1 1 I 5 I 9 U, S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OK SOILS. DIL SURVEY FIELD BOOK. 10O0. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OK SOILS. SOIL SURVEY FIELD BOOK. SIE^A-SOIST, 1QO6. 19O6. JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. 8. 1 8 15 22 29 M. a 9 1G 23 30 T, 3 10 17 24 31 W. 4 11 18 25 T. 5 12 19 20 F, 6 13 20 27 s. 7 l\ 28 S. M. T. W. 1 8 15 22 29 T. 8 9 16 23 30 F. 3 10 17 24 31 S, 4 11 18 25 S. M. T, W, T. F. S. 1 8 15 22 29 i 12 10 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 81 28 8 9 16 23 30 8 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 1 ! i C 1 8 15 22 29 CTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER. 7 14 21 28 I 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 G 13 20 27 1 8 15 2 29 2 9 1C 23 30 8 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 4 11 18 25 5 12 ID 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 2 9 16 23 30 8 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 6 12 19 26 ' 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 i 1907. 8. JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH. M. T. W. T. F, S. B. M, T. W. T. F. S, S. M, T. W. T. F. 8. 9 16 23 1 8 15 22 29 2 e 1C 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 * 18 19 1 8 15 2 2 9 16 23 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 7 14 81 28 8 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 2G 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 8 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 APRIL. MAY. JUNE. "V 14 1 28 1 8 15 89 29 2 9 1G ss so 3 4 10 11 17 18 24 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 1 8 15 22 29 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 2 3 9 10 16 17 23 24 30 ... 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER. . i 7 8 14 15 .1 22 23 9 2 3 9 10 16 17 23 24 30 31 4 11 13 25 5 6 12 13 19 20 26 27 1 8 15 22 29 B 1C 23 30 8 10 17 24 31 1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 30 10 17 24 4 11 18 26 S 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 14 21 1 28 4 11 13 25 5 12 ID 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 BE OCTOBER. NOVEM R. DECEMBER. 1 8 15 22 9 2 B 1G 23 30 3 4 10 11 17 18 24 25 31 ... 6 12 18 86 1 8 15 22 89 8 9 1G 23 30 1 8 15 22 29 2 1G 23 30 8 10 17 21 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 2G 6 7 13 14 20 21 27 28 6 7 13 14 20 21 27 28 3 10 17 24 4 11 1G 25 5 12 19 2G 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 PREFACE. Two years have elapsed since, the publication of the last issue of Instructions to Field Parties and Description of Soil Types. During these years the soils of many new areas have been studied and much additional information in regard to the general relation of the soils of the United States has been obtained. The correlation of the soils is a very difficult problem, and one which can not be definitely solved from the data obtained by the survey of a limited number of widely separated areas. Each additional survey throws new light upon the subject, and sometimes necessitates changes in the soil names used in the earlier reports. The student of soils will doubtless realize that the necessity for such readjustments is an inherent feature of work , of this character. Appreciating the importance of the proper correlation of the soils, Messrs. Macy H. Lapham, Charles N. Mooney, J. E. Lapham, and Hugh II. Bennett field men of wide experience were detailed to assist Messrs. George N. CofFey and Jay A. Bonsteel in the revision of this publication. This committee has gone carefully over the reports of all the areas that have been surveyed, compared the descriptions and analyses of the soils, and made such changes as were necessary to bring each soil into its proper place in the classification. Every change made is believed to l>e a step in advance, no step has been taken except after the most careful consideration of all the questions involved, and it is l>elieved that the subject has been handled in a conservative way. The present volume is definitive of the state of knowledge at the time of its- issuance. However, the collection of data is going on and a fuller understanding of soil relationships is l>eing gained as area after area is mapped. It follows that some changes in the present classi- fication will yet l>e found advisable, and these will l>e made as their need U'comes apparent. In this way, and only in this way, can a uniform and consistent exposition of the wonderfully varied soil resources of the country IK- ultimately accomplished. MII.TON WHITNEY, Chief of Bureau. WASHINGTON, I). C., May 24, MM. 3 CONTENTS. Page. Directions for surveying soils: Organization of field party " 7 Fit-Id outfit 7 Base map 8 Plane-table traversing 8 Odometer 9 Field and office maps 11 Abbreviations 11 Determining soil types 11 Outlining soil boundaries 12 Naming soil types 13 Samples for laboratory examination 14 Classification of soils 15 Soil type 16 Soil class 16 Soil series 19 Instructions for estimating and mapping alkali 24 Electrolytic determination of total salts 24 Principles of electrolytic determination 24 Instructions for operating the electrolytic bridge 24 Reduction of resistances to a temperature of 00 V . . . . 26 Concentration intervals 30 Average standardization 30 Directions for making standardizations 31 Alkali majw 33 Principles of alkali mapping 33 Methods of sampling 34 Total alkali maps 35 Determination of carlnmatcs, bicarl>onates, and chlo- rides in soils 35 Black alkali maps 36 5 6 Contents. Page. Determination of total salts in water 37 Determination of carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides in waters 39 Instructions for qualitative determination of alkali salts 39 Calcium 39 Magnesium 39 Sodium and potassium 40 Chlorides 40 Sulphates 40 Carbonates 40 Bicarbonates 40 Nitrates 40 Apparatus and reagents required 41 Collection of laboratory samples 41 Reports 41 Correspondence and weekly report 41 Form of a soil survey report 42 Outline of soil survey report 43 Descriptions of established soil types 44 Index of soil types, arranged alphabetically 279 Index of soil types, arranged by groups and series 293 Index of soil types by States 305 References to Soil Survey Reports 317 ILLUSTRATION, Page. FIG. 1 . Chart of equal magnetic declinations 4 SOIL SURVEY FIELD BOOK. DIBECTIONS FOB SURVEYING SOILS. Organization of field party. A field party in the soil survey usually consists of two men, an assistant in charge of party and a field assistant. The assistant in charge of party is responsible for the field work of the party, for the preparation of reports and maps, for the carrying on of all necessary correspondence, for the payment of all field expenses, and for the forwarding of monthly expense accounts to headquarters. The field assistant will perform all official duties required of him by the assistant in charge. Field outfit. The outfit for field work consists of the following: Soil auger, 40-inch. Geologist's hammer Notebooks. Compass or plane table. Odometer. Chain scale. Set of colored pencils. Base map. Sacks and tags (or collecting samples of soil. Cards for reporting samples collected (Forms 46, 47, 48). Requisition cards (Form 43). Copy of Soil Survey Field Book. In addition to the above certain parties should add: Alkali cut lii . Extension auger and pipe wrenches. Filter pump and screw-driver. Metallic tape 50 feet long. Mailing cases and water bottles. All supplies may be obtained on application to the property clerk of the Bureau, countersigned by the chief clerk. Memorandum receipts are taken by him for all supplies issued. Additional sup- plies, stationery, etc., needed while in the field should lx> ordered on card (Form 43). The loss of or damage to any supplies should be at once reported to the chief clerk, with an explanation of the cause of such loss or damage. 7 8 Soil Survey Field Boole. Base map. All mapping should be on a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile. Where possible base maps on this scale will be furnished all field par- ties before entering the area. Wherever such maps are supplied it is supposed that they are the most reliable and complete maps obtainable. Field parties should endeavor to correct the base map if it is found in error. Frequent check upon directions should be made with the compass, and all distances on roads are to be meas- ured with the odometer. Where minor errors are encountered in the base map which can not be corrected, the soil boundaries on the map should be so adjusted as to present a representation as nearly correct as possible, and note of such instances should be made so that in case a revised edition of the map is published the correction can be made without a resurvey of the soils. No attempt should be made to correct the contour lines on engraved topographic, sheets. Plane-table traversing. It is sometimes impossible to furnish the field party with a base map of proper accuiacy. In all such cases the party will be supplied with a plane-table outfit, and a traverse base map of the area should be constructed in the field by the soil- survey party. This traverse work should, however, be reduced to a minimum. In carrying on traverse work or surveying of any description the methods used, where possible, should conform to well established methods, such as are given in Wilson's Topographic Surveying. The base map should show roads, streams, towns, churches, school- houses, and in a sectionized country township and section lines. No attempt should be made to construct a general topographic map of the area, but distinct bluff or terrace lines or the occurrence of a hill in a generally level country, where these influence the distribu- tion of soil types, may be indicated by hachures. Public roads should be shown in double solid lines, secondary or private roads in double broken lines, trails in a single broken line, and soil bound- aries in a single dotted line. On tracing cloth copy single lines can be used for all roads. Secondary roads and trails should not be surveyed unless necessary in the location of soil boundaries. Roads and township and section lines should be drawn in black; streams and other water lines in blue. In order to orient plane-table maps to true north and south, the map on page 4 showing the lines of equal magnetic declination. Directions for Surveying Soils. 9 is given. The solid lines show equal declination and the dotted lines show equal annual change. The lines are moving westward, so that where the declination is east it decreases and where west it increases annually. Whenever it is not possible to determine the declination from the map with a fair degree of accuracy the party should consult the county surveyor, who can usually furnish this datum. When a large area is being surveyed it is especially desirable to do this, as the declination may vary considerably between the eastern and western parts of the survey. True north should be shown on the margin of all maps. Odometer. The Bell odometer has been adopted for use in all measurements. The instrument should be clamped to the axle of the vehicle and the iron pin driven in the end of the hub and bent so that as the wheel revolves the end of the pin just strikes the swell of the cogwheel on the odometer. The red hand revolves once every mile, giving the fractions of a mile, each space representing one- fortieth of a mile, or 8 rods. Each revolution of the red hand moves the yellow hand one space, representing the miles up to 40 in one revolution around the dial, and shown by the inside figures. Each revolution of the yellow hand moves the black hand one space, each space representing 40 miles, and shown by the outside figures. The sum of the indications of the three hands gives the mileage. Each odometer is adapted to but one sized wheel. In case it is impossible to obtain a vehicle with a wheel of the proper size for the odometer in use the readings must be corrected in order to read miles. Should any other sized wheel be used the following formula will enable the proper correction to lie made: Where r is distance traversed in fortieths of a mile, d is the diame- ter of the wheel to IK' used, er of dial divisions as read from odometer. The instruments furnished by this Bureau are nearly all adapted to a 42-inch wheel. The following table will enable the pro|x>r cor- rection to be rnude when any other than a 42-inch wheel is used. The figures in the first column an- the dial divisions as rend from the odometer, and the figures in the other columns give the distance traveled in fortieths of a mile. Chain scales divided into forty parts 10 Soil S-iwvey Field Book. to an inch are supplied for convenience in platting distances as meas- ured or calculated in this table. Table for reducing odometer readings to fortieths of a mile. Dial divisions. Chain scale divisions for wheels of different diame- ters inches. 9 10 ; n... 12 13 ' 14 i 15 ' 10... 17 : 18 ; 19 20 ' 21 22 23 24 25 26... 27 28 29 30... 31 32 33 34 35 36. 37 38. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45... 0.9 1.7 2.6 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.4 10.3 11.1 12.0 12.9 13.7 14.6 15.4 16.3 17.1 18.0 19.0 19.7 20.6 21.4 22.3 23.1 24.0 24.9 25.7 26.6 27.4 28.3 29. 1 30.0 30.9 31.7 32.6 33.4 34.3 35.1 36.0 36.9 37.7 38.6 37 38 39 40 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.8 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.7 12.1 12.4 12.3 12.6 13.0 13.3 13.2 13.5 13.9 14.3 14.1 14.4 14.8 15.2 14.8 15.3 15.8 16.2 15.9 16.3 ' 16.7 17.1 16.7 17.2 17.6 18.1 17.6 18.1 18.6 19.1 18. 51 19. ! 19. 5 20.0 19. 4 i 19. 9 20. 4 20.9 20. 3 20. 8 21.3 21.9 21.1 21. 7 22. 3 22.8 22.0 22.6 i 23.2 23.8 22. 9 i 23. 5 24. 1 24.7 23. 8 ' 24. 4 . 25. 1 25.7 24. 7 : 25. 3 26. 26.6 25. 5 26. 2 : 26. 9 27.6 26. 4 27. 1 I 27. 8 28.6 27.3 ; 28.0 i 28.8 29.5 28.2 28.9 29.7 30.4 29. 1 i 29.8 30. 6 31.4 29. 9 30. 7 31.6 32.4 30. 8 31. 6 32.5 33.3 31.7 ! 32.5 33.4 34.3 32.6 33.4 34.3 35.2 33. 5 34.4 35.3 36.2 34.4 35.3 36.2 37.1 35.2 36.2 37.1 38.1 36.1 37.1 38.0 39.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 37.9 38.9 39.9 40.9 38.8 39.8 40.8 41.9 39.7 40.7 41.8 42.8 41 1.0 2.0 2.9 3.9 4.9 10.7 11.7 12.7 13.7 14.6 15.6 16.6 17.6 18.5 19.5 20.5 21.4 22.4 23.4 24.4 25.4 26.4 27.3 28.3 29.3 30.3 31.2 32.2 33.2 34.2 35.1 36.1 37.1 38.1 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 42.9 43:9 1.0 2.0 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.2 9.2 10.2 11.3 12.3 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.4 17.4 18.4 19.4 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5 24.5 25.6 26.6 27.6 28.6 29.7 30.7 31.7 32.7 33.8 34.8 35.8 36.8 37.9 38.9 39.9 40.9 41.9 43.0 44.0 45.0 46.0 44 1.0 2.1 3.1 4.2 5.2 6.3 7.3 8.4 9.4 10.5 ; 11.5 i 12.6 ! 13.6 14.7 15.7 16.8 j 17.8 ; 18.8 19.9 20.9 , 22.0 i 23.0 24.1 j 25.1 i 26.2 ! 27.2 28.3 29.3 30.4 31.4 32.5 33.5 34.6 35.6 36.6 37.7 38.7 39.8 40.8 41.9 42.9 44.0 45.0 46.1 47.1 1.1 2.1 3.2 4.3 5.4 6.4 7.5 8.6 9.6 10.7 11.8 12.8 13.9 15.0 16.1 17.1 18.2 19.3 20.3 21.4 22.5 23.5 24.6 25.7 26.8 27.8 28.9 30.0 31.1 32.1 32.2 34.3 35.3 36.4 37.5 38.6 39.6 40.7 41.8 42.8 43.9 45.0 46.1 47.1 48.2 Directions for Surveying Soils. 11 Field and office maps. As soon as a section as large as 35 or 40 square miles has been surveyed, a copy or tracing of the map already finished, with soil legend attached, should be made and forwarded to the office, so that any accident which might happen to the original sheet would not destroy all record of the work. The sheets from which the map for publication are to be drawn should bo marked "correct." This "correct" map may be either the office copy or the field sheets, and care should be taken to see that all sheets join up, so that the work will be complete when assembled. Upon the completion of an area all maps, with complete legend and profile, all notebooks, plane-table sheets, and all other data collected during the survey, are to be forwarded to the Bureau. Abbreviations. In order to secure greater simplicity and uni- formity on the field maps, the abbreviations of the principal words used in describing the texture of soils are giyen below. These abbre- viations have been formed by taking the first letter, or in some cases the first two letters, of the word, asS. for sand and Si. for silt. When it is necessary to use more than one word to express the texture, the abbreviation for each word in the description should be given in the same order as the words: For example, the abbreviation for fine sandy loam should be written Fsl.: for sandy clay Sc. ; for stony sandy loam Stsl., etc. Stone St. Clay .C. llardpan.. .. Up. (J ravel ... . Gr. Peat ... . P. Light... .. ..Li. Sand S. Muck Mu. Heavy. II. 1 .1 i;i 1 11 L. Adol>e A. Silt.. ...Si. Shale... ...Sh. Determining soil types. -The soil type is the unit of soil classification. A type comprises all soil material in any region which is marked to cor- responding depths by identity or close similarity in texture, structure, organic matter content, and color, and by similarity of origin and of topography. A type comprises all soil material which may pro|>crly be included in one general description covering these points. In the humid regions the description covers the material to an average depth of 3 feet; in the arid regions to a depth of (5 feet. The average depth of the surface soil and its relationship to the subsoil should !< included in the general description. If the material changes, either- in the sur- face soil or in the subsoil, enough to afTcct definitely plant growth, the character of this change should l>e noted, and if the soil material in 12 Soil Survey Field Book. which it occurs is of sufficient extent it should be classed as a separate type. When minor differences of texture, structure, organic matter con- tent, or succession of materials occur in the soil sections representing single areas of 10 acres or more, such variations may he described in the report as phases. Such phase descriptions should always be sub- ordinated to the description of the type of which they form variations. While it is not desirable to make more types than is absolutely necessary, still every distinct type should be recognized, described, and mapped. There will, of course, be some local variation in the type, and where there is serious doubt as to the advisability of sepa- rating the soil material into two types the separation should be made, as doubtful types can be more easily combined than separated without further field work. While agricultural value should be considered in the mapping of soils, it can not always be used as a safe guide in separating the soil into differ- ent types. Marked differences in the appearance and productiveness of the same type of soil have been observed in different areas, due not to any inherent difference in the character of the soil but to the employ- ment of better and more thorough methods of cultivation on some parts than on others. Where these differences can be eliminated by the employment of similar methods of treatment, the soils should be mapped as the same type, although their present yields are very different. Outlining soil boundaries. Make preliminary borings in sufficient number to outline the location of a considerable body of soil material of uniform character. Record the general description of one or more bor- ings. Select a color to represent this description and color in so much of the map as undoubtedly corresponds with the description. Work away from this identified area until soil materials are found which manifestly do not fit the former description. Select a second color for this new set of soil characteristics and color in on the map only where the new material undoubtedly occurs. Work in between the areas of the two types thus established until a zone or line is found where all material on one side becomes increasingly characteristic of the one type and on the other side of the other type. Draw a line on the map to represent this line or to represent the center of the zone of gradation of soil characteristics. This line will constitute a soil boundary. It is well to remember that, in mapping on a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile, an ordinary Directions for Surveying Soils. 13 pencil or pen line one one-hundredth of an inch wide on the paper repre- sents a width of nearly 53 feet on the ground. Soil variations occur- ring in areas smaller than 10 acres can not usually be represented, since a square on the map one-eighth of an inch on each side repre- sents 10 acres on the ground, and smaller areas can not well be printed from engraved stones. Naming soil types. The type names employed by this Bureau con- sist of two essential parts: First, the descriptive or class name, such as sand, loam, or clay: second, a series or locality name, such as Miami, Marshall, or Norfolk. The descriptive part is to distinguish between soils of different classes or texture, while the series or locality part is used to distinguish between soils of the same class or texture, but differing materially with respect to origin, structure, organic-matter content, essential coloring, or other important characteristics. The type name covers the entire profile. Where there occurs, as a sul)soil, material which if exposed at the surface would be called Fresno sand, for instance, it is not proper to speak of this subsoil as Fresno sand, but as material which gives rise to the Fresno sand when exposed at the surface. Wherever the soil section is essentially modified by the presence of material of a different texture, so as to lose its identity, another soil type should be established. Thus, a section which showed from 6 to 15 inches of silt underlain by sand would be classed as a distinct type, although the underlying sand iriight be identical with the material of some other sandy type. In this book is given a concise description of all the types of soil recognized by this Bureau up to December 31, 1905. In establishing types in each area this list should l>e carefully consulted. The field men will be held accountable for the recognition of all well-established soil types and for all possible correlations of soils in their areas with types already established. Provisional names should only be used in case of serious doubt or in the case of types which are known to be new. As soon as a thorough acquaintance with the type conditions has been obtained, a description of so general a nature that it will apply to the entire type should l>e sent in on Form 46. This type description should In- made of every soil found in the area, whether it is correlated with a soil occurring in another area, or is recognized as a new type. Wherever a type is encountered the identity of which is uncertain, ihe lx*st possible suggestions should ! made as to its correlation and a provisional name given it pending the determination of the exact 14 Soil Survey Field Book. place which the type occupies in the soil classification, and this name should be used in all subsequent correspondence in regard to the area. If for any reason the type name is changed after a sample has been sent in, the old name should be given in parentheses on label and card after the new or substituted name. A soil, to be correlated with a type, must conform to it in certain broad, general features, but may differ from it in some details which do not greatly affect the crop value. The descriptions of the soil types given in this publication must be taken as the definition of the general average of the type; and it must be remembered that certain minor variations, such as are frequently called phases, may occur in different areas. In the selection of local names for new or doubtful types the series relationship should be expressed in so far as it is known to exist. For example, soils found in a river bottom which differ only in texture should be classed in the same series. The same local name should not be employed for soils of different texture when no series relationship exists between them. Samples for laboratory examination. To avoid unnecessary work and to prevent overcrowding of the laboratory force, it will be neces- sary to use care and judgment in the selection of Camples for mechanical or chemical examination. As soon as a thorough acquaintance with the type conditions has been obtained, one preliminary sample of each doubtful type should be sent in for mechanical analyses, using the red tag for this and no other purpose, as an aid in determining the proper classification and correla- tion of the type. The analyses of these preliminary samples will be included in the report, together with those of samples collected later. After the work has progressed sufficiently to insure a thoroughly representative set, a limited number of samples from not exceeding three places (including the preliminary samples) in each important soil type, and limited to one or two localities in the case of less important types, should be collected. The individual samples should be described on Form 47, one card being used for each sample, whether of a surface soil or a subsoil, and each sample should be designated by the name adopted for the type. This card (Form 47) should be sent in at the same time as the sample. Where the subsoil consists of two or more layers of entirely different texture, a separate sample of each layer should be taken. The samples should be taken, as far as practicable, Classification of Soils. 15 when the soil is in good physical condition. When heavy clay soils are sent in a wet condition the samples dry into hard lumps, which can be crushed only with great difficulty. In the correlation of the soils much importance is given to the sam- ples, and great care is enjoined upon those in charge of parties to see that the samples are representative in every respect. The samples should be taken to represent the type as defined, and not with a view of showing all the different phases. Samples should not be located by towns outside of the area being surveyed. As it is sometimes desirable to know the exact location where a sample was taken, the location should be indicated on the field copy of the map by a small "s." A separate card (Form 48) is provided for miscellaneous samples, such as marl, minerals, crusts, and plants, and in all cases such samples should be fully described, and the kind and purpose of the examination desired should be clearly stated. Often a qualitative examination will answer if the purpose of the work is known, and thus the long and tedi- ous process of a complete chemical analysis may be avoided. Care in attending to these details will insure the greatest accuracy and the earliest completion of the work, so that the results may be available as soon as possible, preferably before the party leaves the district. Write all cards and tags on samples of soil in ink, as pencil rubs badly and is sometimes illegible when received in the office. CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS. While the classification of the soils within a given area must necessa- rily be determined in the field by the men who are actually engaged in the mapping of the area, the broader relationships between the soils of different areas must be taken up at the Bureau, where all of the infor- mation concerning the various areas is available and where the decision must !>: made as to what constitutes the general average of the tvpc. The determination of the true relationships of the soils of different areas is a very difficult problem, and it is essential that the field men give all possible assistance in this work. In order that they may be in a jxxi- tion to render the l>est assistance in the solution of this problem, an out- line of the general plan of classification, with a brief discussion of th<> principles ii|>on which this arrangement is made, is given. 16 Soil Survey Field Book. Soil type. The fundamental unit in mapping and classifying soils is the type. In the determination of a type of soil there are many fac- tors to be considered. Among the most important are the texture, which deals with the size of the particles, the structure, which deals with the arrangement, the organic-matter content, origin, color, depth, drainage, topography, native vegetation, and natural productiveness. The classification is based primarily upon the physical properties, but all factors that influence the relation of soils to crops, so far as their influence can be determined, are taken into consideration. Many of the soil types in a given locality have been formed by the same general processes, and they will necessarily grade one into another in respect to all characteristics. Soil class. Soil types, which constitute the units of soil classifica- tion, may be grouped in different ways. As soils are made up of parti- cles of different sizes, they may be grouped according to the relative proportions of the particles of different sizes which they contain. This grouping is known as the soil class, and is based on texture. By means of mechanical analyses the particles less than 2 millimeters in diameter are separated into 7 grades and the various percentage relationships of the different grades determine the class of soil; that is, they determine whether it is a sand, sandy loam, loam, clay, or some intermediate class. In addition to the fine earth, of which a mechanical analysis is made, many soils contain larger particles, which if of small size are called "gravel," and if of larger size are called "stones," so that in the soil classification it is possible to have a gravelly sand, loam, or clay, and likewise stony members of the various classes. As the soils of different classes grade into each other, the line of sepa- ration between the different classes is necessarily an arbitrary one. The particles also may be very irregularly distributed between the dif- ferent grades, so that it is not possible to make a rigid classification according to the mechanical analyses. Much has been done, however, to systematize and bring into uniformity the classification by a careful examination of the analysis of several thousand samples, which have been described by the field men and analyzed in the laboratory of the Bureau. The following table shows the results of such an examination, and is intended as a guide in standardizing descriptions and as an aid in solving doubts concerning the proper classification of soils in new areas. Uniformity and close adherence to the standard are the chief considerations which it is desired to secure. The following table Classification of Soils. 17 constitutes merely a codification and arrangement of facts reported by the field men. It has been found convenient to number the different grades into which the soil is separated by mechanical analysis. The name of the grade to which these numbers refer is given in the table. Scheme of soil classification, based upon the mechanical composition of soils. Class. 1. 2. Fine Coarse gravel, sand. 2-1 1-. 5 mtn. inin. 3. Medium sand. .5-. 25 mm. 4. Fine sand. .25-.! mm. 5. Very fine sand. .1-.05 mm. o Silt. .05-. 005 7717/2. 7. Clay. .005-0 mm. Coarse sand. More than 25 per cent of 1+2. 0-15 0-10 Less than 20 per cent of 6+7. More than 50 per cent of 1+2+3. Medium sand. Less than 25 per cent of 1+2. More than 20 p< 1+2+3 rcentof 0-15 0-10 Less than 20 per cent of 6+7. Fine sand. Less than 20 per cent of 1+2+3. 0-15 0-10 Less than 20 per cent of 6+7. Sandy louin. Kim* sandy loam. More than 20 per cent of 1+2+3. Loan than 20 per cent of 1 + 2+3. 10-35 Mori- tht cent and 50percei 5-15 in 20 |XT ess than t of <>+". 10-35 5-15 More than 20 IXT j-ent ami ess than 50 percent of t>+7. 3207506 2 18 Soil Survey Field Book. Scheme of soil classification, based upon the mechanical composition of soils Continued. Class. 1. Fine gravel. 2-1 2. Coarse sand. 1-.5 3. Medium sand. .5-. 25 4. Fine sand. .25-.! 5. Very fine sand. .1-.05 8. Silt. . 05-. 005 7. Clay. .005-0 Loam. 15-25 Less ^han 55 per cent Oft). Mori- than 50 per cent of 6+7. Silt loam. More than 55 per cent of 6. Less than 25 per cent of 7. Clay loam. 25-55 25-35 More than GO per cent of 6+7. Sandy clay. Less than 25 per cent of 0. More than 20 per cent of 7. Less than 60 per cent of 0+7. Silt clay. More than 55 per cent of 6. 25-35 per cent of 7. Clay. More than 35 per cent of 7. More than 60 per cent of 6+7. Classification of Soils. 19 Soil series. It has been found that in many parts of the United States a given set of soil classes are so evidently related through source of material, method of formation, topographic position, and coloration that the different types constitute merely a gradation in the texture of an otherwise uniform material. Soils of different classes that are thus related constitute a series. A complete soil series consists of material similar in many other characteristics, but grading in texture from stones and gravel on the one hand, through the sands and loams, to a heavy clay on the other. In arranging the soils in series the same factors should be considered that are used in separating soils of the same class into different types. For example, the Marshall silt loam and the Miami silt loam have been separated because of the difference in the amount and condition of the organic matter in the surface soil and the essential differences in colora- tion. The former is dark brown to black, while the latter is light brown to almost white. This same relation has been found to exist between soils of other classes in the glacial regions, and these factors have been used as a basis for separating the glacial soils into the Mar- shall and the Miami series. On account of the very different processes of their formation, residual and recent alluvial soils should not be included in the same series. Soils may, however, be very similar in origin and texture but may occupy so entirely different topographic positions that their relation to crops is entirely changed, and this fact should l>e recognized by the use of another serial name. An example of this is found in the separation of the soils of the Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian Mountains into the Cecil and the Porters series. The color of the soil is one of its most noticeable physical features, and is often of the greatest assistance in separating the soils' into different series. The soils of the Orangeburg series, for example, have lx>en formed in a very similar manner to those of the Norfolk series, but are distinguished from the latter by the red color of the subsoil and the asstx-iatcd differences in agricultural value. Soil series may grade into each other in a manner similar to the intergradation of the ty|>es within a series. Thus the Marshall scries may grade into the Miami series and the Norfolk series into the Orange- burg or Portsmouth series. Much advance has l>een made in the last two years in the arrange- ment of the soils in series. Several of the original types have U-en 20 Soil Survey Field Book. merged into others, or have been given new names in order to bring them into a uniform series, where this could be done without danger of confusion. If the field men acquaint themselves with the general characteristics of these series they will find it a great aid in placing soils of new areas. Furthermore, if any type in a series is thoroughly understood, the remaining types can be called to mind without refer- ence to the printed description, thereby reducing the nurnber of type descriptions necessary to be carried in the head. There will be found in nearly all areas soils of local origin and of exceptional character which will have to be given local names, but so far as possible the soils encountered in new areas should be correlated with established types, preference being given where possible to some of the great series described hereafter. The following series have been established: Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Norfolk series. Light-colored soils with yellow sand or sandy clay subsoils. Portsmouth series. ZWfc-colored soils with yellow or mottled gray sand or sandy clay subsoils. Orangeburg series. Light-colored soils with red sandy clay subsoils. Galveston series. The coastal beaches and marshes. Houston series. Dark-gray or black calcareous prairies. Lufkin series. Light-colored soils with heavy mottled gray and yel- low subsoils. Gadsden series. Gray soils with subsoils of similar texture occupy- ing gentle slopes and depressions and formed by wash or creep from higher areas. Susquehanna series. Gray soils with heavy red clay subsoils which become mottled and variegated in color in the deep subsoil. Wickham series. Reddish or reddish-brown terrace soils overlying reddish, micaceous heavy sandy loam or loam subsoils. Soils of the Flood Plains of the Mississippi and Other Rivers. Wabash series. Dark-brown or black alluvial soils subject to overflow. Waverly series. Light-colored alluvial soils subject to overflow. Miller series. Brown to red alluvial soils formed from the reworking of the Permian Red Beds. Classification of Soils. 21 Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. Cecil series. Gray to red soils with bright-red clay subsoils, derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks. Penn series. Dark Indian-red soils with red subsoils derived from red sandstones and shales of Triassic age. Chester series. Gray to brown surface soils with yellow subsoils, derived principally from schists and gneisses. Soils of the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Plateaus. Porters series. Gray to red soils with red clay subsoils, derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks. Dekalb series. Brown to yellow soils with yellow subsoils, derived from sandstones and shales. Upshur series. Brown to red soils with red subsoils, derived from sandstones and shales. Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. Hagerstown series. Brown to yellowish soils with yellow to reddish subsoils, derived from massive limestone. Clarksinlle series. Light-gray to brown soils with yellow to red sul>- soils, derived mainly from the St. Louis limestone. Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. Miami series. Light-colored upland timl>ered soils. Marshall series. Dart-colored upland prairie soils. Volusia series. Light-colored soils with yellowish sultsoils, derived by feeble glacial action from sandstones and shales. Soils of the Glacial Terraces. Dunkirk series. Light-colored reworked glacial material occurring as terraces around lakes and along streams. Clyde series. J9/'Ar-colored soils formed from reworked glacial material deposited in glacial lakes. Sioux series. Dark-colored soils resting on dark or light-colored siilwoil.s with gravel Ix-ds usually within 3 feet of the surface. Superior series. Gray and red soils with red subsoils, formed from reworked glacial material deposited in glacial lakes. Vergennes series. Light-colored soils with gray or whitish siilwoils, derived from Champlain clays or lighter deposits over these clays. 22 Soil Survey Field Book. Residual Soils of the Western Prairie Regions. Oswego series. Gray or brown soils, derived from sandstones and shales. Crawford series. Brown soils with reddish subsoils, derived from limestones. Vernon series. Brown to red soils typical of the Permian formation. Soils of the Great Basin. Bingham series. Porous dark or drab colluvial and alluvial soils underlain by gravel or rock, occupying lower mountain slopes. Redfield series. Red soils consisting of colluvial and alluvial mate- rials derived from red sandstones and other rocks. Malade series. Dark-colored alluvial soils underlain by light-colored sands, sandy loams, or heavy reddish material. Jordan series. Light to dark-colored lacustrine deposits. Salt Lake series. Dark-colored soils underlain by stratified sedi- ments of lacustrine origin. Soils of the Northwestern Intermountain Regions. Bridger series. Dark-colored soils with sticky yellow subsoils, of colluvial and alluvial origin. Yakima series. Ash-gray to light-brown soils derived principally from ancient lake sediments consisting of an admixture of volcanic dust, basaltic, andesitic, and granitic materials. Gallatin series. Light to dark-colored soils with yellowish to dark compact subsoils, of recent alluvial origin from basaltic and volcanic rocks. Soils of the Rocky Mountain Valleys, Plateaus, and Plains. Laramie series. Dark-colored soils with light-colored gravelly sub- soils, derived from colluvial mountain wash. Colorado series. Light-gray to reddish-brown soils and subsoils, derived from colluvial wash. Billings series. Compact adobelike gray to dark or brown soils and subsoils, formed mainly by reworking of sandstones and shales and occupying old elevated stream terraces. Fruita series. Reddish-brown soils formed by reworking of sand- stones and shales, occurring as stream terraces. Classification of Soils. 23 Mesa series. Light-gray to brown soils derived from old flood-plain deposits now elevated to form mesa lands. San Luis series. Reddish-brown gravelly soils formed from lacus- trine sediments of volcanic rocks. Laurel series. Light-gray to black soils underlain by river sands or gravels, occurring in flood plains along streams. Soils of the Arid Southwest. India series. Light-colored soils usually underlain by coarser sands and gravels, formed by colluvial and alluvial wash from granitic rocks, mingled with some shale and sandstone. Gila series. Light to dark-brown soils of flood-plain alluvium, underlain at varying depths by coarse sands and gravels. Imperial series. Light-colored or reddish soils formed from old marine or lacustrine sediments modified by more recent deposits and underlain to great depths by heavy material. Soils of the. Pacific Coast. Sierra series. Light-gray to red and frequently gravelly soils, often underlain by red adobes. Maricojta series. Loose, dark -colored soils derived from unassorted colluvial or partially assorted alluvial materials, generally derived from granitic or volcanic rocks. Placentia series. Reddish soils derived largely from the weathering of alluvial and colluvial deposits, generally underlain by heavy compact red material with an impervious adobe structure. Ornard series Dark-colored alluvial or colluvial soils derived from higher lying areas of sandstones and shales. San Joaquin series. Compact red soils and subsoils derived from old marine sediments, usually underlain by red hardpan. Stockton series. Brown to black soils with heavy yellow subsoils, derived from old alluvial sediments. Fresno series. Light-colored soils with light-gray, ashy subsoils and alkali-carlxniate hardpan, derived from old alluvial wash. Ilanford series Recent alluvium of flood or delta plains derived from a variety of rocks. The light-textured soils are light in color and the heavy-textured soils are dark in color. Salem series. Residual, alluvial, or colluvial soils, either red or dark in color, derived from nx-ks of basaltic, schistose, crystalline, or arenaceous character. 24: Soil Survey field Book. INSTRUCTIONS FOB ESTIMATING AND MAPPING ALKALI. ELECTROLYTIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SALTS. Principles of electrolytic determination. The alkali content, in terms of total salts, is determined in both soils and waters by the use of the electrolytic bridge. By this instrument the electrical resistance in ohms, at 60 F., to the passage of a current through a cell filled with the soil or water in which the salt concentration is to be estimated, is determined. The resistance varies with the character and amount of the salts, decreasing as the concentration becomes greater. This rate of decrease in resistance with increase in concentration of any one particular salt or mixture of salts may be graphically represented by a curve. Such a curve, constructed experimentally by observing the resistance corresponding to various concentrations of a salt solution, will constitute a scale or standardization curve, from which the approximate concentration of salt solutions of the same general character may be determined from the resistance readings. When for purposes of comparison and representation upon maps the alkali or salt content of soils is grouped into zones of various degrees of concentration, the resistance corresponding to the lines of separation or concentration limits will constitute a series of limiting values. Instructions for operating the electrolytic bridge. The irrigation water, or the soil, the electrical resistance of which is to be found, is put into the hard-rubber cell with metal electrodes. If the salt con- tent of water is to be determined, the cell is filled even full with the water. If the salt content of soils is to be determined, the soil is placed in a shallow cup and thoroughly mixed or worked with dis- tilled water until a condition of saturation is reached,, indicated by the appearance of free water. The cell is then filled with this material, gently tapping the cell on the ground to exclude air bubbles. The top of the soil is then struck off with a knife edge, so that the cell shall be just level full of the saturated soil. The cell is then suspended in the mercury cups attached to the electrolytic bridge and the electrical resistance determined in the following way: a For a more complete description of the principles and operation of the electro- lytic bridge, see Bulletins 8 and 15 and Circular 6. Division of Soils. U. 8. Department of Agriculture. Instructions for Mapping Alkali. 25 The telephone receiver is pressed against the ear and the handle of the instrument pressed down, when a buzzing sound will be heard in the receiver. Holding the handle down so as to keep the battery switch closed, the pointer is rotated to either right or left until the position is found at which the note in the telephone receiver is no longer heard or is only indistinctly heard. On rotating the pointer to either side of this position, the sound in the receiver should gradually increase. In case difficulty is found in locating the exact position of balance, it will be found of assistance to rotate the pointer rapidly back and forth over the position of least sound, locating points of equal intensity on either side. The mean position between these two points gives the position of balance, and the number opposite the pointer gives the desired reading. The sharpness of the minimum reading is much improved if the inner surfaces of the electrodes are kept clean and free from traces of grease. When waters are being tested, the cell should be occa- sionally cleaned with an alkaline solution or kept well scoured. The opt 1 rator should avoid handling or touching the surfaces of the electrodes with the fingers. In case a balance is not obtained with the 1,000-ohm coil of the rotary switch, the 100-ohm and IG-ohm coils should be tried in succes- 'sion. It is best to choose the coil which will bring the balance as near as possible to the center of the scale, as this is the most sensitive position. Having obtained the balance, the resistance is found by multiplying the resistance of the comparison coil, as shown by the rotating switch, by the number on the scale opposite the pointer. Thus, if the com- parison coil used has a resistance of 100 ohms and the reading on the scale is 0.92, the resistance in the scale is 92 ohms. If the comparison coil is 1,000 ohms and the reading on the scale is 4.5, the resistance would !M> 4,500 ohms. After taking the resistance in this manner, take the temperature immediately, either of the water or of the saturated soil, by sticking the bulb of a thermometer in and leaving it for some moments. The resistance is then corrected for this tem- perature according to the directions given below." a In order to dislodge mercury from tlio expansion charnlx-r ut the top of the stem in the, field thermometer, shake the mercury into the expulsion chamlx-r as fur as possible and heat the chain lx;r in txjiling water or over the flame of a. match. 26 Soil Survey Field Book. Reduction of resistances to a temperature of 60 F. A single illus- tration will serve to show the way the following table is used in the reduction of eleetrical resistances to a uniform temperature of 60 F.: Suppos? the observed resistance of the soil is 2,585 ohms at a temper- ature of 50.5. In the table, at the temperature of 50.5, as indicated on the left-hand side, we find that at that temperature 2,000 ohms is equal to 1,748 'ohms at 60; 5,000 ohms is equal to 4,370 ohms at 60; hence 500 ohms would be equal to 437 ohms. Similarly, 80 ohms would be one-hundredth of the value given for 8,000 ohms at 50.5 in the table, therefore equal to about 70 ohms at 60, while the 5 ohms would be equal to about 4 ohms. These separate values are added together thus: 2,000 1,748 500 437 80 70 5 4 2, 585 ohms at 50.5=2, 259 ohms at 60. Reduction of the electrical resistance of soils to a uniform temperature of 60 F. F. 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 ooo 32.0 32.5 625 632 1,250 1,264 ,875 ,896 2,500 2,528 3,125 3,150 3,750 3,792 4,375 4,424 5,000 5,056 5,625 5,688 33.0 33.5 639 646 1,278 1,292 ,917 ,938 2,556 2,584 3,195 3,230 3,834 3,876 4,473 4,522 5,112 5,168 5,751 5,814 34.0 34.5 653 660 1,306 1,320 ,959 ,980 2,612 2,640 3,265 3,300 3,918 3,960 4,571 4, 620 5,224 5,280 5,877 5,940 35.0 35.5 667 674 1,334 1,348 2,001 2,022 2,668 2,696 3,335 3,370 4,002 4,044 4,669 4,718 5,336 5,392 6,003 6,066 36.0 36.5 681 688 1,362 1,376 2.043 2,064 2,724 2,752 3,405 3,440 4,086 4,128 4,767 4,816 5,448 5,504 6,129 6,192 37.0 37.5 695 702 1,390 1,404 2,085 2,106 2,780' 2,808 3,475 3,510 4,170 4,212 4,865 4,914 5,560 5,616 6,255 6,318 38.0 38.5 709 71G 1,418 1,432 2,127 2,148 2,836 2,864 3.545 3,580 4,254 4,296 4,963 5,012 5,672 5,728 6,381 6,444 39.0 39.5 722 729 1,444 1,458 2,166 2,187 2,888 2,916 3,610 3,045 4,332 4,374 5,054 5,103 5,776 5,832 6,498 6,561 40.0 40.5 7.;., 743 1,472 1,486 2,208 2,229 2,944 2,972 3,680 3,715 4,416 4,458 5,152 5,201 5,888 5,944 6,634 6,687 41.0 41.5 750 757 1,500 1,514 2,250 2,271 3,000 3,028 3,750 3,785 4,500 4,542 5,250 5,299 6,000 6,056 6,750 6,813 Instructions for Mapping Alkali. Reduction of the electrical resistance of soils to a uniform temperature of 60 F Continued. F. 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 42.0 42.5 763 770 1,526 1,540 2,289 2,310 3,052 3,080 3,815 3,850 4,578 4,620 5,341 5,390 6,104 6,160 6,867 6,930 43.0 43.5 776 782 1,552 1,564 2,328 2,346 3,104 3,128 3,880 3,910 4,656 4,692 5,432 5,474 6,208 6,256 6,984 7,038 44.0 44.5 788 794 1,576 1,588 2,364 2,382 3,152 3,176 3,940 3,970 4,728 4, 764 5,516 5,558 6,304 6,352 7,092 7,146 45.0 45.5 800 807 1,600 1,614 2,400 2,421 3.200 3,228 4.000 4,035 4,800 4,842 5,600 5,649 6,400 6,456 7,200 7,263 46.0 46.5 814 821 1,628 1,642 2,442 2,463 3,256 3,284 4,070 4,105 4,884 4,926 5,698 5,747 6,512 6,568 7,326 7,389 47.0 47.5 828 835 1,656 1,670 2.484 2,505 3,312 3,340 4,140 4,175 4,968 5,010 5,796 5,845 6,624 6,680 7,452 7,515 48.0 48.5 842 849 1,684 1,698 2,526 2,547 3,368 3,396 4,210 4,245 5,052 5,094 5,884 5,933 6,736 6,792 7,578 7,641 49.0 49.5 856 862 1,712 1,724 2,568 2,586 3,424 3,448 4,280 4,310 5,136 5,172 5,992 6,034 6,848 6,896 7,704 7,758 50.0 50.5 868 875 1,736 1,750 2,604 2,625 3,472 3,500 4,340 4,375 5,208 5,250 6.076 6,125 6,944 7,000 7,812 7,875 51.0 51.5 881 887 1,762 1,774 2,643 2,661 3,524 3,548 1. in:, 4,435 5,286 5,322 6,167 6,209 7,048 7,0% 7,929 7,983 52.0 52.5 893 900 ,786 ,800 2,679 2,700 3,572 3,600 4,465 4,500 5,358 5,400 6,251 6,300 7,144 7,200 8,037 8,100 53.0 53.5 906 912 ,812 ,824 2,718 2,736 3,624 3,648 4,530 4,560 5,436 5,472 6,342 6,384 7,248 7,296 8,154 8,208 54.0 54.5 919 926 ,838 ,852 2,757 2,778 3,676 3,704 4,595 4,630 5,514 5,556 6,433 6,482 7,352 7,408 8,271 8,334 55.0 55.5 933 940 ,866 ,880 2,799 2,820 3. 732 3,760 4,665 4,700 5,598 5,640 6,531 6,580 7,464 7,526 8,397 8,460 56.0 56.5 947 954 ,894 ,908 2,841 2,862 3.780 3,816 4, 735 4,770 5,682 5,724 6,629 6,678 7,576 7,632 8, 523 8,586 57.0 57.5 961 968 ,922 .936 2,883 2,904 3,844 3, 872 4,805 4,839 5,766 5,807 6,727 6,775 7,688 7,743 8, 649 8,711 58.0 58.5 974 981 ,948 ,962 2,922 2,943 3,896 3,924 4.870 4,905 5.844 5,886 6,818 6,867 7,792 7,848 8,766 8,829 59.0 59.5 987 994 ,974 ,9X8 2,962 2,982 3,949 3,976 4, 936 4,971 5,923 5,965 6,910 6,959 7,898 7,953 8.885 8,947 00.0 00.5 ,000 .006 2,000 2,012 3.000 3,018 4.000 4,024 5.000 5,030 6.000 6, aw 7,000 7,042 8,000 8,048 9,000 9,054 01.0 61.5 ,013 ,020 2,026 2,040 3.039 3,060 ,0.52 ,0X0 5. 065 5.100 6.07X 6,120 7,091 7,140 8,104 8, 160 9,117 9,180 62.0 62.5 ,027 .033 2,054 2,066 3,0X1 3,099 ,iox , 132 5. 135 5, 165 6, 162 6. 198 7, 189 7,231 8,216 8, 264 9,243 9,297 63. 63.5 .040 ,047 2. OHO 2,094 3.120 3,141 .160 ,188 5, 200 5. 235 6. 240 6.282 7.280 7.329 8,320 8,376 9. 360 9, 423 28 Soil Survey Field Book. Reduction of the electrical resistance of soils to a uniform temperature of GOP F. Continued. F. II II HI 2000 304M> 4(KM> 5000 6000 7000 8000 110(11 64.0 64.5 1,054 1,061 2,108 2,-122 3,102 3,183 4,216 4,244 5,270 5,305 6,324 6,366 7,378 7,427 8.432 8,488 9, 480 9, 549 65.0 65.5 1,068 1,075 2,130 2,150 3.204 3,225 4.272 4,300 5.340 5,375 0,408 6,450 7,476 7,525 8,544 8,000 9,012 9,075 66.0 66.5 1,082 1,089 2,164 2,178 3.246 3,267 4, 328 4, 356 5,410 5,445 6,492 6, 534 7,574 7,623 8,656 8,712 9.738 9,801 67.0 67.5 1,096 1,103 2,192 2,200 3,288 3,309 4,384 4,412 5,480 5,515 6,576 6,618 7,672 7,721 8,708 8,824 9,804 9,927 68.0 68.5 1,110 1,117 2,220 2, 234 3,330 3,351 4,440 4, 408 5,550 5,585 6,660 6,702 7,770 7,819 8,880 8,936 9,990 10, 053 69.0 69.5 1,125 1,133 2,250 2,260 3,375 3, 399 4,500 4,532 5,625 5,665 6,750 0,798 7,875 7,931 9,000 9,004 10, 125 10, 197 70.0 70.5 1,140 1,147 2,280 2,294 3,420 3,441 4,560 4,588 5,700 5,735 6,840 7,980 6,882 8,029 9,120 9,170 10,260 10, 323 71.0 71.5 1,155 1,162 2,310 2, 324 3,465 3,480 4,020 4, 648 5,775 5,810 6,930 j 8,085 6,972 8,134 9,240 9,2% 10, 395 10, 458 72.0 72.5 1,170 1,177 2,340 2,354 3,510 4,080 3, 531 4, 708 5,850 5,885 7,028 7,062 8,190 8,239 9,300 9,416 10,530 10,593 73.0 73.5 1,185 1,193 2,370 2,386 3,555 3,579 4,740 4,772 5,925 5,965 7,110 7,158 8,295 8,351 9,480 10,605 9,544 10,737 74.0 74.5 1,201 1,208 2,402 2,410 3, 603 4, 804 3, 624 4, 832 6,005 6,040 7. 20(1 8, 407 7, 248 8, 456 9,608 10,809 9,664 10,872 75.0 75.5 1,215 1,222 2,430 2,444 3,645 3,666 4.800 4;888 6,075 6,110 7,290 ; 8,505 7, 332 8, 554 9,720 ' 10,935 9,776 10,998 76.0 76.5 1,230 1,238 2,400 2,476 3,690 3,714 4,920 4,952 6, 158 6,190 7, 380 8, 610 9, 840 7,428 8,666 9,904 11,070 11,142 77.0 77.5 1,246 1,254 2, 492 3, 738 2, 508 3, 762 4,984 5,016 0,230 0,270 7,476 8,722 9,968 7,524 8,778 10 : 032 11,214 11,286 78.0 7&5 1,262 1,270 2,524 2,540 3. 780 3,810 5,048 5,080 6, 310 6,350 7,572 i 8,834 7,620 | 8,890 10.096 11,358 10,160 11,430 79.0 79.5 1,278 1,286 2,556 2,572 3,834 3,858 5,112 5,144 6,390 6,430 7,668 7,716 8,940 9,002 10,224 1 11,502 10,288 i 11,574 80.0 80.5 1,294 1,302 2,588 2,004 3,882 3,906 5,176 6,470 5,208 6,510 7,754 7,812 9,058 9,114 10,352 11,646 10,410 11,718 81.0 81.5 1,310 1,318 2,020 2,636 3,930 3,954 5,240 5,272 6.558 6,590 7,860 7,908 9,170 9,220 10.480 11,790 10,544 ; 11,862 82.0 82.5 1,327 1,335 2,654 2, 070 3,981 4,005 5,308 5,340 6,635 6,675 7,962 8,010 9,289 9, 345 10,016 11,943 10.080 12,015 83.0 83.5 1,343 1,351 2,080 2,702 4,029 4,053 5,372 6,715 5,404 ; 6,755 8,058 8,106 9.401 9,457 10,744 10,808 12,087 12 159 84.0 84.5 1.359 1,3^7 2.718 2,734 4.077 5,430 5 86.0 86.5 1,393 1,401 2,786 2,802 ,179 ,203 5,572 5,604 6,965 7,005 8,358 8,406 9,751 9,807 11,144 11,208 12,537 12,609 87.0 87.5 1,409 1,418 2,818 2,836 ,227 ,254 5,636 5, 672 7,045 7,090 8,454 8,508 9.863 9,931 11,272 11,344 12.681 12, 762 88.0 88.5 1,427 1,435 2,854 2,870 4,281 4,305 5,708 5,740 7,135 7,175 8,562 8,610 9.989 10,040 11,416 11,480 12,843 12,915 89.0 89.5 1,443 1, 451 2,886 2,902 4,329 4,353 5,772 5,804 7,215 7,255 8,658 8,706 10,091 10, 157 11,544 11,608 12,987 13,059 '.HI. II 90.5 1,460 1,468 2,920 2,936 4,380 4,404 5,840 5,872 7,300 7,340 8,760 8,808 10,220 10, 276 11,680 11,744 13,140 13,212 91.0 91.5 1,477 1,486 2,954 2,972 4.431 4.458 5,908 5,944 7,385 7,430 8,862 8,916 10,339 10,402 11,816 11,888 13,293 13,374 92.0 92.5 1,495 1,504 2.990 3,008 4.485 4,512 5,980 6,016 7,475 7,520 8,970 9,024 10, 465 10,528 11.960 12,032 13, 455 13,536 93.0 93.5 1,513 1,522 3,026 3,044 4.539 4,566 6,052 6,088 7,565 7,610 9,078 9,132 10.591 10. 654 12,104 12, 176 13,617 13. 698 94.0 94.5 1,531 1,540 3.062 3,080 4, 593 4,620 6, 124 6, 160 7,655 7,700 9, 186 9.240 10.717 10,780 12,248 12,320 13.779 13,860 95.0 95.5 1,549 1,559 3,098 3,118 4, 647 4, 677 6, 196 6,236 7, 745 7,795 9.294 9,354 10.843 10,913 12,392 12,472 13,941 14,031 90.0 96.5 1.569 1,579 3,138 3,158 4,707 4,737 6,276 6,316 7.845 7,895 9,414 9,474 10,983 11,053 12,552 12,632 14,121 14,211 97.0 97.5 1,589 1.599 3,178 3,198 4,767 4,797 6, 356 6, 396 7,945 7,995 9,534 9,594 11.123 11.193 12,712 12,792 14.301 14.391 98.0 98.5 1,609 1 , 619 3,218 3. 238 4,827 4,857 6, 436 6, 476 8.045 8,095 9,054 9,714 11.263 11,333 12,872 12,952 14,481 14.571 99.0 1,629 3,258 4,887 6,516 8.145 9,774 11,403 13,032 14,661 30 Soil Survey Field Book. Concentration intervals. The concentration limits used in the classification of alkali soils are, respectively, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 1, and 3 per cent of total salts in the dry soil, the maps showing the distri- bution of the several grades of concentration being constructed in the field directly from field determinations. Average standardization. Tn the alkali surveys carried on by the Bureau standardization curves have been constructed in many widely separated areas differing greatly in the character of the salts present. From the average of 15 such curves an average standardization curve has been obtained, from which the following table of limiting values or electrical resistances, corresponding to the various degrees of concen- tration, are derived. These values are found of sufficient accuracy to warrant their use in all reconnoissance work, and can be used in alkali surveys involving approximate determinations over limited areas, or in all alkali surveys where subject to check by independent standardization. In case it is found that the average curve does not give reliable results, or where unusual accuracy is required, a new curve should b( made according to the instructions given on page 31. Average, standardization Table of limiting values. Salt in soil. Sand and sandy loam. Loam. Clay loam. Clay. Average. Per cent. Ohms. Ohms. Ohms. Ohms. Ohms. 3.00 21.9 24.9 26.7 27.4 25.2 1.00 43.7 45.3 47.7 48.8 46.4 .00 65.9 68.8 71.1 73.5 69.8 .40 92.1 95.3 98.7 101.4 96.9 .20 163.6 172.5 178.7 193.4 177.1 For convenience, where it is desired to determine the percentage of alkali from the resistance at 60 P., the following table has been picked out from the average standardizations: Instructions for Mapping Alkali. Table shovnng jxtrcentage of salt in soil. 31 Resistance at 60 F. Sand and sandy loam. Loam. Clay loam. Clay. 20 Per cent salt. 3.12 Per cent salt. Per cent salt. Per cent salt. 25 2.65 2.98 3.19 3.30 30 2.18 2.43 2.65 2.79 35 1.09 1.91 2.13 2.28 40 1.18 1.40 1.63 1.77 45 .95 1.02 1.18 1.28 50 .83 .89 .94 .97 55 .74 .80 .84 .87 60 .67 .71 .74 .78 65 .60 .64 .67 .71 70 .55 .58 .61 .65 75 .51 .54 .56 .59 80 .47 .51 .52 .54 85 .44 .47 .49 .50 90 .41 .43 1 .45 .47 95 .38 .40 .42 .44 100 .36 .37 .39 .41 105 .34 .35 .37 .38 110 .32 .33 .35 .36 115 .30 .31 .33 .34 120 .29 .30 .31 .33 125 .27 .28 .30 .31 130 .25 .27 .28 .30 135 .24 .26 .27 .29 140 .23 .25 .26 .28 145 .22 .24 .25 .26 150 .21 .23 .24 .25 155 .21 .22 .23 .24 ICO .20 .21 .22 .23 165 .20 .21 .22 .23 170 .19 .20 .21 .22 Directions for making standardizations. If greater accuracy be desired, or if it be believed that the average standardization curve is not applicable to the conditions, a standardization curve or table is to be constructed in each district, by the following methods, reducing nil resistances to the basis of 60 F. by use of the preceding tabhs: Take 8 or 10 crusts, including the top inch of soil, or if crusts can not be obtained, use the strongest alkali soils collected from different places over the whole area. Place a portion of each of the several crusts or soils in a large cup or bottle, filling the vessel from one-fourth to one-half full, according to the concentration of the material, using the greater quantity where the material is less concentrated. Nearly fill the vessel with distilled water, stirring or shaking frequently, and with tin* tiller pump filter ofT a portion of each solution, cleaning tin* pump and filter tube and discarding the first .TO c. c. of subsequent Soil Survey Fidd Book. filtrate after each filtration. Discoloration of solutions from the presence of black alkali may bo ignored. Determine the electrical resistance of each solution, and either dilute with distilled water or else increase the concentration by evaporation or the addition of more alkali material until each filtrate shows a resist- ance of approximately 10 ohms at 60 F. From equal volumes taken from each solution make up in a large vessel a composite solution not less than 1 quart in volume. From 100 c. c. of this composite solu- tion determine the weight in grains a of soluble salts by evaporation, igniting gently before weighing. Divide, the weight so obtained into each ocrcentage given in the last four columns of the following tabb and multiply the quotient by 100. The result in each case represents the number of cubic centimeters of composite" solution to be diluted with distilled water to 100 c. c. in order to obtain the corresponding percentage of salt in soil given in the first column of the table. If the volume thus secured for some of the higher concentrations exceeds 100 c. c., it should be reduced to 100 c. c. by evaporation. Ordina- rily a 3.33 per cent solution is as concentrated as will be required, as this represents 1 per cent of salt in the soil. (See note below.) To obtain limiting values. Salt in solution. Salt in soil. Sand and sandy loam. Loam. Clay loam. Clay. Per tent. Per rent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 3.00 10.00 7.95 7.14 6.7 1.00 3.33 2.05 2.38 2.22 .00 2.00 1.59 1.43 1.33 .40 1.33 1.06 .95 .89 .20 .07 .53 .48 .44 Resistances to be red need to(iO F.imd divided by .24 .275 .29 .30 The resistance in ohms of each dilution of the composite solution, divided by the factor appearing at the foot of the column designating o Weighing, if done with care, may be upon druggist's scales, 15.5 grains equaling 1 gram. Instructions for mapping alkali. 33 t!u> class of soil in the preceding table, will give for each class of soil the limiting value, or ivsistancs in the cell at 60 F. of saturated soil corresponding to the concentration limits. These resistances or limit- ing values are to be inserted in the proper place in the following table: Table of limiting values. Salt in soil. Sand and sandy loam. Loam. Clay loam. Clay. Per cent. 3.00 Ohms. Ohms. Ohms. Ohms. 1.00 f .60 .40 .20 NOTE. If it is desirable to determine the 3 per cent limit in the soil, portions of the composite solution will have to he concentrated by evaporation accord- ing to the above directions so as to contain the percentage of salt given in the table. The cell filled with such concentrated solutions gives a resistance too low to be read on the instrument, and it will be necessary to take a measured amount of the solution in the cell, as for example, one-fourth or one-fifth its capacity. Determine the resistance and divide it by 4 or 5, as the case may be. This gives the resistance of the cell when filled. For these concentrated solu- tions the readings will be rather indefinite. Keep the cell electrodes well cleaned at all times. ALKALI MAPS. Principles of alkali mapping. In making alkali maps the soils are grouped according to certain arbitrary limits, the basis of separation being the average percentage of total salts in the dry soil to the depth <>f feet. The injurious effects upon crops varies considerably in the case of different salts, but only in the ease of sodium carbonate, or black alkali, is the difference so great as to require the use of other limits and the construction of a separate map. The first grade of alkali soils includes areas where the content is less than 0.20 per cent in the case of total salts, and less than O.Oo per cent in the case of the more highly injurious black alkali. These limits were selected as representing the concentration of salts within which all ordinary crops grow without apparent injury. In cases where these contents for the (>-foot profile are accompanied by accumulations of much greater concentration upon the immediate, surface, or at some other section in the soil profile, such concentration is shown by special rulings and legends explained later. .52075 3 34 Soil Survey Field Book. The second grade comprehends soil containing between 0.20 and 0.40 per cent of total salts, and in the case of sodium carbonate, or black alkali 0.05 to 0.10 per cent of that salt. Soils of this grade fall within the first limits of danger, for while under favorable conditions the more hardy crops may escape injury, evidence of injury to the less tolerant plants, such as grains, young vegetables, beans, citrus, and many other fruits, is frequently observed. When accompanied by more highly concentrated accumulations at the surface, barren spots may occur in fields of alfalfa or other of the more tolerant crops. The third grade includes areas where the total salt content ranges from 0.40 to 0.60 per cent, and where 0.10 to 0.20 per cent of black alkali is found. These concentrations are usually marked by the occur- rence of a larger number of barren spots, by the appearance of alkali crusts and characteristic alkali vegetation, and by a consequent decrease in yield or a failure of crops. In the following two grades the concentration of total salts ranges from 0.60 to 1 per cent and 1 to 3 per cent, respectively. On land of this character there is generally a failure of all but the most tolerant crops, and it is ultimately thrown out of cultivation. The last grade in the classification covers soils showing more than 3 per cent of total salts a condition seldom encountered except in the barren beds of desiccated salt lakes. Similarly, the two higher grades of concentration of black alkali 0.20 to 0.30 per cent and more than 0.30 per cent, respectively represent conditions prohibitive of ordinary crop production. Careful observation of the character of prevailing soil types, topog- raphy, drainage features, character of native vegetation, and the con- dition of growing crops will aid greatly in locating boundaries defining the areas of the several grades of alkali soils. Methods of sampling. Sampling for alkali determinations is done with the ordinary soil auger, the soil being separated into foot sections and placed upon a small sheet of oilcloth or similar material of con- venient size. Gravel and roots, or other extraneous matter, are removed by the hand and the soil prepared for electrolytic determination as previously described. The exact location of all borings made for alkali determinations, with brief descriptions of the texture and structure of the soil, the topography, drainage features, character of native vegeta- tion, condition of crops, original resistance, cell temperature, and cor- rected resistance, should be entered in the Alkali Field Book. Instructions for mapping alkali. 35 Total-alkali maps. The percentage of alkali salts in eacli sectional foot of soil to a depth of 6 feet will be determined according to the directions previously given in this publication and in the Alkali Field Book. In many cases, after the observer becomes familiar with the soils of a locality, the fieldwork may be very much shortened by mak- ing the alkali determinations in alternate foot sections or by mixing 2 or more feet for one salt determination. The percentage of alkali, as indicated by the various colors upon the alkali map, is to be a mathematical average of the alkali in the foot sections. In case there should be a marked accumulation of the alkali at any one part of the vertical section, such as the surface of the ground or in an alkali hardpan, the judgment of the observer is to decide whether the strict mathematical average should be followed or whether the soil is to be mapped as of the next higher grade of alkali content. If these areas, where there is a zone of accumulation of the alkali, such as an accumulation at the surface, are of considerable extent, they are to be indicated upon the field map by special rulings in lead pencil, and when the field maps are published the rulings will be described in the legend of the map. Thus, if a soil contain on an average 0.20 per cent of alkali, but has an accumulation of 0.50 per cent of alkali on the sur- face, this soil should be colored to show 0.20 percent alkali, and the fact that there is a surface accumulation should be indicated by black rulings across the area affected. If the accumulation is below the sur- face foot another kind of ruling can be used to indicate that fact. Appropriate lettering upon the maps will render these rulings intelligible. Determination of carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides in soils. a Fill the small brass cone found in the field outfit, or other vessel of known volume, with saturated soil as prepared for electrolytic determi- nations, wash into a 2.50 c.c. bottle or flask, fill to the mark witli dis- tilled water, shaking thoroughly, and then filter, discarding the first .50 c. c. of filtrate in order to eliminate errors from the introduction of previous solutions retained in the porous tul>e of the filter pump. Titrate .50 c. c. of the solution, representing one-fifth of the total volume of saturated soil, with X/20 acid potassium sulphate containing (J.X1 1 grains per liter, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. This will represent the carl>onates. Then add a drop or so of methyl orange or Seo HiillHin- iMmul .11. Hun'ail of Soils, for morr i-oni|>l<>t> di nations unit dis- cussion of this matter. 