LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. SPRING FLORA of the WASATCH REGION BY A. O. GARRETT, A. B. Head Department Biology, Salt Lake High School. SKELTON PUBLISHING COMPANY Salt Lake City, Utah 1911 COPYRIGHT, 1911 BY A. O. GARRETT M [\ / I PREFACE Of all the botanical areas in the United States, perhaps none has more sharply defined boundaries than the Great Basin. Here we have a vast interior drainage basin ; lofty mountains to the east and to the west, and arid or semi-arid lands extending in nearly all directions beyond its boundaries. Some few of the plants of neighboring districts have succeeded in passing these barriers, but have gotten no further; and so here we find a meeting-place of the floras of the east, of the west, of the north and of the south. And yet this region never has had a botanical manual of its own! Those who live on its western borders have to be content with a Flora prepared for California; while those on its eastern side must be satisfied with a book taking the Continental Divide for its central point, and extending westward to the Great Basin. What wonder, then, that less than half of our species are therein included, and that consequently the teachers attempting systematic work find themselves seriously handicapped! These small manuals have been without exception unsatisfactory; as must be every small book of this character which attempts to cover a large area, especially where the area pretended to be cohered consists of parts of several distinct botanical areas. 9O1 O r>r iv. PREFACE To furnish a Flora containing practically all the plants of a limited area that bloom during the spring months is the aim of this little book. The area repre- sented is that of the eastern edge of the Great Basin as far south as Manti. Only those plants blooming by June fifteenth have been included. Believing that an international botanical code is preferable to one of local application, the writer has endeavored to follow the rules of nomenclature established by the Vienna Congress. This little book is prepared for the use of the student who has no previous botanical training in the use of a key and manual; hence the descriptions in many cases have been made longer than would be necessary for the trained botanist ; technical terms have been used as sparingly as possible, and the keys are correspondingly simple and often artificial. Because of the extremely divergent views held by botanists today, both regarding nomenclature and specific and generic limitations, the writer gives a more extended synonomy than is usually thought necessary for so limited a manual ; but it will be found that an extensive list of synonyms is absolutely required by the teacher who does not have access to a fairly complete botanical library. In order that these synonyms be in the most convenient place, they have been put immediately after the accepted name of the plant, instead of at the end of the description as is usually done. In compiling this Manual, the writer has made use of Britton & Brown's Illustrated Manual of the Northern States and Canada; of both editions of Coulter's Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany; of PREFACE v. Jepson's Flora of California; of Miss Eastwood's Key and Flora of Rocky Mountain Botany; of Rydberg 's Flora of Colorado; of Piper's Flora of Washington, and of the original descriptions of many of the plants published in the various botanical journals. To Dr. Rydberg, to Dr. Nelson and to Professor Marcus E. Jones for determination of material; to Professor Charles P. Smith for furnishing lists of the spring-flowering plants of Cache County; to Dr. Rydberg and to Professor Jones for advice on critical points, and especially to the latter for valuable criti- cism of the manuscript, the writer's warmest thanks are due. Doubtless discrepancies may be discovered when the book is put to use, and plants will be found not herein included. It is the writer's earnest wis"h that these may be communicated to him, in order that all such errors of commission and omission may be rectified. For this very reason, the present edition is based on an estimate of only a yearte supply. The writer hereby offers his aid to the teachers of botany in determining any plants that may be sent to him, with the end in view that we may all become better acquainted with the flora, of our State. A. O. G. Salt Lake City, Utah, Jan. 25, 1911. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. DIVISION SPERMATOPHYTA. (SPERMATOPHYTES). Seed Plants. Class I. Gymnospermae. Gymnosperms or Polycotyls. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. Evergreen shrubs and trees with needle-like, scale-like or awl-shaped leaves. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale; fruit a cone (berry-like in Juniperus) by the coherence of scales Pinaceee 1 Class II. Angiospermae. Angiosperms. Ovules in an ovary, the latter when ripe becoming the fruit. Subclass 1. Monocotyledoneae. Monocotyls. Stem without distinct zones of bark, wood and pith; leaves mostly parallel-veined, the early ones always al- ternate; parts of the flower in threes (rarely in fours), never in fives; embryo with a single cotyledon. Ovary free from the floral envelopes; i. e., it is "superior." Stamens 6 Lllinceae 4 Ovary adnate to the floral envelopes; i. e., it is "inferior." Flowers regular; stamens 3 Iridncece 8 Flowers irregular; anther-bearing stamens 1 or 2 Orchidncene 8 Subclass II. Dicotyledoneae. Dicotyls. Stem with distinct zones of bark, wood and pith; leaves mostly netted-veined. Parts of flower mostly in fours or fives. Embryo normally with 2 cotyledons (none iti Cuscuta, 1 by abortion in Abronia, 4 in Ceratophyllacese). KEY TO THE FAMILIES Corolla, and sometimes calyx, lacking-. Flowers (at least the staminate ones) in catkins or catkin-like spikes; shrubs or trees. Calyx (and corolla) lacking; i. e., the flowers are "naked." Dioecious; a single flower to each scale of the catkin; fruit a 1-celled pod with many dow r ny-tufted seeds Salicacere 9 Monoecious; staminate catkins drooping, pis- tillate ones erect, with 2-3 flowers to each scale of the cone-like inflorescence; seeds not downy Betulaccw 12 Calyx present. Monoecious; staminate flowers in catkins; pistillate ones 1-3 in a cup or in- volucre Fagacea? 13 Monoecious or dioecious; flowers in droop- ing catkin-like spikes, the pistillate ones becoming juicy multiple fruits.... No. 2 in Urtioaceie 13 Flowers neither in catkins nor in catkin-like spikes. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Fruit a samara; flowers inconspicuous. Leaves simple; stamens 3-8; fruit in pairs . Aceraceae 55 Leaves pinnately-compound. Leaflets 3-5; stamens 4-5; samaras in pairs Aceracece 55 Leaflets 5-9; stamens 2; samaras single Oleacese. . 71 Fruit a tailed achene; flowers showy. . . . Clematis in Ranuiiculacew 26 Leaves alternate. Leaves toothed; fruit a, samara or drupe Urticacere 13 Leaves entire, revolute; fruit an achene, tipped by the long, feathery style Cerocarpus in Rosacese 42 Herbs; sepals when present often petal-like. Pistils several. .. . Thalictrum in Rammculaceee 24 Pistil 1. Ovary 2-celled Lepidium in Cruclfera? 30 Ovary 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Styles 1-3; fruit a flat achene. . . Clienopodiaceee 17 Style 1; fruit berry-like in shape Santalaeea? 15 KEY TO THE FAMILIES ix. Styles 2-3; achene 3-sided Polygonacese 15 Leaves opposite. Stems swollen at nodes; at least some of the flowers terminal. Flowers several in a cluster, sur- rounded by the calyx-like involucre . Nyctaginacese 19 Flowers solitary or cy- mose; not surrounded by a calyx-like in- volucre . Caryophyllacese 19 Stems not swollen at the nodes; flowers all axillary Glaux in Primulaeese 70 Corolla and calyx both present. Corolla of separate petals (apopetalous). Stamens more than 10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or fascicled Rosacese 41 Leaves opposite. Trees or tall shrubs Aceracese 55 Low woody vines Clematis in Rammculaceee 20 Herbs. Pistil 1, of united carpels. Filaments united into a tube. Malvaceae 57 Filaments distinct. Leaves entire, smooth and suc- culent Portnlacacese 22 Leaves entire to sinuate- toothed, covered with barbed hairs Loasaceae 61 Leaves spiny-toothed. Papaveracea? 27 Leaves reduced to spines or wanting; very fleshy plants Cactacese 61 Pistils several, of distinct carpels. Stamens on receptacle. . Rammculacea? 23 Stamens on the calyx Rosaoere 41 Stamens not more than 10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Leaves compound. Styles 3; fruit a small drupe Anaeardlacea? 54 Style 1, not cleft; fruit a legume Legmninosse 46 Style none; fruit a ber- ry Berber I daceee 27 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Leaves simple. Styles 2; fruit a berry Ribes in Saxifragaccre 40 Style 1, 3-cleft; fruit a cap- sule llliamnaceie 57 Leaves opposite. Evergreen shrubs, less than 4 ft. high Celastracese 55 Deciduous trees or tall shrubs. Leaves entire; style simple; fruit a drupe Cornacese 69 Leaves coarsely-lobed; style 2- branched; fruit a sa- mara . . Aceraeeee 55 Herbs. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla regular or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 Onagracere 62 Stamens 5 or 10. Stamens alternate with the Petals Saxifragacere 38 Stamens opposite the pet- als Primulacere 69 Sepals 2 Portulacacere 22 Corolla irregular. Stamens 5, distinct, the anthers forming a ring around the pistil; lowest petal bluntly spurred Violaceee 59 Stamens 6 in 2 equal sets Fuiiiariacese 28 Stamens 10; monadelphous, or in 2 sets of 9 and 1 . . Legumiiiosee 46 Ovary more than 1-celled. Ovary "superior." Ovary 2-celled. Root parasites without leaves or green color; stamens 4 (2 long- and 2 short) . . . . Orobancliacere 88 Green plants with alternate leaves; stamens 6 (4 long and 2 short), ex- cept in Lepidium and Streptanthus . Cruciferse 29 Ovary 5- (or imperfectly 10-) celled. Leaves stipulate; stamens 10 or 5 Geraiiiacere 52 KEY TO THE FAMILIES xi. Leaves not stipulate; stamens 5 Liinacete 53 Ovary "inferior." Fruit a 4-celled capsule . Onagracece 62 Fruit of 2 dry seed-like carpels, which when ripe often split longitudinally; flowers in umbels Umbelliferae 65 Corolla with petals, or some of them, united (at base at least). Stamens exceeding- in number the corolla-lobes. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 5; leaves usually compound; not fleshy i .,-uu ni i iH.-v.-,- 46 Sepals 4-5; leaves simple, fleshy .Crassulacese 38 Sepals 2; leaves compound Fumariacere 28 Sepals 2; leaves simple Portulacaceae 22 Ovary 3-many celled. (Petals united by being attached to the base of the tube of filaments) Malvaceae 57 Stamens not exceeding in number the corolla-lobes. Ovary "superior." Corolla regular or nearly so. Stamens of the same number as the corolla-lobes. Ovaries 2, united only at apex of fleshy disk. . . . Asclepediacere 71 Ovary 1. Deeply 4-lobed. Leaves alternate; mostly rough-hairy plants. . . . Boraginacexe 77 Leaves opposite; not rough- hairy Labiatee 82 Not deeply 4-lobed. 1-celled; stamens 5; leaves coarsely - toothed or compound; pod opening lengthwise Hydrophyllacese 76 2-5-celled. Stamens 4; leaves entire or finely - toothed; pod opening cross- wise . Plaiitagiuaceee 89 Stamens 5. Ovules many. Style and stigma 1; fruit a berry . Solanacee 84 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Style 3 -cleft in mature flowers; fruit a capsule .... Polemoniacese 73 Ovules few; stigmas 2-3 (rarely 4); fruit a capsule. Ovary 1-2-celleci .... . . . Convolvulacesp 72 Ovary 3- (rarely 4-) celled .... Polemoiiiace*e 73 Stamens less in number than corolla- lobes. Stamens 2 Veronica in Serophulariacese 87 Stamens 4 Verbenaeca? 81 Corolla irregular. Ovules and seeds solitary in the cells. Ovary not lobed Verbeiiacea* 81 Ovary 4-lobed Labiatre 82 Ovules and seeds 2 or more in each cell. Trees with large, showy flow- ers Bi&noiiiaeen* 89 Herbs Scroplmlarlaoeee 84 Ovary "inferior." Flowers not in an involucrate head; anthers not united. Stamens 4-5, as many as corolla-lobes. Leaves whorled; herbs. . .Rubluoete 90 Leaves opposite or perfoliate; shrubs Caprifoliacew 91 Leaves alternate; herbs <:> tii p:i mil ;i <<; 93 Stamens 1-3, always less than corolla- lobes Valerianaceae 92 Flowers in an involucrate head; anthers united into a tube enclosing the pis- til (nearly distinct in Iva) . Composite 94 Spring Flora of the Wasatch Region ORDER CONIFERAL.ES. PINACE^. (CONIFER-ffi.) Pine Family. Resinous evergreen shrubs or trees with awl-shaped, scale-like or needle-shaped leaves. Flowers naked; monoecious (or in Juniperus mostly dioecious) ; in catkins or solitary. Cotyledons 2-16. Leaves short (much less than y 2 inch long), scale-like and overlapping or awl-shaped; fruit berry- like 1. Juniperus Leaves longer (at least y s inch long); needle-shaped; fruit a cone. Needles in bundles of 2-5, each bundle surrounded by a sheath at the base (at least when young). . 2. Plnua Needles one at each node. Surrounded by a sheath at the base; cone-scales thick 2. IMiius (2a) Not surrounded by a sheath at the base.; cone- scales thin. Needles elliptical or nearly so in cross- section. Sessile; leaf -scars round, conspicuous.. 3. Able* Petioled; leaf-scars elliptical, incon- spicuous 4. Pseudotsuga Needles strongly 4-angled in cross-sec- tion 5. Picea 1. JUNIPERUS. (Includes Sabina.) Juniper; Cedar. Strongly aromatic shrubs or low trees with thin shreddy bark. Leaf-buds scaly or naked. Leaves awl-shaped and rigid, or scale-like and overlapping; sometimes both kinds on same tree. Flowers mostly dioecious; axillary or terminal on short lateral 'twigs, the staminate oblong or ovoid with 2-6-celled anthers; the pistillate of a few opposite fleshy scales, each scale bearing a solitary ovule. Fruit berry-like by the coherence of scales; often bluish or blackish; ripening at the end of the first, the second or rarely the third season. Seeds 1-6, wingless: cotyledons 2 (or 4-6 in some species). Bark peeling off in papery layers; wood white.. 1. J. utahensis Bark never peeling off in papery layers; wood pur- plish 2. J. scopulorum 1. J. iiiahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon. (J. calif ornica utahen- sis Engelm.; Sabina utahensis (Engelm.) Rydb.) Utah Red Cedar. A bushy shrub or small tree (20 ft. high or less), with thin light-brown scaly bark. Leaves opposite or rarely in whorls of 3. Catkins terminal. Stamens 18-24. "Berries" large, mostly globose, usually with a single seed; reddish- brown or sometimes bluish; ripening the second season; with dry, thin, sv/eet flesh. Cotyledons 4-6. On dry mountain slopes. SPRING FLORA 2. J. Mcoimloriim Sarg. (Sabina scopulorum (Sarg.) Rydb.) Larger than the preceding, sometimes reaching a height of 30-60 feet. Leaves opposite; entire; short. Catkins terminal. Fruit smaller than that of No. 1; subglobose; juicy and resi- nous; maturing the second season; blue with a whitish bloom or rarely copper-colored (light-green when immature); seeds 2-4. Dry rocky slopes, May. 2. PINUS. Pine. Trees with 2 kinds of leaves: the primary are deciduous bud-scales, in the axils of which are borne the secondary or ordinary foliage leaves. The latter are evergreen, needle- shaped and sheathed at base, in bundles of 2-5 (or single in 1 variety). Leaf -buds scaly. Cones large, with thick scales; maturing the second or rarely the third year. Seeds nut-like. Cotyledons 3-16. Leaves in fascicles of 5; each with a single vascular bundle 1. P. flexilis Leaves in fascicles of 2-3 (rarely 1); each with 2 vascular bundles. Leaf -margins entire; cone-scales without prickles 2. P. edulia Leaf -margins serrulate; cone-scales prickly- armed 3. P. Murrayana 1. P. flcxilis James. Limber, "White or Nut Pine. A tree, often gnarled, 60 ft. high or less, with few large, straggling branches at irregular intervals. Bark and wood very full of resinous sap; smooth until quite old. Leaves l%-2 in. long (or as much as an inch longer on the cone bearing branches); the sheaths soon dropping off. Cones resinous; 3-5 in. long, light-brown, narrowly ovoid or subcylindrical; their scales blunt-tipped; opening widely at maturity and discharging the seeds. Seeds about % inch long, somewhat angled and flat- tened, each with a narrow wing-rim. Cotyledons 6-7. On exposed mountain cliffs. 2. P. ediilig Engelm. Pinyon Pine. A low, round-topped tree or sometimes shrubby, ovate in general outline; branches beginning at or near the base. Leaves in twos, or some in threes, 1-1% inches long. Cones sessile, subglobose, 2 inches long. Seeds large, brown, wingless. 2a. P. edulis moiiophylla (Torr. & Frem.) Jones. (P. mono- phylla Torr. & Frem.) Differs from the type in that the leaves, or some of them, are single. These single leaves are terete; while those of the fascicles are semi-terete. 3. P. Murrayana Balf. (P. contorta Murrayana Eng.) Lodgepole or Black Pine. A tree sometimes reaching a height of 120 ft. and a diameter of 4-6 feet; tall and straight, with branches in little short whorls near the top. Bark of trunk thin, scaly, light-brown; rough from the start. Leaves 1-3 inches long, with resin-ducts as in Abies lasiocarpa. Cones somewhat ovate; 1-2 inches long; often remaining closed for many years; their scales armed with short, stout prickles. Seeds black, rough, ridged on lower side; each with a long, thin, persistent wing, widest below the middle. Cotyledons usually 5. On mountain slopes, 5,000-10,000 ft. OF THE WASATCH REGION 3. ABIES. Fir; Balsam. Tall conical trees with horizontal branches. Wood coarse- grained, but sometimes used for lumber. Leaves flattened; alternate and apparently 2-ranked by a twist near the base; sessile and without sterigmata; stomata arranged in 2 longi- tudinal white lines on under side (at least when young). Leaf-scars circular, their axes at right angles to direction of the stem. Cones erect, maturing the first year; their scales thin, breaking away from the persistent axis, and therefore only these scales instead of cones are found under the tree. Seeds winged; cotyledons 4-10. Leaves of cone-bearing branches blunt-tipped... 1. A. concolor Leaves of cone-bearing branches sharp-tipped. . 2. A. laslocarpa 1. A. concolor Lindl. White Fir. Tree 40-150 ft. high and 2-4 ft. in diameter. Bark rough, grayish. Leaves more or less curved; their resin-ducts 2, close to the lower epidermis; 8- ranked; their bases conspicuously disk-shaped; with stomata on both surfaces. Cones oblong-cylindrical, 2^-5 inches long by 1-lYz inches wide; green or .sometimes dull-purplish; width of scales nearly twice their length. Tips of bracts visible above the scales. Seed-wings broad; rose-colored; cotyledons 5-10. Along streams and on mountain slopes, 7,500-10,000 ft. In flower early in May. 2. A. laslocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (A. subalpina Engelm.) Western Balsam Fir. A tree 60-80 ft. high, with bark of trunk ashy-gray and smooth (or that of old trees cracked). Leaves of the vigorous lower branches 1-1% inches long, blunt or notched at the end; those of the cone-bearing branches stiff, more scattered, curved upwards and tipped with sharp points; resin-ducts 2, equally distant from the upper and the lower epidermis, as seen in cross-section under a hand-lens. Cones purple or nearlv black, white-resinous; puberulent; 2-3 inches long; bracts quite small and entirely concealed, their hook-like tips reflexed. Seed-wings dark and lustrous. Cotyledons 4-5. From 8,500 ft. to timber-line, often growing side by side with the spruces. 4. PSEUDOTSUGA. Douglas Spruce; Red Fir. Tall trees at first conical, but becoming more or less spreading; in characteristics intermediate between Abies and Picea. Leaves from scaly buds; smaller and more crowded than those of Abies; alternate and apparently 2-ranked by a twist near base; not borne on sterigmata; flat; blunt at apex; sto- mata on lower surface only; resin-ducts 2, lateral, close to lower epidermis. Cones pendulous; maturing the first year; greenish or purplish-tinged when young, light brown when mature; the scales thin, persistent, each furnished with a conspicuous, exserted, 3-pointed bract. Seeds winged; co- tyledons 6-12. 1. P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. (P. Douglasii Carr. ; P. taxi- folia Britton.) Wood (under compound microscope) charac- terized by an abundance of spiral vessels. Bark brown, .very thick and very much cracked. Leaf-scars small, elliptical, their axes making an angle of about 45 degrees with direction of the stem. Midrib prominent on lower surface. Leaves crowded; not notched at apex. Cones 2-4 inches long; middle tooth of bract long and narrow, lateral teeth broad and short. A tree known by at least thirty common names, "Oregon Pine" or "Douglas Fir" being those by which it is known in com- mence. Frora 7,000-11,000 ft. (in the Wasatch). SPRING FLORA 5. PICEA. Spruce. Tall conical trees with alternate leaves (deciduous in dry- ing), which are sharp-pointed and strongly 4-angled in cross- section; from scaly buds. Branchlets rough from the prominent and persistent leaf-bases (sterigmata). Staminate flowers on branchlets of preceding year; their anthers opening length- wise. Cones mature the first year, becoming pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. Seeds winged. Branchlets glabrous 1. P. pungcns Branchlets pubescent under a lens 2. P. Engelmannl 1. P. pungons (Lambert) Engelm. (P. Parryana (Andree) Sarg.) Blue or Colorado Spruce. Tree 60-100 ft. high with soft wood and with bark of trunk furrowed and grooved length- wise. Branches spreading, with thick, smooth and gray bark; branchlets smooth and shining as if varnished. Needles of branches green and of young shoots bluish. Cones abundant, light-yellow, 2-4 inches long, solitary or clustered. Mountain slopes near streams, 6,500-10,000 ft. The "State tree" of Colorado. 2. P. Engrelmannl (Parry) Engelm. Engelmann or White Spruce. Tree 60-100 ft. high, with bark of trunk broken into rounded, plate-like scales. Branches horizontal, with thin reddish or purplish-brown bark. Needles less sharp and rigid than those of P. pungens. Cones solitary, brown, ovate-cylln- dric, 2 inches long or usually less; the scales usually more rounded than those of No. 1. Cotyledons usually 6. Mountain parks and mountain sides, more frequent on north slopes, 8,500-12,500 ft. ORDER LIL.IAL.ES. LILIACE-ffl. Lily Family. Perennial herbs from underground stems; either leafy-stemmed or scape-like with basal leaves. Leaves rarely netted-veined. Flowers regular and perfect (or polygamous in some species of Zygadenus). Floral envelopes 6, the outer set of 3 often colored like the inner set. Stamens 6. Pistil 1, with a 3-celled, "superior" ovary. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Stems from rhizomes; fruit a berry. Unbranched; inflorescence terminal, racemose or paniculate 1. Smilacena Branched; inflorescence axillary, in umbels or solitary 2. Disporum Stems from solid bulbs; fruit a capsule. Flowers nodding; solitary or racemose 3. Erythronlum Flowers erect; solitary or in umbels. Outer perianth-segments sepal-like; inner petal- like . 4. Calochortus All the perianth-segments of same size, shape and color 5. Brodiaca Stems from scaly bulbs (the scales tuber-like); fruit a capsule 6. Frltlllarla Stems from coated bulbs; fruit a capsule, OF THE WASATCH REGION With odor of onions; inflorescence umbellate, spathaceous 7. Allium Without odor of onions; inflorescence racemed or panicled, not spathaceous. Leafy-stemmed; raceme compound; fruit septi- cidal 8. Zygadenus Leaves all basal; raceme simple; fruit loculi- cidal 9. Camanala 1. SMIL.ACE1VA. . (Vagnera.) False Solomon's Seal. Leaves firm; alternate; elliptical, lanceolate or ovate; short-petioled or sessile; entire. Flowers small; white or greenish-white. Floral envelopes of 6 distinct segments. Flowers numerous, in a racemose panicle.. . . 1. S. aniplexicaulls Flowers few, in a simple,' open raceme 2. S. sessilifolla 1. S. amplexlcuulis Nutt. Wild Spikenard. Stem 1-3 ft. high, perennial, from a thick rhizome with short internodes. Leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate; sessile and clasping; acute. Sta- mens exserted. Berry reddish. Rich soil in light shade along streams. May-July. 2. S. sessillfolin Nutt. (Vagnera liliacea (Greene) Rydb.) Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. Stem 1-2 ft. high, perennial from a slender rhizome. Leaves elliptical to lanceolate; sessile and somewhat clasping; acuminate or sometimes acute. Flow- ers on long pedicels. Stamens included. Berry reddish-purple to nearly black. April-May. Rich soil in shade along streams. (Locally called "Wild Lily of the Valley.") 2. DISPORUM. (Prosartes.) Fairy Bells. Stems branching above from rather slender rhizomes. Leaves alternate, sessile and somewhat clasping; the veinlets netted. Floral envelopes 6, distinct, somewhat deciduous; all colored alike. The pedicel is slightly enlarged at the apex, forming a cup or hypanthium, and on this cup are borne the stamens and the floral envelopes, thereby making the stamens appear to be perigynous. Stigma 3-lobed or entire. 1. D. trachycarpum (S. Wats.) B. & H. (Prosartes trachy- carpa S .Wats.; D. majus (Hook.) Britton.) Stem 9-24 inches high. Leaves thin; ovate to elliptic-lanceolate; acute or rarely acuminate; light-green and shining; 5-11-nerved. Flowers nodding; whitish; narrow bell-shaped; solitary or in clusters of 2-3; y s -% inch long. Floral envelopes slightly spreading. Berry obovate; bright red (orange if unripe); obtuse, rather deeply lobed; papillose; leathery. In flower the last of April, berry ripe by first week in June. Along streams, in rich soil in shaded places. 3. ERYTHRONIUM. Easter Bells. Scape from a deep-seated solid bulb. Leaves netted-veined: 2, basal and opposite on flowering plants, but only 1 on sterile plants, and that cauline, long-petioled. Flowers nodding, showy, solitary or in a naked raceme or umbel. Floral en- velopes all colored alike, spreading, acute. Fruit a 3-angled loculicidal capsule. 1. K. grandlflorum parvlflorum S. Wats. (E. parviflorum (Wats.) Goodding.) Yellow Dog-tooth Violet. Leaves uni- formly pale-green. Flowers bright yellow. 1-6, about 1 inch long. Anthers innate; purplish-red. In rich moist soil in oak copses and' along mountain streams. March -July, according to altitude, 6,000-11,500 ft. SPRING FLORA 4. CAJ.OCHORTUS. Mariposa Lily; Star Tulip. Bulbs thin-coated. Leaves few; keeled; grass-like; both basal and cauline. Inflorescence solitary or umbellate. Flowers showy. Floral envelopes with 3 outer segments narrowly-lanceolate; the inner large and petaloid, each with a hairy cushion-like gland at base, Capsule septicidal. 1. C. Nuttallii T. & G. Sego Lily. Stem bulblet-bearing above the true bulb. Flowers 1-5 in a naked umbel. Outer surface of calyx-lobes at first green but often becoming red- dish-tinged, inner surface whitish or yellowish, usually purple- spotted near base. Petals broadly obovate-wedge-shaped, usually abruptly acute at apex; white or cream-color, with a patch of purple shaped like a candle-flame just above the yellow nectar-gland. Anthers erect, obtuse; longer than fila- ments. On dry plains and hillsides, 4,400-7,000 ft. May-June. The State flower of Utah. 5. BRODIAEA. (Hookera; Tritelia). Wild Hyacinth. Scapes erect from brown-coated solid bulbs. Leaves few, basal, grass-like; withering before the flowers do. Inflores- cence usually a terminal and involucrate umbel. Pedicels jointed. Flowers few, showy; withering-persistent; segments colored alike. Stamens 6; all anther-bearing, or 3 anther- bearing and 3 with sterile filaments. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. 1. B. Douglasli Wats. (Tritelia grandiflora Llndl.) Leaves keeled, often a foot or more in length. Scape sometimes 2 ft. long. Perianth blue or purplish; broadly tubular. Stamens 6, in 2 rows, all anther-bearing; the filaments of inner sta- mens narrow. In rich moist soil in the canyons, often in oak copses. June. Sometimes called Blue Gammas. 6. FRITILLARIA. Lily Bells. Rice Roots. Stem erect, simple, leafy, from a scaly bulb. Inflorescence solitary or umbellate. Flowers few; showy. Floral envelopes colored alike, each with a shallow nectary. Stamens borne upon base of segments; anthers versatile. Fruit a 6-angled or 6-winged loculicidal capsule. Flowers yellow or orange 1. P. pudtca Flowers dull-purplish, mottled with darker pur- ple 2. F. atropurpurea 1. F. pudica Spreng. Yellow Bells; Snowdrop; Orange Fritillaria. (Locally called "Crocus" and "Buttercup.") Bulb of numerous tuberous-thickened spheroidal scales. Stem 3-8 inches high. Leaves 3-8, alternate or somewhat whorled. Flowers usually 1 or 2, sometimes as many as 6; nodding; with obtuse segments. Grassy plains. March -May. 2. F. atropurpurea Nutt. Leopard Lily; Dark Purple Fritil- laria. Bulb of numerous terete scales, larger than those of No. 1. Stem 6-18 inches high. Leaves sessile, SY 2 inches long, whorled or alternate (%). Flowers 1-6, somewhat nodding. Perianth-segments acute or acuminate; becoming revolute at apex until edges meet somewhat below extreme tip. May- June. Grassy slopes along streams in rich moist soil. OF THE WASATCH REGION 7. ALLIUM. Wild Onion. Easily recognized by the characteristic taste and odor. Stem scapose from a coated bulb (or in some species, from a solid bulb or rhizome). Leaves basal; narrow; flat or chan- neled, or In some species terete. Inflorescence umbellate; subtended by scarious bracts. Pedicels not jointed. Perianth- segments 1-nerved; all colored alike or nearly alike; white, pink or red. Stamens borne on base of perianth -segments. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds black, wrinkled. Leaves 2-4. Ovary not long-crested. Leaves nearly as long as peduncle... 1. A. acuminntum Leaves at least a third longer than pe- duncle 2. A. Diehlii Ovary conspicuously 6-crested 3. A. bisceptruin Leaf 1; ovary very long-crested 4. A. nevadense 1. A. acumlnatum Hook. Mostly from solitary coated bulbs (not rhizome-producing), the outer coats of which are coarsely and distinctly quadrately to hexagonally reticulated. Involucre of 2 papery bracts. Leaves narrowly linear. Flowers light pink to dark rose-purple. Perianth-segments with acuminate, recurved tips, the inner ones wavy-serrulate; a third longer than stamens. Ovary obscurely crested if at all. Usually in dry soil in open fields. May-June. 2. A. Diehlii Jones. (A. tribracteatum Diehlii Jones.) From solitary, mostly red-coated, nearly spherical bulbs (not rhizome-producing), the outer coats of ' which have oblong reticulations, pointed at the end. Leaves 2; 4-6 inches long. Bracts 2; short-acuminate. Sepals acute; erect. Petals white, each with a brown midrib. Ovary obscurely crested. Among rocks on mountain-sides. May. 3. A. bisceptmm Wats. From solitary light-coated and faintly-reticulated bulbs. Scapes often in pairs. Perianth - segments acuminate, not serrulate, slightly longer than the stamens; the alternate stamens with a dilated base. In the mountains. 