mr., ii. 298. Bishops at the conference between Anglicans and Puritans, ii. 36-43. Bishopsgate, i. 345. Black, Mr. John, ii. 39. Black, Mr. Wm., iii. 64 n. Black Prince, his residence, i. 13. Blackburn, Mr. Justice, iii. 379, 3S0. Blackmore, Dr., attends William III., iii. 156, 161. Blackwell, Edmund, ii. 272. Blackwell, Edw., ii. 275. Blacquiere, Lady Henrietta de, iii. 476. Blainville, Marquis de, French ambas- sador, ii. 102 ; intrigues to get apart- ments in the Palace, 103, 104 n. Blake, Mrs. Margaret, iii. 469. Blakston, or Blankston, Henry, painter, i. 126 ; does work for Henry VIII., 138, 158; paints on the exterior of the Great Hall, 346 ; paints the roof of the Great Hall, 352 ; paints the roof of the Chapel, 360 ; paints the Great Watching Chamber, 365 ; paints in the garden, 371. Blanch, Robert, porter in Cromwell's time, ii. 307. Blankets, i. 74. Blankston. See Blakston. Blathwayte, Mr. Wm., William III.'s secretary, iii. 127, 150. Blenheim, iii. 72. "Blink Bonny," racehorse, iii 337. Bloodworth, Mr., iii. 269, 270. t K K 49 3 History of Hampton Court Palace. Blount, Teresa and Martha, iii. 220. Blowfeild, Mrs., ii. 295. Board of Green Cloth. See Lord Steward, the. Board of Works decline interfering with ghosts, ii. 159; old accounts of, 203 ; their report on various Crown bills, iii. 171 ; Wren and Wyatt, Surveyors of, 226 ; charges against, 230, 231. See also Works, Office of. Bodleian Library, ii. 28. Boehm, Mrs., iii. 458. Bogdane, James, painter of animals, iii. 28. Bohemia, Elizabeth, Queen of, ii. 103. Bohun, his character of Elizabeth, i. 329- " Boiling house, The," i. 151. Bolingbroke, Lord, i. 3; iii. 166. Bonnet, Fr., diplomatic agent of the Duke of Brandenburgh ; his account of William III.'s accident, iii. 164 n., 165, 166. Booth, Barton, the actor, iii. 223. Booty, Rev. J., iii. 478. Borromini, iii. 44. Boscobel, ii. 201. "Bosselys," i. 355. "Bostelles," i. 356. Bothmar, Count, iii. 216. Bothwell, Queen Mary's alleged letters to, i. 309. " Bouche of Court," i. 150. Boulogne, Henry VIII. at, i. 234. Bourchier, Lady, iii. 470. Bourke, Lady Margaret, iii. 471, 482. " Boutell," meaning of, i. 356. Bouverie, Hon. Mrs., afterwards Talbot, iii. 465. Bowater, Mrs. Mary, and Miss Bridget, iii. 460. Bower, Queen Mary's, iii. 29; described, 37, 428. Bowling Alley, Henry VIII.'s close, i. 123, 124, 140 ; ii. 263. Bowling Greene, the, ii. 303 ; iii. 130, '3'i 137, 211. Bowls, i. 82. Bowyer, Lady, iii. 447, 456. Boxer, Lady, iii. 473. Boyd, Miss Margaret, iii. 490. Boyer, iii. 113 n., 157. Boyle, Admiral the Hon. Sir Courtenay, and Lady, iii. 483. Boyle, Mrs. Cavendish, hears the shrieking ghost of Catherine Howard, i. 224 ; her apartments, iii. 481. Boyle, Henrietta, iii. 3 n. Braddyll, Colonel, and Mrs., iii. 457. Bradford, Orlando George Charles, Earl of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Bradley, Mr. Lang, iii. 343. Bradshaw, Thomas, satirized by Junius, iii. 304 ; acts as secretary and pander to the Duke of Grafton, 305 ; given apartments, 305 ; his suites of apart- ments, 478, 481, 482. Bradshawe, Miss, iii. 223 and n. Braganza. See Catherine of. Bramwell, Baron, iii. 349. Brandenburgh, iii. 165. Branscombe, iii. 349. Bray, iii. 265. Breadalbane, John Campbell, Marquess of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Breda, iii. 151. Brentford, i. 215 n. Brereton, Mrs., iii. 473. Brett, Mr. Justice, iii. 380. Brewer, Alice, i. 372. Brewer's "Beauties of England," iii. 323- Brewer, Mr., on Wolsey, i. 87, 96, 120. Brewhouse, ii. 306, 370. Price [Sydrach], ii. 274. Brick-kiln, Henry VIII.'s in the Park, i. 361. Bricklayers, i. 30, 159. Bricks for the Palace, i. 26 ; colour of, 29, 49, 361. Bridge, the old, at Hampton Court, old views of, iii. 287-9 5 exorbitant tolls of, 289, 290 ; anecdote of George I II. and the toll-keeper, 322 ; freed, 382. Index. 499 Bridges, Dean of Chester, ii. 33. Brigandines, i. 79. Bristol, Lady, iii. 240. British Museum, ii. 28, 148, 165. British remains, i. 7. Britton, his "Architectural Antiquities," i. 154. Broad Walk, iii. 71, 107. Broderick, ii. 227. Broglio, Comte de, iii. 203. " Broken Heart, The," a play, ii. 149. Bronxham, i. 159, 344. Brooke, the Misses, ii. 247. Brooke, Mrs. Henry, iii. 481. Brooke-Pechell, Admiral Sir George Richard, and the Hon. Katherine, iii. 457- Brooke-Pechell, Admiral Sir Samuel John, iii. 452. Brooke-Pechell, the Hon. Julia, Lady, iii. 451. Brooke-Pechell, Sir Thomas and Lady, iii. 463. Brown, Sir Anthony, i. 186, 215, 370. Brown, Sir George, " Sir Plume," iii. 194. Brown, Lancelot, "Capability," the landscape gardener, appointed gar- dener at Hampton Court, iii. 296, 300. Browning, Richard, ii. 308. Brudenell, Mrs., iii. 456. Brummell, William, iii. 464, 474. Brunswick, Duchess of, iii. 271. Brussels, ii. 123; iii. 218. " Bry, Duke of," tapestry, i. 6r. Bryan, Mr., William 1 1 1. 's housekeeper, iii. 84. Bryce, Mr., ii. 273. " Brystelles." See " Bostelles." Buchanan, Mrs., i. 188 n., 370 ; iii. 478. Buckenburgh, Countess of, iii. 211 ; re- partee to, 212. Buckeridge, Dr., ii. 53 ; his sermon on passive obedience, 54. Buckingham, Countess of, ii. 119. Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, appointed Keeper of Hampton Court, i. 215 ; ii. 75 ; his cupidity, 76 ; promotes his brother's marriage with Frances Coke, 77-79 ; visits Anne of Denmark when ill, 82 ; bequest to, from the Queen, 87 ; returns from Spain, 93 ; his insolence to the Queen, 97 ; proposes his relatives as ladies-in-waiting, 98 ; Charles I.'s letters to, about the Queen, 108 ; his correspondence with Charles about the French " monsers," 109; in- flames Charles against his wife, no; confers with Bassompierre, 112, 113, 115 ; introduces him to Charles I., 114; his impudence, 116, 118; pic- ture of, and his family, 119, 171 n. Buckingham, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of, ii. 212, 224. Buckingham, Mary, Duchess of, her apartments, iii. 447, 479. Buckingham House, Raphael's car- toons sent to, iii. 294 ; pictures sent from, 342. Buckingham, town of, i. 221. Budd, John, i. 364. Bulley, Mrs. Jane, iii. 471. " Bullyns," of freestone, i. 350. Burbage, the actor, ii. 13. Burcardus, ii. 69. Burd, Henry, i. 363. Burdde, John, of Chiselhurst, i. 346. Burdges, Robert, bricklayer, i. 346, 365. Burghley, William Cecil, 1st Lord, i. 321, 333- Burghley House, Verrio's paintings at, iii. 49, 68. Burgoyne, Lady, and Miss, iii. 484. Burley on the Hill, ii. 8. Burlington, Earl of, iii. 261. Burnet, Bishop, records William 1 1 I.'s predilection for Hampton Court, iii. 4, 11 ; extols Queen Mary, 29 ; com- mends her love of gardening, 35 ; his mention of William III., 62; his account of the dismissal of Lord Somers, 111-113; mentions an im- portant cabinet council at Hampton Court, 146. 5oo History of Hampton Court Palace. Burnham, i. 361. Bushey House, William IV. at, when Duke of Clarence, iii. 329, 332 ; Queen Adelaide resides at, 349 ; granted to the Due de Nemours, 349- Bushey Park, i. 4, 5 ; enclosed by Wolsey, 20; rabbit warren in, 135 ; in Henry VIII.'s time, 211, 216 ; the deer in, ii. 64, 168 ; various notices of, 169, 170, 255 ; sold to Mr. Backwell, 172, 272, 275 ; the Harewarren in, 182 ; pathway in blocked by Crom- well, 182 ; Charles II. preserves the game in, 205 ; the lodge in, 205, 206 ; iii. 491 ; the Diana fountain in, ii. 244 ; iii. 108 ; survey of, ii. 258, 269, 270 ; valuation of interests in, 276 ; keepers in, 308 ; laid out by Wise, iii. 78, 436 ; Wren's projected grand new approach to the Palace from, 79 ; pheasantry in, 90 ; further works ordered by William III., 105, 108, 149 ; watercourse through, 188 ; reservoir in, 189 ; keepership of, 206 n. ; closing of a roadway through, 290, 291 ; Lord North appointed keeper or ranger, 301, 304 ; paddocks in, for the royal stud, 335, 338, 422 ; cricket in, 421 ; its beauty in summer, 424 ; accounts for laying out of, 436 ; lodgings of the Keeper of, 463. Butler, Comptson, ii. 293. Butler, Major, ii. 192 n. Butler, Mr., of Cambridge, ii. 37. Buttery, the old, i. 84, 124, 150, 153. Butts, Dr., i. 192 n., 370. Byfleet, manor of, 1. 213, 214. Byng, Hon. and Rev. Francis, iii. 454. " Byse," i. 53, 352. Cabinet Councils, iii. 146, 157. Cabinet, old, ii. 294. Cadogan, Lord, iii. 218. Cadogan, Lady Louisa, iii. 478. Cadons, i. 78. Caen stone, i. 159, 361. Caesar, Julius, his passage of the Thames, i. 7. Caesars, medallions of the, i. 50 n., Calcraft, Mr., iii. 302. Caligula, i. ^^. Calvert, Mr., iii. 481. Cambridge, University of, ii. 246 n. ; address of, to William III., iii. 154. Camden, i. 299. Camden Society, i. 265. Camera of Knights Hospitallers, i. 12. Campbell, Colin, iii. 229. Campbell, Colonel, iii. 214, 233. Campbell, Mrs. Hugh, iii. 445. Campbell, Misses Louisa and Melliora, iii. 467. Campeggio, Cardinal, i. 116, 142. Canals in Home Park, i. 6 ; iii. 19, 218 ; little, enlarged, 188. See also Long Canal. Canary Islands, iii. 32. Candia, wines of, i. 71. Candlesticks, i. 82. Cannons, Mrs., midwife, iii. 273. Canoe, British, i. 7. Cantelupe, Viscount, iii. 450. Canterbury, Archbishop of, arms of the, i. 60; mentioned, 186. Canterbury, Whitgift, Archbishop of, ii. 33 ; and see Dr. Abbott. Canterbury, Laud, Archbishop of, ii. no, 112. Canterburyes, Bishop of, room, ii. 299. Canterbury's, Archbishop of, lodgings, iii. 100, 438. Canterbury Cathedral, Chapter House of, i. 166 n. " Captain Dangerous," ii. 160. Cardinall's armes, ii. 283, 285 ; and see Wolsey. Cardinal's hat, i. 51, 60, 75, 76, 79, 82, 92, 94 ; and see Wolsey. Cardinal Spider, i. 116. Carew, Sir Nicholas, i. 186. Carey, Robert, Earl of Monmouth, his stormy interview with Queen Eliza- beth, i. 330. I?idex. ioi Carey, Lord and Lady, ii. 85. Carey, Mrs. (1786), iii. 456. Carey, Mrs. (1880), iii. 462. Carisbrook Castle, Charles I. at, ii. 153, 158, 162. Carleton, Dudley, his letters from court, ii. 5,6,7 ; describes the festivi- ties at James I.'s court, 11, 13; de- scription of Daniel's great masque, 23, 25 ; letters to, 76, 77 n. Carlisle, Bishop of, i. 186, 194. Carlisle, Robinson, Bishop of, ii. 23- Carlisle, Countess of, iii. 30. Carlton House, pictures sent from, iii. 342. Carlyle, Thomas, ii. 138. Carnarvon, Countess of, iii. 490. Carnarvon, Lord, Lord of the Bed- chamber to Frederick, Prince of Wales, iii. 275 ; conveys messages from the Prince to the King, 277. Caroline, wife of George II., as Prin- cess of Wales, comes to Hampton Court, iii. 205 ; portrait of, 207 ; her lively court, 208-210; her amuse- ments, 211 ; her supper parties and receptions, 212 ; treated with dis- respect by the ministers, 216 ; hated by George I., 221 ; as Queen, at her toilet, 236 ; her bath, 236 ; her strange levies, 237 ; mounts Lord Hervey, 242 ; more levies, 243 ; plays cards, 250 ; her intimacy with Lord Hervey, 256 ; her conversa- tions with Lord Hervey and the King, 257 ; her love of gardening, 260 ; her indignation against her son Frederick, 265 ; bored with her daughter-in-law, 266 ; doubts her being with child, 268 ; learns of the birth, 271 ; hastens to St. James's, 272 ; indignation at her son's inso- lence, 273 ; goes again to St. James's, 277 ; laid up with gout, 278 ; calls herson "thegreatest liar and beast in the world," 281 ; conversation with Lord Hervey, 281 ; her death, 282. Caroline, Princess, daughter of George II., iii. 250; abused by her father for being so fat, 259 ; her lodgings, 485. Carpenters, Wolsey's, i. 30. Carpets, Wolsey's, of wool, i. 69 ; Wol- sey's Damascene, 70 ; in Cromwell's inventory, ii. 278, 279, 281, 291, 299 ; William 1 1 I.'s Turkey, iii. 95. Carruthers, Mr., iii. 220 n. Carters, i. 159. Cartoon Gallery, iii. 65, 171 ; and see Raphael's Cartoons. Cartwright, play by, ii. 122. Caryll, iii. 193. " Casements," i. 352, 366. Casewell, Mr., ii. 273. Casimir, Hans, i. 291 ; his portrait given to Queen Elizabeth, 293. Casimir, John, i. 325 n. Cassel, ii. 66. Castle Inn at East Molesey, iii. 287. Castlemaine, Barbara Villiers, Coun- tess of, Duchess of Cleveland, ii. 221 ; Charles I I.'s attachment to, 221 ; introduced to Queen Catherine, 222 ; Charles II. determined to have her received by his wife, 223 ; Charles II. insists on making her lady-in-waiting to his Queen, 225- 229 ; comes to Hampton Court, 237 ; at last received by the Queen, 238 ; her impertinence to the Queen, 242 ; her apartments in the Palace, 244, 248 ; made Keeper of Hampton Court, iii. 181, 206 n. Caswell, Richard, ii. 273, 274, 275. "Caters," in the roof of the Hall, i. 354, 355- Cathay, savages of, 11. 70. Catherine of Arragon, i. 15 ; dines and sups with Wolsey, 37, 101 ; her room, 102 ; writes from the Palace to her brother Charles V., 116; comes to Hampton Court with Henry VIII., 129 ; Henry VIII. leaves, 135. Catherine of Braganza, ii. 204 ; Infanta of Portugal, sailed from Lisbon, 208 ; arrived off Portsmouth, 208 ; 502 History of Hampton Court Palace. arrives, as wife of Charles II., at Hampton Court, 209, 210 ; her re- ceptions, 210 ; receives the Lord Mayor, and dines in public, 211 ; her ridiculous retinue, 212 ; her fan- tastic costume, 213 ; refuses to adopt the English costume, 214 ; her bed, 216 ; resolved not to receive Lady Castlemaine,22i ; Lady Castlemaine presented to her, 222 ; Charles II.'s indignation against her, 223 ; ridi- culed by the court wits, 224 ; her forlorn condition, 225 ; the King de- termined to make her yield, 226 ; her interviews with Clarendon, 231, 232 ; threatens to leave England, 233 ; melancholic in her chamber in tears, 235 ; isolated in her own court, 237 ; submits, and receives Lady Castlemaine, 238 ; visits Queen Henrietta Maria, 239 ; entertains her mother-in-law, 240 ; subjected to humiliations, 242 ; retires to Hamp- ton Court on account of the plague, 245 ; removes from Hampton Court for the same reason, 248 ; visited by William III., iii. 10. Catherine Howard made love to by Henry VIII., i. 3 ; married in the Palace, 216 ; her honeymoon, 217 ; goes a tour with Henry VIII., 220; her happy married life, 222 ; accused by Cranmer, 222, 223 ; her supposed ghost, 224 ; charged with high trea- son, 225 ; publicly denounced to the household, 226 ; her execution, 227. Catherine Parr, marriage of, i. 2, 229 ; her home life, 234 ; portrait of her, 238 ; her re-marriage, 246. Catholic priests banished from England, iii. 11;, 116. Catholics, Protestant hatred of, iii. 11. Cavagnari, Lady, iii. 468. Cavan, Countess of, iii. 482. Cave, William, of Oxfbrdshire,knighted, ii. 3. Cavendish, Wolsey's gentleman-usher, notices of Wolsey, i. 39, 49, 53, 68, 74 ; describes Wolsey's chapel, 80 ; extols Wolsey's plate, 81 ; further notices of Wolsey, 89, 96 ; describes Wolsey's grand banquet to the French ambassadors, 104-9 ; an- nounces Wolsey's death to Henry VIII, 133. Cecil, William, sides with the Duke of Somerset, i. 247, 251 ; knighted, 258; his scheming with Arran and the Scotch rebels, 281, 283, 284 ; men- tioned, 294, 301 ; his conduct in re- gard to Mary Queen of Scots, 307, 307 n, 309, 310, 311. Cecil, Sir Robert, afterwards Earl of Salisbury, investigates Lopez' plot against Queen Elizabeth, i. 333 ; mentioned, 336, ii. 26 ; his com- mendation of James I.'s understand- ing in theology, ii. 41. Cecil, Lady Anne, housekeeper, iii. 444, 445- Ceiler, i. 72 ; meaning of the word, i. 73 n, 76. Ceilings of Wolsey's rooms, i. 53, 58 ,* of Henry VI I I.'s rooms, 209 ; of William III.'s Palace, iii. 68-71, 128, 129, 174, 207. Cellars, Cardinal Wolsey's, i. 84, 105 ; Henry VIII. 's, 124, 150. Censers, i. 82. Century Plant, iii. ^3- Ceres, i. 61. Chaderton, Mr., ii. 35. Chains, i. 80, 82. Chairs, in Wolsey's Palace, i. 76, 77 ; in Cromwell's time, ii. 279, 294. Chaise ridings, Queen Anne's, iii. 187. Chalices, Cardinal Wolsey's, i. 82. Chalk, i. 30. Chamber of Presence, Wolsey's, i. io6> and see King's, and Queen's Presence Chamber. Chamberlain, John, letters to and from, ii. 5, 11, 76, 77 n, 80, 90. Chamberlain, the Lord. See Lord Chamberlain. Chamberlain, Mrs., iii. 466. Index. 503 "Champion Stakes,"at Newmarket, iii. 338. Chancery, Court of, iii. 112, 113, 114. Chantreau, le citoyen, iii. 323. Chantrey, Sir Francis, iii. 373. Chapel, the, i. 2 ; in the time of the Hospitallers, 13, 17, 341 ; service in, 17, 49 ; priest to minister in, 17, 341 ; furniture of Wolsey's, 80 ; Wolsey's, 86 ; stained glass of, 184, 359 ; roof of, 360 ; baptism of Edward VI. in, 188 ; the font, 189 ; funeral service over Jane Seymour's body in the, 194 ; Edward VI. invested with the order of St. Michael in, 254 ; described in the time of Queen Elizabeth, 334 ; accounts for works and decorations of, 358, et scq. ; mentioned, ii. 32 ; Sir John Villiers' marriage to the daughter of Lord Chief Justice Coke and Lady Hatton in, 78, 79 ; dese- crated by the Puritans, 131 ; furni- ture of, 303 ; William and Mary in the, iii. 3, 7; William, Duke of Gloucester, baptized in the, 13 ; a new organ for the, 48 ; mentioned, 81 ; gallery to the, 100 ; re-decorated by Queen Anne, 184 ; new organ for, 184; roof of, restored, 369. Chapel Royal, Montague, Dean of, ii. Chapel, Queen Elizabeth's private, 1. 334; ii. 71 ; Queen Caroline's, iii. 236. Chapel Court, i. 49, 186, 201 ; lodgings in the, 373- Chaplains of the Palace, iii. 328, 348, 45°,45 r >454- Chapter House manuscripts, i. 149, 212 n. " Chaptrelles," in the roof of the Hall, i- 355- Chapuys, the Imperial ambassador, 1. 142. Charing Cross, i. 4. Charles I., as Prince of Wales, ii. 29, 30 ; visits his dying mother, 82 ; at his mother's deathbed, 84-87 ; at a banquet to the Spanish ambassadors, 93 ; fall out hunting, 94 ; retires to Hampton Court on account of the plague, 195 ; his dislike of his wife's followers, 96 ; his disagreement with her, 97 ; goes with her to Windsor, 98 ; bickerings between him and his wife, 100 ; his irritation against her, 101 ; refuses apartments to the French ambassador, 102 ; complains to his mother-in-law about his wife, 103 ; fresh outbreak of disagreement with his wife, 105 ; complains to his mother of her undutiful behaviour, 106, 107 ; informs Buckingham of his intention to dismiss the French suite, 108, 109 ; drives them out like wild beasts, 1 1 1 ; receives Paul Rozencrantz, 112; his reception of Bassompierre, 113, 114 ; refuses him a private audience, 115 ; in a great passion, 116 ; occasional visits to the Palace, 119, 122; makes the Long- ford river, 123; projects an immense new hunting-ground, 125, 126, iii. 290; Grand Remonstrance presented to, ii. 127 ; flies to Hampton Court, 128, 129 ; brought captive to the Palace, 133 ; visited by his adhe- rents, 133 ; consoled by his own divines, 134 ; sees his children at Sion House, 134 ; is under Parlia- mentary surveillance, 134; Cromweil and other officers of the Parliamen- tary army pay their respects to, 135 ; confers with Cromwell, 136 ; nego- tiates with Cromwell, 137 ; the army disgusted with his double dealing, 137; his untrustworthiness, 138 ; oc- cupations and mode of life, 139 ; his touching interview with Sir R. and Lady Fanshawe, 139 ; his forebod- ings, 140 ; withdraws his pledge not to attempt escape, 140 ; his guards doubled, 140 ; visited by his chil- dren, 141 ; complains to Whalley of the noise of the sentinels, 141 ; schemes to escape, 143 ; receives an 504 History of Hampton Court Palace. anonymous letter, 144 ; fears at- tempts against his life, 144 ; writing in his bedchamber, 146 ; escapes from Hampton Court, 147 ; a book bor- rowed from Thomason's collection, 148 ; drops it in the mud, 149 ; sends it to the owner, 149 ; his letter to Colonel Whalley, 150 ; his letter to the Parliamentary Commissioners, 153 ; his letter or declaration to the Parliament, 153 ; divers accounts of his escape, 156; his flight to the Isle of Wight, 158 ; moved to Lon- don, 162, 163 ; his goods inventoried and appraised, 164 ; great picture of, 166 ; his honours, manors, parks, 167, 170 n. ; makes the Longford river, 123, 181 ; mentioned, 210, 239; his Dressing Room, 283 ; Privy Chamber, 284 ; Presence Chamber, 284 ; private oratory, 287 ; his gen- tlemen-ushers' rooms, 298 ; his robe >m, 298. Charles II., ii. 29 ; at dinner with his father, 123 ; mentioned, 169, 175 ; incites to murder Oliver Cromwell, 176-185 ; his Restoration, 201 ; the Palace redecorated by, 202, 309 ; renovates the Tennis Court, 202 ; plays tennis, 204 ; fond of gardening, 204 ; his improvements at Hampton Court, 205 ; lays out the House Park, 205 ; distributes appointments and offices, 207 ; marriage of, 208 ; arrives at Hampton Court with his Queen, 210; annoyed by his wife's obstinacy about her dress, 213 ; in- sists on his Queen dressing like an Englishwoman, 214 ; on better terms with his wife, 215; plants the avenues in the House Park, 217 ; minding his pleasures at Hampton Court, 220; his attachment to Lady Castlemaine, 22 1 ; introduces his mistress to his wife, 222 ; determined to force Lady Cas- tlemaine on the Queen, 223 ; deter- mined not to yield, 224 ; proposes to make his mistress lady-in-waiting to his Queen, 225, 226 ; unshakable determination, 227 ; interviews with Clarendon, 233 ; reproaches his Queen with her want of duty, 235 ; resolves to break down his wife's opposition, 236 ; humiliates his Queen, 237 ; visits Queen Henrietta Maria, 239 ; receives his mother at Hampton Court, 240 ; returns to London, 240 ; triumphal journey by river to Westminster, 241 ; occa- sional visits to Hampton Court, 244 ; retires to Hampton Court on account of the plague, 245 ; Beauties of his Court painted, 246, 247, iii. 3 n. (and see Lely, Sir Peter) ; removes on account of the plague, ii. 248 ; re- turns to Hampton Court, 249 ; thanks Pepys for his services, 249 ; returns to Whitehall, 250 ; his game, 251 ; calls a council, 253 ; an anecdote of him and Verrio, 254 ; furniture of his Bedchamber when Prince of Wales, 285 ; the same of Withdrawing Chamber and Dressing Rooms, 285 ; accounts for works in his reign, 309 ; the Long Canal dug by order of, 205, 217 ; iii. 17, 19, 107 ; his designs for the gardens, 20 ; opens the foot- way through Bushey Park, 181, 138 ; supposed natural son of, 206 n. ; his lodge in Bushey Park, 491. Charles, Archduke, i. 284 ; proposed as a husband for Queen Elizabeth, 285. Charles V., Emperor of Germany, i. 116, 228, 232, 248. Charles XII. of Sweden, iii. 159. Charlton, Stephen, ii. 203. Chart, Mr. E., Clerk of the Works, iii. 385- Chase of Hampton Court, made by Henry VIII., i. 214; dischased by Edward VI., 215 ; its officers, 215 ; ii. 126 n. ; Lieutenant and Keeper of the, iii. 180. " Chastity, Triumph of," tapestry, i. 64, 65. Chatelhdrault's, Duke of, i. 281. Index. 505 Chatham, Lord, iii. 300. Chatillon, M. de, i. 304 ; his audience with Elizabeth, 305. Chatsworth, iii. 24 n. ; gardens of, 52, 72. u Chawndry," the, i. 151, 375. Cheapside, i. 269. Cheek, Edward VI.'s tutor, i. 258. Chelmsford, Lord, iii. 381. Chelsea Waterworks Company, iii. 382. Chenetone, iii. 6 n. Chersham, manor of, i. 214. Chertsey, i. 91, 345, 359. Chesney, Mrs., i. 136 n. ; iii. 452. Chester, Edward VI. Earl of, i. 190. Chester, Bridges, Dean of, ii. 33, 41. Chester, the Misses, iii. 448, 456. Chesterfield, Philip Dormer, Lord Stanhope, Earl of, at Hampton Court, iii. 207, 210, 251. Chestnut Avenue, iii. 79 ; road down the, 291 ; its beauty when in full bloom, 424, 425 ; accounts for laying out, 436. " Chestnut Sunday," iii. 425. Cheston, ii. 271. Chests, i. 76. Chetloaf, 1. 1 10 n. Chettle, Henry, play by, ii. 13. Chevereux, Due de, ii. 102. Cheyney, Sir Thomas, i. 186. Cheynys, i. 358. Chichester, Bishop of, i. 186, 194. Chichester, Watson, Bishop of, ii. 33. Chichester, Lady Hamilton, iii. 469. Chimneys, i. 27, 28, 365. China, Queen Mary's, iii. 28, 94. Chiselhurst, i. 346, 364. Chiswick, iii. 300 n. " Chocolate Kitchen," iii. 98. Cholmondeley, Earl of, iii. 314. Chosroes, i. 33. " Christ, Story of," tapestry, i. 59. Christchurch College, Oxford, i. 89 ; the hall at, 157 ; the clock at, 219 ; plays at, ii. 119. Christchurch, Ravis, Dean of, ii. 33. Christian IV. of Denmark, ii. 7 ; visits James I. and his Queen, 49 ; his portrait by Vansomer, 50; his joviality, 51 ; present at plays in the hall, 51 ; hears of his sister's illness and death, 83, 87 n. Christmas at Hampton Court in Queen Elizabeth's time, i. 317, 320; in James I.'s time, ii. 4, 11, &c. Church, John, of Chertsey, i. 345, 359. Churchill, Charles, iii. 208. Churchill, Lord Randolph, buys a Hampton Court yearling, iii. 339. Churchyard, Thomas, his " Pleasant Conceite," presented to Queen Eliza- beth, i. 331. Cibber, Caius Gabriel, his sculptures, iii. 45 ; executes the sculpture in the great pediment, 52 ; works beautiful vases and urns, 53, 54 ; mentioned, 56. Cibber, Colley, iii. 52 ; acts at Hamp- ton Court, 223 ; his account of the theatricals, 224, 225. Cisternes, ii. 306. City. See London. Civil Law, Doctors of the, i. 130 ; ii. 42. Civil Service, inhabitants of the Palace in the, iii. 417. Civil War, ii. 119, 130. Claremont, i. 6 ; iii. 128. Clarence, Mistress, lady-in-waiting to Queen Mary, i. 274. Clarendon, first Earl of, his mention of Charles I. in his "History of the Rebellion," ii. 129, 136; at Hampton Court, 210 ; his opinion of the Portu- guese suite, 212 ; refers to Charles II. and Lady Castlemaine, 223 ; Charles II. appeals to, 225 ; remonstrates with Charles II., 226; ordered by Charles II. to argue the Queen into receiving Lady Castlemaine, 227 ; accepts the commission, 228 ; his cant, 229, 239; his interviews with Catherine of Bra- ganza, 230 ; tries to persuade her to receive the King's mistress, 231, 232; his sophistical arguments, 233 ; inter- view with Charles II., 233, 235 ; sees 506 History of Hampton Court Palace. the Queen again, 235 ; fails to move the Queen, 236. Clarendon, second Earl of, iii. 2. Clarendon, Jane, Countess of, iii. 31. "Clarissa," iii. 195. Clark, Mr., iii. 250. Clarke, Mr. James, owner of old bridge, iii. 289, 290. Clarke, Dr. Alured, iii. 243. Clarke, Doctour, ii. 298. Clarke, Ned, ii. 108. Clarkenwell, i. 340. Clarkson, William, of Henley, i. 363. Clavering, Lady Diana, iii. 455. Clavering, Mrs., iii. 270. Claypole, Elizabeth, her serious illness, ii. 190; her death, 190 ; her nursery, 287, 299 ; her gentlewomen, 293; her man's chamber, 301. Claypole's, Lord, lodgings, ii. 286. Clayton, Mr., ii. 290. Clayton, Mrs. (afterwards Lady Sun- don), bedchamber-woman to Prin- cess, afterwards Queen, Caroline, her secret interview with the Prin- cess, iii. 221 ; waits on the Queen, 237, 246 ; stigmatized as an " absurd and pompous simpleton," 247 ; men- tioned, 254, 277. Clayton, Sir John, iii. 8^. Cleasby, Baron, iii. 380. Clemente, John, ii. 307. Cleopatra, i. 33 ; statue of, ii. 302. Clerk, John, of Weybridge, i. 362. Clerk of the Works, ii. 265, and see Works, Clerk of. Clerkenwell, St. John's at, i. 340, 342. Cleveland, Duchess of. See Castle- maine, Lady. Cleves, Anne of, marries Henry VIII., i. 216 ; scandal about, 216 n. Cleyff, Peter, carver, i. 358. Clifford, Hon. Lady, i. 58 n. ; iii. 448. Clinton, i. 309. Clinton, Lady, iii. 447. Clive, Lord, his daughter given apart- ments, iii. 317. Clock or Stone Court, in Wolsey's time, i. 48, 55 ; Catharine of Arragon and Henry VIII.'s rooms in, 102, 129 m ; described as in Henry VIII.'s reign, 165 ; mentioned, 90, 102, 126, 188, 190, 194, 202 n. ; lodging in, 373 ; ii. 32, 260, 306 ; iii. 244 ; the Colon- nade in the, iii. 47, 50 ; paved with stone, 101, 439. Clock Tower, i. 46, 48 ; works of the clock in the, iii. 387. Clock, Wolsey's, i. 79, 132 ; Henry VHP's, i. 366, and see Astronomical clock. Cloister Green Court, the old, dimen- sions and extent of, i. 202, 203; skele- tons found on its site, ii. 161 ; de- scribed in the survey, 260 ; a roller in the, 303 ; demolished by William III., iii. 5, 17. Cloisters of W T ren's Fountain Court, iii. 46. Close writ rolls, i. 8. Closet, Queen Mary's, iii. 28. Closet, Wolsey's, i. 53, 55 ; hangings for, 68 ; the King's, 129 ; Henry VIII.'s holiday, 360. Coal-house, i. 1 5 r. Cobham, Lord, iii. 296, 300. Cobham, manor of, i. 214. Cobham Park, i. 30. Cockburn, Lord Chief Justice, iii. 332. Cofferer, Mr., i. 375 ; his man's roome ii. 295 ; his lodgings, iii. 451. Coke, Frances, her forced marriage, ii. 75-79- Coke, Lady, ii. 75-79. Coke, Lord Chief Justice, ii. 75-79, 119. Coker, i. 179 n. Colchester, Lord, iii. 48 n. Cole, Sir Henry, i. 53 n., 128. Colet, i. 42. Coligny, i. 304. "Collar-brace," in the roof of the Hall, »• 353- Colley, Lady Pomeroy, iii. 318, 464. Collier, Mr., ii. 8. Colne river, i. 23 ; ii. 123, 124 ; andJM Longford river. Index. 