36 Soil Swvey Field Bool-. congo red and again titrate with N/20 acid potassium sulphate. Sub- ' tract an amount equal to the first titration from the second, and the difference represents the bicarbonates. Add a few drops of potassium eliminate as an indicator to the same solution and titrate with N/10 silver nitrate. This will represent the chlorides. The salts are all to be estimated as sodium salts, as follows: 1 c. e. N/20 HKSO, is equivalent to 0.005305 gram NajCO 3 . 1 c. c. N/20 1IKSO< is equivalent to 0.004203 grain NaIICO 3 . 1 c. c. N/10 AgNOs is equivalent to 0.00585 gram Na Cl. Black alkali maps. In areas where the amount and distribution of sodium carbonate warrant the construction of a black-alkali map, it is made in the field from the volume of N/20 acid potassium sulphate solution used in titration for carbonates in the surface foot of soil. The concentration limits are 0;05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 per cent of sodium carbonate in the dry soil. The limiting values for each vessel are found in the following way: Multiply the volume of saturated soil, represented by the solution taken for titration, equal to one-fifth the total amount, by the numbers in the following table: NajCOain soil. Sand and sandy loam. Loam. Clay loam. Per cent. 0.30 0.832 0.752 0.720 .20 .554 .502 .480 .10 .277 .251 .240 .05 .138 .125 .120 Clay. 0.689 .459 .230 .115 The results thus obtained are the number of cubic centimeters of N/20 acid potassium sulphate solution used in titrating the carbonates, cor- responding to the concentration limits to be inserted in the following table : NajCOsin soil. Sand and sandy loam. Loam. Clay loarn. Clay. Per cent. 0.30 c. c. c. c. c. c. c. r. .20 . 10 .05 Determination of total salts in water. 37 If it is desired to reduce the volume of N/10 AgNO 3 to per cent of NaCl in dry soil, the following formula may be used: V 0.00.585 V'K Substituting 0.004203 for 0.00585, the same formula may be used to reduce the volume of N/20 HKSO 4 to per cent of NaHCO 3 . V=cubic centimeters N/10 AgNO 3 or N/20 HKSO 4 solution used; V'= volume saturated soil represented in amount of solution titrated; K = constant for type of soil as follows: Sand and sandy loam= 1.46; loam=1.32; clay loam= 1.26; clay=1.21. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SALTS IN WATER. The total salt content of irrigating, drainage, or other waters, in parts per 100,000, may be determined within a reasonable degree of accuracy from the following table, the resistance at 60 F. being ascer- tained according to the directions given in the preceding pages. The curve varies according to the character of the salts present. Where no carbonates are present in the water, the figures in the column marked "Chlorides" should be used. When preliminary examina- tion by titration indicates that more than 50 per cent of the total salts is carbonates, the figures in the column marked "Carbonates" should be used. For intermediate percentages of carbonates, a cor- responding intermediate value between those given in the two columns should be used. Table for determining total salt content of water from resistance at 00 F. Resist- ance t F. Chlo- rides. Car- bon- at<'8. Resist- ( , h , a nee (10 F. ml( ' s - Cur- bon- atos. Resist- ance (10 F. Chlo- rides. Car- bon- ates. Pis. per 100,000. |' /'/*. per 100.000. Ptf. iirr 100,000. 30 7. r iO 140 141 200 340 50 71 36 (170 150 132 187 360 47 65 40 595 liiO 124 17(1 380 44 60 4.1 525 170 11*1 165 400 41 55 . r iO l"> I'O 180 100 i:. I 460 ,V> 4)1 4 42.-, 190 102 j 144 500 31 : GO 355 395 200 '., 138 550 28 32 66 305 375 210 91 130 BOO 25 27 70 205 365 220 87 122 TOO >> 23 75 230 335 -': S3 in, son Jo 80 21.-! 320 240 79 110 goo 19 86 203 30I> 250 75 105 ,000 18 90 195 204 2(10 71 100 ,200 1 7 95 188 284 ' 270 118 '.(.', ,400 16 100 181 2112 2*0 (>.'. '.10 ,U)0 1 fi 110 170 250 290 i (12 ! Sil ,M)0 1 ,>, 1.11 1U) -'.-(I .'too 59 s:i 2,1)00 1 . r , 130 1.10 213 .'{20 j :>4 77 38 Soil Survey Field Book. The electrolytic cells are made as nearly of the same dimensions as possible, but if there is much variation in either volume or shape this table must not be used without a correction for the cell. If greater accuracy is desired than can be expected by the use of the above table, proceed in the following way: Collect 6 or 8 samples of water from different parts of the area, determine the electrical resistance of each, and take an amount of each proportional to the resistance, mixing them in a clean vessel. There should be at least 2 quarts, and preferably 1 gallon, of this mixture. Evaporate slowly on a stove until the mixture is about as strong as the strongest water likely to be encountered. If there is any possibility of encountering water as strong as a 1 per cent solution that is, 1,000 parts of salts in 100,000 parts of water the mixture should be evapo- rated until it gives a resistance in the cell of about 23 ohms. The amount of this evaporation can be determined by the original resistance of the mixture. If the resistance of the mixture is 100 ohms, it should be evaporated to one-fourth its volume to make approximately a 1 per cent solution. If the resistance is 400 ohms, the solution should be evaporated to one twenty-third of its original volume. Water having a resistance of 400 ohms would have a salt content, according to the above table, of about 44 in 100,000, and would be considered an excel- lent water for irrigation purposes. It would require 3 gallons of such water evaporated to 1 pint to make a 1 per cent solution. Determine the percentage of salts in this solution by evaporation to dryness. If necessary, the weights may be determined by weighing on druggist's scales. Take the concentrated solution and dilute with successive quantities of distilled water, so as to change the concentration of the solution and get the corresponding resistances in the cell. Use, for example, 9 parts of the solution and 1 part distilled water, then 8 parts of the solution and 2 parts of distilled water, and so on down to any dilution likely to be encountered. This will give the resistance corresponding very exactly with known amounts of salt, and will furnish a table for the estimation of the salt content from the resistance of any water in the area. The table constructed from this data can be used directly by inter- polation, or preferably a curve should be constructed and any inter- mediate points picked out from this. Qualitative determination of alkali salts. 39 Determination of carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides in water. When water is examined by chemical methods, as described in the pre- ceding pages, 50 c. c. ef water should l>e used in making the titration. Calculation of results may readily be made from the following table: C. c. N/20KHSO 4 or N/20 AgNO 3 . Parts per 100,000 of water. NajCO 3 . NaHCOa. NaCl. 1. . . 10.53 21.06 31.60 42.13 52.66 63. 19 73.72 84. 26 94.79 8.34 16. 69 25. 03 33.38 41.72 50.06 58.41 66.75 75.10 11.61 23. 22 34.84 46.45 58.06 69.67 81.28 92.89 104. 51 2 3. 4. 5 6. 7. , 8 9. INSTRUCTIONS FOR aUALITATIVE DETERMINA- TION OF ALKALI SALTS. Should a further field examination of crusts, minerals, concretions, or other substances appear desirable as supplementary to the ordinary field tests, or as preliminary to laboratory analysis, the following simple methods may be used: Calcium. To about 25 c. c. of the filtered soil solution add a little concentrated hydrochloric acid, and then enough ammonia water to impart a perceptible ammoniacal odor. Should a precipitate be formed redissolve in hydrochloric acid and again make alkaline with ammonia water. Repeat the alternate addition of hydrochloric acid and ammonia water until no white precipitate is formed when the solution is alkaline with ammonia. Then add a few crystals of ammonium oxalate and heat to boiling. Allow to stand a lew minutes. A white precipitate shows the presence of calcium. A slight turbidity indi- cates small amounts of calcium. Magnesium. Filter on* the calcium precipitate on a small filter, cool the filtrate, and add few crystals of sodium phosphate. Shake to dissolve the phosphate, then add ammonia water equal in amount to alMHit one-third of the volume of the liquid, and let stand for at least one hour. A white crystalline precipitate shows the presence of magnesium. ' The precipitate is rather slow in appearing when the magnesium is present in small quantities, and may !>< hastened in 40 Soil Survey Field Bool: forming by scratching the sides of the vessel with a glass rod, in which case the precipitate will appear first on the scratched places. Sodium and potassium. Quite small quantities of these metals may he detected by the flame test. Clean the platinum wire by dipping in hydrochloric acid and heating in the colorless flame of the. alcohol lamp until it no longer colors the flame. An ordinary candle or lamp flame can not be used. Then dip the looped end of the wire in the noil solution or solid salt to be treated and put into the flame. A strong yellow color shows the presence of sodium. The violet color of the potassium is masked by the intense yellow of the sodium, and this color must, therefore, be screened out by looking at the flame through blue cobalt glass. The potassium, if present, is then recognized by the violet color of the flame. Chlorides. Add sufficient acid (preferably HKSO 4 ) other than hydrochloric acid to decompose the carbonates. Add silver nitrate, which gives a white insoluble precipitate of silver chloride which is soluble on the further addition of ammonia water. The addition of the acid is necessary, since silver carbonate is also a white insoluble precipitate. Sulphates. Add sufficient hydrochloric or nitric acid to decompose carbonates. Unless a decided excess of acid is added it will be neces- sary to boil the solution. The addition of barium chloride will then precipitate insoluble white barium sulphate. Carbonates. Dissolved carbonates are recognized by the red color imparted to the solution by phenolphthalein indicator. Bicarbonates. Dissolved bicarbonates are distinguished from car- bonates in that they produce no reaction with phenolphthalein indi- cator, but show a yellow color with methyl orange indicator, which must not change to a red on the addition of one or two drops of the N/20 KIISO 4 solution. The volume of the N/20 KHSO 4 solution used is a measure of the amount of bicarbonate as explained under the quantitative method for bicarbonates. Nitrates. Add some crystals of ferrous sulphate to the solution. Hold the test tube at a slanting angle and pour, very carefully, con- centrated sulphuric acid against the lower sides of the tube so that it will run to the bottom and form with the original solution two liquid layers. The formation of a brown ring indicates the presence of nitrates. Care should be taken not to shake the tube or add the concentrated sulphuric acid in such a way as to allow it to mix quickly Reports. 41 with the solution, for it develops great heat and may scatter the contents of the tube with explosive violence. Apparatus and reagents required. 1 dozen large test tulies. 1 2-inch glass funnel. 1 package filter paper, Schleieher e fully noted and described in the field note lxM>k and accompanied by a description on Form 48. In collecting water for analysis three or four of the sample bottles protected by mailing cases should IM> thoroughly rinsed out and then filled. In collecting alkali crusts, only clean, firm sacks should !M> used, and in the case of highly concentrated sodium carbonate crusts two or three sacks, one within the other, should IM? used to inclose the material, Ix'causc of its corrosive properties. REPORTS. Correspondence and weekly report. All correspondence with the Bureau should l>e addressed to the Chief of the Bureau. At least once each week the head of the party should report to the Chief hv letter, informing him of the progress of the work and the results accomplished, describing the new types of soil, and giving a state- ment of the health of the members of the party. In addition, the 42 Soil Survey Field Book. weekly report card (Form 49) should he filled out and returned to this office. The cards will he filed in the Bureau for ready reference, hut are not to he considered as taking the place of the weekly letters. The provisional names of all soil types should he given on these cards as soon as described. Correspondence is filed in the office by areas. Separate letters should, therefore, he written in regard to matters pertaining to dif- ferent areas. Often letters are written that do not have a hearing upon any particular area, and such letters should also he written separately from letters relating to an area. The Bureau should he kept informed of the address of all of the field men at all times, whether they are in the area to which they have been assigned, temporarily absent, or on leave of absence. Ordinarily this may be accomplished through the use of Form 49, but when absolutely necessary the telegraph may he used. Form of a soil survey report. A revised outline to he followed in the preparation of soil-survey reports is given below. The change in outline is one of form rather than of matter, and is made to elimi- nate the duplication heretofore invited in the chapters on agricultural development and agricultural conditions to emphasize the central subject of the reports, viz, the soil, and to subordinate the discus- sion of geology. The chapter on physiography and geology has been omitted, the subject being divided between Chapters I and IV. The, latter (soils), which has heretofore been very brief, may now be greatly amplified. What is wanted in this chapter is a broad, general discussion of the soils as related to geology and to each other, leaving the details to be brought out in the next chapter, which is much the same as in the old outline. The chapter on agricultural methods has also been eliminated, the subject being transferred to Chapter V, where differences of methods on the several types should be clearly brought out. This outline is given as a guide in the arrangement of the report, and should be followed as closely as circumstances will permit. It is understood of course that the headings will necessarily have to be changed somewhat in different districts, and that the relative impor- tance of the different chapters will vary with the locality. The matter should be presented in a terse style, and no more words used than are absolutely necessary to convey the meaning, being careful, how- ever, to treat each subject so that all important phases may be brought Reports. 43 out and clearly stated. In order to attain this, the different chapters should be revised several times if necessary, so that all important matters may be considered and all unnecessaiy words eliminated. A careful consideration of this matter of style in writing is enjoined upon all members of the Bureau charged with the preparation of reports. The material for the report should be collected, and the writing of the report should be done, as far as practicable, before the party leaves the area. It is desirable that the manuscripts should l>e legible and written upon sheets of uniform size. In the future pads for this express use will be furnished. Those charged with the preparation of reports are particularly cautioned against crowding the lines. Ample space, at least half an inch, should IH> allowed lietween the lines to facilitate interlineations in correction. Outline of soil survey report. The outline of chapters is as follows: I. Description of the area. Give the location and boundaries of the area, and describe, the general topographic features and regional drainage, character and source, of popu- lation, present condition as to settlement, chief towns, transportation facilities, markets, etc II. Climate. III. Agriculture. Give an account of the early agriculture, noting changes in crops grown and in agricultural practices, leading up to a discussion of the general type of agriculture at the present time; character and value, of the principal products, recognition of adaptation of soils to crops, rotation of crops, agricultural methods as adapted to present conditions, character and cost of labor, tenure and sixe of farms, value of farm lands, and, finally, sugges- tions for improvement in the agriculture of the area. IV. Soils. Kilter into a general discussion of the soils of the urea, showing broadly their relation to the geological formations and to each other, to drainage, erosion, and other formative or modifying agencies, their classification and distribution, und their correlation with the soils of other areas. V. Description of individual soil types. (iive a detailed and full description of the soil and subsoil, noting texture, structure, color, depth, and case of cultivation. Follow this with a state- ment as to the location of soil in the area, topographic and drainage fea- tiirv.i. origin and procesx of formation, peculiar mineral or chemical fea- tures -as alkali; nallvo vegetation, unusual or characteristic crops to which adapted, crops grown and minimum, maximum, and average yields, 44 Soil Survey Field Book. cultural methods peculiar to the type and suggestions for new methods, fertilizer practice, and agricultural condition and value of lands as influenced by the individual soil type. VI. Irrigation. Discuss the, sources of water supply, character of the water, means of distribution, approximate area under irrigation, opportunity for extension, and methods and cost of irrigation. VII. Drainage/' Descril>e position of water table, injury from seepage, character of under- ground water, and reclamation of damaged areas or of swamp or marsh lands. VIII. Alkali. Give the location of alkali areas, origin of alkali in the area, its chemical composition and vertical distribution, approximate area abandoned on account of the accumulation of alkali, and methods suggested for reclama- tion. IX. Summary. Write a brief paragraphical resume of salient points brought out in the report, including soil adaptations, deductions from the study of conditions, and suggestions for improvement or changes in the agricultural methods and in the crops grown. DESCRIPTIONS OF ESTABLISHED SOIL TYPES. aft and auusun iimivMLrs tin 1 - iiuiinn-i in saiil|)ir.> usvil ill uuiuilllllg LUK H,v The numbers above the columns refer to the grades into which the soil is sepa- rated, as given in the scheme of soil classification.] SOILS OF THE ATLANTIC AND i;LF < OASTAL PLAINS. The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains together constitute one of the most important physiographic divisions of the United States. The Atlantic Coastal Plain extends from the New England States south- ward to the Florida Peninsula, where the Gulf Coastal Plain begins and extends thence westward to the Mexican boundary line. It is, however, a A separate chapter should l>e given to this subject only in areas where an underground water map is made or where the. seepage or drainage conditions are of such general importance that the question can not be treated in connec- tion with the description of individual soil types. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 45 discontinuous, being interrupted by the alluvial bottoms of the Missis- sippi River. From the coast the Atlantic Plain extends inland to the margin of the Piedmont Plateau that is, to a line passing through Trenton, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Raleigh, Columbia, Augusta, and Macon. In its northern extension it is represented by a narrow belt, but widens in New Jersey and attains its maximum breadth of about 200 miles in North Carolina. The Gulf Plain extends up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio, its inner boundary line passing through or near Montgomery, luka, Cairo, Little Rock, Texarkana, Austin, and San Antonio. The surface is that of a more or less dissected plain marked by few hills, and slightly terraced with bluffs along streams. The inner mar- gin of the Coastal Plain is usually from 200 to 300 feet above tide- water, but sometimes rises to 500 feet. The drainage here is usually well established, and the surface is rolling to hilly, and consequently carved and eroded. There is a wide belt bordering the coast where the elevations are mostly under 100 feet. In the northern part, where the Coastal Plain is narrow and deeply indented with tidal estuaries, drain- age is usually well established and the surface is rolling, but in the broad southern extension, where the seaward slope is hardly more than 1 foot to the mile, drainage is apt to be deficient. Here rain water often remains upon the surface for a considerable time, although the condi- tions are not comparable with those of a true swamp. The soils in this level section, while composed largely of sand, are compact, usually deficient in organic matter, and not very productive. Many of the flat interstream areas possess such poor drainage that true swamps, such as the Dismal and Okefenokee, have lx>en formed. Near the coast and along the tidal estuaries extensive marshes, separated from the ix-ean by sand barriers, are found. The Coastal Plain is made up of unconsolidated gravels, sands, and sandy clays, with less frequent liods of silts and heavy clays. These. deposits have Ix-en derived mainly from the erosion of the Piedmont Plateau and other inland areas. The materials have lx>en transported and deposited beneath the aea and subsequently exposed by the uplift of the ocean floor. In the more northern parts of the Coa-stal Plain and even us far south as Virginia, the character of the deposits has Ix'cn modified by glacial action and the flooded condition of the streams resulting from the melting of the ice. 46 Soil Survey Field Book. The Coastal Plain materials range in age from Cretaceous to Recent Although extensive areas of the older sediment are exposed at the sur- face to form soils, still by far the greater part of the materials is Quater- nary or Recent in age. The soils are for the most part composed of sands and light sandy loams, with occasional deposits of silts and heavy clays. The heavy clays are found principally near the inner margin of the Coastal Plain. The silts, silty clays, and black calcareous soils upon which the rice and sugar-cane industries of southern Louisiana and Texas are being so extensively developed have no equivalents in the Atlantic division. As a result of differences in the method of deposition, subsequent ero- sion, and drainage conditions, the Coastal Plain frequently presents a great diversity of soil tvpes and soil series with complicated relation- ships between them. The following series have so far been recognized: Galveston, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Orangcburg, Susquehanna, Lufkin, Houston, and Gadsden. In addition there are a number of miscella- neous types which have not as yet been brought into scries. NORFOLK SERIES. The Norfolk series consists of light-colored sandy soils underlain by yellow or orange sand or sandy clay subsoils. Where the drainage is insufficient, the subsoil is often mottled. The members of this series are distinguished from those of the Portsmouth series by the lighter color of the surface material and from those of the Orange burg series by the yellow color of the subsoils. The members of the Norfolk series, with few exceptions, are special purpose rather than general farming soils. This series comprises the most important truck soils of the Coastal Plain. Norfolk gravel. a The soil occurs as hills, narrow bands, or outcrops of gravel consisting of 30 to 60 per cent of rounded waterworn gravel with interstitial material varying from sand to sandy loam or loam. The subsoil is usually a gravelly sand or sandy loam, but locally con- sists of stiflfcr and more clayey material. The type is formed through denudation of gravel layers deposited as shallow-water sediment or as river wash or delta. It is a poor, unproductive soil, generally occupying slopes, and should remain in forest. a Mapped as Susquehanna gravel. This name will be used only in Maryland in the future- Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain*. Acres. Calvert County, Md 3,900 Cecil County, Md 45, 600 Acres. Prince George County, Md 41, 470 Raleigh to Newbern, N. C 11, 410 Harford County, Md 12,930! St. Mary County, Md 7,350 Kent County, Md 12,490 j Trenton, N. J 192 Long Island, N. Y 3,328 | Norfolk gravelly loam. The soil is a gray sandy loam from 6 to 30 inches deep, containing relatively large proportions of coarse to medium sand and from 15 to 50 per cent of gravel and iron concretions. The subsoil varies from a sticky sandy loam to a light sandy clay with an admixture of varying quantities of gravel. The gravel generally is mixod evenly throughout soil and subsoil, but occasionally covers the surfac?. This type occupies terraces and gently to steeply rolling plains marked with occasional ridges and hills. The surface con- figuration, combined with open texture, gives the type excellent drainage. It supports a scattered growth of oak and pine. Corn, cotton, rye, buckwheat, truck crops, peaches, and wrapper tobacco are grown, according to the locality, but the yields are very low. 1884667 Soil (11) 5 13 12 17 18 25 9 Subsoil (11) 3 9 11 14 18 27 17 Acres. Acres. Lancaster County , Pa 4. 000 Lebanon, Pa *> 13. 350 Macon County, Ala 5(5,960 Montgomery County, Ala .... 1,536 Connecticut Valley, Conn, and Mass 059,284 Crystalsprings, Miss 48,768 Hanover County, Va 1,344 Norfolk coarse sand. The soil is a loose, incoherent, gray coarse sand 8 inches deep, containing 10 per cent or more of gravel, underlain by a subsoil of the same material frequently containing iron crusts. The type occurs as level plains or broken slopes, an3 is not very productive, though used to some extent for tobacco, peaches, and truck. 19 :< 4667 Soil (18) 9 20 20 23 H 8 4 Sutinoil (14) 10 26 19 21 fi 10 6 Acres. | Acres. Calvort County, Md r 24, 500 Prince George County, Md c 37. 420 Connivtiout Valley, Conn, and Rhode I.sland 26.304 Mass ' ?|-'! us Chicopec gravel loiim. ' Map[>ed as Donegal gruvelly loam. 1 Map|xvl us WindKor sand, which name will not again I us used except in Maryland. 48 Soil Survey Field Book. Norfolk coarse sandy loam. The soil to a depth of 8 inches consists of a brown to yellowish coarse sandy loam. The subsoil is a yellow sandy loam extending to a depth of about 24 inches, where it rests upon coarse sand and gravel. Both soil and subsoil contain about 25 per cent of small waterworn gravel, chiefly quartz. The surface is level or gently sloping. The areas of this type represent outwash plains of sand and gravel mixed with finer material. Fair crops of corn, grain, grasses, and especially of small fruits are produced, but failures occur in years of drought. 1 2 . 3 4567 Soil (6) 9 24 14 10 10 22 9 Subsoil (4) 11 38 20 11 4 95 Acres. Connecticut Valley, Conn, and Mass 27,904 Long Island, N. Y 64,896 Rhode Island e grown with any great success, except upon the low- lying areas where the water table comes within a few feet of the surface. Corn yields but 5 to 10 bushels per acre and wheat not to exceed 5 to 6 bushels. It is a good early truck soil, especially adapted to light truck crops. It is also used for small fruits and peaches, although not so well adapted to these latter as some of the other soils of the series. Many watermelons are grown upon this soil in the Southern States. In the Connecticut Valley and in Florida a very fine grade of cigar-wrapper tobacco is produc?d upon this soil. In Maryland it produces a fine grade of the Maryland export tobacco. In North and South Carolina it produces a very fine grade of cigarette tobacco, but is not as well adapted to this as is the Norfolk sandy loam. a Mapped as Warwick sandy loam. J See also Norfolk fine sand. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Soil (57) Subsoil (46) Anderson County, Tex Bainbridge, Ga Biloxi, Miss Calvert County, Md Cecil County, Md Charleston, S. C Connecticut Valley, Conn, and Mass Dallas County, Ala Darlington. S. C Dodge County, Oa Dover Del Fort Valley, Ga Gadsden County. Fla Gainesville, Fla Harford County Md Houston County, Tex Kent County, Md .. 1 ... 3 ... 3 Acres. 55,808 29,6% 70,032 58,000 2 3 15 22 16 21 Lancaster County, S. C Leon County, Fla Long Island, N. Y Macon County, Ala .. 40,000 Mobile, Ala 1,088 Montgomery County, Ala . Orangeburg, S. C 95, 304 Prince George County, Md 7, 168 I Raleigh to Newlwrn, X. C . . 71, 104 St. Mary County. Md 175,2911 Salem, N. J 5,032 i San Antonio, Tex 33,792 Stimter County, Ala 93,120 Tangipahoa Parish. La ... 139,328 2, 470 4. 544 30,7110 Trenton, N .1 Willis, Tex Worcester Cour.lv, Md . . Acres. 38,528 100. (188 77. 120 22.010 134,592 4,288 80,080 23, 030 53, 310 27.500 78, 410 3.904 15.29C 890 50,880 8, 560 45,312 Norfolk fine sand. -The soil is a light-brown or gray fine sand about 8 inches deep, loose and incoherent when dry, but packing slightly when wet. The subsoil is of much the same texture, slightly heavier, lighter in color, and somewhat more adhesive. The type occurs as low, rolling hills and level areas, and is generally well drained. The soil is adapted to about the same class of crops as the Norfolk sand, but is generally somewhat more productive. It is the best early truck soil of the Coastal Plain, but produces only fair crops of corn and cotton. In Florida a line grade of wrap|>er tobacco is grown on this soil. " Mapped as Marl ford Bandy loam, which name will not !>< use Connecticut Volley. 3207^ 50 Soil Survey Field Book. \ Soil (35) Subsoil (28) Acres. Anderson County, Tex 138, 880 Biloxi, Miss 5(1,896 Connecticut Valley, Conn, and Mass a. 17, 284 Charleston, S. C 61, 504 Craven, N. C b 88, 192 Dallas County, Ala 23, 872 Duplin County, N. C 117, 440 Houston County, Tex 79, 872 Jackson, Miss 320 Jacksonville, Tex .. . 38,528 Acres. Leon County, Fla 28, C>08 Montgomery County, Ala 9,856 Norfolk, Va b 20, 804 Ouachita Parish, La 192 I'erquimans and Pasquotank Counties, N. C 6, 97(i Perry County, Ala 6 4, 160 Prince George County, Md c 36, 190 Salem, N. J d 15, 710 Trenton, N. J d 27, 584 Worcester County, Md 22, 400 Lee County, Tex 41, 856 Norfolk sandy loam. This type consists of a coarse to medium yel- low or gray sand or light sandy loam soil 12 to 20 inches deep, resting on a yellow light sandy clay subsoil. It occupies level or gently rolling land. The soil is too light for general farm crops, and corn yields on the average not over 10 bushels per acre. It is adapted to sweet and Irish potatoes, peanuts, and truck crops. In the Connecticut Valley and in Florida it produces a fine cigai-wrapper tobacco and in North Carolina bright yellow tobacco and cotton. 1234 o 7 Soil (28) 4 . r > 14 31 18 11 7 Subsoil (23) 4 12 10 22 12 12 20 Acres. I Bainbridge, Ga 24, 570 Henderson County, Tenn Connecticut Valley, Conn. and Mass 4(i, 402 Craven, N. C 27,288 Darlington, S. C / 05, 024 Dodge, County, Ga 105, 792 Gadsden County, Fla 50,816 Macon County, Ala Montgomery County, Ala.. Orangeburg, S. C Raleigh to Newliern, N. C.... 9 210,580 Salem, N. J A 16, 790 Trenton, N. J .. . A 8, 640 Acres. 1,984 9,408 32,890 126, 592 Gainesville, Fla 86, 784 ! Wood ville, Tox 52, 804 Hanover County, Va 88,256 ; Yorktown, Va 94,010 "Mapped as Podunk fine sandy loam. b Mapped as Norfolk sund. c Mapped as Westphalia sand. <* Mapped in part as Elsinboro fine sand and in part as Westphalia sand. 'Mapped as Enfield sandy loam, which name will not IHJ used outside of the Connecticut Valley. / Mapped as Norfolk sandy soil. a Mapped in part as Norfolk sandy soil and in part as Selma silt loam. h Mapped as Quinton sandy loam. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 51 Norfolk fine sandy loam. The soil consists of a pale-yellow or gray fine sand}- loam 6 to 8 inches deep, underlain by a yellow fine sandy loam subsoil, grading into a light sandy clay at an average depth of about 18 inches. It occurs in level plains and rolling uplands and gen- erally has good drainage. It gives a moderate yield of corn, and is very well adapted generally to late truck crops and in parts of the South to cotton and to bright yellow tobacco. This soil is not as valuable for early truck as the Norfolk fine sand, but is an excellent medium to late truck soil. In North Carolina it is esteemed a better tobacco soil than the Norfolk sandy loam and fully equal, if not somewhat superior, to the Norfolk fine sand. Soil (73) 1 1 -> :i 4 5 fi 7 3 5 38 24 22 8 3 4 29 17 21 24 Macon Countv, Ala Acres. 21,952 81,472 832 39, 552 7.108 19,008 Subsoil (74) 1 Acres. 224 040 93 248 McNcill Miss Oiloxi Miss 171,908 Mason Countv, Ky a 22. 848 Montgomery County, Ala Mobile, Ala Calvert County M<1 65,220 Charleston S C 47,080 Nacogdochos, Tex Craven, N. C . . . 155, 130 Norfolk, Va 38.144 4, 480 43.908 Dallas County. Ala Darlington S. C ... 103,392 . . c 25, 000 Oningobiirg, S. C Perqulmans and I'asquotank counties, N. C Do Solo Parish. I.u 244,992 Duplin Countv, N. C 180,032 Prince George County, Md . . . Kalcigh to No\vl>ern, N. C ... St. Mary County, Md Siimt.er Countv. Alii . . b 9, 000 30, 100 b X, oOO 48, 128 2.170 107. ISO 144, (H14 Fort Valley Oa d 23, 488 28,090 39 23'' Houston County, Tex ... 14.5,408 Union County, Ky 07.328 i Willis. Tex . ... / l,ufkin. Tex .. 0.010 Yorktown. Vii . . " Map|x>d as Miami fine sandy loum. 'Mapped us Norfolk IOHIII. but now brought into the pro|>er place in the Norfolk series. '.Mapped HS Ayden fine sandy loam. '' Mapped as Norfolk sandy loam. ' Map|>ed as Sturgis fine sandy loam. /Part of this occurring on the uplands was map|>ed as Willis sand, the re- mainder occupying a low position along the river was mapped as Norfolk fine sandy loam. It is recogmwd now that these two areas should have ticcn combined. 52 Soil Survey Field Book. Norfolk loam/* T\\e. soil is a brown loam or fine? sandy loam, usually containing a very small amount of fine gravel. The subsoil is a vellow loam containing considerable sand, which is frequently underlain by a medium grade of yellow sand or by gravel. The type occupies level areas, usually terraces alojig rivers and tidal estuaries. The soil is-easily tilled, well drained, and produces fair yields of general farm crops. It is especially well adapted to sugar corn, peas, and tomatoes for canning purposes, and also to peaches. It is too heavy a soil for early truck, and not sufficiently heavy to be classed as a general farming soil. 1 2 4 5 7 Soil (26) 1 6 9 24 17 HO 11 Subsoil (2(i) ... . . 1 ti 9 20 1.1 29 19 Acres. Biloxi, Miss (18, 410 Calvert County, Md 6 10, 900 Dover, Del (i(i, 752 Lockhaven, Pa .. 3, (548 Long Island, N. Y < 100, 090 Mason County, Ky 890 Acres. Mobile, Ala 47, 104 Norfolk, Va 23,872 Terry County, Ala & 14, 720 Prince George County, Md . . . & 4, 830 St. Mary County, Md & 17, 500 Worcester County, Md * 54, 848 Norfolk silt loam. This soil type consists of a brown loam 10 inches deep, underlain by a heavy yellow loam subsoil, both containing a rather high percentage of silt. It occurs as level or gently rolling uplands or terraces. It is one of the most valuable soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain for general farm crops, and is best adapted to wheat, corn, and grass. In New Jersey this soil produces as high as 25 or 35 bushels of wheat, 1 to 2 tons of hay, and from 50 to 70 bushels of corn per acre. It is esteemed an excellent soil for dairy farming. On the Eastern Shore of Maryland the yields are almost as high as in New Jersey. In southern Maryland the yields are much less, wheat pro- ducing from 12 to 18 bushels and corn 25 to 40 bushels per acre, while the yield of hay is proportionally small. It is believed that this difference in productiveness is due almost entirely to the methods of cultivation. a Sec also Norfolk fine sandy loam, page 51. & Mapped as Sassafras sandy loam. Mapped in part as Sassafras sandy loam and in part as Sassafras gravelly loam, which names will hereafter only be used in Maryland and New Jersey. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 53 Soil (29) 1 Subsoil Acres. Culvert County, Md a 8, 850 Cecil County, Md "50,500 Chester County, Pa 6 Darlington, S. C a2(J,880 Dover, Del 32, 9GO llarford County, Md 29, 810 Kent County, Md & f>7, 200 Loekhaven, Pa 5, 824 (i 7 14 54 12 13 51 19 Acres. Perquiinans and Pasquotank counties, N. C 9, 344 Prince George County, Md . . . a 9, 090 Salem, N. J b 108, 140 San Antonio, Tex 24, 128 St. Mary County, Md 16, 200 Trenton, N. J & 88, 384 Worcester County, Md a 14, 400 Norfolk clay loam. The soil consists of about 6 inches of dark- brown clay loam, underlain by a very dense waxy clay of a dark reddish-brown color. At about 24 inches thin lenses of very fine sand occur and the color changes to a mottled grayish blue. The surface is flat and the elevation is only about 10 feet above sea level. Much of the type is imperfectly drained. The type is best adapted to grass and small, grains, and formerly produced large yields of wheat. At present the yield rarely exceeds 10 bushels per acre. 1 Soil (1) 1 Subsoil (1)... .. 2 8 4 ."> 3 8 23 7 4 l> 18 7 Acres. Yorktown, Va .. 1,8.">> Norfolk clay. The soil consists of from 3 to 6 inches of heavy, very fine sandy loam or loam, and the subsoil of a stiff, mottled yellow clay. The surface is generally level and the drainage is poor, and artificial drainage is often necessary Ix'fore crops can be grown. The soil almost invariably clods unless plowed in just the proper condition of moisture, although when properly drained and carefully cultivated it is quite productive, vielding from 1 to 2 tons of hay, 20 to -10 bushels of corn, and 1 bale of cotton JXT acre. " Mapped as Sassafras loam. It is recognized fleiirly now that this Ix-longs to the Norfolk .series. The mime Sassafras loam will bo used horonflor only in Maryland and New Jersey. l> MapiN'd in part as .Sassafras loam and Sassafras gravelly loam. The latter name will not again I* uwd, and similar soils will in the future lie niHpi>ed as Norfolk silt loam with a gravel symbol and the gravelly pluuo deseril>ed in the report, except in Maryland and New Jersey, where it will lie. map)>ed HI Sassafras loam with a gravel symbol. 54 Soil Survey Field Bool'. 1 2 4 :> 7 Soil (5)..- 1 3 3 18 If, 3<> 23 Subsoil (7) 1 2 15 9 27 43 Acres, i Acres. Craven, N. C 9,(>00 | Fort Valley, 4(i PORTSMOUTH SERIES. The Portsmouth scries is characterized by dark-gray to black surface soils, underlain by 'yellow, gray, or mottled yellow and grav subsoils. The dark color of the soils is due to an accumulation of organic matter during an earlier or existing swampy condition. This series may be considered as intermediate between the light-colored Norfolk soils on the one hand and the Peat and Swamp areas on the other. The members of the series occupy depressed areas, or areas so flat that the water table is at or near the surface, except where artifi- cial drainage has been resorted to. When drained the Portsmouth soils are well adapted to corn and to certain truck crops, particularly strawberries, cabbages, and onions. Portsmouth sand. The soil is a black, brown, or dark-gray loamy sand, about 12 inches deep, usually containing a large amount of organic matter. The subsoil is a gray or mottled drab, white, and yellow sticky sand, underlain at from 24 to 48 inches by a compact and impervious stratum of sand having the properties of a hardpan. Occasionally the subsoil is so saturated with water as to resemble quicksand. This type occurs in nearly level upland areas with poor drainage and represents former lake or swampy areas. Corn is the principal crop. It is adapted to berries, particularly to strawberries, and to cabbage, onions, and other heavy or late truck crops. 12 4 :> (i ; Soil (11). 1 10 25 4 4 Subsoil (9) . ... . . 1 10 2(i 4!) 5 4 5 Acres. Bainbridge, Ga 3,4'Hi Craven, N. C 1 1 ,072 Dover, Del 640 Acres. Ciadsdcn, Fla K, Portsmouth fine sand. The soil consists of 16 inches of fine sand of a dark-gray or black color. The dark color is the result of decayed organic matter. Where the usual drainage conditions prevail, the a Mapped as Selma clay. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, 55 subsoil is a chocolate-brown fine sand, similar in texture to the soil and occasionally cemented by iron. Below 3 feet a pure white sand, locally known as quicksand, is usually found. This type is of sedimen- tary origin and occupies level uplands. The natural surface drainage is but imperfectly established, and water stands at an average depth of 2 feet below the surface at all times, while after heavy rains the surface is flooded for days at a time. The natural vegetation is longleaf pine, with an undergrowth of palmetto and gallberry bushes. In some places scrub oak is a prominent tree growth. But little of the type is under cultivation. 1 _' :J 4 5 7 Soil (2) 3 9 C.4 9 ti 9 Subsoil (2) 3 9 (if) 9 5 S Acres. Gainesville, Flu 3.5,840 Portsmouth sandy loam. This type consists of a black, brown, or dark-gray sandy loam soil, about 12 inches deep, frequently containing a very large quantity of organic matter, underlain by a gray or mottled sandy clay subsoil, which in turn is underlain usually by a compact sand sometimes having the properties of a hardpan. The type occu- pies level or slightly depressed areas in the uplands and the drainage is usually poor. When drained this type of soil is adapted to corn, potatoes, and truck crops, particularly strawberries. i -2 :5 4 .- <> ; Soil(21) 5 11 12 29 13 IS 12 Subsoil (IS) 2 8 10 2f> 12 21 22 Acres. Acres. Craven, N. I' 4 Gainesville, Flu 40,3X4 Worcester County, M<1 9,S.">een separated from the Cold-horn compact sandy loam. 6 Slapped us UokUboru compact sandy loam. 50 Soil /Survey Field Book. cultivation the soil becomes lighter in both color and texture and the sand content more pronounced. The subsoil is usually a mottled drab and yellow sandy clay, massive and sticky, with a depth of more than 36 inches, and is underlain occasionally by a layer of very h'nc white or gray sand. Where the type occurs within sand areas, the subsoil often consists entirely of sand. It is characterized by level or slightly depressed surface features. Lack of drainage is responsible for the existence and peculiar characteristics of the type. In most cases artificial drainage is impracticable, owing to the lack of fall. The type supports a heavy growth of cypress, gum, magnolia, and other water-loving trees and undergrowth. When cleared and properly drained, Irish potatoes and cabbages are successfully grown, espe- cially the latter. Cotton and corn give fair yields in favorable situa- tions. The type is well adapted to onions and some of the berry fruits. Raleigh to Newbern, N. C 7 12 24 Acres. ...<18,980 Yorktown, Va 29, 760 Soil (6) Subsoil (6) Acres. Charleston, S. C 32,0(14 Duplin County, N. C 06, 1 12 Perquimans and Pasquotank counties, N. C 25, 472 Portsmouth loam. This type consists of a dark-gray to black fine- textured loam soil, about 12 inches deep, underlain by a gray or somewhat mottled heavy loam subsoil, grading sometimes into a mottled gray or yellow silty clay. It occupies flat, upland areas, with naturally very poor drainage, but when drained and properly culti- vated is well suited, according to locality, to corn, cotton, sugar cane, and forage plants. 1 Soil (7) Subsoil (7) Acres. Craven, N. C 6 45, 504 Duplin County, N. C 8, 448 McNeill, Miss 3,328 a Mapped as Selma heavy silt loam. b Mapped as Portsmouth clay, but the soil is too light in texture to be classed as a clay. 234567 2 3 19 17 42 17 1 2 17 Iti 39 24 Acres. Perquimans and Pasquotank counties, N. C 41,536 Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 57 Portsmouth silt loam. The soil consists of a gray to dark -brown friable silt loam about 9 inches deep It is frequently compact and inclined to puddle, and if plowed when too wet it forms clods, though these break down quite readily in subsequent cultivation. The sub- soil is a gray or mottled gray and yellow heavy silt loam, which in the lower depths sometimes becomes heavier and more greasy and waxy in character. The type occurs as flat, slightly depressed or low lying areas, which generally require drainage for successful cultivation and was formed by deposition of fine materials in comparatively quiet water during the more or less complete submergence of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. When well drained it is adapted to corn, hay. and small grain and in the South to such vegetables as cabbage, kale collards, ejc. It also gives moderate yields of cotton i -' a 4 5 <; 7 Soil (18) 1 3 5 9 (13 17 Subsoil (18) ...0 1 2 4 9 59 24 Acres Cecil County. Md 7 000 Chester County. Pa 512 Dover. Del . . . " 6. 016 Acres. Norfolk Va 655,488 Perquiinans and Pasquotank Counties. N. C . 110.010 Harford County, Md a 11,370 Prince Goo rgo County, Md . u 1.450 Kent County. Md a 27,840 . Salem, N J . all, 240 Mason County. Ky a 896 I Worcester County Md * 50, 432 Portsmouth clay loam. The soil is a clay loam of ashy gray to dark brownish color and about 6 inches deep. It grades abruptly into a dense waxy clay which extends to a depth of 24 inches. Below 24 inches the subsoil contains pockets of fine sand. The type occupies flat or troughlike depressions along tide water, and the drainage 's inadequate. It is derived from maiine deposits The soil is used for the production of corn, wheat, and grass, of which moderate yields are secured. I _' :t i .> (i ; Soil (2) (I 4 27 S 3S LM SllliBoil (2) (I .{ .1 2! 4 3S IM \crca Yorktown Vu i, 176 n Mapped IIH Klktnn clay ' Miippi-i! in purtHM l.i'oiiapliou n loam and in part as l.i'onunllou n gravelly loam. 58 Soil Survey Field Book. \ ORANGEBURG SERIES. The Orangeburg series is derived largely, but not entirely, from the Lafayette mantle of gravels, sands, and sandy clays. The surface soils are usually gray to brown in color and are invariably underlain at a depth of 3 feet or less by a red or yellowish-red sandy clay. The prevailing red color of the subsoil is the characteristic feature dis- tinguishing the Orangeburg series from the Norfolk series. The red soils appear to possess a higher producing power and are generally stronger than the corresponding soils of the Norfolk series. The Orangeburg soils may be considered as the Coastal Plain equivalent of the Cecil series of the Piedmont Plateau. Orangeburg sand. The soil is a gray or reddish sand, of medium texture, fiorn 6 to 8 inches deep, resting upon a reddish-yellow sandy subsoil, which in turn is underlain at a depth of from 15 to36 inches by a red sandy clay. The soil usually contains some iron concretions. This type usually occupies gently rolling areas and has good natural drainage. It gives fair yields of corn and cotton, but is best adapted to early truck, peaches, and wrapper tobacco. 1234 o fi 7 Soil (14) 2 13 15 38 15 7 _ G Subsoil (14) 2 14 25 27 11 7 ~22 Acre.-. Montgomery County, Ala 17, KO Orangeburg, S. C 45,312 Sumter County. Ala 44, (f 8 Acres. Bainbridge. Oa 22, 592 Darlington. S. C 69,984 Gadsden Fla . 31,552 Leon County, Fla . 6,912 Oraiigeburg fine sand. The soil is a brownish-red to grayish -red fine sand to fine sandy loam with an average depth of 2 feet. The subsoil is a red sandy clay extending to a depth of 40 inches or more. The type occurs on the undulating and flat tops of hills and ridges, and owing to its location the drainage is good. The type is derived from the weathering of unconsohdated material of late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time. The soil is easily worked under a wide range of mois- ture conditions and is largely under cultivation. In favorable seasons an average yield of one-half bale of cotton is secured, while the yield < Where the sand is more than 30 inches deep this material should be called Norfolk sand 6 Mapped as Orangeburg sandy loam. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 59 of corn is about 35 bushels per acre. The soil is also well adapted to peaches and plums and is used to some extent for the production of melons. Srril (4) 1 1 8 4 o 2 10 48 IS 6 11 11 Subsoil (4) 1 40 22 11 20 Dallas County, Ala Acres. 13,312 Lee County, Tex Acres. 09, f>96 Houston County. Tex . . 704 San Antonio, Tex... .. 30.730 Orangeburg sandy loam. This type consists of a coarse to medium red or dark-brown sand or light sandy loam, from 4 to 15 inches in depth, resting on a red sandy clay subsoil usually containing small gravel and iron concretions. The type occupies rolling to level upland ridges and slopes. It is adapted to general farming, giving good yields of cotton and corn, and rather smallyields of wheat and oats. In South Carolina it is used for bright yellow tobacco, and in Florida, Alabama, and Texas for cigar wrapper and filler leaf. 1 -J :t 4 r> 7 Soil (14) .3 13 21 2.') 14 14 8 Subsoil (1C) 2 8 14 17 11 13 33 Acres. : Acros. Darlington, S. C 6 0, 592 Do Soto Parish, La 192 Macon County, Ala 110.144 Montgomery County, Ala 22.912 Orangeburg, S. C 10,004 Paris, Tex... . 12,224 McNeil!. Miss 7,296 ] Wood ville. Tex 1.152 Orangeburg fine sandy loam. This type consists of a gray or brown fine sand or light fine sandy loam soil from 4 to 15 inches deep, underlain by a red sandy clay subsoil. This type occupies level and rolling to hilly areas in uplands and has good drainage. The soil is well adapted to cotton, gives fair yields of corn, and is particularly well adapted to truck crops, peaches, and in Texas to Cuban filler tobacco. It is the principal peach soil of the Fort Valley area, Georgia. Whrrr tin- sandy layer is less than 4 inches deep the soil should be called Orangeburg c!ay. ''Miippfl as Orangeburg loam, but the surface soil is too coarse, loose, and incoherent for the true Orangeburg loam. 60 Soil Survey Field Book. Soil (42) 1 1 2 .'{ 4 5 6 3 6 39 23 18 7 8 Subsoil (44) 1 3 4 27 17 15 31 Anderson County, Tex Acres. 102,080 Leon County, Fla Acres. 73, 920 Bainb ridge, Ga 36, 480 Lufkin, Tex 6, 400 3,008 Miller County Ark 224 640 Crystalsprings, Miss 17,280 Mobile, Ala . . 26, 880 Do Soto Parish, La 6, 976 Montgomery County, Ala 6,208 Dallas County, Ala . . 159,040 Nacogdoches, Tex 16, 320 7 616 172 800 Fort Valley, Ga .. a24,896 Paris, Tex 69, 184 Gadsden, Fla Houston County, Tex . . a 37, 248 57,088 Perry County, Ala Sumter Countv Ala . a 196, 288 107 264 Jacksonville, Tex 18, 752 Tangipahoa Parish, La 84.672 Lee Countv. Tex . . 57.920 Orangeburg clay. This type is a red loam or clay loam soil, with an average depth of 8 inches, resting on a stiff, tenacious reddish-brown or red clay subsoil. In small local areas a sandy covering is sometimes found, but the red clay must be within 4 inches of the surface. Gener- ally the surface is rolling or hilly and the drainage is excellent. The native growth is hardwood. Cotton and corn are the principal crops, the former yielding from one-third to 1 bale and the latter from 15 to 45 bushels per ac.3. The better areas of this type are believed to be adapted to the production of a fine grade of domestic Cuban filler tobacco. Soil (18) 2 Subsoil (21) 1 Acres. Anderson County, Tex 35,904 Dallas County, Ala 9,024 Fort Valley, Ga 31, 168 Houston County, Tex 7, 488 Jacksonville, Tex 4,096 Lee County, Tex 10,688 Acres. Macon County, Ala 69, 504 Nacogdoches, Tex 16, 704 Paris, Tex 59, 136 Perry County, Ala 82, 752 San Antonio, Tex 27,520 Sumter County, Ala 12,800 OALVESTON SERIES. The Galveston series includes the barrier islands or bars, shore-line deposits, and low-lying marshes of the immediate coast line. The bar- rier bars consist of white sand thrown beyond the reach of normal tides by wave action and further modified by winds. The soils of the "Mapped as Orangeburg sandy loam. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 61 marshes, consisting of sandy loams, loams, and clays, have been built up by the deposition of silt and clay carried in by streams, by wind- blown sand from the adjoining sand areas, and by the decay of coarse salt grasses and other vegetation. On account of the extreme diffi- culty of access and the present low value of these lands, the soil survey- is not carried on in great detail. Where the areas are large and have not been subjected to local stream depositions the character of the material is not subject to very much local change. The agricultural value of these lands is very low, depending mainly upon the pasturage 1 afforded and the coarse hay that can with difficulty l>e harvested; and, on the other hand, they are a distinct menace to health, as they form the breeding-places of disease-carrying insects. Efforts to drain and reclaim these marshes have been attended with some success. The possibilities of successful reclamation depend upon the engineering problems connected with the keeping out of the tides and the subse- quent efficient drainage of the land. A vast amount of such reclama- tion work has been done in Holland and some important, though relatively small, areas have been reclaimed in the United States. Galveston coarse sand. This tvpe consists of medium to coarse sand 3 feet in depth, with an admixture of fine and coarse, gravel and shell fragments. It occurs as a fringe along the coast and is of no agricultural value. 128 4 5 (i 7 Soil (1) 3 . r >3 41 3000 Acres. Everett, Wash 2 r >fi Island County, Wash 1 ,f>30 Galveston sand. This is a light-gray to white sand 3 feet or more in depth, often containing a large percentage of fine particles of shell. It occurs as narrow ridges or islands along coasts. The surface varies from smooth beaches to dunes. It is generally unproductive and 11011- agricultural. 1 -' 3 I ;> (i 7 8oil(l) 2 17 :i 43 I Slllisoil(l) 7 37 37 2 Acres. | Acres. Dover, I VI f>4 i Worcester County, Mil K,(Xi4 LOIIK Island, N. V 12,224 Vorktown. Vu I.1IS4 Norfolk. Vu 'i|<),7.V2 " I hi- im-ltnles some Piinesaml. l>ut th<> whole areii is of so little iiKririilt unil Importance that the, two ty|>es were not sepnriiterl. 62 Son Survey Field Book. Galveston fine sand. -This is a light-gray to white loose, incoherent, siliceous line sand 3 feet or more in depth, containing varying amounts of shell fragments. The type owes its formation to the action of waves and tides, and is modified by wind action at the higher elevations. It occurs as narrow strips and beaches along the seacoast. Where washed by the w r aves it presents a smooth, hard surface, but farther inland it rises in rather Ipose, irregular hillocks. It is not adapted to agricul- tural purposes. 1 2 it 4 5 ,448 Rhodelsland 4,224 Galveston clay. The soil varies from a drab or yellow to black clav and rrsts on a subsoil of still heavier clay. Both soil and subsoil usu- ally contain calcareous nodules. The type occurs as k vel, flat areas with p >or drainage, representing the type of salt marsh extensively developed along the sea coasts. The native vegetation is almost entirely salt grass, a!T:>rding a rather poor pasturage. The type needs to be diked and Jiainod before reclamation is possible, but when so reclaimed and a Mapped as Galveston sand. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 63 the excess of salt removed it makes an exceedingly productive soil, especially for corn, cabbage, onions, rice, potatoes, and hay. Soil (13) Subsoil (10). Acres. Bra/.oria, Tex 31, 168 Charleston, S. C 77,312 Dover, Del 30,784 Long Island, N. Y 3fi,352 Los Angeles, Cal 4,800 Acres. New Orleans, La 5,504 San Jose, Cal 2ti,048 Worcester County, Md 23,936 Yorktown, Va .. .. 21,568 HOUSTON SERIES. The Houston scries occurs principally in the black, calcareous prairie regions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas. The soils are characterized by a large percentage of lime, especially in the subsoil, which in some of the types consists of white, chalky limestone. The series has been derived from the weathering of calcareous clays, chalk beds, and "rotten" limestones, all of late Cretaceous age. In some localities remnants of later sandy and gravelly deposits have been mingled with the calcareous material, giving rise to the gravelly and loam members of the series. The soils of the Houston scries are very productive. They are at present devoted chiefly to the growing of cotton and corn, but some of them will produce excellent and more profitable crops of alfalfa. Houston gravelly clay. The soil is a heavy, dark-brown to black clay loam or clay 12 inches deep, containing a large amount of gravel and rounded, waterworn pebbles, varying in size from one-eighth of an inch to 3 inches in diameter. The subsoil is a stifT clay of a light- brown color, becoming stifFcr as the depth mcrcas:s, and usually con- taining a small percentage of rounded gravel and pebbles, although there are small areas where it is a bed of porous gravel. The type occupies the higher ridges of the rolling prairie, and is easily eroded. The gravel is derived from the remains of an old formation, which lias In-en almost entirely worn away, leaving only a thin layer capping the higher ridges. Owing to its topography and gravelly character the type has good drainage. The crops grown are cotton, corn, sorghum, oats, and some Kafir corn, and good yields are usually obtained. 64 Soil Survey Field Book. 1234 5 fi 7 Soil (5) 1 2 3 7 11 40 36 Subsoil (5) 1 2 3 6 9 37 42 Acres. Austin, Tex 36,672 San Antonio, Tex 53, (596 Waco, Tex 1,984 Houston loam. The soil is a gray to light-brown loam, with an aver- ago depth of 10 inches, containing a considerable amount of silt. It is friable and when well cultivated has a desirable tilth. The subsoil is a drab to slate-colored silty clay, containing noticeable amounts of fine- sand. It becomes heavier with depth, and at 36 inches is a stiff, plastic, silty clay, often slightly mottled and containing a small per- centage of fine sand. Small rounded pebbles are sometimes encoun- tered in both soil and subsoil. The type occupies slightly rolling upland prairies, and except in some depress?d areas the drainage is good. The Houston loam occurs between the heavy black clay lands of the prairie and the sandy timber lands, and has been formed by the intermingling of the materials from these two classes of soils. It is best adapted to early maturing crops, as droughts of the late summer months seriously affect the yields. Good crops of cotton, corn, oats, and sorghum are produced. 1 2 4 a 6 7 Soil (5) 1 2 14 12 49 21 Subsoil (5) 1 2 7 9 44 36 Acres. Paris, Tex "62,144 Waco, Tex 8,640 Houston black clay loam. The soil is a heavy grayish-brown loam or clay loam from 8 to 15 inches deep. The subsoil has the same tex- ture, but the color changes gradually from brownish-gray to yellowish at a depth of 4 or 5 feet. Often a few small rock fragments occur in both soil and subsoil, but where the development is typical the under- lying rock is found at a great depth and fragments are absent. It is a residual type derived from the weathering of white limestone. The soil is friable and easily worked, and retains moisture well. The type occurs on the gently rolling prairies and has excellent drainage. This soil type is closely associated with the Houston black clay, but is not so stiff and waxy and is sometimes found in higher locations. It is a good Mapped as Houston silt loam and Houston clay. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 65 soil for cotton, corn, and sorghum, and when irrigated is well adapted to truck farming and to such fruits as are suited to the climate. 1 '_> 3 4 5 (J 7 Soil (2) 1 1 8 15 47 28 Subsoil (2) 1 1 1 11 l(i 38 32 Acres. San Antonio, Tex 54,272 Houston black clay. The soil is a black or sometimes drab clay about 10 inches d?ep, friable when well cultivated, but becoming waxy and sticky when wet, and if not continually cultivated caking into a very hard and compact mass that cracks into irregular blocks on drying. The subsoil is a waxy, very stiff and tenacious clay of lighter color than the soil. Both soil and subsoil contain varying quantities of lime con- cretions. The typ? is derived from the weathering of soft limestone or calcareous clays, principally of Cretaceous age. The soil is very pro- ductive and is us^d commonly for corn, cotton, and rice, according to locality, elevation, and drainage, and is adapted also to grass. 1 ' 3 4 5 8 43 40 Acres. | Acres. Anderson County, Tex 3,264 Paris, Tex 35,008 Austin, Tex 190,400 San Antonio, Tex 22,976 Brazoria, Tex 272,575 Sumter County. Ala 2ti,ti48 Houston County, Tex 3,200 Waco, Tex 57,280 Lavaca County, Tex 215,232 Willis, Tex !>20,480 IXH> County, Tex 38,208 Houston clay. -The soil is a gray to brown or black loamy clay 1 to 10 inches deep, r. sting on a still", lighter colored clav subsoil passing at aljout 20 inches into a light-gray or white rotten limestone or chalk. The color of the soil varies somewhat according to topographic position, th.-> darker colored areas occupying the depressions and more level situations, while the white subsoil is often exposed along slopes, giving rise to irregular spots resembling "gulls." The soil is friable and easily cultivated under proper moisture conditions, but is extremely plastic and sticky when wet. Anas not under cultivation bake and sunerack upon drying. The type occupies level to gently rolling country, usually prairi -, and is derived from n>lt:-n limestone or chalks a M:I|I|M'.| as Houston cliiy. & Mapped as San .lacintn cluy. 8'J07 "><)!! "> 66 Soil Survey Field Book. of Cretaceous age. Cotton is the principal product, but the soil pro- duces good yields of corn, oats, grass, and legumes. 1 -' 34567 Soil (17) 1 2 2 9 11 41 32 Subsoil (l. r >) 1 1 1 6 9 40 41 Acres. Austin, Tex 1,440 Dallas County, Ala 149,184 Macon County, Ala *>8,57fi Montgomery County, Ala 8<), 400 1'erry County, Ala 136, 128 Acres. Russell, Kans c35, 4,V> San Antonio, Tex " 4, 480 Sumtcr County, Ala 59,048 Waco, Tex 12,i4 LUKKIN SERIES. The Lufkin series is characterized by gray surface soils and heavy, very impervious, plastic gray and mottled subsoils. The difference l>etween the texture of the surface soil and that of the subsoil is very marked, especially in the sandy loam members. The tree growth is principally scrub oak. These soils are generally lower in agricultural value than those of the Norfolk and Orangeburg scries. Lufkin gravelly loam. The soil is a gray fine sand. In depressed areas it is sometimes considerably heavier. The subsoil is a heavy sandy clay varying much in color. Botli the soil and subsoil contain large quantities of gravel. The surface is generally rough and hilly and the drainage thorough. The type is largely in pasture. Yields of about one-third bale of cotton and 15 bushels of corn per acre are secured on some of the less gravelly areas. 1234567 Soil (1) 1 37 41 12 9 Subsoil (1) 1 U 2 17 Hi 20 44 Acres. Lee County, Tex 47, 3W) Lufkin sand. This type consists of a loose, incoherent gray to brown medium sand 12 inches in depth, underlain by a gray or yellow sand of the same texture. Beneath the sand at a depth of 2A to .5 feet is found the same drab and yellow mottled sandy clay that forms the subsoil of the Lufkin sandy loam, the only distinction between the two types l>eing the difference in the depth of sand overlying the clay "Mapped as Austin clay. "Mapped as Benton loam. & Mapped as Houston black clay. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain*. 67 and the consequent difference in agricultural value. The soil readily aljsorbs water, and its location on ridges or in proximity to streams insures adequate drainage. The type is of sedimentary origin, and is derived from a Coastal Plain formation consisting of loose, incoherent sands. The soil is rather poor and crops grown upon it usually suffer from lack of moisture. It is well suited to sweet potatoes, and some early truck crops might also do well. It supports a forest growth of post oak, black-jack oak, and some live oak. 1 -' 4 5 < 7 Soil (2) o 10 id :>:> 943 Subsoil (2) 9-20 54 9 , r > 3 Acres. I.avaca County, Tex (>3,93i Lufkin fine sand. The soil is a gray line loamy sand about 10 inches deep, resting on a subsoil of much the same character but occasionally more loamy. At a depth of from 3 to 5 feet occurs a gray or mottled stratified clay. The type is generally well drained, but occasionally small areas occur as depressions, where the drainage is deficient. Such areas are locally referred to as "crawfish land." The natural growth is scrub pine and oak. The soil produces fair yields of corn and cotton, but is rather Ix-tter adapted to early truck crops and peaches. The soil needs green manuring for the incorporation of more organic matter. Soil (2) 1 1 1 >:> 47 22 3 Subsoil C!) 1 I 27 40 2.!, ilso Lufkin sandy loam. The soil is a gray to brown medium loamy sand or light sandy loam varying in depth from X to 20 inches. The subsoil consists of a drab and yellow mottled, tenacious, im|>crvious. sanoth M>I'( and subsoil, and thin Iwds of gravel are sometimes seen. The type is derived from the weathering of (iulf Coastal Plain deposits consisting of unconsolidated sands and clays. The topography is flat to rolling. The major part of the type has good drainage. Cotton and corn are th< principal crops. Sorghum and Irish potatoes succeed well and truck crops are 68 Soil Surrey Field Bool'. grown with success. The timber growth consists largely of post oak, with some black-jack oak, and along the streams live oak. 1 '2 3 4 5 7 Soil (2) 5 11 50 16 12 (i Subsoil (2) 3 8 32 10 12 35 Acres. Lavaca County, Tex 357,632 Lufkin fine sandy loam." This soil type consists of a gray or brown fine loamy sand or light sandy loam about 12 inches in depth, resting on a plastic, impervious mottled gray and yellow sandy clay subsoil. The surface is level to rolling, and drainage is generally \v 11 established. The type is derived from Coastal Plain deposits. The timber growth is chiefly scrub oak. Cotton and corn are the principal crops. 1 -234 5 (i 7 Soil (2) ... 1 2 35 29 26 6 Subsoil (2) 1 1 23 26 24 25 Acres. Lee County, Tex 113,152 Lufkin loam. The soil to a depth of from 3 to 10 inches consists of a loam, containing considerable organic matter and having a dark-gray color. The subsoil is a stiff, compact, dark-colored sandy clay. The surface of this type is flat, with a few areas gently rolling, and in general is poorly drained. The type is derived from the weathering of Lafay- ette deposits. Corn and cotton arc the principal crops, of which the yields are good, from 25 to 35 bushels of corn and from one-fourth to three-fourths of a bale of cotton per acre being secured. The type is also adapted to truck and strawberries. 1234 5 7 Soil(U 1 3 34 26 22 14 Subsoil (1) 2 26 l(i 17 38 Acres. I>oe County, Tex 5, 376 Lufkin clay. The soil is a loam or silty loam from 3 to 8 inches deep, containing occasionally a few iron concretions. The subsoil is a stiff, impervious drab or mottled gray and yellow clay. At a depth of 3 to 5 feet the clay is often distinctly stratified. The surface is generally level and the drainage is poor. The natural growth is scrub See also Susquehanna fine sandy loam, page 71. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 69 pine and small oaks. The soil is 'not well adapted to ordinary farm crops, and small yields of corn and cotton are obtained. 1284667 Soil (11) 1-2 1 8 13 50 25 Subsoil (17)... ..1 1 27 10 34 46 Acres. Anderson County, Tex 17,216 Crystalsprings, Miss 448 Houston County, Tex 59,200 Lufkin, Tex 6,976 Acres. Ouachita Parish, La 64 Paris, Tex 61,6% Sumter County, Ala o 102, 016 Woodville, Tex 4,416 Nacogdoches, Tex 5, 120 OADSEN SERIES. The Gadsen series includes dark-gray soils found upon gentle slopes or undulations adjacent to streams and upon level or depressed areas in the uplands. Their formation is due largely to the peculiar topo- graphic conditions resulting from the sinking of the limestones which underlie, in some of the areas, the materials from which the Norfolk and Orangehurg soils have been derived. They may be considered as colluvial soils formed by the creeping or washing of material from higher lying areas. The series is very incomplete, only the sand, sandy loam, and loam members having l>een encountered. They constitute valuable farming soils, so far as mapped. Gadsden sand. This type consists of a dark-gray sand 10 inches deep, underlain by a gray or brownish sand subsoil appearing lighter in texture and extending to a depth of more than 36 inches. The soil is of medium to fine texture, and there is usually a considerable admix- ture of organic, matter. The type lies on gentle slopes or undulations adjacent to streams, and is mainly hammock lands supporting a growth of hardwood forest. It is very productive, and is one of the Ix-st soils for the Florida wrapper tobacco, but requires careful treatment to maintain the yields. 