UC-NRLF 
 
 ^w°iil°.^ — iVEY OF NEW JERSEY 
 
 HENRY B. KUMMEL, STATE GEOLOGIST 
 
 BULLETIN 9 
 A Preliminary Report 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Archaeological Survey 
 
 OF THE 
 
 . STATE OF NEW JERSEY 
 
 MADE BY THE 
 
 i 
 
 Department of Anthropology in the American Museum 
 of Natural History 
 
 Clark Wissler, Ph.D., Curator 
 
 Under the Direction of the State Geological Survey 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 ALANSON SKINNER 
 
 AND 
 
 MAX SCHRABISCH 
 
 TRENTON, N. J. 
 MacCrellish & Quigley, State Printers, Opposite Post Office. 
 
 1913 
 
>JiJUi_^)w 
 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY 
 
 HENRY B. KUMMEL, STATE GEOLOGIST 
 
 BULLETIN 9 
 A Preliminary Report 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Archaeological Survey 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE OF NEW JERSEY 
 
 MADE BY THE 
 
 Department of Anthropology in the American Museum 
 of Natural History 
 
 Clark Wissler, Ph.D., Curator 
 
 Under the Direction of the State Geological Survey 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 ALANSON SKINNER 
 
 AND 
 
 MAX SCHRABISCH 
 
 TRENTON, N. J. 
 MacCrellisn & Quigley, State Printers, Opposite Post Office. 
 
 1913 
 
y n W. Library, Univ. Calif., Santa Cruz 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface. 
 
 Letter of Transmittal by Dr. Wissler. 
 
 Chapter I, Types of Indian Remains found in New Jersey ; by Alanson Skinner. 
 ^ Scope of Report. 
 Classes of Remains. 
 
 Shell heaps. 
 
 Cemetaries. 
 
 Rock shelters. v,.V»> 
 
 Caches. 1 
 
 Quarries. 
 
 Trails. 
 
 ! Distribution of the Indians. V>» "» 
 Predecessors of the Delaware Indians. V» A*t 
 Unsettled problems. * \» A ^ 
 i Lenni Lenape. 
 
 The pre-Lenapian argillite users. 
 Types of specimens. 
 Articles of stone. 
 Rough stone. 
 Polished stone. 
 Chipped stone. 
 Pottery. 
 
 Bone implements. 
 Articles of shell. 
 Metallic articles. 
 \ Lenape implements compared to other types, t . ^O 
 Chapter II, Indian Camp Sites and Rock Shelters in Northern New Jersey, by 
 Max Schrabisch. 
 Population. 
 
 General character of sites. 
 Favored districts. 
 Delaware Valley. 
 Pompton Valley. 
 Passaic Valley. 
 Saddle River Valley. 
 Hackensack River Valley. 
 Rock Shelters. *»-*2>^ 
 Chapter III, Lists of Sites, with notes. 
 
 Southern New Jersey, by Alanson Skinner. 
 1 Geographic distribution. Y* / *~ x 
 
 Group I — New York and Raritan Bay. 
 Group II — Atlantic Coast Sites. 
 Group III — Lower Delaware Valley. 
 Group IV — Middle Delaware Valley. 
 Northern New Jersey, by Max Schrabisch. 
 Delaware Valley. 
 Wanaque Valley. 
 Pompton Plains and Vicinity. 
 Tow r aco and Vicinity. 
 The Northern Highlands. 
 The Ramapo Valley. 
 The Passaic Valley. 
 Garrett Mountain. 
 
 Between Pompton-Ramapo Valley and Saddle River. 
 Saddle River Valley. 
 Hackensack River Valley. 
 Additional information wanted. 
 Bibliography. 
 Acknowledgments. 
 Index. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Plate I, Preliminary map showing distribution of Archaeological Remains in 
 New Jersey. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 Microsoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/archaeolsurveyOOamerrich 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In April, 191 2, the Legislature by an item in the supple- 
 mental appropriation bill, authorized the commencement of 
 Archaeological investigations under the direction of the Board of 
 Managers of the Geological Survey. The appropriation made 
 was very small but through cooperation with the Department of 
 Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, it was 
 possible to expend this amount to great advantage. Nearly one 
 thousand sites, camps, burial grounds and rock shelters were 
 located and are noted in the following pages. Considering 
 the small amount of money available, the progress made is very 
 gratifying. This was due largely to the willingness of many 
 persons to furnish the Survey full information regarding sites 
 known to them. To Messrs. Schrabisch, C. C. Abbott, Edmund 
 Shimp and R. W. Emerson in particular, the Survey is indebted 
 for many facts, the result of years of study by each in the valley 
 of Passaic River, the vicinity of Trenton and the vicinity of 
 Bridgeton respectively. 
 
 In addition to the lists of sites given in the report, Mr. Skinner 
 has kindly prepared a preliminary chapter dealing with the types 
 of Indian remains found in New Jersey. Non-technical readers 
 will find in this resume much information on this subject, while 
 to those more skilled in the science, it may contain considerable 
 of interest. It is, of course, to be understood that in his treat- 
 ment of any questions about which there may be a difference of 
 opinion among archaeologists, the author is expressing his indi- 
 vidual views. 
 
 HENRY B. KUMMEL, 
 
 State Geologist. 
 
 (5) 
 
Letter of Transmittal. 
 
 American Museum of Natural History 
 
 77th street and central park west 
 
 department of anthropology 
 
 New York, October 19th, 1912. 
 Dr. Henry B. Kiimmel, State Geologist, Geological Survey of 
 Neiv Jersey: 
 Sir — We have the honor to submit herewith a preliminary 
 report covering the first season's work upon the archaeological 
 survey of New Jersey which we have undertaken in cooperation 
 with the Geological Survey under your direction. As a begin- 
 ning and for the development of a definite plan for future inves- 
 tigation, a tentative list of sites was compiled, the locations of 
 which have been plotted on maps supplied by your department. 
 Unless otherwise stated in the text of the report, these sites were 
 visited by members of the survey staff and their general char- 
 acter noted in respect to superficial surface indications. Owing 
 to the hearty cooperation of local students and collectors, who 
 gave freely of their time and accumulated data, we were able to 
 formulate what we consider a satisfactory working classification 
 of these sites. From the data at hand it appears that the sur- 
 face sites so far reported are rare except on restricted areas in 
 the northern, central, and southern parts of the State. Since this 
 corresponds with the distribution of the Lenape Indians during 
 the early settlement period, we may conclude that practically all 
 such surface archaeological remains belong to the historic Indian 
 and his immediate ancestors. We have not thought it necessary 
 to take up the question as to the probability of a pre-Indian popu- 
 lation in the Trenton Valley and elsewhere, since such distin- 
 guished men as Dr. C. C. Abbott, Professor F. W. Putnam, and 
 Ernest Volk have given years of patient investigation to that 
 
 (7) 
 
8 LETTER OIF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 problem. Suffice it to say that our preliminary work brought to 
 light no positive new traces of such a pre-Indian culture. 
 
 The members of our staff also examined such private archaeo- 
 logical collections as were placed at their disposal and checked 
 over the types of specimens and their known distribution. The 
 statements in the report covering this part of the work are, of 
 course, quite tentative as many localities were entirely unrepre- 
 sented. It is hoped that the publication of this preliminary report 
 will encourage observers throughout the State to send in further 
 information as to the location of sites and the distribution of 
 specimen types. 
 
 The field-work was chiefly under the immediate direction of 
 Mr. Alanson Skinner, assisted by Mr. Leslie Spier and Mr. Max 
 Schrabisch. The accompanying report was compiled and 
 arranged by Mr. Skinner and the supplementary report by Mr. 
 Schrabisch. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 CLARK WISSLER, 
 
 Curator. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 Types of Indian Remains Found in New Jersey. 
 
 By ALANSON SKINNER. 
 
 SCOPE OP REPORT. 
 
 The archaeology of the State of New Jersey is particularly 
 interesting in that certain regions, notably the Delaware Valley 
 near Trenton, are, and for some time have been, battlegrounds 
 for the exponents and opponents of the theory of the 
 existence of man in North America during early times. The 
 claim has been put forward by one group of students that three 
 horizons of human occupation occur: first, and nearest the sur- 
 face, in the dark earth discolored by decaying organic matter, 
 are the indisputable remains of the historic Delaware Indians; 
 second, in the yellow soil beneath, the remains of a man who 
 used tools and weapons constructed of argillite alone, as opposed 
 to the great variety of materials worked by the Indians ; and last, 
 in the river gravels, rough artifacts of a cruder race, paleolithic 
 man. 
 
 It seems unnecessary to recount here the history of investiga- 
 tions in and ablaut Trenton under the leadership of such men as 
 Dr. C. C. Abbott, Professor F. W. Putnam, Ernest Volk, and 
 others, since their chief concern has been with traces of the 
 earliest man. The present survey has so far given its chief 
 attention to surface sites, or those pertaining to the Indian period 
 of occupation, to determine their distribution and also to seek 
 evidences for or against their homogeneity, and has not at- 
 tempted to enter into the vexed question of a glacial man. 
 
 CLASSES OP REMAINS. 
 
 The remains of the most recent aboriginal inhabitants of New 
 Jersey, the Lenape or Delaware Indians, may easily be classified 
 
 (9) 
 
io ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 in the following divisions : camp and village sites, shell heaps, 
 cemeteries, fock shelters, quarries, caches, and trails. Of these, 
 the most abundant are the camp and village sites. 
 
 Camp and Village Sites. — These are generally situated near 
 fresh water, often on a sandy, well-drained bluff or knoll, on 
 the north side of a stream or lake, where the southern exposure 
 gives added warmth in the coldest weather. Such sites are dis- 
 tinguished by the. presence of stones cracked by fire (the Indians 
 often boiled their food by heating pebbles and dropping them 
 into the water), flint chips and cores, the refuse of arrow mak- 
 ing and potsherds and implements of various sorts. 
 
 In some cases the shells of oysters and other shellfish litter the 
 ground, and sometimes a circle of burnt stones outlines an 
 ancient fireplace, and marks the exact spot where a wigwam 
 stood. These circles are not infrequently disturbed by the plough 
 in cultivated land, but as a recompense the ploughshare often 
 throws up deer bones, split to extract the marrow, and other 
 traces of aboriginal occupation. 
 
 There are no certain criteria for telling a camp from a village 
 site, except that the former are usually smaller, contain fewer 
 relics, and the earth is less impregnated with the dark stain of 
 charcoal and decayed garbage that marks many of the older, 
 long-occupied settlements. Of course, on the shifting sand 
 dunes, especially in the southern part of the State, the discolora- 
 tion is less likely to appear. It is on village sites that the greatest 
 number and variety of Indian remains are likely to be found. 
 
 Another feature of many sites is the presence of sunken fire- 
 places and refuse holes or pits, long since filled with the debris 
 of camp life. These are bowl-shaped depressions, anywhere 
 from two and a half to four or five feet deep, filled with black 
 earth darkened by charcoal and decayed organic matter, and 
 often containing oyster shells, the bones of fish and animals, 
 implements, whole or broken, potsherds, and other abundant 
 relics of their makers. It is in such pits particularly that bone 
 implements, whole or fragmentary pottery vessels, clay pipes, 
 and other utensils, are most likely to occur. Often, in the winter, 
 when the ground was too hard for digging with their crude tools. 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. n 
 
 the Indians placed the bodies of their dead in these pits, and 
 covered them with debris. At times, when in peril, perhaps, the 
 Indians concealed their little valuables under the refuse, and 
 never returned, so that to this day, unless discovered by some 
 accident, these treasure stores remain to reward the archaeologist. 
 
 Shell heaps. — Shell heaps frequently mark the garbage dump 
 of some old Indian village. They often occur near the sites of 
 former settlements, always near water, and sometimes by them- 
 selves, far out on the salt meadows. Those on the marshes 
 present the shell mound in its most typical form, and mark the 
 spot where the Indian procured and dried oysters and other 
 bivalves to carry inland for consumption. Often these heaps 
 are of great size, like the mound at Tuckerton, and frequently 
 they contain nothing but shells from top to bottom. Relics are 
 never so abundant in any shell heap as they are on a village site, 
 and often a search of the fields nearby will prove more pro- 
 ductive than digging in the mound. 
 
 The shell heaps on the mainland are often not heaps at all, in 
 the true sense of the word, although they may have been several 
 feet above the surface in Indian times. The washing of earth 
 or the blowing of sand has covered them with many inches of 
 concealing soil, and they may only be found through the chance 
 burrowing of some animal which throws out the shells, or the 
 passage of a ploughshare through their midst. These mainland 
 heaps are most apt to be true kitchen middens, and in them may 
 often be found many of the objects that occur on village sites, 
 and, as in the firepits, objects that would otherwise decay are 
 preserved by the protecting soil and shells. Beneath the shell 
 heap are often found the skeletons of the Indians themselves, 
 perhaps interred there for concealment from foes, or for some 
 reason unknown to-day. Fire pits and refuse holes are also 
 found uncles the shell layers. 
 
 The late Dr. Frank Hamilton Cushing of Washington dis- 
 covered that an Indian village stood on piles over the meadow 
 near the great heap at Tuckerton, and in the muck he found the 
 ends of the posts that once supported the lodges. This condition, 
 while rare, is not unique, for many years ago the remains of an 
 
12 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Indian pile village, on Naaman's Creek in Delaware, was dis- 
 covered and explored for the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, 
 Massachusetts. 1 
 
 Nbt all New Jersey shell heaps are composed of the waste part 
 of the oyster industry. In Cape May County there are piles of 
 clam and other shells that have been broken into many small 
 fragments, probably in the process of manufacturing wampum 
 beads. • A typical shell heap can be distinguished from a natural 
 shell bank by the facts that valves are very rarely found together, 
 but scattered about, whereas they would be in contact in a natural 
 deposit; many are broken, and the shells in the artificial shell 
 heaps are nearly all of the same size, few small ones being found; 
 and articles of Indian manufacture, implements, potsherds, fire- 
 cracked stones and flint chips are hidden among the shells. In 
 the case of very old heaps it often happens that crude imple- 
 ments are found toward the bottom, increasingly better ones 
 higher up, and articles of European manufacture, obtained in 
 trade with the whites, scattered on and near the surface. In 
 some cases, shell heaps have been found that were used and 
 abandoned several times. During the periods of non-occupa- 
 tion, sand drifted over the surface, so that excavation reveals 
 several layers of occupation; such strata are to be expected in 
 New Jersey shell mounds, though none have as yet been re- 
 ported. 
 
 Cemeteries. — The typical Indian cemetery in New Jersey is 
 practically impossible to locate except by accident, as there are 
 rarely if ever any surface indications to point out the spot. The 
 place of occurrence of such a cemetery is also uncertain. 
 Often one may be found on a high sandy knoll opposite the 
 village. Again the burial ground may be in an adjoining low- 
 land field under a shell heap, or the bodies may be found in and 
 among the hearths in the heart of the village itself. 
 
 The typical graveyard is, however, on a warm, sandy hillock 
 near the village. The skeletons are usually found lying on one 
 
 1 Pile structure in Naaman's Creek, near Claymont, Delaware, Archaeological 
 and Ethnological papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology 
 and Ethnology, Vol. I, No. 4. 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 13 
 
 side, drawn up "in a sitting posture", the knees before the face. 
 In the majority of cases no objects are found in the graves, and 
 only the black soil near the bones betrays their presence. How- 
 ever, in some places, notably at Chestnut Neck near New Gretna, 
 at Morgan's Station, at Tbttenville, Staten Island (politically 
 in New York, geographically in New Jersey and occupied by 
 New Jersey Indians), many objects have been found in the 
 graves. The most common of these were flat-based, highly 
 polished monitor pipes of steatite, and stone pendants or gorgets, 
 but it does not seem; to have been a custom of the Lenni Lenape 
 or Delaware Indians to bury pottery vessels with their dead, as 
 did their fierce neighbors, the New York Iroquois. In addition 
 to this variation from the usual Lenape custom of putting noth- 
 ing in the grave, we find other curious features. Sometimes 
 the bodies are laid at length in the grave, as we bury, but this 
 is unusual. Often a mere mass of disarticulated bones, bundled 
 together, with the skull on top, is found. This is doubtless due 
 to the custom, sometimes described by the old writers, of bringing 
 home the bones of those who died at a distance to inter them 
 in their native land. The bare skeletons when exhumed often 
 look abnormally large to the inexperienced amateur archaeol- 
 ogist, and hence have given rise to weird tales of a gigantic race. 
 
 Artificial burial mounds do not exist in New Jersey. They 
 are frequently reported, but investigation has invariably shown 
 that the Indians have made use of a natural elevation for their 
 interments. No earthworks or mounds of aboriginal manufac- 
 ture are known in the State, popular tradition to the contrary 
 notwithstanding. 
 
 Rock Shelters. — In the northern part of the State, in the moun- 
 tains, the aborigines took advantage of the shelter offered by 
 nature, and under overhanging cliffs, in caves, and even about 
 the concave sides of huge detached boulders, where there is a 
 southern exposure, or more important still, near fresh water, 
 traces of their occupation may be found. In the cave dirt that 
 litters the floors of these retreats, many objects of Indian make 
 may be exhumed. Mr. Max Schrabisch, of Paterson, who has 
 explored and excavated more of these than any other person, 
 
14 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 has made the interesting discovery that the earliest occupants 
 had crude tools and no pottery, a fact that has been corroborated 
 by the rock shelter work of Mr. M. R. Harrington in Westchester 
 County, 1 New York, and Mr. Elmer T. Gregor, in Pike County, 
 Pennsylvania. Tnis, to a certain extent, connects the earlier 
 "cave dwellers" with the nonpottery-making argillite users of 
 the Delaware Valley. Needless to say, the rock shelter is a 
 feature of northern New Jersey, physiographical conditions pre- 
 cluding their presence in the southern part of the State. The 
 rock shelters yield nearly all the forms of implements found 
 on the village sites, and generally they are easier to find, since 
 they are crowded into smaller compass. An interesting feature, 
 common to many rock shelters, is the presence of a dump near 
 at hand where the sweepings of the retreat have accumulated, 
 and where the best relics of its occupants may be found. The 
 importance of the rock shelter as a repository for records of 
 aboriginal occupation, curiously enough, has been slighted, and 
 it has remained for Mr. Schrabisch to make an exhaustive study 
 of those occurring in this State. 
 
 Caches. — Here and there, but more particularly in the vicinity 
 of Trenton, hoards, or as they are often called, caches, of im- 
 plements are found. Flint, when newly quarried, still retains 
 moisture known as "quarry water", and when damp is far easier 
 to work than later, when it becomes dry and brittle. It is as- 
 sumed that the Indian knew this, and after having blanked 
 out a nu m ber of leaf -shaped forms that could be used as they 
 were, and needed only a few finishing touches to specialize them 
 as knives, spears, drills and what not, he buried them in the 
 earth where they might retain their moisture and await his 
 leisure. But not all caches consist of these leaf -shaped blades, 
 for hoards of grooved axes, celts, copper implements, and other 
 things have been found, and for these the explanation fails. Some 
 may have been surplus stock of traders, others, perhaps, were 
 hidden to prevent them from falling into the hands of the enemy, 
 
 1 See M. R. Harrington, "The Rock Shelters of Armonk, New York" 
 (Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 
 3, pp. 125-138). 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 15 
 
 still others were possibly sacrifices to the Powers Below. Who 
 can tell, except the spirit of him who so carefully deposited them 
 for us to find? 
 
 Quarries. — In some localities, where there are argillite or 
 quartzite outcrops near the surface, native quarries have been 
 found. Blocks of material lie detached, and with them the chips, 
 cores, rejects, and failures of the process of arrow making. Stone 
 mauls and hammers nearby also tell of the quarryman's industry, 
 but usually there are no perfect examples of the tools at which 
 he toiled, for he took them away as the fruits of his labor. Some- 
 times, too, he carried of! the rough flint, and finished the work 
 at his lodge, or even paused besides some spring at noonday, 
 and there continued his task, for often, on a village site, or 
 far away in the woods, one may find a little pile of chips that re- 
 main to show where some solitary workman shaped his points. 
 Often, too, the traces show that he used a chance drift pebble of 
 jasper or quartz for his material and not a chunk of flint 
 wrenched from the quarry. 
 
 Trails. — In many different parts of the State, traces of Indian 
 trails still remain. On Dr. C. C. Abbott's farm near Trenton, 
 there still exists part of the old footpath from Chester, Pennsyl- 
 vania, to Manhattan. It fords the Delaware at Bristol, crossing 
 to Burlington, and passing up the river, crosses Crosswick Creek 
 where the Bordentown trolley bridge stands, goes on to the 
 Assanpink, follows its valley upwards towards its headwaters, 
 parallels the waters of the Millstone along its bank, fords the 
 Raritan, and circles about to Manhattan. Where preserved on 
 the Abbott farm it is worn deep by the passage of countless 
 soft-shod feet, and is green with moss. So fresh and well de- 
 fined is it, that, standing under the shade of the primeval beeches, 
 one expects at any moment to see a half -clad troop of Lenape, 
 loaded with packs of furs, step noiselessly along its course. Again 
 along the east shore, on the mainland behind the bays, there 
 can still be seen in detached fragments, part of the old north 
 and south path of the Indians. In some places, notably in the 
 dense cedar swamps north of Toms River, log causeways are 
 reported, that still serve to keep dry the feet of roving hunters. 
 
1 6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 These causeways seem surely to have been the work of the 
 Delaware Indians. In other places one may yet see the remains 
 of the stepping stones that the Indians piled in the river in order 
 that they might cross dry shod. These are easily confused with 
 the zigzag stone walls that here and there cross Our rivers, mark- 
 ing the old fish weirs of the savages. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THE INDIAN. 
 
 A persistent tradition among the descendants of the old settlers 
 of New Jersey states that the Indians lived most of the year in 
 the valley of the Delaware, and came to the coast only at certain 
 seasons to hunt and fish. The results of our survey, while only 
 preliminary, tend to confirm this. Along the shores of the great 
 bays of east New Jersey from Navesink to Cape May there 
 are few traces of permanent settlements. The shell heaps and 
 camp sites that abound betoken frequent use of the same spot 
 during the fishing season, but not continuous occupation. Vil- 
 lage sites and burial grounds are few and far between, Tuckerton 
 and Beesleys Point being notable exceptions. The great mass 
 of villages and cemeteries, with their countless variety of relics, 
 are along Delaware River and its tributaries. In the sandy 
 interior of the southern part of the State there are comparatively 
 few traces ; it was a hunting preserve. In the northern part, there 
 are more, and there seem to have been extensive settlements about 
 New York and Raritan Bays, especially on Staten Island. The 
 lands adjacent to Newark Bay and the valleys of the Passaic 
 and Hackensack are also filled with Indian traces; the ledges 
 of the mountains furnish rock and cave shelters, and there were 
 extensive settlements on the upper Delaware. 
 
 In a way, the evidence goes to corroborate our historical 
 knowledge. We are aware that the Lenape were divided into 
 three parts; in the northern part of the State, the Munsee; in 
 the central, the Unami; and in the southern, the Unalachtigo. 1 
 
 1 A brief but highly instructive summary of the historical facts supporting 
 the view that the Lenape found no other people in New Jersey when they 
 migrated thither was made by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka in a discussion of Trenton 
 Crania. (Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 16, pp. 32-41 •) 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 17 
 
 Our survey so far shows clusters of sites, extensive and long 
 occupied, near Bridgeton on Cohansey Creek, doubtless the head- 
 quarters of the Unalachtigo; at Trenton, and on Staten Island 
 and vicinity, are the main Unami settlements; near Belvidere 
 and Columbia the fields are rich with traces of the Munsee. 
 