4. A. nevadense Wats. From brown-coated, ovate bulbs, without rhizomes, but producing whitish bulblets; outer bulb- coats with irregular reticulations. Leaf round, channeled on upper side; much longer than scape and hooked at end. Bracts usually 2; ovate, acute, reddish-green. Sepals lanceolate, spreading. Petals white or pinkish. May. 8. ZYGADENUS. Star Lily. Stem simple, scape-like. Leaves folded lengthwise; from narrow to broadly linear; obscurely nerved, mostly basal. In- florescence in terminal racemes or panicles. Flowers erect, rather large; perfect or polygamous. Perianth-segments all colored alike, white or greenish-white; withering-persistent; each with a green or greenish -yellow glandular spot at base. Anthers 1-celled. Styles 3, distinct. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule. 1. Z. paniculatus Wats. Plant rather stout. Leaves .usually broad and sheathing. Flowers mostly perfect, their segments acute, rhorrbic-ovate, short-clawed. Gland large. Filaments adnate to base of claws. April-June. On dry, gravelly hills. Locally called "Poison Sego" and "Coxcomb." SPRING FLORA 9. CAMASSIA. (Quamassia.) Camas. Leaves basal, linear, flat. Flowers pale-blue or white, slightly gibbous; each with 6 3-7-nerved, spreading segments. Pedicels jointed. Bracts scarious. Anthers introrse. Style long and slender, its base persistent. Ovary 3-angled; be- coming a loculicidal capsule, each cell of which contains several black, shining seeds. 1. C. quaimish Greene. (Quamassia quamash (Pursh) Co- ville.) Perianth irregular, with 3- or 5-nerved segments; flower-buds gibbous on one side. Wet meadows. May. IRIDACE-ffi. Iris Family. Herbs with equitant 2-ranked leaves. Flowers from a spathe of 2 or more bracts ; usually showy. Stamens 3, with extrorse anthers. Style 3- cleft at apex. Ovary "inferior," 3-celled, becoming a 3-lobed capsule. Outer perianth-segments recurved; inner erect 1. Iris All the perianth -segments alike 2. Sisyrinchlum 1. IRIS. Flag; Flower-de-luce. Leaves from thickened horizontal rootstalks. Flowers showy; solitary or in a forked corymb. Stamens distinct; underneath the arched, petaloid style-branches. 1. I. missouriensis Nutt. Stems V 2 -2 ft. high. Leaves shorter than the stem. Flowers usually 2; pale blue, with segments 2-3 inches long. In swamps. 2. SISYRINCHIUM. Stems simple or branched, flattened and 2-edged; from fibrous roots. Leaves grass-like. Inflorescence umbellate, from a 2-leaved spathe. Stamens monadelphous. 1. S. angustifolium Mill. Erect or ascending, smooth, 3-14 in. high, the stem distinctly winged. Spathes green; floral envelopes violet or rarely white. Capsules dull-brown or pur- plish-tinged. Wet meadows. May-July. ORDER ORCHIDALES. ORCHIDACE^. Orchid Family. Perennial herbs with mostly alternate leaves. Flowers usually bracted; often showy. Sepals 3, petal- like. Petals 3. very irregular; the lowest one called the "lip." Fertile stamens 1 or 2 ; stamens and style united into a central column. Pollen usually in waxy OF THE WASATCH REGION 9 masses called 'pollinia (granular in Cypripedium). Ovary "inferior," 1-celled, with .3 parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule. With large green leaves; perfect anthers 2; flowers showy 1. Cypripedium Without green leaves; anther 1; flowers not showy 2. Corallorhiza 1. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady's Slipper; Mocassin Flower. Stems pubescent, from coarsely-fibrous roots. Leaves con- spicuously nerved; sheathing at the base. Flowers large. Sepals spreading; the two lower usually united. Petals usually spreading, the lip an inflated sac. Fertile stamens 2, with the rudiments of a third. Column declined. Stigma terminal. 1. C. parviflorum Salisb. Yellow Lady's Slipper. Stem 8-18 in. high, leafy at the top. Flowers 1-3, both the sepals and the lateral petals greenish-yellow; lip yellow. In timber along streams. May-July. Rare. 2. CORALLORHIZA. Coral-root. Root-parasites; stems from fleshy, branched, coral-like rootstalks. Flowers racemose, in a solitary scape with 2-4 membranous sheaths; brownish, yellowish or purplish; pedicels reflexed in fruit. Sepals and petals ascending, the lateral sepals oblique at the base. 1. C. multiflora Nutt. Scape many-flowered, 1-2 ft. high. Sepals and petals 3 -nerved; spur of sepals adnate to ovary; lip nearly sessile, 3-lobed by a deep cleft on each side. Cap- sule */2~ A. in. long, narrowed to a short, rather stout pedicel. Rich, moist soil in mountains, May-August. ORDER SALICALES. SALICACE^:. Willow Family. Dioecious shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves. Stipules present, but soon falling off. Flowers in catkins, 1 to each bract of the catkin. Ovary 1-celled with or without a style and with 2 more or less lobed stigmas. Fruit a 1-celled, 2-valved capsule containing many downy-tufted seeds. Bract entire. Flowers with small glands; disks none. Buds with a single scale 1. Salix Bracts irregularly incised at apex as if torn. Flowers with a broad or cup-shaped disk somewhat re- sembling a calyx. Buds resinous, with several stales 2. Populus 10 SPRING FLORA 1. SAL.IX. Willow. Shrubs or trees, usually near water. Leaves pinnately- veined. Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. Bracts of catkins often hairy. Stamens 1-10: their filaments distinct or rarely united. Pistillate catkins erect or spreading. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Stamens 3-7; leaves lanceolate, serrate or serrulate. Petioles not glandular ................. 1. S. amygdaloldes Petioles glandular ....................... 2. S. Fendlerlana Stamens 2. Leaves obtuse ............... . .......... 3. S. Schoulcrlana Leaves acute. Leaves linear ............................. 4, S. exigua Leaves cordate or subcordate. ... 5. S. cordata Watsonl 1. S. amyg'daloidcK Anders. Peach-leaved or Black Willow. A small tree. Leaves lanceolate with short acuminate apex and serrulate margins; 2-4 inches long; under surface paler than the upper; petioles slender, without glands. Staminate catkins elongated, the flowers with caducous, light-yellow bracts. Stamens 3-5; their filaments hairy, at least below. Capsule smooth, stipitate. 2. S. Fendleriaiia Anders. (S. lasiandra Fendleriana Bebb; S. pentandra caudata Nutt. ; S. lasiandra caudata (Nutt.) Sud- worth.) A slender tree sometimes reaching a height of 20 ft. Water sprouts bright yellow. Leaves green on both sides; narrowly lanceolate; long-acuminate; closely glandular-serrate. Petioles short; glandular. Staminate catkins densely flowered; 1-2 inches long. Stamens 3-7. mostly 5. Style short; stigmas 2, each 2-lobed. 3. S. Schouleriana Barratt. (S. Nuttallii Sarg. ; S. flavescens Nutt.) Usually shrubby but sometimes a slender tree. Leaves 2-3 inches long.obovate or oblanceolate; usually obtuse; wedge- shaped at base: upper surface at first downy, but becoming glabrate and dull-green. Catkins appearing before the leaves; scales black, very silky. Stamens 2. their filaments smooth. Pistillate catkins on peduncles, in fruit usually at least 2 inches long; stigmas long, sessile; entire or deeply parted. Capsules hairy, stipitate. Along mountain streams. April- June, according to altitude. The freshly-cut wood sometimes has a disagreeable skunk-like odor. 4. S. exisriia Nutt. (S. nevadensis Wats.; S. luteosericea Rydb.; S. longifolia exigua Nutt.) Tall, bushy shrub. Leaves entire, broadly linear, obscurely-veined. Catkins appearing just before, with or just after the leaves; bracts yellow, cadu- cous. Stamens 2; their filaments hairy. Capsule smooth, sessile. April-May, 4,000-7,000 ft. 5. S. cordata Watsonl Bebb. (S. Watsoni (Bebb) Rydb.; S. flava Rydb.; S. lutea Nutt.) Bushy shrubs with smooth branches, light-yellow (at least when young). Leaves light- green; elliptical, short-acuminate; entire or obscurely serru- late, 1-3 inches long; obtuse or subcordate at base. Stipules oblique, usually large and persistent. Catkins leafy-bracted. peduncled; appearing before the leaves. Stamens 2, their fila- ments smooth. Capsule glabrous; long-stipitate. April-May. OP THE WASATCH REGION 11 2. POPUL.US. Poplar; Cotton wood; Aspen. Trees, often of excurrent habit, and with brittle branches. Buds scaly, covered with a resinous varnish. Leaves leathery. Flowers in catkins appearing before the leaves; long and drooping. Stamens many. Petioles flattened laterally. Styles 2; terminal buds small, but slightly resinous- viscid. Mature leaves smooth on both sides.. 1. P. tremuluides Mature leaves becoming smooth above; white- tomentose below 2. P. alba Styles 2-4; terminal buds large and very resinous- viscid. Leaves truncate at base. Branches spreading 3. P. deltoides Branches erect 4. P. nlgrra Petioles terete or channeled; not laterally flattened. Leaves broadly ovate 5. P. eandlcans Leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate. Leaves acute, short-petioled 6. P. angustifolla Leaves acuminate, long-petioled 7. P. acuminata 1. P. tremuloides Michx. Quaking Asp; American Aspen. A slender tree with smooth, light-green branches. Leaves broadly ovate or roundish, short-acuminate; margin crenulate and ciliate; moving with the slightest breeze. Mountain slopes, usually at altitudes of 7,000-9,000 ft. in the Great Basin. March -May. 2. P. alba L. White or Silver-leaved Poplar. A large tree in moist climates, but seldom exceeding 75 ft. in the Great Basin. Branches smooth, covered with a white bloom; the trunk light-green. Leaves broadly ovate or roundish, palmately 3-5-lobed or merely coarsely dentate; petioles shorter than the blade, sometimes scarcely flattened. Catkins greenish. Sta- mens 6-20. Cultivated. March-May. 3. P. deltoides Marsh. (P. monilifera Ait.) Carolina or Necklace Poplar. The largest tree of the genus; with grayish - green bark, becoming rough when old. Leaves glabrous; broadly ovate-triangular; abruptly acuminate at apex; crenu- late; truncate at base; petioles stout. Bracts glabrous, deeply fringed. Stamens 60 or more. Pistillate catkins loosely- flowered, becoming 6-10 inches- long in fruit. Capsules on slender pedicels. Cultivated. April-May. 4. P. iiiyra L. Black Poplar; Lombardy Poplar. Tall trees usually with excurrent trunks, sometimes reaching a height of 100 ft. Leaves broadly deltoid with an abruptly acuminate apex and a crenate margin; obtuse or broadly wedge-shaped at the base. Staminate catkins 1-2 inches long; stamens about 20 to each flower. Pistillate catkins 2-5 inches long, spreading. Capsule very obtuse, on pedicels much shorter than capsule. Cultivated. April-May. 5. P. candicans Ait. (P. balsamifera candicans (Ait.) Gray.) Balm of Gilead. A large much -branched tree (20-90 ft. high) with large very resinous terminal buds. Leaves broad, more or less heart-shaped; their lower surfaces and the petioles hairy. Styles 2-4, with dilated lobes. Cultivated. April. 12 SPRING FLORA 6. P. angustifolia James. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood. A slender tree (sometimes reaching- a height of 70 ft.) with ascending- branches and gray twigs. Leaves lanceolate, lance- olate-ovate or ovate; acute or acuminate or some obtuse; finely crenulate; short-petioled (much resembling willow leaves in general appearance). Capsules ovoid, short-pedicelled. Along- mountain streams. April-May. 7. P. acuminata Rydb. Much like the last, but the leaves are more rhomboid-lanceolate, are abruptly long-acuminate, and are long-petioled. BETULACE^l. Birch Family. Monoecious shrubs or trees with slender branches. Leaves simple and alternate, with deciduous stipules. Staminate flowers in catkins ; pistillate ones in clusters, spikes or scaly cone-like catkins. Stamens 2-8; stig- mas 2. Ovary 2-celled, ripening into a winged or wingless nut. Pistillate inflorescence persistent 1. Alnus Pistillate inflorescence deciduous 2. Betula 1. ALNUS. Alder. Shrubs or trees growing near streams. Flowers developed before or with the leaves. Staminate catkins long and droop- ing, with 3 flowers to each scale. Stamens 3-6 (usually 4). Pistillate catkins ascending-, at length erect; their bracts becoming woody and cone-like, and remaining on the tree through the winter. Fruit with or without wings. 1. A. tenuifolia Nutt. "(A. incana yirescens S. Wats.) A small tree (8-20 ft. high), the trunk with greenish-gray bark, and branches reddish -brown. Winter-buds obtuse. Leaves ovate, sharply double-toothed; light-green and smooth on 'both sides or slightly pubescent; strongly veined. Flowers pro- duced early in spring before the leaves; the catkins are developed from terminal naked buds of the preceding year's growth. Peduncles shorter than the "cones." Bracts of both inflorescences dark-red while in bud; the fertile ones becoming light-brown in fruit. Seeds with thin membranous margins. March-April, 4,800-9,000 ft. 2. BETULA. Birch. Smooth-barked shrubs or slender trees growing 1 near streams. Staminate catkins sessile; long: and drooping; the flowers usually 3 to each scale of bract; each flower consisting of a scale-like and shield-shaped calyx, which bears 2 2-forked filaments. Each fork of filament bears an anther-cell. Pis- tillate catkins cylindrical to ovoid, erect; flowers 2-3 to each 3-lobed bract, with neither calyx nor bractlets; the bracts dropping away from their axis as soon as seeds are mature. 1. B. fontinalis Sargent. (B. microphylla Bunge.) Black Birch. Shrub or slender tree 9-20 ft. high, with reddish-brown bark conspicuously marked with whitish, horizontal lenticels and with glandular-warty drooping branches. Leaves broadly ovate; sparingly pubescent; serrate with glandular teeth. April-May, 4,600-8,000 ft. OF THE WASATCH REGION 13 ORDER FAGALES. FAGACE-ffi. Beech Family. Monoecious shrubs or trees. Leaves simple and alternate (%), with deciduous stipules. Flowers regu- lar. Staminate flowers in catkins of small heads, each with 4-7 sepals, no petals and 4-20 stamens. Pistillate flowers in spikes, in capitate clusters, or solitary, with sepals soon dropping off, no petals and ovary 3-7-celled. Styles 3. Fruit a 1-seeded nut, more or less surrounded by a small cup (the hardened and enlarged involucre). 1. QUERCUS. Oak. Shrubs or trees, often with deeply pinnately-lobed or cleft leaves. Flowers greenish or yellowish. Staminate catkins thread-like and drooping; one or several from the same scaly bud. Calyx 2-8-lobed. Pistillate flowers usually solitary. Stigmas 3. Ovary enclosed in a cup-like involucre; 3-celled and 6-ovuled (only 1 of the ovules maturing). Cup covering about % of the acute, ovoid acorn. 1. Q,. Gambellli Cup covering about l / 3 of the obtuse, barrel-shaped acorn 2. Q. Gunuisonii 1. Q. Gambellii Nutt. (Q. undulata Gambellii Engelm.) Scrub Oak. A shrub 10-15 ft. high or rarely tree-like. Leaves more or less lobed; leathery; rather bright green and glabrate above, puberulent or glabrate below; dropping from the tree soon after frost. In more or less dense patches on the lower mountain slopes. May. 2. Q. Gunnisonii (Torr.) Rydb. (Q. alba Gunnisonii Torr. ; Q. undulata Gunnisonii Torr.; Q. novo-mexicana Rydb.) A shrub 3-10 ft. high. Leaves firm; green and sparingly stellate or at length glabrate above, puberulent below; very leathery; lobes extending not more than half-way to the midrib, the lobes entire. 2a. Q,. Gunnisonii utahensis (Rydb.) A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 30 ft. or more. Leaves almost velvety beneath, deeply divided. URTICACE-ffi. Nettle Family. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves with stipules, the latter often deciduous. Flowers monoecious, dioecious, polygamous, or perfect; not showy. Calyx regular; free from the ovary. Corolla none. Stamens fewer or as many as the lobes of the calyx, and opposite them. 14 SPRING FLORA Ovary 1- (rarely 2-) celled, ripening into a 1-seeded winged or wingless fruit. Fruit a samara 1. uimu Fruit multiple, consisting- of an aggregation of achenes, each of which is surrounded by the fleshy and juicy calyx 2. Mom* Fruit a berry-like drupe 3. Celtis 1. ULMUS. Elm. Trees or rarely shrubs with deeply-furrowed bark. Leaves alternate, serrate, strongly pinnately-veined; oblique or heart- shaped at base. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous; axillary; appearing in the spring before the leaves and on branches of the preceding year, or in the autumn on growth of the year. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long slender filaments. Styles 2, divergent, stigmatic along the inner surface. Ovary 1-2-celled, ripening into a samara, the wing of which extends all around the seed. Bud-scales glabrous; flowers on long pedicels.. 1. U. americana Bud-scales coated with rusty hairs; flowers on short pedicels 2. U. fulva 1. U. americana L. White Elm. Leaves smooth or slightly rough above, soft-pubescent below; oblong-obovate, usually doubly-serrate. Flowers in clusters of 3-4, appearing before the leaves. Styles light-green. Fruit on long stems, y 2 inch long, ciliate on the margins, deeply notched at apex. Culti- vated. March -April. 2. U. fulva Michx. Red or Slippery Elm. A small or medium - sized tree with reddish wood, downy twigs, and mucilaginous inner bark. Bud scales downy with rust-colored hairs. Leaves elliptical-ovate, long-acuminate, doubly-serrate; the upper sur- face very rough. Flowers on very short downy pedicels in crowded clusters. Fruit nearly round, slightly notched at apex, but not ciliate. Cultivated. March-April. 2. MOIIUS. Mulberry. Trees with milky sap. Leaves simple, toothed, alternate; with stipules that soon drop off. Inflorescence spicate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; greenish. Calyx 4-parted; its lobes- ovate. Stamens 4. Styles 2, slender. Ovary 2-celled (the smaller cell not maturing), ripening into an achene which is covered by the juicy, berry-like calyx. All the achenea of the flower-cluster remain together as a juicy and edible mul- tiple fruit, much resembling a blackberry in shape. Upper surface of leaves rough; lower surface downy 1. M. rnbra Upper surface of leaves smooth and shining 2. M. alba 1. M. rubra L. Red Mulberry. A large tree, sometimes reaching a height of 65 ft. Leaves ovate, or palmately-lobed on young shoots; somewhat heart-shaped at base; acute or acuminate. Fruit l-iy 2 inches long; dark-purple. April-May. 2. M. alba L. White or Chinese Mulberry. Tree somewhat smaller than No. 1. Leaves ovate, with or without a heart- shaped base; lobed; acute; smooth and shining. Fruit white, about ^ inch long; oblong or subglobose. Cultivated. May. OF THE WASATCH REGION 15 3. CELTIS. Hackberry. Trees (sometimes shrubby) with light bark in rough ridges. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers greenish; appearing with the leaves. 1. C. retlculata Torr. A bushy tree or shrub, usually 10 ft. or less in height in the Great Basin; bark of trunk very rough. Leaves thick and leathery, strongly netted-veined; lanceolate or elliptical to ovate; acute, acuminate or sometimes obtuse; entire or serrate above the middle; base decidedly oblique. Fruit green, becoming orange-red. Limestone cliffs. May. ORDER SANTALAL.ES. SANTALACE^E, Sandal-wood Family. Partially parasitic perennial shrubs or herbs with rather woody base and entire, alternate, almost or altogether sessile leaves. Flowers dioecious or perfect with 4-5-cleft calyx and no corolla; stamens equal in number to the calyx-lobes and opposite them ; style 1 ; ovary 1-celled, containing 2-4 ovules borne on a free- central placenta. Fruit accessory. Seeds without a true seed^coat. 1. COMANDRA. False Toad-flax. Erect glaucous herbs, branching from a woody base. Leaves elliptical to lanceolate. Inflorescence an umbel-like cyme. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell -shaped, its tube adnate to the ovary. Fruit a berry-like drupe, crowned by the persistent calyx like a rose-hip. 1. C. pallldn A. DC. Pale Comandra, Pale, with terminal cymes of small greenish-white flowers. Fruit about the size of a small pea. On dry exposed plains and hillsides. April- July. 4,000-6,000 feet. ORDER POt.YGONAl.ES. POLYGONACE-ffi. Buckwheat Family. Annual or perennial herbs (sometimes more or less woody at base), with entire and usually alternate and stipulate leaves. The stipules (if present) form sheaths (ocreae) above the swollen joints of the stem. Inflorescence terminal or axillary. Flowers small, regular, perfect (or sometimes monoecious, dioecious or 16 SPRING FLORA polygamous). Calyx 3-cleft; more or less persistent. Corolla none. Stamens 4-12, borne on base of calyx. Pistil of 2-3 stigmas, 2-3 styles, a "superior" 1-eelled and 1-seeded ovary that ripens into a 3-angled achene. Stipules wanting; stamens 9; flowers mostly involu- crate 1. Eriogouum Stipules conspicuous; stamens 4-8; flowers not involu- crate 2. Rumcx 1. ERIOGONUM. Annual or perennial, some species woody at base. Stems branched or unbranched, often tufted. Leaves basal, alternate, opposite or whorled. Inflorescence various. Flowers small; perfect; usually involucrate. Calyx 6-cleft or -parted, usually bright-colored; persistent about the achene. Stamens 9, in- cluded or exserted. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achenes 3- angled (rarely 3-winged). Flowers not stalk -like at base 1. E. ovalifolium Flowers stalk-like at base. Peduncles leafy-bracted; leaves narrow, tomentose on both sides 2. E. heracleoides Peduncles naked or 1-bracted; leaves broader, gla- brous or glabrate above 3. E. umbellatum 1. E. ovalifolium Nutt. Silver Plant. Low and caespitose. perennial from a short caudex; densely white-woolly. Leaves round or oblong. Involucres in a single compact head. Bracts of 3 scales. Flowers white or yellowish, or reddish-purple with age. Calyx lobes very unequal. Sandy hillsides. June- July. 2. E. heracleoides Nutt. A tomentose perennial. Leaves spatulate-oblanceolate; tomentose but green above, white-woolly below; margins more or less undulate. Inflorescence umbellate, on a whorled and leafy-bracted peduncle. Flowers cream- colored or yellowish; glabrous. Achenes not winged. Hillsides. May-Sept. 3. E. umbellatum Torr. Sulphur-flower. Tomentose peren- nial herbs. Leaves spatulate-oblanceolate; smooth and shining above, white-woolly below. Inflorescence umbellate, on a long, naked (or rarely 1-bracted) peduncle. Flowers yellow, gla- brous, usually turning reddish in fading. Achenes not winged. E. umbelliferum Greene is a form with under surface of leaves nearly glabrous when mature. E. umbellatum majus Benth. (E. subalpinum Greene) has cream-colored instead of yellow flowers, and is found at lower elevations than the type. Moun- tain ridges, 5,000-9,000 ft. May-Sept. 2. RUMEX. Sour-dock. Annual or perennial mostly coarse and homely herbs, with grooved stems. Stipular sheaths conspicuous. Inflorescence a, panicled raceme. Flowers dioecious, polygamous or perfect; on jointed pedicels; not involucrate; whorled; small and green- ish. Sepals 6, in 2 sets of 3;' the inner set veiny, sometimes with a tubercle on back; enlarging in fruit, (and then called valves OF THE WASATCH REGION 17 or wings) and converging around the 3-angled achene. Style 3-parted; stigmas tufted, shield-shaped. Inner perianth-lobes entire, undulate or denticulate; never spiny-toothed. Margins of leaves not at all wavy or crisped. . 1. R. venosus Margins of leaves more or less wavy or crisped. Leaves broad. Joints of pedicels obscure 2. R. occidental^ Joints of pedicels swollen 3. R. Patentla Leaves narrow 4. R. crispus Inner perianth-lobes spiny-toothed 5. R. obtusifollus 1. R. venosus Pursh. Veined Dock. Stems ascending or erect, from running rootstalks. Leaves smooth, rather thick, usually light green. Fruit very showy, resembling that of some Begonias. Valves large, entire, without tubercles, cor- date; waxy and bright rose-color, fading to light-brownish. In saline soil. May-June. 2. R. occidentalis "Wats. Western Dock. Stems smooth, stout, erect, 2-3 ft. high; more or less purple-tinged. Leaves large, glossy, elliptical, with cordate or subcordate base. Fruit small (y^-Vs inch in diameter), on pedicels 2-3 times its length. Valves sometimes rosy; broadly ovate or nearly round, often denticulate; all without tubercles or one of them with a thickened midrib; their apices obtuse. In moist or wet places. May-August. 3. R. I'atentia L. Patience Dock. A perennial weed about as tall as No. 2, with green and glabrous stems. Leaves dark- green; lanceolate or elliptical with rounded or decurrently- acute base. Fruit about the size of that of No. 2, on pedicels nearly twice its length. Valves heart-shaped, nearly or quite entire; one of them bearing a small tubercle, or its midrib merely thickened at base. In moist or wet places. May-August. 4. R. crispu* L. Yellow Dock. Stem smooth, erect, about 2 ft. high. Leaves dark-green; lanceolate with strongly- crisped margins. Flowers in wand-like racemes; pedicels con- spicuously swollen at the joints Fruit -smaller than that of No. 2. Valves greenish, or red at the , tubercles; round-heart- shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire; usually all of them bearing prominent tubercles. A common weed of waste and cultivated ground, especially near irrigation ditches. May- August. 5. R. obtuslfolitis L. Bitter Dock. Stem roughish, erect, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves membranous; the lowest ovate-heart-shaped, mostly obtuse; the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute. Fruit smaller than No. 2. Valves ovate-halberd-shaped, spinulose on the margin; one of them bearing a tubercle. In moist places, especially along irrigation ditche^. June-August. ORDER CHENOPODIALES. CHENOPODIACE.ffi. Goosefoot Family. Herbs (often fleshy), sometimes shrubby. Leaves usually simple, alternate, exstipulate (reduced to scales or ridges in some salt-desert species). Flowers small 18 SPRING FLORA green or greenish; monoecious, dioecious, polygamous or perfect. Calyx persistent (sometimes wanting) ; 2-5-lobed or parted, or reduced to a single sepal. Corolla none. Stamens equalling in number, or less than, the calyx-lobes, and opposite them. Anthers 2-celled. Pistil of 1-3 stigmas, an equal number of styles, and a "superior," 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a utricle. Flowers perfect or polygamous; not enclosed in bract- lets i. Monolepls Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the pistillate enclosed in 2 bractlets 2. Atrlplex 1. MONOL.EPIS. Low and homely glabrous or somewhat mealy annuals. Leaves small; alternate; petioled. Sepal 1, green and bract- like. Stamen 1. Styles 2. 1. M. Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Wats. (M. chenopodioides Moq.) Much-branched from the base, somewhat succulent, rather pale-green. Leaves lanceolate-hastate, changing upward into leafy bracts. Flowers small, clustered in the axils; often red- dish. Saline soil. May-July. 2. ATRIPL.EX. (Obione.) Saltbush; Orache. Herbs or shrubs, usually mealy or scurfy. Flowers often in spikes; staminate flowers bractless and consisting of a 3-5- parted calyx and 3-5 stamens; the pistillate without perianth biit bracted, the bracts enlarging in fruit. Styles 2. Bracts not winged on the back; leaves ovate to obovate 1. A. confertifolla Bracts broadly 4-winged on the back; leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong 2. A. canescens 1. A. confertifolia "Wats. Shad -scale. A shrubby much- branched perennial, 1-4 ft. hfgh; the branches somewhat spiny. Leaves entire; wedge-shaped at base. Flower-clusters small and axillary. Bracts round-wedge-shaped, united at base; thick and scurfy; their margins entire. Dry exposed places among rocks (especially calcareous tufa) on hills. June. 2. A. oanescens (Pursh) James. A pale-green, shrubby, much-branched perennial; 1-4 ft. high. Leaves entire. Flowers mostly dioecious, in short, terminal spikes and in axillary clusters. Bracts ovate, united nearly to their tops; their wings thin, sinuately dentate. Dry saline soil. June-July. OF THE WASATCH REGION 19 NYCTAGINACE^I. Four-o'clock Family. Herbs with, stems swollen at the joints. Leaves mostly entire and opposite. Inflorescence terminal or axillary. Flowers often showy, involucrate; tubular, salver-shaped or funnel-form. Stamens few, borne on the receptacle; filaments thread-like. Style short; stigma capitate. Ovary 1-eelled, 1-ovuled; enclosed by the persistent, thickened and hardened base of the calyx- tube, thus becoming- in fruit an anthocarp. Bracts distinct; stamens usually 5 1. Abronia Bracts united; stamens usually 3 2. Oxybaphus 1. ABRONIA. Sand Puffs. Stems branching, more or less glandular-pubescent. Leaves thick, opposite, mostly unequal. Inflorescence a many-flow- ered umbel, surrounded by an involucre of distinct bracts. Flowers showy, fragrant. Perianth salver-form, with an elongated tube and a 5-lobed limb. Stamens unequal; peri- gynous. Fruit crested or winged. Only 1 of the cotyledons becomes developed in the embryo. 1. A. salsa Rydb. A perennial with a long, viscid-pubescent, rather stragging stem. Leaves thick, on long petioles; stem- leaves elliptic, and the basal leaves often broadly oval. In- volucral bracts broadly obovate; obtusish. Flowers many. Fruit distinctly winged, the wings very broad and nearly trun- cate above. Sandy saline soil. May-October. Locally called "Snow-ball." 2. OXYBAPHUS. (Allionia). Four-o'clock. Herbs from thick, perennial roots. Leaves entire, opposite; equal. Flowers sessile; 3-5 in each of the shallow, calyx-like involucres; the latter of united bracts, which enlarge and be- come thin and net-veined in fruit. Calyx with a short tube and a bell-shaped limb. Stamens usually 3. Style thread-like. Fruit (an anthocarp) pubescent or angled; pear-shaped, longi- tudinally ribbed. 1. O. linearls (Pursh) Robinson. (Allionia linearis Pursh; O. angustifolia Sweet.) Tall, much-branched and brittle; gla- brous except the more or less hairy peduncles and involucres. Leaves linear, thick and glaucous; sessile or nearly so. Flowers showy; pale-pink or white; opening in the evening. Gravelly plains and hillsides. June-August. ORDER CARYOPHYL.LJ* LES. CARYOPHYLLACE-ffi. Pink or Chickweed Family. Herbs with the stems often swollen at the joints. Leaves entire; opposite, or the uppermost alternate; 20 SPRING FLORA usually without stipules. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, often clawed; or none. Stamens 3-10, borne on the calyx or on the receptacle. Styles 2-5. Ovary 1- (rarely 3-5-) celled; seeds several or many, borne on a central pla- centa. Fruit a capsule (or rarely a utricle). Calyx of united sepals. Styles 2 1. Supoiiaria Styles 3, or rarely 4 2. Sllene Calyx of distinct sepals. Petals (if present) entire or slightly notched. . 