1 i :; 4 .- i> 7 Soil (6) 2 10 11 45 21 5 6 Subsoil (6) 2 1) 11 45 20 5 6 Acres. Biiinliridge. (in 7,488 Oadsdon, Fla 45,248 Loon County, Fla 2, 112 " Mapped in part OH Lufkin clay loam. 70 Soil Swvey Field Book. Gadsden sandy loam. Tlio soil is a brown sandy loam from 8 to 14 inches deep, underlain by a grayish-yellow or yellow sand or light- sandy loam subsoil with a depth of 3 feet or more. The sand present is usually of medium grade, but occasionally the coarse sand content is considerable. The type occurs on slopes and in depressions, where it represents wash or creep from higher lying areas. The soil produces good crops of cotton and corn, and in the low-lying areas sugar cane does well. In favorable locations it is adapted to growing Sumatra wrappers under shade. 1 2 3 4507 Soil (3) 1 15 15 38 9 16 Subsoil (3) 1 14 17 30 8 5 16 Acres. Leon County, Fla 5, 952 Gadsden loam. This type consists of a dark yellowish-gray loam, rather light in character, from 8 to 18 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish-gray loam or clay loam subsoil of a somewhat heavier tex- ture. The type occurs as moderately high bottoms and bluffs. It is locally known as hammock land, and supports a growth of hardwood timber. The soil is well drained and quite productive, and is adapted to cotton, corn, and fruit. 4 5 ft 7 20 fi 27 21 15 5 28 32 Acres. 14,592 8USQUEIIANNA SERIES. The Susquehanna series consists of gray and brown surface soils underlain by heavy, plastic, red mottled subsoils. Where the basal clays are exposed by erosion they show brilliant colorings, often ar- ranged in large patches of alternating liver-color, red, and white. These, clays constitute the oldest shore-line and marine deposits along the inland margin of the Coastal Plain. The soils are usually of low crop-producing capacity. The areas occupied by this series are chiefly covered with pitch pine, scrub oak, and other trees of little commercial importance. The clay is remarkably plastic, and is peculiarly well adapted to brick and tile making. 1 Soil (U 1 j 8 8 16 Subsoil (1) 1 (> 13 McNoill. Miss .. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 71 Susquehanna gravelly loam. The soil is a grayish-brown sandy loam, medium to fine in texture, containing 40 to 60 per cent of rock fragments and gravel, mainly iron sandstone. At a depth of 6 to 15 inches it overlies a red, occasionally mottled, tenacious clay subsoil, which also contains sand, gravel, and stones. It is found as broken areas along streams and as hills. Tillage is difficult, but fair crops of cotton and corn can be grown with careful fertilization. Soil (3) 123 3 6 5 4 5 26 20 6 21 7 19 Subsoil (3) 343 14 9 19 45 Acres. Montgomery County, Ala. . .. Raleigh to Newbern, N. C . 7,424 .aH,330 Susquehanna fine sandy loam. The soil is a gray to brown fine sand or light fine sandy loam about 12 inches deep. The subsoil is a red or yellowish-red clay, usually stiff and plastic, and mottled, especially in the lower depths. Iron concretions are usually present in both soil and subsoil. The type has been derived principally from the under- lying clays. The surface is characterized generally by a rolling or hilly topography, and erosion is sometimes quite pronounced. This soil is adapted to fruits and vegetables, potatoes and peaches doing excep- tionally well. Cotton and corn give medium yields. 1284567 Soil (8) .................... 2 2 28 40 19 8 Subsoil (7) ................ 1 11 23 20 44 Acres. Acres. Austin, Tex .................. '' 24,040 Houston County, Tex ........ 32, 128 !)< Soto Parish, La ............ 110, 3i ' Waco, Tex .................... 24. 512 Susquehanna clay loam. -The soil is a yellow or brown loam about 10 inches deep, underlain by a heavy mottled red clay subsoil identical with Susquehanna clay. The type occupies hills, slopes, and valleys, and is adapted to grain and grass crops. Considerable areas are yet in oak and pine forest. I ' :t (667 Soil (3) .................... 2 2 2 X 2X 45 13 Subsoil (2) ................ (I 3 Hi 25 55 Acres. !>< Soto I'urish. La ............ M.ltXO 1'rincn CieorRe County. Mil ..... Hi, 850 a Mappe0,81(> | Prince George County, Md 22,3CO WU'KHAM SKKIKS. The soils of this series occur as river terraces in the higher part of the Coastal Plain, near its contact with the Piedmont Plateau. They are characterized by reddish or reddish-brown surface soils contain- ing a higher percentage of organic matter than the Norfolk scries, and usually overlie reddish, micaceous heavy sandy loam or loam subsoils which become coarser, looser, and more incoherent at about 30 inches. The soils generally have a level or gently undulating surface, are fairly well drained, possess a retentive subsoil, and have a relatively high agricultural value. Wickham sand. The soil is a dark-brown to yellowish-brown coarse sand from 16 to 26 inches deep, generally coarser in texture and lighter in color below 14 inches. The subsoil is a reddish-brown or yellowish incoherent sandy loam, which grades at from 28 to 40 inches into a coarse, gravelly material. The type occurs along the rivers, occupying level or slightly sloping terraces. The drainage is good and in some of the coarser phases it is excessive. The type is derived from Pleistocene deposits. General farm crops are the principal products grown, and fair vields are secured. 1284 5 (> 7 Soil (4) 7 30 13 17 13 11 9 Subsoil (4) (i 28 13 19 13 10 11 Acres. Hanover County, Va 4,410 Wickham sandy loam. The soil is a reddish-brown or brown loamy sand to light friable sandy loam ranging in depth from 10 to 26 inches. Mapped as Lufkin clay. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 73 The subsoil is a reddish sandy loam or loam, sometimes containing mica and grading into a heavy sandy loam or sandy clay also containing mica. The type occupies terraces a part of which are overflowed. The surface is level or nearly so, but the drainage is fairly good. It is derived from Pleistocene deposits. This is a very desirable soil for general farm crops. 1*84 a 6 7 Soil (4) 2 16 15 24 14 17 12 Subsoil (4) 2 13 14 21 11 10 23' Acres. Hanover County, Vu 5,120 Wickham clay loam. The soil consists of about 6 inches of pale- yellow or gray loam or very fine sandy loam, passing into a yellow clay loam which extends to a depth of 12 inches. The subsoil varies from a slightly friable to a stiff yellow, olive, or mottled clay, containing considerable fine sand and fine flakes of mica in its lower depths. The type occupies level or slightly rolling terraces and is generally well drained. It is derived from sediments of Pleistocene age. The soil is very productive, yielding in good seasons from 40 to 60 bushels of corn, from 15 to 30 bushels of wheat, 50 or more bushels of oats, and from 1 to 2 tons of hay per acre. 1 2 S 4 5 7 Soil (2) 1 3 ,J 27 2.1 22 10 Subsoil (2) 1 3 10 22 24 84 Acres. Hanover County, Va 2,170 JHSCKLLA.NKOIS SOILS OK TIIK ATLANTIC AM) (JlLK COASTAL PLAINS. Travis gravelly loam. The soil is a coarse, sandy loam containing u large quantity of rounded gravel both on the surface and in the soil. This grades at a depth of 10 to 12 inches into a mass of coarse sand and rounded gravel cemented together by a stiff, sticky red clay. The soil is derived from material brought down by the river at an earlier period and deposited along its course. This material at the present time, forms a series of terraces on each side of the stream. Many of the rounded pcbbloH are of quart/, and granite. The location of the type, together with the open texture, allows water to seep rapidly through it, so that crops .suffer severely from drought. On a few of the more 74 Soil Survey Field Book. level areas cotton, corn, and oats are grown, but the yields are small. The soil seems best adapted to melons and tree fruits. This type is valuable mainly for the heavy growth of post oak and black-jack oak covering a large part of it. 1234 5 6 7 Soil (. r )) 22 21 9 15 12 14 7 Subsoil (5) 14 Hi 11 G 10 34 Acres. Austin, Tox 13, 312 Waco, Tex 12,41(1 Gainesville sand. The Gainesville sand is a gray loamy sand 8 inches dee;>, containing much organic matter, and underlain by a brown loamy sand of looser structure. The subsoil varies in depth, but is usually underlain at less than 3 feet by a calcareous clay or by partly weathered limestone. Both soil and subsoil contain limestone frag- ments. This soil occupies high, rolling upland, and the drainage is good. The soil and subsoil retain moisture fairly well, but the type suffers seriously from drought. The characteristic vegetation is mixed forest of pine and hardwoods. The principal crop is Sea-Island cotton, for which the soil seems especially well adapted. Corn, oats, and pea- nuts are also crops successfully grown. Some areas are used for general farming and the raising of cattle and hogs. 45 7 5 12 3 1 4 12 2 4 Acres. 7,744 Leon sand. From 6 to 10 inches the soil is a light-gray or white medium sand, occasionally containing sufficient organic matter to give it a dark-gray color. The subsoil is a compact medium white sand, usually saturated with water. The type has an almost level surfacv. and is deficient in natural drainage. It is probably derived from marine deposits of sand. It supports a timber growth of longleaf pine, and an undergrowth of wire grass and dwarf palmetto. No areas under cultivation have been encountered. 1. 2 8 4 6 07 Soil(l) 1 18 18 37 20 5 2 Subsoil (1) 1 15 10 38 21 G 3 Acres. Leon County, Fla G1,37C Soil (3) . 1 1 2 12 :j 25 4i Subsoil (3) 1 11 2.5 4' Gainesville. Flu. . Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 75 Calcasieu fine sand. This type consists of a fine sand or fine sandy loam 18 inches in depth, underlain by 10 inches of loam bearing some silt and sand, grading into mottled clays. The subsoil often carries iron concretions. The fine sand phase is a loose, incoherent gray or dark sand derived from the deposition of the coastal terrace. The fine sandy loam phase is a yellow sand or sandy loam occupying districts near rivers. The type is found in low ridges and pine regions and is adapted to truck and orchard crops. 1 234 5 7 Soil (4) 20 30 32 9 Subsoil (3) 1C 22 34 26 Acres. Lake Charles, La 13,970 Leon fine sand. The soil is a light gray to white fine sand, underlain at alxnit 12 inches by a white sand subsoil extending to a deptli of 3 feet. The type has a nearly level surface, and owing to its wet and in some places swampy condition, is unfit for agricultural pur- poses. Longleaf pine is the principal growth on this soil. In origin, topography, and drainage conditions it is similar to the Leon sand, but the sand is much finer than in the latter type. 1 -> 4 r, 7 Soil (1) 2 3 59 34 2 1 Subsoil (1) 2 3 58 44 2 7 Acres. Ix'on County, Flu 8,192 Amite sandy loam.- -The soil to an average depth of about 10 inches varies from a brown or reddish-brown sandy loam to a loamy sand of the same color. The subsoil varies from a heavy red sandy loam to a sandy clay. The surface is gently rolling and the type is some- times spoken of as "second bottom" or ''hammock lands." It is sedimentary in origin. The soil is adapted to corn, cotton, oats, sweet and Irish potatoes, and sugar cane, and i* also desirable for truck crops. 1 -' :J 4 r> e brought to a g(x>d state of productiveness. 1 - :t 4 5 ft 7 Soil (2) 1 3 7 33 12 37 7 Subsoil (2) 1 2 f. 23 8 40 21 Acres. Ouachita Parish, La 8,0(>4 Amite loam. The soil is a brown or light -chocolate colored loam alxMit 8 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish or reddish clay loam subsoil of uniform texture to a depth of 30 inches. The type is of Soil (3) 1 Subsoil (4) . 1 Lake Charles, La.. 78 Soil Survey Field Book. alluvial origin and occupies the higher flood plains. It is a good corn soil, producing from 30 to 40 bushels per acre, and is also adapted to cotton, sugar cane and some truck crops. i a :t 4 :> 7 Soil (21 1 2 Hi 8 50 23 Subsoil (2) 1 1 2 10 5 50 32 Acres. Tangipahoa Parish, La Hi, 320 Calcasieu loam. This type consists of a dark-brown, brownish-gray or gray, silty loam, to 16 inches in depth, grading into a clay loam subsoil 8 inches deep, beneath which are mottled clays. The type owes its origin to coastal deposits and is found in poorly drained areas or depressions containing scattered sand mounds. It is an excellent rice soil. 4 r> o 7 3 19 (10 14 3 10 55 20 Acres. 51,280 Hempstead loam. The soil is a friable brown or black loam 8 inches deep, containing a small amount of white quartz gravel and locally becoming somewhat sandy. The subsoil, to a depth of 24 inches, consists of a heavy yellow or reddish loam, slightly gravelly, underlain by a bed of rounded quartz gravel embedded in a sandy loam matrix, all considerably stained with iron. The type generally occupies level areas and was originally prairie. The soil produces good crops of corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, rye, and grass. It Ls also a fail- soil for late truck crops. 1 a 4 5 6 7 Soil (5) 3 7 4 5 11 48 21 Subsoil (5) 3 8 5 5 13 40 20 Acres. Long Island, N. Y 53,824 Lake Charles loam. The soil is a dark-brown, black, or bluish-black loam, carrying a high percentage of organic material. At 14 inches a subsoil of clay loam appears, underlain by mottled clay. The type owes its origin to local swamp areas, into which fine loam has drifted. Part of this was mapped as Ilcmpstoad gravelly loam. It should have been mapped as Hempstead loam with gravel symbol, and the gravelly phase described as such in the report. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 79 It is a heavy soil, difficult to till, but when properly cultivated it makes an excellent rice land. 1 -' 4567 Soil (5) 1 1 4 8 02 22 Subsoil (5) 1 1 1 3 9 57 27 Acms. Acadia Parish, La 4,ti08 Lake Charles, La 1,770 Letnardtown loam." The soil is a yellow silty loam b closely resem- bling loess, 9 inches deep, and is underlain by a red and mottled clay loam subsoil, with peculiar interlocking clay lenses and pockets of sand. The type occupies slightly rolling upland and is a good soil for general farming, wheat, and grass. Much of the area of this type is waste land or grown up in white oak and pine forests, and some of the more level areas need underdrainage. The soil is deficient in organic matter and lime. 1 _' :{ 4 5 f. 7 Soil (If.) 1237 12 .'.8 i:> Subsoil (15) 2 3 3 7 10 50 23 Acms. j Acres. Calvert County, Md 7,950 \ Prince George County, Md . . . 49, 480 Hanover County, Va <>,784 i St. Mary County, Md 95,500 Mason County, Ky 320 Yorktown. Va 3( ! ,800 Acadia silt loam. The soil is a white or light ash-gray loose silt loam from 1C to 30 inches deep, underlain by a silty clay subsoil of a mottled brown and yellow color. The type occurs in rolling areas, and very little of it is cultivated. i _' :i- 4 ;> it ; Soil (2) 1212 (i (19 21 Sulisoil (2) 1 1 2 3 ed a* I.coimrdtown gravelly loam. It should have Ix-en mapped as Ix-onardlown loiun with gravelly symbol and the gravelly phase destcrilx'd as such in the report. 80 So!l Survey Field Book. is a mottled gr&y, yellow, and red heavy impervious silt clay. Both soil and subsoil contain iron and lime concretions. The type occurs as level or slightly rolling prairies and is one of the finest rice soils of southern Louisiana. During wet seasons water often stands over the surface, but when well drained the type is well adapted to cotton and oats. 1 2 4 :> (i 7 Soil (0) 1 1 1 8 71 17 Subsoil (0) 1116 71 18 Lower subsoil (3) 102 5 (X) 31 Acres. Acadia Parish, La 244, 1(K) . Stuttgart, Ark 132,800 Hammond silt loam. The soil is a silty or very fine sandy loam with an average depth of 15 inches. The surface has an ashy-gray color, which changes to a dark-gray or brown when wet. The gray coloi may continue the entire depth of the soil, but frequently changes to yellowish color at 4 or 5 inches from the surface. The subsoil is. a heavy silty clay of a yellowish color, with drab, brown, or red mot- tling. A few iron concretions are found. The type usually occupies level areas, and the drainage is generally poor. It is derived from the Port Hudson clays, is deficient in organic matter, and is not naturally a productive soil. It is fairly well suited to oats, crab-grass hay, sugar cane, and small truck. With heavy fertilization large yields of strawberries are secured. The principal forest growth is longleaf pine. 1 '2 8 4 5 7 Soil (2) '.....I 2 2 9 23 51 12 Subsoil (2) 1 1 9 18 43 28 Acres. Tangipahoa Parish, La 70,976 Landry silt loam. The soil is a dark-brown silt loam 10 inches deep, underlain by a heavy brown clay subsoil grading into greenish-yellow or drab clays. The subsoil contains numerous lime and iron concre- tions and differs from that of the Crowley silt loam in being more friable, less plastic, and having a more noticeable silty texture. The soil is productive, but the surface is so rolling that irrigation is imprac- o Mapped in part as Alinyra silt loam and in part as Miami clay loam. The ti mix? red part of the latter type should have lx?en separated and correlated with the Acadia silt loam. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 81 ticable, and rice culture is therefore impossible. It is fairly well adapted to cotton. 1 '1 !5 4 .> 7 Soil (3) 1 1 1 2 7 70 IS Subsoil (3) 1 1 1 -1 71 22 Acres. Acadia Parish, La 37,0% Monroe silt loam. The soil is a fine sandy or silty loam 10 inches in depth, underlain by a yellow or red silty clay subsoil, usually mottled with white or brown below 2 feet. The type occurs as low terraces or in hills of little elevation. The forest growth is oak and pine. Very little of the type has been cultivated, and that with very poor success. Cotton can hardly be made to yield one-half bale per acre, and corn proportionally less. I -2 :{ 4 :> Soil (4) 1 1 1 11 13 Subsoil (4i 1 1 11 13 Acres. Ouachitu Parish, La 39,22 Tungipahoa Parish, La l%,8i>4 Crockett clay loam. This is a dark-brown or black clay loam from 12 to 18 inches deep, underlain by a mottled drab and red, and some- times yellow, clay loam. Both soil and subsoil contain a small pro- portion of fine smooth gravel or iron concretions and, at a depth of several feet, occurs a brittle gray material having much the same texture as soft soapstone rock and being sometimes stratified. The surface of the type is gently rolling to level and fairly well drained. This soil was probably formed by the weathering of some calca- reous material, perhaps an impure limestone. It is best suited to col ton, corn, grain, and grasses. Alfalfa also should do well. I _' :t :> Soil (I) I 2 1 12 20 Subsoil (it I 2 i ii i:> Acres. Houston County. Tex .1,312 Lacasine clay loam. The soil is rv heavy brown or black day loam 20 inches deep, grading into mottled clay subsoil. The subsoil ion- tains some silt, iron nodules, and sometimes lime concretions. The I \ [ is found in depressions in large swamp areas free from hummocks. :5207."> (X S 82 Soil Survey Field Book. The soil is hoavy, difficult to till, and poorly drained, but with lasting properties. This type has no agricultural importance. 1284563 Soil (3) 1 7 1<> 54 18 Subsoil (3) 3 13 5ti 24 Acres. Lake Charles, La 3,470 San Antonio clay loam. The soil is a brownish or chocolate-colored loam or clay loam, from 8 to 12 inches deep. As a rule, there is no definite line of demarcation between soil and subsoil, either as to tex- ture or color. Below 12 inches and extending to about 24 inches the subsoil becomes lighter in color and usually somewhat heavier in tex- ture; thence to a depth of 36 inches the color changes to reddish and the texture becomes lighter, the material usually grading into coarse limestone gravel. This soil is derived directly from a limestone belonging to the Upper Cretaceous, or from limestone material reworked by ancient floods. The greater part of this type is under cultivation. It is very productive. Where irrigated, it is excellent for such fruit as is suited to the climate. The soil is adapted to cotton, corn, and hay, while sorghum and alfalfa are grown with a fair degree of success. 1234567 Soil (3) 1 1 9 17 45 27 Subsoil (3) 1 1 1 8 15 45 29 Acres. San Antonio area, Tex 28,608 Alloway clay. tt The soil is a red or gray clay loam 6 inches deep, containing some gravel, underlain by a mottled yellow and gray sticky clay subsoil to a depth of 3 feet or more. The type occupies rolling upland or bottoms, and is derived from recent sediments of Miocene or Glacial material. It is a good grass and wheat soil and produces fine apples. The soil is difficult to till and is generally in need of under- drainage. 1234 5 7 Soil (3) 2 7 6 8 5 48 21 Subsoil (3) 1 5 5 7 8 40 32 Acres Salem. N. J 10,580 Trenton, N. J 11,904 n See also Dunkirk clay, p. 154. Soils of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. 83 Mobile clay. The soil consists of a yellow loam, with an average depth of 8 inches, resting on a stiff, plastic yellow clay or sandy clay subsoil extending to a depth of 3 or more feet. The soil is character- ized by the presence of many iron concretions, and is usually found overlying the materials forming the Orangeburg sandy loam. The surface is flat and marked by many swampy, pondlike depressions covered by a scrubby growth of gum. The drainage is generally poor. The soil is best adapted to grain and grass. 1284567 Soil (2) 1 3 7 20 28 23 18 Subsoil (2) 3 6 17 23 27 26 Acres. Mobile, Ala 896 Morse clay. This type consists of a heavy silt or clay loam 6 to 8 inches deep, underlain by a heavy mottled clay subsoil, both soil and subsoil being quite calcareous. The type occurs along stream courses and generally has good drainage. It is a very unimportant soil, dif- ficult to till, and little of it is under cultivation. It is adapted to rice where irrigation is possible, and in the well-drained areas is fairly well adapted to corn and cotton. 5 6 7 3 .53 41 3 41 54 Acres. . J,664 Suffield clay. The soil is a clay loam 12 inches deep, underlain by a close-textured, laminated clay sulwoil The type owes its origin to lacustrine deposits. It occupies very poorly drained, level areas in the Connecticut Valley. On account of its poorly drained condition and close structure the soil is not adapted at present to any agricul- tural purposes, although used to some extent for pasturage. 1884 .' 7 Soil (i) i :t a 2i is : 24 Subsoil (1) 1 1 S 3.1 4.1 Acred. Connecticut Valley, Conn, and Mass. 23,010 Soil (1) 1 .. 1 - 3 1 1 4 ? Subsoil (1) .. 1 1 1 Acadia Parish. La... 84 Soil Survey Field Book. SOILS OF TIIK FLOOD PLAINS OF TIIK MISSISSIPPI AM> OTHKIt KIVKUS. An extensive and characteristic group of soils, usually known as "bottom lands," is found in the flood plains of numerous streams in the Mississippi Valley and Coastal Plain. The largest, development of this group occurs along the Mississippi River, where the bottoms are often many miles in width. The soils have been formed by deposition from stream waters during periods of overflow. The texture of the material depends upon the velocity of the current at the time of deposition. Where the cur- rent is very rapid, large stones and bowlders are borne along and beds of gravel and sand are formed. Along the swift-flowing streams the texture of the soil changes often within short distances, but in the wide bottoms large areas of very uniform soils are often formed. The soil material has usually been derived from various kinds of rocks, but in some instances is closely related to the surrounding geological forma- tion. The red soils along the Red and other rivers in the Southwest have been formed by the reworking of the Permian Red Beds. In general, the soils along the streams which flow through the prairie region have a darker color than those along the streams which run only through the timbered sections of the country. The difference in the origin, drainage, color, and organic matter con- tent has given rise to three series of alluvial soils in the humid portion of the United States, which have been named the Wabash, Waverly, and Miller series. WABASH SERIES. The Wabash series comprises the most important of the alluvial types of soil. It embraces those soils having a dark-brown to black color and a large percentage of organic matter. These soils are typical of the Mississippi River, but there is no sharp distinction between them and other bottom soils found ."long the rivers of the Middle West. They are among the strongest and most productive soils in the country. Wabash sandy loam. The soil to a depth of from 12 to 24 inches consists of a dark-brown to reddish-brown sandy loam of rather coarse texture, becoming lighter in color with depth. This is underlain by a yellowish coarse sandy loam, coarse sand, or stratified gravel. Gener- ally considerable gravel is distributed throughout the soil profile. The type occupies strips along river and stream bottoms and is generally Soils of the Flood Plains. 85 subject to overflow. It is usually well drained. The principal crop is corn. The soil is also well suited to melons, sweet potatoes, cabbage, and other truck crops. 1 _' 3 4 5 6 7 Soil (3) 2 13 21 27 17 12 7 Subsoil (2) 2 13 17 32 15 13 S Acres. Montgomery County, Ohio "4,000 Tippecanoe County, Ind 2, (124 Wabash fine sandy loam. The soil consists of a light-brown to black fine sandy loam about 12 inches deep. The subsoil varies from a fine sandy loam to a fine sand, which is generally dark colored, though sometimes passing into a yellow material at about 24 inches. Fre- quently considerable fine rounded gravel is distributed throughout the subsoil. The type is alluvial, and occupies flat bottom lands. Some areas produce heavy yields of wheat, oats, and corn, while others are better suited to melons, sugar lx>ets, Irish potatoes, and alfalfa. 1 -J :J 4 :> 8 7 Soil (2) 1 8 38 22 21 10 Subsoil (2) 1 8 37 24 20 10 Acres. Posey County, Ind a 3, 584 Stanton, Nobr 6 22, 144 Tippecanoo County, Ind 11.712 Wabash loam. Owing to its wide distribution and its alluvial origin from the was!) of soils of different texture, the local characteristics of this type show considerable variation. It is generally a brown loam alxHit 10 inches deep, often containing a small proportion of sand, and in local areas some gravel. The subsoil is usually a heavy brownish- yellow loam 20 to 40 inches deep, overlying a gravelly loam. It occurs as first lx>ttoms along rivers and small streams, and much of it is sul>- ject to periodical overflow. It is a first-class corn soil, producing from 3") to 60 bushels per acre. More extensive use should be made of this type for canning crops, such as sugar corn, green |x-as, tomatoes, etc. " M:I|>|M'.| as Mi. i mi sandy loam. ' Mitppfl as Arkansas lini- sandy loam. Soil Survey Field Book. Soil (21) Subsoil (30) . 6 7 44 17 42 22 Acres. Auburn, N. Y a 5, 696 Bigflats. N. Y 6 5, 632 Binghamton, N. Y 9,280 Carrington, N. Dak 1.536 Cleveland, Ohio 14,080 Columbus, Ohio a 26, 880 Coshocton, Ohio a 17, 600 Fargo, N. Dak all, 968 Grand Forks, N. Dak 17, 728 Lyons, N. Y a 5, 184 Acres. Marshall, Minn a 3, 968 Montgomery County, Ohio. . . 14,000 Pontiac, Mich o 1, 152 Portage County, Wis 2,944 Syracuse, N. Y a 9, 728 Tazewell County, 111 c 29, 056 Toledo, Ohio a 5, 504 Tompkins County, N. Y 4, 352 Viroqua, Wis a 23,552 Westerville, Ohio a 17, 856 Wabash silt loam. The soil consists of a dark-brown to black silt loam about 12 inches deep, underlain by a heavy silt loam of lighter color. Sometimes, however, the dark color extends to a depth of 3 feet or more. The type is of alluvial origin, occupying stream bottoms subject to overflow, and is often poorly drained. When well drained it is a good soil, producing heavy crops of corn and grass and fair yields of small grain. 1 Soil (41) Subsoil (40) Acres. Brown County, Kans <* 29, 952 Clarksville, Tenn < 17,090 Clinton County, 111 / 24, 576 Crawford County, Mo 42, 112 Davidson County, Tenn 12. 864 Dubuque, Iowa Q 22, 272 Fort Payne, Ala 4,992 Ilowell County, Mo 48, 512 Knox County, 111 / 29, 148 Lauderdale County, Ala 44,800 Lawrence County, Tenn 7,616 Madison County, Ky 12, 672 McLean County, 111 / 20, 352 Montgomery County, Tenn . . . < 17,090 Newton County, Ind / 832 a Mapped as Miami loam. b Mapped as Elmirafine sandy loam. c Mapped as Lintonia loam. Part of this should have been mapped as Wa- bash silt loam. d Mapped as Yazoo silt loam. Acres. Pikeville, Tenn 1,280 Posey County, Ind A 10, 384 Russell, Kans ;' 12, 864 Saline County, Mo 5, 440 Sangamon County, 111 / 40, 192 Sarpy County, Mo 18, 496 Scotland County, Mo 46, 016 Stanton, Ncbr ' 25, 152 St. Clair County, 111 / 9, 664 Tama County, Iowa / 70, 592 Tippecanoe County, Ind 9, 408 Union County, Ivy A 25, 216 Warren County, Ky 7,552 Webster County, Mo 17, 600 t Mapped as Clarksville loam. / Mapped as Kaskaskia loam. g Mapped as Lintonia loam. A Mapped as Waverly silt loam, t Mapped as Elkhorn silt loam. i Mapped as Waldo loam. Soils of the Flood Plains. 87 Wabash clay. The soil is a drab to black heavy clay loam 6 inches deep, containing considerable organic matter. The soil suncracks badly, frequently forming small aggregates which cause a close resem- blance to "buckshot land." The subsoil is a drab or gray clay, some- times resting upon fine sand at a depth of about 5 feet. The type occupies low areas to the rear of front lands and higher ridges in open forest lands in river deltas. It would usually be improved by drainage. In the northern areas the soil is adapted to corn ; in the southern areas it is the finest cotton soil, yielding about 1 \ bales per acre. Soil (41) 1 23456 1 1 3 7 49 7 37 Subsoil (41) .... 1 3 18 48 40 Allen County, Kans Acres. "5.299 Parsons, Kans . Acres. t31,808 Anderson County, Tex 6 47, 872 Saline County, Mo 6 28, 544 Austin Tex 6 11, 840 Sarpy County, Nebr 3,648 Brazoria, Tex 69, 152 Scotland County, Mo 4,672 Carrington, N. Dak .. . 3,328 St. Clair County, 111 ... 626,994 Clinton County, 111 6 5, 376 Srnedes, Miss 6 37, 7(iO East Baton Rouge Parish, La 613,824 Tangipahoa Parish, La 6 8, 896 Houston County, Tex 48,768 Tazewell County, 111 613,696 Johnson County, 111 61,664 Waco, Tex 67,488 Montgomery County, Ala 6 50, 624 Wooster, Ohio ... 61,216 New Orleans, La 618,368 Yazoo, Miss '. . 645,080 O'Fallon. Mo .. 631.936 Wabash heavy clay. The soil is a dark-drab to black heavy clay, underlain at about 10 inches by a slightly lighter colored but stiflVr and more tenacious clay, which generally becomes heavier with depth. If cultivated too wet the soil clods so as to interfere seriously witli cul- tivation. Areas not under cultivation often bake and suncrack. The surface is level, with occasional swales and slight depressions. The type is alluvial in origin. The soil is very productive, giving large yields of cotton, corn, oats, and forage crops. Spring overflows make wheat rather an uncertain crop. 1 4 41 5 6 4 9 Acres. Waco, Tex.. . . d 13,248 Soil (2) .................... Subsoil (2) ... . . Mapped in part as Yazoo clay and In part us Sharkey clay. '' Map|od as Y 117.00 rlay. r Mapped as Sharkey clay. rf Mapped as Yfl/.no heavy cluy. 88 Soil Survey Field Book. WAVERLY SERIES. The Waverly scries is characterized by light-colored surface soils with drab, 'gray, and mottled yellow or white subsoils. The soils of this series occur almost entirely along the streams east of the Mississippi River. They are not as productive, as the soils of the Wabash series. Waverly fine sandy loam. The soil to a depth of 15 inches is a light-brown to gray fine sandy loam, the sand content being usually large and of the finer grades. The soil becomes heavier as (lie depth increases, and at from 15 to 20 inches grades into a brown fine sandy loam with a larger percentage of silt and clay. The sand content, depth of soil, and size of the sand particles often vary according to loca- tion. The type generally occurs as a sandy ridge along streams. Its elevation above the stream assures good drainage. The soil is alluvial in origin, is productive and easily cultivated, and in seasons of average rainfall the crop yields are large. The type is best adapted to corn, melons, early vegetables, and alfalfa. The other crops successfully grown are wheat, oats, potatoes, and tobacco. 12345 67 Soil (6) 2 28 31 27 11 Subsoil (0) 3 31 28 2. r > 12 Acres. Boonville, Ind 3,904 Clay County. Ill 61,344 Acres. Posey County, Ind a 3, 456 U-nion County, Ky a 3, 072 Crystalsprings. Miss 3,840 Waverly loam. The soil is a brown loam about 10 inches deep, underlain by a brown to yellowish clay loam or a clay. The type occurs as first-bottom land along rivers and creeks. The surface as a rule is flat, though occasionally it may be slightly rolling. Open ditches are frequently necessary to provide adequate drainage. The type is allu- vial in origin. The original timber growth consists mainly of gum, sycamore, water oak, beech, and willow. The soil is adapted to corn, wheat, and cotton, as well as to forage crops, according to location, and large yields are secured when no injury is sustained by overflows. 1 _' :{ 4 5 (i Soil (.">) 2 :i 13 Hi 4.X Subsoil (f>) 3 4 12 14 30 Acres. Henderson County Tonn . 47, 3(10 Posev Counti Ind <-S.320 Sumter County, Ala 100,2X8 Mapped as Miami fine sandy loam. < Mapped as Ya/.oo loam. ' Mapped as Ya?oo sandy loam Soils of the Flood Plains. 89 Waverly silt loam." The soil is a light-brown to white silty loam about 10 inches in depth and is underlain by a grayish or yellowish siltv loam of closer structure. The type occupies bottom lands and marshy depressions, and owes its origin to sediments washed from adjoining siltv uplands. Corn is the principal crop grown on this soil. 1884 5 (i 7 Soil (23) 1 1 3 8 71 16 Subsoil (23) 1 1 3 C 70 19 Acres. Acres. Boonvillc, Ind 17,280 McCrackon County, Ky 5,824 Clay County, 111 30,97(i O'Falion. Mo 57.088 Clinton County, 111 . . . . 42, 112 St. Clair County, 111 . . . . 25, 152 Crystalsprings, Miss 25, 088 Johnson County, 111 . . .. 31.936 Scott County, Ind 20. NX) Waverly clay loam. The soil to a deptli of about 6 inches is a heavy light-brown to grayish silt loam, often containing small iron concre- tions scattered over the surface and through the soil. The soil becomes heavier with depth and grades into a very heavy silt loam containing a large percentage of clay. At a deptli of from 12 to 20 inches the sub- soil is a sticky, mottled clay, usually containing small iron concretions, becoming stilFer and more tenacious as the depth increases. There is apparently little organic matter in the soil except in swampy areas. The compact nature of the soil, together with its level topography and low-lying position, often makes drainage very difficult. This type is alluvial in origin, having l>een formed largely by the reworking by stream action of the loessial material from the uplands. The soil seems l>e.st adapted to clover, timothy, and redtop. The other crops grown are tobacco, wheat,- and corn, the yields depending on thoroughness of drainage and cultivation. Where no drainage is practiced the land is either covered with a growth of scrub oak or used exclusively for for pasture. l >2 :t 4 :> o 7 Soil (5) 1 2 1 3 (i ;><; M Subsoil (5) 1 1 I 3 4 r() 40 Acres Boonville I ml 30.20S O Kallon. Mo 23. 424 I'osev County, Ind .. . M4,.V.2 See also Wiibasb silt lomii, p. ST.. '- Mapped as Cutline clay. 90 Soil Survey Field Book. Waverly clay. The soil consists of a light-brown clay loam about 10 inches deep. The percentage of clay and silt is high, and the soil rapidly becomes stifTer and more tenacious with depth, grading into a heavy, tenacious clay subsoil of a brown or drab color which is often mottled in the lower depressions. A few small iron concretions are frequently seen, both in the soil and the subsoil, especially in the more swampy ureas. The type occupies low bottom lands, is alluvial in origin, and subject to overflow. The occasional addition of new mate- rial to the soil tends to maintain its productiveness. This soil is l>est adapted to corn, and when well drained and cultivated it yields as much as 60 bushels per acre. Wheat, when not damaged or destroyed by floods, does well, and also oats and tobacco. Clover, timothy, and other grasses give large yields. 1 '_' :{ 4 :> 6 7 Soil (9) 1 1 .5 58 35 Subsoil (9) 1 1 7 ">4 S<> Acres. ! Acres. Boonvillo, Ind 8, 320 Union County, Ky & 28, 480 McCracken County, Ky 9, 530 Wooster, Ohio L>5, 408 Poscy County, Ind 30,720 j Huntsvilln, Ala fll,840 MILLER SERIES. The soils of thr Miller series are distinguished from those of the Wabash and Waverly scries by their reddish color. They occur along the Red and other rivers that flow through the Permian Red Beds and represent this material reworked by streams. As these streams flow away from the areas covered by the red beds, material from the surrounding country is added, so the soils gradually lose their red color and change to the Wabash or Waverly series. These are productive soils, but are not so desirable as those of the Wabash series. Miller fine sand. The soil consists of a loose, loamy gray to reddish- gray fine sand, resting on a loose fine sand extending to a depth of several feet. It is a river valley soil, alluvial in origin and usually well drained. It is used principally for corn and cotton, and fair yields are received. The higher lying areas are well adapted to fruit, especially peaches. Vegetables also do well, but are grown only for home consumption. Mapped as Yazoo clay. t> Mapped in part as Yazoo clay and in part as Sharkoy clay. c Mapped as Clarksvillc clay. Soils of the Flood Plains. 91 128456 7 Soil (4) 1 6 45 35 9 3 Subsoil (4) 1 3 28 53 11 4 Acres. Miller County, Ark 34,088 Paris, Tex 13, 312 Waco, Tex 1 , 408 Miller fine sandy loam. The soil consists of a brown or gravish- brown fine to very fine sandy loam from 12 to 24 inches deep, under- lain by a heavy fine red sandy loam or sandy clay. In local areas the soil may extend to a depth of 3 feet. This is an alluvial type formed by the reworking of the Permian Red Beds and occurs as terraces along streams. The higher areas are seldom if ever overflowed. The type is well drained, except in small local areas. It is a good soil for corn and cotton and is also well adapted to truck and fruits. 1 L 8 4 .") (i 7 Soil (7) 1 1 '2 15 4(. 1>:{ '. Subsoil (4) 1 1 3 15 30 24 25 Acres. Miller County, Ark 28,544 Ouachita Parish, La & 86/272 Waco.Tex 22,208 Miller silt loam. The surface soil consists of a brown, red, or light- choeolate colored silty loam, varying in depth from 6 to 20 inches. The subsoil is a heavy red silt loam, often grading into a lighter- colored fine sandy loam at about 2 to 3 feet. This is an alluvial soil occupying level or slightly rolling areas and is frequently subject to overflow. It is a friable, productive, and easily cultivated soil, and is usually naturally well drained. It is adapted to cotton, corn, alfalfa, and sugar cane, and also to late vegetable and truck crops. The tim- Ix-r growth is cotton wood, ash, hickory, red oak, and sweet gum. 1 _' :i 4 : ti 7 Soil (7) 1 1 2 II 71 15 Subsoil (8) 1 .'i 13 04 19 Acres. [ Acres. l)e Soto Parish, La 5,248 Vernon, Tex .. <*2,8NO Paris, Tex <-H,512 Waco, Tex {Nil) a Mapped as Vernon flue sand lull now recognized us N-longing in the Miller series. ' Miip|>ed us Monroe fine sandy loam. r Mapped us Orangrttnirg silt loam, but now recognized as l>elonging in the Miller series. d Mapped as Vernon silt loam, but now recognized as In-longing in the Miller scries. 92 Soil Surrey Field Book. Miller clay. The soil to a depth of 10 inches is a brownish-red or chocolate-colored clay, underlain by a stiff, tenacious brown or red clay subsoil. In some cases a yellow fine sandy loam is found at a depth of 3 feet, while in depressed areas subject to frequent and long-continued overflows a drab or blue clay may form the deeper subsoil. This soil represents the finest materials brought down by streams from the Permian Red Beds and deposited during overflows. It is a strong soil for corn, cotton, and sugar cane, and where well drained large yields are secured. The timbered areas support a heavy growth of oak, gum, whitewood, and cypress, with a dense undergrowth of shrubs, vines, and briers. 1 '2 :{ 4 5 (i 7 Soil (4) 1 2 1 1 33 02 Subsoil (4) 1 1 1 1 33 03 Acres. De Soto Parish, La 9,152 Waco. Tex.. "4,008 Miller County, Ark '> 110,1)56 MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE FLOOD PLAINS OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND OTHER ItlVKItS. Yazoo sandy loam.c The soil is a gray to brown fine sandy loam 6 to 12 inches deep, underlain by a lighter colored fine sandy loam. It has been deposited by streams, usually upon a clay foundation, which in some cases comes to within 12 inches of the surface. The type occupies low flat ridges, forming front lands near stream courses in river bottoms. The chief product is cotton, but the soil is suited to truck and market garden crops. Corn and truck do well in the north- ern areas. 1284567 Soil (24) 2 2 10 27 49 9 Subsoil (25) 1 1 7 23 50 12 Acres. Acres. Anderson County, Tex 1,000 Alien County, Kans 909 Austin, Tex 30,336 Brazoria, Tex 31,872 Clinton County, 111 2, 170 New Orleans, La 41,000 Posey County, Ind 2,752 St. Clair County, 111 12,800 Smedes, Miss 8,512 Tazewell County, 111 128 Yazoo, Miss 20,670 East Baton Rouge Parish, La . . 1,536 Houston County. Tex 2,088 a Mapped as Miller heavy clay. c-See also Waverly fine sandy loam, p. ! i> Mapped as Sharkey clay. Soils of the Flood Plains. 93 Austin fine sandy loam. The soil is a brownish-yellow or reddish- gray fine sandy loam. There is no marked difference between the soil and subsoil, and the latter often extends to a depth of about 40 feet without change. From the surface to a depth of about 3 feet the color gradually becomes lighter. This soil is of sedimentary origin, having been formed by the overflow of the streams when their chan- nels stood at a higher level. It occurs in very level areas, with an elevation of from 40 to 60 feet above the present level of the streams, is well drained, and is inclined to be somewhat droughty. It is adapted to corn, cotton, fruit, and some vegetables. Considerable sorghum fodder is grown upon the first-bottom areas, and alfalfa would also do well here. i - a 4 5 <; 7 Soil (1) 1 2 3:5 24 2ti 14 Subsoil (1) 1 2 29 2:i 31 15 Acres. San Antonio area, Tex 21 , 440 Chattooga loam. The soil consists of a yellowish-brown to gray sandy loam grading into a loam at about 10 inches. A heavier phase of the type occurs in the low-lying areas. The sand varies in texture from medium to fine. The subsoil contains sufficient clay to make it a heavy coherent loam. The type occurs as a bottom or river terrace soil, and is subject to occasional overflow. The soil is derived in part from the weathering of shale and in part as alluvial material from the same source. It is fairly productive for corn. 1 2 :t 4 :> 'Soil (2) 2 3 27 lit Subsoil (2) 1 3 IS II Acres. Fort Payne, A In />, S 4 6 67 Soil (2) (i 8 54 13 12 7 Subsoil (2) 2 38 17 21 22 Acres. Montgomery County, Ala 33, 856 Jackson loam. The soil is a light-brown loam with an average depth of 14 inches, and grades into a mottled sandy clay or clay subsoil. The type occurs as second bottom, with a gently rolling surface, and is alluvial in origin. The soil produces about 15 bushels of wheat and from 25 to 40 bushels of corn per acre. Onions give large yields. The soil is well adapted to light farm crops and to truck, wrapper tobacco, and peaches. 1 _' :5 4 5 7 Soil (2) 1 12 20 49 12 Subsoil (2) 1 1 17 24 44 13 Acres. Shelby County, Mo 2,304 Lintonia loam." The soil consists of a brown silty loam b 10 inches deep. The subsoil is a yellow silt, quite uniform in color and texture, sometimes underlain by clay at a depth of from 3 to 4 feet. The soil lacks plasticity, and has rather a mealy character. The type is found along the foot of bluffs and as narrow strips in stream valleys, generally adjacent to the higher lying Memphis silt loam. The soil is mainly colluvial in origin, representing reworked material of the Memphis silt loam. It is rarely inundated, but is subject to addition of material from uplands during winter rains. This is a good cotton soil and is also well adapted to market gardening and fruit culture. In the northern areas it produces corn, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes. 1 -2 8 456 ' Soil (0) 1 2 8 81 7 Subsoil (fi) 1 3 10 77 9 Acres. Acres Posey County, Ind c 9, 408 Smedcs, Miss 10.3C8 Union County, Ky < 17,984 Yazoo, Miss 3, 000 St. Clair County, 111 5,696 | Sanders loam. The soil is a dark-brown, reddish-brown, or gray loam. The subsoil is lighter in color and apparently heavier in tex- "Sec also W abash loam, p. 85, and Wabash silt loam, p. 86. b This soil is a true silt loam and should have been grouped with that class. c Mapped as Memphis silt loam. Soil* of the Flood PI aim. 95 ture. The type occurs as narrow strips along the creeks, extending up the edge of the valleys, and frequently has Sharkey clay on the stream side, which interferes with proper drainage. It is considered a very good corn soil, producing a's much as 45 bushels per acre where well drained. It is not considered so good for cotton, producing about one-half bale per acre. The soil generally is in need of drainage. ] _' :t 4 :> (i 7 Soil (3) . i i 14 20 44 19 Subsoil (.S) . 1 2 22 35 33 18 Acres. Paris Tex . 10.112 Yazoo loam." -The soil consists of a yellow or brown loam or silt loam from to 6 inches deep. The subsoil is usually a silt loam, but in local areas may be a silty clay or line sandy loam. The type occupies low ridges in river l>ottoms, and represents the higher-lying areas of line sediment deposited by inundations. It is a strong cotton soil, producing 1 bale per acre. In northern areas the soil is adapted to corn and wheat. l _' 3 4 ;> <; 7 Soil(IO) 1 2 17 (15 15 Subsoil (15)... ..0 2 12 02 23 Acres Allen County Kans 20,531 Clay County, III 1,472 Kast Baton Houge I'arisli, l,a. . 1,472 Acres. Parsons, Kans 2X,352 Saline County Mo 15,080 St Clair County, III 4,100 Sniedes, Miss 20, 2SX Yazoo, Miss lti,usO Houston County. Tex 25,2*0 New Orleans, La 18,112 O'Fallon. Mo lf.,040 | Neosho silt loam. The soil to a depth of S inches is a light-colored, somewhat ashy silt loam containing small and varying amounts of line and very fine sand. The subsoil from S to 2"> inches is a drab verv compact and impervious silty clay locally known as "hardpan." The typt 1 occurs principally upon terraces lying from "> fo 1") feet al>ove the level of the river bottom Its elevation is sufficient to insure it against overflows and to afford fair surface drainage. Deep plowing or subsoihng and the addition of organic matter would great I v improve its moisture-holding capacity The soil is largely an old alluvial deposit, greatly influenced by wash from the adjoining "Seonlso \\avtTly louin, \\ SN 96 Soil Survey Field Book. uplands. It is probably test adapted to wheat and grass, but corn and oats do well when the season is not extremely wet or dry. l i :$ 4 r> (> 7 Soil (5) 1 1 3 11 09 15 Subsoil (5) 1 -2 4 S 03 22 AlTPS. Allen County, Kans 9,171 Parsons, Kans : "21,508 Carrington clay loam. The soil to a depth of 10 inches consists of a brownish-yellow silty clay, and is underlain by a subsoil ranging from material of the same texture and color as the soil to a stiff tenacious dark-gray clay. At a depth of from 3 to 5 feet a stratum of reddish- yellow sand containing varying quantities of calcium carbonate, gypsum, and iron sulphate is frequently encountered. Where the areas occur along streams, the soil is a dark-brown to black clay loam, and the sub- soil to 40 inches is a yellowish-brown silty or sandy clay. Beneath this is a brownish-yellow clay with occasional thin layers of sand. The soil when wet is sticky and plastic and presents all the objectionable features of "gumbo," making it a difficult soil to till. The upland phase occurs on an undulating prairie. The type is glacial in origin, except along streams and sloughs, where, it is sedimentary. It is more or less affected by alkali salts, though not sufficiently so to interfere seriously with the growth of native grasses. Only in local spots does a white crust form on the surface. Artificial drainage is essential to the successful cropping of this soil, and applications of barnyard manure prove beneficial. Only a small proportion of this type is under cultivation. 1284567 Soil (3) 1 3 4 14 1") 31 31 Subsoil (3) 1 3 4 10 19 31 27 Acres. Carrington, N. Duk 0, 272 Sarpy clay loam. The soil is a stiff waxy gray to black clay from 12 to 24 inches deep, with an average depth of about 20 inches. The sub- soil consists of gray or yellow fine silty sand. This is a bottom land type occupying depressed areas and generally requiring artificial drainage. It is of recent alluvial formation and is undergoing some change at the present time. When drained it makes excellent corn soil, the average "Mapped as Oswcgo silt loam. Soils of the Flood Plains. 97 yield per acre being about 50 bushels. It is used to some extent for alfalfa where not overflowed, and excellent yields are secured. 1 '2 3 4 o 6 7 Soil (2) 3 9 51 37 Subsoil (2) 9 41 42 7 Acres. Sarpy County, Nobr 2,810 Congaree clay. The type consists of 3 feet or more of light-brown or chocolate-colored clay, containing a large percentage of silt. The mate- rial from 8 to 36 inches is a little lighter in color and a little heavier in texture than the top soil, and occasionally a thin seam of very fine sand is found. The terraces contain a little more sand than the low-lying areas, and often small particles of mica brought down from the Piedmont are scattered through the soil. This soil type commonly occurs in strips or terraces near rivers or streams, and frequent overflows make it an uncertain soil for crops. It is adapted to Bermuda grass, and good yields of corn and oats are secured in favorable seasons. The original timber growth is gum, hickory, cottonwood, and sycamore, with some pine and cypress. l _' :{ 4567 Soil (6) 2 5 9 48 30 Subsoil (0) 5 9 45 40 Acres. Macon County, Ala 4,800 Montgomery County, Ala 11,712 Orangeburg. S. C 2,944 Griffin clay. This is a very compact soil, composed of medium to fine gravel, coarse sand rounded by water action, and clay. The clay is dark brown or mottled in color, very stiff and waxy, and difficult to work. There is an average gravel content of al>out 10 per cent. The type occu- pies the broad, level floor of Black River Valley. It is alluvial in origin, and the presence of so much gravel may IM- due to the reworking of glacial material. A large proportion of the type is covered by forest. Corn is the chief product, but considerable areas are devoted to wheat and oats. 1184 5 7 Soil (1) 2 12 19 13 4 2:> 2T> Subsoil (1) I !.-> 21 13 :{ 20 27 Acrvs. I'ofw-y County, Irnl 1,000 as ( >rklnrk nil' clay. 32075 7 98 Soil Survey Field Book. Neuse clay. This is a dark, tenacious, mottled gray clay, 3 feet or more in depth. It is a stream deposit, often subject to overflow, and occurring along stream bottoms in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. The soil is poorly adapted to agricultural purposes on account of its close, sticky nature and poor drainage, but when well drained it is a good cotton soil. 1 2345 67 Soil (4) 2 3 13 15 37 23 Subsoil (1) 1 5 30 39 24 Acres. Craven, N. C 1,792 McNeill, Miss 13, 120 Raleigh to Newborn, N. C 3,040 Ocklocknee clay." This soil consists of from 8 to 15 inches of loam of variable texture, resting on a stiff, tenacious clay of dark-yellow, mottled-red, or black color. The subsoil contains a noticeable quantity of finely divided quartz rock. The type lies along the river, is subject to overflow, and very little of it is under cultivation. 1234 5 7 Soil (3) 1 2 4 20 13 29 30 Subsoil (3) 1 2 3 19 10 27 38 Acres. Bainbridge, Ga 832 Dallas County, Ala 29,056 Gadsden, Fla ,,712 Sharkey clay.& The soil is a stiff, waxy, yellow clay 8 inches deep, containing lime and iron concretions. The subsoil is a stiff, impervious clay similar to the soil. The surface suncracks readily. The type is locally known as " buckshot land." It is a poorly drained soil occupying the lowest portions of river bottoms and is subject to overflow annually. When diked and well drained it is a strong soil, suited to corn, sugar cane, and cotton. 1234 5 7 Soil (21) 1 1 4 4 40 50 Subsoil (22) 1 2 3 38 50 Acres. Brazoria, Tex 133,056 East Baton Rouge Parish, La . 18, 432 Houston County, Tex 3,008 Lee County, Tex 28,096 Acres. Ouachita Parish, La 67,264 Paris, Tex 19, 136 Smedes, Miss 149,440 Yazoo, Miss 184,380 New Orleans, La 157,952 a See also Congaree clay, p. 97. t> Soe also Miller clay, p. 92; Wabash clay, p. 87, and Waverly clay, p. 90. Soils of tJie Piedmont Plateau. 99 SOILS OF THE PIEDMOXT PLATEAU. Lying between the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Appalachian Mountains and extending from the Hudson River to East Central Alabama is an area of gently rolling to hilly country known as the Piedmont Plateau. On the Atlantic side it is closely defined by the "fall line" which separates it from the Coastal Plain, but on the north- western side the boundary is not sharp, although in the main distinct. In its northern extension the Piedmont Plateau is quite narrow, but broadens toward the south, attaining its greatest width in North Carolina. The surface features are those of a broad, rolling plain that has been deeply cut by an intricate system of small streams, whose valley walls are rounded and covered with soil, although many small gorges and rocky areas occur. The altitude varies from about 300 feet to more than 1,000 feet above sea level. The extreme northern part of this Piedmont region, in New Jersey, has been glaciated, but elsewhere the soils are purely residual in origin, and have been derived almost exclusively from the weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The chief exception is the detached areas of sandstones and shales of Triassic age. Marked differences in the character of the rock and in the method of formation have given rise to a number of soil types, those derived from crystalline rocks Ix'ing the most numerous and widely distributed. Among these the soils of the Cecil and Chester series predominate. The principal types formed from the sandstones and shales are included in the Penn series. CECIL SERIES. The Cecil series, which is incomplete, includes the most important and widely distributed soils of the Piedmont Plateau. The heavier members are known as the '' red-clay lands," and are characterized by red-clav sul>- soils.with gray to red soils ranging in texture from sand today, the lighter colors prevailing with the sandy members. A characteristic of the sul>- soil is the sharp quartz sand, which is always scattered through it, and occasional veins of quartz or flint rock. Particles and flakes of mica are usually present in the subsoil. The types are of residual origin, derived from the degradation of igneous and metamorphic rocks which have been weathered generally to great depths, so that outcrops are rare. Fragments and l>owlders of the parent rocks are, however, found 100 Soil Survey Field Book. on the surface in varying quantities. The topography is rolling to hilly, with level areas existing where stream erosion has not been too great. The soils of the Cecil series produce general farm crops throughout their extent, and in the south cotton is also an important crop. Both heavy export and bright tobacco are generally grown, the character of the leaf produced depending on the depth and texture of the soil. Cecil stony loam. The soil varies from brown sandy loam to brown or red loam with an average depth of 8 inches, beneath which is a red clay loam or clay. From 30 to 60 per cent of the soil and subsoil is composed of stones and bowlders. This is a residual type derived principally through the weathering of intrusive dikes of trap rock, but in part from other igneous or metamorphic rocks. The surface is usually hilly and broken. The soil is adapted to general farm crops and apples. 1234607 Soil (7) 4 8 fi 13 9 38 21 Subsoil (7) ... 3 8 5 11 7 32 31 Acres. Lebanon, Pa &22.5CO Montgomery County, Pa 7, 808 Trenton, N. .1 Acres. York County, S. Q 1,280 Cecil gravelly loam. The soil is a brown, sandy loam about 7 inches deep, carrying varying quantities of feldspathic or quartz gravel ranging in size from very small particles to fragments one-half inch in "Mapped as Hempfield stony loam. ^Mapped as Cecil clay (stony phase). "Mapped as Cecil loam. Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 101 diameter. The subsoil is a heavy, micaceous red loam or clay loam containing considerable gravel. Outcrops of granite frequently ap- pear. The characterizing feature of the type is a lack of tenacity in both soil and subsoil, as a result of which the land erodes and gullies in a serious manner. It usually occupies high, broken uplands, and the drainage is good. This type has been derived from the breaking down of granites, chiefly of a coarse-grained variety, but represents a less com- plete weathering of the rocks than some of the other types of the Cecil series. Cotton, corn, and cowpeas are the principal crops grown. Some parts of the type are suited to the oroduction of small fruits. The characteristic timber growth is hickory, shortleaf pine, and some cedar. 1284567 Soil (2) 25 15 7 I.') 12 13 13 Subsoil (2) 16 12 14 9 16 29 Acres. Lancaster County, S. C 23, 744 Cecil sand. The soil is a coarse to medium loamy sand, or light sandy loam 6 inches deep, underlain with material of the same kind but of lighter color, and this in turn is underlain at from 18 to 22 inches by a yellow sandy clay. This is a residual type derived from granite, gneiss, and mica schist. Usually from 10 to 30 per cent of quartz and rock fragments are found in both soil and subsoil. The type gives low yields of cotton and corn. It is fairly good for truck, especially sweet potatoes and watermelons, and has been used to a considerable extent for bright tobacco. I '2 4 7 Soil (22) S 14 11 2,s 14 If. 7 Subsoil (19) 5 9 7 IS 9 17 u2 Acres. Al>t>evillc, S. C 27, 840 Alamanct! County, N. C "84,900 Appomsttox, Va ( .N>O CampoU-llo, S. C i!,08ii Cary, N. C o 8,090 Chcrokne, S. C 12, 73ti Acres. Hickory, N. C u7.::tO Louisa County, Va . . 8, 192 I'rinct- Kdward, Vu "20.710 Kalcitfh to NYwIx-rn, N. C a 20.950 Spaldlng County, On 448 Statcsvillc. N. C a 10, aio Hanover County, Va 29,11% York County. S. C 25.210 Cecil sandy loam. The soil is a sandy loam of a brownish or yellowish color alxmt 10 inches deep. The subsoil is n red clay containing coarse sand, both soil and subsoil carrying fragments of quartz. There o Mapped as Durham sandy loam. 102 Soil Survey Field Bool'. is usually considerable quartz on the surface. The type occupies high rolling land of the Piedmont Plateau and is derived from granite, gneiss, and other metamorphosed rocks. This is the best corn and cotton soil of the southern Piedmont. In Virginia it is used for both bright and dark shipping tobacco. This is the lightest desirable soil for general farming purposes. l Soil (34) Subsoil (35) 4 Acres. Abbeville, S. C 230,288 Albemarle, Va 47,808 Appomattox County, Va 108, 708 Bedford, Va 33, 740 Campobello, S. C 85,888 Cary, N. C 20,090 Cherokee County, S. C 105, 024 Cobb County, Ga 23, 170 Covington, Ga 27, 500 1 lanover County, Va Hickory, N. C Lancaster County, S. C Louisa County, Va Prince Edward, Va Raleigh to Newborn, N. C Spalding County, Ga Statesville, N. C York County, S. C Acres. 97,850 355,908 20, 072 150,400 91,710 15,500 54, 404 148,910 88,708 Cecil fine sandy loam. The soil is a light-gray fine sandy loam, grading into a pale yellow fine sandy loam of slightly more compact structure. It is underlain at from 10 to 15 inches by a stiff red clay, sometimes yellowish in local areas, which is sometimes underlain at a depth of more than 3 feet by talc schists or slates, together with a small proportion of other altered rocks. Quartz fragments and gravel usually characterize the soil, and veins and fragments of the same material occur in the subsoil. This type usually occupies undulating to rolling uplands, and has good drainage. It has been formed chiefly by the weathering of talcose schists and slates, though some other altered rocks enter into its formation. Cotton and corn are the main crops grown, but the soil is also adapted to stone fruits and small grain. It produces a fine-textured tobacco. The timber growth is hickory, oak, and pine, with gums in the swales and depressions. 1 Soil (7) 1 Subsoil (7) 1 Acres. Abbeville, S. C a 25, 850 Cherokee County, S. C 33, 792 Lancaster County, S. C 28, 090 Acres. Louisa County, Va 20, 432 York County, S. C 35,136 Mapped as Davie clay loam. Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 103 Cecil loam." The soil consists of a pale yellow to brownish friable loam passing at from 5 to 8 inches into a pale yellow clay loam. This is underlain at 12 inches by a stiff red clay which sometimes at about 24 inches passes into soft, partially decomposed rock. Varying quan- tities of quartz fragments occur scattered over the surface and to a less extent throughout the soil section. The type is derived from talcose schist, occupies level to rolling uplands, and is generally well drained. While it produces poor yields of wheat, oats, corn, and tobacco, the soil is easily tilled and is susceptible of improvement. 1 2 4 o 0' 7 Soil (4) 1 3 3 11 15 4G 19 Subsoil (3) 1 2 2 5 6 29 54 Louisa County, Va 108,992 Statesville, N. C 63,370 Cecil silt loam. The soil is a light yellowish-gray to white silt loam 8 inches deep, frequently containing from 10 to 30 per cent of rock fragments. The subsoil is a light-yellow to red clay, becoming heavier with depth. The type occupies high, rolling areas, and is derived from highly metamorphosed crystalline rocks. Drainage is generally good. Areas of this type are frequently considerably eroded. The soil is fair to poor for cotton, com, and wheat. i 2 a 4 r> <; i Soil (8) 2 2 1 -1 11 in 17 Subsoil (9) 1 2 1 3 7 51 33 Acres. Acres. A lamance County, N. C e7,8GO Loesburg, Va 4,928 Cherokee County, 8. C 48, 384 j York County, S. C 37. 370 Lancaster County, S. C 74, 048 , Cecil clay loam. The surface soil is a reddish-yellow or light-brown heavy loam with an average depth of 10 inches. The subsoil consists of reddish-yellow or light-brown heavy loam grading into clay loam at an average depth of 30 inches, sometimes changing to clay in its lower depths. From 10 to 30 per cent of stones and bowlder's, princi- pally syenite, are commonly present in both soil and subsoil. The surface is moderately to steeply rolling, with occasional small level o See also Cecil stony loam, p. 100, and Chester loam, p. 109. 6 Mapped as Da vie clay loam. t Mapped as Alamancc silt loam. 104 Soil Survey Field Book. areas. Surface drainage is rapid, and small gullies are sometimes formed. The heavy subsoil is retentive of moisture. This soil has been derived chiefly from syenite, but in small local areas other meta- morphic rocks have entered into its formation. This is a good corn soil, the average yield being 30 bushels per acre. It also produces good crops of wheat, oats, and hay. 8 Soil (2) 1 4 2 4 f> ">;) 34 Subsoil (2) 2 3 5 (i i.7 41 Acres. Adams County, Pa 40, OliO Montgomery County, Pa 4, 41ti Cecil clay.'i This is a clav loam to clay soil of reddish color inches deep, having a stiff , tenacious clay subsoil of red color. Both soil and sub- soil contain quartz and fragments of undccomposed rocks. Occasional rock areas and isolated bowlders or "niggerheads" occur. The type occupies high, rolling land and is derived from gabbro and other erup- tive rocks. This is recognized as the strongest soil of the Piedmont Plateau for general farming. It is adapted to grass, wheat, and corn in Maryland and Pennsylvania; export tobacco and wheat in Virginia; and to corn, wheat, and cotton in the Carolines. 1 Soil (36) 3 Subsoil (44) 2 Acres. Abbeville, S. C 332,992 Albcniarle, Va 79,080 Alamanco County, N. C 101,370 Appomattox County, Va 31,232 Bedford, Va 142, 730 Campobello, S. C 187, 443 Gary, N. C 2,960 Cecil County, Md 12, 500 Cherokee, S. C 22, 592 Chester County, Pa 1,088 Cobb County, Ga '. . . . 166, 130 Covington, Ga 99, 9:50 a 4 5 c> 6 IS 11 2fi 4 10 25 Acres. Hanover County, Va 7, 360 Harford County, Md 39, 890 Hickory, N. C 120, 704 Lancaster County, S. C 114,752 Loesburg, Va 32, 000 Louisa County, Va 7, 1(18 Prince Edward, Va 31,590 llaleigh to Newborn, N. C 2,030 Spalding County, Ga 66, 500 Statesville, N. C 289, 590 York County, S. C 185, 152 a See also Cecil stony loam, p. 100. Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 105 PENN SERIES. The Penn series consists of Indian or purplish red soils derived from the weathering of red sandstones and shales of Triassic age. Detached areas of Triassic rocks occur in shallow basins in the Piedmont from New England to South Carolina. In productiveness and crop adap- tation the Penn series may be considered as intermediate between the Hagerstown and Cecil series. Corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, grass, apples, and peaches are produced on different members of the series in the more northern States. Tobacco is grown in Virginia and tobacco and cotton in the Carolinas. Penn stony loam. This type consists of very stony land, hilly to mountainous in character, generally covered with a natural forest of chestnut and oak. The soil consists of a rather heavy Indian-red loam, 8 to 10 inches deep, containing from 30 to 60 per cent of red or brown sandstone fragments. The subsoil is of much the same character to a great depth. This type is derived from the more siliceous or hardened phase of the Triassic sandstone. It is well adapted to forestry and orcharding, and the more level areas, when the stones are removed, to general farm crops. 1234567 Soil (7) 2 5 4 9 12 40 27 Subsoil (7) 2 5 4 9 12 37 30 Acres. Chester County, Pa 3,520 Connecticut Valley. Conn. and Mass " 109, 116 Acres. Lcesburg, Va 1 , 280 Lockhnven. Pa 6,080 Trenton, N. J 5,632 Lebanon, Pa 49,160 Penn shale loam. The soil is a dark Indian-red loam about 8 inches deep. The subsoil consists of a heavy Indian-red clay loam grading into clay, and is of variable depth, always resting upon the shale rock from which it is derived. From 10 to 40 per cent of shale fragments cx-cur in the surface soil, giving it the local name of "red gravel land," and the quantity always increases in the subsoil. The drainage fea- tures of the type depend upon its topography, because the underlying lx>ds of shale prevent the downward percolation of water to any great depth. This type is derived from the beds of shale which underlie it, excepting only the lower slopes and hollows, where the soil has been Mapped us Trias.sir stony loam, which name will not be used hereafter out- Ude the Connecticut Valley. 106 Soil Survey Field Book. augmented in varying degrees by wash from higher elevations. It usually occurs as broad, rolling valley land with surface features some- times sharply broken. The soil is adapted to wheat , oats, corn, and hay. 12 34667 Soil (3) G 12 3 7 5 30 DO Subsoil (3) 9 11 4 C 5 24 41 Acres. Adams County, Pa 100,032 Penn gravelly loam. The soil is a dark-red or brown sandy loam about 8 inches deep containing from 10 to 60 per cent of small rounded sandstone gravel. The subsoil is a dark Indian-red loam or clay loam. The type occurs as high rolling upland and is derived generally from the Triassic red sandstone. The drainage is good, but the soil is in- clined to wash badly. It produces fair yields of corn, wheat, vegeta- bles and small fruit. 1884567 Soil (2) 2 7 7 19 18 27 20 Subsoil (2) 5 7 4 9 17 35 23 Acres. Leesburg, Va 704 Penn sandy loam.a The soil is a sandy loam from 6 to 15 inches deep, underlain by Indian-red or brown loam or clay loam. Sandstone frag- ments to the extent of from 5 to 20 per cent are generally present. The type is derived from the Triassic red sandstone. The surface varies from rolling to moderately hilly. The soil is easily tilled and produces crops of good quality but light yield. 12 34 567 Soil (9) 2 12 9 21 9 28 17 Subsoil (8) 3 11 7 17 8 28 26 Acres. Acres. Adams County, Pa 3,392 Lebanon, Pa 40,590 Albemarle, Va 5,568 ! Trenton, N. J 10,816 Penn loam. The soil is a dark Indian-red loam from 8 to 12 inches deep, underlain by an Indian-red clay loam. Both soil and subsoil occasionally contain from 5 to 20 per cent of sandstone fragments. The surface is gently rolling. The type is derived from fine-grained brown or red Triassic sandstone. The drainage is fair, but plowing in beds is generally practiced to assist the natural drainage. The soil is considered almost equal to associated limestone soils in fertility. a See also Upshur sandy loam. Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 107 1284567 Soil (11) 3 5 4 8 12 47 22 Subsoil (11) 3 3 8 11 43 2C Acres. Acres. Adams County, 1'a 54,592 Leesburg, Va 18,880 Chester County, I'a 28,072 Trenton, N. J 171,712 Lebanon, Pa 26,890 , Penn silt loam. The soil consists of reddish or reddish-brown silt loam from 8 to 12 inches deep. The subsoil is a red or light-brown silt loam somewhat heavier than the soil and grading usually into a red silty clay loam in its lower depths. Both the soil and subsoil con- tain from 5 to 15 per cent of shale and sandstone fragments. The surface ranges from slightly to steeply rolling. The drainage on most of the areas is very good, but on slopes where the bed rock lies near the surface seepy tracts are often encountered. The type is derived from a sandstone of Triassic age. It is best adapted to the general farm crops. The average yields are, corn .50 bushels, oats 30 bushels, wheat 20 bushels, and hay \\ tons per acre. 1 _' :5 4 r> 7 Soil (4) 2 4 2 3 6 62 21 Subsoil (4) 1 3 2 3 5 60 26 Acres. Montgomery County, Pa 61,824 Penn clay. a -The soil is a dark Indian-red to dark reddish-Lrown clay about 8 inches deep. The subsoil is a dark Indian-red clay grading into a stiffer clay. The typr occurs in gently rolling upland as a series of low ridges. The drainage is good. The type is of residual origin from Triassic red sandstone and shale. Wheat, corn, and grass are the principal crops. I _' :i 4 :> ft 7 Soil (.1) : 3 2 7 14 36 36 Suhst.ll (4) 2 3 2 4 12 32 4, r > Acres. AlbemaKe. Va 16,12* IxHisburg. Va 11,776 o Sec also Upshur clay, p. 123. 108 Soil Surrey Field Book. CHESTER SERIES The Chester series occurs in the northern part of the Piedmont, hav- ing been found and mapped only in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vir- ginia. This series differs from the Cecil series in having yellow or only slightly reddish subsoils and gray or brown surface soils which are, on the whole, lighter and more friable than those of the Cecil series. The members of this series are also much more micaceous and even more subject to erosion than the soils of the Cecil series. Locally they are known as " gray lands '' to distinguish them from the " red lands " of the Cecil series. The topography in general is not so rough, being rolling to moderately hilly. The soils are of residual origin, derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks, principally mica schists. The weathering has not gone on so deeply as in the case of the Cecil series, and the underlying rock is often encountered within 2 feet of the surface on slopes where erosion is pro- nounced and rarely lie more than 10 to 15 feet below the surface. The soils of the Chester series are adapted to general farm crops, especially corn, and also to fruit and canning crops. Of the latter tomatoes and sugar corn are the most important. The soils are not so strong as those of the Cecil series, requiring more careful treatment to keep up the yields. Chester stony loam. The surface soil has an average depth of 10 inches, and consists of a medium to heavy brown loam. The subsoil is a yellow or yellowish-red clay loam that usually grades into stifT clay at depths ranging from 24 to 36 inches. Stone and bowlders are scat- tered over the surface and mixed with both soil and subsoil in quanti- ties varying from 30 to 60 per cent. This type occurs in small irregular areas associated with the Chester loam. The topography varies from moderately rolling to hilly, and the type forms steep slopes and the summits of hills and ridges. The drainage is good. The type is derived from the weathering of gneisses and schists. A few areas are derived from granite. Much of this type is used as permanent pasture, though where the slopes are not too steep good crops are secured. In good seasons corn yields 50 bushels, oats 35 bushels, wheat 20 bushels, potatoes 120 bushels, and hay \\ tons per acre. 1 2 :$ 4 o 7 Soil (2) 4 7 3 5 52 23 Subsoil (2) 4 0350 45 31 Acres. Chester County, Pa 20, 804 Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 109 Chester fine sandy loam. The soil consists of a brown or yellow fine sandy loam 10 inches deep, generally quite sandy on the lower slopes. The subsoil is a yellow fine sandy loam to fine sand. It often contains considerable rock fragments and occasionally is distinctly micaceous. The type is derived from a fine-grained sandstone and schist. The type occupies moderately to steeply rolling country and generally has good surface and underdrainage. Where the topography is suitable, this soil is adapted to the production of early garden crops and potatoes. 12345 Soil (2) .................... 1 7 24 17 Subsoil (2) ................ 2 S 8 20 15 Acres. Chester County, Pa ............. 1,472 Montgomery Bounty. l' :l ..... .- 4,608 Chester mica loam. The soil consists of a loose loam or yellowish loam 12 inches deep, underlain by a heavier loam or light elav loam of yellowish or reddish-yellow color. Usually at a depth of 30 inches or more it grades into the decomposed rock. This soil is closely related to the Chester loam, its distinguishing feature being the greater quan- tity of micaceous particles, giving the soil a loose consistency and a soft, rather greasy f.-cl. It is derived from a very micaceous series of meta- morphic and igneous rocks. The topography is rolling to hilly. The soil is devoted to the same crops as the Chester loam and is its equal in productivity. It erodes even more readily than the Chester loam. 1 _' 4 :> 6 7 Soil (8) .................... 4 7 18 10 30 IS Subsoil (8)... .. :> 7 5 22 14 29 17 Ac res. Cecil County, Md 10, 000 llarfonl County, Md a 39, 930 I^ancastor County, I'a 10,000 Acres. Leesburg, Va 4,008 Montgomery County, I'a (140 Prince George County. Md ... Chester loam. The soil consists of a brown or yellowish loam, some- times slightly sandy, containing some mica. This is underlain by a heavy yellow loam subsoil grading into elav loam which in lower depths becomes somewhat lighter in texture and more micaceous. The color is sometimes reddish yellow or red. Fragments of quartz and other rooks are usually found on the surface and throughout the soil section. It is a residual soil derived largely from gneiss and mica schist , but other Mapped as Cecil mica loam. 110 Soil Survey Field Book. metamorphic and igneous rocks may also enter into its composition. The surface is rolling to hilly and drainage is good. The soil is good for general farming purposes, but requires careful treatment on slop: s where it washes badlv. 1 :> 3 4 5 6 7 Soil (14) 4 4 10 10 41 2f> Subsoil (14) 4 4 10 9 37 28 Acres. Adams County, Pa "8,448 Albemarle, Va 94,592 Appomattox County, Va . .. o 1,408 Cecil County, Md "52,600 Acres. Chester County, Pa 202,308 Harford County, Md 110,220 Loesburg, Va 89, 000 Montgomery County. Pa 40,040 MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU. Manor stony loam. The soil to a depth of from 8 to 10 inches con- sists of a clay loam or heavy loam about 8 inches deep containing large quantities of small rock fragments. The subsoil is a light-yellow or slightly grayish loam to clay loam. The subsoil always contains a high percentage of small schist fragments and sometimes is a mass of these with the interstitial spaces filled with soil. The surface is hilly to mountainous. The type is derived principally from mica schists. Where cultivation is possible, the soil produces fair yields of the staple crops. It is largely forested. 1234 5 6 7 Soil (5) 4 5 2 8 14 44 22 Subsoil (5) 5 7 3 11 17 30 20 Acres. Chester County, Pa 33, 408 Lancaster County, Pa 3,500 Montgomery County, Pa 2,048 Conowingo barrens. This type represents a condition rather than a distinct soil. The soil covering is usually very shallow, seldom exceed- ing 3 feet, and in many places the surface material consists of broken rock fragments, with little or no interstitial material. The soil varies in texture from a coarse sandy loam to a loam or silty loam, the heavier classes predominating. The material occupies rolling to hilly and broken uplands and is derived from the decomposition of serpen- tine or rocks of similar nature. It is generally unproductive and worthless for agricultural purposes, owing to the slight depth of the soil and its stony, leachy character. The types support a stunted growth of trees. a Mapped as Cecil loam. Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. Ill 1 2 3 4 5 7 Soil (2) 3 3 2 6 10 50 23 Subsoil (2) 1 2 2 5 9 53 23 Acres, j Acres. Albemarle, Va 6,976 Chester County, Pa 2,944 Cecil County, Md 2,000 ; Harford County, Md 3,280 Cardiff slate loam. The soil is a heavy yellowish-brown loam having a depth of about 8 inches, underlain by heavy yellow silty clay to a depth of 3 feet or more. Both soil and subsoil contain from 15 to 40 per cent of partially decomposed slate fragments. The type occurs on prominent narrow ridges and is derived from the decomposition and breaking up of fine-grained slate. The presence of the slate fragments in the soil makes quite friable what would otherwise be a refractor}- clay. Much of the type is forested with oak, chestnut, and other trees. The soil produces fair crops of corn, wheat, rye, oats, and grass. 1234507 Soil (2) 1 2 1 2 9 49 33 Subsoil (2) 2 2 2 3 7 46 37 Acres. Adams County, Pa 768 Harford County, Md 1,690 Loudoun sandy loam. The soil is a heavy brown or gray sandy loam about 8 inches deep, underlain by a heavy yellow or red loam or clay loam. There is a considerable variation in the subsoil, coarse sand often forming so large a proportion as to give it almost the texture of th? soil. The surface material is not a loose sandy loam, but has the properties of a loam, containing, however, considerable quantities of coarse quartz fragments. The soil resembles in some respects the Cecil sandy loam and Chester loam with which it is associated. The type occurs in rolling and somewhat hilly areas, generally well drained, and is derived from the weathering of a coarse-textured schist and an eruptive crystalline granite, the original rock containing a large amount of feldspar. This is a good soil for corn, yielding from 40 to 50 bushels per acre. It is too little retentive of moisture for wheat, which produces only from 10 to 15 bushels, but is a fairly good soil for grass and clover. 1 _' :t 4 5 tt 7 Soil (3) 6 16 10 \. r > 8 24 20 Subsoil (3) 5 12 9 10 7 25 29 Acres. Lnesburg, Va 27,968 112 Soil Survey Field Book. Worsham sandy loam. The soil is a gray sandy loam, generally of fine texture and of soft whitish appearance, having an average depth of 12 inches. The subsoil is a yellowish, stick v sandv loam or loam to a stiff plastic yellow clay mottled with white. The type is of residual origin, being derived from granites, gneisses, and schists, and was originally post-oak land. The soil is adapted to clover, grasses, hay, and pasturage. 1234567 Soil (2) 3 8 9 23 20 29 7 Subsoil (2) 3 fi 5 16 11 24 32 Acros. Prince Edward, Va 8,520 Brandywine loam. The soil consists of a brown loam about 8 inches deep containing a small quantity of finely divided mica. The subsoil is a light-brown to yellowish light loam to heavy fine sandy loam, usually with a somewhat greasy feel, on account of the presence of mica particles. The mica content is so high in places as to give the subsoil a flaky characteristic. The type occupies irregularly rolling and hilly country having excellent drainage. It sometimes erodes so badly that cultivation other than to grass is unprofitable. The type is resid- ual, being derived from mica gneiss, pegmatite, and sometimes mica schist. The. soil is moderately productive and is adapted to general farming. 1234567 Soil (2) 3 6 3 12 13 42 21 Subsoil (2) 3 9 4 20 13 33 18 Acros. Chester County, Pa 24,000 Manor loam. The soil consists of a yellow or yellowish brown heavy loam 8 inches d:>ep. The subsoil consists of a yellow or reddish- yellow heavy loam which grades into a clay loam at a lower depth. Mica schist fragments sometimes occur throughout the soil profile, while occasionally the lower portion of the subsoil consists largely of small mica particles, which render it feathery and fluffy. The topo- graphic feature of the type ranges from gently to moderately rolling, with occasional hilly areas. It is well drained and washes in the steeply rolling areas. It is derived from hydromica schists. This soil produces fair yields of general farm crops. Soils of the Piedmont Plateau. 113 1 _' 3 4 5 6 7 Soil (4) 3 3 1 11 54 22 Subsoil (4) 3 5 2 10 49 25 Acres. Chester County, 1'a 75.840 Montgomery County, 1'a 8% Lansdale silt loam. The soil consists of a brown or slate-colored medium to heavy silt loam from 10 to 14 inches deep. The subsoil to a depth of 30 inches or more consists of a silty clay loam or heavy silty loam, grading into silty clay loam at an average depth of 20 inches. The subsoil ranges from pale yellow to yellowish gray in color and is generally lighter than the surface soil. The surface ranges from gently to moderately rolling and the drainage is adequate. This type is derived from fine-grained sandstone and shale of Mesozoic ago. It is adapted to the production of general farm crops. Corn gives an average yield of 50 bushels, oats 35 bushels, wheat 20 bushels, rye 25 bushels, hay \\ tons, and pota'o s 135 buslvls per acre. 1 -' 3 4 5 7 Soil (3) 1 1 5 5 08 19 8ubsoil'(3) 0114 5 00 23 Acres. Chester County, I 'a 5, 248 Montgomery County. 1'a 93,888 Iredell clay loam. The soil is a dark-brown loam about S inches d % ep, containing small rounded iron concretions on the surface. The subsoil is a stiff, impervious yellow clay, underlain by soft decom- posed rock. The type occupies level or slightly rolling areas and is of n-sidual origin, being derived from diorite and similar intrusive rocks. It is locally known as "black jack" or "beeswax" land, the latter t'.Tin being suggestive of the character of the subsoil. Level areas are inclin -d to be swampy on account of the impervious nature of the clav subsoil. This is considered a fair cotton, corn, ami wheat soil. 1 -' :i 4 :, (t 7 Soil (15) 9 8 4 10 17 32 12 Subsoil ( 10) 2 2 2 it 8 2X 45 Acres. Acres. . 8. C I4.K4X Louisa County. Va 10,304 1'rince Kihvurel, Va 103,070 Statosville N. C 22,340 York County, S. C 40,040 Alamanco County, N. (' 18,7tiO Appoiimltox County. Va 9,004 Cherokee County. 8. C 1,344 Lecsburg, Va 18,048 32075-06 8 114 Soil Survey Field Book. Conowingo clay. The soil is a yellow to brown or reddish-brown loam about 8 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish-red to red clay or clay loam. In the subsoil decomposed fragments of steatite give a greasy feel. Occasionally rock fragments occur on the surface, but not to exceed 25 per cent. The type is derived from the decomposition of serpentine, steatite, talc schist, and similar rocks, and occupies rolling lands in the Piedmont Plateau. The soil is fairly productive for gen- eral agriculture, comparing favorably with the Cecil clay and Cecil loam. It is known in Maryland as productive "serpentine land." 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Soil (7) 5 8 5 13 12 35 21 Subsoil (6) 5 7 4 9 7 30 36 Acres. Acres. Albemarle, Va - 6,272 Cecil County, Md 3,000 Ilarf ord County, Md 6, 510 Hickory, N. C 20,952 Chester County, Pa. : 4, 160 SOILS OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AND ALLEGHENY PLATEAUS. The Appalachian Mountains are made up of a number of parallel ranges and intervening valleys which extend in a general northeast and* southwest direction from southern New York to northern Alabama. The elevation ranges from about 1,500 to nearly 7,000 feet above sea level, the highest point being attained in western North Carolina. Immediately west of the Appalachian Mountains and usually sepa- rated from them by a valley is a wide stretch of country known as the Allegheny Plateaus. In a broad way these plateaus are carved out of a great block of sedimentary rocks tilted to the northwest from the mountains. The plateaus are crossed by numerous streams. As they run in deep channels (all the larger ones being from 200 to 1,000 feet in depth) the dissection of the plateau block is often minute, and thus many plateaus have been formed. The rocks of the eastern ranges of the Appalachian Mountains are igneous or metamorphic in origin, while the western ranges, as well as the Allegheny Plateaus, are made up of sedimentary rocks. Different series of soils have, therefore, been formed in different parts of these mountains and plateaus. The igneous and metamorphic rocks give rise to the soils of the Porters series, while the Dekalb and Upshur series are formed from the weathering of the sandstones and shales of sedi- mentary origin. Soils of the Appalachian Mountains. 115 The character of the topography in the mountain and much of the plateau region is such that general farming is not practicable. These areas are, however, well suited to grazing and fruit growing and these are very important industries. PORTERS SERIES. The Porters series includes the residual soils of the Appalachian Mountains derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The soils are analogous to those of the Cecil series, but are classed separately on account of the difference in topographic position. The mountainous character of the country in which the Porters soils are found renders them difficult of cultivation. They occur at high elevations and so are influenced more or less by different climatic, and drainage conditions. On the more level and less elevated areas wheat, corn, rye, and barley, and some fruit, particularly apples, are produced. At a medium eleva- tion and under suitable conditions of slope and exposure fruit is the principal crop. Cattle raising is one of the most important industries. The soils seem eminently adapted to fruit culture, and this industry is rapidly extending and is destined to take on much larger proportions. Porters stony loam. The soil is a grayish-yellow sandy loam about 10 inches deep, mixed with fragments of sandstone and other rocks. The subsoil grades from a reddish-brown clay loam to a stiff red clay in lower depths, and contains some coarse sand and a large percentage of sandstone fragments. The type occupies rolling valley lands and gentle slopes of mountains. The soil is colluvial, derived from wash from the rnountuins,*hut the subsoil is derived from the decomposition of underlying rocks. The soil produces good crops of wheat , corn, grass, tobacco, rye, and apples. i -' :; : r. <; 7 Soil <<) y ID c. r. 10 :vj it; Subsoil (7) 7 .1 14 9 31 2. r > Acres. Arrvs. Admits County, I'll 41,472 Hickory, N. C '.'.I, l. r >2 Aliuniinrc County, N. C a 15,970 Statosvillo, N. C as, 130 Cot>!> County. tin <>L',020 Porters sand. The soil is a grayish-yellow coarse sand about 10 inches in depth, overlying coarse sand and masses of broken rock. Fragments of nx-k and huge l>owlders an- scattered on the surface. The as l|i-rii'lii stony louin. 116 Soil Survey Field Book, type occupies mountain slopes and is derived through weathering from granite, gneiss, and similar rocks. Where slopes are not steep the soil is used to some extent for general farming. Formerly bright tobacco was grown. It is adapted to peach and grape culture. 1 -> 4 r> C 7 Soil (14) 11 IS 11 22 11 15 11 Subsoil (14) 12 20 13 22 10 14 9 Acres. Acres. Albeinarle, Y;i 115, 130 Hickory, N. C 11,136 Ashcvillo, N. C 13,050 Mount Mitchell, N. C 42,810 Campobcllo, S. C 15,238 ; Porters sandy loam. The soil consists of a grayish-yellow sandy loam from G to 15 inches deep. The subsoil is a tenacious red clay. Both soil and subsoil contain fragments of quartz and other rocks. The type occupies mountain or high rolling lands and is of residual origin, being derived from igneous rocks. Wheat, corn, oats, rye, pota- toes, and fruit arc the principal crops. 1234567 Soil (14) 7 14 10 23 13 19 13 Subsoil (14) G 12 7 18 13 20 24 Acres. Acres. Ashoville, N. C 41,792 Mount Mitchell, N. C 70,480 Bedford, Va a 40, 150 Hickory, N. C 49,920 Campobello, S. C 13, 207 Porters black loam. The soil is a rich, dark loam about 15 inches deep, mixed with rounded and angular fragments of rock often several feet in diameter. The subsoil is iv yellowish-brown or reddish clay loam containing a large percentage of rock. The type occupies the steep slopes of the higher mountains and is of residual origin, being derived from granite, gneiss, and similar rocks. The soil is productive, but the slopes are too steep and stony to admit of extensive cultivation for general farm crops. It is especially adapted to apples, particularly the Albemarle pippin. For this apple the small coves on the east side of the mountains are considered most desirable. Where exposed on the top of the mountains it has little value for fruit and is used only for grazing. a It is now recognized that a part of this should have been mapped as Dckalb stony loam. Soils of the Appalachian Mountains. 117 1234567 Soil (15) 6 9 7 16 10 26 23 Subsoil (12) 5 9 6 15 9 26 26 Acres. Acres. Albemarle, Va 68,736 \ Hickory, N. C 512 Asheville, N. C 24,064 I Mount Mitchell, N.C 87,808 Bedford, Va 8,270 | Porters loam. The soil consists of a dark-red or gray loam from 6 to 15 inches deep. The subsoil is a tenacious red clay. Both soil and subsoil contain fragments of quartz and other rocks. The type occu- pies mountain or high, rolling lands, and is derived from igneous rocks. Wheat, corn, oats, rye, potatoes, and fruit are the principal crops. 12 3 45 ft 7 Soil (3) 4 10 8 18 11 24 25 Subsoil (3) 3 7 6 13 7 20 44 Acres. Asheville, N. C 180,416 Porters clay. The soil is a reddish-brown clay loam about 6 inches deep, underlain by a stifT, tenacious red clay to a depth of 20 inches or more. Both soil and subsoil contain a large percentage of stone. The type occupies mountain slopes. This is a residual soil derived from granite and other crystalline rocks. When not too stony and rough it produces good crops of corn, wheat, and grass. It is one of the important apple soils of the mountains, particularly for Winesap and similar va- rieties. 1234 5 Soil (14) 3 7 6 12 9 Subsoil (14) 3 6 4 10 8 Acres. Adams County, Pa 27,264 AllM'marle, Va 32,512 Asheville, N. C... . 49,152 Bedford. Va 28, 240 Acres. Campol>ello, S. C 13.005 Hickory, N.C 7, .'52 Lecshiirg, Va 2. 752 Mount Mitchell, N. C 98, (124 DKKALIl SERIES. The Dokalb series is derived from the disintegration of sandstones and shales, from Silurian to Carboniferous in age. The surface soils are gray to brown in color, while the subsoils are commonly some shade of yellow. The surface features consist of gently rolling table-lands, hills, Mapped as Porters red clay. 118 Soil Survey Field Book. and mountains. The soils are generally not very productive. The stony and sandy members of the series are well adapted to orchard fruits, while the heavier soils make good hay and pastures. Dekalb stony loam. The soil is a gray to yellowish sandy loam from 6 to 10 inches deep, grading into a subsoil of slightly heavier texture and yellower color. In some places the subsoil approaches more nearly a true clay. Both soil and subsoil contain a large quantity of sand- stone, conglomerate, and sandy calcareous shale fragments. The soil frequently rests directly upon a broken mass of rock. The topography is very rough and broken. Owing to the character of the surface and its very stony nature, the soil is not very productive, although where the clay subsoil prevails and a part of the stones are removed fair crops are produced. With proper location and elevation the sandy and sandy loam phases are well adapted to peaches. Where wheat is grown the soil produces a small yield of bright, heavy grain. The native growth consists mainly of chestnut and white oak, with some hickory, black gum, and red oak. 1 '.' 34 56 7 Soil (21) 3 7 7 10 14 XI 18 Subsoil (21) 4 S 7 IS i:j 20 23 Acres. ! Acres. Adams County, Pa 4,224 | Lebanon, Pa o20,300 Albemarle, Va a 134,656 ! Leesburg, Va 19,072 Chester County, Pa 14,528 j Lockhaven, Pa 111,872 Fort Payne, Ala 37,120 Montgomery County, Pa 1,472 Greeneville, Tenn 99,072 Pikevillc, Tenn 32,128 Lancaster County, Pa 013,000, Upshur County, W. Va 82,500 Dekalb shale loam. The soil to an average depth of 8 inches con- sists of a brown to yellowish loam or clay loam, underlain by yellowish or sometimes slightly reddish clay loam increasing in clay con- tent with depth, grading into stiff clay resting upon a mass of broken shale fragments at depths rarely exceeding 24 inches. On the surface and throughout the soil and subsoil are scattered varying quantities of weathered shale fragments, the content usually increasing with depth. The surface features consist of smooth rounded knobs and ridges, with narrow intervening valleys. The type is of residual origin and is derived from sandy to argillaceous and more or less calcareous shales. The soil is heavy and droughty and is best adapted to grain and grass crops. o Mapped as Edgemont stony loam. Soils of the Appalachian Mountains. 119 1-234567 Soil (15) 8 6 3 6 7 39 30 Subsoil (9) 5 6 3 7 7 33 38 Acres. I Acres. Albemarle, Va < 75, 328 Lebanon, 1'a o 142, 210 Bedford, Va 25, 370 Chester County, Pa 1, 408 Greeneville, Tenn 64,896 Lancaster County, Pa < 15. 000 Leesburg, Va a 8, 000 Lockhaven, Pa o 25, 728 Madison County, Ky 18,880 Montgomery County, Pa f>8, 992 Dekalb gravelly loam. This type is composed of a surface soil of brown loam or heavy sandy loam with a depth of 8 to 12 inches, resting upon a subsoil of light-yellow loam. From 5 to 30 per cent of fine quartz gravel occurs in the soil and the content of this material increases with depth. The type occupies ridges and hills and sometimes the intervening depressions. It is derived from the weathering of the Potsdam conglomerate. The drainage is well established, and crops are liable to suffer in dry seasons from lack of moisture. The type is fairly well adapted to general farm crops. 1234507 Soil (1) 5 24 11 12 11 27 10 Subsoil (1) 5 28 12 10 8 20 17 Acres. Montgomery County, Pa 4,800 Dekalb sandy loam. The soil consists of a gray to brown sandy loam of medium to fine texture from 9 to 12 inches deep, resting on a yellowish-brown, slightly sticky sandy loam. The type is residual in origin, derived from sandstone rock, and occurs in rather level areas. Occasionally broken sandstone lies directly under the surface soil. This is an easily cultivated type and responds readily to fertilizers, but is not very productive. Some wheat is grown, but the average yield is not more than 7 bushels per acre. The yield of corn rarely exceeds 15 to 20 bushels, while cotton gives from 200 to 350 pounds of lint per acre. This soil is adapted to vegetables and very well adapted to apples and peaches. 1234 5 7 Soil (4) 1 ft IS 27 S 25 r. Subsoil (!>) 1 4 12 29 9 24 21 Acres. ' Acres. mount County. Ala 168,512 j Lebanon, Pa 11,220 Fort Payne, Ala 182,656' Pikevillo, Tenn 1(13.392 Mapped as liagcrslown shale loam. ' M,i|i|>'-'l us Dauphin sundy loam. 120 Soil Survey Field Book. Dekalb fine sandy loam. The soil is a fine compact sandy loam from 8 to 12 inches deep, resting upon a subsoil of similar material, becoming more loamy as the depth increases. The type is derived from sand- stone. The soil is naturally not productive, and small crops are obtained unless heavily fertilized. With proper cultivation it is fairly well adapted to fruit and truck. The principal timber is chestnut and oak. 1234 5 7 Soil (2) 1 1 C 45 6 28 10 Subsoil (2) ... f 1 1 5 36 6 34 17 Acres. Blount County, Ala 93,504 Chester County, Pa 5, 032 Acres. Madison County, Ky 8o2 Webster County, Mo 3, 584 Iluntsville, Ala 2, 240 | Dekalb loam. The soil is a fine-textured loam of light-brown or yellowish color and from 10 to 15 inches deep. The texture becomes heavier as the depth increases, and the material grades finally into a light-yellow silty clay or clay subsoil, often mottled with gray or drab, which extends to a depth of 3 feet or more. The subsoil rests upon a mass of freshly disintegrated sandstone, beneath which is found bed rock. Sandstone fragments are usually scattered over the surface and some iron, concretions also occur. The type occupies ridges varying from deeply dissected to broad and gently rolling topography. It is well drained, and in some situations is subject to erosion. This is a residual soil derived from a very fine-grained sandstone. This is an excellent type for general farming, potatoes, and other vegetables, melons, small fruits, and tobacco. Corn yields from 35 to 60 bushels, hay from 1 to 1 tons, oats from 35 to 50 bushels, and wheat about 15 bushels per acre. 1234507 Soil (5) 3 8 4 8 7 49 22 Subsoil (5) 2 7 4 7 45 27 Acres. Madison County, Ky 20,800 Chester County, Pa 11,456 Upshur County, W. Va 14,912 Dekalb silt loam. The soil is a mellow loam or silt loam of a gray, brown, or yellow color, from 8 to 20 inches deep, with an average depth of 14 inches. The sand constituent is of the finer grades, and this, with the large silt content, gives the soil the character of a mellow Soils of the Appalachian Mountains. 121 silty loam. The line between soil and subsoil is nowhere sharply drawn. The subsoil is a silty clay loam, not plastic nor tenacious. It has a characteristic yellow color, but lighter than that of the soil because of the lack of organic matter. Unweathered rock is often en- countered at a depth of less than 3 feet, and nearly everywhere frag- ments of shale or shaly sandstone are scattered through the soil and over the surface. The type covers hilly uplands with a more broken surface near the streams. Away from the streams the surface is roll- ing, and this is the character of the greater part of the type. Its topography admits of easy drainage. The soil is not retentive of mois- ture, though with the rainfall usual in the regions where it occurs crops seldom suffer seriously from drought. The tendency to wash and gully is not so great as in many soils of similar topography. The steep hillsides, however, should not be planted to cultivated crops. It is a residual soil; formed by the decomposition of the shales, sandstones, sandy shales, and limestones of the Carboniferous period. The original rocks contained some iron, and this is manifested in the soil by occa- sional iron concretions. Corn, wheat, and timothy are the most im- portant cultivated crops. Much of the hilly and stony land is unfit for cultivation, but is well adapted to grasses. In the extremely rough portions the land is still in forests of hardwood. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Soil (7). 1 2 3 4 7 01 21 Subsoil (5) , 1 2 3 7 10 46 29 Acres. ! Acres. Coshooton County, Ohio 320,064 Scott County, Ind 22,080 Orwneville, Tonn 10, .560 Warren County, Ky 89,40X Madison County, Ky 31 , 424 Dekalb clay. The soil consists of about 8 inches of grayish-brown loam or clay loam, often containing much silt, underlain to a depth of '.V) inches or more bv a yellowish-brown to reddish-yellow clay. Both soil and sul>soil usually contain from 10 to -40 per cent of small shale fragments. The usual topography of the type is hilly, and the natural drainage is good. The soil is derived from the weathering of shales Ix-longing to the Coal Measures. It supports a timber growth consist- ing mostly of oak, hickory, Iwch, and pine. When cleared and cul- tivated fair yields of cotton, corn, vegetables, sorghum, and forage crops are secured. The higher ridges are suited to peaches and other orchard fruits. 122 Soil Survey Field Book. 1884687 Soil (4) 5 5 2 7 10 35 30 Subsoil (4) 1 4 1 4 6 31 53 Acres. : Acres. Blount County, Ala 54,144 Upshur County, W. Va 40,708 Cleveland, Ohio 9,728 Westfleld, N. Y o 21, 860 UPSHUR SERIES. The Upshur series is closely associated with the Dekalb series, but is much less extensively developed. It is characterized and distin- guished from the Dekalb series by the brown and red surface soils and the red subsoils. The series has been formed by the weathering of red sandstones and shales of Paleozoic age. The surface is rolling to moun- tainous, and drainage is well established. The soils of this series are generally more productive than the corresponding members of the Dekalb series. Upshur sandy loam. The soil to a depth of about 10 inches consists of gray to reddish gray medium to fine sandy loam, underlain by a deep-brown to red sandy clay subsoil. The surface of the type varies from gently rolling to hilly and rugged, and sometimes on the steeper slopes rock fragments occur. The natural drainage is good. The soil is derived from the weathering of a brown to red sandstone which forms a part of the Coal Measures. The original timber growth is oak, hickory, and pine. When well cultivated good crops of cotton, corn, and wheat are produced. It is suited also to vegetables, orchard fruits, and small fruits. 1 2 8 4 5 7 Soil (2) 1 2 9 45 17 14 12 Subsoil (2) 4 14 30 S 20 25 Acres. Blount County, Ala : 8, 320 Fort Payne, Ala 6576 Upshur loam. The soil consists of about 8 inches of loam, varying from brown to dark Indian-red in color. The subsoil is a clay loam to a heavy clay, usually of a red-brown to a deep Indian-red color. The surface varies from flat to gently rolling or occasionally hilly. The type is derived from the weathering of a fine-grained red shaly " Mapped as Dunkirk shale loam. & Mapped as I'enn sandy loam. Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 123 sandstone.and is naturally well drained. The soil is productive and is well adapted to cotton, corn, and forage crops. Vegetables, orchard fruits, and small fruits do well on the lighter and higher lying areas of the type. 1234567 Soil (2) 1 5 5 16 15 33 25 Subsoil (2) 1 4 2 9 11 35 38 Acres. Blount County, Ala 14, 720 Upshur clay. The soil is a stiff dark-red clay about 7 inches deep, underlain by a lighter-colored red clay of nearly the same texture. The type occupies steep hillsides, occasionally extending down into valleys, and suffers much from erosion. Exposed areas are inclined to bake and crack in dry weather. The type is the direct product of the weathering of shales. The soil is mainly used for pasturage, but the more gently rolling areas, susceptible of thorough cultivation, pro- duce good crops of wheat, corn, and grass. 1884 "> 6 7 Soil (4) 2 4 3 7 8 28 48 Subsoil (4) 1 6 4 8 6 25 50 Acres. Syracuse, N. Y a 3, 840 Upshur County, W. Va 13,504 SOILS OK THK LIMKSTOXE VALLEYS AM> II'LAXWS. The limestone soils are among the most extensively developed of any in the United States and occur in both broad upland and inclosed nar- row valley areas. The greatest upland development is seen upon the Cumberland Plateau in eastern Tennessee and Kentucky and upon the Carboniferous formation in central Tennessee and Kentucky, northern Alabama and Georgia, and in Missouri. The valley soils are found principally in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, and in the moun- tain section of eastern Tennessee and Kentucky and northern Alabama and Georgia. The topography of the plateau soils varies considerably. In the Cumberland Plateau and Highland Rim the surface is undulating; in the region of the O'/.ark uplift in Missouri and Arkansas it is quite rough and hilly, and where there is an elevation of the surface, or where the plateau is deeply dissected by erosion, it presents a quite mountainous " Ma|>['eing derived from the weathering in place of limestone of differing age and composition. This is accomplished by the removal through solution of the calcium carbonate of the limestone, leaving -behind the more resistant siliceous minerals. These soils are remarkable for the fact that they constitute but a very small percentage of the original limestone rock, the larger part having gone into solution. It has thus required the solution of many feet of rock to form 1 foot of soil. The naturally heavy character of the limestone soils fit them for grain, grass, and general farming lands rather than for such early truck crops as are grown upon the lighter, coarser soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain: They have found a special usefulness, however, particularly in certain sections of Tennessee and Kentucky, in the production of a heavy tobacco for export use. Thus far the limestone soils east of Kansas and Texas and north of central Alabama and Georgia have been grouped in two important series, known as the Hagerstown and Clarksville. HAGERSTOWN SERIES. The Hagerstown series is formed mainly from the solution and sub- sequent filtration of pure massive limestone of Cambro-Silurian age. The soils of this series, as a rule, occur in valleys bordered by areas of the more resistant sandstones and shales. The series is most typically developed in the limestone valleys of the Allegheny Mountain region and in the central basins of Kentucky and Tennessee, but smaller areas are found as marginal deposits in the adjoining Piedmont section and in the deep valleys of the Appalachian Plateau, where the under- lying limestones have been exposed to weathering by previous deep erosion. The most productive valley phase occurs in the large valley between the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny Mountains. Hagerstown stony loam. The soil to an average depth of 8 inches consists of a silty or fine sandy loam, usually brown in color but vary- ing from light gray to yellowish. The subsoil consists of a yellow or yellowish-red clay loam grading at an average depth of 24 inches into a stiff red clay which extends to unknown depths. Upon the surface and occupying a large part of the soil and the first few inches of the Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 125 subsoil occurs a high percentage of angular chert fragments. The type is residual and is derived from the solution of impure limestone con- taining cherty layers, the insoluble materials being concentrated on the surface. The type occupies high ridges in the limestone valleys. The natural drainage is thorough, but with its close subsoil the type is retentive of moisture and fertilizers. The soil is particularly well adapted to fruit growing. Of the field crops, corn succeeds best. l -2 :$ 4 :> 7 Soil (4) 2 4 3 6 11 ~>2 22 Subsoil (4) 2 3 2 4 7 38 44 Acres. Acres. Adams County, Pa 1,408 Huntsvillo, Ala 41,984 Albemarle, Va 59,130 Lockhaven, Pa 22,016 Bedford, Va o 11,9.50 Pikeville, Tenn 27,392 Hagerstown stony clay. The soil consists of about 8 inches of brown to yellow clay loam, or clay underlain by yellow sticky clay. Usually limestone fragments are abundant in both soil and subsoil, and mas- sive outcrops of hard, bluish-gray crystalline limestone frequently break the surface. The surface is usually rough, stony, and hilly, con- sisting of ridges and valley slopes. The type owes its origin to the weath- ering of limestones and shales of Silurian age. The soil is naturally quite productive, but owing to the large quantity of rock fragments and rock outcrop very little of it is under cultivation. Fair yields of corn, wheat, cotton, and forage crops are secured on the less stony areas. l _' :t 4 5 ft 7 Soil (2) 1 5 5 10 . r > 29 4"> Subsoil (2) 1 2 2 5 4 28 58 Acres. Blount County, Ala C>,848 Madison County, Ky 33,792 Hagerstown sandy loam. The soil is a fine sandy loam about 12 inches deep, of a gray to yellowish or light-brown color. Thr subsoil is a yellowish-red clay grading into a stiff red clay. The type occupies some of the higher ridges of the valley and has good drainage. It is of residual and colluvial origin, l>cing derived from limestone. Wheat, corn, and grass are grown. The soil is adapted to fruit, particularly peaches. " Map|N>d as Murrill stony loam. 126 Soil Survey Field Book. i a a 4 r> 7 Soil (10) 1 6 8 24 15 32 13 Subsoil (10) 3 4 14 9 31 38 Acres, j Acres. Albemarle, Va 45,504 , Leesburg, Va 1,216 Bedford, Va oil, 910 i Pikeville, Term 5,760 Huntsville, Ala 8,064 | Hagerstown loam. The soil is a brown or yellow loam 12 inches deep, underlain by a yellow clay loam to a depth of 24 inches, this in turn being underlain by a still", yellowish-red clay. The type occupies rolling valley land and uplands, and is derived from the weathering of pure massive limestone. This is the typical corn land of central Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. It is one of the best types of general farming lands in the Eastern States and produces corn, tobacco, wheat, and grass. 1 2 46 fi 1 Soil (19) 5 3 3 7 10 46 28 Subsoil (19) 2 3 2 6 8 38 39 Acres. [ Acres. Adams County, Pa: 10,064 i Lauderdale County, Ala d 60, 992 Albemarle, Va 30,784 ! Lawrence County, Tenn d 10, 880 Bedford, Va 40,520 Lebanon, Pa 93,110 Chester County, Pa 19,456 ( Leesburg, Va 4,864 Davidson County, Tenn b 163, 200' Madison County, Ky 107,072 Fort Payne, Ala 21,632' Montgomery County, Pa 11,840 GreeneviHe, Tenn <-83,520 ] Mason County, Ky 24,384 Huntsville, Ala 138,944' Pikeville, Tenn 20,a52 Lancaster County, Pa 45,000 Scott County, Ky 76,800 Hagerstown clay loam. The soil is a heavy reddish loam or silty loam 24 inches deep, overlying stiff, tenacious red clay. The, type occupies rolling valley land and is derived from the weathering of pure massive limestone. This is recognized as one of the strongest soils for general agricultural purposes and is well known for its large crops of wheat and corn. 1 234507 Soil (2)... i 1 3 2 5 9 64 16 Subsoil (3) 3 2 2 4 10 51 28 Acres. Lancaster County, Pa 21,000 "Mapped as Murnll sandy loam. * Mapped in part as Davidson loam. c Mapped as Fort Payne loam. <* Mapped as Clarksville clay loam. Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 127 Hagerstown clay. The soil is a heavy brown to reddish-brown loam or clay 12 inches deep, un'derlain by a stiff, tenacious reddish- yellow or red clay. The type occupies rolling valley land and is de- rived from weathering of pure massive limestone. This is recognized as a very strong soil for general agriculture. 1 _' 4 5 7 Soil (8) 1 2 2 9 8 41 38 Subsoil (9) 1 1 fi 5 29 56 Acres. Acres. Alhemarlc, Va 25,920 \ Lancaster County, Pa 2,000 Bedford, Va 19,210 Loesburg, Va 4,224 Fort Payne, Ala 3,9(i8 : Madison County, Ky 43,392 Groenoville, Tenn a21,5f>8 Huntsville, Ala 9,024 Mason County, Ky 115, 048 Scott County, Ky 102,528 CL.ARKSVII,LE SERIES. The Clarksvillc series is derived largely from cherty and fossilifer- ous limestone of the St. Louis group of the Subcarboniferous forma- tion. These soils occur on both the level and undulating uplands and in rough, hilly country with steep valley;:. When the latter surface features predominate the soils are generally unproductive and very stony, but in some sections are adapted to fruit, especially apples. The soils formed from beds of purer limestone occupying level and gently rolling areas are as a rule very productive, and are adapted to wheat, corn, and tobacco. Clarksville stony loam.b The soil is a gray or light-yellow to brown silty loam 6 inches -in depth, overlying yellowish-red to red silty clav or clay 3 feet or more in depth. Both soil and subsoil contain 20 to .50 per cent of angular fragments of chert and siliceous limestone. The type occupies rough, broken country with deep-cut, narrow vallevs. It is a residual soil, derived from cherty siliceous limestones and is thin and stony and of little agricultural value, and at present is largely covered with a thick second growth of oak timlx>r. It is adapted to apples and peaches. " M.I |>|-<1 as Dccutiir clay. ' See also Rough stony land, p. 2(18. 128 Soil Survey Field Book. 1234567 Soil (18) 2 3205 58 22 Subsoil (19) .....2 3 2 5 4 49 39 Acres. Acres. Blount County, Ala 044, 992 Lawrence County, Term 203, 290 Crawford County, Mo 324, 008 Laudcrdale County, Ala 235, 712 Davidson County, Tenn 99,840 Montgomery County, Tenn. .. 06,150 Fort Payne, Ala oos,804 , Saline County, Mo 7,290 Groeneville, Tenn 004, 386 Webster County, Mo 212, 992 Howell County, Mo 499, 204 Clarksville fine sandy loam. The soil, varying in depth from 6 to 15 inches, is a gray or light-orange fine sandy loam of loose texture. The subsoil, to a depth of more than 3 feet, is a red sandy clay, being more sandy in the upper portion. The surface features are not very uniform, varying from low, rolling hills to narrow ridges. The type has been formed largely from remnants of sandy layers of the Lafav- ette formation, mixed to a certain extent with the clays of the under- lying limestone. Surface drainage is complete, but the subsoil is capable of retaining a large quantity of moisture. The soil should be excellent for peaches and, where well drained, for cotton and some other general farm crops. 1 2 4 5 6 7 Soil (1) 1 3 10 43 11 25 8 Subsoil (1) 3 8 29 7 23 30 Acres. Lauderdale County, Ala 1,850 Clarksville silt loam. The soil is a light-gray silt loam 8 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish compact silt loam, gradually changing to silty clay with depth. The color of the lower subsoil often changes to reddish-yellow or red. The type is of a residual origin, being derived from fossiliferous siliceous limestones. The surface is level to gently rolling. The larger and more level areas are generally poorly drained. The type is known locally as "Barrens" or "Flatwoods" and is largely forested with oaks. It is droughty and not considered strong, but with good treatment fair yields of the staple crops can be produced. In Tennessee and Kentucky this soil produces an excellent grade of export tobacco. Special crops, such as strawberries and cantaloupes and some vegetables, are grown successfully. oMapped as Fort Payne stony loam. Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 129 1234507 Soil (17) 1 1 1 5 6 68 17 Subsoil (17) 11 1 5 4 59 28 Acres. Acres. Crawford County, Mo 109, 700 I Montgomery County, Tenn . . . 233, 410 llowell County, Mo 40, 384 i Saline County, Mo (>7,.V.>0 Warren County, Ky 2.32, S32 Webster County, Mo 147,712 Huntsville, Ala 59,. 120 Laudcrdale County, Ala 104,320 Lawrence County, Tenn 113,f>f>4 Clarksville clay loam. The soil is a brown to reddish-brown silty loam 8 inches deep, underlain by a heavy red silty clay loam to deptli of 3 feet or more, the clay content increasing at lower depths. The type occupies gently undulating country and is usually well drained. It is a deep residual soil derived from the decomposition of limestone. It is a strong, fertile soil and is considered the best general farm land of the localities where it occurs. Tobacco of the export variety produces a heavy yield, but not a superior quality of leaf. 1 -' :5 \ 567 Soil (3) 1 1 1 5 3 68 21 Subsoil (3) L 1 1 4 2 54 30 Acres. Montgomery County, Tenn 27, 400 Warren County, Ky 9,408 .MIS(KLLAXKOIS SOILS OF THK UMKSTOXK VALLKYS AM) l'PLAM)S. Fort Payne sandy loam. The soil to an average depth of 6 inches consists of a brown, light, very sandy loam, usually mixed with gravel and small fragments of stone. The subsoil is a sandy loam of lighter color, filled with rock fragments that have resisted weathering, and passing finally into partly decomposed rock. The depth of the soil is quite variable, in some places being 5 or feet deep, while in others the unweathered rock comes to the surface. The type is the result of the weathering of the sandy dolomite, which is characteristic of the calciferous group of the Silurian. In some places glacial drift has en- tered to some extent into the composition of the soil. The topography of the type is usually hilly or rolling. The soil is productive and is suited to a variety of crops. Potatoes give large yields, and are of a superior quality. Besides the general farm crops the soil is adapted to sugar Ix-et.s and other special crops. " .Mii|>|x' fH ! 130 Soil Survey Field Book. 123456 7 f Soil (31 1 11 30 22 10 6 Subsoil (3). 1 8 5 35 27 15 7 Acres. Munising area, Mich 7,93f> Cumberland loam. The soil is a brown rather mellow loam or slightly sandy loam 6 to 1/5 inches deep, underlain by a brown to reddish-brown clay loam subsoil. Some rounded gravel occurs in both soil and subsoil. The type occupies second bottoms or high ter- races along streams, occurring mainly in the horseshoe bends. The surface is generally rolling and the drainage excellent. This is a sedi- mentary soil made up of materials washed from the adjacent uplands, intermingled with materials brought from a greater distance by the river. It is well suited to general farm crops and is also used for truck crops, small fruits, and orchards. 1234 5 (i 7 Soil (4) 1 3 5 17 21 41 12 Subsoil (4) 2 4 13 18 41 22 Acres. Davidson County, Tenn. 44,992 Madison County, Ky 4, 288 Grceneville, Tenn. . 7,040 Conestoga loam. The soil is a brown loam about 12 inches deep, underlain by a light clay loam to a depth of 30 inches, grading into decomposed schist. The type occupies rolling valley land, and is derived from the decomposition of schistose limestone. It has a greasy or soapy feel when rubbed between the fingers. This is recognized as an excellent soil for general agriculture. 1234507 Soil (2) 2 2 2 8 22 50 11 Subsoil (2) 1 3 2 9 2(1 45 13 Acres. Lancaster County, Pa 51,000 Montgomery County , Pa 1 , 344 Gasconade silt loam. The soil consists of from 8 to 12 inches of dark- gray to black silt loam. The subsoil is a heavy mottled silt loam, grading below 36 inches into a gray and red mottled silty clay. The subsoil rests in some places upon unweathered limestone at a depth of 4 to 6 feet. The type is found upon gently rolling prairie uplands and has excellent drainage. It is a residual type derived from limestone. Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands. 131 The soil is productive and is nearly all under cultivation. Corn yields from 20 to 45 bushels per acre, and wheat, timothy, and clover do well. 1-234 5 C 7 Soil (1) 2133 07 24 Subsoil (1) 3 223 1 5S 35 Acres. Crawford County, Mo 1,000 Fort Payne clay loam. The soil is a compact loam to silty loam with an average depth of 10 inches and an ash}' appearance and feel. The color ranges from gray to light yellow. The subsoil is a heavy yellow clay loam, grading quickly into stiff, sticky, impervious yellow clay, which in the lower depths is often mottled with red. The type occupies high hilly to gently rolling areas. It is a residual type, de- rived from the weathering of a series of rocks consisting of sandy to argillaceous calcareous shales, shaly limestone, and impure lime- stones. The soil is difficult to work and when dry is very hard. It is probably best suited to grasses and pasturage. 1-284 5 6 7 Soil (2) 5 2 10 53 18 Subsoil (2) 1 1 1 3 4 34 50 Acres. Greenville area, Tenn 9,530 Lickdale clay loam. This is a clay loam 6 to 10 inches deep, under- lain by a mottled yellow clay. It occurs in small areas at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and is derived from the wash of the moun- tains and the adjacent shale formations. Sometimes fragments of gray sandstones are present to the extent of from 5 to 20 per cent. It is a low-lying, flat land, and is poorly drained. Naturally it is very refractory, and is suited only to grass and pasture, but when artificially drained it becomes mellow and produces quite a wide range of crops. i 2 :{ 4 r> 7 Soil (. r >) 3 5 fi 8 48 29 Subsoil (5) 2 2 5 5 fi 38 42 Acres, j Acres. Chester County, Pa 832 Montgomery County, Pa 2,240 Ix>banon Pa . 3,920 Pikeville, Tenn o 17,024 Loekhavcn, Pa 1.9H4 j Murrill clay loam. -The soil is a yellowish-brown clay loam 10 inches deep, overlying a yellow clay loam, which increases in clav content Mapped as Ivkall) clay loam. 132 Soil Survey Field Book. in lower depths. Both soil and subsoil often contain small fragments of shale and chert. The type is derived from weathering of shales and cherty limestone, and occupies rolling valley lands. The soil pro- duces good crops of wheat, corn, grass, dark manufacturing tobacco, and apples. 1234 5 7 Soil (3) 3 6 4 9 7 43 28 Subsoil (3) 3 5 4 8 5 30 44 Acres. Bedford, Va 15,720 Conestoga clay. This type consists of a yellowish to dark-brown clay loam about 7 inches deep, underlain by a yellow to reddish-yellow tenacious clay, usually not exceeding a depth of 24 inches. On ridges bed rock is usually found at an average depth of 10 inches. The type occupies the lower and gently rolling portions of the valleys. The higher areas are well drained. This is a residual soil derived from schistose limestone. Wheat and grass are the principal crops grown. 1234567 Soil (4) 3 4 2 3 4 43 41 Subsoil (3) 1 3 2 3 2 37 51 Acres. Albemarle. Va 16,960 Greeneville, Tenn <4ff,168 Guthrie clay.& The soil is a light-gray or grayish-white fine silt loam, having a depth of 7 inches, underlain by a heavy silty clay, plastic and impervious. The subsoil varies in color from gray to drab, mottled with yellowish iron stains. The type occupies low, flat areas on the uplands. The soil is derived from the decomposition of lime- stone. On account of its low, wet situation it is of little agricultural value unless artificially drained. In favorable seasons some corn and tobacco are grown. The type is largely covered by hickory, sweet gum, and oak, and the land is generally referred to as "crawfishy." 1234567 Soil (6) 1 1 4 6 68 20 Subsoil (6) 1 1 4 4 56 33 Acres. Huntsville, Ala 10,048 Lauderdale County, Ala 5, 376 Acres. Madison County, Ky 4,480 Stuttgart, Ark 27,904 Montgomery County , Tenn 5, 800 Mapped as Fort Payne clay. 6 See also Waverly clay loam, p. 89. Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 133 SOILS OF Mil GLACIAL A>D LOESSIAL KKe put in any series. MIAMI SKRIES. The Miami series is one of the most important, widely distributed, and complete soil series that lias l>een established. The scries is characterized by the light color of the surface soils, bv derivation from 134 Soil Survey Field Book. glacial material, and by being timbered either now or originally. The heavier members of the series are better adapted to wheat than the corresponding members of the Marshall series, but they do not pro- duce as large yields of corn. Miami stony sand. The soil is a loose yellow or brown sand or light sandy loam 8 inches deep, underlain by yellow sand of varying texture to a depth of 3 feet or more. Stones and large bowlders, constituting from 20 to 70 per cent of the total mass, are scattered on the surface and mixed with the soil and subsoil. The type is derived from morainic material and occupies large, rounded hills and ridges. Corn, rye, and buckwheat are grown to some extent, but the yields are low. 128 4 5 7 Soil (4) 12 24 17 18 8 13 8 Subsoil (3) 10 21 15 26 9 13 6 Acres, j Acres. Allegan County, Mich a 4, 150 Pontiac, Mich o 1, 472 Island County, Wash 71,744 | Portage County, Wis 17,536 Long Island, N. Y o 5, 376 I Miami stony sandy loam. The soil is a gray or brown sandy or fine sandy loam from 6 to 10 inches deep, underlain by a brown or yellow sandy loam or heavy sandy loam. Both soil and subsoil contain from 20 to 70 per cent of stones and gravel, consisting of granite, sandstone, and limestone. The type is derived from the weather- ing of glacial material, occupies the rolling and level uplands, and is usually well drained. The soil is not very productive. Beans, corn, wheat and oats, and grasses are the main products. Truck and fruit do fairly well. 12 34567 Soil (11) 4 11 8 19 20 25 13 Subsoil (11) 5 10 8 20 19 25 13 Acres. Island County, Wash 25,792 Long Island, N. Y 6 100, 008 Lyons, N. Y 6 38,208 Acres. Rhode Island * 69, 952 Svracuse, N. Y . . . . & 3, 712 Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y & 29, 0.56 Miami stony loam. The s6il consists of a gray to brown loam about 10 inches deep, underlain by a yellow loam or heavy sandy loam, which is in turn underlain locally by beds of consolidated gravel or bed rock. There is from 20 to 60 per cent of rounded and angular a Mapped as Plainwell stony loam. 6 Mapped as Alton stony loam. Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 135 stones on the surface and mixed with both the soil and subsoil. The stones vary from 1 to 8 inches in diameter. The type generally occupies large, rounded hills and table-lands and gently rolling lands at lower levels. It is chiefly derived from morainic material. The soil is very productive, and produces good crops of corn, wheat, grass, oats, and fruit, particularly apples. The type also afTords excellent pasture. 1234567 Soil (18) 2 4 4 10 16 47 17 Subsoil (17)... ..2 4 4 11 16 43 20 Acres. Allogan County, Mich a 76, 790 Auburn, N. Y 114,624 Carlton, Minn.... . 50,560 Acres. Lyons, N. Y 158, 400 Portage County, Wis 5, 032 Rhode Island .. . 149,952 Cleveland, Ohio 8,000 Syracuse, N. Y 78,464 Everett, Wash 23, 488 : Tompkins County, N. Y 7, 488 Long Island, N. Y 52,032 Wooster, Ohio 52,096 Miami gravel. The soil is a medium grade sandy loam about 12 inches deep, containing .50 per cent of gravel from one-half inch to 2 inches in diameter. The subsoil consists of cross-bedded sand and gravel, the latter often coated with calcium carbonate. The type occurs only in small areas and is the outcrop of reworked glacial gravels in river din's. For the most part, it is uncultivated and is of little value for farming. Acres. Janesville, Wis &9.024 Tazewell County, 111 i> 1 , 088 Winnebago County, 111 5, 184 Miami gravelly sand. The soil is a brown gravelly sand of medium to coarse texture, 9 to 12 inches deep, grading through a lighter brown gravelly sand into a mixture of coarse sand and fine gravel at a deptli of about 3 feet. In some places the underlying gravel comes within a few inches of the surface. The type represents mainly old beach lines, and is formed by material deposited by wave or stream action. Its usually rolling or ridgy topography insures good drainage. The ty|M- is best suited to truck and fruit crops. MnpiK'd as Alli'Knn stony loam. ' M.ipi*"! us Mackinaw gravel. 136 Soil Survey Field Book. 2 It 4 56 'I 20 24 30 6 10 5 24 25 29 5 7 5 Acres. Oxford, Mich 3, 980 Carlton, Minn ... 17,408 Saginaw, Mich.. .. 52, 000 (rand Island, Nebr ... 29, 440 Superior, Wis 4,(i()8 Marshall County, Ind ... ... 27,840 Toledo, Ohio. . . . .. 3(>,<>72 Munising, Mich ... Kifi,4(i4 Viroqua, Wis... .. 28,288 Oxford, Mich 5,504 Wichita, Kans.. 19,392 O wosso, Mich 3,712 Wooster, Ohio.. 2, 432 Pontiac, Mich ... 30,592 Miami fine sand. The soil is a line yellow or light-brown sand to 12 inches deep. The subsoil consists of a fine* orange or yellow sand. The type is free from stones and often occurs as dunes. It has good natural drainage and is easily tilled. The principal crops are corn, potatoes, lxrries, and, of less importance, wheat, oats, grasses, and cabbage. The soil is best adapted to truck, potatoes, and small fruit. 1 Soil (3i) Subsoil (30) Acres. Allogan County, Mich ''13,2tiO Auburn, N. V 1,920 Curlton. Minn... 1,920 Acres. Saginaw, Mich 3li, (108 Sangamon County, 111 1,024 Stanton, Nebr 5i,57(i Dubuque, Iowa 2,r>24 Syracuse, N. Y 14,528 Janes vllle, Wis , 25i Lyons. N. Y 14,ti5i Newton County, I n< 1 32, 704 O'Kallon, Mo 1,728 Owosso, Mich 7,808 , n Mapped us Allegun sand. '' M:ip|"l iis UlriMM line siindy loam, as Clyde fine sand. \l;i|']-M as Aflon fine sanny loam. Tama County, Iowa 3,9<>8 Ta/eweli County, III 22,976 Tippecimoo County. Ind 2,81(i Wichita. Kans 15,744 Winnelmgo County, 111 8,832 Part of this should Imvnliecii mapped 188 Soil Survey Field Book. Miami sandy loam.o The soil is light-gray to brown sandy loam 8 to 14 inches deep, underlain by a sandy loam or sand, sometimes containing fine gravel. The type is of glacial origin and occupies level or gently rolling areas, and sometimes rounded hills with kettle- like intervening depressions. In some areas the soil is adapted to corn, wheat, grass, rye, and oats; in. others mainly to fruits, small fruits, and truck crops. Acres Pontiac, Mich 34,368 Portage County, Wis 65, 536 Superior, Wis 103, 536 Toledo, Ohio 30,528 Viroqua, Wis...! 16,064 Wooster, Ohio 11,712 Soil (22) 2 Subsoil (22) 2 Acres . Allegan County, Mich 660,020 Carlton, Minn 54,784 Duluique, Iowa 15,040 Everett, Wash 184,320 Janesville, Wis ell, 648 M tinising, Mich 39, 552 Oxford, Mich 35,584 , Miami fine sandy loam/' The soil consists of a loose, loamy brown sand or sandy loam from 10 to 30 inches deep, the sand being from medium to fine in texture. The subsoil is a clay loam or sticky sandy loam. This type differs from the Miami sandy loam in having the heavy subsoil within 3 feet of the surface. The type is of glacial origin, occupies rolling country, often occurring as rounded hills and ridges, and has good drainage. The Miami fine sandy loam is a good corn soil. Wheat yields from 15 to 30 bushels, oats from 35 to 75 bushels, rye from 15 to 30 bushels, and hay 1^ to 2 tons per acre. The soil is used for general agriculture, but is especially adapted to medium and late truck crops and fruit. Soil (9) 2 Subsoil (9) 2 Acres. Alma, Mich 34,432 Owosso, Mich 2,624 Oxford, Mich 44,224 Acres. Pontiac, Mich 25, 984 Saginaw, Mich 10,048 Tippecanoe County, Ind 4,608 a See also Clyde fine sandy loam, p. 157, Wabash fine sandy loam, p. 85, and Wabash sandy loam, p. 84. b Mapped as Allegan sandy loam. c Mapped as Hanover sand. <*See also Dunkirk flne sandy loam, p. 152, Memphis silt loam p. 175, Norfolk fine sandy loam. p. 51, and Waverly fine sandy loam, p. 88. t Mapped as Oakland sandy loam. Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 139 Miami loam." The soil consists of a light-brown to dark-gray rather mellow loam about 12 inches' deep, sometimes becoming lighter in color with depth. The subsoil is a compact yellow sandy clay, frequently carrying stones and gravel. Often at a depth of from 14 to 25 inches gravelly material is encountered. A few bowlders and pebbles usually are found on the surface. The type occupies level to rolling upland, and is fairly well drained except in some of the level areas. The soil is especially suited to corn and potatoes, while small grain and grass are grown with a fair degree of success. Small fruits, such as strawberries and raspberries, do well. ft 7 44 14 30 20 Soil (5) 2 12 Subsoil (5) 2 13 Acres, i Acres. Portage County, Wis 44,544 Tippecanoe County, Ind 1,920 Miami silt loam.'' This is a light-brown or yellow to almost white silt loam from 8 to 12 inches deep, underlain by a compact silt loam or silt clay of a yellowish color. The type occupies rolling to hilly areas and was originally timbered. Its origin is due to the deposition of loess over glacial till. The soil is not as productive as the Marshall silt loam, but produces good yields of wheat, corn, clover, and timothy hay. Soil (41) Subsoil (40) Acres. Boonville, Ind 8,(i5(> Clinton County, 111 r9,920 Dilbuqiie Iowa d 17(1,89(1 Janesville, Wis .. . < 81, 21(1 Knox County. Ill i:,.V>2 Mcl-ean County, 111 58, aw <)' Kallon. Mo 54,K5(> Posey County, Ind 149,37(1 Rhode Island .. 4,928 Acres. Saline County, Mo 43, 771) Sangamnn County, 111 92,41(1 Sarpy County, Nebr (19, (i% Tama County, Iowa... 7(1,224 Tiizewoll County, 111 ' 224. 9dO Tippecanoe County, Ind 44.2S8 I'nioii County, Ky l. r >4, 17(1 Yiroqiia. Wis 201,4(),s Winnebatfo County, 111 (12,4(14 a See also Sioux loam, p. 161, Sioux sandy loam. p. Ifio.aiid Walrnsh loam, p 85 ' Sfc also Dunkirk silt loam, pane i.vi, and Marshall silt lomn. page lit. < Mapped as Kdgerton silt loam. * Part of this should have been mapped as Marshall silt loam. At the time the difference! between the si ''dark loam" did not appear i but with wiiler experience in s should have IXMMI mapped as M ' Mapped as Ta/ewell silt loi ils locally known as the ''clay land" and the itlicient to justify a separation into two types, >ils of this class, it ap|>cars that the latter soil irshall silt loam, m. This soil should have len map|>ed in part as Miami silt loam and in part as Marshall silt loam. 140 Soil Survey Field Hook. Miami black clay loam. (For description see under Marshall series, page 145.) Miami clay loam.i The soil to an average depth of 10 inches con- sists of a yellowish-gray to light-brown somewhat silty loam, underlain by light-brown to yellow, sometimes mottled, stiff silty clay loam or clay, which is in turn underlain by bowlder clay at depths varying from 5 to 10 feet. Stones and erratic bowlders are found on the sur- face, but in no great quantity except in small areas. The type occu- pies uplands and the surface is level to gently rolling, except near streams, where it becomes hilly and broken. The flat interstream areas generally require artificial drainage. The soil is fairly good for general farming, and is especially adapted to small grains and grass crops. 1284 5 (i 7 Soil (31) 2 4 5 14 10 44 21 Subsoil (33)... ..1 3 4 11 10 38 33 t Acres. ' Acres. Allegan County, Mich 6 107, 850 \ O wosso, Mich (12, 464 Alma, Mich 6, 144 ' Oxford, Mich 12, 160 Cleveland, Ohio 243,456 Pontiac, Mich 56,384 Columbus, Ohio 222,336 Saginaw, Mich 26,240 Island County, Wash 2,240 ! Story County, Towa 13,376 Madison County, Ind 232,640 ' Westerville, Ohio 267,264 Marshall County, I ml 3, 392 Wooster, Ohio 116,160 Montgomery County, Ohio .. 240,000 MARSHALL SERIES. The Marshall series includes the dark-colored upland glacial and loessial soils, which cover almost all of the great prairie region of the Central West. The soils of this series are characterized and distin- guished from those of the Miami series by the greater quantity of organic matter in the surface soils, which gives them a dark-brown to black color. The topography is level to rolling, and artificial drain- age is usually necessary to secure the best results. The soils of this series are very productive and constitute the great corn soils of the country. Marshall stony loam. The soil is a dark-brown to black loam or sandy loam 8 inches deep, containing considerable gravel and small stones, underlain by a yellow clay loam mixed with gravel and sand. a See also Dunkirk clay loam, page 153; Crowley silt loam, page 79. b Mapped as Allegan clay, which name will not lx> used hereafter. Soils of the Glacial and^Loessial Regions. 1-il Very little of the type is under cultivation. It is used mainly for grazing, to which it is well adapted. 1234567 Soil (7) 3 7 7 19 16 34 14 Subsoil (5) 4 7 7 16 12 31 22 Acres. Brookings, S. Dak 8,256 Carrington, N. Dak 23,936 Jamestown, N. Dak 30,208 Marshall gravel. a The soil is a dark-brown to black sandy loam, containing a high percentage of fine gravel. At 15 to 24 inches it grades into a bed of gravel and coarse sand. With the exception of some pasturage afforded early in the season it has little agricultural value, the crops being small and easily affected by drought. 1 -2 3 4 567 Soil (2) 8 20 14 17 5 26 10 Subsoil (2) 13 28 17 13 4 15 11 Acres. Cando, N. Dak 1,344 Marshall, Minn 1,216 Marshall gravelly loam. The soil consists of about 12 inches of heavy black sandy loam, underlain by 2 feet of coarse gravel usually resting on a coarse sand extending to a depth of 6 feet or more. The gravel is limestone, crystalline rock fragments, or shale. This is a glacial soil, usually representing beaches along old glacial lakes. This type usually occurs in narrow bands. Except in very wet seasons the crop yields are very light. 1 2 !J 4 5 6 7 Soil (9) r ( 10 7 14 1 2 32 20 Subso',1 (10) . . 7 14 10 18 10 23 18 Acres. Acres. Brown County, Kans .... . .. 10,176 (irand Forks, N Dak >>'}{ 136 Carrington, N. Dak 1,920 Marshall. Minn . 960 Fargo, N. Dak 2, 688 Tort age. County Wis ... 24,064 Marshall sand. -The i>oil consists of a dark-brown to black sand, coarse to medium in texture, with an average depth of 10 to 12 inches. It is underlain by a coarse to medium sandy subsoil, lighter colored than the soil. The soil j>ossesses quite a marked loamy texture, "See also Miumi gravelly sand, page 13.1. 6 Mapped as Fargo gravelly loam. 142 Soil Survey Field Book. particularly in depressions, owing in part to the admixture of fine silt and clay particles, but chiefly because of the presence of a con- siderable proportion of organic matter. The type occupies narrow ridges, and is characterized by a somewhat hummocky topography. The soil material is of glacial origin, modified by wind action. Crop yields are uncertain, but are larger in wet seasons than in dry. The soil is well adapted to vegetables and melons where moisture con- ditions are favorable or can be controlled. 1 -' 4 5 7 Soil (3) .................... 2 12 26 42 5 6 7 Subsoil (3) ................ 1 11 25 46 4 ti 6 Acres. Cerro Gordo County, Iowa ..... 1,024 Marshall County. Ind .......... 20,672 Portage County, Wis .......... 31,040 Marshall fine sand. The soil is a dark-brown to black rather inco- herent sand of fine texture, 10 to 12 inches deep, resting on a lighter colored sand of about the same texture. The type occupies low bluffs and hills. The surface is broken and rolling, and the drainage is apt to be excessive, especially where the sandy subsoil is deep. The origin of the type is primarily glacial. The crop value varies greatly, depending mainly upon the condition as regards moisture. The soil is best adapted to early truck crops and melons. It also produces, with the aid of liberal manuring, very good yields of Irish potatoes. 1 *> 3 4 6 6 7 Soil (7) 1 3 9 52 20 9 7 Subsoil (7) n 9 9 56 20 7 6 Acres. : Acres. Carrington. N. Dak 4 ,090 Newton County. Ind. 9,792 Kearney, Nebr .. 21 ,440 Storv County, Iowa . . 