 In the year 1836, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque published in 
 Philadelphia a work entitled, "The American Nations, or, Out- 
 lines of a National History of the Ancient and Modern Nations 
 of North and South America." 1 In this collection is included 
 a translation of the "Walam Olum" or "Red Score" of the 
 Delaware, the cosmogony and migration myth of the tribe. For 
 many years the authenticity of the document was doubted, but 
 Brinton and other scholars have proved its genuineness, the final 
 and best translation being made by Dr. Brinton with the assist- 
 ance of the Rev. Albert Anthony, an educated Lenape Indian. 2 
 
 After a description of the creation of the world, the Walam, 
 Olum relates that the Lenape were living in a cold land to the 
 north, sometimes identified as Labrador. The climatic conditions 
 were so severe that they were forced to leave, and journeying 
 southwest they came to a stream which seems to have been the 
 St. Lawrence, which they crossed on the ice. They tarried for a 
 time in the middle west, and then journeyed east again, warring 
 with the Talega, who seem to have been the Cherokee, who built 
 mounds and fortifications. Having subdued the Cherokee and 
 driven them away with the aid of an Iroquoian tribe, supposed 
 to be the Huron or their kindred, they soon tired of their new 
 territory and pushed eastward until they struck the sea coast. 
 Here they settled, spreading out and splitting up into various 
 divisions, a happy and prosperous people until the white man 
 came. The rest of their story is one of misery and exile, and 
 it can be found in any history of the region. 
 
 PREDECESSORS OP THE DELAWARE INDIANS. 
 
 The Lenni Lenape, although found here by the first white set- 
 tlers, were not the oldest inhabitants of the region. Beneath the 
 
 1 See D. G. Brinton, "The Lenape and Their Legends," p. 151. 
 8 Vide, ibid, p. 156. 
 
 2 GEOL 
 
1 8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 immediate surface, darkened by the refuse from Indian habita- 
 tions, chipped implements of argillite have been found in the 
 undisturbed yellow soil under conditions that suggest consider- 
 able historical antiquity. No pottery or implements other than 
 large rough argillite points, blades and the like occur, whereas 
 the Lenape layer above is rife with pottery, implements of all 
 kinds, and materials. In the valley of the Delaware this phe- 
 nomenon has been amply observed and investigated by Dr. C. 
 C. Abbott, Mr. Ernest Volk, and others. 1 Mr. Lockwood is said 
 to have noted it at Keyport, in the shell heaps, and Messrs. 
 Edmund Shimp and R. W. Emerson of Bridgeton have recorded 
 the presence of at least one site on Cohansey Creek, where crude 
 argillite tools alone occur. Mr. Schrabisch in his work on New 
 Jersey rock shelters, Mr. Gregor in Pennsylvania, and Mr. Har- 
 rington in New York report the presence of a nonpottery-using 
 people as shown by the bottom, hence the oldest, layers in the 
 debris of the caves. 
 
 There has been much controversy about the question, but when 
 the same conditions are found by independent observers in dif- 
 ferent localities, where these finds and reports are unanimous 
 and consistent, one cannot but admit the truth. The rub comes 
 on the relative age of the finds, and here we find the archaeolo- 
 gist and the geologist are at odds. The former often claims 
 great geological antiquity for his finds, the latter denies it. 
 Assuming that each is thoroughly competent in his own science, 
 the writer is forced to take the middle ground, and while con- 
 vinced of the existence and authenticity of the argillite finds he 
 is obliged to consider them as of great historical age only, and 
 perhaps relatively recent from a geological standpoint. Possibly 
 there was an argillite culture here before the Delaware or Lenape 
 Indian that our ancestors knew, but to say that these people were 
 of a different race, a race that could be called pre-Indian, is too 
 much, though they may be called pre-Delaware with some cer- 
 tainty. The Walam Olum also makes it appear that the Dela- 
 
 1 See especially "The Archeology of the Delaware Valley," by Ernest Volk 
 (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, 
 Harvard University, Vol. 5) ; also "Archseologia Nova Caesarea, 'Ten 
 Years' Diggings in Lenape Land," and other works by C. C. Abbott. 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 19 
 
 ware came into New Jersey with a well-developed culture and 
 clinches the case. The Lenape of course used argillite imple- 
 ments, often not to be distinguished from those of their predeces- 
 sors, but they are found commingled with jasper, flint, and 
 quartz, not isolated, and generally in a different cultural horizon. 
 As for the still older "paleoliths," that such exist in the Dela- 
 ware Valley seems to be demonstrated by Volk, although some 
 archaeologists are not satisfied that the remains are of human 
 origin. 
 
 UNSETTLED PROBLEMS. 
 
 Lenni Lenape. — We have seen that the problems which present 
 themselves to the student of the archaeology of New Jersey are 
 threefold, according to the phases of the work in hand, but 
 there are other minor problems within these that cry for an 
 answer before we can properly take up the greater ones. In the 
 case' of the historic Lenape Indian we should like to know where 
 he came from, at what place or places he first entered our bor- 
 ders, how and in what manner he developed and advanced in 
 culture, after arriving, if indeed he did, and lastly, his relations 
 with the peoples west, north, and south. The study of historical 
 and documentary evidence, such as the Walam Olum, bearing on 
 the Lenni Lenape, and the investigation of the ethnology and 
 folklore of the tribe as represented by the surviving remnants in 
 Canada and Oklahoma will help on the first problem,, aided by 
 archaeological work along the lines indicated by the results of 
 this survey, to see whether the migration can be traced to its 
 source. 
 
 It is not improbable that the Lenape, as scattered bands, may 
 have struck the boundaries of "the country by the Great Water 
 where Daylight Appears" in several places. On the other hand, 
 according to the evidence so far brought out by our survey, it 
 seems possible that some of the oldest and most extensive settle- 
 ments of the Lenape were on Cohansey Creek near Bridgeton, 
 and therefore that locality may have been one of the first abiding 
 places of the Lenape in this State, and the one from, which they 
 spread. It is not good to jump at conclusions, however, and we 
 must await further evidence before definitely stating this to be 
 
20 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 the case, since there are several other localities which deserve 
 attention, especially some of those in the neighborhood of Pater- 
 son investigated by Mr. Schrabisch, which seem, to mark very old 
 sites. 
 
 In the Paterson region the sites, exclusive of the rock shelters 
 are unusually rich in all the commoner implements, but are poor 
 in pottery, and lack almost wholly the finer articles, especially 
 ornaments of polished stone. This may show, when Mr. 
 Schrabiseh's work is completed, and correlated with the results 
 of other workers, that the earliest Lenape, or their predecessors, 
 were not so far advanced as the inhabitants of Trenton and the 
 vicinity of Staten Island, where the finest examples of stone work 
 and pottery have been found. 
 
 For a definite knowledge of the cultural position of the Lenni 
 Lenape as shown by their archaeology in comparison with that 
 of their neighbors, we need more detailed information from 
 South Jersey, and from the Delaware Water Gap region. So 
 far as can now be judged, the Lenape at their best had reached 
 a higher point culturally than the New England tribes, the 
 New York Coastal Algonkin, or the tribes to the south at least 
 as far as the Powhatan region. They had developed a beautiful 
 and characteristic pottery, excelled in work in stone, and had 
 evolved several types of stone articles that are unique. 
 
 The pre-Lenapian argillite users. — The matter of the argillite 
 using pre-Lenapians of the Trenton region is very interesting. 
 We have seen that argillite finds are reported at least from 
 Bridgeton and Keyport, and it is of importance to know where 
 else their remains are or are not found. It is highly probable 
 that the culture of these people connects itself with that of the 
 nonpottery-making aborigines whose remains occur in the low- 
 est layers of the New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania rock 
 shelters. It behooves us to see what can be found in the bottom 
 strata of the great shell heaps along the coast. It is the belief 
 of the writer that the argillite culture represents an eastern 
 migration of Algonkin peoples older than the advent of the 
 Lenape, although it would not be altogether surprising if they 
 proved to be the earliest wave of the Lenape themselves. So 
 much has been written and said about the so-called paleolithic 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 21 
 
 remains that their problems need not be discussed here. Further 
 data from other sources than Trenton are much to be desired. 
 
 TYPES OP SPECIMENS. 
 
 The objects remaining to us of Lenape industry may be arbi- 
 trarily classed by their material into articles of stone, clay, cop- 
 per, bone and shell. Since the first of N these are the most abun- 
 dant, the Indian may be regarded as living in the "stone age," at 
 the advent of the white man. This does not mean, however, that 
 he used only implements of stone. 
 
 As a matter of fact, wood, clay, bone, antler, fabrics and 
 a dozen other things were used by the savage simulta- 
 neously with stone, the latter indeed, only furnished him 
 with such tools for which we employ metal to-day. Our 
 New Jersey Indians, who had reached an advanced stage in 
 the knowledge of the processes of working stone, had many 
 other things besides their implements of this material. Wooden 
 bowls, carved from knots, wooden mortars, pestles, spoons, 
 canoes, masks, bows, and a dozen other things were in every- 
 day use. Bags, garments and nets woven of string made of native 
 hemp or the inner bark of trees; bags, clothes, and utensils of 
 skin; awls, arrow points, knives, cups and scrapers of bone and 
 antler, mats, and basketry of reeds, flags, bark, grass and corn 
 husks, and so on, a thousand and one things, not now preserved 
 in New Jersey, for the most part, but described in the writings 
 of the early travelers were in daily use. A few very old pieces, 
 said to have come from this locality, are still in the hands of the 
 exiled Delaware in Canada and Oklahoma. We cannot truly say 
 that the Indian was living in an age of stone alone, any more 
 than we can call him 1 inartistic because his beautiful aboriginal art 
 products, such as the woven turkey- feather robes and dainty por- 
 cupine-quill embroidery have vanished. Thus it is, that in the 
 shell pits and heaps, graves, and old wigwam sites of our Indians 
 we find a number of implements of bone, turtle shell, and antler, 
 the existence of which might never be suspected if we confined our 
 search to the surface. 
 
22 ARCH/EOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 In the presence of Dr. Abbott's well-known works on the 
 "Stone Age in New Jersey," "Primitive Industry," "Archaeologia 
 Nova Csesarea," and "Ten Years' Diggings in Lenape Land," it 
 is useless for the writer to describe and classify each type in 
 detail. It is sufficient for present purposes to discuss only the 
 typical objects of each class. 
 
 Articles of Stone. 
 
 Stone articles may be subdivided as follows : 
 
 a. Implements of rough or pecked stone. 
 
 b. Implements of polished stone. 
 
 c. Implements of chipped stone. 
 
 We further find that the first order may be divided into two 
 parts : 
 
 i. Articles of natural stone, shaped by usage and only slightly 
 worked. 
 
 2. Objects deliberately fashioned by the exertion of labor and 
 skill. 
 
 Rough Stone Implements. — In the first class, we have in order 
 of abundance: first, hammer stones, plain pebbles for various 
 homely uses, generally, but not always, battered upon the ends 
 and sides, and often with a pit pecked in each side to facilitate 
 the grip with the thumb and forefinger, especially when the tool 
 has become greasy, a not unknown occurrence in the case of 
 Indian property. Around Plainfield a number of hammer pebbles 
 with two pits on each side have been collected. Sometimes peb- 
 bles were grooved about the lateral axes to serve as mauls or 
 hammers. 
 
 Besides these hammer stones there are larger pitted stones, 
 often with a deep abraded hollow on one side only, as though 
 the pebble had been used as an anvil or a lapstone. Then there 
 are stones which have been incidentally shaped while used for 
 grinding and polishing, a process which often wears away the 
 original rind, and thus determines the nature of the tool for the 
 archaeologist. Net sinkers are field pebbles, notched on two or 
 more sides to receive a cord, or, more rarely, grooved about 
 the long or short axes for the same purpose. A form found, to 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 23 
 
 my knowledge, only in New Jersey and Delaware, is a flat peb- 
 ble with a hole near the edge carefully pecked in from both 
 sides. These perforated stones were probably weights or sinkers. 
 For the milling of their corn, mortars made of boulders were 
 used. These are cupped on the upper surface to receive the grain 
 when the rock is heavy and bulky, but when a slab or a small 
 stone was used, there are often hollows on both upper and 
 under surfaces, and examples are known in which these hollows 
 have been worn through, and the stone rendered useless because 
 of the resulting perforation. This is also true of some of the 
 smaller anvil stones which are double-faced. The long cylindrical 
 pestle, made by carefully pecking at and dressing down a suit- 
 ably shaped pebble, and therefore falling into our second sub- 
 division, while not uncommon, was not, as many think, used in 
 connection with the shallow stone mortar. It functioned with a 
 wooden mill made from a section of a tree, with a receiving cup 
 for the corn burned and scraped in one end. A round pebble, 
 a grinding stone or muller, was used with the stone mortar. 
 Such specimens have up to very recently, been collected among 
 the New York Iroquois, and there is ample historic evidence 
 concerning the connection of the long stone pestle and wooden 
 mortar. The writer and others have obtained such utensils from 
 living Indians. The round grinding stones or mullers used with 
 the stone mortar show their purpose by the fact that the surface 
 is rubbed away where the tool came in contact with the metate 
 or slab. 
 
 Arrow-shaft smoothers are blocks of gritty stone with deep 
 grooves wide enough to receive the arrow and through which 
 the wooden shaft was rubbed to shape it. Related to these 
 are the smooth pebbles with grooves worn in the edges through 
 which thongs or sinews have been run back and forth to flress 
 them. These are sometimes perforated at one end for sus- 
 pension. 
 
 Crude chipped blades are found that may have been used as 
 lances or spades. They are lanceolate in shape as a rule and 
 often the edge is polished as if by contact with the soil. They are 
 crude indeed in comparison with the chipped flint hoes of the 
 Middle West. 
 
24 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Besides these articles of rough stone, we have those that have 
 been pecked carefully into shape by a stone hammer, and often 
 polished highly by way of finishing. These include grooved axes, 
 wedge-shaped implements with a groove entirely encircling the 
 broad base, or with one side flat. Some have two grooves, but 
 none with double blades have been reported. These axes vary 
 in size and weight from toys an inch or so long to clumsy tools 
 weighing fourteen pounds. Some are very highly polished, 
 others only show the pecking. These were probably hafted by 
 splitting one end of a stick, setting in the blade, making the handle 
 fast in the groove, and lashing the split together above and below 
 the stone. When the blade of such an axe was broken it was 
 often used as a maul. 
 
 Celts are stone hatchets without the groove, are usually 
 smaller in size, and have a tapering butt. A number of usages are 
 assigned to these implements, but several have been recovered 
 with the original handle still preserved, showing that they were 
 most commonly used as axes. In the American Museum of 
 Natural History of New York, there is one which was dredged 
 from the muck at the bottom of a pond in Thorndale, Dutchess 
 County, New York. Partial charring aided the mud in per- 
 serving the wood. The handle was club-shaped, tapering to the 
 grip, and the blade was set in a hole which was pierced through 
 one end, the butt protruding above the top. Smaller chisel-like 
 celts were set in the handle, not through it. Stone gouges, 
 shaped very like our metal tools, and adzes like the grooved 
 ax, with one side flat, are reported. 
 
 Pestles were long stone cylinders carefully pecked from river 
 pebbles, and used as described above with hollow wooden 
 mortars. Stone mortars are often found in the shape of boulders 
 cupped on one or both sides. 
 
 Polished stone. — The more beautifully finished and polished 
 stone utensils of the Delaware were not many in number. 
 Pendants, flat and perforated at one end for suspension, double- 
 holed pendants, or oblong "gorgets," with a hole near each end, 
 have been collected in New Jersey in considerable numbers. 
 Surviving Lenape claim that they were used as hair ornaments. 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 25 
 
 A very splendid class of relics, for which we have not data as 
 to use, are the banner stones, beautiful butterfly and pick-ax 
 shaped objects, polished and perforated, and grooved or notched 
 in the middle. They have usually been considered as ceremonials 
 and it is impossible to say anything more definite of them. 
 
 Around Imlaystown and Cream Ridge several small polished 
 stone objects, resembling "husking pegs" and so called by local 
 collectors, have been found ; they seem not to occur elsewhere. 
 
 Stone pipes are uncommon indeed. They are usually of the 
 flat-based monitor type, but a few catlinite pipes are reported. 
 These, of course, have been imported from the west. Stone 
 tubes, perhaps uses as pipes, possibly used by medicine men to 
 suck disease from sick persons, as bone tubes are used to-day 
 by Indians in the west, are rare, but occasionally found. 
 
 The remarkable stone heads, characteristic of the region, are 
 commented on more fully elsewhere. This is but a brief list 
 of the more common archaeological forms in stone. 
 
 Chipped Stone. — Everyone is familiar with the countless 
 thousands of arrow points, knives, "spears," drills, scrapers, and 
 other chipped stone implements found scattered all over the 
 State. 
 
 These were made by several processes, the most common one 
 in the east being as follows : The flint, jasper, quartz, or argillite 
 was quarried from the bed rock, or drift pebbles were broken 
 up into rough blocks with a stone maul. The blocks were 
 further dressed roughly into shape by means of a stone hammer, 
 probably just an ordinary pitted pebble, and the finishing touches 
 were made by flaking with a piece of bone or antler. The last 
 tool was of about the size and shape of a lead pencil, and was 
 manipulated by placing one end against the edge of the flint and 
 pressing firmly. The pressure caused long delicate flakes or 
 chips to fly off, and so the work was done. 
 
 Pottery. 
 
 The typical pottery vessel of the Delaware Indians was shaped 
 "like an tgg with the top cut off". That is, it was somewhat 
 conical in shape, and possessed a pointed bottom. In the north- 
 
26 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ern part of their range, where they came into contact with the 
 Iroquois, the Lenape adopted or adapted several of their pottery 
 forms. The typical Iroquois vessel had a round bottom, a con- 
 stricted neck, and a heavy, often square-cornered collar or rim, 
 which was commonly ornamented by incised lines, and the angle 
 between the neck and collar was frequently notched. Several 
 intermediate types occur. 1 
 
 In making their pottery the Lenape sought good, stiff, 
 tenacious clay which they dug and pounded, mixing with it 
 burned shells or pebbles to temper the material and cause it to 
 hold together more firmly. When the clay was properly prepared 
 it was made into long rolls by the potter, and these rolls were 
 coiled upward, the one upon the other, from a small point which 
 formed the bottom. When the vessel was shaped, it was 
 smoothed over, while the clay was still damp, by means of a 
 slick pebble, and the ornamentation was cut, scratched, or 
 stamped near the rim. Often a paddle wrapped in cloth was 
 patted over the soft sides, leaving the impressions which we call 
 fabric marks. When the vessel was finished it was fired, and 
 was a durable and light receptacle for liquids. 
 
 If, by some misfortune, such a vessel was dropped and cracked 
 it was often mended by making a series of perforations along 
 both sides of the crack and lashing or lacing it tightly together 
 by means of a thong or string. It was then still useful for 
 storing corn or dry stuffs of any sort, though too leaky for 
 water. 
 
 Fragments of pottery showing the shell and pebble tempering, 
 or broken in such a manner that the edges of the coils that formed 
 the foundation are visible, are often found, and other pieces, 
 still bearing witness to the manner in which the pot was laced 
 together after cracking, the proof being found in the perforations 
 themselves, are frequently picked up. 
 
 In size, the pottery vessels of the Lenape ranged from large 
 vessels holding four of five gallons to those that are only capable 
 
 1 See Skinner, "Archaeology of the New York Coastal Algonkin," pp. 222- 
 227. (Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 
 Vol. 3.) 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 27 
 
 of containing a pint or so. A few vessels are found showing 
 that a sizing or wash of fine clay was spread over the pot 
 to enhance its appearance. More rarely traces of red ochre 
 show that the entire kettle was daubed with paint. Designs 
 painted on the vessel seem never to have been employed, and 
 nearly all the figures in the stamped or incised work are geo- 
 metric and angular. Curvilinear figures are very rare, and life 
 forms almost unknown. An exception is part of a large vessel 
 of old Algonkian design, with a pointed bottom, found by the 
 writer in a shell pit on a village site at Bowman's Brook, Mar- 
 iner's Harbor, Staten Island, New York; on the sherds that 
 represented fragments of the rim were several crude human faces 
 modeled in relief. Other crude outlines of the human face have 
 been found on potsherds from Manhattan Island. In each of 
 these cases the specimens were on pottery of the Iroquoian type, 
 although those found by the writer, while on an old Lenapian 
 vessel were associated with Iroquoian potsherds. Representa- 
 tions of the human face and even the whole body are not infre- 
 quent on Iroquois vessels and pipes. 
 
 Clay pipes were extensively used by the Lenape. They were 
 never so elaborate nor decorated with life forms as were those 
 of the Iroquois, but were smaller and ornamented with very 
 delicate distinctive designs quite similar to those on the kettles. 
 Some were straight tubes, often scarcely expanding to form the 
 bowl. Others had a small bowl turned up at right angles, to 
 the stem, and others again were trumpet-shaped. A few of 
 the latter had a swollen bowl with a flaring rim, resembling a 
 flower to a certain extent. Eccentrically shaped pipes, with thin, 
 flat, broad stems, and large, cylindrical swollen bowls, are found. 
 In these the bowl usually juts off from the stem at an angle of 
 45 degrees. In nearly all cases the bowl is the only part of the 
 pipe that is ornamented. A few pipes have a swollen mouth- 
 piece, evidently to facilitate grasping it between the teeth. 
 
 Very few objects of clay other than the pipes and vessels above 
 described are found in New Jersey. A notable exception is a 
 splendid pottery head, collected by Dr. Abbott from the vicinity 
 of Burlington on Rancocas Creek. This most excellent example 
 
28 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 of Lenape art is figured and described at length in his "Ten 
 Years' Diggings in Lenape Land", p. 29. Dr. Abbott quotes 
 a friend who is inclined to think it modeled by an Indian artist 
 who drew his idea from a meeting with an oriental or an Eskimo. 
 I cannot agree with him, and believe that the Asiatic appearance 
 of the face is more fancied than real, and is due to the limita- 
 tions of the maker's skill and material. 
 
 Bone Imple mei 1 ts. 
 
 Articles made of bone and antler are much more common in 
 New Jersey than is generally supposed, owing to the fact that 
 the average local collector draws most of his material from 
 surface finds in ploughed fields, and seldom resorts to excavation. 
 Of course, only the most imperishable objects of the Indians' 
 hoard, the stone and clay utensils and weapons, are preserved 
 under such conditions, and for the bone and antler specimens it 
 is necessary to seek in the preserving soil. 
 
 Awls are usually made of slivers of bone merely ground to a 
 sharp point at one end. Often, however, they are large and 
 elegantly finished, and, when found under favorable circum- 
 stances, show a high polish acquired by use. They were doubt- 
 less used to sew buckskin, just as our shoemakers use metallic 
 awls to-day, but, as they are frequently found along with oyster 
 shells, split and charred bones, and all the debris of a feast, it 
 may be that they sometimes saw service as forks for pulling 
 scalding morsels from the kettle. One awl was collected from 
 a shell pit in a field near Fairton, Cumberland County, which 
 was notched at the base, perhaps for suspension. 
 
 Bone needles are sometimes found. These were usually manu- 
 factured from the thin, flat, curving ribs of some animal, dully 
 pointed, at one end, only, and with a perforation or "eye" in 
 the middle. The Algonkin Indians living in the middle west 
 still use a very similar needle for sewing bullrushes together 
 to make the mats with which they cover their wigwams. 
 