507 Colonnade, Wren's, iii. 47 ; described, 101. Colonsay, Lord, iii. 381. Coltman, Robert, i. 13. Comedians, King's Company of, ii. 9 ; incorporated by James I., 12; and see King's Company, &c. Commell, John, merchant, i. 362. Commissioners, Parliamentary, ii. 198. Common Council of London, i. 195 ; and see London. Commons, House of, Grand Remon- strance voted by, ii. 126 ; attempted arrest of the Five Members of, by Charles I., 128 ; Colonel Whalley's report to, on the King's escape, 146, 155 ; Charles I. and Cromwell's letters to, 152, 153; order the in- ventorying, appraising, and sale of Charles I.'s goods, 164 ; order Richard Cromwell not to shoot at Hampton Court, 199; William III. troubled by the, iii. 108, 109 ; attack Lord Somers, 157; address from, to William III., 145 ; petition to, for a bridge at Hampton Court, 287. Communication Gallery, vases over the, iii. 50 ; interior fitted up, 67 ; mentioned, 97, 245 ; accounts for works in, 437. Compton, Bishop of London, baptizes William, Duke of Gloucester, iii. 13 ; asks for a new organ in the chapel, 48. Compton, Lady, ii. 78. Compton, Lord, ii. 112. Compton, Lord Alwyne, iii. 400. Comptroller of Works, i. 157, 375; his kitchen, ii. 305, and see Works. Conde, i. 304. Conduit Close, ii. 270. " Confectionery, the," i. 151, 375. Conference between Anglicans and Puritans, ii. 32-45. Conies in the warren, i. 341. Coningsby, Sir Richard, ii. 11. Conolly, the Misses, iii. 308 n., 459. " Continental Sunday, the," at Hamp- ton Court, iii. 363-368. Conway, Mr. Sec, ii. 103, 104. Conyngham, Francis Nathaniel, Mar- quess of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Cooke, Sir John, ii. 158. Coombe Hill, springs at, i. 22 ; water brought by Cardinal Wolsey from, 23 ; his conduits at, 23, ii. 124 ; pipes bringing the water from, i. 24, ii. 307 ; water of, efficacious in cases of stone, i. 41 n. Coombe Park, ii. 307. Coon, Thomas a, Henry VI I I.'s Ser- jeant plumber, i. 346, 357. Cooper, his edition of Pope, iii. 220. Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, ii. 171. Copernicus, i. 220, iii. 343. Copes, i. 80. Copings, i. 26. Copley, Miss, iii. 453. Corant, Harry, of Kingston, carver, i. 358, 37°. Corbels, in the roof of the Hall, i. 353. Cork and Burlington, Earl of, iii. 3 n. Cornices in Henry VII I.'s rooms, i. 54 ; in William 1 1 I.'s palace, carved by Gibbons, whom see. Cornwall, Duke of (Edward VI.), i. 190. Coroner of the Verge of Court, iii. 396. Corporation of London, see London, Lord Mayor and Aldermen of. Corpus Christi College, i. 219. Corrodarius, i. 13. Cosby, Mrs., iii. 314, 461. Cosmo III., Duke of Tuscany, visits Hampton Court, ii. 251 ; hunts in the park, 252. Costumes, of masques, i. 33 ; Tudor, 232 ; of masquers in James I.'s reign, ii. 15, 20, 24. Cottin, Colonel, and Mrs., iii. 467. Cottington, Lord, ii. 123, 125. Cottonian MSS. Vitell. F., i. 265. Cottrell, Sir Charles, Master of the Ceremonies, iii. 116, 135 n. "Council Chamber," i. 186; and see 503 History of Hampton Court Palace. also Great Council Chamber and Cartoon Gallery. Council, Privy, issue a proclamation against covetousness, i. 254 ; and see Privy Council. Council of State, ii. 169, 277. Counterpanes, i. 73. "Counting House, the," i. 151, 375. " Courbe," i. 356. Course, the, i. 212 ; ii. 258, 261, 266, 267, 368 ; and see House Park. Courtenay, Earl of, i. 265 ; kisses Queen Mary's hand, 266. Courtenay, Lady Elizabeth, iii. 490. "Courtines," ii. 278, 285. Courts, measurements of, by Inigo Jones, ii. 91 ; and see Back, Base, Chapel, Clock, Cloister Green, First, Fountain, Inner, Master Carpenter's, Stone Court, and Outer Green Court. Coventry, Sir Thomas, ii. 118 n. Coventry, Sir Wm., ii. 250. Coverdale, Miles, i. 175. Coverlets, i. 73. Cowey Stakes, i. 7. Cowper, Lady, lady of the bedchamber to Princess (afterwards Queen) Caro- line, iii. 215 ; remonstrates on the treatment of her mistress, 216 ; letter of, 221. " Coxcombe, The," a play, ii. 121. Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 121 ; communicates the accusations against Catherine Howard to Henry VIII., 222; his nterviews with Catherine Howard, 225 ; gives a special licence to Henry VIII. for his marriage to Catherine Parr, 230 ; with the Duke of Somer- set at Hampton Court, 247, 251. Cratzcr, Nicholas, the astronomer, i. 218. Craven, Lord, his house at Kensington, iii. 15. " Creepers," ii. 278. " Cress cloth," i. 74. Cressett, Edw., ii. 272. Creston, Thomas, carpenter, i. 368. Crockets, i. 27. Crofton, Lady Charlotte, iii. 454. Crofton, Mrs., outbreak of fire in her apartments, iii. 396 ; her rooms, 473, 480. Crofts, ii. 242. See Monmouth, Duke of. Crofts, James, i. 332. Croissy, 111. 12. Croker, John Wilson, iii. 318 n. ; a member of the Toy Club, 331, 2>72>- "Crokes," i. 351. Cromer, Mr., i. 374. Crompton, Sir Th., ii. 42. Cromwell, Frances, marries Mr. Rich, ii. 187 ; her lodgings, 282. Cromwell, Mary, marries Lord Faul- conbridge, ii. 186 ; goes on her honeymoon, 188 ; returns to the Palace, 189. Cromwell, Oliver, ii. 135 ; his confe- rences with Charles I., 136, 169; his negotiations with Charles I., 137, 140; his letter to Colonel Whalley, 145 ; rides to Hampton Court after Charles I.'s escape, 152; his letter to the Parliament, 156; his fancy for Hampton Court, 171 ; takes pos- session of it, 173 ; frequently resides at, 174 ; plots for assassinating, 175 ; feasts the Swedish ambassador, 178 ; his "Court of Beggars," 178; his familiar behaviour with his asso- ciates, 178 ; his pursuits at Hampton Court, 179; his appreciation of ta- pestry, 180; furniture of his bed- room, 180 ; inventory of his goods at Hampton Court, 180, 181 ; orders the repair of the Longford river, 181, 182 ; makes the Harewarren ponds, 182 ; arbitrarily closes a footway in Bushey Park, 182, iii. 138, 292 ; oc- cupations and amusements, ii. 183 ; fond of music, 183 ; at chapel, 184 ; Syndercomb's plot for assassinating him, 184 ; beset with assassins, 185 ; marries his daughter Mary to Lord Faulconbridge, 186; his practic Index. 509 jokes, 187 ; his attachment to Hamp- ton Court, 188 ; domestic troubles, 189; is isolated from his old asso- ciates, 189 ; his grief at the death of his daughter, Mrs. Claypole, 190 ; reads the Bible, 192 ; rides in the park, 193 ; his last illness, 193, iii. 390 ; attacked with ague, ii. 194 ; grows better, 195 ; removes to Whitehall, 195 ; his death, 196 ; his debts, 198; his goods at Hampton Court, 198, 272 ; inventory of his goods, 277 ; his bedchamber, 280 ; his dressing- room, 281 ; furniture of his kitchen, 303 ; his servants, 308. Cromwell, Mrs., comes to Hampton Court, ii. 176 ; comical stories about, 177 ; her court and kitchen, 177 ; claims the crown goods as her late husband's, 198. Cromwell, the young Lady, ii. 290. Cromwell, Richard, ii. 189; proclaimed Protector, 197 ; prevented from shooting in the parks, 199 ; his room, 293- Cromwell, Thomas, i. 121, 183, 192 n. ; urges Henry to spend less on build- ing palaces, 160 ; draws up regula- tions for Prince Edward's household, 201. Cromwell's, Colonel Will., lodgings, ii. 297. Crosby Hall, i. 171. Crosses, Wolsey's, i. 82. Crossley, Rev. Thomas, chaplain, iii. 451. " Cross-mountyn," 1. 173, 354. Culling-Smith, Lady Anne, iii. 328, 472. Cumberland, Duke of, iii. 222, 259 ; his lodgings, 462. Cumberland, Lady Albinia, iii. 466. Cumberland Lodge, Windsor Park, great vine at, iii. 299. Cupboard carpets, i. 69. Cupboards, i. 76. Cupide, i. 62. Cupolas. See Types. Cuppage, the Misses, fire in their apartments, iii. 400 ; notes on, 469, 482. Cups, i. 82. Cureton, Mrs., iii. 473. Curiosities in the time of Queen Eliza- beth, i. 334, 335 ; in the time of James I., ii. 70. Curt, Mr. Louis de, iii. 462. Curtains, i. 69. Cushions, i. 76, 78. Cuthbert, Hon. Mrs., iii. 464. " Cuthbert Fund," the, iii. 464. Cutler, Mr., ii. 245, 248. Dacre, Lady, iii. 479. Dacre, Lady Magdalen, insulted by Philip II., i. 276. Daine, Charles, Keeper of the Park in Cromwell's time, ii. 308. Dairy Maid's Roome, ii. 301. Dalison, Mrs., iii. 463. Dallaway, his criticism of Wren's new palace, iii. 43. Damascene carpets, i. 70. Dancing at Wolsey's entertainments, i. 33 ; Anne Boleyn, 162 ; Queen Elizabeth, 289, 301, 318 ; at Eliza- beth's court, 330 ; at James I.'s court, ii. 15, 23. Danckers, his picture of Hampton Court, i. 217, 218 n. Danegelt, i. 8. Daniel, Samuel, ii. 4 ; his masque of the "Vision of the Twelve God- desses," 5, 8 ; account of, 8 ; pat- ronized by Anne of Denmark, 8 ; made " Master of the Children of the Revels," 9 ; rehearsal of his masque, 10 ; his masque described, 18-30. Darien, Settlement of, iii. 122. Darley, John, gardener, in Cromwell's time, ii. 307. Darlington and Leinster, Countess of, Madame Kilmansegge, George I.'s mistress, iii. 203. Darnley, i. 311. Dartiquenave, Sir Charles, iii. 206 n. 5io History of Hampton Court Palace. Dartmouth, George, Earl of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Dartmouth, Lord, his " Notes " to Burnet, iii. in, 146. Dartneuf. See Dartiquenave. Daubeny, Giles, Lord, i. 16 n. Davenant, Sir William, play by, ii. 132. Daventry, Christopher Yilliers, Baron, ii. 1 19. " David, Story of," tapestry, i. 58, 59. Dawson, Mrs. F., iii. 465. Dean, William a, i. 367. Dean, Wolsey's, i. 86. Deans, at the Conference between Anglicans and Puritans, ii. 36-43. " Death, Triumph of," i. 64. Deer, in the parks, in Henry VIII. 's time, i. 135, 213, 214, 215 ; in Queen Elizabeth's time, 326, 327 ; in James I.'s time, ii. 59-64 ; and see Game and Hunting. Defoe, his account of Hampton Court, iii. 20 ; mentions the " Beauties," 30 ; describes the gardens, 36 ; refers to the Wilderness, 74 ; to the proposed grand entrance, 81 ; to the planting of the parks, 106; to the "Lion" gates, 201. Delamayn, John, painter, i. 126, 367. Delawarr, 2nd Earl, iii. 450, 451. Delawarr, George John Sackville, Earl of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Delawarr, Countess of, iii. 450, 451. Delft ware, iii. 94. Delia Robbia ware, i. 51. Deloraine, Lady, her repartee to a fat German lady, iii. 212 ; anxious to become George I I.'s mistress, 260 ; plays commerce with the King, 269 ; " a fool," 282. Denbigh, Countess of, ii. 119. Denbigh, Earl of, iii. 491. Denbigh, Lady, her chamber, ii. 289, 290. Dcnely, C, ii. 308. Denham, Lady, ii. 247. Denman, Lord Chief Justice, iii. 354. Denmark, King of. See Christian IV. Denmark, Prince George of, inspects the fleet with William III., iii. 9 ; birth of his son, 12 ; brings a wet nurse, 14 ; gives a clerkship to his son's foster-brother, 15 ; dines with King William, 156; his pack of hounds, 160 ; painted on the wall of the Queen's Drawing Room, 174; takes interest in horse breeding, 335 ; and see Anne, Queen. Denmark, King of, iii. 117. Dennehy, Miss, iii. 468. Dennye, Mr., i. 373. Denys, Sir Walter, i. 186. Derby, Countess of, i. 321 ; ii. 15, 22, 85. Derby, Earl of, i. 309. Derby winners, iii. 336, 337, 338, 422. Derbyshire marble, iii. 106, 439. Derham and Catherine Howard, i. 226. Derham, Dr., his description of the astronomical clock, iii. 343. Dering, Sir Cholmley, his quarrel with Thornhill, iii. 190 ; fights a duel with him, 191 ; killed, 192, 193. Desart, Countess of, iii. 328, 471. Devonshire, Lord, ii. 24. Devonshire, Duke of, iii. 145. Devonshire, William Spencer, Duke of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Dials, i. 371 ; ii. 303. " Diana " Fountain, so-called, described when in the Privy Garden, ii. 244, 302 ; erected in Bushey Park, iii. 79, 108, 199, 436,44i- Dice, 1. 33, 140. Dicker, Hugh, tiler, i. 344. Digby, Lord, ii. 129. Dishes, i. 82. D'Israeli, Isaac, ii. 5 ; his opinion of the old masques, 30. Ditton. See Thames Ditton. " Divinity, Triumph of," tapestry, i. 64. Dobson, Robert, one of the grooms of the stables, ii. 300. Doctors at the Conference between Anglicans and Puritans, ii. 36. Index. 5" Docwra, Sir Thomas, Prior of the Knights Hospitallers, leases Hamp- ton Court to Wolsey, i. 16, 340. Dodieu, M., his narrative, i. 101. Dodyngton, i. 196. Dogs forbidden in the Palace by Henry VIII., i. 146 ; by the Lord Chamber- lain, iii. 408. Doherty, Mrs., iii. 486. Domesday Book, Hampton Court men- tioned in, i. 7, 339 ; Kempton Park mentioned in, iii. 6 n. "Domine michi adjutor," Wolsey's motto, i. 54. Domville, Mrs., iii. 487. Doncaster Cup, iii. 338. Donne, Dr., i. 278 n. Donnington, honour of, i. 213. Doors of old oak, iii. 371. Dorchester, Lady, iii. 30. Dorking, i. 159, 344. Dorset, Lady Mary Compton, Duchess of, iii. 32. Dorset, Duchess of, iii. 238. Dorset, Marchioness of, iii. 13. Dorset, Marquess of (temp. Henry VIII.), i. 257. Dorset, Marquess of, sponsorto William, Duke of Gloucester, iii. 13 ; orders a new organ for the chapel, 48. Dove, Bishop of Peterborough, ii. 33. Dover, ii. 129. Dovvcett, John, of Kingston, i. 355. D'Oyley, Mr. and Mrs. Christopher, iii. 463. Drainage, Cardinal Wolsey's admir- able, i. 22 ; the new modern, iii. 381. Drawing Room, iii. 65. Dressing Roome, Cromwell's, ii. 281. Dressing Room, King William III.'s, iii. 67, 69. Drewer, Mr., his roome, ii. 300. Drewry, John, iii. 190. Drinking House, in Henry VI I I.'s time, i. 370. Drummond, Mr. R., iii. 465. Drummond, Miss, iii. 478. Drury, Dr., ii. 42. Drury Lane Company, iii. 223. Dryden, John, ii. 74. "Dry-fish-house," i. 124. " Dubbers," i. 351, 357. Du Bellay, Bishop of Bayonne, en- tertained by Wolsey, i. 55, 103, 104, in, 113, 115. Dublin, iii. 157. Ducats, i. 33, 81 n. Dudley, Lord Robert. See Leicester, Earl of. Dudley, town of, i. 355. Dufferin and Ava, Marquess of, his affection for Hampton Court, iii. 333, 418. Dugdale's " Baronage," 8 ; erroneous statement of, 11. Dunbar, battle of, ii. 168 n., 169, 196. Dunkerley, Mrs., iii. 476. Dunne, Sir David, ii. 42. Dunolm. See Durham. Dunoyer, M., iii. 269. Dunton, i. 196. Duppa, Sir Thomas, iii. 9 and n. Durett's, Mad'mozelle, Roome, ii. 290. Durham, Sabrina de, i. 9 ; her claim to the manor of Hampton Court, 10. Durham, Wolsey's palace at, 17 ; lord of, 63. Durham, Toby Matthew, Bishop of, ii- 32, 33- Durnford, Mrs., iii. 485. Dutch troops, iii. 10. Dutchland, i. 296. Dyall, old, ii. 303. Dyce Library, ii. 49. Dyce's Skelton, i. 41 n. Dyreck, Richard, of Paris, i. 159, 362. Dysart, Countess of, iii. 313, 471. Earle, Giles, iii. 214. " Easement, Create howse of," ii. 263. East Fronts of old and new palace, iii. 17 ; Wren's, 43 ; carving on, 50, 5 1 - East India Company, 111. 122. East Molesey, weir at, i. 17, 158 ; manor of, included in the honour of Hamp- 512 History of Hampton Court Palace. ton Court, 213, 214 ; mentioned, 281 ; Queen Elizabeth's supposed son brought up at the mill at, 288 ; lessee of the manor of, iii. 286 ; bridge built from, to Hampton Court, 287. Eastlake, Lady, hears the shrieking ghost of Catherine Howard, i. 224. Eating-room iii. 67, 97, 437. Ecclesiasticus, ii. 38. Eden, Hon. Dulcibella, iii. 462. Eden, Sir Frederick and Lady, iii. 447. Eden, Mrs., iii. 480. "Edinburgh Review," i. 128 n. Edward the Confessor, i. 8, 339. Edward I., II., III., i. 9. Edward VI., birth of, i. 2, 182, 183 ; his lodgings, 186 ; baptism of, 186-90 ; his physician, 192 n. ; his nurse, 196 ; his household and lodgings, 200; regulation of his household, 201; his food, 201 ; visited by his sister Mary, 201 ; mentioned, 215 ; with Catherine Parr, 234 ; picture of, 238 ; meets the French ambassador, 241 ; first visit as king, 244, 245 ; reduced to insignificance by Somerset, 246, 250; made to sign a proclamation, 248 ; presented by Somerset to the people, 251 ; hurried off to Windsor, 252 ; receives the Marshal St. Andre, 253 ; invested with the order of St. Michael, 254 ; receives the French ambassador, 256 ; knights Somer- set's enemies, 257, 258 ; referred to, 277 n., 290 ; his bed, 335 ; font at which he was baptized, 360 ; cham- bers belonging to, 369 ; portrait of, when young, ii. 70 ; room in which he was born, 72 ; mentioned, 126 n., 240 ; fire in his nursery, iii. 399. Edwards, William I V.'s trainer, iii. 336. Eedes, Dean of Worcester, ii. 33. Effiat, Marquis d', ii. 96. Egerton, Sir Thomas, ii. 9. Eisenberg, Peter, his " Notes on Eng- land," ii. 68. "Elder Brother, The," a play, ii. 122. Elephants, i. 66. Elizabeth, Queen, i. 3, 149 n., 163 ; at Edward VI. 's christening, 187 ; men- tioned, 197 ; gets ^20 from Cathe- rine Parr, 230 ; portrait of, 238 ; mentioned, 245 ; comes to the Palace, 264 ; arrives in custody at Hampton Court, 270 ; confined in the Water Gallery, 271 ; secret interview with Philip 1 1., 271 ; interview with Bishop Gardiner, 272 ; interview with her sister Queen Mary, 274, 275 ; for- given by her sister, 276 ; improved position at court, 278 ; her acces- sion, 280; marriage in contemplation, 281 ; interview with Arran, 282 ; her astute scheming, 283 ; cunningly baffles the French ambassadors, 284 ; again dallying with suitors, 285 ; scandal about her and Lord Robert Dudley, 286 ; her supposed son, 287, 288 ; Leicester's familiarity with, 288 ; has the small-pox, 289 ; believed to be dying, 290 ; her suitors, 291 ; her interview with Melville, 292, 293 ; her gardens, 295 ; her dress, 296 ; her portrait by Zucchero, 297 ; her curiosity as to Mary Queen of Scots, 297 ; her fondness for music, 298 ; her musicians, 300 ; her action in regard to Mary Queen of Scots' affairs, 302 ; gives audience to M. Chatillon and to La Mothe Fenelon, 305 ; her answer to Mary Stuart's Commissioners, 308 ; her tricky con- duct as regards Mary Stuart, 311 ; allegorical picture of, by Lucas da Heere, 314 ; her stables, 315 ; again has the small-pox, 316; Christmas at her court, 317-321 ; presents to, 321 ; provisions for the Palace, 322 ; looking out of the window, 323 ; her new fountain, 325, 326, and see Foun- tains ; her love of hunting, 327 ; her gardens, 32S ; furniture of her Palace, 329 ; her interview witli Robert Carey, 331 ; her angry inter- view with Essex, 333 ; her appear- ance in her old age, 336 ; her por- Index. 5*3 trait by Zucchero, 336 ; her last stay at the Palace, 337 ; her great cham- ber when Princess, 366 ; her ward- robe rifled, ii. 2, 24 ; mentioned, 60, 66, 103 ; her musical instrument of glass, 71 ; mentioned, iii. 28. Elizabeth, Princess, daughter of Charles I., visits her father, ii. 141. Elizabeth, Princess of France, i. 254. Elizabeth of York visits Hampton Court, i. 14. Ellenborough, 1st Lord, his decision in the case of Winter v. Miles, iii. 379 ; his youngest son, 456. Ellice, Mrs., occupant of private apart- ments, iii. 413 ; her apartments, 454, 463- Ellis, Mrs. Marianne, iii. 464. Ells, John, freemason, i. 350. Elm trees, great, in Home Park, i. 5,6. Eltham, Ordinances of, i. 145, 150. Eltham Palace, i. 171. Ely, Anna Maria, Marchioness of, iii. 452. Ely, Mr. James, ni. 453. Ember Court, i. 15. Embree, John, ii. 308. " Emelyke, Storye of," tapestry, i. 58. Emily, Princess, George II.'s daughter, flirts with the Duke of Grafton, iii. 248 ; snubbed by her father, 259. Emmett, William, carver, iii. 50. Emperor of Germany, death of the, i. 35, 100; mentioned, iii. 115, 142, 254. " Empress of Briton," and " of the North," Anne of Denmark so styled, ii. 82. England, i. 60 ; ii. 116. English, their opinion of themselves, i. 262 ; their fondness for eating, 263 ; their arrogance, ii. 1 16. " Entaylled," i. 53. Entrance Court, projected new, to William I II.'s palace, iii. 79. Epsom races, iii. 422. Eric, Prince, son of the King of Swe- den, i. 285. Erne, Countess of, iii. 482. Errol, Elizabeth, Countess of, iii. 469, 486. Escurial in Spain, ii. 133 n. Esher, i. 6 ; lent to Wolsey by the Bishop of Winchester, 34 ; a " cell " to Richmond, 34 ; manor of, 34 n. ; Wolsey's Palace at, 118, 123 ; given by Gardiner to Henry VIII., 212 n. ; included in the honour of Hampton Court, 213 ; reconveyed to the bishopric of Winchester, 34, 212 n. Essex, Priory of Takely in, i. 9. Essex, Earl of, Lord Parr created, i. 230. Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of, sulks against Elizabeth, i. 333. Essex, Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of, hunts and plays tennis with Henry, Prince of Wales, ii. 47. Essex, William Capell, 3rd Earl of, lord of the bedchamber to George II., iii. 272 ; conveys messages to Prince Frederick, 274, 275, 277. Essex, Earldom of, for Cromwell, ii. 136. Essex, Lady, ii. 57. Essex, Lady Mary Bentinck, Countess of, iii. 32. " Esther, Storye of," tapestry, i. 58. " Estrogeas," tapestry of, i. 58. " Eternity, Triumph of," tapestry of the, i. 63, 64. Eugene, Prince, iii. 159. Eunapius, ii. 41. Europe, Universities of, i. 130. Evelyn, John, ii. 133, 21 1, 215 ; his de- scription of Hampton Court, 216; and of the Park, 217, 241, 244, 245, 249 ; his account of Queen Mary's conduct on taking possession of her father's palaces, iii. 3 ; mentions Princess Anne, 12; visits Hampton Court, 16, 19; remarks on Queen Mary's Bower, 37, 69. Evesham, i. 288. " Evys-pece," i. 352. Ewers, i. 82. Ewery, i. 84, 150. L L 5i4 History of Hampton Court Palace. Excursionists. See Visitors. Exeter, Bishop of, iii. 315. Exeter, Lord, dines with Cardinal Wolsey, i. 101. Exeter, Marchioness of, carries Edward VI. to the font, i. 187. Exeter, John, 5th Earl of, employs Verrio, iii. 49 ; recommends him to William III., 68. Exeter, Brownlow Cecil, Marquess of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Exodus, ii. 30. Eyots in the Thames, i. 6. Faber, John, engraves portraits of the " Beauties of William and Mary's Court," iii. 31. " Fair Geraldine," i. 230, 232. Faircloth, Mrs., ii. 289. Faircloth, Mr., ii. 293. " Faire Maide of Bristowe," a play, ii. 48, 49. Fairfax, Lord, kisses Charles I.'s hand, ii. 135 ; news of Charles I.'s escape announced to, 1 50 ; a member of the Council of State, 168 n. Fairs, Mr., repaints the King's Great Staircase, iii. 343. Falmouth, Lady, ii. 247. Fanelli, statues by, ii. 218, 244. Fanshawe, Lady, her interview with Charles I., ii. 139, 140; received by Catherine of Braganza, 210. Fanshawe, Sir Richard, his touching interview with Charles I., ii. 139; mentioned, 210. " Faraday House," iii. 374 ; occupants of, 489. Faraday, Professor, given a Crown house, iii. 373, 489. Farnham Royal, Bucks, i. 154 n. " Fate, Triumph of," tapestry, i. 64, Faulconbridge, Lady {see Cromwell, Mary), her lodgings, ii. 281 ; her gentlewoman, 289. Faulconbridge, Thomas, Viscount, marries Mary Cromwell, ii. 186, 187, 188 ; returns to Hampton Court, 189. Faulconbridge, Lord, iii. 48 n. Fauquier, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas, their apartments, iii. 450, 451. " Feather House," the, i. 151 ; ii. 263. Feltham, bridge tollman, anecdote of, iii. 322. Feltham, manor of, i. 213 ; ii. 181. " Femerall," the, of the Great Hall, i. 166, 173 ; accounts for making the, 347, 355-358. Fenian " scare," iii. 374. Fenwick, Sir John, iii. 135 ; his horse, 166. Ferdinand, Prince of Spain, i. 335. Fermor, Miss Arabella, the Rape of her Lock, iii. 194, 195. Ferrabosco, Alphonso, ii. 8. Ferry r , the, at Hampton Court, ii. 311 ; iii. 286-7. " Ffumygation pannes," i. 79. Fiddes, i. 93 n. Field, Dr., ii. 2>2>- " Field of the Cloth of Gold," the, i. 45. Fiennes, Edmund, 9th Lord Clinton and Saye, i. 281 n. Finch, George, Esq., M.P., iii. 270. Finch, Lord Chancellor, iii. 216. Finett, Sir John, his anecdotes of am- bassadors, ii. 94, 102, 112. Finland, Duke of, i. 285. Fire, appliances in case of, iii. 189; precautions against, 385 ; outbreak of, in 1882, 395 ; incidents of, 396 ; slight damage done by, 397 ; appara- tus for extinguishing, 397 ; hydrants, 398 ; fire brigade, 398 ; further pre- cautionary arrangements against, 399 ; second outbreak of, 399 ; cir- cumstances of, 400 ; damage and cost of, 401 ; restorations after, 401 ; private apartments now insured against, 402 ; dangers of, exagge- rated, 402. Fire-backs, ii. 201 ; one of Charles I I.'s cast-iron, 202 ; one of James I I.'s, 256. Index. 