3.072 Marshall sandy loam. The soil is a dark-brown to black compact sandy loam, about 10 inches in depth, resting on 6 inches of yellowish loam, only less sandy than the surface soil, which is in turn underlain at from 16 to 36 inches below the surface by yellowish clay containing a high percentage of coarse sand and gravel. Rounded pebbles and bowlders occur on the surface, while in the subsoil partly decomposed calcareous nodules are found. The type occupies gently rolling prairie ridges and intervening depressions and is mainly of glacial origin. This is a good general farming soil, although in some local Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 14.3 areas it is inclined to be droughty. Wheat yields from 12 to 20 bushels oats from 20 to 35 bushels, flax from 12 to 15 bushels, and potatoes from 100 to 125 bushels per acre. 1234507 Soil (12) 2 10 14 28 11 24 11 Subsoil (14) 2 9 14 23 14 23 18 Acres. Acres. Brookings, S. Dak 93,376 Marshall, Minn 04,480 Brown County, Kans 2,240 Winncbago County, 111 684,1(10 Marshall County, Ind 77, 184 Marshall fine sandy loam. The soil consists of dark-brown to black medium to fine sandy loam, with an average depth "of 14 inches. It contains a high percentage of organic matter, but this decreases with depth, as does also the dark color. The subsoil is somewhat variable, but typically consists of a yellow medium to fine sandy loam con- taining considerable clay, which gradually becomes heavier with depth, grading into a mottled yellow, sticky sandy clay, which in turn is underlain by bowlder clay at a depth of 3 or 4 feet. Occasionally layers of sand are encountered in the subsoil. The type is derived from glacial till. Its surface is undulating or rolling and generally affords sufficient drainage. The soil is very productive and has a wide crop adaptation. 1 2 8 4 5 Soil (4) 1 10 34 15 22 Subsoil (5) 1 5 1.1 37 12 l< Acres. Carrington, N. Dak 21,69ogs, jxmds, and swampy depressions, which .sandy loam. 144 Survey Field Book. Acres. Marshall County, Ind 121,216 Marshall, Minn 108,352 McLean County, 111 & 17,984 Newton County, Ind 81,856 Story County, Iowa 303,808 Tama County, Iowa 1,728 Tippecanoo County, Ind 72, 320 are unfit for cultivation without artificial drainage, often a difficult problem. The soil is excellent for general farming purposes. Wheat, oats, corn, barley, and flax are the principal crops. 1 -' :{ 4507 Soil (21) 1 5 C 18 11 38 20 Subsoil (23) 1 5 17 11 35 24 Acres. Brookings, S. Dak 135, 808 Cando, N. Dak 79,936 Carrington, N. Dak 114,560 Cerro Gordo County, Iowa . . . 242, 112 Fargo, N. Dak 7,168 Grand Forks, N. Dak a 12,352 Jamestown N. Dak 206,97(1 Kearney, Nebr 45, 568 1 Marshall silt loam. The soil is a dark-brown to black silt loam, 15 inches deep, resting usually on a light-colored, sometimes mottled, silty loam or silty clay. Lime concretions frequently occur. The type varies in topography from level to rolling and hilly, and is derived from loessial deposits. Drainage is generally good but not excessive, the subsoil retaining moisture well and crops resisting drought to a marked degree. This is a fine soil for the production of wheat, corn, oats, alfalfa, tobacco, and sugar beets where climatic conditions are favorable. 1 '-> 3 4 o 6 7 Soil (42) 1 1 2 9 70 17 Subsoil (40) 1 2 7 71 19 Acres. Brown County, Kans 307, 264 Carrington, N. Dak 240, 128 Clinton County, 111 < 57, 472 East Baton Rouge Parish, La. 16,640 Garden City, Kans 77,120 Grand Island, Nebr 137,984 Jamestown, N. Dak 41,280 Acres. McLean County, 111 574,720 Russell County, Kans / 91, 648 Saline County, Mo 306,816 Sangamon County, 111 332,224 Sarpy County, Nebr 39, 232 Stanton, Nebr 102,720 St. Clair County, 111 < 106, 432 Tama County, Iowa 308,288 Kearney, Nebr 322,688 , Tippecanoe County, Ind 140, 166 Knox County. Ill 289,088 | Virooua, Wis 20,864 Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. 236,288 i Winnebago County, 111 90,624 a Mapped as Fargo loam. <* Mapped as Janesville silt loam. 6 Mapped as McLean silt loam. Mapped as Fresno line sandy loam. c Mapped as Miami silt loam. / Mapped as Scdgwick clay loam. Janesville, Wis d 81, 344 Soils of the Glacial and Loessial Regions. 145 Marshall clay loam. The soil is a dark-brown to black clay loam, underlain by a dark-brown clay loam which becomes a very stiff yellow clay at about 24 inches below the surface. When moist, the soil is plastic, and feels smooth when rubbed between the fingers; when dry, it becomes mellow and friable. This type occupies level or gently roll- ing prairie uplands. The drainage is generally good. In adaptation this soil is a general farming type, corn, oats, and grass being the lead- ing products. It is an ideal corn and hay soil, the yields per acre vary- ing from 25 to 60 bushels of the former and from 1 to 4 tons of the latter. Bluegrass makes a luxuriant pasture, the sod being very permanent. Fruit and vegetables also produce well. 1 234 5 7 Soil (5) 1 4 5 10 9 41 30 Subsoil (5) 1 5 5 10 II 39 30 Acres. Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 67,456 Story County, Iowa 8, 384 Miami black clay loam. The soil is a black clay loam b 10 to 12 inches deep, underlain by a tenacious drab clay. The type is of glacial origin, is generally level, and the natural drainage is poor. When thor- oughly drained this soil is very productive, particularly for corn. It is also well adapted to grass and wheat. l 2 :{ 4 :> is 7 Soil (37) 349 10 51 22 Subsoil (41) 2268 55 26 Acres. Acres. II rooking*. S. Dak 43, 456 Cerro Oordo County, Iowa 4,032 Columbus. Ohio .. .. 33.792 Fargo, N. Oak 74,880 Orand Forks, N. Dak 44,352 Jamestown, N. Dak 5, 120 Janosvillo. \\'is 1,85(1 Marshall, Minn 29. 760 Montgomery County. Ohio 18,000 Newton County, hid .. . 1,792 Oxford. Mich 1,216 Pont inc. M ion II, S40 Sangainon County. Ill XX, 128 Story County. Iowa 21,952 Knox County, 111 4,928 : Tii/owoll County. Ill 61,1X4 Mel/nan County. Ill 70,144 | Tippeoanoo County, I ml 3,S40 Madison County, I ml 31,360 i \Vestervill<-, Ohio 16,128 Marshall County, Iml 1,536 a.Seo also Clyde clay, p. 158, and Clyde loam. p. 157. frThis soil bo.longs to the Marshall series mid should have l>eeii on lied the Mar- shall black clay loam, but owing to theextensive use of the name the term Miami black cluy loam will still l>c used in all a rras. 3207506 10 146 Soil Survey Field Book. Marshall clay. The soil is a heavy black clay loam 18 to 24 inches deep, resting on a grayish-brown clay extending to a depth of more than 3 feet. The subsoil when exposed to the air breaks up into thin flakes resembling shale or slate. The type occupies large areas in the valley of the Red River. The soil is a lacustrine deposit, modified by the addition of river sediments. The drainage is not naturally very good, but has been assisted by the construction of road ditches. This is a very strong soil, well adapted to wheat, oats, barley, flax, and corn. 1 2 4567 Soil (31 4 5 10 10 41 30 Subsoil (3) 0023 44 51 Acres. Fargo, N. Dak 72 Volusia gravelly loam. The soil to an average depth of G inches consists of a light-brown to ash-colored loam, containing a large quan- tity of broken shale and sandstone fragments and a considerable proportion of small shale chips, besides some round gravel and cob- ble-stones. The sul)soil varies from a yellow loam to a yellow or gray sand v loam. The type is derived froui small moraines scattered throughout the Volusia loam or Volusia silt loam areas and occurring in the high valleys in the region in which the Volusia series is found. Acres. Tompkins County, N. V. 4,(i08 Volusia loam. --To a depth of about 8 inches the soil of the Volusia loam is a deep brown loam containing a considerable quantity of flat shale and sandstone fragments and a large quantity of finely divided shale chips, popularly called "shale gravel" or "black gravel." The sultsoil is a yellow or mottled yellow or gray slightly silty loam. The till may rest either upon the underlying rock or upon deposits of sand or broken shale. Both soil and suksoil contain a large percentage of shale and sandstone fragments. The type is derived through the feeble glaciation of the underlying shales and sandstones. The surface is generally less rolling than that of a greater part of the Volusia silt, loam, and for the most part the surface drainage is adequate. The soil is very well adapted to the production of grass, oats, buckwheat, and corn in the less elevated portions. Apples are grown to advantage on t his type throughout a considerable part of its extent . i _ :i 4 ;> < 7 Soil (12) 2 4 3 8 12 44 27 Subsoil (12) S > 4 10 12 41 24 Acres. | Acres. Ashtiilxila, Ohio 173,440 Tompkins Comity. N. V 91.328 Aiiliiirn. N. Y 70. 720 \\ est ticlil, N. V a 79,970 a Of tills ii'.i.'iM) :n-rr- wns 111:1 P|NM| us Voluxiii suixly loam. 148 Soil Surrey Field Book. Volusia silt loam. The soil of the Volusia silt loam, to an average depth of 8 inches, is a gray to l>rown silty loam. The subsoil, to a depth of about 2 feet, is a light-yellow silty loam, and below 2 feet it usually becomes mottled with gray or drab. Both soil and subsoil contain a high percentage of flat fragments of shale and sandstone from 6 inches to one or more feet in breadth. In addition a considerable quantity of finely divided shale fragments are found in both soil and subsoil. The subsoil usually rests at a depth of from 18 inches to 3 or 4 feet upon shale or sandstone rock. The type is derived from the weathered prod- ucts of the shale and sandstone, reworked by glaciation and to a small degree modified by material brought in through glacial action. The type occupies rolling and hilly land and is frequently interrupted or bordered by steep slopes not suited to agricultural purposes. The Volusia silt loam where properly cultivated is a good soil for timothy and small grains. In the eastern part of the region where it occurs it lies at too high an elevation to be well adapted to corn. In this locality buckwheat and potatoes are grown to advantage. 1 2 84 5 6 7 Soil (10) 2 4 1 2 10 59 22 Subsoil (10)... 3 4 2 3 10 55 23 Acres. mnghamton, N. Y 118,976 BigHats, N. Y "108,800 Acres. Tompkins County, N. Y 78,912 Wooster, Ohio 78,4<>4 Soott County, Ind 4,912 Volusia clay loam. The soil to a depth of about 8 inches is a dark- yellow or brown heavy loam or clay loam. The subsoil is a pale-yellow or drab clay loam. Both soil and subsoil contain a considerable quan- tity of shale and sandstone chips and sometimes larger pieces of stone. Some large erratic bowlders occur but are not abundant. The deep subsoil is locally called " blue clay." The surface is rolling and irregu- lar, and sometimes morainal in character. The type is well adapted to general farming, but is in need of drainage. Acres. Tompkins County, N. Y 5,952 "Mapped as Ilagerstown shale loam. Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 149 SOILS OF I 111 I.I U I M LAKKS AM> TKRKAIKS. Another important group of soils occurs in the glacial region, princi- pally as terraces around lakes, or along streams, or as deposits in areas which were formerly covered by water. At the close of the Glacial Epoch the lakes in this part of the United States were not only more numerous, but the waters of those which remain reached a higher level and covered areas that are now far above their present shore lines. In some cases several distinct terraces, each one marked by an old shore line, are easily discernible and represent successive stages in the lower- ing of the water level. Their elevation above the lake varies from a few feet to more than 2(X) feet. The surface of each terrace is usually rolling to level, with a gradual slope toward the lake, but sometimes areas of a rough and broken character occur. The streams which cross these terraces have frequently, by their cutting, produced deep, steep- sided valleys, especially near the lakes. The soils of this group vary from typical beach gravels to offshore deposits of heavy clays. The material from which they are derived con- sists of glacial ddbris reworked and redeposited in the lakes or along streams when their waters stood at a higher level. While this glacial material is made up of rocks of widely varying origin, a large propor- tion of it often consists of the country rock. In the eastern part of the Great Lake region the percentage of sandstone and shale fragments is usually very high, while in the western part more of the igneous rocks are present. This fact, together with differences in drainage conditions, has given rise to four series of soils: The Dunkirk, Clyde, Yergennes, and Superior. While all of these series, except the Vergennes, are typically developed around the Great Lakes, they also occur around smaller ones, in areas which were formerly lake beds, or along streams in the glacial region. IH'NKIKK SKItlES. The Dunkirk series is an important mcmlx-r of the Glacial Terrace group of soils. The soils have Iwen formed by the reworking of glacial material derived principally from sandstone and shale. This series embraces the light-colored surfnce soils with drab, gray, and mottled yellow subsoils and occurs principally in the eastern part of the Great Lakes region. The soils are not as productive as those of the Clyde .series, hut some of them are well adapted to special crops. 150 Soil Survey Field Book. Dunkirk stony clay. The soil, to an average depth of 8 inches, is a compact yellow silty clay loam containing from 10 to 20 per cent of small rounded or angular stones. The subsoil is a brown, yellowish-brown or mottled stifT clay, which becomes very sticky and plastic when wet. The stone content of the subsoil is greater than that of the soil. The type occurs in steeply to gently sloping areas characterized by a series of parallel ridges and gullies. At the maximum elevation the surface; is rather flat and the soil deeper. Though there is usually sufficient surface drainage, the underdrainage is retarded by the very compact nature of the subsoil, so that ditching and tiling are necessary. The type is probably derived from an old lake sediment. The soil is excel- lently adapted to grapes, producing about 4 tons to the acre, and pears and apples also do well. Wheat and grass are profitably grown, the former averaging 20 or more bushels to the acre and the latter from 1 \ to 3 tons of hay. 1 '2 8 4 o 6 7 Soil (1) 2 5 3 10 14 42 25 Subsoil (1) 3 5 3 8 10 35 35 Acres. Auburn.N.Y 4,096 Tompkins County, N. Y 30, 976 Dunkirk shale loam. a The soil is a light-gray loam 10 or more inches in depth, containing considerable silt and fine sand. The sub- soil, from 10 to 24 inches below the surface, is of the same texture as the soil, but lighter in color, and contains large quantities of angular shale fragments or bowlders. All general farm crops are grown, but to obtain the best results a liberal application of manure is required. 1 _> 8 4 5 7 Soil (6) 5, 6 2 6 19 44 18 Subsoil (3) 11 12 4 10 16 31 16 Acres. IMgflats, N. Y 6 8, 512 Binghamton, N. Y 1 , 8.56 Tompkins County, N. Y 1. 221 Dunkirk gravel. This is a very gravelly soil of old lake beaches, occurring in narrow bands between the lake and uplands. The soil is composed of watcrworn fragments of shale and is 6 feet or more deep. "See also Dekalb clay, p. 121. (>Mappe'l as Elmira shale loam. Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 151 At present the soil is used extensively for grape culture, but the grapes do not keep so well or bear shipment so well as those grown on Dunkirk clay. The soil is quite drought} 7 r.nd not well suited to other crops. 1234567 Soil (4) 30 17 7 6 5 20 13 Subsoil (2) 28 33 16 9 3 6 5 Acres. Ashtabtila, Ohio 2, 880 Westfield, N. Y 4, 840 Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam. The soil is a sandy loam containing from 40 to 60 per cent' of small gravel consisting principally of water- worn shale fragments. The soil is underlain at about 3 feet by shale fragments or sand. The type represents reworked glacial material deposited in water along the foot of low ridges on lake forelands and also as terraces in stream valleys. It is well drained and early, and is adapted to market-garden and truck crops. It is not well suited for most general farming crops, but is a good corn soil. Grapes are successfully grown. 1 234567 Soil (4) 14 18 13 13 6 21 11 Subsoil (4) 14 22 17 15 6 16 8 Acres. | Acres. Ashtabula, Ohio <6,528 . Tompkins County, N. Y 12,032 Binghamton, N. Y 5, 312 : Westfield, N. Y a 7, 260 Dunkirk gravelly loam, b The soil varies from a light-brown to brown loam, averaging 10 inches in depth, containing from 20 to 50 per cent of rounded waterworn gravel, principally shale. The subsoil is a yellowish to brown loam usually heavier than the soil, with a somewhat higher gravi 1 content which increases with depth. The type is composed of a reworked glacial de|M>sit (K-curring as stream and hike terracvs. Its position and the porous nature of the subsoil affords thorough drainage. The soil is mellow and easily tilled, the stones s-ldom Ix-ing large or numerous enough to offer much resistance to cultivation. Most of the ordinary farm crops d<> well on this soil, par- ticularly corn and oats. Fruits also do well. n Mii|ipii| MM Dunkirk ^rnvclly loiirn. & Sec also Dunkirk gravelly Mainly loam, p. 1.11. -152 Soil Survey Field Book. 1 2 4 5 (i 7 Soil (8) 5 10 6 12 13 36 18 Subsoil (8) 3 8 7 13 16 37 17 Acres. | Acres. Auburn, N. Y 640 ; Cleveland, Ohio 8, 38-1 Bigflats, N. Y 15, 680 I Syracuse, N. Y "39,424 Binghamton, N. Y 4,864 ; Tompkins County, N. Y 14,. r >28 Dunkirk fine sandy loam. The soil is a gray or light-brown fine sandy loam about 10 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish fine sandy loam or fine sand. It occurs on lake forelands and extends up streams as terraces. The surface is gently rolling to hummocky. Parts of the type have been influenced by wind action. The soil is adapted to grapes and is also fair grass land. 1 L> 3 4 5 (i 7 Soil (10) 1 2 3 22 3.5 27 10 Subsoil (7) 2 4 29 37 .20 7 Acres. | Acres. Ashtabula, Ohio 6 14, 720 , Syracuse, N. Y < 19, 968 Binghamton, N. Y 832 ! Tompkins County, N. Y 1,600 Cleveland, Ohio 27, 328 Westfield, N. Y * 22, 090 Lyons, N. Y < 29, 824 ! Dunkirk loam. The soil is a light or dark-brown loam 10 inches deep, generally containing considerable sand, which renders it easy to cultivate. The subsoil is a yellow or light-brown fine sandy loam, usually rather compact, becoming darker in color and heavier in tex- ture with depth. A small quantity of stone occurs in soil and subsoil, but seldom enough to interfere with tillage. The surface is undulat- ing and usually well drained. The type is derived from glacial mate- rial, probably in part reworked with residual soil derived from sand- stone and arenaceous shak>. The soil is desirable for general farm purposes, producing good yields of corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, and potatoes. Fruit, especially apples and peal's, and most vegetables do well on this soil. a Mapped as Miami gravelly loam. b Mapped as Dunkirk sandy loam, but now brought into proper place in the series. > Mapped as Miami fine sandy loan;. Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 153 1 '2 4 .') 6 7 Soil (2) 1 3 3 16 18 46 13 Subsoil (2) 2 5 4 15 21 38 15 Acres. Auburn, N. Y 50,304 Cleveland, Ohio 2, 880 Tompkins County. N. Y 12, 032 Dunkirk silt loam. The soil to an 'average depth of 10 inches con- sists of a pale yellow to light-brown silt loam. This is underlain by a slightly heavier subsoil of a brown or chocolate color. The type is sedimentary in origin and represents the wash from the higher shah- slopes deposited in quiet water. It occupies lake forelands and the higher terraces along streams. The soil is easily tilled and produces good yields of general farm crops, besides lx>rries and tree fruits. l -' :{ 4 5 7 Soil (9) 1 1 3 18 59 17 Subsoil (9) 1 2 18 62 16 Acres. N. Y 1,920 Binghamton, N. Y 4, 288 Acres. Syracuse. N. Y & 41, 530 Tompkins County, N. Y 1,34-4 Lyons, N. Y " 28,09(5 Dunkirk clay loam. The soil is a dark-brown to grayish-brown clay loam to a depth of 8 inches. It is quite stiff and heavy and cracks upon drying. The subsoil is a mottled brown and gray heavy clay loam or clay. Both soil and subsoil are generally free from stones or gravel, although small quantities are somotinus found in local spots. The type occupies gently undulating areas and the slopes of hills, which are sometimes quite abrupt. The drainage is adequate in some locations, but in the marly level or depressed anas it is often necessary to resort to artificial drainage. On account of its heavy, compact nature the subsoil is almost impervious to water. This soil was formed in part from the finer sediments washed out at the front of the ice sheet dur- ing thedlacial epoch. These sediments were probably reworked and intermixed with mor;- or 1,-ss material derived direct ly from weathering of the underlying limestone and shul . The soil is w, II adapted to wheat, and grass and com also do fairly well. Alfalfa has been suc- cessfully grown in some localities. It is well adapted to grapes. " Mappfl us Kltnira silt loam. '< MapptMl as Miami silt loam. 154 /Soil Survey Field Book. 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 Soil(2) 2 4 2 12 14 36 20 Subsoil (2) 2 4 2 10 12 34 35 Acres. Auburn, N. Y 35, 584 Toledo, Ohio 20, 352 Tompkins County, N. Y 7, 552 Dunkirk clay. The soil is a drab or gray clay 6 to 12 inches in depth, underlain by a tenacious mottled clay, beneath which at a depth of 4 to 10 feet occurs the typical bowlder clay. Near ancient beach lines the soil is sometimes underlain by gravel. The type is found upon lake foreland and in upland valleys and is derived from deposition in quiet water. Some areas are poorly drained. The soil is adapted to grapes, grain, and grass. 1284 5 (i 7 Soil (12) 1 2267 39 43 Subsoil (12) 1 1 7 40 42 Acres. Auburn, N.Y 2,880 Ash tabula, Ohio 8, 192 Cleveland, Ohio 10, 688 Acres. Lyons, N.Y l>16,448 Syracuse. N.Y 624,832 WcstHeld, N.Y 23,490 CLYDE SERIES. The soils of the Clyde series consist of reworked glacial material con- taining a large percentage of organic matter. The surface soil of this series is of a dark-brown to black color, underlain by gray, drab, or mot- tled yellow subsoils. The dark color of the surface soil, which is the most distinct characteristic of this series, is due to the accumulation of a large percentage of organic matter under swampy conditions. The soils of the Clyde series may be considered as intermediate between the light-colored Dunkirk soils on the one hand and the Muck and Peat areas on the other. They almost always require drainage; but when this is provided they are very productive. Clyde stony sandy loam. The soil is a dark-brown, medium-tex- tured gravelly sandy loam, 18 to 24 inches deep, underlain by a sandy loam or mottled brown clay loam containing a small amount of gravel. A noticeable characteristic of the type is the large number of bowlders strewn over the surface and occurring to a less extent below the sur- face. These bowlders are mainly of granite, and range from cobbles to a Mapped as Miami clay loam. 6 Mapped as Alloway clay. Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 155 angular fragments 2 or 3 feet in diameter. With these stones removed from the surface the soil is a good friable sandy loam, and produces fairly good crops. The type is of glacial or lacustrine origin, has level to gently rolling topography, and for tho most part is fairly wdl drained. The crops grown are corn, oats, wheat, sugar beets, beans, potatoes, hay, etc. 1 284 5 6 7 Soil (2) 2 6 12 43 12 16 9 Subsoil (2) 1 6 12 41 13 16 11 Acres. Saginaw, Mich 8, 000 Clyde gravelly sand. The soil is a meditim-Ttextured, light to dark brown loamy sand or light sandy loam 10 inches deep, carrying a large percentage of gravel. The subsoil is a rather coarse incoherent gravelly sand, usually grading into a mixture of coarse sand and fine gravel at a depth of from 24 to 30 inches. Clay is often found at from 4 to 8 feet below the surface. The typo is generally well drained. The topog- raphy varies from gentle slopes to gently rolling ridges representing old beach lines or terraces. The soil is the result of beach or shallow water deposition, in places influenced to some extent by local wash from the higher lands. Fairly good yields of corn, oats, wheat, rye, timothy, clover, and buckwheat are secured, and some special crops, such as sugar l>eets, Ix-ans, and potatoes, are grown. The soil is also adapted to fruit and truck crops. l -1 4 5 6 ; Soil (2) 3 15 20 36 7 10 9 Subsoil (2) 2 16 26 38 5 5 7 Acres. Allegan County , Mich a 14, 160 Saftinuw, Mich 10, 406 Clyde gravelly aandy loam. The soil to a depth of from 8 to 15 inches is a coarse to medium black sandy loam, rich in organic matter and con- taining a varying percentage of gravel. The subsoil to a depth of 36 inches consists of a mixture of medium to coarse sand, with a high per- centage of gravel. The surface varies from nearly level to gently rolling and the drainage is good. This soil has IMHTI formed by the reworking of glacial material liy water and its deposition in lakes. It is well " M.ip[x-i| us Kiihtmn/.oo univelly loum. 156 Soil Survey Field Book. adapted to potatoes and produces fair crops of grain, hay, onions,* car- rots, and sugar beets. l 2 3 4 r> 6 7 Soil (1) 14 30 11 10 5 10 18 Subsoil (1) 4 26 29 30 4 2 4 Acres. Island County, Wash 5, 952 Clyde sand. The soil consists of 12 inches of black medium to fine loamy sand, underlain by sand to a depth of 30 inches, which in turn is generally underlain by clay. The type occupies low, flat areas and is generally swampy and poorly drained. It is composed of reworked gla- cial sands with the addition of organic matter. When well drained, the soil produces good crops of corn, wheat, grass, oats, rye, and all kinds of truck crops. It is a fair soil for sugar beets. 1234 6 7 Soil (6) 1 fi 23 47 8 9 5 Subsoil (7) 1 9 30 47 5 4 3 Acres. Allcgan County, Mich 38, 600 Alma, Mich 10, 368 Acres. Pontiac, Mich 2, 880 Saginaw, Mich 14, 656 Clyde fine sand. The soil consists of a dark-gray to black fine sand varying in depth from 4 to 20 inches. The subsoil has about the same texture as the soil, but contains less organic matter and is lighter in color. In some instances the subsoil contains layers of peat. The sur- face of the type is nearly level and natural drainage is generally poor. The type has been formed by the reworking of glacial sands and their deposition in former lakes. The soil is greatly improved by artificial drainage. The crop value of this soil depends much upon the propor- tion of organic matter present and its drainage conditions. It is suited to small fruits, being an ideal soil for strawberries. Fair crops of corn, oats, and potatoes are produced. 1234 a 6 7 Soil (2) 2 10 60 9 13 6 Subsoil (2) 2 12 69 755 Acres. Newton County, Ind 61,056 Clyde sandy loam, The soil is a dark-gray or brown medium-tex- tured sandy loam from 8 to 12 inches deep, resting on material of simi- lar texture, but lighter color, which is underlain at IS inches by a drab or Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 157 brownish mottled sandy clay, sometimes tending more toward a sticky sandy loam. The soil carries a fair percentage of organic matter and is easily brought into good tilth. The type has been formed by the reworking of glacial material as beach or shallow-water deposits. The surface is level to gently rolling, and upon the whole, the drainage fea- tures are fairly good. This is a good soil for general farm crops, sugar beets, beahs, potatoes, and orchard fruit. 1 2 .8 4 5 (i 7 Soil (6) 1 10 13 32 12 IS 1? Subsoil (5) 2 9 13 24 10 19 23 Acres. Alma, Mich 13,696 Island County, Wash 1 , 792 Saginaw, Mich 84, 60S Clyde fine sandy loam. The soil, from 9 to 12 inches, is a very fine sand to fine sandy loam of a brownish-gray or brown color, homo- geneous in texture, friable, and easily kept in good tilth. The subsoil is a brown or yellow fine sand or fine sandy loam to a depth of 2 feet or more l*elow the surface, overlying a clay similar to the subsoil of the Clyde loam. Both soil and subsoil are entirely devoid of gravel. Portions of the type seem to be the result of delta formations, subse- quently modified by wind and wave action, while other portions occur in the form of low ridges as wind-blown beach deposits. The surface is slightly undulating to roiling, and drainage varien largely with local topography. Besides general farming and dairying, sugar beets, beans, and potatoes are important interests, and to a less extent chicory, apples, pears, grapes, and vegetables. l 2 :i 4 :> fi 7 Soil (3) 1 3 30 40 1C. I') Subsoil (3) 024 35 3C. 12 11 Acres. ! Acres. Cumin, X. Dak lO.KSO Oxford. Mich 1 ,(',,() (Jrand Forks, N. Dak eets, as well as to general farm crops. 1234 5 6 7 Soil (7) 3 3 10 8 39 30 Subsoil (8) 2 2 f> 8 36 46 Acres. Cando, N. Dak 18,880 Saginaw, Mich 26,560 Toledo, Ohio ul65,056 SIOUX SERIES. The Sioux series comprises the dark-brown to black terrace soils cliaracterized and distinguished from the Wabash series by a bed of gravel usually within 3 feet of the surface. This gravel bed has a very marked effect upon the drainage of the soils, and causes crops to suffer in times of drought, except in areas where the gravel is several feet below the surface. This series occurs as terraces along streams and is practically confined to the glacial regions. Sioux sand. The soil consists of from .5 to 20 inches of loose, medium to coarse textured, dark-colored sand. The subsoil, which extends to great depths, has al>out the same texture as the soil, but is of a light- yellowish color. The type forms flat valley lands lying only 5 or 10 feet above mean water level. It is naturally well drained and seldom subject to overflow. In narrow valleys where moisture conditions are favorable the t\'pc is cleared and cultivated. Broad areas often suffer from drought, and are left to the native growth of scrubby pine and oak. The soil is sedimentary, but the material is derived more or less lex-ally from underlying sandstone. It is used for corn, of which -10 to 80 bushels per acre are obtained under good moisture conditions and heavy fertilization. Vegetables, strawberries, and cranberries also do well on limited areas, but the greater part of the type can only be safely used for agriculture with some system of irrigation. 1 :t 4 .-> (I 7 Soil (2) 10 2K -JO 3 .1 4 Subsoil (2) 1(1 32 .10 :t 3 3 Acre*. VirrMjua. Wis 10, .120 <> Mu||>'i| UN Miami Muck Huy loiun. 160 Soil Surrey Field Book. Sioux sandy loam. The soil is & coarse to medium brown sandy loam or heaVy sandy loam from 10 to 21 inches deep, containing considerable organic matter. The color becomes lighter with depth. The subsoil over wide areas consists of almost pure waterworn gravel, which is found at an average of 22 inches below the surface and extends to great depths. The subsoil, however, varies considerably, and the gravel is frequently bedded in a matrix of sandy loam, silty sand, or sand. This is an alluvial soil occupying river terraces or bottoms, with level to gently rolling topography. The drainage is too thorough where the pure gravel subsoil predominates for good crop yields, although the soil is early and might be profitably utilized in the production of early, short- season crops. Hay, corn, oats, and alfalfa are important crops, but the yields are very irregular. In a wet season, or on areas of better moisture conditions, 40 to (50 bushels of corn are obtained per acre, but a dry spell at the critical period of growth often results in total failure. Some truck is grown. Clover and timothy have been produced with fail- success. Soil (15) 1 2 _ :$ 4 14 15 18 IS 19 23 O'Fallon, Mo . r> 8 6 27 17 7 16 13 Acres. 320 9,216 5,568 38. 528 Subsoil (15) ... . 4 HrookinRs, S. Dak CeiTo Gordb County, Iowa.. Grand Island, Ncbr Acres. 28,864 32,768 29,184 Tippocanoc County, Viroqua, Wis Ind.. .laiii'sville. Wis . . a 51, 90S Winnebaeo County. 111... Sioux fine sandy loam, The soil is a dark-gray or black fine sandy loam from 10 to 15 inches deep, containing a relatively high percentage of organic matter, resting on a subsoil of fine to medium sandy loam of a light-brown color. At from 3 to 8 feet below the surface the material changes to sand and gravel. The surface is generally level. The soil is alluvial and occupies both river bottoms and terraces. It generally maintains a good supply of moisture, although in areas of light rainfall irrigation is desirable. The drainage is, on the whole, satisfactory, arti- ficial drains being necessary only in depressed areas. This is a desirable soil, yielding 15 to 35 bushels of wheat, 25 to 50 bushels of corn, 15 to 60 bushels of oats, about 40 bushels of barley, and 20 bushels of flax per acre. Alfalfa produces well and sugar beets give yields ranging from 8 " Mapped as Miami loam. Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 161 to 18 tons per acre. On low-lying areas considerable hay is made from wild grasses. i _ a 4 ;> *i 7 Soil (5) 1 o 72-1 HI 32 11 Subsoil (f.) 2 7 7 26 18 28 12 Acres. Grand Island, Ncbr GO, 352 Jamestown, N. Dak , r >,632 Sioux loam. The soil consists of a brown, slightly sandy loam about 10 inches in depth. The surface is friable, easily worked, free from stones, and generally quite 1 level. The subsoil has a deptli varying between 20 and 40 inches, and consists of a brownish-yellow loam under- lain by a reddish-gravelly loam, overlying a bed of gravel. The type constitutes the higher terraces formed by riverj during the close of the glacial epoch. It is admirably adapted to the production of crops for canning purposes, but is largely used for general farming. 1 _' 4567 Soil (2) 3 16 10 9 6 3.1 21 Subsoil (2) 3 18 12 10 4 31 2? Acres. Tazewell County, 1 11 a .S2, ,">12 Tippei-anoe County, Ind 896 Sioux silt loam. The soil is a dark-brown, smooth, friable silt loam 12 inches deep, underlain by a reddish-yellow, heavier silt loam which in turn is underlain by sand or gravel at from 5 to 8 feet. The type occurs as terraces along streams. The surface soil is gently rolling, but the underlying gravel In-d affords good underdrainage. This is an ex- ceedingly fertile soil, very highly esteemed for corn and small grain. i _' :t 4 :. *> 7 Soil (.'.) 1 1 1 C> 70 20 Subsoil (5) 1 1 2 S 71 II Acres. Jani'svillr, \Vis '< ('., <'""><> Ta/.ewHI County, II! _.). (KHI Tlpjwanoe County, Ind .">7n Sioux clay. The soil is a black, dark-brown, or somelimes yellowish- brown clav loam or c!av about IS inches deep, underlain bv a gravUli- brown or grayish-yellow clay of stilF, tenacious, waxv texture. The " Mapped ax Miiiini I'lain < Mapped as Delavan .silt loam. ' Mapped as JiiiK-sville loam. :5l>07f> (Hi II 162 Soil Survey Field Book. type occupies river bottoms, and is partly alluvial and partly a wash from the uplands, the latter areas having the characteristics of the gumbo found in the Red River Valley. It is an excellent soil for small grain, wheat sometimes yielding as much as 40 bushels per acre. Oats and flax also do remarkably well. The lighter areas are suitable for certain of the truck crops. The native vegetation consists of oak, elm, ash, and other forest trees. 1234567 Soil (2) 1 5 8 45 41 Subsoil (1) 1 2 9 5 31 52 Acres. Jamestown, N. Dak 2,432 SUPERIOR SERIES. Another member of the Glacial Lake group of soils is found around Lake Superior. The material here consists of a red clay, over which in some places sands and sandy loams have later been deposited or washed from higher lying areas, giving rise to soils of a light and more sandy character. There has thus been formed the Superior series of soils, characterized by the red color of the subsoils. Superior sandy loam. A gray to reddish sand or light sandy loam, of medium texture, varying in depth from 12 to 24 inches. Sometimes the surface is strewn with small rocks and bowlders in such quantities as to interfere with cultivation. The subsoil is a stiff, tenacious, imper- vious red clay similar to the material forming the Superior clay, and it is sometimes interstratified with thin layers of fine sand. The sandy soil is the result of wash from higher lying sandy land. The type usually occupies level and gently rolling areas, with sufficient eleva- tion to secure good natural drainage. It is a warm soil, easiiy tilled, and adapted to a variety of crops. The crops grown are clover, tim- othy, potatoes, and small fruits. The original timber growth is pine. 1234567 Soil (3) 3 13 13 35 17 13 6 Subsoil (3) 1 5 5 15 12 30 31 Acres. Superior, Wis 14,208 Superior silt loam. The soil to a depth of from 6 to 10 inches is a light'very fine sandy or silty loam, underlain by a very fine sandy loam or silty loam, grading into a stiff, red clay at varying depths. The Soils of the Glacial Lakes and Terraces. 163 surface is usually rough and broken, being often deeply eroded by stream action. It is a lacustrine deposit consisting of reworked glacial material. On account of its uneven topography the type is not of much value for agricultural purposes. 1234567 Soil (2) 1 1 2 11 68 17 Subsoil (2) 1 1 1 1 7 66 23 Acres. Carlton area, Minn 16, 192 Superior clay. A heavy, compact, and almost impervious red clay, with no apparent difference in color or texture between soil and sub- soil. When wet it is of a bright brick-red color, and quite adhesive and gummy; when dry crack:; an inch or more in width are common on the surface, and the soil breaks up into cubical blocks. Sometimes there are small fragments of rock in both soil and subsoil, and usually upon new ground there is an inch or so of vegetable mould. The type occurs generally in broad and flat areas, with surface inclinations toward streams, and is very retentive of moisture. The soil is lacus- trine in origin. It is adapted to timothy and clover. It improves with use, and good crops of potatoes, peas, beets and other root crops have been grown. 1 1 4 5 6 7 Soil (7) 2 -2 1 6 34 48 Subsoil (7) 1255 35 50 Acres. Carlton, Minn 75,200 Munisinj;. M it li 7- ably best adapted to truck crops and small fruits, though corn, oats, and hay are grown with fair success. 1284 5 fi 7 Soil (3) 1 3 7 32 29 20 7 Subsoil (4) 1 3 6 37 29 17 , r > Acres. Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y 8, 384 Vergennes sandy loam. The soil is a black or dark-brown medium to fine sandy loam from 8 to 12 inches deep. The soil does not differ ma- terially in texture from that of the Vergennes fine sand, but the subsoil is a drab clay loam or clay. In a few places the typical soil is underlain at an average depth of 12 inches by a layer of medium sand which rests directly upon the heavy underlying clay. In surface features the type is either level or rolling, marked sometimes by hummocks and low swells, and for the most part is well drained. In low-lying areas the soil is derived from late sedimentary deposits overlying the Champlain clays; other areas are either colluvial material or shore deposits over- lying the Champlain clays. The type is adapted to corn, clover, and ate truck. l _' :$ 4 5 (i 7 Soil (1) 1 3 3 12 45 24 12 Subsoil (1) 1 1 13 3(5 29 21) Acres. Verppnnos, Vt.-N. V 2, 112 Vergennes loam. The soil is a heavy fine sandy loam with an aver- age depth of 10 inches. The subsoil is either a plastic mixture of day and sand or a medium to heavy loam which often grades at 3 feet mlo a stiff clay similar to the subsoil of the Yergcnnes clay. The subsoil occasionally contains a small percentage of gravel and stones. The t vpe (X'cupies level areas or low, rounded or flat-topped hills and gentle slopes, and is derived from postglacial deposits, modified in some in- stances by colluvial material or stream action. The soil is desirable for corn, and also produces good crops of hay, oats, and barley. 166 >Soti Survey field Book. 1334567 Soil (2) 2 4 4 19 26 25 19 Subsoil (2) 2 5 6 18 24 23 22 Acres. Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y 4, 352 Vergennes black clay. The soil consists of a black loamy clay from 6 to 15 inches deep. It contains a high percentage of organic matter and is very tenacious and sticky when wet, but is granular and friable when dry. The subsoil is a heavy, tenacious drab clay, somewhat plastic in certain .areas. The soil is more often underlain at 24 inches by a stiff heavy clay similar to the subsoil of the Vergennes clay. The surface is usually flat or basinlike, and artificial drainage is often necessary to secure the best yields. The type owes its origin chiefly to wasli from higher lands mingled with decaying vegetation, thus giving rise to a rich black soil. It is naturally a strong and productive soil and gives 'arge yields of corn and hay. 1 2 S 4 5 7 Soil (2) 1 3 2 3 2 33 55 Subsoil (3) 1 1 1 4 f. .% 51 Acres. Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y 3, 584 Vergennes clay. The surface soil consists of heavy gray clay or light-brown clay loam varying in depth from 6 to 12 inches. The sub- soil is a gray, drab, or light-brown heavy clay, somewhat tenacious when wet, but extremely stiff, compact, and intractable when dry. Wherever the soil is so shallow that the plow goes below it, the upturned furrows of the underlying gray clay become white upon exposure to the atmosphere, and this has given rise to the local term "white-faced clay." On the steep slopes of many ridges outcrops of slate, are frequent, and thin fragments are often strewn over the tops and the steeper slopes. The type for the most part is level or gently rolling, broken only by occasional ridges. Except in the depressions it has sufficient surface drainage. As the greater part of this soil is compact and impervious to moisture, underdrainage would result in better crop returns. This soil is derived from the postglacial orChamplain clays. The glacial mate- rial comes to the surface, or nearest it, on the hills, and in some cases this has been washed down the slopes and mingled with the postglacial clays. This is an excellent soil for hay. Other crops grown with profit- able yields are corn, oats, and barley. Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 167 1234567 Soil (3) 2 3 2 3 3 18 69 Subsoil (3) 1 2 2 2 22 71 Acres. Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y 129, 984 MISCKLLANEOrS SOILS OK III! GLACIAL A>D LOKSSIAL KH.IONv Portage stony sandy loam. The soil is a rather loose dark-gray or brown sandy loam of medium to fine texture and from 8 to 10 inches deep. The underlying material is a yellowish-brown or gray sand of fine to medium texture to a depth of 30 inches, where a yellow or gray sandy clay sometimes occurs. On the surface considerable quantities of lM)wlders, principally of granite, are found, and outcrops of the under- lying crystalline rocks from which the type is in part derived frequently occur. The origin of the type has l>een influenced to some extent by glacial action. The drainage is rather poor, and the type is used only for pasturage. 1 '-' :t 4 5 (i 7 Soil (2) 2 12 21 3fi 9 12 8 Subsoil (2) 2 9 21 42 10 8 8 Acres. Portage County, Wis 11,392 Barnum stony loam. The soil to a depth of 12 inches is a light-brown loam, underlain by a loam grading into red clay at from 22 to 3(5 inches. On the surface and mixed with the soil are stones and bowlders in con- siderable quantity. The surface is rolling and hilly, and the natural drainage is generally good. It is a glacial soil, and where not too rough and the stones not too numerous is adapted to oats, hay, and wheat. I -2 :t 4 :> Soil (2) 1 3 <> If, II Subsoil (2) 1 2 (> 17 12 Acres. Carlton area, Minn 8,7(M Gloucester stony loam. The soil is a light-brown sandy loam under- lain at ntxnit 10 inches by a more sandy and gravelly material of gray color. The subsoil is a mass of rock fragments, or the thin soil may rest directly upon Ix-d rock. From 20 to SO per cent of l>ow!ders occur on the surface and throughout the soil profile, while frequently the l>nl 168 Soil Survey Field Bool'. rock is exposed. The type usually presents a rough, broken topog- raphy, hilly and almost mountainous in character, and on account of its position and the loose, open character of the subsoil it is thoroughly drained. The soil is in part residual and in part glacial in origin, bear- ing, however, a distinct relation to the underlying or adjacent rock from which, in the main, it has been derived mechanically. Very little of it is cleared and under cultivation, and it is covered for the most part with a stunted growth of chestnut, oak, white birch, and undergrowth. Some corn and potatoes are produced; but only light yields are obtained. The type as a whole is best suited to forestry and pasturage, though in some places orcharding should be profitable. 1 -' .'{ 456 7 Soil (3) 5 9 6 22 10 33 6 Subsoil (3) 8 13 7 23 19 28 2 Acres. Rhode Island 32, r >, 120 Holyoke stony loam. This soil is of glacial origin, and consists of about 3 feet of loam, containing 10 to .50 per cent of diabase and other bowlders. The areas occupied are rough and mountainous, occurring along the base of diabase ranges. The soil is chiefly devoted to past- ure, though it is used also to some extent for fruit. _' 3 4 5 (i 7 6 , r > 15 24 42 6 9 7 21 23 30 6 Acres. Connecticut Valley, Conn.-Mass 196,818 Cassadaga sand. This is a coarse orange or gray sand, 1 to 3 feet or more in depth. The type occurs usually in upland valleys, is commonly wooded, and generally has a thick growth of underbrush. The soil is inclined to be wet or marshy, and needs drainage because of a hardpan subsoil. Very little of this type is under cultivation, and it has at pres- ent little agricultural value. If it were cleared and drained it would probably be suited to grass. 1284 o 9 Saugatuck sand. The soil to a depth of 9 inches consists of reddish- brown, black, and gray sand. The subsoil to a depth of 3 feet or more consists of medium fine sand, containing bands of sand cemented by ferruginous material. These bands of iron crusts vary from a fraction of an inch to 1 or more feet in thickness. The type occupies slightly depressed areas. The soil is best adapted to truck, peaches, and small fruits, and grain does fairly well. 1 1 4 5 7 Soil (2> 1 6 34 44 4 73 Subsoil (2) 1 10 37 43 3 3 3 Acres. Allepan County, Mich 24, 120 Shelby sand. The soil is a brown or yellow loamy sand, 10 inches deep, grading into reddish-yellow sand of medium texture, underlain at from 24 to 36 inches by sandstone in place. The subsoil is derived from underlying rock, the soil Ix'ing a covering of wash material. The type occurs as gently rolling upland, just above the second bottoms. The soil is adapted to truck, small fruit, peaches, and wrapper leaf tobacco. 1234 5 6 7 Soil (1) 1 7 10 30 14 28 9 Subsoil (1) k 2 9 16 43 9 11 10 Acres. Shelby County, Mo 448 Snohomish sand. This soil consists of a brown medium sand about l/i inches deep overlying a loo.se gray to greenish-yellow sand. The surface is flat and fairly level, rising with a gentle incline from near sea level toward the inland. While the drainage is generally ade- quate on account of the easy fall and open texture, the soil is subject to drought. The type has been laid down us glacial deposits under uniform conditions. The soil is too light for general farming. It is, however, quite similar to some of t lie eastern truck soils and would under suitable conditions be a typical early truck soil. It is adapted to early |x>tatoes. 1 -J :i 4 r> 7 Soil (2) 3 i! 17 :ir> ii H 7 Subsoil r2) 2 17 IS 10 13 (> 4 Acres. K vi-iv 1 1 , W ash ... ..21, .VM 170 Soil Survey Field Wheatland sand. This is a dark-brown sand, 12 to 18 inches deep, underlain by grayish-yellow sand of the same texture. It is an up- land soil of glacial origin. The soil has little agricultural value, and is best adapted to pasture and grazing. 1234567 Soil (2) 1 3 5 49 22 12 7 Subsoil (2) 15 10 5 26 14 13 11 Acres. Fargo, N. Dak 29, ,504 Newton fine sand. The soil consists of a light-gray to yellowish fine sand which is underlain at depths varying from 10 to 36 inches by inter- stratified layers of peat and black line sand. The surface is generally level, although somewhat broken by ponds and swampy depressions. The type has probably been formed by the deposition of a layer of light- colored fine sand over the black fine sand, which gives rise to the Clyde fine sand. Much of the type supports a growth of water-loving grasses, willow, and birch, and its chief use is for pasture. 1 -' !J 4507 Soil (3) 1 4 88 5 ' 1 1 Subsoil (1) 1 3 79 10 5 .2 Acres. Newton County, Ind 5, 888 Manchester sandy loam. The soil is a reddish or dark-yellow me- dium sandy or gravelly loam from 8 to 18 inches in depth, underlain by loamy sand and gravel, frequently containing large bowlders. The sur- face is generally rolling, in the form of ridges and knolls, though the tvpe occasionally occurs as low, flat terraces. The type is a combination of glacial lake and stream deposits, and the material is exceedingly irregu- lar in thickness. It is formed in part of the red Triassic rocks. The soil is naturally fertile, but the porous subsoil renders it readily sub- ject to drought. It is well adapted to peaches and fairly well adapted to corn. 1 -' 3 4 5 (i 7 Soil (2) 5 14 14 3.1 15 11 5 Subsoil (2; 7 18 15 29 17 9 4 Acres. Connecticut Valley, Conn. -Mass 44, 160 Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 171 Portage sandy loam. The soil to a depth of from 8 to 9 inches is a grayish-brown sandy loam of fine to medium texture. Below this occurs a brownish-yellow sandy loam grading in the lower part of the profile into a mottled gray and yellow sandy clay. The topography varies from gently rolling to nearly level, the latter areas being rather poorly drained. The type is derived from crystalline rocks, though it is modified to some degree by glacial drift. It is adapted to general farm crops, yielding 1 tons of hay, 100 bushels of potatoes, 30 bushels of corn, 40 bushels of oats, and 10 to 15 bushels of rye per acre. Small fruits and vegetables also do well. 1 -' :{ 4 o tt 7 Soil(3) 2 17 21 23 7 18 11 Subsoil (3) 2 13 18 22 7 19 18 Acres. Portage County, W is 9, 792 Saginaw sandy loam. The soil to an average depth of 12 inches is dark-gray to black medium to fine-textured sandy loam, carrying a high percentage of organic matter, which has accumulated as a result of poor drainage conditions. It is loose, mellow, and easily kept in good tilth. The subsoil is dark gray in color and about the same in texture as the soil to a depth of 24 to 30 inches, where it is underlain bv a heavy blue silty clay. The type occupies an intermediate position l>etwecn the Clyde sand and the Clyde loam. Its origin, topographic, and drain- age features are essentially the same as the former, namely, reworked glacial material, level topography, and naturally deficient drainage. When properly drained the soil is fairly well adapted to truck, sugar beets, and corn, as well as to general crops. 1 -' : 4 .-> (i 7 Soil (4) 2 10 20 41 7 14 7 Subsoil (4) 2 J 22 37 18 20 32 19 Subsoil (3) 2 5 5 18 19 25 25 Acres. Fargo, N. Dak 10,768 Snohomish fine sandy loam. The soil to a depth of 1.5 indies consists of a brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil is a brown to yellow heavy fine sandy or silty loam. Small gravel and a few cobblestones occur throughout both soil and subsoil. The type occupies level to gently rolling river terraces and is formed from reworked glacial material. The type is best adapted to late truck crops for canning purposes. Fruit does well. 1 -2 3 4 5 cing particularly fine for grass and grazing land. It also produces excellent crops of corn, oats, and rye. Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 173 1 2 S 4 6 6 7 Soil (2) 6 8 4 14 20 34 14 Subsoil (2) -> 7 4 14 19 36 15 Acres. Connecticut Valley, Corin. -Mass. . 16,064 Elmwood loam. This soil is a dark-brown fine sandy loam, 2 feet in depth, overlying a close, poorly drained clay. It occupies level ter- races along the Connecticut River and is a lacustrine deposit. The type has very little present agricultural value on account of its compact nature and poor underdrainage. Acres. Allegan County, Mich 3, 810 Connecticut Valley, ronn.-Mass. . 18,878 Madison loam. The soil is a loose, friable brown or yellow loam or fine sandy loam from 8 to 14 inches deep, resting upon a heavy loam or clay, usually becoming heavier below 24 inches. Throughout the soil and subsoil there area few well-rounded gravel. The subsoil is some- what variable, occasionally consisting of alternating layers of sand and clay, with an occasional layer of cherty gravel. The type occurs as set-olid bottoms and is generally level. This is an alluvial soil, derived from wash of valley slopes. Frequently the drainage is poor. It is a good soil for corn and hay and for truck crops, especially for cabbage, tomatoes, and tarries. l _' :t 4 5 <> 7 Soil (2) 1 4 3 14 12 39 27 Subsoil (2) 1 3 3 1"> 14 39 2. r > Acres. Madison County, Ind 2, 240 Shelby loam. This type consists of a fine sandy or silty loam of a gray or brown color from 3 to 8 inches deep, grading into a reddish-yel- low sandy clay which extends to a depth of 3 feet or more. It is locally termed "white-oak lands." Iron pipes and concretions are usually found. The subsoil is made up mainly of pockets of sand and day, with occasional thin lenses of cherty gravel. The type is of glacial origin. It occurs talow the Shelby silt loam and is exposed through stream cut- ting and erosion of the overlying prairie. It occupies steep slopes adja- cent to the watercourses. Native growth is white and scrub oak with a scattering of red oak and hickory. It is much less productive than the Shelbv silt loam. It is poorly adapted to wheat atid corn. The former 174 Sml Survey Field Bool\ yields an average of about 10 bushels and the latter about 25 bushels per acre. The soil is used almost exclusively for pasture. l _' :i 4 : 7 Soil (3) 2 5 7 19 13 40 13 Subsoil (3) 2 5 5 13 10 2/i 40 Acres. Scotland County, Mo 94, 016 Shelby County, Mo 71, 158 Warners loam. The soil consists of 10 inches of mellow brown loam, containing many calcareous nodules and a considerable proportion of marl, resting on a subsoil of white or gray marl. The soil is silty in character and of soft, unctuous feel, containing thin layers of muck at various depths. It produces fairly good crops of corn and grass. Acres. Syracuse, N. Y 128 Lexington silt loam. The soil to a depth of about 12 inches is a gray or yellowish-gray mellow silt loam. The subsoil to a depth of 36 'inches is either a compact silt loam slightly heavier than the soil or a siltv clay varying from yellow to brown in color or sometimes tinged with red. The surface is moderately rolling to hilly, the rougher portion being largely the result of erosion. The drainage is good and crops suffer during extended droughts. The type is derived from loess and closely resembles the Memphis silt loam; but the deposit of loess is very thin, and the soil is in places modified by the underlying Orange sand forma- tion. The soil is adapted to corn, cotton, forage crops, vegetables, and strawlMM-ries. The natural forest growth consists of white, red, post, and black-jack oak, chestnut, hickory, and black gum. 1 _' 8 4 .J 7 Soil (2) 2 2 6 5 69 15 Subsoil (2) 1 2 4 2 63 28 Acres. Henderson County, Tenn 241, 344 Marion silt loam. The soil consists of silt loam of light-brown to white color, with an average depth of 12 inches. The subsoil consists of a hard, stiff silty clay of mottled appearance, locally known as "hard- pan," the predominating colors being gray, light yellow, and reddish yellow. Between the soil and subsoil occurs a white layer of compact silt, which crumbles easily between the fingers. The type occupies the a Mapped as Shelby clay. Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 175 level prairie land n.nd is of loessial origin. Wheat, corn, and grass are tlu- principal crops. The yield of grain is rather small, hut apples do well. 1 -2 :i 4 5 i> ; Soil (13) 1125 7o lo Subsoil (13) ,.... 1124 60 :il Acres. Acres. Clay County, 111 260, ">44 O'Fullon, Mo 17.V>-">2 Clinton County, 111 172.4SO St. Clair County, 111 86,464 Memphis silt loam. ' This soil is a yellow or brown silt loam 8 inches in depth, powdery when dry. Under this is a chocolate-brown or yel- low compact silt loam, which in turn is underlain at a depth of from 2 to (i feet by a yellow silt of loess formation. The type occupies uplands and is subject to serious erosion. It is largely forested to oak, hickory, and lx;eeh. In Mississippi it is divided topographically into two re- gions the Cane Hills, which are steep-sided and narrow-topped, and the Flat Hills, which are more plateaulike and cultivated to a greater extent than the Cane Hills. Good yields of cotton, corn, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes are secured in different localities. In northern areas the soil is good for fruits and vegetables. I _' :i 4 5 7 Soil (18) 1 1 1 4 7S 15 Stllisoil (IS) (I 1123 73 20 Acres. Acres. Crystulsprinps, Miss 46,016 O'Fullon, Mo ~>, 376 East Baton Roupe Parish, La. 2U, 2(X) St. Clair County, 111 ' 13s. 560 Jackson. Miss 410,624 Sinedes, Miss 52, 2XS Johntton County, III 1(17, 104 Yir'.oo, Miss 140,0(10 McCnioken County, Ky i:t!, 776 Portage silt loam. The type consists of a grayish-colored silt loam 8 or 10 inches deep, underlain by a mottled gray and yellow heavy clay loam. At a depth of alxnit 2o inches a thin stratum of sand, sandv loam, or sandy clay frequently occurs, grading quite abruptly into a dark-red clay. The fy|x- occupies level or slightly undulating areas, is rather poorly drained, and sometimes marshy. The type is derived from glacial material over crystalline rocks, ll is well adapted to general farm crops, small fruits, and vegetables. n Sec also l.iiilniii.i loam, (i.'.ll. ''M:i]i|M-i| ;is Miami lim- sanely loam. 176 Soil Survey FUd Bool: i -_ :$ 4 r> y Soil (3) I 534 5 58 23 Subsoil (1) 1 17 20 28 5 12 Hi Lower subsoil (1) 1 (i 8 14 (i 25 40 Acres. Portage County, Wis 22, 050 Safford silt loam. To a depth of S to 10 inches the soil consists of a gray or light-yellow silt loam. This is underlain by a tough, plastic clay or clay loam of a red or reddish-brown color, grading at a depth of about 3 feet into grcensand. The surface soil is loose and rather incoherent when dry, and is easily cultivated. It has a rolling to hilly topography and washes badly if not properly managed. The natural drainage is good. The silt loam covering is due to a deposit of loess, while the sub- soil is derived from the weathering of the greensand marl or a shallow deposit of clayey material above it, or from a mixture of both. Tin- soil is adapted to corn, cotton, wheat, and hay. The. timber growth consists of white, red, black-jack, and post oak, chestnut, and some hickory and beech. 1 2 8 4 5 < Soil (3) 1 1 4 17 01 10 Subsoil (3) 1 3 12 30 54 Acres. Ilondorson County, Tonn 28, 544 Scottsburg silt loam. This soil is an ashy-gray silt loam, with varia- tions tending to a fine sandy loam. At about 10 inches it grades into a light-yellow or slightly mottled silt loam, becoming gradually heavier and more compact as the depth increases, until at 30 to 36 inches is found a heavy silt .loam of a drab or gray color, slightly mottled with yellow stains. Small iron concretions permeate the entire depth. The type is the result of local material, redeposited by glacial action, mixed with the weathered material of the underlying argillaceous and sandy shales. The areas were probably at one time level, but have been eroded by stream action until they present a gently rolling topography. The soil is best adapted to tomatoes and other vegetables, small fruits, and all early maturing crops. By adding humus and adopting crop rotations general crops may be made to do well. 1 2 8 4 r> (i 7 Soil (3) 1 3 3 7 9 05 12 Subsoil (3) 1 2 2 5 8 02 19 Acros. Scott County, Iml 37,184 Miscellaneous Glacial Soils. 177 Shelby silt loam. The soil is a dark-gray to almost black silt loam from b' to 10 inches deep, underlain by a stiff, impervious brown or drab mottled silty clay, streaked with blue and red. A thin layer of white- silt is often found betwe.-n soil and subsoil. This type resembles both the Marshall and Marion silt loams. It differs from the former in hav- ing a heavy, impervious subsoil and from the latter in the darker color of the surface soil. It is derived from a deposit of loess over glacial mate- rial. The type is known locally as "the prairie" and occupies level to gently rolling uplands. The greater part is fairly well drained, but the impervious subsoil allows water to collect on very level areas after heavy rains. The principal crops on this type are hay, corn, oats, and wheat, with millet, Kafir corn, and sorghum as secondary crops. Fruit also does \\ ell, and the production of apples is of some importance. 1 _' :$ 4 : G 7 Soil (3) 2113 74 19 Subsoil (3) 1 3 1 1 2 55 38 Acres. Scotland Countv, Mo 130, 704 Shelby County, Mo 210, 896 Snohomish silt loam. The soil to a depth of 12 inches is a reddish- brown light silty loam, and is underlain to a depth of 3 feet or more by a yellow or drab silt loam or silty clay. The topography of this type i; level or gently rolling. It occupies chiefly lower river terraces, and the drainage is good. It owes its origin to the modification* of glacial sediments by the action of streams. This is a good soil for general farming, and fruit trees do well on it. i _ a 4 :> ; Soil (2) 142 6 00 IS Subsoil (2) I 3 2 "> 10 :>:! 26 Acres. Kvorctt. Wash 1C., 1!2 Fargo clay. The soil is a heavy black clay (i to 1-1 inches deep, under- lain bv gray or blue clay of the same texture. At from o to 9 feet occurs a mottled gray, brown, and yellow clay, similar to the subsoil of the Miami black clay loam. When wet this type is very waxy and gummy and has an oily feel. It is exceedingly slippery under ft and often sticks to wagon wheels in great quantities. The tv|M occurs in depres- sions in the upland. The drainage is poor and the soil is difficult to 178 Soil Survey Field Book. till. It is a very strong and productive soil when well drained, and is adapted to general farm crops. Soil (2) 1 1 1 Subsoil (2) . 1 1 Fargo. N. Dak... 4 5 7 3 9 30 50 1 5 20 GO Acres. Hobart clay. This consists of a shallow covering of from 1 to 4 inches of a gray or dark-brown clay, underlain to a depth of 3 or 4 feet by heavy drab-colored clay. Below this the subsoil is mixed with frag- ments of the underlying shale, and finally grades into shale rock. The soil as well as the subsoil contains fragments of shale. When the soil is wet it is very adhesive under foot and has a greasy, oily feel. In dry weather it often bakes to the detriment of growing crops. On account of the impervious clay and shale underlying the soil there are many fresh-water springs. Owing to the stiff, tenacious character of the soil and its location on the steep sides of bluffs it has little value except as a sheep and cattle pasture. 1234 5 6 7 Soil (2) .................... 3 7 4 13 4 31 38 Subsoil (4) ................. 1 3 1 2 2 15 70 Acres. Carrington, N. Dak .............. 2,496 Jamestown, N. Dak ............. 3,712 RESIDUAL SOILS OF THK WESTERN PKAIKIE KKWOX. This region consists of the nonglacial part of the prairie plains bounded on the north by the Missouri River, the southern limit of gla- ciers, and extending southward through Texas to the Rio Grande. On the west it merges into the Plateau region at very near the 2,000-foot contour, and on the east is limited by the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Ozark Plateau. Its surface is gently rolling, with occasional low hills, and is cut by numerous stream channels. The rocks are of Carbonifer- ous age and consist of sandstones, shales, and limestones more or less interbedded. These rocks give rise to three series of soils, viz, Oswego, Crawford, and Vernon, together with a number of miscellaneous soils. In Kansas and Texas these soils are in some instances more or less modi- fied by the admixture of gravel and sand from Tertiary deposits brought. down from the higher areas larther west occupied by crystalline rocks. Residual Soils of the Prairie Region. 179 OSWEGO SERIES. The Oswego series includes the light-colored soils of the prairie region formed from the weathering of interbedded layers of sandstone and shale, as distinguished from the Crawford series, which is derived from limestones. The surface soils are light to dark gray in color, while (he subsoils are dark drab to yellow. The soils of the Oswego series are less productive than those of the Crawford series. Oswego fine sandy loam. The soil is a yellowish-brown heavy fine sandy loam with a depth of 12 inches, resting on a subsoil of the same material but of a lighter yellowish color and somewhat heavier in tex- ture. This is an upland soil occupying low, rounded knobs and ridges and having a rolling surface. The drainage is excellent. The type is residual, being derived from sandstone and arenaceous shale, which occurs in places a few feet lx>neath the surface. Corn and oats are the important crops, the former yielding from 20 to 30 bushels and the latter alxmt 25 busheh per acre. Very little wheat is grown on this soil, as it is likely to winterkill. The soil is l>est adapted to fruit and truck. 1 884567 Soil (3) 1 18 33 34 13 Subsoil (3) 1 1 18 30 33 17 Acros. Allen County, Kans 15,5 bushels, and of potatoes SO to 100 bushels per acre. Flax mid rye ar^ grown to some extent. a S4-' also NVo.slio silt loam, l>- 11.1. 180 Soil Survey Field Rook, 1 234567 Soil (0) 1 1 3 13 66 15 Subsoil (0) 1 1 3 10 59 26 Acres. Allon County, Kans 177,000 Parsons, Kans o to 30 feet above the general level, thus presenting a rolling topography and affording good surface drain- age. The gravel in the soil permits ready subdrainage. The type as a whole is best adapted to pasture, but where not too gravelly corn is successfully grown, especially in wet seasons. Grapes, peaches, and some other fruits would probably do well on some parts of this soil. 1 _' 4 5 ft 7 Soil (1) 2 111S (12 2S Subsoil (1) 3 2 1 4 7 53 30 Acres. Allen County, Knns a 5, 165 Crawford loam. This soil is a brown to reddish-brown loam 12 inches deep. The immediate surface soil carries considerable fine sand and has the general appearance of a fine sandy loam. The sub- soil is a heavy brown loam, passing usually at about 2o inches into a stiff, compact clay more nearly red in color. It is characterized bv rolling topography and is well drained but not seriously eroded. The soil is derived from the weathering of sandy, ferruginous clays, impure limestone, and sandstone, it is easily tilled, is well suited to cotton and corn, and produces fair yields of wheat and oats. Peaches, plums, small fniits, and vegetables also do well. i _' :s 4 :. ft ; Soil (2) 1 3 22 22 :t2 20 Subsoil (2) 1 2 17 10 : Acres. Wuco, TPX 0. 7M Crawford silt loam. -The soil to an average depth of about 10 indirs is a reddish-brown fo dark-brown friable silt loam, having n decided tendency to dry out in periods of drought, making frequent cultiva- tion necessary. The subsoil is a red or brown silt loam or dav loam. a MII|I|H>I| iis Sfil^M'ick Kriivrlly loam. 182 Soil Survey Field Book. generally somewhat open and granular, but becoming more compact and stiller with increased depth. The type is derived from limestone, which is frequently encountered 2 to 5 feet below the surface. The type occupies level to rolling prairies and is well drained except in depressions and flat areas, where it is generally best suited to pastures. The soil is best adapted to corn, but all general farm crops, as well as fruit and vegetables, do fairly well. 1284 5 7 Soil (6) 1 1 39 68. 18 Subsoil '6) 1 1 1 4 6 64 23 Acres. Allen County, Kans <* 75, 239 Wichita, Kans a 136, 320 Crawford clay. The soil is a brown or slightly reddish clay or clay loam 10 inches deep, stiff and tenacious when wet, but friable and granular when dry and well cultivated. The subsoil is a stiff, tena- cious clay of a lighter reddish-brown color, becoming stiffer and more compact with increased depth. It is derived from the weathering of limestone, which is frequently found at a depth of 3 or 4 leet below the surface. The type occupies gently rolling to rolling upland pla- teaus and is naturally well drained. The soil is well adapted to wheat, while corn, cotton, alfalfa, clover, and timothy do well. 1.284 5 (i 7 Soil (5) 1 2 1 5 10 50 31 Subsoil (5) 1 2 1 5 8 43 39 Acres. Parsons, Kans & 08, 544 Waco, Tex 112,320 VEKNON SERIES. The Vemon series includes the upland sands, loams, and clays derived from the weathering of the Permian Red Beds. The surface soils are gray and brown, while the subsoils are brown to red. This series occurs in the prairie regions of northern Texas and in the Indian Territory and Oklahoma. The soils are productive and well adapted to general farm crops. Mapped as Sedgwick clay loam. t> Mapped as Yazoo clay. Residual Soils of the Prairie Regifm. 183 Vernon sand. The soil is a loose gray to reddish-brown medium sand about 18 inches deep, underlain by slightly more compact reddish-yellow sand to a depth of 3 feet or more. The surface is hiimmooky to dunelike, and the type is well drained. The soil has IMVII formed largely by wind action. Kafir corn, sorghum, and cotton an- the principal crops. Apples, peaches, and melons do well. 1 884 5 (i 7 Soil (2) 7 19 40 19 9 G Subsoil (2) 5 15 38 19 16 9 Acres. Vernon, Tex a 56, 448 Vernon sandy loam. The soil is a dark-red to reddish-brown sandy loam from 12 to 18 inches deep, and is mellow, friable, and easily worked. The subsoil to a depth of 36 inches is heavier in texture and varies in color from red to brown. The soil has lx>en formed by the intermingling of wind-blown sand with the Vernon silt loam, and is generally well drained. Corn, wheat, Kafir corn, oats, and cotton are the principal crops grown on this soil type. 4 5 7 25 22 14 11 23 19 16 18 Acres. 