 Besides these needles, scrapers, made from the leg bones of 
 deer, split lengthwise and used like a primitive draw shave to 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 29 
 
 remove the hair from deer skins during the tanning- process, are 
 not uncommon. We have not yet heard of any bone fishhooks 
 from New Jersey. 
 
 Arrow points were made from bits of bone fashioned into 
 long, triangular shape, or from the pointed, sharp-edged fish 
 plates of bone. No doubt the Delaware also used the tip of the 
 tail of the horseshoe or "king" crab, and the claws of birds and 
 animals for arrow-heads, but none have been reported. Cups 
 made of shell of the box tortoise are found, but, although we 
 have records of hoes with bone blades, no doubt the scapulae 
 of large mammals, none have been reported within our area. 
 In a grave at Tottenville, on Staten Island, New York, an im- 
 plement of bone resembling a hoe or scraper, has been found. 
 We know of but one of the hollow, cylindrical, tubular bone beads 
 so abundant in western New York, and harpoons of bone have 
 not been reported. 
 
 In antler we have a pin with a round head from, Staten Island ; 
 cylinders, probably used in flaking out arrow points by pres- 
 sure (see p. 25), and tines hollowed and sharpened for use 
 as conical- arrow points. This seems to be all that we have in 
 the way of bone and antler utensils, a meager showing as com- 
 pared with the finds in western New York. 
 
 Articles of Shell. 
 
 Shell articles are very rare in New Jersey. We might expect 
 to find wampum beads, since they were extensively manufactured 
 by our Indians, yet few, if any, have ever come to light. This 
 is true of all New England and the Middle Atlantic Coastal 
 region. No doubt all the wampum (cylindrical beads of blue 
 or white shell, a quarter of an inch in length and about an eighth 
 of an inch thick) was traded inland. Some shell beads of recent 
 type, representing animals, fish, etc., have been found in an his- 
 toric Indian cemetery at Trenton. 
 
 Metallic Articles. 
 
 Metal implements are exceedingly scarce throughout the State. 
 Four native copper articles, two of which are now in the Pea- 
 
3 
 
 30 ARCH^OLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 body Museum at Cambridge, are reported by Dr. Abbott from q? 
 "Trenton. These are three spears or knives and a celt. They 
 •' >jwere perhaps made from copper mined within our boundaries, or, 
 
 possibly from one of the drift boulders of this material that 
 
 ometimes occur. 
 
 i 
 
 J d All the old deeds signed by Indians contain a multitude of * m 
 ]£ Preferences to metallic articles received in exchange for their ' 
 
 ■i$T 
 
 eir historic towns in western New York. 
 
 LENAPE IMPLEMENTS COMPARED TO OTHER TYPES. 
 
 The material culture of the Lenape Indians, as shown by their 
 archaeology, presents a number of strong contrasts with that 
 of their neighbors, and possesses an individuality which in many 
 instances sets it off as distinctive. Although the Lenape may 
 have been, when they first entered the country, "skilled in many 
 crafts, yet not preeminent in any," as Dr. Abbott says, it is 
 certain that their remains, as we know them, show that they 
 were indeed past masters in the art of shaping stone by every 
 primitive process. The abundance, variety, and workmanship 
 of Lenapian stone implements by far exceeds that of the Iroquois. 
 
 The grooved stone ax in many varieties, the long stone pestle 
 the delicately fashioned and handsomely polished monitor pipe, 
 the banner stone, the double-holed gorget, and the remarkably 
 made stone heads of the Delaware country were rare or unknown 
 
 £^m hooks, guns, knives, beads, wampum, and a thousand other 
 
 .: . things were given the Indians by the whites, yet how rarely do , 
 ! j-4 ' we fi n d an i ron trade ax, a brass arrow point, or a glass bead. *J 
 I -f rjOn Burlington Island, it is true, Dr. Abbott excavated the site 
 \~4 Jof an old trading post, and there found many things of this *\ 
 ^ * nature, but on the sites of the Indian villages these things are 
 V^re indeed. I cannot explain it. All trade articles used by -4 
 ^the Iroquois are found in great profusion on all the sites of jl 
 
TYPES OF INDIAN REMAINS. 31 
 
 to the Iroquois, 1 as were the innumerable forms, often highly 
 artistic, of chipped-stone weapons and tools. 
 
 The stone pipes of the Iroquois, at their best, probably surpass 
 most articles of Lenape manufacture, but, taken all in all, the 
 Delaware as much exceed the Iroquois in stone work as they 
 fall behind them in the potter's art. The clay vessels of the 
 Lenape were good. In form they resemble, as a rule, the typical, 
 nearly conical vessels of the Coastal Algonkin. In decoration 
 they are distinctive, for the Lenape employed many not inartistic 
 incised combinations, particularly of the "chevron" and "herring 
 bone types", which we have not seen duplicated outside their 
 territory, and which may have been influenced by the art of 
 their neighbors further to the south. On the other hand, the 
 remarkably graceful outlines of the Iroquois vessels are wanting. 
 So far as shape is concerned, the typical Lenape jars are monot- 
 onous, except in specimens from later sites, situated in the north- 
 ern part of the area, where Iroquois influence had crept in, 
 and where Iroquois styles had been adopted in whole or part. 
 In like manner the simple trumpet, angular, and tubular clay 
 pipes of the Lenape cannot be compared in abundance, number 
 of forms, or finish, to those of the Iroquois, but their decoration 
 consists of delicate incised tracery found in no other region. 
 
 In bone, antler, and shell, the story is the same. Just as the 
 Lenape surpass their Algonkin neighbors in New England in 
 regard to the abundance and elegance of these products, they 
 fall equally short of their Iroqucian foes. The bone awl, 
 arrow point, cylinder, tortoise shell cup, and a few other 
 implements make a good showing perhaps as against the rela- 
 tively fewer remains of this nature from New England, but sink 
 to insignificance before the splendid array of Iroquois artifacts, 
 bone and antler combs, harpoons, dolls, gorgets, wedges, fish- 
 hooks, awls, needles, cylinders, tubes, spoons, and what not. 
 Then too, the tremendous abundance of shell articles, especially 
 
 1 While objects of this nature are occasionally found on the surface in the 
 Iroquois country, we have no record of the finding of any of them during the 
 systematic excavation of the older true Iroquoian sites by trained archaeolo- 
 gists. On later sites which mark the villages where Algonkin or other 
 captives were kept and adopted en masse, we may, however, expect to find 
 them. 
 
32 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 on later Iroquois sites, has no Lenapian analogy. The New 
 England area has a greater relative number of pendants., gouges, 
 adzes, semilunar knives, and perhaps, long stone pestles, but all 
 these things are found, though sparingly, or even rarely in some 
 instances, in Lenape territory, along with the multitude of com- 
 mon types. On the whole, it may be said that the Lenape had 
 few original forms in stone, but that they perfected the art of 
 making the types they knew to a degree beyond most of their 
 neighbors. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is only fair to say that the Delaware did 
 have some types that are unique. Take for example the large 
 stone heads, a number of which have been found in various 
 places in New Jersey, on Staten Island, and in Lenape territory, 
 or the territory of their near ethnic and linguistic relatives on the 
 Upper Hudson. These heads were no doubt the outgrowth of 
 certain religious concepts, common to the Delaware and their 
 closest relations, which are recorded by Brainard and other early 
 authors and are still in vogue among the surviving Lenape 
 in Canada and Oklahoma, 1 where examples, representing the 
 faces of mythological characters carved in wood are still to be 
 found. Some of these ideas are, indeed, similar to those of the 
 Iroquois, yet Iroquois religion and mythology seems to have 
 found no corresponding outlet of art in stone of this precise 
 nature. A single example of a head in clay, possibly of this type 
 but smaller, is present in Dr. Abbott's so-called "American 
 Sphinx," a pottery head found on the Assiscunk Creek at or 
 near Burlington, which is equal to many Iroquoian specimens. 2 
 Unlike any of the stone heads known to me, it shows the enor- 
 mous ear ornaments described by Heckewelder and other early 
 writers as used by the Delaware and Shawnee for the reception 
 of which the lobes of the ears were slit and fearfully distended. 
 If the face resembles that of an oriental, as Dr. Abbott thinks, 
 we must look rather to the limitations of the maker's art and 
 material than to any preconceived idea on his part due to contact, 
 as Mr. Evarts Tracy is pleased to fancy. 3 
 
 1 See M. R. Harrington, "Vestiges of Material Culture among the Canadian 
 Delawares," p. 416. (American Anthropologist, Vol. 10, 1908.) 
 
 2 Abbott, C. C, "Ten Years' Diggings in Lenape Land," p. 29. 
 
 3 Ibid. 
 
TYPES OF .INDIAN REMAINS. 33 
 
 For the handicraft of the modern expatriated Lenape, now in 
 Canada and Oklahoma, our two chief sources of information are 
 the collections in the American Museum of Natural History in 
 New York, and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania 
 in Philadelphia. The collection in the American Museum repre- 
 sents the Munsee band, now in Canada, and the specimens in 
 Philadelphia are largely from the Unami of Oklahoma. Both 
 collections were made by Mr. M. R. Harrington of the Phila- 
 delphia institution, who is preparing a monograph on the Lenape, 
 the fruits of several years' detailed study of the tribe. A few 
 scattered specimens may be in the hands of individuals from 
 whence it is to be hoped they, like the various archaeological 
 specimens, will find their way into some permanent museum to 
 be carefully preserved for the benefit of the people at large, and 
 as a memorial of those "long ago people," our predecessors, the 
 Lenape Indians of New Jersey. 
 
 3 GEOt, 
 
34 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Indian Camp Sites and Rock Shelters in Northern New Jersey. 
 
 By MAX SCHRABISCH. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 In the following paper mention is made of 370 aboriginal camp 
 sites, villages and rock shelters in northern New Jersey and the 
 enumeration is probably far from complete, being full in some 
 parts and scanty in others. 
 
 The aborigines whom the whites found in undisputed posses- 
 sion of the present State of New Jersey belonged to the Algonkin 
 stock. By reason of their laying claim to an ancestry more 
 remote than that of any of the other Indian tribes they proudly 
 called themselves Lenni Lenape, i. e., original people. In view 
 of the large number of aboriginal camp sites and villages to be 
 found in northern New Jersey, one may be tempted to imagine 
 that this territory was once peopled by large numbers of the 
 Lenape. This, however, does not appear ever to have been the 
 case. As a matter of fact, the historian Smith, flourishing about 
 the middle of the eighteenth century, estimated the total number 
 of Indians then living in the State of New Jersey to have been 
 less than ten thousand. 1 If, then, the hypothesis of a thickly 
 inhabited country falls to the ground, we may still satisfactorily 
 account for the frequency of sites and of prehistoric remains by 
 remembering, first, that the Indian was of a roving disposition, 
 shifting his abode at frequent intervals within his allotted and 
 narowly circumscribed hunting-grounds; and, second, that his 
 occupation of the area in question extended, no doubt, through 
 untold centuries, nay, many thousands of years. Accepting the 
 latter theory as correct, the well-nigh astounding ubiquity of 
 ancient remains does not seem in the least surprising, the sparse- 
 ness of the Indian population notwithstanding. 
 
 1 Some well-informed persons regard this number as probably considerably 
 too large. H. B. K. 
 
CAMP SITES AND ROCK SHELTERS. 35 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTER OE SITES. 
 
 in looking for a suitable place to pitch his tent the redskin 
 would naturally enough select a spot close to some water, be it 
 river, brook, spring, lake or swamp. The site thus chosen had to 
 be high and dry, that is, free from inundation, more or less level, 
 and if possible well sheltered from north winds. Forks of brooks 
 and rivers were usually looked upon with favor provided the lay 
 of the land and, above all, the opportunities for hunting were 
 such as' to promise an easy sustenance. Shallow lakes and bays 
 were preferred to deep water as affording the best fishing 
 grounds, and the fords and rifts of rivers were chosen for the 
 same reason. However, it is in the river valleys that the evi- 
 dences of ancient settlements are most abundant, for the rivers 
 were the natural avenues of communication, particularly at a 
 time when the country was covered with an almost unbroken 
 expanse of nearly impenetrable forest. In any event due regard 
 was had to the soil. Highland or lowland, our aborigines always 
 shunned a stiff clay when possible, and chose a sandy or gravelly 
 loam. This was the common rule even in temporary camps. 
 
 FAVORED DISTRICTS. 
 
 Some sections in northern New Jersey are remarkable beyond 
 all the others for the exceptionally large number of sites and 
 the profusion of remains marking these scenes of prehistoric 
 activity. And, to be sure, in considering the distribution of 
 aboriginal sites in northern New Jersey, thus far explored and 
 mapped, it is at once obvious that the various river valleys offer 
 the most fertile field for archaeological research. Foremost 
 among these valleys is that of Delaware River. Of lesser im- 
 portance, both in point of sites and remains, must be regarded 
 the valleys of Pompton, Passaic, Saddle and Hackensack Rivers. 
 
 Delaware Valley. — As already stated, the Delaware River 
 valley appears to have been the headquarters of the Lenni 
 Lenape by reason of the many advantages offered by a water 
 course of such dimensions. It is no exaggeration to say that its 
 banks were dotted by an almost unbroken succession of camp 
 
36 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 sites and villages, and nowhere in the State are the remains of 
 their industry more plentiful or more diversified. In addition, it 
 would seem that the implements found here are superior in 
 workmanship to those of any other region within the State and, 
 moreover, there is no lack of artifacts hereabouts that are ex- 
 ceedingly rare elsewhere, such as banner stones and pipes. Thus, 
 it is certain that within the area watered by Delaware River 
 the culture of the Lenni Lenape had attained a high point of 
 perfection. 
 
 Pompton Valley. — This is another important section asso- 
 ciated with Indian lore and the reminders of that vanished race. 
 At its northern end it is watered by the Wanaque, Pequannock 
 and Ramapo Rivers, which unite below Pompton forming Pomp- 
 ton River and joining Passaic River at Two Bridges. A thor- 
 ough search of this region has revealed the presence of numerous 
 camp sites and villages, showing that it was much frequented by 
 the red huntsman. The largest village site in this valley is 
 situated at Pompton Plains, and if we are to judge by the num- 
 ber and variety of the implements recovered at this spot it must 
 have been the headquarters of the Pompton Valley aborigines. 
 Lying about 1,000 yards from the foot of the hills bounding 
 the plains on the west and Ij4 miles from the banks of the 
 Pompton River, this locality afforded indeed an ideal camping 
 ground, sheltered, as it was, fromi north and west winds and 
 with plenty of water conveniently near furnished by a brook 
 and a swamp. Under these circumstances this site is found to 
 be replete with many indications of prolonged occupation. 
 Other village sites within this territory are at Pequannock, 
 Wayne and Mountain View, all of them flanking the banks of 
 Pompton River. That a well-trodden trail connected all these 
 settlements, beginning at the Great Notch, a gap in the first 
 Watchung Mountain, and passing through the Pompton Valley 
 northward to Greenwood Lake, may therefore be taken for 
 granted. At Pompton several other paths met, the most im- 
 portant being the Suffern trail, which ran along the base of the 
 Ramapo Mountains, and the Butler trail passing in a westerly 
 direction to Lake Hopatcong. 
 
CAMP SITES AND ROOK SHELTERS. 37 
 
 Passaic Valley. — Many a fishing place and camip site lined this 
 once beautiful stream and the country through which it flows 
 supported at one time a comparatively dense Indian population, 
 for the river abounded in fish and the forest in game. That this 
 region was the scene of busy life may be inferred from the fact 
 that an important trail, the Wagaraw trail, traversed it on the 
 Bergen County side of the river, connecting with the Gome and 
 Totowa trails at the northernmost point and bend of the river. 
 The former ran north to Sicomac and Franklin Eake, the latter 
 in a southwesterly direction to Totowa and thence to Singac, 
 closely following the meanderings of Passaic River. Again, 
 there are many indications of primitive workshops along its 
 banks and here the surface soil is even now littered with raw 
 material and flakes. Flint, quartz and jasper were the materials 
 most highly prized and they were almost exclusively employed 
 by the later or so-called modern Indians. Many facts apparently 
 indicate that further back in time, argillite was mainly made 
 use of, and this period has been designated as that of the argillite 
 Indians. In still more remote ages primitive man rudely chipped 
 his material and the products of his industry are called paleolithic, 
 in contradistinction to the more recent ones, which are known 
 as neolithic. 
 
 Aside from the remains of aboriginal origin left on the banks 
 of Passaic River there are other evidences of the Indian's 
 activity, such as fords and weirs crossing the river at various 
 points and plainly discernible to this day, especially at low water- 
 mark. Between Passaic Park and Two Bridges, a distance of 
 about 20 miles, no less than sixteen fords or weirs may be dis- 
 tinguished, namely, one each at Passaic Park, Garfield, Clifton 
 and Broadway bridge (Paterson), six more up the river to the 
 Falls, four between Totowa and Singac, and two opposite Two 
 Bridges. A peculiar feature of all these fords is that the rocks 
 used in their construction are not laid across the river in a 
 straight line, but are arranged so as to form midstream an angle, 
 with the apex pointing downstream. 1 
 
 *The fact that many similar rock fords and weirs have been constructed 
 by white men must not be overlooked. The mere occurrence of V-shaped 
 lines of rocks in streams cannot be regarded as proof of Indian workmanship 
 without some independent evidence which shall differentiate them from those 
 of the white man. — H. B K. 
 
38 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 A particularly good section within the Passaic Valley is that 
 level tract of land, which lies 6 males west of Paterson, with 
 the village of Fairfield as its centre. This section is well 
 sheltered to the north and west by Towaco or Hook Moun- 
 tain, a range of hills consisting of two arms, each about 5 miles 
 long and forming a right angle, the apex of which is at Towaco. 
 Passaic River flowing along the southern and eastern base of 
 this ridge and parallel to it also forms a right angle, thus like- 
 wise enveloping this section on two sides, viz., north and west. 
 Within it there are many small swamps alternating with knolls 
 high enough to be exempt from inundations in times of freshets. 
 All these knolls bear witness to ancient occupation as evidenced 
 by the numerous traces of primitive art. It was a stretch of 
 land peculiarly suited to the tastes of the Redman. With wits 
 sharpened by the iron laws of necessity he was always partial 
 to places of this kind; hence, the remains of his industry re- 
 minding the white intruder at every turn of his erstwhile pres- 
 ence. The most important settlement of the Indians of the Fair- 
 field region lay in the very corner of Hook Mountain on high 
 land, called Tom's Point. Like a promontory it projects far out 
 into the marshy lands, its southernmost point almost reaching 
 Passaic River. The principal pre-historic highway hereabouts 
 was the Caldwell-Fairfield-Mountain View trail. West of it 
 another trail skirted along the eastern base of Hook Mountain 
 between Pine Brook and Towaco, and also around the Great 
 Piece Meadows in an easterly direction to Singac. 
 
 Saddle River Valley. — The banks flanking this easterly tribu- 
 tary of Passaic River tell an eloquent tale of ancient occupation. 
 Again, the lay of the land justifies us in assuming that a trail 
 wound along the western bank of this picturesque water course, 
 beginning at Garfield and running thence in a- northerly direction 
 to Paramus and points beyond. While along this trail there are 
 many traces of archaeological significance, the opposite side of 
 the river is likewise dotted with aboriginal sites. 
 
 Hackensack River Valley. — This section is likewise remarkable 
 for the large number of ancient sites occupying the banks of 
 the river and those of its tributaries. As, however, only a few 
 
CAMP SITES AND ROCK SHELTERS. 39 
 
 of these have thus far been determined and explored, no definite 
 statements can as yet be made. 
 
 ROCK SHELTERS. 
 
 AJpart from building his hut in the open, so to speak, by the 
 banks of rivers, brooks, lakes or swamps, the Indian would, 
 whenever possible, dispense with the work of providing an arti- 
 ficial shelter by availing himself of natural shelters, that is, rock 
 formations affording more or less protection from the rigors of 
 the climate. In this sense, then, he partook of the habits of the 
 troglodyte or cave-dweller. As a matter of course, places of 
 this description occur in mountainous districts only, in rough 
 and broken country, where there are shelving rocks or over- 
 hanging ledges, which, if necessary, may easily be improved and 
 made more habitable by leaning poles against the sides of the 
 rocks and covering them with bark or skins. It is only within 
 recent years that these rock shelters have attracted any atten- 
 tion, nay, their existence in these parts had, until a short time 
 ago, hardly been suspected. Twenty of these natural shelters 
 have thus far been discovered and investigated, all of them 
 situated amid the foothills and mountains of northern New 
 Jersey, and distributed as follows : Three on the east bank of 
 Delaware River in Warren County, two of them being at the 
 foot of Pahaquarry Mountain, near Delaware Water Gap, the 
 other at the foot of Scott's Mountain and 3 miles south of Belvi- 
 dere. In Passaic County, there are one at the foot of Kanouse 
 Mountain, three in Upper Preakness, one on the slope of Federal 
 Hill and three on Garret Mountain. In Morris County they 
 are found one at the foot of Rock Peon Mountain (Bear Rock) T 
 three on the hills west of Pompton Plains, two in the corner 
 formed by Towaco (Hook) Mountain. In Bergen County two 
 occur in Ramapo Mountain and one east of Saddle River. 
 
 An essential requisite of prospective occupancy was water 
 sufficiently near to suit the comfort-loving Indian. To be sure, 
 all the shelters once occupied and hitherto examined were fav- 
 ored in this respect. When this condition was not fulfilled, the 
 Indian would not use it, no matter what its other advantages 
 
4 o ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 might have been. And, indeed, the writer knows many a fine 
 rock house, large and comfortable, facing southward and afford- 
 ing ample protection against the elements, which was spurned 
 and severely left alone obviously for no other reason than that 
 water was too far away. 
 
 While most of these rocks served only as temporary dwelling 
 places, as a sort of headquarters used before and after the chase 
 to rest and feast on the spoils, some of the more accessible ones, 
 t. e., those not lying high up amid the mountains but at the 
 foot of them, were more permanently occupied. While the 
 former saw probably only male sojourners, the latter would 
 harbor entire families, that is, husband, squaw and papoose. 
 
 The culture layers covering the floor of these rocks and repre- 
 senting the accumulated debris of ages have in every case been 
 found undisturbed, and it is for this reason that important infer- 
 ences as to a succession of culture horizons may be made. Since 
 we meet here with the original conditions, that is, with such 
 as existed at the time of the Indian's final departure, these rock 
 shelters are quite unique and therefore exceptionally favorable 
 to research along certain lines. As stated above, some of them 
 lie far away from the beaten track and the camping grounds 
 in the valleys below and to reach them: required considerable 
 physical stamina, more so at the time when the country was a 
 vast wilderness. In these no traces of pottery were found owing 
 to the difficulties of transportation; but wherever the debris 
 contained fragments of pottery, these fragments lay invariably 
 in the upper layers, a fact tending to prove that pottery was of 
 comparatively late introduction. 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 41 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 List of Sites, with Notes, Southern New Jersey. 
 
 By ALANSON SKINNER. 
 
 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 A glance at the map of the Indian sites in south New Jersey, as 
 far as reported, shows that they fall naturally into a number of 
 groups, which are: 
 
 I. The New York and Raritan Bay group. This includes 
 the remains on Staten Island and up South River. 
 There must be more sites upon the Raritan and its 
 affluents than have been reported. 
 II. The Atlantic Coast group. This includes the sites found 
 along the coast from Sandy Hook to Cape May. It is 
 evident that the Atlantic side of New Jersey was 
 sparsely inhabited by the Indians, 
 
 III. The I^ower Delaware Valley group. This includes the 
 
 great Unalachtigo headquarters on Cohansey Creek, 
 and the settlements in Salem County. 
 