3. Arenaria Petals (if present) deeply notched. Pod short and straight; styles usually 3.... 4. Stellarla Pods long- and often curved; styles usually 5 5. Cerastium 1. SAPONARIA. (Includes Vaccaria.) Soapwort. Herbs with erect or diffuse stems and rather broad leaves. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5; entire or slightly notched, long- clawed. Stamens 10. 1. S. Vaccaria L. (Vaccaria Vaccaria Britton; V. vulgaris Host.) Cow Herb; Cow Cockle. A dichotomously-branched erect-stemmed glabrous annual 1-3 ft. high. Leaves lance- plate or ovate-lanceolate; clasping at base. Flowers pink, % inch broad, on long and slender pedicels; in corymbose cymes. Calyx strongly 5-angled, enlarged in fruit. Petals crenulate, without scales at base. In dry, sandy soil. June-August. 2. SII.ENE. Catchfly. Flowers solitary, cymose or panicled. Calyx cylindric; 4-5- toothed. Petals 4-5, narrow-clawed. In some species, each petal has 2 scales at base, and these scales collectively form a crown. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a capsule. Annual or biennial; inflorescence a cyme or panicle 1. S. antirrlilna Perennial; flowers solitary in the forks of leafy branches 2. S. Menzleali 1. S. antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. Slender, glabrous, with a part of each joint viscid and colored red or brown; 4-20 inches high. Leaves narrowly-lanceolate to linear; sessile or the lowermost narrowed into a petiole. Flowers small; in a loose cymose panicle; becoming fully expanded only in bright sun- shine. Petals pale-pink; obcordate, minutely-crowned. On dry, gravelly hills. June-September. 2. S. Menziesii Hook. Glandular-puberulent, much- branched, 6-18 inches high. Leaves sessile, or the lowermost short-petioled; elliptical or lanceolate. Inflorescence leafy; axillary and terminal. Peduncles slender, as long as the leaves. Flowers v /z~Vz inch long. Calyx 5-toothed, much shorter than the corolla, and about the length of the capsule. Petals white, 2-cleft, without scales. In moist shaded places, especially near mountain streams. June-August. 6,000-10,000 ft.' OP THE WASATCH REGION 21 3. ARENARIA. Sandwort. Mostly low and tufted. Leaves sessile; often rigid and subulate. Flowers white or sometimes tinged with pink; in cymes, panicles or sometimes capitate. Sepals 5. Petals 5 or none. Stamens 10. Styles usually 3. Capsules globose or oblong. 1. A. nintahensis A. Nelson. Perennial from a much-branched caudex; caespitose. Leaves chiefly basal on the crowns; fas- cicled; needle-shaped. Stems slender, erect, few-leaved. Cyme loose. Sepals narrowly ovate, acute, scarious. Petals obtuse. Capsule slightly shorter than the styles. In crevices of rocks on mountain-slopes, usually in exposed situations. June-July. 4. STEL-L.ARIA. (Alsine.) Chickweed; Stitchwort. Low annuals, often with 4-sided stems. Leaves exstipulate; sessile or rarely petioled. Inflorescence cymose or solitary. Sepals free to the base, or nearly so. Petals white. Stamens 10 or less. Styles usually 3. Fruit an ovate or oblong straight capsule, which in discharging its seeds splits to the base. Lowest leaves petioled 1. S. nitens Leaves all sessile 2. S. longipea 1. S. nitens Nutt. (Alsine nitens (Nutt.) Greene.) Erect with very slender stems (3-7 inches high); glabrous or slightly hairy below. Leaves linear, acute; sessile or the lowermost contracted into slender petioles. Inflorescence strict with erect pedicels, or the flowers sessile. Petals half as long as the sepals, or sometimes wanting. Capsules oblong, almost as long as the calyx. Dry gravelly meadows. May. 2. S. longripes Goldie. (Alsine longipes (Goldie) Coville.) Starwort. Stems weak; erect or decumbent; very slender; 6-10 inches high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat keeled, light- green. Inflorescence terminal, dichotomously forked; few- flowered; with small, papery bracts. Capsule ovoid, longer than calyx; on erect pedicels. Shaded or wet places. May- August. 5. CERASTITJM. Mouse-ear' Chickweed; Powder-horn. Pubescent or rarely glabrous herbs with dichotomous cymes of white flowers. Sepals 5, or sometimes only 4. Petals (if present) as many as the sepals. Stamens 10 or rarely less. Styles 5 or rarely 4. Capsule cylindrical; dehiscing by 8-10 apical teeth. 1. C. brnchypodum Robinson. A viscid-pubescent annual, 3-10 inches high. Lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. nar- rowed into a petiole; upper linear to lanceolate, sessile. Petals longer than the sepals. Pedicels in fruit 1-3 times the length of the calyx; .-straight or nearly so. Capsules 2-3 times the length of the calyx. Among blue-grass in lawns. May-Sept. 22 SPRING FLORA PORTULACACE-ffi. Purslane Family. Herbs, usually from underground stems or thickened roots. Leaves succulent, entire, exstipulate. Inflor- escence cymose, racemose or solitary. Flowers mostly ephemeral, opening only on bright, sunshiny days; regular, complete, unsymmetrical. Sepals 2 (rarely 4-8). Petals usually 5, fragile and becoming very thin in pressed specimens. Stamens hypogynous, 3-many, usually of the same number as the petals. Styles 2-3- cleft or divided. Ovary 1-celled, "superior," ripening into a capsule. Petals distinct 1. Cluytonia Petals united at the base forming a short tube 2. Montia 1. CLAYTONIA. Spring Beauty. Annual or perennial succulent herbs often from a deep- seated tuber. Leaves entire. Inflorescence in terminal ra- cemes or cymes. Flowers showy; proterandrous; not ephemeral; pink with darker veins of the same color (or in some species yellow). Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5, all of the same length. Stamens 5. Ovules about 6. Stems and the basal leaves from a thick caudex; stem- leaves alternate 1. C. megarrhiza Stems and the basal leaves from a tuber-like corm; stem leaves opposite 2. C. lanceolata 1. C. megarrhiza Parry. Perennial from a large root (often a foot long). Basal leaves rosette-forming; spatulate to broadly wedge-shaped. Stem leaves 2 (or rarely more) ; usually alternate; linear to spatulate, narrowing toward the base. Scapes cymose. May. 2. C. lanceolata Pursh. (C. caroliniana sessilifolia Torr.) Stem 4-12 inches long. Basal leaf narrow; stem leaves 2, lanceolate or linear. Raceme cymose, sessile or nearly so; few-flowered; scarious-bracted. On moist mountain slopes. April -May. 2. MONTIA. Indian, Miners' or Spanish Lettuce. Mostly annuals. Roots fibrous. Sepals 2. Petals 3-5; mostly unequal, and usually slightly united at base. Stamens usually 3, borne at the base of the corolla. Ovules 2-5. Calyx 4-25ths of an inch long; seeds 2-25ths of an inch broad ' 1. M. perfoliata Calyx 2-25ths of an inch long; seeds l-25th of an inch broad. Basal leaves linear 2. M. parvlflora Basal leaves ovate 3. M. depressa OP THE WASATCH REGION 23 1. M. perfollata (Donn.) Howell. (Claytonia perfoliata Donn.) Stems erect or ascending-, unbranched, 3-12 inches high; each bearing- 2 leaves near the summit which are more or less united into a round or angulately 2-lobed rather shallow cup-shaped disk. Basal leaves rhomboid-ovate, with entire margins; long-petioled, but shorter than the stems. Inflores- cence racemose. Pedicels short, in fruit seldom longer than the calyx. Corollas white or pink. Petals and stamens 5. Cap- sule globose, 2-5-seeded. Shaded places near streams in rich soil. April -May. 2. M. parviflora (Dougl.) Howell. (Claytonia parviflora Dougl.) Stem more slender than that of No. 1; 3-12 inches high. Basal leaves narrowly linear to spatulate, on rather short petioles: stem-leaves forming a disk as in No. 1, or sometimes nearly separate. Pedicels slender; in fruit 2-6 times as long as -calyx. Corolla white or pink. Same habitat and time of flowering as No. 1. 3. M. depressa (A. Gray) Rydb. (M. parviflora depressa A. Gray). Depressed, a few inches high. Basal leaves broadly ovate or rhombic and petiolate; stem-leaves rather small and usually 2-angulate. Inflorescence glomerate or subumbellate. Flowers small, sessile. Corolla white or pink. Along streams in moist or in rather dry places, and on rather dry hills. April-June. ORDER RANAI.ES. RANUNCULACE-ffi. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family. Herbs with acrid juice. (Clematis is more or less woody) . Leaves without stipules ; basal or alternate (opposite in .Clematis). Flowers perfect or rarely dioecious, all their parts free and distinct. Sepals 3-15. generally caducous. Petals about as many as the sepals ; or wanting, in which case the sepals are usually colored like a corolla. Stamens many or rarely few. Carpels usually many, but solitary in some species; ripening- into achenes, follicles or berries. Leaves alternate or basal: stem not woody; sepals imbricate. Leaves once or more ternately-compound. Flowers small: petals, if present, not spurred. Petals none; fruit an achene 1. ThnHctrum Petals 3-10; fruit a berry 2. Actaea Flowers showy; petals spurred; fruit a fol- licle 3. Aquilegla Leaves variously lobed or divided: not compound. Flowers irregular; fruit a follicle 4. Delphinium Flowers regular; fruit an achene. Plant not submerged; petals yellow. . 5. Ranunculus Plant submerged; petals white 6. Batrachlum Leaves opposite; stem somewhat woody; sepals valv- ate . , , , , 7. Clcmatl 24 SPRING FLORA 1. THALICTRTJM. Meadow-Rue. Perennials, 1-4 ft. high. Petioles dilated at base. Flowers panicled or corymbed; perfect or dioecious. Sepals 4-7, regu- lar, greenish-white, petal-like. Carpels 4-15, ripening into achenes. 1. T. Pendleri Engelm. Granular or glandular-pubescent. Leaves triternate, petioled or the uppermost sessile; the leaflets petioled, small, roundish, 3-lobed. Flowers dioecious, panicled. Achenes large, with 8-10 prominent ribs. May-June. Along mountain streams in light shade. This plant is sometimes mistaken for Maidenhair fern. 2. ACTAEA. Baneberry. Tall erect branched herbs, often unpleasantly sfcented; perennial from a short and branched rootstalk. Leaves 2-3 times ternately compound. Flowers small, racemose, white, numerous, regular. Sepals 3-6; petal-like; petals narrow; clawed; smaller than sepals. Stamens numerous. Stigma ses- sile, 2-lobed. Carpel 1; ovary many-ovuled, ripening into a poisonous berry. 1. A. arguta Nutt. (A. spicata arguta Torr. Includes A. eburnea Rydb.) Bushy-branched, 7-15 inches high; glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaf long-petioled; the divisions pinnate, also long-petioled. Leaflets thin, prominently veined; ovate, sharply incised and with acute or acuminate teeth. Raceme ovoid, elongating in fruit. Petals spatulate. Berries scarlet or white; oval or nearly round. In rich soil near mountain streams or springs. May-June. 3. AQ,UILEGIA. Columbine. Perennials with large 2-3 ternately-compound leaves. Sepals 5, regular, petal-like. Petals 5, regular, each one usually pro- longed backward between the sepals into a hollow spur. Stamens many; the inner row being a white membranous tube of staminodia. Carpels 5. Follicles many-seeded. 1. A. flavescens Watson. Yellow Columbine. Stem 2-5 ft. high. Peduncles and carpels pubescent, the rest of plant gla- brous. Flowers nodding but becoming erect in fruit. Sepals pale-yellow, often tinged with red. Petals pale-yellow; their spurs more or less curved but scarcely hooked, knobbed at end. about as long as petals but shorter than the sepals. Stamens long-exserted. Along mountain streams, from 6,000-9,000 ft. May-July. 4. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur. Perennials with palmately-lobed, cleft or divided leaves and blue flowers in simple racemes. Sepals 5; irregular, the upper one being prolonged into a slender spur, colored like the corolla. Petals 4; irregular, the upper 2 fitting into the calyx- spur. Stamens numerous. Carpels 3, ripening into many-seeded follicles. Stem (at least above) usually viscid 1. D. bicolor Stem not viscid ,,.,,., 2. D. Nelsonli OF THE WASATCH REGION 25 1. D. blcolor Nutt. Stem erect from a cluster of thickened, fusiform roots. Leaves round in outline, twice palmately- parted; the ultimate segments narrow. Flowers few, rather large, the lateral petals about % inch long, indigo-blue; upper petals white or pale-yellow with blue veins. Pedicels longer than the flowers and fruit. Inflorescence not glandular. Dry hills. May-June. 2. D. Nelsonii Greene. Stem erect, puberulent but not viscid above, from a cluster of tuberous roots. Leaves firm; the basal ones pedatelj'-divided into linear segments, the long petioles sheathing the stem; the upper short petioled, less di- vided. Flowers few, dark-blue; the lateral petals about % inch long, somewhat pubescent; the lower petals 2-cleft, with a tuft of hairs near the middle. Dry hills. May-June. 5. RANUNCULUS. Buttercup; Crowfoot. Annual or perennial herbs with basal or alternate stem- leaves and solitary or corymbed yellow flowers. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5 or more, each with a nectiferous pit at base inside. Carpels numerous; capitate or spicate; ripening into achenes. Achenes spiny 1. R. arveiisis Achenes not spiny. Achenes longitudinally nerved; stolon- iferous 2. R. Cymbalaria Achenes not nerved. Plant glabrous. Stem hollow, about a foot high. ... 3. R. sceleratds Stem solid, much less than a foot high 4. R. digitatus Plant rough-hairy 5. R. Macouiiil 1. R. arvensis L. Corn Crowfoot; Hunger Weed. Erect, 8-18 inches high; glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves alternate, the lower ones petioled, broadly wedge-shaped and 3-toothed, or larger and deeply divided; the upper ones sessile. Flowers rather small (% inch across), pale yellow. Achenes 4-8. Along roadsides; introduced. June. 2. R. Cymbalaria Pursh. (Oxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl.; Halerpestes Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene). Strawberry Buttercup. Low. glaucous, spreading by runners. Leaves mostly basal, slender-petioled, subcordate with crenate mar- gins. Head of fruit oblong, longer than petals. Along ditches and around cold springs. April-October. 3. R. scelerntus eremogenes (Greene). A stout, coarse annual, 8-15 inches high, at length becoming much-branched. Leaves basal or alternate; all 3-parted or divided to near the base. (This distinguishes the variety from the type, in which the divisions do not extend more than halfway to the base.) Carpels in ovoid or cylindric heads, soon falling off. In mud of ponds and around cold springs. June-August. 4. R. dlgitatus Hook. (R. Jovis A. Nels.) Stem 2-3 Inches high, very glabrous. Roots thickened. Leaves few, digitately- lobed. Flowers 2-3, terminal, the sepals reflexed. Achenes tipped by the Recurved style. In moist soil on hillsides. March- July, 7.000-9,000 ft. 26 SPRING FLORA 5. R. Mncounil Britton. Bristly Crowfoot. A coarse, hairy plant, 1-2 ft. high, with spreading branches. Leaves 3-divided; basal, or cauline and alternate. Petioles with dilated bases. Flowers about % inch broad. Heads of fruit oblong. Achenes with short, straight beaks. In wet places near ditches and springs. June-August. 6. BATRACHIUM. (Ranunculus in part). Winter annuals or perennials, growing in water or in mud of ponds. Leaves filiform-dissected (in our species); petioles dilated at the base. Peduncles solitary; opposite the leaves. Petals white, sometimes with a yellowish base, the claw bear- ing a small pit. Achenes transversely nerved. Leaves collapsing when taken from water. . 1. B. triehophyllum Leaves not collapsing when taken from water. . 2. B. dlvaricatum 1. B. tricophyllum (Chaix.) Bossch. (Ranunculus aquatilis trichophyllus DC; B. confervoides Auct, Amer. not Fries.) Common White Water Crowfoot. Stems usually a foot or more long. Leaves mostly petioled, mostly more than an inch long, the divisions rather remote. Petals oblong-ovate, less than % inch long. Stamens 5-12. Receptacle ovoid. All but the flowers submerged in water, in irrigation ditches and ponds. June-August. 2. B. divaricatum (Schrank.) Wimm. (R. circinatus Sibth.; B. longirostre (Godr.) F. Schutz.) Stiff Water Crowfoot. Stems usually shorter than No. 1. Leaves less than an inch long, nearly sessile, dissected into capillary divisions shorter than those of No. 1. Petals broadly ovate, at least y s inch long. Stamens many. Receptacle conic. Achenes usually not beaked (conspicuously beaked in the form known as B. longirostre). These two species are very polymorphic, and various so- called species have been Separated from them. Perhaps tha most important of these is the one that has been called B. flaccidum, which is intermediate in characteristics between the above species. 7. CLEMATIS. Virgin's Bower. Perennial herbs or woody climbers. Leaves opposite; pin- nately compound or in some species simple. Sepals 4-5, petaloid, valvate in the bud. Petals none, or small and transi- tional into stamens. Stamens many, with adnate anthers. Carpels many in a head, long-styled, ripening into long-tailed, plumose achenes. 1. C. occidentalis Hornem. (C. alpina occidentalis Gray; Atragene occidentalis Hornem.) A low. half-woody climber. Leaves usually 3-foliate. Leaflets slender-petioled; entire or sparingly dentate; acuminate or sometimes acute. Flowers large and showy. Sepals violet; acute, rather thin. Filaments dilated, some of the outer ones usually petaloid. Styles per- sistent and plumose in fruit. Shaded cliffs in the mountains. May-July. 6,000-10,000 ft. OF THE WASATCH REGION 27 BERBERIDACE-ffi. Barberry Family. Shrubs (some species 1 herbs) with exstipulate and usually alternate leaves and solitary or racemose in- florescence. Flower-parts opposite to each other, all free and distinct. Sepals and petals usually 6 each, deciduous. Stamens 6 (in our species), sensitive, closing around the pistil when irritated. Carpel 1, becoming- a 1-3-seeded berry. 1. BERBERIS. Barberry; Mahonia. Shrubs with yellow wood, and flowers in clustered brac- teate racemes. Sepals 6, colored like the 6 yellow petals. Bractlets 3 or 6. sepal-like; green or yellowish. Anthers dis- charging pollen through uplifted valves hinged at top. Stigma peltate. 1. B. repens Lindl. "Oregon Grape"; Trailing Barberry. A creeping shrub less than a foot high; leaves evergreen, dull, strongly netted, pinnately 3-7-foliate; leaflets 3-7, ovate to elliptical, acute, weakly spiny-toothed. Racemes terminating the stems. Sepals spreading, the alternate ones the larger. Petals erect. Berries blue or purple, with a bloom, April- June, in canyons on moist, protected slopes. locally called "Wild Grapes." Children often confuse this plant with Poison Ivy. (According to some botanists, B. repens is a synonym of B. aquifolium, a more robust plant of the northwest.) ORDER PAPAVERALES. PAPAVERACE^. Poppy Family. Herbs with milky or colored juice and alternate, ex- stipulate leaves. Flowers solitary or racemose ; regular, with 2 or rarely 3 fugaceous sepals and 4-6 deciduous petals. Stamens many. Sepals, petals and stamens all free and distinct. Pistil 1, with a "superior," 1-celled ovary, bearing 2 or more parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing by pores or valves at the apex. 1. ARGEMONE. Prickly Poppy; Mexican Poppy. Coarse, branching herbs with reddish-yellow sap and pale- green stems and foliage. Leaves sessile; lobed and spiny- toothed. Flowers large and showy; white or yellow; erect but nodding in the bud. Sepals 3, each spiny-beaked, together making the bud 3-horned. Petals 4-6, thin and delicate, obovate. Capsule spiny, 1-celled, opening by 3 valves at apex. 1. A. i nt or media Sweet. (A. platyceras Coulter in part.) Thistle Poppy. Stem 3 ft. high or less, glaucous except for the scattered spines. Leaves white-veined. Flowers on long peduncles. Petals white, broadly obovate, crape-like in tex- ture. Dry fields. June-July. 28 SPRING FLORA FUMARIACE-ffi. Fumitory Family. Herbs with bland or slightly bitter juice, compound dissected exstipulate leaves and inflorescence in racemes, panicles, spikes or solitary. Flowers irregu- lar. Sepals 2, scale-like. Petals 4, in 2 pairs, more or less united. Stamens 6, diadelphous. opposite the larger petals. Ovary 1-celled and 1-seeded, or several- seeded with 2 parietal placentae. (Some writers have united this family with Papaveraceae.) Corolla 2-spurred at base 1. Diceutra Corolla 1-spurred at base. Fruit linear or oblong; dehiscent 2. Corydalis Fruit globose or nearly so; indehiscent 3. Fumaria 1. DICENTRA. (Bicuculla.) Dutchman's Breeches. Glabrous perennial herbs from a crown of small grain-like bodies that in our species are borne on the summit of the fusiform fleshy root. Inflorescence solitary, racemose or paniculate. Flowers white or pink, flattened and heart- shaped; the outer pair of petals spurred and spreading, much longer than the clawed and erect inner pair, the petals of which slightly cohere at apex. Filaments dilated. Pla- centae 2. 1. D. uniflora Kellogg. Squirrel Corn; Bleeding Heart. Leaf usually 1, basal; its blade 1-2 inches long, triangular in out- line, pinnately 3-7-divided, each segment pinnatifid into a few linear-oblong or spatulate lobes. Scape weak, 2-3-bracted, bearing a single flesh -colored flower. % inch long, which is often hidden among dead leaves. March -April. In rich soil on mountain sides. 2. CORYDALIS. (Capnoides.) Corydal. Glaucous leafy-stemmed more or less succulent herbs, with decompound leaves. Inflorescence racemose. Flowers yellow, or pink with yellow tips. Corolla deciduous, one petal of the outer pair spurred at base; the inner pair narrow, keeled at back. Fruit many-seeded. 1. C. aurea Willd. (Capnoides aurea (Willd.) Kuntze.) Golden Corydal. Winter annual or biennial. Stems hollow, usually spreading, the size varying greatly with place of growth. Flowers few. golden-yellow. Pod spreading or nodding; distinctly torulose, at least after drying. On exposed banks, sometimes among rocks, or tangled among shrubs along mountain streams. April-June. 3. FUMARIA. Fumitory. Annuals, with weak and much branched stems and finely dissected compound leaves. Racemes rather long. Flowers pink-purple with 4 erect-connivent petals, much as in Cory- dalis. Fruit 1-seeded. OF THE WASATCH REGION 29 1. F. officinalis L. Stems %-3 ft. high, often climbing or de- cumbent. Flowers purplish, darker at apex. In waste places, often along railroad tracks. June-August. CRUCIFER^. Mustard Family. Herbs with a pungent watery juice, alternate ex- stipulate leaves and inflorescence in terminal racemes or corymbs. Pedicels without bracts. Flowers with 4 deciduous sepals, 4 cruciform petals (or wanting in some species of Draba and Lepidium), 6 tetradynamous stamens (or 2-4 in some species of Lepidium or in 3 sets of 2 each in some species of Streptanthus) and 1 pistil with a 2- or rarely 1-celled "superior" ovary. Fruit a silique or a silicle. Mature fruit is necessary for the determination of the species. Fruit compressed or flattened at right angles to the (narrow) partition. Fruit ovate-cordate to round in outline, each cell 1 -seeded 1. Lepidium Fruit broadly wedge-shaped or elliptic-oblong; each cell several-seeded 2. Cnpsella Fruit compressed or flattened parallel to the (broad) partition. Fruit globose, 2-8-seeded; filaments dilated near base 3. Alyssum Fruit linear, oblong or ovate (rarely globose) ; many-seeded; filaments not dilated. Fruit a silicle 4. Draba Fruit a silique. Valves of silique 1-nerved. Fruit linear; anthers short, scarcely emarginate at base 5. Arabis Fruit strap -shaped; anthers long, sagit- tate at base 6. Streptanthus Valves of silique nerveless 7. Cardamine Fruit neither compressed nor flattened. Fruit a silicle. Silicle didymous, its cells bladdery-inflated 8. Physarla Silicle not didymous. Silicle many-seeded; pubescence not ste- late 9. Camclina Silicle 2-8-seeded; pubescence stellate.. 3. Alyssmn Fruit a silique. Fruit not distinctly beaked. Fruit terete or nearly so. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. Valves of fruit nerveless 10. Radieula Valves of fruit 1-nerved... 11. Sisymbrlum Seeds in 1 row in each cell. 30 SPRING FLORA Fruit long-linear, 1-4 inches long 12. Caul ant h UK Fruit linear (1 inch long or less). Flowers yellow or white; pods spreading 11. Sisymbrium Flowers pink or purple; pods erect 13. Thelypodium Fruit 4 -angled. Flowers yellow; none of the leaves clasping 14. Erysimum Flowers yellowish-white; upper leaves clasping 15. Courlngia Fruit distinctly beaked. Beak long; seeds in 1 row; silique terete 16. Brassica Beak very short; seeds in 2 rows, silique flat 17. Diplotaxis 1. LEPIDIUM. Pepper-Grass. Mostly homely herbs. Stems usually much-branched. Flowers usually in dense racemes; white, greenish or rarely yellow; on slender pedicels, without bracts; mostly incon- spicuous. Petals small or none. Stamens tetradynamous. or sometimes 4 or only 2. Silique small; notched at apex; roundish in outline; strongly flattened at right angles to the partition; each of its cells 1 -seeded. Stamens 6; tetradynamous. Upper leaves clasping. Petals yellow; style none 1. L. perfoliatum Petals white; style conspicuous 2. L. Draba None of the leaves clasping 3. L. montanum Stamens 4 or 2. Petals white, longer than sepals. Petals broadly spatulate 4. L. virginicum Petals narrowly spatulate 5. L. medium Petals minute or none. Siliques emarginate or retuse at apex. Siliques glabrous. Stem simple at base 6. L,. apetalum Stem divergently branched from base 7. L.. divergens Siliques pubescent. Stem hirsute 8. L. lasiocarpum Stem puberulent 9. L. pubecarpum Siliques toothed or lobed at apex 10. Ii. dictyotnm 1. L.. perfoliatum L.. Annual. 6-12 inches high. Stem simple below, branched above. Lower leaves 5 inches or less in length, petioled; pinnate, the subsessile divisions again pinnate, but becoming less and less so upward on the stem until they are entire and clasping the stem by the sagittate or finally cordate base. Flowers very small, on slender reddish pedicels. Pods round, barely notched. In waste places. April-June. OF THE WASATCH REGION 31 2. L. Draba L. Hoary Cress. Perennial, 10-18 inches high; hoary-pubescent. Stem simple below, few-branched at the inflorescence. Leaves bluish -green; 2 inches or less in length; the lower petioled, lanceolate, obtuse; the upper sagittate, merging into bracts. Racemes corymbose. Pods broadly ovate; winged. In waste places. April-June. Introduced. 3. L. montanum Nutt. Decumbent (or rarely erect) and radially much -branched from a somewhat woody root. All the leaves more or less deeply toothed or pinnatifid, the segments obovate or broadly oblanceolate (very rarely entire). Sepals not falling off before the white and very conspicuous petals. Styles conspicuous. Capsules indistinctly netted; wingless; elliptical-ovate to nearly round; emarginate at apex. Dry hills and mountain valleys. April-August. 3a. L,. montanum alyssoides Jones. (L. Jonesii Rydberg.) Distinguished from th.e type by the simple stem at base and by the linear segments of the basal leaves. 4. L. virginicum L. Erect, 8-24 inches high; simple below, branched at the inflorescence. Basal leaves pinnate or pin- natifid, usually withering before the fruit ripens; obovate or spatulate in outline, the terminal segment much the largest. Pedicels slender, widely spreading. Siliques round; smooth; often purple-tinged at maturity. Seeds wing-margined; coty- ledons accumbent. In moist situations. May-November. 5. L. medium Greene. (L. intermedium Gray.) Erect annual with stems simple below, branched above; glabrous or nearly so. Leaves glabrous; lanceolate, dentate, but scarcely ever pinnatifid; those of the branches linear and entire. Siliques not shining. Stigma sessile. Cotyledons incumbent. In moist places near streams. May-October. 6. L. apetalum Willd. (L. elongatum Rydb.) Erect annual wicxi stem simple below and more or less branched above; glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaves more or less incisely toothed or pinnatifid; segments usually acutish. Flowers apetalous. Stamens 2. Silique glabrous. 'Includes L. densi- florum Schrader.) In dry soil in waste ground. May-June. 7. L,. divergent Osterhout. A much -branched biennial; minutely pubescent. Basal leaves short-petioled; broadly spatulate, more or less dentate; those of the stem smaller and mostly entire. Flowers borne on horizontal pedicels in long racemes. Petals none. Silique elliptical; glabrous. Dry soil of waste places, at rather high elevations. June-August. 8. L. lasiocarpum Nutt. Decumbent, branching from near the base; hirsutely white- pubescent. Lower leaves pinnately- parted. with sparingly toothed or entire segments. Sepals iisually purple, with thin white margins. Petals usually lack- ing. Silique suborbicular; thin-margined near the apex; hispid- pubescent upon both sides or at least upon the edge (very rarely quite smooth.) Includes L. Wrightii A. Gray.) Dry soil in waste places. May-June. 9. Li. pubecarpum A. Nelson. Annual, 4-6 inches high; stem (and branches in well-developed plants) paniculately branched from near the base; obscurely puberulent. Leaves small; linear to somewhat spatulate, acute; the broader ones remotely cut- toothed. Sepals purplish. Petals none. Stamens 2. Siliques permanently finely pubescent; from broadly oval to round. Stigma sessile in the narrow, shallow notch. In rather moist places along mountain streams. May-July. 32 SPRING FLORA 10. L,. tlictyotum A. Gray. Annual; decumbent, much branched from the base. Leaves linear, tapering- to both ends, 1-2 inches long; usually entire. Petals usually wanting. Siliques ovate, strongly reticulated; pubescent when young. In alkaline soil. 2. CAPSELL.A. (Bursa.) Shepherd's . Purse. Homely erect, branching annuals; more or less pubescent with forked or stellate hairs. Inflorescence at length a raceme of small white flowers. Style short, persistent. Fruit a silicle. Seeds many in each cell. Siliques wedge-shaped, the length less than twice the breadth 1. C. Bursa-jmstoris Siliques elliptical, the length 6-10 times the breadth 2. C. procumbent* 1. C. Bursa-pastoris Medic. (Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton.) A very familiar weed of waste places, usually less than a foot high. Inflorescence of buds corymbose, but lengthening into a raceme in fruit. Basal leaves rosette- forming; variously pinnatifid. Stem-leaves sagittate; entire or dentate. Siliques emarginately wedge-shaped. Jan. -Dec. 2. C. procumbens (L.) Fries. (C. divaricata Walp.; C. ellip- tica C. A. Meyer; Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) Desv.) A smaller plant with the upper leaves oblanceolate to linear, entire, not sagittate. Stigma sessile or nearly so. Siliques elliptic- oblong, entire at apex, on slender pedicels. April-June. 3. ALYSSUM. Branching stellate-pubescent annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire. Inflorescence a rather crowded simple raceme; but corymbose at first. Flowers small, with entire petals. Silique globose; seeds 1-2 in each cell. 1. A, nlyssoides (L.) Gouan. (A. calycinum L.) Yellow or Small Alyssum. Erect, usually branching from the base, densely stellate-pubescent, 3-10 inches high. Leaves spatulate; entire; alternate (%); the internodes becoming shorter towards the summit. Flowers pale-yellow, fading to white; persisting around the base of the fruit. Filaments of the shorter sta- mens toothed at the base. Dry hills and waste places. May- June. 4. DRAB A. Whitlow Grass. Low tufted annuals or perennials with- usually stellate pubescence. Leaves simple and basal, often in dense rosettes. Inflorescence racemose, often scape-like. Flowers small; petals yellow or white, or sometimes wanting. Flowers white. Leaves entire. Pods smooth 1. D. caroliniana Pods pubescent 2. D. caroliniana micrantha Leaves dentate 3. D. cuncifolia Flowers yellow 4. D. nemoro-sa 1. D. caroliniana Walt. Carolina Whitlow-Grass. Winter annual on short leafy stems. Leaves entire, oblong or obovate; sessile; stellate-hairy; somewhat fleshy; entire, or rarely 3-4- toothed. Raceme corymbose even in fruit. Petals white, twice the length of the sepals, entire (sometimes lacking in the later flowers). Style none. Pods glabrous. In sandy fields. March- June. OF THE WASATCH REGION 33 2. D. caroliuiaiia micraiitha (Nutt.) Gray. (D. micrantha Nutt.) Distinguished from the . type by the minutely-hairy pods. The petals are often lacking. 