30,592 Vernon fine sandy loam. The soil is a fine to very fine brownish-red sand alxmt 22 inches deep, carrying much silt. The subsoil is the same as the soil, except that it is a little lighter in color in the lower depths. From 4 to (> feet the material is generally a yellowish-red fine sand. The surface is slightly rolling and the drainage excellent. The type is derived from wind-blown river sand when the streams were at higher levels, and occupies bluffs along rivers. The soil is used principally for pasturage, but is adapted to wheat, corn, oats, cotton, and other farm crops. 1284 :> (1 7 Soil (2) 1 2 :< :'> 54 7 Subsoil (2) 1 2 .'C> :>.) ) Acres. Yernoti, Tex 5. 2s "ll is now recoiniizinl thtit the bottom-land phase of tliis soil should have been correlatnl with the Miller line Mainly loam. Soil (1) 1 . 1 8 17 Subsoil (1) 1 7 15 Vernon, Tex . 184: Soil $wny FiM Bool: Vernon silt loam. --The surface soil is a reddish-brown to dark- brown silt loam 12 inches deep, and mellow, friable, and easily worked. The subsoil is a light reddish-brown silt loam, heavier in texture than the soil, and at from 3 to G feet is underlain by a friable red clay. The type occupies level and slightly rolling areas of the prairie upland, is fairly well drained, and is derived from the weathering of material form- ing the Permian Red Beds. Corn, wheat, oats, Kafir corn, and sorghum are. the principal crops grown on the type. 1 _' :t 4 5 7 So'l (3) 1 1 3 15 70 10 Subsoil (3) 1 2 . 13 03 14 Acres. Vernon, Tex >> 59, 392 Vernon clay. This is a red clay to heavy clay loam about 9 inches deep, in some localities containing a small percentage of rounded quart/ gravel. The subsoil is a heavy, sticky red clay. It often contains waterworn gravel from 3 to 4 inches in diameter. The type is de- rived from the Permian Red Beds, and is the underlying basal clav of the Vernon loam. The soil is principally used for pasture. 1234 5 rn and wheat are the chief crops, corn yielding about 2.5 bushels and wheat about IS bushels per acre. 1 2 4 o <> 7 Soil (2) 1 2 1 7 28 42 19 Subsoil (2) 2 3 9 21 45 20 Acres. Wichita, Kans 20,410 "See also Miller silt loam, p. 91. ^Mapped as Vernon loam, but now brought into the proper place in the series. Soils of the Great Basin. 185 Sedgwick black clay loam. The, soil is a fine-grained black silty loam, 12 inches deep, underlain by a tough, heavy, bluish-gray to drab clay extending to a depth of 3 feet or more. The type occupies flat or depressed areas on upland prairie and. is poorly drained. The soil is formed by the wash from the surrounding soils. It is generally used only for pasture, although thorough drainage converts it into a soil well adapted to wheat and corn. 1 2 'A 4 .') 7 Soil (1) o i l s :ii 4S 9 Subsoil (1) 1 1 1 l. r ) . r >2 :n Acres. Wichita, Kans .VH58 SOILS OK THK UKKAT BASIX. With the exception of one soil type recognized in the Laramie area, Wyoming, the soils in this group, so far as mapped, are confined to the Great Interior Basin region. They are derived from a great variety of rocks, and consist of colluvial soils of the mountain slopes, deep lacus- trine and shore deposits of the Bonneville period, and of recent stream valley sediments and river delta deposits. When not situated above or outside the limits of irrigation, or ren- dered unfit for cultivation by accumulation of alkali or seepage waters, they an 1 of great agricultural importance, and are devoted mainly to the production of grains, sugar l>eets, alfalfa, stone or other tree fruits, and vegetables. BINGHAM SERIES. This series covers lower mountain slopes, upper valley slopes, and valley plains. It consists of colluvial mountain wash or of old alluvial torrential or intermittent streams, delta cone deposits, or of a mixture of these- materials. The soils are usually gravelly and generally treeless, cxce.pt in the immediate vicinity of stream courses. The more ele- vated areas are frequently rough and hilly and marked by the pres- ence of rock outcrop and bowlders. They are frequently cut by washes or intermittent stream channels and are well drained, except in the lower-lying areas occupying depressions. These soils are derived principally from eruptive, early sedimentary, and altered sedimentary rocks of all ages, and modified particularly by material derived from limestone, granites, shales, slates, etc. They 186 Soil Surrey Field Bool'. occur as irregular and frequently extensive bodies, often lying above the limits of irrigation. When capable of irrigation, the soils are often well adapted to peaches and other fruits. Bingham stony loam. The soil is a sandy loam or fine sandy loam, generally of a dark or drab color and loose, porous structure, typically 4 to 6 feet deep, containing gravel, stones, and bowlders, and is under- lain by gravel beds or bowlders, or by rock, which frequently outcrops upon the surface. The type occurs along lower mountain slopes, high terraces, and elevated parts of old alluvial delta cones, and has a slop- ing and frequently rough or hilly surface. It is well drained and free from alkali salts. It has been formed by coliuvial mountain wash and by sedimentary material deposited by intermittent, shifting streams or mountain torrents, and occupies irregular and sometimes extensive areas. The soil has little agricultural value at present, being too stony, and usually lying too high for irrigation. But for this disadvantage of position in most areas and the scarcity of water in others, some areas of this soil might be used in fruit growing. Acres. Sevier Valley, Utah Hi, (KM) Weber County, Utah ">, 700 Acres. Bear River, Utah 1,9X4 Provo, Utah a 33, 728 Salt Lake, Utah 4,210' Bingham gravelly loam. -The soil is a sandy loam or fine sandy loam of open, porous structure and dark or drab color, generally from 18 inches to 6 feet or. more in depth, usually underlain by gravel, bowlders, or rock. It occurs as extensive areas covering lower moun- tain slopes, upper valley slopes, and sloping alluvial delta cone plains, generally lying slightly below areas covered by the Bingham stony loam, to which it is similar in origin and mode of formation. Flat shaly to well-rounded gravel varying in size from fine fragments to 3 or 4 inches in diameter occurs either upon the surface or within a depth of 3 feet. The surface is generally free from rock outcrop or bowlders and is well drained and free from alkali. The type frequently lies above the limits of irrigation and is sometimes dry-farmed to grains. Where capable of irrigation, it is frequently well adapted to truck crops and orchard and small fruits. " Mapi>o(l as Murioopa stony loam. Soils of the Great Basin. 1ST 1 3 4 o 6 7 Soil (12) 2 3 , r > 12 26 33 16 Subsoil (4) 3 6 5 19 27 26 10 Acres. Acres. Bear River, Utah 10,304 Salt Lake, Utah 3. r >,2XO 'Provo, Utah 48, 128 ! Sevier Valley, Utah 38; 400 BingHam loam. The soil is a dark or drab loam, usually 4 feet in depth, underlain by a clay loam subsoil. The type is similar to the Ringham gravelly loam in origin and mode of formation, but is com- posed of finer alluvial and colluvial material, is further removed from the mountains, and occupies lower levels and depressions. Drainage is often poor and the soil contains considerable alkali, but when drained and free from alkali it is excellent for general farming purposes. 1 -2 :{ 4 ."> 7 Soil (2) 1 1 1 - 11 40 L>S Subsoil (3) 2 2 2 7 ir> 4r> 24 Acres. Sevier Valley. Utah ''12, 10" REDFIKLD SKKIKS. The Kedfield series extends from mountain bases across plateaulike plains, upper valley slopes, and sloping plains of narrow valleys to nearly level plains adjacent to the valley trough. The soils of this series are formed of colluvial mountain wash, or sometimes of residual material, mingled with alluvial delta cone deposits of intermittent or torrential streams. They are generally treeless, often gravelly, some- times marked by rock outcrop, and frequently cut by washes and inter- mittent stream channels. The soils are derived primarily from red sandstone modified in places by an admixture of material derived from shales, slates, eruptive rocks, etc., and are typically of vermilion or bright red color. They generally occur as extensive areas. The lowe< - lying and heavier members of the series are often poorly drained HIM' alkaline. Bedfteld fine sandy loam. c The soil is a fine sandy loam, <> feet in depth, derived from the disintegration of red sandstones, sometimes mingled with limestones, and is usually well drained. In some areas the soil contains well-rounded, medium-sized gravel within 'A feet of the " M.i|ip 'I us Marici)|in jrnivplly IIWIM. ' M.i|i|>i'i| us (ilemvocxl I. .am. M.t|>l L 'l us I.V'llii'M sanilv louiu. 188 Soil Survey Field Bool', surf HOP, and this gravel increases in quantity and size in the lower depths. Some areas are underlain by sandstone and limestone rooks outcropping in high places. The type occupies valley floors sloping gently from the mountains, upper bench lands, and elevated, undulat- ing plains. It is adapted to alfalfa and grain when so situated that' irrigation is possible. 12 S 4 o 7 Soil(r>) 1 4 3 24 33 27 11 Subsoil (13) n 3 4 i. r > 31 3. r > 13 Acres. Sevier Valley, Utah 44, 20() Laramio, Wyo 42, 644 Kedfield loam. The soil is a vermilion-colored loam, 4^ or .5 feet deep, underlain by a clay loam or occasionally by a sandy loam or sand sub- soil. The type occupies level valley floors and is frequently poorly drained and contains alkali. It is an excellent soil for general fanning when drained and free from alkali. i 2 a 4 r> Soil (2) 1 1 8 10 Subsoil (4) 1 1 17 Acres. Sevier Valley, Utah 14, 1(K) Reclfiold clay loam, The soil is a clay 5 feet in depth, of vermilion- red color, underlain by a sand subsoil. The soil is quite tenacious and difficult to till. The type occupies low and level land, is poorly drained, and contains considerable alkali. The soil is of little agricultural value except as meadow land. 1234 5 ft 7 Soil (2) 1 1129 . r >4 28 Subsoil (4) 1 2 10 , r >3 33 Acres. Sevier Valley, Utah 3,800 MALADE SERIES. This series occurs along valley troughs and in the vicinity of river flood plains, and consists of stream sediments of recent date or in proc- ess of formation. The soils occupy low or slightly elevated valley plains of smooth, nearly level surface, frequently marked by the pres- ence of stream channels or sloughs. They are derived mainly from ?niptive, early sedimentary, and altered sedimentary rocks, and occur Soih of the Great Baxin. 189 as small narrow to broad extensive areas. The soils are generally dark in color arid are underlain by light-colored sands or sandy loams or by heavy red subsoils. The heavy members are compact. The areas are generally "well drained. Malade fine sand. This consists of a fine sand without much change in texture to a depth of 6 feet. It has been formed from materials de- posited by river overflows, and is usually found adjacent to the stream channels, sometimes occupying the higher forelands. It is adapted to sugar beets under irrigation and to other crops suited to the climatic conditions. 1 '_ 3 4567 Soil (3) 1 7 .50 28 8 7 Subsoil (1) 35 39 10 10 Acres. Bear Uiver, Ttah 6,080 Malade sandy loam. The soil consists of a fine sandy loam to a depth of nboiit 12 inches, and is underlain to 5 or 6 feet by a coarse sandy loam subsoil often containing a high percentage of clay, and this in turn is underlain by a fine sandy loam or fine sand. The surface foot is usually quite loose in texture, but below this the material is generally very compact. The type owes its origin to river deposits. The sur- face is level, but is higher than surrounding land, the type usually occupying forelands adjacent to the streams. The soil is well drained ami free from alkali, and is well adapted to alfalfa, grasses, wheat, and other grain crops. It is an excellent soil for sugar beets when irriga- tion is practiced. 1 -2 4 5 (i ; Soil (1) 1 4fi 23 10 20 Acres. Hear Hiver. I'tah 3, 2 feet with a red loam or clay loam subsoil. The heavy subsoil has been deposited in quiet waters from silt and clays brought down by river overflows, while the top cover- ing of line sandy loam ha.s been formed colluvially from surrounding higher lands. The type is generally wvll drained, and contains very little alkali, the subsoil l>eing comparatively free from it. The soil is adapted to sugar beets, alfalfa, and to some orchard fruits. 190 Soil Survey Field \ 2 .S 4 5 7 Soil (3) 1 16 31 37 10 Subsoil (3) 11 23 40 25 Acres. Bear Hivcr, Utah 10,112 Malade loam. To a depth of about 12 inches this is a fine sandy loam soil, underlain to 3 or 4 feet by a loam or occasionally by a clay loam subsoil, which is in turn underlain to 6 feet by a fine sandy loam, fine sand, sandy loam, or sand. The type has been formed by deposits from river flood waters. The surface is generally level, and the soil is naturally well drained, except where it lies adjacent to streams. Where free from alkali it is well adapted to sugar beets and grain, and where the water table is not too near the surface, to fruit and alfalfa. 1 2 3 4 5 <> 7 Soil (3) 1 1 13 25 43 17 Subsoil (3) 1 1 12 24 33 29 Lower subsoil (1) 32 43 14 11 Acres. Boar Kiver, Utah 10,040 JORDAN SERIES. The Jordan series consists of old stream sediments, probably deposited to a large extent in the waters of former lakes and modified by later shore and stream deposits. It thus consists of a mixture of stream and lacustrine sediments and occurs upon low, level or sloping valley plains covering the bed, benches, and shores of ancient Lake Bonneville. The soils are not subject to present extensive stream modification and are treeless except in the vicinity of streams or lakes. With the exception of the lowerlying~bodies the soils are usually well drained. The materii.1 is derived from a great variety of rocks of all ages, consisting of lavas, sandstones, shales, limestones, slates, quartzites, granites, etc. The soils occur as irregular and frequently as extensive areas, with the ex- ception of the members of lighter texture, and are dark in color and agri- culturally important, except where poorly drained and alkaline. They are generally devoted to grain, alfalfa, fruits, and truck crops. Jordan sand." The soil is a medium to rather fine sand of light-gray color, and loose, incoherent structure generally 6 feet or more in deptii. The lower portion of the section is sometimes coarser in texture than the a See also Jordan fine sand, p. 191. Soils of the Great Basin. 191 overlying material. The type occurs as small, narrow to broad extensive areas covering low, level to somewhat elevated, and sloping valley plains. The more elevated areas are well drained, often of uneven surface, and frequently gravelly, supporting only desert vegetation. The lower lying areas are sometimes poorly drained and somewhat alkaline. The type is formed of assorted stream-borne material, probably deposited subse- quent to the Bonneville period. 1 '234567 Soil (5 1 2 13 13 42 15 7 7 Subsoil (4) 1 3 8 36 23 19 9 Acres. Provo. Utah 10,3(18 Weber County, Utah a 21 ,800 Jordan fine sand.b This is a sand of light color, line texture, and loose, incoherent structure, usually 6 feet or more in depth, but sometimes less, overlying sandy loam or loam. The type usually occurs as small, nar- row, or irregular and extensive areas often occupying a somewhat ele- vated position. The surface isoften barren and marked by irregularities and drifting dunes. The soil is well drained and free from alkali, but generally of little agricultural importance. 1 - 4 5 7 Soil (1) 4 13 00 18 1 4 Acres. WdxT County, Utah 1 ,900 Salt Lake, Utah 3,020 Jordan fine sandy loam. < This consists of a sandy loam of medium to line texture, generally from 1 to several feet in depth. The subsoil is subject to considerable variation, but the soil is generally underlain at alxiut 2 feet by alxiut 1J feet of loam, then by 1 foot of fine sand grading into clay. It usually occupies lower valley plains and is un important agricultural soil where well drained and free from alkali. 1 2 :t 4 : 7 Soil (7) 1 2 7 20 2t> 2X 13 Subsoil (4) 1116 37 34 16 Acres. Suit Lake. Utah... .. 4S.C.20 " Map|w 38, 400 Salt Lake, Utah 41,900 Weber County, Utah 15,400 Jordan clay loam, c This consists of a dark -gray or sometimes reddish clay loam soil usually extending to a depth of about 3 feet. The soil is often friable, resembling in field characteristics a soil of much lighter texture. The subsoil is sometimes a sandy loam, but is usually a heavy clay loam or clay of yellow or red color. The type occurs as extensive areas covering lower level valley plains or lower benches. The lower lying areas are often poorly drained, alkaline, and of a compact struc- ture, making them difficult to cultivate. The soil produces alfalfa, grain, and sugar beets. 1 284 5 (5 7 Soil (4) 1 1 4 2 14 45 34 Subsoil (3) 1 7 39 53 Acres. Provo, Utah 99,648 Bear River, Utah 61,632 Jordan clay.f? This consists of about 1 foot of heavy clay loam or clay underlain to 6 feet or more by a tenacious clay subsoil, usually of light-yellowish color. The subsoil is sometimes marked by thin strata or lenses of sand or fine sand. The type occurs upon valley plains extending from lower limits of the mountain slopes to recent lake bot- toms. The more elevated areas are generally well drained and com- a See also Jordan clay loam, p. 192. 6 Mapped as Jordan sandy loam. c Mapped as Jordan loam. d See also Salt Lake clay loam, p. 194. Soils of the Great Basin. 193 prise valuable farming lands. The lower lying areas are generally poorly drained, alkaline, and of but little agricultural importance. 1 234567 Soil (4) .......: 1 1 5 13 30 52 Subsoil (2) 8 20 39 35 Acres. Bear River, Utah 2,688 Provo, Utah 3,840 SALT LAKE SERIES. The Salt Lake series consists of lacustrine sediments and material derived from stream deltas. The soils of this series occur upon low, level plains, marking the site of recent lake bottoms. They are generally barren, deficient in drainage, and heavily impregnated with alkali salts. They are derived from eruptive, sedimentary, and altered rocks of various ages and are without gravel. They cover extensive areas, are usually dark in color, and usually have little or no agricultural im- portance. Salt Lake sand. This is a sand consisting of about 80 per cent of medium-sized egg-shaped or spherical particles, largely calcareous. The type occupies level or dune areas. Near Great Salt Lake, Utah, the type is derived from the breaking up of lime hardpan, the peculiar and regular shape of the particles resulting from the wearing and polishing action of wind and water. As found in the vicinity of Great Salt Lake the soil is of no agricultural value, because of its limited extent and its position. 1234 567 Soil (2) 1 15 49 27 5 1 2 Acres. Provo, Utah 1, 152 Salt Lake, Utah 1,140 Salt Lake sandy loam. This type consists of from IS inches to 2 feet of sandy loam soil underlain by a fine sand subsoil, or of feet of loam interstratified with lx>ds or lenses of fine sands, fine sandy loams, or light loams. It occupies level plains and recent lake bottoms. The soil is poorly drained, contains an excess of alkali, and is bare of vegeta- tion. For these reasons it has no present agricultural value. Acr<>8. Bear Kiver. Utah 1,408 \Vel>er County. Utah 49,900 32075-06 13 194 Soil Survey Field Book. Salt Lake loam. The soil consists of 2 to 3J feet of loam, generally containing a large amount of fine sand or silt, usually underlain to a depth of 6 feet or more by a fine sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam subsoil. It occupies level plains, representing recent lake bottom, is poorly drained, and contains excessive amounts of alkali. The soil is not adapted to agriculture at present, on account of its low-lying posi- tion, imperfect drainage, and high salt content. 1 234567 Soil (2) 1 1 1 10 27 37 25 Subsoil (3) 1 1 20 41 20 12 Acres. Bear River, Utah 6,912 Provo, Utah 3,456 Weber County, Utah 9,603 Salt Lake clay loam. This is a loam containing a relatively large quantity of silt, generally 6 feet or more in depth and becoming some- what heavier in texture and structure in the lower portion of the sec- tion. The type covers large areas of recent lake bottom. The areas are low, level, and poorly drained, and are frequently marked by the presence of meandering sloughs and stream courses. The soil is gen- erally filled with alkali and is of but little agricultural importance, only small areas being devoted to hay and grazing. 1284 567 Soil (6) 1 1 14 20 43 25 Subsoil (5) 5 3 28 12 35 35 Acres. Bear River, Utah 70,656 Salt Lake, Utah 18, 510 MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE UREAT BASIN. Elsinore sand. This type consists of rather coarse sand of light color and porous structure, generally carrying considerable waterworn gravel, extending to a depth of 6 feet or more. It is usually underlain by gravel beds. The type occupies recent stream sediments covering narrow areas in the vicinity of stream channels and is derived from a variety of rock material transported for considerable distances by val- ley streams. The soil is well drained, but is of little agricultural im- portance. Acres. Sevier Valley, Utah 1,900 a Mapped as Jordan clay. Soils of the Intermountain Region. 195 Elsinore fine sandy loam. The soil is a light-colored fine sandy loam 4 feet in depth, underlain by a coarse sand subsoil grading into gravel. The type occupies low, level parts of the Sevier Valley, Utah. It is derived from river-transported material, is poorly drained, and con- tains considerable alkali near the surface. At present the soil is adapted only to salt-grass meadows. 1284 5 G 7 Soil (5) 2 3 15 30 37 12 Subsoil (5) 2 3 4 27 30 25 8 Acres. Sevier Valley, Utah a 7, 800 Weber fine sandy loam, b The soil is rather sticky and heavy fine sandy loam of dark color, usually 6 feet or more in depth. Where less than 6 feet deep, it is generally underlain by a sand or sandy loam sub- soil. The type occurs as extensive areas from the base of mountain slopes to recent lake bottoms, or as low, level, or slightly sloping recent stream delta deposits. In the vicinity of recent lake or lagoon bot- toms it sometimes occurs as small mounds or elevations from a Tew to 20 feet high. The lower lying areas are often poorly drained and filled with alkali. 1234 5 fi 7 Soil (10) 1 2 4 17 X} 25 8 Subsoil (7) 1 1 5 35 28 17 12 Acres. Bear River. Utah 21 ,504 Weber County, Utah 80,400 SOILS OF THK MOKTHWKSTKK.X I\-KKMOl>TAI.\ III i.loV The most extensive and uniform soil types of this region consist of residual materials overlying and derived from extensive basaltic lava plains and in some cases from granitic rocks or of ancient lacustrine sedi- ments or extensive lake beds now more or less modified by erosion or fRoliana gencies. Owing to erosion by streams and to movements of the earth's crust, these soils now generally occupy more or less elevated sloping or rolling plains. About* the margins of the lacustrine or re- sidual deposits they are covered by sloping plains and fans of colluvial wash from the adjacent mountain borders, while in the vicinity of the Mapped as Elsinore sun should have Ixvn mapped us Bingham gravelly loam. 196 Soil Survey Field Book. larger streams, which have carved and terraced the lacustrine beds and residual soils, occur other series of recent alluvial stream sediments derived from reworked materials of the lake beds or from the weath- ered products of the mountains. It is the soils of this region that con- stitute a large portion of the great grain-producing lands of the North- west. BRIDGER SERIES. The soils constituting this series occur upon mountain foot slopes, lower foothills, high or sloping plains, mesa lands, and alluvial fans or fan deltas, and consist of colluvial mountain waste mixed with stream- delta cone deposits. The higher lying areas are often rough and hilly, marked by rock outcrop, bowlders or glacial morainic debris, and deeply cut by stream channels. The soils are generally treeless or sparsely timbered, except in the vicinity of streams. The members of this series are derived from granitic rocks, gneiss, basaltic, andesitic, or other vol- canic rocks, with an admixture of materials derived from sedimentary rocks and occupy small, irregular to broad extensive areas. The soils are generally of dark color, and are underlain by sticky subsoils of light- gray or yellow color. The soils and subsoils are generally gravelly, the gravel varying from fine angular chips to large, well-rounded or angular blocks and cobbles. The soils are dry farmed to grains or, when not occupying too high a position, are irrigated and devoted to grains, alfalfa, clover, and fruits. Bridger gravelly loam. This consists of a rather fine sandy loam or loam from 1 to 3 feet deep, carrying an appreciable amount of coarse, sandy material composed of fine angular rock fragments, giving it a somewhat loose porous structure. The soil is generally underlain by a sticky, compact subsoil of fine texture and lighter color, although in the vicinity of canyon streams it is sometimes underlain by gravel and bowlders. The type occurs as small local to broad extensive areas cov- ering mountain foot slopes and alluvial cones and fans. The surface is frequently dissected by minor streams, broken by rock outcrop, or marked by glacial debris and bowlders. The soil and subsoil are gener- ally gravelly, the gravel consisting of angular to partially rounded frag- ments. The soil is well drained and free from alkali, but is generally somewhat deficient in organic matter. It is dry farmed to grains and when irrigated produces grain, alfalfa, and fruits. Acres. Baker City, Oreg a 17, 216 Gallatin Valley, Mont 12,544 "Mapped as Maricopa gravelly loam. Soils of the Jhtermountain Region. 197 Bridger loam." This type consists of a loam, sometimes approaching a fine sandy loam of rather loose porous structure, from 12 to 24 inches deep, underlain by a gritty subsoil of lighter color, compact structure, and heavy texture. Fine angular gravel frequently occurs. In the subsoil this is sometimes cemented together with a calcareous material, forming a hardpan. The type occurs upon mesa lands and lower foot slopes and is well drained and free from alkali. Under irrigation it is adapted to the production of alfalfa, clover, timothy, grains, and fruits. 1 '1 34 5 6 7 Soil (3) 2 5 3 12 17 50 12 Subsoil (3) 4 9 5 1.5 15 38 15 Acres. Baker City, Oreg 30,784 Bridger clay loam. The soil is a dark -colored to black tenacious clay loam from 1 to 3 feet in depth, of a fine silty texture, and frequently of compact, adobelike structure, usually carrying considerable fine angu- lar gravel. The subsoil is a tenacious silty clay loam of light-yellow to gray color, frequently carrying large amounts of lime. The type occurs as irregular areas covering parts of sloping terraces adjacent to moun- tain ranges, foothills, and foot slopes. The soil is generally retentive of moisture, and is productive either when dry farmed or irrigated. l _' 3 4 :. 7 Soil (1) 2 1 4 10 58 26 Subsoil (2) 1 2 1 4 11 50 32 Ac-res. Gallatin Valley, Mont 1, 472 YAKIMA SEKIKS. The memlx'rs of this series consist of ancient lake sediments, with an admixture of volcanic dust or of residual soils of fine texture or a mix- ture of both. The materials have lx>en derived mainly from basaltic and andesitic or granitic rocks. The soils occur upon mountain foot slopes, elevated lava plateaus, table-lands, ridges, or rolling hills, with intervening depressions, sloping valley plains, and elevated stream ter- races. The higher areas are often rough and broken and are marked by rock outcrop and forest growth. The lower lying areas are generally gently sloping or undulating, dissected by minor stream channels, and < M;i|'|>i-i| us Marirojia sanity loam. 198 Soil Survey Field Book, marked by bind and terrace lines usually strewn with waterworn gravel. The soils of this series generally occur as extensive areas. Both soils and subsoils are of a light-gray to light-brown or buff color, usually porous structure, and ashy texture from a few to many feet in depth. A thin layer of compact adobelike structure sometimes occurs in the subsoils, which are underlain by parent rock or by gravel beds occurring at considerable depths. The soils usually erode rapidly under the influence of streams or irrigation. The subsoils are frequently marked by the presence of pockets of volcanic ash and are friable and easily cultivated. The soils are well drained and productive and are extensively cultivated to grains, hay, hops, and vegetables. Yakima stony loam. This type consists of basaltic ledges, bowlders, and gravel outcrops generally in too great quantity to permit of culti- vation. The space between the bowlders is occupied by small patches of Yakima sandy loam. The type occurs on hillsides and plateaus in valleys and is well drained and free from alkali. The bowlders are sometimes removed and the soil cultivated. Acres. Yakima, Wash 8,960 Yakima sand. This type consists of a gray to dark-gray sand of medium texture, usually 1 to 6 feet or more in depth, underlain by a sandy loam of the same composition as the Yakima fine sandy loam. The type occurs in extensive bodies, occupying ridges, hillocks, and dunes, with intervening narrow depressions. The soil is frequently drifted badly by winds. It is well drained and free from alkali. The type is derived mainly from basaltic rocks, the finer material having been removed by winds. It is difficult to cultivate on account of its high position, porous structure, and driftin . 1 2 4 5 6 7 Soil (1) 1 18 23 39 12 4 3 Acres. Blackfoot, Idaho 31,104 Yakima fine sand.a This is a fine sand of loose porous structure, from a few inches to several feet in depth. It is similar to the Yakima sand in color, topographic position, origin, and mode of formation, but is generally somewhat less drifted. The soil is well drained, free from alkali, and when capable of irrigation and cultiva- tion is adapted to tree fruits, truck crops, berries, alfalfa, and clover. o See also Gallatin fine sandy loam, p. 202. Soils of the Intermountain Peg ion. 199 1 2 S 4 5 67 Soil (3) 1 2 45 28 15 4 Subsoil (2) 1 1 2 19 50 21 5 Acres. Boise, Idaho 17, 430 Yakima, Wash 620,660 Takima fine sandy loam, c This consists of a gray fine sandy loam of a light friable structure from a few inches to many feet in depth. Alternating strata of fine sand and fine sandy loam, with occasional gravel, often occur throughout the lower portion of the soil section. Where the soil is shallow it is directly underlain by basaltic rock. Strata of volcanic ash frequently occur at varying depths throughout the soil section as beds from a few inches to 2 feet in thickness. The type generally occurs as extensive bodies covering ridges or hilltops, elevated slopes, and valley plains. On account of its friable, porous structure it is easily washed by streams. The type consists primarily of preglacial lake sediments, the surface often being strewn with glacial gravel and bowlders. The soil is well drained and free from alkali, except where subject to seepage from more elevated lands, and is adapted to hops, alfalfa, clover, timothy, fruits, and cereals. 1 2 8 4 S 6 7 Soil (2) 2 4 5 14 29 39 7 Subsoil (5) 1 2 4 11 29 42 7 Acres. Yakima, Wash <* 149,580 Yakima loam, t The soil consists of a light loam of fine silty texture and porous structure, approaching a fine sandy loam in field properties, of a light-brown to bufT or gray color, generally extending to a depth of from 2 to 4 feet. The subsoil is a yellow to light-brown rather compact loam in residual areas, grading into decomposing crystalline rocks. Rock fragments are encountered in both soil and subsoil. The type consists mainly of residual or colluvial material derived from granitic or basaltic rocks, covering rough hills or gently sloping foot slopes and plains. The higher lying bodies are often forested Mapped as Snake Hiver sand. ' Mapped as Sunnyside sand. 'See also Columbia silt loam. p. 20ii, and Yakima silt loam p. 200. d Mapped as Yakima sandy loam < Mapped as Yakima sandy loam. See HisoCiiiiatin toani p 203. 200 Soil Survey Field Bool'. and little cultivated, owing to the rough character of the surface. The soil is well drained and free from alkali, and where capable of cultivation is well adapted to alfalfa, timothy, clover, and grains. 1 2 4 5 7 Soil (3) 2 5 4 12 12 49 13 Subsoil (2) 1 1 2 11 ir> 62 9 Acres. Baker City, Oreg 10,810 Lewiston, Idaho 6,208 Yakima silt loam. This type consists of a hud' to light-brown silt loam, 6 feet deep, often containing a layer of brown silt loam of compact adobelikc structure from a few to 10 inches in thickness. This compact stratum erodes less easily than the overlying soil or the subsoil, hut offers little hindrance to cultivation or root penetration. Upon the steeper slopes the soil is often of somewhat lighter color and looser structure than over the more nearly level bodies. The soil is some- times of a somewhat compact structure with slight puddling tendencies, but is generally friable under ordinary cultivation. It is underlain gen- erally by a friable and often distinctly porous, and ashy subsoil of yel- low, light-gray, or buiT color and fine silty texture, frequently rich in lime and containing small pockets of volcanic ash. The type usually occurs as extensive bodies covering rolling hills and intervening narrow valleys, mounds, ridges, or elevated sloping treeless plains and mesa lands fre- quently deeply dissected by intermittent streams. The material con- sists of ancient lake deposits, derived mainly from basaltic and other volcanic rocks partially reworked or modified by subsequent stream wash, or in certain cases derived from deep weathering of basaltic or crystalline rocks in place. The surface is frequently marked by bluff or terrace lines, which are usually thickly strewn with waterworn gravel. The soil is deficient in organic matter, but is usually well drained, free from alkali, and productive, being devoted mainly to grains, alfalfa, and clover. 123450 7 Soil (9) 3 18 70 9 Subsoil (7) 2 9 7 10 Acres. Gallatin Valley, Mont 53, 824 Lewiston, Idaho ft 172, 992 Walla Walla, Wash ^64, 896 a See also Gallatin silt loam, p 203. 6 Mapped as Yakima fine sandy loarn. < Mapped as Yakima sandy loam. Soils of the Inter mountain Region. 201 GALLATIN SERIES. The Gallatin series occupies lower, nearly level, or slightly sloping stream terraces or alluvial river valley plains adjacent to stream chan- nels. The soils of this series are formed by recent flood-plain deposits with an admixture of reworked lake sediments. They are underlain by beds of gravel and cobbles, usually at a depth of from a few inches to a few feet, sometimes partially cemented by lime. The areas are often marked by shallow beds or channels of meandering streams, and are frequently timbered or covered with willow or brush thickets in the vicinity of streams. The members of this series are derived mainly from basaltic, andesitic or other volcanic rocks, with an admixture of material derived from granites, gneiss, sedimentary, or altered sedimen- tary rocks. They usually occur as small irregular to broad extensive areas. The lighter members are of a light-gray color and porous struc- ture, and arc usually gravelly, the gravel consisting of well-rounded peb- bles. The heavier members are brown to black in color, compact in structure, usually poorly drained, are sticky when wet, and have a ten- dency to puddle. The areas are often subject to overflow. The soils are underlain by light-gray or yellowish ashy to dark compact subsoils with frequent occurrences of a compact adobelike structure. They are generally rich -in organic matter and of a mucky consistency, except in the lighter, higher lying members. The soils sometimes contain alkali, and are generally devoted to hay, grains, vegetables, and pasture. Gallatin gravelly loam. The soil is a rather compact, moderately heavy, and sticky loam of dark-gray to dark-brown color, varving from a few inches to 3 foot in depth and carrying a large amount of flat- tened or rounded gravel, chiefly of basaltic or other volcanic rocks, from a fraction of an inch in diameter to the si/.e of cobbles. The sur- face is often, but not always, strewn with cobbles and gravel. The soil is underlain by a sticky, gravelly loam of fine texture and light- gray color, grading to gravel l>cds, or frequently underlain directly by Ix-ds of river sands and reworked pebbles and cobbles often partially cemented by lime. The tvpc generally occurs as extensive areas cov- ering nearly level or slightly sloping stream flood plains or valley l>ot- toms skirting stream channels. The surface is broken only by shallow stream channels or minor stream-formed terraces and is frequently cov- ered by heavy thickets of willow and light timber. The soil is well drained, except in the level areas, which an- subject to overflow.' Tho 202 Soil Survey Field Book. type is formed by a mixing of recent stream alluvium with original gravel sheets underlying lake beds. The soil is frequently too shallow and gravelly to admit of profitable cultivation, but the favorably situ- ated areas are adapted to grains and hay. 183456 7 Soil (2) 3 6 6 16 19 42 9 Acres. Oallatin Valley, Mont 32,576 Walla Walla, Wash 10, 048 Oallatin fine sandy loam. This type consists of a light-brown to light-gray fine sandy loam, rather light jn texture, grading toward a fine sand. The soil has a loose, friable structure to a depth of from 1 to 6 feet, and is usually underlain by a gray or light-colored fine sandy or silty subsoil, often containing small well-rounded gravel which grades into beds of river sands and gravel. The sand and gravel beds sometimes underlie the soil directly. The type occurs in small, irregu- lar to broad, extensive areas, covering valley plains and low, nearly level to slightly elevated and sloping stream terraces. The surface is generally smooth, except in the vicinity of bluff or terrace lines or where cut by stream channels, and is treeless. The soil is often strewn with waterworn gravel or slightly drifted by winds. It is seldom subject to overflow, and is generally well drained and free from alkali, except when subject to seepage from more elevated soils. Stream sediments are sometimes mingled with the earlier lake deposits. The soil is often somewhat deficient in organic matter. Under irrigation it is adapted to trees and small fruLs, truck crops, grains, alfalfa, and clover. 1 2346 Soil (4) 2 5 26 30 Subsoil (4) 1 6 7 28 20 Acres. Boise, Idaho f> 33, 100 Gallatin Valley, Mont 6, 464 Lewiston, Idaho c 2, 112 a. Mapped as Yakima gravelly loam. 6 Mapped as Caldwell sandy loam, c Mapped as Yakima fine sand. Soils of the Intermountain Region. 203 Gallatin loam. a This type consists of a dark-gray or brown to dark- brown or nearly black loam, from 3 to 6 feet deep, of a fine silty texture and friable under cultivation. The soil is underlain by a gravelly loam or waterworn gravel or by a gray or yellow sticky loam grading into gravelly loam or river gravel. The lighter phases are frequently of porous structure and ashy texture. The type occupies extensive areas covering low-lying plains or terraces and stream flood plains, and is subject to overflow and sometimes poorly drained. Both soil and sub- soil are sometimes marked by pockets of volcanic ash. The type is composed of recent stream alluvium with an admixture of older degraded lacustrine material. The soil is generally rich in organic matter, and in the poorly drained districts is sometimes filled with alkali. Where cultivated it is adapted to vegetables, hay, and grain. . 1 234 567 Soil (6) 2 2 13 24 13 16 Subsoil (6) 2 4 3 15 20 39 19 Acres. Baker City, Oreg 29,760 Blackfoot, Idaho . . t 241, 216 Walla Walla Wash 3,392 Gallatin silt loam. The soil of this type is a dark-gray or brown to black heavy sticky silt loam, sometimes containing gravel. It has rather a compact structure, but is generally friable under cultivation. The soil is from 10 to 36 inches deep, and is underlain by a dark-gray or black to light-colored heavy, sticky silty loam, generally of rather compact adobelike structure, which usually extends to a depth of 6 feet or more, and is in turn underlain by rounded river gravels. The type occupies small to extensive areas covering nearly level valley depres- sions, river flood plains, and stream bottoms. The areas are often marked by willow thickets or small timber and are cut by meandering stream channels. The soil is often subject to overflow, is usually jM)orlv drained, and sometimes contains alkali. The type is composed of stream sediments derived from rocks of adjacent mountains and by degradation and reworking of earlier lake beds. The soil is generally rich in organic matter and is frequently of a somewhat mucky consist- ency. It is devoted to pasture, hay, grains, vegetables, and forage crops. Maj)|K>t in depth. When poorly drained a refractory, adobelikc structure pre- vails and small puddled and Imrreu spots occur. The subsoil consists of a dark-brown, sticky silty loam or clay loam of adolx-like structure, underlain at 3 feet by stream gravel or by a light-yellow to light -grav silt loam of ashy texture. Medium fine to coarse rounded gravel and cobbles frequently occur in Imth soil and subsoil. The type cx-curs as a M .1 1'|>. < I as Hoist- sandy loum. Soil (2) 1 . a 1 :t 1 Subsoil (4) . 5 8 4 Boise. Idaho. 206 Soil Survey Field Book. irregular and extensive areas upon treeless foot-slopes and elevated sloping plains and sloping to nearly level valley plains. The lower lying bodies are somewhat deficient in drainage and sometimes contain alkali. The type has been formed by a partial degradation of ancient lake sediments modified by an admixture of alluvial material derived from adjacent mountains and valley borders. 1284 5 6 7 Soil (1) 1 1 1 8 72 18 Subsoil (1) 1 1 2 9 (19 17 Lower subsoil (1) 1 1 2 14 64 19 Acres. Gallatin Valley, Montana 76,608 Columbia silt loam. This is a light-gray silt loam of a friable ashy texture, resembling in field properties a fine sandy loam. The soil is usually 6 feet or more in depth, and sometimes contains hardpan in the lower part of the section. The type occupies extensive bodies covering rolling hills with intervening valleys and is usually but not always well drained. It is composed of ancient lake sediments modi- fied by an admixture of fine volcanic material. It sometimes contains alkali in low, poorly drained sections. The soil is generally devoted to grains. 123456 7 Soil (5) 1 1 6 16 67 8 Acres. Walla Walla, Wash a 26, 688 Walla Walla silt loam This type consists of a very sticky brown or black silt loam or loam to a depth of 3 feet, underlain by a sandy loam similar to the subsoil of the Yakima sandy loam. In places the sub- soil from 3 to 6 feet is a sticky yellow plastic sandy loam, but in most cases below 3 feet the soil is a sandy loam. The, type occupies very high, steep hills. It is well adapted to wheat and barley, giving very large yields of both. 1234567 Soil (3) 3 13 70 14 Subsoil (3) 2 1 3 15 67 11 Acres. Walla Walla, Wash &23.360 o Mapped as Yakima fine sandy loam. f> Mapped as Walla Walla loam. Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 207 SOILS OF THE BOt'KY MOUNTAIN 1 VALLEYS, PLATEAUS, AND PLAINS. The soils of the Rocky Mountain valleys, plateaus, and plains are derived from a wide range of igneous, eruptive, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The plateau and plain types occupy a more or less elevated position and have sloping, undulating, or irregular surface features. They are derived from underlying sedimentary rocks, or con- sist of the remnants of ancient extensive mountain foot-slope material, or of alluvial deposits along streams trenching and terrac ng the sedi- mentary rocks of the plateaus and plains. The mountain slope and intermountain valley types consist of residual and colluvial deposits, or of ancient lacustrine or later stream sediments, occupying mountain foot slopes and narrow valleys. The soils of the mountain slopes are usually of little agricultural value, owing to their rough surface, elevated position, and the conse- quent impracticability of irrigation. Those of the plateaus, valleys, and plains vary widely in economic importance, depending largely upon climatic features, topographic position, and water supply for irrigation. The} 7 range from grazing lands of nominal value to soils adapted to the most important and intensively cultivated fruit, melon, sugar beet, and other special crops. LARAMIE SERIES. The Laramie series occurs upon mountain foot slopes and high, broken, sloping or undulating plains. The surface is often gravelly or strewn with cobbles or bowlders, and is frequently cut by intermittent stream channels or marked by rock outcrop. Depressions or basins of intermittent lakes frequently occur. The soils consist of colluvial mountain waste modified by alluvial stream wash or glacial debris, and are derived from granitic rocks, gneiss, schist, quartzites, etc., with an admixture of material from sedimentary rocks. They occur as exten- sive areas of dark-colored soils, generally underlain by light-colored gravelly subsoils, and are well drained and free from alkali except for local poorly drained depressions. Laramie gravelly loam. The soil is a sandy loam of loose porous structure containing considerable coarse material and carrying a large quantity of rather small or medium gravel. It is usually from 2 to 3 feet in depth, of a yellowish or dark-gray color, and is underlain to (> feet or more by light sandy loams, sand, and gravel. The subsoil con- sists largely of torrential stream deposits, the gravel ranging in size 208 Soil Survey Field Book. from small pebbles to bowlders, and resting upon sedimentary rocks. The type occupies elevated, nearly level to broken and hilly plains. It is well drained and free from alkali, but owing to its porous structure and topographic position it is of but little agricultural value save for grazing. Acres. Laramie, Wyo 19,200 Laramie sandy loam. The soil consists of a coarse sandy loam 2 to 6 feet deep, and is underlain by sand and gravel. Some gravel, gen- erally quart/., sandstone, and limestone, occurs scattered through the surface soil. The type occupies uplands and is of colluvial origin. It is well adapted to general farm crops. Wheat yields from 20 to 30 bushels, oats from 30 to 50 bushels, potatoes from 100 to 175 bushels, and alfalfa about 4 tons per acre. 4567 20 16 11 26 21 12 16 27 Acres. .. 86,272 COLORADO SERIES. The soils of the Colorado series consist of colluvial and alluvial mate- rial of ancient mountain foot slopes, more or less modified by or mingled with recent alluvial wash and with residual material derived from under- lying sandstones, limestones or shales. They occupy elevated undulat- ing prairies or treeless plains, marked by occasional low, rounded ridges or hills, deep, narrow arroyos, or broad, gently sloping valleys. In eroded districts bluflf or terrace lines, strewn with waterworn pebbles, and out- cropping ledges of sedimentary rocks are frequent. The smaller stream valleys are often subject to overflow, and the uplands are frequently marked by depressions or local drainage basins. The transported material is derived largely from granitic and allied rocks of the Rocky Mountains. The soils and subsoils are generally of light-gray to reddish-brown or light-brown color, and frequently occur as extensive areas. They are generally productive under irrigation, but sometimes poorly drained and alkaline in depressions when subject to seepage from higher elevations. Soil (2) . . 1 6 2 12 8 9 Subsoil (3) 4 11 9 Laramie. Wvo. . . Soils of tfie Rocky Mountain Region. 209 Colorado gravelly loam. The soil of this type consists of a gray to dark-colored heavy fine sandy loam or loam of fine silty texture, gen- erally 6 feet or more in depth and including considerable gravel. The gravel consists of fragments of granite, shale, or sandstone ranging in size from small fragments to 5 or 6 inches in diameter and increasing in quantity as the base of the mountains is approached. The soil erodes easily, and in arroyos or cuts the subsoil often exhibits a compact, adobelike structure. The type occurs along mountain foot slopes and is formed largely of colluvial material. It is frequently found as pronounced hills and ridges and is well drained and free from alkali. It usually occu- pies elevations above the limits of irrigation. 123456 7 Soil (1) 2 3 2 10 10 51 10 Acres. Greeley, Colo 33,408 Colorado sand. The soil is a medium to rather fine sand of generally loose-porous structure, and often of wind-blown drifting surface, but sometimes sticky and compact , owing to more complete weathering. It is light-gray to yellowish or reddish-brown in color and generally 6 feet or more in depth, although sometimes less about margins of areas where it is blown over adjacent soil types. The soil is usually, but not always, free from gravel or rock outcrop. It carries a large proportion of micaceous and feldspathic material. The type occurs on sloping or rolling plains and dome-like elevations and ridges. It consists mainly of ancient stream borne material deposited in extensive foot slopes and derived from the harder rocks of the Rocky Mountains, with the addition in places of recent stream-borne and wind-drifted material and of residual material from underlying sandstone. It is well drained and free from alkali. It is adapted to fruit and truck crops when not too loose and l.-achy, but generally lies al>ove the limits of irrigation. 1 _ :t 4 5 (i ; Sou (7i i '. n; : ->-' c, 7 Subsoil (4) 1 7 13 :<4 'JJ 1J II Acres. Garden City, Runs 10,944 Grit-Icy, Colo IH.tlSS Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo, a 109..S88 Of this, !'>,|-'l as Fresno sund and 14,208 as Maricopu sund. :i2075 (Hi 14 210 Soil Survey Field Book. Colorado sandy loam. The soil is a reddish or yellowish-brown sandy loam of medium to fine texture and rather compact structure, but friable under cultivation. It is usually from 1 to 3 feet in depth and is underlain by a compact, sticky reddish-brown or yellowish-brown sub- soil of adobe structure and of loam or sandy loam texture. The tex- ture and structure of the type is, however, subject to considerable variation, being modified in some areas by wash from adjacent soils. It occurs typically on the slopes of the Great Plains or similar prairie or plateaulike regions. It is frequently marked by gravel-strewn bluff or terrace lines and outcropping ledges of shales, sandstones, or lime- stones. The soil often carries a small quantity of small gravel. The type comes from ancient foot-slope material derived largely from granitic rocks modified by later stream erosion, alluvial deposition, and by residual and wind-blown material. Usually well drained, free from alkali, easily cultivated, retentive of moisture, and adapted to alfalfa, melons, sugar beets, fruit, and vegetables when favorably situated and capable of irrigation. 1234 567 Soil (8) 1 8 12 22 24 22 11 Subsoil (7) 1 6 8 18 19 27 21 Acres. Russell, Kans o 24, 064 Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo.. 6156,096 Wichita, Kans o3,136 Colorado fine sandy loam. This type consists of from 2 to 4 feet of a light to dark brown fine sandy loam of friable structure, underlain by a heavy fine sandy loam or loam frequently carrying a stratum of material of compact structure and slightly heavier texture. This soil occurs as extensive areas covering rough and hilly to gently undulating elevated plains, cut by deep, narrow valleys formed by intermittent streams and frequently marked by local swampy depressions or closed drainage basins. Formed largely by residual material derived from underlying shales, shaly sandstone, and sandstone. The type is sometimes gravelly, generally well drained, and free from alkali, except in local depressions. Under irrigation adapted to grains, alfalfa, potatoes, and sugar beets. 1234567 Soil (2) 1 2 2 20 35 29 11 Acres. Greeley, Colo 190,480 a Mapped as Sedgwick sandy loam. t> Mapped as Maricopa sandy loam. Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 211 Colorado loam. A loam of rather fine silty texture and usually red dish-brown color, extending to a depth of 6 feet or more, but frequently marked by a compact adobelike stratum of several inches thickness occurring below the first 6 inches or underlain at the depth of 1 to 2 feet by a tough reddish sandy clay of compact adobe structure. This is underlain by Tertiary deposits or by sedimentary rocks. It is some- times gravelly, the gravel consisting of angular fragments of sandstone and shale. This type of soil occurs both in small and extensive areas in elevated treeless plains of gently rolling or rather hilly topography. The higher elevations are rounded and often broken by outcropping sedi- mentary rocks. In more elevated districts the surface is dissected by narrow valleys and deep perpendicular-sided arroyos or marked by local drainage depressions. It is derived from underlying unconsolidated Tertiary deposits or consists of residual material from shales, sand- stones, and limestones. It is usually well drained and free from alkali, except in local depressions, and is well adapted to alfalfa, sugar beets, small fruits, and ordinary farm crops. 1234567 Soil (6) 2 3 9 20 50 15 Subsoil (4) 1 3 4 9 19 50 14 Acres. Oroeley, Colo , , 78,784 Wichita, Kans a 47,040 Colorado clay loam. The soil is a tenacious clay loam of dark red- dish-brown color and compact adobelike structure, generally 6 feet or more in depth. The type occurs in depressions and over lower slopes of local closed drainage basins of elevated treeless plains. It consists of finer Tertiary foot-slope deposits, modified by further weathering and allu- vial wash or sedimentation. Gypsum frequently occurs as small flakes or granules. The surface is nearly level and unmarked by terrace or blulF lines, gravel, or rock outcrop. The soil is generally poorly drained and charged with alkali. 1 2 :{ 4 507 8oil(l) 4 II 1.' '.I 3S 31 Subsoil (1) 1179 53 ) Acres. Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. & K32 a Mapped as Sedgwick loam. 6 Mapped us Mitrifopu cliiy loiun. 212 Soil Survey Field Book. Colorado loam adobe. This is a soil of marked, compact adobe struc- ture, checking into cubical blocks upon exposure, but breaking up into a loam when cultivated in a favorable moisture condition. It grades from a fine sandy loam to a heavy loam in texture, is of a yellowish or reddish- brown to dark-brown or dark-gray color, is usually 6 feet or more in depth, and is underlain by Tertiary foot-slope deposits or by sand- stones, limestones, and shales. The type occurs upon hilly to lower gently undulating slopes, in local drainage depressions, and in narrow areas bordering arroyos, and is usually without gravel. It is derived from underlying Tertiary deposits and sedimentary rocks, modified by alluvial washings from higher slopes and by wind-blown material. Gyp- sum and lime are frequently found in large quantities. The soil is reten- tive of moisture and is adapted to alfalfa and grains when capable of irri- gation. It is not damaged by accumulation of seepage waters or alkali from irrigation of higher lying lands. 12 34567 Soil (4) 1 3 18 23 37 18 - Subsoil (4) 1 2 19 21 29 27 Acres. Greeley, Colo....' 5,632 Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. . & 37,284 BILLINGS SERIES. The soils of the Billings series consist of ancient stream-deposited material, with an admixture of residual and colluvial material de- rived from shales, sandstones, or adjacent soil bodies. They occur in old, elevated stream terraces, stream flood plains, and in sloping val- ley plains or as second bottoms of stream valleys carved from the sedimentary rocks of elevated plains and plateaus. The surface is frequently cut by arroyos or intermittent stream channels. The soils often cover extensive areas and are prevailingly of dark or nearly black color, and frequently of compact, sticky, adobelike structure. In depressions or along lower slopes subject to seepage from irrigation from more elevated soil bodies they are frequently poorly drained and filled with alkali. When properly drained and cultivated they are valuable and productive soils. a Mapped as Colorado adobe. & Mapped as Maricopa sandy adobe. Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 213 Billings gravelly loam. The soil is a loam from to 18 inches deep and is underlain by a loam or light clay loam 3 feet deep, beneath which is found waterworn gravel. Both the soil and subsoil contain gravel. Th*e type is found in terraces which were formerly river banks and is free from alkali and well drained. Where occurring on plateaus the soil is well adapted to grain and alfalfa. 1234567 Soil (2) 1 3 4 12 20 36 26 Acres. Billings, Mont 11,776 Billings fine sandy loam. The soil is a light-gray to brown fine sandy loam, about 1 foot in depth, and is underlain by light-colored fine sandy loam, sands, or gravel, often imperfectly stratified. The soil sometimes extends to a depth of 6 feet or more with but little change in texture or structure. It has a somewhat compact structure, but is friable under cultivation. The type occurs upon gently sloping valley plains in the vicinity of bluff lines or rock outcrop, and is often cut by arroyos or gullies with perpendicular walls. It consists of old alluvial deposits modified by colluvial and alluvial wash from adja- cent sandstone and shale material and from more elevated soil bodjes. It is generally well drained and free from alkali, and is adapted to alfalfa, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables, and general farm crops. 1234567 Soil (2) 1 1 21 36 27 16 Subsoil (2) 1 41 34 13 11 Acres. Billings, Mont " 13,568 Grand Junction, Colo 26,944 Billings loam.'' The Billings loam varies widely in texture and in character of subsoil, but consists in general of a reddish-brown to dark- gray or nearly black loam, which is underlain by sand or sandy loam or loam of lighter color. Fine gravel frequently occurs in both soil and subsoil. The type usually occurs as rather narrow bodies occu- pying nearly level valley slopes, and is frequently marked by the presence of stream channels or swampy depressions. It consists of alluvial and colluvial wash from shales, limestones, and more elevated o Mapped its Billings sandy loam. ' Srf also Billings clay loam. p. 214. 214 Soil Survey Field Book. soil bodies, nv'ngled with older alluvial deposits. Where well drained and free from alkali it is adapted to sugar beets and general farm crops. 1234567 Soil (2) 1 2 3 16 20 32 26 Acres. Grecley, Colo 41 .984 Billings silt loam. The soil is a light-gray to dark-brown silt loam, generally 3 feet or more in depth, and is underlain by lighter or heavier subsoils, varying from sands to clays, which in turn are sometimes underlain by gravel. The soil is usually of compact adobelike struc- ture, is very sticky when wet, puddles readily, and bakes and checks upon exposure, but is generally friable under proper cultivation. The type occurs as a second bottom soil along lower valley plains and adja- cent to recent stream deposits. The surface is level except for minor terrace lines, arroyos, or other old or intermittent stream channels. The lower lying bodies are often poorly drained and contain alkali, but otherwise the soil is well adapted to sugar beets, grains, and alfalfa. 1234567 fc Soil (2) 4 11 57 28 Acres. Grand Junction, Colo 5, 632 Greeley. Colo 4,032 Billings clay loam. The soil is a gray to dark-brown or black plastic clay loam from 1 to 6 feet in depth, of heavy compact structure, some- what given to puddling when wet and baking upon exposure. Where less than 6 feet in depth it is underlain by clay and occasionally in the lower part of the section by coarse sandy loam, loam, or gravel. The subsoil is generally of dark-gray to black color. The type usually occurs upon old stream-formed terraces and low, nearly level valley plains, and is frequently marked by the presence of slough or stream channels, gullies, or swampy depressions. Small gravelly ridges some- times occur in the vicinity of stream channels. It consists largely of shale and sandstone material and is formed by old stream deposits and by colluvial wash from bluffs and higher lying soil bodies. With the exception of poorly drained and alkali-impregnated depressions and lower slopes the soil is well adapted to alfalfa, grains, and vegetables, and sometimes to fruits. Soils of the Rocky Mountain Region. 215 1234567 SoU (4) 1 1 9 14 42 33 Subsoil (3) 1 1 14 21 36 26 Acres. Billings. Mont "14, 144 Grand Junction, Colo 3,328 Greeley, Colo 12,800 Billings clay. The soil is a yellowish-gray to black clay, generally extending to a depth of 6 feet or more, but is sometimes underlain at less than 6 feet by strata of dark-gray to black clay loam or loam, or by sand and gravel. It is generally of compact, refractory, adobelike structure, puddles readily, bakes and checks upon exposure, and is of an impervious nature and very tenacious when wet. The type occurs upon old stream terraces and lower valley plains and in depressions marking swampy areas or former lagoons or slough beds. It has generally a nearly level or only slightly sloping surface, and is unmarked by gravel, except in the vicinity of upland bluff lines, where fragments of shales or sandstone may occur. The soil is usually rich in organic matter and is often poorly drained and alkaline. In origin and mode of formation it is similar to the Billings clay loam. It is generally best adapted to pas- turage, hay, grains, and sugar beets. 1234567 Soil (5) 5 8 40 47 Subsoil (5) 1 6 9 41 43 Acres. Billings, Mont 17.088 Grand Junction, Colo... . 1,664 Acres. La ramie, Wyo 16, 064 Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo .. *4,096 FRUITA SERIES. The soils of the Fruita series are similar in origin, mode of formation, and topographic features to those of the Billings and the Mesa series. They are usually of a reddish-brown color, somewhat compact struc- ture, though friable under cultivation, and in lower depressions are often poorly drained and filled with alkali. Fruita fine sandy loam. The soil is a reddish-brown fine sandy loam, generally 6 feet or more in depth, interstratified with layers of sand and loam. It is of friable, pervious structure, and has a slightly slop- ing or nearly level, smooth surface, sometimes cut by washes formed <> Mii|i|x- Acres. Garden City, Kans 2,240 SOILS OK III! ARID SOITHWKST. The soils of the arid Southwest are mainly of colluvial, alluvial, and lacustrine origin, modified by the addition of recent stream sediments. They occupy mountain foot slopes, alluvial fans, debris aprons, or sloping plains of filled valleys, sloping or nearly level plains.and IxUtoms of stream valleys or sinks and drainage basins. The principal culluvial soils of this region are also common to the Pacific coast. The climate of the arid Southwest is characterized by aemi tropical desert conditions, and where the soils are not capable of irrigation tiiey have little or no present agricultural value. I Mil ' SERIES. The Fndio series occurs in desert valbys, covering sloping valley plains, u|)|)ri valley slopes at the foot of mountain ranges and mountain 224 Soil Survey Field Book. foot slopes. The soils are derived mainly from granitic rocks, mingled with some shale and sandstone material, and are formed by coliuvial and alluvial wash from intermittent or torrential streams, and in cer- tain cases have been deposited in the waters and modified by the shore deposits of ancient lakes or bays. They are generally of light color and porous structure, usually underlain by coarser sands and gravels, and their surface is rough and hilly, scarred by the channels of intermittent streams, or drifted by winds. Indio gravelly loam. The soil is a gravelly loam, about 2 feet deep, and is underlain by clay to a depth of feet or more. In some of the areas the interstitial material becomes quite sandy. The gravel con- sists of agate, quartz, chert, limestone, granite, obsidian, and indurated clay, varying in size from 1 inch to 5 or 6 inches in diameter. The type represents old beach lines or alluvial cones. In the lighter phases the soil contains little alkali, but elsewhere the alkali content is high. The soil is subject in places to destructive erosions by mountain floods, and much of it lies too high or is too rough for cultivation. When irrigable and not too alkaline it is suitable for fruits and vegetables. i a a 4 r> i Soil (1) 2 8 12 39 13 7 16 Subsoil (1) 1 3 3 12 5 25 f,l Acres. Imperial, Cal "43,328 Indio sand. The soil consists of a medium to rather coarse sand c f light-gray color and loose, porous structure, and is composed of slightlv rounded quartz particles, mingled with micaceous and granitic material. It is usually 6 feet or more in depth and is underlain by coarser material of the same character. The type occurs upon sloping valley plains and covers extensive areas of the higher slopes skirting the mountains. The higher bodies are formed mainly by wash from the adjacent mountains, distributed over sloping fans and debris aprons by intermittent streams. The lower lying bodies consist of old beach sands mingled with and modified by alluvial and colluviul mountain wash. The more ele- vated areas are generally gravelly, sometimes strewn with bowlders, and are of rough, broken outline. The soil is well drained and free from alkali, but generally lies above the limits of irrigation, and is therefore of no agricultural value. Acres. Indio, Cal... .. *>50, 112 a Mapped as Imperial gravelly loam. h Mapped as Fresno sand. Soils of the Arid Southwest. 225 Indio fine sand. The soil is a light-gray micaceous sand, usually of loose, friable structure and of fine sandy texture, but sometimes of a rather heavy, loamy nature. It is from 3 to 6 feet in depth and is un- derlain by coarse sand. The type occurs upon lower and intermedi- ate uniformly sloping plains formed by erosion from adjacent mountains. The surface is marked by minor scoriations and wind-formed ridges. With the exception of the lower lying bodies it is well drained and free from alkali and is adapted to grains, sweet potatoes, melons, etc. 1234507 Soil (5) 1 2 19 C5 25 18 Subsoil (2) 1 1 15 35 33 16 Acres. Indio, Cal "30,032 Indio fine sandy loam. This is a fine sandy loam subject to consid- erable variation in texture, of micaceous, porous, friable structure and of slate color. It is from 2J to 5 feet in depth and is underlain by sandy loam or sand. The type covers extensive areas over lower valley plains. It was probably deposited in the waters of an ancien^, bay or an arm of the sea, but has subsequently suffered considerable modification through the erosive and distributing forces of winds and intermittent streams, the surface being now rather rough and badly wind drifted. The soil possesses marked capillary powers and the lower lying bodies are often poorly drained and filled with alkali. 4 5 7 24 40 19 14 24 28 20 10 Acres. OILA SERIES. The Gila series consists of recent stream deposits derived from a va- riety of rocks arid occurs over river flood plains and lower stream-formed terraces. The soils of this series are generally subject to overflow, and are often eroded or modified by torrential floods, cut by stream chan- nels, more or less wind-drifted, and frequently covered with dense thickets of willows, cotton woods, mesquite, canaigre, or other small Soil (4) 1 .. t 1 8 3 Subsoil (4) .. 1 4 Indio. Cul... us Krosiio finr sandy loum. ' Mup|N>d us Krt'siio -.ni'ly loum. 226 Soil Survey Field Book. timber or bushes. They are of light to dark brown color. The, soils of this series are sometimes interstratified with minor layers of heavier sediments and are distinguished from those of the Imperial series by being underlain at varying depths by coarse river sands and gravels. Gila fine sand. This is a rather coarse, porous, incoherent fine sand of yellowish to reddish-brown color, generally from 3 to 6 feet or more in depth, underlain by coarser river sands and gravels or bowlders. The type lies along rivers, by which its materials have been transported. The soil lias been blown about by the winds and the surface is generally covered with dunes. The characteristic vegetation consists of mesquite, willow, canaigre, yucca, and cottonwood. The soil is often calcareous and frequently contains small quantities of alkali, although not enough to injure plants. It is generally well drained and is adapted to truck, fruit, melons, potatoes, root crops, and sometimes alfalfa. 