515 Fire-forks, i. 79. Fire-pans, i. 79. First or Base Court, architecture of, i. 46, 47 ; mentioned, 90 ; stone tablets in, 125 ; Edward VI. in the, 251 ; paving of road in, 363 ; the turf in, removed by William III., iii. 101, 439 ; mentioned, 352 ; Henry VIII.'s coat-of-arms in, restored, 392. "Fish Court," i. 153 ; sketch of, 322. "Fish House," i. 151. FitzElias, Will, i. 8. FitzGerald, Lady Elizabeth, " Fair Geraldine," i. 232. FitzGerald, Mrs., and Miss Caroline Georgiana, iii. 454, 477. FitzHardinge, Lord, iii. 48. FitzHerbert, Mr., iii. 464. FitzOther, Walter, i. 7. FitzRoy, family of, iii. 416. FitzRoy, Lady Anne. See Culling- Smith. FitzRoy, Lady Augustus, mother of the 3rd Duke of Grafton, given apartments, iii. 308, 316, 455. FitzRoy, Mrs. Robert, iii. 468. FitzWilliam, Earl of Southampton, i. 9I - FitzWilliam, the Hon. Mr., page of honour to George II., iii. 241. " Five Acres," the, ii. 268. Flanders, iii. 48 n., 218. Fleetwood, ii. 189. Fletcher, Mr. James, his house on the Green, formerly Sir Christopher Wren's, iii. 228, 232. Fletcher, Mrs., iii. 476. *' Fleur-de-lys," racehorse, wins the Goodwood Cup, iii. 336 ; bought by M. Lupin, 337. Florentine ambassador, ii. 27. Flowers in Henry VIII.'s Garden, i. 207, 372 ; and see Gardens. " Flower-pot Gate," iii. 73. *' Flying-Post," the, iii. 167. Font at which Edward VI. was bap- tized, i. 190, 360. Foot-carpets, i. 69. Foreign Office, iii. 417. " Forlorne Sonne," the, tapestry, i. 58. " Fortune, the Wheel of," tapestry, i. 61. Foscue, Nicholas, i. 244. Fountain Court, the old, dial of the clock in, ii. 311. See Clock Court. Fountain Court, the present, i. 53 ; dis- covery of skeleton in, ii. 160, 161 ; dimensions and plan of, iii. 17, 18 ; architectural features of, 19 ; as completed by Wren, 45, 46 ; La- guerre's frescoes in, 49 ; stone carvings in, 50, 51 ; laying out of the, 101, 102 ; mentioned, 245 ; stonework in, restored, 393 ; seen by moonlight, 430. Fountains, Queen Elizabeth's, i. 326, ii. 72, iii. 101 ; the so-called " Diana Fountain" (which see), ii. 244, 302 ; erected in Bushey Park, iii. 79, 108, 199 ; William III.'s, iii. 71, 106, 435, 439 ; Savery's propositions for the, 189 ; in Bushey Park plays in honour of George I., 203. Stvalso Fountain Court, and Great Fountain Garden. Fowler, gentleman of the Privy Cham- ber to Edward VI., i. 246. Fowler, William, ii. 48. Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, i. 14 ; lends Esher to Wolsey, 34. Fox, George, the Quaker, his inter- view with Cromwell, ii. 193. Fox-Strangways, Lady, iii. 468. Foxe, i. 276. France, i. 40 ; court of, 57, 298 ; tribute from, to England, 103 ; mentioned, ii. 98, 107, 108, 109, 115, 139 ; war de- clared against, iii. 9 ; palaces in, 42 ; ambassadors of, see French ambassadors. France, King of, his sons, i. 100 ; envoy of, 253 ; mentioned, ii. 94, n 3- France, Queen of, ii. 106 ; iii. 254. Francis I., of France, letter of Wolsey to, i. 45 ; employs Delia Robbia, 5i6 History of Hampton Court Palace. 51 ; proposed marriage between him and Princess Mary, 100 ; his treaty with Henry VIII., 101, 102 ; inquires about Henry VIII.'s palaces, 209. Fraser, Mrs. Mackenzie, iii. 480. Frederica of Hanover, Princess, ii. 263 n. ; iii. 382 ; comes to reside at Hampton Court, 382 ; affection and regard for, 383 ; her Convalescent Home, 383, 384 ; her apartments, iii. 446 ; notes upon, 446. Frederick, Prince of Wales, iii. 75 n. ; portrait of, 207 ; allusion to, 255 ; plan of gardens dedicated to, 261 ; at the Palace, 266 ; his anger against his family, 267 ; forces his wife when in labour from the Palace, 267, 270 ; despatches a courier to the King to announce his daughter's birth, 271 ; writes to his father, 274, 275 ; his mockery of respect to his mother, 278 ; ordered out of St. James's, 279 ; his father's resentment against, 280 ; vilified by his relations, 281. Frederico, Gio. Ant., ii. 25. Free Trade with France, i. 256 ; pro- posed to William III., iii. 103. Freemasons, employed by Henry VIII., i. 158, 346, 350, 353 ; William III. presides over a lodge of, iii. 63. French, the, their intrigues, ii. 116; King and Queen of the, visit Queen Adelaide at Bushey Park, iii. 349. French ambassadors, i. 38 ; visit Wolsey, 103 ; grand entertainment to, 105 ; jealous of the Imperial am- bassador, 229 ; mentioned, 253 ; at Elizabeth's court, 256, 320; at James I.'s court, ii. 27, 92 ; at Charles I.'s court, 96, 98 ; intrigue for apartments in the Palace, 102 ; succeed in getting them, 103 ; and see Bassom- pierre, M. de ; at William 1 1 I.'s court, see Tallard, Comte de ; enter- tained by Queen Anne, iii. 197. P'rieze in Wolsey's closet, i. 54. Frobisher, Sir Martin, i. 329 ; ii. 70. " Frog Walk," the, iii. 205, 322, 346. Froude, James Anthony, 184 n., 265 n., 276 n., 285, 290, 307 n. Frye, Harry, glazier, i. 194. Furniture of Wolsey's Palace, i. 72 ; Henry VIII.'s, 238 ; and see Inven- tories. Fust, Lady, iii. 459. Fyat, Marquis de, ii. 102. Fylde, Richard, of London, linendraper, i. 362. Gabor, Bethlem, ii. 112. Gadesby, Thomas, i. 368. Gage, Sir John, i. 133, 186. Galen, ii. 194. Galileo, i. 220 ; iii. 343. " Gallantry," racehorse, iii. 339. Galleries, Wolsey's, i. 46, 49, 89, 90; Henry VIII.'s, 123, 127, 182, 369, 374 ; William 1 1 I.'s, see Cartoon, or King's, Communication, and Queen's Galleries. "Gallery Garden," the, iii. 72, 101,435. Galloway, Patrick, ii. 36. Galloway, Countess of, iii. 450, 451, 453, 49°. Game in Henry VIII.'s parks, i. 212, 367; Charles I I.'s, ii. 205 ; keeper of the, 207 ; preserving and hunting of, 251 ; William 1 1 I.'s, iii. 90. Gammes, Mr. John, of Radnorshire, knighted, ii. 3. Gardeners, Wolsey's, i. 21, 159 ; Henry VIII.'s, 372; his gardener gives Princess Mary some flowers and fruit, i. 207 ; and see London, Wise, Rose, Switzer, Kent, Brown. Gardening, French taste in, iii. 72. Gardens, the Knights Hospitallers', i. 13 ; Wolsey's, 21, 89, 90 ; Henry VIII.'s, 206, 207, 370, &c. (see also Mount, Pond, and Privy Garden) ; in the reign of Elizabeth, i. 295, 328 ; in Cromwell's time, ii. 181 ; in Charles I I.'s time, described by Evelyn, 218 ; and by Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 252 ; altered by William and Mary, iii. 21 ; described in 1691, Index. 517 36 ; Switzer and Defoe's remarks on, 36 (for William 1 1 1.'s gardens, see also Great Fountain and Privy Gardens) ; in George II.'s time, 261 ; in George III/s time, 296 ; cost of maintaining in the reign of George IV., 341 ; cost of maintaining at the present time, 394 ; their enchanting beauty at the present time, 429 ; by moon- light, 430 ; accounts for works in, 435, 439-441- Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, i. 192 n. ; "gives" Esher to Henry VIII., i. 212 n. ; marries Henry VIII. to Catherine Parr, 230; in procession round the cloisters, 267 ; his interviews with the Princess Elizabeth, 272, 273 ; gives her the communion, 278. Gardiner, Mrs. Henrietta, iii. 467. Gardiner, Captain Thomas, his plot to murder Cromwell, ii. 185. Gargoyles, i. 27, 166. Garnett, Mr. Richard, ii. 69. Garrett, Matthew, i. 372. Garrick, David, iii. 30S. Garter, order of the, i. 230 ; chapter of, 267 ; mentioned, iii. 116, 187. Gatehouse, Wolsey's great, i. 27, 58, 251 ; rebuilt, iii. 295 ; restored, 390 ; its old doors replaced, 391. Gay, the poet, iii. 166, 208, 210, 238. Geneva Bible, ii. 37. George I., iii. 172, 189, 201 ; his ar- rival in England, 202 ; removed from London to Hampton Court, 202 ; his fat ugly mistresses, 203 ; his mode of journeying to London, 205 ; mentioned, 206, 207, 216 ; sets up tapestry in the Queen's Gallery, 218 ; dulness of his court, 220 ; quarrels with his son, 221, 222 ; sets up a theatre in the Great Hall, 222, 223 ; "Henry VIII." his favourite play, 224 ; gives the actors a gratuity, 225 ; his shameful dismissal of Wren, 227 ; his letter concerning the unauthorized occupation of apart- ments in the Palace, 232 ; death of, 233 ; appoints George, 2nd Earl of Halifax, Keeper of Bushey Park, 301 ; his hand kissed by Horace Walpole, 317 ; brings the breed of cream-coloured horses to England, 339- George II., iii. 76, 138, 139 ; as Prince of Wales, 205, 207 ; his flirtations with the ladies-in-waiting, 208 ; his insulting attentions to Miss Bellen- den, 209 ; his amusements at Hamp- ton Court, 210, 211 ; dangling after Miss Bellenden, 211 ; quarrels with his father, 219, 221 ; leaves Hampton Court and holds an opposition court at Richmond, 222 ; his visits asking, 234 ; dulness of his court, 235, 238 ; clockwork regularity of his life, 239 ; fond of stag-hunting, 242 ; his con- demnation of fox-hunting, 242 ; arms of, 243, 244 ; his monogram, 245 ; gateway of, 246 ; his dull daily rou- tine, 250 ; his conversation with the Queen and Lord Hervey, 255, 257 ; his anger against the Queen for her interest in pictures, 258 ; scolds Lord Hervey, 258 ; outrageous ill-temper of, 259 ; his hatred of his son Fre- derick, 265 ; expatiates on fathers and sons, 265 ; in a violent passion, 272 ; his abusive language against his son, 273 ; refuses to see him, 275, 277 ; orders him out of St. James's Palace, 279 ; his fury at his letters being published, 280 ; visits the Pa- lace with his mistress, Lady Yar- mouth, 283 ; his bedroom and bed, 284 ; boxes his grandson's ears, 284 ; mentioned, 291, 324. George III., ii. 149 ; his ears boxed by his grandfather, iii. 284 ; his acces- sion, 293 ; abandons Hampton Court, 294, 295 ; divides the Palace into private apartments, 295 ; his regard for Capability Brown, 296, 300 ; ap- points Lord North Ranger of Bushey Park, 301 ; his reforms as to private 5>8 History of Hampton Court Palace. apartments at Hampton Court, 302- 304 ; his indignation at the lending of private apartments, 311 ; gives the Stadtholder of Holland apart- ments, 320 ; anecdote of him and the bridge tollman, 322 ; takes some interest in the Palace, 324 ; his nominees to apartments die off, 327 ; list of occupants of apartments since the accession of, iii. 443 ; Lord Chamberlains during his reign, "443- . r t . George IV., accession of, 111. 326 ; his nominees to apartments, 327 ; es- tablishes a stud, 335 ; sale of his yearlings, 337 ; removes statues and vases to Windsor, 339 ; cost of maintaining Hampton Court in his reign, 341 ; grants the use of the Great Hall for divine service, 341 ; Lord Chamberlains in his reign, iii. 443- . r . " Geraundes," of chimney-shafts, 1. 365. Gerbier, Balthazar, ii. 123. Ghosts supposed at Hampton Court, i. 195 ; ii. 160 ; and see Penn, Mrs., Jane Seymour, and Catherine Howard. Gibbons, Grinling, iii. 28 ; carving in stone by, 51, 56; carvings in lime- wood by, 67, 92, 154 ; carvings by, in the chapel, 184. Gibbons, Orlando, ii. 183. Gibson, J., iii. 36. Gibson, Mr. Mark, ii. 265. Gie\ Marshal and Monsieur de, i. 254, 256. Gifford, Lady, iii. 449. Gifford, Lord, iii. 449. Gillett and Bland, Messrs., clock- makers, iii. 387. Gillray, his caricature of the Stadt- holder, iii. 321. Gioacchino, Giovanni, 143 n. Giraldi, Chevalier, iii. 116. Giustiniani, the Venetian ambassador, i. 38 ; urges the Doge and Seignory of Venice to make Wolsey a present of carpets, 70 ; describes the Car- dinal's plate, 81, 96, 97 ; watches Henry VIII. play tunes, 139. Glass, stained, in Henry VHP's Great Hall, 349 ; in his chapel, 359 ; bat- tered out of the chapel by the Puri- tans, ii. 131 ; restored in the Great Hall, iii. 369. Gleichen, Countess, iii. 449. Gleig, the Misses, iii. 484. Gloucester, William, Duke of, son of Queen Anne, iii. 8 ; birth and bap- tism of, 13, 14, 48 ; his feeble health, 15- Gloucester, William Henry, Duke of (brother of George III.), made Ran- ger of the Home Park, i. 2 16 ; at the Pavilions, iii. 314, 487. Gloucester, Maria, Duchess of. See Waldegrave, Countess. Glover, Sir Thomas, ii. 52. Gobelin tapestry, iii. 218. Godfrey, Colonel, iii. 48. Godier, Sir Henry, ii. 15. Godolphin, Lord, iii. 135, 178. Godsalve, Sir John, i. 126 n. Gold, cloth of, in Wolsey's rooms, i. 68. " Gold Staff Gallery," apartments in, iii. 314, 318, 464. Gondomar, Count, lodgings for, ii. 91 ; not allowed to hunt in the Park, 92. Gonzaga, Ferdinando de, visits Henry VIII., i. 232. Goodenough, Mrs., iii. 476. Goodwin, Dr., Cromwell's chaplain, gives him an organ from Magdalen College, ii. 183 ; his prayer, 195. Goodwin, Mr. William, the "vet.," iii. 337- Goodwood Cup, iii. 336, 338. Gordon, Lady Cecil, iii. 457. Gordon, Lady Henry, iii. 466. Gordon, Misses Mina and Millicent,. iii. 461. Gore, Hon. Lady, iii. 450. Gospeller, i. 86. Gothic Houses, internal arrangements of, i. 46. Index. 5*9 Gower, Granville Leveson, Earl, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Gower, George, serjeant-painter to Queen Elizabeth, i. 220 n. Grafton, honour of, i. 213 ; town of, 221. Grafton, Charles, 2nd Duke of, his devotion to fox-hunting, iii. 242, 248 ; his flirtation with Princess Emily, 249, 250; mentioned, 254, 272, 273. Grafton, 3rd Duke of, his secretary Bradshaw, iii. 304 ; his mother given apartments, 305, 308. Grafton, Charlotte Maria, Duchess of wife of the 4th Duke, iii. 314. Grafton, Lady Isabella Bennett, Duchess of, wife of the 1st Duke, iii. 32. Grafton, Dowager Duchess of, iii. 491. Graham, Mr. A., Superintendent of the Gardens, iii. 426, 487. Grammont, M. de, his scandalous story about Progers, ii. 206 ; his satiric description of the Portuguese suite, 212, 224 ; his mention of the Court Beauties, 246, 247. Grammont, Comtesse de, her portrait by Lely, ii. 247. Grand Junction Water-Works Com- pany, iii. 402. Grand Master of the Hospitallers, i. 12. Grantham, Lord, a court dullard, iii. 249, 250. Granville, Hon. Elizabeth, iii. 458. Granville, Hon. Anne, iii. 458. Graves, the Lady, iii. 464. Gravesend, i. 253. Gray, Dr., botanist, iii. 35. Greame, Dick, ii. m. Great Barne, the, ii. 266. Great Council Chamber, iii. 109 ; and see Cartoon and King's Gallery. " Great Fountain Garden," iii. 19, 43 ; improvements in the, 78 ; more fountains for the, 106 ; mentioned, 138, 188, 189, 217 ; altered in George II.'s reign, 261 ; its aspect at the present time, 426 ; estimate for works in the, 439-441- Great Hall, built by Henry VIII., i. 48; building of begun, 154, 158; exterior of, 165, 166, 1 67, 346 et seq. ; battlements of, 347 ; interior of, 168, 351 ; roof of, 168, 171, 353-355 ; glazing of the windows, 169, 349- 352 ; dais, 169; screens, and min- strel gallery, 170 ; pendants of roof, 172, 173 ; femeral of, 173, 355-357; upper windows of, 1 74 ; procession in, 188 ; reception of ambassadors in, 232 ; plays and masques in, 319 ; curiosities in, 335 ; accounts for the building of, 343 et seq. ; creation of peers in by James I., ii. 4 ; plays and masques in, 13-15 ; Daniel's masque in, 18 ; more plays, 51, 122 ; mentioned, 180, 209; tapestries in, 216 ; organ in, 295 ; doors for the, 311; theatre erected in, by George I., iii. 226 ; more theatricals in, 240 ; Kent's design for, 246 ; gable of seen in an old engraving, 287 ; cleared of the stage, 324 ; use of granted to the parish of Hampton for divine service, 341 ; restoration of, 368 ; bazaar in, 374 ; entertain- ment in, 383 ; restoration of parapet, &c, of, 392. Great Parterre, iii. 106 ; and see Great Fountain Garden. Great Rebellion, the, ii. 128. Great Watching Chamber, Henry VIII.'s, i. 61 n.,89n.,io7n., 156, 176 ; ceiling of, 180, 181, 188, 193 ; Cathe- rine Howard denounced in the, 227 ; charges for the original decoration of, 365 ; used as a green-room, ii. 10 ; its ceiling repaired and repainted, iii. 392- Greater Lodge, ii. 270. Green, The, Hampton Court, i. 85 ; ii. 265, 266, 269, 270 ; Wren's house on the, iii. 227 ; mentioned, 313 n. ; residents on the, 331 ; Faraday's house on the, 373. Green Cloth, Clerks of the, i. 375 ; Board of, authority of, iii. 409, 410. 520 History of Hampton Court Palace. Green Court. See First Court. Green Court, Outer, i. 250 ; ii. 264 ; and see Barrack Yard. Greenaway, iii. 86, 87. Greenhouse, the, iii. 2>2>- "Greenville," Mr., ii. 160. Greenwich, i. 4, 101, 104, 132, 142, 279, 316 5 »• 49, 5 1 , 218 n., 239, 240, 248 ; iii. 62, 152. Gregory, John, ii. 311. Gresham, Sir Richard, purchases tapestry for Wolsey, i. 57, 58, 68 ; supplies Wolsey with chairs, 76, 77. Greville, Miss Hester, iii. 472. Greville, Mr. Charles, iii. 337. Grey, Joan de, i. 10, 11. Grey, John de, i. 10 n. Grey, John, Clerk of the Green Cloth, iii. 294. Grey, Lady Georgiana, occupant of private apartments, iii. 239, 413, 469, 472. Grey, Lady Mary, i. 321. Grey, Sir Robert de, i. 10. Gribelin, Simon, engraves Raphael's cartoons, iii. 172. Grignion, his engraving of the old bridge, iii. 287. Grimani, Cardinal, i. 97. Grimblot, iii. 160. Grinawaye's, Mrs., chamber, ii. 289. Grooms of the Chamber's roomes, ii. 307- Grotius, i. 208. Grove refers to closing of a path in Bushey Park, iii. 290, 291. Groves, Major, iii. 337. Grundy, Mrs., under-housekeeper, iii. 355- Guard Chamber, William III.'s, iii. 31, 65 ; decorated with arms, 88 ; men- tioned, 154. Guard Chamber, Queen's, iii. 243. Guelphic Order conferred by William IV. on his old associates, iii. 347. Guernier, Lud. du, iii. 195. Guildford, Lady, death of, iii. 329. Guillamore, Viscountess, iii. 484. Guise, Mary, Queen Dowager of Scot-. land, i. 258. Gunnings, the Miss, story of, iii. 285, 286. Gunpowder Plot, ii. 49. Gustavus IV. of Sweden, iii. 323. Gwylders, John a, Henry VI I I.'s smith, i. 1 60, 346 et seq. Gwynne, Nell, iii. 32, 204. " Gyante Horrible, the," tapestry of, i. 61. Haarlem, iii. 2. Hacket, Mr., chaplain, fights about saying grace, ii. 101. Hague, ii. 123 ; iii. 2, 151, 218. Haiwode, Christiana, i. 12. Halberts, i. 79. Hale, Mr. John, iii. 474. Halifax, Lord, ii. [254 ; remonstrates with William III. for living at Hampton Court, iii. 12 and n. Halifax, Charles Montague, 1st Earl of, raised to the peerage, iii. 136 ; mentioned, 144 ; impeached, 145 ; Swift dines with, 179 ; his park and house, 180, 181, 182 ; Steele dedi- cates the "Tatler" to, 182 ; insists on employing Thornhill to paint the ceiling of the Queen's bedroom, 206 ; appointed Keeper of Bushey Park, 301, 304. Halifax, 2nd Earl of, Ranger of Bushey Park, selfishly closes a path in the park, iii. 138, 290; compelled to open it, 291. Hall, the Knights Hospitallers', i. 16, 343 ; Wolsey's, 48, 84 ; pulled down, 154; for Henry VIII. 's, see Great Hall. Hall, "Chronicle" of, error in, i. 184. Hall, Mrs. Robert, iii. 475. Ham House, iii. 313. Hamilton's, Duke of, lodgings, ii. 286. Hamilton, Duke of, iii. 286. Hamilton, Lady Archibald, iii. 269, 270. Index. i Hamilton, Marquis of, i. 215 ; ii. 99. Hamilton, Miss, ii. 247 ; and see Gram- mont, Comtesse de. Hamilton, Mrs. Mary, iii. 492. Hamilton, Mrs. Philippa, iii. 492. Hamilton, Sir Robert, Bart., his war- rant for apartments, iii. 444, 485. Hamilton, Mr. William Gerald, " Single-speech," iii. 302, 304. Hamilton, Sergeant, murder of, iii. 352. " Hamlet, ; ' Shakespeare's, ii. 51, 122; iii. 421. " Hammerbeam," i. 173, 353-355. " Hammerbrace," i. 353-355. Hammersmith, ii. 184. Hammond, Colonel, Governor of the Isle of Wight, makes Charles I. a prisoner, ii. 158. Hampden of Kimbell, i. 196. Hampden, William, i. 196 ; Richard, 196 n. ; arms of, 197 n. ; Sir Ed- mund, 196 n. ; Sibell, see Penn, Mrs. Hampton, parish of, i. 4, 7 ; rectory and vicarage of, 9, 12 ; manor of, 15, 339; weir of, 17, 339, 341 ; work- men from, 346, 365 ; mentioned, 158, 368 ; church of, 197, 290, ii. 162 ; the Thames at, i. 209 ; rectory of, ac- quired by Henry VIII., 212 n. ; manor of, included in the honour of Hampton Court, 213 ; inhabitants of, ii. 181 ; parish of, 268, 269 ; town of, 256, 270, 271, 307 ; proposed palace at the west end of, iii. 6 ; register of the church, 13 ; Garrick's villa at, 308 ; churchyard of, 319 ; races of, 352 ; churchwardens of, receive a royal bounty for the poor of their parish, 353, 354 ; contribution of occupants of apartments, 359. " Hampton," the racehorse, iii. 338, 339- Hampton Court, manor of, its situa- tion, i. 4 ; natural features of, 5-18 ; origin of the name, 15 ; leased to Cardinal Wolsey, 1 16, 340 ; extraordi- nary salubrity of, 18, 113; ii. 209 ; Treatyof,i. 102; Henry VI 1 1. acquires the fee-simple of, 157 ; erected into an "honour," 212; manors com- posing the "honour," 213 ; survey of the manor and parks by the Com- monwealth, ii. 167, 168 ; excepted from sale, 168, 169 ; bill for its sale introduced, 169; its sale discussed, 170; stayed from sale, 171 ; offered to Cromwell, but declined, 171 ; manor sold to Mr. John Phelps, 172 ; bought back for Cromwell, 172 ; again to be sold, 199 ; bill for settling the honour and manor on Monk, 200 ; salubrity of, 209 ; sur- vey of, 258 ; sale and repurchase of, 273 ; its pleasant air, iii. 4 ; chief steward of, 180 ; opened free to the public, 351 ; South Western Rail- way opened to, 362 ; a " hell upon earth" on Sunday, 365 ; modern society at, 416 ; affection of in- habitants for, 417 ; modern amuse- ments and occupations of, 420, 421 ; a capital racing centre, 422 ; its in- tellectual atmosphere, 423 ; signifi- cance of its history, 431. " Hampton Court Beauties," the, iii. 13 n., 30. Hampton Wick, village of, i. 4 ; eccle- siastical district of, 4, 12, 101 ; work- men from, 365, 368 ; ii. 1 82 ; iii. 137 ; footway through Bushey Park from, 138 ; Steele's house at, 182 ; closing of the footway to, 291. Hanover, iii. 133, 205, 216, 258, 266 ; cream-coloured horses from, 339 ; Guelphic order of, 347. Hanworth, i. 105 ; manor of, included in the honour of Hampton Court, 213; its parks, 135 ; inhabitants of, ii. 181. Harewarren in Henry VIII.'s time, i. 212, 215 n., 216; in Cromwell's time, ii. 167, 169 ; Cromwell's ponds in, 182 ; mentioned in the Parlia- mentary survey, 258, 268, 269 ; sold and repurchased with the Palace, 522 History of Hampton Court Palace. 275 ; the ponds stocked with fish by William III., iii. 90 ; footway through, closed by Cromwell, ii. 182 ; and by Lord Halifax, iii. 291. Harlech, Lady, iii. 449. Harleian manuscripts, ii. 165. Harley, iii. 178, 179, 182. Harlow, Sir Robert, ii. 131. Harrington, Sir John, ii. 8, 41, 50. Harrington-Burley. See Burley-on-the- Hill. Harris, gunsmith, decorates the King's Guard Chamber with arms, iii. 88. Harrison's " Description of England," i. 295, 315. Harrison, Sir John, of Balls, ii. 139 n. Harrys, Thomas, bell-founder, iii. 389. Hartley, Henry, i. 363. Haryngton, Nicholas, i. 288. Hastings, Lady Dorothy, ii. 22. Hatfield, i. 142. Hatherley, Lord Chancellor, iii. 380. Hatton, Lady, ii. 22, 75-79 ; and see Coke. Hatton House, ii. 78. " Haunted Gallery," the, i. 188 ; legend of the ghost of Catherine Howard, i. 223 ; works in, iii. 97, 98, 100 ; mentioned, 245, 438 ; the watchman in the, 431. Haverfield, Thomas, gardener, iii. 298. Havre, i. 289. Hawes, Lady, iii. 477. Hawking, i. 135. Hawkins - Whitshed, Admiral Sir James and Lady, iii. 462. Hawkins' " History of Music," i. 301. Haydon, Win., i. 346. Hayes, James, ii. 15. Hayles, i. 371. Heath, his account of Oliver Cromwell, ii. 185. Heckel, A., his drawing of the old bridge, iii. 287. Hedges, iii. 157. Hedsor, i. 362. Heere, Lucas da, picture of Elizabeth by, i. 314. Heinsius the Pensionary, iii. 96, 118, 122, 134. Hellard, Mr., ii. 228 n. Hemynges, John, Shakespeare's fellow- actor, ii. 12, 13, 51. Heneage, Mr. Thos., i. 215, 226; his lodgings, 369, 373. Henley, i. 363. Henri II., i. 281. Henri IV., ii. 96. Henrietta Maria, her household train, ii. 96 ; Buckingham's rudeness in his interviews with her, 97 ; goes to Windsor with Charles, 98, 99 ; her French priests sent to the Tilt-Yard Tower, 99 ; bickerings between her and her husband, 100 ; misbehaviour of her confessor, 101 ; gets the French ambassador apartments in the Palace, 103 ; fresh outbreak of disagreement with Charles, 105 ; complained of to her mother, 106 ; her passionate discourse with her husband, 107 ; her difficulties, 1 10, 1 13 ; at Bassompierre's audience with Charles I., 114; mentioned, 116, 120 ; Charles I. writes to, 146 ; visits Hampton Court in 1662, 239 ; gives a ball to Charles II. and his queen, 242 ; death of, 253 ; her oratory, 295 ; her Robe Roome, 296. Henry III., i. 8. Henry VI., i. 158. Henry VII., i. 14, 34. Henry VIII. makes love in the gardens, i. 2, 3 ; his chapel and great hall, 2 ; acquires advowson of Hamp- ton, 9 ; with Catharine of Arragon at Hampton Court, 15 ; sends the Marquis of Mantua some English horses, 16; visits the Cardinal, 30; sings and plays on the lute, 30 ; re- pairs unexpectedly to Wolsey's Palace, 31 ; banquets, masques, and mummeries to, 31 ; his implicit trust in Wolsey, 32 ; at Wolsey's banquets and masquerades, 33 ; a candidate Index. 