3. D. eimeifolia Nutt. Winter annual on short leafy stems. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped or the lowermost spatulate; loosely stellate-pubescent; sparingly dentate. Raceme some- what lengthened in fruit. Petals white, 2-3 times longer than the sepals; notched at the apex. Style none. Pods minutely hairy. March -April. 4. D. iiemorojsa L. Winter annual, loosely-stellate pubescent, 3-12 inches high. Leaves narrowly-ovate to lanceolate; more or less toothed. Racemes lengthened. Petals notched at apex; yellow, fading to white. Style none. Pedicels horizontal or widely spreading; twice as long as the pods. Dry hills. April-June. 5. ARABIS. Rock Cress. Glabrous or pubescent herbs. Leaves simple. Inflorescence a raceme, sometimes corymbose at the summit. Flowers white or purple. Silique linear, flat; its valves usually 1-neryed, not elastically dehiscent at maturity. Seeds winged or wingless; in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. biliques reflexed; style wanting 1. A. Holboellli Siliques erect or spreading. Flowers white or whitish. Style wanting; flowers yellowish-white... 2. A. glabra Style very short; flowers white 3. A. hirsuta Flowers rose-purple or pink 4. A. mlcrophylla 1. A. Holboellii Hornem. (A. retrofracta Graham.) A stel- late-pubescent (rarely glabrous) biennial or perennial with simple or branching stems, y 2 -2 ft. high. Basal leaves spatu- late; entire or slightly dentate. Petals white, pink or pink- purple, twice as long as the sepals; becoming reflexed. Silique long, somewhat curved. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows. (Includes A. exilis A. Nelson, a form with a simple stem not woody at base and seeds in 2 rows; A. lignipes A. Nels., with slender usually simple stems woody at base and seeds in 1 row; A. rhodantha Greene (A. consanguinea Greene) with stout simple stems and seeds in 1 row; and A. lignifera A. Nels. with woody stem branched from the base and seeds in 1 row.) April-June. In the mountains and on dry plains, often among sage-brush. 2. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. (A. perfoliata Lam.) Tower Mus- tard. An erect biennial. Stems 2-4 ft. high, glabrous and glaucous above, often hirsute below. Basal leaves petioled, 2-10 inches long; narrowly oblanceolate and coarsely dentate or even lyrate. Stem leaves sagittate, entire, clasping. Ra- ceme simple; many-flowered. Siliques narrow, erect, closely- appressed. Seeds in 2 rows. May-June, in light shade in moist places. 3. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. An erect, rough -hairy or nearly glabrous biennial, 1-3 ft. high; unbranched or nearly so. Basal leaves with margined petioles; oblanceolate to spatulate; usually toothed; clustered. Stem-leaves sessile, clasping; lanceolate or elliptical; auricled at base. Raceme simple, many-flowered. Petals white or greenish-white. Siliques (and pedicels) erect. Seeds with very narrow margins; in 1 row when mature. 34 SPRING FLORA 4. A. microphylla Nutt. Stems slender, perennial, several from a woody caudex. Leaves small, sparingly pubescent; those of the base somewhat clustered; stem-leaves auriculate-clasp- ing; entire or denticulate. Siliques ascending. Seeds in 1 ro\\; slightly winged or wing-margined. Shaded mountain cliffs, May-June. 6. STREPTANTHTJS. Herbs,, 1-2 ft. high. Basal leaves usually toothed or pinna- tifid. Sepals and petals colored alike; some or all of the former being saccate at the base. Stamens 6: 4 long and 2 short, or in 3 sets of 2 each, with the 2 longer pairs more or less united by the filaments. 1. S. cordatus Nutt. A glaucous perennial with unbranched rather stout stem, and thick elliptical to obovate leaves, those of the stem clasping by the auricled base. Flowers greenish- yellow to purple. Petals clawed and with very narrow limb, once and one-half longer than the sepals. Silique flat; nearly straight. Sunny banks and mountain sides. May-June. 7. CARDAMINE. Bitter Cress. Smooth-stemmed perennials, usually from small tubers or running rootstalks. Leaves all petioled. Flowers in racemes. Silique straight. Seeds in 1 row. 1. C. cordifolia Gray. Stem erect, unbranched, leafy to the top, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves from round to cordate; wavy-mar- gined or angular-toothed, ciliate; 2-4 in. broad. Flowers white, rather showy. Siliques erect. Around cold springs in the mountains. May -August. 8. PHYSARIA. Bladder-pod. Perennial stellate-pubescent herbs. Leaves spatulate, mostly entire. Flowers yellow, in terminal racemes. Petals longer than the sepals. Styles filiform. Siliques stellate-pubescent. 1. P. didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. Pale-green; stems sev- eral from a long root: 3-12 inches long. Basal leaves obtuse; rarely few-lobed; narrowed into margined petioles. Stem- leaves nearly sessile, narrowly spatulate. Seeds numerous. In dry soil among rocks. May-August. 9. CAMELINA. Gold of Pleasure. Erect annuals, with entire or toothed clasping sagittate leaves and small dull-yellow flowers in loose racemes. Silique pear-shaped, beaked by the slender persistent style. Seeds several in each cell. 1. C. saliva Crantz. False Flax. Stem 1-2 ft. high, simple or branching above; leafy; glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubes- cent. A common weed of waste places and grain fields. It is cultivated in Europe for the oil contained in its seeds. May- June. OP THE WASATCH REGION 35 10. RADICULA. (Nasturtium; Roripa.) Cress. Herbs growing in water or at least in wet places. Leaves varying from toothed to pinnately-divided. Flowers small; white or yellow. Silique oblong 1 , with seeds in 2 rows in each cell. Perennial growing" in running water; petals white 1. R. Nasturtium-Aquaticum Biennial growing near wa.ter; petals yellow 2. R. pacifioa 1. R. Nasturtium- Aqunticiim (L.) Britton & Rendle. (Nas- turtium officinale R. Br. ; Roripa Nasturtium (L.) Rusby.) True "Water Cress. Stems ascending and rooting at the nodes; glabrous; sometimes 2-3 ft. high. Leaves with 3-11 roundish or elliptical segments. Petals twice the length of sepals. Around cold springs and in irrigation ditches. Introduced. May-October. 2. R. rmcifica (Howell). (N. terrestre occidentale S. "Wats.: Roripa clavata Rydb.) Stems erect, about a foot high; gla- brous. Leaves lyrate. glabrous, or the auricles ciliate. Style short and thick. Siliques stout, %-% inch long; sometimes 4-carpellary. Seeds tuberculate. In wet places. May-June. 11. SISYMBRITJW. (Includes Sophia and Stenophragma.) Annuals, biennials or perennials with spreading pubescence. Flowers small; yellow or rarely white. Silique terete, flat- tened or 6-sided. Seeds without margins; in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. t Flowers yellow. Pubescence of simple hairs; leaves not com- pound 1. S. officlnnle Pubescence of forked or stellate hairs; leaves pin- nately -compound. Silique narrowly linear: %-l inch long.... 2. S. Sophia Silique linear-oblong. y s -% inch long. Densely canescent: pedicels diverging nearly 90 degrees from stem 3. S. piniiatuin Glabrate or sparsely canescent; pedicels less widely divergent 4. S. tneisuin Flowers white 5. S. Thaliaimm 1. S. officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard. Stem sparingly branched if at all. Leaves rnncinate. Siliques thick -walled; pubescent, closely appressed: borne on a very short pedicel. Stigma 2-lobed. A homely weed of waste places. May-Nov. 2. S. Sophia L. A bushy, minutely hoary-pubescent annual. Stems slender, 1-2% ft. high. Leaves 2-3 pinnatifid. the ulti- mate segments linear or linear-oblong. Pedicels very slender, ascending, shorter than silique. Seeds in 1 row in each cell. Dry ground in waste places. June-August. 3. S. pinnatiim (Walt.) (Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Brit.: S. canesrens Nutt."> Tansy Mustard. Stem erect a.nd slender: branched; 6-24 inches high. Leaves 1-3 pinnatifid into many obtuse segments. Flowers very small; ascending, on very slender pedicels. Style very short; stigma simple. Siliques ascending or nearly horizontal: longer or shorter than pedicels. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. A homely weed of waste places and dry plains. Ma.y-September, 36 SPRING FLORA 4. S. incisum Engelm. (S. calif ornicum Wats.; Sophia incisa (Engelm.) Greene.) Stem 1-4 ft. high, with short and more or less glandular pubescence. Leaves once-pinnate (or twice- pinnate to dissected), the divisions sharply cut-lobed into linear to oblong-ovate segments. Stigmas simple. Siliques ascending, equalling or shorter than the ascending pedicels. Seeds in 1 row. In moist soil. May-August. 4a. S. incisum filipes Gray (Sophia filipes (Gray) Heller) is distinguished from the type by its spreading, thread-like pedicels, which are much longer than the mostly erect siliques, and the seeds usually in 2 rows. On dry hillsides. May-Ang. 5. S. Thaliamim Gay. (Stenophragma Thaliana (L.) Celac.) Wall-Cress. Stem erect, 1-16 inches high, much-branched; more or less pubescent with simple or forked hairs. Basal leaves forming a loose rosette; 1-2 inches long; narrowed into a petiole; oblanceolate or oblong. Stem-leaves sessile; often entire. Inflorescence a terminal raceme. Flowers white, on very slender, spreading pedicels. Petals about twice the length of sepals. Style very short; stigma 2-lobed. Siliques narrowly linear. Seeds in 1 row in each cell. Dry hills. April-Maj'. 12. CATJLANTHUS. Perennials from a stout tap-root. Leaves lyrate, the di- visions entire. Flowers greenish-yellow or purple. Sepals large, nearly equally saccate at base. Petals with a broad claw. Filaments included, bearing linear, curved anthers. Stigma nearly sessile, somewhat 2-lobed. 1. C. hast at us Watson. Glabrous; unbranched or sometimes branched. Leaves petioled; the terminal leaflet of the basal leaves is very much larger than the lateral ones, and is ovate with a hastate base. Inflorescence a loose raceme. Flowers reflexed. Sepals narrow and far apart. Petals usually as long as the sepals; toothed on the sides. Pods sessile, 3 inches long or more; spreading. Seeds in 1 row, wingless. In moun- tain valleys. June-August. 13. THELYPODIUM. Biennial or rarely perennial herbs with alternate, petioled or clasping leaves. Flowers white, pink or purple (or some- times yellow). Sepals narrow, equal at base. Petals flat; usually narrowed into a claw at base. Filaments long and slender; anthers linear, sagittate at base. 1. T. torulosum Heller. (T. sagittatum Endl.) Stems weak, rarely erect, 12-18 inches high. Leaves entire; basal ones lanceolate, long-petioled; cauline sagittate and clasping. Se- pals purplish; petals pale-pink. Silique somewhat torulose. 14. ERYSIMUM. (Cheiranthus.) Wall Flower. Erect branched or unbranched biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves linear or lanceolate; entire, toothed or lobed. Inflor- escence corymbose in bud, but lengthening into a raceme in fruit. Flowers in most species showy; yellow or orange, some- times with a, purplish tinge; often fragrant. Petals clawed. Siliques 4-angled. Seeds in 1 row. Flowers showy; about an inch high 1.. E. asperum Flowers not showy; about % inch high.... 2. E. cheiranthoides OF THE WASATCH REGION 37 1. E. nsnerum DC. (Cheiranthus asper Nutt.) "Western Wall Flower. Stems usually unbranched, 1-1% ft. high; rough- pubescent with 3-forked hairs. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or elliptical; entire or rather remotely dentate. Flowers lemon-yellow. Siliques ascending or widely spreading; 2-3 inches long. Hillsides. April-June. 2. E. chelranthoirtes L. (C. cheiranthoides (L.) Heller.) Worm-seed or Treacle Mustard. Erect, minutely rough - pubescent, much -branched; %-2 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical; entire or slightly toothed; sessile or tapering into a short petiole. Flowers rather small. Calyx yellowish; cor- olla lemon-yellow, mixed with white below. Silique nearly erect, less than an inch long when mature; on ascending pedicels about % inch long. In dry soil in waste places. April- June. 15. CONRINGIA. Hare's Ear Mustard. Glabrous annuals with sessile and entire stem-clasping leaves and long, 4-angled siliques. Seeds cblong, in 1 row in each cell. 1. C. oricntnlis (L.) Dumort. (C. perfoliata Link.) Stem usually erect; 1-3 ft. high. Leaves light-green; elliptical, with obtuse apex. Introduced. In waste places. May-June. 16. BRASSICA. Mustard. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Stem erect and branching. Basal leaves pinnately-lobed; stem-leaves dentate or entire. Inflorescence racemose. Flowers showy; bright- yellow. Siliques sessile; terete or 4-angled; tipped with a mostly 1-seeded beak. Seeds globose, without margins; in 1 row in each cell. None of the leaves clasping at base. Pods not appressed; their beaks flat or angled, 1-seeded 1. B. arvensls Pods appressed: their beaks conical, empty 2. B. nigra Upper leaves clasping at base . . . . . 3. B. campestris 1. B. arvensis (L.) Kuntze. (B. Sinapistrum Boiss.) Wild Field Mustard. Stem erect, 1-2 ft. high; hispid with scattered hairs. Pedicels stout. Pod smooth or sometimes bristly; some- what constricted between the seeds; its beak large and flat or conspicuously angled. Fields and waste places. June-Sept. 2. B. nlgra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Stem erect, 2-7 ft. high, hirsute with scattered hairs. Leaves on slender petioles or the upper sessile. Flowers fragrant. Pods short; on short, erect pedicels. Seeds dark -brown. Roadsides and waste places. April -November. 3. B. cainpegfri.s L. Turnip; Ruta-Baga. Glaucous; light- green; biennial from a thickened root. Stem-leaves lyrately- lobed below; upper entire and cordate or auriculately-clasping. Flowers lemon-yellow. In waste places, escaping from culti- vation. April-November. With it will probably be found B. Napus L. (Rape). 38 SPRING FLORA 17. DIPL.OTAXIS. Rocket. Annual or perennial herbs with yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Siliques long, slender, terete, with a short beak at apex. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell; marginless; ovoid. 1. D. temiifolia (L.) DC. (Sisymbriurn tenuifolium L.) Wall Rocket. A bushy perennial, much-branched above; glabrous or sparingly hirsute, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves a foot long or less, pinnately divided; the lobes far apart, often alternately 2- toothed, lanceolate below and linear above. Racemes loose, elongated in fruit. Siliques 1-1% in. long, nearly erect on long pedicels. May-July, in moist waste places. ORDER ROSALES. CRASSULACE-ffi. Orpine Family. Annual or perennial more or less succulent herbs (sometimes shrubby). Leaves alternate or opposite; sessile and exstipulate. Inflorescence cymose or rarely solitary. Flowers regular and symmetrical. Sepals persistent, 4-5-lobed. Petals distinct or slightly united at base (or rarely wanting). Stamens as many or twice as many as sepals. Carpels as many as sepals ; distinct or united below. Fruit a follicle. 1. SEDUM. Stone Crop. Orpine. Glabrous annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Inflores- cence cymose, usually unilateral. Flowers star-like. Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, distinct, usually narrow and sharp-pointed. Stamens twice as many as sepals. Pistils 4-5, ripening into many-seeded follicles. Leaves acute 1. S. steuopetalum Leaves obtuse 2. S. deblle 1. S. steiiopetalum Pursh. Stems 3-6 inches high, simple or branched, perennial; tufted. Leaves alternate, sessile, linear, entire; terete or nearly so. Flowers bright yellow, with nar- rowly-lanceolate petals. Carpels spreading. Shaded cliffs among rocks. May-June. 2. S. debilc Watson. Perennial from a slender rhizome. Stems slender, weak. Leaves round or nearly so, flat; sessile, but narrowed toward the base. Flowers yellow, on rather long pedicels. Petals more or less united at the base. SAXIFRAGACE^l. Saxifrage Family. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, opposite or all basal, usually without stipules. Inflorescence solitary, racemose or paniculate. Calyx free from the ovary or adhering to it, usually persistent. Petals usually OF THE WASATCH REGION 39 4 or 5 (or rarely none) ; perigynous. Stamens as many or twice as many as petals, and alternate with them; perigynous. Carpels 2-5, more or less united. Ovary with parietal or axial placentae ; ripening into follicles, a capsule or a berry. Herbs; fruit a capsule or follicle. Inflorescence paniculate 1. Heucnera. Inflorescence racemose. Hootstalk scaly 2. Mitella Rootstalk bulbif erous 3. Tellium Shrubs; fruit a berry 4. Ribes 1. HEUCHERA. Alum-root. Erect or ascending perennial herbs with scaly rootstalks. Leaves all basal: long-petioled and palmately-veined; mostly round-cordate. Flowers small, in a panicle or raceme. Sepals 5. Petals 5. entire. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Styles 2, slender; persisting as beaks of the capsule. Ovary 1; 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Stamens and styles included (at least at first) . . 1. H. parvifolin Stamens and styles exserted 2. H. rubescens 1. H. imrvi folia utahensis (Rydb.) (H. utahensis Rydb.) Leaves round-cordate, crenately 5-7-lobed, the basal lobes usually overlapping; the blades smooth and shining; petioles 2-4 inches long. Inflorescence narrow but open, on a naked scape that sometimes reaches a length of 2 feet. Flowers yellowish -green. Sepals triangular. Petals spatulate, slightly shorter than the sepals. Moist mountain-slopes in rich soil, usually in light shade. May-July. 2. H. rubesocns Torr. Leaves thick; dark green and shining above and often red beneath; 1 inch broad or less; round-cor- date, obscurely 5-lobed, each of the coarsely dentate lobes terminating in a bristle; glabrous or slightly pubescent. Flowers pink or red; panicled. Forming mats in crevices of rocks on vertical cliffs. June-August. 2. MITELL.A. Mitre-wort. Herbs, perennial from a rhizome. Leaves ovate or round- cordate; mostly basal on long petioles. Inflorescence race- mose; scape-like. Flowers small: white or greenish. Calyx 5-cleft, partly adherent to the depressed ovary. Petals 5; fringed, toothed or entire. Stamens 5 or 10; included. Styles 2, very short. Ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal pla.centae. Seeds many; smooth and shining. 1. M. violacea Rydb. (M. stenopetala Piper; Ozomelis violacea Rydb.) Rhizome short and thick. Leaves all basal; large and leathery; blades round-cordate, the crenate margins ciliate; obscurely round-lobed; under surface reddish; petioles 2-4 inches long. Flowers nearly sessile, borne on one side of the raceme. Sepals whitish. Petals 1% times the length of sepals; 3-cleft, filiform or entire. Stamens 5. Stigmas entire. In shaded places in rich, moist soil near mountain streams. 40 SPRING FLORA 3. TEL.L.IMA. (Includes Lithophragma.) Star-Flower. Slender, erect herbs, perennial from a cluster of pink-tinged bulblets. Leaves round-cordate in outline. Inflorescence a slender terminal raceme or spike. Sepals 5; petals 5, clawed; white or rose-color. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2-3, short. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Ovary free (except at base) from the bell-shaped calyx- tube. Stem-leaves seldom bulb-bearing in the axils; sti- pules long- and narrow, not fringed.... 1. T. teuella Stem-leaves usually bulb-bearing in the axils; sti- pules short, broad and fringed 2. T. bulbifera Ovary adnate for half its length to the elongated- obconical calyx-tube 3. T. parviflora 1. T. teuella (Nutt.) Walp. (L. australis Rydb.) Stems 4-8 inches high, glandular-puberulent. Leaves 3-5-cleft, the segments again cleft. Flowers 3-12. Petals 3-7-cleft or parted. Seeds smooth. Rich soil of mountain sides. April-June. 2. T. bulbifera (Rydb.) A. Nels. (T. tenella S. Wats.; L. bulbifera Rydb.) Stem 4-8 inches high, abundantly glandular- puberulent. Leaves divided to or near the base, the segments wedge-shaped or obovate, 3-cleft. Flowers 3-6, some or all replaced by red bulblets; the pedicels longer than the frxiit. Petals 3-5-cleft. Seeds muricate. In rich black loam of moun- tain sides. March -July. 3. T. parviflora Hook. (L. parviflora (Hook.) Nutt.) Plant rarely producing bulblets among the flowers or in the axils of the leaves. Stem 4-12 inches high, scape-like, glandular- puberulent. Leaves palmately divided into 3-5-cleft or parted segments. Petals deeply 3-5-cleft into narrow segments. In rich moist soil of mountain sides, usually in light shade. April-June. 4. RIBES. Gooseberry; Currant. Shrubs with alternate, palmately-veined and palmately- lobed leaves. Inflorescence solitary or racemose. Calyx 5-lobed; often colored and usually reflexed. Petals 5, erect; smaller than the calyx r lobes. Styles 2; distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae. Fruit a smooth or prickly berry, often with the remains of the withered 'flower at its apex. Stems usually armed with spines and sometimes with prickles 1. R. saxosum Stems neither thorny nor prickly. Blowers yellow; spicy-fragrant 2. R. aureum Flowers white, pink or greenish; not spicy-fragrant. Calyx-tube not cylindrical 3. R. Hudsonianum Calyx-tube cylindrical. Leaves small; berries red or orange. < . 4. R. cereum Leaves large; berry black 5. R. viscosissimum 1. R. saxosum Hook. (R. inerme Rydb.; R. vallicola Greene; R. oxj^acanthoides irriguum Jancz.) Mountain Gooseberry. A bush with grayish, glabrous branches usually without bristles; spines at the nodes few or sometimes wanting. Leaves rather thin; averaging iy 2 inches in diameter; rounded in outline, with the base cordate, truncate or rarely obtuse; 3-5-lobed, the lobes crenate. Peduncles 1-4-flowered. Calyx shorter than the hypanthium; its lobes greenish or sometimes pur- plish. Petals white or pinkish, about a third as long as the OF THE WASATCH REGION 41 sepals. Stamens about twice as long as petals and shorter than sepals. Berry smooth and green, becoming wine-colored when fully ripe. Along mountain streams. April-June. 2. R. an re 11 in Pursh. Missouri, Golden or Buffalo Currant. Stem 5-12 ft. high ; 'smooth and thornless. Leaves fascicled, 3-5-lobed, the upper lobe wedge-shaped. Flowers in leafy racemes: yellow (or the petals tinged with red). Berry smooth; edible; either black or amber-colored when ripe. Cultivated and along streams. April-June. 3. R. Hmlsonianum Richards. (R. petiolare Dougl.) Stems light-colored, erect, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves thin, rather large, on slender petioles; round-cordate and 5-lobed (resembling maple- leaves) ; resinous-dotted on the under surface. Racemes erect. Flowers whitish. Ovary with sessile glands. . Berry black; globose; glandular. Strongly and unpleasantly scented. Along mountain streams. May. 4. R. cereum Dougl. Mountain Red Currant. A small thorn- less, scraggly bush, usually resinous-dotted and glutinous. Bark grayish -tinged or sometimes dark-brown. Leaves small (aver- aging % inch in diameter); round-kidney-shaped with crenate margins. Racemes short, umbel-like, more or less drooping, few-flowered. Calyx pinkish or sometimes waxy-white or greenish ; its tube long-cylindric, much longer than the berry. Fruit insipid, often glandular-pubescent. Among rocks on exposed mountain-sides. May-July. 5,000-11.000 ft. 5. R. viscosissimum Pursh. Stem 3-5 ft. high; with reddish, shreddy bark. Leaves large, viscid-pubescent; heart-shaped with rounded lobes. Inflorescence a few-flowered, corymbose, ascending raceme; conspicuously bracted. Calyx-tube pro- longed above the ovary. Flowers dull-white or greenish or purplish-tinged. Berries black; glandular; without a bloom. Mountain slopes. ROSACE-ffi. Rose Family. Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate or fascicled usually stipulate leaves. .Flowers perfect, regular, often showy; usually with many distinct stamens borne on the 5-sepaled calyx. Petals borne on calyx; as many as the sepals. Carpels 1-many; distinct or united. Ovary "superior" or half-"inferior." Carpel 1; shrubs or small trees. Petals none; calyx petal-like 1. Cercocarpus Petals evident; calyx green. Leaves fascicled, evergreen; fruit an achene 2. Pursliiu Leaves alternate, deciduous; fruit a drupe 3. Primus Carpels more than one. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves small, leathery, fascicled, eyer- green 4. Cownnin Leaves larger, not leathery; alternate, de- ciduous. 42 SPRING FLORA Pistils 1-5, becoming follicles in fruit 5. Physocarpiis Pistils numerous, becoming aggregated drupelets 6. Rubiis Herbs. Styles deciduous; neither jointed nor elong- ating in fruit. Leaves palmately 3-foliate; flowers white 7, Fragrariu Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow or cream- color 8. Poteiitilla Styles persistent; jointed and elongating in fruit 9. Ceum Ovary wholly "inferior." (Shrubs or small trees.) Pistils several, simple, included in the urn-shaped receptacle; leaves pinnate 10. Rosa Pistil 1, compound, with 2-5 cells (as many as the styles) ; leaves simple. . Flowers racemose; fruit juicy 11. Amelanchier Flowers corymbose; fruit rather dry 12. Crataegus 1. CERCOCARPUS. Mountain Mahogany. Leaves alternate, simple; entire or toothed; evergreen; leathery. Flowers from winter-buds; small; solitary or fas- cicled in the axils of the leaves. Calyx without bractlets: colored like a corolla. Corolla none. Stamens 15-25, inserted in 2-3 rows on calyx-tube. Carpel included, ripening into an achene, the persistent style becoming much lengthened and villous. 1. C. I (Milfoil us Nutt. 6-15 ft. high. Leaves oblong-lance- olate; glabrous, smooth and shining above but more or less tomentose below; margins entire, rolled under. Flowers ses- sile, tomentose. The persistent style becomes spirally twisted and from 2 to 3 inches long in fruit. On mountain sides, 7,000-9,000 ft. April-June. la. C. ledifolium intricatus (Wats.) Jones. (C. intricatus Wats.) A low, intricately-branched shrub, seldom more than 3 ft. high, with linear leaves and smaller flowers and fruits than the type. 2. PURSHIA. (Kunzia.) Antelope Brush. Shrubs similar to Cowania, but differing as follows: The wedge-shaped leaves have a 3-5-lobed apex and entire sides; petals drop off more quickly; stamens in 1 row; carpel I or sometimes 2, the fruiting styles not plumose and not more than % inch long; body of achene exserted. 1. P. tridentata DC. Buck Brush; Bitter Brush. Seldom more than 6 ft. high. Bark brown or grayish. Carpels pu- bescent. Dry plains and mountain sides, 4,600-6,500 ft. May- June. 3. PRTJNTJS. Cherry; Plum. Shrubs or small trees with simple and usually serrulate leaves which bear free and deciduous stipules. Flowers white; fascicled in the axils, or in terminal racemes. Calyx 5-cleft; deciduous. Petals 5. spreading. Stamens 15-25. Carpel 1 (rarely 5), ripening into a drupe. Ovules 2, OF THE WASATCH REGION 43 1. 1*. demissa Walpers. (P. melanocarpa Rydb.) Wild Cherry; Choke Cherry. Shrub or small tree, 10-16 ft. high. Leaves finely serrate with the teeth incurved or appressed; smooth or nearly so on both sides; petioles without glands. Racemes compact; erect or ascending. Flowers rather fragrant. Fruit red when immature, black when fully ripe. Along streams. May-June. 4. COWANIA. Cliff Rose. Much-branched scrubby shrubs with shreddy bark. Leaves fascicled, leathery, glandular-dotted, wedge-shaped, persistent throughout the winter. Flowers solitary and terminal on short, lateral branches; short-peduncled. Petals 5; yellow or cream-colored. Stamens numerous, in 2 rows. Carpels 5-12; their fruiting styles 1-2 inches long, plumose with long hairs. Fruit an achene. 1. C. Mexicana Don. Shrub 1-8 ft. high. Leaves dark-green above, white-tomentose beneath; y 2 inch long or less; apex pinnately 1-3-lobed or parted and margins 2-4-divided. Sti- pules persistent. Calyx-tube narrowed into a short glandular- hairy pedicel. Body of the 3-sided achene nearly included within the dilated calyx-tube. Mountain-sides. May-June. 5. PHYSOCAIiPUS. (Opulaster.) Nine-Bark. Bushy unarmed shrubs, 2-6 ft. high, with grayish or red- dish-brown shreddy bark. Leaves simple, palrnately lobed with large, deciduous stipules. Inflorescence corymbose. Flowers white, showy, fragrant. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla regular, of 5 obovate petals. Stamens numerous. Pistils 1-5 (mostly 3), more or less united toward the base; ripening into 2-seeded follicles that dehisce along both sutures. 1. P. pauciflorus (T. & G.) Piper. (P. malvaceus (Greene) A. Nels. ; Spiraea opulifolia pauciflora T. & G.; O. pauciflorus (T. & G.) Heller.) 3-6 ft. high; with rounded, 3-lobed leaves, which are stellate-pubescent on lower surface near the base. Carpels 2; pubescent; not longer than calyx. Mountain-sides in rich soil. June-July. 6. RUBUS. Raspberry; Blackberry; Bramble. Erect or climbing perennial shrubs (or a few species herbs), often armed with curved prickles. Leaves alternate; simple and palmately-lobed or compound; with stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers perfect or rarely dioecious. Calyx without bracts; persistent, deeply 5-parted. Petals deciduous. Stamens numerous; distinct. Carpels numerous, on a convex or a nar- row and elongated cylindrical receptacle; becoming in fruit an aggregation of small stone-fruits. Unarmed; leaves simple 1. R. parviflorus Armed with hooks or bristles; leaves compound. Sepals^ as long as petals; fruit red 2. R. Idaeut* Sepal's usually longer than petals; fruit usually black . 