 IV. The Middle Delaware Valley group. This centers in the 
 
 cluster of sites at the Unami headquarters at Trenton 
 
 and runs down below Camden. The inhabitants of 
 
 this region were closely related to those of the New 
 
 York and Raritan Bay group, who were also Unami 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 It will be observed that the interior is practically devoid of 
 
 sites, except on the headwaters of the more important creeks 
 
 and rivers. This lends support to the tradition that the sandy 
 
 interior of South Jersey was more of a hunting ground than 
 
 anything else. 
 
 The readers of this report must remember that it represents 
 but the work of a preliminary survey of two months' duration, 
 and therefore, while much has been accomplished, the work is in 
 
42 ARCHAEOLOGICAL, SURVEY. 
 
 no way complete, and the conclusions arrived at are in no case 
 final. 
 
 GROUP I, NEW YORK AND RARITAN BAY. 
 
 Constable Hook. — There is a village site with shell pits on the 
 sand hills behind the Standard Oil Works on Constable Hook. 
 The shell pits in this instance might more properly be styled 
 mounds, since the surrounding sand has largely been blown or 
 dug away, leaving them standing above the present surface. The 
 writer has found a club head, arrow points, potsherds, net sinkers, 
 sturgeon plates and fish and mammal bones in and near these 
 pits. (26-23-8-8 and 9.) 2 
 
 Greenville. — The writer has seen some potsherds daubed over 
 with red paint, probably ochre, that were said to have been col- 
 lected on a site on the point at Greenville. (26-23-5-2-7.) 
 
 Constable Hook. — A camp site on Constable Hook was located 
 and reported by Mr. Leslie Spier. (26-23-7-1-9.) 
 
 Bayonne. — Camp sites occur on or near the shore of Newark 
 Bay in Bayonne, near the foot of 25th street, along the Central 
 Railroad, and at the tip o'f Bergen Point. (26-23-4-7-9; 26-22- 
 9-6-2 ; 6-7. ) 
 
 Carteret. — The writer once owned a grooved ax from Carteret, 
 and other objects have been reported from there. (26-32-4-5-8.) 
 
 Elizabethport. — In grading streets in Elizabethport, near the 
 shore, relics are said to have been found, but the exact locality is 
 unknown. 
 
 Perth Amboy — -Graves and shell heaps were found by con- 
 tractors in grading streets in Perth Amboy. There are arrow 
 
 1 The system of numbering followed is that described in the Administrative 
 Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 191 1, Bulletin 6. pp. 13-15. 
 Persons having the published topographical maps of the Survey, Nos. 21-37, 
 can locate on them the exact sites by applying these numbers as there de- 
 scribed. In brief, the system is as follows : The first number refers to the 
 topographical atlas sheet; the second number to the major subdivisions of this 
 sheet, each 6 minutes of latitude and 6 minutes of longitude, the numbers 
 commencing in the upper left-hand corner of the sheet, the first tier being 
 i to 5, the second n to 15, the third 21 to 25, etc.; the third number refers to 
 one of the nine 2-minute rectangles making up the 6-minute subdivisions, the 
 numbers commencing in the upper left-hand corner ; the fourth number refers 
 to one of the 9 equal subdivisions of the 2-minute rectangles ; each of these 
 subdivisions is still further divided into 9 parts similarly numbered, to which 
 the last number refers. 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 43 
 
 points and other implements in the collection of the Staten Island 
 Association of Arts and Sciences that were found in fields along 
 the shores of Raritan River. Heckewelder tells of an old Data- 
 ware Indian whom he met in Western Pennsylvania or Ohio in 
 the early days of the nineteenth century who remembered catch- 
 ing rabbits to sell to the workmen employed in building Perth 
 Amboy. 
 
 Staten Island. — Although not occurring within the political 
 boundaries of New Jersey, the following sites on Staten Island, 
 New York, are so obviously within the geographical limits of the 
 survey that the writer has included them. They are valuable to 
 us from; an archaeological standpoint in that they are remains 
 of the same people with whom we have been working in New 
 Jersey, and the absence of any number of Indian sites on the 
 Jersey shore of the Staten Island Sound or Kill van Kull is due 
 to the more favorable aspect of the Staten Island side of the 
 narrow stream. 
 
 The Raritan, Hackensack and Tappan divisions of the Lenni 
 Lenape, or Delaware Indians, were the original owners of Staten 
 Island, and their presence is still well attested by many and rich 
 sites. * 
 
 Pelton's Cove. — There was formerly an Indian village site and 
 cemetery at Pelton's Cove which is now obliterated. (26-23-7- 
 
 8-3-) 
 
 West New Brighton. — The cemetery situated on the grounds 
 of Ascension Church, West New Brighton, occupies the site of a 
 still older graveyard of the aborigines. Relics are still found 
 occasionally when graves are being dug or improvements made. 
 (26-23-7-8-4.) 
 
 Mariner's Harbor. — At Mariner's Harbor and westward along 
 the shore to Howland Hook the early non-obliterated traces of a 
 series of ancient Indian villages and camp sites may yet be seen. 
 The writer and others have collected many hundreds of imple- 
 ments of stone, clay, bone and antler on these sites. (26-22-8-8 
 and 9 and 9-7 ). 2 
 
 1 For a detailed description see Alanson Skinner, "The Lenape Indians of 
 Staten Island." (Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Nat- 
 ural History, pp. 4-17, Vol. 3.) 
 
 a For a detailed account see Anthropological Papers of the American 
 Museum of Natural History, Vol. 3, pp. 5-8. 
 
44 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Old Place Neck. — There is a large village site at Old Place 
 Neck. Near the point are many traces of former lodge sites and 
 refuse pits. A burial ground is reported and relics are abundant. 
 Camp sites are to be found far back toward South Avenue. (26- 
 32-2-2 and 3. ) 
 
 Watchogue. — At Watchogue camps and relics are scattered 
 over the sand dunes. The writer has found a few trade articles, 
 such as brass arrow points, here. (26-32-3-4, 5.) 
 
 Chelsea. — There is a big camp site at Chelsea on the north side 
 of Prall's Creek. (26-32-2-7-3.) 
 
 Linoleumville. — Village sites, shell heaps and scattered relics 
 are found over a wide area at Linoleumville, on Long Neck. 
 (26-32-5-1, 4, 2.) 
 
 Long Neck. — South of Long Neck, close to Fresh Kills, there 
 is a little camp on the meadow island. (26-32-5-5-5.) 
 
 Lake's Meadow Island. — On Lake's Meadow Island south of 
 Fresh Kills there is a village site. This place was once visited by 
 Henry D. Thoreau, who found arrow points there. (26-32-5- 
 7 -i.) 
 
 Lake's Island. — Opposite Lake's Island a small camp site 
 occurs on the mainland. (26-32-5-7-8.) 
 
 Rossville. — A shell heap and village site occur at Rossville near 
 the post office and in the vicinity, wherever there are sandy knolls 
 remains are found. (26-32-7-5-4.) 
 
 Woodrow. — At'Woodrow a village site and obliterated ceme- 
 tery have been identified. (26-32-7-8-3.) 
 
 Rossville to Tottenville. — Continuous camps occur along the 
 shore from Rossville to Tottenville with scattered relics in nearly 
 every field. 
 
 Tottenville. — A burial ground, immense shell beds, camps, 
 villages, and scattered relics cover a wide area at Tottenville. 
 This is the most important single site in a wide area. 1 
 
 Mt. Loretto. — Small shell heaps occur along the shore near 
 Mt. Loretto (26-42-1-8-7), also at Wolfs Pond (26-42-2-4-6), 
 Seguines Pond (26-42-3-1-7) and Great Kills (26-33-7-5-5). 
 Scattered relics are found in many nearby fields. 
 
 1 See Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 
 Vol. 3, pp. 11-16. 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 45 
 
 Arrochar. — There are scattered relics and camp sites at 
 Arrochar. 
 
 Silver Lake. — Camp sites occur at the northwest and south- 
 west ends of Silver Lake (26-33-2-1-2; 1-4) and scattered relics 
 on Pavilion and Wards Hills, Tompkinsville. (26-23-8-8-8, 9.) 
 
 Valley Lake. — Camp on Nannyberry Hill near Valley Lake. 
 (26-33-1-6-2.) 
 
 There are other sites on Staten Island, but the foregoing list 
 gives the most important ones. 
 
 Near South Amboy. — At Morgan along the bluff on the north 
 bank of Cheesequake Creek there was formerly an immense 
 shell heap, village site, and burial ground, which is now largely 
 destroyed by grading for the railroad. A number of skeletons 
 were dug out by the steam shovel, and refuse pits and fireplaces 
 were exposed in some numbers. It is reported that relics were 
 found with skeletons in a cemetery nearby. This is unusual in 
 New Jersey, as the only other finds of like nature that are so 
 far reported were made at Chestnut Neck, near Columbia, and 
 in the Indian cemetery at Burial Ridge, Tottenville, Staten 
 Island, nearly opposite and in plain sight from Morgan. 
 (28-1-3-1-1, 5.) 
 
 Morgan. — Large heaps of shell are visible along both sides 
 of the road to Keyport on the opposite side of Cheesequake 
 Creek from Morgan. They contain few relics and do not seem 
 to extend to the bluff overlooking Raritan Bay. (29-1-3-2-8.) 
 
 Camp sites and scattered relics are also reported from other 
 points in the neighborhood of Cheesequake, but their exact loca- 
 tion is unknown. 
 
 Marquis Creek. — There is a small shell heap on the bank along 
 Marquis Creek (29-1-3-6-4), a camp site on the high point 
 east of the creek (29-1-3-6-5), and two small camp sites close 
 together near the bay (29-1-3-6-3). At the latter oyster shells 
 and flint chips abound. 
 
 Cliff wood. — A small camp site with flint chips and shells lies 
 north of Cliffwood near Whale Creek (29-2-1-4-9). On the 
 bluff above Matawan Creek opposite Keyport there is a large 
 heap of shells containing few relics (29-2-1-9-1). It is apppar- 
 
46 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ently a place where the Indians dried shell fish, but had no 
 permanent settlement. 
 
 Keyport. — Shell heap at Keyport near Conaskonck Point, 
 described by Charles Ran. 1 Many implements have been found 
 here, including some clay beads, a type of relic not reported 
 from any other New Jersey site, and of which the writer has no 
 knowledge except as occurring on the Iroquois site at Hochelaga, 
 Montreal. Possibly Mr. Rau erred in the identification of some 
 broken pottery pipestems which are not rare on such sites. 
 (29-2-2-5-9 and 6-7) -7-5.) 
 
 Sayreville. — There is a village site among the sand dunes 
 along South River near the Sayreville clay pits. Fireplaces 
 marked by burned earth and heat-cracked stones are abundant. 
 Over the surface are strewn countless flint chips and potsherds, 
 while arrow points and other implements are not rare. Quan- 
 tities of small burnt pebbles still lying in heaps seem 
 to indicate the .location of ancient sweat baths. (28-5-1-4-8.) 
 
 South River and Old Bridge. — The following sites lie north 
 of Old Bridge on the east side of South River beginning at the 
 north near the Raritan River Railroad. The exact location of 
 each is indicated by the numbers. 
 
 An old, nearly obliterated village site where potsherds, arrow 
 points, and the like, are still to be found. In a sand pit near the 
 river the writer has found an excellent celt and some finely 
 decorated pottery fragments (28-5-1-5-7). 
 
 Camp sites near the second brook south of the railroad were 
 noted. Flint chips and arrow heads were abundant. (28-5-1- 
 8-1.) 
 
 A village site with some nearly obliterated fireplaces and shell 
 pits. In the latter the writer has found European glazed pottery, 
 glass, and nails, mingled with flint chips, Indian potsherds, and 
 other aboriginal traces. (28-5-1-8-4.) 
 
 A small village site, nearly obliterated. Here the writer has 
 obtained some interesting specimens including a notched ax. 
 (28-5-4-2-1.) 
 
 1 Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1884 in a paper entitled 
 "Artificial Shell Deposits in New Jersey," pp. 370-374. 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 47 
 
 Second small site nearly connected with preceding, much 
 debris, such as flint chips, from arrow! making. (28-5-4-2-2.) 
 
 Large village site. Arrow points, chips, pottery. (28-5-4-2-5.) 
 
 Scattered relics are found between all the sites in this vicinity. 
 
 Large much-used site i 1 /* miles northeast of Old Bridge, now 
 destroyed by the railroad, except on the edges (28-5-4-2-9). 
 A small village site occurs a little southwest of this point 
 
 {28-5-4-5-3). 
 
 Runyon Pond. — There is a large village site beside Runyon 
 Pond. Arrow points, pottery, a pestle, axes, and other relics 
 have been collected hereabouts. Men employed in digging 
 artesian wells for the waterworks have informed the writer 
 that skeletons were exhumed during this work many years ago. 
 (28-5-4-3-6.) 
 
 Old Bridge. — A village site with scattered shells and relics 
 occupies the east bank of the river. (28-5-4-4-6.) 
 
 Deep Run. — Near Deep Run, east of Old Bridge, a large area 
 among the sand hills shows indications of former habitation, 
 but only a few relics have been noted. (28-5-4-5-8.) 
 
 Iresick Brook. — Many camps and scattered relics occur along 
 Iresick Brook, south of Old Bridge. 
 
 Few if any of the Sayreville, Runyon, or Old Bridge group 
 of sites will repay excavation. The shifting t>f the sand in the 
 wind has uncovered most of their treasures to the gaze of the 
 passerby with the inevitable result that very little has been left. 
 The sites themselves are slowly becoming obliterated. 
 
 Matchaponix. — Mr. Wm. T. Davis of Staten Island reports 
 a village site near Matchaponix. (28-14-3-6-7.) 
 
 Jamesburg. — Mr. Davis also reports a camp site on the shore 
 of the lake at Jamesburg. Doubtless other sites are abundant 
 along Manalapan Brook. (28-14-2-4-7.) 
 
 Matawan. — Mr. Waldron de Witt Miller of the American 
 Museum of Natural History of New York, has located and 
 reported a camp site in "Thirteen Oak Forest," 4 miles south- 
 west of Matawan. (29-1-8-4-7.) 
 x/ Oceanic. — Mr. Leslie Spier reports a camp site an acre in 
 extent on the bank of a small brook east of Oceanic, at which 
 shells are fairly abundant. (29-4-7-9-2.) 
 
48 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 GROUP II, ATLANTIC COAST SITES. 
 
 Belmar. — Mr Wm. S. Yard, of Trenton, obtained many im- 
 plements through workmen who found them in grading Belmar 
 streets in what is now an obliterated village site. Among the 
 specimens is a polished grooved ax said to weigh twelve pounds. 
 
 Manasquan. — Mr. C. E. Seage reports that scattered specimens 
 have been found on the point of land at Brielle and Manasquan 
 (29-33-6-5, 8). Scattered relics are found on the points of land 
 between Manasquan and the ocean front. 
 
 Point Pleasant. — Mr. Seage reports that implements have been 
 found in the borough of Point Pleasant, but exact locations are 
 not given, 0K# -."Ped^* iv, f\\> w c»* -fcM vi #^U - u. 
 
 Mantoloking(?). — '"In the extreme upper end of Barnegat 
 Bay, and on the west side, is a piece of land, a sandy spit, pro- 
 jecting into the bay, known to many people in the neighborhood 
 as the site of an old Indian camp, and where a great deal of 
 pottery, etc., has been found. * * * The spot referred to 
 is said to have been a camp for Indians when they went to the 
 shore for fish and oysters." Reported by Mr. Wm, J. Lovell, 
 of Moorestown, N. J. (29-43-3-7-2 ?) 
 
 Burrsville. — Two miles east of Burrs ville, a sand hill on the 
 Metedeconk River is called "The Indian Stage," and is so re- 
 ferred to in the old deeds and records. Here is the site of an 
 Indian village where A. C. B. Havens, of Toms River, has found 
 relics. (29-43-1-3-7.) 
 
 In the Orchard Field between Burrsville and WardeFs Neck 
 is a very much used Indian village site. Mortars and other fine 
 specimens have been found. ( 29-43- 1-1-1.) 
 
 Beaver Dam Creek. — A very interesting causeway of logs is 
 situated on the Indian trail that ran parallel to the coast from 
 north to south. It is on the south fork of the south branch of 
 Beaver Dam Creek, and is a raised pathway of logs which 
 was certainly not made by the settlers. There are said to be 
 similar causeways on the same trail further to the south. 
 
 Pumpkin Point. — On Pumpkin Point, Toms River, and nearly 
 on what is now the property of John P. Haines, Indian relics 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 49 
 
 were formerly found during spring* ploughing. (33-2-4-6, and 
 
 4-4.) 
 
 Island Heights. — At Island Heights, a village site and ceme- 
 tery were found in grading streets. These are now destroyed. 
 (33-2-6-8-1, 2.) 
 
 Ocean Grove. — There are camps on the Grant farm at Ocean 
 Grove. (33- 2 -5"9^ 6 -) 
 
 Toms River. — Traditional Indian burial ground on main 
 branch of Toms River where an old mill road crosses near 
 the bridge. Nothing now to be seen, however. (33-2-1-4-3.) 
 
 Mosquito Creek. — There is a camp on the knoll at the mouth 
 of Mosquito Creek. 
 
 On David G. Clayton's farm, 3 miles northeast of Toms River, 
 there is said to be a large camp site, with circles of dark earth 
 about 30 or 40 feet in diameter. This is thought by the residents 
 to have been an old dancing ground. 
 
 Pine Beach. — Shell heaps on the point near the hotel at Pine 
 Beach, southeast of Island Heights. 
 
 Barnegat. — There are two small shell heaps at Barnegat on 
 a point running out towards the salt meadow. On visiting 
 them the writer found potsherds, chips, and a very small pitted 
 hammerstone. (33-22-4-6-7.) 
 
 There is a small shell heap on a point near the brook below 
 Barnegat (33-22-9-9-5) and a smaller shell heap 100 feet from 
 the last (33-22-9-9-1). A large shell heap, apparently very 
 thick, extends all over the point. In the sandy fields nearby 
 potsherds are fairly common. There is another smaller heap 
 at hand (33-22-9-9-5). A very small shell deposit is bisected 
 by the road (33-22-9-9^2). A shell heap, apparently large and 
 thick, seems to cover a small rise in the meadow, but mosquitoes 
 and vegetation rendered careful examination impossible (33-22- 
 9-9-7). Mr. Clarence Woodmansie, of Barnegat, reports a 
 shell heap on the point between Waretown and Barnegat (33-22- 
 
 2-7-8). 
 
 Ostrom. — A very small shell heap lies on the upland near the 
 edge of the meadow on Forked River at Ostrom. The writer 
 
 4 GEOIv 
 
50 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 was unable to determine absolutely whether it is Indian, though 
 the locality makes such an origin highly probable. (33-12-8- 
 
 1-8.) 
 
 Forked River. — There is a shell heap on Forked River near the 
 salt meadow. The exact locality was not given when this site 
 was reported. 
 
 Waretown. — A camp site is reported in the woods northeast 
 of Waretown. (33-22-2-1-3.) 
 
 Waretown Creek. — There is a shell heap on the edge of the 
 meadow just south of Waretown Creek. (33-22-2-2-4.) 
 
 Mayetta Station. — Near Mayetta station the railroad cut ex- 
 poses a very small shell bed. (33-31-2-9-4.) 
 
 West Creek. — In the town of West Creek there was a village 
 on Cox's farm. A dug-out canoe was found, and a skeleton 
 with implements exhumed. (33-31-4-9-7.) 
 
 The following item appeared recently in the "New Jersey 
 Courier" : 
 
 "The first road from Toms River to Lakehurst," said Mr. 
 Irons, "was the 'old Indian trail', from Toms River to the Dela- 
 ware River. The road to Lakehurst followed this trail to the 
 'New Furnace, the trail running up the east side of Toms River 
 to that place. New Furnace was built by Samuel G. Wright 
 somewhere about 1800, and was two miles northeast of Federal 
 Furnace, afterwards Manchester, and now Lakehurst." As near 
 as Mr. Irons could recall the straight road to Manchester via 
 Wright Bridge must have been built about 1830. 
 
 "Naturally, the talk of the Indian Trail recalled the fact that 
 over on the northeast of the village on the Manasquan road, is 
 Indian Hill. Mr. Irons said that he had been told as a boy that 
 it was named that because Indian Will, a straggler from the 
 tribe, lived there under the hill for a long time. The Indian's hut 
 stood, as he had been told, just under the hill on the place where 
 the father of B. F. Pierce afterward lived." 
 
 We are also indebted to the editor of the "Courier" for the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 "While working on the new road to the Long Beach Turn- 
 pike Company's bridge, at the Manahawkin end, the workmen 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 51 
 
 unearthed two skulls, supposed to be Indian. The peculiar 
 feature of the discovery was that the skulls were complete, 
 lower jaw and all. The skulls were found buried about three 
 feet deep in what is known as Boat House Knoll at Company 
 Landing*. They were taken by William Bennett, who still has 
 them in charge." 
 
 Another correspondent writes that there were four skeletons 
 in all unearthed while plowing up the new road, and that "the 
 heads were the most perfect part, all the teeth being in the jaws 
 on several." 
 
 Tuckerton. — There is, on the property of the Jillson brothers 
 of Tuckerton, a shell heap and a burial ground in which were 
 found thirty-two skeletons. Eighteen of these were buried in 
 one trench. The position of the bones was such as to lead the 
 discoverers to believe the Indians to have been the victims of a 
 massacre or pestilence. One woman had a child laid across her 
 breast, another skeleton lay over the bones of a woman flung 
 beneath it, and the remains of a child lay between her knees. 
 Many of the bones showed breaks or other injuries. The only 
 relics were a small trumpet-shaped clay pipe, with incised decora- 
 tion on the bowl, which lay close to a skull as though it had 
 been thrust in the owner's hair, and a stone pendant or single- 
 holed gorget that lay on an infant's breast. (32-44-4-4-8.) 
 
 There is an imlmense shell heap on the salt meadow at Tucker- 
 ton, visible for miles, as it stands above the surrounding level 
 and is covered with trees. The late Dr. Frank Hamilton Crush- 
 ing of the Smithsonian Institution visited this mound, and made 
 some preliminary investigations, finding traces of a pile village 
 in the salt meadows close by. His death interrupted his work, 
 which has never been completed. (32-45-1-8-9.) 
 
 There is a cemetery in Tuckerton on the Sapp Farm. 
 
 (32-35-7-9-8- ) 
 
 Wells Island. — There are shell heaps on Wells and Osborne 
 Islands, and scattered implements. (32-44-6-4,5.) 
 
 Chestnut Neck. — A large village site and cemetery on Chest- 
 nut Neck opposite New Gretna. Messrs. Jillson of Tuck- 
 erton have partially explored the burial ground, finding seven 
 
52 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 skeletons, most of which had buried with them a quantity of 
 arrow points and raw material (jasper) for their manufacture. 
 With one was found a fine large monitor pipe of steatite. 
 (32-44-3-7-7, 8.) 
 
 Pleasantville. — Pleasantville now occupies an old Indian vil- 
 lage site, relics have been found all about, especially some fine 
 banner stones. There are said to be shell heaps along Dowdy's 
 Creek behind Atlantic City. (36- 13-5- 1-9.) 
 y Smith's Landing. — There is a large shell heap at Smith's Land- 
 ing on the shore near Pleasantville, located by Leslie Spier. 
 (3<>i3-5-4-6, 9 and 5-4.) 
 S Mt. Pleasant. — A camp site at Mt. Pleasant an acre in extent. 
 It is located at the source of a branch of Absecon Creek. Arrow 
 points were reported from this site. Located by Leslie Spier. 
 (36-13-5-2-2.) 
 
 heed's Point. — Scattered shells on Leed's Point indicate Indian 
 occupation. Reported by Leslie Spier. (36-4-5-1-6.) 
 