523 for the Imperial dignity, 35 ; his affection for Wolsey, 42 ; writes to him and urges him to relax from his labours, 42 ; his " own good Car- dinal," 43 ; walks arm in arm with Wolsey, 43 ; built the Great Hall, 48 ; his additions to and alterations of the Palace, 49 ; enlarges Wolsey's stables, 85 ; praises Wolsey's choir, 86 ; receives Hampton Court from Wolsey, 99 ; with Wolsey in his Palace, 101 ; talks about Luther, 10 1 ; at mass, 101 ; ambassadors presented to him, 101, 105 ; his health drunk by Wolsey, 107 ; his affectionate letters to Wolsey, 114 ; sends him some pills, 115 ; again staying with the Cardinal, 116 ; dis- misses Wolsey, 117; occupies Hampton Court, 118; sends tokens of goodwill to Wolsey, 1 19 ; documents of the reign of, 120 ; enters into pos- session of Hampton Court, 123 ; his additions to the Palace, 123 ; his arms, badges, and beasts, 124; his arms, 125 ; his galleries, 127 ; em- ploys Italian artists, 128 ; comes to Hampton Court with Catharine of Arragon, 129 ; summons an as- sembly to consider his divorce, 130 ; threatens the Nuncio, 131 ; his affec- tion for Anne Boleyn, 131 ; gives her a shooting dress, 132 ; gives her a black satin nightgown, 132; makes Hampton Court one of his favourite residences, 134; his treatment of Catharine of Arragon, 134; his sports, 135 ; his jousts and tournaments, 136, 137 ; shooting at the butt, 138 ; plays tennis, 138, 139 ; plays backgammon, &c, 140 ; his minstrels, 140 ; fond of music, 141 ; his songs, 141; his taste for literature, 141 ; his nume- rous palaces, 142 ; his study of divinity, 142; his transaction of busi- ness, 142 ; his household, 144 ; his privy chamber, 147 ; the making of his bed, 148 ; domestic offices in his palace, 150; his new hall, 154 ; his architect, 155; acquires the fee- simple of the manor of Hampton Court, 157 ; his workmen, 158 ; his enormous expenses in building, 161 ; his honeymoon with Anne Boleyn, 162 ; flirts with the ladies of Anne Boleyn's court, 163 ; receives an em- bassy from Lubeck, 165 ; portrait of, 175 ; his passion for Anne Boleyn cools, 176 ; has her executed, 177 ; marries Jane Seymour, 177 ; his Great Watching Chamber, 180 ; his delight at the birth of his son, 183 ; embellishes the chapel, 184; his holyday closet, 184 ; with Jane Sey- mour, blesses Edward VI., 190 ; his physicians, 192 n. ; leaves Hampton Court on the death of Jane Seymour, 193, 200 ; his new buildings com- pleted, 202 ; his apartments, 202 ; river front of his palace, 203, 205 ; his gardens, 206, 207 ; his orchards, 207 ; his parks, 211; his love of hunting, 212 ; erects Hampton Court manor into an honour, 212 ; gets hold of the rectories near Hampton Court, 2 1 2 n. ; marries Anne of Cleves, and Catherine Howard, 216 ; puts up an astronomical clock, 217-220; goes a honeymoon trip with Catherine Howard, 221 ; returns to Hampton Court, 222 ; his happy married life, 222 ; hears the accusation against his queen, 223 ; his passionate grief thereat, 223 ; disregards his wife's shrieks, 224 ; entertains the Imperial ambassador, 228 ; marries Catherine Parr, 229 ; his honeymoon with Catherine Parr, 229 ; reception of am- bassadors, 232 ; his home life, 236 ; plays on the lute, 237 ; family picture of, 238 ; furniture and tapestry of, 239; receives M. Deneball, 241 ; his declining health and frenzy of irritability, 242 ; his death, 243 ; his arms in stained glass, 352 ; his arms in the roof of the Great Hall, 353 ; 5 2 4 History of Hampton Cotirt Palace. his pheasants, 367 ; his parks and game, 368 ; his gardens and orchards, 371, 372 ; his tapestries, ii. 67, 165 ; his dining table and bedstead, 71 ; his cane, 166 ; his hawking glass, gloves, and six comb-cases, 166 ; his State Rooms demolished by William III., iii. 6; mentioned, 14, 61, 184, -> ^1 Til Henry, Prince of Wales, befriends the players, ii. 23 ; goes to Oatlands, 26 ; at the conference, 43 ; resides at Hampton Court, 46 ; picture of, 47 ; his skill at tennis, 47 ; men- tioned, 66, 83. Henslow's Diary, ii. 13. Hentzner, Paul, i. 326 n., 334. Herbert, Mr. Charles, iii. 490. Herbert, Lady Caroline, iii. 490. Herbert, Philip, ii. 15. Herbert, Sir Thomas, his memoirs, ii. 133 n., 157 n. Herbert, Sir William, i. 248, 257. "Hercules, Histories of," tapestries, i. 50m, 61 ; Laguerre's Twelve Labours of, in chiaroscuro, iii. 49. Hereford, Wolsey, Bishop of, i. 20. Hereford, Dowager Viscountess, iii. 448, 474. "Heron Ponds," ii. 182; and see Harewarren. Herries, Lord, i. 304. "Herring Ponds," see Harewarren ponds. Hertford, Earl of, temp. Henry VII I., i. 241. Hertford, Francis Seymour, Earl of, afterwards 1st Marquess of, Lord Chamberlain, refuses apartments to Dr. Johnson, iii. 310; his letter on the abuse of letting apartments, 312 ; his period of office, 443. Hertford, Francis Seymour, 2nd Mar- quess of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Hertford, Francis George Hugh, 5th Marquess of, iii. 331 ; Lord Chamber- lain, 444. Hertford, Frances, Lady, ii. 7, 15, 22. Hervey, Francis, i. 332. Hervey, Carr, Lord, iii. 207, 222. Hervey, Lady, iii. 235, 239, 240; her letter to Lady Suffolk, 239 ; and see Lepell, Miss. Hervey, John, Lord, iii. 208 ; married to Miss Lepell, 214, 233 ; dramatic trifle in his memoirs, 237 ; rides with the Queen, 242 ; letters and memoirs of, 246, 247 ; his sketch of Hampton Court life, 250 ; his satire against Pope, 252, 253 ; letter of, 254 ; his conversation with George II., 254, 255 ; his intimacy with Queen Caro- line, 256 ; his conversations with the King and Queen, 257, 258, 259 ; dis- cusses the conduct of the Prince of Wales, 268, 272, 273, 279 ; entrusted with the publication of the corre- spondence between George II. and his son, 280 ; conversation with the Queen, 281, 282. Hervey, Lady, iii. 456. Hesse, Landgrave Maurice of, ii. 66. Hesse, Prince Otto of, 66 ; his visit to, and description of the Palace, 67-71. Hethe, John, painter and decorator to Henry VIII., i. 158, 347-357 ; paints the roof of the chapel, 360 ; paints Henry VHP's Great Watching Chamber, 365. Hewitt, Dr., ii. 186. Hey wood, i. 276. High Commission, Court of, ii. 42. Highmore, Anthony, iii. 139. Highmore, Thomas, iii. 139, 176, 262. Hildyard, Lady Jane, iii. 476, 478. Hill the Organ-maker, iii. 184, 185. Hill, the Hon. Lady, i. 53 n. ; iii. 320, 463- Hinchinbroke, Viscount, iii. 464. Hingston, John, Cromwell's organist, ii. 183. Hipocras, i. 43, 108 and n. Hippesley, Sir John, ii. 170, 266, 270. Hippocrates, ii. 194. Hirsch, Baron, iii. 338, 339. Index. 525 Hoadley, Bishop, iii. 257. Hobbs, John, freemason, i. 158, 346. Hodges, Mrs. Sarah, iii. 477. Hodson, Mrs., iii. 471. Hogan, William, " his clayme," ii. 276. Hogsmill River, i. 23. Holbein, Hans, i. 128 ; portraits attri- buted to, 175, 232 ; drawing of " Mother Jak" by, 197 n. ; supposed picture of Henry VIII.'s family by, 237- Holinshed, i. 247. Holland, iii. 84, 120, 123, 149, 156, 218 ; love of William III. for, 2 ; plants and box from, 35, 36. Holland, Stadtholder of, flight of the, from, iii. 319 ; his apartments, 320, 462. Holland, King and Queen of, visit Queen Adelaide at Bushey House, iii. 349- Holland, Earl of, royalist rising under, ii. 158 ; his lodgings, 291. Holland House, iii. 23 Hollar, Winceslaus, i. 140. Holmwood, i. 159. Holt, Lord Chief Justice, iii. 113, 114. " Holyfernes," tapestry of, i. 59. Home Park. See House Park. Hone, Galyon, Henry VIII.'s glazier, i. 160, 349 et seq. " Honour," origin and meaning of a feudal, i. 213. Honthorst, Gerard, picture by, ii. 119. Hood, Robin, i. 41. Hook, Theodore, anecdote of, iii. 371, 372. Hore, Mrs., iii. 473. Horneck, Mrs., iii. 469. " Horn Room," the, ii. 131 ; opened to the public, iii. 392. Horns, ii. 216, 284. Horseguards, iii. 100. Hospitallers, Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, i. 9 ; their title to Hamp- ton Court, 11 ; their manor and pre- ceptory, 1 1 ; report to the Grand Master, 12, 13 ; expenses of their manor-house, 14 ; prior and brethren of, 17 ; tombs of, 49 ; grant the re- version of Hampton Court to Henry VIII., 157 ; their lease to Wolsey, 340 ; their chapel, 343 ; furniture and goods in their house, 343 ; their old bell, iii. 389 ; its curious inscrip- tion, 389. Hoste, Lady Harriett, iii. 469. "Hot House," the, i. 151, 263. Hounslow Heath, i. 5, 215 ; mentioned, ii. 123 ; James II. encamped on, 255,256; mentionedinthe Parliamen- tary survey, 269, 270 ; William 1 1 1.'s camp on, iii. 10, 48 n. ; the royal hunt on, 322. Hour-glasses, i. 366. House or Home Park, i. 4 ; description and extent of, 5 ; trees in, 6 ; Henry VIII.'s improvements in, 211 ; ran- gership of, 216 ; acreage and valua- tion of, by the Commonwealth, ii. 167, 168, 172; Cromwell riding in, 193 ; avenues and canals made by Charles II., 205, 217 ; mentioned in the Parliamentary survey, 258, 261, 266 ; deer and keepers in, 308 ; canal and avenues of, iii. 7, 19, 43 ; works in, 105, 107, 137; William III.'s accident in, 166 et seq. ; Queen Anne's stud in, 172, 188 ; stud pad- docks in the, 335 ; description of, in summer, 425 ; its exquisite beauty, 426 ; and see Long Canal. Housekeeper of Hampton Court in Henry VIII.'s time, i. 366; in Charles II. 's time, ii. 207; Mr. Marriott, 217. Housekeeper, office of Lady, abolished, iii. 350; and see Lady Housekeeper. " House Maid's Roome," the, ii. 306. Houston, Mrs., iii. 332. How, Mr., his bedchamber, ii. 297. Howard, Lady Elizabeth, ii. 22. Howard, Lord, i. 320. Howard, Lord Henry, ii. 24. Howard, Lord Philip, ii. 251. 526 History of Hampton Court Palace. Howard, Lord William, i. 187, 192 n. ; visits Elizabeth, 272. Howard, Mrs., her life at court, iii. 208, 211 ; herlittlesupperparties,2i2 ; her rooms, 213, 214; her select coterie, 215, 216, 220, 233 ; Queen Caroline imposes menial duties on, 235, 251 ; becomes Countess of Suffolk and Mistress of the Robes, 238, 259 ; letters of, 241. Howard, Sir Edward, ii. 88 n. Howard, Sir Robert, ii. 77, 79. Howe, Miss, a lively maid-of-honour, iii. 213. Howling, William, ii. 308. Hue, Peter le, ii. 122. Hug-gins, Mr., ii. 11, 92 ; iii. 230. Hugo, Mr. Th., i. 9. Huguenots, i. 289. Hulet, iii. 288. Humieres, M. d', i. 103. Humphreys, John, ii. 164. Hunsdon, i. 231. Hunsdon, Lord, Queen Elizabeth's cousin, i. 290, 298, 336. Hunt, Mrs. Ward, iii. 308 n., 458. Hunting, Cardinal Wolsey goes out, i. 91 ; Henry VIII. 's love of, i. 212 ; in Queen Elizabeth's time, 327 ; in James II. 's time, ii. 58-64; in Wil- liam III.'s time, iii. 104, 159, 160, 163 ; in Queen Anne's, 188 ; in George I.'s, 220; in George II. 's, 241. Huntingdon, Earl of, i. 241, 309. Huntingdon, Major, ii. 150. Hussars, 4th, aid in extinguishing a fire, iii. 397 ; 10th, aid in extinguish- ing the second fire, iii. 400. Hutton, Archbishop of York, ii. 32. Hutton, Dr., attends William III., iii. 124, 161. Hutton, John, i. 372. Hyde, Mrs., ii. 247. Hyde, Laurence, Earl of Rochester, iii. 3. Hyde I'ark, iii. 427. Hypocras. .5V* Hipocras. Ickworth, iii. 215. Imperial ambassador entertained by Henry VIII., i. 228, 229. " Imperieuse," racehorse, bred at Hampton Court, iii. 337. I m worth, manor of, i. 213. Indian Chief's Room, iii. 396. Infanta of Spain, ii. 93. Inland Revenue, iii. 417. " Inner Courte beside the Chappell," lodgings in, i. 373 ; and see Chapel Court. Innocent VIII., Pope, ii. 69. Inventories of Wolsey's goods, i. 58 et seq., 72 et seq., 79 et seq., 82 n. ; of Henry VIII.'s, i. 239; ii. 165 ; of Cromwell's, ii. 180, 198, 277, et seq. Inwood, Mr. John, ii. 273, 274, 275. Ionic colonnade, Wren's, i. 48 ; and see Colonnade. Ipswich, Wolsey's school at, i. 20, 52, 88. Ireland, i. 122 ; James I.'s remedy for, ii- 35- Ireton, ii. 135. Irish forfeitures, iii. 103, 104, III. Irish Rebellion, iii. 317. Irish stone, iii. 65, 71. Ironwork at the Palace, i. 160; iii. 84, 440 ; and see Tijou, Jean. Isle of Wight, ii. 145. Isleworth, rectory of, acquired by Henry VIII., i. 212 n. ; mentioned, iii. 3 X 3- Italian artists employed by Wolsey, i. 50 ; by Henry VIII., 128, 241. Italy, i. 57, 130, 296; iii. 42. Jack, Mr., gardener of the Privy Gar- den, iii. 33 n., 298. Jackson, Mr., gardener, i. 135 n., 207 n. Jackson, Benjamin, William III.'s master mason, iii. 151 n. ; his bill unpaid, 176. Jak, Joly, i. 141 n. Jak, Mother, King Edward's nurse, i. 197 n. Jakes in Wolsey's palace, i. 24 n. Index. 527 James I., ii. 1, 2 ; creates hundreds of new knights, 3 ; founds the noble order of Baronets, 3 ; creates a large batch of new peers, 4 ; comes to Hampton Court, 4 ; incorporates the King's Company of Comedians, 12 ; his " Booke of Sports," 18 ; attends Daniel's masque, 18 ; presides at conference between Anglicans and Puritans, 23 ; holds forth on theology, 35, 38 ; summons the Puritan divines before him, 36 ; browbeats the Puri- tan divines, 39 ; jeers at Dr. Rey- nolds, 40 ; speaks by the spirit of God, 41, 42 ; his own estimate of his achievement, 45 ; leaves Hampton Court for London, 46 ; returns, 47 ; sends for the Presbyterian ministers from Scotland, 52 ; argues with them on religion, 53 ; has them preached at, 54 ; his keenness for stag-hunt- ing, 58 ; entertains the Prince of Vaudemont, 55-57 ; "in a great pas- sion," 59 ; issues a proclamation against poaching, 59 ; attacks the "baser sort" of sportsmen, 60; flings curses at the followers of the hounds, 61 ; his costume while hunt- ing, 64 ; his hatred of war, 66 ; pic- tures and curiosities in the Palace in the time of, 66-72 ; his unseemly pranks at the marriage of Lord Chief Justice Coke's daughter, 79 ; visits his sick wife, 82 ; Latin letter of, 87 n. ; his callous conduct at his wife's death, 88, 89 ; portrait of, 89 ; satirical description of, 89 ; never washes his hands, 89 ; enter- tains the French ambassador, 92 ; entertains the Spanish ambassador, 93 ; his death, 94. James II., catalogue of his pictures, ii. 70; discusses a plan for the murder of Cromwell, 85 ; bill for the exclu- sion of, 253, 254 ; holds a council at Hampton Court, 255 ; his camp on Hounslow Heath, 255, 256 ; his palaces, iii. 63 ; death of, 152, 157. James, Col. Sir H., i. 7. James, Dr., Dean of Christchurch, i. 323 n. Jane Seymour, flirts with Henry VIII. and becomes queen, i. 177 ; her arms, 179 n. ; her badge, 181 ; re- tires to Hampton Court, 181 ; her bedroom, 190 n. ; the bed in which she died, 191 ; illness and death of, 192 ; her body embalmed and laid in state, 193; her obsequies, 194 ; her effigies on the funeral car, 194 ; i,2co masses for her soul, 195 ; her spectre in the " Silver-stick Gallery," 195, 196; her bed, 335 ; her arms in the roof of the Great Hall, 353. Jane the Fool, Princess Mary Tudor's jester, i. 206, 238. Janet, i. 175. Jersey, Earl of, his lodgings, iii. 99 ; letter of, 103 n. ; Somers resigns the great seal to, 113 ; appointed Lord Chamberlain, 120, 124 ; signs the second Partition Treaty, 139 ; his anecdote of William III. and Ro- chester, 146, 147 ; mentioned, 156. Jersey, George Child Villiers, Earl of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Jerusalem, Knights of St. John of. See Hospitallers. Jesse, Mr. Edward, i. 53 n. ; his Guide to Hampton Court, iii. 259 ; sur- veyor of the Royal Parks, 331 ; in Bushey Park with the Duke of Cla- rence, 332 ; his useful work at Hampton Court, 369 ; his felicitous arrangements, 370 ; his friends, Jesse, Mr. John Heneage, iii. 2S4 n. Jewell House, i. 151, 375. Joachim, John, i. 143. Joanna, Sister, i. 9. Jockey Park, or Middle Park, ii. 273, iii. 149 ; and see Bushey Park. "John the Baptist, Story of," tapestry, i- 59- Johnson, Gerard, cabinet-maker to William and Mary, iii. 28. 5^8 History of Hampton Court Palace. Johnson, Dr., applies for apartments, iii. 309 ; refused, 310. Johnson, Mr., gardener, iii. 300. Johnson, John, smith to Henry VIII., i- 359- Johnson, Thomas, carver to Henry VIII, i. 347- Johnson, William, freemason, i. 347, 355- Johnstone, Lady Cecilia, iii. 475. Joiner, Michael, one of Henry VIII.'s workmen, i. 158, 354. Jones, Inigo, i. 203 n. ; designs scenery for Daniel's masque, ii. 7, 30 ; his Banqueting House at Whitehall, 91 ; iii. 62 ; measurements at Hampton Court, when Surveyor of the Works, ii. 91 ; his letter about lodgings for the Spanish ambassador, 92. Jones, Colonel, his lodgings, ii. 288. Jones, Lady, iii. 474. Jones, Mr, ii. 275 ; the carver, 298. Jonson, Ben, ii. 4; his opinion of Fer- rabosco, 8 ; masques by, 25, 29 ; mentioned, 74. Jorevin de Rocheford, M, ii. 253. " Joseph, Story of," tapestry, i. 59. " Joull-pecys," i. 351 n, 352, 366. Jousts, i. 135. " Judyth, Story of," tapestry', i. 59. " Julius C?esar, Story of," tapestry, i. 66, ii. 165. "Junius," his account of Bradshaw, the Duke of Grafton's secretary, iii. 3°4- Kaufmann, Angelica, picture by, iii. 271. Keate, Mrs. Robert, iii. 478. Keating, Mr. Justice, iii. 379 ; his re- marks on the status of Hampton Court as a royal residence, 380. Keene, Colonel, iii. 313. Keete, Mrs. Mary, housekeeper, iii. 445- Keith, Mrs. II. D, iii. 465. Ktlbourne, Viscount, iii. 336. Kelly, Chief Baron, his remarks on the status of the Palace as a royal residence, iii. 378. Kehvay, Thomas, clerk, i. 155. Kemble, J. M, i. 12 n. Kempton, manor of, royal palace at, i. 13 ; included in the honour of Hampton Court, 213; projected new palace at, iii. 6 n. ; races at, 422. Kendal, Duchess of, George I.'s mis- tress, iii. 203. Kenmare, Valentine Augustus, Earl of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 444. Kennett, Bishop, iii. 117. Kennington. See Kempton. Kensington Palace, Princess Anne goes to, iii. 15 ; William and Mary at, 48, and n. ; Queen Mary dies at, 60 ; great stairs at, 65 ; William III. at, 87, 102 ; the Privy Council meets at, i33» 135; William III. at, 144, 147, 162, 163 ; William III. taken to, after his fall out hunting, 164, 167, 169 ; Queen Anne at, 170 ; per- sons irregularly lodged in, 233 ; pic- tures sent from, 258, 342 ; question as to its being a palace of royal residence, 379. Kent, Edward, Duke of, at the Pavi- lions, iii. 325, 488. Kent, William, architect, iii. 243 ; his chimney-pieces, 244 ; his wretched imitation of Gothic, 245, 246 ; his de- sign of the Great Hall, 246. Keppel, Hon. Mrs, at the Stud House, iii. 313, 315 ; her beautiful daughters, 316 ; her apartments, 491. Keppel, Hon. and Rev. Frederick, iii. ,3i5- Kerbye's, Mrs, room, ii. 300. Kerr, Hon. Lucy, iii. 482. Kerr, Lady Robert, iii. 467, 471, 472. Ketel, Cornelius, ii. 70. Kew Palace, George III. at, iii. 322. Keys, Josiah, locksmith, iii. 86, 87. Kidd, Captain, iii. 182. Kilmansegge, Madame, George I.'s mistress, "the Elephant and Castle," in. '.->- 22 1. Index. 529 " King, Charles's Swing," i. 5, 6. King, Dr. John, Bishop of London, ii. 33 ; preaches at the Presbyterians, 55 ; mentioned, 82, and n. ; at the death of Anne of Denmark, 84, 85, 86. King, William, freemason, i. 346 " Kinge or noe Kinge," a play, ii. 122. King's Backstairs, iii. 97, 437. King's Clere, i. 358. King's College, Cambridge, iii. 389. King's Company of Comedians or Actors, employed by James I., ii. 9, 12, &c. ; by George I., iii. 222, 225. King's Dressing Room, Verrio's ceiling in, iii. 67, 69. King's evil, touching for the, iii. 4. King's Great Staircase, approach to, iii. 47 ; Wren's proposals for the decoration of, 65 ; painting of, by Verrio, 67, 84 ; description of the ceiling of, 69-72 ; repainted, 343. King's Meade, the, ii. 268. King's State Bedchamber, iii. 30, 65 ; carvings and painting of, 67 ; de- scribed, 92, 93. " King's Tracts," the, ii. 149. Kingston, Lady, i. 188. Kingston-on-HulI, honour of, i. 213. Kingston-on-Thames, church tower of, i. 6 ; mentioned, 1 1 ; inn at, 307 ; Queen Elizabeth passes through, 325 n., 336, 337 ; workmen and material from, 345, 355, 363, 367, 368, 370, 372 ; Lord Chief Justice Coke comes over from, ii. 79 ; Spanish ambassador at, 92 ; plague raging at, 10 1 ; the French ambas- sador lodging at, 102 ; his suite at, 103 ; plague again breaks out at, 121 ; magazine of arms seized by Lunsford for the King, 129; Royalist rising at, 158, 160; Fox the Quaker at, 193 ; right of weekly market granted to, 211; Pepys at, 248 ; mentioned, iii. 164 n., 165. Kingston Bridge, i. 23, 253 n. ; ii. 156, 259. Kingston Market, i. 367 ; ii. 21 1. Kingston Road, i. 4 ; Wolsey's cross in black bricks on the, 21 ; men- tioned, ii. 182, 267 ; iii. 21, 107. Kingston Wick, ii. 268 ; iii. 14. Kinnel House, Breadalbane, great vine at, iii. 299. Kip, engravings of Hampton Court by, iii. 37, 108, 128, 130, 131, 137, 178. Kirby, Mrs. Jane, iii. 470. Kirke, Mistress, Henrietta Maria's dresser, ii. 151. Kitchen, Cardinal Wolsey's, i. 84 ; Henry VIII.'s, 150; description and view of the King's, 151 ; clerk of, his lodgings, 375 ; Oliver Crom- well's, ii. 303. Kitchen garden, ii. 261, 262, 306 ; and see Old Melon Ground. Knapton, picture by, iii. 271. Kneller, Sir Godfrey, paints the Hamp- ton Court Beauties, iii. 30 ; knighted, 31 ; his great picture of William III., 153, 199. . , J e Kneller Hall School of Music, band of, iii. 384. Knewstubs, Mr., ii. 35 ; his speech at the conference, 38 ; browbeaten by James I., 39. Knollys, Lady, ii. 57. Knollys, Lord, ii. 24. Knott Garden, the, i. 203 n. Knyvet, Sir Henry, i. 186. " Kynges Beastes," the, i. 126, 355, 370, &c. Kynnersley, Clement Kenersley or, 11. 207 ; Keeper of the Wardrobe, 307. La Mothe Fenelon, i. 304; his audience with Queen Elizabeth, 305. La Pierre, Sebastian, ii. 122. Labourers, i. 30 ; wages of, in Tudor times, 127, 159. " Lady Binks," racehorse, iii. 339 Lady Housekeeper, the, her office abolished, iii. 350 ; her fees, 343, 363 ; names of ladies who have held t M M 53o History of Hampton Cottrt Palace. the office of, 444 ; her lodgings, 445- Laguerre, Louis, iii. 49 ; paints the "Labours of Hercules" for Wil- liam III., 49, 50; mentioned, 56, 59 ; his sprawling saints, 70 ; his frescoes, 85 ; mentioned, 206. Lake, Richard a, carver, i. 351, 355. Lambert, Mrs. Rowley, her apartments, iii. 320, 486. Lamberty, iii. 10, 12. Lambeth, ii. 102. " L'Amante, Story of," tapestry, i. 61. " Land's End," racehorse, iii. 338. Lansdowne, Lord, iii. 31. Larder, Henry VIII.'s, i. 124, 150 ; in Cromwell's time, ii. 306. Latham, Mr., iii. 25. Lathom, Edward, Earl of, Lord Cham- berlain, iii. 444. Latimer, Bishop, his exultation at Ed- ward VI.'s birth, i. 183. Latimer, Lord, Catherine Parr his widow, i. 229. Lattice windows, i. 160, 357. Laud, Archbishop, appointed Dean of Chapel Royal, ii. 112; as Chancellor of the University of Oxford, 120; dissuades Charles I. from making a new forest, 126. Laundry, ii. 299. Laurence, Dr., attends William III., iii. 124, 125 ; severely doses his Majesty, 126, 156. Lavington, Lady, iii. 455. Law, Hon. Mrs. Win., i. 124 n. ; iii. 308, 455- Lawn tennis, i. 140 ; iii. 421. Lawrence, Sir Thomas, iii. 373. Laytham, Mr., iii. 32 n., 79 n. Le Brun, Charles, iii. 218. Le Buc, Roger, i. 8 n. Lead, value of, i. 24 n. ; window lights of, 161. Leatherhead, i. 1 59. Lcczinski, Stanislaus, iii. 254. Lee Woods, i. 368. Leeswood, ironwork at, iii. 56 n. Legge, Colonel, ii. 143 ; attending on Charles I., 144, 145 ; accompanies the King in his escape, 147, 157 n. Legge, Hon. Mrs. Heneage, iii. 490. Leicester Abbey, Wolsey dies at, i. 120. Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, i. 285 ; scandal about him and Queen Elizabeth, 286 ; his supposed son by the Queen, 287 ; his presumptuous insolence, 288 ; the Queen's love for, 290 ; offered by Elizabeth as a hus- band for Mary Queen of Scots, 293, 301 ; his picture, 294 ; mentioned, 299 ; at the conference with the Queen of Scots' Commissioners 307, 309 ; sits up and nurses Elizabeth, 316 ; his players, 320 ; his present to the Queen, 321. Leicester, 2nd Earl of, ii. 85. Leland, i. 205 n. ; his " Marriage of Thames and I sis," 208, 209. Lely, Sir Peter, ii. 246 ; paints the beauties of Charles II.'s Court, ii. 246, 247, 248 ; iii. 30. Lennox, Earl of, i. 304. Lennox, Lady Margaret, i. 321. Lennox, Lodowick Stuart, Duke of, ii. 7. Lenthall, Speaker, ii. 152. " Lenyng plases," i. 351. Leo X., i. 50. Lepell, Miss, iii. 208, 209 ; married to Lord Hervey,2i4, 233 ; her cherished reminiscences of Hampton Court, 2 14, 2 1 5, 235 ; Pope's moonlight walk with, 220. Lessels, Mr. John, Surveyor of the Board of Works, iii. 385 ; designs a groined ceiling, 391. Leti, i. 276. Levellers, ii. 138. Lever, Thomas, preacher, i. 255. Leveson, Sir R., ii. 203. Levingston, Lady, ii. 57. Lewis, Jenkins, iii. 13, 14 ; his life of William, Duke of Gloucester, 13 n. Lewis, Mr., manager of the Queen's stud, iii. 337. Index. 531 Lewkenor, Sir Thomas, ii. 96. Leyoncroua, M., iii. 144. Lifford, Earl of, iii. 247 ; a court drudge, 248, 250. Lillington, Rev. Dr. Richard, iii. 492. Lime walks, iii. 73, 428. Limpsfield, iii. 389 n. Lincoln, battle of, i. 8 ; Wolsey's palace at, 17 ; Wolsey, Bishop of, 19 ; Bishop of, 186 ; ii. 53. Linenfold panelling, i. 362 ; iii. 391. Linley, Miss Mar}', iii. 318. Linsey woolsey, ii. 294. Lintel. See Lyntelles. Lion gates, iii. 59, 79, 200. Lipscombe, Mrs. Mary Harriet, iii. 480. Lisbon, Catherine of Braganza's depar- ture from, ii. 208, 209 n., 213; the Queen threatens to return to, 233 ; the Queen's attendants shipped off to, 236. Lister's, Sir Math., lodgings, ii. 297. Liverpool, Countess of. See Chester, the Misses. Lock, Mr. Charles, iii. 463. Locke, John, iii. 125, 126. Lockeire, Mr., ii. 293. " Lockets," i. 169 n., 349 et seq. Lodges in the Park, ii. 266. Lodgings. See Private apartments. " Lodgings," double, in the time of Cardinal Wolsey, i. 46 ; in the time of Henry VI 1 1., 369, 373. Loe, Jean, ii. 71. London, i. 1, 4, 142, 260, 293 ; ii. 9, 49, 81, 82, 114, 115, 117, 125, 127, 133, 134, 151, 168 n., 175, 203, 245, 248, 251 ; iii. 14, 105, 258 ; Wolsey suffers from the fogs and smoke of, i. 17, 18 ; the plague in, ii. 6, 101, 102, 120 ; Charles I. requested by the Corporation to reside in, 127 ; flight of Charles I. from, 128 ; Cromwell's triumphant procession through, 169 ; Cromwell's dislike of, 188 ; Monk's arrival in, 200 ; visited by Wil- liam III., iii. 9 ; William 1 1 I.'s dis- like of, 1 1 ; George I.'s dislike of, 202. London, Bishop of, i. 186 ; ii. 33, 82 ; iii. 13 ; and see Bancroft, B., Comp- ton, B. London Bridge, high water at, i. 220, iii. 33S. "London Gazette," iii. 12, 152, 167,1?/ passim. London, George, appointed gardener to William and Mary, iii. 20 ; his style of gardening, 72 ; his estimate for Privy Garden, 74. London, Lord Mayor and Aldermen of, i. 101 ; order 1,200 masses for the repose of Jane Seymour's soul, 195 ; appealed to by the Pro- tector Somerset, 249 ; request Charles I. to reside in London, ii. 127 ; mentioned, 175 ; received in state by Catherine of Braganza, 211; received by William III., iii. 133 ; get a " plentiful dinner" from him, 149 ; congratulate William III. on his return, 155. London, Tower of, ii. 75 ; and see Tower. Londonderry, iii. 23. Long Canal, i. 6 n. ; made by Charles II., ii. 205, 217, 218; mentioned, iii. 17, 19, 107; view of the, 315; skating on, 421 ; its beauty in sum- mer, 425 ; by moonlight, 430. Long Gallery, Henry VI I I.'s, i. 54, 182, 241 ; decoration of, 365 ; in Charles II.'s time, ii. 141, 144; in Cromwell's, 180, 281, 309. Long Parliament, the, ii. 197. Long, tennis marker, ii. 203. Long Walk, the, or New Terrace, iron gates in the, iii. 59 ; made by Wil- liam III., 130. "Longford, or King's River," i. 23 n. ; made by Charles I., ii. 124; repaired by Cromwell, 181 ; cleansed and drained by William III., iii. So; the canals supplied by, 107 ; cost of maintaining in George IV.'s reign, 341. Longley, Miss, 111. 474. 532 History of Hampton Court Pa lace. Lony, iii. 25. Loo, William III.'s palace at, iii. 35 ; William III. at, 123, 124,130, 150,151. Lopez, Dr., his plot to poison Queen Elizabeth, i. 332. Lord Chamberlain, the, disclaims authority over ghosts, ii. 159; his lodgings, 288 ; iii. 25 ; contest be- tween his department and the Board of Works, 86 ; manages George I.'s theatricals, 225 ; George I.'s letter to, about irregularities at the Palace, 232 ; his orders and warrants for apartments, 302, 304 ; his patronage of nomination to private apartments, 309 ; his rule against lending apart- ments, 311 ; his severe letter against letting apartments, 312 ; further re- monstrances from, 313 ; his sanction requisite now for the smallest altera- tion, 407 ; his ordinance against dogs in private apartments, 408 ; his authority defied by a lady, 409 ; his sphere of jurisdiction, 410 ; his con- trol over doors and locks, 411 ; list of holders of the office, 443 ; his lodgings, 458. Lord Chancellor, Wolsey as, i. 44 ; his lodgings, iii. 99 ; and see Somers, Lord. Lord Deputy of Ireland, Strafford's ap- pointment as, ii. 120. Lord President's lodgings, iii. 100, 438. Lord Privy Seal's lodgings, iii. 453. Lord Steward of the Household, in Henry VI I I.'s time, i. 36 ; his mys- terious authority, iii. 410, 412. See Green Cloth, Board of. Lord Treasurer's lodgings, ii. 298 ; iii. 457- Lords, House of, iii. 145. Lore, Peter van, ii. 14. Lorraine, Charles, Duke of, ii. 55 ; sends an embassy of condolence to James I., ii. 90. Lorraine, Duke of, afterwards Emperor of Germany, theatricals in honour of, iii. 240. Losely manuscripts, i. 214. Louis XIV., i. 2 ; his style, iii. 5 ; ac- cepts the will of the King of Spain, 134; his ambassador to William III., 139 ; acknowledges the Pretender as King of England, 152. Louis XVI., ii. 128. Louvre. See Femerell. " Love, The Triumph of,'' tapestry, i. 64. Love, Wm., i. 344. "Love and Honour," a play, ii. 122. " Love's Pilgrimage," a play, ii. 122. Lovell, Thomas, ii. 308. Lowe, Wm., i. 361. Lowndes, Mr., of the Treasury, iii. 150. Lowndes, Mr., occupant ol apartments, iii. 308, 457. Lowther, Sir John, iii. 38 and n. " Loyall Subject, The," a play, ii. 121. Lubeck, embassy from, to Henry VI 1 1., i. 164. Lucas da Heere, picture of Elizabeth by, i. 314. Lucas, Mrs., iii. 396. Ludgator, Benjamin, builder of the old bridge at Hampton Court, ii. 287. Ludlow, ii. 168 n., 195 ; saves the Palace from sale, 199, 200. Ludlow, Ladies Frances and Anne, iii. 481. Lunsford, Colonel, escorts Charles I. to Hampton Court, ii. 128; sent to the Tower, 129. Lupin, M., French "turfite," iii. 237- Lush, Mr. Justice, iii. 379. Lute, the, Henry VIII. plays on, i. 30^ ?37- Luther, Martin, i. 101. Luttrell, Narcissus, his Diary, iii. 2 n., 23, 25, 90, 112, 113, 166, el passim. Lyndhurst, Lady, iii. 448. " Lyntelles," i. 352, 355, 356, 357. Lyonell, John, i. 349. Lysons' " Middlesex Parishes," iii. 321, 3^3- Lyttleton, Mr., iii. 282. Index. 