1 "2 ii 4 5 7 Soil (5) 1 5 48 30 11 4 Acres. Pecos Valley, N. Mex "2,810 Salt River Valley, Ariz a 13, 960 Yuma, Ariz *> 14, 272 Gila fine sandy loain.c The soil is a loose, friable, porous fine sandy loam of light-gray to reddish-brown color, from 3 to 6 feet or more in depth, and is underlain by coarser sands and gravels. Layers of heavier sediments sometimes appear in the subsoil. The type occurs as long and narrow to broader bodies covering lower valley plains and stream bottoms. The surface is frequently wind blown, cut by stream chan- nels, and covered with brush or timber growth. The soil possesses high capillary power, and is usually well drained and free from alkali, except upon lower lying bodies subject to stream overflow or seepage from higher elevations. It is generally adapted to alfalfa, truck, and fruit crops. 1234567 Soil (8) 5 32 49 10 Subsoil (3) 1 23 26 33 17 Acres. Salt River Valley, Ariz 18, 578 * Solomonsville, Ariz "6,720 Yuma, Ariz.-Cal d IS, 496 a Mapped as Pecos sand. See also Gila loam, p. 227. fc Mapped as Imperial sand. d Mapped as Imperial sandy loam. Soils of the Arid Southwest. 227 Gila loam. This is a loam approaching in texture a fine to very fine sandy loam. The soil is from 3 to 20 feet deep, and is nearly always underlain by a coarser sand or by river gravel. In some in- stances areas of shallow soil have a stratum of heavier material between the surface covering of fine sandy loam and the underlying sand. It is a valley or bottom typo occurring usually as long, narrow bodies adjacent to streams. The sandy subsoil insures good drainage where there is an outlet for the ground water. The surface is level or slightly ridged by wind drifting and stream erosion, and the soil is composed of sediments deposited by annual flood waters. Some areas of this soil contain small quantities of alkali. It is a good soil for all crops suit- able to the climate, especially for alfalfa. 1284567 Soil (4) 5 34 48 12 Subsoil (1) 2 2 19 31 33 11 Acres. Solomonsville, Ariz 09,000 Yuma, Ariz 638,848 Imperial, Cai "30,784 Oila silt loam. The soil is a gray to brown silt loam containing con- siderable clay, from 12 to ,30 inches deep, and usually underlain by sand, but in rare instances by loam or clay. It is a valley or bottom type occupying low places such as the beds of former river channels, flood plains, or drainage depressions. The soil is composed of sedi- ments deposited by overflow waters. It is often subject to overflow, and sometimes poorly drained and filled with alkali. It is a rich soil, easily cultivated, and is adapted to a variety of crops suitable to the climate. 1884 5 6 7 Soil (7) 2 8 01 28 Subsoil (2) 2 12' 55 23 2 Acres. Yuma, Ariz.'. <-12,G72 n Mapped as Oila fine sandy loam. fc Mapped as Oila fine sandy loam in survey of 1902. Mapped as Imperial fine sandy loam in survey of 1904. 'Mapped as Santiago silt loam in survey of 1902. Mapped as Imperial silt loam in survey of 1904. 228 Soil Survey Field Book. Gila clay loam. The soil is a sticky plastic clay loam of chocolate- brown color, containing considerable organic matter. It is from 3 to 6 feet or more in depth, and is generally underlain by sand, but some- times by minor strata of heavy sediments, which are in turn underlain by sands. It is an extensive type of wide distribution. The surface is generally nearly level and above present stream overflow. The soil is fairly well drained, but is frequently filled with alkali. 1234507 Soil (5) 1 5 14 47 33 Subsoil (2) 1 CO 33 Acres. Yuma, Ariz.-Cal a 24,384 Gila clay, b The soil is a dark-brown to black sticky plastic clay of compact adobelike structure, puddling readily and checking upon exposure. It is from 1 to 3 feet in depth and is underlain by sandy loam, fine sand, or fine sandy loam. The type usually occurs as bodies of level surface, often of small extent, covering flood-plain depressions, slough and lagoon bottoms, and stream beds. It is generally subject to overflow, and frequently poorly drained and filled with alkali. In the Salt River Valley it is probably formed largely from sediments of prehistoric irrigation with muddy water. 1234567 Soil (6) 1 2 7 21 33 31 Subsoil (4) 1 29 29 19 18 Acres. Salt River Valley, Ariz 13,655 Yuma, Ariz.-Cal 4,096 IMPERIAL SERIES. The Imperial series consists of old marine or lacustrine sediment's more or less covered or modified by subsequent river overflow deposits. The soil types of this series are derived from a variety of rocks and usually occur as extensive bodies covering low, level, or slightly sloping valley floors. Unlike the soils of the Gila series they are underlain to great depths by heavy sediments of close and more or less impervious nature. The surface is sometimes marked by bluff or shore lines, slough or other stream channels, and is usually considerably modified < Mapped as Imperial loam. >> Mapped as Salt River adobe. Soils of the Arid Southwest. 229 by wind drifting. The soils are generally of light or reddish color, and in the heavier members are frequently poorly drained and filled with alkali. Imperial sand. a The soil consists of medium to rather fine sand about 5 feet deep and is generally underlain by loam or clay. The soil is generally well drained and free from harmful quantities of alkali, but the loam or clay subsoil contains alkali in excess, which will rise to the surface should excessive irrigation be practiced. The soil is adapted to any of the crops suited to the climate. 128456 7 Soil (1) ' 18 22 34 24 02 Subsoil (1) 1 55 32 5 8 Acres. Imperial, Cal 1,792 Imperial sandy loam.'' The soil is a fine-grained sandy loam 3 feet deep and is underlain by clay or loam. The type has been formed of the coarsest sediments carried by the Colorado River. The surface is irregular and covered with dunes. Where free from excessive alkali the soil is adapted to any crop suited to the southern arid regions. 1 2 8 4 5 7 Soil (4) 12 30 36 22 Subsoil (4) 8 22 45 20 Acres. Imperial, Cal 126,656 Imperial clay loam. The soil consists of a fine-grained sticky clay loam with an average depth of 5 feet, and is underlain by clay or clay loam. The soil is very productive, but frequently contains an excess of alkali salts. Drainage of this soil is costly and difficult on account of its close structure. When free from alkali it is adapted to most of the crops suited to the climate, but as it is likely to pack, annual or cultivated crops will prove most profiable. Acres. Imperial, Cal . . .' 341 ,056 Imperial clay. This is a heavy clay soil with a depth of 6 feet or more. The surface is usually level, though in places small dunes are seen. It is derived from deposition of the finest river sediment. When a See also (iilu fine sand, p. 220. > So> also (lila fine sandy I on in, p.226. Mapped u.s Imperial loam. 230 Soil Survey Field Book. dry and in its natural state, it exists in hard cakes and lumps. In dry- ing after irrigation the soil becomes very hard and cracks intersect the surface in all directions. It is difficult to till and is often filled with alkali and is but little cultivated. It is best adapted to the production of sorghum and millet. 12 34507 Soil (9) 3 10 35 50 Subsoil (9) 5 5 35 50 Acres. Imperial, Cal 33,792 Indio, Cal 13,120 MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE AKIft SOUTHWEST. Pecos conglomerate. This is a sandy loam to a depth of 2 feet con- taining a high percentage of rounded gravel, resting upon conglomerate or gravel beds. The type occupies bench lands and bluffs. The soil is derived from disintegration of conglomerate beds, is well drained and free from alkali salts, and readily transmits seepage waters. It is not adapted to agriculture at present. 1 234 567 Soil (2) 1 2 13 43 19 18 Acres. Pecos Valley, N. Mex 11,680 Yuma sand. The soil is a rather compact, coarse to medium or fine sand containing sufficient finer material to give it a slightly loamy char- acter. When dry it has the appearance of a sand, but upon irrigation it becomes almost a sandy loam. It is underlain at a depth of from 2 to 6 feet by a succession of layers in which the soil particles are slightly ce- mented, the binding material being calcium carbonate, nodules of which are also found in the subsoil. The subsoil to a great depth is of the same sandy nature as the surface. This soil is found on mesa lands and is generally level, smooth, and well drained, but where the texture is finer small dunes may be found. Nearly all of this mesa soil contains some alkali, but not usually in harmful quantities. It is adapted to cit- rus fruits, figs, grapes, garden vegetables, melons, etc. 1234567 Soil (3) 1 7 10 55 16 2 3 Acres. Yuma area, Ariz 94,400 Soils of the Arid Southwest. 231 Pecos sandy loam. The soil is a fine-grained gray sandy loam 30 inches deep. The subsoil is a gray light loam, slightly heavier than the soil. The type occupies high, level valley land, is derived from lacus- trine deposits, and is well drained and generally free from alkali. This is recognized as the best general farming land of the localities in which it occurs. 1 2 S 4 5 6 7 Soil (7) 2 11 42 25 18 Acres. Pecos Valley, N. Mex 24,770 Roswoll, N. Mex 11,540 Roswell fine sandy loam. The soil is a heavy gray fine sandy loam about 12 inches deep. The subsoil is a light loam underlain by clay at a depth of 5 feet. The type occupies level second-bottom land derived from lacustrine deposits, is poorly drained, and often contains alkali. Where drained and free from alkali it is considered a good farming soil. 1234567 Soil (3) 1 15 32 24 16 Acres. Pecos Valley, N. Mex a 9, 090 Roswell loam. The type consists of a loam about 4 feet deep, under- lain by a clay loam and clay. It is formed of old lacustrine deposits occur- ring upon low, level bench land. The soil is naturally poorly drained and contains alkali, but when well drained and free from alkali it is recognized as well adapted to general farm crops. Acres. Pecos Valley, N. Mex 2, 730 Glendale clay loam. The soil is a clay loam 6 feet or more in depth, of fine texture, eroding vertically, and of compact, adobclike structure. The typo occupies the level plain forming a low divide between Salt River and Agua Fria River, Arizona, and has been formed by wash from Cave Creek. The soil is generally well drained and free from alkali. It is adapted to grain and alfalfa, and the lighter phases to fruit. 1 8 S 4 6 6 7 Soil (7) 1 2 ft 21 42 23 Subsoil (2) : 2 2 8 34 39 12 Acres. Salt Itiver Valley. Ariz &ft2,040 Mapped a* Roswell sandy loam. 6 Mapped as Glendale loess. 232 Soil Survey Field Book. SOILS OF THK PACIFIC COAST. The soils of the Pacific coast, including those of the coastal and inte- rior mountain ranges, foothills, and valleys, have been classified into a number of series varying in field characteristics, topography, origin and mode of formation, and agricultural importance. They range from residual and colluvial soils of the mountain sides, foot slopes and foot- hills, to deep and extensive river flood plain and delta sediments, and ancient and modern shore and marine and lacustrine deposits. While some of these series are confined to a single coastal or interior mountain range or valley, others are of wider range and extend over several different physiographic regions. The value of these soils and their adaptation to crops is dependent largely upon the possibilities of irrigation and upon local climatic conditions of rainfall and temperature, all of which are to a great extent dependent upon topography. They range in agricultural importance from those devoted only to extensive grain farming to" the most valuable and intensively cultivated lands devoted to citrus and deciduous fruits, vines, small fruits, and, other special crops. SIERRA SERIES. These are residual soils derived from weathering in place of granit'c rocks, diabase, and more or less altered rocks, such as amphibolites, slates, serpentine, and volcanic materials, with a slight admixture of colluvial and alluvial material from the same sources. They are pre- vailingly of light-red to deep-red color, and generally of somewhat com- pact structure. They are underlain by parent rocks sometimes sepa- rated from the overlying soil by a thin stratum of adobelike material. The soils are frequently very shallow and marked by abundant rock outcrops, bowlders, and rough, rocky areas unsuitable for agriculture. The soils of this series occupy rolling and frequently mountainous dis- tricts and foothills, usually support a more or less heavy growth of brush and forest trees, and are generally well drained. This series cov- ers large areas of valuable fruit and grazing lands along the western slope and base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. Sierra stony loam. This type is derived from volcanic andesitic breccias and mud flows. The soil is a heavy loam of smooth silty tex- ture and compact structure, frequently gravelly, generally dark in color at the surface, but sometimes grading into light red below. The soil is Soils of the Pacific Coast. 233 from 6 to 30 inch.es deep, and 'M, underlain by volcanic muds and brec- cias. The type generally occupies flat-topped ridges or elevated, nearly level table-lands. The surface is generally strewn with rounded ande- sitic cobbles and bowlders. The type sometimes supports a sparse growth of brush or timber, but is usually treeless. It is frequently poorly drained in local depressions. The soil is usually shallow and unproductive, and is ur>ed for grazing purposes. 1284567 Soil (3) 5 9 5 15 11 32 23 Subsoil (1) 10 30 9 18 4 19 20 Acres. Sacramento, Cal 30 : 080 Sierra sandy loam. The soil is a coarse sandy loam of granitic origin marked by the presence of a large proportion of light-colored angular rock particles of the size of fine gravel. It is generally plastic when wet and has a somewhat compact structure, but is friable under cultivation. The color of the soil is light red or reddish gray. The soil is generally underlain at a depth of from a few inches to several feet by a thin zone of dark-red adolx; similar in texture to the overlying soil and grading into underlying parent granitic rock. The type occupies rolling foothills and sometimes precipitous mountain slopes and is frequently marked by rounded masses of the outcropping rock. The areas of this type are generally well drained, except for occasional small local spots. The type is well adapted to citrus fruits, peaches, cherries, plums, small fruits, and grapes. 1 2 S 4 a 7 Soil (2) 13 24 10 18 7 ['> 13 Subsoil (2) 12 22 10 16 7 14 19 Acres. Sacramento, Cal 64, 448 Sierra clay loam. The soil is a bright to dark red clay loam of fine, smooth, silky texture, sticky and plastic when wet and slightly given to puddling, but is generally friable under cultivation. The soil varies in depth from a few inches to several feet, the average depth In'ing about W> inches. It is frequently gravelly, the gravel consisting of rather fine flat or angular rock fragments and chips. The type is derived chiefly from the weathering of diabase, limestone, and amphibolites, which underlie the soil. It covers extensive areas of foothill slopes and is fre- quently precipitous and marked by rock outcrop and mountainous 234 Soil Survey Field Book. topography. The type is often quite heavily timbered. Drainage is generally good, although in local depressions occurring along ravines the soil is frequently cold and wet. The type is devoted to grazing and growing hay and grains. In favorable locations it is well adapted to peaches, cherries, and other deciduous and small fruits. 1 '> S 4 5 7 Soil (2) "... 2 6 4 9 S 47 24 Subsoil (2) 3 9 4 10 6 43 25 Acres. Sacramento, Cal 128, 183 Sierra sandy adobe. The soil is a red adobe of compact, close struc- ture, tenacious when wet and checking upon exposure. It is subject to much variation in depth and is underlain by disintegrating granite. Tin's type is similar in origin, texture, topography, drainage features, etc., to the Sierra sandy loam. The soil is adapted to dry farming to grain along lower and less pronounced slopes and is excellent for fruits when irrigated. 1884567 Soil (11) 3 3 7 25 31 20 9 Acres. Fresno Cal 113,376 Sierra loam adobe. The soil is a dark-red heavy loam of close, com- pact adobe structure, very sticky when wet, readily puddled, and check- ing upon exposure. The soil varies in depth from only a few inches to several feet, the adobe structure being more pronounced in the lower depths. The type owes its origin generally to the weathering of gabbro- diorite rock, which underlies the soil and frequently outcrops in angular, rugged ledges over extensive areas. It usually occurs on high, rugged hills and intervening valleys and is frequently covered with a dense growth of brush or small timber. In favorably located areas where the soil i? deep it posse'sses well-developed moisture-retaining properties and is adapted to grains, hay, and grapes with or without irrigation. 1 2 S 4 6 6 7 Soil (2) . 6 14 7 16 11 25 21 Subsoil (2) 6 15 7 15 9 24 24 Acres. Sacramento, Cal. . . 610,944 Mapped as Sierra adobe. 6 Mapped as Sierra loam. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 235 MARICOPA SERIES. The Maricopa series consists of unassorted colluvial and only partially assorted alluvial material formed by soil creep and direct washing from the mountain sides and by the deposits of intermittent, shifting, torren- tial streams. The soils of this series are derived from a variety of rocks, but generally from those of granitic and volcanic character. They occupy mountain-foot slopes, delta cones or fans, d4bris aprons, and sloping plains of filled valleys and also occur in stream valleys as the product of a series of minor secondary fans or cones emerging from adjacent more elevated slopes or mesa lands. They are generally tree- less and support only a desert vegetation, except when irrigated, are frequently cut by arroyos, and the lighter members are usually gravelly and often strewn with bowlders. These soil bodies vary from small areas of irregular outline to broad, extensive, uniform sheets. The soils are generally of dark color and loose, porous structure. They are gen- erally well drained and free from alkali, and where capable of irrigation are generally well adapted to fruits, vines, and general farm crops. Maricopa gravelly sand. This soil consists of a rather ligljt to dark- gray sand of medium to fine texture, usually carrying an appreciable quantity of coarse, sharp particles. It is generally 6 feet or more in depth. In its virgin condition the soil is often of a somewhat com- pact structure, but under cultivation it becomes of a loose and permea- ble character and washes readily under irrigation. The soil carries a large quantity of fine or small gravel of angular .or subangular outline, usually occurring as fine angular granitic chips. This soil -frequently packs firmly in roads and forms a natural macadamized surface. The type is formed largely of unassorted colluvial granitic material distril>- uted by torrential and intermittent mountain streams as broad, gently to abruptly sloping fans and de'bris aprons. The soil is generally well drained and free irom alkali and when favorably situated for irrigation is well adapted to vine, citrus, and deciduous fruits. It is sometimes adapted to the production of vines and grains without irrigation. 189 I :> 7 Soil (4) 14 14 10 24 17 14 ( Acres. Lower Salinas Valley, C'ul 7, (XX) San Bcrnunlino. Cjil 157 ,0.% San r.abriel. ('ill ... . . 30.230 " M;i |>|'<| us Solcduil Kriivclly s.-unl. 6 Mup|M> also Hridger loam, p. 197; Colorado sandy loam, p. 210; Marieopa lint sandy loam, p. 238; Maricopa gravelly loam, p. 236. '' Mapped as San Gabriel sandy loam. 238 Soil Surrey Field Bool'. Maricopa fine sandy loam. The soil is a light-brown to dark-brown fine sandy loam, from 3 to 6 feet or more in depth, usually containing considerable waterworn gravel varying in size from small pebbles to cobbles. The soil is generally of loose, porous structure, and is under- lain by sands and rounded gravels, sometimes cemented into a calcare- ous hardpan. The type consists of torrential stream deposits occur- ring upon mountain foot slopes, mesa lands, and upper valley plains, and is frequently more or less modified by subsequent weathering and the addition of alluvial wash. The soil is well drained, free from alkali, and adapted under irrigation to alfalfa, grains, and citrus, deciduous, and small fruits. 1 2 !i 4 5 (i 7 Soil (10) 3 6 8 10 32 20 13 Subsoil (2) 5 11 8 25 20 19 12 Acres. Los Angeles, Cal a5,952 Salt River Valley, Ariz b 10G,900 Maricopa loam, c The soil is a chocolate-brown or dark-brown loam generally 6 feet or more in depth, of rather compact structure, sticky when wet. and somewhat given to puddling and baking, and is under- lain by heavier loams of compact adobe structure or by gravelly lime hardpan. It usually, but not always, carries considerable rather fine angular or partially worn gravel. The type usually occurs as exten- sive soil bodies covering mesa lands, the lower margins of colluvial mountain foot slopes, or lower sloping valley plains, over which it has been distributed by intermittent streams traversing secondary fans. The surface of the higher areas is often marked by domelike elevations, bluffs, or terrace lines thickly strewn with cobbles and gravel or deeply cut by torrential stream channels. The lower lying areas are some- times poorly drained and filbd with alkali. Where capable of irriga- tion the soil is adapted to fruits and general farm crops. 1234507 Soil (4) 2 4 5 10 19 27 28 Subsoil (3) 1 3 5 15 24 26 22 Acres. Salt Rh'er Valley, Ariz 20,650 Solomonsville, Ariz. . . ...OJ2.864 a Mapped as Maricopa gravelly loam. 6 Mapped as Maricopa sandy loam. cSee also Fresno loam. p. 256. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 23!) Maricopa silt loam. The soil is a heavy brownish silt loam with a depth of 6 feet or more. The soil has an exceedingly fine texture, crumbling to an impalpable powder when dry, but bocoming very sticky when wet. It is easily puddled, bakes upon exposure to the sun, and somewhat resembles an adobe in physical characteristics. It erodes into vertical walls, washes, and gullies. Except as very small particles the occurrence of gravel on the surface is rare. The type occurs in valleys and along streams, and is generally level except where cut by washes. The native vegetation is sparse and often want- ing on wind-swept areas. Both surface and subdrainage is apt to IK- deficient. Some alkali accumulations occur where the soil is irri- gated. This soil is best adapted to alfalfa, wheat, barley, sorghum, Egyptian and Indian corn, and sugar beets. 1284507 Soil (2) 2 5 68 25 Subsoil (3) 5 14 56 25 Acres. Solomonsvillc, Ariz 11,648 Maricopa clay loam.a The soil is a reddish clay loam 6 feet or more in depth, of dense, impervious structure. The type occurs upon the lower level valley plains, and consists of fine colluvial material modified by subsequent weathering and alluvial wash from higher soil bodies. It is generally adapted to grains, but is rather heavy and compact for alfalfa. Acres. Salt River Valloy, Ariz 8,713 PLACENTTA SERIES. The soils of the Placentia series vary considerably in origin, mode of formation, and topographic position. In general, however, they consist of colluvial waste and of alluvial and colluvial deposits of intermittent or torrential mountain streams, though in some cases they are composed essentially of residual material. In nearly all cases they have been subject to considerable modification subsequent to their formation by weathering and alluvial wash from heavy rains or minor streams. They occur upon undulating hills, mountain foot slopes, mesa lands, and broad, uniformly sloping fan deltas and higher <> So etao Colorado clay loam, p 211. 240 Soil Survey Field Book. valley plains. They are distinguished from the soils of the Maricopa series, of somewhat similar topographic position and mode of forma- tion, by the prevailing reddish-gray to reddish-brown color and by being underlain by indurated sands, shaly sandstones, disintegrated granite, or more generally by heavy, compact red loams or clay loams of tough, impervious adobe structure. The soils of this series are derived mainly from granitic rocks, shaly sandstones, and sandstones carrying a large amount of granitic material. They are generally well drained, free from alkali, and frequently of somewhat refractory nature. They are tilled with difficulty, but possess marked moisture- retaining properties and include large areas of valuable lands devoted to grains, general farm crops, citrus and deciduous fruits, beans, and other special crops. Placentia sandy loam.a The soil is a reddish-gray or reddish-brown sand}- loam of rather coarse texture and compact structure, contain- ing considerable sharp sand and fine gravel, and is sticky when wet. The soil is generally underlain at from 12 inches to 4 feet by a red sandy loam or heavy loam of rather coarse, sharp texture and com- pact, adobelike structure, and in the lower part of the soil section it sometimes grades into a sandy loam of looser structure. The type occurs in rolling or hilly to gently sloping or nearly level areas, some- times only slightly ek-vated above more recent alluvial deposits. The soil is adapted to alfalfa and fruits under irrigation. 1234567 So'l (4) 13 17 9 19 17 16 9 Subsoil (1) 6 11 6 17 23 15 21 Acres. Bakersfleld, Cal 4, 928 San Bernardino, Cal 6 61, 760 Placentia fine sandy loam, c The soil is a light-yellowish or grayish- brown to reddish-brown, sticky, somewhat plastic loam of fine sandy texture and of rather compact structure, sometimes puddling, baking, and checking slightly, and breaking into clods when dry, but friable under cultivation when in proper moisture condition. It usually car- ries an appreciable quantity of rather coarse sharp sand and sometimes a See also Placentia fine sandy loam. p. 240, and Placentia loam, p. 241. * Mapped as Placentia coarse sandy loam, c Mapped as Placentia sandy loam. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 241 a small to moderate quantity of rather fine angular or partially rounded gravel. The soil is generally from 15 inches to 3 feet in depth, and is underlain by stiff, tenacious, and relatively impervious sandy or heavier loams, reddish in color and of a compact hardpan or adobe- like structure. This subsoil checks cubically upon exposure, is some- times penetrated with difficulty by tender roots, sometimes has a gray or drab color, and frequently reaches the surface and gives rise to the adobe soils of the Placentia series. Occasionally the soil readies a depth greater than 3 feet or is underlain by sandy loams or loams of less dense, compact structure. This soil consists mainly of coliu- vial soil creep and of colluvial and alluvial products of torrential and intermittent streams, and occasionally over small areas of residual material. The type generally occurs as extensive areas covering sand- stone and granitic foothills and mountain foot slopes, delta fans, and sloping valley plains. Considerable modification by subsequent weathering, by the addition of alluvial wash, or by seolian agencies has generally taken place. The higher lying bodies are frequently rough, broken by rock outcrop, deeply cut by ravines and arroyos, and lie above the reach of irrigation waters. The soil is productive, easily- irrigated, and is devoted to grains, citrus and deciduous fruits, wal- nuts, grapes, alfalfa, and general farm crops. 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 Soil (13) 4 8 7 19 19 28 12 Susboil (9) 3 6 6 20 19 30 15 Acres. Acres Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 74,000 San Gabriel, Cal 48,820 Los Angeles. Cal 66, 048 San Jose Cal 01 . .168 San Bernardino, Cal 87,040 ' Santa Ana, Cpl 10. .">7 Placentia loam. a The soil is a light-brown or reddish-brown loam, usually from 1 toO feet or more in depth, sometimes gravelly, and usually of somewhat compact structure. It is underlain by reddisli-lmnvii heavy loams of compact, dense, adobelike structure, or in small residual areas by disintegrating rock. The type i- sinilar in topography, origin. mode of formation, and crop adaptation to the Placentia fine sandy loam, but has a somewhat fitter and heavier texture. "Sec HNo Pliu'rntia clay loam. p. 242. 32075 (X5 1(> 242 Soil Survey Field Boole. 1234567 Soil (5) 2 4 5 19 11 40 17 Subsoil (2) 1 6 6 20 17 37 13 Acres. Los Angoles, Cal a 9, 024 Ventura. Cal i>23,880 Placentia clay loam. The soil is a reddish-brown, sticky, plastic clay loam, usually 6 feet or more in depth, of compact structure, puddling readily when wet and baking upon drying. It consists of the finer mate- rial washed from higher adjacent soil types and generally occurs in small areas occupying local depressions or lower valley blopes. It is sometimes poorly drained and contains alkali, but is otherwise adapted to the same crops as the Flacentia fine sandy loam. 1 234567 Soil (1) 1 1 4 21 44 29 Acres. San Bernardino, Cal co,816 Placentia sandy adobe. This is a reddish-brown or red, dense, com- pact adobe soil of tenacious, refractory nature and sandy loam texture, generally carrying a noticeable quantity of rather coarse, angular, sand}' or fine gravelly fragments. The soil checks into small cubical blocks upon exposure. It is usually from 3 to 6 feet or more in depth and is underlain by lighter loams or sands of loose, porous structure, or by disin- tegrating sandstone or shaly sandstone. The soil is sometimes overlain by a few inches of sticky, compact, sandy loam, which grades into the stiff, dense adobe structure of the typical soil. It occurs in small to extensive areas covering rolling foothills, mesa lands, and remnants of elevated sloping valley plains. It sometimes contains a small quantity of alkali. The soil is generally well drained and retentive of moisture, and is dry farmed to grains or irrigated to alfalfa or fruits. 1 234567 Soil (2) 1 2 3 9 26 38 20 Subsoil (1) 1 1 9 18 48 23 Acres. Bakersfield, Cal df>, 120 Santa Ana, Cal 31, 334 "Mapped as Los Angeles sandy loam, b Mapped as Placentia sandy loam, c Mapped as Placentia loam. d Mapped as Maricopa sandy adobe. Mapper* as Fullerton s-andy adobe. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 243 Placentia loam adobe. a This consists of a dark-brown, compact, plastic, sticky adobe soil of loam texture, possessing the usual adobe structural characteristics, checking upon exposure, and being difficult to cultivate. The soil is from 2 to 6 feet or more in depth and is under- lain by light-colored loams of compact adobe structure or by indurated sand or disintegrating granitic material. The type consists mainly of colluvial material modified by recent weathering, erosion, and the addi- tion of fine alluvial material washed from adjacent soils. It occupies rolling hills and sloping plains and is generally devoted to citrus and other fruits, grains, olives, walnuts, etc. 1 2 S 4 5 (i 7 Soil (4) 1 3 2 16 19 31 28 Subsoil (2) 2 5 6 24 21 24 18 Acres. Los Angeles. Cal 7,040 San Bernardino, Cal 9, 280 Placentia clay loam adobe. This consists of a reddish-brown or brown compact adobe soil of clay loam texture, generally from 2 to G feet or more in depth, underlain by compact, heavy loam, coarse granitic sand, and fine angular gravel or disintegrating sandstone. Below the surface foot of the soil section the color is often of a more pronounced red and the adobe structure more evident. The type consists mainly of colluvial material derived from disintegrating granitic rock and of residual and colluvial material from sandstones, subsequently modified by weathering and by alluvial wash. It usually occurs upon rolling hills and sloping, elevated, and somewhat dissected valley plains, is well drained and free from alkali, and is usually dry farmed to grains or devoted to fruits under irrigation. 1 2 :{ 4 5 It 7 Soil (2) 1 2 2 14 12 4<> 21 Subsoil (2) 2 3 2 11 10 39 2S Acres. Los AlK-eli-s. Cnl ft fi, !I7<> Ventura, ( a! ed us Sierra adobe. 244 Soil Survey Field Book. OXNARD SERIES. The soils of the Oxnard series consist of alluvial delta plain deposits, colluvial and alluvial wash from foothills and higher adjacent soil bodies, and occasional small areas of residual material. They are derived mainly from sandstones, shaly sandstones, and shales, and occur upon rolling hills, sloping, elevated, and dissected mesa lands and plains, and lower nearly level valley and delta plains. They usually occupy a less elevated position than the soils of the Maricopa series, are generally derived from less elevated foothills and ranges, and are lacking in the granitic material of the former series. They are generally of dark color and are most frequently underlain by heavier subsoils, which, however, are wanting in the red color and adobe structure of the subsoils of the Placentia series, occupying a similar topographic position. Oxnard gravelly loam.a The soil consists of a heavy silt loam or a light clay loam of dark-brown, drab, or gray color, generally 6 feet or more in depth, the lower portion of the section usually being of light- gray color. The soil is frequently gravelly and usually carries consider- able coarse sandy and fine gravelly particles. It is sometimes of rather compact structure in the virgin condition, but is light and friable under cultivation. The type consists mainly of colluvial and alluvial material deposited over sloping plains by torrential mountain streams and is derived largely from siliceous and bituminous shales, the gravel being made up of light or light-brown chalky or flinty fragments. The soil is very light in weight and is well drained, free from alkali, and is generally devoted to grains and beans. 1234567 Soil (3) 1 2 1 7 14 51 20 Acres. Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 13, 730 Ventura, Cal 2, 544 Oxnard sand. The soil is a yellowish-gray to brownish sand of porous, often incoherent structure, and of medium to fine texture. It is generally 6 feet or more in depth and is underlain by indurated sand, or in low, level delta plains by heavier soils. The type occupies delta plains, mesa lands, and undulating hills. In exposed districts the soil is often wind-blown, and wind-breaks are sometimes necessary to suc- cessful cultivation. The soil is well adapted to lima beans and English "Mapped as Salinas sliale loam. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 245 walnuts. On areas containing alkali sugar beets are successfully grown, while in southern California grapes and citrus and deciduous fruits are also produced. 123458 7 Soil (5) 1 9 23 33 10 11 6 Subsoil (2) 1 17 32 24 7 11 8 Acres. Los Angeles, ( al 35,840 San Bernardino, (. al 4,480 Ventura, Cal 16,200 Oznard sandy loam. The soil consists of a brown to black sandy loam, generally of loose, open structure, but sometimes compact and with a tendency to break up into clods. It is from 4 too feet in depth and is underlain by a heavy sandy loam or a loam. The typo is de- rived mainly from waste from sandstone and shale hills and occupies gently sloping delta plains, elevated plains, and rolling hills, small gravelly areas sometimes occurring in the more elevated locations. The soil in the lower areas is generally rich in organic matter. Where free from alkali it is adapted to lima beans, grains, and sugar beets, and where favorably located it is a good soil for fruits. Where the soil con- tains alkali it is adapted to sugar beets and barley. It is generally well drained, except in local areas, but frequently contains a harmful quan- tity of alkali salts. 1234567 Soil (HI) 2 4 19 26 34 10 Subsoil (2) 1 4 6 20 18 25 18 Acres. San Bernardino, ("al 22,400 Ventura, ("al .Vi. 2* Ml Oxnard fine sandy loam. The soil is a greenish-gray, rather sticky, micaceous fine sandy loam 12 to 24 inches in depth, underlain by a rather heavy, sticky gray sandy loam or loam. The sand particles are line and the sand has a greasy, soft feel. If plowed dry the soil breaks up into large clods, but when moist it is loamy and easily cultivated. The surface is smooth and level. The type is derived from the weather- ing of an argillaceous, incoherent sandstone. The greater part is well drained, but some portions contain alkali, owing to inadequate drainage. The soil is well adapted to wheat, and with irrigation alfalfa would do well. i _' :< 4 :> <: 7 Soil (2) 1 fi 7 :U 111 2.1 J Acres. Sun Her. ifiii.io. ( a! . . . .. 22, MS 246 Soil Survey Field Book. Oxnard loam.o The soil consists of a gray or dark-colored sticky loam 3 to 6 feet or more in depth, sometimes of a compact, refractory struc- ture. The type consists of the finer material derived from shales and sandstones and the wash from adjacent higher lying soil types or deposits from stream flood waters, and occupies level flood plains and higher sloping plains adjacent to foothills. The soil is generally well drained, except where subject to overflow. It sometimes contains alkali. It is generally devoted to lima beans and English walnuts. 1 2 4 5 7 Soil (3) 2 2 23 16 39 16 Acres. San Bernardino, Cal 6,912 Ventura, Cal & 12, 900 Oxnard silt loam, c The soil is a brown, sticky silt loam, frequently of somewhat compact structure and possessing puddling and baking tendencies, but friable under cultivation. The soil is usually 6 feet or more in depth and is generally derived from the finer sediments of streams draining sandstone areas. It is usually rich in organic matter and occupies nearly level or slightly undulating flood and delta plains. It is sometimes poorly drained and underlain by heavy impervious sub- soils. When well drained and favorably situated it is devoted to lima beans, corn, and barley without irrigation, and to lima beans, walnuts, and fruits under irrigation. 1 234567 Soil (4) 1 8 11 56 20 Subsoil (4) 1 1 11 12 51 20 Acres. San Jose, Cal 2o,920 Ventura , Cal 5, 320 Oxnard clay loam.rf This is a rather tenacious clay loam of brown or nearly black color. The soil is generally of a somewhat compact structure, but is usually friable under cultivation, is often gravelly, and is underlain at from 2 to 4 feet by a compact and heavier phase of the same material. The type is derived mainly from sandstone and shale material and occupies stream. flood. and delta plains, or more ele- vated sloping or undulating colluvial and alluvial plains. It is usually "See also Oxnard clay loam p. 246 . cSee also Hanford clay loam, p. 200. b Mapped as Fresno fine sandy loam, d Mapped ns Oxnard loam. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 247 rich in organic matter, is sometimes poorly drained, and occasionally contains alkali. Under favorable conditions it is well adapted to barley, sugar beets, fruits, small fruits, and vegetables. 1284 567 Soil (9) 2 2 11 15 40 28 Subsoil (7) 1 2 2 10 13 37 34 Acres. Los Angeles.Cal 19, 520 San Jose. Cal 4,224 Ventura, Cul '. 6, &30 Oxnard clay loam adobe.a This is a heavy, dense, compact black or dark-brown, plastic, adhesive adobe soil of clay loam texture, usually from 3 to 6 feet or more in depth and underlain by heavy loams, sands, and sandy loam, or by decomposing rock. It occurs as alluvial, col- luvial, or residual deposits, occupying level or sloping valley plains and rolling foothills. It is derived mainly from shales or crystalline rocks. The soil is difficult to till, but is retentive of moisture and productive. It is usually dry farmed to grains or is devoted to the production of fruits, sugar beets, small fruits, or vegetables under irrigation. 1284 5 7 Soil (12) 1 22 7 10 37 38 Subsoil (12) 1 11 7 11 41 35 Acres. Los Angeles, Cal 37,440 Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 11 ,580 San Bernardino, Cal 1 1 ,200 Acres. San Jose, Cal 30,400 Santa Ana, Cal 16,038 Ventura, Cal 4,290 San Gabriel, Cal 23,650 SAN JOAQtMN SERIES. The soils of the San Joaquin series are of prevailingly red color, frequently gravelly, l>otli gravel and soil particles consisting largely of well-worn quartzose material. They are commonly underlain at a depth of 2 or 3 feet by red or reddish-brown indurated day < r sandv layers cemented by iron salts into a firm, impervious, impenetrable hard- pan, which may, however, more deeply underlie the soil or n:av outcn p ut the surface. The reddish color of the soils and subsoils and the re- currence of the underlying red hanlpun are readily (list inguished charac- teristics marking this series. The soils are generally of compact struc- ture, sticky, and quite readily puddled when wet and frequently sepa- rated from the underlying hardpan by subsoils of true adobe structure. a Mu|>|M'd as San Joaquin Hark adolx-. 248 Soil Survey Field Book. They consist of old sediments deposited in the waters and about the shores of ancient lakes or hays of early Pleistocene age, modified by more recent reworking or by alluvial wash from adjacent formations. They occupy valley plains extending from lower rolling foothills down to ,level valley floors and margins of present stream flood plains. The soils are usually treeless, except in the immediate vicinity of stream channels. The soils generally occur as extensive areas. The natural drainage is usually restricted by topographic position, deficient slope, and the presence of underlying impermeable hardpan, except in case of the lighter deeper members and areas occupying higher well-developed slopes. The soils of this series are generally devoted to dry farming to grains, but the lighter, deeper, and better drained members are some- times devoted to citrus and stone fruits, grapes, small fruits, and truck crops, and give excellent yields under proper irrigation, drainage, and cultivation. The heavier members are frequently marked by an adobe- like structure. Soils, subsoils, and hardpan are usually free from alkali, frequently marked by the presence of small surface ''hog wal- low" mounds. San Joaquin sand. a The soil is a reddish-brown or dark-brown sand of coarse to medium texture, slightly sticky, and of rather compact structure, but loose and friable under cultivation. It is generally un- derlain at from 18 inches to 6 feet or more by compact, sticky sandy loam or sandy adobe of red color, grading into red sandy or clay iron hardpan. The type generally occurs along treeless ridges and summits of lower foothills or higher undulations of the valley plain. The soil is usually well drained and free from alkali, and in certain sections is well adapted to grapes and citrus and deciduous fruits. 12345 6 ? Soil (7) 3 It) 23 2S 12 9 Subsoil (2) 5 33 12 14 12 20 Acres. Fresno, Cal 43,770 Sacramento. Cal 1,920 San Joaquin sandy loam. The soil consists of a light-red to dark-red sticky sandy loam of medium texture and compact structure. It -is underlain by red hardpan, usually at a depth of about 30 inches, but the hardpan sometimes lies deeper and occasionally outcrops. The hard- Mapped as Fresno rod sand. Soils of the Pacific Coaxt. 249 pan is frequently separated from the overlying soil by a thin stratum ot adobelike structure. The type covers extensive areas of high, treeless valley plains. It is free from alkali. The higher lying and deeper soil bodies are generally well drained and adapted to grapes and other fruits, and grain. The drainage of the lower lying areas is usually deficient. 1284567 Soil (12) 4 9 11 18 22 23 11 Subsoil (3) 1 10 7 19 15 31 20 Acres. Fresno, Cal 74, 547 Sacramento, Cal 26.5, 210 Stockton, Cal 5. S24 San Joaquin fine sandy loam. The soil is a yellowish-red or red sandy loam of fine, smooth, and somewhat silty texture and compact struc- ture, and is sticky when wet. The soil is subject to considerable varia- tion in depth, but is generally underlain at about 36 inches by a heavy red loam or clay grading to red iron hard pan of a cloy or sandy clay tex- ture. The type covers extensive areas on the lower treeless valley slopes. The drainage is usually somewhat restricted. The soil is gen- erally devoted to dry ."arming to grains, but in favorable locations where the hardpan d 7 Soil (2) 1 5 4 26 18 28 17 Subsoil (2) 1 6 5 23 16 29 19 Acres. Sacramento, Cal 30, 208 San Joaquin loam.n The soil is a red plastic loam of fine silty tex- ture and compact structure, with marked puddling tendencies, extend- ing in depth from only a few inches to 3 feet or more. Bclov.- the first foot a heavy adolx-likc structure usually prevails and merges into the underlying indurated sandy clay iron hardpan. The type covers exten- sive areas of the lower valley plains and is generally treeless, except in the vicinity of stream channels and flood plains. The drainage is usually |x>or. Hardpan frequently approaches the surface too closely to allow of profit able crop production. The soil is generally devoted to gra/.ing and dry farming to grains. -' ,- .iN" San .)iiH(|ilin Inn san 6 7 Soil (1) 1 5 8 25 19 22 20 Subsoil (I)..' 7 13 31 17 19 13 Acres. Stockton, Tal 26, 176 Stockton silt loam. The soil is a light-brown silt loam of fine, smooth, micaceous texture, generally feet or more in depth. The structure is frequently rather compact, but the soil is friable under cultivation. " M:I|I|M''| as KiincluT siincty Intun. 252 Soil Survey Fidd Book. The type is derived from rather recent stream-borne sediments. It occupies nearly level valley plains and slopes, frequently in the vicinity of minor streams, and sometimes supports a light timber growth. The soil is generally underlain at a depth greater than 6 feet by light- colored calcareous clay hardpan and heavy sediments. The drainage is fair, except in a few snAll lower lying areas. This is an excellent soil for fruits, vines, grains, and general farming, 1 2 4 5 G 1 Soil (1) 1 1 5 19 52 21 Subsoil (1) 1 1 5 20 53 21 Acres. Stockton, Cal... 16,512 Stockton loam adobe. The soil is usually black in color, but is fre- quently marked by the presence of small grayish-colored spots. It is generally about 30 inches in depth, and not infrequently contains small angular rock fragments and coarse sand of light color. The soil is underlain by a silty clay loam of light-yellow or buff color. The soil is of a very dense, refractory structure, puddling readily and checking upon exposure, and exceedingly sticky and of waxlike consistency when wet. The type is derived from old stream alluvium modified by the incorporation of large quantities of organic matter and by alluvial wash from adjoining soil areas. It occupies the lower, level valley plains, and is sometimes partially timbered. The drainage of the soil is generally deficient. However, it produces fair yields of general farm crops under careful and timely cultivation. 1284567 Soil (1) 3 3 15 22 31 26 Subsoil (1) 1 3 3 15 21 43 15 Acres. . Stockton, Cal 2,560 Stockton clay loam adobe. The soil is a black heavy clay loam of fine silty texture and of exceedingly stiff, dense, adobe structure. It is usually about 3 feet in depth, and is underlain by a light -brown or yellowish silty clay loam frequently separated from the overlying soil by a thin layer of white calcareous clay hardpan free from alkali. The soil puddles readily and bakes and checks upon exposure when not properly cultivated. It is exceedingly sticky and of a stiff, waxy con- sistency when wet. The soil contains a large quantity of organic mat- ter and under proper cultivation is capable of absorbing and retaining Soils of the Pacific Coast. 253 a large supply of moisture throughout long periods of drought. The type is composed of old alluvium sediments modified by weathering and the addition of organic matter. It occupies extensive areas of the lower valley plains, and is either treeleas or else supports occasional groves of valley oak and light timber. The surface is nearly level and is generally marked by arrested drainage. The soil is moderately friable and produces excellent yields of grains, hay, and general farm crops under careful and proper cultivation. 1 2 .1 4 5 6 7 Soil (2) 1 2 4 8 16 42 18 Subsoil (1) 2 318 8 60 23 Acres. Fresno, Cal "5,664 Hanford, Cal a.5,470 Stockton, Cal 53, 312 Stockton clay adobe. The soil consists of a chocolate-brown or nearly black heavy clay loam or clay adobe similar to the Stockton clay loam adobe in depth, character of underlying material, structure, drainage, and general physical and agricultural features. It differs from the Stockton clay loam adobe in its somewhat lighter color and lower organic matter content, and is also frequently less friable and productive under cultivation. 1284 "> 7 Soil (1) 2 2 8 12 36 40 Subsoil(2) 1 3 3 9 11 34 39 Stockton, Cal 40, 832 FRESNO SERIES. The soils of the Fresno series are characterized by prevailing iight- gray colors, but are sometimes light brown or reddish brown. They an- generally underlain by subsoils of fine ashy texture, light color, and compact, close structure, usually separated from the overlying soil by an alkali cnrlxmnte hardpan of white or light -gray color. The hardpan softens slowly upon the application of irrigation water, bu' is normally impenetrable to the roots of growing plants. The series is composed of old delta deposits formed by shifting streams and moun- tain torrents and occurring as broad, low alluvial delta cones occupying " Mappod as San .loa<|iiin Mark adolnv 254 Soil Survey Field Book. gently sloping plains or slightly rolling valley slopes, generally treeless, and 'lying above present stream flood plains. The soil material of this series is mainly of granitic origin, although in part derived from vol- canic and sedimentary rocks. The lighter members occupying higher positions are generally well drained. The lower lying areas are fre- quently poorly drained, subject to the influence of seepage water from irrigation, and contain alkali. The soil is adapted to alfalfa, vines, and fruits under proper irrigation, cultivation, and drainage. Fresno sand, a The soil is a medium to coarse micaceous sand of light-gray or light-brown color and porous, loose, incoherent structure. The soil is usually 6 feet or more in depth and is generally underlain by loams or sandy loams of light color. The type is composed of old alluvial sediments, usually covering extensive areas. It occupies the higher treeless valley plains, with a nearly level or slightly rolling sur- face. The soil is generally well drained, free from alkali, and usually without gravel. It is adapted to alfalfa, truck, and stone fruits under irrigation. 1234 56 7 SoU (8) .................... 2 19 21 24 19 12 3 Subsoil (3) ................. 4 28 17 24 13 9 3 Acres. Fresno, Cal .................... 163, 200 Hanford. Cal .................. 20, 790 Stockton, Cal .................. 9.536 Fresno fine sand, b The soil is a gray, buff, or light-brown micaceous fine sand of smooth texture, slightly sticky when wet, and generally of loose porous structure. The soil is generally 6 feet or more in depth, but is sometimes less, and is underlain by light-gray loams or sandy loams of fine ashy texture, frequently carrying alkali carbonate concre- tions or hardpan. The surface is smooth or slightly broken and uneven. The type covers broad, extensive areas or occurs as long, narrow bodies. Drainage is generally good. The soil is well adapted to alfalfa, truck, and fruits under irrigation. Soil (1) 1 1 2 6 3 9 4 5 35 28 6 16 7 6 Subsoil (1) 1 6 9 35 29 16 Stockton, Cal Acres. 8,128 a See also Colorado sand, p. 209; Hanford sand, p. 257: Indio sand, p. 224; Jordan sand, p. 190; Maricopa sand, p. 236. t> See also Hanford fine sand, p. 258; Hanford fine sandy loam, p. 259; Laurel fine sand, p. 219. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 255 Fresno sandy loam.a The soil consists of a light-brown or gray sandy loam containing considerable coarse sand. The soil is generally from 3 to 6 feet deep, but the depth of soil is subject to considerable variation. It is of rather compact structure, is sticky when wet, and has marked puddling tendencies, but is friable if cultivated when in proper condition. The soil is underlain by fine sandy or silty loam of ashy texture, gray color, and compact structure, grading to white alkali carbonate hardpan. The type usually occurs in extensive areas with nearly level or slightly sloping surface, and is locally known as "white ash" land. The lower lying bodies are frequently poorly drained. It is subject to influences of seepage waters from over irriga- tion and is strongly impregnated with alkali. It is an excellent soil for alfalfa, vines, and fruits when well drained and irrigated. 1 2 3 4 5,6 7 Soil(l) :.... 3 13 7 17 17 31 12 Subsoil (1) 3 12 6 16 16 33 14 Acres. Stockton, Cal 5.952 Fresno fine sandy loam.& This is a light-gray fine sandy loam of ashy texture and compact structure, sticky when wet and readily pud- dled. The soil is generally 6 feet or more in depth, with the lower por- tion of the soil section frequently of a somewhat lighter texture. It is generally marked at a depth of from 2 to 4 feet by a stratum of heavy, dense, white calcareous hardpan containing alkali carbonates and by concretions of the same material. The type usually occurs as irregular bodies near the margin of valley plains. The surface is nearly level and slightly depressed. The soil is usually poorly drained and contains alkali. When well drained and properly irrigated and cultivated, it is adapted to fruits and alfalfa where the underlying hardpan does not too closely approach the surface. See also Fresno fine sandy loam, p. 25V and Indio flno sand, p. 225. 6 Sec also Hanford flno sandy loam. p. 250; Hunford silt loam, p. 250: Indio fine sandy loam, p. 225: Marshall silt loam, p. 144: Oxnard loam, p. 24(1; Weber flno sandy loam, p. 195. 256 Soil Survey Field Bool'. 128456 7 Soil (8) 2 7 27 28 26 8 Subsoil (8) 1 2 6 24 30 28 9 Acres. Fresno, Cal <* 69, 811 Hanford, Cal 10, 860 Stockton, Cal 10, 304 Fresno loam. -The soil is a gray or reddish-brown compact, sticky, heavy loam of very fine, smooth texture, generally about 3 or 3J feet in depth. The lower portion of the soil section is marked by concretions and dense, impenetrable hardpan strata of calcareous, alkali-carbonate nature, underlain by loam of fine ashy texture and light-gray color. The type occupies lower valley plains and slight depressions of smooth, level surface. It is frequently strongly charged with alkali and is poorlv drainedv 1284 5 fi 7 Soil (1) 3 3 10 23 35 26 Subsoil (1) 5 7 5 10 1.5 33 23 Acres. Bakersfield, Cal 65,824 HANFORD SERIES. The soils of the Hanford series consist of recent alluvial materials de- rived from a great variety of rocks and deposited as river and delta plains. The lighter members sometimes consist largely of mining debris and overlie Pleistocene sediments and hardpan. They are generally light- gray to buff in color, but become dark drab, brown, or nearly black in the case of some of the heavier members occupying low-lying positions. All the members of the series are subject to much variation in depth, color, and character of underlying material. The surface is generally level, slightly sloping or sometimes uneven, and is frequently marked by sloughs or the interlacing channels of streams, many of which carry water only in times of flood and disappear in sandy washes. The heavier members are frequently marked by an adobe structure and the soils are generally free from gravel or bowlders. The soil bodies frequently occur as small, irregular, broad and extensive or long narrow areas extending in the direc- tion of drainage, and are frequently elevated above or depressed below the surface of adjacent soil types. The lighter members and higher- " Mapped as Fresno sandy loam. & Mapped as Maricopa loam. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 257 lying soil bodies are usually well drained and are not subject to the influence of seepage waters caused by irrigation, while natural drainage is sometimes deficient in the case of lower lying areas occupying present stream flood or overflowed delta plains, where protection by levees becomes necessary. While similar to the soils of the Fresno series in origin and mode of formation, they generally occupy a lower topographic position, are of more recent origin, are frequently subject to overflow, and, unlike the former, often support a growth of swamp vegetation, brush and willow thickets, and timber in the river bottoms and lower valley plains. The heavier members are also usually of darker color, while the underlying white hardpan and subsoils of ashy texture com- mon in the Fresno series are wanting here. The soils are usually pro- ductive and are especially adapted to fruits, vines, vegetables, and truck crops when well drained, free from alkali, and irrigated. Hanford gravel. This type consists of gravels, cobbles, and small bowlders mixed with river sands, underlain by river sands or earlier Pleistocene sediments and frequently greatly disturbed and modified by mining operations. It is composed of recent stream wash, is subject to overflow, and has but little agricultural value except for the scant pas- ture it affords. Acres. Sacramento, Cal a 4, 544 Hanford sand, b The soil is a light-gray or brown, micaceous, loose, porous, incoherent sand of medium fine to coarse texture, generally G feet or more in depth, underlain by stratified alternating stream deposits. The type is composed of recent stream sediments and generally occurs as irregular or elongated bodies, frequently slightly elevated or depressed, marking former stream channels, or as broad, extensive bodies covering lower stream terraces and delta plains. The surface soil is sometimes more or less drifted by winds. It is generally free from gravel and is usually well drained, except where subject to overflow from adjacent streams. It is a fair fruit and truck soil when well irrigated, but is fre- quently of a leachy character and deficient in organic matter. n Mapped us Fresno jiravei. 6 See also Fresno sand, p. 2 r >4. :52075 , Cal c6,656 Hanford, Cal 30,010 San Bernardino, Cal 611,456 Lower Salinas Valley, Cal & 18, 330 San Gabri :1, Cal & 10, 790 Los Angeles, Cal >> 38, 656 Santa Ana, Cal 6 1 1 , 552 Hanford silt loam. The soil is a brown, gray, or bufT fine, smooth silt loam, often micaceous, free from gravel, and underlain by dark-colored silty clay loam or by light river sands. It is sticky when wet and has a compact structure, but is friable and easily culthated when in proper moisture condition. The soil is sometimes puddled by improper culti- vation. The type consists of recent or. present sediments occurring along river flood and delta plains, is frequently subject to overflow, and is sometimes poorly drained and filled with alkali. It frequently sun- |M>rts a dense growth of willows or small timlxT. It is an excellent soil for fruits, potatoes, Ix'ans, sugar IxM'ts, asparagus, hops, alfalfa, and gen- eral farm crops when protected from overflow and drained. Mapped us Fiinchcr windy loam. ' Mapped as Fresno line sandy loam. e Mnpjied us Fresno fine sund. 200 Soil Survey Field Bool: 1284507 Soil (10) 1 1 7 15 50 18 Subsoil (8) 2 4 14 18 40 1(5 Acres. Acres. Los Angeles, Cal 39, 360 San Jose, Cal <-5, 184 Sacramento, Cal ''9,024 Santa Ana, Cal 14,;{49 San Gabriel. Cal 5,220 Hanford clay loam. -This is a clay loam of very fine, smooth texture and moderately porous structure, buff or gray to dark brown in color, containing considerable micaceous material and generally 2 to 6 feet in depth. It is underlain usually by fine sand or fine sandy loam or is streaked with micaceous stream-deposited sediments of fine texture. The soil is usually friable, but is very sticky when wet and has marked puddling tendencies. The type is composed of recent stream sediments and covers low, level areas over stream flood and delta plains. The soil sometimes contains alkali and is poorly drained. It is usually free from gravel and is rich in organic matter. It is productive under proper culti- vation, irrigation, and drainage. 1 2 4 5 ' 7 Soil (4) 1 1 9 16 47 24 Subsoil (4) 1 2 1 11 18 47 20 Acres. Bakersfield, Cal <* 1,664 Lower Salinas Valley, Cal "14, 120 San Bernardino, Cal "2,112 Hanford clay adobe. The soil is a gray to black clay adobe, usually without gravel or coarse material, generally about 3 feet in depth, and underlain by heavy loam or clay loam of lighter color. It sometimes occurs as a thin mantle overlying adjacent soil bodies. Tin 1 soil has a heavy, refractory, compact structure, puddling readily and checking upon exposure. This is an alluvial type modified by subsequent weathering, and occurs along river flood plains and minor stream sinks. The surface is generally level and is frequently slightly depressed; The type is treeless, or else covered with an occasional growth of willows or oaks. The soil is poorly drained, and is generally subject to over- flow. It is generally devoted to grain production and grazing. a Mapped as Santiago silt loam. b Mapped as Sacramento silt loam. c Mapped as Fresno fine sandy loam, d Mapped as Oxnard silt loam. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 261 1284667 Soil (2) 1 2 3 9 8 42 35 Subsoil (2) 3 2 7 8 35 45 Acres. Sacramento, Cal 12,672 SALEM SERIES. / ., The Salem series occurs upon rolling hills as residual soils, upon sloping plains as alluvial and colluvial soils, and upon level valley plains and stream bottoms as recent alluvial deposits. The soils of this series are derived from sandstones, crystalline and schistose rocks, and a dense, highly ferruginous basalt. They are from red to dark brown or black in color, and are generally devoted to grains, fruits, truck crops, and hops. Salem gravelly loam. The soil is a brown or black loam containing a large quantity of gravel, varying in size from fine gravel to pebbles 2 or 3 inches in diameter. The soil varies in depth from a few inches to several feet, and grades imperceptibly into a subsoil of the same material, but containing more gravel, the whole resting on a bed of waterworn gravel. It is a bottom-land soil derived as a stream wash from the same material as the Salem clay. It is generally well drained, but occasionally the drainage is poor. The soil usually supports a growth of brush, scrub oaks, etc. Where not too gravelly it is fairly well adapted to grain and fruit. Acres. Salem, Greg 13,120 Salem fine sandy loam. This is a brown sandy loam of fine texture alx)ut 12 inches deep, underlain to 3 feet by a coarse sandy loam grad- ing into sand and gravel. The soil generally contains considerable organic; matter. It is a bottom-land soil intersected by stream chan- nels and subject to frequent overflow. It is well drained when not overflowed by streams in flood. It is an excellent truck soil and gives large yields of hops, but the hops grown on this soil are more sub- ject to disease than upon higher lying types. " Mupprd us Salinas t_'fav iidolx-, Imt includes ii rosiduiil foothill phase which xhoiild huvr Ix-rii miippod us it distinct type. 262 Soil Survey Field Book. 1234567 Soil (1) 1 44 28 15 11 Subsoil (1) 1 4 47 19 16 13 Acres. Salem, Oreg 3,648 Salem silt loam. The soil is a brown to black silt loam 18 to 24 inches deep, which contains considerable organic matter, and is usually quite silty. The subsoil is a yellowish or red clay loam, often mottled with gray and yellow, becoming heavier with depth. The type occu- pies gently rolling or level valley land and is derived from transported sandstone material, with the addition of some material derived from basaltic and schistose rocks. Drainage is generally good, except in a few local depressions. The soil is well adapted to general crops, as well as to hops and small fruits. Wheat produces from 25 to 30 bushels, oats from 35 to 50 bushels, and hops about 1,500 pounds per acre. 1 2 34-567 Soil (2) 1 1 2 9 62 25 Subsoil (2) 1 1 1 8 65 24 Acres. Salem, Oreg ^78,656 Salem clay. The soil consists of a heavy red clay loam or clay 12 to 15 inches deep, resting upon a red clay which is underlain by partly decomposed rocks. The type is derived from red sandstone, argilla- ceous and schistose rocks, and a dense, close-grained ferrous basalt, all highly ferruginous. It is mainly residual, and is frequently marked by rock outcrop. It occupies rolling and dissected hills, is generally well drained, and in its virgin condition usually supports a considerable growth of timber. The soil is productive and is adapted to wheat, oats, hops, apples, prunes, and peaches. The grain is of fine quality. Wheat yields from 25 to 30 bushels and oats from 30 to 60 bushels per acre. Hops yield about 1,200 pounds per acre. The hops are less subject to mold and insect pests than those grown on the bottom soils. Soil (1) 1 2 5 3 3 4 5 8 10 6 26 45 Subsoil (1) 9 4 3 8 9 24 49 Salem, Oreg. . Acres. .. 86,400 n Mapped as Salem sandy loam. b Mapped as Salem loam. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 263 MISCELLAXEOUS SOILS OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Sheridan sandy loam. The soil consists of a black friable sandy loam of medium texture, varying considerably in depth, the average depth being about 3 feet, and underlain by granitoid rocks. The type usually occupies the lower valley slopes along foothills and extends into local drainage depressions. The soil is of residual or colluvial origin, result- ing from the weathering of dark-colored, fine-textured phases of gab- brodiorite and granodiorite rock. A characteristic feature of this rock is the large proportion of black hornblende and biotite mica which it bears, the plates and particles of which give rise to the black color of the soil. In the low-lying areas the material washed from the slopes has been subsequently modified by alluvial material. When adequately drained this soil is adapted to grains, hay, forage crops, and fruit. 1 '2 3 4 5 6 7 Soil (2) 3 11 9 30 19 17 11 Subsoil (1) 4 18 10 28 13 15 12 Acres. Sacramento, Cal 1 ,792 Puget fine sandy loam. The surface soil consists of 12 inches of drab fine sandy to silty loam, and generally rich in organic matter. This rests upon a subsoil of gray or yellow sand extending to a depth of 36 inches or more. The topography is low and flat, as the type occupies depressed areas along streams. The drainage is poorly established and must bo improved by artificial means before cultivation is practicable. It is an intermediate type between the Puget silt loam and the Snohomish sand. The type is mostly devoted to pasturage, though on well-drained areas oats and grasses yield well. Truck crops would probably do equally well upon reclaimed areas. 4667 13 11 t; Acres. . 4.92S Santiago fine sandy loam. The soil is a fine* sandy loam 3 feet deep, underlain to a depth of oj feet by sand, which is in turn underlain l>v sand and gravel. In the more elevated areas the soil is underlain by sandy adol>o. Over a considerable area the gravel comes to the surface and increases in size and quantity in the lower depths. The type occu- pies lower delta plains of the foothill streams and foothill slopes. The Soil (2) 1 o 3 :$ ^ 2 a Sutisoil (2) . 2 19 10 ,1 Kvi-n-tt. Wash... Soil Survey Field Book. soil is dry-farmed to wheat and barley, and under irrigation is adapted to truck crops and fruits. 1234507 Subsoil (1) 2 5 5 20 27 27 7 Acres. Santa Ana, Cal 17, 100 Santiago loam. The soil is a red loam, 3 feet deep, underlain to a depth of 4 feet by a sandy loam, which in turn is underlain by a gravelly sandy loam. It is a harsh, compact soil washed from foothills by streams, and occurs along the margins of the coastal plain near the foot- hills in southern California. The soil is considered unproductive and is at present little used for agricultural purposes. 1 2 3 4 \ tons, potatoes from 300 to 400 bushels, and hops from 1 to \\ tons per acre. 1 >2 3 4 5 G 7 Soil (2) 1 5 23 58 13 Subsoil (2) 2 36 30 20 Acres. Everett, Wash 8,448 Sacramento clay loam. This is a dark-brown or nearly black heavy silty clay loam, containing much well-decomposed organic matter. The soil is generally about 30 inches in depth, and is underlain by light-buff fine sandy loam, and silt loams. It is free from gravel and has a dense, adobelike structure, but is generally friable under cultivation. The type has been formed by an intimate mixture of fine river sediments "Mapped as Santiago sandy loam. Soils of the Pacific Coast. 265 with well-decomposed peaty and other organic matter. It covers exten- sive areas of level swamp and overflow lands of stream deltas, and grades insensibly into adjacent peat and adobe lands. It supports a heavy growth of trees, willows or tules, or other swamp vegetation. The soil is very productive when artificially drained and protected from tidal or flood waters. It is devoted to grains, grain hay, timothy or other grasses, potatoes, onions, beans, etc. 1 8 4 567 Soil (1) 1 1 2 40 50 Subsoil (1) 1 1 9 26 46 17 Acres. Stockton, Cal 41.Q88 Puget clay. The soil of the Puget clay consists of 15 inches of a drab clay containing a high percentage of partially decomposed organic matter which gives to the soil a loamy, silty feel. The subsoil is a bluish-gray silty clay or clay. The surface is very flat and the culti- vated areas are under dike to keep out the high tides and storm floods. The soil has been formed by the deposition of fine alluvial sediments as river bottom or delta tide flats with addition of organic matter from the growth of salt grass, etc. The type is planted almost exclusively to oats, and remarkably large yields are secured. Hay and potatoes also do well. 1284 r> (i 7 Soil (3) 1 1 2 4 4* -14 Subsoil (.1) 1 1 1 5 54 38 Acres. K verett. Wash 25, 7(12 Island County, Wash ' 768 Salinas gray adobe. The soil is a dark -gray, dark-brown or nearly black adobe, generally of fine silty clay loam texture, sometimes carrying considerable fine gravel. It is from 30 inches toOfeet or more in depth, and is usually underlain by a fine sandy loam or fine sand, and occa- sionally by coarse sand and gravel or disintegrating rock. The type occurs about the edge of foothills and extends into the bottom lands. It seems to IH- derived largely from granitic material. is retentive of mois- ture, and is adapted to barley and other grains and sugar l>eets Where favorably 'situated it is adapted togra|x>s, fruits, vegetables, etc. This is an excellent, loose, friable soil, if irrigated and properly cultivated, but -, also. Mutifonl clay adolx-. p. 2HO. 266 Soil Survey Field Book. assumes a dense, compact, refractory structure if allowed to bake. It is generally free from alkali. 