 Port Republic. — Spier reports indications of occupation all 
 along Nacote Creek, and a shell heap east of Port Republic. 
 Axes and arrow points are said to be fairly abundant. The 
 absence of potsherds on this and all other sites reported by 
 Spier is notable?" He concurs with the writer in believing that 
 most of the east-coast sites were temporary fishing stations. 
 
 (36-3-3-50 
 
 West Cape May. — A site is reported at West Cape May by 
 Dr. C. C. Abbott. Here were found a number of objects, in- 
 cluding a bead beaten from a nugget of native gold. (27-1 1-3- 
 
 Holly Beach. — At Holly Beach there was a site, now obliter- 
 ated, where many relics were gathered. (37-2-9-5-2.) 
 
 Dennisville. — There was a large Indian village where Dennis- 
 ville now stands. Several caches of implements are reported, and 
 there are said to be shell heaps all along Dennis Creek at the 
 bends. (37-34-6- 1 -6. ) 
 
 Tuckahoe. — Specimens have been reported from Tuckahoe 
 and vicinity. There are probably shell heaps all along the bends 
 of Tuckahoe Creek. (3 7-2 1-4- 1-6.) 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 53 
 
 Flat Creek. — There is a shell heap on Flat Creek near Great 
 Egg Harbor. ( 37-22-4-5-3. ) 
 
 Great Bgg Harbor. — Prof. F. W. Putnam and Dr. C. C. 
 Abbott found traces of prolonged occupation on Great Egg Har- 
 feor. At Somers Point, directly opposite, there is presumably 
 much more, as this place has a southern exposure and more 
 favorable conditions prevail. It was too heavily forested when 
 last visited by Dr. Abbott to permit any observations, (37-22-4- 
 3 and 5-4.) 
 
 Port Elizabeth. — There is said to be an extended settlement 
 along the creek at and near Port Elizabeth. (37-23-1-3, 5, 6 and 
 8.) 
 
 Cape May Court House. — Frank Learning of Cape May Court 
 House has a conch shell cup and other specimens from a sand 
 dune in the woods on Coxalle Creek on the Delaware Bay side 
 of Cape May. He says there are very few sites on the west 
 shore. This site is near Town Bank where the first settlement 
 in Cape May County was made in 1680 or thereabouts. (37-1- 
 8-2-1.) 
 
 There is a group of sites, probably all more or less connected, 
 around the headwaters of Crooked Creek at Cape May Court 
 House. Shell heaps, village and camp sites are all apparent, but 
 were hard to distinguish when visited by the writer because of 
 the thick vegetation. Shells, chips, potsherds, and fire-cracked 
 stones abound. The writer was unable to locate a cemetery 
 supposed to be near Cape May Court House. (35-44-6-3-7 and 
 8; 5-2; 5-6; 5-7; 5-8.) 
 
 At Joe Holmes' place there are three or four shell heaps which 
 local authorities think represent seats of the wampum: industry. 
 There is some reason for this belief, as the shells are broken 
 into small angular fragments like those found in the shell heaps 
 of Long Island, New York, that are known to be made up of 
 wampum refuse. There is also historical evidence in favor of 
 this hypothesis. (35-45-4-1-4 and 7.) 
 
 Nummys Island. — On Nummy's Island tradition states that 
 the last chief of the local Indians is buried. After his funeral 
 the Indians are said to have left for Wabash River. I have never 
 
54 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 seen an Indian burial in a salt meadow, and such Nummy's 
 Island appears to be. (37-3-1-7 and 4-1.) 
 
 Avalon. — On Ben Godfrey's place on the road to Avalon there 
 is a large site from which Mr. Frank Learning of Cape May 
 Court House, has specimens and pottery. Mr. Learning con- 
 siders this the best site he has seen in the county. (35-45-1-3-6.) 
 All the shell heaps along the coast are characterized by a 
 dearth of instruments, at least on the surface. A few tiny 
 potsherds and chips may be found. Deer bones, charcoal, and 
 fire-cracked stones seem from a superficial examination to be 
 almost totally wanting. Local tradition everywhere states that 
 the main Indian settlements were along the valley of the Dela- 
 ware and its tributaries, especially on the New Jersey side, and 
 the results of this survey seem to bear out this story. All the 
 river sites produce enormous quantities of implements and show 
 signs of extensive occupation. The coast remains are chiefly 
 camps and shell heaps with few relics. There are no doubt, 
 many more sites on the coast as yet unreported. 
 
 GROUP III, LOWER DELAWARE VALLEY. 
 
 Manumuskin. — Opposite Manumuskin station on Manumus- 
 kin Creek, the railroad cut has exposed quantities of potsherds, 
 chips, shells and fire-cracked stone indicating a large camp or a 
 small village. (35-13-7-9-6.) 
 
 Small camps on Manumuskin Creek near the railroad cut. 
 
 (35-13-8-7-8.) 
 
 Port Norris. — Camp ground near Port Norris just west of the 
 railroad track; scattered relics near at hand. (35-22-9-7-1, 2, 
 
 3-) 
 
 Stone axes, arrow points, potsherds, etc., are found on the 
 points southwest of Port Norris post office. (35-22-9-7.) 
 
 Leesburg. — Scattered relics reported at Leesburg. (35-23- 
 7-2.) 
 
 Cohansey Creek and Vicinity. — Along Cohansey Creek, in 
 Cumberland County, there is a nearly continuous string of sites 
 of all kinds for about 20 miles, mostly on the south side of the 
 stream. The group probably represents the headquarters of the 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 55 
 
 Unalachtigo band of the Lenni Lenape, as the Trenton group 
 represents the Unami, and the Belvidere sites the Munsee. The 
 writer is indebted to P. K. Reeves, Edmund Shimp and R. W. 
 Emerson, of Bridgeton, for information and assistance in visit- 
 ing and locating these remains. 
 
 Cohansey Creek Sites. 
 
 Harrow Brook. — There is a good village site on Harrow 
 Brook near Deerfield Street. (34-4-3-6-9 and 9-2, 3.) 
 
 *Beebe Run. — Relics north of Beebe Run (34-4-6-5-7) and 
 relics also occur at the mouth of Beebe Run (34-4-6-7-3). 
 
 Barrets Run. — Camp and relics on Barrets Run near Shiloh 
 and at the mouth of the stream. (34-4-8-4-8.) 
 
 Cornell's Run. — A few specimens occur in the woods on Cor- 
 nell's Run. (34-5-7-1.) 
 
 Bridgeton. — On Stone Bridge Run, north of Bridgeton, scat- 
 tered relics occur (34-5-7-4, etc.). On a village site opposite 
 Bridgeton, R. W. Emerson of that city has collected three stone 
 mortars; on the west side of the creek as far as Cedar Grove 
 there are scattered relics (34-4-9-9-5, 8). Some fine specimens 
 were found on the brook above Irving St. Station, Bridgeton 
 (34-5-79-4, 5.) Also, relics are found on a nameless run east of 
 Bridgeton (34-5-7-8 and 6). 
 
 In the southern outskirts of Bridgeton is an old site where 
 no implements except large-stemmed blades of argillite are 
 found. Neither pottery, points nor hammerstones have been 
 collected. This seems to have been a spot utilized as a camping 
 ground by the argillite-using predecessors of the Lenape. (34- 
 1 5-1 -4-7.) Five hundred yards or less from the last-mentioned 
 locality is a site from which many triangular points of quartzite 
 have been gathered, but where no argillite implements occur. 
 The ground is black from debris and decayed animal matter ac- 
 cumulated during long occupation (34-15-1-7-1). 
 
 Scattered relics were found along the point down as far as 
 Parvin Branch (34-1 5-1-7-4 and 5). At a small camp on Parvin 
 Branch potsherds and many flint argillite and jasper points 
 
56 . ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 occur (34-15-17-8). A village site occurs at the mouth of Par- 
 vin Branch on the south side where many large argillite points, 
 drills and axes have been collected. Relics are scattered along 
 the south side of the branch east from here. At 34- 14- 1-8-4 a 
 solitary cache of 60 large yellow jasper bevelled blades was 
 found (34- 1 5- 1 -7-6 8). At the foot of Doneghy Street there is 
 a large site. Many relics have been collected here, several fine 
 pestles among them (34-1 5-1-3, 6). 
 
 Fairton. — A village site in the woodland near Fairton is noted 
 for the quantity of argillite chips and specimens. Scattered 
 relics connect the camps which are to be found on all the knolls 
 (34-15-4-4-3, 6 and 1-9). At Fairton relics are scattered along 
 both sides of Mill Creek and its tributary. (34-15-4-5, 6, 8.) 
 West of Fairton, along the south side of Cohansey Creek, is a 
 continuous string of sites from which thousands of implements 
 have been obtained. Potsherds, chips and arrow heads innum- 
 erable litter the surface. All types of specimens occur, perforated 
 stones, clay pipes (usually fragmentary), broken and perfect 
 gorgets, bannerstones, arrow-shaft smoothers, grooved axes, 
 celts, pieces of soapstone vessels and other things are abundant. 
 (34-14-5-9-1, 2, 3 and 6-7-1, 2, 3, and -8-1, 2, 3, and 9.) 
 
 Tindells Landing. — At the head of Back Creek, and 2 miles 
 southwest of Tindells Landing, is a field which was long occu- 
 pied by the Indians. Here is an exceedingly rich deposit of 
 black earth throughout which countless deer and other animal 
 bones, potsherds and other debris can be found. Edmund 
 Shimp, of Bridgeton, once counted 80 or more shell and fire pits 
 exposed by a spring ploughing. Mr. Shimp has collected three 
 bone awls and a bone arrow point (made from a scale of Lepi- 
 dosteus ferox of the Mississippi River) from one of these shell 
 pits. A perfect clay pipe in his collection comes from a field 
 close at hand. On a knoll touching the site skeletons have been 
 disinterred, and to the east the sand hills show prolonged occu- 
 pation. Flint and quartzite chips betray the presence of work- 
 shop sites and potsherds abound. 
 
 On August 4, 1 91 2, the writer visited this site under the 
 guidance of Messrs. Shimp and Emerson. Scratching a single 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 57 
 
 hole with trowels and a shingle yielded a fine notched bone awl, 
 a clay pipestem, dozens of fish, bird and mammal bones, chips 
 and potsherds. On one of the sand dunes to the eastward most 
 of a pottery kettle, cracked in Indian times, and mended by 
 making a row of perforations along each side of the flaw and 
 lacing the break together with a thong, was found. (34-14-8-3 
 and 9-1.) 
 
 Cohansey Creek. — Scattered relics occur along Cohansey 
 Creek beyond Green Swamp on an old farm and as far down as 
 the upland runs to Back Neck. (34-1 4-4-7-1, 2, 5 ; 5-7, 8, 9, and 
 6; 6-7, 8 and 34-14-7.) On the west side of Cohansey Creek 
 enormous quantities of specimens have been gathered all the way 
 to Dutch Neck, and turning the bend, on as far as Greenwich. 
 (34-14-3, 4, 5 and 6.) 
 
 Greenwich. — At Greenwich there is a rich site on the west 
 bank of Molly Wheaton Run. Quartzite chips abound, and a 
 quartzite quarry occurs in one of the fields by the side of the 
 stream. Two grooved stone mauls, one made of quartzite, the 
 other of argillite, were found here by Shimp and Emerson, and 
 there can be no doubt but that they were used in the quarry. 
 Scattered relics are found along the bank as far as the spot 
 where the run enters the Cohansey. (34-13-6-3.) 
 
 Sheppards Mills. — There are two small camps on Mounces 
 Creek near Sheppards Mills. (34- 14- 1-8-8.) 
 
 Othello. — A small but rich site is situated at Othello, north of 
 Greenwich. Jasper, quartzite, and flint implements, many frag- 
 ments of pottery pipestems, decorated potsherds and numerous 
 tiny triangular points of superb workmanship have been 
 gathered. (34-13-3-5 an ^ 6.) 
 
 Davis Mills. — Scattered remains occur around Davis Mills, on 
 the shores of the pond and stream. (34-1 3-1 and 2.) 
 
 Seventh Day Mills. — Small camp in the woods near Seventh 
 Day Mills, Potsherds and arrow points (34-4-4-8). Scattered 
 remains occur near pond at Seventh Day Mills. (34-4-4-8-1 
 and 2.) 
 
 Mickles Mills. — Scattered remains on Sarah Run below 
 Mick'les Mill. (3(4-3-5-6-3.) 
 
58 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Jericho. — Scattered remains occur at Jericho. (34-3-5-9.) 
 
 Long Branch Run. — Relics occur on both sides of Long 
 Branch Run. (34-3-9-1.) 
 
 Large camp opposite 34-3-7, with many large points was re- 
 ported. (34-3-7-3- 1 , 2 , 3, etc.) 
 
 Stow Neck. — Relics occur all over Stow Neck along the shores 
 of Stow Creek. 
 
 Cumberland Causeway. — A camping ground runs from the 
 road to a point on the shore of the pond where the Cumberland 
 Causeway crosses. Perhaps this was a battlefield, as triangular, 
 so-called "war points" are found in great quantities. * 
 
 Stozv Creek. — At Wood Landing on Stow Creek there is a 
 large boulder once utilized by the Indians as a permanent mortar. 
 In its deep cavity a bucket of water can be held. (34-3-7-6-7 
 and 8.) 
 
 Stow Point. — A burial ground on Stow Point where Mr. 
 Shimp has found skeletons buried at depths varying from a few 
 inches to 5 feet from the surface. Many relics were found on 
 the surface, but one only, a crude ax, was obtained in a grave. 
 
 (34-i3" I - I -3> 6 and 2 -!-) 
 
 Maskall's Mill. — Big camp or village all around the pond at 
 Maskall's Mill. (34-3-4-3, 6 and 5-4.) 
 
 Quinton. — There is a large village site at Quinton on Alloway 
 Creek. (30-43-4-5.) 
 
 A village site is opposite Quinton and scattered relics along 
 both banks of the Creek to Alloway. (30-43-4-5.) 
 
 The "last Indian" in this region was buried near Alloway 
 about 1820. His body was exhumed recently and stone imple- 
 ments found in his grave. 
 
 Hancock's Bridge. — There is a village at Hancock's Bridge 
 on Alloway Creek whence Mr. Shimp has fine specimens. 
 
 (34-2-3-7-4-) 
 
 Village all along the upland on the south bank of Alloway 
 Creek, from Hancock's Bridge to the road. (34-2-2-9-8 and 6.) 
 
 Allozvay Creek. — Camp on a knoll near Alloway Creek. 
 Relics scattered all along both banks of the creek. (34-2-2-8-7. ) 
 
 Salem. — Several hatchets were pumped out of the creek 
 
 **" "" Ov Vte.Va.ys ♦. <Vv3\*^«^ ca-cVxe. _ 
 
 U.<^. 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 59 
 
 bottom at Salem when dredging, and much material has been 
 reported from the vicinity of Salem. (30-42-2-8-3.) 
 
 Lozver Penn's Neck. — There is a village on Mr. I. O. Acton's 
 farm on Lower Penn's Neck. (30-32-8-1-6.) 
 
 Churchtozvn. — A burial occurs north of Churchtown. (30- 
 32-1-9-2.) 
 
 Mannington Creek. — A series of seven burial places along 
 Mannington Creek and Swedes Run from Salem Creek to 
 Alloway Junction. (30-32-9-6-2; 9-2; 8-6; 30-33-7-5-7; 8-2; 
 9-6; 30-43-2-1-3.) 
 
 Welchtown. — Near Welchtown on Mannington Creek is a 
 village site. (3<>33-7-9-7-) 
 
 H arris onville. — A camp site covering about 2 acres is sit- 
 uated on the Tigh farm on Oldmans Creek immediately south of 
 Harrisonville station. At this place there is said to have been 
 a boulder hollowed out to a depth of 9 inches which is thought 
 was probably used as a cooking utensil but was more probably 
 a stationary mortar. This was removed several years ago. (30- 
 34-1-2-2.) 
 
 Pedricktown. — Dr. Abbott reports remains at Pedricktown on 
 Oldmans Creek. (30-23-4-3-6.) 
 
 Mullica Hill. — Mullica Hill village on Raccoon Creek occupies 
 the site of an old Indian settlement. (30^25-4-7-6.) 
 
 Bridgeport. — Many objects are reported from Bridgeport by 
 Dr. Abbott'. (30-13-9-8-7.) 
 
 Szvedesboro. — About one-quarter of a mile below Swedesboro 
 station in the railroad cut is a layer of camp refuse 1 foot below 
 the present surface. (30^24-4-5-8.) 
 
 Mr. Acton has reported a series of five burial places extending 
 from Bridgeport to Oldmans Point along Delaware River. ( 30- 
 23-1-7-1; 1-4-9; 2 -i-4; 2-2-2; 3-9-7.) 
 
 Gibbstozvn. — Scattered remains were found below Gibbstown 
 on Repaupo Creek. (30^14-7.) 
 
 Thompson's Point. — A burial at Thompson's Point (near the 
 site of the Du Pont powder works) where many teeth and a jaw 
 bone were dug up is reported by Dr. George Laws, of Pauls- 
 boro. (30-14-4-9-2.) 
 
6o ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Glassboro. — Implements have been found in the sand pits at 
 Glassboro. (3 1-2 1-9-8 and 3-3.) 
 •" Mt. Royal. — A number of finely worked and polished articles, 
 including a bird amulet, a monitor pipe, and wampum have been 
 found at Mt. Royal near Clarksboro.' (3015-7-6-9.) 
 
 Mantua Creek. — Scattered relics occur all along Mantua Creek. 
 (3015-4 and 7.) 
 
 Paulsboro. — Dr. Abbott reports remains, and Mr. I. O. Acton, 
 a village site, at Paulsboro. Specimens are found on 
 all the points along Timber Creek for a couple of miles back 
 from the river. (30-14-9-3.) 
 
 Paulsbwo. — Cache of small jasper leaf -shaped blades on 
 Locke's place, iy 2 miles below Paulsboro. (30-14-9-1-8.) 
 
 A burial is reported 1 mile north of Paulsboro about 2 feet 
 deep and covered with a layer of broken stone. (30-14-6-9-3.) 
 
 Mantua Point. — At Mantua Point a pot, 16 inches in diameter 
 at the mouth, rough argillite celts, and knives, banner stones, 
 and great numbers of flakes and rejects were found. (30-15- 
 4-4-4.) 
 
 Billingsport. — Dr. Abbott reports a village with abundant re- 
 mains at Billingsport. (30-14-6-6.) 
 / Woodbury Creek. — All along Woodbury Creek scattered re- 
 mains are found. (31-11-4 and 5.) 
 
 Tradition reports that the Wood family burial ground near 
 the mouth of Woodbury Creek at a place where the Indians 
 interred their dead before white men came into this region. In 
 September, 191 2, there was no sign of the former presence of 
 Indians at this place. However, this point of land is an ideal 
 one for such a purpose. (31-11-1-8-9.) 
 / Red Bank. — At Red Bank is a camp covering a considerable 
 area. Fire-cracked stones, flakes, and rejects were found in 
 abundance. (31-11-1-8-9.) 
 
 GROUP. IV. MIDDLE DELAWARE VALLEY. 
 
 Pensauken Station. — Scattered relics on south branch of Pen- 
 sauken Creek, due east of Pensauken Station. (31-2-6-5-3.) 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 61 
 
 Hellings Hill. — Mr. Chambers reports scattered relics on the 
 north branch of Pensauken Creek from Lenola to Hellings Hill 
 with village sites at the Evesboro road and at Hellings Hill. 
 
 (31-3-8-3 and 31-4-7-4.) 
 
 Fellowship — There is a burial near Fellowship on the south 
 branch of Pensauken Creek. (31-3-4-9-4.) 
 / Moorestozvn. — At Indian Spring, near Moorestown, are scat- 
 tered remains. (31-3-2-7, 8, 9.) 
 
 South of Moorestown is a village site. Implements of all kinds 
 were found here in abundance, showing an extended occupation 
 of this region. Occurring in the same layer and mixed with 
 the implements usually associated with the historic Indian are 
 many crude argillite blades. Harry Chambers, who has located 
 and reported this site, has several rubbed argillite implements, 
 heart-shaped, with short stems. A number of steatite pots Were 
 found nearby. (31-3-5-3-7O 
 
 Riverton. — Scattered relics are found between Riverton and 
 Palmyra. 
 
 Mt. Laurel. — All about Mt. Laurel are signs of an extensive 
 camp site. Axes, arrow points, wampum (?), and pottery are 
 ploughed up here. A small pot of Algonkin type about 6 inches 
 in height and 6 inches in diameter at the mouth was found by 
 Mr. Chambers. (31-4-4-7-9.) 
 
 Brown Station, — Camp site near Brown Station. Axes, arrow 
 points, etc., are found along Haynes Creek. (31-5-4-4-7 and 
 31-4-9.) 
 
 Lumberton. — Scattered relics are found on the banks of Ran- 
 cocas Creek at and near Lumberton. (31-4-6-3-1 and 2.) 
 ^ Centerton, — A cache near Centerton, reported by Mr. Harry 
 Chambers, of Moorestown, contained about two dozen net sinkers 
 and several other implements. (31-4-1-2-2.) 
 
 Mt. Holly. — Scattered implements, etc., occur at Mt. Holly 
 and along Rancocas Creek and its south branch. Excellent 
 trumpet-shaped pottery pipes have been found in the vicinity; 
 one in the possession of Mr. Wm. Wright, of Mt. Holly, is 
 decorated with representations of deer. (31-4-2, 3.) 
 
62 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Wood Lane. — Camp site at Wood Lane on headwaters of 
 Assiscunk Creek. (27-44-6-6-5.) 
 
 Burlington. — There is a large village site at Burlington on 
 Assiscunk Creek. (27-34-8-3.) Abbott obtained a collection 
 from this spot, including the remarkable modeled clay head 
 described by him in his "Ten Years' Diggings in Lenape Land." 
 The whole of Burlington Island is a large Indian village site. 
 
 Assiscunk Creek. — Several camp sites were located by the 
 writer along the south side of Assiscunk Creek. They contained 
 nothing except quartz and flint chips, fire-cracked stones and a 
 few potsherds. These indications probably mark the location of a 
 few isolated wigwams. (27-34-8-9-4.) 
 
 Rancocas Creek. — Scattered remains occur on Rancocas Creek 
 opposite Bridgeborough and at Rancocas. Great quantities of 
 argillite implements are reported to be found elsewhere along 
 the banks of the creek. 
 
 Bordentown. — There is a camp or village 1 mile east of Bor- 
 dentown at or near the forks of the brook (28-31-3-4-9.) There 
 is said to have been an old camp or village site at the mouth of 
 Blacks Creek in Bordentown. (28-31-2-5-8). 
 
 Indian Mills. — Just below where the Indian Mills Brook 
 crossed the road 1 t /a miles northwest of Indian Mills is the ceme- 
 tery used by the Indians inhabiting the old mission settlement of 
 Edgepillek. The last survivors were removed to New York, 
 probably to the Seneca Reservation at Cattaraugus, about 1820. 
 (32-31-1-1-2.) 
 
 New Egypt. — On Crosswicks Creek, south of New Egypt, and 
 at Brindle Park are scattered implements. (28-43-1-3; 5-1, 2.) 
 