533 M 'Anally, Rev. D. Lancaster, chap- lain, iii. 451. Macaulay, Th. B., iii. 61, no ; admits William III.'s dislike of England, 120; his history referred to, 12 n., 13 n., 122, 152 n., 157, 163 n., 166; mentions Lady G. Grey, 413. Macgregor, Lady, widow of Sir John Atholl, iii. 489. Macgregor, Lady, widow of Sir Charles, iii. 483. Machyn's Diary, i. 265, 269, 280. Mackrell, Mr., the Queen's stud- groom, iii. 338. Maclean, Lady and Miss, iii. 458. Macpherson, Lady, iii. 452. MacWilliams, i. 179 n. Maddox, Dr., Bishop of Worcester, iii. 236. Madrid, i. 287 ; ii. 166; iii. 145. Magalotti, ii. 251. Magdalen College, Oxford, organ from, for Cromwell, ii. 183, 184. Maiano, Joannes, terra-cotta medal- lions by, i. qo. Maids of Honour, at the court of the Prince of Wales (George II.), iii. 208; their social talents, 210; "no other life worth living," 213 ; Pope describes the life of the, 220. " Maid's Tragedy, The," a play, ii. 121. Maidstone, Mr., his lodgings, ii. 291. Maitland, Lady Sarah, iii. 452. Malmesbury, Lord, iii. 413. Malpas, Lady, her apartments, iii. 313, 3H, 465- " Man, Pilgrimage and Life of," tapestry, i. 61. Manchester, Earl of, William III.'s ambassador at Paris, despatches to and from, iii. 103 n., 112, 125, 136, 140, 142. Manchester, Dodington, Duchess of, iii. 31. Manchester, George, Duke of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. " Manchet,"' i. 1 ion. Mandeslo, his visit and description of the Palace, ii. 250. Mann, Sir Horace, iii. 285. Mann, Mrs., iii. 4^6. Manners, Lady Katherine, ii. 1 19. Manning, Edward, ii. 124. Manning, Robert, housekeeper in Henry VIII.'s time, 366. Manresa House, Roehampton, great vine at, iii. 299. Mansart, iii. 44. Mansell, Richard, i. 9 n. Mantegna, Andrea, his " Triumph of Julius Caesar, "ii. 125 ; his "Triumph" valued by the Commonwealth at ,£1,000, 166 ; appreciated by Crom- well, 180 ; referred to, 216, 281 ; re- painted by Laguerre, iii. 50 ; hung in the Communication Gallery, 97. Mantua, Marquis of, sends a present of horses to Henry VIII., i. 15, 16. Mantua, ii. 216. Mapledurham, iii. 220 n. March, Mr., Secretary of the Board of Green Cloth, iii. 399. Margaret of Savoy, Lady, Governess of the Netherlands, i. 113, 114. " Margarete, My Ladye,hir lodgynges," i- 373- Margaret Tudor, portrait of, ii. 70. Margate, William III. lands at, iii. 151. Marie de Medicis, ii. 96, 106, 108, 109. " Maries, My Ladye, lodgynges," i. 2>73- Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of, de- scribes Queen Mary's unseemly con- duct on taking possession of her father's palace, iii. 3 ; her account of King William's vulgarities and rudeness to Princess Anne, 8 ; her portrait formerly among the Hamp- ton Court Beauties, 31 ; her quarrel with Queen Anne, 178, 179. Marlborough, John, Earl of, afterwards Duke, appointed Commander-in- Chief in Holland by William III. iii. 147 ; referred to, 177, 17S, 179. Marlborough, George, Duke of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. 534 History of Hampton Court Palace. Marlborough, Susan, Duchess of, iii. 454- Mario w, i. 344. Marriott, Mr. Richard, the house- keeper in Charles II.'s time, ii. 217, 245, 307 ; iii. 179. Marshall, Julian, his book on Tennis, i. 138 n. Martin, Baron, iii. 378. Marvell, Andrew, ii. 152. Mary I., as Princess, her proposed marriage with Francis I., i. 100 ; her rooms on the ground floor, 129 ; niggardly gifts from her father, 132 ; at Prince Edward's (Edward VI.) christening, 188 ; her christen- ing presents, 190 ; at Jane Seymour's obsequies, 194, 195 ; mentioned, 197; visits Prince Edward, 201 ; tips the gardener at Hampton Court, 207 ; gets ,£20 from Catherine Parr, 230; her household, 232 ; portrait of her, 238 ; her lodgings, 373. As Queen, reconveys the manor of Esher to the bishopric of Win- chester, i. 34, 212 n. ; her honey- moon, 260 ; " very pious and very badly dressed," 261 ; retires for her accouchement, 266 ; her expected child, 267, 268 ; said to have given birth to a prince, 269 ; sends for her sister Elizabeth, 270 ; her interview with her at night, 275 ; her hopes of offspring dashed, 277 ; removes from the Palace, 278 ; her last visit, 279 ; mentioned, ii. 103. Mary 1 1 , Queen of England, accession of, iii. 1 ; proclaimed Queen, 2 ; moves to Hampton Court, 2 ; her unseemly delight at taking posses- sion, 3 ; her impression of the Palace, 4 ; her life at Hampton Court in 1689, 9 ; present at the Princess Anne's labour, 1 3 ; assiduously attends her sister Anne, 15 ; appoints George London her gardener, 20 ; remains in seclusion at Hampton Court, 21 ; removes to Holland House, 23; oc- cupies the Water Gallery, 28 ; her china and delft ware, 28, 69 ; her love of needlework, 29 ; her bower, 29, 37, 428 ; her Gallery of Beauties, 30 ; her own portrait, 31 ; her love of gardening, 32 ; her collection of orange trees and exotics, 33, 35 ; re- ports the progress of the works, 38- 40 ; gives her opinion on Wren's plans, 38 ; her arms, 45 ; stores her plants on the ground floor of the Palace, 47 ; occasional visits to the works, 48 ; her monogram and initials, 50, 55 ; dies at Kensington, 60. Mary, Queen of Scots, i. 245, 281, 286, 289, 293 ; compared with Elizabeth, 2 97j 3 01 > conference on her affairs, 302-305 ; her commissioners at the Palace, 306, 307 ; her alleged casket letters, 309 ; tricky conduct of Eliza- beth towards, 310 ; mentioned, ii. 75 m Mary Stuart, daughter of James I., ii. 57- Mascall, Eustace, clerk of the works in Henry VIII. 's time, i. 12611. ; was he the architect? 154, 155. Mascall, Evan, i. 155. Masham, Mrs., iii. 236. Masons, i. 30. Masquerades, i. 30, 32^ 3'8 ; and see Masques. Masques, ii. 4 ; rehearsals for, 10 ; in the Great Hall, 13-15, 29; sugges- tion for revival of, 30. " Master Carpenter's Court,'' i. 32 ; ii. 34 ; iii- 392. Master of the Horse, iii. 315, 411. Material, cost of, in Henry VI II.'s time, i. 127 ; used in construction of the buildings, 159, 161, 344, 361-363. Mathias, iii. 318. Matsys, Quentin, i. 80. Matthew, Toby, Bishop of Durham, ii. 32, 33- Maude, Colonel Sir George, Crown Equerry, iii. 315 ; occupying the Stud Index. 535 House, 315 ; manages the royal stud, 338 ; his residence, 491. " Maudlin Colledge," ii. 295. Maule, Mr., bedchamber man to Charles I., ii. 146, 147; discovers the King's escape, 150. Maurice, Count, ii. 48. Maxburne, John, carver, i. 351, 355. Maxwell, of Polloc, Sir John, i. 337 n. May, Hugh, paymaster of the works in Charles ll.'s reign, ii. 204. May, Mr. Charles, iii. 91. Mayerne, Sir Theodore, ii. 83. Mayne, Mrs. William, iii. 473. Maze, the, ii. 306 ; described, iii. 76, 77- Meadows, the, ii. 169, 258. Meadows, Miss, the prudish maid of honour, iii. 241, 249. Medina, Mr., a rich Jew, visited by William III., iii. 96. " Meleager, The Storye of," tapestry, ii. 284. Mellor, Mr. Justice, iii. 379, 380. " Melon Ground, the old," i. 207 n. ; iii. 32 and n., 79. Melville, Sir James, envoy of Mary Queen of Scots, i. 292 ; deputed by Hans Casimir to urge his suit to Elizabeth, 292 ; his interviews with Elizabeth, 293, 296, 297 ; hears her play music, 298 ; sees her dance, 301. Melville, Mr. James, Presbyterian minister, ii. 52 ; cross-questioned by James I., 53. " Memoir," racehorse, bred at Hamp- ton Court, iii. 338 ; wins the Oaks, 338 ; a beautiful sister of, 339. Mende, Daniel du Plessis, Bishop of, Henrietta Maria's Grand Almoner, ii. 96, 98, 1 1 7. "Mercurius Anti-Pragmaticus," ii. 158. " Mercurius Politicus," ii. 186, 189. " Mercury, brasse figure of," ii. 290. Merryott, Mr. Richard, ii. 273. Meryng, James, i. 362. Methuen, Lord, iii. 216. Methuen, Sir Paul, iii. 179. Metropolitan Board of Works, free the bridge, iii. 290. Metropolitan Police, iii. 411. Meutas, Sir Peter, i. 186. Meynell, Mrs., iii. 487. Mickleham in Kent, i. 368. Middle Meade, ii. 268. Middle Park, i. 212 ; rangership of, 216; survey and valuation of, ii. 167, 258, 269 ; deer in, 168 ; men- tioned, 170, 207, 266, 269, 273 ; and sec Jockey Park. Middlesex, i. 7, 9 ; ii. 170, 259 ; sheriffs of, iii. 133 ; information of intrusion filed against them, 376. Middleton, Lady, William III.'s Beauty, iii. 32. Middleton, Mr. W., iii. 473. Middleton, Mrs. Jane, Charles IP's Beauty, ii. 247. Middleton, Mrs., occupant of apart- ments, iii. 459. Middleton, the Misses Fanny, Louise, and Grace, iii. 459. "Midsummer Night's Dream," ii. 13. Milan, the fief of, iii. 142. Milan, Duke of, Francesco Sforza, i. 129 n. Miles, John, ii. 310. " Millenary Petition," the, ii. 32. Millington, Sir Thomas, William III.'s physician, iii. 124 ; wrangles about his patient, 125 ; his doses, 126. Mills the actor, iii. 223. Milton, John, ii. 4, 20, 183. Minchin Buckland, i. 9 ; sisters at priory and preceptor)', 9. " Minister's roome," the, ii. 2S4. Minstrel Gallery, the, i. 61 n., 154, 170. Minstrels, i. 30, 33, 140, 300. Missenden, Little, i. 197. Mitchell, Mr. Knight, iii. 480. Mitford, Mr. A. B., Secretary of the Board of Works, his appreciation of Hampton Court, i. 220 n. ; appointed Secretary to the Board of Works, 536 History of Hampton Court Palace, iii. 384 ; his care and zeal for Hampton Court, 385 ; his precau- tions against fire, 397 ; his further recommendations, 398. Mitford, Miss, iii. 334. Mitford, Rev. J., iii. 373. Mitre Hotel, at Hampton Court, ii. 265 n. ; iii. 190, 287^ Moat, the, Wolsey's, i. 21 ; referred to, ii. 259, 263 ; iii. 32. Moat Garden, the, ii. 303. Mold in Flintshire, iii. 56. Mole, River, i. 6. Molesey, residents in, iii. 331. See East and West Molesey. Molesey Hurst, pugilistic contests on, iii. 330 ; races on, 352, 422. Molesey Lock on Sunday, iii. 368. Moliere, M. de la, ii. 244. Molton, John, i. 159. Monck, Lady Elizabeth, iii. 466. Monckton, Lady, iii. 384. Monconys, Due de, ii. 216 n. ; his visits to Hampton Court, 244, 245. Moncrieffe, Mrs., iii. 475. Monk, General. See Albemarle, Duke of. Monmouth, Countess of, iii. 10, 11. Monmouth, James, Duke of, ii. 242 ; his overbearing conduct, 254. Monmouth, Duchess of, iii. 212. Monstrances, i. 82. Montacute, Lady, i. 277 n. Montagu, Dean of the Chapel Royal, ii- 33- Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, iii. 221. Montagu, Lady Emily, housekeeper of the Palace, death of, iii. 350, 355 ; her fees, 363 ; her apartments, 445, 446. Monteagle, Lord, ii. 24. Montgomery, Lady, iii. 455. Montgomery, Mr. Alfred, iii. 455. Montgomery, Sir Henry C, iii. 455. Montmorency, Anne de, i. 55 ; visits Wolscy at Hampton Court, 103 ; entertained with a splendid banquet, 109, in. Montrose, James, Duke of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. " Monukka, Black," vine, iii. 300. Moore, Andrew, silversmith, iii. 95. Moore, Mrs. Charlotte Anne, iii. 474. Moore, Major-General and Mrs., iii. 488. Moore, Miss Mary Bridget, iii. 474. Moore, Tom, iii. 334. More Park, i. 221 n. More, the, Henry VIII.'s Palace, i. 142. More, Sir Thomas, testifies to Wolsey's ability as a judge, i. 44 ; satirizes his hat, 44 ; mentioned, 130 ; prisoner in the Tower, 162. More, Edmund, freemason, i. 125, 158, 358. More, Hannah, her remarks on the occupants of private apartments, iii. 308, 325- Morer, William, i. 345. " Morians, the," tapestry, ii. 278. Morley, Lord, i. 187. Morley, Mrs., iii. 194. Mornington, Countess of, her garden, iii. 72, 320, 328 ; her apartments, 328 ; her sons and daughter, 328 ; mentioned, 373 ; her suite of rooms, 470. " Morocco." See Bankes' Horse. " Moses, Storye of," tapestry, i. 58. " Moses," winner of the Derby of 1822, iii. 335. Mostyn, Mrs. Anne, housekeeper, iii. 444, 445- Mostyn, Mrs. Elizabeth, housekeeper, iii. 444, 445. " Mount, the," in Henry VIII.'s garden, i. 205 ; removed by William III., iii. 148. " Mount Garden, the," i. 371, 372 ; ii. 261, 264, 302. Mount-Edgcumbe, William Henry, Earl of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 444. Mountague of Boughton, Lord, iii. '53- Mountmorrcs, Viscountess, iii. 455. Index. 537 " Mullets," i. 69. Mummeries. See Masquerades. Murray, Earl, Regent of Scotland, puts in his accusations against Mary Queen of Scots, i. 304 ; his conduct towards the Queen's commissioners at the conference, 306, 308 ; produces the casket letters, 309 ; gets ,£5,000 from Elizabeth, 311 ; betrays the Duke of Norfolk, 312. Murray, Mr., bedchamber-man to Charles I., ii. 146. Murray, Mr. E. T., engineer of the present bridge, iii. 289. Murray, John, his " Environs of Lon- don,'' i. 7 ; mentioned, iii. 373. Muscat, I maun of, iii. 336. Muscovy, Czar of, iii. 144. Mustapha Aga, iii. 135. " Mutius Scsevola, History of," a play, i. 321. Myddleton, Mr. W. See Middleton. Myles, William, ii. 30S. Nagel, Baron, one of the Stadtholder's household, iii. 320, 473. Napery, Wolsey's, i. 79. Naples fustian, i. jj. Narva, iii. 144. Naseby, battle of, ii. 131. Nash, the artist, i. 107. Nash, Thomas, the Elizabethan play- wright, i. 231. Nasselin, Count, the Stadtholder's secretary, iii. 321. National Gallery, the, ii. 166; iii. 403, 404. Nau, Estienne, ii. 122. Navy, the Royal, former inhabitants of the Palace in the, iii. 417, 418. Neck-towels, Wolsey's, i. 79. Needle-worke, ii. 285. Nemours, Due de, in occupation of Bushey House, iii. 1S0, 349. Netherlands, the, i. 279. New Hall in Essex, ii. 171. New Park, part of, ii. 168, 270, 273, 274. Newark, Prior of, i. 1 56 ; town of, ii. 1 32. Newcastle, i. 245. Newcastle, Duke of, Lord Chamber- lain to George I., iii. 226, 232. Newmarket, James I. at, ii. 88 ; Charles II. at, 243; William III. loses his money at, iii. 23. Nichols, Mr., i. 196 n., 265. Nicholls, Sutton, his engravings of the Palace, iii. 37, 42, 49, 108, 199. " Nine Worthys, the," tapestry, i. 59. Noailles, the French ambassador, i. 277 n., 283 ; his interview with Elizabeth, 284. Noble's " House of Cromwell," i. 196 n. Nonsuch Palace, i. 142 ; Queen Eliza- beth at, 280, 296, 336. Norden, the topographer, i. 15 ; men- tions the parks, i. 211 n., 325. Norfolk, Thomas, 2nd Duke of, dines with Cardinal Wolsey, i. 101. Norfolk, Thomas, 3rd Duke of, at Ed- ward VI. 's baptism, i. 186. Norfolk, Thomas, 4th Duke of, playing tennis with Lord Leicester, i. 288 ; finds Elizabeth sitting on the floor with Leicester, 30c ; intrigues to many Mary Queen of Scots, 303 ; his confidential interview with Mur- ray, 311, 312 ; his rebellion, 314. Norris, Sir Harry, i. 133. North, Colonel, iii. 339. North, Francis, 7th Lord, sent by Prince Frederick to inquire after Queen Caroline, iii. 278. North, Frederick, 8th Lord, m: ranger of Bushey Park, iii. 301; re- sides at Bushey House, 302 ; his ad- ministration, 318. North, Lady, Countess of Guildford, a: Bushey House, iii. 302. Northampton, Marquis of, i. 25S. Northey, Mr. Attorney-General, iii 149, 181 n. Northumberland, John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, created Duke of. i. 2;:. Northumberland, Thomas Percy, 7\\\ Earl of, i. 309. 538 History of Hampton Court Palace. Northumberland, Henry Percy, 9th Earl of, ii. 24. Northumberland, Algernon, 10th Earl of, takes care of Charles I.'s children at Sion House, ii. 134. Northumberland, George FitzRoy, Duke of, iii. 181. Northumberland, Sir Hugh Smithson, 1st Duke of, iii. 300. Norton, Colonel Rich., ii. 172, 273. Norton, the Hon. Mrs., iii. 332. Nost, John, carver, iii. 139. " Notes and Queries," ii. 69. Nott, Mrs., iii. 476. Nott, Miss Charlotte, iii. 484. Nottingham, Thomas Howard, Earl of, ii. 24, 92. Nottingham, Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of, iii. 216. Nottingham, Lady, ii. 22. Nottingham, town of, iii. 56. Nuncio, Papal, rudely seized by Wol- i. 40 ; interviews with Wolsey, his conference with Henry 130; received by James II., sey, 100 VIII., ii. 257. Nunziato, Toto del, painter, i. 128. " Nursery, the," Edward VI.'s, i. 200, 201, 369 ; in Cromwell's time, ii. 286 ; fire in the, iii. 399-401. Oak, the Royal, ii. 201. " Oak Room." See Beauty Room. Oak trees in the Home Park, i. 5, 6. "Oaks, the," winner of, in 1S90, iii. 338. Oatlands, Henry VI I I.'s palace at, i. 135, 142 ; manor of, included in the honour of Hampton Court, 213; Henry VIII. retires to, 223 ; Queen Mary retires to, 278 ; Queen Eliza- beth at, 316; Henry, Prince of Wales, at, ii. 26 ; view of, 74 ; men- tioned, 77 ; Anne of Denmark at, 80, 81, 83; Charles I. at, 99, 147, 157, 158. " Oberon, Masque of," ii. 29. Offices, entrance to the, i. 36 ; Wol- sey's, 84 ; Henry VI I I.'s, 150, 370. Oglander, Sir William, ii. 52. " Old and New Law," tapestry of the, 1 59-. Old Bailey, the, iii. 192. " Old Orchard, the," ii. 263, 264 ; con- verted into the Wilderness, iii. 75. Old Park, ii. 168, 269. Oldfield, Mrs., the actress, iii. 223. Oldmixon, the historian, iii. 11 1 ; 163 n., 167, 168. Oliver, Mr., master mason, iii. 25, 151. One Thousand Guineas, race for the, iii- 337- Orange, Prince of. See William III. and William V. Orange, Princess of, daughter of Charles I., ii. 146. Orange trees, William 1 1 I.'s, iii. 35. Orangery, the, iii. 47, 121. Oranmore, Lord, iii. 491. "Oratory, private," Charles I.'s, after- wards "the Minister's Roome," ii. 284. Orchards, Wolsey's, i. 21 ; Henry VI I I.'s, 207, 372 ; during the Com- monwealth, ii. 170, 258 ; and see Old Orchard and Wilderness. Organ, Henry VI I I.'s, i. 359; Eliza- beth's love of the, 300 ; Cromwell's organ from Magdalen College, ii. 183, 275 ; Milton plays on the, 1S3 ; William III. orders a new, iii. 48 ; Queen Anne orders Schrider to make a new, 185 ; described, 185 ; details of the stops in, 442. Orkney, Countess of, Elizabeth Vil- liers, William 1 1 I.'s mistress, iii. 104. Orlay, Bernard van, tapestries after designs by, i. 239 ; ii. 216 ; and see Abraham, Story of. Ormonde, James, 1st Duke of, ii. 211. Ormonde, James, 2nd Duke of, iii. 186. Ormonde, Marquess of, iii. 491. Osborne, Francis, his account of James I., ii. 61, 64. Index. 537 Osgood, Richard, statuary or figure- caster, iii. 139, 202. Ossory, Countess of, Horace Walpole's letters to, iii. 313, 316. Ostley, Thomas, i. 347. " Othello" acted before Charles I., ii. 121. Otter, Mrs., iii. 477. Otway, Mrs. Melliora, iii. 484. Oudart, Mr., ii. 146. Oude, King of, iii. 336. " Oure Ladye, Storye of," tapestry, i. 58. Outer Court, i. 46 ; lodgings in, 374 ; and see First or Base Court. Outer Greene Court, i. 135 n. ; ii. 263, 264 ; and see Barrack Yard. Overalls, Dean of St. Paul's, ii. 33. Overbury, Sir Thomas, ii. 75. Overkirke. See Auverquerque. Owen, George, physician to Edward VI., i. 192. Oxford, Wolsey's college at, i. 88, 155 ; and see Christchurch ; Charles l.'s flight from, ii. 132, 133 ; Charles II. at, 248, 249, 250 ; organ from, 295. Oxford, Earl of, i. 186; his criticism of Queen Elizabeth's singing, 300. Oxford, Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of, iii. 31. Oxford, Lord, iii. 145. Pack, Dr. Otto Adam von, his speech to Henry VIII., i. 165. Pack, Mrs., William, Duke of Glou- cester's wet-nurse, iii. 14. Pack, Joel, foster-brother of Queen Anne's son, iii. 15. Paddocks, the, i. 21 ; ii. 261, 262 ; iii. 79 ; sale of the yearlings in, 334, 338. Paddock Course, the, ii. 307. Padua, doctors from, i. 18 ; John of, 157 n. Pagenham, Sir Hugh, i. 196 n. Paget, Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Berkeley, iii. 478, 481. Paget, Hon. Matilda, iii. 481. Paget, Lord and Lady Alfred, ii. 25 1 n. ; iii. 492. Paget, Lady Augusta, iii. 418, 450. Paget, Mrs. Catesby, iii. 470. Paget, Sir Augustus, iii. 418, 450. Paget, Sir William, 1st Lord, Henry VI I l.'s ambassador at the French court, i. 228 ; an adherent of the Protector Somerset's, 247, 251 ; at the court of Philip and Mary, 264 ; his lodgings, 374. Paine, Mrs., iii. 270. " Painted Chamber, the," Westminster, i. 304, 308 ; ii. 192. Painters, employed by' Wolsey, i. 54, 80; employed by Henry VIII., 128, 159 ; and see Italian artists ; by Wil- liam III., see Laguerre and Verrio. Palace, the, in the present day, extent of, i. 49 ; cost of maintaining in the reign of George IV., iii. 341 ; the right of sanctuary, 359 ; whether "occupied" by the Queen, 377; immunity from process in, 378 ; seen by moonlight, 430. See also Hamp- ton Court ; Private and State Apart- ments, &c. Palatine Elector, the, i. 291, 292. Palmer, Sir Thomas, i. 258. Palmer, John, i. 344. Panetra, Countess de, ii. 212. Pantry, the King's, i. 124, 150. Papal Nuncio. Sec Nuncio, Papal. " Paradise Room," so-called, i. 205 ; described, 335, 336 ; ii. 71, 73 ; men- tioned, 82, 147, 21S, 2S1. Paris, ii. 128. Paris, plaster of, i. 362. Parker, John, i. 332. Parks, hunting in the, i. 1 35, 326 ; brick- kiln in the, 361; Henry VI I l.'s works in, 368 ; in Cromwell's time, ii. 181 ; game in, 205, 252 ; ranger of, 308; mentioned, 311 ; and see Bushey, Course, House, Jockey, Middle, New, Old, Upper Parks. Parliament, 1. ii. 128, 132, 130 ; Charles I. and the, 134 ; their proposition to 54o History of Hampton Court Palace. Charles I., 137, 147 ; the King's letter to, 154; order the valuation and sale of the royal property, 163 ; offer the Palace to Cromwell, 171 ; Charles II. summons, to meet at Oxford, 248 ; the Convention, iii. 10; William III.'s troubles with, 102, 108, 109, no, 144, 145 ; William and the dissolution of, 157, 158; act passed by, for building a bridge, 286, 287. See also Commons, House of, and Lords, House of. Parliament of Scotland, ii. 154. Parliamentary Army brings Charles I. to Hampton Court, ii. 133 ; their propositions to Charles I., ii. 137 ; their disgust at his conduct, 138. Parliamentary Commission, Charles I. and the, ii. 146, 150; their survey of Hampton Court, 258. Parliamentary Survey of Hampton Court, i. 202 n. ; ii. 163, 167, 258. Parr, Lord, i. 230. Parr, Sir William, i. 230. Parry, Sir Th., i. 285. Parsons, Nancy, the Duke of Grafton's mistress, iii. 305. Parsons, Mrs. Elizabeth, iii. 475. Partition Treaty, negotiations for the first, iii. 118, i2on. ; the second, 134, 139- Partridges, Henry YIII.'s, i. 135, 367. " Passion, Storye of the," tapestry, i. 54, 59- " Pastime with good company," Henry VIII.'s song, i. 141. Pastry, the, i. 84, 124, 151 ; ii. 305. Paulet, Earl of Wiltshire, made Mar- quess of Winchester, i. 257. Pavia, battle of, i. 335. Pavilions, the, building of, iii. 130; mentioned, 194 ; Princess Caroline at, 211,221 ; the Duke of Gloucester and the Waldcgraves at, 313, 314 ; the Duke of Kent occupies, 325 ; re- cent occupants of, 406, 488. Paviors, i. 159. Pavycr, Thomas, ii. 48, 49. Pawel-Rammingen, Baron von, iii. 382, 446. " Pay House, the," i. 151. Paymaster of the Board of Works, iii. 206 n. ; and see Works, Paymaster of. Pearce, Edward, carver in stone, iii. 53, 54- Pechell. See Brooke-Pechell. Peel, General, his stud, iii. 337. Pembroke, Countess of, i. 331 ; ii. 57, 119. Pembroke, William Herbert, 3rd Earl of, ii. 15, 24. Pembroke and Montgomery, Thomas, 8th Earl of, iii. 47 n., 117. Penalva, Countess of, ii. 209. "Pencilling" of the hall, i. 168. " Pendant Post," i. 353. Pendants in the roof of the Great Hall, i. 173, 355. Pendle Court, i. 15. Penley, i. 358. Penn, David, i. 196. Penn, John, i. 196. Penn, Mrs. (Sibell Hampden), her pedigree, i. 196 ; made nurse to Ed- ward VI., 196 ; buried at Hampton, her monument, 197 and n. ; inscrip- tion on her tomb, 198 ; apparition of her ghost, 199, 290. Penn, William, i. 197 n. Penne, Bartholomew, painter, i. 128. Penni, Luca, painter, i. 54, 12S. Pennington, Mr. and Miss Jane, iii. 483, 485. Pennycuick, Mrs., iii. 466. Pepys, Samuel, sees Charles II. play tennis, ii.204 ; visits Hampton Court, 216 ; describes its furniture, 2175 a scandal retailed by, 218 ; sees Charles II.'s aquatic entry into Lon- don, 241 ; at Hampton Court, 245, 248; thanked by Charles II. and the Duke of York, 249. " Perlins." See " Purloins." Persia, Shah of, ii. 72. Persian carpets, ii. 27S. Index. 54i " Persian Story, A," a play, ii. 1 19, 120. Perth, ii. 36. Perth, Earl of, ii. 57. Peter, Prior, i. 9. Peterborough, Dove, Bishop of, ii. 33. Peterborough, Dean of, ii. 75 n. Peterborough, Carey Fraser, Countess of, iii. 32. Petre, Lord, and the " Rape of the Lock," iii. 194, 195, 196. Petre, Mr., afterwards Lord, i. 249 ; sides with the Protector Somerset, 250 ; visits the Princess Elizabeth, 272 ; his lodgings, 374. Petworth, iii. 49. Pheasants, Henry VIII., i. 135, 367. Phelps, Mr. John, purchases the manor of Hampton Court, ii. 172. Philip II. of Spain, honeymoon of, i. 260 ; his exclusiveness, 262, 265 ; goes in procession round the clois- ters, 267 ; induces Mary to pardon Elizabeth, 270 ; his secret interview with Elizabeth, 271 ; his sneaking tricks, 276; insults an English lady, 276 ; his courtesy to Elizabeth, 278 ; his spies, 284 ; letter to, 310. Philippes, Mr., ii. 25, 26 n. Philips, John, turner, ii. 310. Phillip, musical instrument maker, i. 141 n. Philpot, Sir George, ii. 52. Phipps, Lady William, iii. 471. Pickenbourg, iii. 249. Pickering, Sir William, i. 256. Pictures, for Wolsey's and Henry VIlI.'s., see Painters and Italian artists ; in James I.'s time, ii. 68, 70 ; dragged down in the chapel, 131 ; Charles I.'s message about some of his, 151 ; sold by the Common- wealth, 166; sent by William IV., iii. 342 ; security of, against fire, 403. Pierre, Marquise and Miss Clementina de la, iii. 476, 478. Pillow-cases, i. 74. Pinkie Cleugh, battle of, i. 245. Pipe rolls, Middlesex, i. 8. Pira, or Pierrot, Anne of Denmark's attendant, ii. 83, 88. Pitcher-house, i. 151, 374. Pitt, Miss, iii. 32. Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, kneels by George I I.'s bedside, iii. 284. Place, Mr., Ranger of the Parks in Cromwell's time, ii. 308. Plague, the, i. 25 ; ii.6; breaks out in the neighbourhood, 99, 101 ; quarantine against the, in Charles I.'s time, 120, 126 ; in Charles I I.'s time, 245, 24S. Planta, Mrs., iii. 479. Plays in Queen Elizabeth's time, i. 319, 320; in James I.'s time, ii. 13- 15 ; in Charles I.'s time, 122 ; in George I.'s time, iii. 223. " Pleasaunce, Dame," tapestry of, i. 61. " Plum-bases," i. 354. Plunkenet, Dr., Queen Mary's herbalist, iii. 32. " Pluto," tapestry of, i. 6r. Poaching, James I.'s proclamation against, ii. 59. Poland, i. 296 ; King of, iii. 254. Pole, Arthur, i. 2S9. Pole, Cardinal, i. 268. Polonian ambassador, ii. 5, 27. Pomfret, Countess of, iii. 239. " Pompey, History of," tapestry, i. 66 ; ii. 71. Pond Gardens, Henry VIII. 