3. R. leucodermlM 44 SPRING FLORA 1. R. parviflorus Nutt. (R, Nutkanus Moc.; Bossekia parvi- flora (Nutt.) Greene.) Salmon or Thimble Berry. Stems peren- nial; erect, 3-8 ft. high. .Leaves palmately 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal; 4-12 inches broad; with glandular hairs beneath on veins and on petioles. Inflorescence corymbose. Flowers few, showy (1 inch or more across); white (or occasionally pink-tinged). Calyx and carpels densely tomentose. Lobes of calyx long-acuminate, ascending. Fruit red, oblate- spheroidal; dry and not sweet enough to be palatable. In rich soil along streams. May-August. 2. R. Idaeus gracillipcs Jones. (R. strigosus of Coulter's Man. not R. strigosus Michx.) Wild Red ilaspberry. Sterns biennial, shrubby, erect and branching, 2-6 ft. high; not glau- cous; densely covered with weak glandular bristles, mixed with hooked prickles on the older ones. Leaves pinnately 3-5- foliate; the leaflets cut-serrate, whitish-tomentose beneath, the lateral ones sessile. Flowers white; axillary or terminal, with petals as long as the sepals. Fruit light-red; very palatable; elongated-hemispheric in shape. In clefts of rocks. May-July. 3. R. leucodermis Dougl. Blackcap; Wild Black Raspberry. Stems biennial; glaucous, erect, long and straggling; armed with strong, recurved prickles. Leaves 3-foliate or pedately 5-foliate; leaflets broadly ovate or sometimes ovate-lanceolate; incised and serrate; sparingly pubescent above, white-tomen- tose and glaucous beneath; the lateral ones nearly sessile. Inflorescence terminal and axillary; few-flowered; corymbose. Sepals long-acuminate, slightly longer than the white petals. Fruit with a white bloom; black or sometimes red; very palatable. In mountain valleys, usually at lower elevations than No. 2. 7. FRAGRARIA. Strawberry. V Herbs, perennial from a scaly erect rootstalk. Leaves ternate; all basal. Flowers white 9r rarely pink. Stamens about 20, in 3 series. Receptacle conic or hemispheric, becom- ing red, juicy and much enlarged in fruit. Pubescence spreading or reflexed; achenes on surface of fruit (not in pits) 1. F. bracteata Pubescence appressed; achenes set in pits 2. F. glauca 1. F. bracteata Heller. (F. vesca americana Porter; F. americana (Porter) Britton.) Rootstalk very short. Leaves slightly silky above, becoming glabrate in age; leaflets thin, pale-green, rhombic-obovate, subsessile. Scape usually with a leafy bract. Flowers white, rather large. Calyx in fruit ascending or spreading. Fruit ovoid or subconic. Rich soil in light shade along streams. June-July. 2. F. glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. (F. ovalis glauca (Wats.) A. Nels. ; F. virginiana glauca Wats.) Rootstalk short. Leaves glaucous and almost glabrous above, silky or becoming glabrate below; leaflets thin, broadly obovate, with evident petiolules. Scape rarely with a leafy bract. Flowers white, smaller than those of No. 1. Fruit subglobose, rather sour. Mountain meadows. OF THE WASATCH REGION 45 8. POTENTIL.LA. (Includes Drymocallis.) Cinque-foil. Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves compound; alternate or opposite. Inflorescence cymose (or in some species solitary). Flowers yellow, cream-color or white, with a deeply 5-cleft calyx, 5 obcordate or broadly obovate deciduous petals, numer- ous stamens, and numerous carpels that ripen into achenes. Styles deciduous. Receptacle usually pubescent or hairy. Leaves pinnate; style lateral. Flowers pale yellow 1. P. glandulosa Flowers white or cream-color 2. P. micropetala Leaves digitately 5-7-foliate; styles terminal.... 3. P. grracilis 1. P. glandulosa Lind. Stem erect; viscid and glandular- hairy, irregularly branched above; 1-2 ft. high. Leaves pin- nate; leaflets opposite, 7-9; obovate. Sepals lanceolate to ovate with acute or rarely acuminate apex. Petals about length of sepals; round or nearly so. Moist mountain valleys. May- July. 2. P. micropetala (Rydb.) (Drymocallis micropetala Rydb.) Differing from No. 1 in the smaller flowers of a different color. 3. P. gracilis Dougl. Stems usually several, more or less branched; silky-villous. Leaflets oblanceolate to narrowly ob- ovate; green and sparingly pubescent above, densely white- tomentose below. Flowers bright yellow, with emarginate petals. (Includes P. Blaschkeana Turcz.; P. fastigiata Nutt. ; P. filipes Rydb.; P. pulcherrima Lehm.) 9. GEUM. Avens. Perennial herbs with pinnate or lyrate leaves. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 bractlets alternating with its lobes. Petals 5. Stamens and carpels numerous. Styles becoming elongated and sometimes plumose in fruit; often jointed; per- sistent on the dry receptacle. 1. G. macropliyllum Willd. (G. oregonense Rydb.) Bristly- hairy, stout, 1-3 ft. high. Basal leaves lyrately and inter- ruptedly pinnate, the terminal leaflet very much larger than the 2-4 lateral ones. Petals yellow. Rich soil in moist places. May-July. 10. ROSA. Wild Rose. Bushy or climbing shrubs armed with thorns and prickles. Leaves odd-pinnate, with adnate stipules. Inflorescence soli- tary or corymbose. Flowers large and fragrant; white, pink or red (rarely yellow). Calyx-lobes 5; petals 5; stamens numerous, all borne around the edges of the globose or urn- shaped receptacle. Carpels numerous, enclosed in the re- ceptacle. Ovaries hairy. Fruit consists of the enlarged receptacle (colored red), crowned by the persistent calyx, and enclosing the achenes. Outer sepa\p laterally lobed 1. R. Woodsil Outer sepals entire 2. R. Nutknna 46 SPRING FLORA 1. R. Woodsii Lindl. Stems mostly low, 8-40 inches high. Leaflets 5-7, oblong- or lanceolate to obovate. Flowers pink; l%-2 inches across; solitary or corymbose. Fruit globose with a short neck. (Includes H. Maximilian!! Nees a form with somewhat curved spines and leaflets pubescent beneath; and R. Macounii Greene, with straight or nearly straight spines and leaflets glabrous or nearly so.) 2. R. A 11 Ik aim Presl. Stems stout, 1-6 ft. high. Leaflets 5-7 (rarely y). Flowers large, 2-3 inches across; solitary or 2-3 in a corymb. Fruit globose, not contracted above into a neck. (Includes R. melina Greene, a form with slender spines and mostly glabrous leaves; and R. grosse-serrata E. Nelson, with short spines and minutely resinous-dotted, finely pubescent leaves.) 11. AMELANCHIER. June Berry; Shad Bush. Shrubs or small trees with simple, serrate leaves. Flowers in racemes; white (rarely tinged with pink). Calyx-tube bell- shaped, the limb 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens about 20, short. Pistil 1; styles 5, united below; ovary partly or entirely "in- ferior," 5-celled, but becoming 10-celled in fruit. Fruit a berry-like pome; globose, purplish, edible. 1. A. aliiifolia Nutt. Service Berry. Shrub 3-15 ft. high. Leaves elliptical; usually entire except at and near apex, where they are serrate. Raceme short, dense. Petals nar- rowly oblong. In dry soil on hillsides. May. 12. CRATAEGUS. Hawthorn. Thorny-branched shrubs or small trees with simple and toothed or lobed leaves. Inflorescence terminal, corymbose. Calyx with a cup-shaped tube and a 5-parted limb. Petals 5; white or pink; spreading; fragrant. Stamens 5-20. Ovary 2-5-celled, "inferior." Fruit a drupe, containing 2-5 bony 1-seeded carpels. 1. C. rivularis Nutt. Shrub 9-14 ft. high, with slender red- dish branchlets. Thorns few, stout, slightly curved, '2 l /z in- long or less. Leaves rigid, lanceolate-ovate; serrate; often cuneate. Petals white. Stamens 10; styles 5. Fruit very dark- red to black. On river banks. May. LEGUMINOS-flE. Pulse Family. , Trees, shrubs or annual or perennial herbs; some species climbing. Leaves alternate; compound or sometimes simple ; stipulate. Inflorescence various. Flowers papilionaceous or sometimes regular; perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious. Calyx-lobes 4-5; equal or unequal. Stamens diadelphous, monadelphous or rarely separate; usually 10 (sometimes 9 or only 5). OF THE WASATCH REGION 47 Pistil 1; ovary 1-celled with a single parietal placenta. Fruit a legume or rarely a loment. Flowers regular; thorny trees 1. Gleditsla Flowers irregular. Leaves simple 8. Astragalus Leaves palmately compound. 'Stamens monadelphous; leaflets 5-11 2. Lupinus Stamens diadelphous; leaflets normally 3.. 3. Trifolium Leaves pinnately-compound. Leaflets 3. Flowers blue or purple 4. Medlcago Flowers white 5. Melilotus Leaflets more than 3. Leaves odd-pinnate. Trees 6. Roblnla Herbs. Foliage not glandular-dotted; pod not hooked. Keel longest, wings shortest; fruit a loment. ... 7. Hedysarum Standard longest, keel shortest or at least not longer than wings; fruit a legume 8. Astragalus Foliage glandular-dotted; fruit a pod with hooked prickles.. 9. Glycyrrhlza Leaves tendril-pinnate. Style slender; hairy only near the stigma 10. Vlcia Style flattened; hairy on the inner side 11. Lathyrus ]. GL.EDITSIA. (Gleditschia.) Honey Locust. Large thorny trees. Leaves large; abruptly once or twice pinnately-compound. Inflorescence axillary; racemose. Flowers polygamous; greenish; regular or nearly so; inconspicuous. Calyx short; 3-cleft. Petals as many as the sepals; perigynous; the two lower slometimes united. Stamens 3-10, distinct; perigynous. Fruit a dark-brown, flat, somewhat curved legume; 1-many seeded. 1. G. triaoanthos L,. A tree sometimes reaching a height of 140 ft.; bark of trunk rather rough, that of branches smooth. Thorns branched or simple. Leaves petioled; fascicled and once-pinnate on the old growth, and alternate (%) and bi- pinnate on the season's growth. Inflorescence in spicate, drooping racemes, on growth of preceding year. Fruit strap- shaped, many-seeded; twisted when mature; 1-1% ft. long; with a sweet, greenish pulp between the seeds. May-July. Cultivated. 2. I.UP1NUS. Lupine; Quaker-Bonnets. Herbs. Leaflets entire. Inflorescence terminal; racemose or spicate. Flowers showy, bracteate. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Wings united above, enclosing the keel; sides of standard reflexed. Stamens 10, monadelphous; with anthers of 2 forms (round and^ oblong). Style incurved; stigma bearded. Ovary sessile. Legume flattened, leathery. 48 SPRING FLORA 1. Li. laxiflorus Dougl. A perennial with erect or ascending- slender stems, several from the same root; pubescence short- silky. Leaflets 6-8, oblanceolate. Flowers of varying shades of blue, in loose and slender racemes. Calyx saccate at base. Legume silk-hairy; seeds 3-5. On dry gravelly hills. May- June. 3. TRIFOLIUM. Clover. Tufted herbs of various habit. Leaves palmately (sometimes pinnately) mostly 3-foliate. Inflorescence capitate. Flowers usually rather small. Petals persistent, adherent to the sta- men-tube. Stamens diadelphous, or monadelp'hous at base. Legume membranous, 1-6-seeded. Heads on axillary peduncles. Stems procumbent and creeping; stipules acute 1. T. repens Stems erect or ascending; stipules acuminate 2. T. hybrldum Heads on terminal peduncles. Flowers red or pink; stipules bristle-pointed 3. T. pratense Flowers whitish; stipules not bristle-pointed 4. T. longipes 1. 1*. repens L. White or Dutch Clover. A smooth perennial, rooting at the nodes. Leaflets often with a pale crescent on upper surface; inversely heart-shaped or merely notched at apex; obscurely toothed; stipules narrow, scale-like; petioles long and slender. Heads loose, borne on very long peduncles. Flowers white or rose-tinged, on rather short pedicels. Cul- tivated and along 1 stream-banks as an escape. May-August. 2. T hybridum L. Alsike Clover. A smooth perennial with stems not rooting at the nodes. Leaflets without a pale spot on upper surface; obovate and sometimes slightly notched at the apex but not inversely heart-shaped; serrulate with sharp- pointed teeth; stipules lanceolate-ovate; petioles long and slender. Heads as in No. 1. Flowers rose-tinged, on short pedicels. Cultivated; sometimes escaping. May-October. 3. T. prteii.se L. Red Clover. A hairy perennial with as- cending stems. Leaflets elliptical or obovate, often notched at apex and marked on upper surface by a pale spot; stipules broad. Heads ovoid. Flowers sessile. Calyx soft-hairy. Cultivated and sometimes escaping*. 4. T. longipes Nutt. A perennial with a slender, erect, usually glabrous stem. Leaflets sparingly villous; linear to narrowly oblong, serrulate. Heads ovoid. Flowers yellowish - white or. purple-tinged; sessile or nearly so. Calyx-teeth straight, shorter than the corolla; more or less hairy. In wet alpine meadows. May-June. 4. MEDICAGO. Medick. Herbs with pinnately 3-foliate leaves having minutely- toothed leaflets. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers small. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla deciduous. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1. Pod 1-several-seeded; more or less coiled. Erect perennial; flowers blue or purple 1. M. saliva Procumbent annual; flowers bright yellow 2. M. lupulina OP THE WASATCH REGION 49 1. M. saliva L. Lucerne. Alfalfa. A smooth, many-stemmed perennial from a deep tap-root. Flowers in a loose raceme. Legume coiled like a ram's horn. Cultivated. 2. M. lupiilina L. Black Medick. Nonesuch. A pubescent annual with flowers in short dense heads. Pods kidney-shaped; 1-seeded; black when ripe. Escaping from cultivation. Locally called "Wild Yellow Clover." April-November. 5. MELILOTUS. Sweet Clover. Annual or biennial herbs, fragrant in drying, with pin- nately-compound leaves of 3-toothed leaflets. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme. Flowers small; white or yellow; very fragrant. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals deciduous. Stamens diadel- phous. Legume ovoid; leathery; scarcely dehiscent; straight; wrinkled. 1. M. alba L. White Sweet Clover. Stems erect; 3-6 ft. high. Leaflets truncate. Corolla white; the standard longer than the other petals. Abundant along roadsides. May -October. 6. ROBINIA. Black Locust. Shrubs or trees with odd-pinnate leaves of 9 or more sti- pellate leaflets. Stipules often short, stout spines. Flowers showy, in drooping, axillary racemes. Calyx short, very slightly 2-lipped, the 2 teeth of the upper lip somewhat united. Standard large, reflexed. Stamens diadelphous. Leg-ume flat, straight. 1. R. Pscmlo-Acacia L. A tree as much as 80 ft. high with rough -barked trunk. Flowers very fragrant, in loose racemes. Calyx often reddish. Corolla white, yellowish -veined. Legume smooth. Cultivated. May-June. 7. HEDYSARUM. Perennial herbs with showy flowers in racemes. Calyx 5-cleft. Keel longer than wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume flat, jointed into several strongly-veined 1- seeded roundish divisions, separating when ripe into loments. 1. H. pabulare A. Nels. (H. utahense Rydb.) Many-stemmed from a rootstalk. Stems 8-15 inches high, pubescent with short and stiff appressed hairs. Leaflets 9-17, usually elliptic. Bracts scarious; lanceolate to ovate. Calyx-teeth subulate, with appressed pubescence. Corolla rose-purple, fading to blue; the obovate standard conspicuously veined. Joints of loment 3-5. Dry plains and hillsides. May-June. 4,500- 6,500 ft. 8. ASTRAGALUS. Milk Vetch; Rattle weed; Loco Weed. Perennial herbs with odd-pinnate (or rarely simple) leaves. Inflorescentf'e in spikes or racemes, often resembling- heads. Flowers large, often showy. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 50 SPRING FLORA clawed. Standard relatively narrow; erect. Keel blunt. Sta- mens diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume 1-celled, neither suture intruded... 1. A. diversifolliis Legume incompletely 2-celled by the intrusion of 1 or both sutures. Legume more or less pubescent, but not woolly. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. Legume sessile; flowers purplish; calyx black-strigose 2. A. cibarius Legume stipitate; flowers yellowish; calyx glabrous 3. A. Beckwithii Leaves silky-pubescent 4. A. argophyllus Legume decidedly woolly-pubescent. Leaflets oblong; flowers yellowish -white. . 5. A. Purshii Leaflets subrotund; flowers pink-purple 6. A. utahensis Legume completely 2-celled. Legume leathery; not inflated 8. A. agrestis Legume papery; conspicuously inflated. . . 9. A. lentigrinosua 1. A. diversifolius A. Gray. (A. junciformis A. Nelson; A. junceus A. Gray.) Pubescent with short ashy hairs. Stems slender, elongated, diffuse; weak and at length decumbent. Petioles short; flattened. Leaflets 1-5, linear or narrowly- lanceolate. Peduncles 1-5-flowered. Corolla yellowish-white, the keel rather faintly purple-tipped. Legume cylindrical; oblong-linear, straight or slightly curved; canescent-puberu- lent; less than an inch long. Dry soil. May-October. 2. A. cibariua (Jones) Sheldon. (A. Webberi cibarius Jones.) Tidy Tips; Lady Fingers; "Wild Sweet Pea." Stems 1 ft. long or less. Leaflets 9-21, narrowly elliptical to nearly round; obtuse or retuse. Stipules large, erect, persistent; purplish- tinged. Racemes 6-12 flowered; capitate at first, elongated in fruit. Standard whitish or light purple, keel dark purple; wings whitish, purplish -tinged. Legume smooth, leathery; twice as long as broad; tipped by the persistent style. Dry soil. March-June. 3. A. Beckwithii T. & G. Stems 1-2 ft. long, several from the same root; diffusely spreading; glabrous or nearly so. Leaf- lets 6-12 pairs, broadly elliptical, y 2 inch long. Inflorescence a short, loose raceme of 5-8 yellowish -white flowers. Legume about 1 inch long, slightly curved; often blotched with red. In dry soil. May-June. 4. A. argophyllus Nutt. (A. glareosus Dougl.) Depressed- caespitose; villous-silky with white hairs. Stem short. Leaf- lets 11-15. Flowers 3-6. Corolla narrow, bright violet. Legume incurved: silky-pubescent, but becoming grabrate; oblong- ovate. Dry gravelly soil or rocky places. May-July. 5. A. Purshii Dougl. Canescent with a long, dense, woolly pubescence. Stem very short. Leaflets 9-17; lanceolate or oblong. Flowers yellowish-white, the keel purple-tipped. Legume leathery, very densely white-woolly, somewhat curved. Dry plains. June-July. OP THE WASATCH REGION 51 6. A. utalieiisis T. & G. Sheep-pod; Lady-slipper; "Wild Sweet Pea." Herbage soft-woolly, tue pubescence appressed. Stems short, prostrate from a stout, perennial root. Leaves odd-pinnate. Inflorescence loosely capitate. Flowers about an inch long. Calyx long-cylindric. Corolla pink-purple, fading to blue. Legume very soft-woolly; short, leathery, ses- sile. In dry, gravelly soil. April-November. 7. A. jig-rest is Dougl. (A, goniatus Nutt. ; A, hypoglottis Auct. Amer., not L.) Stems slender, procumbent or ascending, 3-10 inches high. Leaflets 13-21, oblong, rather thick. Peduncles erect, bearing a capitate cluster of erect, purplish flowers. Calyx loosely pubescent with whitish hairs. Corolla violet or yellowish-purple. Legume sulcate dorsally, silky- villous with black hairs. In wet meadows. May-June. 8. A. lentiginosuH Dougl. Many-stemmed; more or less hoary-pubescent witn appressed hairs. Stems decumbent or ascending, 4-15 incnes long. Leaflets 11-19, obovate; obtuse or retuse. Corolla white or yellowish, the wings and keel often purple-tipped. Legume ^-1 inch long; ovate; slightly puberulent. Rather moist places. May-June. Includes A. aiphysus A. Gray and A. ineptus A, Gray. 9. GL.YCYRRHIZA. Wild Licorice. Glandular-viscid perennials from a long, sweet tap-root. Leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules. Inflorescence axil- lary; spicate, on long peduncles. Flowers white or bluish. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), with 1-celled anthers. Legume 1-celled, almost indehiscent, densely armed with hooks, re- sembling a miniature cockle-bur. 1. G. lepidotu Nutt. Stems erect, branching; 1-3 ft. high. Leaflets 15-19. Spike erect, short. Pod light-brown. 10. VICIA. Vetch. Wild Pea. Climbing or trailing, annual or perennial herbs with pin- nate leaves terminated by a tendril; stipules semi-sagittate. Inflorescence axillary; racemose or solitary. Flowers showy. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous at base. Style slender, tipped by the hairy and capitate stigma. Legunr.e flat; dehiscent; continuous between the seeds. 1. V. americana Muhl. Pea. Vine. Perennial, 2-3 ft. long, glabrous or with appressed pubescence. Leaflets broadly elliptical, with obscure veinlets. Flowers 3-9, in loose racemes; bluish -purple. In moist shady places, near streams. May- August. Not common. Usually represented by the var. truit- cata (Nutt.) Brewer. (V. Oregana Nutt.) This is distinguished from the type by the thicker, strongly-veined leayes, which are truncate at^ the apex and not so broadly elliptical. Stipules broadly semi -sagittate. The common form. Both forms are locally called "Wild Sweet Pea." 52 SPRING FLORA 11. LATHYRUS. Vetchling; Everlasting- Pea. Perennial climbing or trailing herbs. Leaves pinnate, mostly terminated by tendrils. Inflorescence racemose. Stamens as in Vicia. Style flattened; hairy along the side next to the distinct stamen. Tendrils 2 to each leaf. Leaflets oval, obtuse at both ends 1. L. utaheusis Leaflets narrowly elliptical, acute at both ends 2. L. leucanthus Tendrils 1 to each leaf (sometimes undevel- oped) 3. It. brachycalyx 1. L,. utahensis Jones. Plant smooth, 2-6 ft. high. Leaflets strongly veined; 1-2 inches long; 4-6 pairs; stipules leafy. Peduncles 4-8 inches long, bearing 4-6 white, yellowish-white or purplish flowers that fade to blue on drying, each about % inch long. Mountain slopes. May-July. 2. It. leucanthus Rydb. Stem winged and conspicuously 4-5- angled; slender; 1-3 ft. long. Leaves terminated by 2 tendrils; leaflets 4-8; veiny; narrow to ovate-lanceolate. Stipules semi- sagittate. Flowers 2-6, in loose long-peduncled racemes; pink- purple to nearly white. Legume flat; sessile. In open woods near streams. May-July. 3. L.. brachycalyx Rydb. Perennial from a creeping rhizome. Stem unbranched or slightly branched; sharply 4-angled. Leaves with pubescent semi-sagittate stipules and a somewhat winged rhachis. Leaflets 2-5 pairs, strongly veined. Raceme short, 2-6 flowered. Corolla purple, fading- to blue. On rather- dry mountain sides. May-June. ORDER GERANIAL.ES. GERANIACEJE. Geranium Family. Herbs with stipulate leaves. Flowers regular, with hypogynous parts. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5. Stamens 10, or only 5 with anthers. Pistil with 5 styles adnate to a central column from which they separate at maturity. Ovaries 2-ovuled, but each maturing a single seed. Leaves pinnately divided 1. Erodium Leaves palmately parted or cleft 2. Geranium 1. ERODIUM. Filaree; Alfilaria; Pin Clover. Winter annuals (or biennials) from a tap-root, with jointed nodes and opposite leaves. Inflorescence axillary; umbellate. Flowers regular or nearly so. Fertile stamens 5, alternate with the 5 sterile ones, which consist of scale-like filaments. Styles bearded inside; in fruit, twisting spirally when dry and untwisting when moistened. OF THE WASATCH REGION 53 1. E. cieutarium (L.) L'Her. Clocks; Storksbill; Pinkets. At first acaulescent, the leaves forming a close rosette upon the ground; at length ascending; villous-pubescent; stems red or green. Basal and lower stem-leaves petioled, pinnate with finely pinnatifid subsessile divisions. Pedicels at length re- flexed, but the fruit remains erect. Flowers 4-8 in a 4-bracted umbel. Sepals tipped by 1-2 bristle-like hairs. Petals pink- purple with darker veins; hairy at the very base. An abun- dant weed of waste places. January-December. 2. GERANIUM. Annual or perennial herbs, with forking stems and swollen nodes. Leaves simple. Inflorescence axillary; umbellate or solitary. Stamens 10; all with perfect anthers and in 2 sets as to length, or as in Erodium. Carpels 5. Annual with weak stems and small flowers; stamens 5 1. G. piisi II ii in Perennials with stout stems and showy flowers; sta- mens 10. Plant more or less tufted; petals pink-purple 2. G. Fremoutii Plant scarcely tufted if at all; petals usually white 3. G. Richardson ii 1. G. imsillum Burm. f. Cranesbill. Stems slender and weak; pubescent or villous; 4-18 inches long. Lea-ves round in out- line with a heart-shaped base; deeply divided into 7-9 more or less wedge-shaped lobes that are entire or 3-toothed at the apex. Flowers 2 to each peduncle; small; pink-purple, with notched petals. Anther-bearing stamens often only 5 as in Krodium. In waste places; not common. May-September. 2. G. Fremontii Torr. (G. nervosum Rydb.) Perennial from a branched caudex. Stems tufted; ascending or spreading; pubescence more or less glandular above. Leaves large and rather thick; those from the caudex long-petioled and 7-cleft into wedge-shaped and 3-lobed or -incised segments; stem- leaves deeply 3-5-cleft. Pedicels stout; hirsute-glandular. Sepals awn-tipped. Petals pink-purple, with darker veins of same color; reversely-heart-shaped. Moist ground in river- valleys and on mountain slopes. June-August. 3. G. Richardsonii F. & M. (G. strigosum Rydb.) About same size as No. 2; perennial from an unbranched or slightly branched caudex. Stems single or few; erect or ascending; nearly glabrous or purplish glandular-pubescent. Leaves large and thin; those from the caudex long-petioled and 3-5-parted into incised, lobed or toothed divisions. Pedicels glandular. Sepals awn-tipped. Petals white (or sometimes pink). Moist shady places near mountain streams. LINAGES. Flax Family. Herbs with leaves alternate or opposite, entire and exstipulate. Inflorescence a raceme or a corymbose or panicled cyme. Flowers perfect; regular and usually symmetrical ; the parts hypogynous. Sepals and petals normally 3* the latter usually ephemeral. Stamens 54 SPRING FLORA equalling the petals in number; monadelphous at base. Pistil of 5 (or sometimes 2-3) distinct or united carpels, each carpel containing 1-2 ovules. Fruit a capsule, which is as many celled as there are styles ; each cell being partially divided into 2. 1. L.INUM. Flax. Herbs with tough fibers in the bark, and sessile leaves. Sepals, petals and stamens 5-merous. Styles 2-5. Ovary globose. 1. L. Lewisii Pursh. (L. perenne of Coulter's Manual; not L.) Blue Flax. Perennial. Stems several from the same root; erect, smooth, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves alternately 8-13; linear to narrowly-lanceolate, numerous; with a gland taking the place of stipules. Inflorescence corymbose. Flowers large, sky- blue. Styles 5. Capsule when ripe longer than the calyx. Dry plains. May-July. ORDER SAPINDAL.ES. ANACARDIACE^l. Cashew Family. Shrubs or trees with a resinous or milky acrid juice. Leaves alternate and without stipules. Inflorescence paniculate. Flowers small and regular; usually dioe- cious or polygamous. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Styles (or stig- mas) 3. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, ripening into a dry drupe. 1. RHUS. Sumac. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and exstipulate 3-foliate or pinnate leaves. Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Flowers small; polygamous; greenish or yellowish -green. Stamens 5. Pistil 1; ovary 1-ovuled; styles 3, terminal. Fruit a smali berry-like drupe. 1. R. canadensis trilobata (Nutt.) Gray. (R. aromatica tri- lobata Gray.) Squawbush; Skunkberry. (Known medicinally as Sweet, Fragrant or Aromatic Sumac.) A glabrous, bushy shrub 2-7 ft. high; strongly ill-scented. Leaves petioled; 3- foliate. Leaflets sessile or nearly so; the terminal one wedge- shaped, the lateral ones smaller and obovate; all more or less lobed. Flowers appearing before the leaves; ' yellowish-green; in panicled spikes, some of which are at the end of the branch, others at the ends of short lateral twigs. Drupe dark-red; flattened; viscid-coated; acid to taste. Stone smooth. Dry hills and plains. April-May. OP THE WASATCH REGION 55 CELASTRACE^E, Staff Tree Family. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple ; with small stipules that very soon drop off. Flowers small; regular and usually perfect. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on the margin of a broad disk that lines the calyx-tube and sometimes covers the ovary. Styles united into 1. Fruit a fleshy 2-5-celled capsule. Seeds arilled. 1. PACHYSTIMA. Mountain Hedge; Larb. Low, slender-branched glabroxis shrubs. Leaves opposite; leathery; evergreen; smooth; upper sxirfaee shining;; on very short petioles. Inflorescence axillary; cymose. Flowers small; greenish or reddish. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4. Stamens 4. Ovary superior: 2-celled; style very short. 1. P. Myrsinites Raf. Branches often curved. Leaves ovate to elliptical; wedge-shaped at base; serrate or serrulate. In dense clumps on wooded slopes. May-July. ACERACE^. Maple Family. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite; simple or com- pound. Flowers small and regular, appearing before or with the leaves ; in polygamous or dioecious racemes or umbel-like corymbs. Calyx usually 5-lobed; petals equal in number to calyx-lobes or none ; stamens 3-12, usually 8; and pistil 1 with 2 long styles. Ovary 2- celled, 2-lobed, ripening into a pair of winged fruits (samaras). Ovules 2 in each cell. 1. ACER. Maple. Wings extending- in one direction from the seed, not de- veloped equally on all sides. Leaves simple, palmately-lobed. Petals present. Cultivated; leaves large. Flowers in corymbs 1. A. platanoides Flowers in drooping racemes 2. A. Pseudo-platnnns Native ; leaves small 3. ' A. glabriim Petals wanting-. Flowers appearing- with or just before the leaves 4. A. grandidentatum Flowers appearing much before the leaves 5. A. saccharinum Leaves pinnately-compound 6. A. Negundo 56 SPRING FLORA 1. A. platanoides L. Norway Maple. A round-topped tree with branches that exude a milky juice when broken. Leaves "bright-green; 3-7-lobed and sharply much -toothed. Flowers monoecious, appearing with or before the leaves on the sea- son's growth; yellowish-green and conspicuous; from quite large terminal buds, the scales of which enlarge and form a conspicuous involucre to the umbel-like corymb. Disk con- spicuous. Samaras large, dark-brown, strongly-veined, with wide-spreading Avings; truncate where they touch each other; dropping off in the autumn. April. Growing only in culti- vation. 