 The following note appeared in the "New Jersey Notes" in the 
 New York Sun during August, 191 2 : "Clifford Horner, while 
 working in Frank P. Gabel's cranberry bog near New Egypt, 
 unearthed an Indian mortar and pestle. They are of flint and 
 show signs of hard usage." (28-33-8-7-7.) 
 
 Walnford. — Abbott reports a village site at Walnford on 
 Crosswicks Creek, where objects are verv abundant. (28-33-2- 
 
 7-8.) 
 
 Prospertown and Vicinity. — In the neighborhood of Prosper- 
 town and north towards Red Valley is a group of camp sites all 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 63 
 
 very much of the same type. Several have been long and fre- 
 quently inhabited, but none have the accumulated debris of true 
 villages. In nearly all of them circles of burnt stones that out- 
 lined the fireplaces still mark the sites of wigwams. F. W. 
 Emley, to whom the writer is indebted for guidance to these sites 
 has a collection from them consisting of several grooved axes, 
 a small adze, two broken gorgets, and many arrow points. One 
 of the latter is apparently carved of soapstone, and has a per- 
 foration, rimmed from' both sides, in the stem. It was doubtless 
 a charm or ornament designed for suspension. Mr. Emley has 
 also an old pouch of dyed buckskin ornamented with colored 
 porcupine quills and deer hair. Old metal "jinglers" and tassels 
 of red-dyed deer hair serve as a fringe. While data are lacking, 
 it is obviously an example of eastern Indian work, perhaps that of 
 local Lenape. 
 
 Camp site, chips, fire-cracked stones, etc., occur at Prosper- 
 town. (28-34-1-4-4; 4-6; 7-3; 8-7; 9-3.) 
 
 A camp site, traces of wigwams and fireplaces, occur north of 
 Prospertown. (28-33-3-9-6.) 
 
 Burksville. — Small camp site at Burks ville, northeast of Pros- 
 pertown. (28-34-2-1-4.) 
 
 Groveville. — A single grave and wigwam site were found on 
 Major Woodward's farm above Groveville on Cross wicks Creek. 
 (28-32-1-1-5.) 
 
 Bonaparte Park. — An Indian village once occupied the curved 
 banks of Cross wicks Creek at Bonaparte Park opposite White 
 Horse. Traces and relics are still common. (28-21-8-6, 9 and 
 9-7-1.) 
 
 Crosszvicks Creek. — There was formerly an Indian ford across 
 Crosswicks Creek where the trolley line to Bordentown now 
 crosses. (28-21-8-6-8.) 
 
 White Horse. — Village site is located about the springs back of 
 White Horse. (28-21 -8-3-1.) 
 
 Trenton and Vicinity. — ^ ^ 
 
 ,r^U.r 
 
 Abbott Farm. — Village site occurs on the Abbott Farm on a 
 sandy knoll at the beginning of the lane. (28-21-8-2.) 
 
64 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Another village site, or series of sites, is intimately connected 
 with the preceding, and is undoubtedly the best known of all 
 Indian sites in New Jersey. The entire bluff from Abbott's 
 Brook to the railroad track shows signs of prolonged Indian occu- 
 pation, and from the fields Abbott and Volk have collected many 
 specimens which are now in Princeton, Cambridge, New York, 
 Chicago and elsewhere. Several burial grounds have been ex- 
 plored, and wigwam sites, caches and other remains have been 
 exhumed. 1 (28-21-7-2-3 and 8-1.) 
 
 Somewhere in this neighborhood, the Lenape chief, Teedy- 
 uskung, the successor of Tammany, is said to have been born. 
 
 At the point on Abbott Brook, opposite the Abbott farm, Volk 
 exhumed some skeletons from very deep graves. (28-21-8-1-9.) 
 
 On the slight sand ridge running out into the flat below the 
 bluff Volk found a village site with scattered graves among the 
 lodges. Many excellent specimens collected at this place are in the 
 American and Peabody Museums. (28-2 1-8- 1-8.) 
 
 Volk found a cache of chipped pieces in the outskirts of Broad 
 Street Park. (28-21-8-1-5.) 
 
 Lai or Field, near Trenton. — The Lalor field, near Trenton, 
 has long been a source of harvest for local collectors, and even 
 to-day, after so many years of searching, specimens are still com- 
 mon after the first ploughing every spring. The writer has 
 found a number of relics there which are now in the State 
 Museum. The locality is undoubtedly one link in the continuous 
 chain of village sites which occupies the sandy bluffs for some 
 distance and marks the headquarters of the Unami division of 
 the Lenni Lenape. At the particular spot designated on the map 
 Volk found a single wigwam site surrounded by ten graves. 
 This is on Sassafras Lane. Near here also he found a frag- 
 ment of bison bone. (28-21-7-3-4.) 
 
 *The literature of this site is extensive, and the student is referred to the 
 following works for a detailed knowledge of the field. 
 Abbott, C. C. — The Stone Age in New Jersey. 
 Primitive Industry. 
 Archaeologia Nova Cassarea. 
 Ten Years' Diggings in Lenape Land. 
 Volk, Ernest — Archaeology of the Delaware Valley. 
 
SITES IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 65 
 
 Deutzville. — Volk found fragments of human parietals and 
 a femur in the gravel. 1 (28-21 -7-2-1.) 
 
 Assanpink Creek. — There was formerly a large village site at 
 the mouth of the Assanpink Creek in Trenton. Charles Rau 
 has collected and figured articles from this locality. (28-21-4- 
 
 4-4.) 
 
 Hancock Avenue. — Volk found here the fragments of musk- 
 ox bone and elk antler, figured and described in his "Archaeology 
 of the Delaware Valley," p. in. (28-21-3-8.) 
 
 Bile's Island. — On the shore of Delaware River nearly oppo- 
 site the point of Bile's Island there was an historic Delaware 
 Indian cemetery, now nearly obliterated. From this site were 
 collected some interesting shell beads (wampum) and little bird- 
 shaped shell pendants. Such objects are common enough in the 
 old territory of the Iroquois but are practically unknown in New 
 Jersey. Without doubt they show the influence of the Iroquois. 
 These specimens are now in the collection of the Peabody 
 Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Cambridge, Mass. 
 Dr. Abbott informed the writer that some modern Delaware 
 Indians, from the west, visiting Trenton with Buffalo Bill some 
 years ago, were in possession of so vivid a tradition of the loca- 
 tion of this cemetery that they were able to find it, although 
 none of them had ever seen the place before. On arriving ait 
 the spot they held a ceremony in memory of their dead. (28-21- 
 
 7-5-I-) 
 
 There was an Indian village on the point of Bile's Island and 
 many relics have been collected on the northeast shore of the 
 island. ( 28-2 1 -7-4-5 . ) 
 
 Moon's Island. — Volk has collected specimens all along the 
 northeast and east bank of Moon's Island. There was probably 
 an Indian village at this spot. ( 28-2 1 ->y- 1 . ) 
 
 Titusville. — Remains are reported at Titusville. (27-14-4-8.) 
 Washington's Crossing. — Specimens have been collected at 
 Washington's Crossing. (27-14^7-3-3.) 
 
 x See Ernest Volk, "Archaeology of the Delaware Valley," p. 113, et sec. 
 5 GEOL 
 
66 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Scudder's Falls. — Remains are reported from Scudder's Falls. 
 (27-24-2-2-3.) 
 
 Princeton. — Abbott reports an argillite find on the Olden farm 
 near Princeton. (28^12-1-7-8.) 
 
 Lambertville. — The presence of abundant Indian remains 
 is reported all about Lambertville. The town probably occupies 
 the site of a former village. (27^3-8-5, 8 and 9.) 
 
 Bulls Island and Raven Rock. — On Bulls Island and at Raven 
 Rock many specimens have been found under conditions indicat- 
 ing prolonged Indian occupancy. Just opposite, on the Penn- 
 sylvania side at Point Pleasant, Mercer has made a series of 
 investigations in the argillite quarries worked by the aborigines 
 (27-2-5-6 and 6-y.) 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 6y 
 
 List of Sites, with Notes, Northern New Jersey. 
 
 By MAX SCHRABISCH. 
 
 SITES IN THE DELAWARE VALLEY. 
 
 Delaware Water Gap. — A rock shelter was found at the west- 
 ern base of Blockade Mountain, witliin ioo yards of Delaware 
 River. The finds made included some twenty or more arrow 
 points and scrapers, one rude celt, unio shells, numberless bones, q^y^ 
 mostly deer, as well as large quantities of chips and potsherds, \%x^ *, 
 the latter, as usual, lying' in the upper layers. The decoration of i'^br^ 
 the potsherds was partly Iroquoian, partly Algonkin. OneV^~ ^ 
 large fireplace and several bone pits were unearthed. (21-41 -2-s 
 
 9-3-) 
 
 N Camp sites and fishing places have been noted along the river 
 in the Gap at several points (21-41-3-4-4; 7-4, 7; 7-5, 6). At 
 another of these (21-41-3-4-1) a profusion of flakes, mostly 
 flint, indicates a workshop. 
 
 A small shelter at the base of Blockade Mountain facing west 
 and less than 100 yards from the river contained potsherds only, 
 both plain and ornamented. It may, therefore, have been a so- ^ 
 called menstrual shelter, serving as a place of retirement for the ) ®t 
 women, in accordance with usages common among primitive ( ' 
 peoples (2 1 -4 1-3-7-4). 
 
 Below Delaware Water Gap as far as Columbia a series of 
 camp sites has been identified on the east bank of the river. 
 (Localities 21-41-6-2-4, 5; 2-7, 8; 5-2, 5; 5-6; 9-4; 9-4; 9"5 5 
 9-8; 9-9.) 
 
 Manunka Chunk. — Two camp sites were found on a hill near 
 a brook, 2 miles north of Manunka Chunk and 1 mile east of 
 the Delaware; another site occurs half a mile south of these 
 (24-2-5-9-2; 9-5). 
 
 Oxford Township. — There are camp sites and fishing places 
 near Manunka Chunk (24-28-2-4; 4^5), a camp site south of 
 Manunka Chunk (24-2-8-4-6), camp sites near Belvidere (24- 
 
68 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 12-1-2-1 ; 5-4), and along Buckhorn Creek (24-12-4-2-2, 5; 2-3; 
 2-3, 6) ; a burial ground on top of Jenny Jump Mountain (24-2- 
 9-6-1) ; a rock shelter 3 miles below Belvidere on the east bank 
 of Delaware River (24-11^6-3-6). 
 
 There is also a village site in Hope Township on the southern 
 shore of Green Pond, near the foot of Jenny Jump Mountain 
 (24-3-7-4-3). 
 
 SITES IN THE WANAQUE VAU.EY. 
 
 Stonetown. — There is a camp site 1 mile south of Stonetown 
 and west of Winbeam Mountain. A large rock, hollowed out 
 on top and evidently used as a mortar by the aborigines occurs 
 on this site (23-31-1-6-7). 
 
 Upper Midvale. — Two small camp sites occur at Upper Mid- 
 vale on elevated ground north of swamp (23-31-5-2-3). 
 
 Midvale. — Two camp sites occur near Midvale on the east 
 bank of a tributary of Wanaque River (23-31-5-2-9; 5-8). 
 
 Pomp ton Junction. — A small Indian cave has been located 
 high up on the southern slope of Federal Hill (23-31-7-9-7). 
 
 North of the Junction three camp sites were found between 
 the railroad and a tributary of Wanaque River (23-31-8-4-7; 
 7-1), and another was found on the east bank of Pequannock 
 River just south of the Junction (23-41-2-1-1). 
 
 SITES ON POMPTON PLAINS AND VICINITY. 
 
 Riverdale. — At Riverdale and vicinity five camp sites have 
 been located (23-41-1-6-3; 6-5; 6-5; 6-6; 6-6). 
 
 Pomp ton Plains Station. — Three rock shelters occur on the 
 eastern slope of the hills, 2 miles northwest of the station. Two 
 of these (23-41-1-4-8; 4-9) are in a gully. The third (4-8) 
 lies 150 yards south of the others. This shelter is the best of 
 the three and its exploration yielded various remains of the 
 Indian's handiwork, such as potsherds, scrapers, knives, drills, 
 points and spearheads. A brook in front supplied its tenants 
 with water and there is also a spring close by. 
 
 Southeast of these shelters five camp sites occur along a 
 small brook and on the top and flanks of a wooded hill east 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 69 
 
 thereof, iy 2 miles north by west of Pompton Plains station 
 (23-4111-8-1; 8-2; 8-4; 8-4, 7; 8-7). Scattered relics, probably 
 lost while hunting* occur in the fields /toward the station (23-41- 
 1-8-3; 9-i)- 
 
 Five camp sites and fishing places have been located on and 
 near the west bank of Pompton River north of Pompton Plains 
 station (23-41-2-4-4; 4-5; 7-1; 7-5; 8-4). 
 
 A village site is found on elevated ground a short distance 
 north of Pompton Plains station between the Erie Railroad and 
 Pompton River (23-41-2-7-5, 6, 7, 8). A camp site is west of 
 it (23-41-2-7-5), another east (23-41-2-8-7). 
 
 A large village site is found on Sander's lots, 1 mile west of 
 Pompton Plains station. This locality has proved most prolific 
 in specimens of aboriginal origin, and it is evident that it has 
 been the site of a populous Indian village, occupied for many 
 centuries. It does not appear to have been a temporary abiding 
 place, abandoned every now and then, but seems to have been 
 continuously occupied for long periods. On the other hand, we 
 may assume that its population constantly shifted. Bands would 
 leave it now for a while and others would come to take their 
 places. Every kind of artifact characteristic of ancient village 
 sites, has here been found, in contradistinction to mere camp 
 sites or temporary fishing places, where certain kinds of imple- 
 ments are hardly ever met with (23-41-4-2-3, 6). 
 
 Another village site lies a short distance south of the former. 
 Judging from the abundance of artifacts found here, we may 
 conclude that this level and high tract of land was once occupied 
 by an Indian settlement of no mean proportions. One thing is 
 certain beyond peradventure and that is that Pompton Plains 
 was one of the most frequented aboriginal sections in Northern 
 Jersey, and there is good ground for assuming that these genu- 
 ine Americans of the Lenni Lenape nation were in the habit of 
 holding their powwows on these plains (23-41-4-3-4, 7). 
 
 South of Pompton Plains station no less than nine sites have 
 been identified, one of them a village site and fishing place 
 (23-41-5-2-8). Their exact locations are as follows: (23-41-5- 
 '1-2 ; 1-5; 1-6; 1-3, 6; 2-2; 2-4; 2-7; 5-1). Scattered relics were 
 also found (23-41-5-2-2; 5-5). 
 
yo ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Pompton. — Eleven aboriginal sites have been noted in and 
 about Pompton, Wayne Township, Passaic County. The most 
 important of these is a village site on elevated ground east of 
 Pompton River and south of the junction of Pequannock with 
 Ramapo River (23-41-2-4-5, 6, 7, 8) . Of the remaining ten sites 
 two lie on the east bank of Wanaque River (23-4 1-2- 1-9; 4-3), 
 the others are distributed along the east bank of Ramapo River 
 and some of its tributaries. Two of these sites lie respectively 
 north and south of point where Peacock Brook empties into 
 Pompton Lake (23-41-2-3-4; 3-7). The exact location of the 
 others is as follows: (23-41-2-5-3; 5-6, 9; 5-9; 9-1; 9-4; 9-5). 
 Scattered relics were found both on the west bank of Peacock 
 Brook and on the east bank of Ramapo River (23-41-2-3-9; 
 
 8-2,3; 8-3). 
 
 Jacksonville. — Numerous traces of erstwhile Indian occupa- 
 tion have been found in and near Jacksonville, 2 miles south- 
 west of Pompton Plains. Altogether eleven camp sites have 
 been located on the ridges bounding Bog and Vly swamp on 
 the west. (23-41 -4-1-5 ; 1-5, 6; 1-7; 2-1; 2-2; 2-4; 4-3; 4-6; 
 4-8, 9; 5-1; 7-1, 3.) 
 
 Pequannock. — A village site and fishing place lay on the west 
 bank of Pompton River about 500 yards east of Pequannock 
 station. The flood of October, 1903, overflowing the banks of 
 the river and tearing up the soil, laid bare numerous prehistoric 
 artifacts, among them fragments of pottery. The ornamenta- 
 tion, particularly the incised line pattern, is identical with that 
 found on the village site at Pompton Plains. This is not sur- 
 prising if we reflect that those who designed it were members 
 of the tribe roaming over the Pompton Plains, viz., the Opings 
 or Wapings. There was an old tradition that this clan formerly 
 lived on the shores of Long Island, migrating thence westward 
 in the sixteenth century. (23-41-5-5-8, 9.) 
 
 Another village site lay a short distance south of the former. 
 These fields, once known as the "Indian Orchard," have also 
 been very prolific in aboriginal specimens. Al much-trodden 
 trail connected this place with the Indian villages at Wayne and 
 Pompton Plains, following in part the course of the river. 
 (23-41-5-8-2, 5.) 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 71 
 
 Almost opposite these villages two camp sites have been noted 
 on the east bank of Pompton River, Wayne Township, Passaic 
 County (23-41-5-8-9; 9-1,4). 
 
 In addition to these, five more sites have been located some 
 distance west of the river between the Erie Railroad and the Bog 
 and Vly. Two lie a short distance east of the Bog and Vly about 
 iy 2 miles from the station (23-41-4-6-5; 6-5, 8) ; the remaining 
 three, one of them a village, occupy the elevated ground bound- 
 ing a large swamp north and west (23-41-4-9-3, 6. 9 ; 5-4-6 ; 4-8) . 
 
 Wayne. — Two camp sites occur north of Wayne, two more 
 on the bluffs east of it and another farther south near the powder 
 works, all of them east of Pompton River (26-1-2-2-2, 3; 2-3; 
 3-2; 3-6; 6-1). 
 
 Mountain View. — Two village sites occur here in the south- 
 ernmost part of the Pompton Valley, one of them ■ west of 
 Pompton River at the southeastern extremity of Towaco Moun- 
 tain, the other east of Pompton River, between Mountain View 
 and Two Bridges (26-1-2-6, 9-7, 8, 1, 253-7-4, 5, 7, 8). 
 
 Lincoln Park — The country about Lincoln Park reveals many 
 traces of aboriginal occufpation and no less than seven sites includ- 
 ing two villages have been identified. It is watered by several 
 brooks and topographically is well defined, being bounded to 
 the west by Bog and Vly swamp, south by Towaco (Hook) 
 Mountain and east by Pompton River. The light sandy soil 
 covering the fields has yielded numerous implements of primitive 
 art and scattered relics occur all over this region. One village 
 lay north of the D. L. & W. Railroad in the angle formed by it 
 and Pompton River, the other south thereof between the rail- 
 road and Towaco Mountain, a patch of swampy ground separat- 
 ing the two sites. (26-1-2-1, 4-8, 9, 2, 3 ; 4-1,2.) Four of the 
 camp sites were distributed along the north bank of a tributary 
 of Pompton River, the fifth one occupied a bluff near the rail- 
 road bridge. (26-1-1-3-5, 6; 2-1-7; i-5 J I " 6 J 5" 1 -) 
 
 TOWACO SITES. 
 
 West of Lincoln Park a number of sites have been located in 
 the undulating country known as Towaco. Two of these lie at 
 
72 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 the southern base of Turkey Mountain, two others a short dis- 
 tance north of Towaco station and the two last between Towaco 
 and Lincoln Park on the southern edge of Bog and Vly swamp. 
 (25-5-1-1-5; 1-6; 2-8; 2-9; 26-1-1-1-4; 1-5.) 
 
 SITES IN THE NORTHERN HIGHLANDS. 
 
 Morris County. 
 
 Jefferson Toivnship. — A camp site and fishing place occurs 
 on Raccoon Island, and a village site and fishing place on Hal- 
 sey Island, both at Lake Hopatcong (22-42-4-3-5; 3, 6-9, 3). 
 
 A camp site was found half a mile south of Milton and another 
 half a mile east of Milton on the banks of Rockaway River (22- 
 33-8-4-9; 5-2). 
 
 Rockaway Township. — A camp site and fishing place has been 
 located at the southern end of Splitrock Pond. (22-44-4-1-4.) 
 
 Montville Township. — A rock shelter, called Bear Rock, oc- 
 curs near Brook Valley, 4 miles north of Towaco. It lies in a 
 valley formed by Stony Brook Mountain and Rock Peon moun- 
 tain and is unique for the reason that it hangs over on two op- 
 posite sides, the result being a double rock shelter, facing east 
 and west, respectively. The rock itself is a granite boulder of 
 enormous size, deposited here during one of the glacial periods. 
 While the excavation yielded many implements of aboriginal 
 C handiwork, pottery was not plentiful. It lay., as in all the other^ 
 shelters thus far explored by the writer, either on the top of the 
 debris or a little below, but nowhere near the bottom. From this 
 we may infer, as heretofore, the existence of two distinct hori- 
 zons of culture. (22-44-6-1-9.) 
 
 Passaic County. 
 
 West Milford Township. — This region, like all the land north 
 and west of it, is a mountainous territory, known as the Jersey 
 Highlands. Owing to its inaccessibility it was merely a hunting 
 resort, traveled over occasionally, with no permanent village 
 sites and but a few lodge sites and rock shelters denoting the 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 73 
 
 Redman's former presence. An interesting place of this kind 
 is a rock shelter situated at the eastern base of Kanouse Moun- 
 tain about a quarter of a mile north of Macopin (Echo) Lake. 
 It faces east and some 50 yards from it a brook flows past into 
 the lake. The dirt covering the floor contained only a few- 
 arrow points, but there was a profusion of potsherds, showing 
 Algonkin designs, some flakes and indications of two fireplaces. 
 (22-34-2-9-4.) 
 
 Bergen County. 
 
 Hohokus Township. — A few sites have been discovered in the 
 interior of the Ramapo Mountains, and we may assume that the 
 aborigines occupied them only when on hunting trips. At all 
 other times land of this character was, as a rule, not invaded by 
 human beings. 
 
 A camp site lies on the western bank of Bear Swamp; a 
 second camp site and workshop occurs south of it at the lower 
 end of Bear Swamp. (23-32-1-2-1 ; 2-4.) 
 
 A small rock dwelling has been found 1 mile east of Bear 
 Swamp and about 3 miles northwest of D'arlington. It occupies 
 a gully in one of the most inaccessible portions of the Ramapo 
 Mountains and it contained but few traces of Indian origin, 
 among them being chips, fire-cracked pebbles and some rejects. 
 (23-32-1-3-8.) 
 
 Franklin Township. — Another rock shelter has been located in 
 the southwestern part of the Ramapo Mountains, 3 miles north of 
 Oakland. The scarcity of relics imbedded in the soil under the 
 rock proves that this spot was but seldom visited by the red 
 huntsman. For this several reasons may be adduced. In the 
 first place, the shelter was quite inaccessible, lying almost on top 
 of a hill, some 800 feet above sea level. Secondly, the condition 
 of the surrounding country shows that water may not always 
 have been available, for, although there is in its immediate 
 vicinity a small swamp, it is altogether probable that it dried up 
 during periods of drouth. Apart from this however, the con- 
 figuration of the shelter is such as to have met with the require- 
 ments of any roving redskin. (23-31-6-6-5.) 
 
74 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 SITES IN THE RAMAPO VALLEY. 
 
 Hohokus Township. — A village site has been identified on the 
 south side of Ramapo River, i mile north of Darlington (23-32- 
 
 2-5-3)- 
 
 Franklin Township. — Two camp sites occur within a distance 
 
 of 4 miles on the north bank of Ramapo River (23-32-4-4-5 ; 31- 
 
 9-4-3)- 
 
 Wayne Township. — Two neighboring camp sites have been 
 
 found on the flats between the N. Y. S. & W. Railroad and 
 Pompton Lake (23-3 1 -8-9-1 ; 9-2). 
 