's, i. 90; described, 206, 307 ; mentioned in the Parliamentary Survey, ii. 259, 263 ; the banqueting house in, iii. 128; altered by William III., 14S ; vine planted in, 297 ; its beauty at the present day, 428. Ponsonby, Lady Emily, case against her and others, iii. 355 ; her son, 418 ; her apartments, 445. Ponsonby, Rev. Frederick, chaplain, iii. 454. Ponsonby, Sir Henry, Private Secre- tary to the Queen, iii. 41S, 445. Ponsonby-Fane, Sir Spencer, Comp- troller of Her Majesty's Household, iii. 398. 542 History of Hampton Court Palace. Ponteval, Comtesse of, ii. 209. Poole, Hon. Mrs., iii. 477. Poor's rates, question of liability of occupants of apartments to, iii. 353. Pope, Alexander, couplets of, iii. 70, 166 ; his " Rape of the Lock," 171, 193-196; referred to, 206 n., 208 ; his admiration for Miss Lepell, 210; his description of Hampton Court life, 220, 221 ; his letter to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 221 ; his court ballad, 249 ; his attack on Lord Hervey, 252, 253 ; his reply to Hervey's satire, 254 ; criticises the new style of gardening, 261, 262, 263. Pope, Sir Thomas, i. 264. Pope, the, gives Wolsey a dispensation from the Lenten observances, i. 43 ; reproached by Henry VIIL, 130; his authority horribly reviled, 165 ; what will the Pope say ? ii. 98. Porcelain (purselane), two small jars of, in Cromwell's inventory, ii. 294. Porter, Mr. John, the Kingsclere trainer, iii. 338. Porter, Mrs., actress, iii. 223. Porter's Lodge, the, i. 59 ; ii. 300 ; and see Gatehouse, Wolsey's. Portland, William Bentinck, 1st Earl of, iii. 113 n., 125; drinks with William III., 129; signs the Parti- tion Treaty, 139; impeached, 145 ; his intimate converse with the King, 158, 159, 160. Portland, William Henry, 3rd Duke of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Portland, William John, 6th Duke of, buys a yearling, iii. 339. Portland stone, used in William III .'s new palace, iii. 39, 41, 53, 74, 101, 440,441. Portman, George, painter, ii. 122. Portsmouth, Catherine of Braganza arrives at, ii. 208 ; and is married at, 210. Portugal, ii. 212, 232, 235, 236 ; iii. 115. Portuguese ambassador, ii. 175. "Post-Boy, the," iii. 167. Pottinger, Miss, iii. 478. Poultry office, i. 151 ; ii. 264. Powis, Mr. Baron, iii. 113. Poyntz, Sir Nicholas, i. 186. Preceptory of Knights Hospitallers, i. 12. Presbyterians, ii. 31 ; sent for by James I., 52 ; preached at, 53, 54, 55 ; plot of, against Cromwell's life, 176. Presence Chamber, Henry VIII.'s Great, Jane Seymour's body lies in state in the, i. 193 ; Charles I. dines in the, ii. 133 ; Charles II. in the, 222, 240 ; furniture of, in Crom- well's time, 278. Presence Chamber, William III.'s, iii. 31 ; estimate for decorating, 65 ; described, 153. Presence Chamber, Queen's, iii. 243. President's Roome, the, ii. 283. Preston, Richard, ii. 15. " Priamus," tapestry, i. 61. Primaticcio, i. 54. Primrose, Mr., Secretary to the Board of Works, iii. 385. Prince Consort. See Albert, Prince. Prince of Wales's Stairs, iii. 270. Prince's Gallery, the, ii. 284. Principal Secretary of State's Lodging, iii. 455. Prior, Matthew, the poet, iii. m, 117; hanging about the Palace, 125, 142. Private apartments, iii. 232 ; Palace apportioned into, by George 1 1 1., 295, 304 ; occupants of, in George III.'s reign, 305, 306, 307 ; position and means of occupants in George III.'s reign, 308 ; procured by court in- fluence, 309 ; Dr. Johnson applies for, and refused, 309, 310 ; form of warrant for, 310, 444 ; lax practices of occupants, 310; gross abuse of letting apartments, 311; stringent letter against lending of, 312 ; in George IV.'s reign, 327 ; occupants of, 327 ; question of ratcability, Index. 54. 354 ; conditions of tenure of, 356 ; notices to repair, 357 ; whether their occupation is beneficial, 358 ; occu- pants of, have to contribute to poor's rates, 359 ; social life in the early- years of the Queen's reign, 273 ! whether " occupied by the Queen," 377 ; immunity from civil process held not to attach to, 378, 381 ; fires in the, 396, 399; now insured against fire, 402 ; size and accommodation of, 406, 407 ; inconveniences of, 406, 407 ; regulation against dogs in, 40S ; refractory residents in, 409 ; authority of various departments over, 410; present occupants of, 413 ; given in recognition of public services, 414 ; cost and expense of maintaining, 414 ; idiosyncrasies of, 415 ; modern society in, 416; friend- ships formed among the inhabitants of, 417 ; occupations and amuse- ments of inhabitants, 420-423 ; list of, with names of all their occupants, 445- Private Dining Room, William III.'s. See " Beauty Room." Privy Bakehouse, ii. 264. Privy Chamber, Henry VIII.'s ordi- nances for the regulation of, i. 147; gentlemen and grooms of the, their menial duties, 147. Privy Chamber, King's, ii. 32. Privy Chamber, William III.'s, iii. 65. Privy Council, the, i. 40, 226 ; ii. 33, 37, 42, 77 ; iii- 109, 132, 135, 171, 186. Privy Gardens, Charles I. escapes through the, ii. 149 ; mentioned, 210; Parliamentary Survey of, 260 ; statues in, 302 ; mentioned, 306 ; Queen Mary plants in the, iii. 32, et seq. ; altered by London, 75, 107; more improvements in, 137, 148 ; the fountain in, 199 ; their old- fashioned air, 297 ; Tickell falls into the, 319 ; Lawn Tennis Court in, 421 ; their exquisite beauty, 427, 42S ; accounts for works in. 435, 441. Privy Stairs, ii. 149. " Proface," i. 107. Progers, Mr. Edward, ii. 205 ; keeper of the parks, 205 ; confidant of Charles II.'s amours, 206; enter- tains Charles II. at the Upper Lodge, 251 ; keeper of the Hare- warren, iii. 1S1 ; his house men- tioned, 436. Public Dining Room, described, iii. 242, 243 ; alluded to, 266, 275. Pugin, his works on Gothic Architec- ture, i. 3, 47, 171 n. Purbeck, Viscount. See Villiers, Sir John. Purcell, Mrs., iii. 237. Puritans, the, ii. 31, 32 ; their divines at the conference, 36 ; their de- mands, 40 ; their hatred of Queen Henrietta Maria, 1 1 1 ; desecrate the chapel, 131 ; originate the ''Bri- tish Sabbath," iii. 363. "Purloins" in the roof of the Gi Hall, i. 354. " Purr Corner," iii. 328, 329. Purves, Mrs. Home, iii. 466. "Push," the, iii. 416. Putney, the Parliamentary army at, ii. 134, 135 ; Cromwell at, 145, 150, 151, 152 ; Charles II.'s barge at, 241. "Pyller," i. 355. Pyne's " History of Royal Resident Quadra, the Spanish ambassador at Queen Elizabeth's court, i. 281 ; his spies everywhere, 2S4 ; his scanda- lous reports about Queen Elizabeth, 286. Quadrangle, Wren's. See Fountain Court. Quare, Daniel, clockmakcr to William III., iii. 93. Queen's Audience Chamber in the new palace, ii. 257. 544 History of Hampton Court Palace. Queen's Closet, adjoining to the chapel, i. 229, 334. Queen's Drawing Room, iii. 43 ; as finished by Queen Anne, described, 174. " Queen's Dressing Roome," Hen- rietta Maria's, ii. 280. Queen's Gallery, the, in Wren's new Palace, ii. 257 ; the Princess of Wales (wife of George II.) in, iii. 212, 216 ; described, 217 ; the Queen drinking chocolate in the, 259 ; play- ing cards in, 266 ; mentioned, 275, 277 ; mantelpiece in, 276 ; Queen Caroline and Lord Hervey in, 281. Queen's Great Staircase, in the new Palace, iii. 98, 101, 244 ; its decora- tion, 245 ; mentioned, 438. Queen's Guard Chamber, in the new Palace, iii. 98, 243 ; its decoration, 244 ; used by the Stadtholder, 320 ; mentioned, 438. Queen's "Half-Storey," the, Mrs. Howard's rooms in, iii. 213 ; fire in, 396 ; occupants of, 472, 473. Queen's Long Gallery, the, in the old Palace, i. 140 ; begun for Anne Boleyn, 140 ; finished for Jane Sey- mour, 182 ; its magnificent decora- tion, 182. " Queen Mary's Bower," mentioned, ii. 245 ; described, iii. 37. " Queen Mary's Closet," mentioned, iii. 281. " Queens, Masque of," ii. 29. "Queen's Old Lodgings," the, i. 176, 178. Queen's Presence Chamber, in the new Palace, iii. 98, 243, 320, 438. Queene's Privy Chamber, Henrietta Maria's, ii. 293. Queen's State Bedchamber, in the new Palace, painting of its ceiling, iii. 206 ; mentioned, 217, 257, 275. " Quiver," racehorse, iii. 339. Quycke, John, i. 345. Radcliffe, Dr., William I II.'s physician, iii. 123 ; his prescriptions, 123 ; wrangles with the other doctors, 124. Raleigh, Carew, ii. 151. Raleigh, Sir Walter, ii. 2 ; his "cor- dial," 81 ; interceded for by Anne of Denmark, 81. Ralph's History, iii. 111, 163 n., 167, 168. Ramsay, Captain, of the 4th Hussars, iii. 397. Randall, John, i. 332. Randolph, Thomas, Queen Elizabeth's spy, i. 282. Ranelagh, Lady Margaret Cecil, Coun- tess of, iii. 32. Ranelagh, Earl of, iii. 86, 87, 127. Ranke's History, iii. 164 n. "Rape of the Lock," Pope's, iii. 171 ; account of, 193-197. Raphael's Cartoons valued at the Commonwealth for ^300, ii. 166 ; Wren builds a gallery for, iii. 84 ; the gallery described, 85 ; engraving of the gallery, 171 ; mentioned, 180, 199; removed by George III. to Buckingham House and Windsor Castle, 294 ; returned to Hampton Court, 324 ; their removal to South Kensington, 59, 374. Ratcliffe, Mr., his lodgings, i. 369. Ratcliffe, Mrs., i. 337. Rathmines, battle of, ii. 169. Ratto, Giovanni, i. 15, 16. Ravis, Dean of Christchurch, ii. ^. Rawley, Cary, ii. 151. "Raying" or "Arraying Room," i. 176. Raynham, manor of, in Essex, i. 10. Reading, i. 221. Rebellion, Great, ii. 43. Record Office, Wolsey's bills in the, i. 22 ; inventory of Cardinal Wolsey's goods in the, 81 ; his tailor's bill in the, 88 n. ; documents in, 120 ; original bills for the building of the Palace in the, 127 ; documents in, 268 ; ii. 10 ; inventory of Oliver Index. 545 Cromwell's goods in the, ii. 198 ; bills for building the new Palace, iii. 56, 57, 58. " Regina v. Lady Emily Ponsonby," case of, iii. 355. Reigate, stone from, i. 30, 159, 361 ; Royalist rising near, ii. 158. Rennes in Brittany, i. 74 n. " Renown, Triumph of," i. 64, 65. Renzo, Ortelio, ii. 25. "Reprises" in the roof of the Great Hall, i. 172, 353. Reresby, Sir John, his memoirs, ii. 221 ; iii. 2. Restorations at the Palace, iii. 385, 394 ; after the second fire, 401 ; and see Astronomical Clock, Chapel, Great Gatehouse, Great Hall, &c. Resumption Bill, iii. 112. Revels at Court, i. 254, 318 ; and see Masquerades, Masques, and Plays. Revels, master of the, ii. 9. Reynett, Sir James, iii. 331 ; given the Banqueting House as a residence, iii. 347, 488. Reynett, Mr. and Miss Anne D., iii. 453, 46i. Reynolds, Dr., at the conference between Anglicans and Puritans, ii. 35 ; states the Puritan case, 36 ; pleads for a new translation of the Bible, yj ; objects to the word " wor- ship," 40 ; alluded to, 44. Reynolds, John and William, work- men, i. 158, 159, 358. Reynolds, Sir Joshua, iii. 314. Rheims, tapestry at, i. 64. Ricci, Sebastian, iii. 206. Rich, Lady, ii. 15, 22, 28. Rich, Mr., his marriage to Cromwell's daughter Frances, ii. 187. Richard II., i. 9, 155 n. Richelieu, Cardinal, ii. 109, III. Richmond Palace, Elizabeth of York at, i. 14; Esher a "call" to, 34; Henry VIII. at, 135, 142, 209 ; Anne of Cleves removes to, 216; the French ambassador at, 253, 254 ; Queen Elizabeth at, 316, 337 ; men- tioned, 368 ; Christian IV. of Den- mark at, ii. 50 ; Henry, Prince 1 1 Wales, at, 66 ; French ambassadors lodged in, 102 ; proposed hunting ground at, 125 ; iii. 290 ; keeper of the park at, ii. 308 ; abandoned by William III., iii. 62 ; George, Prince of Wales's opposition court at, 222, 223 ; George II.'s court at, 234 n., .247, 273- Richmond town, iii. 96. Richmond, Lady Mary Yilliers, Coun- tess of Pembroke and Duchess of, ii. . JI 9- Richmond, Duke of, ii. 151 ; his lodg- ings, 281. Rickey, John, tried and sentenced for murder, iii. 353. Ridge, Richard, of London, carver, i. 158, 170 ; and see Rvdge. Rings, Wolsey's, i. 80, 81, 82. Road, Jas., iii. 32 n. Robart, Tilleman, iii. 177. Robbia, Delia, i. 50. Roberts, Lady, and Miss, iii. 418, 477. Roberts, Matthew, plumber, iii. 175. Roberts, Sir Frederick, iii. 418, 477. Roberts, Sir Wm., ii. 272. " Robin Goodfellow," ii. 12, 13. Robin Hood, i. 41 ; ii. 40. Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle, ii. 33. Robinson, Sir J. C, i. 50 n. Robinson, Mr., his lodgings, ii. 298. Rochefort, Jorevin de, ii. 253. Rochester, Bishop of, i. 1S6. Rochester, Earl of, the wit, ii. 224. Rochester, Earl of, Laurence Hyde, made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, iii. 136 ; tells the King he must, 146 ; in Dublin, 157. Rochford, Lord, i. 1 38. Rocking chamber, Edward VI.'s, i. 201 n. Rocque, J., his views of the gardens, iii. 261, 266. Rogers, Margaret, i. 372. Rogers, Samuel, iii. 334- N N 54^ History of Hampton Court Palace. " Rollo," a play, ii. 122. Roman Emperors, busts of, i. 50. Roman remains, supposed, i. 7. " Romaunte of the Rose, tapestry of," i. 61, 73- Rome, 1. 57, 94. Romney, Earl of, iii. 127, 145, 152. Roncy, Comte de, iii. 247. Rongg, Garrett, i. 365. Ronjat, William 1 1 1.'s surgeon, iii. 164 ; sets the King's broken shoulder, 165. Roots, Dr., i. 41 n. Rose, Charles II.'s head-gardener, ii. 205 ; iii. 20. Rose, Colonel, anecdote of, and the bailiffs, iii. 359. Roses, Wars of the, i. 21. Ross, Bishop, Mary Stuart's commis- sioner, i. 304, 308. Rothcalle, Lord, i. 68. Rotherfield, co. Oxon., Grey de, i. 103. " Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum," i. 8 n. Roundheads, the, seize the Tower, ii. 128 ; pamphlets against the, 148, and see Parliament, Puritans, &c. " Round-Kitchen Court," i. 49, 204. Roussie, Lady Charlotte de, had "more religion than sense," iii. 247 ; "a miserable Court drudge," 248 ; runs "a nightly gauntlet," 250. Rovezzano, Benedetto da, i. 50 n. Row, Mr. Anthony, iii. 91. Roxburghe Library, ii. 49. Roy, satirist of Wolsey, i. 43 n. ; sati- rizes the Cardinal's arms, 52 ; allu- ded to, 87, 89 ; satirizes Wolsey's splendour, 93, 97. Royal Exchange, the, i. 57. " Royal Remonstrance," the, ii. 126. " Royall Slave, the," a play, ii. 122. Royston, ii. 46. Rozencrantz, Paul, ii. 112. Rudd, Bishop of St. Davids, ii. 33. Ruddick, Mr., sculptor, iii. 392. Rupert, Prince, ii. 240, 248 ; hunting in the park, 251. Russell, Sir John, i. i85. Russell, Lord, i. 248. Russia leather, chairs and stools of, belonging to Cromwell, ii. 294. Rustat, Tobias, ii. 246 n. Ruthven, Lady, ii. 85. Rutland, Earl of, his heiress, "the poor fool, Kate," ii. 119. Rydge, Richard, of London, carver to Henry VIII., i. 170, 172, 348, 35 2 , 354, 356, 365- Rye, Mr. W. B., ii. 66, 72. Ryley, Mr. Phil., iii. 149. Rynck, German agent of Wolsey's, i. 93 n. Ryswick, Peace of, iii. 116, 153. Sabbatarian protests against the Sun- day opening of Hampton Court, iii. 366 ; and see Sunday. Sacheverell, Dr., iii. 178. " Sacrament, the," tapestry of, i. 59. "Sainfoin," the winner of the Derby, bred at Hampton Court, iii. 339. St. Albans, Henry de, i. 8, 10, 11 ; Wolsey, abbot of, 19 ; abbot of, at Edward VI.'s christening, 186. St. Albans, Lord, ii. 250. St. Albans, Lady Diana de Vere, Duchess of, iii. 31. St. Andre, Marshal, envoy from the King of France, entertained by Edward VI., 253 ; invests Edward VI. with the order of St. Michael, 254 ; spends the day with him, 254 ; result of his mission, 256. St. Andrews, castle of, i. 245. St. Anne, stained glass figure of, i. 179. St. Asaph, Bishop of, at Edward VI.'s baptism, i. 186. Saints' apparel), i. 80. St. Davids, Rudd, Bishop of, ii. 33. " St. George," tapestry of, i. 59. Saint-Georges, Madame de, lady-in- waiting to Queen Henrietta Maria, ii. 96 ; slighted by Charles I., 97 ; pushed out of the royal coach, 99 ; her malign influence with her mistress, 100, 101, 103, 106, 110. Index. 547 St. George's Day, i. 230 ; ii. 208 ; iii. 233. St. George's Hill, i. 7. St. James's Palace, i. 142 ; goods be- longing to the Commonwealth at, ii. 198; Charles II.'s tennis court at, 203 ; picture removed from, 218 ; court of, 165, 222 ; ponds in the park of, iii. 91 ; Frederick, Prince of Wales, hurries his wife to, 270, 271 ; Prince Frederick at, 272-274 ; ex- pelled from, 279 ; pictures sent from, 342 ; clock brought from, 344-346. St. John's House. See Clerkenwell. St. John, Knights of. See Hospitallers. St. John, Lady Isabella, iii. 306, 459. St. John, Miss Antonia, iii. 306. St. John, Miss Barbara, iii. 460. St. John Mildmay, Capt. H. G., ii. l 33 n - St. John's Wood, piles for the weir from, i. 17, 341 ; timber from, for Henry VHP's works, 159. St. Katharine's Wharf, i. 1 59, 362. "St. Leger" race, iii. 337. St. Michael, order of, Henry VIII. in- vested with the, i. 104 ; Edward VI. invested with the, 254, 255, 256. " St. Paul," arras of, ii. 165. St. Paul's, Old, requiem at, for the soul of Jane Seymour, i. 195. St. Paul's, Overall, Dean of, ii. 33. St. Paul's Cathedral, ironwork in, iii. 59 ; Wren sits under the dome of, 232. " St. Simon," the racehorse, daughter of, iii. 339. St. Stephen's Day, i. 264, 320; 11. 12, 122. " Seynt Tomas," image of, i. 179. St. Valery or St. Valerie or Valeric, family of, i. 8 ; in Picardy, 9 ; Regi- nald de, 8 ; Walter de, 339. Sala, Mr. G. A., ii. 160. " Salamon " tapestry, i. 59. Sale of manors and parks of Hampton Court, ii. 272. Sale, Florence, Lady, iii. 465. Salisbury, ii. 5, 248. Salisbury, Barlow, Bishop of, ii. 33. Salisbury, Earl of, Robert Cecil, sug- gests the sale of knighthoods to James I., ii. 2 ; comforts the Queen, 57; implores James I. to postpone a hunting party, 59. Salisbury, James, 7th Earl, afterwards Marquess of, iii. 443. Salrydgeworth, i. 361. " Sampson, Storye of," tapestry, i. 58. " Samuell, Storye of," tapestry, i. 58. Sanby, Mr., iii. 490. Sancy, Fr., ii. 1 15. Sanders, Nicolas, i. 184 n. Sandown, manor of, i. 213 ; races at, iii. 422. Sandwich, Lord, ii. 2 ion., 227 n. Sardinia, King of, iii. 255. Sarveters, i. 159. "Saucery, the," i. 84, 150. Sauche, Jehan le, i. 99. Savargnano, Mario, i. 127 n. Savery, Captain Thomas, his proposal in regard to the fountains, iii. 188, 189. Savoy, Margaret of, Governess of the Netherlands, i. 1 13, 114. Savoyer ambassador, the, ii. 27. Sawyers, i. 159. Saxe-Weimar, John Ernest, Duke of, ii. 62 ; describes the sport at Hamp- ton Court in James I.'s time, 62 ; his description of the Palace, 72. Saxons, iii. 159. Saxony, Frederick Augustus, Elector of, iii. 254. Sayer, Robert, publishes a print of the old bridge, iii. 287, 288. Sayes Court, i. 15. "Scalding house, the," i. S4, 1 5 1 ; ii. 264. Scarborough, Lord, iii. 208. Scarpinello, Augustino, i. 129. Scharf, George, i. 238. Schmidt, Bernard, or " Father," the organ-maker, iii. 4S, 184. Schrider, Christopher, makes a new- organ for the chapel, iii. 184. 543 History of Hampton Court Palace. Schulenburg, Madame, Duchess of Kendal, George I.'s mistress, "the Maypole," iii. 203 ; anecdote of, 204. Schutz, Mr., a court favourite, iii. 249 ; a pious pimp, 250. Scollop chaires, ii. 302. Scoolerie. See Scullery. Scotland, i. 122, 297 ; ii. 6 ; ministers of, 39 ; Charles I. in, 126, 127 ; com- missioners from, intrigue with Charles I., 137 ; states of, 206. Scott, Sir Walter, iii. 334. " Scouncyons," i. 364. Scroop, Mrs., iii. 32. " Scryptors, with the Kynges worde," i. 349- Scudamore, Lady, i. 337. Scullery, the, i. 84, 150, 375 ; ii. 304. Seals, i. 82. Seeker, Miss Anne, iii. 490. Seeker, Miss Elizabeth, iii. 490. Seeker, Mr. and Mrs., iii. 490. Second Court, lodgings in the, i. 373 ; and see First Green Court and Clock Court. Secretary-at-War's lodging, iii. 446. Sedley, Sir Charles, ii. 224. Sefton, Countess of, iii. 460, 485. Selden, ii. 30. Selim, Sultan, ii. 69. Selkirk, Lord, iii. 239; "his empty head," 240. Selle, Dr., the organist, iii. 365. "Sellery, the," i. 151. Selwyn, George, iii. 313. Selwyn, Mrs., mother of George, iii. 208. Semple, Lord, of Beltreis, i. 2>37 n. Sendal, a thin Cyprus silk, i. 74 and n. Serving-place, i. 152 ; iii. 392. Settlement, act of, iii. 144. Seymour, arms of the family of, i. 179 n. ; referred to, 416. Seymour, Jane. See Jane Seymour. Seymour, Lord, iii. 333. Seymour, Lord, of Sudeley, intrigues with Edward VI., i. 246. Seymour, Lord Edward, son of the Protector Somerset, i. 248. Seymour, Lord George, iii. 318 n. ; v member of the "Toy Club," 331 ; his apartments, 484. Seymour, Lord Hugh, iii. 314. Seymour, Lady Elizabeth, house- keeper, iii. 445. Seymour, Lady George, stops the faint- ing of beauties in the chapel, iii. 349 ; her apartments, 318 n., 484. Seymour, Mrs. Elizabeth Mallet, her apartments, iii. 446 ; and see Sey- mour, Sir Horace. Seymour, Sir George, Admiral, iii. 314 ; member of the "Toy Club," 331 ; given the Guelphic order of knight- hood, 347 ; his distinguished service and gallantry, 347 ; his widow, 348 ; his apartments, 449. Seymour, Sir Hamilton, iii. 331. Seymour, Sir Horace Beauchamp, iii. 314; given the Guelphic order of knighthood, 347 ; his high quali- ties, 347 ; anecdote of, 348 ; carries fainting beauties from the chapel, 349; his apartments, 353, 446; his son, 418. Seymour, Sir William, marries Ara- bella Stuart, ii. 48. Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan, i. 129 n. Shadforth, Mrs., iii. 488. Shadrach, Brice, ii. 275. Shaftesbury, Earl of, ii. 253, 254. Shakespeare, William, i. 120, 203, 321 ; ii. 8 ; a candidate for the post of Master of the Revels, 9 ; at Hamp- ton Court, 12, 13,20; his plays acted before the King of Denmark at Hampton Court, 51 ; his plays acted before Charles I. in the Great Hall, 122 ; his "Henry VIII." acted before George I., iii. 224; his "Hamlet" and"Tempest"intheOakRoom,42r. Shaw, Huntingdon, iii. 5 ; worker in iron, 56 ; his claim to the designing of the iron screens confuted, 56 ; his monument in Hampton Church, 56; mentioned, 176. Index. 549 Shaw, William, i. 368. Shawe, a Puritan divine, ii. 149. Sheen, i. 13. Sheepshanks' collection, ii. 209. Shepherd, Sir Fleetwood, iii. 9 and n. Sheridan, Frank and Charlie, iii. 333. Sheridan, Mrs. Tom, iii. 333, 479. Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, iii. 318. Sherley, Sir Robert, ii. 72 n. Sherwin, Dr., iii. 253. Shobington, co. Bucks, i. 10. Shooting, Henry VIII. fond of, 1.135 > at the butt, 138 ; Queen Elizabeth goes out, 327 ; James I. goes out, ii. 62 ; Anne of Denmark shoots the King's favourite hound, 7^. Shovel-board, Henry VIII. plays at, i. 140. Shrewsbury, George, 4th Earl of, Lord Steward of Henry VIII.'s house- hold, i. 36. Shrewsbury, Francis, 5th Earl of, i. 272. Shrewsbury, George, 6th Earl of, i. 309. Shrewsbury, Gilbert, 7th Earl of, letters to, ii. 5, 27, 48, 54, 56, 57. Shrewsbury, Charles, Duke of, iii. 11 ; accepts the office of Lord Chamber- lain, 99; wishes to retire, 119; curious life of, 120; resigns, 120; mentioned, 126 ; his farewell inter- view with William III., 133; again Lord Chamberlain, 179, 206. Sicily, Viceroy of. See Gonzaga, Fer- dinando. " Side-posts," i. 353. Sidney, Lady, mother of Sir Philip, i. 28q. Sidney, Lord, ii. 24. Sidney, Sir Henry, father of Sir Philip, Sidney, Sir Philip, i. 285 ; ii. 2. Signetts' office, the, ii. 298. Silliman, Dr., iii. 324. Sillwood Park, Sunninghill, great vine at, iii. 299. Silva, Don Pedro Francisco de, in the suite of Catherine of Braganza, ii. 212. " Silver Staff Gallery," iii. 474. " Silver Stick Gallery," said to be haunted by the ghost of Jane Sey- mour, i. 195 ; iii. 475. Simancas manuscripts cited, i. 2S5, 290. Sion House, Charles I. sees his chil- dren at, ii. 134 ; Charles II. at, 245 ; the Duke of Northumberland at, iii. 300. Sittingbourne, iii. 152. Skelton, John, Wolsey's satirist, i. 38 ; reflects on the Cardinal's peremptori- ness, 39, 40 ; comments on his mag- nificence, 61, 62 ; satirizes his love for tapestry, 63, 66 ; alluded to, 87, 89, 93 ; vilifies his political pre- eminence, 97 ; alluded to, 108 n., 113 n., 15011. Skinner, Mrs. Anne, iii. 476. " Skrenys," i. 352. Skyngke, Robert, " moulder of antyke worke," i. 352. Slade, Mrs. Marcus, iii. 467. Smart, Miss, iii. 486. Smirke, i. 166 n. Smith, James, author of " Rejected Addresses," iii. 373. Smith, Mr. Justice Montague, iii. 379. Smith, Richard, his " Life of Lady Montacute," i. 277 n. Smith, Sir Thomas, his remarks on Queen Elizabeth's habits, i. 295 n., 316 n., 317. Smithfield, ii. 6. Smithsby, Thomas, messuage in the occupation of, ii. 265. Smithsby, William, keeper of the Privy Lodgings, ii 149; Charles I.'s goods at Hampton Court viewed and ap- praised by, 165 ; his life interest in certain meadows, 268 ; his claim, 271. Smyth, Bishop, tapestry of his arms, i. 61. Smyth, Bernard. See Schmidt. " Sodlet," i. 350. Somers, Will, Henry VIII.'s jester, i. 55o History of Hampton Court Palace. 