2. A. Pseudo-platanus L. Sycamore Maple. A medium-sized tree with rather large, deeply 3-5-lobed leaves. Flowers from terminal buds, polygamous, appearing after the leaves; green- ish-yellow, in terminal., drooping, compound racemes, the lower- most flowers of the raceme being fertile. Stamens 8; filaments hairy. Ovaries very woolly. Samaras woolly on the inside around the seeds; remaining on the tree until the following spring. May-June. In cultivation only. 3. A. glabrum Torr. Mountain Maple. A slender-branched shrub or small tree with gray branches and reddish twigs, often growing in clumps. Leaves small (the largest scarcely exceeding 2 inches in length and slightly more in width); not leathery; 3 (or 5) lobed to divided, the lobes or divisions with many unequal coarse and sharp teeth. Petioles, peduncles and the fruit-wings often red on the upper surface. Flowers few; polygamous; in peduncled, nodding, umbel-like corymbs. Sta- mens 8. Fruit % inch long or less; wings broad. April-May. 5.000-9,000 ft. 4. A. grandidentatum Nutt. Shrubby Maple. Shrub or small tree, somewhat larger than No. 3. Leaves strongly netted- veined; somewhat leathery; the largest 3 inches in diameter: 3-lobed. or 5-lobed with the 2 lowermost lobes scarcely more than teeth and the 3 upper ones coarsely and bluntly 3-5 toothed at apex, their sides entire or sinuate. Flowers both from axillary and terminal buds; monoecious or polygamous; on long, hairy pedicels, in nearly sessile, drooping, umbel-like corymbs. Disk hairy. Stamens 8, long; wings narrow. Along streams and in rich soil on foothills, often forming copses. March-May. 4,500-6,000 ft. 5. A. saocliarimim L. (A. dasycarpum Ehrh.) White, Soft or Silver Maple. A large tree often reaching a height of 100 ft. or more; bark flaky. Leaves silvery-white beneath; deeply 5-lobed, the lobes and sinuses acute. Flowers on short pedicels; in lateral, umbel-like corymbs. Stamens 3-6. Fruit woolly when young; falling the last of April or the first of May. Cul- tivated. March. 6. A. Negumlo JL,. (Negundo aceroides Moench.) Box Elder or Ash-leaved Maple. A tree sometimes approaching a height of 80 ft. Young branches often purplish-red with a white bloom. Leaves petioled; pinnately 3-5 foliate; leaflets toothed or lobed, ovate, veiny, pubescent when young but at length glabrous. Disk none. Flowers from mixed axillary buds (sta- minate flowers from accessory buds also); dioecious; apetalous; greenish; on long, drooping stems; appearing before the leaves; staminate flowers in umbels, the pistillate in drooping racemes. Stamens 4-5, with reddish subsessile anthers. Cultivated and along streams. March-April. OF THE WASATCH REGION 57 ORDER RHAMNAL.ES. RHAMNACE-flE. Buckthorn Family. Shrubs or small trees, often thorny. Leaves simple, usually alternate, with small deciduous stipules. In- florescence axillary or terminal. Flowers small and regular; dioecious, polygamous or perfect. Calyx 4-5- toothed. Corolla (if present) of 4-5 perigynous petals. Stamens of the same number as the petals, and opposite them. Ovary 2-5-celled, ripening into a drupe or capsule. 1. CEANOTHIJS. Snow Brush; Mountain Lilac. Leaves more or less leathery. Inflorescence a cymose panicle. Flowers small; perfect; blue or white. Petals 5, long-clawed at base, and hooded above by the coming together of their arched blades. Stamens 5. Style 3-cleft. Ovary half-sunken in the disk. Fruit a 3-celled and 3-seeded elastically-dehiscent capsule. 1. C. veliitinus Dougl. A thornless shrub 2-12 ft. high, usually glabrous, often shining. Leaves thick and leathery; elliptical or ovate; varnished above, more or less velvety beneath. Flowers white; fragrant. Near the summits of moun- tain ridges. May-June. ORDER MAL, VALES. MALVACEAE. Mallow Family. Herbs or shrubs with mucilaginous juice, and alternate, stipulate usually palmately-veined leaves. Flowers regular. Sepals 5, valvate. Petals 5, convolute, united at their bases and with the base of the stamen-column. Anthers 1-celled, borne on a short filament attached by its base to a central stamen-column, which encloses the carpels. Pistils several; the ovaries united in a ring or forming a several-seeded pod. Stigma lateral 1. Malva Stigmas capitate. Bractlets not bristle-like. Ovule 1 only to each cell of the ovary. . 2. Malvastrum Ovules 2 (rarely 1 or 3) to each cell of the * ovary 3. Sphaeralcea Bractlets bristle-like.. 4. Slda 58 SPRING FLORA 1. MALVA. Mallow. Pubescent or glabrate herbs, of erect, ascending or prostrate habit. Flowers perfect. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at base, which looks like an outer calyx. Stigmas linear. Carpels crowded side by side in a circle, all together resembling a cushion. Fruit a schizocarp. 1. M. rotimdifolia L. Cheeses. Annual or biennial herb from a long tap-root. Stems glabrate; procumbent to ascending'. Leaves long-petioled; round-cordate with crenate margins. Flowers axillary. Petals narrowly obcordate; whitish with pink veins. Carpels about 15, pubescent; half as long as the petals. Very common; in waste places. May-August. 2. MAL.VASTRUM. Star-mallow. Annual or perennial herbs, often tufted. Leaves entire or palmately lobed, cleft or divided. Flowers perfect, showy, in naked or leafy subpaniculate racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, 1-3- bracted or naked. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 5 or more, de- hiscent; each cell of the ovary 1-seeded, the seed ascending. 1. 31. cocciiieum (Pursh) A. Gray. Red 'False Mallow. (Lo- cally called "Slippery Elm.") A bushy perennial; erect or ascending; abundantly covered with a scurfy stellate pubes- cence; spreading by slender creeping rhizomes. Leaves pal- mately 3-5-parted or divided, the divisions wedge-shaped, 2-3- lobed. Flowers brick-red, % inch in diameter. Carpels 10-15. In dry soil in fields and waste places. May-October. Very variable. la. M. coccinium dissectum (Nutt.) (M. dissectum (Nutt.) A. Nels.) Leaves covered with a hoary-white pubescence; dis- sected into narrow segments. Ib. M. coccinium datum E. G. Baker. (M. elatum (E. G. B.) A Nels.) An erect, less-branched form with stems several from the same root, 12-20 inches high. Leaf -divisions wedge-shaped, as in the type. 3. SPHAERAL.CEA. Globe Mallow. Differing from Malvastrum only in that the carpels are 2-3-seeded. (Sometimes the carpels of this genus will be only 1-seeded, in which case the upper part of the carpel will be empty.) Stems rather slender, 1-2 ft. high; petals scarlet 1. S. Munroana Stems stout, 2-6 ft. high; petals pink or white... 2. S. rivularis 1. S. Munroana (Dougl.) Spa<^i. (Malvastrum Munroanum Gray.) A perennial with leafy, densely stellate-pubescent stems. Leaves cordate, the 3-5 obtuse lobes crenate. Corolla less than an inch in diameter; petals obovate. Mature carpels kidney-shaped, rounded at summit, pubescent on back. Dry soil. June-July. 2. S. rivularis (Hook.) Torr. (S. acerifolia Nutt.) Rose of Sharon. An erect, stellate-pubescent perennial, sometimes bushy. Leaves large (2-6 inches in diameter), 5-7 palmately- lobed or parted, their shape much resembling that of the maple. Flowers l-iy 2 in. across, mostly in subpaniculate ra- cemes. Calyx with an involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels sev- OF THE WASATCH REGION eral. beakless. stellate-pubescent and armed with stiff hairs that become prickles in fruit. Along banks of mountain streams. June-August. 4. SIDA. Calyx usually without bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded, the seed pendulous. 1. S. hetleracea Torr. Perennial; stellately pubescent; stem short, procumbent. Leaves thick; reniform-cordate, oblique at base crenate. Peduncles axillary; solitary; 1-f lowered. Petals oblique, pubescent on the outside. That part of corolla exposed in the bud is colored purplish; the rest yellow. Calyx with 1-3 setaceous bractlets. Carpels 8-10, pointless. In al- kaline soil. June-October. ORDER VIOLATES. VIOLACE^E. Violet Family. Herbs with simple, stipulate and basal or alternate leaves. Flowers axillary or scapose; nodding; irregu- lar. Sepals 5. Petals 5, the lowest one usually larger or spurred. Stamens 5, with anthers erect, sessile or on short filaments, connate around the pistil. Stigma 1 ; style 1; ovary 1, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. 1. VIOLA. Violet. ivrcnnials often from short, fleshy rhizomes. Flowers axillary or scapose, solitary; showy, or the later ones apetalous and cleistogamous and concealed among the leaves near the ground. Sepals of the showy flowers are nearly equal; pro- longed backward into ears. Petals blue or violet. Leaves divided, pale-green 1. V. Beckwitlill Leaves crenate or serrate, not divided; dark-green. Leaves all basal. Beard of lateral petals strongly knobbed 2. V. cucullaia Beard of lateral petals not strongly knobbed^ 3. V. nephrophyllu Leaves both cauline and basal. ... 4. V. aduuca loiigipo* Petals yellow (at least on inside). Petioles much longer than the peduncles 5. V. Nmtallii Petioles not much longer than the ped- uncles 6. V. linguaefolia Petals white. Leaves alj basal 7. V. Manila Leaves not all basal 8. V. cauadensi* 60 SPRING FLORA 1. V. Beckwithii T. & G. Western Pansy Violet. Stem dis- tinct, but short. Leaves biternately or pedately parted, the primary divisions ternately or pinnatisectly divided into linear lobes; pale green; stipules very small and inconspicuous, except on the lower leaves. Peduncles 2 inches long; naked. Sepals linear, obtuse, ciliolate. Petals minutely bearded at the gib- bous summit; the lower one barely saccate at base, and deep purple with yellow claws; the 2 upper shorter and deep violet. Stigma, lateral. Dry plains. April. Locally called "Bird-foot Violet." 2. V. cuciillata Ait. Hooded Violet. Leaves from a thickened and fleshy rootstalk; heart-shaped with a crenate-serrate mar- gin and acute apex. Flowers violet-blue, becoming darker near the throat. Sepals narrowly lanceolate. Spurred petal smooth. Cleistogamous flowers long and slender. Seeds dark-brown. Moist places. May-June. 3. V. nephrophylla Greene. Herbage glabrous; plants not stoloniferous. Leaves from a fleshy and thickened rootstalk; the earliest ones round or slightly kidney-shaped, and the later ones broadly heart-shaped with obtuse and obscurely crenate margins. Flowers blue-violet. Sepals lanceolate to ovate. Spurred petal villous. Cleistogamous flowers ovoid or acuminate-ovoid. Seeds olive-brown. Swamps, especially near cold springs. May-June. 4. V. ndiinca longipes CNutt.) Rydb. (V. canina longipes Wats.) Stem mostly simple; at length producing stolons on which are borne Cleistogamous flowers. Leaves elliptical-ovate to ovate, cordate at base; margins more or less crenate; apex obtuse. Flowers axillary, pale blue to nearly white; on peduncles usually longer than the stem-leaves. Latera.l petals bearded. Spur short, straight, thick. In canyons. 5.000-9.000 ft.; the mountain forms much reduced in size. April-August. 5. V. Nuttnllil Pursh. Stems several, short from thick, often branched or fascicled roots. Leaves usually erect: their blades oblong-lanceolate or narrower, tanering to the margined petiole, with entire or obscurely dentate margins; petioles usually much longer than the blade. Peduncles usually much shorter than the leaves. Sepals lanceolate. Plains and moun- tain sides, preferring rich, moist soil in the shade. March -May. 6. V. linCTiaefolia Nutt. (V. vallicola A. Nels.; V. physalodes Greene.) Plant more or less white-hirsute. Stems several, very short, from a slender rootstalk. Leaves erect or ascend- ing; blades oblong-ovate to ovate, usually not tatering to the petiole, with margins obscurely denticulate and ciliate; petioles usually not much lonsrer than the blades, and much shorter than the peduncles. Flowers 2-3 times as large as those of No. 5. Sepals narrowly linear. (V. atriplicifolia Greene is a dwarf form with coarsely-toothed leaves, or the upper ones sharply lobed: their margins not ciliate.) In exposed places on gravelly plains and mountain sides. April-July. 7. V. Manila Willd. Sweet White Violet. Smooth or slightly pubescent: stoloniferous. Leaves all basal, from a slender rhizome; broadly heart-shaoed or kidney-shar>ed: crenate and 'obtuse. Peduncles often longer than the leaves. Flowers fragrant. Petals beardless or nearly so: all but the 2_ upper ones purple-veined. In swamps and along streams in the mountains. April-July. OF THE WASATCH REGION 61 8. V. canadensis soopulorum A. Gray. Dwarf Canada Violet. Glabrous or nearly so; depressed-spreading; stem 1-3 inches high from branching rhizomes. Leaves cordate and mostly acuminate, denticulate-serrate; at flowering time % inch or less in length. Outside of petals usually pale-violet; inside white with yellowish base, and more or less streaked with purple. April-May. In the mountains. LOASACE-flE. Loasa Family. Herbs with barbed or stinging hairs and exstipulate, simple leaves. Inflorescence solitary 1 , racemose or cymose. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5, epigynous. Petals 4-5, or sometimes 10, perigynous. Stamens many, perigynous; sometimes petaloid. Ovary "in- ferior," 1-celled. with 2-3 parietal placentae. 1. MENTZELJA. Blazing Star; Evening Star. Leaves alternate: entire or pinnately lobed, cleft or divided. Stems white; together with the leaves, covered with barbed hairs. Fruit a dry capsule, opening at the summit. 1. M. dispersa Wats. (M. integrifolia (Wats.) Rydb.) A slender annual. Stems erect; simple or branching; 4-16 inches high. Leaves from entire to sinuate-toothed. Flowers small, pale yellow. Seeds somewhat cubical; smooth or nearly so. On moist rich banks. May-August. ORDER OPTJNTIALES. CACTACEjE. Cactus Family. Green, fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants ; globular or columnar and many angled, or flattened and jointed; usually armed with bundles of spines from the areolae, which constitute the axils of the (mostly absent) leaves. Inflorescence mostly solitary. Flowers showy. Sepals, petals and stamens numerous, in sev- eral series, forming a cup above the 1-celled, many- ovuled ovary. Placentae parietal, several. Fruit a more or less fleshy berry. 1. OPUNTIA. Prickly Pear. Stems jointed; flattened or cylindrical. Leaves deciduous. Spines barbed. Flowers red or yellow, borne on spine-bearing areolas. Petals many; slightly united at base. Stamens very numerous. Filaments distinct or slightly united. Fruit pear- shaped with a flattish apex. Joints strotigly flattened 1. O. polyacantha Joints slightly flattened if at all.' 2. O. fragrllls SPRING FLORA 1. O. polyacantha Haw. (O. missouriensis DC.) Joints strongly compressed (except in young seedlings) ; broadly ob- ovate and tuberculate, 2-4 inches long; leaves very small, their axils armed with a tuft of slender bristles. Flowers pale yellow. Fruit dry, very spiny. In dry soil on hillsides. May-June. 2. O. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Joints compressed or sometimes terete; 1-1% in. long, ovoid or subglobose. Leaves very small, reddish. Areolae with few bristles; central spines 1-4. Flowers yellow, smaller than those of No. 1. Fruit dry, with areolae of spines and a few short bristles. In dry soil. Maj^-June. ORDER MYRTAL.ES. ONA GRACED. Evening Primrose Family. Herbs with simple, usually exstipulate leaves. Inflor- escence axillary or terminal; solitary, spicate or race- mose. Flowers complete; regular; symmetrical. Sepals epigynous ; usually 4. -Petals 2-6, usually 4; perigynous. Stamens 2-12, as many or twice as many as petals; perigynous. Ovary usually 4- celled, and then with many ovules on axile placentae; conspicuously "in- ferior." Stigma 2-4-lobed or capitate. Fruit a capsule or nutlet. Ovary 4-celled. many-seeded; fruit a capsule. Lower leaves opposite; seeds comose at apex.. 1. Epilobium All the leaves alternate (or basal); seeds not comose. Petals yellow, white or rose; anthers ver- satile 2. Ocnothera Petals purple or red-violet; anthers erect. . . 3. Clarkia Ovary 1-celled, 1-4-seeded; fruit nut-like, indehiscent. . 4. Gaura 1. EPILOBIUM. Willow Herb. Leaves nearly sessile, with entire or serrate margins. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4. Stamens 8, the alternate ones the longer. Capsule loculicidal, 4-angled; the seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the apex. Annual; leaves entire or nearly so 1. E. paiiiculatum Perennial; leaves serrulate or denticulate.... 2. E. adeuocaulon 1. E. paniculatum Nutt. Slender-stemmed, erect and often diffusely-branched; glabrous or somewhat glandular-pubescent above; 6-36 inches high. Leaves linear or lanceolate; obscure- ly serrulate. Flowers few, small, terminal. Petals white or rose-color, notched at apex. On plains and in canyons. June- September. Varying much in size and branching according to water-supply of its habitat. OF THE WASATCH REGION 63 2. E. adenocaulon Haussk. Erect, much -branched, leafy, producing- rosettes or turions; more or less white-hairy above (the inflorescence and capsules glandular-pubescent); 1-3 ft. high; often purplish. Leaves often erect; lanceolate-elliptical or ovate-lanceolate; mostly abruptly rounded into a short petiole; 2-6 inches long-. Flowers numerous; small; axillary and otten nodding. Petals white or pink, notched at apex. Seeds abruptly short-beaked with white coma. In water near springs. May-October. 2. OENOTHERA. Evening Primrose. Leaves alternate or all basal. Calyx-tube prolonged above the ovary. Calyx-lobes 4, reflexed; often remaining united at the apex. Stamens 8, the anthers mostly versatile. The pollen often clings together like a spider's web. Flowers showy; yellow, white or rose-color. Stigma capitate or with 4 linear divisions. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves alternate (or some basal). Stigma deeply 4-cleft, its segments linear; biennials. Flowers yellow; ovules and seeds horizontal. Petals not over an inch long 1. O. wtrigosa Petals as much as l 1 /^ inches long. ... 2. O. Hooker! Flowers white; ovules and seeds ascending 3. O. pallida Stigma capitate; annual 4. O. utaliensis Leaves all basal. Flowers yellow 5. O. stibacaulis Flowers white (becoming rose-color in age). Plant smooth; leaves somewhat leathery 6. O. caespitosa Plant hairy; leaves not at all leathery. . 7. O. marginal a 1. O. strigosa (Rydb.) (O. muricata canescens (T. & G.) Robinson.) Plant beset with rigid grayish hairs; 16-40 in. high. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate with obtuse apex; stem-leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate with acute apex and wavy margins. Spike many-flowered, leafy-bracted. Calyx- segments with short, free tips. Corolla yellow;, not turning rose-color on fading. In rich, usually moist soil in open places. -June-October. 2. O. Hooker! T. & G. (O. biennis hirsutissima A. Gray; Onagra Hookeri (T. & G.) Small.) Plant hairy; stems erect, stout, usually unbranched. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lance- olate; acute to acuminate, wavy-margined and minutely toothed. Spike many-flowered, leafy-bracted. Calyx-segments acumi- nate. Corolla yellow, usually tinged with red, especially when fading. In open ground. May-August. 3. O. pallida Lindl. (O. albicaulis Nutt.; O. Nuttallii Sweet; Anogra Nuttallii (Sweet) A. Nelson; Anogra pallida Britton). A perennial with stems erect or sometimes straggling, usually- branched, white and shreddy; glabrous or puberulent, or some- times with a few scattered hairs. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate; entire, repand or pinnately-lobed; sessile or the lowermost petioled. Flowers axillary, drooping while in the bud. Calyx-lobes linear, the tips free in the bud. Throat of calyx glabrous. Petals nearly round; entire or notched; white, turning to rose-color after fertilization of ovules. Capsule curved; seds smooth; in 1 row. Dry sandy soil of plains. Mny -October. 64 SPRING FLORA 4. O. subacaulis (Pursh.) (Taraxia subacaulis (Pursh) Rydb.; O. heterantha Nutt.) Glabrous or glabrate perennial. Leaves lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole; entire or denticulate. Calyx-segments linear-lanceolate; calyx-tube longer than the ovary. Capsules sessile; 4-winged. May- August. In the mountains. 5. O. utahcnsis (Small). (Sphaerostigma utahense Small). A villous annual, with- a stem a foot or less high. Leaves varying from spatulate to ovate, densely villous; narrowed into slender petioles. Flowers white. Style slender; longer than the stamens. Stigma capitate. Capsule linear, sessile, scarcely narrowed above; slightly glandular. June. 6. O. caespitosa Nutt. (Pachylophus caespitosus (Nutt.) Rai- mann.) Biennial or perennial from a thick root. Leaves all basal, forming a loose rosette; lanceolate or oblanceolate, nar- rowed into a slender petiole; sinuate-dentate. Flowers few; white or rose-color; erect in bud. Calyx-tube long, resembling a peduncle. Capsules sessile; crested or margined. Stigma 4-lobed. On sunny mountain slopes, usually among rocks. May-July. 7. O. marginata Nutt. (Pachylophus marginatus (Nutt.) Rydb.) Much like No. 5, but the leaves are not leathery, the flowers are larger and with a tendency to open farther, the calyx and fruit are densely hirsute and the leaves are scarcely less so, and the capsule is stipitate. Dry gravelly plains, April- June. Locally known as "Sand Lily." 3. CLARKIA. Erect annuals with brittle, somewhat succulent stems. Leaves alternate; petioled or the uppermost sessile. Inflor- escence terminal; racemose. Flowers showy. Petals 4; purple or red-violet; clawed.' Stamens 8, but the 4 opposite the petals often sterile. Style 1; stigma 1, broadly 4-lobed. Ovary 4-celled. Capsule 4-angled. 1. C. rhomfooidea Dougl. More or less branched, finely pu- berulent; 1-3 ft. high. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate to elliptical- ovate, with entire margins. Petals entire, rhomboidal; rose-purple, often with dots of darker purple near the base. Anthers all perfect. Capsule sessile, often somewhat curved. In rich, moist soil in light shade. May-July. 4. GATJRA. Tall herbs with sessile, alternate leaves. Flowers small, in spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube reflexed, deciduous. Petals clawed; unequal or turned toward the upper side; reddish or white and becoming rose-color on fading. Stamens (and often the style) turned downward; each filament appendaged in front. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit 3-8-angled or ribbed. 1. G. parviflora Dougl. Perennial with a much -branched stem, 2-6 ft. high. Leaves soft-downy; lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate with acute or acuminate apices and wavy margins. Flowers pink, in long terminal spikes. Fruit 8-ribbed, sessile, narrowed at both ends. In dry soil. June-September. OP THE WASATCH REGION 65 ORDER UMBELLALES. UMBELLIFER-ffi. Carrot or Parsley Family. Herbs mostly with hollow stems. Leaves mostly compound, more or less clasping at the base. Flowers small; in simple or compound umbels. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; its margin truncate or 5-toothed. Petals 5, epigynous. Stamens 5. Pistils with 2 styles and a 2-celled. "inferior" ovary, each cell of which contains a single ovule. Fruit a pair of cremocarps. "Umbels usually compound, forming umbellets. The bracts under the general umbel form an involucre; under an umbellet an involucel. The enlarged base of the style is the stylopodium, which is often sur- rounded by an epigynous disk. Each carpel usually has 5 longitudinal ribs; in the intervals are usually one or more longitudinal oil-tubes or vittae. The face by which the 2 carpels cohere is the commisure; a slender prolongation of the axis between them is the carpophore ; this is apt to split into 2 branches, a carpel suspended from the tip of each." Coulter's Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany, page 113. Mature fruit is necessary for determination of the genera and species. Oil-tubes wanting or obscure in the mature fruit. Flowers white . 1. Osmorrhlzn Flowers yellow or purple 2. Leptotaeniu Oil-tubes distinct. Fruits strongly flattened dorsally. Leafy-stemmed, tall, stout, branched. Stem smooth; flowers yellow 3. Pastinaca Stem woolly; flowers white 4. Heracleum Mostly short-stemmed; lateral ribs thick. 2. Leptotaenia Mostly without above-ground stem; lateral ribs thin 5. Cogswcllia Fruits not dorsally flattened. With more than 1 oil-tube in each interval. Seed-face sulcate or decidedly con- cave 6. Aulospermtim % Seed-face slightly concave 7. Orogenia With a single oil-tube in each interval.. . 8. Zizla SPRING FLORA 1. OS31ORRHIZA. (Washingtonia.) Sweet Cicely. Perennial from thick aromatic roots. Stem slender, branch- ing. Leaves few; 2-3 times compounded in threes. Umbel compound, few-flowered; with small involucre and involucels or none. Flowers small; white, on long pedicels. Calyx-teeth none. Stylopodium small, conical. Fruit fusiform or cylin- drical, with 5 equal and bristly or glabrous ribs (without wings). Oil-tubes none (at least in mature fruit). Fruit with bristly ribs 1. O. divaricata Fruit glabrous -. . 2. O. occidental!* 1. O. tlivaricata Nutt. ( Washingtonia divaricata Britton; W. intermedia Rydb.) Nearly glabrous; 12-30 inches high. Leaf- lets thin; lanceolate or ovate; acute or acuminate and coarsely toothed. Umbels simple, of 2-9 spreading rays; and white flowers on pedicels usually about as long as the fruit; in- volucres none. Fruit with a distinct, sharp beak. In rich soil in shady places along streams. May-June. 2. O. occidental^ Nutt. (W. occidentalis (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose; Glycosma occidentalis Nutt.) Rather stout; puberulent or glabrous; 1-2 ft. high or even more. Leaves ternate; leaflets lanceolate-oblong; rather thick; acute; coarsely serrate. Umbel 5-12-rayed, without involucre or involucels (or rarely witli 1-2 involucral bracts). Fruiting rays usually erect and form- ing a compact cluster of fruits. Flowers white or greenish. Fruit distinctly beaked; obtuse (not tapering) at base; gla- brous. June-July. 2. L.EPTOTAENIA. (Ferula). "Wild Carrot." Nearly stemless smooth perennials. Leaves very large; pinnately decompound. Peduncles tall and stout. Involucre none or of a few bracts; involucels of many small bractlets. Flowers yellow or purple, in many-rayed umbels. Calyx-teeth none. Disk small; stylopodium depressed. Fruit flattened; elliptical or nearly round; strongly compressed dorsally with corky lateral wings as thick as the fruit. Oil-tubes 1-6, but obscure; or sometimes wanting. 1. L,. multifida Nutt. (Ferula multifida A. Gray.) Leaves puberulent, finely dissected into linear divisions. Flowers yellow (or purplish). Fruit pedicelled, usually without oil- tubes. Seed-face concave. Dry plains or hillsides, often in oak copses. May-June. Often called "Wild Parsnip." la. L,. multifida Eatoui (C. & R.) Jones. (L. Eatoni C. & R.) Leaves dissected into oblong divisions. Fruit usually with oil- tubes. Seed-face plane. Same habitat and time of flowering as the type. 3. PASTIIVACA. Parsnip. Erect branching biennials from thick roots. Leaves once- pinnate. Umbels compound, usually without either involucre or involucels. Flowers yellow. Calyx-teeth wanting. Stylo- podium depressed. Fruit oval; smooth, much flattened dorsally. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 1. P. sativa L. Stem 2-5 ft. high from a long, conical root. Basal and lower stem-leaves petioled, long (often as much as 1-1% ft.) Umbels several, 2-6 inches broad. Pedicels very slender. In waste ground. June-Sept. OF THE WASATCH REGION 67 4. HERACLETJM. Cow Parsnip. Coarse erect perennials with large, ternately decompound leaves. Flowers in compound umbels. Bracts of the involucre (if present) few and deciduous; involucels of many narrow bracts. Outer petals of the marginal flowers much enlarged. Stylopodium thick, conic. Oil-tubes 1 in each interval. 1. H. lanatum Michx. Stems ribbed. 4-8 ft. high. Leaflets lobed and cut-toothed, 4-10 inches across; lower surface downy. Fruit somewhat downy. In wet places along streams and around cold springs in the mountains. May-August. 5. COGSWEL,L,IA. (Lomatium; Peucedanum in part.) Mostly acaulescent perennials with thickened roots (usually fusiform or tuberous). Leaves simple or compound. Flowers white, yellow or purple, without involucre but usually with involucels. Calyx-teeth usually wanting. Stylopodium none. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally. Oil-tubes 1-several in the intervals or rarely wanting. Roots globose or moniliform. Leaves 1-2 pinnate; umbellets open; pedicels slen- der 1. C. amfoigua Leaves dissected; umbellets compact; pedicels very short 2. C. leptoearpa Roots more or less cylindrical. Bractlets of the involucel conspicuous 3. C. oriental!* Bractlets of the involucel small or none. Fruit from narrowly to broadly oblong. Leaves 1-2 ternate 4. C. platycarpa Leaves mostly much dissected, the segments short 5. C. millefulia Fruit broadly linear to narrowly elliptical 6. C. bicolor 1. C. ambigrua (Nutt.) Jones. (L. ambiguum (Nutt.) C. & R.) Acaulescent. or caulescent and then as much as a foot high; from tuberous and sometimes moniliform roots. Leaves on long petioles dilated at the base; the leaflets long and nar- row. Umbel unequally 8-18-rayed, without bractlets. Flowers yellow. Fruit glabrous; narrowly oblong and with very narrow wings. Oil-tubes solitarv in the intervals. Near streams. May. 2. C. leptoearpa (Nutt.) Jones. (L. leptocarpurn (Nutt.) C. & R.) Acaulescent and glabrous, from deep-seated tuberous roots. Leaves ternate, then pinnate into linear segments. Umbels unequally rayed, the rays few; involucels of small linear bractlets. Flowers yellow. Fruit densely clustered: linear; nearly sessile; with very narrow wings. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Dry hills. April-July. 3. C. orientalis Jones. (Peucedanum nudicaule Nutt.; L. orientale C. & R.) Acaulescent or shortly caulescent from a long, thick root. Leaves bipinnate, the short leaflets toothed. Umbel unequally 5-8-rayed. with involucels of lanceolate, scarious-margined, distinct and often purplish bractlets. Flowers white or pinkish. Fruit glabrous, nearly round; with wings narrower than the body. Oil-tubes solitary in the in- tervals. Seed-face plane. Dry sunny hillsides. May. 68 SPRING FLORA 4. C. platycarpa (Torr.) Jones. (L. platycarpum (Torr.) C. & R; L triternatum platycarpum Torr; Peucedanum simplex Nutt.) Acaulescent or caulescent; often tall and stout; from more or less thickened roots. Leaves 1-2 ternate, with leaflets from narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate. Peduncles usually slender, not swollen at the top, bearing an unequally 3-15- rayed umbel of yellow flowers. Involucels of setaceous or lanceolate bractlets. Fruit broadly elliptical to nearly round, with large oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; wings broader than the body. Dry gravelly plains. April-May. 5. C. millefolia (Wats.) Jones. (C. Grayi C. & R. ; L. Grayi C. & R.) Glabrous throughout, from very long, woody, cylin- drical roots; strongly scented with the odor of celery-seed. Leaves ternate. then pinnately-decompound into linear-filiform and cuspidate divisions. Umbel rather equally 6.