1 284567 Soil (7) 1 3 3 9 11 36 33 Subsoil (5) 1 3 11 18 10 30 27 Acres. Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 18,400 San Bernardino, Cal 6,912 San Jose, Cal 39,232 HI MIS SOILS. Peat. This is vegetable matter consisting of roots and fibers, moss, etc., in various stages of decomposition, occurring as turf or bog, usually in low situations, always more or less saturated with water, and repre- senting an advanced stage of swamp with drainage partially established. . Acres. ' Acres. Bigflats, N. Y 576 Santa Ana, Cal 787 Island County, Wash 4,096 Stockton Cal 107,. 584 Los Angeles, Cal 1,088 Tangipahoa Parish, La 59,200 Newton County, I nd 10,368 Tazewell County, 111 1,664 San Bernardino, Cal 704 '. Wooster, Ohio 4, 480 Muck. a This type consists of black more or less thoroughly decom- posed vegetable mold from 1 to 3 feet or more in depth and occupying low, damp places, with little or no natural drainage. Muck may be con- sidered an advanced stage of peat brought about by the more complete decomposition of the vegetable fiber and the addition of mineral matter through deposition from water or from seolian sources, resulting in a finer texture and closer structure. When drained, muck is very pro- ductive and is adapted to corn, potatoes, cabbage, onions, celery, pep- permint, and similar crops. See also Meadow, p. 270. Unclassified Materials. 267 Acres. Allegan County, Mich 33, 770 Alma, Mich 10, 816 Auburn, N. Y 512 Binghamton, N. Y 128 Carlton, Minn 17, 408 Cleveland, Ohio 768 Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 12, 096 Everett, Wash 11, 968 Gainesville, Fla 128 Grand Forks, N. Dak 6,592 Janesville, Wis 10,368 Lyons, N. Y 3, 840 Madison County, Ind 1, 152 Madison, County, Ky 320 Acres. Marshall County, Ind 24, 768 Munising, Mich 20, 480 New Orleans, La 21,056 Owosso, Mich 6, 400 Oxford, Mich 15, 424 Pontiac, Mich 3, 904 Portage County. Wis 128, 640 Raleigh to Newborn, X. C 623 Saginaw. Mich 30,784 Superior, Wis 47, 808 Syracuse, X. Y 16, 960 Tippecanoe County, Ind 1,664 Vergennes, V't.-X. Y 384 Winnebago County, 111 2, 176 UNCLASSIFIED MATKKIALS. There are certain condit ions of soil, or in many areas even local absences of true soil, which do not readily fall into any general classification. They may be due to excessive erosion, to overflow, to insufficient drain- age, or to wind action, or the soils may l>e nonagricultural on account of their texture or their present topographic position. Areas of this kind are embraced under the following headings: Rock outcrop. This term is used to designate areas consisting of rock ridges, exposed rock outcrops, or accumulations of stone entirely unfit for cultivation and incapable of Incoming agricultural land. Acres. ! Acres. Allen County, Kans 870 Mount Mitchell, X. C 5,184 Asheviile, N. C l,R.->6 Parsons, Kans 2,368 Austin, Tex 25, 40H Pikeville. Term 14,016 Baker City, Oreg 192 Superior, Wis 5,632 Bedford, Va 17, HO Verge-lines. Vt.-X. Y 43,008 Campobello, S. C 1 , 997 ' Waco, Tex 2, 880 Carlton. Minn 3.K40 York County. S. C 128 I sland County. Wash 2. r >6 Rough stony land. Under this heading have been classed areas so , stony and broken as to lx> oonarable, although permitting timber growth n nd use for pasturage. These areas frequently consist of steep moun- tain ridges, bluffs, or narrow strips extending through definite soil types. These areas differ from nx-k outcrop by supporting vegetation of eco- nomic value and from the stony loams in being nonurahle. 268 Soil Survey Field Book. Acres. Adams County, Pa 30,976 Allen County, Kans. 12,211 Austin, Tex "8% Brown County, Kans 17,088 Chester County, Pa 8, 320 Carlton, Minn 5, 440 Dubuque, Iowa * 60, 672 Garden City, Kans 8,768 Johnson County, 111 16, 384 Madison County, Ky 1, 728 Montgomery County, Pa 6, 656 Acres. Munising, Mich 17, 344 O'Fallon, Mo 30, 208 Sacramento, Cal 19, 839 Salt River Valley, Ariz 1, 804 Superior, Wis 6, 592 Tompkins County, N. Y 17,856 Upshur County, \V. Va 48, 512 Warren County, Ky 2,176 Webster County, Mo 3, 200 Wichita, Kans & 4, 352 Yuma, Ariz.-Cal 6,080 Dunesand. The Dunesand consists of loose, incoherent sand forming hillocks, rounded hills, or ridges of various heights. The dunes are found along the shores of lakes, rivers, or oceans and in desert areas. They are usually of no agricultural value on account of their irregular surface, the loose, open nature of the material, and its consequent low water-holding capacity. The dunes are frequently unstable and drift from place to place. The control of these sands by the use of wind-breaks and binding grasses is frequently necessary for the protection of adjoin- ing agricultural lands. In certain regions, when leveled and placed under irrigation, the Dunesand is adapted to the production of truck crops and small fruits. 1284667 Soil (7) 5 27 55 10 3 Subsoil (3) 1 10 72 14 3 Acres. Allegan County, Mich 3, 130 Garden City, Kans 83,200 Imperial, Cal 116, 288 Indio, Cal 8, 256 Kearney area, Nebr 21, 312 Los Angeles, Cal 3, 264 Sandhill. This term is used to describe ridged and uneven areas of sand not in motion, either on account of partial consolidation or because of the sand being fixed by a natural growth of trees or grasses. Such areas sometimes represent old shore lines of the oceans or large lakes and are sometimes formed by river action and by wind. The material is Acres. Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. . 3, 328 Munising, Mich 7, 424 Rhode Island 128 Superior, Wis 1, 536 Ventura, Cal 2, 020 a Mapped as Yakima stony clay. 6 Mapped as Clarksville stony loam. c Mapped as Salt River gravel. Unclassified Materials. 269 incoherent and is generally' so thoroughly drained as to be of little agri- cultural value. Included valleys and low areas, where organic matter and sufficient moisture are present, are capable of producing fair crops of vegetables. 1234 r> 6 7 Soil (3) 4 25 25 34 8 3 2 Subsoil (1) 5 28 28 29 5 2 2 Acres. ; Acres. Darlington, S. 30, 656 ' Orangeburg, S. C 256 Leon County, Fla 42, 752 Raleigh to N'ewbern. N. C 5, 320 Riverwash. Sand, gravel, and bowlders, generally in long, narrow bodies, but occasionally spread out in fan-shaped areas. These areas occupy river bottoms or flood channels, and occur where the streams are intermittent or liable to torrential overflow. Of no agricultural value. Acres. Acres. Rakersfield, Cal 6,464 Salt River Valley, Ariz. (No Blackfoot, Idaho 1,792 measurement.) Fresno, Cal 40 San Bernardino. Cal 27, 008 Jamestown, N. Dak 17,408 i San Gabriel, Cal 16,2450 Kearney, Nebr 33,984 San Jose, Cal 128 Laramie, Wyo 1,792; Sevier Valley, Utah 1,300 Los Angeles, Cal 1, 664 Solomonsvillo, Ariz 256 Lower Arkansas Valley. Colo .. 12,800 Tippecanoe County. Ind 832 Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 10,760 Ventura, Cal 13,610 Madison County, Ky 128 Webster County, Mo 1,856 Sacramento. Cal 778 ! Yakima, Wash 3,580 Gypsum. The surface consists of a light-brown or reddish-brown sandy loam or loam underlain by soft saccharoidal gypsum at a depth of from a few inches to 6 feet. Gypsum is often 'present at the surface. The type occupies level liench land. It is derived from disintegration of gypsum deposits and possesses remarkable power of transmitting seepage waters by capillary and gravitational flow. Where the irriga- tion water possesses a high salt content this is not a desirable land for agricultural purposes. It often contains large quantities of alkali. 1 _' :i 4 5 7 Soil (3) 2 30 2 2.1 Subsoil (6) 1 '2 H 18 18 48 Acres. Laramie, Wyo 2, 304 Pw-os Valley, N. Mcx a \\.KHI MH|>|M-<| as Perns gypsmi 270 Soil Survey Field Book. Madeland. Areas are occasionally encountered where filling has taken place over considerable tracts. The arrangement of the materials in these places is artificial and does not fit into any soil classification. In many instances such areas are extensive, and although they are usually of no present agricultural value they should lie represented by a color on the map. Acres. Syracuse, N. Y . r >76 Meadow. This term is used to designate low-lying, flat, usually poorly drained land, such as may occur in any soil type. These areas are frequently used for grass, pasturage, or forestry, and can be changed to arable land if cleared and drained. The present character of Meadow is due to lack of drainage, and the term represents a condition rather than a classification according to texture. Textural variations frequently occur in Meadow areas on a scale too small to permit of de- tailed mapping. In many areas the term " Meadow " tjas also been used to represent small bodies of bottom land occasionally or frequently sub- ject to overflow, which are normally placed under cultivation and con- stitute land of high value for the production of various general farm crops. Within these bottoms the soils vary frequently in texture, even within small areas, and on account of occasional overflow the character of the soil at any one point is subject to change. The use of this term should be avoided wherever it is possible to separate such areas into dis- tinct soil types. Acres. Abbeville, S. C 6,3,36 Adams County, Pa ! 3,648 Alamance, N. C 4,960 Albemarle, Va 40, 640 Allegan County, Mich 15, 510 Alma, Mich 6,592 Anderson County, Tex 56, 640 Appomattox County, Va 5,760 Asheville, N. C 7, 808 Ashtabula, Ohio 12.160 Auburn, N. Y 8,000 Bainbridge, Ga 14,336 Baker City, Oreg oi2,352 Bear River, Utah 448 Acres. Bedford, Va 3, 530 Bigflats, N. Y 1,920 Biloxi, Miss 17,600 Blount County, Ala 9, 216 Calvert, Md 15, 800 Campobello, S. C 8, 691 Carlton, Minn 5,248 Carrington, N. Dak 16,064 Cary, N. C 3, 180 Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 3,456 Cherokee County, S. C 6, 208 Chester County, Pa 20, 480 Cleveland, Ohio 704 Cobb County, Ga 30, 280 i Mapped as muck. Unclassified Materials. 271 Acres. Connecticut Valley,Conn.-Mass a 74, 852 Covington, Ga 16, 410 Crystalsprings, Miss 3,328 Dallas County, Ala 11,584 De Soto Parish. La 72,448 Dodge County, Ga 19,584 Dover, Del 4, 096 Acres. Mobile, Ala 78, 528 Montgomery County, Ala 10,944 Montgomery County, Ohio 7, 200 Montgomery County, Pa 3,328 Mount Mitchell. N. C 6,976 Nacogdoches, Tex 5, 056 Ouachita Parish, La .. . 13,440 Dubuque, Iowa 4,160 Owosso, Mich 2,688 East Baton Rouge Parish. La. 17,408 Oxford, Mich 4,992 Fort Valley, Ga 4,800 ! Perry County, Ala 53,696 Fresno, Cal 5,478 ! Pontiac, Mich 4,032 Gadsden County, Fla 52, 224 Prince Kdward. Va 19, 830 Grand Island, Nebr 28,544 | Prince George County, Md 30,870 Greeneville, Tenn 17,216 Pecos Valley, N. M ex <>7,940 Hanover County, Va 15, 552 ! Raleigh to Newbern, N. C . . . . 6, 330 Harford County, Md 4, 440 Hickory, N. C 23, 872 Houston County, Tex 52, 864 Huntsville, Ala 42, 240 Jackson, Miss 60,736 Rhode Island 1,920 Saginaw, Mich 16,000 St. Mary County, Md 54, 200 Salem, N. J 52,250 Saline County, Mo 3, .584 Jacksonville, Tex 2, 624 Salt Lake, Utah c6, 840 Jamestown, N. Dak 4,992 Sevier Valley, I' tah 10,200 Janesville, Wis 18,112 Shelby, Mo 36,416 Kearney, Nebr 46,272 Smedes, Miss 17,408 Kent County. Md 49, 230 Lancaster County, Pa 6,000 Lancaster County, S. C 11,392 Lebanon, Pa 4, 780 XH> County, Tex 13,760 ,eesburg, Va 18,048 n County, Fla 25,216 yockhavcn, Pa 896 ,ong Island, N. V 16, 768 Spalding County, Ga ..... 9, 472 Statesville, N. C ............... 18, 850 S*ory County, Iowa ........... 18, 048 Sumter County, Ala ........... 21,952 Tangipahoa Parish, La ....... Tompkins County, N". Y ...... Trenton, N. J ................. I'pshur County, \V. Vu ....... Vergenncs, Vt. and N. Y ..... xmisa County, Va 11,520 Viroqua, Wis. .ufkin, Tex 4,288 Lyons, N. Y 35,008 Macon County, Ala 19,328 McNeill, Miss 6,976 Madison County, Ind 10,816 Marshall. Minn 44s Marshall County, Ind ti.TM Mason County, Ky 55, 936 S. 128 44,800 11,008 3,968 7, 104 Weber County, 1'tnh .......... 7,700 WestfU-ld, N. Y ............... 4,\ ................ 5, 5|"l as Hondo meadows. This name will not be used hereafter. - Mapped as Jordan meadows. This name will lint be used hereafter. 272 Soil Survey Field Book. Swamp. This term is used to designate areas too wet for any crop and covered with standing water for much or all of the time. Varia- tions in texture and in organic matter content may occur. Swamp frequently occupies areas which are inaccessible, so that detailed map- ping is impossible. The native vegetable growth consists of water- loving grasses, shrubs, and trees. Many areas of swamp are capable of drainage, and when this is properly accomplished they not infrequently constitute lands of high agricultural value. Wherever small areas of swamp occur within a definite soil type and the texture of the soil is known to be the same as that of the surrounding type, they should be mapped with the type and the swampy condition shown by symbol. Acres. Acres. Acadia Parish, La 1,728 j Miller County, Ark 2,240 Billings, Mont 3,008 Binghamton, N. Y 1, 024 Calvert County, Md 3,600 Craven, N. C 188, 288 Newton County, Ind 3,648 Norfolk, Va 12,928 Orangehurg, S. C 40, 448 Perquimans and Pasquotank Crystalsprings, Miss 3,072 j counties, N. C 57,530 Connecticut Valley,Conn.-Mass 039, 686 Pontiac, Mich 704 Dallas County, Ala 8, 192 Darlington County, S. C 14, 144 De Soto Parish, La 2, 048 Raleigh to Newborn, N. C ft 77, 440 Rhode Island 27,008 St. Mary County, Md 2,200 Duplin County, N. C 109,824 \ Saginaw, Mich 1,344 Dover, Del 3,712 ! Syracuse, N. Y 12,480 Everett, Wash 6, 080 Hanover County, Va 6, 208 Leon County, Fla 2,S16 Vergennes, Vt. and N. Y 2,048 Worcester County, Md 26, 048 Yorktown, Va 26,368 Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. 640 | Marsh. This term is used to designate low, wet, treeless areas, usually covered by standing water and supporting a growth of coarse grasses and rushes. These marsh areas occur around the borders of fresh-water lakes and the lower courses of streams. They can seldom be drained without diking and pumping. When this is done the soil is usually productive. Acres. Munising, Mich 704 Tangipahoa Parish, La 3, 072 a Mapped as Connecticut swamp. t> Part of this mapped as Pocoson and part Savanna in the original report. Porto Eican Soils. 273 PORTO KICA.\ SOILS. Riverwash. Coarse sand, gravel, and bowlders, generally in long, narrow areas, but occasionally spread out in fan-shaped areas, subject to overflow in times of flood. Of little or no agricultural value. Acres. Areciho to Ponce, P. R 970 Portugues stony loam. Dark loam 14 inches in depth, derived from igneous and volcanic, rocks. Contains 5 to 70 per cent of angular stones, and is underlain by cracked and broken volcanic and igneous rock partly decomposed. Occupies steep slopes of hills and mountains, covering a large area between Ponce and Adjuntas. Used for pasture during the rainy season. Some coffee, bananas, and plantains are pro- duced on favored areas. 1 234 567 Soil (2) 15 15 7 12 9 24 18 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 15, (iOO Tanama stony loam. Soil is a red clay loam, 6 to 10 inches deep, derived from limestone. Occupies large areas of broken and rugged country between Arecibo and Utuado, characterized by local, swampy sink holes. Subsoil is a stiff red clay containing limestone fragments. Bananas and plantains are the principal crops, and some coffee, oranges, and a little tobacco are produced. 1 2 4 ."> 7 Soil (3) 3 3 11 7 31 44 Subsoil (2) 3 8 27 f> 10 40 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. U 41, (WO Arecibo sand. A loose, incoherent red to white coral and quart/ sand, 12 to 36 inches or more deep. Occupies slightly rolling land. Soil is probably derived from wind-blown l>each sand. Naturally p (! 7 Soil (2) 13 41 3i (i 3 1 Slltmoil ( I ) X 27 4! K 4 4 Acres. Anvilm t<> I'oiuv. I'. U.. 7..1SII .TJU75 18 274 Soil Survey Field Book. Coral sand. Drifted, incoherent beach sand, 24 to 36 inches deep, formed from coral and shells by wind and wave action, underlain by a slightly loamy sand. Occupies low-lying lands on coast, occasionally forming slight hills 15 to 20 feet above sea level. Adapted to cocoanut trees. 1 2 4 5 7 Soil (3) 3 27 33 25 5 4 4 Subsoil (1) 4 20 22 26 9 9 10 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 2, 620 Arecibo sandy loam. Heavy red sandy loam, with an average depth of 10 inches, underlain to a depth of 36 inches by a rather tena- cious clay loam. Found in valleys between outlying limestone hills. Elevation between 30 and 100 feet. Naturally well drained. Used for truck and fruit. Small area devoted to tobacco and sugar cane. 1284567 Soil (1) 5 18 51 6 (i 14 Subsoil (1) 4 14 42 9 25 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 2,690 Fonce sandy loam. Brown sandy loam 14 to 36 inches or more in depth. An alluvial soil occupying river deltas in the vicinity of Ponce. The subsoil is a sandy loam heavier and darker than soil. Sugar cane is the principal crop. Cocoanuts and Guinea grass also grown. There is a stony phase containing rounded stone fragments, sometimes as large as 2 or 3 feet in diameter. This phase is used only for pasture and at present has little value. 1 2 3 4 a C 7 Soil (6) 2 4 5 21 21 35 12 Subsoil (2) 7 16 57 20 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 6, 550 TTtuado sandy loam. Coarse yellow sandy loam, 7 inches deep, representing soil of deforested area on steep slopes of the lower moun- tains around Utuado. Residual soil derived from igneous rocks. Subsoil is a shallow yellow sandy loam, grading into decomposed granite and other igneous rocks. Little natural fertility, and but little used, as a great part of the areas are too steep for cultivation. Porto Rican Soils. 275 Should be reforested. Produces a few bananas, some plantains, and coffee. i 234567 Soil (1) 20 20 9 15 9 19 8 Subsoil (1) 18 21 9 15 11 17 8 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 2.5. 100 Vivi sandy loam. Yellowish-brown sandy loam, 10 inches deep, forming tracts of alluvial deposits along the larger streams in the mountains near Adjuntas. Subsoil is a yellow-brown sandy loam. Soil is mellow and rich and easy to cultivate. Considered the best tobacco soil in the area. Also adapted to sweet potatoes, beans, and other minor crops. Used to a small extent in the production of sugar. 1234 5 6 7 Soil (2) 1 9 18 35 15 14 9 Subsojl (2) 5 8 26 18 25 18 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 1,060 Arecibo loam. A dark waxy loam, 6 to 12 inches deep, resting on a yellow sticky loam containing fragments of limestone. The soil is shallow as a rule, but fairly productive. Principally used for pasture near the coast. Inland areas devoted to bananas, plantains, and to some extent to coffee. A few orange trees were noticed, and appeared to be thrifty. Hardly 10 per cent of the area is in crops. 1234 5 U 7 Soil (2) 5 11 10 21 10 25 19 Subsoil (2) 4 9 9 18 8 26 26 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 17, 700 Pastille loam. White, reddish, or brown loam, about 4 inches in depth, resting on porous limestone, fragments of which occur in soil. Affords scanty pasturage. Produces small amount of Guinea grass on areas of deeper and more fertile soil. Occurs west of Ponce, in the southern part of the Porto Kican area. Among the poorest soils of the area. 1 2 3 4 6 7 Soil (2) 5 5 3 8 9 45 25 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce. P. R 16.040 Soil Survey Field Book. Ponce loam. Is composed of a dark-brown alluvial loam, 3 feet or more in depth. Originally swampy in part. When drained, well adapted to sugar cane and Guinea grass, also to bananas and plantains. Best sugar land of the area. All under cultivation. 1284567 Soil (1) 1 1 5 15 57 20 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 2, 480 TTtnado loam. Dark-brown or yellowish loam, 7 inches deep, fri- able and free from stones, underlain by yellow loam, becoming lighter in texture at lower depths. Derived from igneous and volcanic rocks. Occupies hilly country in vicinity of Utuado. Some areas adapted to coffee and fruit, but the greater part used for pasture. 1 '2 X 4 5 7 Soil (1) 2 5 5 16 11 28 34 Subsoil (1) 1 3 6 20 10 30 30 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 7,880 Arecibo silt loam. Dark-brown silt ' loam, 12 to 36 inches deep, underlain by dark loam or silt loam. Alluvial deposit occupying low, level areas along or near the coast. In the vicinity of Arecibo excel- lent cane land, producing from 30 to 40 tons per acre. Around Ponce low lying and too alkaline for crops, on account of occasional inunda- tion by sea water. 1234567 Soil (4) 1 1 1 8 10 55 24 Subsoil (3) 1 1 1 6 8 52 31 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 8,960 Alonso clay. Dark purplish-red clay loam, 8 to 28 inches deep, underlain by dark to purplish-red tenacious clay 36 inches or more in depth. Derived from igneous and volcanic rocks. Heavy, stiff, and hard to cultivate. Rough, mountainous topography. The small area southwest of Adjuntas is well adapted to oranges and coffee. The other areas are lower and produce chiefly bananas and plantains, with some coffee. 1 2 34 5 6 7 Soil (5) 3 4 4 10 11 31 37 Subsoil (2) 2 2 9 7 37 43 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 13, 690 Porto Rican Soils. 277 Adjuntas clay. A red or dark-brown clay, 3 to 15 inches deep, underlain by red clay 36 inches or more in depth. Derived from vol- canic and igneous rocks. Occupies steep slopes. Difficult or impos- sible to till, requiring great care to prevent washing. The principal and most important coffee soil of the Arecibo to Ponce area. Also adapted to the growth of bananas, plantains, and oranges where there is a sufPcient depth of soil. 1 '2 3 4 56 7 Soil (3) 1 1 1 4 5 36 52 Subsoil (2) 1 1 5 6 44 43 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 29,890 Penuelas adobe. Brown loam, with marked adobe properties, 13 to 15 inches deep, underlain by cracked and broken volcanic tufa. Derived from disintegrated volcanic tufa. Occupies hills and gentle slopes around Penuelas. Too dry except for pasture. Some bananas grown on moist spots. 1234567 Soil (2) 4 6 4 9 9 27 41 Subsoil (1) 30 21 8 13 9 9 9 Acres. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 6,680 Portugues adobe. Heavy, dark-brown or black loam resembling adobe, 6 to 17 inches deep, formed from decomposed limestone. Occu- pies parting valleys and gentle slopes around limestone hills in southern part of area. Soil is underlain by heavy light-brown loam, becoming lighter in color with increasing depth. Devoted chiefly to pasture, but produces sugar cane and bananas where irrigation is practicable. A large part of the area lies too high for irrigation. 1884 5 6 7 Soil (2) 1 3 2 7 13 41 33 Subsoil (2) 1 3 1 4 10 43 38 Acres. Arecibo to Poncv, P. K... .. 4,010 INDEX. Page. Acadia silt loam 79 Afton fine sandy loam. (See Miami fine sand, p. 137.) Alamance silt loam. (See Cecil silt loam, p. 103.) Allegan black clay. (See Clyde loam, p. 157.) Allegan clay. (See Miami clay loam, p. 140.) Allegan fine sandy loam. (See Miami fine sand, p. 79.) Allegan gravelly loam. (See Miami gravelly sandy loam, p. 130; Miami gravelly sand, p. 135.) Allegan sand. (See Miami sand, p. 137.) Allegan sandy loam. (See Miami sandy loam, p. 138.) Allegan stony loam. (See Miami stony loam, p. 134.) Alloway clay 82 Almyra silt loam. (See Crowley silt loam, p. 79.) Alton stony loam. (See Miami stony sandy loam, p. 134.) A mite loam 77 Amite sandy loam 75 Arkansas fine sandy loam. (See Wabash fine sandy loam, p. 85.) Arkansas loam. (See Laurel loam, p. 220.) Arroyo Seco sandy loam. (See Maricopa gravelly loam, p. 236.) Austin clay. (See Houston clay, p. 65.) Austin fine sandy loam 93 Ayden fine sandy loam. (See Norfolk fine sandy loam, p. 51.) Barnmn loam 172 narnnm ston v loam 1117 Benton loam. (See Houston clay, p. 65.) Bernanlston loam 172 Billings clay 215 Billings clay loam 214 Billings fine sandy loam 213 Billings gravelly loam 213 Billings loam 213 Billings sandy loam. (Sop Rilling* fmr sandy loam, p. 213.) Billings silt loam 214 Blnghuin gravelly loam IMii Itinirliti in loam 1N7 279 280 Index. Page. Bingham stony loam 186 Boise loam 205 Boise sandy loam. (See Raise silt loam, p. 205.) Boise silt loam 205 Ro/.eman silt loam 205 Brandy wine loam 112 Bridger clay loam 197 Bridget- gravelly loam 19(i Bridger loam 197 Calcasieu fine sand 75 Calcasieu fine sandy loam 76 Calcasleu loam 78 Caldwell loam. (See Oallatin Ml loam, p. 203.) Caldwell sandy loam. (See Oallatin fine sandy loam, p. 202.) Cardiff slate loam Ill Carrington clay loam 96 Cassadaga sand 108 Cecil clay 104 Cecil clay loam 103 Cecil fine sandy loam 102 Cecil gravelly loam 100 Cecil loam 103 Cecil mica loam. (See Chester mica loam, p. 109.) Cecil sand 101 Cecil sandy loam 101 Cecil silt loam 103 Cecil stony clay 100 Cecil stony loam 100 Chattooga loam 63 Chester fine sandy loam 109 Chester loam 109 Chester mica loam 109 Chester stony loam 108 Chicopee gravel loam. (See Norfolk gravelly loam, p. 47.) Clarksville clay. (See Waverly clay, p. 90.) Clarksville clay loam 129 Clarksville fine sandy loam 128 Clarksville loam. (See Wabash silt loam, p. 86.) Clarksville silt loam 128 Clarksville stony loam 127 Clyde clay 158 Clyde fine sand 156 Clyde fine sandy loam 157 Clyde gravelly sand 155 Clyde gravelly sandy loam 155 Clyde loam 157 Clyde sand 156 Clyde sandy loam 156 Index. 281 Page. Clyde silt loam 158 Clyde stony sandy loam 154 Collington sandy loam 7 Hagerstown shale loam. (See Drkallt ulitilf loam, \>. 1 IS; Vulitxia xilt loam, p. 148.) Hagerstown silt loam. (See Clarkxvillr xilt loam, p. 128.) Hagerstown stony clay 12.1 Hagerstown stony loam 124 Hammond silt loam 80 I lanfnrd clay adot>o 200 Hanford clay loam 27 Mackinaw gravel. (See Miami gravel, p. 135.) Madeland 270 Madison loam 173 Malade fine sand 189 Maladc fine sandy loam 189 Malade loam 190 Maladc sandy loam 189 Manchester sandy loam 170 Manor loam 112 Manor stony loam 110 Maricopa play loam 239 Maricopa fine sandy loam 238 Maricopa gravelly loam 23C> Maricopa gravelly sand 235 Maricopa loam 2H8 Maricopa sand : 23> Maricopa sandy adobe. (So*> Colorado loiim atlolir, p. 212; Plticrntiu xandy adobe, p. 242.) Maricopa sandy loam 237 286 Index. Page. Maricopa silt loam 239 Maricopa stony loam. (See Bingham stony loam, p. 180.) Marion silt loam 174 Marsh 272 Marshall clay 146 Marshall clay loam 145 Marshall fine sand 142 Marshall fine sandy loam 143 Marshall gravel , 141 Marshall gravelly loam 141 Marshall loam 143 Marshall sand 141 Marshall sandy loam 1 42 Marshall silt loam 144 Marshall stony loam 140 McLean silt loam. (See Marshall loam, p. 143.) Meadow '. 270 Memphis silt loam 175 Mesa clay 217 Mesa clay loam 217 Mesa fine sandy loam 210 Miami black clay loam 145 Miami clay loam 140 Miami fine sand 137 Miami fine sandy loam 138 M iami gravel ". . 135 Miami gravelly loam 13(i Miami gravelly sand 135 Miami gravelly sandy loam 130 Miami loam 139 Miami sand 137 Miami sandy loam 138 Miami silt loam 139 Miami stony loam , 134 Miami stony sand 134 Miami stony sandy loam 134 Miller clay 92 Miller fine sand 90 Miller fine sandy loam 91 Miller heavy clay. (See Miller clay, p. 92.) Miller silt loam 91 Mobile clay 83 Monroe fine sandy loam. (See Miller fine sandy loam, p. 91.) Monroe silt loam 81 Morse clay 83 Muck . . 206 Index. 287 Page. Murrill clay loam 131 Murrill sandy loam. (See Hagerslown sandy loam, p. 125.) Murrill stony loam. (See Hagerslown stony loam, p. 124.) Myatt fine sandy loam 77 Neosho silt loam 95 Neuse clay 98 Newton fine sand 170 Norfolk clay 53 Norfolk clay loam 53 Norfolk coarse sand 47 Norfolk coarse sandy loam 48 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 Norfolk gravel 4(> Norfolk gravelly loam 47 Norfolk loam 52 Norfolk sand 48 Norfolk sandy loam 50 Norfolk sandy soil. (See Norfolk sandy loam, p. 50.) Norfolk silt loam 52 Oakland sandy loam. (See Miami fine sandy loam, p. 138.) Ocklocknee clay 98 Orangeburg clay W) Orangeburg fine sand 58 Orangeburg fine sandy loam 59 Orangeburg loam. (See Orangeburg sandy loam, p. 59; Orangeburg fine sandy loam, p. 59.) Orangeburg sand 58 < )rangeburg sandy loam 59 Orangeburg silt loam. (See Miller silt loam, p. 91.) ( )swego fine sandy loam 1 79 Oswego loam. (See Oswego silt loam, p. 179.) Oswego silt loam 179 Oxnard clay loam 24<> Oxnard clay loam adobe 247 Oxnard fine sandy loam 24.5 Oxnard gravelly loam 244 Oxntml loam 24i> Oxnard sand 244 Oxnard sandy loam 245 Oxnard silt loam 24 Peat 2fiti Peoos conglomerate 2.'*) Peoos gypsum. (Sec (iyjmum, p. 2li9.) Pec-os sand. (See Oila tinr sanity lixim. p. 22T>: (Jiln fine sand, p. 22 Neosho silt loam 95 Carrington clay loam 9f> Sarpy clay loam 9f> Congaree clay 97 (JrinYn clay 97 Neuse clay 9S Ockloekneo clay 98 Sharkey clay 98 Soils of the Piedmont Plateau 99 Cecil series 99 Cecil stony loam UX) Cecil stony clay 100 206 Index. Soils of the Piedmont Plateau Continued. Page. Cecil series Continued. Cecil gravelly loam 100 Cecil sand 101 Cecil sandy loam 101 Cecil fine sandy loam 102 Cecil loam 103 Cecil silt loam 103 Cecil clay loam ... 103 Cecil clay 104 Penn series 105 Penn stony loam 105 Penn shale loam 105 Penn gravelly loam 1C6 Penn sandy loam 106 Penn loam 106 Penn silt loam 107 Penn clay 107 Chester series 108 Chester stony loam : 108 Chester fine sandy loam 109 Chester mica loam 109 Chester loam 109 Miscellaneous soils of the Piedmont Plateau 1 10 Manor stony loam 110 Conowingo barrens 110 Cardiff slate loam Ill Loudoun sandy loam Ill Worsham sandy loam 112 Brandywine loam 112 Manor loam 112 tansdale silt loam 113 Iredell clay loam 1 13 Conowingo clay 114 Soils of the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Plateaus 114 Porters series 115 Porters stony loam 115 Porters sand 115 Porters sandy loam 116 Porters black loam 116 Porters loam 117* Porters clay 117 Dekalb series 117 Dekalb stony loam 118 Dekalb shale loam 118 Dekalb gravelly loam 119 Dekalb sandy loam 119 Dekalb fine Sandy loam 120 Index. 297 Soils of the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Plateaus Con. Page. Dekalb series Continued. Dekalb loam 120 Dekalb silt loam 120 Dekalb clay / 121 Upshur series 122 .Upshur sandy loam 122 Upshur loam 122 Upshur clay 123 Soils of the Limestone Valleys and Uplands 123 Ilagerstown series 124 Hagerstown stony loam 124 Hagerstown stony clay 125 Hagerstown sandy loam 125 Hagerstown loam 126 Hagerstown clay loam 126 Hagerstown clay 127 Clarksville series 127 Clarksville stony loam 127 Clarksville fine sandy loam 128 Clarksville silt loam 128 Clarksville clay loam 129 Miscellaneous soils of the limestone valleys and uplands 129 Fort Payne sandy loam 129 Cumberland loam 130 Conestoga loam 130 Gasconade silt loam 130 Fort Payne clay loam 131 Lickdale clay loam 131 Murrill clay loam 131 Conestoga clay 132 Guthrie clay 132 Soils of the glacial and loessial regions 133 Miami ser Miam Miam Miam Miam es 133 stony sand 134 stony sandy loam 134 stony loam 134 gravel 135 Miami gravelly sand 135 Miami gravelly sandy loam 136 Miami gravelly loam 13ti Miami sand 137 Miami fine sand: 137 Miami sandy loam 138 Miami fine sandy loam 138 Miami loam 139 Miami silt loam 139 Miami clay loam 140 298 Index. Soils of the glacial and loessial regions Continued. Page. Marshall series , . 140 Marshall stony loam 140 Marshall gravel 141 Marshall gravelly loam 141 Marshall sand 141 Marshall fine sand 142 Marshall sandy loam 142 Marshall fine sandy loam 143 Marshall loam 143 Marshall silt loam 144 Marshall clay loam 145 Miami black clay loam 145 Marshall clay 146 Volusia series 146 Volusia stony loam ; 146 Volusia gravelly loam 147 Volusia loam 147 Volusia silt loam 148 Volusia clay loam 148 Soils of the glacial lakes and terraces 149 Dunkirk series 149 Dunkirk stony clay 150 Dunkirk shale loam 150 Dunkirk gravel 150 Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam 151 Dunkirk gravelly loam 151 Dunkirk fine sandy loam 152 Dunkirk loam 152 Dunkirk silt loam 153 Dunkirk clay loam 153 Dunkirk clay 154 Clyde series 154 Clyde stony sandy loam 154 Clyde gravelly sand 155 Clyde gravelly sandy loam , 155 Clyde sand 156 Clyde fine sand 156 Clyde sandy loam 156 Clyde fine sandy loam 157 Clyde loam 157 Clyde silt loam 158 Clyde clay 158 Sioux series 159 Sioux sand 159 Sioux sandy loam 160 Sioux fine sandy loam 160 Sioux loam 161 Sioux silt loam 161 Sioux clay 161 Index. 299 Soils of the glacial lakes and terraces Continued. Page. Superior series 162 Superior sandy loam 162 Superior silt loam 162 Superior clay 163 Vergennes series 163 Vergennes stony loam 164 Vergennes gravelly loam 164 Vergennes fine sand 164 Vergennes sandy loam 165 Vergennes loam 165 Vergennes black clay 166 Vergennes clay 166 Miscellaneous soils of the glacial and loessial regions 167 Portage stony sandy loam 167 Barnum stony loam 167 Gloucester stony loam 167 llolyoke stony loam . .' 168 Cassadaga sand 168 Saugatuck sand 169 Shelby sand 169 Snohomish sand 169 Wheatland sand 170 Newton fine sand 170 Manchester sandy loam 170 Portage sandy loam 171 Saginaw sandy loam 171 Wheatland sandy loam 171 Snohomish fine sandy loam 172 Itanium loam 172 Bernardston loam 172 Elm wood loam 173 Madison loam 173 Shelby loam 173 Warners loam 174 Lexington silt loam 174 Marion silt loam 174 Memphis silt loam 175 Portage silt loam 175 SatTord silt loam 176 Scottsburg silt loam 176 Shelby silt loam 177 Snohomish silt loam 177 Fargo clay 177 I lolin n clay 178 Ki'sidiml soils of the western |>rulric region 178 Oswego series 17!> Oswego fine Handy loam 179 Oswego silt loam 179 300 Index. . Page. Residual soils of the western prairie region Continued. Crawford series 180 Crawford stony clay 180 Crawford gravelly loam 181 Crawford loam 181 Crawford silt loam 181 Crawford clay 182 Vernon series 182 Vernon sand 183 Vernon sandy loam 183 Vernon fine sandy loam 183 Vernon silt loam 184 Vernon clay 184 Miscellaneous residual soils of the western prairie region 184 Derby loam 184 Sedgwick black clay loam 185 Soils of the Great Basin 185 Bingham series 185 Bingham stony loam 186 Bingham gravelly loam 186 Bingham loam 187 Redfield series 187 Redfield fine sandy loam 187 Redfield loam 188 Redfield clay loam 188 Malade series 188 Malade fine sand 189 Malade sandy loam 189 Malade fine sandy loam 189 Malade loam 190 Jordan series 190 Jordan sand 190 Jordan fine sand 191 Jordan fine sandy loam 191 Jordan loam 192 Jordan clay loam 192 Jordan clay 192 Salt Lake series 193 Salt Lake sand 193 Salt Lake sandy loam 193 Salt Lake loam 194 Salt Lake clay loam 194 Miscellaneous soils of the Great Basin 194 Elsinore sand 194 Elsinore fine sandy loam 195 Weber fine sandy loam 195 Index. 301 Page. Soils of the northwestern intermountain region 195 Bridger series 196 Bridger gravelly loam . . ., 196 Bridger loam 197 Bridger clay loam 197 Yakima series 197 Yakima stony loa m 198 Yakima sand 198 Yakima fine sand 198 Yakima fine sandy loam 199 Yakima loam 199 Yakima silt loam 200 Gallatin series 201 Gallatin gravelly loam 201 Gallatin fine sandy loam 202 Gallatin loam 203 Gallatin silt loam 203 Gallatin clay loam 204 Miscellaneous soils of the northwestern intermountain region 204 Deer Flat fine sandy loam 204 Boise loam 205 Boise silt loam 205 Bozeinan silt loam 205 Columbia silt loam 206 Walla Walla silt loam 206 Soils of the Kocky Mountain valleys, plateaus, and plains 207 La ramie series 207 Laramie gravelly loam 207 Laramic sandy loam 208 Colorado series 208 Colorado gravelly loam 209 Colorado sand 209 Colorado sandy loam 210 Colorado fine sandy loam 210 Colorado loam 211 Colorado clay loam 211 Colorado loam adobe >}> Billings series 212 Hillings gravelly loam 2IH Hillings fine sandy loam 213 Hillings loam 213 Billings silt loam 214 Billings clay loam 214 BHIiiiKHclay 215 Fniita series 215 Fniita fine sandy loam 215 Fniita limm. . . JH, 302 Index. Page. Soils of the Rocky Mountain valleys, plateaus, and plains Continued. Mesa series '. 216 Mesa fine sandy loam 216 Mesa clay loam 217 Mesa clay 217 San Luis series 217 San Luis sand 218 San Luis sandy loam 218 San Luis loam 219 Lau rel series 219 Laurel fine sand 219 Laurel sandy loam 220 Laurel fine sandy loam 220 Laurel loam 220 Laurel clay loam 221 Laurel loam adobe 221 Miscellaneous soils of the Rocky Mountain valleys, plateaus, and plains 222 Finney sandy loam 222 Fort Collins loam 222 Finney clay 223 Soils of the arid Southwest 223 Indio series 223 Indio gravelly loam 224 Indio sand 224 Indio fine sand 225 Indio fine sandy loam 225 Gila series 225 Gila fine sand 226 Gila fine sandy loam 226 Gila loam 227 G ila silt loam 227 Gila clay loam 228 Gila clay , 228 Imperial series 228 Imperial sand 229 Imperial sandy loam 229 Imperial clay loam 229 Imperial clay 22C Miscellaneous soils of the arid Southwest 230 Pecos c&nglomerate 230 Yuma sand 230 Pecos sandy loam 231 Roswell fine sandy loam 231 Roswell loam 231 Glendale clay loam 231 Index. 303 Page. Soils of the Pacific coast 232 Sierra series 232 Sierra stony loam 232 Sierra sandy loam 233 Sierra clay loam 233 Sierra sandy adobe : 234 Sierra loam adobe 234 Maricopa series 235 Maricopa gravelly sand 235 Maricopa gravelly loam 236 Maricopa sand 236 Maricopa sandy loam 237 Maricopa fine sandy loam 238 Maricopa loam 238 Maricopa silt loam 239 Maricopa clay loam 239 Placentia series 239 Placentia sandy loam 240 Placentia fine sandy loam 240 Placentia loam 241 Placentia clay loam 242 Placentia sandy adobe 242 Placentia loam adobe 243 Placentia clay loam adobe 243 Oxnard series 244 Oxnard gravelly loam 244 Oxnard sand 244 Oxnard sandy loam '. . . 245 Oxnard fine sandy loam 245 Oxnard loam 246 Oxnard silt loam 246 Oxnard clay loam 246 Oxnard clay loam adobe 247 San Joaquin series 247 San Joaquin sand 248 San Joaquin sandy louin 24K San Joaquin fine sandy loam 249 San Joaquin loam 219 San Joaquin sandy adobe 230 San Joaquin clay loam adobe 250 Stockton series 250 Stockton fine sandy loam 251 Stockton loam 251 Stockton silt loam >! Stockton loam adobe 252 Stockton clay loutn ndolw 252 Stockton clay aclnlip 253 304 Index. Soils ol the Pacific coast Continued. Page. Fresno series 253 Fresno sand 234 Fresno fine sand 254 Fresno sandy loam 255 Fresno fine sandy loam 255 Fresno loam 256 Hanfo r d series 256 Hanford gravel 257 Hanford sand 257 Hanford fine sand 258 Hanford sandy loam .- 258 Hanford fine sandy loam 259 Hanford silt loam 259 Hanford clay loam 260 Hanford clay adobe 260 Salem series 261 Salem gravelly loam 261 Salem fine sandy loam 261 Salem silt loam 262 Salem clay 262 Miscellaneous soils of the Pacific coast 263 Sheridan sandy loam 263 Puget fine sandy loam 263 Santiago fine sandy loam 263 Santiago loam 264 Puget silt loam 264 Sacramento clay loam 264 Puget clay 265 Salinas gray adobe 265 Humus soils 266 Peat 266 Muck 266 Unclassified material 267 Rock outcrop 267 Rough stony land 267 Dunesand 268 Sandhill 268 Riverwash 269 Gypsum 269 Madeland 270 Meadow 270 Swamp 272 Marsh... 272 Index. 305 SOILS ARRANGED BY STATES. Alabama: Page. Chattooga loam 93 Clarksville fine san Jy k am . . 128 Clarksville silt loam 128 Clarksville stony loam 127 Congaree loam 93 Dekalbclay 121 Dekalb fine sandy loam 120 Dekalb sandy loam 119 Dekalb stony loam 118 Guthrie clay 132 Hagerstown clay 127 Hagerstown loam 120 Hagerstown sandy loam 125 Hagerstown stony clay 125 Hagerstown stony loam .... 124 Houston black clay 65 Houston clay 65 Lufkin clay 68 Meadow 270 Mobileclay 83 Norfolk clay 53 Norfolk coarse sand 47 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 Norfolk gravelly loam 47 Norfolkloam 52 Norfolk sand 4S Norfolk sandy loam 50 Orangeburg clay CO Orangeburg fine sand . r ,8 Orangeburg fine sandy loam 5'' Orangeburg sand .is Orangeburg sandy loam 5i Susquehannu clay 72 Susquehanna gravelly loam . 71 Swamp 272 Upshur loam 122 Upshur sandy loam 122 Wabash clay 87 Wabash silt loam 86 Warsaw sandy loam 77 Hanford sand 2.">7 I lanfonl sandy loam 258 306 Index. California Continued. Page. Hanford silt loam 259 Imperial clay 229 Imperial clay loam 229 Imperial sand 229 \ Imperial sandy loam 229 Indio fine sand 225 ! Indio fine sandy loam 225 ; Indio gravelly loam 224 Indio sand 224 j Maricopa fine sandy loam . . . 238 Maricopa gravelly loam 236 Maricopa gravelly sand 235 Maricopa sand 236 Maricopa sandy loam 237 Meadow 270 Oxnard clay loam 246 Oxnard clay loam adobe 247 Oxnard fine sandy loam 245 Oxnard gravelly loam 244 Oxnard loam 246 Oxnard sand 244 Oxnard sandy loam 245 Oxnard silt loam 246 Peat 266 Placentia clay loam 242 Placentia clay loam adobe. . . 243 Placentia fine sandy loam . . . 240 Placentia loam 241 Placentia loam adobe 243 Placentia sandy adobe . . 242 Placentia sandy loam 240 Riverwash 269 Rough stony land 267 Sacramento clay loam 264 Salinas gray adobe 265 San Joaquin clay loam adobe. 250 San Joaquin fine sandy loam . 249 San Joaquin loam 249 San Joaquin sand 248 San Joaquin sandy adobe . . . 250 San Joaquin sandy loam 248 Santiago fine sandy loam . . . 263 Santiago loam 264 Sheridan sandy loam 263 Sierra clay loam 233 Sierra loam adobe 234 Sierra sandy adobe 234 California Continued. Page. Sierra sandy loam 233 Sierra stony loam 232 Stockton clay adobe 253 Stockton clay loam adobe. . . 252 Stockton fine sandy loam 251 Stockton loam 251 Stockton loam adobe 252 Stockton silt loam 251 Colorado: Billings clay 215 Billings clay loam 214 Billings fine sandy loam 213 Billings loam 213 Billings silt loam 214 Colorado clay loam 211 Colorado fine sandy loam 210 Colorado gravelly loam 209 Colorado loam 211 Colorado loam adobe 212 Colorado sand 209 Colorado sandy loam 210 Dunesand 268 Fort Collins loam 222 Fruita fine san:ly loam 215 Fruita loam 216 La,urel clay loam 221 Laurel fine sand 219 Laurel loam 220 Laurel sandy loam 220 Marshall silt loam 144 Mesa clay 217 Mesa clay loam 217 Mesa fine sandy loam 216 Riverwash 269 San Luis loam 219 San Luis sand 218 San Luis sandy loam 218 Swamp 272 Connecticut: Chicopee gravel loam (Nor- folk gravelly loam) 47 Elmwood loam 173 Enfield sandy loam (Norfolk sandy loam) 50 Hartford sandy loam (Nor- folk sand) 48 Holyoke stony loam 168 Index.- 307 Connecticut Continued. Page. Georgia Continued. Page. Manchester sandy loam 170 Meadow 270 Meadow 270 Norfolk coarse sand 47 Norfolk coarse sandy loam . . 48 Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk sand 48 Suffield clay 83 Norfolk sandy loam 50 Swamp 272 Orangeburg clay 60 Triassic stony loam (Penn Orangeburg fine sandy loam. 59 stony loam) 105 Orangeburg sand 58 Windsor sand (Norfolk Porters stony loam 1 15 coarse sand) 47 Portsmouth sand 54 Delaware: Idaho: Galveston clay 62 Boise loam 205 Galveston sand 61 ' Boise silt loam 205 Meadow 270 Deer Flat fine sandy loam. .. 204 Norfolk loam 2 j G'allatin fine sandy loam 202 Norfolk sand 48 Gallatin loam 203 Norfolk silt loam 52 Gallatin silt loam 203 Portsmouth sand 54 Riverwash 269 Portsmouth sandy foam 55 Yakima fine sand 198 Portsmouth silt loam 57 Yakima loam 199 Swamp 272 Yakima sand 198 District of Columbia (no survey). Yakima silt loam 200 Florida: Illinois: Gadsden sand 69 Lintonia loam 94 Gadsden sandy loam 70 Marion silt loam 174 Gainesville sand 74 Marshall loam 143 Leon fine sand 75 j Marshall sandy loam 142 Leon sand 74 Marshall silt loam 144 Meadow 270 Meadow 270 Muck 266 Memphis silt loam 175 Norfolk fine sand 49 Miami black clay loam 145 Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 Miami finr sand 137 Norfolk sand 48 Miami fine sandy loam 138 Norfolk sandy loam .50 Mian i irravel 135 Ocklocknee clay 98 Mian i loam 139 Orangeburg fine sandy loam. 59 Mian i silt loam 139 Orangeburg sand 58 Muck 2fifi Portsmouth fine sand .14 Peat 2fi6 Portsmouth sand 54 Rough stony land 2r,7 Portsmouth sandy loam .15 Sioux loam Kil Sandhill 2t>8 Sioux sandy loam itiO Swamp 272 Sioux silt loam Ifil Georgia: Wabash clay N7 Cecil clay 104 \Vnl.ushloam 8.1 Cecil sand 101 \Vabashsiltloani K6 Cecil sandy loam 10' \Vnverly clay loam 89 Gadsden sand . . . i9 \Vaverly fine sandy loam 88 308 Index. Illinois Continued. Waverly silt loam Page. 89 Iowa Continued. Marshall loam . . Page. 143 Yazoo loam 95 Marshall sand 141 Yazoo sandy loam 92 Meadow. 270 Indiana: Miami black clay loam 145 Clyde fine sand 156 Miami clay loam 140 Clyde loam 157 Miami fine sand 137 Dekalb silt loam 120 138 Griffin clay 97 139 Lintonia loam 94 Muck 266 Madison loam 173 Rough stony land 267 Marshall fine sand . 142 Sioux sandy loam 160 Marshall fine sandy loam. . . 143 Wabash silt loam 86 Marshall loam 143 Kansas: Marshall sand 141 Colorado loam 211 Marshall sandy loam . 142 Colorado sand . 209 Marshall silt loam 144 Colorado sandy loam 210 Meadow 270 Crawford clay 182 Miami black clay loam 145 Crawford gravelly loam 181 Miami clay loam 140 Crawford silt loam 181 Miami fine sand . 137 Derby loam . 184 Miami gravelly sandy loam . 136 Dunesand 268 Miami loam . 139 Finney clay 223 Miami sand 137 Houston clay 65 Miami sandy loam 138 Laurel fine sandy loam 220 Miami silt loam . 139 Laurel loam 220 Muck . 266 Laurel loam adobe 221 Newton fine sand 170 Laurel sandy loam 220 Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 Marshall gravelly loam 141 Peat 266 Marshall sandy loam 142 Riverwash 269 Marshall silt loam . 144 Scottsburg silt loam 176 Miami fine sand 137 Sioux loam 161 Miami sand 137 Sioux sandy loam 160 179 Sioux silt loam 161 Oswego silt loam 179 Swamp . . . 272 Rock outcrop 267 Volusia silt loam 148 Rough stonv land 267 Wabash fine sandy loam . . . Wabash sandy loam . . . 85 84 Sedgwick black clay loam Sharkey clay . 185 98 Wabash silt loam . 86 Wabash clay 87 Waverly clay 90 Wabash silt loam 86 Waverly clay loam 89 Yazoo loam 95 Waverly fine sandy loam 88 Yazoo sandy loam 92 Waverly loam 88 Kentucky: Waverly silt loam 89 Clarksville clay loam 129 Yazoo sandy loam 92 Clarksville silt loam. .. 128 Iowa: Cumberland loam 130 Marshall clay loam . 145 Dekalb fine sandy loam 120 Marshall fine sand. . . 142 Dekalb loam . . . 120 Index, 309 Kentucky Continued. Page. Dekalb shale loam 118 Dekalb silt loam 120 Guthrieclay 132 Hagerstown clay 127 Hagerstown loam 126 Hagerstown stony clay 125 Leonardtown loam "9 Lin tonia loam 94 Meadow 270 Memphis silt loam 175 Miami silt loam 139 Muck 206 Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 Norfolk loam 52 Portsmouth silt loam 57 Riverwash 269 Rough stony land 267 Sharkeyclay 98 Wabash silt loam 86 Waverly clay 90 Waverly fine sandy loam 88 Waverly silt loam 89 Louisiana: Acadia silt loam 79 Amite loam 77 Amite sandy loam 75 Calcasieu fine sand 75 Calcasieu fine sandy loam ... 76 Calcasieu loam 78 Crowley silt loam ' 79 Galveston clay 62 Hammond silt loam 80 Lacasine clay loam 81 Lake Charles fine sandy loam 77 Lake Charles loam 78 Landry silt loam 80 Lufkin clay 68 Marsh 272 Marshall silt loam 144 Meadow 270 Memphis silt loam 175 Miller clay 92 Miller fine sandy loam 91 Miller silt loam 91 Monroe silt loam 81 Morse clay 83 Muck.. 2i Louisiana Continued. Page. Myatt fine sandy loam 77 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk line sandy loam 51 Norfolk sand 48 Orangeburg fine sandy loani. 59 Orangeburg sandy loam 59 Peat.. 266 Sharkeyclay 98 Susquehanna clay loam 71 Susquehanna fine sandy loam 71 Swamp 272 Wabash clay 87 Yazoo loam 95 Yazoo sandy loam 92 Maine (no survey). Maryland : Cardiff slate loam Ill Cecil clay 104 Chester loam 109 Chester mica loam 109 Collington sandy loam 76 Conowingo barrens 110 Conowingo clay 114 Galveston clay 62 Galveston sand 61 Leonardtown loam 79 Meadow 270 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 Norfolk sand 48 Norfolk silt loam 52 Portsmouth sand ">4 Portsmouth sandy loam 55 Portsmouth silt loam ">7 Sassafras loam (Norfolk silt loam) 52 Sassafras sandy loam (Nor- folk loam ) 52 Stisquehanna cl y 72 Susquehanna clay loam 71 Susqtiehanna gravel (Nor- folk gravel) 46 Swamp 272 Westphalia sand (Norfolk fine sand) 49 Windsor sand (Norfolk coarse sand) 47 310 Index. Massachusetts: Page. Bernardston loam 172 Chicopee gravel loam (Nor- folk gravelly loam) 47 Elmwood loam 173 Enfleld sandy loam (Norfolk sandy loam) 50 Hartford sandy loam (Nor- folk sand) 48 Holyoke stony loam 168 Manchester sandy loam 170 Meadow 270 Norfolk coarse sandy loam . . 48 Norfolk fine sand .*. 49 Suffleldclay 83 Swamp 272 Triassic stony loam (Penn stony loam) 105 Windsor sand (Norfolk coarse sand) 47 Michigan: Clyde clay 158 Clyde fine sandy loam 157 Clyde gravelly sand 155 Clyde loam 157 Clyde sand 156 Clyde sandy loam 156 Clyde silt loam 158 Clyde stony sandy loam 154 Dunesand 268 Elmwood loam 173 Fort Payne sandy loam 129 Marsh 272 Meadow 270 Miami black clay loam 145 Miami clay loam 140 Miami fine sand 137 Miami fine sandy loam 138 Miami gravel 135 Miami gravelly loam 136 Miami gravelly sand 135 Miami gravelly sandy loam. . 136 Miami sand 137 Miami sandy loam 138 Miami stony loam 134 Miami stony sand 134 Muck 266 Rough stony land 267 Michigan Continued. Page. Saginaw sandy loam 171 Saugatuck sand 169 Superior clay 163 Swamp 272 Wabash loam 85 Minnesota: Barnum loam 172 Barnum stony loam 167 Dunesand 268 Marshall gravel 141 Marshall gravelly loam 141 Marshall loam 143 Marshall sandy loam 142 Meadow 270 Miami black clay loam 145 Miami fine sand 137 Miami gravelly sandy loam. . 136 Miami sand 137 Miami sandy loam 138 Miami stony loam 134 Muck 266 Rock outcrop 267 Rough stony land 267 Superior clay 163 Superior silt loam 162 Wabash loam 85 Mississippi: Gadsden loam 70 Lintonia loam 94 Lufkinclay 68 Meadow 270 Memphis silt loam 175 Neuse clay 98 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 Norfolk gravelly loam 47 Norfolkloam 52 Norfolk sand 48 Orangeburg fine sandy loam. 59 Orangeburg sandy loam 59 Portsmouth loam 56 Sharkeyclay 98 Swamp 272 Wabashclay 87 Waverly fine sandy loam 88 Waverly silt loam 89 Yazoo loam 95 Yazoo sandy loam 92 Index. 311 Missouri: Page. Clarksville silt loam 128 Clarksville stony loam 127 Gasconade silt loam 130 Jackson loam 94 Marion silt loam 174 Marshall silt loam 144 Meadow 270 Memphis silt loam 175 Miami fine sand 137 Miami silt loam 139 Riverwash 269 Rough stony land 267 Shelbyloam 173 Shelby sand 169 Shelby silt loam 177 Sioux sandy loam 160 Wabashclay 87 Wabash silt loam 86 Waverly clay loam 89 Waverly silt loam 89 Yazod loam 95 Montana: Billings clay 215 Billings clay loam 214 Billings fine sandy loam 213 Billings gravelly loam 213 Bozeman silt loam 205 Bridger clay loam 197 Bridger gravelly loam 196 Gallatin clay loam 204 Gallatin fine sandy loam 202 Gallatin gravelly loam 201 Gallatin silt loam 203 Laurel sandy loam 220 Swamp 272 Yakima silt loam 200 Nebraska: Dunesand 268 I.iuirrl line xni'l 219 Laurel fine sandy loam 220 Marshall fine sand 142 Marshall fine sandy loam 143 Marshallloam 143 Marshall silt loam 144 Meadow 270 Miami fine sand 137 Miami sand... 137 Nebraska Continued. Page. Miami silt loam 139 Riverwash 269 Sarpy clay loam 96 Sioux fine sandy loam 160 Sioux sandy loam 160 Wabash clay 87 Wabash fine sandy loam 85 Wabash silt loam 86 Nevada. (No survey.) New Hampshire. (No survey.) New Jersey: Alloway clay 82 Cecil stony loam 100 Collington sandy loam 76 Meadow 270 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk sand 48 Penn loam 106 Penn sandy loam 106 Penn stony loam 105 Portsmouth silt loam 57 Quinton sandy loam (Norfolk sandy loam) 50 Sassafras gravelly loam(Nor- f oik silt loam) 52 Sassafras loam (Norfolk silt loam) 52 Susquehanna gravel (Norfolk gravel ) 46 Westphalia ?and(Norfolk fine sand) 49 Windsor sand( Norfolk coarse sand) 47 New Mexico: Gila fine sand 226 Gypsum 269 Meadow 270 Pecos conglomerate 230 Pecos sandy loam 231 Knswell fine Handy loam .... 231 Roswell loam 231 New York: Cassadnga sand 168 Dekalbclay 121 Dunkirk clay 154 Dunkirk clay loam 153 Dunkirk fine sandy loam 152 312 Index. New York Continued. Page. Dunkirk gravel 150 Dunkirk gravelly loam 151 Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam 1">1 Dunkirk loam 152 Dunkirk shale loam 150 Dunidrn silt loam '... 153 Dunkirk stony clay 150 Galveston clay 62 Galveston sand 61 Galveston sandy loam 62 Hem pstead loam 78 Madeland 270 Meadow 270 Miami fine sand 137 Miami stony loam 134 Miami stony sand 134 Miami stony sandy loam .... 134 Muck 266 Norfolk coarse sand 47 Norfolk coarse sandy loam . . 48 Norfolk gravel 46 Norfolk loam 52 Norfolk sand 48 Peat 266 Rock outcrop 267 Rough stony land 267 Sassafras gravelly loam (Nor- folk silt loam) 52 Sassafras sandy loam (Nor- folk loam) 52 Swamp 272 Upshurclay .- 123 Vergennes clay 166 Vergennes fine sand 164 Vergennes gravelly loam 164 Vcrgennes loam 165 Vergennes sandy loam 165 Vergennes stony loam 164 Volusia clay loam 148 Volusia gravelly loam 147 Volusia loam 147 Volusia silt loam 148 Volusia stony loam 146 Wabash loam 85 Warners loam ... 174 North Carolina: Page. Cecilclay 104 Cecil loam 103 Cecil sand 101 Cecil sandy loam 101 Cecil silt loam 103 Conowingo clay 114 Dekalb stony loam 118 Iredellclay loam 113 Meadow 270 Muck 266 Neuse clay 98 Norfolk clay 53 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk fine sandy loam. 51 Norfc. Ik gravel 46 Norfolk sand 48 Norfolk sandy loam 50 Norfolk silt loam 52 Orangeburg fine sandy loam. 179 Porters black loam 116 Porters clay 117 Porters loam . ( 117 Porters sfind 115 Porters sandy loam 116 Porters stony loam 115 Portsmouth fine sandy loam. 55 Portsmouth loam 56 Portsmouth sand 54 Portsmouth sandy loam 55 Rock outcrop 267 Sandhill 268 Susquehanna gravelly loam. 71 Swamp 272 North Dakota: Clyde clay 158 Clyde fine sandy loam 157 Clyde loam 157 Fargo clay 177 Hobartclay 178 Marshall clay 146 Marshall fine sand 142 Marshall fine sandy loam 143 Marshall gravel 141 Marshall gravelly loam 141 Marshall loam... 143 Index. 313 North Dakota Continued. Page. Marshall silt loam 144 Marshall stony loam 140 Meadow 270 Miami black clay loam 145 Muck 266 Riverwash 269 Sioux clay 161 Sioux fine sandy loam 160 W abash clay 87 Wabash loam 85 Wheatland sand 170 Wheatland sandy loam 171 Ohio: Clydeclay 158 Dekalbclay 121 Denalb silt loam 120 Dunkirk clay 154 Dunkirk fine sandy loam 152 Dunkirk gravel 150 Dunkirk gravelly loam 151 Dunkirk gravelly sandy loam 151 Dunkirk loam 152 Meadow 270 Miami black clay loam 145 Miami clay loam 140 Miami gravelly loam 136 Miamisand 137 Miami stony loam 134 Muck 266 Peat 266 Volusia loam 147 Volusia silt loam 148 Wabash clay 87 Wabash fine sandy loam 85 Wabash loam 85 Wahash sandy loam 84 Waverly clay 90 Oklahoma. (No survey.) Oregon: Bridger gravelly loam 196 | Bridgcr loam 197 (iallatin loam 203 Maricopa sandy loam 237 Meadow 270 Muck 200 Kock outcrop 2ti7 Siilriii clay 21.2 Oregon Continued. Page. Salem fine sandy loam 261 Salem gravelly loam 261 Salem silt loam 262 Yakima loam 199 Pennsylvania : Brandywine loam 112 Cardiff slate loam Ill Cecil clay 104 Cecil clay loam 103 Cecil stony loam 103 Chester fine sandy loam 109 Chester loam 109 Chester mica loam 109 Chester stony loam 108 Conestoga loam 130 Conowingo barrens 110 Conowingo clay 114 Dekalb fine sandy loam 120 Dekalb gravelly loam 119 Dekalb loam 120 Dekalb sandy loam 119 Dekalb shale loam 118 Dekalb stony loam 118 Hagerstown clay 127 Hagcrstown clay loam 126 Hagerstown loam '. .. 126 Hagerstown stony loam 124 Lansdale silt loam 113 Lickdale clay loam 131 Manor loam 112 Manor stony loam 1 10 Meadow 270 Norfolk gravelly loam 47 Norfolk loam 52 Norfolk silt loam 52 Penn loam 106 Penn sandy loam 106 Penn shale loam 105 Penn silt loam 107 Penn stony loam 105 Porters clay 117 Porters stony loam 115 Portsmouth silt la m 57 Hough stony land 2>7 Porto Klco: Adjuntas clay 277 AlonRo clay 276 314 Index. Porto Rico Continued. Page. Arecibo loam 275 Arecibo sand 273 Arecibo sandy loam 274 Arecibo silt loam 276 Coral sand 1 274 Pastillo loam 275 Penuelas adobe 277 Ponce loam 270 Ponce sandy loam 274 Portugues adobe 277 Portugues stony loam 273 Riverwash 273 Tanama stony loam 273 Utuadoloam 270 Utua do sandy loam 274 Vivi sandy loam 275 Rhode Island: Dunesand 268 Galveston fine sand 62 Galveston sandy loam 62 Gloucester stony loam 107 Meadow 270 Miami silt loam 139 Miami stony loam 134 Miami stony sandy loam 134 Norfolk coarse sand 47 Norfolk coarse sandy loam . . 48 Swamp 272 South Carolina: Cecil clay.-.- 104 Cecil fine sandy loam 102 Cecil gravelly loam 100 Cecil sand 101 Cecil sandy loam 101 Cecil silt loam 103 Cecil stony clay 100 Cecil stony loam 100 Galveston clay 02 Galveston fine sand 62 Iredell clay loam... 113 Meadow.. ... 270 Norfolk fine sand 40 Norfolk fine sandy loam 51 Norfolk sand 48 Norfolk sandy loam..'....... 50 Norfolk silt loam 52 Orangeburg sand 58 Orangeburg sandy loam . 59 Portersclay 117 Porters sand... 115 I South Carolina Continued. Page. Porters sandy loam 116 Portsmouth fine sandy loam 55 Portsmouth sandy loam 55 Rock outcrop 267 Sandhill 268 Swamp 272 South Dakota: Marshall loam: 143 Marshall sandy loam 142 Marshall stony loam 140 Miami black clay loam 145 Sioux sandy loam 160 Tennessee: Clarksville clay loam 129 Clarksville silt loam 128 Clarksville stony loam 127 Conestoga clay 132 Cumberland loam 130 Dekalb sandy loam 1 19 Dekalb shale loam 118 Dekalb silt loam 120 Dekalb stony loam 118 Fort Payne clay loam 131 Guthrieclay 132 Hagerstown loam 126 Hagerstown sandy loam 125 Hagerstown stony loam .... 124 Lexington silt loam 174 Lickdale clay loam 131 Meadow 270 Millerclay 92 Miller fine sand 90 Miller fine sandy loam 91 Miller silt loam 91 Norfolk sandy loam 50 Rock outcrop 267 Saflord silt loam 176 Wabash silt loam 86 Waverly loam 88 Texas: Calcasieu fine sandy loam ... 76 Crawford clay 182 Crawford loam 181 Crawford stony clay 180 Galveston clay 62 Galveston fine sand 62 Houston black clay 65 Houston black clay loam 64 Houston clay 65 Houston gravelly clay 63 Index. 315 Tetas Continued. Page. Houston loam 64 Lake Charles fine sandy loam 77 68 87 68 66 68 B6 67 Meadow 270 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk fine sandy loam .... 51 Lufkin clay Luf kin fine sand Lufkin fine sandy loam Lufkin gravelly loam Lufkin loam Lufkin sand Lufkin sandy loam . Norfolk sand Norfolk sandy loam Norfolk silt loam Orangeburg clay Orangeburg fine sand Orangeburg fine sandy loam . Orangeburg sandy loam .... Portsmouth sandy loam 48 :,n 52 60 58 58 SO 55 Rock outcrop 267 Hough stony land 267 San Antonio clay loam 82 Sanders loam 94 Sharkey clay 98 Susquehanna clay : 72 Susquehanna fine sandy loam 71 Travis gravelly loam 73 Vernon clay 184 Vernon fine sandy loam 183 Vernon sand 183 Vernon sandy loam 183 Vernon silt loam 184 Wabash clay 87 \Viibiisii heavy clay 87 Yazoo loam 95 Yazoo sandy loam 92 Utah: Kingham gravelly loam 186 Uingham loam 187 Bingham stony loam 186 Klsinore fine sandy loam 195 Klsinore sand 194 Jordan clay 192 Jordan clay loam 192 Jordan fine sand Jordan fine nandy loam Jordan loam Jordan sand Miilaili- fine minil. . . 101 191 192 | 190 |gg Utah Continued. Page. Malade fine sandy loam 189 Malade loam 190 Malade sandy loam 189 Meadow 270 Redfield clay loam 188 Redfield fine sandy loam 187 Redfield loam 188 Riverwash 269 Salt Lake clay loam 194 Salt Lake loam 194 Salt Lake sand 193 Salt Lake sandy loam 193 Weber fine sandy loam 195 Vermont: Meadow 270 Miami stony sandy loam 134 Muck 266 Rock outcrop 267 Swamp 272 Vergennes black clay 166 Vergennes clay 166 Vergennes fine sand -164 Vergennes gravelly loam 164 Vergennes loam 165 Vergennes sandy loam 165 Vergennes stony loam : . . lt>4 Virginia: Cecil clay 104 Cecil fine sandy loam 102 Cecil loam 103 Cecil sand 101 Cecil sandy loam 101 Cecil silt loam 103 Chester loam 109 Chester mica loam 109 Conestoga clay 132 Conowingo barrens 110 Conowingo clay 114 Dekalb shale loam 1 IS Dckalb stony loam 118 Galveston clay ivi (lalveston sand (il Hagcrstown clay 127 Hagorstown loam 12(1 Hugorstown sandy loam .... 125 Hagorstown stony loam .... I'J4 Iredoll clay loam I l.'i Leonardtown loam "'.< Loudoiin sunily lotiin Ill Meadow '-'711 316 Index. Virginia Continued. Page. Murrill clay loam 131 Norfolk clay loam 53 Norfolk coarse sandy loam.. 48 Norfolk fine sand 49 Norfolk fine sandy loam .... 51 Norfolk gravelly loam 47 Norfolk loam 52 Norfolk sand 48 Norfolk sandy loam 50 Penn clay 107 Penn gravelly loam 106 Penn loam 106 Penn sandy loam 106 Penn stony loam 105 Porters black loam 116 Porters clay 117 Porters sand 115 Porters sandy loam 116 Portsmouth clay loam 57 Portsmouth fine sandy loam . 55 Portsmouth srnd 54 Portsmouth sandy loam 55 Portsmouth silt loam 57 Rock outcrop 267 Swamp 272 Wickham clay loam 73 Wickham sand 72 Wickham sandy loam 72 Worsham sandy loam 112 Washington: Clyde gravelly sandy loam . . 155 Clyde loam 157 Clyde sandy loam 156 Columbia silt loam 206 Gallatin gravelly loam 201 Gallatin loam L03 Galveston clay 62 Galveston coarse sand 61 Meadow 270 Miami clay loam .- 140 Miami gravelly sand 135 Miami gravelly sandy loam . 136 Miami sandy loam 138 Miami stony loam 134 Miami stony sand 134 Muck 266 Peat 266 Pnget fine sandy loam 263 Washington Continued. Page. Puget silt loam 264 Puget clay 265 Riverwash 269 Rock outcrop 267 Swamp 272 Walla Walla silt loam 206 Yakima fine sandy loam .... 199 Yakima sand 198 Yakima silt loam 200 Yakima stony loam 198 West Virginia: Dekalb clay 121 Dekalb loam 120 Dekalb stony loam 118 Meadow 270 Rough stony land 267 Upshur clay 123 Wisconsin: Dunesand 268 Marshall gravelly loam 141 Marshall sand 141 Marshall silt loam 144 Meadow 270 Miami black clay loam 145 Miami fine sand 137 Miami gravel 135 Miami loam 139 Miami sand 137 Miami sandy loam ; . . 138 Miami silt loam 139 Miami stony sand 134 Muck 266 Portage sandy loam 171 Portage silt loam 1 75 Portage stony sandy loam . . 167 Rock outcrop 267 Sioux sand 159 Sioux sandy loam 160 Sioux silt loam 161 Superior clay 163 Superior sandy loam 162 Wabash loam 85 Wyoming: Billings clay 215 Gypsum 269 Laramie gravelly loam 207 Laramie sandy loam 208 Laurel sandy loam 220 Redfield fine sandy loam 187 Riverwash . . . 269 REFERENCES TO SOIL SURVEY REPORTS. Following the description of the type is a list of locations in which the soil has been mapped. For convenience in referring to the original description of the soil, an alphabetical list of all areas surveyed by the Bureau is here given, with a reference showing the number of the volume and the page where the description occurs. The volume reference is to the different reports: 1 (Report 64), Field Operations, Bureau of Soils, 1899; 2, 1900; 3, 1901; 4, 1902; 5, 1903; 6, 1904; 7, 1905. Abbeville, S. C., 4, p. 273. Acadia, La., 6, p. 461. Adams County, Pa., 6, p. 119. Alamance County, N. C., 3, p. 297. Albemarle Va., 4, p. 187. Allegan County, Mich.. 3, p. 93. Allen County, Kans., 6, p. 875. Alma, Mich., 6, p. 639. Anderson County. Tex., 6, p. 397. Appomattox County, Va., 6, p. 151. Arecibo to Ponce, P. R., 4, p. 793. Asheville, N. C., 5, p. 279. Ashtabula, Ohio, 5, p. 647. Auburn, N. Y., 6, p. 95. Austin, Tex., 6, p. 421. Bainbridge, Ga., 6, p. 247. Baker City, Oreg., 5, p. 1155. Bakersfleld, Cal., 6, p. 10S9. Bear River, Utah, 0, p. 995. Bedford, Va., 3, p. 239. Bigflats, N. Y., 4, p. 125. Billings, Mont., 4, p. 665. Biloxi. Miss., 6, p. 353. Binghamton, N. Y., 7, p. . Hiackfoot, Idaho, 5, p. 1027. Blount County, Ala., 7, p. . Boise, Idaho. 3, p. 421. Boonville, Ind., 6, p. 727. Brazoria, Tex., 4, p. 349. Brooking*, S. Dak., o, p. 963. Brown County, K;m- . 7, p. - -. Calvert County, Md., *, p. 147. Campobello, S. C., 5, p. 299. Cando, N. Dak., 6, p. 925. Carlton, Minn.-Wis., 7, p. . Carrington, N. Dak., 7, p. Cary, N.C.,8, p. 311. Cecil County, Md., 2, p. 103. Cerro flordo County. Iowa, o, p. 853. Charleston, S. C., 6, p. 207. Cherokee County, S. C., 7, p. . Chester County, Pa., 7, p. . Clay County, 111., 4, p. 507. Cleveland, Ohio, 7, p. . Clinton County, 111., 4, p. 491. Cobb County, Ga., 8, p. 317. Columbus, Ohio, 4, p. 403. Connecticut Valley, Conn. -Mass., ft, p. 39 Coshocton County, Ohio, 6, p. 565. Covington, Ga., 3, p. 329. Craven, N. C., 6, p. 253. Crawford County. Mo., 7, p. . Crystal Springs, Miss., 7, p. . Dallas County, Ala., 7, p. . Darlington, -S. C., 4, p. 291. Davidson County, Tcnn., .">. p. 605. De So to Parish, Lu., 6, p. 375. Dodge County, da., 6, p. 231. Dover, Del., ft, p. 143. Dubuijiie. Iowa, 4, p. 571. Duplin County, N. C., 7, p. . Kast Hilton Kongo Parish, I.H.. 7, K 318 Soil Survey Reports. Everett, Wash., 7, p. . Fargo, N. Dak., 5, p. 979. Fort Payne, Ala., 5, p. 355. Fort Valley, Ga., 5, p. 317. Fresno, Cal., 2, p. 333. Gadsden County, Fla., 5, p. 331. Gainesville, Fla., 6, p. 269. Gallatin Valley, Mont., 7, p. . Garden City, Kans., 6, p. 895. Grand Forks, N. Dak., 4, p. 643. Grand Island, Nebr., 6, p. 927. Grand Junction, Colo., 7, p . Greeiey, Colo., 6, p. 951. Greeneville, Tenn., 6, p. 493. Hanford, Cal., 8, p. 447. Hanover County, Va., 7, p. . Harford County, Md., 3, p. 211. . Henderson County, Tenn., 7, p. . Hickory, N. C., 4, p. 239. Howell County, Mo., 4, p. 593. Houston County, Tex., 7, p. . Huntsville, Ala., 5, p. 373. Imperial, Cal., 5, p. 1219. Indio, Cal., 5, p. 1240. Island County Wash., 7, p . Jacksonville, Tex , o, p. 521. Jackson, Miss., 6, p. 343. Jamestown, N. Dak., 5, p. 1005. Janesville, Wis., 4, p. 549. Johnson County, 111., 5, p. 721. Kearney, Nebr., 6, p. 859. Kent County, Md., 2, p. 173. Knox County, 111., 5, p. 737. Lake Charles, La!, 3, p. 621. Lancaster County, Pa., 2, p. 61. Lancaster County, S. C., tt, p. 169. Laramie, Wyo., 6, p. 1071. Lauderdale County, Ala., 7, p. -. Lavaca County, Tex., 7, p. . Lawrence County, Tenn., 6, p. 475, Lebanon, Pa., 8, p. 149. Leesburg, Va., 6, p. 191. Lee County, Tex., 7, p. . Leon County, Fla., 7, p. . Lewiston, Idaho, 4, p. 689. Lockhaven, Pa., 6, p. 129. Long Island, N. Y., 6, p. 91. Los Angeles, Cal., 5, p. 1263. Louisa County, Va., 7, p. - . Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo., 4, p. 729. Lufkin, Tex., 6, p. 501. Lyons, N. Y., 4, p. 143. McCracken County, Ky., 7, p. , McLean County, 111., o, p. 777. McNeill, Miss., 5, p. 405. Macon County, Ala., 6, p. 291. Madison County, Ind., o, p. 687. Madison County, Ky., 7, p. . Marshall, Minn., o, p. 815. Marshall County, Ind., 6, p. 689. Mason County, Ky., o, p. 631. Miller County, Ark., 5, p. 563. Mobile, Ala., 6, p. 393. Mount Mitchell. N. C., 4, p. 259. Montgomery County, Ohio. 2, p. 85. Montgomery County, Tenn., 3, p. 34k Montgomery County, Pa., 7, p. . Montgomery County, Ala., 7, p. . Munising, Mich.. 6, p. 581. Nacogdoches, Tex., o, p. 487. New Orleans, La., 5, p. 439. Newton County, Ind., 7. p. - . Norfolk, Va., 5, p. 233. O'Fallon, Mo.-Ill., 6, p. 815. Orangeburg, S. C., 6, p. 185. Ouachita Parish, La., 5, p. 419. Owosso, Mich., 6, p. 665 Oxford, Mich., 7, p. . Paris, Tex., 5, p. 533. Parsons, Kans., 5, p. 891. Pecos Valley, N. Mex., 1, p. 36. Perquimans and Pasquotank counties, N. C., 7, p. . Perry County, Ala., 4, p. 309. Pikeville, Tenn., 5, p. 577. Pontiac, Mich., 5, p. 659. Portage County, Wis., 7 p. . Posey County, Ind., 4, p. 441. Prince Edward, Va., 3, p. 259. Prince George County, Md., 3, p. 173. Provo, Utah, 5, p. 1121. Raleigh to Newbern, N. C., 2, p. 187. Rhode Island, 6, p. 47. Russeli, Kans., 5,. p. 911. St. Clair County, 111., 4, p. 507. Soil Survey Reports. 319 St. Mary County, Md., 2, p. 125. Sacramento, Cal., 6, p. 1049. Saginaw,' Mich., 6, p. 603. Salem' N. J., 3, p. 125. Salem, Oreg., 5, p. 1171. Salinas Valley, Cal., 3, p. 481. Saline County, Mo., 6, p. 791. Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1, p. 77. Salt River Valley, Ari/,., 2, p. 287. San Antonio, Tex., 6, p. 447. San Bernardino, Cal., 6, p. 1115. Sangamon County, III.. 5, p. 703. San Gabriel, Cal., 3, p. 55!>. San Jose, Cal., 5, p. 1183. San Luis Valley, Colo., 5, p. 1099. Santa Ana, Cal., 2, p. 38T>. Sarpy County, Nebr., 7, p. . Scotland County, Mo., 7, p. . Scott County, Ky., 5, p. 619. Scott County, Ind., 6, p. 707. Sevier Valley, Utah, 2, p. 243. Shelby County, Mo., 5, p. 875. Smedes, Miss., 4, p. 325. Solomonsville, Ariz., o, p. 1045. Spalding County, Ga., J, p. . Stanton, Nebr., 5, i>. 947. Statesville, N. C., 3, p. 273. Stockton, Cal., 7, p. . Story County, Iowa, >, p. 833. Stuttgart, Ark., 4, p. 611. Sumter County, Ala., 6, p. 317. Superior, Wis.-Minn., 6, p. 751. Syracuse, N. Y., 5, p. 63. Tama County, Iowa, 6, p. 769. Tangipahoa Parish, La., 7, p. . Tazewell County, III., 4, p. 465. Tippecanoe County, Ind., 7, p. . Toledo, Ohio, 4, p. 383. Tompkins County, N. Y., 7, p. . Trenton, N. J., 4, p. 163. Union County, Ky., 4, p. 425. Upshur County, W. Va., 7, p. Ventura, Cal., 3, p. 521. Vergennes, Vt.-N. Y., 6, p. 73. Vernon, Tex., 4, p. 365. Viroqua, Wis., 5, p. 799. Waco, Tex., 7, p. . Walla Walla, Wash., 4, p. 711. Warren County, Ky., 6, p. 527. Weber County, Utah, 2, p. 207. Webster County, Mo., 6, p. 845. Westerville, Ohio, 7, p. . Westfield, N. Y., 3, p. 75. Wichita, Kans., 4, p. 623. Willis, Tex., 3, p. 607. Winnebago County, III., 5, p. 573. Woodville, Tex.. 5, p 511. Wooster, Ohio, 0, p. 543. Worcester County, Md., a, p. 165. Yazoo, Miss., 3, p. 359. Yakima. Wash.. 3, p. 389. York County, S. C., 7, p. . Yorktown, Va., 7, p. . Yuma, Ariz., 4, p. 777. i Yuma, Ariz.-Cal., 6, p. 1025.