206 ; accompanies Henry VIII. on the lute, 237 ; portrait of, 238. Somers, Lord Chancellor, iii. no; unjust attacks against, no; in- trigues for his removal, 1 1 1 ; dis- missed, 112, 113, 115 ; bids farewell to William III., 126; impeachment of, 145. Somerset, Countess of, murderess of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 75. Somerset, Earl of, ii. 15. Somerset House, ii. 82 ; Anne of Den- mark's body laid in state at, 87 ; goods belonging to the Common- wealth at, 198 ; ball at, 242 ; iii. 10 n. ; abuse of letting apartments in, 312. Somerset, Duke of, his administration, i. 245 ; appointed Protector, 245 ; his ambition, 246 ; dissatisfaction against him, 247 ; his power under- mined, 247 ; invokes assistance, 248, 249 ; fortifies the Palace, 250 ; his alarm, 250 ; presents Edward to the multitude at the gate, 251 ; flees to Windsor, 252; arrested, and sent to the Tower, 252, 253 ; conspiracy against him, 256 ; arrested, 258 ; be- headed, 258. Somerset, Charles, 6th Duke of, Chan- cellor of the University of Cam- bridge, iii. 154. Somerset, Jane Georgiana Sheridan, Duchess of, iii. 333. Somerset, Miss Louisa, rescued from the fire, iii. 400 ; her apartments, 471, 483. Somersetshire, i. 9. Sophia, the Electress, iii. 12. "Sorrel," William III.'s horse, iii. 166. Sotheron, Robert, brings up Queen Elizabeth's supposed son, i. 288. South Front of Wren's building criti- cised, iii. 44 ; carving on, 45, 50, 53- South Kensington Museum, Italian sculpture in, i. 50 n., 64 ; tapestries in the, 67 ; Dyce Library at the, ii. 49 ; iron screens removed to, 59, 60 ; Raphael's cartoons removed to, 85 ; silver fire " dogges " in the, 95 ; combustible buildings of the, 403. South Mimms, workmen from, i. 158, 353- South Western Railway, i. 18 ; branch opened to Hampton Court, iii. 362. Southampton, town of, ii. 147. Southampton, Lord, ii. 24. Southampton, Charles FitzRoy, 1st Lord, given apartments, iii. 314, 316, 462. South wark, ii. 102. Southwell, Lady, ii. 15. Southwell, Hon. Lucia, iii. 479. Spain, ambassadors from, i. 38, 57, 60, 100 ; Charles I.'s expedition to, ii. 93 ; the Escurial in, 133 n. ; am- bassador of, 184 ; will of the King of, iii. 134, 135, 136, 145. Spandrels, i. 354. Spanheim, iii. 164 n. Spaniards, their hatred of the English, i. 262 ; condescension of the, ii. 116. Spanish ambassador, Wolsey engaged with the, i. 38 ; feasted by James I., ii. 27 ; dances a galliard, 24 ; slighted, 94 ; encourages assassins to murder Cromwell, 184. Spanish Inquisition, ii. 42. Spanish succession, iii. 142. Spanish tables, ii. 278. Sparks, Dr., Puritan divine, ii. 35. " Spectator," the, Steele's paper on duelling in, iii. 192. Spelthorne, hundred of, i. 4, 7, 339. Spencer, Charlotte Seymour, Coun- tess, iii. 447. Spencer, Frederick, 4th Earl, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Spencer, John, workman, of Hampton, i. 158, 346. Spencer, Mrs., iii. 475. Spenser, Edmund, his " Faerie Qucene," i. 217, 240 ; ii. 8. Index. DD " Spicerie, the," i. 124, 126 n., 151, 375 ; lodgings of the clerk of, iii. 476. "Spider, the Cardinal," i. 115, 116. Spoons, Apostle, belonging to Cardinal Wolsey, i. 82. Spotswood, Archdeacon, ii. 53, 55. " Springfield," the racehorse, now at the Hampton Court stud, iii. 338. " Square Stone Court," ii. 306 ; and see Clock Court. " Squillery, the," i. 151. Stables, Wolsey's, i. 85 ; enlarged by Henry VIII., 85 ; death from the plague in, ii. 126 ; mentioned, 170, 204, 266. Stacey, Richard, bricklayer, iii. 175. Stadtholder of Holland. See William V., Prince of Orange. Staines, i. 215 n. Staircases and Stairs. See King's Great Staircase, Prince of Wales, Queen's Great Staircase, Back Stairs. Stamp office, iii. 318. "Standards," i. 169 n., 349. Standen, his letters to Bacon, i. 332, 333- " Standing, the," in the park, ii. 267. Standing Wardrobe. See Kynners- ley, Clement, and Smithsby, Wm. Stanhope, 5th Earl, iii. 113 n. Stanhope, Lady, ii. 151. Stanhope, Lady Hester Pitt, Countess, iii. 300. Stanley, Mr. and Miss, iii. 468. Stanley, Sir John, iii. 86. Stapleton, Hon. Mrs. Anne Bryant, iii. 470. Stapleton, Miss Adelaide. See Paget, Mrs. Catesby. Star Chamber, Wolsey presides in the, i. 40, 41 ; James I. and the, ii. 62. State Apartments, unoccupied and dis- mantled in George 1 1 I.'s time, iii. 295 ; in George IV.'s reign, 326 ; in William IV.'s reign, 343 ; opened free to the public, 351, 355 ; open on Sunday, 363 ; their present secu- rity against fire, 402. " Staybars," i. 169 n., 349. Steele, Sir Richard, his "hovel" at Hampton Wick, iii. 182 ; his paper in the "Spectator" on a duel, 192; his prologue to George I.'s theatri- cals, 224, 225. Stella, Swift's Journal to, iii. 197. Stephens, General and Mrs., iii. 453. Stephenson, Lady, iii. 479. Stephenson, Mrs., iii. 453. Stevens, Mrs., iii. 455. Stevens, Samuel, builder of the old bridge at Hampton Court, iii. 287. Stevenson, Rev. Joseph, i. 277 n. Stewart, Miss, " La Belle," ii. 247. Stewart, Miss Eliza, iii. 487. Stewart, Hon. Lady, iii. 454. " Stillatoryes," i. 79. Still-House, the, i. 151 ; ii. 207, 261, 264. Stirling, Mrs., iii. 477. Stoke Pogis, ii. 78. Stone Court. See Clock Court. Stone-Cross, i. 9 n. Stonhewer, Mr. Richard, private secre- tary to the Duke of Grafton, iii. 305 ; his apartments, 306, 457. Stoop, Dirk, his etching of Charles I I.'s arrival at Hampton Court, ii. 209. Store cellars, ii. 263. Storehouse, the, i. 151. Storer, Hon. Mrs., iii. 472. Stowe, " Capability " Brown gardener at, iii. 296. Stowe's " Annals," i. 99. Strafford, his appointment as Lord Deputy of Ireland, ii. 120. Strand, the, Cecil's house in, i. 2S1. " Strangers," room for, ii. 282. Strasburg, i. 93 n. Stratford, Abbot of, i. 1S6. Strawberry Hill, iii. 2S5, 313. Streeter, Robert, Serjeant - painter, paints the great dial for Charles 1 1 ii. 311. Stretes, Guilliam, the painter, i. 23:. 552 History of Hampton Court Palace. Strickland, Miss, her history, i. 265, 276 n. ; iii. 168. Strickland, Mr., ii. 275. Stuart, Lady Arabella, letters of, ii. 5, 6, 1 1 ; projects for the marriage of, 48. Stubbes, Laurence, Wolsey's pay- master and secretary, i. 25, 100. Stud, Cardinal Wolsey's, i. 84 ; Queen Anne's, iii. 172 ; origin of the royal, 334, 335 ; under George IV., 336 ; maintained by William IV., 336 ; sold on the accession of Queen Victoria, 337 ; re-established by the Queen, 337 ; annual sale of the yearlings, 337, 338, 339. Stud House, in the House Park, Mrs. Keppel at, iii. 313, 314 ; official residence of the Master of the Horse, 315 ; balls at, 332, 335 ; oc- cupants of the, 406, 491. Study, Henry VIII.'s, i. 123. Sturmy, i. 179 n. Stydolph, Thomas, Henry VIII.'s Comptroller of the Works, i. 157. Stykrayd, Francis, i. 354. Suffolk, Duke of, dines with Wolsey, i. 101 ; helps to carry Edward VI. to the font, 187. Suffolk, Countess of, in James I.'s time, ii. 5, 15, 22. Suffolk, Countess of, lady of the bed- chamber to Queen Catherine of Bra- ganza, ii. 209, 240. Suffolk, Countess of, George I I.'s mis- tress. See Howard, Mrs. Suffolk, Edward VI. makes the Mar- quess of Dorset, Duke of, i. 257. Sunday at Hampton Court, in James I.'s time, ii. 17, 18 ; at the present time, iii. 302-368. Sunderland, Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of, iii. 90. Sunderland, Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of, iii. 178 ; his scant courtesy to Caroline, Princess of Wales, 216. Sundiall, one large concave, of stone, ii. 302. Sundon, lady. See Clayton, Mrs. Surbiton, i. 23, 41 n. Surbiton Common, ii. 159. Surrey, ii. 259. Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, i. 230; enamoured of" Fair Geraldine,"23i ; portrait of, 232, 233. Surrey Hills, i. 6 ; iii. 430. Surveyor-General of the Works, his dwelling-house and garden on the Green, ii. 265 ; iii. 226, 227, 228; and see Wren, Sir Christopher. " Susanna, Storye of," tapestry, i. 59. Sussex, gentlemen of, i. 258. Sussex, Duke of, iii. 284. Sussex, Earl of, i. 1S6. Sutherland, Duke of, his papers, ii. 203. Sutton Place in Surrey, i. 204 n, Swale, Sir Richard, ii. 42. Swanston, Mr., actor, ii. 120. Sweating sickness, i. 25 ; Wolsey at- tacked with the, 37, 42 ; violent out- break of, 114. Sweden, King of, iii. 117; envoy of, 144. Swedish ambassador, feasted by Oliver Cromwell, ii. 178 ; dines and hunts at Hampton Court, 179 n. Swift, Jonathan, iii. 166 ; dines in the Palace, 179; attends Queen Anne's levee, 180 ; declines Halifax's civili- ties, 182 ; alluded to, 190, 197, 206 n., 20S. Swiss, civility even from the, ii. 116. Switzer, Stephen, his work on garden- ing, iii. 19 ; his remarks on Hamil- ton Court gardens, 21, 36, 61, 77, 130, 181 n. Switzerland, i. 281. Sydenham, Col., ii. 274, 275. Sydney, John Robert, Viscount, after- wards Earl, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443- Sydney, Sir William, i. 196, and n. ; Chamberlain of Prince Edward's household, 200. Symonds, Clerk of the Works, iii. 82. Syndercomb's plot to murder Oliver Cromwell, ii. 184. Index. 55. " Table carpets," Wolsey's, i. 69. Taine, M., iii. 370. Takely, Priory of, i. 8, 9. Talbot, Countess, iii. 449. Talbot, Hon. Mrs. Robert, iii. 465. Talbot, Francis Lord, i. 320 n. Tallard, Comte de, ambassador from the King of France, iii. 103 ; his audiences of William III., 139, 140, 141 ; cuts a foolish figure, 142. Talman, William, Comptroller of the Works, iii. 24 and n. ; his hostility to Wren, 25, 26, 82 ; his letter and reports on the works, 83, 84, 86 ; re- commends a locksmith, 87 ; his esti- mates for works in the Palace, 96, 97, 437 ; estimates for works in the parks and gardens, 105, 106, 127, 150, 439. Tangier, ii. 245. Tapestry in Wolsey's palace, i. 55; Wolsey's passion for, 57 ; his pur- chase of, 58-65 ; scores of sets of, 59-61 ; Wolsey's arms worked in, 60, 66 ; ii. 284 ; six pieces of " Triumphs" in, i. 63-68 ; Henry VIII. 's purchases of, 239 ; "The History of Abraham," 240 ; hooks to hang, 366 ; in the time of James I., ii. 68, 71 ; appraised at the Commonwealth, 165 ; used by Cromwell, 180, 278, 279, 281,283; described by John Evelyn, 216 ; ancient pieces of " The Creation of the World," 250 ; sets of, enume- rated in Cromwell's inventory, 278- 299; in William III.'s bedchamber, iii. 94. Taplow quarry, 1. 30, 159, 344, 362. Tarbes, Gabriel, Bishop of, i. 100. Target, Mr., stud-groom for the Queen's half-breeds, iii. 340. Tatham, John, his "Aqua Trium- phalis," ii. 241. Tattersall's, iii. 335, 338. Taurauvedez. See Silva, Don Pedro de. Taylor, " the water-poet," i. 336. Taylor, Joseph, actor, ii. 120. " Tears," a play, iii. 384. Teddington, i. 4 ; manor of, 213 ; the plague at, ii. 121 ; alluded to, 181, 241, 268 ; iii. 79, 180, 291. Tegenaria Guyonii, or Domestica. See Cardinal Spider. "Tempest," Shakespeare's, ii. 29, 421. " Tenn Acres, the," ii. 268. Tennis Court, Henry VHP's, i. 124; building of, 138, 139; Henry VIII. playing in his shirt in the, 138, 139 ; Tudor lawn tennis in an open, 231 ; charges for building, 364 ; Henry, Prince of Wales, plays in the, ii. 47 ; renovated by Charles IP, 202, 203 ; the passage to the, 285 ; works during Charles IP's reign in the, 309, 310 ; lodgings of the master of the, 406, 487 ; maintained by the in- habitants, 421. Tennis Court Pane, ii. 135 ; doorway in, ii. 191 ; mentioned, iii. 32 n., 270. Tennis, lawn, in Tudor times, i. 231 ; in the present clay, iii. 421. Terra-cotta work, i. 51 ; English, 204. Testors, i. 72, 73 n., 76. Tewkesbury Abbey, ii. 184. Thacham, i. 358. Thames Conservancy, i. 22 ; iii. 381. Thames Ditton, manor of, i. 214 ; work- men from, 372; ii. 157; iii. 128; Hertfords at, iii. 313. Thames, River, i. 6 ; Caesar's passage of, 7 ; water-pipes under the, 23 ; Conservancy Board of, 22 ; Charles I. escapes across the, ii. 147, 157; pageant on the, 241 ; mentioned, 259, 266 ; boating on, iii. 210, 421. Theobalds, ii. 73. Thomas, Miss Gertrude Mary, iii. 460. Thomas, General and Lady Sophia, iii. 446. Thomason, George, ii. 147 ; his won- derful bibliographical enterprise, 148. Thompson, Mrs., iii. 462. Thomson, Mrs., iii. 480. Thomson, William, pheasant keeper, i. 367. 554 History of Hampto?i Court Palace. Thorne, Mr., warder, receives the Humane Society medal, iii. 400. Thornhill, Sir James, iii. 139 ; paints the ceiling of the Queen's State Bed- chamber, 206. Thornhill, Mr. Richard, iii. 190 ; his quarrel with Sir Cholmley Dering, 191 ; his duel, 192 ; murder of, 193. Thoroton, Mrs., iii. 473. Throckmorton, Sir William, i. 288. Thurloe, ii. 194, 272. Thurston, John, plasterer, i. 362. Thynne, Sir John, with the Protector Somerset, i. 247. Tichbourne, Mrs., woman of the bed- chamber to Queen Caroline, iii. 271, 272. Tichfield, ii. 99. Tickell, Mrs., iii. 319. Tickell, Richard, given apartments, iii. 318 ; flings himself from a window of his apartments, 318 ; circum- stances of his death, 319 ; his apart- ments, 464. Tickell, Thomas, iii. 318. Tijou, Jean, his book of designs in ironwork, iii. 55 ; designs the famous screens at Hampton Court, 55 ; money due to, 56, 57 ; gates by, 58, 59, 201 ; his bill unpaid, 139, 176 ; his screens removed from Hampton Court, 374. Tildesley, Mr. Edward, ii. 219. Tiles, Flemish paving, i. 363. Tillieres, Comte de, Chamberlain of Henrietta Maria, ii. 95, 96, 101, 106. Tilson, Mr. Christopher, iii. 229. Tilt Yard, the, i. 134 ; tournaments in, 136 ; mentioned, ii. 204, 262. Tilt-Yard Towers, i. 135 ; ii. 99. Tilting matches. See Tournaments. "Time, Triumph of, the," tapestry, i. 63, 64, 67. Tindal, his History, iii. 104 n., 107. Tinney, engravings of the gardens by, iii. 262. Tithes, i. 9, 14. Titian, his " Venus del Pardo," and " Herodias with the Head of John the Baptist," ii. 166. "Tobye, Storyeof," tapestry, 58 ; valued for sale by the Commonwealth, ii. 165 ; in Cromwell's inventor)', 284. Tomkins, P. W., book of engravings published by, i. 54 n. Tompion, barometer by, iii. 93. Tonyes, Maister, clerk in Wolsey's service, i. 74, 75. Torbay, William III.'s landing at, iii. 104, 151. Tories, intrigues of the, iii. no, 112. Torington, Admiral Arthur Herbert, Earl of, iii. 39 n., 104. Torrens, Lady, iii. 465. Tote, Anthony, or Toto del Nunziato, painter employed by Henry VIII., i. 128, 129, 363. Tothale, William de, Prior of the Knights Hospitallers, i. 10. Tourenne, the French fleet under, iii. 39- Tournaments in the Tilt Yard, i. 135, 136; Henry VIII. takes part in, 137 ; James I. at, ii. 11. Tower of London, the, i. 120, 142 ; Catherine Howard sent to the, 227 ; the Council seize the, 249, 251 ; the Protector Somerset sent to the, 252 ; mentioned, 311 ; ii. 5 ; the Round- heads seize the, 129; proposals to seize, 175; iii. 11 ; guard-chamber of, 88. Tower Green, Anne Boleyn beheaded on, i. 177. Tower Hill, Abbot of, i. 181 ; Sir Wal- ter Raleigh beheaded on, ii. 82. Tower Wharfe, i. 362. Towers in the Tilt Yard, i. 136, 375 ; ii. 100, 262. "Towing place, a certayne way by the river-syde called the," ii. 259, 2(14, 266, 268. Townley, Nicholas, clerk comptroller of the works to Cardinal Wolsey, i. 25, 155 n. Townsenci, Mr., iii. 269. Index. DOD Townshend, Lord, his contemptuous conduct towards Caroline, Princess of Wales, iii. 216. "Toy" Victualling House or Inn, ii. 264, 265 n. ; a row at, iii. 190 ; in Queen Anne's time, 194, 197 ; pistols discharged from, 316; alluded to, 490. " Toy Club, the," jovial dinners of, iii. 330 ; its members, 331 ; Guelphic order conferred on old members of the, 347. Trade, Board of, iii. 125, 417. Transylvania, Prince of. See Gabor, Bethlem. " Traverses " in Wolsey's palace, i. 69. " Trayle moldyd worke," i. 352, 354, 356. Treasurer. See Lord Treasurer. Treasurer of the Chamber, accounts of the, ii. 12. Treasurer's Lodgings, iii. 450. Treasury, Lords of the, order an in- quiry into an accident, iii. 24 ; alluded to, 57, 82, 87 ; papers of the, 56, 77 et passim ; estimates submitted to, 96 ; memorials to, 104, 229, 230, 417; re- potts to, 206. " Treaty of Hampton Court," i. 103. Trees in Henry VlII.'s gardens, i. 372. Treviso, Girolamo da, Italian painter at Henry VIII.'s court, i. 157 n., 175. Trevor, Mr. Arthur, ii. 147. Trevor, Sir Thomas, William III.'s Attorney-General, iii. 114. Tribeke, Henry, i. 362. Trinity College, Cambridge, i. 166 n. Tripoli, iii. 135 n. " Triumphs," six Flemish, tapestry of, belonging to Wolsey, i. 63-67 ; in Cromwell's inventory, ii. 284. " Trophy Buildings," iii. 490. " Trophy Gates," iii. 190. " Troy Town," in the Wilderness, iii. 75- Truce of Hampton Court, i. 114. "Trussing bed," Cardinal Wolsey's, i. J2> n. Tryers, Terric, Prior of the Knights Hospitallers, i. 10. Tudor colours, white and green, i. 61, 206. Tudor, palatial architecture, i. 46, 47. Thrberville, his " Noble Art of Vene- rie," ii. 64. Turenne, Gabriel, Bishop of, i. 100. Turkey carpets, ii. 278, 292. Turner, Dr., Anne of Denmark's phy- sician, ii. 83. Turner's " Domestic Architecture," Turnham Green, murder on, iii. 193. Tuscany, Grand Duke of, iii. 1 16. Tutbury, Mary Queen of Scots taken to, i. 304. Twickenham, rectory of, acquired by Henry VIII., i. 212 n. "Two Sisters," the, elm-trees, 5, 6. " Two Thousand," horse-race, iii. 337. Tye, Dr., Queen Elizabeth's organist, i. 300. Tyndale, i. 94. " Types," or leaden cupolas, on the old turrets, i. 27, 166, 364. Ulster, province of, ii. 3. Underwood, ii. 192 n. "Unfortunate Lover," a play, ii. 123. Unicorns, i. 66. Upper Lodge, rebuilt by Charles II., ii. 205 ; visited by him, 206, 251 ; iii. 181 n. ; mentioned, 189. Upper Meade, ii. 268. Upper Park, i. 212. Ury, the, ii. 295. Utter Court, see First or Base Court. Uxbridge, Henry Paget, Earl of, Lord Chamberlain, iii. 443. Valck, Herman Jansen, iii. 35. Valentines, near Wanstead, great vine at, iii. 298, 299, 300. Valladolid, i. 263. Van Bassan, picture by, of Charles I. dining in public, ii. 122. Van Hull, Mr., his lodgings, iii. 100. 556 History of Hampton Court Palace. Van Orlay, Bernard. See Orlay. Van, John, i. 163 n., 358, 365. Yanbrugh, Sir John, member of the Board of Works, iii. 206. Yanderdoort, his catalogue of Charles I.'s pictures, ii. 125. Wane, Sir Henry, favours the selling of Hampton Court, ii. 200. Wane, Sir Ralph, i. 245. Yanes, i. 27. Yansomer, his portrait of Christian IV. of Denmark, ii. 50 ; his picture of Anne of Denmark and her hounds, 74 ; his portrait of James I., 89. Vardy, John, iii. 246. Varennes, ii. 128. Yaudemont, Francis, Prince of, visits James I., ii. 55, 56 ; dances, 57. Venetian ambassador, his remarks on Wolsey, i. 44 ; on his magnificence, 55, 70, no; and see Giustiniani and Yenier, M. A. ; his mention of Henry VIII., 134, 139 ; at James I.'s court, ii. 27 ; in Charles I.'s time, 96 n. Venetian merchants make Wolsey a present of carpets, i. 70. Venice, carpets from, for Wolsey, i. 71 ; mentioned, no; present of a gondola from the state of, ii. 215. Venice gold, i. J2>- Yenier, Marco Antonio, Venetian am- bassador, his estimate of Wolsey's plate, i. 80. Ventilators, i. 160. " Venus del Pardo," Titian's, ii. 166. Venus, statue of, ii. 302. " Venus," tapestry of, i. 62, 66 ; ii. 1S0. " Verdures," tapestry hangings of, i. 61, 73- e, Lady I- ranees, i. 232. Vcre, Lady Susan dc, ii. 15, 22, 24, 25. Vernon, Mr. Secretary, his correspon- dence, iii. 112 n., 114, 119; his re- marks on William III., 121, 123, 126, 136, 139-143, 147, 163 n., 167, V< nin, Antonio, anecdote of him and ( harles II., ii. 254; mentioned, iii. 49, 56, 67; paints William 1 1 I.'s State Bedchamber, 68, 92; paints the Little Bedchamber, and King's Great Stair- case, 69, 154 ; his sprawling gods and saints, 70 ; paints the ceiling of the Banqueting Room, 129; cries out for cash, 173 ; paints the Queen's Drawing Room, 174 ; dies at Hamp- ton Court, 175, 206. Versailles, William 1 1 I.'s emulation of the palatial glories of, iii. 5, II, 82, 116. Vesey, Mrs. Margaret, iii. 359, 457, 462, 488. Vestry, the, ii. 291. \ "ictoria, Queen, ii. 257 ; re-establishes the Royal Stud, iii. 337 ; sale of her yearlings, 338 ; her breeding and carriage horses, 339 ; her cream- coloured horses, 339 ; visits Queen Adelaide at Bushey House, 349 ; grants it to the Due de Nemours, 349 ; her accession, 350 ; throws the Palace open free, 351 ; presumptuous letter to, 364 ; nominations to private apartments, 373 ; visits Princess Frederica, 382 ; appoints a committee to inquire into precautions against fire, 398 ; her jubilee, 404 ; her pri- vate secretary, 418 ; attachment of her people to, 432 ; Lord Chamber- lains during her reign, 443. "Victualling house," i. 151 ; and see Toy Inn. Vienna, i. 142. Yille-aux-Clercs, M. de la, ambassador attendant on Henrietta Maria, ii. 96. Yilliers, Christopher. See Anglesea, Earl of. Yilliers, Elizabeth, Countess of Orkney, William II I.'s mistress, iii. 104. Yilliers, Lord Francis, rises for the king, ii. 158; killed, 159; supposed interment of, in the Fountain Court, [60. Yilliers, Hon. Mrs. Montagu, iii. 47^. Villiers, Sir John, afterwards Lord Villiers of Stoke and Viscount Pur- Index. 557 beck, ii. 75 ; bargains for Lady Hatton's daughter, 76 ; his marriage, 78 ; practical jokes played on, 79 ; portrait of, 119. Villiers of Stoke, Lord. See Villiers, Sir John. Vine, the great, iii. 297 ; its size and yield of grapes, 298, 299 ; its grapes serve the Queen's table, 377 . Virginia, plants for Queen Alary from, iii. 32. " Vision of the Twelve Goddesses," ii. 8 ; surreptitious editions of, 14 ; and see Daniel, Samuel. Visitors, in former days, iii. 2S5, 323, 327, 334, 343 ; since the free opening, 351 ; number of, 361 ; enormous in- crease in, 362 ; their number on Sundays, 363, 364 ; their orderly behaviour, 365, 366, 367 ; former occasional depredations of, 371. Vreid, Frederick, Prince of Wales's valet, iii. 270. Vulliamy, Messrs., clockmakers, iii. 344, 345- Vyce, or spiral staircase, accounts for making and decorating, i. 348. Waagen, Dr., i. 238. Wade, Richard, i. 367. "Wafery," or "Wafrie," the, i. 84, i5o,375-. Wainscot, right, iii. 438. Waldegrave, Maria, Countess, after- wards Duchess of Gloucester, resides at the Pavilions, iii. 313, 325, 487 ; her beautiful daughters, 314. Waldegrave, the Ladies, iii. 314. W r ales, iii. 221. Wales, Augusta, Princess of, wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales, rumours of her being with child, iii. 267 ; forced from the Palace, 269 ; gives birth to a daughter, 271 ; writes to the Queen, 279. Wales, Prince of. See Edward VI., Henry, George II., Frederick. " Wales's, Prince of," tavern, iii. 287. Walker, George, iii. 23. Walker, Mrs. Henrietta, iii. 453. Wallop, Sir John, i. 186; Henry VIII.'s ambassador to Francis I., 209; made a Knight of the Garter, 230. Walpole, Colonel Lambert Theodore, married Lord Clive's daughter, iii. 316; his widow given apartments, 317- Walpole, General Sir Robert, K.C.B., his widow given apartments, iii. 317, 447- Walpole, Hon. Mrs. Margaret, iii. 316, 460. Walpole, Horace, remarks on an alter- native scheme for a new Palace, iii. 5 ; his mention of Knellet J s Hamp- ton Court Beauties, 30 ; mentions Laguerre, 50 ; mentions Grinling Gibbons, 51 n. ; mentions Verrio, 69, 174 ; introduced to Madame Kil- mansegge, 204 ; mentions Miss Bel- lenden, 208, 209 n. ; mentions Mrs. Howard, 235 ; his criticism of Kent's work and of Wren's colonnade, 244, 245, 246 ; mentions Mrs. Clayton, 247 ; his interest in Hampton Court, 285 ; his friends, 306, 307 ; his rela- tives in the Palace, 313, 314, 315 ; his anecdotes of the inhabitants, 316; has an accident in the Palace, 316. Walpole, Lady, General Sir Robert's widow, iii. 317, 447. Walpole, Lady, Sir Robert's wife, iii. 20S. Wal pole, Misses Frances and Charlotte, their long residence in the Palace, iii. 317 ; their apartments, 485. Walpole, Sir Edward, iii. 313 ; his illegitimate daughters, and grand- daughters, 314, 315, 487, 491. Walpole, Sir Robert, iii. 20S, 215 ; pre- vents the disfigurement of the Clock Court, 245 ; his opinion of Mrs. Clayton, 247 ; proposesanew mistress for the King, 259 ; opposes Lady Deloraine's candidature for the post, 260; concerts measures to circumvent 553 History of Hampton Court Palace. Frederick, Prince of Wales, 268 ; confers with the King and Queen, 273, 274, 277. Walsh, Mrs. Anne, iii. 473. Walsingham, Sir Francis, i. 317. Walsingham, Lady, ii. 5, 22. Walsingham, Hon. Robert Boyle, iii. 460. Waltham, abbots of, i. 186. Waltier, Lewes, " the Queen's barge- man," i. 14. Walton Legh, manor of, i. 213. Walton-on-Thames, i. 7 ; manor of, comprised in the honour and chase of Hampton Court, 213, 214. Wanley, Mrs., wetnurse to William, Duke of Gloucester, iii. 14. Wanstead in Essex, iii. 297. War Office, iii. 411. Ward, Lady, iii. 333, 4S0. Ward, Reginald, of Dudley, iron- monger, i. 158, 355. Ward, Thomas, i. 344. Wardrobe, the Lower, ii. 291. Wardrobe, the Upper, ii. 294. Wards and Liveries, Court of, ii. 124. Warham, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, offered lodgings in the Palace by Wolsey, i. 112; his grati- tude for the favour, 113; considers the question of Henry VIII.'s divorce, 130. Warrants for private apartments, iii. 304, 310 et seq. ; form of, 444. Warton, Thomas, his " Life of Sir Thomas Pope," i. 264, 265. Warwick, Earl of, i. 253 ; created Duke of Northumberland, 256. Warwick, Earl of, in Elizabeth's reign, i. 309, 320. Warwick, Lady, i. 327. '• Washing House," the, i. 151. Wassenaer, D'Obdam, Mdlle. de, iii. 40. Water Gallery, the, i. 7, 13; in Henry VIII.'s time, 205; Queen Elizabeth confined in, 271, 281 ; Arran admitted at, to see Queen Elizabeth, 291 ; Elizabeth's barge at, 316 ; mentioned, 369 ; the French ambassador lodged in the, ii. 103 ; mentioned, 264; refurnished for Mary II., iii. 28, 29; Kneller's Beauties at, 31 ; Queen Mary resides at, 32 ; mentioned, 107, 127, 130, 137, 148. Water Houses at Coombe, i. 23. Water-spout of lead, i. 131. Waterhouse, Mrs., her room, ii. 296. Waterloo Station, i. 18. Waters, Lucy, ii. 242. Watson, Bishop of Chichester, ii. 33. Watson, Mrs. R. Burgess, iii. 447. Weir, the, at Hampton, i. 13, 339, 341. Weldon, Sir Anthony, his remarks on James I.'s habits, ii. 47 ; his remarks about his love of sport, 62 ; coins the phrase " Peace with Honour," 67 n. ; his satiric description of him, 90. Wellesley, family of, iii. 416. Wellesley, Hon. and Rev. Gerald Valerian, Chaplain of the Palace, iii. 328, 348 ; his apartments, 4S6. Wellesley, Lady Anne. See Culling - Smith. Wellesley, Lady Emily, iii. 328, 486. Wellesley, Marchioness, given apart- ments, iii. 373 ; suites occupied by her, 452, 467. Wellesley, Marquess, at Hampton Court with his mother, iii. 328 ; his death, 373 ; his appointment as Lord Chamberlain, 443. Wellesley, Mrs., iii. 478. Wellington, Duke of, at Hampton Court, iii. 328 ; anecdote of, 328 ; his brother the chaplain of the Pa- lace, 348. Wemyss, Colonel, manages William IV.'s stud, iii. 336. Wemyss, Lady Isabella, iii. 491. West Front of Wolscy's Palace, i. 26- 28, 46 ; see also Gatehouse, Wolsey's. West Molesey, manor of, included in the honour of Hampton Court, i. Index. 559 213; forms part of the chase, 214; Charles I.'s flight through, ii. 157 ; John Wilson Croker living at, iii. 331. See also Molesey. Westminster, clockmaker of, i. 30 ; honour of, 213 ; workmen from, 350, 371 ; mentioned, ii. 241. See Painted Chamber. Westminster Abbey, Anne Boleyn crowned in, i. 162 ; waxwork effigies in, 194 ; Mary Stuart interred in, ii. 75 ; Anne of Denmark buried in, 87; Lord Francis Villiers buried in, 161; Cromwell's daughter, Mrs. Claypole, buried in, 192 ; Wren's mock Gothic towers at, iii. 6 ; coronation of William and Mary in, 8. Westminster, Abbot of, i. 186. Westminster, Andrews, Dean of, ii. 33. Westminster, Duke of, buys one of the Queen's yearlings, iii. 339. Westminster Hall, Wolsey as Lord Chancellor in, i. 30, 37, 91, 1 10 ; the femerall of, 166 ; the roof of, 171, 175 ; Charles I.'s trial in, ii. 162 ; conspirators tried in, 175. Westminster Palace, Henry VIII. at, i. 142; Henry VIII. dies at, 243; Queen Mary goes to, 279 ; not sold by the Commonwealth, ii. 168. Westmoreland, Earl of, i. 309. Weston, Sir William, Prior of the Knights Hospitallers, conveys the reversion in Hampton Court to Henry VIII., i. 157. Weston, manor of, included in the honour of Hampton Court, i. 213. Wethersley, William, carpenter, i. 345. Weybridge, manor of, included in the honour of Hampton Court, i. 213 ; comprised in the chase, 214 ; men- tioned, 362 ; iii. 288. Whahur, Mr., iii. 32 n. Whalley, Colonel, Parliamentarian officer, ii. 134 ; his interview with Ashburnham, 140, 141 ; shows Crom- well's alarming letter to Charles I., 145 ; looks through the keyhole of Charles I.'s room door, 147 ; seeks for Charles I. by the back way, 149; finds that he has fled, 150, 152 ; his full relation of the manner and cir- cumstances of Charles I.'s escape, Wheatley, Colonel, iii. 331. Wheatley, Sir Henry, member of the "Toy" Club, iii. 331 ; knighted bv William IV., 347. " Wheel of Fortune," the, i. 61. Whichcote, Lady, i. 124 n. ; iii. 456. White, John, of Winchester, i. 158. White, Mr., of Weybridge, builds a new- bridge at Hampton Court, iii. 288. Whitehall, Wolsey's palaceat, i. 1 7, 97 n., 127 ; and see York Place ; Henry VI I I.'s palace at, 142,238 ; Holbein's frescoes at, 175 ; Queen Elizabeth's palace at, 316, 326 n. ; James I. at, ii. 3, 6, 25, 27, 46 ; Banqueting House at, 91 ; Charles I. at, 127, 128 ; Charles I. executed at, 163 ; excepted from the sale of the royal palaces, 168 ; plot to seize, 175 ; Cromwell removes to, 186, 195 ; Cromwell dies at, 196 ; goods at, inventoried, 198 ; Richard Cromwell ordered out of, 199; Charles I I.'s tennis court at, 203 ; picture of, by Danckers, 21S n. ; Pepys on the top of the Banqueting House, 241 ; Charles II, arrives with his Queen at, 242 ; Charles II. and his Queen leave, on account of the plague, 245; they return to, 250; William 1 1 I.'s dislike of, iii. 2 ; Queen Mary turns up the beds at, 3 ; plot to fire, 10 ; Queen Mary at, 39 ; de- stroyed by fire, 61, 64 ; old custom of the King dining in public in, 62 ; fee for plays acted at, 225 ; clerk of the works at, 229. Whitehouse, Mrs., iii. 471. White-Kennett's History, ii. 210 n. ; iii. 113 n., 163 n., 167. Whitelock, his intercourse with Crom- well, ii. 178, 195. Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, at 560 History of Hampton Court Pa/ace. the Puritan conference, ii. 33, 35, 'Whiting, Dr., gives offence to James I. by his sermon, ii. 92 ; committed and pardoned, 93. Whitmore, Lady, Charles II.'s " Beauty," ii. 247. Whyte, Rowland, his mention of James I.'s court, ii. 54 n., 56, 57. Wick, the, meaning and use of the word, i. 12 ; referred to, 365 ; and see Hampton Wick. Wiesener, M., his " Youth of Queen Elizabeth," i. 276 n. Wight, Isle of, ii. 52 ; Charles I.'s flight to, 158, 162. Wight, John, of Winchester, freemason, .353- " Wilderness, the," i. 207 n., and see Orchard, the old ; mentioned, iii. 59, 72 ; laid out by William 1 1 1., 74 ; plan of, 75 ; proposed grand approach to the Palace through the, 79 ; hedge- work in the, 200 ; mentioned, 435. Wilderness House, occupants of, iii. 489. \\ ilkes, the actor, iii. 223. Wilkinson, John, i. 364. Wilkinson, Mrs., iii. 469. Willement, stained glass by, i. 169 ; iii. 369. Willes, Mr. Justice, iii. 379. William the Conqueror, i. 135. William III., i. 2, 21, 49, 161, 176, 1S0, 185 ; removes Queen Elizabeth's fountain, 326 ; the Long Canal and Avenues in the House Park wrongly attributed to, ii. 205, 217 ; his altera- tions in the gardens, 2 1 8, 244 ; opens a new era in the history of Hampton Court, 257 ; iii. 1 ; accession of, 1 ; proclaimed king, 2 ; his landing at Torbay, 2 ; turns his attention to Hampton Court, 2; moves to, 2; presents Laurence Hyde to Queen Mary, 3; his State Bedchamber, 3 n. ; wears his hat in church, 4 ; scoffs at the touching for the King's evil, 4 ; resolves to rebuild the State Apartments, 4 ; hampers Wren in his designs, 5 ; demolishes Henry VHP's State Rooms, 6; his new Quadrangle, 7 ; receives the sacra- ment in the chapel, 7 ; his brutality to Princess Anne, 8 ; greedily gobbles up a plate of peas, 8 ; his life at Hampton Court in 1689, 9 ; esta- blishes a camp on Hounslow Heath, 10; supposed plot against, 11 ; his absence from London and from business, 1 1 ; censured for residing so much at Hampton Court, 12 ; at the Duke of Gloucester's birth and baptism, 13 ; gives him the name of William, 14 ; his additions to Hamp- ton Court, 19 ; his gardening opera- tions, 21 ; goes to Newmarket, 23; removes to Holland House, 23 ; his dining room, 31, and see Beauty Room ; lays out the gardens, 36 ; absent in Ireland, 38 ; his arms, 45 ; responsible for the lowness of the cloisters, 46 ; occasionally visits the works, 48 ; employs Laguerre, and gives him apartments, 49 ; his mono- gram and initials, 50 ; carving in compliment to, 52 ; his taste in gar- dening, 54 ; his monogram in iron- work, 55 ; his renewed interest in Hampton Court, 61 ; his dislike of Whitehall, 62 ; presides over a lodge of Freemasons, 63 ; instructs Wren to prepare an estimate for fitting the inside of the Palace, 64 ; visits the works, 66 ; his private apartments, 67 ; his State Bedchamber, 68 ; his little bedchamber, or dressing-room, 69 ; increases the fountains in the gardens, 71 ; his initials on the Klower-pot Gate, 74 ; his solicitude for his works at the Palace, 83 ; his 1 ypher in the Guard Chamber, 90 ; his State Bedchamber, 92, 93; his clock and barometer, 93 ; furniture of his rooms, 94, 95 ; orders estimate for further fitting up of the interior, Index. 56i 96 ; makes alterations in Talman's estimate, 97 ; his wine-cellar, 97 ; his " sideboard room," 97 ; his choco- late kitchen, 98 ; his new Quad- rangle, 101 ; his difficulties in Parlia- ment, 102, 103, 104 ; his diversions, 103 ; hunts in the Park, 104 ; returns totown, 104 ; directs further schemes, 105 ; gives reluctant consent to the Resumption Bill, 108 ; reconciled to Princess Anne, 109 ; holds meetings of the Privy Council, 109, no; pressed to dismiss Lord Somers, 1 10, in; his interview with Lord Somers, 112 ; endeavours to replace Somers, 113 ; receives ambassadors, 115; confers the Garter on Albe- marle, 117; presses the Duke of Shrewsbury to retain office, 119; his dislike of England, 120 ; his dining room and his diet, 121 ; receives the Scotch commissioners, 122 ; his failing health, 123 ; consultation about his health, 124 ; drinks the juice of thirty hog-lice, 125 ; receives Locke, 125 ; his stomach out of order, 1 26 ; leaves England for Holland, 127; at the Banqueting House, 129; his device, 129 ; his return from Holland, 132 ; receives the Corporation of London, 133 ; interview with the Duke of Shrewsbury, 133 ; his dis- may at Louis XIV. accepting the King of Spain's will, 134; complains of English indifference to foreign affairs, 135 ; changes his ministers and dissolves Parliament, 136 ; his reception of the Comte de Tallard, 140-142 ; receives the envoy of the Emperor, 142 ; extraordinary doses taken by, 143 ; opens a new Parlia- ment, 144 ; his indignation against Rochester, 146 ; again in bad health, 147 ; remodels the Privy Gardens, 148 ; entertains the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, 149 ; his last journey to Holland, 149 ; arrives in England, 151 ; his triumphant reception, 152 ; receives scores of loyal addresses, 156 ; swelling of his legs, 156 ; hesi- tates to dissolve Parliament, 157; issues a proclamation dissolving Parliament, 158 ; his foreboding of his end, 159; continues to hunt in the Parks, 160 ; dosed with extra- ordinary concoctions, 161 ; removes to London, and comes down to hunt at Hampton Court, 163 ; falls from his horse, 164 ; taken to Kensington, 164 ; his broken bone set, 165 ; his fatal accident discussed, 165-168; place of his accident, 167, 168 ; his death, 169, 172 ; mentioned, 206, 2 39> 2 43 ; h' s stud, 335 ; orders a gratuity to the poor of Hampton parish, 353. William IV., as Duke of Clarence, made Keeper of the Chase of Hampton Court, i. 216; appointed Ranger of Bushey Park, iii. 302, 329 ; his ge- niality and jovial dinners, 330 ; his presidency of the " Toy Club," 330 ; his friends, 331 ; riding in Bushey Park, 332 ; accession of, 342 ; sends pictures to Hampton Court, 342 ; orders the repainting of the King's Great Staircase, 343 ; has the clock repaired, 344 ; sends a clock from St. James's Palace, 344 ; dines with his old friends, 346 ; puts their names into the warrants for apartments, 346; gives the Banqueting House to Sir James Reynett, 347 ; confers the Guelphic order on his old associates, 347 ; his death, 349 ; Lord Chamber- lains in his reign, 443. William V., Prince of Orange, Stadt- holder of Holland, iii. 205 ; his flight to England, 319 ; given apartments, 320 ; issues a proclamation from this Palace, 320 ; anecdotes of his resi- dence, 321 ; his apartments, 462, 485. Williams, Lord Keeper, ii. 101. Williams, Mr. Henry, priest, Wolsey's surveyor of the works, i. 25 ; Henry VIII.'s, 156, 157. O O 562 History of Hampto?i Court Palace. Willis, Mrs. Flora, iii. 468. Wilmot, Mrs., iii. 479. Wilson, Rev. D., denounces Hampton Court as a " hell upon earth," iii. 365. Wilton, ii. 6. Wiltshire, Earl of, i. 186. Wiltshire, Paulet, Earl of, i. 257. Winchester, i. 158, 353. Winchester, Bishop of, Fox, i. 14 ; Wolsey, 19, 34; Bilson, ii. 33, 36; mentioned, 78. Winchester College, i. 9. Winchester, Corporation of, iii. 154. Winchester, Marquis of. See Wiltshire, Paulet, Earl of. Windebank's, Secretary, his With- draw ing-roome, ii. 296. Windham, Mr., iii. 260. Window carpets, i. 69. Windows in the Tudor Palace, i. 26, 27, 160; of the Great Hall, 348-351 ; of the Chapel, 359. Windsor Castle, i. 1 ; French ambas- sadors visit, 1 10; Holbein's drawings at, 197 n. ; mentioned, 252 ; Edward VI.'s dislike of, 253 n. ; Queen Eliza- beth at, 316 ; mentioned, 326 ; Eliza- beth's costly furniture in, 329 ; men- tioned, 336 ; Charles I. at, ii. 98, 99, 129 ; Charles 1 1, at, 209 ; picture of, by Danckers, 218 n. ; canopy from, 257 ; mentioned, iii. 10 ; the Guard Chamber at, decorated with arms, 65, 88 ; clerk of the works at, 83 ; Queen Anne at, 170, 171, 180; per- sons irregularly lodged in, 233 ; Raphael's cartoons removed to, 294 ; George III. at, 322 ; George IV. re- moves statues and vases to, 340 ; pictures sent from, 342 ; Princess Frederica married in, 446. Windsor, chalk from, i. 30; Dean of, iii. 315; races at, 422. Windsor Forest, i. 135, 212. Windsor, St. ( leorge's ( Impel, canopies of (he stalls in, i. 184 ; Jane Seymour buried in, 195 ; Knights of the Garter installed in, iii. 1 17. Wingrave, in Buckinghamshire, i. 196. Winsloo, Simon, ferryman, ii. 311. Wirtemberg, Frederick, Duke of, visits Hampton Court, i. 326 ; hunts in the Park, 327 ; his description of the Palace, 328, 329, ii. 70, 72 n. Wise, Henry, gardener to William and Mary, iii. 20 ; his style of gardening, 72, 73, 76 ; lays out avenues in Bushey Park, 78 ; remakes the Privy Garden, 127, 137, 148; plants lime- trees in the Home Park, 137 ; his account of works done by him in 1699, 436. Wisely, manor of, included in the chase of Hampton Court, i. 214. Wissing, William, his portrait of Queen Mary, iii. 31. Withdrawing Room, Wolsey's, i. 33 ; Anne Boleyn's, 176 ; Charles I.'s, ii. 278, 283. Withipole, SirTh. and Lady, ii. 77 n. Woburn, iii. 119. Wodehouse, Mrs. Edwin, iii. 481. Wodehouse, Rev. Philip Cameron, Chaplain, iii. 450, 454. Wodlonde, Robert, carpenter, i. 351. Wolley, Mrs., iii. 468. Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal, i. 2, 15 ; acquires a lease of the manor of Hampton Court, 16 ; motives that led him to choose it, 17; consults physicians, 18 ; his enormous re- venues and wealth, 19 ; becomes Grand Almoner, 19 ; Bishop of Lin- coln, of Tournay in Fiance, and Archbishop of York, 19 ; Abbot of St. Albans, Bishop of Durham, W'ini hester, Bath, Worcester, ami Hereford, i<; ; made Cardinal, lord Chancellor, and Legate a latere, 20 ; his school at Ipswich, college at Oxford, and palace in London, 20 ; his orchard, moat, and gardens, 21 ; his cross of black Li irks, 21 ; his sanitary arrange- ments, 22 ; procures the purest water attainable, 22 ; his water-houses at Index. Coombe, 23 ; his leaden pipes, 24 ; his architect, 25 ; his paymaster and surveyor of the works, 25 ; his style of architecture, 26 ; west front of his palace, 27 ; his gatehouse, 27 ; his guest chamber, 30; receives Henry VIII. and Catharine of Arragon, 30 ; surprised by Henry VIII., 31 ; Henry VIII.'s regard for him, 32 ; banquets to ambassadors and royal guests, 2>3 ! grand masques and masquerades, 33; Esherlent to him, 34 ; retires to Hampton Court, 35 ; pestered by suitors, 36 ; importuned in his park, 37 ; attacked by the sweating sickness, 37 ; his precau- tions, 2>7 ; difficulty of access to him, 38 ; refuses audience to various people, 37, 38 ; " not at leisure," 38 ; satirized by Skelton, 38 ; holds an orange to his nose, 39 ; his im- periousness, 40 ; transported with anger, 40 ; seizes the Papal Nuncio, 40 ; his impatience of folly, 40 ; out- bursts of irritation, 41 ; his feeble health, 41 ; suffers from stone and dropsy, 41 ; has the sweating sick- ness, the ague, quinsey, and colic, 42 ; Henry VIII.'s affection for, 42 ; no time for recreation, 42 ; his im- paired digestion, 43 ; eats meat in Lent, 43 ; Henry VIII. walks arm in arm with him, 43 ; his devotion to Henry VIII., 44; his fearless ad- ministration of justice, 44 ; makes a prolonged stay at Hampton Court, 45 ; writes to Francis I., 45 ; extent of his palace, 45, 46, 49 ; exterior of his rooms in the Clock Court, 48 ; bedrooms for his household, 49 ; his galleries, offices, and chapel, 49 ; employs Italian artists, 50; hismotto, 51, 54, 60 ; his arms in terra cotta, 51 ; his coat-of-arms satirized, 52 ; his Cardinal's hat, 52, and see Car- dinal's Hat ; decoration of his rooms, 53 ; his closet, 53, 54 ; his rooms in the Clock Court, 55 ; ceil- 563 ings of his rooms, 55 ; his 280 beds for strangers, 56 ; his furniture, 57 ; his purchases of tapestry, 58 ; his arms in tapestry, 60 ; his lesser dining chamber, 60 ; satirized by Skelton, 61, 62, 63 ; his Triumphs, 63 ; his tapestries satirized by Skel- ton, 66 ; his cloth of gold hangings for his closet, 68 ; his cloths of state, 68 ; his carpets and " traverses," 69 ; receives a present of carpets from Venetian merchants, 70 ; his oak- panelled room, 70 ; more superb furniture, 72 ; hisbeds,73; inventory of his furniture and goods, 72 ; his beds, 72> ! counterpanes, &c, 72, ; his own bed — mattresses, pillow-cases, blankets, sheets, 74 ; his gorgeous bedsteads, 75 ; sketch of him in bed, 75 ; his chairs and cushions, 76, 77 ; his chests and cupboards, 78 ; his andirons, 78; his "napcry," 79 ; his armoury, 79 ; his chapel, 80 ; his jewellery and plate, 80, 82 ; his ring, 81 ; his household and retinue, 83 ; officers of his hall, kitchens, and offices, 84 ; of his stud, 84 ; his mules, 85 ; attendants in his chapel and choir, 86 ; personal attendants, 86 ; his retinue as Lord Chancellor, 87 ; his life at Hampton Court, 88 ; his dress, 88 ; his tailor's bill, 88 ; portrait of, 88 ; his galleries, 89 ; and gardens, 90 ; goes hunting, 91 ; his progresses, 91 ; his pillars and crosses, 92 ; riding on his mule, 93 ; his crosses and pillars, 93 n. ; his hat, 94 ; his barge, 94 ; receives visits from the ambassadors, 95 ; his genius for foreign politics, 96 ; his omni- potence, 97 ; gives Hampton Court to Henry VIII., 99; negotiates a treaty between Henry VIII. and Francis I., 100, 101 ; his arms, 102 ; his treaty with France, 103 ; his grand entertainment to the French embassy, 104 ; his cellars, 105 ; his chamber of presence, 105 ; his plate, 5^4 History of Hampton Court Palace. 105 ; banquet to the French em- bassy, 107 ; comes in " booted and spurred," 107 ; drinks Henry VIII. 's health, 108 ; his hospitality, 1 10 ; offers Warham lodgings in his palace, 113; visited by the ambassadors, 113 ; danger of attack from the sweating sickness, 114; Henry VIII. visits him, 116; leaves Hampton Court for ever, 117; his fall, 117; banished to Esher, 118, 123; falls ill, 118; receives tokens of goodwill from Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, 119; sent to his diocese of York, 119 ; his death, 120 ; estimate of his work, 120; his administration, 121 ; his death announced to Henry VI 1 1., 133 ; the ordinances of Eltham drawn up by him, 145, 157 ; his arms, 179 n. ; Nicholas Cratzer in- vited to England by him, 218; his stables, 315, 334 ; his lease of Hamp- ton Court, 340 ; his motto, ii. 66 n. ; his sanitary arrangements protect Hampton Court from the plague, 99 ; his tapestries sold by the Common- mealth, 165 ; his looking-glass, 166 ; wentioned, iii. 61 ; his lodgings, 100, 461 ; his supposed furniture and shoe, 325 ; his cypher, 391 ; his closet opened to the public, 392. " Woodcock's Little Game," a farce, iii. 421. Woods and Forests, Office of, iii. 411. Woodstock, i. 196 n. ; the Princess Elizabeth at, 264, 265, 271. Woodyard, the, i. 370. Wool, English, i. 73. Woolmer, Mr., ii. 273. Woolnough, Joshua, ii. 274, 275. Woolwich, Charles II. at, ii. 248. Worcester, battle of, ii. 169, 196. Worcester, Bishop of, Wolsey, i. 19 ; Babington, ii. 23 ; Maddox, iii. 236. Worcester College, Oxford, Library of, ii. 91. Worcester, Ear! of, i. 309 ; ii. 84, 85. Worcester, Ecdcs, Dean of, ii. }^. Worcester House, ii. 274. Worcester, Lord, ii. 24 ; letter of, 27, 28, 29. Wordsworth, William, visits Hampton Court, iii. 334. Workmen employed at Hampton Court by Henry VIIL, i. 158; wages of, 345, et passim. Works, Board and Office of, go ghost- hunting, i. 198 ; disclaim control over the spirit world, ii. 159, 160; their "tiresome apathy," 160 ; plans of the Palace at the, iii. 7 ; ordered to inquire into an accident, 24 ; old drawing of the South Front in the, 47 ; mentioned, 57 ; old plans in the, 76, 79, 81 ; their jealousy of the Lord Chamberlain, 86 ; score one in the contest, 87 ; reports of the, 100, 106; order a new fountain to play in honour of George I., 202 ; report on ThornhilPs ceiling, 206 ; charges of jobbery against, 229 ; Wren dis- missed from the, 227 ; Benson dis- missed from the, 231 ; jurisdiction over the Palace of the, 410-413. Works, clerk of the, Wolsey's, i. 25 ; Henry VIII.'s, 154 ; his lodgings in Charles I.'s time, ii. 265 ; charged with "abominable cheats," iii. 232; zeal of Mr. Chart, the present, 385. Works, comptroller of the, Wolsey's, i. 25 ; Henry VIII.'s, 155. Works, paymaster of the, Wolsey's, i. 25 ; Henry VIII.'s, 156; in Queen Anne's time, iii. 206 n. Works, surveyor-general of the, his lodgings in Charles I.'s time, ii. 265 ; holders of the office of, iii. 226 ; former official residence of, 227. Works, surveyor of the, Wolsey's, i. 25 ; in Henry VI I I.'s time, 156; in Queen Victoria's, sec Lcssels, Mr. Wortley-Montagu, Lady Mary, iii. 221, 253. Wratislaw, Count, ambassador from tin* Emperor, received by William III., iii. 142. Index. 565 Wraxall, Nathaniel, his account of George II., iii. 284. Wren, Sir Christopher, i. 2 ; his colon- nade, 48 ; demolishes Henry VIII. 's state apartments, 176, 205 ; his plans for a new palace, 202 n. ; designs the new State Apartments, iii. 5 ; his plans overruled by William III., 6; his " Parentalia," 7 ; his new State Apart- ments, 17 ; his papers in All Souls College, 17 ; ground-plan of his buildings, 19 ; ordered to report on an accident at the works, 24 ; at- tacked by Talman, 25 ; his salary, 26 ; decorates the Water Gallery for Queen Mary, 28 ; consults Queen Mary in his designs, 38 ; general aspect of his new building, 42-45 ; his East Front, 43 ; his South Front, 44 ; his cloister, 46 ; his colon- nade, 47 ; his plan of the elevation of the South Front, 47 ; employs Gib- bons on the works, 5 1 ; grand master of the Freemasons, 63 ; his interest- ing estimate for fitting the inside of the State Rooms, 64-66 ; papers and plans of, 81 ; his extensive schemes for Hampton Court, 81 ; Talman's hostility against, 82 ; his letter re- futing charges against himself, 83 ; designs a gallery for Raphael's Car- toons, 85 ; success of his State Apart- ments, 90 ; his report on Talman's estimate, 96, 97 ; builds the Banquet- ing House, 127, 128; his report on Verrio's petition for cash, 173; his projected grand north entrance, 200 ; reports on ThornhilPs petition for payment, 206 ; his post of surveyor- general, 226 ; dismissed from his office, 227 ; retires to his house on the Green, 227 ; his son Christopher, 228 ; pretext for his dismissal, 229 ; his dignified letter of protest, 230 ; his vindication, 23 1 ; his death, 232 ; men- tioned, 243, 245, 331 ; his studio, 476. Wright, John, of South Mimms, free- mason, i. 158, 346, 347. Wright, Mrs. Lucy, iii. 459. Wright, Sir Nathan, made Lord Keeper, iii. 114, 115 ; mentioned, 157. Wrighte, Mrs. Barbara, iii. 461. Writing closet, King's, iii. 66 ; de- scribed, 99. Wyatt, James, surveyor-general of the Board of Works in George III.'s time, iii. 226 ; restores the Great Hall, 324. Wyatt, Mr., iii. 489. Wyatt, Mrs., iii. 488. Wyatt, Sir Thomas, i. 163, 168 n. Wyck, believed to have painted the Queen's Great Staircase, iii. 245. Wyk, Walter, and his wife Matilda, i. 12. Wylde, Sir William, Recorder of Lon- don, ii. 211. Wynch, Mrs., iii. 468. Wyndham, Mrs., iii. 486. Wynegaarde, Antonius van dc, draw- ings of the palace by, i. 136, 203 J> 205, 212 n. Yares, Tobyas, ii. 307. Yarmouth, Lady, George II.'s mis- tress, iii. 283 ; plays cards with the King, 284. "Yellow Roses," a play, iii. 3S4. Yeo, Miss, iii. 471. York, Wolsey's diocesan palace at, i. 17 ; Wolsey banished to, 119; con- ference at, 302 ; corporation of, iii. 154. York, Archbishop of, Wolsey, 1. 16, 18, 25 ; arms of the, 60, jy ; Hutton, ii. 32 ; mentioned, iii. 7. York, Duchess of, pays her respects to Catherine of Braganza, ii. 210; re- ceives the Queen Dowager, 240 ; commissions Lely to paint the beauties of the Court, 246 ; her " fine white fat hand," 248 ; her bedcham- ber, 311 ; mentioned, iii. 30. York, James, Duke of, ii. 153 ; pays his respects to Catherine of Bra- ganza, 210; receives his mother, 5 66 History of Hampton Court Palace. 240 ; with Charles II., 245, 248, 249, 253 ; bill for the exclusion of, 253, 254 ; and see James II. York, Duke of, George III.'s son, his stud in the Park, iii. 335 ; his apart- ments, 469. York, Elizabeth of, her visit to Hamp- ton Court, i. 14. York Place, Wolsey's palace at, i. 17, 20,97; Henry VHP's books at, 141 ; and see Whitehall. Young, Rev. Julian, chaplain of the palace, iii. 348, 349. Young, Sir Charles, acts at Hampton Court, iii. 385. Young, Thomas, Keeper and Chief Steward, &c, of Hampton Court, iii. 181. Younger, Miss, the actress, iii. 223. Zinzerling, Justus, his description of the Palace, i. 335 ; ii. 68, 72. Zucchero, Frederico, his portraits of Queen Elizabeth, i. 297, 336. ClllbWICK l'KESS: — UIAKLBS Willi IK. I. HAM AND CO., TOOKS COIKT, CHANLIiKY LANK. Uniform with the present volume. THE HISTORY OF HAMPTON COURT PALACE VOL. I. IN TUDOR TIMES; AND VOL. II. IN STUART TIMES. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " Although Mr. Law's narrative is based upon patient archaeological inves- tigations, he has succeeded in avoiding all dulness of detail, and has presented us with a succession of vivid pictures of courtly life in England under the rule of the magnificent Tudors." — The Times. " He possesses a rare faculty for unearthing from dusty piles of old manu- scripts and faded parchments, facts and fancies relating to Hampton Court, that under his magic touch form themselves into the shape and sequence of a continuous story. . . . He makes the very walls to speak and the stones to cry out, and he marshals his incidents and arranges his figures with consummate skill. Mr. Law's book occupies a position of unique importance." — Morning Post. " It is seldom that one comes across so satisfactory a combination of research and recital. . . . Mr. Law has spared no pains in the collection of facts, and shown no little skill in his treatment of them." — The Academy. " Mr. Law's work, by adding the charm of historical association to so many nooks and corners of the buildings, has greatly increased the pleasure of a visit." — Saturday Review. "A story which reads like the stately portions of ' Kenilworth' — a splendid record of royal banqueting and processions, of princely extravagancies, of the romance that accompanies even the ceremony of Court life, of secret happen- ings and dark tragedies, true things stranger than fiction." — Literary World. " Tastefully got up, pleasantly written, and liberally illustrated." — Spectator. " Claims the particular gratitude of the antiquarian, the architect, and the historical reader." — Daily Telegraph. " Picturesque and stately as was the sketch of Tudor Times, the second volume gives a no less imposing view of the Stuarts. — Daily Chronicle. " Mr. Law's pages seem to glow with purple and gold ; and if mere words would dazzle, this description of Wolsey's life at Hampton Court would throw the rest of the book into obscurity." — St. James's Gazette. " A model of all that a book of the sort should be. . . . Mr. Law has no small historical gift. . . . He tells us facts, not tiresomely, but covering their dry bones with the clothing of pleasant gossip." — Pall Mall Gazette. " The charming manner in which the author avoids dulness and longwinded- ness ; the thorough mastery of the subjects, architectural and archaeological, discussed throughout, render it very readable. . . . The book may be regarded as a very model." — Vanity Fair. " It is scarcely possible to praise too highly the skill and industry which Mr. Law has given to his task. . . . The narrative has all the interest of a romance. . . . Well written, admirably illustrated, and excellently printed, the book is one which it is a pleasure to read and a pleasure to praise." — Graphic. "A work of great historic and artistic interest and importance." — The World. " No dull pages in the book." — The Scotsman. " A delightful book." — Manchester Guardian. " Good and scholarly work." — The Guardian. "A carefully and brightly written narrative." — Illustrated London News. " The work is altogether one of absorbing interest." — The Queen. " Brimful of interest." — Court Journal. " Vastly more interesting than most good novels." — The Magazine oj Art. "A really delightful history." — The Bookseller. " Full of curious information and personal anecdote." — Surrey Comet. " A most interesting record of a most interesting building." — The Builder. "The work lias been thoroughly well done. . . . Mr. Law has proved himself admirably qualified for his important task. He has brought to the work all the industry and patience, the accurate habits and conscientious care necessary for ,1 record of this kind. ... A vast amount of valuable material has tlius been brought together, and, what is more, so well arranged and sifted as to form a vivid and |ik turesque narrative of Hamilton Court from first to last." — Church Quarterly. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. flllWQl ■aw < lofnia. 1.0$ Angeles III | || II II II IN L 006 377 102 6 ( UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY ii mil i ii iiiii iiiii inn mi i ii iiiii iiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiini AA 000 392 941 ii ii i i 1 'VWrtV'