-16-rayed, with involucels of distinct linear subulate bractlets. Flowers yel- low. Fruit oblong. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Among rocks on sunny mountain summits. April-May. 6. C. bicolor (Wats.) Jones. (L. bicolor (Wats.) C. & R.) Nearly acaulescent or with a stem 4-18 inches high. Leaves with much dilated petioles; ternate, with tripinnate divisions, the ultimate segments filiform. Umbel very unequally 2-10- rayed, with involucels. Flowers yellow on short pedicels. Fruit glabrous; broadly linear at first, but becoming narrowly elliptical when fully mature; wings very narrow in immature fruit, but becoming wide and conspicuous in age. Oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals. Dry grassy mountain slopes. May. 6. ATJI.OSPERMUM. (Cymopteris in part). Indian Parsnip. Low perennials from a thick root; caulescent or acaules- cent. Leaves ternate or more or less pinnately dissected. Umbel usually without involucre; umbellets with small and narrow bractlets. Flowers white, yellow or purple. Calyx- teeth evident. Carpels with 3-5 usually broad, thin -wings. Stylopodium none. Fruit glabrous; elliptical or round; more or less laterally flattened. Oil-tubes usually several in each interval. Seed usually sulcate. Flowers yellow (or a few of them purple) 1. A. longipcs Flowers white or cream-color (or a few purplish) 2. A. ibapense 1. A. Icmgipes (Wats.) C. & R. (Cymopteris longipes Wat- son). Glabrous and glaucous; apparently acaulescent when in flower, but the cluster of pinnate or bipinnate leaves at length borne at the summit of an elongated stem, which is sheathed at the base. Umbels 5-10-rayed, without involucre but with subulate bractlets. Oil-tubes 3 in the intervals. On dry, sunny hills in gravelly soil. March-May. 2. A. ibapense (Jones) C. & R. (C. ibapense Jones.) Leaves tripinnate, their ultimate divisions crowded and obtuse with revolute margins. Umbels 6-8-rayed; without involucre but with involucels of linear bractlets. Oil-tubes 3 in the intervals. Same habitat as the preceding, but mostly at higher elevations. 7. OROGENIA. Stems scape-like. Leaves 1-3 ternate. Involucre none; in- volucels of few linear bractlets. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong, slightly flat- tened dorsally. Oil-tubes minute; 3 in the intervals. Seed-face slightly concave. OF THE WASATCH REGION 69 1. O. llnearifolla Watson. Stem slender, perennial from a deep-seated roundish tuber; 5 inches high or less. Leaves 2-3, upon slender petioles; 1-2 ternate; leaflets entire, linear. Um- bels 2-10-rayed, with nearly sessile flowers. Anthers red. March-May. In rich moist soil in shaded mountain valleys. 8. ZIZIA. Smooth perennials, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves simple or ternately compound. Umbel without involucre and with involucels of small bractlets. Flowers yellow; calyx-teeth prominent. Car- pels with filiform ribs and long- styles. Stylopodium none. Oil-tubes large, solitary in the broad intervals. Fruit glabrous, flattened laterally; oblong to ovate; the central one of each umbellet sessile. 1. Z. cordata (Walt.) Koch. Basal leaves long-petioled; round-cordate with the margin crenate or rarely lobed or di- vided; stem-leaves of 3-5 ovate and serrate or incised leaflets. Fruit ovate. Wet upland meadows. June-July. CORNACE^E. Dogwood Family. Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves simple, entire, ex- stipulate. Flowers in cymes or involucrate heads. Calyx adherent to the 1-2-celled ovary. Corolla-lobes 4; together with the 4 stamens borne on the "inferior ovary. Fruit a 1-2-celled drupe or berry. ? 7 1. CORNUS. Dogwood; Cornel. Leaves opposite. Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4- toothed. Petals white or greenish. Style slender; stigma capitate or truncate. Fruit a small drupe. 1. C. stolonifera Michx. Shrub 3-8 ft. high with branches (especially the "water-sprouts") smooth and bright-red. Leaves ovate, rounded at base, abruptly sharp-pointed; whitish be- neath. Flowers small, in open and flat cymes; petals white or somewhat cream-colored. Fruit white or lead-color. Along mountain streams. May-September. ' Locally called "Kinni- kinnick," a name properly belonging to the Bearberry. ORDER PRIM1TL.ALES. ^ PRIMULACE-flE. Primrose Family. Herbs with simple exstipulate leaves. Flowers per- fect, regular. Calyx usually of 5 united parts. Corolla usually o 5 united petals (wanting in Glaux). Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Pistil consists of 1 style, 70 SPRING FLORA 1 stigma and a 1-celled ovary bearing a free-central placenta. The stamens, which are opposite the corolla- lobes, are sometimes monadelphous. Fruit a 2-6-valved capsule. Inflorescence axillary and solitary 1. Glaux Inflorescence terminal and umbellate. Petals erect or spreading; stamens distinct... 2. Androsace Petals reflexed; stamens somewhat mona- delphous 3. Dodecatlieon 1. GL.AUX. Saltwort. A low, somewhat succulent perennial with leafy stems. Leaves opposite. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Calyx 5-parted; pink or white. Corolla none. Stamens 5, borne on base of calyx and alternate with its lobes. Capsule dehiscent by valves. 1. G. marltima L. Perennial from slender rhizomes; glabrous and glaucous; usually branched; 2-8 inches high. Leaves elliptical or linear-oblong; sessile. Flowers of 2 forms; in one form the stamens are shorter than the pistil, in the other they are longer. Wet places in' salty soil. May-August. ' 2. AJVDROSACE. Low annuals or perennials. Leaves (in our species) rosette- forming at base. Flowers small, in involucrate umbels. Calyx persistent. Corolla salver- or funnel-form, the tube shorter than calyx. Stamens distinct; included; with short filaments and short, blunt anthers. Style short. 1. A. occidentalism Pursh. Annual, from fibrous roots. Leaves sessile; oblong or spatulate; obtuse. Pedicels scape-like; soli- tary or numerous; very slender. Bracts of involucre oblong or ovate. Calyx-teeth ovate or triangular-lanceolate and acute; longer than the capsule and at least as long as the calyx-tube. Corolla very small, white; shorter than the calyx. Dry gravelly fields. April-June. 3. DODECATHEON. Shooting Star; American Cowslip. Smooth perennial herbs. Leaves all basal, forming a loose rosette. Flowers terminal on a simple, naked scape. Calyx 5-cleft, the divisions reflexed in flower and erect in fruit. Corolla 5-cleft, the narrow rose-colored divisions reflexed. Stamens borne on the throat of the corolla, exserted, their filaments short; anthers erect, yellow or violet, conniving around the style. Anthers about as long as tube of united filaments 1. D. salimun Anthers at least twice as long as tube of united fila- ments 2. D. pauciflorum 1. D. salinum A. Nels. Leaves widely spreading or ascend- ing. Bracts oblong or spatulate. Anthers purple with whitish margins. Capsule elliptic, splitting from the obtuse summit into 2 equal valves. 'Wet alkali soil. May-August. 4,500- 11.000 ft. OP THE WASATCH REGION 71 2. D. pauciflorum (Durand) Greene. (D. vulgare (Hook) Piper; D. meadia pauciflorum Durand.) Leaves erect or nearly so. Bracts lanceolate. Filaments united into a yellow tube half as long as the anthers. Anthers purple. Capsule nearly cylindrical, splitting from the acute summit by 5 short teeth. Wet soil. May-June. ORDER GENTIANALES. OLEACE^E. Olive Family. Shrubs or trees with opposite arid exstipulate leaves. Inflorescence panicled, racemose or fascicled. Flowers monoecious, dioecious, polygamous or perfect. Calyx usually 4-cleft. Corolla of 4 more or less united lobes, or sometimes wanting". Stamens 2, or sometimes 3 or 4. Pistil 1, with a 2-celled ovary, ripening into a samara, capsule, drupe or berry. 1. FRAXIJVTJS. Ash. Trees with petioled, odd-pinnate leaves from terminal buds. Inflorescence axillary; densely panicled or racemose. Flowers greenish; appearing before or with the leaves. Calyx small and 4-cleft; toothed or entire, or wanting. Petals 4, or want- ing. Anthers large. Style 1; stigma 1, 2-cleft. Fruit an oar-like samara, containing a single seed. 1. F. pennsylvanica lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (F. lanceolata Borkh.; F. viridis Michx. f.) Green Ash. Glabrous throughout; usually not exceeding 60 ft. in height. Leaflets 5-9, often wedge-shaped at base and serrate above; bright-green on both sides. Flowers dioecious. Anthers linear-oblong. Calyx per- sistent in fruit. Petals none. Fruit 1-2 inches long; the fruit-body spindle-shaped, the wing extending upward to above its middle, slightly notched at apex. Cultivated. April-May. ASCLEPEDIACE^. Milkweed Family. Perennial herbs usually with a milky juice, entire exstipulate leaves, and umbellate inflorescence. Flow- ers regular and perfect. Calyx 5-lobed, reflexed. Corolla of 5 united lobes. A corona of 5 parts, called hoods (usually colored like petals), is between the corolla and the column of stamens, and is adnate either to the corolla or the stamen-column. Filaments 5, short and stout; monadelphous, or rarely distinct; borne on base of corolla. Anthers tipped by a membrane; 2- celled, e/aeh cell containing a waxy mass of pollen 72 SPRING FLORA called a pollinium. The two contiguous pollinia of adjacent anthers are united. The pistil-system consists of 2 separate ovaries, each with its style; and these are surmounted by a single flat, 5-angled stigmatic disk, which also surmounts the stamen-column. Fruit a pair of follicles. Seeds tufted. Leaves opposite: corolla reflexed 1. Aselcpias Leaves alternate; corolla not reflexed 2. Asclepiodorn 1. ASCLEPIAS. Milkweed. Erect or decumbent herbs from deep perennial roots. Leaves opposite or whorled (rarely alternate). Inflorescence terminal or axillary. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments reflexed. Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within. 1. A. speclosa Torr. Stout, 1-2 */& ft. high, white-tomentose or canescent all over. Leaves opposite; thick; broadly ovate or elliptical; obtuse and cuspidate or acute. Umbels several or rarely solitary. Corolla purplish. Column very short or none. Follicles erect or spreading on the recurved pedicels, woolly and spinose. In moist soil near springs and irrigation ditches. June-July. 2. ASCL.EPIODORA. Erect or decumbent stout herbs. Leaves mostly alternate (sometimes opposite). Inflorescence terminal. Flowers large. Corolla rotate, its segments spreading. Corona-hoods promi- nently crested within. 1. A. decumbens Gray. Stems decumbent or ascending: rough-puberulent; 1-2 ft. long. Leaves somewhat leathery, narrowly to broadly lanceolate; acuminate. Umbel solitary, many-flowered. Flowers greenish with purple hoods. Fruiting pedicels twice bent. Follicles ascending. Dry soil on hillsides. June-July. ORDER POLEMONIALES. CONVOLVULACEJE. Morning-glory Family. Mostly trailing or twining herbs (erect in Oressa). Leaves exstipulate, alternate (or scales in Cuscuta). Inflorescence axillary, cymose or solitary. Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx of 5 distinct, imbricated sepals. Corolla of 5 united petals. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes. Pistils 2, or 1, with 1-3 styles, and a "superior," 2-3- or falsely 4-6- celled ovary. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule, or 2-4 separate fruits. OF THE WASATCH REGION 73 1. CONVOLVULUS. Bindweed. Twining or prostrate, mostly perennial herbs from slender rhizomes. Flowers axillary; solitary or clustered; large; white, pink or purplish. Corolla open funnel-form. Ovary entire, 1-2-celled; style filiform; stigmas 2, filiform to oblong. 1. C. arvensis L. Stems slender, prostrate. Leaves slender- petioled; dark-green; usually arrow -shaped and blunt at the apex. Peduncles usually 2-flowered: J-3-bracted just below the flowers. Corolla an inch or less in diameter; white with a pink tinge. Calyx free from the bracts. In fields and waste places. May-September. POLEMONIACEJE. Phlox Family. Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves. Inflores- cence eymose, corymbose-paniculate or solitary. Flowers perfect; regular or nearly so. Calyx of 5 united sepals. Corolla of 5 united petals. Stamens 5, epipetalous; alternate with the corolla-lobes. Pistil consists of 1 filiform style, of 3 linear stigmas (most conspicuous in mature flowers), and of a "superior," mostly 3-celled ovary with axile placentae. Seeds of some genera emitting spiral threads when moistened. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves opposite, entire 1. Phlox Leaves mostly alternate. Corolla salverform or tubular-funnelform 2. Gilia Corolla open bell-shaped. . . , 3. Polemoiiium 1. PHLOX. Perennial or rarely annual erect or diffuse herbs (in some species woody at the base). Leaves entire; opposite or the floral leaves alternate. Inflorescence cymose or paniculate. Flowers showy. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed and 5-cleft. Corolla salverform, with a narrow tube and a 5-lobed limb. Stamens short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary 3-celled; style usually slender. Ovules few. Capsule at length distend- ing and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds wingless, or narrowly winged, not developing spiral threads when moistened. Leaves linear; flowers more than 1 1. P. longrifolia Leaves subulate; flowers solitary 2. P. Hoodli 1. P. longlfolia Nutt. Wild Sweet William. Many-stemmed from a woody base; pubescent or nearly glabrous; 3-8 inches high. Leaves from narrowly to broadly linear. Calyx angled. Corolla dark pink to white. April-November. In dry soil. la. P. longrifolla imberula E. Nelson. (P. puberula (E. Nels.) A. Nels.) Pubescence glandular, especially on the pedicels and calyx. 74 SPRING FLORA 2. P. Hoodii Richards. Sparsely woolly when young 1 , at length grabrate. Stem 2-4, inches high, densely tufted and branching from a woody root. Leaves imbricate, erect, rigid, subulate and mucronate. Flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the branches.. Corolla white. May-June. 2. GILJA. (Includes Collomia, Microsteris, Linanthus). Annual, biennial or perennial herbs with alternate (or sometimes opposite) leaves. A genus of wide diversity as to shapes of leaves and of corolla, and types of inflorescence. Capsule at length distending- and often bursting the calyx- tube. Seeds usually mucilaginous when moistened. Annuals. Leaves not spinulose-tipped. Leaves sessile, and entire; stamens unequally inserted. Inflorescence scattered or loosely cy- mose 1. G. gracilis Inflorescence capitate-glomerate and leafy- bracted. Corolla from pink-purple to nearly white, with yellow tube 2. G. linearis Corolla buff or pale salmon- color 3. G. grandiflora Leaves (or some of them) palmately di- vided 4. G. Harknessii Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately-parted. 5. G. inconspicua Leaves and calyx-teeth spinulose-tipped 6. G. minima Biennials or perennials. Leaves alternate; pinnately divided into remote linear segments 7. G. aggregata Leaves opposite or fascicled in the axils, palmately 3-7-parted into acerose segments 8. G. Watsonii 1. G. gracilis Hook. (Microsteris micrantha (Kellogg) Greene; Collomia micrantha Kellogg; C. gracilis A. Gray; Gilia micrantha (Kell.) A. Nels.) Pubescent, 2-6 inches 'high; at length becoming much-branched. Leaves opposite below, al- ternate above. Flowers small, borne singly or in pairs in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped with a narrow tube; white or rarely pink. Sta- mens straight, short. Capsule 3-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. Seeds few, not becoming mucilaginous when moistened. (In subspecies spirillifera the seeds do become mucilaginous when moistened). On dry plains. April-June. 2. G. linearis Gray. (Collomia linearis Nutt.) Sparingly viscid-pubescent; 6-20 inches high, simple or sparingly branched from base. Leaves broadly linear or oblong-lanceolate. Corolla salverform. Ovules solitary. Seeds emitting spiral threads when moistened. In moist shaded places, especially in the mountains. June-Aug-ust. 3. G. grandiflora A, Gray. (Collomia grandiflora Dougl.) Stem leafy throughout, erect and unbranched; %-2 ft. high, flowering only at the summit. Leaves from broadly linear to lanceolate, or nearly ovate above. Bracts and calyx viscid- pubescent. Corolla at least 1 inch long, narrowly funnelform. Seeds emitting- spiral threads when moistened, Dry sandy soil on plains and hillsides, June-August. OP THE WASATCH REGION 75 4. G. inconspicua (Smith) Dougl. Stem simple or branching from the base, 4-12 inches high; usually slightly woolly-pu- bescent when young. Leaves becoming smaller and entire above. Corolla pink or purplish, narrowly funnelform. Ovules 2-several in each cell. Seeds emitting spiral threads when wetted. On sand dunes and mountain sides. 5. G. Hnrkuessii Curran. (Linanthus Harknessii (Curran) Greene). Stem erect, slender, bushy-branched, 3-10 inches high. Flowers very small, on slender pedicels. Calyx minutely pu- bescent. Corolla white. Seeds solitary in the cells, mucilagi- nous when moistened. In canyons. June-July. 6. G. minima A. Gray. (Navarretia minima Nutt.) Plant depressed, 1-3 inches high, glabrate. Leaves pinnately-parted into needle-shaped segments. Flowers leafy-bracted, capitate- clustered; bracts and calyx-lobes with needle-shaped apices. Corolla white. Ovules 1-3 in each cell. Seeds emitting muci- lage and spiral threads when moistened. In exposed places on mountains. May-July. 7. G. agrgrregrata A. Gray. (G. pulchella Dougl.) Scarlet Gilia; Tree Cypress; "Polecat Plant." Biennial; pubescent or puberulent; with unbranched or slightly branched stem. Lower leaves basal and rosette-forming; upper alternate. Inflores- cence narrowly thrysoid-paniculate. Flowers red; showy. Calyx glandular. Corolla tubular-funnelform. Stamens equally or unequally inserted in the corolla-throat. Ovules numerous. Seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. On mountain sides. May-September. Locally known as "Wild Honeysuckle." Often characterized by an offensive odor. 7a. G. agrgrregata attenuata A. Gray. (G. attenuata (Gray) A. Nels.) Distinguished from the type by the long, white hairs on the calyx, the usually included stamens and style, and the usually lighter colored (pink to white) corolla. 8. G. Watsonii A. Gray. Stems 4-8 inches high; tufted and nearly herbaceous; perennial from a woody base. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster, terminating the branches. Calyx- lobes acerose. Corolla dull pinkish-white with pinkish throat; salverform. Stamens included; filaments short. Cells 10 (or more) ovuled. Seed-coat not developing mucilage when mois- tened. On rocky mountain ridges. June-August. 5,500-8,000 ft. 3. POLEMONIUM. Jacob's Ladder. Herbs with alternate, pinnate leaves. Calyx bell-shaped; neither angled nor ribbed, becoming enlarged after flowering and persistent in fruit. Stamens about equally inserted near base of corolla, declined; the filaments slender and often pilose at base. Capsule ovoid; obtuse; 3-valved. Seeds emit- ting spiral threads when moistened. 1. P. micranthum Benth. Annual, somewhat viscid-pubes- cent, branching, weak and diffuse; 3-8 inches high. Leaflets entire., 5-13. Flowers small; solitary or scattered on the branches; white or tinged with pink. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla nearly rotate; shorter than calyx. Filaments dilated at base;, very sparingly pilose-ciliate. April-May. In grassy fields a'nd ravines. 76 SPRING FLORA HYDROPHYLLACEJE. Waterleaf Family. More or less hairy herbs. Leaves usually basal or alternate. Inflorescence in scorpioid cymes, in racemes, spikes or sometimes solitary. Mowers perfect ; regular. Sepals 5, united. Petals 5, united. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Pistil with style 2-cleft or with 2 separate styles; and an entire 1-celled or rarely a 2-celled ovary, bearing 2 parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule. Leaves all basal and rosette-forming; peduncles 1- flowered 1. Hesperochlrou Leaves neither all basal nor rosette-forming'; peduncles several -flowered. Placentae broad; corolla convolute in bud. Perennials; stamens conspicuously ex- serted 2. Hydropliyllum Annuals; stamens included 3. Nemophila Placentae narrow, not fleshy; corolla imbricated in , bud , 4. Phacelia 1. HESPEROCHIRON. (Capnorea). Perennials from short branching- rootstalks. Leaves entire; spatulate or oblong, with long, wing-margined petioles. Peduncles naked. Calyx 5- (rarely 6-7-) parted. Corolla with- out disk; bell-shaped or saucer-shaped. Ovary 1-celled, with narrow placentae. Capsule loculicidal. 1. H. pumilus Porter. (Capnorea pumila (Dougl.) Greene). Leaves glabrous, except for the ciliate margins; lanceolate to spatulate, tapering below to a slender petiole. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla saucer-shaped; white to purple; inner surface of its tube and the base of the filaments pubescent. In wet places. May. 2. HYDROPHYL.L.UM. Water-Leaf. Herbs with large, alternate and basal petioled leaves (often pinnatifid or pinnate). Inflorescence cymose or capitate. Flowers violet, bluish or white, often on long peduncles. Cor- olla bell-shaped, with a linear longitudinal appendage at each lobe. Stamens conspicuously exserted; filaments bearded at the middle. Style 2-cleft. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule spheroidal. Flowers in head-like cymes; peduncles shorter than petioles 1. H. capltntum Flowers in open cymes; peduncles longer than petioles 2. H. occidentale var. 1. H. capitatum Dougl. Stem rather weak; 6-12 inches high; pubescent or somewhat hispid; from fascicled roots. Leaves ovate in outline, with 2-3 pairs of coarsely-lobed segments. Flowers on short pedicels in dense sessile or short-peduncled head-like cymes. Calyx very hispid-pubescent. Corolla more or less purplish-tinged. Ovary hairy. In shade, often in oak copses; in rich, moist, loose soil. May-June. 5,000-9,000 ft. OF THE WASATCH REGION 77 2. H. occidentale Watsoni Gray. (H. Watsoni (Gray) Rydb.) Leaves longer than those of H, capitatum, pinnately parted or divided into 7-15 divisions* sparingly hispid. Cyme few-flow- ered, open. Flowers purplish -blue. In rich soil in light shade. June. 3. NEMOPHILA. Weak and slender-stemmed annuals. Leaves more or less pinnate; opposite or the uppermost alternate. Flowers soli- tary or 2-3 in a raceme. Calyx with a reflexed appendage at each sinus; enlarging in fruit. Corolla wheel-shaped to broadly bell-shaped; longer than calyx and the stamens; with 10 ap- pendages on the inside and at the base; with or without disk. 1. N. parvlflora Dougl. Stems trailing or procumbent. Leaves pinnately parted or 3-5-lobed. Corolla white or bluish- white, the tube shorter than the lobe. Filaments borne on the very base of the corolla. Seeds 1-4, often deeply pitted. In rich soil in shady places along streams. 4. PHACEJLIA. Herbs with simple alternate leaves. Flowers often showy, in racemes or raceme-like scorpioid cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed; open bell-shaped. Stamens often exserted; filaments slender. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, its walls bear- ing 2 narrow parietal placentae; style 2-cleft. 1. P. linearis (Pursh) Holzinger. (P. Menziesii Torr.) An- nual; stem 6-12 inches high; hispid or rough-hairy; at length branched. Leaves mostly sessile, narrowly to broadly lanceolate; entire or some of them deeply 5-cleft. Racemes thyrsoid-paniculate. Flowers showy; proterandrous; from violet to blue or rarely white. Corolla appendaged; petals a half again as long as sepals, and about as long as stamens. Ovules several on each placenta. Dry ground, often under sage-brush. May-June. Locally called "Johnny-jump-up." BORAGINACE-ffi. Borage Family. Chiefly rough-hairy herbs with alternate, entire and exstipulate leaves. Flowers usually regular. Calyx 5-parted, usually persistent. Corolla of 5 united petals ; sometimes crested or appendaged in the throat. Stamens 5, epipetalous and alternate with the corolla- lobes. Ovary "superior"; usually deeply 4-lobed, in 78 SPRING FLORA fruit separating into 4 seed-like nutlets. Mature fruit is necessary for determination. Nutlets armed with barbed prickles 1. Lappula Nutlets unarmed. Calyx membranous and much enlarged in fruit 2. Aperugo Calyx neither membranous nor much enlarged. Corolla tubular or funnelform; blue 3. Mertenwla Corolla funnelform or rotate. Nutlets erect, attached by the very base 4. Uthospermum Nutlets erect or oblique, attached above the base, borne on a fruiting receptacle (gynobase). Corolla yellow or orange, with open naked throat 5. Amainckta Corolla white or blue with throat bearing more or less prominent swellings. Perennials; corolla white. ... 6. Oreocarya Annuals. Gynobase elongate, the nutlets attached by at least % of their length 7. Cryptuiithe Gynobase low; nutlets oblique or incurved, attached about the middle by a caruncle- like process.... 8. Plagiobothrys 1. LAPPULA. (Echinospermum). Stickseed. Rough-hairy and grayish annuals, biennials or perennials, with alternate entire leaves. Inflorescence a raceme or spike, often much elongated. Flowers mostly small; blue to whitish. Corolla short-saiverform with throat closed by 5 short scales. Stamens included. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to base of style, and armed with 1-3 rows of barbed prickles. Perennial; flowers showy 1. L. subdecumbens Annual; flowers small.. . 2. L. Redovvskil 1. Lu subdecumbens (Parry) A. Nels. Stems ascending, un- branched up to the inflorescence; several from a perennial root (10-18 inches high). Basal leaves numerous; grayish- hairy; oblanceolate or spatulate; obtuse and ciliate-margined, tapering into a winged petiole. Stem-leaves oblong; sessile, the upper more or less clasping. Flowers showy, in an open raceme. Calyx-lobes oblong and obtuse. Corolla white, usually tinged with blue; blue-veined; the crests in throat short-downy. Dry plains and hillsides. May-June. Locally called "Wild Forget-me-not." la. L.. subdecumbens coerulescens (Rydb.) Differs from the species in the long-hairy crests in the throat of the corolla. OP THE WASATCH REGION 79 2. L. Redowskii occidental!;* (Wats.) Rydb. (L. occidentalis (Wats.) Greene). Beggar-ticks. Erect. 4-12 inches high, at length much branched; with rough or hispid pubescence. Leaves narrowly linear or lanceolate. Racemes leafy-bracted; pedicels unequal and leafy; longer, but not twice as long, as fruit. Cor- olla white or pale-blue. Nutlets irregularly tuberculate, the margins armed with a single row of stout, flattened prickles. Dry soil. May-June. 2. ASPERUGO. German Madwort. Annual, rough-bristly procumbent herbs. Leaves alternate, or the lowermost opposite; entire. Flowers small; blue or white, in the axils of the leaves. Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-cleft; much enlarged in fruit; the lobes unequally incised- dentate. Stamens 5; included; epipetalous; filaments very short. Ovary 4-divided; style short; stigma capitate. Nutlets 4; erect; laterally attached above the middle of the elongated receptacle. 1. A. procumbent L. Catchweed. Stems slender, 6-18 inches long; very rough with stiff short hairs. Leaves elliptical or lanceolate. Flowers blue, on short pedicels recurved in fruit. Fruiting calyx dry and strongly veined. In fields and waste places, introduced. May-August. 3. MERTENSIA. Bluebells. Erect leafy perennial herbs, not rough-hairy. Leaves al- ternate; entire or nearly so, the lowermost petioled. -Inflor- escence a cyme or panicle. Flowers showy, from purple to blue or white; funnelform or tubular. Stigma entire. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets 4, rugose at maturity, sessile or obscurely stipitate. Anthers included; leaves obtuse 1. M. brevistyla Anthers exserted; leaves acute 2. M. foliosa 1 M. brevistyla Wats. All but the lower surface of leaves pubescent with short appressed rigid hairs; 4-10 inches high. Leaves elliptical to elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse. Flowers in a loose panicle. Calyx 5-cleft, very hirsute. Corolla blue, its tube but slightly longer than calyx, naked within. Anthers inserted near the base of tube. Style very short. (This species is held by some authorities to be a variety of M. alpina Don.) In mountain valleys. May-June. 6,000-7,000 ft. 2. M. foliosa A. Nelson. Perennial and 1-several stemmed from a vertical rootstalk; 8-12 inches high. Leaves thick; gla- brous; the basal ones numerous, elliptical to oblong, on slender petioles 1-2 times as long; stem-leaves crowded, sessile, ob- lanceolate or becoming lanceolate toward the top. Inflor- escence paniculate, the leafy bracts lanceolate. Corolla rather large, its tube longer than the limb; throat conspicuously crested. On the rocky slopes of the foothills. April-May. 4. L.ITHOSPERMUM. Puccoon. Herbs with erect and pubescent or hairy stems. Leaves alternate; entire; their veins usually indistinct. Inflorescence leafy-bracted; racemose, spicate or panicled. Flowers white, yellow or blue. Calyx narrowly 5-parted or cleft. Corolla 5-lobed; funnelform or salverform. Stamens 5, included, borne 80 SPRING FLORA on corolla-throat; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided; style slender; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Nutlets 4, erect; often white and shining-; attached by their bases. Annual; flowers dirty-white 1. i. arvense Perennial; flowers yellow or yellowish. Corolla-tube not crested 2. L,. pilosum Corolla-tube prominently crested 3. L.. augustifolium 1. L,. arvense L, Corn Gromwell. Annual or biennial, ap- pressed-pubescent; 6-20 inches high. Leaves lanceolate or nar- rowly elliptical; mostly sessile. Flowers in loose spikes. Calyx- segments longer than the corolla-tube or equalling it. Corolla funnelform; puberulent in the throat. Nutlets brown. In fields and waste places, often in patches. April-August. Introduced. 