 SITES IN THE PASSAIC VALLEY. 
 
 Pine Brook. — There are three camp sites south of Pine Brook 
 on the west bank of Rockaway River, a tributary of Passaic 
 River. (25-5-7-5-9; 5-2; 5-3.) 
 
 Another camp site occurs half a mile east of Pine Brook on 
 the west side of a swamp near Passaic River. (26-1-7-1-7.) 
 
 Horse Neck Bridge. — There is a camp site on the west bank of 
 Passaic River, between Horse Neck Bridge and Towaco. (25-5- 
 
 1-9-8.) 
 
 Tom's Point. — In the angle of Towaco (Hook) Mountain 
 two rock shelters have been located. At the westerly one inves- 
 tigation disclosed two fireplaces filled with charcoal, chips, pot- 
 sherds and bones. In addition, the culture layers yielded several 
 arrow points, scrapers, one pitted hand hammer, knives and a 
 broken steatite bead. The bones were mostly those of deer, but 
 among them there were also the jawbone of a raccoon and a 
 couple of oyster shells. Most of the pottery was plain ; the orna- 
 mented pieces were either cord-marked or incised, the zigzag 
 design predominating. ( 26- 1 - 1-4- 1.) 
 
 The easterly shelter yielded still fewer relics. However, there 
 was among them a gorget perforated on both ends. (26-1-1- 
 
 4-3-) 
 
 Tom's Point proper was once occupied by a village of large 
 
 size. Both the variety and number of specimens occurring in 
 
 this locality give evidence that the aborigines have lived here in 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 75 
 
 considerable numbers. Its sheltered position in the bend of 
 Towaco Mountain made it eligible as winter quarters, and the 
 nearness of Passaic River permitted its occupants to supplement 
 their meat fare by many kinds of fish with which this river was 
 then well-stocked (26-1-1-4, 5-6, 2, 9, 7). All of the sites in 
 the Passaic Valley thus far mentioned are in Morris County. 
 
 Franklin. — A camp site occurs on the north bank of Pine 
 Brook between Hatfield Swamp and Franklin. (26-1-7-6-4.) 
 
 Pine Brook Bridge. — There is a camp site between Long 
 Meadow and Passaic River (26-1-7-2-9). 
 
 Clinton. — Half a dozen camp sites occur in the vicinity of 
 Clinton between Great Piece Meadows and Long Meadow (26-1- 
 4-8-6; 6-5 ; 6-6; 9-3 ; 5-4-1 ; 5-7-2). 
 
 Fairfield. — Archaeologically speaking, the Fairfield section is 
 one of the best in the Passaic Valley for several reasons. In the 
 first place, it is well sheltered, Towaco Mountain enclosing it 
 north and west, and the North Caldwell Hills on the southeast. 
 Secondly, Passaic River, then teeming with fish, envelops it on 
 three sides; and, thirdly, it is a level tract of land, pitted 
 by swamps, with many knolls composed of light sand rising 
 above the low-lying meadows. Each of these knolls reveals to 
 this day the traces of ancient occupation in the shape of aborig- 
 inal utensils littering the soil. Altogether, eleven sites, one of 
 them a village, have been located within this territory. The 
 village lay on land owned by David Demarest, on the southern 
 bank of Passaic River, south of Two Bridges and opposite the 
 confluence of Passaic and Pompton rivers. Innumerable objects 
 of primitive art have here been recovered of late years. In front 
 of the village a ford or fish weir crosses Passaic River a little 
 below the county bridge (26-1-5-3-3, 4, 5, 7, 8). The camp 
 sites have been located as follows: (26-1-5-9-4; 9-1, 2; 9-1; 
 &~3 >' 5-95 6^6; 5-2; 2-9; 2-9; 2-6). The position of the ford is: 
 (26-1-5-3-2). All the sites in the Passaic Valley mentioned 
 under the side heads of Franklin, Pine Brook Bridge, Clinton 
 and Fairfield are in Essex County. 
 
 Singac. — There is a group of sites in the vicinity of Singac, 
 three being on the south side of Passaic River and four north 
 
76 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 of it, the latter lying between Singac Brook, a tributary of 
 Passaic River, and the Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie 
 Railroad. (26-1-6-5-5; 5-5, 6; 6-1); (26-1-6-1-6; 4~5> 6; 2-7; 
 
 5-i.) 
 
 Little Palls — Five sites have been noted near Little Falls, three 
 of them south of Passaic River, two north of it. O'f the former, 
 one lies north of Cedar Grove, on the east bank of Peckman's 
 Brook, a tributary of Passaic River, the next one about iy 2 miles 
 farther north, also on the east bank, and the third one near its 
 mouth. (26-2-4-7-9; 5-3; 2-&, 9.) The northerly ones lie close 
 together on the bank of the river, about opposite the mouth of 
 Peckman's Brook (26-2-4-2-5; 2-5, 6). There are, moreover, 
 three fords across the river, two above High Bridge, one below 
 it, running from its south bank to Laurel Grove Island (26-2-4- 
 
 3-4; 3-6; 3-3). 
 
 City of Paterson. — There is no doubt that the territory now 
 occupied by the City of Paterson was once a favorite resort of 
 the Indian, and this assumption is amply borne out by the 
 traces of prehistoric activity discernible to this day. Again, 
 it is certain that in the course of building operations many sites, 
 including even rock shelters, have forever been obliterated. Still, 
 wherever the natural conditions of the land have not been dis- 
 turbed, many sites can, even now, easily be identified. Most 
 of these occur, obviously enough, along the banks of the river, 
 but more particularly on the extreme east side of the city, where 
 there are few houses. In the following we shall enumerate all 
 sites occurring directly within the city limits and then proceed 
 to mention those lying just outside of them in the vicinity of 
 the river. 
 
 Four sites have been found on the west side of the city, called 
 Totowa, on the flats extending north of the river to the foot of 
 Totowa Hill. (26-2-2-4-7; 4-9; 1-5, 8; 1-8.) 
 
 There was a site at the Falls, another on Paterson Island and 
 a ford crossed the river below Main Street Bridge (26-2-2-5-6; 
 6-1 ; 6-2.). 
 
 Along the northernmost course of the river there occur the 
 following: a camp on Bunker Hill, a ford north of it, two 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 77 
 
 fords between Wagaraw and Fifth Avenue Bridges (23-42-6- 
 7-8; 7-8; 9^4; 9-7, 8). 
 
 There are twelve camp sites and one ford between Broadway 
 and Wesel Bridges along the west bank of the river (26-2-3-3- 
 i; 3rl»J 3-4, (ford); 2-6; 3-7; 6-2; 6-3; 3-1-4-1; 2-3-6-6; 6-9; 
 9-6; 9-6, 9; 9-8, 9). All the sites given under the side heads of 
 Singac, Little Falls and Paterson are in Passaic County. 
 
 A few more sites, also in Passaic County, occur north of Pas- 
 saic River, as follows : 
 
 Ashley Heights. — A camp site and workshop near a swamp 
 at the southern extremity of Goffle Hill (23-42-5-9-2). 
 
 Hawthorne. — Two camp sites occur near the mouth of Goffle 
 Brook, four more to the eastward, between Goffle and Wagaraw 
 Brooks (23-42-6-7-4, 7; 7-5); (7-2; 7-3;; 7-6; 8-4). 
 
 North Paterson, — There are two camp sites on the east bank 
 of Goffle Brook, about iy 2 miles north of Passaic River (23-42- 
 6-4-2; 1-8). 
 
 Van Winkle. — A site occurs at the forks of Deep Glen and 
 Goffle Brooks, opposite the schoolhouse (23-42-6-1-2, 3). 
 
 Bergen County, i. e., that part of it which lies east of Passaic 
 River, is replete with the signs of ancient occupation. But 
 while it is quite certain that there is not a single square mile in 
 this territory entirely devoid of such signs, it is, nevertheless, 
 certain that the region adjoining the river ranks first in point 
 of aboriginal traces, and here again it is that part of it which 
 lies opposite the City of Paterson, viz., just beyond its boundaries. 
 
 Some fifty sites have been noted on the level strip of land 
 lying between the river and the Bergen County short cut of the 
 Erie Railroad and extending 8 miles downstream from Fair- 
 lawn to Garfield. While most of the sites occur in close prox- 
 imity to the river, others are some distance away. The former 
 were, no doubt, more desirable than the latter, as fishing places, 
 and therefore resorted to more or less permanently. 
 
 Ferndale. — Five sites have here been located, all within lVz 
 miles north of the great bend of Passaic River. Three of these 
 are west, two east of Wagaraw Brook (23-42-6-3-8; 6-1; 6-4, 
 7); (6-6, 8; 6-8, 9). 
 
78 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Fairlawn. — A village site lies west of Wagaraw Brook near 
 its mouth (23-42-6-5, 6, 8, 9-9, 7, 3, 1). Two more villages 
 have been identified east of Wagaraw Brook, and there was a 
 workshop on the bluff parallel to the river, between Wagaraw 
 and Fifth avenue bridges (23-42-6-9-2, 3; 9-3, 6; 9-8). Four 
 camp sites occur along a brook, iy 2 miles east of the river, and 
 scattered relics are found on both sides of the railroad. (23-42- 
 
 6 -9-3; 43-4-4-7; 4"7> 8; 4-8; 7" 1 ; 7- 2 ; 4"9J 5"40 An isolated 
 site has been noted one-half a mile east of Fairlawn, near a 
 brook, a westerly tributary of Saddle River (23-43-4-8-9). 
 
 Bellair. — Twelve camp sites, mostly fishing places, and one 
 village site have been noted along the bank of the river between 
 Fifth avenue and Broadway bridges (26-2-3-3-4, 5; 3-4, 5; 3-5; 
 
 3-6; 3-6; 3-7, 8; 3-9; 2>- l - l ~7) W> *'7> 8; 1-8; 1-8; 4-2, 5)- 
 
 Warren Point. — There are two camp sites at Warren Point on 
 a brook north of the station (26-3-1-2-8; 5-2). 
 
 Passaic Junction. — Two sites have been found north of Passaic 
 Junction, east and west of the railroad (26-3-1-8-5; 9-8). 
 
 Dundee Lake. — Many sites have been located north and south 
 of Dundee Lake, all but one on the bank of the river (26-3-1-7- 
 1; 7-4, 5; 7-7; 4-1-2; 1-5; 1-8; 1-8; 4-2; 2-1, 2). 
 
 Dundee Dam. — There is a fishing place both above and below 
 Dundee Dam. (26-3-4-4-5; 5-4.) A ford crosses the river be- 
 tween the two. (26-3-4-4-6.) 
 
 Plauderville. — A site occurs northwest of Plauderville, about 
 two-thirds of a mile from the river. (26-3-4-5-3.) 
 
 Belmont. — There is a ford crossing from the east bank of 
 Passaic River to the island, opposite Belmont. (26-3-4-8-2.) 
 
 Garfield. — A site has been found south of Garfield, at the 
 mouth of Saddle River. (26-3-7-3-5.) 
 
 Carlton Hill. — There is a site near the railroad bridge, opposite 
 Passaic Park (Passaic Bridge). (26-3-7-5-7.) 
 
 The remaining sites in the Passaic Valley are on the west side 
 of the river south of Paterson. 
 
 Lake View. — Three sites have here been located, one of these 
 on the bank of the river near the Paterson boundary line, the 
 others south of it, on opposite sides of a brook, some 300 yards 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 79 
 
 from the river (Godefroy's estate). (26-3-4-1-4, 7; 2-6-6-2; 
 
 6-30 
 
 Clifton. — A site occurs above Dundee Dam, near the mouth of 
 a brook. (26-3-4-4-4.) 
 
 City of Passaic. — Most all the signs of aboriginal occupation 
 have long ago been effaced hereabouts. It is known, however, 
 that two Indian villages were situated within the city limits, one 
 of these on the peninsula in the eastern section of the city, the 
 other 1 mile to the west of it in the vicinity of Prospect Street 
 station. (26-3-7-1-6, 9; 3-4, 7.) 
 
 Nutley. — While the sites mentioned under the last three side 
 heads are in Passaic County, there is one occurring just across 
 the county line near the mouth of Yantecaw or Third River, at 
 Nutley, in Essex County. (26-12-3-6-3.) 
 
 It is worthy of note that sites occur most frequently at the 
 Great Bend or northernmost point of the river, where it changes 
 its northeasterly course into a southerly one, and that south of 
 Paterson they decrease in number, With the exception of a stretch 
 of land south of Dundee Dam, on the east bank of the river. 
 Again, no sites have been found in the undulating country ex- 
 tending westward from Passaic River to Garret Mountain, and 
 this may seem the more surprising as it is watered by several 
 brooks, all flowing into Passaic River. 
 
 SITES ON GARRET MOUNTAIN. 
 
 City of Paterson. — Three rock shelters have been located at 
 the northern extremity of Garret Mountain, one of these is at the 
 foot of Garret Rock, the others on the eastern slope of the moun- 
 tain, on Catholina Lambert's estate, South Paterson. (26-2-2- 
 9-4; 5-3-2; 3-2.) 
 
 Little Falls Township. — Scattered relics have been found in 
 two places, and a camp site occurs a half mile west of Albion 
 Place, all on top of the mountain. (26-2-5-3-1 ; 2-6; 2-6.) 
 
 Acquackanonk Township. — There is a camp site at the foot of 
 the mountain on the west bank of Yantecaw or Third River, near 
 Great Notch, 3 miles south of Paterson. (26-2-5-7-9.) 
 
80 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 OTHER SITES BETWEEN POMPTON-RAMAPO RIVER AND SADDLE 
 
 RIVER. 
 
 Haledon. — A site has been noted west of a brook, on Haledon 
 Hill. (23-42-5-7-2.) 
 
 North Haledon. — Two sites have been found on Haledon Hill, 
 one of these at the head of a small brook, the other, a workshop, 
 half a mile north of it, on the west bank of High Mountain 
 Brook. A site occurs at the intersection of High Mountain Brook 
 and the Haledon turnpike. Three other sites and scattered relics 
 have been noted east of Squaw Brook. (23-42-5-4-8; 4-2, 5 ; 5-4 ; 
 2-6; 2-8-7; 7-6; 7-3, 6.) 
 
 Lower Preakness. — This locality was much favored by the 
 Redman by reason of its advantageous position. It is in a valley 
 sheltered on the northwest by Packanack Mountain and on the 
 southeast by Totowa Hill. Water is supplied by Singac Brook 
 and its tributaries, and the fields bordering them are level and 
 dry and covered with light alluvial soil. Half a dozen aboriginal 
 sites have here been identified, five of them on the south side of 
 Singac Brook, the other one north of it. (26-1-3-3-8, 9; 6-7; 
 6-9; 6-6; 2-1-4-5; 4-3.) 
 
 Upper Preakness. — An isolated camp site occurs in the valley 
 west of Packanack Mountain, half way between Upper Preakness 
 and Wayne. (26-1-3-1-3.) Half a dozen skirt Singac Brook 
 and its affluents south of what was once known as Barbour's Mills 
 (Hinchman and Hausamann farms, &c). (23-41-6-6-4; 6-3, 6; 
 42-4-4-4; 4-4-6; 4-9; 5-2.) Three sites occur in Preakness 
 Mountains, one of them on the southern slope on High Moun- 
 tain, two others east and southwest of Beech Mountain, and 
 scattered relics lost during the chase have been picked up in 
 several places hereabouts. (23-42-4-3-3; 1-8-6, 9; 4-1-3; 3-6; 
 1-8-4.) Five more sites have been noted on opposite sides of a 
 swamp (headwaters of Peacock Brook) north of Point View. 
 (23-41-3-8-1 ; 8-4, 7; 8-3; 8-6; 8-8, 9.) 
 
 South of Franklin Lake. — A most interesting district lies 
 south of Franklin Lake, for it is here that three rock 
 shelters occur, each showing the earmarks of ancient oc- 
 cupation. The principal one is situated at the southern 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 81 
 
 end of the Clove, a narrow ravine extending northward 
 in the direction of Franklin Lake, i mile distant. That this 
 ravine was the site of a much-trodden trail may be inferred from 
 the evidence extant. Though one of the poorest of shelters as 
 to size and configuration, it proved one of the best with respect 
 to aboriginal remains. The evidence suggests a few general 
 conclusions relative to its character. In the first place, we may 
 take for granted that it was often tenanted, not only by single 
 hunters, but also by whole families. Second, such occupation 
 would be more or less permanent, and all this we may confidently 
 assume both because of its favorable location and the thickness 
 of the culture layers accumulated under its roof. Furthermore, 
 the relic-bearing strata reveal two distinct horizons of culture, as 
 indicated by the presence of potsherds in the upper layers and 
 their complete absence in the lower ones. (23-42-1-7-2.) 
 
 The next shelter lies also in the Clove, a short distance north 
 of the former, and it contained nothing but fragments of pottery 
 in great abundance. (23-42-1-7-2.) 
 
 The third one occurs in a neighboring gully, which runs west 
 of and parallel to the Clove, on Thomas Fleming's farm (23-42- 
 1-7-1). 
 
 In addition, there is a camp site at the northern end of the 
 Clove, half a mile south of Franklin Lake (23-42-1-4-8), and 
 another near the southern entrance to it, between the forks of 
 Singac Brook, on Thomas Fleming's farm (23-42-1-7-4). 
 
 Scattered relics occur on the fields west of the Clove (23-41- 
 3-9-2). 
 
 Franklin Lake. — There are three sites on the western and one 
 on the eastern shore of the lake, just across the county boun- 
 daries (23-42-1-4-2; 4-2, 5; 4-6; 2, 5-8, 2). A! fifth one lies 
 south of a swamp, near a brook, some 400 yards east of the lake 
 (23-42-1-5-3). Moreover, an aboriginal burial ground is said 
 to be situated two-thirds of a mile northeast of the lake, a short 
 distance north of the Sicomac road (23-42-2-2, 3-6, 4). 
 
 The Indians, in their flowery language, called this sheet of 
 water "Crystal Eye," on account of its pellueidness, and they 
 often came here to fish ; hence, the camp sites dotting its shores. 
 
 6 GEOI, 
 
82 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Blauvelt Lakes. — An ancient village occupied the level tract 
 of land extending northwest of Franklin Lake. There is also a 
 camp site east of Blauvelt Lakes, and about half a mile north 
 of Franklin Lake. (23-41-3-3-6; 42-1-1-2.) 
 
 Sicomac. — In the section of country, known as Sicomac and 
 lying between Franklin Lake and Midland Park, two camp sites 
 and one burial ground have been located. The former are on the 
 banks of Squaw Brook, not far from its headwaters, iy 2 miles 
 east of the lake; the latter is on the old Van Blarcom farm, 2 
 miles west of Midland Park (23-42-1-6-6; 2^4-4; 6-4, 5). 
 
 Midland Park. — Scattered relics have been found east of Deep 
 Glen Brook, 1 mile southwest of Midland Park (23-42-3-4-9; 
 
 7S)- 
 
 Wyckoff. — There is a camp site on the bank of a small brook, 
 west of the railway station (23-32-8-6-7). 
 
 Ramsey. — A site has been noted on a knoll south of a swamp, 
 3/4. miles south of Ramsey, and east of the Erie Railroad tracks 
 (23-32-6-6-5, 6). 
 
 SITES IN THE SADDLE RIVER VA1XEY. 
 
 If the comparative scarcity of sites may be accepted as a safe 
 criterion, there can be no doubt that the territory through 
 which Saddle River flows was to the Indian of secondary im- 
 portance to the Passaic Valley. Saddle River being but a tribu- 
 tary of Passaic River, the aborigine was, naturally enough, 
 attracted to the. larger water course, a few miles to the west- 
 ward, with its superior opportunities for fishing and hunting. 
 
 Thus far only eighteen sites have been ascertained within 
 the region watered by Saddle River, a few of them occurring 
 along the banks of its two principal affluents, namely, Hohokus 
 Creek to the west, and Sprout Brook to the east. 
 
 Town of Saddle River. — Two camp sites and one rock shelter 
 have been found on the east bank of the river, about 1 mile 
 south of the town of Saddle River. The rock shelter lies some 
 300 yards east of the river on the western slope of a ridge, which 
 runs parallel to the river, on Mrs. Isabel Miller's estate. Investi- 
 gation disclosed a fireplace, containing charcoal and fire-stained 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 83 
 
 pebbles and in the soil covering" its floor there were found some 
 fragments of pottery, chips, bones and a few arrow points of 
 inferior workmanship. (23-33-7-6-6; 8-4-7; 8-4-5.) 
 
 Par anviis. — On the plains of Paramus, 3 miles downstream, 
 there are three sites near the river, one of them west, the other 
 two east of it (23-43-2-7-1; 7-6; 7-9). Two sites have been 
 noted southeast of Paramus, at the headwaters of Sprout Brook 
 
 (23-43-5-2-5; 3-i). 
 
 Ridgewood. — East of this 'town there occur two sites on the 
 east bank of Hohokus Creek (23-43-1-6-4; 6-8). 
 
 Dunker Hook. — There are three sites at a place called Dunker 
 Hook, 2 miles south of Paramus, two of therm west, the other 
 east of Saddle River (23-43-4-6-5, 6; 5-7-1, 2; 5-4-4). 
 
 Areola. — A number of sites have been identified in the neigh- 
 borhood of Areola, 2 miles east of Passaic River. Three of 
 these ancient camps were distributed along the western bank of 
 Saddle River, the fourth and most southerly one lay east of it. 
 (26-3-2-1-1, 2; 1-4; 1-8; 5-4.) 
 
 An exceptionally good site, probably a village, if one may 
 judge by the profusion of artifacts recovered here in years gone 
 by, occupied the elevated ground east of Sprout Brook, a short 
 distance north of its confluence with Saddle River, between 
 Areola and Rochelle Park (26-3-2-8-2, 3). 
 
 SITES IN THE HACKENSACK VAIXEY. 
 
 Few data have as yet been obtained concerning the location 
 of aboriginal sites in the region watered by Hackensack River 
 and its affluents. Best known thus far is a section of country 
 lying about 3 miles west of Hackensack River in the townships 
 of Hillsdale and Washington. Six sites have here been noted 
 on or near the banks of Musquapsink Creek, which .flows into 
 Pascack Brook, a westerly tributary of Hackensack River. 
 
 Wearimus. — The northernmost site is at Wearimus, 1 mile 
 west of Hillsdale (23-33-9-7-4). 
 
 Westwood. — Four others lie close together, i»j£ miles west 
 of Westwood (23-43-3-4-2; 4-4; 4-5; 4-9). 
 
 Emerson. — The southernmost and last site occurs Ij4 miles, 
 west of Emerson (23-43-3-8-7). 
 
84 ARCH^OLOCICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Spring Valley. — A group of four sites has been located on the 
 banks of a brook which flows through Spring Valley, Midland 
 Township, i mile west of Hackensack River. The two west- 
 erly ones are on the Stagg and D. H. Hopper farms. (26-3-3- 
 1-6; 1-9; 2-4; 2-8.) 
 
 One site each occurs near New Milford, New Bridge and' 
 Bogota, all on the east bank of Hackensack River (23-44-4-7- 
 6; 26-4-4-1-2; 4-4). 
 
 Teaneck. — There are two large sites on the elevated tract of 
 land west of Overpeck Creek, an easterly tributary of Hackensack 
 River (26-4-4-6, 9-9, 3; 9-6). 
 
 Highwood. — A site occurs on the east bank of a brook, 1 
 mile west of Highwood station, Northern R. R. of N. J. (26-4-2- 
 8-5). 
 
SITES IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. 85 
 
 Additional Information Wanted. 
 
 Inasmuch as the foregoing list of sites is necessarily incom- 
 plete, the Survey is anxious to obtain any further information 
 possible with especial reference to sites and their location. We 
 would be very glad to hear from anyone interested in the sub- 
 ject, and suggest that information be sent to the following ad- 
 dress : 
 
 State Geologist, 
 
 Trenton, New Jersey. 
 
 The particular data which we desire to secure are the follow- 
 ing: 
 
 1. The exact location of any sites in your neighborhood which 
 have been omitted or misplaced on the map. 
 
 2. The type of site, whether camp, village, cache, rock shelter, 
 shell heap or cemetery. 
 
 3. Abundance and nature of relics found there. 
 
 4. Do you know of any old New Jersey Indian relics of a 
 more perishable nature than those found in the ground or on 
 the surface in the possession of any person? We refer to 
 wampum, garments, wooden bowls, wooden mortars and the like. 
 
 5. Are there any living descendants of the old New Jersey 
 Indians in your locality, or are any traditions of them still pre- 
 served ? 
 
 6. The names of persons having collections of Indian relics. 
 Donations of these to the State, through the Geological Survey, 
 are invited. 
 
 7 Geol. 
 
86 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
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 The Rock-Shelters of Armonk, New York. (Anthropological Papers, 
 American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 3, pp. 125-138. New 
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 / Harvey, Henry. History of the Shawnee Indians from the year 1681 to 1859, 
 
 inclusive. Cincinnati, 1855. 
 , HaynEs, Henry W. The Argillite Implements Found in the Gravels of the 
 Delaware River, at Trenton, New Jersey, compared with the 
 Paleolithic Implements of Europe. 1881. 
 HeckewEEDER, Rev. John. An account of the History, Manners and Customs 
 of the Indian Nations who once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the 
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 Committee of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 1. Phila- 
 delphia, 1819.) Words, Phrases and Short Dialogues in the 
 Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. (Trans- 
 actions of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, 
 1819.) Comparative Vocabulary of Algonkin Dialects. Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., 1887. 
 
 O . . GOP. u^ O- .1- Tv \ 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 87 
 
 Holm, Thomas Campanius. A Short Description of the Province of New 
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 Holmes, W. H. Are there Traces of Man in the Trenton Gravels? (Journal 
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 Hrdlicka, Ales. Skeletal Remains Suggesting or Attributed to Early Man in 
 North America. (Bulletin 33, Bureau of American Ethnology, 
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 The Crania of Trenton. (Bulletin, American Museum of Natural 
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 LEE, Francis B. New Jersey as a Colony and as a State. Chapters I and 
 II. New York, 1902. 
 
 Loskiel, George Henry. History of the Mission of the United Brethren 
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 Mercer, C. A New Investigation of Man's Antiquity at Trenton. (Proceed- 
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 Montanus, Arnoldus. Description of New Netherland. Amsterdam, 1671. 
 
 Nelson, William.. The Indians of New Jersey. Paterson, 1894. 
 
 Personal Names of the Indians of New Jersey. Paterson, 1904. 
 The Salem Interpreter, recorded in office of the Secretary of State, 
 Trenton, and printed by Nelson. (See The Indians of New 
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 Plantagenet. New Albion, 1648. 
 
 Rau, Charles. Artificial Shell Deposits in New Jersey. (Annual Report, 
 Smithsonian Institution, 1864.) 
 * Ruttenber, E. M. History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River; their 
 origin, manners and customs, tribal and sub-tribal organization, 
 wars, treaties, etc. Albany, 1872. 
 
 Schrabisch, Max. Indian Rock-Shelters in Northern New Jersey and 
 Southern New York. (Anthropological Papers, American Mu- 
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 Skinner, Alanson. The Lenape Indians of Staten Island. (Anthropological 
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 New York, 1909.) 
 The Archaeology of Manhattan Island. (Anthropological Papers, 
 American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 3, pp. 113-121, New 
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 Archaeology of the New York Coastal Algonkin. (Anthropological 
 Papers, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 3, pp. 213- 
 235, New York, 1909.) 
 The Indians of Manhattan Island and Vicinity. (Guide Leaflet, No. 
 29, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1909.) 
 
 Sharp, William. (Ed. Smith's) History of New Jersey. Trenton, 1877. 
 
 Thomas, Gabriel. Historical and Geographical Account of Pennsylvania and 
 / West New Jersey in America. London, 1879 (1698). 
 
 y/ Volk, Ernest. Archaeology of the Delaware Valley. (Papers of the Pea- 
 body Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. 5. Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., 191 1.) 
 
 WollEy, Charles. A Two Years' Journal in New York, etc. London, 1701. 
 (Reprinted, New York, i860.) 
 
 Whitehead, William A. The Model of the Government of the Province of 
 East New Jersey in America. Edinburg, 1685. 
 
 ZeisbErger, David. Diary of David Zeisberger, a Moravian Missionary among 
 the Indians of Ohio. Translated and edited by E. F. Blin, Cin- 
 cinnati, 1885. 2 vols. 
 Indian Dictionary, Cambridge, Mass., 1887. 
 
 Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. 
 Translated by P. S. Duponceau. (Transactions of the American 
 Philosophical Society, Vol. 3, Philadelphia, 1830.) 
 
88 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 CONTRIBUTORS. 
 
 We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to the following 
 persons, all of whom gave important information and courteous 
 assistance : 
 
 T. Burrows, 517 Grant St., Camden, N. J. 
 
 Joseph R. Simonds, Aylesford Farm, Indian Hill, Toms River, N. J. 
 
 Dr. Edward Sharp, Salem, N. J. 
 
 Frank D. Andrews, Vineland, N. J. 
 
 Wm. S. Hurff, R. F. D. No. 5, Sewell, N. J. 
 
 Hon. John S. Applegate, Red Bank, N. J. 
 
 Geo. Wm. Bassett, Hammonton, N. J. 
 
 Frank D. Andrews, Vineland, N. J. 
 
 Fred Summerill, Pennsgrove, N. J. 
 
 C. L. Duvale, Leonards, N. J. 
 
 John Hall, 131 1 Pacific Ave., Atlantic City. 
 
 Silas R. Morse, 26 South Carolina Ave., Atlantic City. 
 
 A. Robert Gordon, P. O. Box 129, South Amboy, N. J. 
 
 George McAltioner, Woodstown, N. J. 
 
 Rev. H. H. Thomas, Vineland, N. J. 
 
 Dr. Geo. C. Laws, Paulsboro, N. J. 
 
 John H. Whitall, Woodbury, N. J. 
 
 Prof. John Enright, Freehold, N. J. 
 
 Charles Green, Pleasant Mills, Indiana ( ?) 
 
 Charles Shepherd, Bridgeton, N. J. 
 
 Edward S. Atwood, Water Witch Club, Highlands, N. J. 
 
 Wm. J. Leonard, Sea Bright, N. J. 
 
 Dr. North, 29 South Tennessee Ave., Atlantic City. 
 
 Geo. W. Price, Salem, N. J. 
 
 Ben A. Carpenter. R. D., Salem, N. J. 
 
 Mrs. Clarkson Pettit, Salem, N. J. 
 
 Geo. M. Andrews, Woodstown, N. J. 
 
 Harry Chambers, Moorestown, N. J. 
 
 Prof. Albert Robinson, Borough School, Allentown, N. J. 
 
 H. P. Lewis, 214 Washington St., Philipsbury, Pa. 
 
 Leslie Spier, 209 Dyckman St., New York City. 
 
 Edmund Shimp, 59 Myrtle St., Bridgeton, N. J. 
 
 P. K. Reeves, Bridgeton, N. J. 
 
 Frank Learning, Cape May Court House, N. J. 
 
 C. C. Abbott, Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Max Schrabisch, 231 Broadway, Paterson, N. J. 
 
 Isaac Wort, Jr., Rossville, Staten Island, N. Y. 
 
 Clarence Woodmansie, Barnegat, N. J. 
 
 M. K. Cooper, Laurel-in-Pines Hotel, Lakewood, N. J. 
 
 I. O. A.cton, Salem, N. J. 
 
 Mrs. Trueman Clayton, Alloway, N. J. 
 
 Chas. F. Pancoast, Woodstown, N. J. 
 
 Thos. V. Arrowsmith, Long Branch, N. J. 
 
 H. S. Long, 557 Rutherford Ave., Trenton, N. J. 
 
 F. W. Emley, Imlaystown, N. J. 
 
 Geo. Hampton, Bridgeton, N. J. 
 
 R. W, Emerson, 280 Cohansey St., Bridgeton, N. J. 
 
 Wm. Wright, Mount Holly, N, J. 
 
CONTRIBUTORS. 89 
 
 Ernest Volk, Clinton St., Trenton, N. J. 
 Dr. Chas. Reed, 121 S. 17th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Wm. T. Davis, 146 Stuyvesant Place, Tompkinsville, N. Y. 
 Jillson Bros., Tuckerton, N. J. 
 
 Clarence E. Seage, 143 Liberty St., New York City. 
 Hugh L. Reeves, Bridgeton, N. J. 
 Senator A. C. B. Havens, Toms River, N. J. 
 Mr. Havens, Burrsville, N. J. 
 
 Wm. J. Losell, Ed. of "Moorestown Chronicle," Moorestown, N. J. 
 David B. Bassett, Bassett, Gloucester Co. 
 Jonathan Kelsey, Pemberton, N. J. 
 N. M. P. Durling, Raritan N. J. 
 Geo. Fountain, 936 West>*t St., Plainfield, N. J. 
 E. Vansyckel, Bound Brook, N. J. 
 
 Dr. PardOe, D. D. L., Bound Brook, N. J. - rt^^Sf, 
 The Novelty Shop, Orange, N. J. 
 W. H. Fisher, Toms River, N. J. 
 Mr. Sapp, Tuckerton, N. J. 
 C. D.-JKflac6!£ Swedesboro, N. J. 
 Chas. E. Cook, Asbury Park, N. J. 
 Wm. A. Slaughter, Mount Holly, N. J. 
 J. Hervey Buchanan, M.D., 43 Duer St., Plainfield, N. J. 
 Dr. G. Wyckoff Cummins, Belvidere, N. J. 
 Bert Britton, 104 Penna. Ave., Sunbury, Pa. 
 % Marshall D. Weidman, Columbia, N. J. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 <In this Index locality names refer to the occurrence of evidence of Indian occupation, 
 except as otherwise stated.) 
 
 A. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Abbott, C. C, cited, *8, 30 
 
 pottery head, found 
 
 by, 2 7 
 
 Acknowledgments, 5» 88 
 
 Acquackanonk Township, 79 
 
 Alloway Creek, 58 
 
 Anvils, 22 
 
 Areola, 3 
 
 Argillite implement users, 20 
 
 implement zone, occurrence 
 
 of, 
 
 Arrow heads 
 
 points (bone), 
 
 shaft smoothers, 
 
 Arrochar, N. Y., 
 
 Ashley Heights 
 
 Assanpink Creek, 65 
 
 Assiscunk Creek, 
 
 Avalon, 
 
 Awls, 
 
 Axes, 
 
 B. 
 
 .banner stones, 
 
 Barnegat, 
 
 Bayonne, 
 
 Beaverdam Creek, 
 
 Bellair 
 
 Belmar, 
 
 Belmont, 
 
 Bergen County, 
 
 Belvidere 
 
 Bibliography, 
 
 Bile's Island, 
 
 Billingsport, 
 
 Blauvelt Lake, 
 
 Bog and Vly Meadows, 
 
 Bonaparte Park 
 
 Bone implements, 
 
 Bordentown, 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Bridgeton, 
 
 Brown Station, 
 
 Bulls Island, 
 
 Burksville, 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Burrsville, 
 
 62 
 54 
 28 
 24 
 
 25 
 49 
 42 
 48 
 78 
 48 
 78 
 73 
 67 
 86 
 65 
 60 
 82 
 7i 
 63 
 28 
 62 
 59 
 55 
 61 
 66 
 63 
 62 
 48 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Caches, Indian, *4 
 
 Camp sites, characteristic features of, 10. 
 
 distribution of, 4* 
 
 numbers of, 34- 
 
 qualifications for, 35 
 
 Cape May Court House, 5£ 
 
 Carlton Hill 78 
 
 Carteret, 42- 
 
 Causeways of Indian make 15 
 
 Celts, 24 
 
 Cemeteries, characteristics of Indian, 12 
 
 Centerton, 61 
 
 Chelsea, 44 
 
 Chestnut Neck, burial grounds at, . . 51 
 
 Churchtown, 58 
 
 Cliffwood 45 
 
 Clifton, 79 
 
 Clinton (Essex Co.) , 75 
 
 Cohansey Creek, 54. 57 
 
 Contributors, list of, . . 
 
 Constable Hook, 
 
 Cream Ridge, 
 
 Crosswicks Creek, 
 Cumberland Causeway, 
 Cushing, F. H., cited, 
 
 Davis Mills, 
 
 Delaware Indians, see Lenape 
 
 Delaware Valley, village sites along, 
 
 Delaware Water Gap, 
 
 Dennisville, 
 
 Dundee Dam, 
 
 Dundee Lake 
 
 Dunker Hook, 
 
 Elizabethport, . . 
 
 Emerson, 
 
 Emerson, R. W., 
 
 88 
 42 
 25 
 63 
 58 
 11 
 
 57 
 
 35 
 67 
 52 
 78 
 78 
 83 
 
 42 
 83 
 
 1 a 
 
 Fairfield, 75 
 
 Fairlawn, 78 
 
 Fairton, 28, 56 
 
 Fellowship 61 
 
 (91) 
 
9 2 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ferndale, 77 
 
 Fire places of Indians, 10 
 
 Flat Creek 53 
 
 Fords, Indian, 37 
 
 Forked River, shell heap at 50 
 
 Franklin, 75 
 
 Franklin Lake, 80, 81 
 
 Franklin Township, 73, 74 
 
 Garfield, 78 
 
 Garrett Mountain, 79 
 
 Gibbstown, 59 
 
 Glassboro, 60 
 
 Gorgets, 24 
 
 Great Egg Harbor, 53 
 
 Green Pond, 68 
 
 Greenville, 42 
 
 Greenwich, 57 
 
 Gregor, E. T., cited on rock shelters, 14, 18 
 
 Grinding stones, 23 
 
 Grovesville, 63 
 
 H. 
 
 Hackensack River Valley, 38 
 
 Haledon, 80 
 
 Hammerstones, 22 
 
 Hancock's Bridge, 58 
 
 Harrington, M. R., cited on rock 
 
 shelters, 14, 18 
 
 Harrisonville, 59 
 
 Hawthorne, 77 
 
 Hellings Hills, 61 
 
 Highwood, 84 
 
 Hohokus Township 73, 74 
 
 Holly Beach, 52 
 
 Hope Township, 68 
 
 Horse Neck Bridge, 74 
 
 Husking pegs, 25 
 
 Imlaystown, 25 
 
 Implements, bone, stone, etc., see 
 
 Bone implements, etc. 
 
 Implements, Indian, classes of, .... 21 
 
 Indian burials, :i, 13 
 
 mounds, 13, 14 
 
 remains, classes of, 9 
 
 trails, 37, 48 
 
 Indian Mills, 62 
 
 Indians, distribution of, in New Jer- 
 sey 16 
 
 Indians, divisions of, in New Jersey, 16 
 
 predecessors of, 17 
 
 Information wanted, 85 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Iresick Brook, Indian relics near, . . 47 
 
 Iroquois, culture of 30 
 
 Island Heights 49 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacksonville, ;o 
 
 Jamesburg, 47 
 
 Jefferson Township, 72 
 
 Jenny Jump Mt 68 
 
 Jericho, 58 
 
 K. 
 
 Keyport, 46 
 
 Knives, -5 
 
 L. 
 
 Lake View, 78 
 
 Lake Meadow Island, 44 
 
 Lambertville, 66 
 
 Lances, 23 
 
 Lap stones, 22 
 
 Leeds Point, 52 
 
 Leesburg, 54 
 
 Lenape, culture of, 20, 30 
 
 migrations of, 17 
 
 origin of, 19 
 
 population of, 34 
 
 predecessors of, 17 
 
 Letter of Transmittal, 7 
 
 Lincoln Park, 71 
 
 Linoleumville, 44 
 
 Little Falls, 76 
 
 Little Falls Township 79 
 
 Lockwood, 18 
 
 Long Branch Run, 58 
 
 Long Neck, Indian camp at, 44 
 
 Lower Penns Neck, 59 
 
 Lower Preakness, 80 
 
 Lumberton, 61 
 
 M. 
 
 Mayetta 50 
 
 Manasquan, 48 
 
 Manunka Chunk, 67 
 
 Mannington Creek 59 
 
 Manumuskin, 54 
 
 Mantoloking, 48 
 
 Mantua Creek, 60 
 
 Mantua Point, 60 
 
 Mariner's Harbor, N. Y., 43 
 
 Marquis Creek, N. Y 45 
 
 Maskell's Mill, 5 8 
 
 Matawan, 47 
 
 Matchaponix, 47 
 
 Metallic articles, 29 
 
INDEX. 
 
 93 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Mickles Mills, 57 
 
 Midland Park, 82 
 
 Midvale, 68 
 
 Mullers, 23 
 
 Mullica Hill, 59 
 
 Mummy's Island, 53 
 
 Munsee Indians 16 
 
 Montville Township, 72 
 
 Moon's Island, 65 
 
 Moorestown, 61 
 
 Morgan, 45 
 
 Morris County, y2 
 
 Mortars, 23 
 
 Mosquito Creek, ' 49 
 
 Mounds, Indian, 13 
 
 Mountain View, 71 
 
 Mount Holly, 61 
 
 Mount Laurel, 61 
 
 Mount Loretto, N. Y., 44 
 
 Mount Pleasant (near Absecon), .. 52 
 
 Mount Royal, 60 
 
 N. 
 
 Needles, 28 
 
 Net Sinkers, 22 
 
 New Bridge, 84 
 
 New Egypt 62 
 
 New Milford, 84 
 
 North Haledon, 80 
 
 North Paterson, yy 
 
 Nutley, 79 
 
 o. 
 
 Ocean Grove, 49 
 
 Oceanic, 47 
 
 Old Bridge 46, 47 
 
 Old Place Neck 44 
 
 Ostrom, 49 
 
 Othello, 57 
 
 Oxford Township, 67 
 
 P. 
 
 Paleoliths, 19 
 
 Paramus, 83 
 
 Passaic, 79 
 
 Passaic County, 72 
 
 Passaic Junction 78 
 
 Passaic Valley, 37 
 
 Paterson, 20, 76, 79 
 
 Paulsboro, 60 
 
 Pedricktown, 59 
 
 Pelton's Cove, N. Y 43 
 
 Pensauken Station, 60 
 
 Pequannock, 70 
 
 Perth Amboy 42 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Pestles, 23, 24 
 
 Pine Beach, 49 
 
 Pine Brook, 74 
 
 Pine Brook Bridge, 75 
 
 Pipes, clay, zy 
 
 stone, 25 
 
 Plauderville, 78 
 
 Pleasantville, 52 
 
 Point Pleasant, 48 
 
 Pompton, 70 
 
 Pompton Junction, 68 
 
 Pompton Plains, 68 
 
 Pompton Valley, 36 
 
 Port Elizabeth, 53 
 
 Port Norris, 54 
 
 Port Republic, 52 
 
 Pottery, description of Indian, 25, 27 
 
 head, 27, 32 
 
 Princeton, 66 
 
 Prospertown, 62 
 
 Pumpkin Point, 48 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quarries, Indian, 15 
 
 Quinton, 58 
 
 R. 
 
 Ramapo Mountain, 73 
 
 Ramsey, 82 
 
 Rancocas Creek, 62 
 
 Raven Rock, 66 
 
 Red Bank (Camden Co.) 60 
 
 Ridgewood, 83 
 
 Riverdale, 68 
 
 Riverton, 61 
 
 Rockaway Township, 72 
 
 ,Rock shelters, characteristics of, ... 1 3,39^ ,*,.*> 
 
 location of, 39 \ } •> 
 
 ! Rossville, shell heap at, 44 '^S'W, 
 
 V Runyon Pond, 47 
 
 ~ — ;E2p*.v -■.::&■" 
 
 Saddle River, 82 
 
 Saddle River Valley 38 
 
 Salem, 58 
 
 Sayreville, 46 
 
 Schrabisch, Max, cited 18 
 
 list of sites by, . . 6y 
 
 report by, 34 
 
 Scrapers, 25 
 
 bone, 28 
 
 Scudders Falls, a$ 
 
 Seventh Day Mills 57 
 
 Shell articles 29 
 
94 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Shell heaps, » 
 
 localities of, 
 
 45, 46, 49, 50, SI, 52, 53, 54 
 
 Shimp, Edmund, 18 
 
 Sheppard Mills, 57 
 
 Sicomac, 82 
 
 Singac 75 
 
 Silver Lake, N. Y 45 
 
 Skinner, Alanson, report by, 9> 41 
 
 Smith's Landing, 52 
 
 South Amboy 45 
 
 South River, 46 
 
 Spades, 23 
 
 Spears, 25 
 
 Spring Valley, 84 
 
 Staten Island, Indian relics on, 43, 45 
 
 Stone, articles of, 22 
 
 Stone heads, 32 
 
 Stone implements, chipped, 25 
 
 polished, 24 
 
 rough 22 
 
 Stonetown 68 
 
 Stow Creek, 58 
 
 Stow Neck 58 
 
 Stow Point, 58 
 
 bwedesboro, 59 
 
 T. 
 
 Teaneck, 84 
 
 Thompson Point, 59 
 
 Tindells Landing, 56 
 
 Titusville, 65 
 
 Toms Point, 38, 74 
 
 Toms River, 48, 49 
 
 Tottenville, N. Y 44 
 
 Towaco, 38, 71 
 
 Trails, Indian, 15 
 
 Trenton, 9, 63 
 
 Trenton, Indian implements of metal 
 
 found near, 30 
 
 Trenton, Indian trails near, 15 
 
 Tuckerton 11,51 
 
 Tuckahoe, 52 
 
 PAGE- 
 U. 
 
 Unalachtigo Indians, 16 
 
 villages of , . . . 41 
 
 Unami Indians 4» J 6 
 
 Upper Midvale, 68 
 
 Upper Preakness, 80 
 
 V. 
 
 Valley Lake, N. Y., 45 
 
 Van Winkle 77 
 
 Village sites, characteristic features 
 
 of, 10 
 
 Village sites, distribution of, 4 1 
 
 Volk, Ernest, cited, 18 
 
 w. 
 
 Wagaraw trail, 37 
 
 Walam Olum, 17 
 
 Walnford, 62 
 
 Wampum, 12, 29 
 
 Waretown, 5° 
 
 Warren Point, 78 
 
 Washington Crossing, 65 
 
 Watchogue, N. Y., 44 
 
 Wayne, 71 
 
 Wayne Township, 74 
 
 Wearimus, 83 
 
 Weirs, Indian, 37 
 
 Welchtown, 59 
 
 Wells Island, 51 
 
 West Cape May 52 
 
 West Creek, Indian relics near, .... 50 
 
 West Milford Township, 72 
 
 West Brighton, 43 
 
 Westwood, 83 
 
 White Horse, 63 
 
 Wissler, Clark, letter from, 8 
 
 Woodbury Creek, 60 
 
 Wood Lane, 62 
 
 Woodrow, N. Y., 44 
 
 Wyckoff , 8* 
 
r