2. Li. pilosum Nutt. Perennial from thick roots; hirsute. Stems several from one root; very leafy; 8-18 inches high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; alternate (%); acuminate; sessile. Flowers faintly perfumed; dull-yellow; in a terminal and crowded panicle. Calyx-segments densely hirsute, shorter than corolla-tube. Corolla salverform; with scattered hairs on the outside. Styles longer than the filaments. Nutlets ovoid, acute; bluish-white and shining. Dry fields. April-June. 3. L.. angustifoliiim Michx. (L. linearifolium Goldie). Indian Paint. Perennial and tufted from a deep root; minutely stri- gose-pubescent, branched; 6-24 inches high. Leaves linear, sessile. The earlier flowers showy with bright yellow salver- form corolla, their lobes fringed and their tubes 3-5 times the length of the calyx-segments; the later flowers inconspicuous and cleistpgamous with recurved pedicels in fruit. Nutlets ovoid; white, smooth and shining. In dry soil. April- July. 5. AMSINCKIA. Rough-hairy annuals, with alternate entire leaves. Inflor- escence racemose or spicate. Flowers yellow or orange. Calyx- lobes 5 or sometimes 4. Corolla salverform, without crests or processes. Filaments very short. Style filiform, included. Nutlets 4, smooth or rough; atached to the style to above the middle. Calyx-lobes linear, acuminate 1. A. intermedia Calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse. .1 2. A. tesselata 1. A. intermedia F. & M. Erect, often much -branched, 1-3 ft. high; stems and branches with scattered white bristles. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear; obscurely veined; densely hispid-bristly. Inflorescence at first corymbose at top, but lengthening into a leafy raceme, which becomes 5-10 inches long; peduncled; covered with curved stiff hairs. Calyx-seg- ments rusty-hispid. Nutlets muricate-scabrous; much incurved. In waste places, especially around trash-piles. May-June. 2. A. tesselata Gray. Erect, coarsely hispid, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate. Spikes loose; 5-6 inches long when fully developed. Sepals 3 (1 narrow and 2 broad); rusty-hispid, enlarged in fruit. Nutlets abruptly acute; not keeled, but flattish on the back; their surfaces resembling cobblestone pavements. Same habitat and time of flowering as No. 1. OF THE WASATCH REGION 81 6. OREOCARYA. (Krynitskia in part). Rough -bristly biennials or perennials from woody roots. Inflorescence thyrsoid or racemose-paniculate. Flowers salver- form; white or yellow, crested in the throat. Stamens included. Style mostly short. 'Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets 4, attached laterally to an awl-shaped prolongation of the receptacle. 1. O. sericea (Gray) Greene. Cats' Eyes. Loosely tufted, a span high or less, with short branches; the dead leaf-bases conspicuous. Leaves crowded on the crowns, spatulate to nar- rowly obovate; basal or alternate, the latter sessile. Inflor- escence at first crowded, with tawny-yellow pubescence. Cor- olla white, with yellow throat and crests. Nutlets oblong- ovate, with small tubercles on the back. Dry hillsides. April-June. 4,500-6.000 ft. 7. CRYPTANTHE. Simple-branched annuals usually with sessile white flowers. Inflorescence mostly scorpioid-spicate. Calyx 5-parted to the base, closed in fruit; as long as the corolla-tube. Nutlets usually 4, but sometimes less; never rugose; attached to gyno- base at the middle or wholly to apex along scar. 1. C. Torreyana (Gray) Greene. Erect; white-hairy; branched from the middle and sometimes from the base. Spikes commonly elongated, loose below; often in pairs. Nutlets ovate and acute; the groove forked at base, the fork sometimes minute. In dry ground. May-June. 8. PLAGIOBOTHRYS. Pop-corn Flower. Annuals with erect or decumbent elongated branches. Leaves mostly in a close rosette. Racemes spike-like and loose; with or without bracts. Pedicels thread-like; very short, persistent. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted; soft-pubescent with rusty hairs, especially when young. Corolla short, white, with crests or processes usually at the mouth of the thfoat. Nutlets roughened on the back. 1. P. tenellus (Nutt.) A. Gray. Branching at or near the base, 3-7 inches high. Basal leaves oblong and obtuse or acute; stem-leaves few, ovate or oblong-ovate. Flowers few. Calyx deeply cleft, sometimes imperfectly circumscissile. Nutlets small; shining and enamel-like on the back. Dry plains. May. VERBENACE-ffi. Verbena Family. Herbs with exstipulate and usually opposite leaves. Flowers complete. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla 4-5- cleft ; 2-lipped 1 or sometimes regular. Stamens didyna- mous or rarely diandrous, borne on the corolla-lobes and alternate with them. Pistil consists of 1 terminal style, 1 or 2 stigmas and a "superior" 2-4-celled ovary, ripening into 2-4 seed-like nutlets. 82 SPRING FLORA 1. VERBENA. Vervain. Inflorescence spicate or capitate. Calyx' tubular, 5-angled and more or less unequally 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, salver- shaped. Stamens 4, included; the upper 2 often without an- thers. Ovary not lobed; splitting 1 when ripe into 4 nutlets. 1. V. bracteosa Michx. Decumbent; coarsely hairy; at length radiately much-branched from the base. Leaves wedge-lance- olate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft; short-petioled. Spike dense, with leafy bracts. Flowers small; blue or purple; shorter than bracts. Dry ground. June-September. LABIATE. Mint Family. Herbs, mostly aromatic, with square stems and op- posite exstipulate leaves. Flowers complete. Calyx 4-5-toothed; 2-lipped or regular. Corolla 2-lipped or regular. Stamens didynamous or rarely 2 with or with- out staminodia ; borne on corolla-tube and alternate with its lobes. Style 2-lobed. Ovary "superior," 4- lobed or 4-parted, ripening into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Style and stamens exserted. Upper pair of stamens the longer. Leaves with crenate-dentate margins and heart- shaped bases 1. Nepeta Leaves with sharply-serrate margins and acute bases 2. Dracoeephalum Upper pair of stamens the shorter. Calyx 2-lipped 3. Prunella Calyx regular or nearly so 4. Lamiuiu Style and stamens included 5. Marrubium 1. NEPETA. Catnip. Strong-smelling herbs with the flowers whorled, the whorls forming interrupted terminal spikes. Corolla-tube dilated above, the limb distinctly 2-lipped. 1. N. Cataria L. An erect branched perennial, 1-3 ft. high. Corolla bluish or whitish, spotted with lavender. Calyx-teeth subulate, all about of the same length. In waste places. June- October. Introduced. 2. DRACOCEPHALTJM. Dragon -head. Herbs, with inflorescence spiked or capitate in many- flowered leafy-bracted whorls. Calyx tubular; unequally 5- tpothed (the upper teeth very large), and 13-15-nerved. Upper lip of corolla notched and concave; lower lip 3-cleft, with middle division largest and notched at end. Stamens 4; anther- cells divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. l.D. parviflorum Nutt. Rather stout and coarse; pubescent; stem erect, biennial, 6-20 inches high. Leaves petioled; lance- olate or elliptical; incisely dentate or pinnatifid. Bracts awn- toothed. Corolla bluish or pinkish; slender, but little longer than calyx, May-August, OF THE WASATCH REGION 3. PRUNELLA. (Brunella.) Self-heal; All-heal. Perennials, with smooth and unbranched or sometimes branched stems. Leaves petioled. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, sometimes 10-ribbed; upper lip broadly 3-toothed, the teeth short; lower lip with 2 longer teeth; closed in fruit. Upper lip of corolla upright, arched and entire; lower lip spreading, reflexed, 3-cleft and fringed. Stamens didynamous, each 2- toothed at apex of filament, with only 1 tooth anther-bearing; the lower pair the longer. Ovary 4-parted. 1. P. vulgarls L. Carpenter-weed. Leaves oblong-ovate, entire or toothed; smooth or with a few scattered hairs. Calyx purplish or green; shorter than corolla. Corolla purplish, bluish or sometimes white. In grassy places near streams. May- October. 4. JLAMIUM. Henbit; Dead Nettle. Leaves crenate, dentate or incised; usually cordate. In- florescence terminal or axillary; clustered. Flowers rather small; white, red or purplish. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with its tube longer than calyx, its limb strongly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, didynamous, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2 -celled. Ovary 4-parted; style 2-cleft, the branches equal. Nutlets smooth or tuberculate. Upper leaves sessile or clasping 1. li. ample.xicaule All the leaves petioled 2. L,. imrpureiim 1. L. amplexicaule L. Annual or biennial,. sparingly pubes- cent. Stems slender, weak, branched, 6-18 inches long. Leaves round or nearly so; coarsely crenate, cordate at base. Calyx pubescent, its teeth acute. Corolla purplish or red, the middle lobe of the lower lip notched and spotted with dark purple; the upper lip pubescent. In waste places. Introduced. Feb- ruary-October. 2. It. purpureum L. Calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, acumi- nate, longer than the tube. Lateral lobes of lower lip of corolla reduced to 1 or 2 short teeth. Otherwise much as in No. 1. Introduced. April-October. 5. MARRUBIUM. Horehound. Branching, woolly perennials. Leaves petioled, crenate- toothed, wrinkled. Flowers small, in compact axillary spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved. 1. M. vul&are L. Bitter-tasting plant. Stems erect, 1-3 ft. high, several from the same root. Leaves oval to round, with obtuse apex; upper surface whitish and lower surface white- woolly. Corolla whitish. Calyx-teeth 10, becoming hooks in fruit. In waste places. Introduced. May-September. 84 SPRING FLORA SOLANACE^. Nightshade Family. Herbs or shrubs with alternate exstipulate leaves. Flowers regular, sympetalous, consisting of 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens and 1 pistil. Stigma 1; style 1; ovary 1, "superior," 2- (rarely 3-5-) celled with axile placentae; ripening into a many-seeded berry or capsule. Corolla wheel-shaped; fruit a berry 1. Solatium Corolla salverform; fruit a capsule 2. Nicotiaau 1. SOL.ANTJM. Nightshade. Annuals or perennials, with slender roots. Corolla 5-parted or cleft. Stamens with filaments much shorter than anthers; exserted. Anthers erect, converging around the style; the pollen discharged through an opening at their apex. Fruit a berry. 1. S. triflorum Nutt. Cut-leaved Nightshade. Annual; gla- brous or sparingly-pubescent. Leaves pinnately-lobed to di- vided; 2-4 inches long. Inflorescence axillary, the peduncles 1-3-flowered. Flowers white, small, star-shaped. Berry green, even when mature. In waste dry grounds. May-October. 2. NICOTIANA. Tobacco. Herbs, mostly clammy pubescent. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular; campanulate, 5-cleft. Stigma capi- tate. Capsule 2-celled; 2-4-valved from the apex. Seeds small. 1. N. attenuata Torr. Annual. Stem slender, erect, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves petioled; linear or lanceolate, tapering to a long point. Corolla greenish-white, the tube 1-1^ inches long and the border y z inch across. Stamens included. Dry sandy places. June-September. SCEOPHTJLARIAJ3Kffi. Figwort Family. Herbs (rarely shrubs ; x)r trees) with exstipulate leaves. Calyx of 4-5 parts/ Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular. Stamens didynamous, diandrous, or some- times pentandrous ; inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Pistil 1, entire or 2-lobed, with a 1- or usually 2-celled "superior" ovary bearing numerous ovules on axile placentae. Fruit usually a capsule. Upper lip of corolla external in the bud. Stamens 5. I being a sterile filament or a gland. Sterile filament conspicuous..- 1. Pentstemon Sterile filament inconspicuous; represented by a Gland at base of corolla 2. Collinsia Scale on upper side of corolla 3. Scrophularia Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; calyx prismatic.. 4. MimuluN Lower lip of corolla external in bud. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; calyx tubular. . 5. Castllleja Stamens 2 only 6. Veronica OF THE WASATCH REGION 85 1. PBNTSTEMON. Beard-tongue; Foxglove, Perennial herbs with opposite leaves (the upper sessile and, mostly clasping). Inflorescence terminal; racemose, cymose or panicled. Flowers showy. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, more or less inflated. Stamens 5, included; 4 being didynamous, the fifth sterile and often bearded; anther-sacs divergent or confluent. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. Capsule septi- cidal. Seeds angled. Anther-cells splitting their entire length or nearly so. Anther-cells not confluent. Stem somewhat stout; leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate or subcordate 1. P. cynnanthun Stem strict, rather slender; leaves narrowly lanceolate 2. P. utahensis Anther-cells confluent. Stems glabrous 3. P. brevifolius Stems puberulent or pubescent 4. P. collinua Anther-cells splitting only at apex; their bases closed and sac-like 5. P. Kingii 1. P. cyanantlms Hook. (P. glaber cyananthus Gray). Blue Bells. Stems several from one root, 8-24 inches hign, rather glaucous. Basal leaves mostly elliptical-ovate; stem-leaves subcordate. Panicle thyrsoid, dense, many-flowered; very showy. Flowers from pale to dark blue. Sepals narrow, acuminate. Anthers and sterile filament from hirsute to nearly glabrous. On hillsides and in mountain valleys. May-July. 4,500-9,000 ft. 2. P. utahensis (Gray) A. Nels. (P. glaber utahensis A. Gray.) Stem 12-40 inches high. Basal leaves crowded, on long petioles; stem-leaves remote, becoming sessile toward the apex. Thyr- sus elongated. Sepals ovate-acuminate, narrowly scarious- margined. Anthers and sterile filament sparsely bearded with short hairs. Dry rocky soil. June-July. 3. P. brevifolius (Gray) A. Nels. (P. humilus brevifolius A. Gray). Stems 4-12 inches high; weak, slender, diffuse, freely branching; several to many from a woody caudex. Basal leaves numerous, oblong to nearly round, with entire margins, on petioles as long as the blades; stem-leaves oblong-spatulate, nearly sessile. Inflorescence obscurely glandular-pubescent. Flowers dark-blue. In clefts of rocks in mountains. June- August. 4. P. collinus A. Nelson. Plant caespitose. Stems 8-16 inches high; erect, numerous, from a matted, much-branched root- stalk. Basal leaves numerous, glabrous, elliptic-oblong with entire margins, on slender petioles as long as the blades; stem-leaves narrowly oblong or spatulate at length becoming bracts above. Thyrsus strict, interrupted. Corolla deep-blue. Gravelly hills. June-August. 5. P. Kinuii Wats. Hoary or glandular-pubescent, at least below. Stems ascending; 4-20 inches high; numerous from a woody base. Lower leaves short-petioled, spatulate with en- tire margins and acute apex; upper leaves sessile and oblance- olate with erose margins and acuminate apex. Inflorescence somewhat unilateral. Corolla lilac-purple, short-bilabiate, dilated above. Anthers glabrous, but hairy-margined; sterile filament glabrous and flattened toward the apex. Exposed cliffs and aiountain sides. June-July. 86 SPRING FLORA 2. COLLiINSIA. Innocence; Blue-eyed Mary. Low annuals with simple, sessile leaves. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla declined; deeply 2-lipped; often 2-colored. Stamens declined; 4 with anthers, the fifth represented by a gland at the base of the corolla; filaments long and thread-like, the lower pair inserted higher on the corolla than the others. 1. C. tenella (Pursh) Piper. (C. parviflora Dougl.) Stem slender, at length diffuse or spreading; 4-10 inches high; minutely downy. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical; entire or sparingly toothed; opposite, or the upper sometimes in whorls of 3-5. Pedicels solitary or 2-5 in a whorl; mostly axillary. Flowers small. Corolla blue or whitish. Gland small; capi- tate; short-stipitate. In shaded moist places, especially on mountain-sides. April-June. 3. SCROPHULARIA. Figwort. Coarse perennial herbs with opposite leaves and small, pro- terogynous flowers in loose, terminal cymes. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla short; lobes 5, unequal (4 erect and the fifth reflexed or spreading). Sterile stamen represented by a scale on the upper side of the throat of the corolla. Anthers transverse, 1-celled. Capsule ovoid with septicidal dehiscence. 1. S. occidcntalis (Rydb.) Bickn. (S. nodosa occidentalis Rydb.) Stems stout, square, 3-5 ft. high; glandular, especially on the upper part. Leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped at the base; doubly and sharply serrate. Corolla greenish; gib- bous at the base. Sterile stamen very broad; kidney-shaped on a claw. June-August. In mountain valleys in exposed, sunny places. 4. MIMTJLUS. Monkey-flower. Erect or decumbent herbs, mostly hydrophytes. Leaves op- posite; usually toothed. Inflorescence usually solitary in the axils. Flowers often showy; peduncled. Calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens didynamous; not inclosed in the upper lip. Stigmas 2-lobed. Flowers about 1 inch long; upper leaves much shorter than peduncles 1. M. Langsdorfii Flowers about y 2 inch long; leaves not shorter than peduncles 2. 31. glabratut* 1. M. Langsdorfii Donn. (M. luteus L.; M. guttatus DC.) Perennial from stolons. Stems smooth; erect or sometimes decumbent with spreading branches. Stem-leaves ovate; the upper much shorter than the peduncles in fruit; sessile or clasping; the lowermost long-petioled. Corolla lemon-yellow, often blotched with red or purple. In wet places near springs and streams. June-September. 2. M. glabratus Jamesii (T. & G.) Gray. (M, Jamesii T. & G.) Perennial from stolons. Stems smooth, diffusely spreading and creeping. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so, as long as the peduncles; roundish or obscurely kidney-shaped. Peduncles slender, longer than the calyx in fruit. Corolla yellow. In swamps and clear streams. June-September. OF THE WASATCH REGION 87 5. CASTILLEJA. Indian Paint Brush. Herbs (some species root-parasites), sometimes suffrutes- cent, with alternate sessile leaves. Inflorescence terminal; spicate and leafy-bracted. Bracts and calyx usually bright- colored, generally with red. Calyx tubular, cleft in front or behind or both; the lobes entire or 2-toothed. Corolla with a 2-lipped limb: the upper lip arched, entire, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Corolla often pale-yellow and inconspicuous. Anther-sacs unequal; the outer attached to filament by its middle, the inner by its end. Leaves and bracts cleft into linear lobes 1. C. aiigustifolia Leaves and bracts entire 2. C. mintata 1. C. angmstifolia (Nutt.) G. Don. Painted Cup; Red Feather; Mountain Indian Pink. Stems unbranched; 4-15 inches high; several from a long yellow root; weak, the outer ones decum- bent; densely pilose, at least at base. Leaves slender, spread- ing. Bracts scarlet. Calyx about equally cleft above and below. Galea about equalling the corolla-tube; the lip very short. Gravelly soil on dry plains and hillsides. May-June. This species has been confused with C. parviflora Bong, a very distinct species. It is very variable, among its many forms being: la. C. angustifolia collina (A. Nels.) Distinguished from the type by the galea being longer than the tube, and by the calyx being less deeply cleft above than below. 2. C. minima Dougl. Stems erect from a short, stout caudex, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves glabrous, rather thin. Spike very dense. Bracts scarlet. Galea a little longer than the corolla-tube. Same habitat and time of flowering as preceding species. 2a. C. ininlata chromosa (A. Nels.) A form with puberulent leaves. 6. VERONICA. Speedwell. Herbs with opposite, alternate or rarely whorled leaves. Inflorescence terminal or axillary; racemose, spicate or soli- tary. Flowers mostly small. Calyx 4 or rarely 5-lobed. Corolla blue, pink or white; nearly regular. Stamens 2; divergent. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule com- pressed; emarginate, obcordate or 2-lobed. Perennials; flowers in racemes, mostly opposite. Capsule roundish; racemes axillary 1. V. Anagallis Capsule strongly flattened; racemes ter- minal 2. V. serpyllifolia Annuals; flowers axillary and solitary, mostly alternate. Flowers short-pedicelled; white 3. V. peregrlna Flowers long-pedicelled; blue 4. V. Tournefortii 1. V. Anagallis L. Water Speedwell. Stem smooth, creep- Ing and rooting at the base, curving upward at apex; 4-40 inches high. Stem-leaves opposite; oblong-lanceolate to ovate: acute; entire or serrate; petioled or sessile and mostly clasping by a heart-shaped base. Petals pale-blue, longitudinally striped wjth purple. Capsule somewhat flattened, with a shallow notch at apex. In water of shallow streams from springs. May-October. 88 SPRING FLORA 2. V. serpyllifolia L. A smooth, slender-stemmed perennial; much-branched at the creeping base; 2-5 inches high. Leaves opposite; obscurely crenate; the lowermost petioled and round- ed, changing upward to ovate or oblong, and finally becoming bracts. Flowers white or pale-blue with darker stripes. Fruit broadly kidney-shaped, about the length of the calyx. In moist places. May-Sept. 3. V. peregrina L. Neckweed; Purslane Speedwell. Smooth annual; stems erect, much-branched, 4-9 inches high. Leaves mostly alternate; the lowermost petioled, toothed; the upper ones sessile, oblong and entire. Flowers white (or rarely pink); solitary and nearly sessile in the axils. Capsule round- heart-shaped, usually shorter than the calyx. In moist places. May-October. 4. V. Toumefortii C. C. Gmel. (V. byzantina (S. & S.) B. S. P.: V. Buxbaumii Tenore). A pubescent annual with dif- fusely branched stems; 6-16 inches high. Leaves ovate or elliptical; short-petioled; mostly crenate-dentate; opposite below and alternate above. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves. Corolla showy; sky-blue or sometimes paler, the upper petals darker than others. Capsule slightly emarginate. Along roadsides and in fields. May-September. OROBANCHACEJS. Broom-rape Family. Herbs completely parasitic upon the roots of other plants, and hence entirely destitute of chlorophyll. Stems erect, from nearly white to brownish or purplish. Leaves alternate, reduced to appressed scales. Flowers complete ; irregular ; in terminal, bract ed spikes. Calyx of 4-5 united sepals. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens didynamous; borne on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes. (A fifth rudimentary stamen is sometimes present). Ovary "superior," 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentae, ripening into a capsule. 1. OROBANCHE. (Aphyllon). Cancer-root. Glandular or viscid-pubescent. Flowers long-peduncled, often scape-like. Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft. Stamens in- cluded; the base of each anther-cell mucronate. Stigmas shield-shaped. Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped; calyx-lobes shorter than tube 1. O. fasciculata Corolla obscurely 2-lipped; calyx-lobes longer than tube 2. O. unlflora 1. O. fasciculata Nutt. (Aphyllon fasciculatum A. Gray; Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton). Stem 2-4 inches high, densely glandular-pubescent. Peduncles 1-4 inches long, 1- flowered. Flowers pale yellowish or purplish, with darker spots and veins of the same color. In dry sandy or gravelly soil, parasitic on the roots of Artemesia, Eriogonum. and other plants. April-August. OF THE WASATCH REGION 89 2. O. uniflora L. (Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton; Aphyllon uniflorum A. Gray). Much smaller than the preceding (usually an inch or less high); the scaly stem short and nearly ^sub- terranean. Peduncles 1-4, slender, erect. Flowers an inch long. Calyx-lobes usually much longer than tube; acuminate. Corolla white, often violet-tinged; its lobes oboyate and rather large for the size of the plant; obscurely 2-lipped; its tube curved. Grassy places in mountain valleys. April-August. BIGNONIACE-ffi. Bignonia Family. Trees, shrubs or woody vines with large, mostly op- posite leaves. Inflorescence terminal or axillary. Flowers mostly showy ; more or less irregular. Corolla of 5 united petals. Stamens 2 or 4, borne on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled. Ovary mostly 2-celled. Seeds flat, winged. 1. CATALPA. Trees with large, simple, petioled leaves. Corolla-tube swollen; the limb 2-lipped. Capsule brown; 2-celled; cylin- drical, slender; loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, many, winged; the wings fringed at the ends. Lower lobe of corolla entire 1. C. bignonloides Lower lobe of corolla notched 2. C. speclosa 1. C. bigmouioides Walt. (C. Catalpa (L.) Karst.) Indian Bean. A thin-barked tree with spreading branches; 60 ft. high or less. Leaves broadly ovate; entire or sometimes 3- lobed. Flowers many, in terminal, erect panicles. Corolla white, 1-1^ inches long, densely blotched with purple and yellow; its tube narrowly bell-shaped. Capsules drooping; cylindric-fusiform; about a foot long. Cultivated. June-July. 2. C. speciosa Warder. Candle- or Catawba-tree. A thick- barked tree, sometimes over 100 ft. high. Leaves broadly ovate; usually entire and acuminate. Inflorescence paniculate; few-flowered. Corolla 2 inches long; white, slightly blotched with purple and yellow within; its tube inflated-bell-shaped. Capsule 10-20 inches long. Cultivated. May-June. ORDER PL.ANTAGINALES. PLANTAGINACE-flE. Plantain Family. Acaulescent or short-stemmed herbs with basal and often prominently ribbed leaves. Inflorescence spicate, or rarely solitary. Flowers inconspicuous; perfect, polygamous or monoecious. Calyx of 4 united sepals. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or membranous, of 4 united petals. Stamens usually 4 (2 in some species), borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Style filiform. Ovary "superior," 1-2-celled, ripening into a transversely-splitting capsule or an indehiscent nutlet. 90 SPRING FLORA 1. PLANTAGO. Plantain; Rib-grass. Flowers greenish or purplish, in terminal scape-like spikes or heads. Petals veinless, withering-persistent. Ovary 2- celled, ripening into a transversely-splitting capsule. Leaves not silky-pubescent; introduced. Pod 8-18 seeded; leaves ovate or subcordate.... 1. P. major Pod 2 -seeded; leaves lanceolate 2. P. lauceolata Leaves silky-pubescent; indigenous 3. P. Purs hi i 1. P. major L. Common Plantain. Perennial. Leaves all basal; glabrous or nearly so; ovate and usually subcordate. Petioles long, channeled, with conspicuous vascular bundles. Spike dense. Flowers perfect; proterogynous. Stamens 4. Capsule circumscissile near the middle. Along ditches and in moist places. May-September. A common weed. 2. P. lanceolata L. English Plantain; Rib-grass. Perennial or biennial, usually pubescent with scattered hairs. Leaves basal, 2-12 inches long; narrowly elliptical-lanceolate. Spike dense; at first capitate, then becoming cylindric. Flowers perfect; proterogynous. Stamens 4. Along streams and in fields. April-November. 3. P. riirshii R. & S. (P. Patagonica gnaphalioides Gray). Annual, densely woolly- or silky-pubescent. Leaves basal; broadly linear; acute or acuminate; entire. Flowers perfect; heterogonous and sometimes cleistogamous. Sepals scarious. Bracts not exceeding the calyx. Stamens 4. Capsule splitting to discharge the seeds at or near its middle. On dry plains. May-August. ORDER RUBIALES. RUBIACE-ffi. Madder Family. Annual or perennial herbs (or some species shrubs or trees). Leaves connected by interposed stipules, or in whorls without apparent stipules. Calyx adnate to the ovary. Corolla regular, of 4-5 united lobes. Sta- mens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and alternate with them. Style simple or lobed. Ovary 1-10-celled, ripening into a capsule, a drupe or a berry. 1. GALIUM. Bedstraw; Cleavers. Stems slender, 4-angled (with a woody base in some species). Leaves apparently whorled. Inflorescence axillary or terminal; mostly cymose or paniculate. Flowers mostly inconspicuous; perfect or rarely dioecious. Corolla rotate, 4- lobed. Stamens 4, with short filaments and exserted anthers. Styles 2, short; stigmas capitate. Ovary 2-celled, 2-seeded. Fruit dry, usually in pairs; smooth or hooked. Annual; leaves in fours, the alternate ones much the smaller 1. G. bifolium Perennial; leaves in sixes, all about the same size 2. G. trlflorum OF THE WASATCH REGION 91 1. G. bifolliim Wats. Stem smooth, erect, but little branched; 4-12 inches high. Leaves linear to oblanceolate. Flowers per- fect: on solitary, naked peduncles. Fruit hispid, curved down- ward at the end of the peduncle. In light shade along streams, often in dense patches. May-June. 2. G. triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Stems weak; bristly-roughened backward on the angles; unbranched; 1-3 ft. long. Leaves 1-nerved; narrowly elliptical or slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate at the apex. Peduncles terminal and axillary; 3-flowered or branched into three 3-flowered pedicels. Flowers greenish. Fruit hispid with hooked hairs. Along mountain streams in rich soil. May-August. CAPRIFOLIACEJE. Honeysuckle Family. Shrubs, or sometimes herbs, with opposite, usually exstipulate leaves. Inflorescence mostly cymose. Calyx of 3-5 united sepals. Corolla of 5 united petals, the tube often gibbous at the base. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Style slender. Stigma capitate, or 2-5-lobed, Ovary "inferior," 1-6- celled, ripening into a 1-6-celled berry, drupe or capsule. Leaves pinnately-compound; corolla mostly rotate. 1. Sambucua Leaves simple. Corolla bell-shaped; regular 2. Symphoricarpos Corolla tubular; irregular 3. Lonicera 1. SAMBTJCUS. Elderberry. More or less tree-like shrubs with smooth bark and promi- nent pith in the new growth. Leaves large, pinnately-com- pound; decussately-opposite; leaflets 3-11, serrate. Inflor- escence a compound cyme of small white or cream-colored, fragrant flowers. Stigmas and cells of ovary 3-5. Fruit a berry-like drupe. 1. S. decipiens Jones. Bushy or tree-like, 6-15 ft. high, some- times with a trunk as much as 9 inches in diameter; bark finely fissured. Winter buds small. Leaves glabrous, with 3-9 leaflets, sharply serrulate except the abruptly acuminate apex. Cyme flat-topped. 3-6 inches broad. Fruit blue with a white bloom. In mountain valleys. June-July. (This species has heretofore been confused with S. glauca Nutt.) 2. SYMPHORICARPOS. Buck Bush; Snowberry; Waxberry. Bushy shrtbs. less than 5 ft. high. Stems erect or ascend- ing. Leaves short-petiolecl. Inflorescence a short spike or axillary. Flowers white or pink-tinged, each accompanied by 2 small bracts. Calyx-teeth short. Corolla narrowly bell- shaped or funnelform; regularly 4-5-lobed. Stamens short. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells being fertile. Fruit 4-celled, but 2-seeded; ovoid; white in our western species. Leaves decidedly pubescent beneath 1. S. rotundlfoliiis* Leaves pubftrulent or glabrous on both surfaces 2, S. vac